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53247 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emha%20Ainun%20Nadjib | Emha Ainun Nadjib | Articles with hCards
Muhammad Ainun Nadjib (an haife shi 27 ga Mayu 1953), wanda aka fi sani da Emha Ainun Nadjib ko Cak Nun / Mbah Nun, mawaƙi ne na Indonesiya, marubuci kuma ɗan adam. An haife shi a Jombang, Gabashin Java, Nadjib ya fara rubuta waƙa yayin da yake zaune a Yogyakarta, yana buga tarinsa na farko a shekarar 1976. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan birnin a karshen shekarun 1980, sannan kuma ya fara rubuta kasidu. Shi ne shugaban kungiyar Kiai Kanjeng, mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kade-kade a kan batutuwan addini.
Waqoqin farko na Nadjib suna da abubuwa na sukar zamantakewa. Koyaya, mafi shaharar dabi'un Musulunci ne, wanda aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin santri ko Sufi . Shi ma Musulunci abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin rubutunsa. Rubuce-rubucensa sun dau salo iri-iri, wadanda suka hada da wakoki, kasidu, litattafai, da gajerun labarai.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Nadjib Muhammad Ainun Nadjib a Jombang, Gabashin Java a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1953. Na hudu cikin yara goma sha biyar, ya fara karatunsa a Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, pesantren (makarantar allo ta Islama) a Ponorogo . A cikin shekara ta uku, an kori Nadjib saboda jagorantar zanga-zangar adawa da tsaron makaranta. Daga baya ya koma Yogyakarta, inda ya yi karatu a Muhammadiyyah I Senior High School. Ya halarci shirin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Gadjah Mada amma bai kammala karatunsa ba, ya tafi bayan semester daya.
Sana'a
Nadjib ya rayu a Yogyakarta shekaru da yawa, yana aiki a matsayin editan mujallar Masa Kini tsakanin 1973 da 1976. A cikin 1976 ya buga tarin waƙarsa na farko, "M" Frustrasi dan Sajak Sajak Cinta . Kundin wakokinsa na 1978 Sajak-Sajak Sepanjang Jalan ya lashe gasar rubutun wakoki ta Tifa Sastra . Ya fi mayar da hankali kan wakokinsa a wannan lokacin, inda ya yi karatu daga mawaƙin Sufanci Umbu Landu Paranggi, kodayake ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo Teater Dinasti. A ƙarshen 1980s, Nadjib, tare da Iman Budhi Santosa, an ɗauke shi ɗayan manyan mawaƙa na Yogyakarta. Kamar yadda ayyukansa, gami da kasidunsa, wani lokaci suka yi wa tsarin mulkin Suharto, a ƙarshe ya buƙaci tawagar tsaro.
Shekaru biyu, daga 1984 zuwa 1986, Nadjib ya zauna a Amsterdam da Hague, Netherlands, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu yana taimakawa da bita kan addini, al'adu da ci gaba. Daga baya ya bayyana abin da ya faru a matsayin wani muhimmin lokaci a rayuwarsa. Nadjib ya koma Indonesia, kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 1988, Lautan Jilbab ( Tekun Labura ), ya karya rikodin Indonesiya don girman masu sauraro; Aprinus Salam na Jami'ar Gadjah Mada ya rubuta cewa ana iya danganta hakan ga yadda jama'a ke kara sha'awar kayan addini. A cikin 1991, Nadjib ya haifar da tashin hankali lokacin da ya bar kungiyar Indonesiya ta Indonesiya na Ingantattun Hankali, yana mai nuni da bambancin hangen nesa da kungiyar da kuma sha'awar zama "mai zaman kansa". A cikin 1998 Nadjib yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman musulmi waɗanda suka yi magana da Soeharto kafin ya yi murabus .
Nadjib yana jagorantar ƙungiyar Kiai Kanjeng, wacce ke tsara wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗe-kaɗe a kan jigogi na bambancin addini . A cikin 2001 ƙungiyar, wacce aka fi sani da Kiai Kanjeng Sepuh, ta fitar da rikodin kiɗan Islama da waƙoƙi mai suna Bermusik kepada Allah, untuk Indonesia, Maiyah, Tanah Air . Ƙungiyar ta zagaya cikin Indonesia, da kuma na duniya zuwa irin waɗannan ƙasashe kamar Finland, Italiya da Jamus a 2006, da kuma Netherlands a 2008. Nadjib ya dauki kungiyar a matsayin mai samar da zaman lafiya, saboda rangadin da ta yi a kasashen duniya ya biyo bayan cece-kucen zane-zane na <i id="mwTw">Jyllands-Posten</i> Muhammad na 2005 da kuma cece-kuce kan fim din Fitna na Geert Wilders na 2008, bi da bi.
Nadjib ya sha tafiya cikin kasar Indonesiya don yin magana game da dabi'un Musulunci da ruhi, inda ya jawo dubban mutane daga addinai daban-daban. A cikin 2012 yana karbar bakuncin tattaunawa na wata-wata guda biyar: Padhang Mbulan (a Jombang), Mocopat Syafaat (a Yogyakarta), Kenduri Cinta (a Jakarta ), Gambang Syafaat (a Semarang ), da Obor Ilahi (a Malang ).
A 2005 Nadjib ya sami lambar yabo ta Muslim News Award of Islamic Excellence. A cikin 2006 an ba shi suna Seputar Indonesiya ' Mutum na Shekara a fagen al'adu. A cikin 2010 Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon shakatawa ta Indonesia ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Satyalencana Kebudayaan.
Nadjib, wanda aka fi sani da lakabin Cak Nun, yana zaune ne a yankin Kadipiro na Yogyakarta. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Novia Kolopaking. Yana da 'ya'ya hudu: Sabrang, Hayya, Jembar, da Rampak. Sabrang, wanda aka sani da sunan mataki Noe, shine mawaƙin ƙungiyar Indonesiya Letto, Jembar (Senior 2017-2018) da Rampak (Junior 2018-2019) shine Shugaban Majalisar Dalibai ta Makarantar Makarantar Islamiyya ta Cahaya Rancamaya.
Salo da ra'ayoyi
Kamar sauran marubutan Yogyakarta irin su Kuntowijoyo da Mustofa W. Hasyim, wakokin Nadjib suna da tasiri sosai daga addinin Musulunci. An fi bayyana tasirinsa na Musulunci a matsayin santri ko orthodox, ko da yake Salam ya nuna cewa akwai tasirin Sufanci kuma. Nadjib ya siffanta wakarsa da cewa "mai zurfin addini da falsafa amma kyakkyawa".
Ra'ayin Nadjib game da Musulunci ra'ayi ne na hakuri. Ya yi Allah wadai da fatawar Majalisar Malamai ta Indonesiya ta 2007 wadda ta haramta jam'in addini, da kuma dokokin shari'ar matakin yanki. Ya goyi bayan haƙƙin Ahmadis na yin aiki a Indonesiya, kuma ya inganta tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a matsayin hanyar rage tasirinsu.
Yawancin ayyukan Nadjib na farko sun shafi sukar zamantakewa .
Zaɓaɓɓen littafin littafi
A shekara ta 2004 Nadjib ya buga tarin wakoki 25. Wannan zaɓaɓɓen littafin tarihin ya dogara ne akan waɗanda Rampan (2000 da Nadjib (2012 .
Tarin wakoki
Kasidu da aka tattara
Nassoshi
Ayyukan da aka ambata
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1953
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24751 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icen%20Dalbejiya%20%28Azadirachta%20Indica%29 | Icen Dalbejiya (Azadirachta Indica) | Azadirachta indica wanda aka fi sani da icen Dalbejiya, ko Bedi wato neem, bishiyar-nim ko Indian lilac, kuma a Najeriya ana kiranta dogo yaro ko dogonyaro, bishiya ce daga cikin dangin Mahogany Meliaceae. tana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu guda biyu na iyalan Azadirachta, kuma asalin yankin Indiya ne kuma galibin kasashen Afirka. Yawanci tana girma a yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Itacen Neem kuma na girma a tsibiran kudancin Iran. 'Ƴa'ƴan itãcensa da tsabarsa sune asalin man-neem.
Bayanai
Dalbejiya ko icen bedi ice ne mai azumi-girma itace cewa zai iya isa tsayin kimanin , da wuya . Yana zubar da yawancin ganye a lokacin damuna. Rassan suna da fadi kuma suna yaduwa. cikakkiyar kambi mai kauri ne tana zagaye ne kuma tana iya kaiwa fadin diamita . Itacen bedi ko dalbejiya yayi kama da danginsa, chinaberry (Melia azzara|Melia azedarach).
Akasin haka, ganyen pinnate suna da tsawon kimanin , tare da 20 zuwa 30 matsakaici tsawo da ganye kore mai duhu mai tsawon . Sashin tsakiya na fallen ganyen tashar tana ɓacewa sau da yawa. Petioles gajere ne.
Icen na da fure masu launin fari da ƙamshi an shirya su a cikin ƙaramin ma'ajin axillary panicles masu saukowa waɗanda suka kai a tsawo. Inflorescences, wanda reshe ne yayi sama har zuwa mataki na uku, yana ɗaukar furanni 250 zuwa 300. Fure ɗaya na da tsawon da fadin . Protantrism, furanni masu juna biyu da furannin maza suna saduwa akan bishiya guda.
Ya'yan itacen masu santsi ne (masu walƙiya), ana kiransu drupe suna kama da zaitun wanda ya bambanta ta siffar tsawo oval zuwa kusan zagaye, kuma lokacin cikakke ya14–28 millimetres (0.55–1.10 in) ta10–15 millimetres (0.39–0.59 in). Fatar 'ya'yan itace (exocarp) siriri ne kuma ɓacin rai mai ɗanɗano (mesocarp) yana da launin shuɗi-fari kuma yana da yawa. Mesocarp shine 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) kauri. Farar, harsashi na ciki mai ƙarfi (endocarp) na 'ya'yan itacen yana ɗauke da guda ɗaya, da wuya biyu, ko uku, elongated tsaba (kernels) waɗanda ke da gashin launin ruwan.
Akanyi kuskure wajen kamanya icen dalbejiya da wani ice mai kama dashi suna bakain. Shima icen Bakain yana da ganye masu tsini da kuma 'ya'yan itace masu kama da juna. Bambanci ɗaya shine cewa ganyen neem yana da pinnate amma ganyen bakain Pinnation yana da biyu-biyu ko uku-uku.
Asalin Kalma
Kalmar Neem (नीम) sunan Hindi ne wanda aka samo daga yaren Sanskrit Nimba (निंब).
Ilimin Halittu da Muhallinsu
Bishiyar dalbejiya wato neem tayi fice matuqa saboda juriya ga karancin ruwa. Yawanci yana wanzuwa a yankuna da ke da rani da kuma matsakaicin zafi, masuadadin ruwan sama na 400–1,200 millimetres (16–47 in). Icen na iya girma a yankuna daban daban na duniya, amma yana dogara ne mafi akasari da yanayin ruwan dake karkashin kasa. Sannan zai iya tsirowa ko wani irin nau'in na duniya, amma yafi wanzawa a nau'in kasa da ake kira sandy soil, suna ya dogara ne sosai akan matakan ruwan karkarshin ƙasa. Bedi na iya girma a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa daban -daban, amma yana haɓaka mafi kyau akan zurfin zurfin ƙasa da yashi. Yana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi zuwa bishiyar ƙasa kuma yana wanzuwa a matsakaicin yanayin zafin shekara na 21–32 °C (70–90 °F). Zai iya jurewa sama zuwa yanayin zafi sosai kuma baya jure zafin da ke ƙasa 5 °C (41 °F). Dalbejiya yana ɗaya daga cikin bishiyoyin da ke ba da inuwa waɗanda ke bunƙasa a cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar fari kamar busasshen bakin teku, gundumomin kudancin Indiya, da Pakistan. Bishiyoyin ba su dogara game da samun ruwa ba kuma suna bunƙasa ko da da digon ruwa ne, komai ingancin. A Indiya da ƙasashe masu zafi inda yakin ƙasar Indiya suka isa, ana yawan samun bishiyoyin Dalbejiya da ake amfani da su don rufe tituna, kusa da wuraren bauta, makarantu da sauran irin waɗannan gine -gine na mutum ko a mafi yawan yadudduka. A yakuna masu karancin ruwan sama, akan shuka bishiyoyin dalbejiya acikin manyan filaye.
Icen a matsayin ciyawa
akan dauki ganyen icen a matsayin ciyawa mara amfani a wasu sassa na duniya, musamman a yankunan Gabas ta Tsakiya, ƙasashen Saharar Afirka da Yammacin Afirka da jihohin Tekun Indiya, da wasu sassan Ostiraliya . A yanayin muhalli, yana rayuwa da kyau a cikin irin wannan muhallin ga nasa, amma ba a tantance ainihin matsayinsa na ciyawa ba.
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, an zartar da cewa Icen dalbejiya a matsayin ciyawa mara amfani na na ajin B da C a Yankin Arewacin Kasar, Ostiraliya, ma'ana dole ne a sarrafa shuka ta da yaduwar ta kuma ba a yarda a shigo da tsirrai ko propagules cikin NT ba. Shari'a ta yarda a siya, a saida, ayi sufurinta ko irin ta. An kaddamar da ita a matsayin ciyawa a sanadiyyar mamaye hanyoyin ruwa da tayi a " Top End " na yankin.
Bayan an gabatar da icen a kasar Ostiraliya, a 1940s, an dasa A. indica a yankin Arewa don samar da inuwa ga shanu. An kafa gonaki na gwaji tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980 a Darwin, Queensland, da Yammacin kasar Australia, amma masana'antar sarrafa icen dalbejiya ta Ostiraliya ba ta tabbatar da mai yiwuwa ba. Yanzu itacen ya bazu zuwa cikin savanna, musamman a kusa da hanyoyin ruwa, kuma ana samun yawan mutane da yawa a yankunan.
Sinadarai daga Bishiyar
'Ya'yan itacen dalbejiyan, iri, ganye, mai tushe, da kuma bawon icen na dauke da sinadarai masu dumbin yawa wanda ake kira phytochemicals, wasu da aka fara ganowa daga iri, kamar azadirachtin wanda aka sarrafa su a shekarun 1960s matsayin maganin kwari antifeedant, tsaida yaduwa, da kuma maganin kwari. Amfani daga icen a yayinda ake murƙushe kilogiram 2 na yayan tsaba icen yakan kai kusan gram 5.
Bugu da kari sinadarin azadirachtin da limonoids masu alaƙa, man iri ya ƙunshi glycerides , polyphenols iri-iri, nimbolide, triterpenes, da beta-sitosterol. Man yana da launin rawaya, bitter oil, yana da ƙamshi kamar tafarnuwa kuma ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 2% na mahaɗan limonoid. Ganyen yana ƙunshe da quercetin, catechins, carotenes, da bitamin C.
Amfani
Akan busar da ganyen dalbejiya kuma ana sanya shi a cikin kabad don hana kwari cin sutura, da kuma cikin tins inda ake adana shinkafa. Hakanan ana amfani da furannin a wurin bukukuwan Indiya da yawa kamar Ugadi.
Matsayin kayan lambu
Ana cin sashin furen da 'yayan itacen a matsayin kayan lambu a kasar Indiya. Ana shirya abinci mai kama da miya mai suna veppampoo charu a cikin Tamil (an fassara shi da "neem flower rasam ") wanda aka yi da furen bedi a yankunan Tamil Nadu. A Bengali, ana soya ganyen neem a cikin mai tare da eggplant (brinjal). ana kiran girkin neem begun bhaja kuma shine abu na farko yayin cin abinci a Bengali wanda ke matsayin abinci washe harshe, ana cinshi da shinkafa.
Ana amfani sassan dalbejiya a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Kambodiya, Laos (inda ake kira kadao ), Thailand (inda aka sani da sa-dao ko sdao ), Myanmar (inda aka sani da tamar ) da Vietnam (inda aka sani da sầu đâu kuma ana amfani dashi wajen dafa salatin gỏi sầu đâu ). Ko da an dafa shi da sama sama, dandanon sa na da ɗaci sosai, kuma ba duk mazaunan waɗannan ƙasashe ke cin wanan nau'in abincin ba. A Myanmar, ana dafa ganyen neem da sashen furanni da 'ya'yan tamarind wato tsamiya don rage dacinsa kuma ana ci a matsayin kayan lambu. Ana kuma cin ganyen neem mai tsami tare da tumatir da miya miya a Myanmar.
Magungunan Gargajiya
Ana amfani da samfuran da aka cire daga icen dalbejiya a wajen maganin gargajiya na Indiya na tsawon ƙarnuka, amma babu isasshen shaidar asibiti don nuna fa'idodin amfani da bedi don dalilai na magani. A manya mutane, ba a kafa takamaiman ka'idojin shan maganin ba, kuma yin amfani da dalbejiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci yana da aminci, amma yayin amfani da shi na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da matsalar koda ko hanta; a ga ƙananan yara, man-dalbejiya na da guba kuma yana iya sanadiyyar mutuwa. Bedi na iya haifar da bari wato zubewar ciki, rashin haihuwa, da ƙarancin sukari na jini.
Manazarta |
20147 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar%20Suleiman | Abubakar Suleiman | Abubakar Suleiman (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1973), wanda aka fi sani da Abu, kwararre ne a fannin banki kuma kwararre a fannin tattalin arziki kuma shi ne Manajan Darakta/Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na yanzu na bankin Sterling, babban bankin kasuwanci mai lasisi na ƙasa a Najeriya.
Ya gaji Yemi Adeola wanda ya yi ritaya daga bankin a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu, na shekara ta 2018.
Rayuwar farko
Abubakar ya taso ne a Otukpo a jihar Benue a yanzu. Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda kuma ya kware a aikin jarida. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta 7 kuma 'yar kasuwa.
Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Otukpo. Daga baya ya karanci ilimin tattalin arziki bayan ya fara sha'awar nazarin wallafe-wallafe.
A cikin shekara ta 2019, ya bayyana a wata hira da Arbiterz cewa ya rasa mahaifinsa yana da shekaru 11.
Ilimi
Abubakar yana da digirin farko na Kimiyya (B.Sc.) a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Abuja, haka nan kuma ya yi Master of Science (M.Sc.) a Major Programs Management daga Said Business School na Jami'ar Oxford.
Sana'a
Sana’ar Abubakar ta zarce a fannonin Bayar da Shawarwari ta Kuɗi, Baitul-mali, Kula da Kaddarori da Lamuni, Gudanar da Hatsari da Kuɗi da Dabarun Kamfanoni.
Abubakar ya fara aiki da Arthur Anderson & Co. (a yanzu KPMG Nigeria) a shekarar 1996, sannan ya koma MBC International Bank (yanzu na FBN Holdings) daga Feb 1998 har zuwa Aug 1999. Daga baya ya shiga Citibank a matsayin mai ciniki, inda ayyukansa suka haɗa da Currency & Securities Trading, Risk Asset Management & Distribution da kuma Gudanar da Risk Management daga Janairu 2000 har zuwa Oktoba 2003.
Abubakar ya shiga bankin Sterling ne a watan Nuwamba 2003 a matsayin ma’aji na kungiyar, rawar da ya rike har zuwa Oktoba 2011. Daga nan ya canza sheka zuwa matsayin shugaban kasa, gudanarwa na wucin gadi, da kuma darakta hadewa inda ya gudanar da saye da hade bankin Equatorial Trust zuwa bankin Sterling.
Daga nan ya ci gaba da zama Babban Darakta, Retail Banking, rawar da aka gudanar tsakanin Janairu 2013 har zuwa Disamba 2014, inda ya ke da alhakin haɓaka girma a cikin ƙima da ƙima ga ayyukan da suka haɗa da Kananan Kasuwanci & Bankin Ban sha'awa, Lamuni na Kasuwanci da Kayayyaki. da incubation na bidi'a kiri tallace-tallace mafita da kuma ayyuka.
Tare da nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansa a matsayinsa na Babban Darakta na Bankin Retail, Abubakar ya kasance babban jami’in kula da harkokin kudi na bankin har zuwa watan Maris na 2018 inda ya kula da dabaru da kirkire-kirkire, kadarori, da gudanar da alhaki gami da harkokin kudi da gudanar da ayyuka. A watan Afrilun 2018, an bayyana Abubakar a matsayin babban jami’in gudanarwa na bankin Sterling.
Shi memba ne na Cibiyar Daraktoci, majalisar gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Banki ta Najeriya, memba na Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya don Noma da Tsaron Abinci, kuma yana aiki a majalisar ba da shawara na Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas.
Labarai
Yayin da yake Jami'ar Oxford, Abubakar ya rubuta kasidu kan ƙa'idar Kuɗi da Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki a Najeriya da kuma kan Jagorancin Jinsi a Manyan Shirye-shirye.
Ƙaunar da ayyukan agaji
Buƙatun Abubakar sun ta’allaka ne kan ƙarfafa matasa da bunkasar tattalin arziki, tare da manyan ra’ayoyi kan muhimman sassa don bunkasa tattalin arziki da wadata a Najeriya.
Wannan ya jagoranci tsarin tsarin ZUCIYA (Kiwon lafiya, Ilimi, Noma, Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa da Sufuri don Bankin Sterling, yana aiki azaman mai haɓakawa. don zaɓin sassan don saka hannun jari ga banki, a waje da kasuwancin gargajiya.
Har ila yau, yana da sha'awar ayyukan kasuwanci mai dorewa na muhalli, tallafawa da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan da ke inganta ayyukan kore da kare duniya.
Kyaututtuka da nasarori
A kwanan baya Abubakar ya zama shugaba na farko a Najeriya da ya kusan kai karar rufewa na ranar ciniki a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya.
A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, bankin Sterling ya fitar da ribar da aka samu tare da alkaluma fiye da ninka yawan kudaden da aka samu a shekarar da ta gabata. An sanya sunan bankin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wurare 100 da za a yi aiki a Najeriya a shekarar 2018, kuma ta lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ingancin rayuwa saboda ayyukanta na sarrafa albarkatun dan adam karkashin jagorancinsa.
Abubakar kuma an nada shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shuwagabannin Najeriya a bikin Businessday Annual Top CEO da na gaba Bulls awards 2020
Manazarta
Hausawa
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1973
Kudi
Kudi da Ayyuka
Kudade
Bankuna a Najeriya
Bankuna
Banking Duniya |
33640 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehinomen%20Ehikhamenor | Ehinomen Ehikhamenor | Ehinomen Ehikhamenor (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilun 1980), ƙwararren ɗan dambe ne daga Najeriya (kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a Los Angeles, CA wanda ke fafutuka a rukunin masu ajin cruiserweight.
Sana'a/Aiki
Ehikhamenor ya zama ƙwararren a cikin shekarar Fabrairun 2004 a Mohegan Sun Casino, Connecticut, Amurka. A wasansa na farko Ehikhamenor ya doke dan Amurkan Moorish Anthony Riddick ta hanyar bugun farko a zagayen farko.
Dan takara (Contender)
Ehinomen ya kasance dan takara a lokacin 4th na The Contender wanda aka yi fim a Singapore. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2009 ya ci nasarar zagayensa na farko tare da nasarar maki biyar a kan gwaninta Darnell Wilson. Bayan ya ci wasu fafatawa guda biyu inda ya doke Deon Elam a cikin kwata da Rico Hoye a wasan kusa da na karshe, Ehikhamenor ya samu damar shiga gasar zakarun Turai, inda zai fafata da Troy Amos-Ross.
Ehikhamenor ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Troy Ross a gasar zakarun Afrika.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Ehikhamenor ya girma a cikin gidajen LeFrak City a cikin birnin New York. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta John Bowne.
Ƙwararrun 'yan dambe
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|align="center" colspan=8|15 Wins (7 knockouts, 8 decisions), 4 Losses (1 knockout, 3 decisions)
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| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Troy Ross
|TKO
|4
|25/02/2009
|align=left| Foxwoods, Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Rico Hoye
|UD
|5
|18/02/2009
|align=left| Singapore
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Deon Elam
|UD
|5
|11/02/2009
|align=left| Singapore
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Darnell Wilson
|UD
|5
|07/01/2009
|align=left| Singapore
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Herbie Hide
|UD
|12
|30/05/2008
|align=left| Pabellon Lasesarre, Baracaldo, Spain
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Zack Page
|UD
|6
|01/02/2008
|align=left| Expo Mart, Monroeville, Pennsylvania, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Daniel Stuckey
|UD
|6
|21/10/2005
|align=left| Mohegan Sun Casino, Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Patrick Nwamu
|UD
|10
|04/08/2005
|align=left| The Grand Ballroom, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| John "Buster" Douglas
|UD
|6
|09/06/2005
|align=left| The Grand Ballroom, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Kevin "Drunken" Miller
|TKO
|2
|15/04/2005
|align=left| The Hoops, Columbus, Ohio, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Mark "Drunken" Miller
|KO
|4
|18/11/2004
|align=left| Manhattan Center, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Charles "Chuckie" Brown
|TKO
|2
|30/09/2004
|align=left| The Grand Ballroom, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| John "The Ship" Battle
|TKO
|3
|27/08/2004
|align=left| Mohegan Sun Casino, Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Gary "Pit Bull" Gomez
|UD
|6
|30/07/2004
|align=left| Mohegan Sun Casino, Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Sameh Elashry
|UD
|4
|24/06/2004
|align=left| Manhattan Center, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Scott Halton
|TKO
|1
|28/05/2004
|align=left| Mohegan Sun Casino, Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Robert "Sugar Shane" Mosley
|UD
|4
|22/04/2004
|align=left| The Grand Ballroom, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Miguel Reyes
|TKO
|2
|19/03/2004
|align=left| Olympic Theater, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Anthony Riddick
|TKO
|1
|13/02/2004
|align=left| Mohegan Sun Casino, Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|align=left|
|}
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Boxing record for Ehinomen Ehikhamenor from BoxRec (registration required)
Rayayyun mutane |
40884 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudanci | Yahudanci | Yahudanci ( Ibrananci : יהדות ) addini ne daga cikin addinin Ibrahimiyya mafi tsufa a duniya. Yana da kusan shekaru 4,000 kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila. Akwai mabiya kusan miliyan 15. Ana kiran su Yahudawa. Shi ne addinin tauhidi mafi daɗewa. Attaura ita ce mafi mahimmancin littafi mai tsarki na Yahudanci. Dokoki da koyarwar addinin Yahudanci sun fito ne daga Attaura, littattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da al'adun baka . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan hadisai na baka ne na farko kuma daga baya an rubuta su a cikin Mishnah, Talmud, da sauran ayyuka.
Kiristanci da Musulunci duka suna da alaƙa da Yahudanci. Waɗannan addinai sun yarda da imani ga Allah ɗaya da koyarwar ɗabi'a na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci (Tsohon Alkawari), wanda ya haɗa da Attaura ko "תורה."
Imani na asali
Manyan imani guda uku a tsakiyar addinin Yahudanci sune Tauhidi, Shaida, da alƙawari (yarjejeniya tsakanin Allah da mutanen Allah).
Koyarwar da ta fi muhimmanci a addinin Yahudanci ita ce akwai Allah ɗaya, wanda yake son mutane su yi abin da yake na adalci da kuma juyayi. Addinin Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa mutum yana bauta wa Allah ta wurin koyon littattafai masu tsarki da kuma yin abin da suke koyarwa. Waɗannan koyarwar sun haɗa da ayyukan al'ada da ɗabi'a. Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa an halicce dukan mutane cikin surar Allah kuma sun cancanci a bi da su da daraja da daraja .
Allah daya
Babban koyarwar addinin Yahudanci game da Allah ne, cewa Allah ɗaya ne. A bisa addinin Yahudanci, Allah ne kaɗai ya halicci duniya kuma Allah ne kaɗai yake iko da ita. Yahudawa suna ambaton Allah da sunaye da yawa. Sunan mafi tsarki ga Allah a cikin addinin Yahudanci shine “ Yahweh ”, ko da yake yawancin Yahudawa suna guje wa faɗin wannan sunan da babbar murya saboda girmansa. Yahudanci kuma yana koyar da cewa Allah na ruhaniya ne ba na zahiri ba.
Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ɗaya ne – haɗin kai: Allah ɗaya ne, cikakke. Ba za a iya raba Allah kashi-kashi ba kuma mutane ba za su iya fadin yadda Allah yake kallo da kalmomi ba; kawai suna iya faɗin yadda Allah yake da kuma abin da Allah yake aikatawa.
Yahudawa sun yi imani cewa duk alheri da ɗabi'a daga Allah suke. Allah yana sha'awarabin da mutane suke yi kuma Allah yana kallon abin da suke aikatawa.
Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa dukan mutane an halicce su cikin surar Allah. Don haka dole ne a yi wa mutane adalci da kuma a daraja mutane. Mutum yana bautawa Allah ta wurin zama kamar Allah. Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne su yi adalci su yi jinƙai, su kasance da alheri da ƙauna ga mutane.
Yahudanci ya ce Allah yana wanzuwa har abada, Allah yana ko'ina, kuma Allah ya san komai. Allah yana bisa dabi'a ("mafi allahntaka") amma Allah yana cikin duniya yana jin masu addu'a ga Allah kuma zai amsa musu. Allah shine babban iko a sararin samaniya.
Addinin Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa Allah yana ƙyale mutane su zaɓi abin da za su yi - ana kiran wannan “ yancin zaɓi .” Ƴancin zaɓe shi ne ’yancin yin duk abin da mutum yake so, amma dole ne su kasance masu alhakin ayyukansu. Mutane ne ke da alhakin ayyukansu. Allah yana sakawa masu kyautatawa, kuma zai azabtar da masu zalunci. Allah yana ba mutum lada ko ukuba a nan duniya, amma Allah yana ba da lada ko ukuba ga ran mutum bayan mutuwarsa.
Yahudawa
Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya yi yarjejeniya da ake kira “alƙawari” da Ibrahim, kakan Yahudawa. Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce Allah yayi alkawari zai albarkaci Ibrahim da zuriyar sa idan sun bautawa Allah kuma suka kasance da aminci ga Allah. Allah ya yi wannan alkawari da ɗan Ibrahim, Ishaku, da ɗan Ishaku, Yakubu . Allah ya ba Yakubu wani suna, Isra'ila. Haka zuriyar Yakubu ta sami sunan “Ya’yan Isra’ila” ko kuma “ Isra’ilawa .” Daga baya Allah ya ba Isra’ilawa Attaura ta hannun shugabansu Musa . Attaura ta gaya wa Isra'ilawa yadda za su yi rayuwa da gina al'ummarsu . Allah ya ba Isra’ilawa Dokoki Goma da wasu dokoki a cikin Attaura (613 a jimla).
A wasu lokatai ana kiran Yahudawa “Zaɓaɓɓu.” Domin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce Allah ya ce musu, “Za ku zama mini mulkin firistoci, al’umma mai-tsarki.” (Fitowa 19:6) da kuma “Gama ku mutane ne masu-tsarki. ga Ubangiji Allahnku, Ubangiji kuwa ya zaɓe ku, ku zama al’umma ta Allah daga cikin dukan al’umman duniya.” (Kubawar Shari’a 14:2) Yahudawa sun fahimci cewa wannan yana nufin suna da ayyuka na musamman da kuma hakki da Allah ya umurce su. Dole ne Yahudawa su gina al'umma mai adalci kuma su bauta wa Allah kaɗai. abin da Allah ya gaya musu.Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa dole ne su koya wa mutane cewa Allah ya wanzu kuma Allah yana son dukan mutane su yi ayyuka masu kyau, Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa aikinsu a duniya shi ne ya zama “haske ga al’ummai.” (Ishaya 49:6) ta hanyar nuna wa mutanen duniya hanyoyin da za su gyara duniya.
Yahudawa sun yi imanin cewa Allah ya ba su aiki na musamman wanda shine gyara duniya. Aikin su shine su sa duniya ta zama wuri mafi kyau tare da mafi kyau a cikinta. Dole ne su yi amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin duniya don haɓaka alheri kuma su kusanci Allah. Suna kiran wannan "tikkun olam" - gyaran duniya. Yahudawa suna ganin kansu da dukan mutane a matsayin abokan tarayya da Allah. Dole ne mutane su gyara duniya ta kowace hanya - don nemo hanyoyin da za a rage wahalhalun mutane da dabbobi, don samar da ƙarin zaman lafiya, samar da mutuntawa tsakanin mutane da kare muhallin duniya daga halaka.
Yahudawa ba sa ƙoƙarin shawo kan wasu mutane su yi imani da addinin Yahudanci. Yahudawa sun gaskata suna da aiki na musamman don nuna wa duniya cewa akwai Allah, amma ba dole ba ne mutane su zama Bayahude su bi Allah ba. Dukan mutane za su iya bauta wa Allah ta wajen bin Dokoki Bakwai (dokoki) da aka ba Nuhu. Amma, Yahudanci yana yarda da mutanen da suka zaɓi canza addininsu zuwa addinin Yahudanci.
Attaura da Mizvot
Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya gaya musu a cikin Attaura hanyar rayuwa da dole ne su bi. Attaura ta ce Allah yana son mutanen Isra’ila su yi tafiya cikin tafarkun Allah, su ƙaunaci Allah, su bauta wa Allah, su kiyaye dokokin Allah (K. Sha 10:12–13). Ayyuka sun fi mahimmanci fiye da imani kuma dole ne a sanya imani cikin ayyuka.
Ana kiran waɗannan ayyukan “mitzvot” a cikin Ibrananci (mai guda ɗaya: mitzvah מִצְוָה). Wani lokaci ana kiran su "dokoki," "dokoki" ko "umarni". Mutane da yawa suna tunanin mitzvah a matsayin "aiki mai kyau," ko "abu mai kyau da za a yi." Akwai mitzvot 613 a cikin Attaura. Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Attaura tana ba da mitzvot ga dukan mutane; Dole ne dukan mutane su kiyaye dokoki bakwai da aka koya wa Nuhu da ’ya’yansa bayan rigyawa. Dole ne Yahudawa su kiyaye mitzvot 613, waɗanda aka jera a cikin Attaura. Malaman sun ƙidaya mitzvot 365 waɗanda Yahudawa ba za su yi ba (mara kyau mitzvot), da kuma mitzvot 248 da Yahudawa dole ne su yi (mai kyau mitzvot). Wasu mitzvot na rayuwar yau da kullun ne, wasu kuma don lokuta na musamman ne kawai, kamar bukukuwan Yahudawa. Yawancin mitzvot 613 game da Haikali Mai Tsarki ne a Urushalima kuma ba za a iya yin su ba, tun da an lalatar da Haikali.
Wasu daga cikin mitzvot game da yadda dole ne mutane su yi wa wasu mutane. Misali, dole ne su ba da sadaka ga talaka, ko kuma su taimaki wanda ke cikin hadari. Kada su yi sata ko yin ƙarya. Waɗannan su ne mitzvot na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a.
Wasu mitzvot game da yadda dole ne mutane suyi aiki ga Allah. Alal misali, dole ne su daraja sunan Allah, ko kuma kada su yi aiki a ranar Asabar. Waɗannan su ne mitzvot na addini ko na al'ada. Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya gaya musu su yi duka ayyuka na ɗabi'a da na addini.
Yahudawa suna kallon mitzvot a matsayin ayyukan da suke tsarkakewa - kawo tsarki - ga duniya kuma suna kusantar mutane da duniya kusa da Allah. Yahudawa suna yin mitzvot don tsarkake duniyar zahiri da abubuwan da ke cikinta, kamar abinci da abin sha, tufafi, da ayyukan halitta kamar jima'i, aiki, ko ganin kyawawan abubuwan gani. Kafin su yi ayyuka da yawa, kamar su ci, Yahudawa suna sanya albarka – gajeriyar addu’a – da Allah ya yi kuma ya ba mutum abubuwan da suke bukata don rayuwa. A cikin addinin Yahudanci, rayuwa ita ce mafi tsarki da muhimmanci. Dole ne Bayahude ya daina yin wasu mitzvot na Attaura don taimakawa ceton ran wani.
Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa dole ne su yi aikin da farin ciki domin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce “Ku bauta wa Allah da farin ciki; Ku zo gaban Allah da raira waƙoƙi.” (Zabura 100:2). Yin mizawa yana taimaka wa mutum ya kusanci Allah kuma hakan yana sa mutumin farin ciki. Wata kungiyar Yahudawa da ake kira Hasidim ta ce wannan ita ce hanya mafi dacewa ta rayuwa. Sun ce damuwa yana kawar da mutane daga farin ciki kuma ba za su ga kyau da kyau a duniya ba.
Yawancin mitzvot a cikin Attaura suna game da ƙasar Isra'ila. Talmud da littattafai daga baya sun kira waɗannan mitzvot "umarni da ke da alaƙa da Ƙasa" domin Yahudawa kawai za su iya yin su a cikin ƙasar Isra'ila. Alal misali, Yahudawa suna ba da kyauta ga matalauta ko firistoci daga gonakinsu kowace shekara, kuma kafin a halaka Haikali, suna kai ’ya’yan itace ko dabbobi zuwa Haikali a Urushalima, kuma dole ne su daina aiki a ƙasar kowace shekara bakwai (“shmittah”) - shekara ta sabati).
Ƙasar Isra'ila
Ƙasar Isra'ila ƙasa ce mai tsarki ce a cikin addinin Yahudanci. Imani na Yahudawa shine Allah ya halicci Duniya daga Dutsen Moriah a Urushalima a cikin ƙasar Isra'ila, kuma Allah shine mafi kusanci da wannan ƙasa koyaushe. Yahudawa sun yi imani cewa wannan ƙasa ita ce inda Allah ya gaya wa Yahudawa su gina al'umma don bauta wa Allah, kuma yawancin mitzvot (umarni) a cikin Attaura suna game da ƙasar Isra'ila.
Mutanen Yahudawa sun gaskata tarihinsu a matsayin al'umma ya fara da Ibrahim. Labarin Ibrahim a cikin Attaura ya fara ne lokacin da Allah ya gaya wa Ibrahim ya bar ƙasarsa. Allah ya yi wa Ibrahim da zuriyarsa alkawari sabon gida a ƙasar Kan’ana. Yanzu ana kiran wannan ƙasar Isra'ila. An ba da sunan jikan Ibrahim, Yakubu, wanda kuma ake kira Isra’ila kuma wanda shi ne uban ƙabilu goma sha biyu. A nan ne sunan “Ƙasar Isra’ila” ya fito. Ana kuma kiran ƙasar “Ƙasar Alkawari” domin a cikin Attaura, Allah ya yi alkawari zai ba da ƙasar ga ’ya’yan Ibrahim (Farawa 12:7, Far 13:15; Farawa 15:18, Farawa 17:8).
Malaman Talmud sun fahimta daga Attaura (Littafin Lissafi 33:53) cewa “mitzvah” ne ga Yahudawa su zauna a ƙasar Isra’ila. Suna ganin rayuwa a wajen Isra'ila ba dabi'a ce ga Bayahude ba. Yahudawa sukan kira ƙasar da ke wajen Isra'ila "galut." Yawancin lokaci ana fassara wannan a matsayin "kasashen waje" (wajen da mutane ke warwatse), amma kalmar tana nufin "ƙaura" a hankali.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
61095 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Brent | Tim Brent | Tim Brent (an Haife shi Maris 10, 1984) tsohon ɗan ƙasar Kanada ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙanƙara ne wanda ya buga wasanni sama da 200 a cikin National Hockey League (NHL), musamman don Toronto Maple Leafs da Carolina Hurricanes.
Sana'ar wasa
Junior hockey
Brent ya girma a cikin Cambridge, Ontario, yanki yana wasa ƙananan hockey kankara don Hespeler Shamrocks na OMHA da Cambridge Hawks na Alliance Pavilion League. Ya taka leda a 1998 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament tare da wata ƙungiya daga Cambridge. Yana da shekaru 15, Brent ya sanya hannu tare da Cambridge Winterhawks Jr.B. ƙungiyar OHA Midwestern Ontario Hockey League a cikin lokacin 1999–2000. Bayan ya kammala Jr.B. kakar, Brent shine zaɓi na 2 gabaɗaya na Babban Gasar Hockey na Ontario (OHL) na Toronto St. Michael's Majors a cikin Zaɓin fifiko na OHL na 2000.
Brent ya fara babban ƙaramin aikinsa akan Toronto St. Michael's Majors na OHL a cikin lokacin 2000–01. Ya taka leda a kungiyar tsawon yanayi hudu, har zuwa 2003–04. A lokacin, an zana shi sau biyu, sau biyu na Anaheim. An fara tsara shi 37th gaba ɗaya a cikin Tsarin Shigar da NHL na 2002, amma an sake shigar da shi cikin daftarin shekaru biyu bayan bai sanya hannu tare da Anaheim ba. A cikin Tsarin Shigar da NHL na 2004, an zaɓi shi 75th gabaɗaya, Ducks kuma. Bayan ya kori wakilinsa, ya amince da kwangilar shiga matakin shekaru uku da Anaheim. A cikin 2004, Brent ya kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙanƙara ta maza ta Kanada a Gasar Kananan Yara ta Duniya ta 2003 . An nada shi a matsayin babban kyaftin kafin a fara gasar. Tawagar ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Amurka a wasan karshe, inda ta samu lambar azurfa.
Kwararren Dan wasan hockey
A cikin lokacin 2004 – 05, ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da Cincinnati Mighty amma Anaheim ya tuna da shi kuma ya buga wasanni 18 a cikin NHL a wancan lokacin. A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya taka leda a Portland Pirates, Ducks 'sabon ƙananan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Ya fara kakar sa ta 2006 – 07 tare da Portland, amma an tuna da shi zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Stanley kuma ya ci burin sa na farko na NHL a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu a kan Vancouver Canucks . Brent ya sami Ring na gasar cin kofin Stanley, amma bai buga isassun wasannin da za a saka a gasar cin kofin Stanley ba.
A ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2007, Ducks Anaheim sun yi ciniki da Brent zuwa Pittsburgh Penguins don musayar cibiyar Stephen Dixon . Ya buga wasa daya kacal tare da Penguins, yana ciyar da sauran kakar wasa tare da Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, alaƙar su AHL ta kai wasan karshe na Kofin Calder . A kan Yuli 17, 2008, Brent aka yi ciniki zuwa Chicago Blackhawks a musayar Danny Richmond . Brent ya shafe mafi yawan lokutan 2008-09 tare da Blackhawks 'AHL affiliate Rockford IceHogs, amma an tuna da shi zuwa Chicago, yana wasa a wasanni biyu.
A kan Yuli 6, 2009, Brent ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Toronto Maple Leafs. A lokacin wasan farko na preseason na kakar 2009-2010, Brent ya yaga tsokar tsokar sa - yana buƙatar tiyata wanda zai gan shi ya yi rashin aiki na watanni huɗu. Bayan murmurewa, Brent ya dawo wasa tare da Toronto Marlies, yana rikodin maki 28 a cikin wasanni 33. An kira shi don wasan karshe na kakar wasa don yin halarta na farko tare da Toronto Maple Leafs a kan Montreal Canadiens . Ya sake sanya hannu tare da Leafs wanda ya ƙare zuwa kwangilar shekara guda biyu. Sansanin horo mai ƙarfi tare da Toronto ya ga suturar Brent don Maple Leafs a farkon kakar wasa a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2010, tare da Montreal Canadiens. Nan take Brent ya yi tasiri, inda ya zura kwallo a raga. Tare da Leafs, Brent ya ɗauki aikin bincike, yana wasa a sashin kisa. A lokacin wasa a kan Fabrairu 3, 2011, a kan Carolina Hurricanes, Brent ya katange harbi guda biyu kuma ya share puck a cikin kisa guda ɗaya. An dauki wannan wasan a cikin mafi kyawun ganyen kakar. Brent ya ci gaba da dacewa da wasanni 79 a waccan kakar, yana yin rijistar kwallaye 8 da maki 20 yayin da yake ganin mafi yawan lokaci akan bugun fenariti na Leafs.
Brent ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Hurricanes Carolina a kan Yuli 1, 2011. Ya buga wasanni 30 don Hurricanes, yana yin rajista kawai maki 3. Bayan kammala kwantiraginsa da Hurricanes, Brent ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko a wajen Arewacin Amurka, kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da kulob din Rasha, Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod na Kontinental Hockey League a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2013. Bayan wasanni goma sha takwas tare da Torpedo, an sayar da shi zuwa Metallurg Magnitogorsk don Justin Hodgman . Tare da Metallurg ya lashe Gagarin Cup .
Manazarta |
39513 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Pa%C3%B1os | Sandra Paños | Sandra Paños García-Villamil (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba a shekarar, 1992) ƙwararriyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Sipaniya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Barcelona da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain. A halin yanzu Paños yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin na uku na Barcelona.
A Barcelona, Paños ta lashe kofunan lig guda biyu, Copas de la Reina guda uku, da kuma gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA, wanda karshensa ya ci a kakar shekara ta 2020 ,uwa 2021 a matsayin wani bangare na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai na farko na Barcelona. Bangaren kasa da kasa, ta wakilci Spain a manyan gasa guda uku- Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA a shekarar, 2015, Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta shekarar, 2017 UEFA, da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA na shekarar, 2019.
Kai guda ɗaya, Paños ta sami rikodi na Zamora Trophies guda huɗu, kyautar da aka ba mai tsaron gida wanda ya zura mafi ƙarancin kwallaye a kakar wasannin Primera Division.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Sandra Paños García-Villamil a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba shekara ta, 1992, ga Luis Ernesto Paños da Gemma García-Villamil. Paños ta fara taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida lokacin da babu kowa a raga a raga ga ƙungiyar ta futsal. Daga baya ta buga wasan kwallon kafa na 7-a-side kafin ta yi wasa a kulob dinta na farko, Sporting Plaza de Argel (wanda aka fi sani da Hércules), lokacin tana da shekaru 10. Mahaifinta ya taba bugawa Hércules wasa a cikin shekarar, 1980s.
Aikin kulob
Levante (2010–2015)
A cikin shekara ta, 2010, Paños ta yi tsalle zuwa rukunin farko na Sipaniya lokacin da ta rattaba hannu kan Levante. Duk da tayi daga Atlético Madrid, ta zabi Levante saboda kusancin kungiyar da garinsu na Alicante. Bayan nasarar kakar wasan farko, ta sabunta kwantiraginta da kulob din a shekara ta, 2011 har zuwa 2012.
A ranar 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2015, Paños ta zira kwallo ta farko kuma kawai burinta na aikinta tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Espanyol.
Barcelona (2015-yanzu)
Tana da shekaru 22, Paños ta ƙaura daga Levante zuwa Barcelona bayan gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar, 2015, lokacin bazara da ƙungiyar Catalan ta ba da ƙwararrun mata. A kakar wasanta na farko na gasar zakarun Turai, Panos ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan UEFA Champions League na mata na kakar wasa, wanda shine dan wasan Barcelona na farko da ya taba yin hakan. Ita kuma ita ce wadda ta samu kyautar Zamora na farko.
A cikin kakar shekara 2017 zuwa 2018, a Barcelona, ta sami nasarar cin Kofin Zamora na biyu saboda cin kwallaye 12 kacal a wasannin 26 na gasar. Paños ta raba ayyukan tsaron gida tare da Laura Ràfols har zuwa lokacin da Ràfols ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar, 2018. Lokacin da ya biyo bayan tafiyar Ràfols, ta dauki matsayin kyaftin a karon farko a blaugrana kuma an nada shi kyaftin na uku na kulob din. A cikin shekara ta, 2019, an ba Paños lambar yabo ta Zamora Trophy ta uku, inda ta ba da mafi kyawun kwallaye 11 a cikin kakar wasannin shekarar, 2018 zuwa 2019. Domin kakar shekara, 2019 zuwa 2020, an rage matsayinta na kyaftin zuwa kyaftin na hudu yayin da Alexia Putellas ta yi tsalle zuwa kyaftin na biyu.
A cikin shekarar 2020, biyo bayan ƙarshen kakar gasar shekarar, 2019 zuwa 2020 saboda cutar ta COVID-19, an ba Paños lambar yabo ta Zamora Trophy ta huɗu, lambar rikodi. A wannan kakar, ta ci mafi kyawun kwallaye 0.26 a kowane wasa.
A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta UEFA, Paños ya ceci bugun fanariti daga Chloe Kelly ta Manchester City kuma ya yi nasara da ci 3-0. A cikin watan Mayu a shekara ta, 2021, Paños ta tsawaita kwantiragin Barcelona zuwa watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2024. Kwanaki bayan da ta sanar da tsawaita kwantiragin nata, ta fara wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai na biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai kuma ta yi nasara a kan Chelsea, yayin da kungiyar ta ci wasan da ci 4-0. An nada Paños a cikin Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA Champions League ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021, kuma daga baya ya lashe lambar yabo ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021 Goalkeeper na gasar zakarun Turai. A karshen kakar wasanni ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021, ta zura kwallaye 12 mafi kyau a gasar. Paños ba ta cancanci lashe Kofin Zamora ba, yayin da ta sami rauni a cinya a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2020 wanda ya hana ta buga wasa tsawon watanni uku, kuma ba ta kammala aƙalla wasanni 28 ba.
Paños ta koma matsayinta na kyaftin na uku na Barcelona kafin kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2021 zuwa 2022, bayan kyaftin din na yau da kullun Vicky Losada ya koma Manchester City. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2021, an nada ta a matsayin wanda za a zaba don Ballon d'or na shekarar, 2021. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Paños ta buga wasanta na 200 a Barcelona a dukkan gasa yayin da kungiyarta ta ci Real Sociedad da ci 8-1.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Ita ce mai tsaron gida ta farko a shekara ta, 2009 U-17 yuro na shekara ta, 2010 da 2011 U-19 Yuro.
A watan Satumba na shekarar, 2011, an kira ta zuwa babbar tawagar kasar Spain a karon farko, inda ta maye gurbin María José Pons da ta ji rauni. Bayan watanni biyar ta fara buga wasan sada zumunci da kasar Austriya. Ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan Spain a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA a shekara ta, 2015, inda ta kasance mai tsaron gida na uku na Spain.
Tun lokacin da Jorge Vilda ya karbi ragamar tawagar kasar a cikin shekarar, 2017, Paños ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullum tare da Spain. Ta fara kowanne daga cikin wasanni hudu da Spain ta buga a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta mata ta UEFA a shekara ta, 2017, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar a wasan karshe na rukunin D da Scotland. Spain ta tsallake zuwa zagayen kwata fainal amma an fitar da ita a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Austriya, wacce ta zura dukkanin bugun fenareti 5 da ta yi.
Duk da cewa ta yi zagaye da Lola Gallardo a raga a lokacin wasannin motsa jiki na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2019, Paños ta fara dukkan wasanni hudu na Spain na gasar karshe. Spain ta tsallake zuwa zagayen gaba na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata a karon farko a tarihinta, inda za ta kara da Amurka a zagaye na 16. Paños ta fuskanci bugun fanariti biyu, wanda Megan Rapinoe ta ci, kuma Amurka ce ta lashe wasan. 2–1.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Dan uwanta, Javi, shi ma dan kwallon kafa ne.
Girmamawa
Barcelona
Primera División: 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22
Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA: 2020–21;
Copa de la Reina: 2017, 2018, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22
Supercopa de España Femenina: 2019-20, 2021-22
Copa Catalunya: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
Spain U17
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2010
Spain
Kofin Algarve: 2017
Kofin Cyprus: 2018
Guda ɗaya
Kofin Zamora: 2015-16, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20
Ƙungiyar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Mata na kakar wasa: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21
Gwarzon Matan Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai: 2020–21
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1992 |
6582 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzau | Zazzau | Zazzau Zariya, Kaduna a Najeriya, Zazzau, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Zazzau, daular gargajiya ce da ke da hadaka a cikin garin Zariya,Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya.Sarkin Zazzau na yanzu shi ne Alhaji Amb.Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli wanda ya gaji tsohon sarki, marigayi Alhaji Dr Shehu Idris.Yariman Zazzau da ya zama madakin Zazzau, sai kuma Hon Abbas Tajudeen Ya zama Iyan Zazzau, Alh Yakubu Ibrahim Omar Shi ne Sarkin Alhazan Zazzau, Hon Samaila Suleiman Shine Dujiman Zazzau.
Tarihi
Babban tushe mafi mahimmanci ga farkon tarihin Zazzau shine tarihin da aka ƙirƙira a farkon ƙarni na 20 daga al'adun baya. Yana ba da kuma labarin gargajiya ne na kafuwar masarautun ƙasar Hausa daga jarumin al'adu Bayajidda, kuma ya ba da jerin sunayen masu mulki tare da tsawon lokacin da kuma suka yi sarauta. Dangane da wannan tarihin, ance asalin masarautar hausa ko Haɓe ta fara ne tun daga ƙarni na 11, wanda Sarki Gunguma ya kafa. Wannan majiyar kuma tana sanya ta zama dayan jihohin Bakwai. Mafi shaharar sarautar Zazzau ita ce Sarauniya (ko kuma gimbiya) Amina, wacce ta yi mulki ko dai a tsakiyar karni na 15 da ta tsakiya ta 16, kuma Muhammed Bello ne ya riƙe ta, masanin tarihin Hausa na ƙarni na 19 kuma Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. shine farkon wanda ya kafa daula a tsakanin hausawa.
Zazzau ta kasance wurin tattara bayi don kai su kasuwannin arewacin Kano da Katsina, inda ake musayar su da gishiri tare da ‘yan kasuwar da ke jigilar su zuwa arewacin Sahara . Dangane da tarihi a cikin littafin, an gabatar da addinin musulunci ga masarautar a wajajen shekara ta 1456, amma ga alama ya bazu a hankali, kuma tsafin arna ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Fulani suka ci shekara ta 1808. A wasu lokuta a tarihinta, Zazzau ta kasance tana ƙarƙashin ƙasashe makwabta irin su Songhai, Bornu da Kwararafa .
Wannan karin rubutu da aka saka bai daidaitu ba domin a kwai tsallaken zance a dukkanin sakin layin. Duk da cewar tarihin kasar Zazzau na cunkushe da don ran filani. Zazzagawa an same su da addinin Musulunci kuma Shehu Usmanu ya tabbatar da haka. Tun asalin kasar Zazzau ba su da maguzawa.
Masarautan fulani
A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1808 babu Fulani a wadanda Shehu Usmanu ya turo su da su kifar da ko su fidda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau daga kasar Zazzau, illah kinibibin da ya kullu a tsakanin malaman da suke zaune a kasar Zazzau. Wannan ya biyo bayan hijirar da Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali ya yi bayan kashe shararren malamin nan malam Dan Zabuwa wanda ya ke shima bafillace ne. Ganin haka Fulani su kai gangami wajen tuntsurar da mulkinsa. Sarkin Kano ya yi kaura zuwa Kasar Zazzau, a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau a 1807 amma bai samu hurumin zama ba. Duk da cewar suruki ya ke ga Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali.
Wannan hijira ta Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali shi ya kawo ce-kuce a kasar Zazzau inda a karke ya kawo karken mulkin Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau. Inda gaurayen kabilun malaman da ke zaune a kasar suka hada kai suka kifar da mulkinsa bayan ya tafi masallacin idi don gabatar da sallah karama. Domin ta wannan haya ya sa shi tilasa ya bar kasar Zazzau inda ya kafa kasar Abuja kuma a yau aka kafa hedkwatar kasar nan. Kuma masarautar ta juya da sunan sarki Sulaimanu Barau watau Suleja.
Kalmar Fulani ya samu ne dalilin Shehu Usmanu. Amma malaman kabilun da ke zaune su ne: kabilar Mande a yau a na kiransu mallawa sai Barebari sai sullubawa sai kuma Katsina wa.
Jihadin Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo
Ƙasar Hausa ta fara daga kewayen Gobir har ya zuwa gefen ƙasar Bauchi wanda a da can ake kira da ƙasar Gobir, wanda kuma a ke kira da tsantsan ƙasar Hausa (sune ƙasar Gobir da Zamfara da Kebbi da Katsina da Daura da Rano da Ningi da Kano wanda daga baya aka samu ƙasar Sakkwato) ta faɗa cikin wani irin nau’in hatsin baran addini, watau na hada bori da addinin Musulunci.A cikin wannan hali da ake ciki na bori, Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala ya karfafa zuciyar Mujaddidi Shehu Usman bn Fodiyo da tsaida sunna, kuma ya karfafa shi da samun nasara wajen fahimtar da jama’arsa.Shehu Usman Mujaddadi ya soma kiran jama’a a mahaifarsa Degel.
Sai dai kamar yadda bayanai a cikin littattafan tarihi suka nuna cewar, Mujaddadi Shehu Usmanu shi kansa bai fita zuwa yake-yake ba sai a wuri ɗaya, watau ƙasar Gobir da kuma yadda Sakkwato ta samu asali.Littattafan tarihi sun ƙara bayanin haihuwarsa, cewar an haife shi a watan Safar shekara ta 1168 hijiran Manzon Allah, Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi.
Allah maɗaukakin Sarki ya kaddara samun Mujaddadi cikin Jama’an Annabi wanda ya ƙara tsaida addinin Allah da kafafunsa a zukatan Jama’a bayan karkata ta zo masu (kamar a wannan zamani inda kungiyar Izalatul Bidi’a wa ikamatussunna ta bayyana mana a yau).Yadda al’amari ya kasance kuwa shi ne, inda aka samu ya yi ƙoƙarin kau da ire-iren waɗannan shirkoki da bidi’o’i, duk da wasu sai ƙara harman kunno kai suke yi.
Shehu Usmanu bai gaza NS musamman bisa taimakon Allah ta wajen kokartawa har sai da addinin Allah ya daidaitu a zukatan jama’arsa.
Lallai Shehu Usmanu ya amsa sunansa Mujaddadi kwarai da gaske. Domin ya tsai da sunna amma kash! mabiyansa sun bijiro da salon son mulki da barna wadda ya fi na baya. Abin ya kai sun kauce wa shari’ar musulunci,na kamanta shi da manzon Allah Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi; ko kuma mai da shi abin roko da bautatawa. Haka kuma Fulani sun karkata a kan duk wanda baiyi karatu wajen Shehu ba to karkatacce ne, ko da kuwa a ina ya sami ilminsa. Za mu iya samun wannan bayanai a wurare da dama da kuma nazarin manufofinsu a zahiri. Amma wasu rubuce-rubucensu na da wuyar samu, musamman yadda su ka farga da cewar jama’a na fahimtar barnarsu ta nazarce-nazarce a kan rubuce-rubucensu da kuma nau’in ayyukansu a zahiri.
A cikin littattafai da ayyuka wasunsu kuwa nada sauyi domin ba a mai da hankali a kansu ba ballantana A Dakatar da su, kuma an mai da su tamkar addinin Allah. Daga cikin wadannan ayyuka da littafai akwai ziyarar kabari da ire-iren shirkoki da bidi’o’in da ke wakana a wuraren, sai littafin Tarihin Fulani na Wazirin Sakkwato, wanda ya rubuta da harsunan Larabci da Hausa. A cikin nazartan littafin zamu iya fahimta barna tun daga shafi na 8 zuwa shafi na 20 a cikinta. Misali ya yi bayani kamar haka,”Bushara Da Shehu Usmanu, Allah shi Yarda Da Shi:”Hakika bushara an yi da Shehu, Allah shi yarda da shi, tun gabanin samuwatai, ta abku kamar yadda shi kansa ya ambata cikin littafinsa wanda yake maganar gabanin samuwatai, ta abku kamar yadda shi kansa ya ambata cikin littafinsa wanda yake maganar dangantakarsa zuwa ga Annabi, tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata gare shi, inda ya ce:“Hakika Annabi tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata gare shi an yo bushara da shi tun gabanin zakuwatai. Ni kuma na gode ma Allah an yi bushra da ni.” Haka kuma zancansa ga dangantakarsa zuwa ga Mahadi. Ya ce: “Hakika Mahadi amincin Allah ya tabbata bisa gare shi, an yo bushara da samu nai. Ni kuma nai godiya ga Allah an yo bushara da ni...”sauran al’amurra kamar yin masa salati bayan anbaton sunansa kamar yadda ake wa ma’aiki Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi, da nau’in tsarkakansa kamar na Manzon Allah (S.A.W) watau cewar shi Ma’asumi ne, duba shafi na 9 sakin layi na karke, da dai sauransu. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna Shehu Usmanu ya kaurace wa jama’ansa zuwa Gujuba a dalilin irin yadda suka juya wa al’amarin da’awarsa ya zuwa neman abin duniya.
A cikin wannan littafin ya yi bayanai na irin mu’ujizozin da Shehu Usmanu Mujaddidi yake da su, wa’anda sun kamanceceniya da na Manzon Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi, ko kuma Mahadi amincin Allah ya tabbata a gare shi.A takaice zantukan na nuni da cewar shi ma aiko shi aka yi kamar yadda aka aiko sauran Annabawa.Wannan ya nuna karara cewar lallai dole su dauka cewar duk wanda baiyi karatu wajen Shehu Usmanu ba to shi kafiri ne.
Rikicin Hausa da Fulani
[[File:Zaria Emir's palace
gate.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Gidan sarauta na Sarkin Zazzau]]Tarihi ya nuna cewar lokacin da Shehu Dan Fodio ya taso da da'awarsa a kasar Hausa ya na mai kokarin jaddada addinin Musulunci ne in da ya ga suna da rauni, musammsn tsakanin kasar Gobir da Zamfara da Katsina.Lallai bai kalli kasar Zazzau ba,domin shi kansa yasan kasa ce wadda ta tara masanan addinin Musulinci wuri guda, wanda har gobe masu riko da sunna ne. A wancan lokaci yana fama da }asashen Gobir ta dauri ne.Watau Gobir masomar jihadi, sai dai dalibansa sun fadada jihadin ya zuwa Katsina da Kano da Daura,sai kuma sashen Yarbawa watau Ilorin don bayar da kariya ga Shehu Usmanu a dalilin rashin goyon baya da ba su ba Shehu Usmanu ba. A karshen al’amari,wa]annan sarakuna ba su amince ba a dalilin yanayin ko dai mabiyansa ko kuma yadda suke gudanar da wa’azozinsu, wadanda suka soma nuna alamun son mulki fiye da bayyana da’awar Shehu.Shehu Usmanu ya goyi bayan daukan matakin jihadi kan wa]annnan kasashe bisa shawarar almajiransa da sunan kauce wa kai gudunmuwarsu ga kasar Gobir.Duk da Shehu ya soma yakar kasar Gobir a matsayin sulan yake-yaken jihadin Mujaddidi.
Bayani ya nuna a ciki littafin Muhammad Bello “Infakul mansur” wanda yake ]a ne ga Shehu Usmanu, cewar a watan Yuni 1804 Shehu Usman ya aika wa Sarakunan kasar Katsina da Daura da Kano kuma Zazzau takarda kunshe da bayanin yadda ta kasance tsakaninsa da Sarkin Gobir Yumfa. Sarakunan Katsina da na Kano sai suka yaga takardan Shehu Mujaddadi.Amma Sarkin Zazzau na wannan lokaci Malam Isyaku Jatau bai yaga tasa ba, sai ya kira Malaman kasarsa ya yi masu bayanin takardan Shehu cikin sigar ilmi da hikima ya fahimtar ko gamsar da jama’arsa manufa na Shehu Usmanu.Wannan masanan malamai na kasar Zazzau sun gamsu da wannan takarda kuma suka amince da wannan manufa ta Shehu Usmanu.Ba da wani jinkiri ba sarkin Zazzau ya amince da manufar Shehu kuma ya nada wata tawaga wanda ke dauke da sakon sarki na amincewarsa da ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya tare da irin tasa gudummuwar. Ganin yadda Sarki Isyaku Jatau ya amince da manufarsa Shehu ya kara masa kwarin gwaiwar kaddamar da jihadinsa,kuma ya amince da tutar kasar Zazzau a matsayin tutar Ahlil Sunna.Irin wannan akida har gobe yana nan ga malaman Zage zagi wadanda ba su saka wata dagawa ko nuna shahara kan ilmin addinin Allah ba. Malamai ne wadanda basa hada wani abu da abin bautarsu, ko shigar da wani al’amari ko saka sauran bidi’o’i da suka kunno kai a wannan zamani cikin addinin Muslinci.
A wajajen }arshen jihadin Shehu Mujaddadi kuma daidai shugowar Turawa Arewacin kasar nan (1806), Allah ya yi wa Sarkin Zazzau Malam Isyaku Jatau rasuwa, kuma ]ansa Malam Muhammadu Makau (Makka) ya amshi ragamar mulki.
A daidai hawan karagan mulkin kasar Zazzau,Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya fuskanci kalubale a wajen masu sha’awar mulkin kasar na wancan zamani (1807).Watau Malaman dake cikin kasar (wadanda suke kiran kansu Fillato Borno) dake zaune a wannan kasa. Wannan ya faru ne bayan dan wani lokaci ka]an kuma bayan cin kasar Kano wanda ya kawo karken sarautar Sarkin Kano Alwali (Malam Al-wali),inda daga nan maya}an Mujaddadi suka nausa ya zuwa kasar Bauchi har ya zuwa kanem watau }asar Borno a yau. Amma game da Sarki Alwali, cikin martabawa da kuma tausayawa Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya nemi ya sauki Sarkin Kano Alwali a asarsa.A sakamakon irin karamci na mutanan Zazzau wanda sukan dauki al’amurra cikin sauki tare da ganin sun saka adalci a rayuwarsu (wannan hali yana nan tare da su har gobe),ya kawo tunanin Fillato Borno da suke cikin }asar Zazzau na kauda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau; ta yi masa bore bayan sun kai }azafinsa ga Shehu cewar ya koma cikin shirka, don ganin cewar Sarki Alwali ya bijire wa takardan Shehu Mujaddidi kuma Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya kuduri niyyar saukarsa; duk da bayanin da Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya yi masu cewar kira ya kamata ai masa, ba a kore shi ko kashe shi ba. Wanda ya jagoranci kai wannan }ara shi ne Sarkin Zazzau Yamusa,domin a da can sun kasance manyan Al}alai a }asar Zazzau.A cikin tafiyar da wannan bore a kwai Malam Musa wanda ]alibin Shehu Usmanu ne kuma an ha]o shi da Yamusa ne don ya zo ya tabbatar da gaskiyan zancan Malam Yamusa. Amma a }arke ya juyar da tafiyar ta zamo tasa kuma ya ]are karagar mulki.
Wannan bore ya faru a daidai lokacin bukin }aramar Sallah, wato watan Shawwal shekara ta 1807.
A lokacin da Sarkin Zazzau Malam Muhammadu Makau ya fita ya zuwa Sallar Idi. Wa]annan masu bore sun rufe {ofar Gari suka hana shi komawa cikinta. A dalilin haka Sarki Muhammadu Makau sai bai ja da su ba, domin a tunaninsa jama’arsa ne kuma bai da bukatar ya}ar }asarsa, amma sai ya juya akalar dokinsa ya nausa cikin }asashen Nufawa da sauran }abilu don bu]e wata daula daban. Kafin barinsa }asar Zazzau ya yi dakace a bayan gari inda ya tattara jama’ansa. Wannan wuri a yau shi ake kira da Dakace (Dakacen Sarki). Ya cimma nasarar yin hakan wajen kafa wuri (wanda a yau ya zama masarauta biyu wa]anda ake kiransu da sunayen }anninsa a halin yanzu wato Sule-ja ( Sulaimanu- sza) da Abu-ja ( Abubakar- sza). Kuma wannan wuri a yau ya zama zucciyar }asar baki daya.
Tarihi ya nuna cewar daga baya ya yi yunkurin fadada sabuwar daularsa ta wajen yakar ko kwatar wasu bangarori na kasar Zazzau duk da a lokacin tsufa ta kama shi sai ya umurci danuwasa Sulaimanu Ja da ya koma ya rike sabuwar daularsa gudun kar ta kubuce masu baki daya; inda ya sa shi a matsayin wakilinsa. Bayan rasuwar Sarki Muhammadu Makau sai Malam Sulaimanu ya zama sabon sarki. Wannan wuri daga baya an raba shi biyu inda wadannan }anni na Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau suka mai da su wuraren masarautunsu kuma aka sanya wa wuraren sunayensu. Dalilin raba wa ‘yan-uwasa wannan wuri zai ta’alla}a a kan samar da zaman lafiya a zuriyarsu kuma su shugabanci wa]annan sabbin dauloli don kauda tunaninsu ga komawa cikin birnin Zazzau. Wannan ba }aramin tunani ne ba, ga shugabanni adalai masanan ya kamata da hangen nesa. Daga wa]annan wurare basu sake tunanin kafa wata daula ko fadada kasa ba. Sai dai tarihin baya na shi Sarki Muhammadu inda ya yi yunkurin kwato wasu yankuna da ke karkashin kasar Zazzau ya zuwa sabuwar masarautarsa kuma wannan yunkuri ya cimma ajalinsa.
Shehu ]an Fodio ya yi fama da jama’arsa ko ince mabiyansa a }arken jihadinsa. Domin sun juya al’amarin ya zuwa neman mulki ba wai kokarin da’awa da jaddada addinin Allah; da daukaka addinin Allah ba. Almajiran Shehu sun mai da hankali wajen neman mulkan jama’a ko ta halin ya ya. Manufar Shehu shi ne na kauce wa shirka da kadaita Allah (S.W.A) abin bauta shi ka]ai kuma su maida duk al’amurransu ga Allah shi kadai. Amma‘yan shirkokin da ba a rasa su ba tun daga mabiyansa har ya zuwa ga sauran jama’a. Allah (subhanahub wata ala) ya sa ya cimma nasara ta dagewa a kan akidarsa ba tare da jin tsoro ko shakkun wani abin da zai same shi ba. Duk wadannan nasarori sun samu ta wajen dagewar da Shehu tare da kaninsa Abdullahi da kuma dansa Muhammad Bello, su ka yi bisa yardan Allah.
Mahara daga cikin ]aliban Shehu Mujaddadi, wa]anda son mulki ta yaudara, sun nausa ya zuwa kasashen Borno da Yobe da Taraba da kuma Bauchi, inda suka tadda Malam Rabeh Fadel Allah ya yi nisa da shugowa wajan jihadinsa. Wannan za a iya gani tun daga cikin kasar Niger har ya zuwa kasashen da na yi bayani a baya. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna mana cewar kafin karken jihadin da gudana a zamanin Shehu Usmanu, ]alibansa sun yi yun}urin kai jihadinsa kasashen gabashin kasashen Arewa wanda bai samu dama ba don tuni addini Musulunci ya yi }arfi sai dai fadan siyasa kawai.
A littafi mai suna “ Language Disappearance, case study of Biu Emirate” na Bukar Usman ya yi kokarin bayanin yadda ta kwashe tsakanin Mujaddidi Rabeh Fadel Allah tare da ]ansa Fadarallah da masarautun wa]annan kasashe a tsakanin shekara ta 1755-1809. Rabe ya nausa kasar Borno ]ansa kuma ya nausa }asar Biu har ya zuwa Wuyo wanda ake kira da suna Bayo a halin yanzu cikin kasar Borno. Wannan ya faru ne a tsakanin 1893-1901.
A dalilin wannan tashin-tashina na jahadin wadda wa]annan Shehunnai biyu suka yi, ya kawo kai-komon jama’a daga wannan waje zuwa wancan waje, musamman ga jama’ar Biu a wancan karni. Hujjojin wannan bayani an samo su ta wajan zantawa da jama’a dabamdabam, wanda ya nuna cewar jama’a sun taru daga Arewacin masaninbao gabashin Niger da Borno zuwa kudancin wannan kasa. Misali jama’ar Biu sun nuna cewar akwai wurare biyu wanda yake duk asalin wurin mazaunansu ne (wurin zamansu), kamar Yeme da Chad. Bayanin baka ya nuna cewar Tera na daya daga cikin masu neman sarautar Ngazargamu a tsohuwar daular Borno kuma su suke sarautar a janhuriyan Nijar wanda har yanzu suna da kyakkyawar alaka da junarsu. Wasu daga cikin jama’ar Kanuri da suke zaune a Geidam wanda a halin yanzu yake cikin jihar Yobe sun guje wa jihadin Rabeh a cikin shekara ta 1890, wanda ya kai su ga gangarowa ya zuwa Gwara wanda aka fi sani da Gora. Wannan gari na kusa da garin Shani a cikin }asar Borno. Auratayya da kabilan Kanakuru kuma a dalilin haka suka samar da }abilan Komberi, ita ma wannan kabila ta jirga ya zuwa gundumar Tera.
Yake-yaken jihadi sun ci gaba kuma jama’a sun ci gaba da hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri har ya zuwa shekara ta 1808 inda Fulani suka kama yammacin Ngazargamu wanda yake shi ne birnin daular Borno. Amma a karke a cikin shekara ta 1809 Sheikh Lamido ya kori Fulani daga daular Borno.
Wannan kai-komo ya sa Rabe ya rasa wajen zama inda ya bar Zindar ya nausa ya zuwa gabashin Nijar a cikin shekara ta 1893. Wannan ya zo daidai da Turawan Faransa sun shigo kasar Nijar kuma suka kashe shi a wani gari mai suna Kousseri cikin kasar Kamaru a shekara ta 1900. Haka ma dansa ya faru da shi wanda aka kashe shi a wani gari mai suna Gujba ta hanyan yaudara wanda Turawan Faransa su kai masa a shekara ta 1901. A nan ne kuma Turawan Faransa suka hadu da Turawan Ingila kuma turawan Ingila suka nuna wa Turawan Faransa cewar sun wuce iyaka kasar Faransa, wanda a yanzu suna cikin kasar da ake kira Nijeriya. Haka ya faru a inda Faransawa suka ba Turawan Ingila wuri.
Sarki Makau
Game da rayuwar kasar Zazzau kuwa, Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya samar wa ‘yan-uwansa wurin zama ba tare da sun tsoma kansu cikin rikicin mulki da wasu suka haramta masu don bukatar mulkan} kasarsu ba.Zazzagawan asali,sun mai da martani ga sabuwar masarautar Zazzau a inda suka tare mashigin dake tsakanin kudancin} kasar zuwa kasar Zazzau domin tauye kasuwancin da ke tsakaninsu da jama’an kudancin} kasar nan.Haka kuma sun taimaka wa Turawa wajen cin} kasar Zazzau,domin daidai wannan lokaci ne Turawa suka bullo.Zazzaghawa sun taka babban rawa wajan cin kasar Zazzau a wancan lokaci.
A cikin rubuce rucen Hausa Fulani sun so karin yin bayanan} ga jama’an Zazzau ta dauri musamman akan yadda ta kasance da Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ta wajen neman kau da gaskiyar al’amurra. Kuma sun hada gabas da yamma wuri guda.Watau wajen dauko tarihi Barebari suka gauraya a cikin tarihin Zazzau ta dauri.Inda suka ]auko tarihin Albarka wanda yake shi ]an Sarkin Kukawa ne can cikin }asar Borno kuma ya zo kasar Zazzau a sanadiyyar rikicin Sarauta.Albarka bai da ninyar zama kasar Zazzau sai dai ya yada zango ya wuce.Wannan ya faru ne a zamanin Sarki Zazzau Alu Dan Sidi. Amma ga al’amarin Sarki sai ya jawo hankalinsa da ya zauna a nan kasar Zazzau.Sarki ya yi masa al}awarin bashi duk bakin inda ya yi jifa ta tsaya kyauta. Hakan kuma ya faru,wannan wuri ya kama tun daga bakin kotu ya yi iyaka da kwarin fadama.A dalilin haka ne wannan wuri ya samu sunarsa (Albarkawa).
Malam Usman Katuka Sabulu ]a ne ga Sarkin Kano Al-wali kuma jika ne a gidan Sarautar Zazzagawan dauri (Zazzau),inda Sarki Isyaku Jatau ya dauki ‘yar kaninsa Malam Muhammadu Megamo ya ba da aurenta ga Sarkin Kano Al-wali.Usman Katuka Sabulu ya zo kasar Zazzau wajen kakanninsa don koyon karatu da samun ilmin addinin Muslinci, kuma Allah ya nufa wajen arzikinsa kenan a dalilin goyan bayan da ya ba juyin mulkin Filato Barno da kuma Hausa Fulanin a }asar Zazzau, (domin suna kiran kansu a matsayin Fulani) a lokacin yin ma gidan kakaninsa bore don kaucewa halin da zai iya shiga bayan basu ko kuma a bisa wasu dalilai nasa. A karke Sarkin Zazzaun na farko a daular Hausa-Fulani a kasar Zazzau Malam Mu’sa ya amince da Usman Sabulu kuma ya umurce shi da ya zauna a daya daga cikin gidajen kakanninsa watau na Zage zagi kuma aka ba shi sarautar katukan farko a daular Hausa Fulani.Katuka Usman ya samu tsawon sarakuna biyu a daular Hausa Fulani kafin a tsige shi daga kan sarautar; watau Mu’sa dan Yamusa.
Jerin sarakunan Suleja
1. Muhammadu Makau 1807-1825.
2. Abubakar Ja (Abuja) 1825-1851.
3. Abubakar Kwaka Dogon Sarki 1851-1877.
4. Ibrahim Iyalai Dogon Gwari 1877-1902.
5. Muhammadu Gani 1902-1917 Ya bar gadon mulki.
6. Musa Angulu 1917-1944.
7. Sulaimanu Barau 1944-1979.
8. Malam Ibrahim Dodo Musa 1979-1993.
9. Awwal Ibrahim 1993-1994 Ya bar gadon mulki.
10. Bashir Sulaimanu Barau 1994-2000.
11. Awwal Ibrahim 2000.
Sarkakiyar sarautar Hausa Fulani
Sarautar Hausa-Fulani a Arewacin Nijeriya na tafe da wasu sarkakiya wa]anda jama’a kan zanta a kansu sau da dama, watau ta yadda suka amshi mulki ko kuma yadda suka rina azabtar da ‘yan uwansu Musulmi; in har ba kai karatu wajen Shehu Mujaddidi ba, ko da kuwa kai Bafillace ne.wadannan misalai kan samu ta wajen nazartar abin da ya faru a sassa dabandaban a arewacin kasar nan.Amma an samu inda adalci ya fito karara a tsakanin kasar Katsina da Daura inda Sarkin Katsina Dikko ya ba Turawa shawarar da su dawo da jama’ar }asar Daura na asali watau Ha~e (A harshen Hausa-Fulani),a cikin shekara ta 1906. Kuma Sarkin Katsina ya ci gaba da ba su shawarar yadda za a yi a mai da su a kan karagar sarautar Daura,inda ya ce, “ku dauko jikansu Musa wanda yake zaune a Zangon-Daura a bashi sarautar Daura kuma a ha]a masa Zango da |aure duk a karkashin mulkin Daura.Wannan al’amari ya faru ne a lokacin da Turawa suka shawarci Sarkin Katsina Dikko ta yadda za a dawo da masarauar Daura.
Kyakkyawar alaka ta ]ore tsakanin Katsinawa da Daurawa na mutunta juna tun wancan lokaci har ya zuwa yanzu. Domin sun zama abokanin shawarar juna a duk wani abu da ya taso masu,alal misali lokacin da aka taso da zancan larduna Sarki Dikko ya shawarci Sarki Abdurrahman tare da neman alfarma da a ha]a kasar Katsina da Daura a matsayin lardi ]aya.Babu kokanto ko ja Sarkin Daura Abdurrahaman ya amince a dalilin wannan kyakkyawar alaka a wannan dalili ne masarautar Daura ta sa wa }ofar yamma suna Abdurrahman,domin shi ne sarki da ya yi sanadiyyar ha]ewar su da Katsina.
kasar Kano ta samu kanta cikin wannan juyin-juya hali da kas ashen Hausa ke ciki.Arewacin kasar Kano ya soma fa]awa hannun Fulani cikin sauki,amma Sarki Alwali ya yi kokarin kare gabashin kasar. Bayan gwbzawa yaki da aka yi a dan Yahaya Fulani sun samu damar kamala kama kasar Kano kuma Sarkin Kano Alwali ya bar kasar.Anan ma an samu rabewar kai tsakanin Fulani kuma ak rasa wanda zai tsaya a matsayi Sarki.A karke sun aika wa Shehu da ya zaban masu shugaba. Shehu ya tambayesu waye fasihi a cikinsu sai suka ba da amsar cewar Sulaimanu bawan shugaban yaki.To anan ne Shehu y ace ma su shi ya kamata ya zama Sarki.Wannan ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1807.
Amma a game da kasar Kano da Ningi kuwa ya sha bamban da tsakanin Katsina da Daura.Kafuwar Ningi bai samu ba sai da aka ja batta tsakanin jama’an kasar Ningi da Sarkin Kano Usmanu.Abin da ya faru kuwa shi ne Sarkin Kano Usman ya sa wa jama’ar Ningi haraji,amma daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Ningi, kuma malami wanda ya shahara a wancan zamani watau malam Hamza bai amince da wannan haraji ba. Kuma kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna cewar shi ma ya yi karatu wajen Shehu amma bai karbo Tuta ba kamar yadda sauran Hausa-Fulani suka kar~o Tuta. A wannan lokaci Dawakin-Kudu na karkashin Galadiman Kano.Malam Hamza ya ci gaba da da’awarsarsa na cewar babu inda aka ce Musulmi ya ba Musulmi jizya ko kudin gandu ko haraji. Wannan ya kai ga har an kai shi gaban Sarki a can Kano.
Kamar yadda zancan baka ya nuna cewar ya tafi da Gafakan Alkur’aninsa da ]an buzunsa.A gaban Sarkin Kano ya sake bayyana adawarsa ta bayyana wa Sarki gaba gareshi cewar,’karatu dai mun yi gaban Shehu kuma ba inda Shehu ya ce Musulmi da su biya hukumar Musulmi jizya ko kudin gandu ko haraji ba, ka gani nan ina kan kasar Allah ne ba kasar ka ba’, nan take ya baza buzu ya hau kai. A karke Sarkin Kano ya lallaba wannan malami ya dawo kasarsu Dawaki.Amma bayan majalisan sarkin kano ta ba Sarki shawa kan wannan malami domin a ganinsu zai zame wa Sarki karfen-kafa sai Sarki ya ba da umurnin kamo shi. Ga al’amarin wannan malami kuwa ko da ya ji labarin kama shi, sai ya umurci Al’majiransa masu ]imbin yawa suka bar gari.A wani babin an ce mutanan da suka bishi sun kai gidaje 40 wanda a wancan lokaci gari ne. Abin kulawa kuma a nan babban adawan wannan malami shi ne bai yarda da ya}an jama’a ba illah wa’azi kuma da shi ya musuluntar da dimbin jama’a. amma ga al’amarin Hausa-Fulani a wannan lokaci basu amince da yin haka ba, sai dai su mallaki jama’a ta hanyar yakarsu don su zama masu mulkin mallaka ko ta halin kaka.
Malam Hamza ya shiga kasar Bauchi da almajiransa kuma a wannan zamani Sarkin Bauchi Ibrahim, yana sarautar kasar a matsayin Sarki na biyu. Domin a }asar Bauchi daga Yakubu sai Ibrahim a sarautar }asar. Sarkin Bauchi ya sa Sarkin ~ara da ya tunkari wannnan malami. Anan ma wannan malami ya yi fama kwarai da gaske inda ya kai ga sai da Sarkin Bauchi ya taso da kansa yazo }ofar Ningi cikin wani gari mai suna Cafana ya shata fulotai inda ya dasa itatuwan gawo. Wannan abu ya faru wajen shekara 150 ko fiye da haka.
Yake-yake ba su yi sauki ba har sai da Alu mai sango ya dau matakin kona duk wani lambunan Rano. Ganin haka aka nemi sulhu kuma aka zauna lafiya.
A }asar kebbi wanda yake Fulani ke mulkan kasar kuma a lokacin Muahammadu Fodi ke mulki, amma Fulani sun fa]a ma shi kuma suka kora shi. Ya samu damar kafa garin Argungu a cikin shekara ta 1805 wanda amalam Abdullahi ya jagoranta; wannan shi ne dalilin da ake kira wannan waje Kebbin Argungun. Malam Muhammadu Fodi bai iya daurewa ba sai da ya rin}a kai masu hari akai-akai, wanda ya kawo rasa ransa a shekara ta 1826.
Amma duk da faruwan wannan abu magajinsa wanda aka fi sani da suna Karrari ya ci gaba da kai hari kasar Kebbi har zuwan Turawa. Wannan dalilin da yasa ake kiran Sarkin Argungu da ‘Sarkin Kebbi’.
Wannan al’amari shi ya jawo hankulan Sarakunan }asar Hadejiya da tai iyaka da Borno suka sakar wa Malam Umar wani daga cikin Fulani da suke zaune a kasar. Haka kuma sauran kasashen kamar su Kazaure da Garun Gabas da Gatarwa da Auyo suka janye daga mulkinsu suka ba Fulani wuri.
Sarakunan Katsina da Kano duk sun rasa mulkinsu a shekara ta 1807. Fulani sun kama dukkanin wuraren da ba Fulani ke mulki ba ko kuma Fulanin da basu amshi tuta ba ko da kuwa sun yi karatu wajen Shehu Usmanu.
A }asar Katsina bayan Fulani sun amshi }asa sai rikicin mulki ya rincabe tsakaninsu. Wanda ya kai ga an samu gidajen adawa uku, Umaru da Dumyawa Na Alhaji da Umaru Dallaji dukkaninsu na adawar ya amshi tuta daga Shehu Usman. A }arke an samu sau}in al’amari bayan ya cimma nasaran zama Sarki a shekera ta 1807. Amma ga Sarkin Katsina da aka ture sai ya koma da zama a wani wuri da ake kira Mara]i Arewa da kasar Katsina wanda ya kai tsawon kimanin mil hamsin (50miles). Sarkin Katsina da ya koma Mara]i ya ci gaba da kai hari ga duk Fulanin da ya ci karo da su. wannan hari da ake kai ma Fulani ya samu goyon bayan }asashen Zamfara da Agadas.
Sarki Umaru Danlaje
Umaru Danlaje ya yi Sarauta daga shekara ta 1807 zuwa 1835.
Kasar Gobir dama ita ce masomin da’awa wanda ya koma jihadi,a shekara ta 1808 Sarki Yunfa ya rasa ransa a yakin Alkalawa wanda ta ke a wajen gundumar masarautar. Jajirtatce ne wajen kare kansa da }asarsa.Irin wannan jaruntaka ya samu amsuwa wajen magajinsa.A dalilin wannan jajircewa na su ya zama dole Fulani suka iya mallakan ka]an daga cikin ƙasar Gobir. A karshe a shekara ta 1808 Fulani suka kafa masarautarsu wanda trake da gundumar mulki,kuma a ka raba wannan wuri gida biyu;arewacin wurin in wanda ke da gunduma a Gwandu aka na]a Abdullahi a matsayin Sarki.Gabashin wurin dake da gunduma a Sakkwato aka nada Muahammad Bello a matsayin Sarki. Shi ko Shehu Usmanu ya koma ga nazarin littafansa domin a karshe ya nuna damuwarsa na ganin ada’awarsa ta koma na neman mulki kuma fadada kasa don sarauta ba ra’ayinsa ne ba.
Wadannan al’amurra sun gudana a kasar Zazzau inda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya nemi zama da Sarkin Kano kuma Surukinsa Al’wali kuma ya nuna ma Malaman da ke adawa da ra’ayinsa cewar “wannan bawan Allah fahimtarwa yake bu}ata dangane da jihadin Shehu Mujeddidi”, amma Hausa-Fulanin dake }asar suka nuna rashin amincewarsu.Daga cikin Malamansu Malam Yamusa ya jagoranci kai Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau kara wajen Shehu Mujeddidi cewar ya juya wa koyarwar Shehu baya kuma ya koma al’amari na gargajiya. Akan haka Shehu ya soma tambayarsu abin da ya kamata a yi, a nan suka ba da shawarar a yaki }asar Zazzau.Jin kaha sai Shehu Usmanu ya ce da su “A’a sai dai ku yaki Sarkin Zazzau shi ka]ai domin }asar Zazzau akwai malamai masu yawa”. Wannnan al’amari bai samu damar gudana ba sai cikin watan Sallah karama a lokacin da Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya fito yin Sallar Idi, a wananan tsakani masu bore suka kulle kofar gari bayan sun tarwatsa jama’ar Sarki. Ganin haka hankalin Sarki bai tashi ba musamman ganin ya iya tattara jama’arsa wuri guda a wani wuri da ake kira a yau Dakace amma asalin dalilinsa ana nufin dakacen Sarki ne(inda Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya dakata har ya hada jama’ansa).Nan take ya yanke hukuncin barin kasar Zazzau ya kuma nausa kudancin kasar, ba tare da ja in ja da su ba. Shawararsa na barin kasar ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1807 inda ya samar da sabon wuri kuma ya bar wa kaninsa bisa alkawarin kula da wurin domin shi ya dauri ninyan amso wasu bangarori da ke karkashin kasar Zazzau.Wadannan wurare ya yi iyaka da Kajuru.
A karke cikin shekara ta 1828 kasar an raba ta biyu inda aka ba Sulaimanu ja kuma aka sa ma wajan suna Suleja, sannan Abububakar ja shi ma ~angarensa ya koma da suna Abuja. Amma ga al’amarin Sarki Muhammadu kuwa ya fita harkan zaman sarauta ya koma ga neman kwato wasu yankuna a cikin kasar Zazzau. Ta wannan al’amari ne ya kai ga rasa ransa.
A yau daya daga cikin wadannan wurare mai suna Abuja ya zama abin alfari ga kasar Nijeriya baki daya, inda ta zama abin tun}ahon jama’an Nijeriya a matsayin Gundumar mulkin kasa baki daya.An amshi wnannan wuri (Abuja) a hannun Sarki Sulaimanu Barau a matsayin gundumar mulkin }asa a shekara ta 1976.A nan zamu iya ganin yadda aikin Sarki mai adalci Muhammadu Makau dan Sarki Isyaku jatau ya kai. Wannan ba karamin abin alfahari ne ba.
Zazzagawan dauri sun ci gaba da huddansu da Fulani da ke makabtaka da su,da ke da zama aBida. Amma jama’an da ke }asar Zariya sun komo da hu]]a da sabuwar kasar Muhammadu Makau dole a zamanin Sarki Abubakar Kwakwa, cikin shekara ta 1851 zuwa 1877. Wannan ya faru a dalilin tsaida duk wani nau’in kasuwanci tsakanin kasar da kudancin Nijeriya.
Bayanan abubuwan da ya wakana a tsakanin ma su da’awar karban tuta daga hannun Shehu Usmanu na tattare a gun wadanda abin ya shafa,inda za ka iya samun gaskiyan abinda ya gudana a tsakaninsu.Amma ga al’amarin Hausa-Fulani ba za su tsaya su tsaga gaskiya don kowa ya ganta ba, illa su bayyana cewar sun kori kafurai ko su yi amfani da kalamar maguzanci. Allah mai girma, in muka ce za mu zanta irin nau’in mulkin da suka yi wa jama’a tabbas mutunci da }imansu zai zuba a idon jama’a musamman ‘yan bana-bakwai. Domin in aka fassara kalmar Maguzanci kuma muka bisu daya bayan daya zamu ga irin mummunar zama da aka yi ko ince a ke yi da su, in da hatta su kansu ba su bar junan su ba. Bari mu ga wani abu daga cikin al’amurran da ya faru
Yake-yaken jihadi ko son mulki sun ci gaba da gudana kuma jama’a sun ci gaba da hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri har ya zuwa shekara ta 1808 inda Fulani suka kama yammacin Ngazargamu wanda yake shi ne birnin daular Borno. Amma a karshe a cikin shekara ta 1809 Sheikh Lamido ya kori Hausa-Fulani daga daular Borno.
Masarautar Zazzau
Zazzau ko Zariya Masarauta ce ta mai dadadden Tarihi ta Hausawa wadda take da gidan sarautar ta a birnin Zariya dake jihar Kaduna a Arewacin Najeriya . Alhaji Shehu Idris Shine Sarkin Zazzau.
Maguzanci
Abu mafi mahimman ci da zamu fara dubawa wajen gane tarihin masarautar Zazzau shine labarun da suka shahara a karni na Ashirin. Wanda yake cewa asalin kafuwar masarautun Hausa ya fara ne daga kanan Bayajidda,Wato wani Jarumi da ake fada a tarihin Hausawa wanda shine asalin kafuwar masarautun Hausa da muke da su a wannan zamanin.Kamar yadda masana Tarihi suke fada cewa a karni na goma sha daya ne aka kafa masarautar zazzau bisa jogorancin Sarkin Zazzau Gunguma.Daga nanne kuma aka kafa masarautar Zazzau Ta zama daya daga cikin masarautun Hausawa ko Habe na Hausa Bakwai.Fitacciyar wadda tayi iko a masarautar Zazzau itace Sarauniyar Zazzau Amina.
Wacce tayi iko kodai tsakiyar karni na sha biyar ko kuma tsakiyar karni na sha shida. Birnin Zazzau ya zama cibiyar harhada bayi inda ake cinikin su zuwa Arewacin Najeriya kamar birnin Kano da birnin Katsina inda ake kasuwancin Bayi ta hanyar kasuwancin ban gishiri na baka kanwa daga nan kuma sai a wuce da Bayin zuwa Sahara.A yadda tarihi yazo Musulunci ya shiga Masarautar Zazzau ne a wajen shekara ta 1456 Amma kadan daga cikin wasu mutanen naci gaba da Tsafi yayin da wadansu kuma ke Maguzanci Har zuwa lokacin da jihadin Shehu Usman Dan fodiyo ya zo a shekarar 1808 Fulani conquest of 1808. Ayanzu dai Masarautar Zazzau Masarauta ce da tayi kaurin suna wajen tafiyar da Addinin Musulunci.Akwai manya manyan malamai na Musulunci a Masarautar.
Sarautar Fulani a Masarautar Zazzau
A watan Disamba na 1808 Mujahidai karkashin Jahorancin Mujadda Shehu Usman Danfodiyo suka samu nasarar korar Masu rike da sarautar lokacin wadanda Habe ne ko Hausawa.Hakanne yasa su Hausawan suka gudu zuwa yankin Abuja Suka tare a wajen da ake kira Suleja a yanzu.Shi yasa har yanzu ake kiran sarautar ko kuma sarkin Suleja da Sarkin Zazzau.
Tarihin Bayajidda wanda a yau masana na kallonsa a kaggen labari domin tambayoyin da ke kansa sun kasa amsuwa. Amma in muka kalli manufa na wannan labari zamu ga cewar an samar da shi ne don samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin kasashen Hausa.
In muka kalla ta barayin nazartan harshe zamu ga wannan tarihi baida hurumin ko kusa musamman in muka kalli kalmomi da ke rataye da kasar Zazzau.
Jerin Sarakunan Zazzau
Sarakunan Habe, sun fara ne daga shekarar 1696 zuwa 1701.
Bako Musa 1701 - 1703
Ishaq 1703 - 1704
Burema Ashaku 1704 - 1715
Bako IV Sunkuru 1715 - 1726
Muham dan Gungum 1726 - 1733
Uban Ba 1733 - 1734
Muham Gani 1734 - 1734
Abu Muham Gani 1734 - 1737
Dan Ashaku 1737 - 1757
Muham Abu III 1757 - 1759
Bawo 1759 - 1764
Yunusa 1764 - 1767
Yaqub 1767 - 1773
Aliyu 1773 - 1779
Cikkoku 1779 - 1782
Muham Mai Gam 1782 - 1806
Ishaq1806 - 1808
Muham Makau dan Ishaq Ja
Sarakunan Fulani masu cin gashin kansu.Sun fara sarautar su ne daga 31 ga Disamba na 1808 zuwa 17 Mayu na 1821
Malam Musa ibn Suleima Ibn Muhamm Juni 1821 - 1835.
Yamusa i Mallam Kilba 1835 18 Disamba 1846.
Abd al-Karim ibn Abbas 6 Janairu 1847 zuwa 28 Fabrairu 1847.
Hammad ibn Yamu 15 Afrilu 1847 zuwa Afrilu 1854.
Muhamm Sani ibn Yamusa Afrilu 1854 zuwa Disamba 1854.
Sidi Abdul-Qadiri Musa, Janairu 1855 5 zuwa Augusta 1856.
Abd as-Salam ibn Muhammadu Ka'i 21 Satumba 1856 zuwa Augusa ko Nuwamba 1870.
Abd Alla ibn Hammad
(karon farko) 22 Nuwamba 1870 Janairu ko Juli.
1873 Abubakar ibn Musa (ya rasu a 1873) Augusta ko Satumba 1873 zuwa Nuwamba ko Disamba 1878.
Abd Alla ibn Hammad
(karo na biyu) 26 Disamba 1878 zuwa Janairu 1888.
Muhamm Sambo ib Abd al-Karim Janairu 1888 zuwa 13 Fabrairu 1897.
Usumanu Yero ibn Abd Alla
(ya rasu 1897) 17 Afrilu 1897 zuwa Maris 1903.
Muhamm Lawal Kwassau ibn Uthm Yero.
Sarakunan zamanin mulkin mallaka
Sunfara ne daga shekarar 1903 (mulkin mallaka) and
later rulers Rulers of the independent Fulani emirate:[6] Start End R March 1903 8 April 1903 Sulayma
(regent
from 11
Sep 190 8 April 1904 9 November 1920 Ali ibn A
al-Qadir
1924) 1920 1924 Dallatu i
Uthman
Yero 1924 1936 Ibrahim
Muham
Lawal
Kwassa
(b. c.18
d. 1936 1936 August 1959 Malam J
ibn Isha
(b. 189
d. 1959 September 1959 4 February 1975 Muham
al-Amin
Uthman 1908 -
1975) 8 February 1975 20 September 2020 Shehu i
Idris (1936 - 2020)
Manazarta
Garuruwan Hausawa |
20429 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Kimiyya%20da%20Fasaha%20ta%20Tarayya%2C%20Nasarawa | Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Nasarawa | Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, wanda aka ataƙaice FPN, babbar jami'a ce a Najeriya wacce ake kira FedPolyNas ko kuma FPN kawai. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa makarantshekara ta 1 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1983 don inganta ci gaban fasaha a cikin al'umma. A shekara ta 2019, makarantar ta yi sama da dalibai 3,681, 2,361 na Diploma na kasa da kuma 1,320 kuma manyan daliban Diploma na kasa. Tun daga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2020, Abdullahi Ahmed, ya bayyana wa maigidan Hukumar Fasahar Fasahohin Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITDA) a Abuja, muradin cibiyar ta zama abin kwatance dangane da isassun kayan aikin ICT da ingantattun wuraren horarwa da kuma nawa aka saka. A zuwa yanzu.
Ƙungiya
Ana gudanar da duk laccoci na asali cikin yaren Ingilishi .
Kudade
Makarantu
An raba FedPolyNas zuwa makarantu shida:
Ƙungiyoyi
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin duk ƙungiyoyi masu rijista, kulake da al'ummomi kamar na shekarar 2011:
Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kimiyya da Fasaha (ASUP)
Kungiyar Daliban Abuja (ANSU)
Hadin gwiwar Daliban Cocin Apostolic na Najeriya (ACSFN)
Ƙungiyar Sashen Nazarin Gabaɗaya (AGSD)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Benuwe (BESSU)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Borno-Yobe (BYSA)
Christ Ambassadors Students Out Reach (CASOR)
Ƙungiyar ɗaliban ɗaliban cocin Christ Apostolic (CACSCF)
Ƙungiyar ɗaliban Kirista (CCS)
Ƙungiyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙira
Deeper Life Campus Fellowship (DLCF)
Ƙungiyar Bincike
Kulob din Drama
Ƙungiyar Daliban Gudanar da Gidaje (EMSA)
Kungiyar Kiyaye Haddura ta Tarayya (FRSC)
Tarayyar Tarayyar Jihar Edo (FUESS)
Hadin gwiwar ɗaliban Kiristoci (FCS)
Haɗin Jagorancin Duniya (GLI)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Gombe (GSSA)
Kungiyar Fasahar Sadarwa (ITC)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Kaduna (KADSSA)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Kano (KSSA)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Kogi (KOSSA)
Sadarwar Mass, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da Dramatic Society (MCTDS)
Kungiyar Daliban Musulmai ta Najeriya (MSSN)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Nasarawa (NASSA)
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa (NAAS)
Ƙungiyar ɗaliban Akwa Ibom ta ƙasa (NAAIS)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Anambra (NAASS)
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Buildingalibai na Ƙasa (NABS)
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Daliban Gudanarwa (NABAMS)
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Daliban Gudanar da Laifuka (NACMS)
National Association of Cross River State Students (NACRSS)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Delta ta ƙasa (NADSS)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Injiniyan Lantarki (NAEES)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Katsina ta Ƙasa (NAKASS)
National Association of Kwara State Students (NAKSS)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Talla na Ƙasa (NAMS)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Injiniyan Injiniya (NAMES)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Neja ta Ƙasa (NANSS)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Filato (NAPSS)
Associationungiyar Daliban Injiniyan Kimiyya da Fasaha (NAPES)
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun QS (NAQSS)
Dalibai na Kimiyya da Fasaha na Ƙasa (NASTES)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Sakatariya ta Ƙasa (NASS)
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa (NATPS)
National Gamji Memorial Club (NGMC)
Dalibai na Fasahar Fasaha na Ƙasa (NSATA)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Ribas (NURSA)
Ƙungiyar ɗaliban Katolika ta Najeriya (NFCS)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Ondo (OSSA)
Kungiyar Daliban Cigaban Jihar Osun (OSPSU)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Oyo (OYSSA)
Kungiyar Rotaract
Ƙungiyar Daliban Sokoto-Kebbi (SKSA)
Club Discovery Club
Ƙungiyar Kula da Dalibai (SSC)
Gwamnatin Ƙungiyar Dalibai (SUG)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Taraba (TSSU)
Rundunar Cadet
Kungiyar Jaridu
Fellowship Campus Fellowship (WCF)
Fataucin Mata da Gidauniyar Kawar da Yara (WTCLEF)
Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Zamfara (ZSSA)
Tallafawa
Makarantar tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masanan kimiyya na tarayya da na jihohi 19 da suka sami tallafin kuɗi daga Asusun Ilimi Mai Girma (TETFund) a cikin watan Yuli a shekarar 2017. Kamar yadda The Guardian ta ruwaito, cibiyar ta samu Naira 43.5m daga cikin jimillar Naira 847.4m.
Hosting taron da kayayyakin more rayuwa
Wasanni
Cibiyar ta samu damar inganta abubuwan more rayuwa na wasanni lokacin da aka zaɓe ta don karɓar bakuncin wasannin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Najeriya na 19 (NIPOGA), wanda aka gudanar tsakanin 26 ga watan Afrilu zuwa 6 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta 2017, taken "Nasarawa a shekara ta 2017", wanda kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Legas (LASPOTECH) ta fito da nasara. A cewar shugabanta tun daga lokacin, Prof. Shettima Abdulkadir Saidu, kayan aikin da aka gano sun haɗa da kasko na asali, mascot, rumfar da aka sanya wa sunan gwamnan jihar Nasarawa na lokacin, Umaru Tanko Al-Makura, tare da ƙaddamar da wani katafaren zauren mai ɗimbin yawa, wanda aka sanya wa sunan shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu Buhari. . Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da gidan rediyon FPN FM 88.5, wanda ke watsa dukkan ayyukan NIPOGA. Gidauniyar A3 ita ce ta inganta abubuwan.
Makarantar ta shiga cikin Kwamitin Ilimi na Ƙasa na 19 (NBTE)/Nigerian Polytechnics Senior Staff Games (NIPOSSGA), wanda aka gudanar ranar 21 zuwa 28 ga watan Afrilu,a shekara ta 2018, a Enugu .
Abubuwan da suka faru
A cikin shekara ta 2018, makarantar ta dauki bakuncin taro na 91 na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa (NEC) na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kwalejin Kimiyya (ASUP).
Horo
A cikin shekara ta 2008, kimanin ɗalibai 133 daga zaman karatun da suka gabata waɗanda aka zana daga dukkan sassan makarantar sun kasance, a cewar shugabanta na lokacin, Pius Salami, yayin bikin ƙaddamar da ɗalibin ɗalibai a shekara ta 2007/2008 da aka kora don takardar shaidar jabu da laifukan da suka danganci aikata laifuka.
Duba kuma
Jerin kwalejojin kimiyya a Najeriya.
Manazarta
Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a Najeriya |
42410 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa%20Moumouni%20Djermakoye | Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye | Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye (26 Afrilu 1944 - 19 Nuwamba 2017) ɗan siyasar Nijar ne wanda ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP-Zaman Lahiya), jam'iyyar siyasa a Nijar, daga 2010 zuwa 2017. A matsayinsa na babban hafsan soji, ya kasance babban hafsan soji na wani ɗan lokaci sannan kuma ya zama ministan tsaro na ƙasa a taƙaice a shekarar 1999 a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkin soja na riƙon ƙwarya. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja ya fara siyasa ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar jam’iyyar ANDP a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2011, inda ya samu kaso kaɗan na ƙuri’u. Daga watan Disamba 2011 zuwa 2017, ya kasance shugaban majalisar tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da al'adu ta Nijar (CESOC).
Aikin soja da na siyasa
A matsayinsa na hafsan soji mai muƙamin Kanal Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye shi ne babban hafsan sojoji a lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1999 suka kashe shugaba Ibrahim Bare Mainassara . A cikin ruɗanin da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin, an nuna cewa zai iya shugabancin gwamnatin mulkin da ta karbi mulki, amma a maimakon haka sai aka naɗa shi a matsayin ministan tsaron ƙasa a gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ta mulkin soja, wanda aka naɗa mako guda bayan juyin mulkin. Canjin ya ƙare tare da rantsar da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa, Mamadou Tandja, a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1999.
Djermakoye ɗan uwa ne ga Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye, wanda ya jagoranci jam'iyyar ANDP, jam'iyyar siyasa, tun daga lokacin da aka ƙirƙiro ta a farkon shekarar 1990 har zuwa rasuwarsa a watan Yunin 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da ya hamɓarar da Tandja a watan Fabrairun 2010, an naɗa Djermakoye a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga shugaban majalisar ƙoli kan maido da dimokuradiyya, Salou Djibo, a cikin Maris 2010.
Djermakoye, bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, an zaɓe shi don ya gaji ɗan'uwansa a matsayin Shugaban jam'iyyar ANDP a wani babban taron jam'iyya a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2010. Ya lashe zaɓen cikin sauki; ya samu kuri'u 278, yayin da Amadou Nouhou ya samu ƙuri'u 85, Ali Seyni Gado ya samu ƙuri'u 66. Da yake magana da jaridar Le Sahel bayan kammala taron, ya ce bai ga cewa ya sauya sheƙa daga aikin soja zuwa shugabancin jam'iyyar siyasa ba. Duk da cewa ba shi da gogewa a siyasance saboda hidimar da ya yi a soja, amma ya lura cewa duk da haka ya riƙe muƙaman gudanarwa a lokutan mulkin soja don haka yana ganin ya isa ya taka rawar gani. Daga baya aka tsayar da shi ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na watan Janairun 2011, kuma majalisar riƙon ƙwarya ta amince da takararsa, tare da wasu mutane tara a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2010.
A zagayen farko na zaɓen shugaban ƙasar da aka gudanar a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2011, Djermakoye ya samu kashi 3.95% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun 2011, ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga takarar shugaban ƙasa a zagaye na farko, Mahamadou Issoufou, a zagaye na biyu. Djermakoye na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takarar zagayen farko da ba su yi nasara ba, waɗanda suka ba da goyon bayansu ga Issoufou a wancan lokacin, inda ya taimaka wajen bai wa Issoufou zarafi a yaƙin neman zaɓensa na zagaye na biyu da Seyni Oumarou .
Djermakoye ya kuma tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na watan Janairun 2011 kuma an zaɓe shi a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. An naɗa shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, wata cibiyar jiha, a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2011. Sakamakon haka ya bar kujerar majalisar.
A babban taron jam'iyyar ANDP na shida da aka gudanar a Maraɗi a ranakun – ga watan Mayun 2015, an sake zaɓen Djermakoye a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANDP. Djermakoye bai sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da za a yi a watan Fabrairun 2016 ba, yayin da jam'iyyar ANDP ta zaɓi amincewa da takarar shugaba mai ci Mahamadou Issoufou a zagayen farko na zaɓen.
Ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2017 a Paris, Faransa yana da shekaru 73.
Kyaututtuka
Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa:
Jami'in Hukumar Wasannin Soja ta Duniya (CISM)
Jami'in tsaro a Burkina Faso
Jami'i a cikin National Order of Mono na Jamhuriyar Togo
Kwamandan Dabino na Nijar
Knight a cikin National Order of the French Legion of Honor
Knight a cikin National Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus (FRG)
Great Cross in the National Order of Niger
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1944 |
15780 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimbola%20Alao | Abimbola Alao | Abimbola Gbemi Alao, wacce aka fi sani da Abi Alao, marubuciya ce mai ba da labari, marubuci, wacce take fassara littafin yara kuma mai bincike.
Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Abimbola a garin Ibadan na Najeriya . Ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Ibadan, Nijeriya, inda ta sami Kwalejin BA (Hon) a 1988 da MA Classics a 1991. Daga baya tayi karatun PGCE da MA a cikin Rubutun Halitta a Jami'ar Plymouth .
Abimbola itace marubucin Dear Toriola, Bari muyi Magana game da Perimenopause (2019), Trickster Tatsuniyoyi don Bayyanawa (2016), Yadda za a Inganta Labarinku Tare da Kiɗa (2016), The Legendary Weaver: New Edition, wani littafin ƙagaggen labari na samari-manya (2003) da 2011), da Ka'idar Goshen: Mazauni a Lokacin Hadari (2010). Ta kuma rubuta wakoki da yawa, gajerun labarai da wasannin kwaikwayo. A cikin 2008, gajeren wasanninta, 'Legal Stuff', ya lashe gasar rubuce-rubuce na Digiri na Digiri 24 a gidan Rediyon BBC da Royal Theater . A cikin 2011-2012, ta rubuta tarin tatsuniyoyi don Labarun Duniya na KidsOut; wannan aikin ya sami lambar yabo ta 2013 Talk Talk Digital Heroes na Gabashin Ingila. Ita ce mai fassara littafin yara kuma aikinta ya hada da fassarar litattafan tarihi: 'Hansel da Gretel', 'The Little Red Hen da hatsin Alkama' da wasu littattafai da yawa, waɗanda masu buga Mantra Lingua suka buga.
Abimbola ta kasance malama a Cibiyar Ilimi, Jami'ar Plymouth, daga 2003 zuwa 2007. A shekarar 2007, an nada ta a matsayin malama a Rubutun Kere-kere a Jami’ar St Mark & St John (MARJON), Plymouth, inda ta koyar tsawon shekara 11. Mai karɓa na Plymouth's 2017 Mayflower Skolashif, a halin yanzu tana bincike kan tasirin kutsa kai na zamantakewar al'umma game da ci gaban cutar a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar ƙwaƙwalwa.
Abimbola malamar ziyara ne kuma jagora ne na 'StoryWeavers for Dementia', wani sashin Nazari na Musamman (SSU) a cikin 'Yan Adam na Likita, a Makarantar Koyar da Magunguna ta Peninsula da Dentistry, Plymouth. Shirin, wanda Abimbola ya kirkira, yayi nazarin hanyoyin da ba na magunguna ba game da kulawar lalata. Ana bayar da shi ga mutanen da ke rayuwa tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan tabuwar hankali. A cikin 2015, Abimbola ya yi aiki tare da Alzheimer's Society don gudanar da aikin mako 12 tare da masu amfani da sabis a cikin shagunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Wannan ya ƙare a cikin tarihin almara wanda aka yiwa lakabi da, 'Labarin Balaguro daga Plymouth Memory Cafes'. A cikin Janairu 2014, Kwalejin Stoke Damerel a Plymouth ta shiga cikin StoryWeavers for Dementia; makarantar ta sami lambar yabo ta Abokin Firamare na Firayim Minista: Kundin Makarantu a cikin Mayu 2014.
Abimbola ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Gidan Rediyon BBC na 'Dakata don tunani', tsakanin 2004 da 2009. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga 'Tunanin Asabar', shafi na mako-mako a cikin The Herald .
Kyauta
A shekarar 2005, kyautar bursary ta BBC 'Breeze'
2008, Gidan Rediyon BBC / Royal Court '' Rubutun Digiri 24 '.
Wasanni kai tsaye
Abimbola ya gabatar da Labari, Wakokin Rediyo da Wakoki a kan fage. Masu saurarenta sun hada da yara, matasa da manya.
Bibliography
Labari da Ba Labari
Ya ƙaunataccen Toriola, Bari muyi Magana game da Tsarin lokaci (2019)
Trickster Tatsuniyoyi don Bayyana (2016)
Yadda za a Inganta Labarinku da Kiɗa (2016)
Wewararriyar Saƙa: Sabon :aukaka (2011)
Ka'idar Goshen: Tsari a Lokacin Hadari (2010)
Labaran Duniya (2011)
Endwararren Mawaki (2003)
Fassarori
Hansel da Gretel: 'Hansel ati Gretel' Harshen Harshen Yarbanci Yarbanci ta Abimbola Alao . (2005) Mantra Lingua.
Littleananan Red Hen da Hatsi na Alkama: 'Adie Pupa Kekere ati Eso Alikama' Harshen Harshen Yarbanci Yarbanci ta Abimbola Alao . (2005) Mantra Lingua.
Abokan Floppy: 'Awon ore e Floppy' Dual Language Yarbanci Yarbanci ta Abimbola Alao . (2004) Mantra Lingua.
Nita Ta Tafi Asibiti: 'Nita lo si ile warkarwa' Dual Language Yoruba translation by Abimbola Alao . (2005) Mantra Lingua.
Miyar Asabar din Goggo: 'Obe Ojo Abameta Mama Agba' Fassarar Harshe ta Yarbanci biyu ta Abimbola Alao . (2005) Mantra Lingua.
Maraba da zuwa duniya jariri: 'Kaabo sinu aye Omo sabon' Dual Language Yoruba translation by Abimbola Alao . (2005) Mantra Lingua.
My Dictionary Dictionary & Interactive CD ROM 'Yarbanci da Ingilishi - Yarbancin Yarbanci ta Abimbola Alao . (2005) Mantra Lingua.
Manazarta
Marubutan Najeriya
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya |
30233 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%20adam%20a%20Uganda | Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda | Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda yana da alaƙa da wahalhalu wajen cimma ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa. Waɗannan matsalolin sun ta'allaƙa ne kan samar da ingantattun wuraren tsafta, ƙaura daga cikin gida, haɓaka isassun ababen more rayuwa, da kuma musgunawa al'ummar LGBT, mata, da yara. Duk da haka, Uganda tana, kamar yadda Gidan Yanar Gizo na Relief ya ɗauki nauyin Bayanan Bil'adama - 2012, yana yin babban ci gaba a wannan yanki.
A cikin rahoton Freedom in the World 2020, Freedom House ta bayyana Uganda a matsayin kasar da ake ganin ba ta da ''Ba 'Yanci ba''. Akwai wurare da dama da ake damuwa game da yancin ɗan adam a Uganda, kuma rarrabuwar "Ba 'Yanci ba" ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin 'yancin siyasa da martabar 'yancin ɗan adam.
Rikici a arewa
Tun bayan da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban suka fara yaƙar gwamnatin shugaba Yoweri Museveni, tun daga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986, kimanin 'yan Uganda miliyan biyu ne suka rasa matsugunansu kuma an kashe dubunnan dubbai. Kimanin yara guda 67,000 ne ƙungiyar LRA ta yi garkuwa da su domin yin amfani da su a matsayin yara soja da bayi tun daga shekara ta 1987.
Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a shekara ta 2006, sakamakon nasarar yakin da sojojin Uganda suka yi, ya kawo karshen tashin hankalin da kungiyar LRA ke yi a Uganda.
Rikicin da ya barke a arewacin kasar a baya tsakanin sojojin Uganda (UPDF) da na Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ya durkusar da tattalin arzikin kasar, tare da kawo koma baya ga ci gaban yankunan da abin ya shafa, tare da haifar da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. Wannan cin zarafi ya ta'allaka ne a kan rashin tanadin gaggawar da aka tanadar wa 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga gidajensu don gujewa LRA. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyu tun lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu sun koma gidajensu kuma ana ci gaba da shirin gyarawa da sake gina su. Gwamnatin Uganda da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince cewa wannan aiki ne da ke ci gaba kuma dole ne a sami ci gaba mai yawa. Dangane da haka an kaddamar da shirin gyarawa
Dominic Ongwen, wanda yaro ne soja kuma daya daga cikin jagororin Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ya kasance a ranar 02-04-2021 Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta yanke masa hukunci kan laifukan jima'i da jinsi da dama, 70. laifuffuka masu yawa kuma an same shi da laifuka 61 kuma an aikata wadannan laifuka tsakanin 1 ga Yulin shekara ta 2002 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2005 a Arewacin Uganda.
Zaluntar 'yan luwadi
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, an gabatar da wani kudiri a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda mai taken " Bidi'ar Yaki da Luwadi na 2009 " da ke neman a yanke hukunci mai tsauri ga 'yan luwadi, har da kuma hukuncin kisa. Kamar yadda aka tsara tun farko kuma aka gabatar da wannan kudurin dokar ta kuma bukaci duk wani dan kasar da ya zargi wani da laifin yin luwadi, da ya kai rahoton dan luwadi ga ‘yan sanda, ko kuma su ma za su iya samun tarar ko zaman gidan yari. Kudirin da aka gabatar ya kai ga hana masu gidaje hayar ga wani sanannen dan luwadi, kuma zai haramta duk wata tattaunawa ta luwadi da jama'a.
Ƙasashen duniya sun yi matuƙar adawa da gabatar da wannan ƙuduri tare da nuna damuwarsu kan yadda zai iya zama doka, hakika shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya kira shi da ''abin kyama''. Sakamakon karuwar matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kudirin bai taba wucewa matakin kwamitin ba.
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2012 ɗan majalisar wakilai David Bahati ya sake gabatar da ƙudirin zuwa ga sabani sosai. Duk da haka ya ji zafi don nuna cewa an yanke shawarar tanadin hukuncin kisa a matsayin bai zama dole ba kuma an cire shi daga ƙudirin a matakin kwamiti a majalisa ta 8. Don haka, kudurin da aka gabatar a cikin majalisa ta 9, ba shi da tanadin hukuncin kisa.
Wannan ƙudirin ya ci gaba da yin suka sosai kuma yana da cece-kuce. An sake cin karo da Allah wadai. A martanin da gwamnatin Uganda ta mayar kan wannan Allah wadai, ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuni da cewa ƙudirin dokar ta mambobi ne mai zaman kansa kuma ba shi da goyon bayan gwamnati.
A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2014 Shugaba Yoweri Museveni ya rattaba hannu kan dokar "Anti Luwadi" ta zama doka. Kashegari jaridar "Red Pepper" ta buga jerin sunayen maza 200 da ake zargi da aikata laifuka.
Bayan dage dokar da wasu ƙasashen yammacin masana'antu, da Sweden, da Amurka da kuma Netherlands suka dakatar da taimakon da suke baiwa Uganda. Bankin Duniya ya dage rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 90 ga tsarin kiwon lafiyar Uganda saboda dokar.
Cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaron Uganda
“A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni [2003] jami’an [Volent Crime Crack Unit Green] sun kama Nsangi Murisidi, mai shekaru 29, bisa zarginsa da taimaka wa abokansa yin fashi da kuma zargin mallakar bindiga. Yan uwa sun yi kokarin ziyarce shi a tsare. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni lauyan da ke wakiltar dangin ya sami tabbacin mutuwarsa a gidan yari yayin da yake hedikwatar VCCU da ke Kireka, wani yanki na Kampala. Takardar shaidar mutuwar ta tabbatar da dalilin mutuwar a matsayin asarar ruwa da jini mai yawa, zubar jini mai tsanani a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma tsananin kuna a gindi. Jikin ya kuma sami raunuka masu zurfi 14. A cikin Oktoba Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya sanar da AI cewa an ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike, amma ba a sami wani ci gaba ba."
A cikin shekara ta 2020, jami'an tsaro ciki har da 'yan sanda, soji (UPDF) da Rundunar Tsaro ta gida sun yi amfani da yawa, marasa mahimmanci kuma a wasu lokuta masu kashe mutane don aiwatar da nisantar da jama'a da sauran matakan da aka tsara don yaƙar COVID-19 kuma ba ƙasa da mutane 66 ba. an kashe su daga Maris 2020 zuwa gaba kuma an kashe kusan 12 saboda keta matakan kullewa.
A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2021, an kama wani marubucin PEN Pinter Prize International Writer Prize wanda ya lashe marubuci Kakwenza Rukirabashaija bisa zargin kasancewa mai sukar Shugaba Yoweri Museveni da ɗansa. An ce jami’an tsaro sun azabtar da shi a gidan yari.
'Yancin siyasa
A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, an kama wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki biyu na adawa bisa zargin da ake yi na siyasa. Ronald Reagan Okumu da Michael Nyeko Ocula sun fito ne daga kungiyar FDC, kungiyar da ake ganin ita ce babbar barazana ga sake zaben shugaba Yoweri Museveni a shekara ta 2006.
Fitaccen dan adawar shugaba Museveni, Kizza Besigye ya yi tazarce sau uku kuma yana shan kaye a kowane lokaci. A daidai lokacin da ya sha kaye na karshe (zaben 2011) Kizza Besigye ya yi kira ga daukacin 'ya'yan jam'iyyarsa ta FDC da su kaurace wa majalisar dokokin ƙasar, kada su hau kujerarsu kamar yadda aka zaba. 'Yan jam'iyyar FDC sun ki yin hakan kuma Kizza Besigye ya tsaya takara a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. Besigye dai fitaccen dan siyasa ne kuma ya gano al’amura da dama da suka tauye masa ‘yancin siyasa. Musamman a cikin 2011 an tsare Besigye a tsare, amma nan take aka sake shi saboda kotun Ugandan ta ɗauki wannan kamen ya sabawa doka.
Bayan yakin neman zaɓen shekara ta 2016 da aka yi kace-nace, an sake zaɓen shugaba Yoweri Museveni a kan karagar mulki kuma Amnesty International ta tabbatar da sake zabensa. Duk da tabbatar da sakamakon zaɓen, Amnesty ta bayyana damuwarta kan tashe-tashen hankulan da ake zargin an yi mata da kuma tauye Haƙƙin 'yan jaridu.
'Yancin aikin jarida
Kamar yadda yake a kasashen Afirka da dama, hukumomin gwamnati na ci gaba da yin katsalandan ga 'yancin LGBT a Uganda.
A karshen shekara ta 2002, sojoji da 'yan sanda sun rufe jaridar Monitor mai zaman kanta na wani dan lokaci. An ci gaba da kai wa 'yan jaridun hari a shekara ta 2004, biyu daga cikinsu an yi tir da su a bainar jama'a a matsayin "masu haɗa kai na 'yan tawaye" daga bakin kakakin ƙungiyar ta UPDF.
A cikin Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin "buga labaran karya" ya zama banza kuma ya saba wa tsarin mulki.
A shekara ta 2005, Uganda ta kasance ƙasa ta 13 mafi ‘yancin ‘yan jarida a cikin ƙasashe guda 48 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara A cikin shekara ta 2010, Uganda ta kasance kasa ta 15 mafi ‘yancin ‘yan jarida a kasashe 48.
A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2012 Issac Kasamani, wani dan jarida mai daukar hoto ya yi zargin cewa wani dan sanda ya harbe shi a lokacin da yake gabatar da wani gangamin ‘yan adawa. Nan take aka ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan lamarin kuma wani rahoto mai zaman kansa wanda wani dan kasar waje ya kammala ya tabbatar da cewa ba a harba harsashi mai rai a ranar da ake magana a kai. Bayan fitar da wannan rahoto Ministan Uganda Hon. James Baba ya nuna damuwarsa kan ka’idojin bayar da rahotannin da suka dabaibaye lamarin tare da bayyana aniyarsa ta sa ido kan ka’idojin kafafen yada labarai. Wannan lamari ne da ya shafi kasashen duniya.
A watan Nuwamban 2012, John Ssegawa, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo mai mahimmancin hali na kasa ya ba da rahoton cewa Majalisar Watsa Labarai ta Uganda ta yanke shawarar dakatar da kara nunawa. Ssegawa ya ce kamfanin kera wasan kwaikwayo zai ci gaba da gudanar da aikin tare da bijirewa dokar.
Hakkokin mata
Jami'an Uganda sun amince da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1985. Ƙasashen da suka zaɓi amincewa da CEDAW suna da shekara guda don gabatar da rahoto na yau da kullun ga taron kuma ana buƙatar su gabatar da ɗaya duk bayan shekaru huɗu bayan rahoton farko. Gwamnatin Uganda, duk da haka, ta gabatar da rahotonta na CEDAW na yau da kullun bayan shekaru biyar da amincewa, a cikin 1990. Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) ta ba da umarni ga masu rattaba hannu kan kawar da wariya ga mata da aiwatar da manufofin da za su ci gaba da samun daidaiton 'yancin mata. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Uganda, ya bi manufofin CEDAW, don tabbatar da 'yancin daidaito ga dukan mutane a fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa na Uganda. Labarin ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa babu wani mutum da zai fuskanci wariya saboda jinsi, launin fata, kabila, nakasa, kabila, addini, zamantakewar tattalin arziki, ko alakarsu ta siyasa.
A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Majalissar Tarayya, tun daga 2017, Uganda ba ta ba da rahoton matsayin aiwatar da CEDAW ba tun 2010. Uganda kuma ba ta amince da ka'idar yarjejeniya ta zaɓi ba. Wannan ka'ida ta zaɓin tana baiwa kwamitocin CEDAW damar karɓa da aiwatar da korafe-korafen da masu sa hannu suka yi game da take haƙƙin da CEDAW ta bayar. Wannan ana cewa, bayanan binciken jama'a iri-iri na dimokuradiyya game da 'yancin walwala na mata - tarin bayanan 'yancin motsi na cikin gida, daga aikin tilastawa, hakkin mallaka, da samun adalci - ya nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 1986 da 2019, Jama'ar Uganda sun yi imanin cewa yawancin mata a kasar suna samun matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaiciyar 'yanci.
Haƙƙin mallaka
Mata a Uganda sun kasance zakara na daidaita hakkin mata, makiyaya, da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Mata kuma sun taka rawar gani a kungiyoyi (watau Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Uganda, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Uganda) waɗanda ke fafutuka don neman 'yancin al'ummomin da aka ware kuma waɗanda ke yin tambayoyi game da mallakar filaye na al'ada na Uganda. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa dokokin al'ada suna da mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Uganda, musamman game da mallakar filaye da haƙƙin mallaka.
Uganda ta fuskanci gyare-gyaren filaye da yawa a cikin shekaru, tare da gagarumin garambawul shine Dokar Filaye ta 1998. A karkashin dokar filaye, ana ba wa mata damar samun fili daidai gwargwado a Uganda, wanda zai ba su damar mallakar filaye ta hanyar ubanninsu, ’yan’uwansu, ko mazajensu. Dokar filaye ta haramta duk wani hukunci da ya shafi kadarorin da ke haifar da ƙin haƙƙin ƙasa ga mata. Bugu da ƙari, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1995 na Uganda ya kuma haramta wariyar jinsi, ba wa maza da mata 'yancin daidaitawa. Duk da cewa dokar filaye da tsare-tsare daban-daban na hakkin mallakar filaye sun ba wa mata damar mallakar filaye, amma akwai shaidar cewa ba a koyaushe waɗannan matakan ke tabbatar da haƙƙin mallakar mata yadda ya kamata ba ta fuskar samun dama da kula da ƙasar. Ɗayan dalili na wannan shine dokar al'ada a Uganda da kuma yadda take bai wa mata 'yancin mallakar dukiya fiye da maza.
A lokacin da aka kafa dokar filaye ta 1998, an ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati za ta ba da izinin mallakar fili ta haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar ma'aurata, amma ba a aiwatar da shawarar ba. Wannan doka ta haifar da ba da damar daidaitattun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ba dole ba ne a haɗa haɗin gwiwar doka ta doka. Misali, rahotanni sun yi la'akari da ma'aurata a matsayin masu mallakar fili, mazajen gidaje ne kawai aka jera su a cikin takardun mallakar. Sunan hukuma, ko take, akan takaddun mallakar yana shafar haƙƙin haƙƙin mata na gaskiya. Har ila yau, dokar filaye ba ta yi la’akari da tsarin dokokin al’ada ba, musamman dangane da yadda zawarawa ke karva wa mazajensu filayensu. Wato mata ba sa cin gado ga mazajensu domin al'ada ce maza su bar yankinsu ga kabilarsu, ba takaba. Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa ƙasa ta kasance a cikin ƙabilar, ba tare da haɗarin cewa mata za su iya sayar da filin ga wasu mutanen da ba na kabilar ba. Don haka, mata za su iya mallakar fili tare da mijinta, amma idan ba tare da haƙƙin mallaka ba, ana iya hana gwauruwa filin mijinta da ya mutu.
Mata sun kafa dabaru don yin ikirarin kan filaye da kuma mallakar kadarori a bisa ka’ida, duk da wasu dokokin al’ada da ke ba su ‘yancin mallaka. A haƙiƙa, mata suna ƙara yin amfani da tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun, kamar kotunan majistare, don samun damar shiga ƙasa. Haka kuma mata sun samu mallakar fili ta hanyar siya da kansu, wanda hakan wata hanya ce ta kewaya al’amuran mallakar tare. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bisa ga ire-iren dimokuradiyya, binciken ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna cewa 'yan Uganda sun yi imanin cewa tun daga 1994, mata da yawa suna da haƙƙin mallaka na kashin kansu tare da tsirarun al'ummar mata waɗanda ba su da 'yancin mallaka. Bugu da ƙari, bayanan ra'ayoyin jama'a sun nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 1995 zuwa 2017, aƙalla rabin mata ne ke da mafi yawan haƙƙin mallaka a ƙasar.
Hakkokin aure
Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda ya ba da haske kan batun hakkin iyali tare da bayar da shawarwari goma sha hudu kan wadannan hakkoki a cikin rubutunsa. A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Uganda, shekarun aure na shari'a ga mazaje na mata suna da shekaru goma sha takwas. Duk da haka, akwai kwakkwarar shaida na 'yan mata a Uganda sun daina makaranta don zama amaryar yarinya. A cewar ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Uganda, a shekarar 2017, Uganda na fuskantar daya daga cikin mafi girman adadin auren wuri a duniya. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 40% na 'yan mata a Uganda sun yi aure kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas. A cikin 2017, 10% na 'yan matan Uganda sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru goma sha biyar.
A lokacin da aka kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda, an yi muhawara kan al'adar farashin amarya, inda majalisar dokokin kasar ta yanke hukuncin soke shi. Farashin amarya ya halatta a Uganda kuma al'ada ce ta al'adar ango yana biyan amaryarsa da kudi, shanu, ko kaya. A shekara ta 2007, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta gabatar da batun farashin amarya a Kotun Tsarin Mulki saboda damuwa game da tsarin mulkin al'ada, amma kotun ta amince da halaccin yin hakan. Ko da yake a shekara ta 2015, Kotun Kolin Uganda ta yanke hukuncin haramtawa ango ya nemi a mayar masa da kudinsa a kan batun raba auren.
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ci gaba da cewa, maza da mata suna da hakkin daidaitawa a kowane mataki na aure, ko da a lokacin rabuwar auren. Sashe na 4 na dokar saki ya bayyana cewa domin samun nasarar neman a raba auren ta hanyar kotu, sai miji ya nuna hujja guda daya (watau zina) ga kotu. Domin neman takardar sakin aure, sai mace ta gabatar da hujjoji aqalla guda biyu (watau canjin addini, auren wata mata, zina ko zinace-zinace) a gaban kotu. Sai dai kungiyar lauyoyin mata ta kai karar gaban kotu, inda ta shigar da kara cewa sashe na 4 ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar saboda nuna wariyar jinsi. Kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta yanke hukunci kan kungiyar lauyoyin mata, amma har yanzu majalisar dokoki a Uganda ba ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kwaskwarima ba domin bin hukuncin da kotun ta yanke.
Cin zarafin jima'i
Tarihin cin zarafin jima'i a Arewacin Uganda yana ganin mutane suna fuskantar rikici-lokacin jima'i tsakanin shekarun 1986-2006. An bayar da rahoton cewa, bangarorin biyu na masu tayar da kayar baya, wato Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) da na rundunar tsaron jama'ar Uganda (UPDF), sun aikata laifukan lalata da jinsi. A sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar, an sami yawaitar ayyukan ta'addanci da suka danganci jinsi (watau fyade, cin zarafi) da sojojin LRA da UPDF suka yi amma kuma 'yan uwa da abokan arziki a sansanonin. A wannan lokacin tada kayar baya, ana tunanin mata sun shiga yin lalata da sojojin LRA da UPDF a matsayin dabarar tsira. Maza da ke fuskantar rikici-lokacin cin zarafin jima'i ya yadu a cikin waɗannan shekaru. Dabara ce ta yakin soji na gama-gari da sojojin jihar ke amfani da shi wajen yakar mutanen Acholi. A haƙiƙa, ana yawan amfani da cin zarafin maza da mata a matsayin dabara don lalatar da waɗanda abin ya shafa.
Uganda ta aiwatar da dokoki da manufofi a wani yunƙuri na kare waɗanda abin ya shafa da waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata. Duk da haka, tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida suna da yawa kuma suna karuwa. Rahoton laifukan da rundunar ‘yan sandan Uganda ta fitar na shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa, shari’o’in da suka shafi cin zarafin mata a kasar ya karu da kashi 4 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Dangane da rahoton Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2018, kashi 35% na matan Uganda masu shekaru 18-24 sun fuskanci cin zarafi kafin su kai shekaru goma sha takwas. Haka kuma akwai tarin laifukan cin zarafin mata a kasar da ba a kai rahoto ba.
Dokoki da manufofi da yawa (watau Dokar Penal Code Act 2007, Domestic Violence Act 2010, Sexual Offense Bill, Marriage Bill) a Uganda game da cin zarafin mata ba su haɗa da abubuwa da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i ba, kamar fyaden aure ko abokan zama tare. Misali, Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida tana la'akarin halatta aure amma ba ta magance tashin hankali tsakanin ma'auratan.
A cewarta, Uganda ta samu wasu nasarori dangane da cin zarafin mata. Tsakanin shekarun 2011 da 2017, mutuwar tashin hankalin gida ya ragu da kashi 54%, bisa ga rahotannin laifuka na 'yan sanda. A cikin 2016, an aiwatar da wata manufa mai suna National Gender Based Violence (GBV). Wannan manufar ta bayyana irin nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan sassa daban-daban na gwamnati wajen dakatar da mayar da martani ga cin zarafin mata. Wani shiri ta hanyar GBV ya haɗa kai da mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don inganta cin zarafi da suka danganci jinsi a yankunan Busoga da Karamoja .
Aikin yara
A cewar ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka, Uganda ta samu ci gaba sosai wajen kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki a shekarar 2013. Duk da haka, yaran da ba su kai shekaru ba suna ci gaba da yin ayyuka masu ɗorewa galibi a fannin aikin gona da kuma yin lalata da kasuwanci. Rahoton da ma'aikatar ta fitar a kan mafi muni na yin aikin yara ya nuna cewa kashi 30 cikin 100 na yaran da ke tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki kuma kashi 95 cikin 100 na su na aiki ne a fannin noma, da diban kofi da shayi, da noman shinkafa, kiwon shanu da kamun kifi da dai sauransu. ayyuka. An kuma lura da misalan yin aikin yara a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai (yin bulo da haƙar gawayi) da kuma a fannin ayyuka. Daban-daban na bautar da yara a Uganda sun haɗa da cin zarafin jima'i da soja. A cikin watan Disamba na 2014, sashen ya fitar da Jerin Kayayyakin da ake samarwa da Yara ko kuma Tilastawa aiki inda aka jera kayayyaki 10 a karkashin kasar Uganda. Wadannan sun hada da bulo, shanu, gawayi, kofi, kifi, shinkafa, rake, shayi da taba.
A cikin 2020, a Kampala, tasirin da COVID-19 ya haifar da kuma rufe makarantu ya sa yara da yawa su shiga aikin bautar yara wanda kuma rashin isasshen tallafin gwamnati ke haifar da shi.
Matsayin tarihi
Mai zuwa wani ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Uganda tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. (1 shine mafi kyau, 7 shine mafi muni)
Duba kuma
Fataucin mutane a Uganda
Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Uganda
Siyasar Uganda
Ilimi a Uganda
Bayanan kula
1. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu.
2. ^ Daga 1977 zuwa 1979, Amin ya yi wa kansa lakabi da " Mai Girma, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Ubangijin Dukan Dabbobin Duniya da Kifi na Tekuna kuma Macijin Birtaniya . Daular a Afirka Gabaɗaya da Uganda musamman ".
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012 , ta Amnesty International
'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 , ta Freedom House
Rahoton Duniya na 2012, ta Human Rights Watch
'Yancin Magana a Uganda : IFEX
Shaidar Yaran Tsakar Dare Kan Yaran Ugandan Da Aka Sace
Lokacin da Rana ta faɗi Mun Fara Damuwa da asusun da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tattara na zalunci
Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira "Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari, sashen bincike, sashen bayar da agajin shari'a, sashin horarwa da malamai", wata babbar ƙungiyar Ugandan da ke aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijira da rikici a Arewa.
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokoki
Dokar Najeriya
Doka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25739 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier%20in%20Space | Frontier in Space | Frontier in Space shine jerin labarai na uku na kakar goma na jerin labaran talabijin na almara na Burtaniya Doctor Who. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen a sassa shida na mako -mako a BBC1 daga 24 ga Fabrairu zuwa 31 ga Maris shekara ta 1973. Shi ne serial na ƙarshe don nuna Roger Delgado a cikin rawar Jagora.
An saita jerin shirye -shiryen a Duniya, Wata, Draconia, da duniyar duniyar Ogron a karni na 26. A cikin jerin, Daleks suna amfani da Jagora don tayar da yaƙi tsakanin mutane da daulolin galactic na Draconians.
Makirci
Yayin da jirgin dakon kaya na duniya C982 ke tafiya ta sararin samaniya, da kyar ya guji karo da TARDIS..Kamar yadda Likita na Uku ya ƙaddara cewa suna cikin karni na 26, Jo yana ganin jirgi yana zuwa tare. A gaban idanunta, jirgin yana haskakawa, yana canza fasali, yana jujjuyawa a cikin draconian Galaxy-class battlecruiser. Matuka biyu, Stewart da Hardy, suna aika siginar damuwa kuma suna shirin yin yaƙi. Lokacin da Hardy ya je neman makamai, ya sadu da Likita, amma yana ganin shi da Jo a matsayin Draconians. Hardy ya raka su da bindiga zuwa jirgin.
A Duniya, Shugaban kasa da jakadan Draconian (wanda kuma dan Sarkin sarakuna ne) suna zargin junansu da kai hari kan jiragen ruwan da kuma keta iyakokin da yarjejeniya ta kafa tsakanin masarautun biyu. Janar Williams ya kai rahoto ga Shugaban kasa cewa ana shirin aikin ceto C982. An san ƙiyayyar Williams a kan 'yan Draconians - ayyukansa ne suka fara yaƙin farko tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu kuma Yarima ya yi imanin Williams yana son sake yaƙi, yakin da Yariman ya gargadi Shugaban da zai ga an lalata Duniya. Labarin harin ya bazu kuma tarzomar anti-Draconian ta barke a Duniya, inda 'yan adawa ke kira ga gwamnati ta dauki mataki.
An kulle shi a cikin rikon C982, Likitan ya gano cewa baƙon sauti wani nau'in na'urar sonic hypnosis ne wanda ya sa Hardy yayi hallucinate kuma ya ga abin da ya fi tsoro. Yayin da ƙungiya mai shiga ta abokan gaba ke ƙonewa ta cikin jiragen sama, Hardy ya sa Doctor da Jo su yi amfani da su a matsayin masu garkuwa, amma lokacin da ƙofar ƙulli ta buɗe, masu ƙulli ba 'yan Dracon bane, amma Ogrons.Makamomin makamashin Ogron sun birkice matukan jirgi biyu da Likitan. Daga nan suka daure Jo, suna ɗaukar kayan jirgin da TARDIS yayin da suke tashi. Lokacin da Likita ya farfado kuma ya saki Jo, sai ta gaya masa abin da Ogrons suka yi, kuma tana mamakin idan suna aiki ne ga Daleks, kamar yadda suke lokacin da ta fara saduwa da su..Likitan ya nuna, duk da haka, Ogron sojojin haya ne.
Lokacin da ƙungiyar ceton ta isa, Hardy da Stewart sun daina hasashe, amma da tunaninsu ya ɓaci, suna zargin Doctor da Jo da kasancewa 'yan leƙen asiri na Draconian.
Matafiya biyu sun sake kullewa yayin da C982 ke komawa Duniya. Janar Williams ya yi imanin cewa su wakilan mutane ne da Draconians suka shuka don lalata duk wani yunƙurin yaƙi na Duniya. Ya kawo matafiya biyu don fuskantar Yariman Draconian, amma Doctor ya musanta aiki ga Draconians. Yana kokarin gamsar da Shugaban kasa cewa wani na uku yana kokarin tunzura daulolin biyu zuwa yaki. Koyaya, kamar yadda ba zai iya bayar da dalilin da zai sa wani zai so ba, Williams ya ba da umarnin a tafi da Likitan da Jo kuma ya sha alwashin zai fitar da gaskiya daga gare su.
A cikin ofishin jakadancin Draconian, Yarima ya shirya don taimakawa Jo da Likita su “tsere” domin a tambaye su. Lokacin da aka rako su biyun daga ɗakin su don a kawo su ga Shugaban ƙasa, ƙungiyar Draconian suna kai hari, suna ɗaukar fursunonin Doctor. Lokacin da Jo yayi ƙoƙarin samun ƙarin masu gadi don taimakawa, an kama ta a maimakon haka. 'Yan Draconians suna tambayar Doctor, suna ganin cewa yana da hannu cikin wani shiri tare da Williams don tayar da sabon yaƙi. Likitan ya yi nasarar tserewa daga ofishin jakadancin, amma sojojin Duniya sun sake kwato shi a cikin gidan. Da zarar ta dawo cikin sel tare da Jo, duk da haka, tana jin sauti iri ɗaya kamar na C982. A waje, Ogrons sun kai hari gidan yarin, ana ganin su a matsayin Draconians godiya ga hypnosound. Suna kutsawa cikin sashin Likitan tare da ba shi umarnin ya tafi tare da su.
Gudun hijira na biyu bai fi na farko kyau ba: An sake kama Likitan kuma Ogrons sun ɓace. Wannan "yunƙurin ceto" na biyu ya kawar da tuhumar Williams, wanda ya sa ya buƙaci Shugaban ƙasa ya ba shi ikon fara yaƙi da 'yan Draconians. Shugaban ya yarda ya yanke huldar diflomasiyya amma ba zai ci gaba ba tare da cikakkiyar hujja.
Williams ya sanya Likitan a ƙarƙashin bincike na hankali, amma yana nuna Doctor yana faɗin gaskiya. Da ya ƙi yarda da hakan, Williams ya ba da umarnin ƙara ƙarfi, amma ƙarshe binciken ya yi yawa. Shugaban umarni cewa Doctor a aika zuwa ga Lunar Penal Colony inda fursunonin siyasa da ake kõre ga dũniya, alhãli kuwa Jo ya rage a duniya. Williams da Shugaban sun karɓi bayanai daga gwamnatin Dominion na Sirius IV, duniyar mulkin mallaka ta Duniya wacce ta sami matakin cin gashin kai daga Duniya. Bayanan sun “tabbatar” Likitan da Jo ‘yan asalin Sirius IV ne da masu aikata laifuka. Wani kwamishina daga Dominion ya isa don neman ikon - wanda a zahiri shine tsohon maƙiyin Doctor, Jagora.
A Wata, Likitan ya sadu da Farfesa Dale na Jam'iyyar Zaman Lafiya, wanda ya nuna shi a kusa. Likita yana ƙoƙarin sa Dale ya amince da shi kuma ya haɗa shi cikin shirinsa na tserewa. A Duniya, Jo tabbas yana gane Jagora nan da nan, kuma yana ɗauka daidai cewa yana bayan hare -haren Ogron. Jagora ya sami labarin kasancewar Doctor da Jo a lokacin da Ogrons suka kawo masa TARDIS. Ganin zabin mara kyau na tafiya tare da Jagora ko zama a cikin ɗakinta, Jo ya yarda ya tafi tare da shi don neman Likita.
Duk da labarinsa mai ban mamaki, Dale ya yarda da Doctor. Zaman lafiya tare da Draconians ya kasance shekaru da yawa, amma ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga cikin ayyukan rashin hankali. Labarin Doctor zai yi bayani mai yawa. Dale ya fayyace shirin tserewa: Cross, ɗaya daga cikin masu kula, zai bar sararin samaniya guda biyu kusa da ƙulli, kuma za su bi ta saman duniyar wata don satar sararin samaniya. Dale yayi tayin mayar da Likita zuwa Duniya inda zai iya ba da labarinsa ga abokan hulɗar Dale a cikin manema labarai da gwamnati. Koyaya, da zarar cikin ƙulli, suna samun tankokin iskar oxygen don ƙarar su babu komai. Cross ya tsallake su sau biyu, kuma ɗakin yana baƙin ciki.
IA karshe, Jagora yana isowa ya maido da yanayin dakin. Jagora ya sami rikon Doctor, kuma ya sa Likitan ya zo tare cikin nutsuwa ta hanyar bayyana cewa yana da Jo. Haɗuwa tare da Jo a cikin sel a cikin jirgin Jagora, Doctor yana mamakin me yasa har yanzu yake da rai. Jagora ya bayyana cewa masu aikin sa suna da sha'awar Doctor sosai. Jagora yana saita sarrafawa ta atomatik don duniyar gidan Ogron. A ƙarƙashin murfin ba da labarin Jo na rayuwarsa, Likitan yana amfani da waya mai ɓoye na ƙarfe don shigar da hanyarsa ta ƙuƙwalwar tantanin halitta. Yayin da Jo ke toshe kyamarar tsaro da kunnawa, suna yin kamar suna ci gaba da hirar su, Doctor ya fice. Da yake ba da sararin samaniya, Doctor ya fita daga cikin jirgin ya nufi hanyar jirgin. Jagora ya sanya Jo a cikin iska, yana barazanar zai fitar da ita zuwa sararin samaniya idan Likita bai mika wuya ba, amma Likitan ya ɗauke shi da mamaki. Yayin da su biyun ke fuskantar juna, ba sa lura da wani mayaƙin yaƙi na Draconian yana gabatowa. Yana docks, kuma yana shiga ƙulli inda Jo yake.
Kyaftin din Draconian ya sanar da su cewa, kamar yadda aka yanke duk wata alakar diflomasiyya da Duniya, keta hukuncin Draconian hukuncin kisa ne. Likitan ya ce yana da muhimmiyar shaida ga Sarkin kuma ya nemi ya yi magana da shi. Kyaftin din ya yanke shawarar kulle su ukun kuma ya mayar da su Draconia. Duk da haka, Jagora yana kunna na'urar a ɓoye wanda Ogron ke ɗaukar siginar sa.
Yayin da jirgin ya isa kan Draconia, Yarima yana magana da mahaifinsa, yana roƙonsa izinin ya fara bugawa a Duniya. Sarkin sarakuna, kamar Shugaban ƙasa, yana da jinkiri, saboda ya san irin wannan yaƙin zai iya rushe daulolin biyu.
Ana gabatar da Likita, Jo da Jagora ga Sarki kuma Doctor yayi gaisuwar al'ada, "Rayuwata bisa umarnin ku." Yarima ya fusata cewa Likitan yana da halin yin magana da Sarkin sarakuna kamar mai daraja ta Draconian, amma Likitan ya ce shi mai martaba ne na Draconia - Sarkin sarakuna na 15 ne ya ba shi taken, ƙarni biyar kafin lokacin da ya taimaka wa Draconia a kan wani. annoba daga sararin samaniya. Likitan ya zargi Jagora da kokarin ingiza yaki tsakanin Duniya da Draconia ta amfani da Ogrons da na'urar hypnosound. Yayin da Sarkin ke la'akari da wannan, wani masarauta ya sanar da cewa sararin samaniya ya iso. Jo yana jin sautin na'urar sonic, kuma ya gane Ogron ne. Sun kutsa cikin, bindigogi suna ci, suna ja da baya tare da Jagora, suna barin matattun Draconiyawa da yawa a farke. Dakta Ogron ya fatattaki Ogron ɗaya, kuma yayin da tasirin hypnosound ya ɓace, Sarkin sarakuna yana ganin "Earthman" a gabansa ya canza zuwa ainihin sa. Sai ya gane Likita yana fadin gaskiya.
Sarkin sarakuna ya ƙaddara cewa dole ne a nuna Ogron ga hukumomin Duniya, amma kamar yadda za a harbi jirgin Draconian, Yarima, Doctor da Jo za su ɗauki jirgin 'yan sanda na Jagora. Yayin da suke tsallaka iyakar zuwa sararin Duniya, sai suka hangi wani jirgin yana biye da su. Koyaya, a lokacin da suka bayyana shi a matsayin jirgin Ogron, tuni ta ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami. Yayin da Likitan ke ɗaukar matakin ɓarna, Ogron da aka kama ya fita daga cikin sel ɗin sa, ya rinjayi mai tsaron ta Draconian. Yana shiga cikin jirgin sama kuma a cikin gwagwarmaya yana rage saurin jirgin. Yarima da Doctor sun mamaye Ogron, amma jirgin Jagora ya kama kuma wani biki ya hau jirgin 'yan sanda. Wutar wuta ta barke a saman jirgin, kamar dai yadda mai aikin yaƙi na Duniya ya bayyana. Jagora ya tuno da ƙungiyar masu shiga, waɗanda suka kama Jo a zaman talala tare da ceton fursunonin Ogron, kuma jirginsu ya yi zips. Mai yaƙin Duniya yana sanya jirgin Doctor a tsare.
Ba tare da Ogron ba, Shugaban kasa bai gamsu ba. Likitan ya ba da shawarar balaguro zuwa duniyar Ogron, amma Williams yana tunanin dabarar Draconian ce ta raba sojojin Duniya. Yariman yana tsammanin irin wannan martani daga Williams — bayan haka, ya fara yaƙin farko. Williams sun yi zanga -zanga, amma Yariman ya bayyana abin da ke cikin bayanan kotun Draconian. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, 'yan Draconians sun aika da mayaƙin yaƙi don saduwa da Daular Duniya akan aikin diflomasiyya. Lokacin da jirgin Draconian bai amsa ƙanƙarar jirgin na duniya ba, Williams ya ba da umurnin kai hari, yana mai gaskata cewa jirgin na Draconian yana gab da kaiwa farmakinsa da ya lalace. Mai kera makamai ba ya dauke da makami, bankunan makami mai linzami ba komai, kuma dalilin da ya sa bai amsa ba shi ne saboda an lalata tsarin sadarwarsa a cikin guguwar neutron, guguwar da ta lalata jirgin Williams. Williams ya girgiza saboda wahayin Yarima kuma ya nemi afuwa akan kuskuren da ya yiwa Draconians. Yanzu Williams yana da niyyar jagorantar balaguron zuwa duniyar Ogron da kansa.
Maigidan ya kawo Jo a wani katafaren gida a cikin gidan Ogron, inda ya nuna mata TARDIS, wanda yake shirin amfani da ita azaman kari ga Doctor baya ga Jo da kanta. Yana ƙoƙari ya yi wa Jo hypnotise, da farko da ikon kansa sannan kuma da hypnosound.
Duk da haka, hankalin Jo yana da ƙarfin yin tsayayya, kuma Jagora ya ba da umarnin a tafi da ita. An Ogron ya ba da rahoton cewa daya daga cikin jiragen ruwansu ya gano ya kai hari kan jiragen ruwa biyu na Duniya, inda ya lalata daya. Jagora ya yi farin ciki, saboda wannan yana nufin cewa yaƙi bai yi nisa ba, kuma lallai buƙatun yaƙi daga Duniya suna cikin yanayin zazzabi.
Williams yana shirya jirgin ruwan sa na sirri, tare da Doctor da Yarima tare kuma suna tafiya cikin iyakar gudu zuwa daidaiton da Doctor ya ɗauka daga jirgin Jagora. Jo ta sami damar tono hanyar ta zuwa cikin sel na gaba, wanda ba a buɗe ba kuma ta shiga cikin bunker yayin da jirgin Williams ke shigowa. Tana aljihun hypnosound, sannan ta sami kushin tare da haɗin gwiwar duniyar da bunker a kanta kuma tana watsa siginar damuwa tare da bayanin. Jagora ya nuna, yana bayyana cewa siginar ta yi shiru, kuma kawai mutumin da zai iya ɗaukar ta shine Likitan, wanda ya gano jirgin sa yana zagaya duniya. Lokacin da Likita ya zo, za a fitar da tarkon.
Ma'aikatan Williams sun sauko da ɗan leƙen asirin kusa, ba tare da sanin Ogron sun shirya kwanton bauna ba. Ogron sun bude wuta akan masu saukowa, amma suna firgita da wani lemu mai kama da katanga wanda suke kira Mai cin abinci. Jagora ya fusata, ya kuma gargadi Ogron cewa ubangijinsu na zuwa, wanda hakan ya kara firgita su fiye da dodo. Jam'iyyar Williams ta ji rurin saukar jirgin sama, kuma idan suka kalli kan tudu, sai su ga Jagora. tare da Daleks da dama, wadanda suka hallaka mazajen Williams kafin ma su iya yin wuta. Daleks suna so su kashe Doctor nan da nan, amma Jagora ya ba da shawarar cewa a sanya Likitan a hannunsa, don a ba shi damar ganin galaxy da Duniya a rushe kafin su kashe shi. Gold Dalek ya yarda, kuma ya tashi zuwa jirginsa, don ya je ya shirya sojojin Dalek a wata duniya.
Da yake amsa tambayar Yariman, Likitan ya yi bayanin cewa Daleks suna son yaƙi tsakanin Duniya da Draconia don haka daulolin biyu za su lalata junansu, sannan Daleks na iya ɗaukar guntun. Likitan ya canza sautin hypnosound da aka sata, ya sa mai tsaron Ogron ya gan shi a matsayin Gold Dalek, kuma cikin tsoro, ya buɗe ƙofar gidan. Likitan ya gaya wa Williams da Yarima da su dawo da maganar ga gwamnatocinsu kuma su yi jigilar haɗin gwiwa a kan tushe a duniyar Ogron. Likitan da Jo sun sami hanyar zuwa TARDIS, amma Ogron da Jagora suna kewaye da su, waɗanda ke horar da ƙwaƙƙwafi akan Likitan. Likita yana kunna hypnosound, yana firgita Ogron. Knoaya ya bugi hannun Jagora, ya sa ya yi wuta, harbin yana cin kan Doctor. Jagora da Ogron suna watsewa.
Likita, da sannu sannu, ya nemi Jo ya taimaka masa cikin TARDIS. Ya ja da baya zuwa na’urar wasan bidiyo, ya lalata jirgin sannan ya danna tafin hannunsa zuwa da'irar telepathic..Yana aika sako zuwa ga Lokaci Iyayengiji.
An shirya taken taken Frontier a Space, kamar Carnival of Monsters, tare da sabon tsari na jigon kiɗan da Paddy Kingsland ya yi akan mai haɗawa. Wanda aka sani da tsarin "Delaware" ( Bita na Radiophonic na BBC ya dogara ne akan titin Delaware a yammacin London), ya zama ba ya da farin jini ga masu gudanar da BBC, don haka aka maido da jigon Delia Derbyshire na asali, kodayake farkon gyara na kashi na 5 har yanzu yana ɗauke da "Delaware" "kiɗa kuma an yi amfani da shi don sakin VHS.
Daleks 3 waɗanda ke bayyana a cikin kashin ƙarshe sune kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su a Ranar Daleks.
Jerin ƙarshe a hedkwatar Jagora an yi niyya ne don ɗaukar babban dodo mai cin Ogron, amma darekta Paul Bernard bai son suturar kuma ya cire ta, ya bar wurin tare da firgita Ogrons yana gudu daga abin da ba a gani. Mai gabatarwa Barry Letts da editan rubutun Terrance Dicks sun ji jerin ba su da tasiri kuma an yi fim ɗin sabon ƙarshe a cikin TARDIS a zaman wani ɓangare na farkon samar da labari mai zuwa, Planet na Daleks. Frontier in Space shine Paul Bernard na ƙarshe Doctor Wanda ke aiki.
Jon Pertwee ya ɗauki Draconians a matsayin dodon da ya fi so kamar yadda abin roba da abin rufe fuska da aka yi amfani da shi ya ba da damar 'yan wasan da ke wasa da su su yi amfani da fuskokin fuskoki da yawa. Da yake tunawa da samar da wannan labari ya lura cewa yin fim a kusa da Haywood Gallery a Bankin Kudu ya yi wahala saboda yawan "marasa gida da mashaya" da ke kwance a wurin. A cewar Pertwee, Paul Bernard ya nemi 'yan wasa da' yan wasan da ke wurin a cikin sutura a matsayin Ogrons su nemi mutanen nan su matsa don ba da damar yin fim.
Lokacin da goge abubuwan aukuwa ya ƙare a cikin shekara ta 1978 an gano cewa sassan 1, 2, 3 & 6 sun tsira kawai azaman telerecordings na baki da fari don tallace -tallace na ƙasashen waje. A tsakiyar shekara ta1980s an dawo da kwafin PAL daga masu watsa shirye-shirye a Ostiraliya.
Bayanan kula
Wannan zai zama bayyanar Roger Delgado na ƙarshe a matsayin Jagora, yanayinsa na ƙarshe shine rudani a wajen TARDIS tare da harbi Doctor, wataƙila bisa kuskure, sannan ya ɓace tare da firgita Ogrons. Roger Delgado ya mutu a hadarin mota a Turkiyya kasa da watanni uku bayan watsa wannan shirin na Burtaniya.
John Woodnutt a baya ya buga Hibbert a cikin Spearhead daga Sarari (1970) kuma daga baya zai taka rawar biyu na Broton da Duke na Mantawa a Ta'adar Zygons (1975) kazalika Seron a cikin Mai Kula da Traken (1981) Luan Peters ya taba fitowa a cikin The Macra Terror (1967) a ƙarƙashin sunan mataki Karol Keyes. Caroline Hunt a baya ya bayyana a cikin Sarautar Ta'addanci (1964) Louis Mahoney daga baya ya bayyana a matsayin Ponti a cikin Planet of Evil (1975) da kuma Billy Shipton a Blink (2007)
Harold Goldblatt ya riga ya bayyana tare da Jon Pertwee a cikin samar da rediyo na shekara ta 1938 a Belfast mai taken Lillibullero, wanda shine ɗayan wasannin rediyo na farko na Pertwee.
An sake amfani da taken taken daga ƙimar ƙarshe na Kashi na ɗaya bisa kuskure don Kashi na Biyu. Wannan sa a Lawrence Davison (Draconian farko Sakataren) da Timoti Craven (Cell Guard) ba ana lasafta a kan-allo, kuma sun kasance billed a Radio Times, da kuma Louis Mahoney (Newscaster) da kuma Roy Pattison (Draconian Space Pilot) – biyu wanda ya bayyana ne kawai a Jigo na Daya – ana maimaitawa.
Watsawa da liyafa
Bisa rahoton rahoton masu sauraro na BBC, Frontier in Space ya samu karbuwa sosai daga masu kallo a lokacin watsa shirye -shiryen. Paul Cornell, Martin Day, da Keith Topping sun rubuta game da jerin shirye -shiryen a cikin Jagorar Rashin Jituwa (1995) "Ya cancanta, an tsara shi sosai kuma an tsara shi don ƙima tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙima ga masarautun biyu. Koyaya, a bayyane yake an saka shi cikin sassa. ” A cikin Abokin Talabijin (1998), David J. Howe da Stephen James Walker sun bayyana cewa labarin ya yi aiki "da kyau", tare da ƙirar samarwa "[sanya] komai a kan sikelin da ya dace".
A cikin shekara ta 2010, Patrick Mulkern na Gidan Rediyon Times ya ba ta taurari huɗu daga cikin biyar kuma ya tuna cewa abin mamaki ne kuma abin birgewa ne a kallon farko, kodayake idan aka yi la’akari da shi ya zama kamar “wannabe-epic epic with screeds of padding, duff cliffhangers and al'amuran da ba a gama gani ba na Doctor da Jo sun tashi " Ya yaba da Draconians da Ogrons, amma yana jin cewa "gaskiyar cewa jarumai suna kashe wataƙila kashi biyu cikin uku na labarin a kulle suna da gajiya kuma ba za a iya mantawa da su ba". DVD Talk 's John Sinnott ya lura cewa labarin ya kasance "mai magana" kuma yana da ɗimbin yawa, amma ya sami "mafi kyau" lokacin da aka bayyana Jagora. A cikin littafin Doctor Who: The Episode Guide, Mark Campbell ya ba shi hudu daga cikin goma, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin " wasan kwaikwayo na sararin samaniya mai tsayi kuma mai ban sha'awa - Doctor Genre Wanda bai taɓa yin kyau ba. Ficewar Delgado musamman an magance ta sosai. ”
Yana ɗaya daga cikin Peter Capaldi, abubuwan da Doctor na 12 ya fi so na lokutan gargajiya
Sakin kasuwanci
A buga
Littafin sabon labari, wanda Malcolm Hulke ya rubuta, Target Books ne ya buga shi a watan Satumba 1976 a ƙarƙashin taken Doctor Who and the Space War. Wannan shine karo na ƙarshe da Target zai ba da labari mai taken daban daban fiye da na serial wanda aka kafa shi. Littafin labari ya yi watsi da ƙarshen ƙarshen shirin talabijin kuma yana da Likita kawai ya bar Jagora a duniyar Ogron don bin Daleks. An sake karanta wani labari mai ban dariya na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Geoffrey Beevers akan CD a watan Fabrairu na 2008 ta Audiobooks na BBC.
Kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida
An saki labarin akan VHS a watan Agusta acikin shekara ta 1995. Kashi na 5 yana amfani da kiɗan "Delaware" da aka ambata a sama. An kuma ba da labarin ƙarshe na wannan labarin akan sakin Pertwee Years VHS, tare da sassan ƙarshe na duka Infernoacikin shekara ta (1970) da The Dæmonsa acikin shekara ta (1971) An fito da jerin shirye -shiryen akan DVD a ranar 5 ga Oktoba a cikin shekara ta 2009 a matsayin wani ɓangare na akwatin da aka saita "Dalek War" tare da Planet na Daleks. An sake shi akan Blu -ray a zaman wani ɓangare na "The Collection - Season 10" boxed set in July 2019.
Hanyoyin waje
Frontier in Space at BBC Online
Sabon labari
Doctor Who and the Space War
A kan Target - Likita Wanene da Yaƙin Sararin Samaniya
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29910 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsakaicin%20dumamar%20yanayi | Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi | Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi ( GWP ) shine zafin da kowane yanayi mai gurbata yanayi ke sha a cikin yanayi, a matsayin nau'in zafi mai yawa wanda zai iya ɗaukar nauyin carbon dioxide ( CO ). GWP shine 1 don CO . Ga sauran iskar gas ya dogara da iskar gas da tsarin a lokaci.
Carbon dioxide dai-dai ( CO e ko CO eq ko CO -e) ana ƙididdige su daga GWP. Ga kowane iskar gas, shine yawan CO wanda zai dumama ƙasa gwargwadon yawan iskar gas ɗin. Don haka yana samar da ma'auni gama gari don auna tasirin yanayi na iskar gas daban-daban. Ana ƙididdige shi azaman adadin lokutan GWP na sauran gas. Misali, idan akace gas yana da GWP na 100, ton biyu na gas suna da CO e na tan 200.
Darajoji
Carbon dioxide shine ma'anar. Yana da GWP na 1 ba tare da la'akari da lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ba. CO tana haifar da haɓakar yanayin yanayi na CO wanda zai ɗauki dubban shekaru. Ƙididdiga na ƙimar GWP sama da shekaru a ƙalla 20, 100 da 500 ana tattara su lokaci-lokaci kuma ana sake bitar su a cikin rahotanni daga Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Yanayi :
SAR (1995)
TAR (2001)
AR4 (2007)
AR5 (2013)
AR6 (2021)
Kodayake rahotanni na baya-bayan nan suna nuna ƙarin daidaiton kimiyya, ƙasashe da kamfanoni suna ci gaba da amfani da ƙimar SAR da AR4 don dalilan kwatantawa a cikin rahotannin fitar da su. AR5 ya tsallake kimar kimanin shekaru 500 amma ya gabatar da kimar GWP gami da ra'ayoyin yanayi-carbon (f) tare da adadi mai yawa na rashin tabbas.
IPCC ta lissafa wasu abubuwa da yawa da ba a nuna su anan. Wasu suna da babban GWP to amma ƙarancin maida hankali ne kawai a cikin yanayi. An kiyasta jimillar tasirin duk iskar gas mai ƙyalƙyali da kashi 3% na duk hayaƙin da ake fitarwa.
Ƙimar da aka bayar a cikin tebur suna ɗaukan nau'in nau'i ɗaya na fili ana nazarin; daban-daban rabo zai haifar daga jujjuya wani abu zuwa wani. Misali, kona methane zuwa carbon dioxide zai rage tasirin dumamar yanayi, amma ta hanyar karami fiye da 25:1 saboda yawan methane da ya kone bai kai adadin carbon dioxide da aka fitar ba (rabo 1:2.74). Idan ka fara da 1 tonne na methane wanda ke da GWP na 25, bayan konewa zaka sami tan 2.74 na CO , kowanne tonne na da GWP na 1. Wannan raguwar rahusa ce ta tan 22.26 na GWP, yana rage tasirin dumamar yanayi da rabon a ƙalla 25:2.74 (kimanin sau 9).
Amfani a Kyoto Protocol da UNFCCC
A karkashin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, a cikin shekarata 1997 taron jam'iyyun sun daidaita rahotannin kasa da kasa, ta hanyar yanke shawarar (shawarwari 2/CP.3) cewa za a yi amfani da kimar GWP da aka ƙididdige don Rahoton Ƙimar Na Biyu na IPCC don canza iskar gas iri-iri zuwa kwatankwacin CO daidai.
Bayan wasu sabuntawa na tsaka-tsaki, a cikin 2013 an sabunta wannan ma'auni ta taron Warsaw na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC, yanke shawara 24/CP.19) don buƙatar amfani da sabon saiti na ƙimar GWP na shekaru 100. Sun buga waɗannan darajoji a cikin Annex III, kuma sun ɗauke su daga Rahoton Ƙimar Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙwararru, wanda aka buga a shekarata 2007.
Waɗannan ƙididdiga na a shekarar 2007 har yanzu ana amfani da su don kwatancen ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar a shekarata 2020, kodayake sabon bincike kan tasirin ɗumamar ya sami wasu ƙima, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tebur a sama.
Muhimmancin lokacin sa'o'i
GWP na wani abu ya dogara da adadin shekaru (wanda aka nuna ta hanyar biyan kuɗi) wanda aka ƙididdige yuwuwar. Gas wanda aka cire da sauri daga yanayin yana iya yin tasiri mai yawa da farko, amma tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda aka cire shi, ya zama ƙasa da mahimmanci. Don haka methane yana da yuwuwar 25 sama da shekaru 100 (GWP 100 = 25) amma Kuma Kashi 86 sama da shekaru 20 (GWP 20 = 86); Sabanin haka sulfur hexafluoride yana da GWP na 22,800 sama da shekaru 100 amma 16,300 sama da shekaru 20 (Rahoton kimantawa na uku na IPCC). Ƙimar GWP ya dogara da yadda ƙwayar iskar gas ke ruɓe akan lokaci a cikin yanayi. Wannan yawanci ba a san shi sosai ba don haka bai kamata a yi la'akari da ƙimar daidai ba. Don wannan dalili lokacin da aka faɗi GWP yana da mahimmanci don ba da nuni ga lissafin.
Ana iya samun GWP don cakuda iskar gas daga matsakaita-nauyi-nauyi na GWPs na kowane iskar gas.
Yawanci, sararin lokaci na shekaru a ƙallab100 ana amfani da shi ta hanyar masu gudanarwa.
Turin ruwa
Turin ruwa yana ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar ɗan adam a duniya, amma kamar yadda aka ayyana GWP, ba shi da lahani ga H 2 O.
H 2 O ita ce mafi ƙarfi a cikin iska mai iska, saboda yana da babban bakan shayarwar infrared tare da ƙarin maɗaurin sha fiye da CO . Matsalolinsa a cikin yanayi yana iyakance ta zafin iska, ta yadda tururin ruwa ya karu tare da dumamar yanayi (tabbatacciyar amsa). Amma ma'anar GWP ta keɓance tasirin kai tsaye. Har ila yau, ma'anar GWP ta dogara ne akan hayaki, kuma ana cire iskar anthropogenic na tururin ruwa ( hasumiya mai sanyaya, ban ruwa ) ta hanyar hazo a cikin makonni, don haka GWP ɗinsa ba shi da Wani mahimmanci.
Suka da sauran ma'auni
Canjin canjin yanayi na Duniya (GTP) wata hanya ce ta kwatanta iskar gas. Yayin da GWP ya yi kiyasin zafin da ke sha, GTP ya ƙiyasta sakamakon hauhawar matsakaitan zafin jiki na duniya, a cikin nan DA shekaru 20, 50 ko 100 masu zuwa, wanda iskar gas ke haifar da shi, dangane da hauhawar yanayin zafi wanda yawan adadin CO zai haifar. Lissafi na GTP yana buƙatar yin ƙirar yadda duniya, musamman ma tekuna, za su sha zafi. Ana buga GTP a cikin tebur na IPCC iri ɗaya tare da GWP.
An ba da shawarar GWP* don ɗaukar mafi kyawun ƙididdiga na gurɓataccen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci (SLCP) kamar methane, wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin ƙimar fitar da SLCPs zuwa ƙayyadadden adadin CO .
Lissafin yuwuwar dumamar yanayi
GWP ya dogara da abubuwa masu zuwa:
shan infrared radiation ta gas da aka ba
lokacin sha'awa (lokacin haɗin kai)
yanayin rayuwar gas din
Babban GWP yana daidaitawa tare da babban shayar infrared da tsayin yanayi na yanayi. Dogaro da GWP akan tsayin daka na sha ya fi rikitarwa. Ko da iskar gas ya sha radiation da kyau a wani tsayin raƙuman ruwa, wannan ba zai iya shafar GWP ɗinsa da yawa ba idan yanayi ya riga ya sha mafi yawan radiation a wannan tsawon tsayin. Gas yana da mafi tasiri DA tasiri idan ya sha a cikin "taga" na tsawon raƙuman ruwa inda yanayi ya kasance a bayyane. Dogara na GWP azaman aikin tsayin raƙuman ruwa an samo shi ta zahiri kuma an buga shi azaman jadawali.
Saboda GWP na iskar gas mai zafi ya dogara kai tsaye akan bakan sa na infrared, amfani da infrared spectroscopy don nazarin iskar gas yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan sauyin yanayi na duniya.
Kamar yadda tilastawa mai haskakawa ke ba da sauƙaƙan hanyoyi na kwatanta abubuwa daban-daban waɗanda aka yi imani za su yi tasiri ga tsarin sauyin yanayi da juna, ƙarfin dumamar yanayi (GWPs) nau'i ne na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai dangane da kaddarorin haske waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don kimanta yuwuwar makomar gaba. tasirin hayakin iskar gas daban-daban akan tsarin yanayi ta ma'ana. GWP ya dogara ne akan abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da ingantaccen haske (ikon shayar da infrared) na kowane iskar gas dangane da na carbon dioxide, da kuma lalacewar kowane irin nau'in iskar gas (adadin da aka cire daga sararin samaniya akan adadin da aka ba da shi). shekaru) dangane da na carbon dioxide.
Ƙarfin tilasta radiyo (RF) shine adadin kuzari a kowane yanki, kowane lokaci naúrar, wanda iskar gas ɗin da ke ɗauke da ita, wanda in ba haka ba zai ɓace zuwa sarari. Ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar dabara:
inda rubutun na wakiltar tazara na 10 inverse centimeters . Abs i yana wakiltar haɗaɗɗen ɗaukar infrared na samfurin a cikin wannan tazarar, kuma F i tana wakiltar RF na wannan tazara.
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Gwamnati akan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) tana ba da ƙimar ƙimar GWP gaba ɗaya, wanda ya ɗan canza kaɗan tsakanin shekarar 1996 da 2001. Ana samun ainihin ma'anar yadda ake ƙididdige GWP a cikin Rahoton Ƙimar Na Uku na IPCC na shekarata 2001. An bayyana GWP a matsayin rabon tilastawa mai haɗe-haɗe na lokaci daga fitowar 1 nan take. kilogiram na abu mai alama dangane da na 1 kilogiram na iskar gas:
inda TH shine lokacin lokacin da ake la'akari da lissafin; a x shine ingantaccen hasken haske saboda haɓakar raka'a a cikin yalwar yanayi na yanayi (watau Wm -2 kg -1 ) kuma [x] (t) shine ruɓewar da ta dogara da lokaci cikin yalwar abun bayan fitowar ta nan take. a lokacin t=0. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta ƙunshi daidaitattun adadin iskar gas (watau CO ). Ayyukan radiative a x da r ba lallai ba ne su zama na dindindin na tsawon lokaci. Yayin da iskar infrared radiation ta yawancin iskar gas mai zafi ya bambanta a layi tare da yalwar su, wasu 'yan mahimmanci suna nuna halayen da ba su dace ba don abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin yanzu da yiwuwar nan gaba (misali, CO , CH 4, da N 2 O). Ga waɗancan iskar gas ɗin, ƙarfin kuzarin ɗanɗano zai dogara ne akan yawa kuma don haka a kan yanayin da za a ɗauka a nan gaba.
Tunda duk lissafin GWP kwatancen CO ne wanda ba na layi ba, duk ƙimar GWP ta shafa. Zaton in ba haka ba kamar yadda aka yi a sama zai haifar da ƙananan GWPs don sauran iskar gas fiye da cikakken tsarin da zai yi. Bayyana wannan, yayin da ƙara CO yana da ƙasa da ƙasa da tasiri akan sha mai raɗaɗi yayin da adadin ppm ya tashi, mafi yawan iskar gas mai ƙarfi kamar methane da nitrous oxide suna da nau'ikan sha na thermal daban-daban zuwa CO waɗanda ba a cika su ba (cikakken) gwargwadon CO , don haka hauhawar ppm na waɗannan iskar gas sun fi mahimmanci sosai.
Carbon dioxide daidai
Carbon dioxide daidai ( CO e ko CO eq ko CO -e) na adadin iskar gas ana ƙididdige shi daga GWP ɗin sa. Ga kowane gas, shine yawan CO wanda zai dumama ƙasa gwargwadon yawan iskar gas ɗin. Don haka yana samar da ma'auni gama gari don auna tasirin yanayi na iskar gas daban-daban. Ana ƙididdige shi kamar yadda GWP ke ninka ta da yawan sauran iskar gas. Misali, idan gas yana da GWP na kusan 100, ton biyu na iskar yana da CO e na tan 200, kuma tan 9 na iskar yana da CO e na tan 900.
A ma'auni na duniya, ana iya bayyana sakamakon ɗumamar iskar gas ɗaya ko fiye a cikin sararin samaniya a matsayin daidaitaccen yanayin yanayi na CO . CO e to zai iya zama yanayin yanayi na CO wanda zai dumi ƙasa kamar yadda wani nau'i na wasu iskar gas ko na duk iskar gas da aerosols a cikin yanayi. Misali, CO e na sassa guda 500 a kowace miliyan zai nuna cakuda iskar gas da ke dumama duniya kamar yadda kashi 500 a kowace miliyan CO za su dumi ta. Ƙididdigar ma'auni na daidaitattun yanayin yanayi na CO na iskar gas na yanayi ko aerosol ya fi rikitarwa kuma ya haɗa da yanayin yanayi na waɗannan iskar gas, GWPs, da ma'auni na ma'auni na molar su zuwa ma'auni na CO .
CO2e calculations depend on the time-scale chosen, typically kusan 100 years or 20 years,
since gases decay in the atmosphere or are absorbed naturally, at different rates.
Ta kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi ( IPCC ): biliyan metric tonne = n × 10 9 tonne na CO daidai (Gt CO eq)
A cikin masana'antu: ton miliyan metric na daidaitattun carbon dioxide (MMTCDE) da MMT CO eq.
Don ababen hawa: grams na carbon dioxide daidai da mil (g CO e/mile) ko kowace kilomita (g CO e/km)
Misali, teburin da ke sama ya nuna GWP na methane sama da shekaru 20 a 86 da nitrous oxide a 289, don haka fitar da tan miliyan 1 na methane ko nitrous oxide daidai yake da fitar da tan miliyan 86 ko 289 na carbon dioxide, bi da bi.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Carbon lissafin kudi
Sawun carbon
Matsayin fitar da abin hawa
Jerin firji
Ƙarfin fitarwa
Radiative tilasta
Jimlar tasirin dumama daidai daidai
Litattafai
Bayanan kula
Majiyoyi
IPCC ta ruwaito
Wasu kafofin
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Jerin Matsalolin Dumamar Duniya da Rayuwar yanayi daga EPA na Amurka
GWP da ma'anoni daban-daban na CO e sun bayyana
Manazarta
Yanayi
Dumama
Tarihi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25283 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony | Antony | Antony dan asalin Danish ne, Ingilishi, Finnish, Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Norway da Yaren mutanen Sweden wanda aka ba sunan wanda shine nau'in Anthony da ake amfani dashi a Arewacin Amurka, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia, India, Pakistan, England, Scotland, Wales, Jamhuriyar Ireland, Arewacin Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Jamhuriyar Karelia, Estonia, Denmark, Jamus, Austria, gabashin Switzerland, ɓangaren Serbia, wani ɓangare na Romania, Guyana, Liberia, Saliyo, Ghana, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Habasha, Kamaru da Najeriya . A matsayin sunan mahaifi an samo shi ne daga tushen tushen Antonius. Mutanen da ke da wannan suna sun haɗa da:
sunaye
Mark Antony (83 - 30 BC), dan siyasan Roma kuma janar
Anthony the Great (c. 251-356), wanda kuma aka sani da Antony, Waliyyan Masar aka sani
Antony Ƙarami (785–865), sojan Rumawa, sufaye da waliyyan Orthodox na Gabas
Anthony na Sourozh (Bloom, shekara ta 1914 zuwa shekara ta 2003) na Sourozh, bishop na Orthodox na Rasha
Antony (Khrapovitsky) (shekara ta 1863 zuwa shekara ta 1936) na Kiev, bishop na Orthodox na Rashiha
Antony Acland (an haifi a shekara ta 1930), jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya kuma Provost na Kwalejin Eton
Antony Armstrong-Jones, Earl na farko na Snowdon shekara ta (1930 zuwa shekara ta mai daukan hoto da kuma mai shirya fina-finai mijin Gimbiya Margaret 2017),
Antony de Ávila (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Colombia
Antony Beevor (an haife shi a skekara ta 1946), masanin tarihin sojan Ingila
Antony Blinken (an haife shi shekara ta 1962), mai gudanar da gwamnatin Amurka kuma sakataren gwamnatin Amurka
Antony Caceres (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada
Antony Duff (shekara ta 1920 zuwa sheka ta 2000), jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya kuma Darakta Janar na MI5
Antony Flew (shekara ta 1923 zuwa shekara ta 2010), masanin falsafar Ingila
Antony Gormley (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), masanin sassaƙaƙƙen Burtaniya
Antony Green (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Australiya kuma mai sharhi
Antony Hämäläinen (an haife shi shekara ta 1980), Finnish, mawaka kuma
Antony Hewish (an haife shi a shekara ta 1924), masanin tauraron rediyo na Burtaniya, Kyautar Nobel ta Physics
Antony Jay (shekara ta 1930 zuwa shekara ta 2016), marubucin Ingilishi, mai watsa labarai kuma darekta
Antony Johnston (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), marubucin Burtaniya na wasan barkwanci, wasannin bidiyo da litattafai
Antony (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil
Tony Newton, Baron Newton na Braintree (shekara ta 1937 zuwa shekara ta 2012), ɗan siyasan Burtaniya
Antony Padiyara (shekara ta 1921 zuwa shekara ta 2000), Archbishop na Katolika na Katolika na Indiya
Antony Pappusamy (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), Archbishop na Roman Katolika
Antony Lopez Peralta (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Faransa
Antony Raju (an haifi a shekara ta 1954), ɗan siyasan Indiya
Antony Sher (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), ɗan wasan Ingila
Antony Starr (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), ɗan wasan talabijin na New Zealand
Antony C. Sutton ( shekara ta 1925 zuwa shekara ta 2002), masanin tattalin arziƙin Burtaniya da Amurka, masanin tarihi da marubuci
Antony Valentini (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Burtaniya
Tony Whitlam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), lauyan Australiya, alkali, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan tsohon Firayim Ministan Australia Gough Whitlam
Sunan mahaifi
AK Antony (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940), ɗan siyasan Indiya, tsohon Ministan Tsaro na Indiya kuma Babban Ministan Jihar Kerala har sau uku.
Anto Antony (an haifi shekara ta 1956), ɗan siyasan Indiya
Johny Antony ( fl. shekara ta 1991 yanzu ), darektan fina -finan Indiya
PJ Antony (shekara ta 1925 zuwa shekara ta 1979), matakin Indiya da ɗan wasan fim
Steve Antony, marubucin yara na Burtaniya kuma mai zane
Hakanan sunan wasu wurare ne to:
Wurare
Antony, Belarus, kauye a cikin Hrodna Voblast na Belarus
Antony, Cornwall, ƙauye ne a Cornwall, United Kingdom
Gidan Antony, Cornwall, United Kingdom
Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, wani ƙungiya a cikin Hauts-de-Seine département na Faransa
Tashar Antony, tashar jirgin ƙasa akan layin RER B a Île-de-France
Duba kuma
Anthony (disambiguation)
Antona (name)
Antone
Antoni, a given name and surname
Antonie (disambiguation)
Antono (name)
Nassoshi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
15879 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupsy%20Abiola | Dupsy Abiola | Modupeola "Dupsy" Abiola (an haife ta ne a watan Maris na 1982)ta kasan ce yar asalin Birtaniyya ne-yar Najeriyar (ba ya yin aiki) lauya, 'yar kasuwa. Ita ce Jami'iyar Innovation na Duniya na Airlinesungiyar Jirgin Sama ta Duniya (IAG). Ita ce mai kafa da Shugaba na Internent Avenue, wani gidan yanar sadarwar yanar gizo wanda aka tsara don haɗa ma'aikata da ɗalibai da masu digiri. Dupsy ya fito a cikin Thomson Reuters Power List wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mata bakar fata mata masu matukar tasiri a Burtaniya a 2013. An bayyana ta a cikin jaridu da talabijin waɗanda suka shafi ɗaukar ma'aikata, kasuwanci, da kuma neman kasuwanci. Ta kasance a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin goma na BBC na Dragons 'Den, don jawo hankalin tayin saka hannun jari daga attajirin dan kasuwar, Peter Jones.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Dupsy Abiola a Landan, Ingila. Ita 'yar Cif MKO Abiola, mai mallaka a tsarin tsarin mulkin Najeriya, da Dele Abiola, ɗaya daga cikin matansa. Mahaifinta shahararre ne kuma hamshakin attajirin dan kasuwar Najeriya kuma mai taimakon jama’a. Dupsy ta girma tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta biyar a Arewacin London. Tana da halfan uwa rabin waɗanda suke da ƙarancin hulɗa da su. Yana dan shekara tara, Dupsy da kansa ya kafa kasuwanci da kerawa da sayar da mujallu na Tantancewa tare da wani abokinsa a makaranta don samun "ingantaccen riba". MKO Abiola ta kasance mai matukar tasiri a sha'awar ta na kasuwanci.
Rayuwar iyali
Mahaifin Dupsy, na 14 Aare Ona Kakanfo na Yarbawa, ya zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da dimokiradiyya kuma ya ci zaben shugaban kasa na farko mai 'yanci da demokradiyya a Najeriya a watan Yunin 1993 . Bayan wannan sakamakon, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta ki ta bar mulki ta kuma ayyana soke shi. Cif Abiola daga baya an sanya shi a tsare har abada kuma an hana shi hulɗa da waje (ciki har da danginsa). Tsare shi ya haifar da fushin kasa da na duniya. Magoya bayansa da dama - ciki har da sakatare-janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, Kofi Annan - sun yi yunkurin ganin an sako shugaban. An yi zanga-zanga mai yawa da kisan gilla na siyasa, gami da manyan masu rajin kare hakkin jama'a da dangin Abiola. MKO Abiola ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a ranar da aka yi niyyar sake shi a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 1998 lokacin da Dupsy ya kasance sha shida. Yanayin da ke tattare da rasuwar mahaifinta ya kasance mata mai matukar wahala da damuwa.
Ilimi
Duk da rikicewar tarbiyya, Dupsy ɗaliba ne mai hazaka wanda ta karɓi kyaututtukan ilimi da kyaututtuka ciki har da Frederica Lord Bursary da kuma International Scholarship Speech International Union. Dupsy ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta kudu Hampstead don makarantar sakandare sannan kuma ta ci gaba da karanta doka a New College, Oxford . Ta kasance zababben memban kwamitin JCR, kuma mai magana da yawun jama'a, kuma mai muhawara a kan shari'a. A cikin 2004, mai zanen zamani, Tom Ford ya ware Dupsy a yayin wani taron a Oxford Union, wanda ya katse jawabinsa don yaba kyawunta da yanayin suturarta.
Ayyuka
Aikin doka
Bayan kammala jami'a, Dupsy ta sami lambar yabo ta Denning Scholarship da Eastham ta Honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn kuma ta fara aikinta a Bar. Ta halarci Inns of Court School of Law kuma an kira ta a mashaya a 2006. Dupsy ta koma aiki ne mai zaman kanta a matsayin lauya bayan ta kammala karatun ta a 22 Old Buildings. Ta yi aiki a kan wasu batutuwa masu rikitarwa da manyan martaba, gami da shiga cikin shari'ar Wembley.
Internation Avenue
Dupsy ta bar aikinta na lauya don kirkirar Intern Avenue a karshen shekarar 2010, wanda shine babban aikinta na farko a harkar kasuwanci. Internationvenue a bainar jama'a an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Autumn 2012. An haɓaka Intern Avenue a Landan wanda ya fara haɓaka yanayin fasahar ba da gudummawa. Shafin ya samu karbuwa sosai kuma ya buga shi ta hanyar kafafen yada labarai da fasaha na kasar ciki harda Wired .
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2018, an sanya Abiola cikin jerin sunayen 'Manyan shugabannin kabilu marasa rinjaye 100 na kere-kere a fagen kere kere' na jaridar Financial Times . '
Rukunin Jirgin Sama na Kasa da Kasa
A watan Janairun 2018, an nada ta a matsayin Babbar Shugaban Kirkirar Duniya a Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Kasa da Kasa .
Talabijan da liyafar
Dupsy ta bayyana a Channel na Hudu a watan Fabrairun 2012 inda yake tattaunawa game da kasuwanci tare da Ministan Kasuwanci, Mark Prisk MP. A 7 Oktoba 2012, Dupsy kafa ta kasuwanci a episode 5, Series 10 na BBC dodanni 'Den kuma ta bayyana a mika BBC fim a kan "Psychology na Nasara farar". Masu hannu da shuni, Peter Jones da Hilary Devey ne suka ba ta goyon baya. Intern Avenue ta zama kasuwancin daukar ma'aikata na farko don samun nasarar hawa kan Dragons 'Den tun kafuwar sa a 2004. Peter Jones ya bayyana ta a matsayin "hamshakiyar 'yar kasuwa a fagen fama" kuma cewa matakanta ya kasance "kwarai".
Manazarta
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya |
20440 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20jihar%20Imo | Jami'ar jihar Imo | An kafa Jami'ar Jihar Imo ( IMSU ) a Owerri, Jihar Imo, Najeriya a 1981 ta hanyar doka mai lamba 4 wacce majalisar dokokin jihar ta Imo ta zartar. Jami'ar ta yarda da karbar daliban farko 392 a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1981.
Bayan kirkirar jihar Abia a 1991, harabar jami'ar Uturu ta zama Jami'ar Jihar ta Abia .
Jami'ar Jihar Imo jami'a ce mai cikakken aiki. Yawancin shirye-shiryen jami'ar sun sami cikakken izini daga Hukumar Jami'o'in Kasa (NUC) ta Nijeriya.
Sakamakon aikin tabbatar da cancanta na 1999/2000 na Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC) ya tabbatar da yawan jama’ar da karbuwar da jama’ar Nijeriya suka yi. Jami'ar jami'a ce ta farko a cikin dukkanin jami'o'in jihohi a Najeriya kuma ta kasance ta 10 a tsakanin jami'o'in jihohi da tarayya. An ba ‘yan asalin jihar Imo a jami’ar jihar Imo ilimi kyauta a karkashin Gwamna Rochas Okorocha amma shirin ya tsaya a 2016. Mai rikon mukamin mataimakin shugaban jami’ar IMSU, Farfesa Adaobi Obasi ne ya sanar da hakan ta bakin magatakardar, Farfesa Emeka Ejinkonye, wanda ya bayyana cewa daliban asalin Imo daga yanzu za su biya wata alama ta wasu ayyuka a makarantar.
Jami'ar Jihar Imo da ke Owerri an ba ta masauki na ɗan lokaci a cikin harabar Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku daga Mayu zuwa Disamba 1992. Daga baya Jami'ar ta koma gidanta na wasu gine-gine guda hudu a cikin Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Owerri, a Kwarin Nwaebere Campus. A lokacin da aka canza Jami'ar Tarayya zuwa wurin na dindindin, Ihiagwa kusa da Owerri, sai aka sami Kwalejin Lake Nwaebere na waccan jami'ar zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Imo. Ƙungiyar farko ta ɗalibai an raba ta zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Imo ta JAMB a cikin Fabrairu 1993. Hakanan Hukumar Jami’o’i ta Kasa a hukumance ta amince da sake kafa Jami’ar a shekarar 1992 a Harabar Nwaebere Campus. A yau, Jami'ar Jihar Imo tana da Kwarewa da Ma'aikatu da yawa waɗanda ke karatun ɗalibai kowace shekara. Jami'ar na samar da daliban aji na farko, aji biyu da na uku. Waɗannan ɗaliban sun tsunduma cikin aikin kwadago bayan sun wuce ɗaya daga cikin sauran ƴan yiwa kasa hidima (NYSC). Mafi yawan ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu galibi ana ba su lambar yabo da aiki kai tsaye a cikin jami'a.
Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin Cif Evan Enwerem, a cikin Afrilu, 1991 ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen cike gurbin ta hanyar sake kafa Jami'ar a Owerri. Gwamnati ta yi la’akari da zaɓuka biyu a sake kafa Jami'ar Jihar Imo a Owerri. Zaɓin farko shine motsawa gaba ɗaya, dukkan ma'aikata da ɗalibai a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shiryen su a Uturu waɗanda ke son zama a Jami'ar Jihar Imo, yanzu a Owerri. Hanya ta biyu ita ce sake gina Jami'ar a Owerri akan wani tsayayyen lokaci. An zaɓi na biyu bayan ƙa'idodi daban-daban na gwamnati a lokacin, kuma an yi niyya na tsawon shekaru biyar wanda za'a kammala sake kafa Jami'ar a Owerri. Daga nan sai Farfesa TOC Ndubizu, Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Nijeriya, Nsukka ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar tare da nauyin sauyawa da sake kafa Jami’ar Jihar Imo.
Ilimi
IMSU tana aiki da tsarin fanni kuma tana da fannoni 12. Dukkan ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaba (Deans) da Jami'an Jami'ar. Fannin suna da sassa daban-daban a ƙarƙashin su. Ƙunngiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin Shugabannin sassan (HODs) waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Shugaban Kwalejin. Malaman, da Shugabannin sassan da (Deans) ne suka zama Hukumar Kwalejin. Dukansu membobin jami'ar ne, wadanda ke karkashin kulawar Kungiyar Malaman Jami'a na Jami'ar (ASUU). Ma'aikatan ilimi suna da alhakin tsarin karatu da koyar da ɗalibai. Suna koyarwa, saita jarabawa, yiwa alamu rubutu da kuma lura da ayyukan.
Jami’ar jihar Imo kuma tana gudanar da Shirin Digiri na biyu (PG) ga wadanda suke son ɗorawa a kan Digirinsu na Farko. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yulin, 2012, Jihar Imo ta sami amincewar Hukumar Jami’ar Nijeriya (NUC) don gudanar da Karatun Digiri na biyu (PG) na Digiri na Biyu da na PhD.
Fannoni a Jami'ar Jihar Imo
Sashen Noma
Tattalin Arzikin Noma, Fadadawa da Raya Karkara</br> Kimiyyar Dabbobi da Masunta</br> Masana Ilimin Shuka da Ilimin Kimiyyar Kere-kere</br> Kimiyyar Kasa da Muhalli
Sashen Ilimi
Ilimin Fasaha</br> Ilimi da Akanta</br> Ilimi da kuma sinadari ( Chemistry)</br> Ilimi da Gwamnati</br> Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai</br> Jagora da Nasiha</br> Tarihin Ilimi
Fannin ƙere-ƙere
Ininiyan inji</br> Injiniyan Noma</br> injiniyan lantarki</br> Injin Injiniya</br> Kimiyyar Abinci da Fasaha
Kimiyyar Muhalli
Binciken da sauransu</br> Gine-gine</br> Gini</br> Tsarin birni da yanki</br> Yawan binciken</br> Kimiyya mai kyau da amfani</br> Gudanar da Gidaje
Fannin 'Yan Adam
Karatun Addini</br> Harshe da Ibo</br> Faransanci</br> Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya</br> Gidan wasan kwaikwayo (Arts)</br> Falsafa</br> Harshen Turanci da Nazarin Adabi
Kimiyyar Lafiya
Kayan kwalliya</br> Kimiyyar Laburarida magani</br> Kimiyyar raino (nursing)</br> Gina Jiki da Abincin Abinci
Kiwan Lafiya
Fannin doka
Kimiyyar Gudanarwa
Baƙi da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido</br> Talla</br> Akawu</br> Banki da Kudi</br> Inshora da Kimiyyar Jarida</br> Nazarin Gudanarwa
Magani da tiyata
Fannin kimiyya
Kimiyyar Dabba da Ilmin Muhalli</br> Kimiyyar Shuka da Kimiyyar Kimiyya</br> abinda ya shafi jiki (Physics) Masana kimiyyar lissafi</br> Bayo kemistiri</br> Lissafi</br>ilimin sinadaraina Masana'antu</br> Ilimin halittu kanana / Masana Ilimin Kananan Halittu</br> ƙiididdiga</br> Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
Kimiyyar Zamani
Tattalin arziki</br> Ilimin halin dan Adam</br> ilimin taurari (geography) da Gudanar da Muhalli</br> Sadarwa mai yawa</br> Kimiyyar Siyasa</br> Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma
Tsoffin ɗalibai
Chiedozie Akwiwu, ɗan kasuwar Nijeriya kuma mai son taimakon jama’a
Anyim Pius Anyim, ɗan siyasan Najeriya; Tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kuma Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya (SGF).
Mercy Eke, The BBN Reality TV tauraruwa
Ogenna Ekwubiri, abin koyi kuma dan kasuwa
Uche Elendu, 'yar fim din Najeriya
Ada Jesus, yar fim din Najeriya kuma mai barkwanci
Chris Okewulonu, Shugaban Ma’aikata
Paschaline Alex Okoli, 'yar fim din Najeriya
Joy Onumajuru, mai kwazo da taimakon jama’a
Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu, minista
Pages with unreviewed translations |
19724 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aan%20sanda | Ɗan sanda | Ɗan Sanda jam'i kuma shine Ƴan sanda ƙungiya ce dake ƙarƙashin gwamnatin ƙasa, waɗanda aikin su shi ne tilasta bin doka, taimakawa cikin gaggawa, warware laifuka da kare dukiya. Mutumin da yake aiwatar da wannan aikin an san shi da Ɗan Sanda. Suna aiki ne daga ofishin Ƴan sanda. An horar da ‘yan sanda kan taimakon gaggawa da ceto, saboda galibi jami’an ƴan sanda suna ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suke isa wurin da mutane ke rashin lafiya ko rauni, kamar hatsarin mota, ko gobara.
Suna
Ana iya kiran hukumar 'rundunar 'yan sanda, sashin 'yan sanda, sabis na' yan sanda, rikitarwa, masu kula da jama'a ko sabis na kariya . Jendarmerie ɗan sanda ne wanda yake wani ɓangare na sojoji, kodayake membobin ta ba safai suke yin aikin soja ba.
Yawancin rundunonin 'yan sanda a Amurka suna kiran kansu da "[Wurin ƴan sanda", kamar Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Birnin New York . Yawancin lokaci ana san rundunar 'yan sanda ta Jiha da ko dai "[State] Highway Patrol" ko kuma "Yan Sanda na Jiha". A cikin Burtaniya, yawancinsu ''Ƴan Sanda" A cikin Kanada da sauran ƙasashe masu magana da Ingilishi, "[Wuri] 'Yan Sanda" ya zama gama gari. Ana kiran 'yan sandan Ireland da Garda Síochána .
Hukumar tabbatar da doka ita ce duk wata hukuma da ke aiwatar da doka. A ƙasar Amurka, akwai wasu hukumomin ƙarfafa doka waɗanda ba a kiransu ‘yan sanda amma suna aiwatar da irin wannan aiki, kamar Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya . Wani nau'in na yau da kullun shine ofishi na sheriff (kuma sashen sheriff ), hukumar da sheriff ke jagoranta.
Waɗanda suke gudanar da aikin ɗan sanda an san su da jami'an 'yan sanda . Hakanan za'a iya san su da 'yan sanda (maza kawai), matan' yan sanda (mata kawai), jami'an zaman lafiya, 'yan sanda, masu gadi ko masu gadin gari . A ofishin sheriff, an san su da mataimakan sheriff ko mataimaki a taƙaice. A cikin Ireland an san su da kalmar harshen Irish gardaí ( garda idan mufuradi ce) ko kuma masu tsaro .
Iko
Akwai iko daban daban na ƴan sanda dake taimaka masu wajen gudanar da aiyukan su. Waɗannan iko sun banbanta a ƙasashe daban-daban. Yawancin 'yan sanda suna da ikon kama mutane, bincika mutane, da bincika gidaje / ƙadarori. Su wani lokacin kawo kayan aiki kamar bindigogi, batons, tasers, ko barkono SPRAY . Yankin da jami'an 'yan sanda za su iya amfani da waɗannan iko ana kiran su ikon su . Idan jami'ai ba sa cikin ikon su, wata rundunar 'yan sanda da ke da iko sannan za ta iya amfani da ƙarfin su.
Ayyuka
'Yan sanda suna huɗɗa da:
Rigakafin aikata laifi da kare jama'a. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar yin sintiri a ƙafa cikin kayan sojoji da motocin 'yan sanda. Wannan na iya dakatar da wasu nau'ikan halayen laifi .
Amsa laifuka. Lokacin da wani ya kira ‘yan sanda ya ce laifi na faruwa, dole ne su tura wasu jami’an ‘yan sanda su zo wurin da gaggawa. Zasu yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da laifin su kama wanda yake aikatawa.
Binciken aikata laifi. Wannan yana nufin cewa 'yan sanda suna ƙoƙari su gano wanda ya aikata laifin.
Kamawa da tsare waɗanda ake zargi. Lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka yi amannar cewa wani ya yi laifi, sai‘ yan sanda su kamo su, su kai su ofishin ƴan sanda su yi musu tambayoyi. Koyaya, masu gabatar da ƙara ne ba 'yan sanda ba ne ke da hurumin yanke hukunci a kan ko za a tuhumi wanda ake zargi.
Don taimakawa cikin gaggawa ko matsalolin da ba laifi ba. Wannan na iya zama haɗarin mota, gobara, ko mutanen da ke ciwo, suka ji rauni ko ɓacewa. 'Yan sanda suna aiki tare da ma'aikatan kashe gobara, motocin ɗaukar marasa lafiya, da masu ceto. Suna iya jagorantar zirga-zirga, taimaka wa yaran da suka ɓace, ko kuma ba da tikitin zirga-zirga.
Sassan Ƴan sanda
Yawancin sassan 'yan sanda suna da jami'ai a manyan rukuni biyu: ƙungiyar "sintiri" tare da jami'ai waɗanda ke sanya kayan aiki, da kuma ƙungiyar "jami'in tsaro" tare da jami'an da ke sanya kayan da suka saba.
Jami'an sintiri suna tafiya cikin yankin su. Suna iya tafiya da ƙafa, a kan keke ko babur, ko kuma a cikin manyan motoci. Motocin suna da fitilun gargaɗi da siren da za a iya amfani da su. Siren suna ta kara. Jami'an sintiri suna tilasta abin hawa mota da dokokin aikata laifi. A wasu wurare jami'an sintiri suna kula da kurkukun yankin.
Masu bincike suna aiki a kan binciken da suka fi rikitarwa. Suna ƙoƙarin neman zamba, ƙwayoyi marasa amfani, da laifuka na lalata kamar karuwanci, fataucin mutane, da fyade . Yin karuwanci ba laifi bane a duk ƙasashe.
Ba duk ƙasashe ke amfani da kalmomi ɗaya don bayyana waɗannan rukunin ba. Misali, a Burtaniya, jami'an sintiri sun kafa "reshe iri ɗaya", yayin da masu binciken ke aiki a cikin CID ("Sashin Binciken Laifi"). Hakanan a Burtaniya, ba duk 'yan sanda ke ɗauke da makamai ba, wadannan jami'an' yan sanda sun kirkiro "Unit Response Unit" wanda ya zo da wasu sunaye a cikin wasu maganganu daban-daban, a cikin Ofishin 'yan sanda na Metropolitan, ya fada ƙarƙashin SFC (Commanding Firebms Command) wanda duk MET 'Yan sanda dauke da makamai sun fada karkashin
Kayan 'yan sanda, kayan aiki da hanyoyi sun bambanta dangane da ƙasar. A wasu wurare kuma, kungiyoyin 'yan sanda suna horo don ayyuka na musamman kamar su magance tarzoma ko ma'amala da masu laifi masu haɗari sosai.
'Yan sanda a kasashe daban-daban
Ƙasasashe daban-daban suna da hanyoyi daban-daban na tsara 'yan sandansu. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Afirka ta Kudu, Ireland da New Zealand suna da ƴan sanda guda ɗaya. Sauran ƙasashe suna da fiye da ɗaya. Faransa na da ‘yan sanda biyu, daya na birane dayan kuma na yankunan karkara. Chile ma tana da guda biyu, ɗaya na sintiri dayan kuma don bincike.
Wasu ƙasashe suna da matakai biyu ko fiye na policean sanda. Misali, yawancin 'yan sanda a Ostiraliya ana aiwatar da su ne daga rundunar' yan sanda ta jihohi shida, amma kuma akwai 'yan sanda na Tarayya na Australiya wadanda suke daukar' yan sanda a duk kasar. Jamus ma tana da irin wannan tsarin. Masarautar Ingila da Switzerland suna da rundunonin 'yan sanda na gida da yawa da hukumomin ƙasa da yawa, amma babu ainihin Yan sanda na ƙasa. A cikin Kanada, ƙananan hukumomi na iya zaɓar ko dai su tafiyar da policean sanda da kansu ko kuma su ba aikin mafi girma. Don haka yawancin biranen Kanada suna da 'yan sanda na kansu, yayin da yawancin yankunan karkara suna da ' yan sanda ta Royal Canadian Mounted Police, wanda kuma shine 'yan sanda na ƙasa.
Ƙasar Amurka tana da sama da hukumomin karfafa doka 17,000. Yankuna da yawa suna da matakai huɗu na hukumomin tilasta yin doka. Misali, Los Angeles tana da Ofishin Yan Sanda na Los Angeles amma akwai wasu hukumomin da yawa da zasu iya aiki a cikin birni. Wannan ya hada da Ma'aikatar karamar hukumar Los Angeles Sheriff, ta jihar-California Highway Patrol da kuma sama da 100 jami'an (ko na kasa) hukumomin tilasta yin doka.
A duk duniya, ƴan sanda ƙananan ƙananan adadin mutanen da suke yiwa aiki ne. A matsakaita akwai jami'an 'yan sanda 303.3 a cikin mutane 100,000.
Kayan aiki
A mafi yawan ƙasashe, jami'an 'yan sanda suna ɗaukar bindiga a lokacin da suke gudanar da ayyukansu na yau da kullun. A cikin Burtaniya, New Zealand, Ireland da wasu ƙasashe, yawancin 'yan sanda ba sa ɗaukar bindiga.
Jami'ai suna sadarwa ta amfani da na'urorin rediyo. Rediyon na iya kasancewa kan kayan aiki iri ɗaya da kuma a cikin motar sintiri.
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo
1860-1870 hoton San Fransico mutumin 'yan sanda
Littafin Tarihin 'yan sanda Archived
'Yan sanda Hotuna mahada
Pages with unreviewed translations |
31537 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Aikin%20Noma | Gurbacewar Aikin Noma | Gurɓacewar aikin noma na nufin "biotic" da "abiotic" da ke haifar da ayyukan noma waɗanda ke haifar da gurɓata yanayi ko lalata muhalli da muhallin halittu, da/ko haifar da rauni ga ɗan adam da muradun tattalin arzikinsu. Gurbacewar yanayi na iya fitowa daga maɓuɓɓuka iri-iri, kama daga gurɓatar ruwa mai tushe (daga wurin fitarwa ɗaya) zuwa ƙarin tarwatsewa, abubuwan da ke ƙasa, wanda kuma aka sani da Gurbataccen yanayi gurbacewar iska. Sau ɗaya a cikin mahalli waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye a cikin muhallin halittu, watau kashe namun daji ko gurɓata ruwan sha, kuma illolin da ke ƙasa kamar matattun yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ke haifarwa sun ta'allaka ne a cikin manyan ruwaye.
Ayyukan gudanar wa ko jahilcinsu, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin adadin da tasirin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa. Dabarun gudanarwa sun hada da sarrafa dabbobi da gidaje zuwa yaduwar magungunan kashe qwari da takin zamani a ayyukan noma na duniya. Mummunan ayyukan gudanarwa sun haɗa da ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi da ba a sarrafa su ba da wuce gona da iri da noma da Taki da rashin dacewa da wuce kima ko kuma rashin lokacin amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari.
Gurɓatar aikin noma yana shafar ingancin ruwa sosai kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin tafkuna da koguna da wuraren dausayi da guraben ruwa da ruwan ƙasa. Abubuwan da ake gurɓata aikin gona sun haɗa da nama da abinci mai gina jiki da ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe qwari da ƙarfe da kuma gishiri. Noman dabbobi yana da tasiri mai girman gaske a kan gurɓataccen yanayi da ke shiga muhalli. Kwayoyin cuta da cututtukan da ke cikin taki na iya shiga cikin rafuka da ruwan karkashin ƙasa idan ba a kula da kiwo, adana taki a cikin ruwa da kuma sanya taki a gonaki yadda yakamata. Gurbacewar iska da noma ke haifarwa ta hanyar sauye-sauyen amfani da kasa da kuma ayyukan noma na dabbobi sun yi tasiri sosai kan sauyin yanayi, kuma magance wadannan matsalolin shi ne babban bangare na rahoton musamman na IPCC kan sauyin yanayi da kasa.
Kafofin Abiotic
Maganin kashe ƙwari
Ana amfani da maganin kashe ƙwari da na ciyawa ga kasar noma don magance ƙwari da ke kawo cikas ga noman amfanin gona. Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya faruwa lokacin da magungunan kashe qwari suka ci gaba da taru a cikin ƙasa, wanda zai iya canza tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙara haɓakar shuka na sinadarai, kuma yana da guba ga ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Matsakaicin abin da magungunan kashe qwari da na ciyawa suka dawwama ya dogara da sinadarai na musamman na mahallin, wanda ke yin tasiri ga sauye-sauyen yanayi da haifar da kaddara da sufuri a cikin ƙasa. Hakanan magungunan kashe qwari na iya taruwa a cikin dabbobin da ke cin gurɓatattun kwari da ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Bugu da kari, magungunan kashe qwari na iya yin illa ga ƙwari masu fa’ida, irin su masu yin pollinators, da kuma maqiyan ƙw
wari (watƙu qwarin da ke farautar ƙwari ko qwari) fiye da yadda suke yi wa qwari da kansu.
Leaching maganin kashe ƙwari
Leaching na maganin kashe ƙwari yana faruwa ne lokacin da magungunan kashe ƙwari suka haɗu da ruwa kuma suna motsawa ta cikin ƙasa, a ƙarshe yana lalata ruwan ƙasa . Adadin leaching yana da alaƙa da takamaiman ƙasa da halayen magungunan kashe qwari da matakin ruwan sama da ban ruwa. Leaching yana yiwuwa ya faru idan ana amfani da maganin kashe kwari mai narkewa da ruwa, lokacin da ƙasa ke ƙoƙarin zama yashi a cikin rubutu; idan yawan ruwa ya faru ne bayan aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari; idan ikon adsorption na maganin kashe kwari zuwa ƙasa ya yi ƙasa. Leaching ba wai kawai ya samo asali ne daga wuraren da aka yi wa magani ba, har ma daga wuraren da ake hada magungunan kashe ƙwari, wuraren wanke kayan inji, ko wuraren zubarwa.
Taki
Ana amfani da takin zamani don samar da kayan amfanin gona da ƙarin tushen abubuwan gina jiki, irin su Nitrogen, Phosphorus, da Potassium, waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar shuka da haɓaka amfanin gona. Duk da yake suna da fa'ida don haɓaka tsiro, kuma suna iya tarwatsa tsarin sinadirai na halitta da na ma'adinai na biogeochemical da haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen takin mai magani yana ba da tsire-tsire da nau'ikan nitrogen waɗanda ke samuwa a ilimin halitta don ɗaukar shuka; watau NO (nitrate) da NH (ammonium). Wannan yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona da yawan amfanin gona, amma kuma yana iya yin illa ga ruwan ƙasa da ruwan sama, da gurɓata yanayi, da kuma lalata lafiyar ƙasa.
Ba duk abubuwan gina jiki da ake amfani da su ta taki ba ne amfanin gona ke ɗauka, sauran kuma suna taruwa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma a rasa a matsayin malala. Takin Nitrate sun fi yin hasarar takin ƙasa ta hanyar zubar da ruwa saboda yawan narkewar sa da kama da caji tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta da barbashi na yumbu maras kyau. Yawan aikace-aikacen takin mai ɗauke da nitrogen a haɗe tare da yawan narkewar ruwa na nitrate yana haifar da haɓakar kwararar ruwa a cikin ruwan sama da kuma shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa. Matakan Nitrate sama da 10 mg/L (10 ppm) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya haifar da '' blue baby syndrome ' (samun methemoglobinemia) a jarirai da yiwuwar cutar thyroid da ciwon daji iri-iri. Ƙimar Nitrogen, wanda ke rufe nitrogen na yanayi (N 2 ) zuwa ƙarin nau'o'in halittu, da denitrification, wanda ke juyar da mahaɗan nitrogen da ke samuwa zuwa N 2 da N 2 O, sune biyu mafi mahimmancin matakai na rayuwa da ke da hannu a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen saboda sun kasance. mafi girman abubuwan shigar da abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen zuwa yanayin halittu. Suna ba da izinin nitrogen don gudana tsakanin yanayi, wanda ke kusa da 78% nitrogen) da biosphere. Sauran mahimman matakai a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen sune nitrification da ammonification wanda ke ɓoye ammonium zuwa nitrate ko nitrite da kwayoyin halitta zuwa ammonia bi da bi. Saboda waɗannan matakai suna kiyaye adadin nitrogen cikin kwanciyar hankali a mafi yawan yanayin halittu, babban kwararar nitrogen daga zubar da ruwa na aikin gona na iya haifar da tsangwama. Sakamakon gama gari na wannan a cikin halittun ruwa shine eutrophication wanda hakan ke haifar da yanayin rashin ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi - duka biyun suna da mutuƙar mutuwa da/ko lalata ga nau'ikan da yawa. Haɗin Nitrogen kuma yana iya sakin iskar NH 3 zuwa cikin sararin samaniya wanda daga nan za'a iya jujjuya su zuwa mahaɗan NO. Mafi yawan adadin mahadi na NO x a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da acidification na halittun ruwa da haifar da al'amurran numfashi iri-iri a cikin mutane. Hakanan hadi yana iya sakin N 2 O wanda shine iskar gas kuma yana iya sauƙaƙe lalata ozone (O 3 ) a cikin stratosphere. Ƙasar da ta karɓi takin nitrogen ma na iya lalacewa. Haɓaka abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen zai ƙara yawan amfanin gonaki na farko, kuma a ƙarshe, ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa za su ƙaru a sakamakon yawan abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen daga takin mai magani da carbon mahaɗi ta hanyar ruɓaɓɓen halittu. Saboda karuwar lalacewa a cikin ƙasa, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta za su ƙare wanda ke haifar da ƙananan lafiyar ƙasa gaba ɗaya.
Ɗayan madadin daidaitattun takin Nitrogen shine Ingantattun takin mai magani (EEF) . Akwai nau'ikan EEF da yawa amma gabaɗaya sun faɗi cikin rukuni biyu, jinkirin sakin takin ko takin mai hana nitrification. Ana lulluɓe takin da aka saki sannu a hankali a cikin polymer wanda ke jinkirta da jinkirta sakin Nitrogen cikin tsarin aikin gona. Masu hana nitrification sune takin mai magani wanda aka lullube a cikin wani fili na sulfur wanda yake da matuƙar hydrophobic, wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage sakin Nitrogen. EEFs suna ba da ƙarancin ƙarancin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa kuma suna iya rage ƙyallen nitrogen da haɓakar mahaɗan NO x, duk da haka wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ya nuna duka tasiri da rashin tasiri wajen rage gurɓataccen nitrogen.
Phosphorus
Mafi yawan nau'in takin phosphorus da ake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan noma shine phosphate (PO 4 3- ), kuma ana shafa shi a cikin sinadarai na roba da suka haɗa da PO 4 3- ko kuma a cikin nau'ikan halitta kamar taki da takin zamani.
Phosphorus muhimmin sinadari ne a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halitta saboda irin rawar da yake takawa a cikin ayyukan tantanin halitta da ayyukan rayuwa kamar samar da acid nucleic da canja wurin makamashi na rayuwa. Koyaya, yawancin ƙwayoyin halitta, gami da amfanin gona na noma, suna buƙatar ƙaramin adadin phosphorus ne kawai saboda sun samo asali a cikin halittu masu ƙarancinsa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa suna iya canza nau'ikan nau'ikan phosphorus zuwa nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu narkewa kamar su phosphate. Gabaɗaya ana ƙetare wannan matakin tare da takin gargajiya saboda ana amfani dashi azaman phosphate ko wasu nau'ikan shuka. Duk wani sinadarin phosphorus da tsire-tsire ba su dauka ba, to ana cusa shi zuwa ga barbashi na kasa wanda ke taimaka masa ya zauna. Saboda haka, yakan shiga cikin ruwan saman ne lokacin da ɓangarorin ƙasar da aka maƙalar da su suka lalace sakamakon hazo ko guguwa. Adadin da ke shiga cikin ruwan saman yana da ɗan ƙaranci idan aka kwatanta da adadin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin taki, amma saboda yana aiki azaman ƙayyadaddun sinadirai a mafi yawan mahalli, ko da ɗan ƙaramin adadin zai iya tarwatsa yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin hawan jini na phosphorus biogeochemical. Ko da yake nitrogen na taka rawa a cikin algae masu cutarwa da furannin cyanobacteria waɗanda ke haifar da eutrophication, ana ɗaukar wuce gona da iri na phosphorus shine babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa saboda gaskiyar cewa phosphorus galibi shine mafi ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, musamman a cikin ruwa mai daɗi. Baya ga raguwar matakan iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa na sama, algae da cyanobacteria blooms na iya samar da cyanotoxins masu cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da dabbobi da kuma yawancin halittun ruwa.
Matsakaicin adadin cadmium a cikin takin mai ɗauke da phosphorus ya bambanta sosai kuma yana iya zama matsala. Misali, mono-ammonium phosphate taki na iya samun abun ciki cadmium mai ƙasa da 0.14 mg/kg ko sama da 50.9 mg/kg. Wannan shi ne saboda dutsen phosphate da ake amfani da su wajen kera su na iya ƙunsar da adadin da ya kai 188 mg/kg cadmium (misalan adibas akan Nauru da tsibirin Kirsimeti). Ci gaba da yin amfani da takin mai-cadmium na iya gurɓata ƙasa da tsirrai.
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta yi la'akari da iyaka ga abun ciki cadmium na takin phosphate. Masu samar da takin mai ɗauke da phosphorus yanzu suna zaɓar dutsen phosphate dangane da abun cikin cadmium. Dutsen Phosphate yana ɗauke da matakan fluoride masu yawa. A sakamakon haka, yawan amfani da takin phosphate ya haifar da ƙara yawan ƙwayar fluoride na ƙasa. An gano cewa gurɓataccen abinci daga taki ba shi da ɗan damuwa yayin da tsire-tsire ke tattara ɗan ƙaramin fluoride daga ƙasa; Babban abin damuwa shine yuwuwar gubar fluoride ga dabbobin da ke cinye ƙasa mai gurɓatacce. Hakanan abin damuwa shine tasirin fluoride akan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa.
Abubuwan rediyoactive
Abubuwan da ke cikin rediyoactive na takin sun bambanta da yawa kuma ya dogara da yawansu a cikin ma'adinan iyaye da kuma tsarin samar da taki. Matsakaicin adadin Uranium-238 na iya zuwa daga 7 zuwa 100 pCi/g a cikin dutsen phosphate kuma daga 1 zuwa 67 pCi/g a cikin takin phosphate. Inda ake amfani da takin phosphorus mai yawa na shekara-shekara, wannan na iya haifar da adadin uranium-238 a cikin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa wanda ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da yadda ake samu. Koyaya, tasirin waɗannan yana ƙaruwa akan haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen abinci na radionuclide kaɗan ne (kasa da 0.05 mSv/y).
Ƙwayoyin cuta
Taki da biosolids sun ƙunshi yawancin sinadirai da dabbobi da mutane ke cinyewa ta hanyar abinci. Al'adar mayar da irin waɗannan abubuwan sharar gida zuwa ƙasar noma yana ba da damar sake sarrafa kayan abinci na ƙasa. Kalubalen shi ne cewa taki da biosolids ba wai kawai sun ƙunshi abubuwan gina jiki irin su carbon, nitrogen, da phosphorus ba, amma suna iya ƙunsar gurɓatattun abubuwa, gami da magunguna da samfuran kulawa na sirri (PPCPs). Akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da yawa na PPCPs da mutane da dabbobi suke cinyewa, kuma kowannensu yana da sinadarai na musamman a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa. Don haka, ba duka aka tantance tasirin su akan ƙasa, ruwa, da ingancin iska ba. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta binciki tarkacen najasa daga masana'antar kula da ruwan sha a duk fadin Amurka don tantance matakan PPCPs daban-daban da ke akwai.
Ƙarafa
Babban abubuwan shigar da ƙarafa masu nauyi (misali gubar, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) cikin tsarin aikin gona sune takin zamani, sharar gida kamar taki, da sharar kayan masana'antu. Takin da ba a saka ba musamman yana wakiltar hanya mai mahimmanci don karafa masu nauyi shiga ƙasa. Wasu dabarun noma, kamar ban ruwa, na iya haifar da tarin selenium (Se) da ke faruwa a cikin ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da tafkunan ruwa na ƙasa mai ɗauke da adadin selenium mai guba ga namun daji, dabbobi, da mutane. Ana kiran wannan tsari da "Kesterson Effect," mai suna da sunan Kesterson Reservoir a cikin kwarin San Joaquin (California, Amurka), wanda aka ayyana a matsayin juji mai guba a cikin 1987. Karfa masu nauyi da ke cikin muhalli na iya daukar su ta hanyar tsirrai, wanda hakan na iya haifar da illa ga lafiyar dan Adam a yayin da suka ci tsiron da abin ya shafa. Wasu karafa suna da mahimmanci don ci gaban shuka, duk da haka yawa na iya yin illa ga lafiyar shuka.
Sharar gida na masana'antar ƙarafa, wanda galibi ana sake yin amfani da su zuwa takin zamani saboda yawan sinadarin zinc (mahimmanci ga ci gaban shuka), na iya haɗawa da karafa masu guba masu zuwa: gubar, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, da nickel . Mafi yawan abubuwa masu guba a cikin irin wannan taki sune mercury, gubar, da arsenic. Ana iya cire waɗannan ƙazantattun abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin samar da taki; duk da haka, wannan yana ƙara yawan farashin taki. Ana samun takin mai tsafta sosai, kuma wataƙila an fi saninta da takin mai narkewar ruwa mai ɗauke da shuɗi. Ana amfani da takin zamani irin waɗannan a kusa da gidaje, kamar Miracle-Gro . Ana amfani da waɗannan takin mai narkewa sosai a cikin kasuwancin gandun daji na shuka kuma ana samun su cikin manyan fakiti akan farashi mai ƙarancin farashi fiye da adadin dillali. Hakanan akwai wasu takin lambu masu rahusa mai rahusa wanda aka yi tare da kayan aikin tsafta, yana iyakance samarwa.
Gudanar da ƙasa
Zaizayar ƙasa da kuma lalata
Noma na ba da gudummawa sosai ga zaizayar ƙasa da rarrabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar kulawa mai zurfi ko rashin ingantaccen tsarin ƙasa. An yi ƙiyasin cewa gurɓacewar filayen noma na haifar da raguwar haihuwa a kusan hekta miliyan 6 na kasa mai albarka a kowace shekara. Tarin da ake samu a cikin ruwa mai gudu yana shafar ingancin ruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Lalacewa na iya rage ƙarfin jigilar ramuka, koguna, koguna, da tashoshi na kewayawa. Hakanan zai iya iyakance adadin hasken da ke shiga cikin ruwa, wanda ke shafar biota na ruwa. Sakamakon turbidity daga sedimentation zai iya tsoma baki tare da ciyar da halaye na kifi, rinjayar yawan kuzarin kawo cikas. Har ila yau, zubar da ruwa yana shafar sufuri da tara abubuwan gurɓataccen abu, ciki har da phosphorus da magungunan kashe ƙwari iri-iri.
Tillage da watsin nitrous oxide
Tsarin halittu na ƙasa na halitta yana haifar da fitar da iskar gas iri-iri, gami da nitrous oxide. Ayyukan sarrafa aikin gona na iya shafar matakan fitar da hayaki. Misali, an kuma nuna matakan noma suna shafar hayakin nitrous oxide.
Madogarar halittu
Greenhouse gas daga fecal sharar gida
Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) ta yi hasashen cewa kashi 18% na iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli na zuwa ne kai tsaye ko a kaikaice daga dabbobin duniya. Har ila yau, wannan rahoto ya nuna cewa hayakin da dabbobi ke fitarwa ya zarce na bangaren sufuri. Yayin da a halin yanzu dabbobi ke taka rawa wajen samar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, an yi kiyasin kiyasin kuskure ne. Yayin da hukumar ta FAO ta yi amfani da kima a rayuwar dabbobi (watau dukkan bangarorin da suka haɗa da hayaƙi mai fitar da amfanin gona don ciyarwa, sufuri zuwa yanka, da dai sauransu), ba su yi amfani da wannan kima ba a fannin sufuri.
Wata majiya mai tushe da'awar cewa ƙiyasin FAO ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, yana mai bayyana cewa masana'antar kiwo ta duniya na iya ɗaukar nauyin kusan kashi 51% na iskar gas da ke fitar da iska maimakon 18%. Masu suka sun ce bambancin kiyasi ya fito ne daga amfani da bayanan da hukumar ta FAO ta yi. Ko da kuwa, idan rahoton FAO na kashi 18 cikin 100 daidai ne, wannan har yanzu ya sa dabbobi su zama na biyu mafi girma na greenhouse-gas- gurɓata yanayi.
Wani samfurin PNAS ya nuna cewa ko da an cire dabbobi gaba ɗaya daga noma da abinci na Amurka, za a rage hayakin GHG na Amurka da kashi 2.6% kawai (ko kashi 28% na hayakin GHG na noma). Hakan ya faru ne saboda bukatar maye gurbin takin dabbobi da takin zamani da kuma maye gurbinsu da sauran kayan amfanin gonakin dabbobi, kuma a halin yanzu dabbobi suna amfani da kayan abinci da ba sa iya ci da kuma sarrafa fiber na mutum. Haka kuma, mutane za su sha wahala da ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki ko da yake za su sami ƙarin kuzarin kuzari, mai yuwuwa haifar da ƙiba mai yawa.
Biopesticides
Biopesticides sune magungunan kashe qwari da aka samo daga kayan halitta (dabbobi, shuke-shuke, microorganisms, wasu ma'adanai). A matsayin madadin magungunan kashe ƙwari na gargajiya, magungunan biopesticides na iya rage gurɓatar aikin gona gabaɗaya saboda suna da lafiya don iyawa, yawanci ba sa tasiri ga marasa ƙashin baya masu fa'ida ko vertebrates, kuma suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wasu damuwa sun kasance cewa magungunan biopesticide na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan yawan nau'in nau'in da ba a kai ba, duk da haka.
A {asar Amirka, EPA ne ke sarrafa magungunan biopesticide. Saboda magungunan biopesticide ba su da illa kuma suna da ƙarancin illar muhalli fiye da sauran magungunan kashe ƙwari, hukumar ba ta buƙatar adadin bayanai don yin rajistar amfani da su. An ba da izinin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin Halitta na ƙasa, Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka, ƙa'idodi don samar da amfanin gona.
Gabatarwar nau'ikan
nau'in cin zarafi
Haɓaka aikin noma na duniya ya haifar da jigilar kwari, ciyawa, da cututtuka cikin haɗari zuwa sashe na zamani. Idan sun kafa, sun zama nau'in cin zarafi da za su iya yin tasiri ga yawan al'ummar jinsuna da kuma yin barazana ga samar da noma. Misali, jigilar ƙudan zuma da ake kiwon kudan zuma a Turai da jigilar su zuwa Amurka da/ko Kanada don amfani da su azaman masu yin pollin na kasuwanci ya haifar da bullo da wani tsohon duniya parasites zuwa Sabuwar Duniya. Wannan gabatarwar na iya taka rawa a raguwar ƙudan zuma na kwanan nan a Arewacin Amurka. Hakanan nau'in da aka gabatar da aikin noma na iya haɗawa da nau'in asali wanda ke haifar da raguwar halittun halittu da kuma yin barazana ga samar da noma.
Rikicin muhalli (yanayin muhalli) da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan noma da kansu na iya sauƙaƙe kafa waɗannan halittun da aka gabatar. gurɓacewar injuna, dabbobi da kiwo, da gurɓacewar amfanin gona ko iri kiwo suma na iya haifar da yaduwar ciyawa.
Keɓewa (duba biosecurity ) hanya ɗaya ce da za a iya kayyade rigakafin yaduwar nau'ikan ɓarna a matakin manufofin. Keɓewa kayan aiki ne na doka wanda ke hana motsin abubuwan da suka kamu da su daga wuraren da nau'in ɓarna ke kasancewa zuwa wuraren da ba ya nan. Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya tana da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa game da keɓewar ƙwari da cututtuka a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Aika Ma'aunin Tsafta da Tsaftar jiki. Ƙasashe ɗaya ɗaya galibi suna da nasu ƙa'idodin keɓe. A cikin Amurka, alal misali, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka / Sabis na Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsirrai (USDA/APHIS) tana gudanar da keɓewar gida (a cikin Amurka) da na waje (kayan da ake shigowa da su daga wajen Amurka). Sufetoci ne ke aiwatar da waɗannan keɓewar a kan iyakokin jihohi da tashoshin shiga.
Ikon Halittu
Yin amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, ko yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, parasitoids, parasites, da ƙwayoyin cuta don magance ƙwari na noma, yana da yuwuwar rage gurɓacewar aikin gona da ke da alaƙa da sauran dabarun magance kwari, kamar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. An yi muhawara ko'ina game da fa'idar gabatar da wakilai masu kula da halittun da ba na asali ba. Da zarar an sake shi, gabatarwar wakili na biocontrol na iya zama wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba. Matsalolin muhalli masu yuwuwa na iya haɗawa da tarwatsawa daga wuraren noma zuwa muhallin halitta, da kuma canza wurin baƙi ko daidaitawa don amfani da nau'in ɗan ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, tsinkayar sakamakon hulɗar a cikin hadaddun yanayin muhalli da kuma yiwuwar tasirin muhalli kafin a saki na iya zama da wahala. Misali daya na shirin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli ya faru a Arewacin Amurka, inda aka gabatar da parasitoid na malam buɗe ido don sarrafa asu na gypsy da browntail asu. Wannan parasitoid yana da ikon yin amfani da nau'ikan masaukin malam buɗe ido da yawa, kuma wataƙila ya haifar da raguwa da ɓarna nau'ikan asu na asali na asali.
Binciken ƙasa da ƙasa don yuwuwar wakilai masu sarrafa ƙwayoyin halitta ana taimakon su daga hukumomi irin su Cibiyar Kula da Halittu ta Turai, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona/ Sabis ta Binciken Aikin Noma ta Amurka (USDA/ARS), Cibiyar Kula da Halittu ta Commonwealth, da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kula da Halittu na Noxious. Tsire-tsire da Dabbobi. Domin hana gurɓacewar aikin gona, ana buƙatar keɓewa da kuma bincike mai zurfi kan yuwuwar ingancin kwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli kafin gabatarwa. Idan an amince da shi, ana ƙoƙarin yin mulkin mallaka da tarwatsa wakili na biocontrol a cikin saitunan aikin gona da suka dace. Ana ci gaba da kimanta ingancin su.
Halittun Halittu (GMO)
Lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli
Duk da haka, amfanin gona na GMO na iya haifar da gurɓatar ƙwayoyin halittar nau'in tsiro na asali ta hanyar haɓakawa. Wannan zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan ciyawa na shuka ko kuma bacewar nau'in ƴaƴan itace. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayar transgenic kanta na iya zama sako idan gyare-gyaren ya inganta dacewarsa a cikin yanayin da aka ba shi.
Har ila yau, akwai damuwa cewa ƙwayoyin halitta marasa manufa, irin su pollinators da abokan gaba, na iya zama guba ta hanyar bazata na tsire-tsire masu samar da Bt. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka yi na gwada tasirin pollen masarar Bt da ke zubar da tsire-tsire a kusa da shukar madara a kan ciyar da tsutsa na malam buɗe ido ya gano cewa barazanar da al'ummar masarautar ta yi kaɗan.
Amfani da shuke-shuken amfanin gona na GMO da aka ƙera don juriya na ciyawa kuma na iya ƙara yawan gurɓacewar noma a kaikaice da amfani da ciyawa . Misali, ƙaruwar amfani da maganin ciyawa a gonakin masara masu jure ciyawa a tsakiyar yammacin Amurka yana rage yawan ciyawa da ake samu ga tsutsa na malam buɗe ido .
Dokokin sakin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka gyara sun bambanta dangane da nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma ƙasar da abin ya shafa.
GMO a matsayin kayan aiki na rage gurɓatawa
Duk da yake ana iya samun wasu damuwa game da amfani da samfuran GM, yana iya zama mafita ga wasu batutuwan gurɓataccen aikin noma na dabba. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin gurɓata yanayi, musamman ma bitamin da ma'adinai a cikin ƙasa, ya zo ne daga rashin ingantaccen tsarin narkewa a cikin dabbobi. Ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar narkewar abinci, yana yiwuwa a rage duka farashin samar da dabbobi da lalacewar muhalli. Misali ɗaya mai nasara na wannan fasaha da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa shine Enviropig .
Enviropig wani aladen Yorkshire ne da aka gyara ta hanyar gado wanda ke bayyana phytase a cikin sa. Hatsi, irin su masara da alkama, suna da phosphorus da ke daure a cikin wani nau'i na rashin narkewa da aka sani da phytic acid. Phosphorus, mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci ga alade, an ƙara shi zuwa abinci, tun da ba za a iya rushe shi ba a cikin ƙwayar alade mai narkewa. A sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin sinadarin phosphorus da ake samu a cikin hatsi a ɗabi'a yana lalacewa a cikin najasa, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka matakan ƙasa. Phytase wani enzyme ne wanda zai iya rushe phytic acid in ba haka ba, yana sa shi samuwa ga alade. Ƙarfin Enviropig don narkar da phosphorus daga hatsi yana kawar da ɓarna na wannan nau'in phosphorus na halitta (raguwa 20-60%), yayin da yake kawar da buƙatar ƙarin kayan abinci a cikin abinci.
Gudanar da dabbobi
Gudanar da taki
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatar iska, ƙasa da ruwa shine sharar dabbobi. A cewar wani rahoto na 2005 na USDA, fiye da tan miliyan 335 na sharar "bushe" (sharar da aka cire bayan an cire ruwa) ana samarwa a kowace shekara a gonaki a Amurka. Ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi suna samar da taki kusan sau 100 fiye da adadin sludge na ɗan adam da ake sarrafa su a masana'antar ruwan sharar gida na Amurka kowace shekara. Gurbacewar tushen tushen takin noma ya fi wahalar ganowa, sa ido da sarrafawa. Ana samun yawan adadin nitrate a cikin ruwan ƙasa kuma yana iya kaiwa 50 mg/lita (iyakar umarnin EU). A cikin ramuka da darussan kogi, gurɓataccen abinci daga takin mai magani yana haifar da eutrophication. Wannan ya fi muni a cikin hunturu, bayan noman kaka ya fito da karuwar nitrates; Ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi yana ƙaruwa da zubar da ruwa da leaching, kuma akwai ƙarancin girbin shuka. EPA ta ba da shawarar cewa gonar kiwo ɗaya mai shanu 2,500 tana samar da sharar gida mai yawa kamar birni mai kusan mazauna 411,000. Hukumar Bincike ta Amurka ta bayyana warin a matsayin mafi girman matsalar fitar da dabbobi a matakin gida. Tsarin dabbobi daban-daban sun ɗauki hanyoyin sarrafa sharar da yawa don magance yawan adadin sharar da ake samarwa kowace shekara.
Amfanin maganin taki shine rage yawan taki da ake buƙata a kai da kuma shafa ga amfanin gona, da kuma rage takin ƙasa. Hakanan ana rage abubuwan gina jiki, ma'ana ana buƙatar ƙasan amfanin gona don taki da za a yada a kai. Hakanan maganin taki na iya rage haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam da haɗarin rayuwa ta hanyar rage adadin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke cikin taki. Taki ko slurry na dabba da ba a haɗa shi ba ya fi mayar da hankali sau ɗari fiye da najasar gida, kuma yana iya ɗaukar kwayar cutar hanji, Cryptosporidium , wanda ke da wuyar ganewa amma ana iya wucewa ga mutane. Silage barasa (daga fermented rigar ciyawa) ya ma fi karfi fiye da slurry, tare da low pH da sosai high nazarin halittu bukatar oxygen. Tare da ƙananan pH, silage barasa na iya zama mai lalacewa sosai; yana iya kai hari ga kayan aikin roba, yana haifar da lalacewa ga kayan ajiya, da haifar da zubewar haɗari. Duk waɗannan fa'idodin za a iya inganta su ta hanyar amfani da tsarin sarrafa taki mai dacewa akan gonakin da ya dace dangane da albarkatun da ke akwai.
Maganin taki
Taki
Takin zamani wani ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa taki ne wanda ya dogara da taki mai ƙarfi daga fakitin fakitin gado, ko daskararru daga mai raba taki. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na takin zamani, aiki da kuma m. Ana yin taki lokaci-lokaci yayin yin takin mai aiki, yayin da a cikin takin da ba a so ba. An gano takin da ke wucewa yana da ƙarancin iskar iskar gas na kore saboda rashin cikar bazuwar da ƙarancin iskar gas.
Rabuwar ruwa mai ƙarfi
Ana iya raba taki ta hanyar injiniya zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarfi da ruwa don sauƙin gudanarwa. Liquids (4-8% busassun ƙwayoyin halitta) za a iya amfani da su cikin sauƙi a cikin tsarin famfo don dacewa da yaduwa a kan amfanin gona da kuma m juzu'i (15-30% busassun al'amarin) za a iya amfani da matsayin rumfa kwanciya, yada a kan amfanin gona, taki ko fitarwa.
Anaerobic narkewa da lagoons
Narkewar anaerobic shine maganin ilimin halitta na sharar dabbobi ta hanyar amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yankin da babu iska, wanda ke inganta rugujewar daskararrun ƙwayoyin halitta. Ana amfani da ruwan zafi don dumama sharar don ƙara yawan yawan iskar gas . Ruwan da ya rage yana da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki kuma ana iya amfani da shi a gonaki a matsayin taki da iskar methane da za a iya konawa kai tsaye a kan murhun biogas ko a cikin injin janareta don samar da wutar lantarki da zafi. Methane yana da kusan sau 20 mafi ƙarfi a matsayin iskar gas fiye da carbon dioxide, wanda ke da mummunan tasirin muhalli idan ba a sarrafa shi da kyau ba. Maganin anaerobic na sharar gida shine hanya mafi kyau don sarrafa warin da ke tattare da sarrafa taki.
Lagoons masu kula da ilimin halitta suma suna amfani da narkewar sinadarin anaerobic don rushe daskararru, amma a hankali. Lagoons ana kiyaye su a yanayin zafi sabanin dumama tankunan narkewa. Lagos na buƙatar manyan filayen ƙasa da babban adadin dilution don yin aiki yadda ya kamata, don haka ba sa aiki sosai a yawancin yanayi a arewacin Amurka. Lagoons kuma suna ba da fa'idar rage warin kuma ana samar da iskar gas don zafi da wutar lantarki.
Nazarin ya nuna cewa GHG yana raguwa ta amfani da tsarin narkewar iska. Rage watsi da GHG da ƙididdigewa na iya taimakawa ramawar ƙarin farashin shigarwa na fasahohin iska mai tsabta da sauƙaƙe ɗaukar kayan fasahar muhalli don maye gurbin lagoons na anaerobic na yanzu.
Manazarta
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23107 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwafor%20Orizu | Nwafor Orizu | Yarima Abyssinia Akweke Nwafor Orizu (17 ga Yulin 1914 - 1999). Ɗan Nijeriya ne dan asalin ƙabilar Igbo. Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa daga 16 Nuwamba 1960 zuwa 15 Janairu 1966, a lokacin da Nijeriya farko Jamhuriyar. Orizu shi ma mukaddashin Shugaban Najeriya ne daga karshen 1965 har zuwa juyin mulkin soja na Janairu 1966. Ya kasance dan gidan sarautar Nnewi. Yayan sa Igwe Kenneth Onyeneke Orizu III shine Igwe na yanzu (Sarki) na Masarautar Nnewi. Nwafor Orizu Kwalejin Ilimi a Nsugbe, Jihar Anambra, an sa masa suna.
Bayan Fage
An haifi Orizu a cikin 1914 a gidan masarauta na Nnewi, Jihar Anambra, a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, dan Eze Ugbonyamba, Igwe Orizu I. Orizu ya tafi Amurka a 1939, ya sami digiri a gwamnati a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio da MA digiri a Jami'ar Columbia . Ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da "kwance", shimfidar tsarin ilimin Amurka, sabanin kunkuntar "tsarin" Biritaniya, kuma ya sami laƙabin "Orizontal", wasa a kan sunansa da ambaton tattaunawar da yake yi game da taken. . Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin littafinsa na 1944, Ba tare da Haushi ba, ya kasance mai kishin gabatar da tsarin Amurka ga Najeriya. Ya kafa Americanungiyar Amurka ta Ilimin Afirka (ACAE), wacce ta sami ƙididdigar karatun ɗumbin yawa daga asalin Amurka don amfanin ɗaliban Afirka.
Wajen 1949, Orizu ya sayi makarantar sakandare ta Enitona da gidan buga takardu na Enitona daga mai tallafawa akan for 500 kawai, wanda ya ara. Wani magoyin bayan ya sayar masa da motar alfarma akan shirin biyan kudi. Ya kafa jaridar da aka fi sani da The West Africa Examiner kuma ya zama manajan darakta, yayin da MCK Ajuluchukwu ya kasance edita. Orizu ya je Enugu ne domin jajantawa masu hakar ma’adinan bayan harbin masu hakar ma’adinai 21 a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1949. Mai yiyuwa ne a cikin martani ga wata magana mai zafi da ya yi a wurin, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun yanke masa hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku kan zargin karkatar da kudaden kungiyar ACAE. Amma daga baya Roy Wilkins, shugaban ACAE a Amurka, ya rubuta wasika zuwa ga Nnamdi Azikiwe ("Zik") yana wanke Dr Nwafor Orizu daga duk wata rashin kudi.
Hukuncin gidan yari
A watan Satumbar 1953, wani alkalin kotun majistare a Najeriya ya yanke wa Orizu hukunci kan tuhume-tuhume bakwai na zamba da satar kudaden da aka yi niyyarsu don karatun daliban a jami'o'in Amurka. Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku.
Harkar siyasa
Orizu ya yi nasarar cin zabe a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa don wakiltar Onitsha Division, kuma ya zama babban bulala a Majalisar Dokokin Gabas. Daga baya ya shiga tare da sauran 'yan takara masu zaman kansu don kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC). Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Zik zama firaminista na Yankin Gabas, ta yin amfani da tasirinsa a cikin NCNC don shawo kan Farfesa Eyo Ita ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista na Yankin. Zik ya nada Orizu karamin Minista.
Lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yanci a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960, Orizu ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya.
Juyin mulkin soja
Shugaban Najeriya, Nnamdi Azikiwe ya bar ƙasar a ƙarshen 1965 da farko zuwa Turai, sannan a kan jirgin ruwa zuwa Caribbean. A karkashin dokar, Orizu ya zama Shugaban riko a lokacin da baya nan kuma yana da dukkan karfin Shugaban.
Wani rukuni na wasu matasa hafsoshin soja da Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ya jagoranta sun kaddamar da juyin mulki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 1966 . Sojojin sun hanzarta dakile tawayen amma sun karbi mulki a lokacin da ya tabbata cewa an kawar da manyan 'yan siyasa, ciki har da Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Firimiyan yankin Arewa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Firimiyan Yammacin Cif, Cif Samuel Ladoke Akintola . Orizu ya gabatar da shirye-shirye a duk fadin kasar, bayan ya yiwa Dakta Nnamdi Azikiwe bayani ta wayar tarho kan shawarar da majalisar ministocin ta yanke, inda ya sanar da shawarar da majalisar ta yanke na "son rai" na mika mulki ga sojojin kasar. Daga nan Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya yi nasa tallan, yana karɓar "gayyatar". A ranar 17 ga Janairu, Manjo Janar Ironsi ya kafa Majalisar Koli ta Soja a Legas kuma ya dakatar da tsarin mulki yadda ya kamata.
Daga baya aiki
Bayan juyin mulkin, Orizu ya dushe daga fagen siyasa amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ilimi. Kafin yakin basasa ya kafa makarantar sakandare, makarantar sakandaren Najeriya, a Nnewi. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa mallakinta har sai da gwamnatin jihar ta karbe dukkanin makarantun bayan fatattakar Biafra. Bayan haka ya ci gaba a matsayin malami kuma malami, yana buga littattafai da dama. Hakanan, tsakanin 1974 zuwa 1975, gwamnatin rusasshiyar jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya, karkashin jagorancin Dakta Ukpabi Asika, ta nada shi Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Malamai ta Jihar a Enugu.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1914
Mutuwan 1999 |
22339 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Nakasassu%20Ta%20Duniya | Kungiyar Nakasassu Ta Duniya | Ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar Nakasassu ta duniya (IDA), wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1999, kungiya ce wacce ta mai da hankali kan inganta wayar da kan mutane da nakasassu a duk duniya. IDA tana aiki tare da Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (na NGO), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), har ma da gwamnatocin jihohi domin kirkirar doka, bayar da kudaden shirin nakasassu a kasashe masu tasowa da kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, da kuma yin shawarwari ga nakasassu a kewayen duniya. IDA na aiki sosai tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma musamman suna amfani da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Nakasassu (UNCRPD) a matsayin ƙa'idar aikinsu.
A ranar 7 ga Yunin shekarata alib 2013, inda ta kasance cikin haɗin doka kuma an ba ta matsayin doka a matsayin mahaɗan. Abin da wannan ke nufi shi ne cewa tana da ƙarfi a cikin ikon iya sasantawa da ingantattun sharuɗɗa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.
Shugabanci
Kungiyar hadin kan nakasassu ta Duniya tana ƙarƙashin cikakkiyar mambobinta kuma ta hanyar Hukumar IDA, wacce ta ƙunshi wakilai daga kowane ɗayan mambobinta. Duk membobin IDA ƙungiyoyi ne masu rinjaye-jagoranci kuma sun haɗu da nakasassu da danginsu. Ayyuka na yau da kullun na Alliance suna aiwatar da su ne ta Sakatariyar IDA, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mutane goma sha huɗu, waɗanda ke zaune a biranen New York da Geneva, waɗanda ke kula da kuma jagorantar ajanda. Shugaban wannan sakatariyar shine Babban Darakta Vladimir Cuk. A cewar LinkedIn, Cuk yana da digiri na biyu a karatun nakasa, kuma a baya ya rike mukamin darakta na Sakatariyar New York na IDA.
Vladimir Cuk ya kasance yana da hannu sosai tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin aikinsa don inganta ayyukan da ke inganta rayuwar nakasassu. A wani jawabi da ya gabatar wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Cuk ya bayyana matsaloli a kan yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke rarraba mutanen da ke da nakasa, tana mai fargabar cewa za ta ba wa kasashen ikon bin sahun aiwatar da sabbin sauye-sauye. "Idan ba za mu iya ba da shawarwari bayyanannu ba, kasashen membobin suna da uzurin da ba za su rarraba bayanai ba. Don haka a wurinmu tuta ce mai ja, kuma muna cikin matukar damuwa muna ganin wadannan sabani a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. ”
Duk ya kuma halarci taron kwamitin kasa da kasa na kungiyar ba da agaji ta Red Cross inda ya nemi kasashen da su tsara matakan kula da nakasassu a lokacin bala’o’i da rikice-rikicen jin kai. Duk ya ce "A cikin kasashen biyu masu arziki da matalauta, muna samun rahotanni cewa nakasassu ne na karshe da za a kai kuma na karshe da za a ceto. Kuma Wannan yana haifar da mutuwar da ba ta dace ba ga nakasassu”.
Ofishin Jakadancin
UNCRPD ta kirkiro wani tsari dangane da yadda ya kamata kasashe su bi da nakasassu. Burin IDA shine aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji akan ƙasa ta ƙasa ɗaya. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishina kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (UNOHCHR), inda ta fito karara ta bayyana aikinsu, "jariran da ke da nakasa ana kashe su a yankuna daban-daban a fadin duniya saboda bukatar iyalai ko kuma shirye-shiryen kula da wani yaro dauke su wani nauyi. " Manufar IDA ita ce sauya yadda mutane ke daukar nakasassu. A wurare da yawa a duniya ana ɗaukar nakasassu a matsayin marasa aibi ko kuma kamar yadda IDA ta sanya shi "nauyi." Ta hanyar himmar su ta shekarar 2030, IDA na fatan samun sabbin ayyuka da za su fara aiki don cimma wannan asarar tabin nan da 2030.
IDA na aiki don taimakawa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don aiwatar da burin su na ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda ke samar da tsarin daidaitattun kasashe da ya kamata su bi. IDA na da sha'awar maƙasudin # 8 wanda musamman ya ambaci mutanen da ke da nakasa waɗanda ke da ikon zama membobin ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawa
Shawara
IDA, tare da kungiyoyin membobinta, sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam don ba da shawarar a kula da adalci ga mata da yara masu nakasa. An gabatar da wannan shawarar ne ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara da kuma Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya Kan Mata da Ayyukan Laifi. Wannan Kwamitin yana mai da hankali ne kan yiwa mata adalci; duk da haka, IDA ta faɗaɗa wannan don haɗawa da mata masu nakasa saboda wannan yawan yana da rauni. Shawarwarin ya zayyano ayyuka da dama da suke son ganin an kawar da su kamar fyade da mata nakasassu da kuma tilasta zubar da yara da za su nakasa.
A cikin shekarata 2018 IDA tare da haɗin gwiwa da Disungiyar Nakasa da Ci Gaban Internationalasa ta Duniya, sun rubuta takarda a matsayin mayar da hankali kan yadda ƙasashe ke buƙatar canza hanyoyin ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗensu don ingantawa nakasassu da kyau. Waɗannan batutuwa sun haɗa da sauya lafazin dokoki don tabbatar da nakasassu suna da 'yancin samun damar shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa da suka ci gaba, babu wani ɗan ƙasa da aka hana shi damar samun shirye-shiryen zamantakewar jama'a kamar walwala, amma a ƙarƙashin ƙasashe masu tasowa wannan haƙƙin ba ya wanzu.
Ayyuka na yanzu
Ta kungiyar Kurame ta Duniya IDA na karbar kudade daga gwamnatin Finland don samar da albarkatu ga kurame a kasashen Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco da Tunisia.
Memberungiyar kungiyarSyungiyar sun da isasa tana aiki a kan ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyar lafiyar zuciya ta duniya don mutanen da ke fama da cutar. Wannan zai ba likitocin duniya saitin jagorori kan yadda za a kula da mutanen da ke fama da cutar rashin lafiya.
Memba din kungiyar ta hasasashe ta gabatar da takunkumi na ɓangare na uku a cikin shari'ar kotun Romania Stoian v Romania don ba da shawara don ƙarin shiga cikin tsarin makarantar Romaniya.
IDA tare da Ingila suna da shirye-shiryen karbar bakuncin taron koli na duniya, tare da shugabannin duniya da ‘yan kasuwa, domin ciyar da hakkin mutane nakasassu gaba.
A cikin Janairu shekarata 2018, IDA ta sadu da wasu masu ba da shawara game da nakasa, kuma ta gabatar da nazarin yanayin nakasassu a kasashe daban-daban na duniya. Sunyi hakan ne duk don nuna gazawa game da yadda kasashe ke kula da lamuran hada kai, da kuma haskaka ci gaba a lokuta da canje-canje masu kyau suka faru.
Kungiyoyi da membobin su
Syasar Cutar Kasa da Kasa (DSI)
Internationalasashen Duniya (II)
Federationungiyar ofasashe Masu Jin Ilimin ofasa (IFHOH)
Federationungiyar forasa ta Duniya don Spina Bifida da Hydrocephalus (IF)
Blungiyar Makafi ta Duniya (WBU)
Ofungiyar Kurame ta Duniya (WFD)
Ofungiyar afungiyoyin Shaƙatawa ta Duniya (WFDB)
Networkungiyar Sadarwar Duniya ta Masu amfani da waɗanda suka tsira daga ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (WNUSP)
Membebin kungiyoyin membobin yanki sune:
Disungiyar nakasa ta Afirka (ADF)
Arabungiyar Larabawa ta Nakasassu (AODP)
Disungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EDF)
Networkungiyar Latin ta Networkungiyoyin -ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Nakasassu da Iyalansu (RIADIS)
Disungiyar Rashin Lafiya ta Pacific (PDF)
IDA tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wajen gabatar da DPO game da matsayin haƙƙin mutane masu nakasa bisa ga yawancin abubuwan da aka lura da su yanzu da kuma bisa ga sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.
Bayani
Manazarta
Kawancen Nakasa Na Kasa da Kasa
Internationalasashen Duniya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Shugabanci
Shawara
Ayyuka na musamman |
29778 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuncin%20Muhalli | Mutuncin Muhalli | Mutuncin muhalli ra'ayi ne na doka wanda ke ayyana wasu mahallin mahalli matsayin mutum na shari'a. Wannan yana ba wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, haƙƙoƙi, kariya, gata, nauyi da alhaki na shari'a na mutuniyar doka. Saboda mahallin mahalli kamar koguna da tsire-tsire ba za su iya wakiltar kansu a kotu ba, “masu kula” na iya yin aiki a madadin ƙungiyar don kare ta. Muhalli ya fito daga juyin halitta na mai da hankali kan doka don neman kare yanayi. A tsawon lokaci, mayar da hankali ya samo asali daga muradun ɗan adam wajen amfani da yanayi, don kare yanayi ga tsararrakin ɗan adam na gaba, zuwa tunanin da ke ba da damar kiyaye yanayi a matsayin mai mahimmanci. Ana iya amfani da wannan ra'ayi azaman abin hawa don gane alakar 'yan asalin ƙasar da abubuwan halitta, kamar koguna. Muhalli, wanda ke ba da yanayi (ko sassansa) wasu haƙƙoƙi, a lokaci guda yana ba da hanya ga daidaikun mutane ko ƙungiyoyi kamar ƴan asalin ƙasar don cika haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam dama muhalli.
Fage
Farfesa Christopher D. Stone na Amurka ya fara tattauna ra'ayin danganta halayen shari'a ga abubuwa na halitta a cikin shekarata 1970s, a cikin labarinsa "Ya kamata bishiyoyi su tsaya? Zuwa ga haƙƙin shari'a don abubuwan halitta." Ba za a iya mallakar mutum na shari'a ba; don haka, ba za a iya dangana wani mallaka ga mahallin muhalli tare da kafaffen halayen doka ba. Tsaye (doka) yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuntakar doka. Ƙungiyoyi masu tsayuwa, ko locus standi, suna da haƙƙi ko ƙarfin kawo mataki ko bayyana a kotu. Hukumomin muhalli ba za su iya da kansu su kawo wani mataki ko bayyana a gaban kotu ba. Koyaya, ana iya cimma wannan aiki ko tsayin daka a madadin mahaluƙi ta wurin wani ma'aikacin doka mai wakiltar. Wakilci na iya ƙara kariya ga muhimman abubuwan al'adu na yanayin yanayi, ko wuraren da ke da rauni ga amfani, lalatawa dagurɓatawa.
Ko da yake babu wata doka ta tarayya a Amurka da ke aiwatar da mutunta muhalli, wata kotun koli ta Amurka ce ta ba da shawarar yin hakan. A cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta shekarar 1972 Saliyo Club v. Morton, Mai shari'a William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa yana jayayya cewa wasu "al'amuran muhalli" ya kamata su sami locus standi, kuma mutanen da ke da dangantaka mai ma'ana da wannan mahallin ya kamata su iya yin aiki a madadinsa don kariya.
Saliyo Club, ƙungiyar kare muhalli, ta kawo wannan ƙara a kan Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka na lokacin, Roger CB Morton yana mai cewa gwamnatin tarayya, bisa ga Dokar Gudanarwa, ba za ta iya ba da izini ga masu haɓakawa don ginawa ba. kayayyakin more rayuwa – musamman babbar hanya, wutar lantarki, da wurin shakatawa – a cikin Ma’adinan King Valley, wani yanki na kasa. Sequoia na kasa. Ƙungiyar Saliyo ta yi niyyar kare wannan ƙasa da ba ta ci gaba ba a cikin gandun daji na ƙasa, amma Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa ba za a shafa kai tsaye ga membobin Saliyo ba ba za su iya kai ƙara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba, wanda "yana ba da ka'idoji don bitar shari'a" don lokutan da wani aikin hukuma ya cutar da mutum, kamar ba da izini. Kotun koli ta amince da cewa kungiyar Saliyo ba za ta iya shigar da kara a karkashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba, saboda ba za ta iya nuna cewa abin da wanda ake tuhuma ya yi ya jawo ko kuma zai haifar da rauni ga mambobinta ba. Wannan hukuncin ya sa Alkalin Kotun Koli William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayinsa na rashin amincewa, yana mai cewa ya kamata a bar mutane su kai kara a madadin abubuwan da ba su da rai a rubuce, "[t] wanda ke da kusanci da abin da ba shi da rai wanda zai ji rauni. gurbatattun masu magana da yawunta ne, ko kuma an wawashe su.” Wannan ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da waɗanda ke ci gaba da jayayya game da mutunta muhalli a Amurka Canada da ma duniya baki ɗaya.
Haƙƙin cikin gida na yanayi
New Zealand
A cikin shekarata 2014, Te Urewera National Park da aka ayyana Te Urewera, wani mahallin doka mahalli. Yankin da Te Urewera ya kewaye ya daina zama wurin shakatawa na kasa mallakar gwamnati kuma an rikide shi ya zama fili mai zaman kansa, wanda ba zai iya raba shi da kansa ba.
Bayan irin wannan yanayin, kogin Whanganui na New Zealand an ayyana shi a matsayin mutum na doka a cikin shekarata 2017. Ana kiran wannan sabuwar doka ta Te Awa Tupua kuma yanzu an gane ta a matsayin “ba za a iya raba ta kuma mai rai gaba ɗaya daga tsaunuka zuwa teku, wanda ya haɗa da Kogin Whanganui da duk abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da na zahiri.” Masu gadi biyu ne za su wakilci kogin, ɗaya daga Whanganui iwi ɗayan kuma daga Crown.
Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 2017, gwamnatin New Zealand ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta ba da irin wannan hali na doka zuwa Dutsen Taranaki da kuma yin alkawarin canza sunan Egmont National Park, wanda ke kewaye da dutsen dama wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan.
Indiya
A halin yanzu ana daukar kogin Ganges da Yamuna a matsayin mutane na doka a kokarin yaki da gurbatar yanayi. Kogunan suna da tsarki ga al'adun Hindu saboda ikon warkarwa da kuma jan hankalin mahajjata waɗanda suke wanka da watsa tokar matattu. Kogunan dai sun samu gurbacewa sosai da kimanin lita biliyan 1.5 na najasa da ba a kula da su ba da kuma lita miliyan 500 na sharar masana'antu da ke shiga kogunan a kullum.
Wata babbar kotu a jihar Uttarakhand da ke arewacin Indiya ta ba da umarnin a watan Maris na shekarata 2017 cewa a ba Ganges da babbar hukumarsa, Yamuna matsayin hukumomin shari’a. Kogunan za su sami “dukkan haƙƙoƙin da suka dace, ayyuka da haƙƙoƙin mai rai.” Wannan shawarar tana nufin gurbata ko lalata kogunan daidai yake da cutar da mutum. Kotun ta ba da misali da kogin Whanganui na New Zealand, wanda kuma aka ayyana shi da cikakken haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Wannan ci gaban mutuntaka na muhalli ya fuskanci shakku yayin da kawai sanar da cewa Ganges da Yamuna rayayyun halittu ba za su cece su daga gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi ba. Akwai yuwuwar a canza dabi'un al'adu da aka dade ana yi game da Ganges, wanda ke ganin cewa kogin yana da kayan tsarkakewa.
Akwai ƙarin sukar cewa ana ba da kulawar kogunan ne kawai ga Uttarakhand, yanki a arewacin ƙasar Indiya wanda ke da ɗan ƙaramin yanki na kogin. Ganges yana gudana akan 2,525 km ta Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand da West Bengal, tare da 96 kawai. km mike a guje ta Uttarakhand. Ƙananan sashe ne kawai na 1,376 km Yamuna tributary yana bi ta Uttarakhand - wanda kuma ya ratsa ta cikin jihohin Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi da Uttar Pradesh.
Ko da kuwa shakkun da ke tattare da hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Uttarakhand, shelar wadannan koguna masu rauni a matsayin hukumomin shari'a suna kiran yunkurin sauyi zuwa kare haƙƙin muhalli da al'adu. Za a iya gina yanke shawara a kan matsayin ginshiƙi don canjin muhalli na gaba Ko wani lokaci.
Amurka
A cikin shekarata 2006, wata ƙaramar al'umma a Pennsylvania mai suna Tamaqua Borough ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar haƙƙin yanayi mai suna Community Environmental Legal Defence Fund (CELDF). Tare, kungiyoyin sun tsara doka don kare al'umma da muhallinsu daga zubar da najasa mai guba. Tun daga 2006, CELDF ta taimaka tare da fiye da al'ummomi 30 a cikin jihohi goma a duk faɗin Amurka don haɓaka dokokin gida waɗanda ke tsara haƙƙoƙin yanayi. CELDF ta kuma taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na 2008 bayan zaben raba gardama na kasa.
Bayan Tamaqua, wasu garuruwa da dama a duk faɗin Amurka sun tsara dokoki waɗanda, a zahiri, za su ba da haƙƙin halitta. A cikin shekarata 2008, mazauna wani gari mai suna Shapleigh, Maine sun ƙara sabbin tanadi ga kundin doka na garin. Sabbin sassan sun ba da haƙƙoƙi ga yanayi da jikunan ruwa waɗanda ke kewaye da Shapleigh, kuma ana zargin su da kwace haƙƙoƙin kamfanoni da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya bayar. Abin da ya haifar da canji ga lambar shari'a ta Shapleigh shi ne wani shiri na Kamfanin Nestle, wanda ya mallaki nau'ikan kwalaben ruwa da yawa kamar Poland Spring, don jigilar manyan motocin da ke cikin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Shapleigh zuwa wurin tankar ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ba a shigar da kara a kan Shapleigh, Maine ba saboda canjin dokar garin, kuma Kamfanin Nestle bai zabi ya kalubalanci lambar ba. A wannan yanayin, CELDF ba ta taimaka wa mazaunan Shapleigh ba wajen tsara sashe na 99-11 da 99-12 na kundin dokokinsu, maimakon lauyoyi daga Vermont ne suka taimaka musu.
A watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, Celdf ya taimaka wa jami'ai a cikin Mora County, sabon Mexico wajen kirkirar iskar gas da man na ruwa da kuma jikin ruwa da ke zaune a cikin County Mora da ke zaune a cikin County. Wannan doka ta sanya gundumar Mora ta zama wuri na farko a cikin Amurka don hana samar da iskar gas da mai, a wani yanki, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance. An shigar da kara a kan gundumar Mora a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2013 wanda ya tabbatar da cewa dokar gundumar Mora ta keta haƙƙin kamfanoni, musamman na farko, na biyar, da na goma sha huɗu. A cikin Janairu 2015, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka James O. Browning ya hambarar da dokar gundumar Mora yayin da yake kallon dokar ta keta haƙƙin fara gyara na kamfanoni.
A farkon shekarata 2014, Grant Township, Indiana, Pennsylvania ya nemi taimakon CELDF wajen tsara dokar da za ta ba da yanayin ruwa da ke kewaye da Grant Township haƙƙin halitta. Wani kamfani mai suna Pennsylvania General Energy (PGE) ya mai da tsohuwar rijiyar mai da iskar gas zuwa “ rijiyar allurar ruwa,” kuma mazauna garin sun damu da abin da hakan zai iya nufi ga yanayin yanayin da ke kewaye da garinsu. Ruwan da ke cikin rijiyar allurar sharar gida sharar gida ce da ta ragu daga wani tsari da ake kira fracking . Wannan ruwa yana iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu cutarwa da sinadarai masu cutar da ruwan ƙasa. A cikin Garin Grant, yawancin mazauna sun dogara da ƙaramin Mahoning Creek don buƙatun ruwa. Idan rijiyar allurar ruwan datti ta zubo, akwai yuwuwar ta iya gurbata karamar Mahoning. Hadarin kamuwa da cuta shine abin da ya sa mazauna garin Grant Township tambayar CELDF don taimako wajen tsara doka. Dokar Grant Township ta ba da haƙƙoƙin dabi'a ga yanayin muhalli da jikunan ruwa waɗanda ke cikin iyakokin garin Grant. Dokar Grant Township ta kuma tauye wa kamfanoni haƙƙoƙinsu na ganin cewa ba za a kalli kamfanoni a matsayin “mutane” a cikin iyakokin garin Grant Township ba. A watan Agusta 2014, PGE ta kai karar Grant Township wanda ya fara yakin shari'a wanda zai dauki kusan shekaru biyar. Grant Township ya rasa karar da PGE ta shigar a watan Afrilu 2019, kuma alkalin kotun Susan Baxter ya umarci Grant Township ya biya kudaden shari'a na PGE wadanda suka haura $100,000. Bugu da kari, an ayyana dokar Grant Township bata da aiki.
A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2019, masu jefa ƙuri'a a Toledo, Ohio sun wuce Dokar Haƙƙin Lake Erie . Babban abin da ke cikin Dokar Hakki na Lake Erie shi ne cewa Lake Erie yana da hakkin ya "girma." Mazauna Toledo, da kewaye, sun sha wahala sau da yawa inda ruwan famfo, wanda ke fitowa daga tafkin Erie, ba shi da aminci don sha, ko amfani da shi, saboda gurɓatacce. Lamarin rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da sauran matsalolin gurbacewar yanayi, shine ya sa mazauna Toledo su nemi taimako daga CELDF. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2019, ranar da masu jefa ƙuri'a suka zartar da Dokar Haƙƙin Lake Erie, wani manomi na Ohio ya shigar da ƙara. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Jack Zouhary ya karyata lissafin, yana yanke hukuncin "ba shi da ma'ana" kuma ya wuce "ikon gwamnatin gunduma a Ohio."
A lokacin bazara na shekarata 2019, kabilar Yurok a arewacin California ta ba da matsayin kogin Klamath .
Ecuador
Haƙƙoƙin yanayi “na wanzuwa, dagewa, kiyayewa da sake sabunta hanyoyinta” an yi shelar a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na shekarar 2008 . Wannan ya faru ne bayan zaben raba gardama na kasa a shekara ta 2008, wanda ya baiwa kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador damar nuna hakki ga yanayi, a duniya ta farko. Kowane mutum da al'umma na da hakkin bayar da shawarwari a madadin yanayi. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi shelar cewa "Jihar za ta ba da ƙarfafawa ga mutane na halitta da ƙungiyoyin doka da kuma al'ummomi don kare yanayi da kuma inganta mutunta duk abubuwan da suka haɗa da yanayin ."
An gabatar da shari'ar farko ta nasarar aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin dabi'a a ƙarƙashin dokar tsarin mulkin Ecuador a gaban Kotun Lardin Loja a cikin shekarata 2011. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi kogin Vilcabamba a matsayin mai shigar da kara, wanda ke wakiltar kansa da 'yancinsa na 'kasassu' da kuma 'kasance' - yayin da yake ƙoƙarin dakatar da aikin gina babbar hanyar gwamnati da ke yin katsalandan ga lafiyar kogin. Wasu mutane biyu, Richard Frederick Wheeler da Eleanor Geer Huddle ne suka gabatar da wannan shari'ar a gaban kotu, a matsayin masu kula da shari'a da ke aiki don kare yanayi - musamman kogin Vilcabamba. An ba da umarnin tsarin mulki don goyon bayan kogin Vilcabamba da kuma adawa da gwamnatin lardin Loja, yunƙurin gudanar da aikin da zai cutar da muhalli. An tilasta wa dakatar da aikin, kuma za a gyara wurin.
Bolivia
Canjin tsarin mulki a Ecuador ya biyo bayan doka ta Bolivia a cikin shekarata 2010, ta zartar da ' Dokar 'Yancin Uwar Duniya ' ( Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra ). Wannan dokar ta bayyana Uwar Duniya halin 'batun gamayya na maslahar jama'a ' tare da haƙƙoƙin da aka kayyade a cikin doka. Dokar Haƙƙin Uwar Duniya ta ba da wasu fannoni na mutuntakar doka ga yanayin yanayi. Ana iya ɗaukar matakin shari'a don cin zarafi ga daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Uwar Duniya a matsayin 'batun gamayya na muradun jama'a'. Dokar ta bayyana cewa "Uwar Duniya ita ce tsarin rayuwa mai ɗorewa wanda ya ƙunshi al'ummar da ba za a iya raba su ba na dukkan tsarin rayuwa, masu rai, masu alaƙa, masu dogaro da juna kuma masu dacewa, masu raba makoma guda ɗaya."
Colombia
Kotun tsarin mulkin Colombia ta gano a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2016 cewa kogin Atrat yana da haƙƙin "kariya, kiyayewa, kulawa, da maidowa." Wannan hukuncin ya samo asali ne sakamakon gurbacewar kogi daga hako ma'adinai, da yin tasiri ga yanayi da cutar da 'yan asalin yankin da al'adunsu. Kotun ta yi nuni da sanarwar kogin Whanganui na New Zealand a matsayin mutum na doka da ke rike da mutunta muhalli. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa za a gudanar da aikin rikon kwarya na hadin gwiwa a cikin wakilcin rafin Atrato. Hakazalika ga sanarwar New Zealand, wakilan za su fito ne daga gwamnatin ƙasa da ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a cikin kwandon.
Kotun ta ce:
" (I) ita ce al'ummomin ɗan adam waɗanda ke da alaƙa da duniyar halitta - kuma ba akasin haka ba - kuma dole ne su ɗauki sakamakon ayyukansu da ƙetare tare da yanayin. Tambaya ce ta fahimtar wannan sabon gaskiyar zamantakewar zamantakewa tare da manufar samun canji mai mutuntawa tare da duniyar halitta da muhallinta, kamar yadda ya faru a baya tare da 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa… duniya da albarkatunta kafin ya makara… ”
A cikin watan na shekarata 2018 Kotun Koli ta Colombia ta ba da shawarar amincewa da yanayin kogin Amazon a matsayin batun haƙƙoƙi da masu cin gajiyar kariya dokokin yankin.
Kanada
An bai wa kogin Magpie a yankin Cote-Nord na Quebec wasu haƙƙoƙi, gami da yancin ɗaukar matakin shari'a, ta Majalisar Innu na Ekanitshit da gundumar Minganie . Hukumomin yankin da Innu na iya nada wakilai da za su yi aiki a madadin kogin da kuma daukar matakin shari’a don kare hakkinsa wanda suka ayyana da: “Hakkin kwarara; 'yancin mutunta zagayowar sa; haƙƙin juyin halitta don a kiyaye shi da kiyaye shi; 'yancin kiyaye nau'in halittun halittu; 'yancin cika mahimman ayyukansa a cikin yanayin halittunsa; hakkin kiyaye mutuncinsa; 'yancin tsira daga gurbatar yanayi; 'yancin sake farfadowa da kuma mayar da shi; kuma a karshe, hakkin kai kara.” Wannan ya yi daidai da imani cewa kogin wani abu ne mai zaman kansa, rayayye daban da ayyukan ɗan adam.
Hujja da kuma adawa
Tunanin mutuntakar muhalli yana da cece-kuce, har ma a tsakanin masana muhalli. Mutum na iya ba da shawara ga tsarin doka wanda ya yarda da haƙƙin yanayi, amma maiyuwa ba zai yarda cewa mutuniyar muhalli ita ce hanya madaidaiciya don aiwatar da shi ba. Masu ra'ayin kare muhalli suna jayayya cewa yana da daraja a iya shigar da kara a madadin muhalli, saboda zai ba da damar kare muhalli wanda ba ya dogara ga cutar da mutane. Muhalli kuma ya fi mutunta muhimmiyar alaƙar ƴan asalin ƙasar da muhallinsu.
Duk da haka, akwai gardama a kan manufar mutumtakar muhalli. Wata damuwa ita ce matsayin mutum na shari'a yana nuna haƙƙin ba kawai a kai ƙara ba amma a kai ƙara. Shin kogi zai iya zama alhakin lalacewar da yake haifarwa a ambaliya? Shin za a ce ma'aikatan wannan kogin su biya diyya daga bala'o'i? Lauyan Asusun Kare Muhalli na Community Lindsey Schromen-Wawrin ya rubuta cewa wannan damuwa ita ce "daya daga cikin abubuwan da za su iya kawo cikas a ra'ayi na ikon hakki a cikin yanayi ya zama bincike kan ayyukan lalata kuma a maimakon haka zai iya kafa nau'i kamar masu kula da albarkatun kasa. muhallin da aka yi ambaliya kuma a yanzu dole ne tsarin halittu ya biya daga cikin asusun da in ba haka ba zai tafi don maido da mazaunin da aka lalata masu muhalli."
Wani abin damuwa shi ne cewa ko da tare da haƙƙin doka don yin ƙara a madadin mahallin halitta, ƙararraki suna da tsada. Akwai al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na muhalli idan kudin da za a yi amfani da 'yancin yin kara bai isa ba. Wasu batutuwa sun taso lokacin da abubuwan muhalli suka wanzu fiye da iyakokin ikon da suka yanke shawara game da mutuntakar muhalli, wanda shine lamarin kogin da ke da haƙƙin ɗan doka a Uttarakhand, Indiya. A cewar rahoton da gidan rediyon Jama’a na kasa ya bayar, akwai kuma lokuta da ‘yancin mahalli na iya yin hannun riga da ‘yancin dan Adam, “Yawancin dokokin [muhalli] kuma sun fuskanci turjiya daga masana’antu, manoma da kogi. al’ummomin da ke jayayya cewa ba da dabi’a na tauye hakkinsu da rayuwarsu.”
Muhimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'adu
Amincewa da kogin Whanganui a matsayin halayya ta doka a New Zealand ( Te Awa Tupua ) ya ƙunshi ma'anar al'adu "haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi ba" da iwi na gida da hapu na kogin. Al'adar Māori tana ɗaukar siffofi na halitta kamar kogin Whanganui, a matsayin kakanni kuma iwi suna da alaƙa mai zurfi tare da su azaman rayayyun halittu. Wannan haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi ba na al'adun ƴan asalin da mahallinsu na zahiri yana bayyana a wasu sassan duniya kamar Colombia inda aka yi shela irin wannan yanayin muhalli ga rafin Atrato.
Jagoran sasantawa na Whanganui iwi, Gerrard Albert, ya ce "muna daukar kogin a matsayin kakanni kuma koyaushe muna ... kula da kogin a matsayin rayayye shine hanyar da ta dace don kusanci shi, a matsayin wanda ba a iya raba shi gaba daya, maimakon tsarin gargajiya. a cikin shekaru 100 na ƙarshe na magance shi ta fuskar mallaka da gudanarwa." James DK Morris da Jacinta Ruru sun ba da shawarar cewa ba da “halin shari’a ga koguna hanya ɗaya ce da doka za ta iya tasowa don ba da dawwamammen alkawari na sulhu da Maori.” Wannan shi ne takaddamar shari'a mafi dadewa a New Zealand. Whanganui iwi sun kasance suna fafatawa don kwato hakkinsu cikin jituwa da kogin tun kimanin shekarun 1870.
Ecocide
Manufar kare muhalli a madadin muhalli ba sabon abu bane, kuma cutar da muhalli ta yadu yana da suna: ecocide. Kwamitin Kwararru mai zaman kansa don ma'anar shari'a na Ecocide ya bayyana ecocide a matsayin "ayyukan da ba su dace ba ko kuma ba daidai ba da aka aikata tare da sanin cewa akwai yuwuwar mummunar lalacewa ko kuma ta yadu ko na dogon lokaci ga yanayin da waɗannan ayyukan ke haifarwa." Akwai masu fafutuka na mai da ecocide laifin kasa da kasa, kamar laifukan da yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun Duniya ta ICC ta yi. Wannan zai sanya ecocide tare da laifukan duniya da aka sani a halin yanzu kamar kisan kiyashi, laifuffukan yaƙi, da laifuffukan cin zarafin ɗan adam. Idan aka kara da cewa, ecocide zai zama laifi kawai "wanda cutar da mutum ba shine abin da ake bukata don gurfanar da shi ba." Wannan kariyar dabi'a don yanayin yanayi shine jigon bayar da shawarwari a bayan mutunta muhalli. Shin akwai bukatar a cutar da 'yan adam don ba da damar daukar matakin shari'a? Manufar ecocide ba sabon abu ba ne, kuma ba shawara ba ne don ƙara shi zuwa Dokar Roma ta ICC.
Sauran abunuwa
Hakkokin yanayi
Mutuncin kamfani
Mutumin doka
Mutunci
Kogin Wanganui
Ta Urewera
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Whanganui River Maori Trust Board
Filin Yawon shakatawa na Hunganui
Te Urewera Gidan Gida na Tuhoe
Yanar Gizo na CELDF
2008 Tsarin Mulki na Ecuador
Dan adam
Muhalli
Amerika
Kanada
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53802 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juyin%20mulkin%20Nijar%202023 | Juyin mulkin Nijar 2023 | A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2023, sojoji daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar Nijar suka tsare shugaba Mohamed Bazoum, yayin da wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.
Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960.
Fage
Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci Bazoum, wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun zababben shugaban kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, Mali da Burkina Faso tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".
Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin Al-Qaeda, Islamic State da Boko Haram, duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can.
A shekara ta 2022, kasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin Sahel bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.
Abubuwan da suka faru
A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin Twitter na fadar shugaban ƙasar Nijar ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Omar Tchiani sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. Har ila yau, an ce shugaba Mohamed Bazoum da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke Yamai babban birnin kasar . An kuma kama ministan cikin gida Hamadou Souley kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban kasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa.
Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu. Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare.
Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da dakarun tsaron kasar a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar. BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take.
Amma da maraice, Rundunar Sojan Sama Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati Télé Sahel yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa . A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau.
A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar Hassoumi Massoudou ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”.
Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a." A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.
Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje. Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar PNDS-Trayya ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.
Martani
ECOWAS ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa. An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, Mahamadou Issoufou, da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar.
An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da Bankin Duniya, Tarayyar Afirka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Aljeriya, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Amurka, suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar Benin Patrice Talon, wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa " hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.
A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal..
Bincike
Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a yammacin Afirka da tsakiyar Afirka tun daga shekarar 2020.
Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Nijar
Juyin Mulki |
50237 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/More%20Demi%20Moore | More Demi Moore | Ƙarin Demi Moore ko murfin Vanity Fair na Agusta 1991 wani hoton tsiraicin hannun hannu ne mai rikitarwa na wata bakwai mai ciki Demi Moore wanda Annie Leibovitz ya ɗauka don murfin Vanity Fair na Agusta 1991 don rakiyar labarin rufewa game da Moore.
Murfin ya yi tasiri mai dorewa a cikin al'umma.Tun lokacin da aka saki murfin, shahararrun mutane da yawa sun gabatar da hotuna a matakan ci gaba na ciki, kodayake ba lallai ba ne tsirara kamar Moore.Wannan yanayin ya sanya hotunan ciki ya zama gaye kuma ya haifar da haɓaka kasuwanci.Hoton yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mujallu na kowane lokaci,kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukan Leibovitz.
An share hoton sau da yawa, ciki har da tallan bindiga tsirara : Zagi na Ƙarshe (1994).Wannan ya haifar da shari'ar amfani da adalci ta Biyu na 1998 Leibovitz v. Abubuwan da aka bayar na Paramount Pictures Corp.Bugu da ƙari ga yin ɓarna a cikin satirical da kuma yaɗa hotunan ciki, an kuma sami koma baya.Wasu masu suka suna ka akan ce was abin batsa ne da batsa,kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai lokacin da aka fara kafa ƙa'idodin Intanet da yanke hukunci.Wasu sun ɗauka cewa magana ce mai ƙarfi ta fasaha.
A cikin kowane daga cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa,Moore ya sanya alamun rufe fuska a kan Vanity Fair,wanda na farko ya motsa Joanne Gair zuwa matsayi a matsayin mai zane-zane na trompe-l'œil .
Bayanan baya
A cikin 1991, Demi Moore ta kasance tauraruwar fina-finai A-list wacce ta auri Bruce Willis tun 1987.Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na farko Rumer Willis a cikin 1988, kuma sun ɗauki hayar masu daukar hoto uku don masu sauraron abokai shida don bayarwa.A cikin 1990, ta kasance tauraruwa a cikin fim ɗin mafi girma na wannan shekarar, Ghost,wanda aka biya ta $750,000, kuma ta sami $2.5 miliyan don ayyukan 1991 a cikin Matar Butcher da Tunanin Mutuwa .Bayan hoton,za ta sami dala miliyan 3 don rawar da ta taka a 1992 a cikin 'Yan Kyakkyawar Mazaje da dala miliyan 5 don rawar da ba ta dace ba (1993), Bayyanawa (1994) da The Scarlet Letter (1995).
Annie Leibovitz ta kasance babban mai daukar hoto a Rolling Stone daga 1973 har zuwa 1983, lokacin da ta koma Vanity Fair .A cikin 1991,ta sami wasan kwaikwayo na farko na tsakiyar aiki, Annie Leibovitz Hotuna 1970-1990,wanda aka taba ba da mai daukar hoto ta National Portrait Gallery a Washington, D.C., tare da irin wannan littafin mai suna tare. Nunin ya yi tafiya zuwa birnin New York a Cibiyar Ɗaukar Hoto ta Duniya don nunin da zai gudana har zuwa Disamba 1, 1991.
Cikakkun bayanai
Hoton yana daya daga cikin da yawa da Leibovitz ya dauka na watanni bakwai masu ciki 28 Moore, sa'an nan kuma ciki tare da 'yar biyu ta biyu, Scout LaRue . Hotunan sun fito ne daga Moore sanye da rigar rigar lacy da takalmi masu tsini, zuwa ƙwanƙwasonta mai bayyana . Zanen ƙarshe yana da Moore sanye da zoben lu'u-lu'u kawai. Joanne Gair ya yi aiki a kan kayan shafa don harbi. Samuel Irving Newhouse, Jr., shugaban Conde Nast Publications, ya kasance mai goyon baya sosai ga murfin da aka zaɓa duk da yiwuwar asarar tallace-tallace. Tina Brown, Editan Vanity Fair, da sauri ya gane cewa za a sami matsananciyar koma baya don rarraba mujallu na yau da kullum; batun sai an nade shi cikin farar ambulan da idanuwan Moore kawai suke gani. Wasu bugu suna da murfi mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ke nuna rashin kunya. Duk da haka, Brown ya kalli hoton a matsayin damar yin bayani game da shekaru goma na 1990s bayan shekaru goma da iko ya mamaye. Kimanin mutane miliyan 100 ne suka ga murfin.
Amfani da alamar jima'i mai juna biyu a wata ma'ana ƙoƙari ne na yaƙi da wakilcin al'adun pop na al'ada na rashin jin daɗi, rashin jin daɗi,da wuce gona da iri na mace a cikin al'adar da ke darajar bakin ciki. Hotunan gaskiya na Leibovitz ya zana martani da yawa daga talabijin, rediyo da jaridu da jama'a gabaɗaya tun daga gunaguni na rashin jima'i zuwa bikin hoton a matsayin alamar ƙarfafawa ..Ɗaya daga cikin alkalai a Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.ya bayyana cewa hoton ya kori Botticelli Haihuwar Venus . Ra'ayi na baya-bayan nan na wasu shine cewa wannan hoton"babban fasaha ne". Manufar hoton shine a nuna ciki tare da shahararru a hanyar da ta kasance mai ƙarfin hali,alfahari da rashin fahimta ta hanyar "anti-Hollywood,anti-glitz".An yi nasara a wasu bangarori kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka dauka a matsayin bayanin kyakkyawa da girman kai. Duk da haka,da yawa sun yi fushi kuma murfin ya jawo cece-kuce mai ban sha'awa ga Vanity Fair a cikin nau'ikan wuraren talabijin casa'in da biyar 95, shirye-shiryen rediyo sittin da huɗu 64,labaran jaridu 1,500 da kuma zane-zane 12.Wasu kantuna da gidajen jaridu sun ƙi ɗaukan fitowar ta Agusta,yayin da wasu suka ɓoye ta cikin ƙanƙantar da mujallun batsa.
Hoton ba wai kawai ana la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun Leibovitz ba, amma har ma kusan wakilci na abunmamaki.Ana la'akari da shi a matsayin alamar sunan S sabon gida ne don "salo na labarai da hotuna masu tayar da hankali."Wannan shine hoton farko da aka ambata a cikin bita na New York Times na nuna Leibovitz Annie Leibovitz: Rayuwar Mai daukar hoto, 1990-2005 a Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn kuma an bambanta da wani hoton ciki na mata (na Melania Trump ).
Shekara guda bayan haka, har yanzu Moore bai fahimci tashin hankali da ta sa hotunan mace mai ciki tsiraici da ake kallonta a matsayin rashin mutunci ba. Moore ya bayyana cewa, "Ya ji daɗi, da kyau da kuma 'yanci game da jikina. Ban san ko nawa zan iya samun tsarin iyali ba." Ta dauki murfin a matsayin lafiya "maganin mata."A shekara ta 2007, Moore ya bayyana cewa ba a asali aka yi niyya don buga hoton ba.Ta fito a wani zaman hoto na sirri, ba hoton bangon waya ba. Leibovitz ta sami zaman hoto na sirri na Moore da dukan 'ya'yanta mata.
Labarin rufe
Labarin gwanayen ɗan jarida ɗaya game da labarin ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsawo mara ƙarfi",kuma bayanin ɗan jarida na biyu shine "bayani mai tsayi sosai".Labarin ya tattauna Rumer Willis ɗan shekara uku a lokacin da mijinta Bruce Willis.Willis da Moore sun tattauna juna a cikin labarin.Labarin ya kuma shafe shafuka uku yana ba da labarin rayuwarta.Labarin ya ɗan ɗanɗana ɗan lokaci akan fim ɗinta na gaba,Matar Butcher, ko ɗan da take ciki, Scout LaRue Willis .
Matsalolin shari'a
Bindiga Tsirara
An yi watsi da hoton a lokuta da yawa,ciki har da nau'in mujallu <i id="mwxA">na Spy</i> wanda aka samar da kwamfuta,wanda ya sanya kan Willis a jikin Moore.A cikin Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.,Leibovitz ya kai kara a kan wani parody daya nuna Leslie Nielsen, wanda aka yi don inganta fim din 1994 Naked Gun :Zagin Karshe .A cikin parody,an yi amfani da jikin samfurin kuma "fuskar mai laifi da murmushi na Mista Nielsen ya bayyana a sama".Teaser ya ce "Sai wannan Maris".An yi watsi da shari'ar a cikin 1996 saboda parody ya dogara"saboda tasirin ban dariya game da bambanci tsakanin asali".
A cikin yanke hukunci,dole ne kotu ta tantance ko aikin yana canzawa ta hanyar da ke ba da sabon magana,ma'ana ko sako ga ainihin aikin.A wannan shari'ar, kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa "an iya fahimtar tallan a hankali,kamar yadda yake yin tsokaci game da mahimmanci da ma ƙima na ainihin."Har ila yau,ya yanke hukuncin cewa tallan ya bambanta da ainihin"ta hanyar da za a iya gane shi a matsayin sharhi, ta hanyar ba'a game da abin da mai kallo zai iya tunanin cewa shi ne rashin mahimmancin kai wanda batun hoton Leibovitz ya gabatar."
Wasu batutuwa
Lokacin da Intanet ta tashi a matsayin mashahuri kuma mai mahimmanci kuma Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ba da wani hukunci game da Dokar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta 1996 (CDA),an kwatanta hoton Moore a matsayin wani nau'i na gwajin gwaji don sanin ko za a iya amfani da doka a hankali.yanayin da ake ciki a yanzu ta hanyar kotu.Lokacin da John Paul Stevens 'ya ba da ra'ayi sama da shekara guda bayan haka,hoton har yanzu yana cikin tunanin malaman shari'a.
Bin-biyu
A cikin Demi's Birthday Suit Agusta 1992 fitowar Vanity Fair,an nuna Moore a kan murfin a cikin hoton zanen jiki ta Joanne Gair .Ya sanya Gair ya zama tauraruwar al'adun pop kai tsaye a matsayin fitaccen ɗan wasan fenti na jiki,wanda ya haifar da la'akari da kamfen ɗin Absolut Vodka Absolut Gair..Murfin 1992,wanda ya buƙaci zama na sa'o'i goma sha uku ga Gair da ƙungiyar masu fasahar kayan shafa,bikin tunawa da hoton Agusta 1991. Leibovitz ya kasa yanke shawarar inda zai harba,kuma ya tanadi gidajen hannu guda biyu,dakunan hotal hudu da gidaje biyar.
A cikin Disamba 1993,Moore ya sake kasancewa a kan murfin Vanity Fair, amma a wannan lokacin ta yi ado da madauri biyu da babban baka mai ja kuma tana zaune a kan cinyar David Letterman yayin da yake yin ado kamar Santa Claus.
Wasu fitattun jarumai tun daga lokacin sun fito bayyanar da tsiraicinsu yayin da suka ci gaba,ciki har da Christina Aguilera da Britney Spears wadanda tallace - tallacen su ya haifar da babbar cece-kuce. Newsweek ya yi magana game da matsayi fiye da shekaru goma bayan haka,kuma The New York Times ya ƙirƙira "demiclad" don hoton rigar hannu mai ciki tsirara. Daga ƙarshe,Vogue da Harper's Bazaar sun haɗa da samfurin murfin ciki,kuma Star ya haɗa da ciki hudu na Katie Holmes, Gwen Stefani,Gwyneth Paltrow da Angelina Jolie .Suna kuma da "Bump Brigade"na Jennie Garth, Maggie Gyllenhaal da Sofia Coppola .Vogue yana da Brooke Shields mai shekaru 37 mai ciki sosai akan murfin fitowar sa na Afrilu 2003.A lokacin da Linda Evangelista ta bayyana ciki (da kuma sutura) a kan murfin Agusta 2006 na Vogue,ciki ba shine mahimmancin labarin ba.Duk da haka, ko da a karshen 2007 bayyana danda-bellied da ciki a kan murfin mujallar,kamar yadda Aguilera ya yi wa Marie Claire,har yanzu an dauke wani m daga Moore ta asali.Lokacin da Melania Trump ta bayyana a cikin Vogue na Amurka,ta kasance mai daraja a matsayin abin koyi na salon haihuwa ta Anna Wintour .Wani bikin tunawa da hoton hoton kansa ne na Leibovitz wanda a ciki ta bayyana a cikin bayanan martaba kuma ta yi ciki don nunin rayuwar mai daukar hoto .Myleene Klass ta gabatar da irin wannan hoton tsiraicin ciki don mujallar Glamour a cikin 2007.
Serena Williams ta bayyana ciki a kusan irin wannan matsayi a kan murfin watan Agusta 2017 na Vanity Fair,shekaru 26 bayan murfin Agusta 1991 wanda ke nuna Demi Moore mai ciki.
Legacy
Hoton ya dade yana tasiri a al'adu da zamantakewa a Amurka Mata da yawa suna ganin cewa saurin daukar hotuna masu juna biyu ya sanya daukar irin wadannan hotan ya kayatar da iyaye mata masu juna biyu.Kamar yadda hotuna suka zama ruwan dare a kan mujallu kasuwancin tattara bayanan masu juna biyu ta hanyar hoto ya bunkasa.Bugu da ƙari,hoton yana da yakarbo sosai.Kusan shekaru goma sha biyar bayan buguwarta, Editocin Mujallu na Amurka sun jera shi a matsayin mafi kyawun murfin mujallu na biyu a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata.
Parodies
Watanni biyu bayan an wallafa hoton,an share shi akan murfin The Sensational She-Hulk #34 a cikin Oktoba 1991.Rufin yana nuna She-Hulk,wani hali da aka sani don karya bango na hudu da kuma lalata al'adun pop,a cikin matsayi ɗaya kamar Moore tare da ƙwallon rairayin bakin teku a maimakon jaririn jariri,yayin da yake gaya wa mai karatu "Ba daidai ba ne a zarge ni.banza!Na yi farin ciki a kan jayayya!"
A cikin 2006,mai zanen rubutu Banksy ya yi amfani da Simpsons -kamar hali don maye gurbin Moore shugaban don haɓakawa a Los Angeles, California.Ba bisa ka'ida ba ya buga parody a kusa da Los Angeles don inganta gidan yanar gizonsa da nunin nasa.
Duba kuma
Tashin ciki
Nassoshi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
60366 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1 | Ifá | Ifá tsarin duba ne da addinin Yarbawa wanda ke wakiltar koyarwar Orisha Ọrunmila . Jikinsa na adabin baka yana kunshe da juzu'i (alamu) guda 256 wadanda suka kasu kashi biyu, na farko ana kiransa Ojú Odù ko babban Odù wanda ya kunshi babi 16. Kashi na biyu ya ƙunshi babi 240 mai suna Amúlù Odù (omoluos), waɗannan an haɗa su ta hanyar haɗin babban Odù.
Tsarin duban da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Ifá lamba ce don samun damar ilimin kimiyya da metaphysical a cikin rukunin adabi, Odu Ifá . An bayyana Orunmila a matsayin Babban Firist, kamar yadda ya bayyana (karanta; ƙirƙira) tushen Allahntaka da annabci (Odu na farko 16) ga duniya. Babalawos ko Iyanifas galibi ana kiransu firist Ifa, amma a gaskiya, malamai ne; kwatankwacin furofesoshi a tsarin jami'a na gargajiya. Suna amfani da ko dai sarkar duba da aka sani da Opele, ko kuma dabino mai tsarki ( Elaeis guineensis ) ko kuma kola goro da ake kira Ikin, akan tiren duban katako da ake kira Opon Ifá don lissafin wace Odu zai yi amfani da ita ga wace matsala.
Ana yin Ifá a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Afirka ta Yamma, da Canary Islands, a cikin tsarin tsarin addini mai rikitarwa, kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Santería, Candomblé, Palo, Umbanda, Vodou, da sauran bangaskiyar Afro-Amurka . da kuma a wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka .
Tarihi
Tsarin mai ka'idoji 16 yana da tarihin farko a Afirka ta Yamma . Kowace kabila mai magana da harshen Niger-Congo da ke gudanar da ayyukanta na da tatsuniyoyi na asali; Addinin Yarbawa ya nuna cewa Orunmila ne ya kafa ta a Ilé-Ifẹ̀ lokacin da ya ƙaddamar da kansa sannan kuma ya ƙaddamar da ɗalibansa, Akoda da Aseda . Wasu tatsuniyoyi sun nuna cewa Setiu, mutumin Nupe da ya zauna a Ilé-Ifẹ̀ ne ya kawo shi. A cewar littafin The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times zuwa British Protectorate (1921) na ɗan tarihin Najeriya Samuel Johnson da Obadiah Johnson, Arugba, mahaifiyar Onibogi, Alaafin na Oyo na 8, ce ta gabatar da Oyo ga Ifá. a ƙarshen 1400s. Ta kaddamar da Alado na Ato kuma ta ba shi dama ya fara wasu. Shi kuma Alado shi ne ya qaddamar da limaman Oyo kuma haka Ifá ta kasance a cikin daular Oyo.
Orunmila ya zo ne don ya kafa ƙungiyar adabin baka wanda ya haɗa labarai da abubuwan da suka faru na firistoci da abokan cinikinsu tare da sakamakon. Wannan Odu corpus ya fito a matsayin manyan takardu akan al'adar Ifá don zama gadon tarihi.
Al'adar Yarbawa
A cikin ƙasar Yarbawa, duba na ba wa firistoci damar shiga koyarwar Orunmila ba tare da wani tanadi ba. Eshu shine wanda aka ce ya ba da rance ga magana yayin samar da jagora da/ko bayyana shawara. Eshu kuma shine wanda ke riƙe maɓallan fushin mutum (arziƙi ko albarka) don haka yana aiki a matsayin Oluwinni (Mai ba da Lamuni): yana iya ba da ire ko cire shi. Ayyukan duba na Ifá suna ba da hanyar sadarwa zuwa ga ruhaniya da kuma niyyar mutum.
Al'adar Igbo
A kasar Igbo, Ifá ana kiranta da Afá, kuma kwararru ne da ake kira Dibia . Ana daukar Dibia a matsayin likita kuma ta kware wajen amfani da ganye don warkarwa da canji.
Al'adar Ewe
Daga cikin mutanen Ewe na kudancin Togo da kuma kudu maso gabashin Ghana, Ifá kuma ana kiranta da Afá, inda ruhohin Vodun ke shiga kuma suna magana. A da yawa daga cikin Egbes ɗinsu, Alaundje ne aka karrama a matsayin ɗan Bokono na farko da aka koya masa yadda ake yin allantaka da makomar ɗan adam ta amfani da tsattsarkan tsarin Afá. Amingansi su ne raye-rayen baka wadanda suka fi boko. Wani firist wanda ba bokono ba ana kiransa Hounan, kama da Houngan, wani limamin coci a Haitian Vodou, addinin Vodun, addinin Ewe.
Odù Ifá
Akwai manyan littattafai goma sha shida a cikin rukunin adabi na Odu Ifá . Lokacin da aka haɗa, akwai jimillar 256 Odu (tarin na goma sha shida, kowannensu yana da zaɓi goma sha shida ⇔ 16 2, ko 4 4 ) waɗanda aka yi imani suna yin nuni ga duk yanayi, yanayi, ayyuka da sakamakon rayuwa bisa ga rashin ƙidaya. (ko "koyawawan wakoki") dangane da 256 Odu coding. Waɗannan su ne tushen ilimin ruhaniya na Yarabawa na gargajiya kuma su ne tushen duk tsarin duban Yarbawa. Ba a rubuta karin magana da labarai da wakoki Ifá. Maimakon haka, ana rarraba su da baki daga wani babalawo zuwa wani. Yarabawa suna tuntubar Ifá don taimakon Allah da ja-gorar ruhaniya.
Alamar Manzo ta Ifá
Baya ga alamomin asali guda goma sha shida, duban Ifá ya haɗa da wata babbar alama, wadda ita ce haɗe da Ọse da Otura, daga dama zuwa hagu (Ọse-Tura).
Dole ne a rubuta wannan alamar a duk lokacin da aka yi al'ada: Ɔse-Tura manzo ne kuma mai ɗaukar hadaya. Yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da allahn Eshu a cikin tsarin Ifá. An san wannan alamar Manzo a cikin Geomancy na Tsakiyar Larabawa da Latin a matsayin Tauraruwar Morning, wato duniyar Venus . Wato, Ɔse-Tura ragowar tsohuwar falaki ce a duban Ifá.
Sanarwa na duniya
An ƙara tsarin duban Ifá a cikin 2005 ta UNESCO zuwa jerin sunayen " Ma'auni na Baka da Gadon Dan Adam ".
Ifá a Santeria
Ana amfani da Ifá a cikin addinin Afro-Cuba na Santería ; shi ne mafi sarƙaƙƙiya kuma mafi girman tsarin duba da ake amfani da shi a cikin addini. Su biyun suna da alaƙa da juna, suna raba tatsuniyoyi iri ɗaya da tunanin sararin samaniya, [13] ko da yake Ifá kuma yana da bambancin rayuwa daga Santería. Manyan firistoci na Ifá ana san su da babalawos kuma kodayake kasancewarsu ba shi da mahimmanci ga bukukuwan Santería, galibi suna halarta a matsayin masu duba. [15] Yawancin santeros ma babalawos ne, [16] ko da yake ba sabon abu ba ne ga babalawos su fahimci kansu a matsayin mafi girma fiye da yawancin santeros. A al'adance, kawai mazaje masu madigo ne kawai aka yarda su zama babalawos, [18] kodayake babalawos na ɗan luwadi yanzu suna wanzu saboda ƙarin buɗaɗɗen manufofin Santería. Yawanci an haramta mata yin wannan aikin, [20] takurawa da aka bayyana ta hanyar labarin cewa òrìṣà (lafazin "orisha" ko "oricha" a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Orula ya fusata cewa Yemayá, matarsa, ta yi amfani da tablarsa . hukumar duba kuma daga baya ta yanke shawarar hana mata sake tabawa. Duk da wannan almara, a farkon karni na 21, tun daga lokacin da aka fara wasu ƙananan mata a matsayin babalawos. Ƙaddamarwa a matsayin babalawo yana buƙatar biyan kuɗi ga mai farawa kuma yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai tsada sosai.
Òrìṣà na Ifá, Orula ko Ọ̀rúnmila, kuma yana da fitaccen wuri a cikin Santeria. An yarda cewa shi ne yake lura da duba; da zarar an kaddamar da mutum a matsayin babalawo sai a ba su tukunyar da ke dauke da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da dabino, wanda aka yi imanin shi ne ainihin siffar Orula. Babalawos suna ba da hadayu ga Orula, gami da hadayun dabbobi da kyaututtukan kuɗi. A Kuba, Ifá yawanci ya haɗa da jefar da dabino tsarkakakku don amsa tambaya. Sai babalawo ya fassara sakon goro dangane da yadda suka fadi; akwai iya daidaitawa guda 256 a cikin tsarin Ifá, wanda ake sa ran babalawo ya haddace. [26] Mutane suna kusanci babalawo suna neman jagora, sau da yawa akan al'amuran kudi, wanda mai duba zai tuntubi Orula ta hanyar da aka kafa ta hanyar duba. Su kuma masu ziyartar babalawoyi suna biyansu ayyukansu.
Fitattun mabiya
Yoshiaki Koshikawa, farfesa a fannin adabi na Jafananci a Jami'ar Meiji kuma ɗan Japan na farko da aka ƙaddamar a matsayin babalawo .
Susanne Wenger, 'yar Ostiriya
Patrisse Cullors, ɗan Amurka wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter
Shéyaa Bin Abraham-Joseph ( mai shekaru 21 Savage ), mawakin rap na Burtaniya Ba'amurke.
Xolo Maridueña, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka.
Iyanla Vanzant, marubucin Ba'amurke, mai koyar da rayuwa da ruhaniya, Iyanifa da Firist na Obatala.
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa
Manyan Tushen FAMA na Addinin Yarbawa (Bautar Orisa) (yana aiki da kansa ta hanyar kamfaninta)
Littafin Jagoran Ma'aikatan FAMA na Ƙwararrun Ifa
Chief FAMA Fundamentos de la Religion Yoruba (Adorando Orisa)
Cif FAMA FAMA'S EDE AWO (Kamus Yoruba Dictionary)
Babban FAMA The Rituals (novel)
Awo Fasina Falade Ifa: Mabudin Fahimtarta
Cif Adedoja Aluko Goma Sha Shida (16) Manjo Odu Ifa daga Ile-Ife
Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 1 (EjiOgbe - Orangun Meji) ,
Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 2 (Ogbe Oyeku - Ogbe Ofun) ,
Chief S. Solagbade Popoola & Fakunle Oyesanya Ikunle Abiyamo - ASE of Motherhood
C. Osamaro Ibie Ifism the Complete Works of Orunmila
William R. Bascom: Dubban Ifa: Sadarwa Tsakanin Alloli da Maza a Yammacin Afirka
William R. Bascom: Cowries goma sha shida: duban Yarbawa daga Afirka zuwa Sabuwar Duniya
Rosenthal, J. 'Mallakar Ecstasy & Doka a Ewe Voodoo'''
Maupoil, Bernard. "La Geomancie L'ancienne Côte des Esclaves Alapini, Julien. Les noix sacrées. Etude complète de Fa-Ahidégoun génie de la sagesse et de la divination au Dahomey Dokta Ron Eglash (1997) Masanin ilimin Halittar Dan Adam na Amurka Recursion a cikin ilimin kabilanci'', Ka'idar Chaos a cikin duban Afirka ta Yamma.
Bàbálàwó Ifatunwase Tratados Enciclopédicos de Ifá (Colección Alafundé) ,
Manazarta
Addinai a Najeriya
Addinan gargajiya
Addini
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
60391 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwargida | Uwargida | Kalmar mace kalma ce ga yarinya ko mace, tare da ma'anoni daban-daban. Da zarar an yi amfani da su kawai don kwatanta mata masu matsayi ko matsayi, daidai da ubangiji, yanzu yana iya komawa ga kowace mace mai girma, kamar yadda za a iya amfani da namiji ga maza. Yin amfani da na yau da kullun wani lokaci yana jin kunya ("matar dare" don karuwa ) ko, a cikin ɓangarorin Amurka, ƙaddamar da adireshi kai tsaye (daidai da "maigida" ko "mutum").
"Lady" kuma babban take a cikin United Kingdom . Ana amfani da "Lady" a gaban sunan iyali ko peerage na mace da take da daraja ko daraja suo jure (a nata dama), ko matar ubangiji, baronet, Scotland feudal baron, Laird, ko jarumi ., da kuma kafin sunan farko na 'yar sarki, marques, ko kunne .
Etymology
Kalmar ta fito daga Tsohon Turanci ; kashi na farko na kalmar mutataccen nau'in ne , "gurasa, burodi ", kuma ana gani a cikin mai dacewa , "Ubangiji". Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar kashi na biyu daga tushen dig-, "don knead", ana gani kuma a cikin kullu ; haɓakar hankali daga mai yin burodi, ko mai yin burodi, ko mai yin burodi, zuwa ma’ana ta yau da kullun, ko da yake ba a bayyana a fili ta tarihi ba, ana iya misalta ta “Ubangiji”.
Amfani
Ma'anar farko ta "farkar gida" yanzu yawanci ba ta ƙare ba, ajiye don kalmar " matar gida " da kuma a cikin jimlolin da aka saita kamar "matar gidan". Ana kiyaye wannan ma'anar a cikin jihohin kudancin Amurka . A wasu mahallin “mace” tana kama da tsohuwar kalmar “ mace ”, ma’ana wacce take da matsayi mai girma a cikin al’umma ta hanyar haihuwa da kuma girma, amma ba lallai ba ne a sanya mata suna. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar a cikin laƙabi kamar uwargidan shugaban ƙasa da uwargidan magajin gari, matan zaɓaɓɓu ko naɗaɗɗen mukamai.
A cikin yawancin yarukan Turai madaidaicin kalmar yana aiki azaman babban nau'i na adireshin daidai da Misis Turanci ( ta Faransa , Sifen , Italiyanci , Jamus , Yaren mutanen Poland , da dai sauransu. ). A cikin waɗannan harsunan daidai ne a yi magana da wata mace da ba a san sunanta ba , , da sauransu, amma a cikin ladabi na Ingilishi "lady" ya kasance tsawon ƙarni kawai a matsayin kalma a cikin jam'i, wanda kuma shine yanayin " mai mutumci ". Amfani da waƙa guda ɗaya (watau magana da wani kai tsaye) ya taɓa zama gama gari amma galibi ya keɓe ga waƙa. A wasu yarukan har yanzu ana iya amfani da ita wajen yin magana da wata mace da ba a sani ba ta hanyar da ba a sani ba, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi na wajibi ko na tambayoyi, kwatankwacin " malam " ga namijin da ba a sani ba: misali, "Hey, uwargida, ba a ba ki izinin shiga nan ba. !" A cikin wannan amfani, kalmar "mace" ba ta cika yin girma ba idan aka rubuta. Kalmomin turanci da aka saba yiwa mace magana cikin ladabi shine madam ko gajarta ma'am .
A cikin Ingilishi, ƙananan lakabin aiki ba su da jinsi . ayyuka ba su da alaƙa da jinsi, misali mai ɗaukar wasiku (ma'aikacin gidan waya), amma inda akwai kalmar gama gari tare da kari na -man, wani lokaci - mace za a iya amfani da ita a matsayin daidai, misali ma'aikacin gidan waya da (wani lokaci) postlady. Yin amfani da "mace" a cikin sunayen ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda a baya sun kasance masu kiyaye maza sun faɗi cikin farin ciki tare da mata na biyu (likita mace, injiniyan mata, alƙali na mace), kodayake likitan mata a wasu lokuta ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya yana amfani da shi lokacin yin alƙawari a wurin zama. kungiyar kula da cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta yadda lamarin ya bayyana ga majiyyaci. ana amfani da shi a wasu sana'o'i, don ba da daraja da nuna girmamawa ga ƙananan ƙwararrun ayyuka kamar matan shayi a ofisoshin da asibitoci, matan abincin rana (ko matan abincin dare) a cikin kantin sayar da makaranta, tsaftacewa mata a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu da kuma a cikin gida. wuraren kasuwanci, da mata masu kula da lafiya don mataimakan kula da lafiyar mata.
Dukansu masu sharhi na Biritaniya da Amurka sun lura da canjin amfani da “mace” a tsakiyar karni na ashirin. Ba'amurke ɗan jarida William Allen White ya lura da ɗaya daga cikin wahalhalu a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na 1946. Ya ce wata mata da ta biya tarar karuwanci ta zo jaridarsa don nuna rashin amincewarta, ba wai an ce an yanke mata hukuncin kisa ba, amma jaridar ta kira ta a matsayin “mace” maimakon “mace”. Bayan faruwar lamarin, White ya tabbatar wa masu karatunsa, takardunsa sun kira mata 'yan adam a matsayin "mata", ban da sunayen kotun 'yan sanda, wadanda dukkansu "mata ne". Masanin tarihin Birtaniya Nancy Mitford ta rubuta wani maƙala mai tasiri a cikin 1954, " U vs. non-U ", inda ta lura da bambance-bambancen ajin : ƙananan mata sun fi son a kira su "mata", yayin da waɗanda suka fito daga mafi girman zamantakewa sun gamsu da su. a gane a matsayin "mata". Da yake tsokaci game da kalmar a 1953, CS Lewis ya rubuta cewa "mai gadi a Holloway ya ce kurkukun mata ne!" Kalmar “mace jakar jaka” ( vagabond ) magana ce ga macen da ta fada cikin mawuyacin hali; "matar dare" kalma ce mai ladabi ga karuwa .
A cikin Ingilishi na Burtaniya, "mace" sau da yawa, amma ba koyaushe ba, kawai ma'anar ladabi ce ga "mace". Sau da yawa ana bambanta bankunan jama'a da alamun da ke nuna "Ladies" ko "Gentlemen". "Lady" na iya samun siffa ta mutunci da mutunci, ana amfani da ita wajen siffanta tsohuwa a matsayin "tsohuwar mace" ko kuma lokacin magana game da mace ga yaro (misali. "Bawa matar kudin." ) Ya kasance ana amfani da shi azaman takwaransa ga “mai daraja”, a cikin jimlar jimlar “ mata da maza ”, kuma galibi ana yin musaya (a cikin ma’ana na yau da kullun) tare da “mace” (kamar yadda a cikin, “Matar a kantin sayar da kayayyaki ta ce I zai iya mayar da wannan abu cikin kwanaki talatin). Sai dai kuma wasu matan tun bayan bullowar mace ta biyu, sun yi adawa da kalmar da aka yi amfani da su a cikin mahallin kamar misali na karshe, suna masu cewa kalmar tana jin jin dadi da kuma tsohon lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita ta wannan hanya; mutumin da ke cikin mahallin guda ɗaya ba lallai ba ne a kira shi "mai girma". Ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan mata na sake fasalin harshe, Robin Lakoff, a cikin littafinta Language and Woman's Place (1975), musamman ya tayar da batun hanyoyin da ba a yi amfani da "mace" a matsayin takwaran "mai ladabi". Jami'ar Elizabeth Reid Boyd ta ba da shawarar cewa an dawo da amfani da kalmar "mace" ta hanyar mata a ƙarni na 21.
lakabin Burtaniya
bisa ka'ida, "Lady" ita ce takwararta ta mace zuwa matsayi mafi girma a cikin al'umma, daga mazaje, ta hanyar jarumawa, zuwa takwarorinsu na daula. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, 'ya'yan sarakuna ko 'ya'yan sarauta na jini yawanci ana san su da sunayensu na farko tare da "Lady" prefixed, misali. Uwargida Elizabeth ; tunda Tsohuwar Ingilishi da Ingilishi na Tsakiya ba su da mace kwatankwacin sarakuna ko ƴan kunne ko wasu ƴan sarauta ko manyan mutane. Baya ga sarauniya, matan sarauta da daraja suna ɗaukar taken "Lady".
A matsayin take na manyan mutane, amfani da “mace” a Biritaniya yayi daidai da na “Ubangiji”. Ta haka ne a kasa m madadin zuwa cikakken take ba da takamaiman matsayi, na tafiyar tafiya, Countess, viscountess ko baroness, ko a matsayin take na miji matsayi da dama ko ladabi, ko a matsayin mace take a kanta. Ana amfani da taken takwarorinsu tare da takamaiman labarin : Matar Ubangiji Morris ita ce "Lady Morris". Mukamin gwauruwa da aka samu daga mijinta ya zama mai sadaki, misali The Dowager Lady Smith .
Ana kuma amfani da lakabin "Lady" ga macen da ke matar wani baron feudal na Scotland ko Laird, lakabin "Lady" wanda ke gaban sunan barony ko lardship. A wajen ƴan ƙanana na Duke ko Marquess, waɗanda suke da laƙabi na ladabi "Ubangiji" a gaban sunan sunan su da na iyali, an san matar da sunan miji da sunan iyali tare da "Lady" prefixed, misali. Lady John Smith . 'Ya'yan sarakuna, marquesses da kunnuwa suna da ladabi "mata"; Anan, wannan take an riga an saka shi zuwa sunan da aka bayar da kuma sunan dangin matar, misali Lady Jane Smith, kuma ana kiyaye wannan idan matar ta auri wani ɗan gari, misali Mr John da Lady Jane Smith . "Lady" kuma al'ada take na matar baronet ko jarumi, amma a cikin wannan yanayin ba tare da sunan Kirista ba: "Lady" tare da sunan mahaifi kawai, Sir John da Lady Smith . Lokacin da mace ta saki jarumi kuma ya sake yin aure, sabuwar matar za ta zama Lady Smith yayin da tsohuwar matar ta zama Jane, Lady Smith .
Yan mata na Order of Garter da Order of thistle waɗanda ba su da wani salo mafi girma kuma suna karɓar prefix na "Lady"; Anan wannan take an riga an saka shi zuwa sunan da aka bayar da kuma sunan dangin matar, misali Lady Marion Fraser, LT, tare da post nominal LG ko LT, bi da bi, kuma wannan yana kiyaye idan mace ta yi aure. [ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]
Sauran ma'anoni
Amfani na musamman na kalmar a matsayin take na Budurwa Maryamu, yawanci Uwargidanmu, tana wakiltar Latin Domina Nostra . A cikin Lady Day da Lady Chapel, kalmar daidai ce mai haɗe-haɗe, wakiltar hlǣfdigan "na Lady".
Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar azaman take na Allahn Wiccan, Uwargida .
Da yawa daga cikin abokan aikinta na siyasa sun yi magana da Margaret Thatcher ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a lokacin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya . An halicci mijinta daga baya baronet, don haka ya sanya ta "Lady Thatcher" a matsayin dama. Bayan ta yi ritaya, an ba ta lamuni a matsayin Baroness Thatcher, na Kesteven a cikin gundumar Lincolnshire, kuma daga baya aka san ta da "The Lady Thatcher".
Wani wuri a cikin Commonwealth, ana amfani da kalmar a cikin irin wannan salon don amfani da aristocratic a Biritaniya. A Ghana, alal misali, an san ma'aikacin Asantehene na mutanen Ashanti Lady Julia Osei Tutu . A Najeriya, 'yan kabilar Yarbawa Kofoworola, Lady Ademola da Oyinkansola, Lady Abayomi sun yi amfani da wannan kambun saboda kasancewarsu matan jaruman Birtaniya.
Duba kuma
Yarinya
Dame, take daidai da Sir
Nassoshi
Kamus na Merriam Webster na Amfani da Turanci (Merriam-Webster, 1989), .
Lakoff, Robin. Harshe da Wurin Mata (New York, Harper & Row, 1975). ISBN Saukewa: 0-19-516757-0 .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
54933 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Trengove | Jack Trengove | Jack Trengove (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda kwanan nan ya buga wa kungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Port Adelaide a cikin Kungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Australiya (AFL). Dn wasan tsakiya, mita 1.86 (6 in) tsayi kuma yana da nauyin kilo 88 (194 ), Trengove yana iya ba da gudummawa a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na ciki da na waje. Bayan ya girma a Naracoorte, Kudancin Australia, ya koma Adelaide don halartar Kwalejin Prince Alfred kuma ya taka leda a Kudancin Kudancin Australiya (SANFL) tare da Sturt Football Club, inda ya taka leda na 2009 SANFL Grand Final . Ya wakilci Kudancin Australia a gasar zakarun AFL na kasa da shekaru 18, inda ya jagoranci kungiyar, ya sami lambar yabo ta Australia kuma ya lashe dan wasan da ya fi dacewa a jihar. Nasarorin da ya samu a matsayin ƙarami ya gan shi a matsayin mai yiwuwa na farko a cikin shirin AFL na 2009 tare da Tom Scully, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne ta ɗauke shi tare da zaɓi na biyu a cikin shirin.
Trengove ya fara bugawa AFL a lokacin kakar 2010 kuma ya sami gabatarwa ta AFL Rising Star, inda ya kammala na huɗu gaba ɗaya. Bayan shekaru biyu na farko a cikin AFL inda ya wakilci Ostiraliya a cikin Dokokin Kasa da Kasa kuma ya gama a cikin manyan biyar na kulob din mafi kyau da adalci, an kira shi co-kapitan kulob din tare da Jack Grimes a shekarar 2012. Wasansa na farko a matsayin kyaftin din ya gan shi ya zama kyaftin din mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin VFL / AFL; ya riƙe kyaftin din na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya bar rawar a ƙarshen kakar 2013 don mayar da hankali kan yadda yake wasa. Shekaru biyu na gaba sun sami cikas saboda raunin kasusuwa, wanda ya gan shi ya buga wasanni bakwai na AFL daga farkon kakar 2014 zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2017. Melbourne ta cire shi a ƙarshen kakar 2017 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da Port Adelaide a matsayin wakilin kyauta a lokacin cinikayya na 2017. A halin yanzu yana taka leda a Yarima Alfred OC a cikin Adelaide Footy League (SAAFL).
Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Trengove kuma ta girma a Naracoorte, Kudancin Australia kusa da iyakar Victoria a kudu maso gabashin Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙarami tare da Kybybolite Football Club a cikin Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara Football League kafin ya koma Adelaide don halartar Kwalejin Prince Alfred . Ya sami girmamawa a tsakiyar shekara a shekara ta 2009 lokacin da ya wakilci Kudancin Australia a gasar zakarun AFL na kasa da shekaru 18, ban da zama kyaftin din kungiyar. Ayyukansa a gasar zakarun sun gan shi ya sami wuri a cikin ƙungiyar All-Australian a matsayin ruck-rover kuma ya lashe dan wasan da ya fi dacewa a Kudancin Australia. Yayinda yake kammala shekara goma sha biyu, ya taka leda a Kudancin Kudancin Australia (SANFL) tare da Sturt Football Club; ya buga rabi na biyu na kakar tare da babban bangare, wanda ya hada da mafi kyawun wasan ƙasa a wasan karshe na farko da Glenelg - inda ya dauki alamar ceton wasa a cikin tsaro - da kuma babban asarar karshe ga Gundumar Tsakiya.
Tattaunawa game da wanda zai zama na farko don shirin AFL na 2009 ya cika a cikin shekara, tare da ko dai Tom Scully ko Trengove ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya daukar shi tare da na farko. Bayan da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne ta sami zaɓuɓɓuka biyu na farko a cikin shirin, kafofin watsa labarai sun yi la'akari da cewa Scully da Trengove za su kasance zaɓuɓɓukan farko guda biyu, tare da duka biyun sun cancanci zama na farko.
Ayyukan AFL
2010-2011: Farkon aiki
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne ce ta dauki Trengove tare da zabin su na biyu kuma na biyu gaba ɗaya a cikin shirin kasa na 2009. Ya fara bugawa a cikin asarar maki hamsin da shida a kan Hawthorn a Melbourne Cricket Ground a zagaye na farko na kakar 2009, inda ya rubuta ashirin da uku, alamomi biyu da biyu, kuma an ambaci sunansa a cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau na Melbourne. A wasansa na biyar, ya sami zabin zagaye na biyar na AFL Rising Star bayan ya yi rikodin ashirin da hudu, alamomi shida, hudu da kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar maki hamsin da ya yi da Brisbane Lions a Melbourne Cricket Ground. Ya buga wasanni tara na farko na shekara kafin ya huta don wasan zagaye na goma da Geelong a filin wasa na Skilled, tare da wasan makon da ya gabata da aka buga a yanayin zafi a Darwin. Ya rasa makonni uku na kwallon kafa a watan Yuli tare da raunin cinya. Ya dawo daga rauni ta hanyar Victorian Football League (VFL) tare da ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar Melbourne, Casey Scorpions . Ya koma babban bangare a zagaye na goma sha tara don nasarar maki ashirin da tara a kan Richmond a Melbourne Cricket Ground kuma ya buga sauran shekara don kammala tare da wasanni goma sha takwas da matsakaicin goma sha tara a wasa. An dauke shi daya daga cikin wadanda aka fi so na farko don lashe tauraron da ke tasowa a kasuwannin fare, kuma a ƙarshe ya gama na huɗu gaba ɗaya a cikin kyautar.
Haihuwan 1991
Rayayyun mutane |
10177 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington | George Washington | George Washington (Febrelun 22, 1732 zuwa Febrelun 11, 1731) an haife shi a February 11, 1731.) Ya kasance ɗan siyasan ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka, janar ɗin soja, Baban ƙasa, kuma Waɗanda suka ƙafa Tarayyar Amurka wanda ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar Amurka na farko (1789–1797). Ya jagoranci Patriot forces a muhimmiyar American Revolutionary War kuma ya kai su ga samun nasara akan Britaniya. Washington ya zauna a Constitutional Convention a shekara ta 1787, wacce ta kafa sabuwar kasar. Saboda jarumtarsa da jajircewa a American Revolution, ake kiransa da "Father of His Country".
George Washington ɗa ne ga Mary Ball da Augustine. an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabirairu, 1732. Shine ɗa na uku ga mahaifan sa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin Amurka. Yana ɗan shekara 11 Mahaifinsa, Augustine, ya rasu, wanda hakan ya kawo tasgaro ga neman ilimin sa. Saboda haka, George ya shafe yawancin shekarunsa ƙarƙashin kulawar ɗan uwan sa Lawrence, shine ɗan'uwansa da ya fi so. Ya kuma koyi ilimin kimiyar fasaha a wajan sa, kuma ya fara sana'a tare da taimakon makwabtansu. Mutuwar Lawrence a 1752 ta sake canza rayuwar George. Bayan mutuwar Lawrence ne George ya tafi Virginia ya shiga aikin soja inda ya samu matsayin Laftanar Kanal . George ya jagoranci sojoji zuwa yamma kwarin Ohia. A jagorancin sa na biyu inda suka kai farmaki ga sojojin faransa. Inda a Fort Necessity sojojin Faransa suka tsare su George na ramuwar gayya wanda hakan tasa su mika wuya. Inda kuma ake zargin George da kisan kai.
Daga nan George ya shiga gidan Janar Edward Braddock a matsayin mataimakin sa. Lokacin da Braddock ya sha kayi a yakin Monongahela a 1755, George yayi abin azo a gani, saboda haka Laftanar Robert Dinwiddie ya nada shi a matsayin kwamandan Regiment na Virginia. Ya yi aiki a matsayin har zuwa ƙarshen 1758. A farkon shekarar 1759, George ya auri Martha Custis, ( Ta taba yin aure kuma tana da arziki), kuma ya lashe zaɓen Gida na Burgesses na Virginia. George da Martha sun koma Dutsen Vernon. Inda suka fara rayuwa tare da yayan da ta haifa a auren ta na baya, John Parke Custis da Martha Parke Custis. Matsayin George a cikin House of Burgesses ya kara mahimmanci yayin da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mazauna Burtaniya ta taɓarɓare bayan ƙarshen yaƙin shekaru bakwai. Gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta ci bashin manyan basusuka a fadin duniya kuma ta fuskanci tsadar soji don kare sabbin yankuna a Arewacin Amurka da ta samu a sulhu da sukayi da Faransa . Don biyan wadannan kuɗaɗen, Majalisar Biritaniya ta zartar da wasu sabbin matakan haraji kan yankunanta, wanda har yanzu suna biya sai dai yayi ƙasa da wanda 'yan ƙasa ke biya a Ingila. Amma da yawa daga cikin yan mulkin mallaka sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa sun riga sun ba da gudummawar su a yaƙi don haka bai kamata a tilasta musu su sake biyan kuɗi ba, musamman tunda ba su da wata hanya a cikin tsarin doka. George ya goyi bayan zanga-zanga akan wannan batu a cikin House of Burgesses, kuma a cikin 1774, ya yarda da nadin da aka mai a matsayin wakilin Virginia zuwa Majalisar Nahiyar Farko, inda yasa matakai, kamar kauracewa siyan kayayyakin Burtaniya. A shekara mai zuwa, ya koma Majalisar Nahiya ta Biyu, bayan da sojojin Biritaniya da sojojin sa kai suka yi arangama a Lexington, da Concord. Ya amince da shawarar Majalisa kan ƙirƙirar sojoji a watan Yuni 1775 kuma an nada shi Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Nahiyar.
A cikin shekaru takwas dasu ka gabata, George ya jagoranci sojoji, a yake yake da dama wanda bai samu nasara sosai ba, amma a ƙarshe yayi nasara a cikin 1783 lokacin da yarjejeniyar Faransa ta ƙare a yakin juyin juya hali. Nasarar George a matsayin kwamanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwa uku. Na farko, bai taba kalubalantar ikon farar hula ba. Sabuwar al’ummar ba ta amince da ikon soja ba sosai, kuma ya yi biyayya yana danne wasu abun shi yasa shi ya zama shugaba. Na biyu, sojoji suna girmama shi. Sojojin sun saukar da kai ga kwamandansu George, ya fito fili har wasu ’yan majalisa suka ce ba Sojojin Nahiyar bane, sojojin George Washington ne. A ƙarshe, George ya fahimci cewa idan sojojin sun tsira, haka ma dalilin samun 'yancin kai. Bai kamata ya doke Sojojin Burtaniya ba, dole ne kawai ya guje wa halaka gaba daya. A karshen yakin, George ya mayar da hukumarsa zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kuma yaci gaba da rayuwa a matsayin dan kasa mai zaman kansa a Virginia. A zamanin mulkin kama-karya da rikon sakainar kashi, mika mulkin da ya yi da son rai ba tare da wani ya tilas ta masa ba ya bawa duniya mamakin almararsa. Bayan yan shekaru shugabannin jihohi suka fara tattaunawa game da sake fasalin gwamnati, sun san cewa George yana da mahimmanci a samun nasarar su.
A shekara ta 1786, majalisar dokokin Virginia ta ba da jerin sunayen wakilai don wakiltar jihar a Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki. Abokin George, Gwamna Edmund Randolph, ya tabbatar da cewa an sa da sunan George. A cikin Mayu 1787, George ya tafi Philadelphia inda anan ne zasuyi taron, Kuma shine ya zama shugaban taron. Taron ya amince da sake tsarin mulki. George yayi imanin cewa sabon kundin tsarin mulkin zai warware da dama daga cikin matsalolin da suka addabi jam'iyyar Confederation Congress, amma kuma ya san cewa idan jihohi suka amince da kundin tsarin mulkin, za'a sake jefa shi cikin aikin gwamnati. Ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1788, New Hampshire ta zama jiha ta tara a Amurka, wanda dama ana bukatar karin jaha dan tabbatar da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya tilasta kowace jiha ta tsara zaɓe don sababbin ofisoshin tarayya. An zabi George a matsayin shugaban kasa,na wanda ya ksance shine na farko. Ya yi rantsuwar kama aiki a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1789.
A matsayinsa na shugaban farko, George ya gina ofishi, wanda hakan cigaba ne. Saboda haka, George ya kafa abin koyi don, martaba ce zama a ofishi, da hidimar jama'a. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, George ya kula da kafa tsarin hada-hadar kudi, da maido da martabar al'umma, da fadada yankin Amurka, da yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyoyin tattalin arziki da daulolin Turai, da kare ikon zartarwa, kan harkokin diflomasiyya da na cikin gida. George ya kafa misalan ƙididdiga, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙirƙirar majalisar ministoci, damar zartarwa, adireshin ƙungiyar. Yayi ritayar bayan wa'adi biyu a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1796, George ya buga takaddar sa ta ritaya inda ya sanar a wata jaridar Philadelphia. Ya gargadi Amurkawa da su taru su yi watsi da nuna bangaranci na kasashen waje da suke kokarin raba su, gargadin da suka rike shi da muhimmancinsu har zuwa karni na ashirin da daya.
Lokacin da George ya bar ofis, mutanen zamaninsa suna kiran sa da (UBAN KASA). Babu wani mutum da zai iya riƙe Sojojin Nahiyar har na tsawon shekaru takwas, kuma ya ba da izinin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki, kuma ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi tunanin kirkirar Amurka ba tare da shi ba. An ƙirƙira Amurka bisa ra'ayin cewa "dukkan maza an halicce su daidai, amma ga ga mata yazam zalunci domin ana cin zarafin mata da mutane masu banbanci launin fata. George Washington ya mutu a ranar 14 ga watan disamba 1799, a Mount Vernon.
Shugabannin_Amurka |
43321 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro%20Garnacho | Alejandro Garnacho | Alejandro Garnacho Ferreyra (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2004) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger kulob ɗin Premier League Manchester United da kuma tawagar ƙasar Argentina .
Garnacho ya shiga tsarin matasa na Manchester United daga Atlético Madrid a watan Oktoba Shekarar 2020. Ya lashe gasar cin kofin matasa na FA da lambar yabo ta Jimmy Murphy matashin dan wasan shekara a watan Mayu shekarar 2022. A watan da ya gabata, ya fara buga tamaula na farko yana dan shekara 17.
Garnacho ya fara buga wasan kwallon kafa na matasa a kasar Spain, kasar haihuwarsa, kafin ya fara buga wa Argentina wasa a matakin kasa da shekara 20 a shekarar 2022. Ya kuma buga wasansa na farko a babban tawagar Argentina a watan Yunin shekarar 2023, da Australia .
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki
An haife shi a Madrid, Garnacho ya shiga tsarin matasa na Atlético Madrid a shekarar 2015 daga Getafe .
Manchester United
Sana'ar matasa
A cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, ya shiga Kwalejin Manchester United . United ta biya Atlético kudi £420,000. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na gwagwalad ƙwararru na farko da ƙungiyar a watan Yuli shekarar 2021.
Ya zo a karkashin Haske don burinsa na solo a gasar cin kofin matasa na FA a kan Everton, wanda aka zaba don kyautar Goal na Watan United na Fabrairu 2022. Bayan an bayyana sunan shi a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba na wasannin Premier da dama, Garnacho ya fara buga wa United wasa a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, inda ya maye gurbin Anthony Elanga a minti na 91 na wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Chelsea . Garnacho ya lashe kyautar gwarzon matashin dan wasa Jimmy Murphy a watan Mayu. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin matasa na FA da Nottingham Forest a ranar 11 ga Mayu, wanda ya taimaka wa United lashe gasar a karon farko tun 2011.
2022-23 kakar
A farkon kakar gasar Premier ta 2022-23, ya canza lambar rigarsa daga 75 zuwa 49. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya ci nasara a ƙarshen United's U21 da Barrow a cikin 2022–23 EFL Trophy . Garnacho ya fara buga wasansa na farko a United a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, a wasan da kungiyar Sheriff Tiraspol ta yi nasara a kan Moldovan da ci 3-0 a gasar UEFA Europa League, inda kocin Erik ten Hag ya yaba masa saboda ci gaban da ya samu a makonnin da suka gabata, yana mai cewa duk da haka. a baya bai gamsu ba, ya yi farin ciki da ingantaccen hali da juriya na Garnacho. A ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba, ya zira kwallonsa na farko a gasar cin kofin Europa da Real Sociedad . Garnacho ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, wanda ya ci nasara akan Fulham . A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2023 a wasan Manchester, Garnacho ne ya kafa wa Marcus Rashford wanda ya ci nasara a minti na 82 a wasan da suka ci Manchester City 2-1. A ranar 14 ga Maris shekarar 2023, Garnacho ya sanar da cewa zai yi jinyar makonni da yawa bayan ya samu rauni a idon sawun sawu yayin wasan su da Southampton . A kan 28 Afrilu shekarar 2023, Garnacho ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar da za ta ci gaba har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2028.
A ranar 13 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2023, Garnacho ya dawo daga jinyar watanni biyu da rauni, inda ya zira kwallo ta biyu a nasara da ci 2-0 a kan Wolves.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Garnacho ya cancanci buga wa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, Spain, da Argentina, kamar yadda mahaifiyarsa Argentina ce. Ya buga wasanni uku ga tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 18 ta Spain a shekarar 2021.
A ranar 7 ga Maris 2022, an kira Garnacho zuwa babban tawagar Argentina a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar farko na mutum 44 don buga wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a wannan watan. Ya kai wasan karshe na ’yan wasa 33 don buga wasannin, amma bai fito ba a kowane wasa.
Garnacho ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Argentina a ranar 26 ga Maris 2022, lokacin da ya fara wasan sada zumunci da Amurka . Ya zira kwallaye hudu a cikin wasanni hudu ga kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar Maurice Revello na 2022 wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Wahayi da Goal na Gasar.
A cikin Maris 2023, an sake kiran shi zuwa babban tawagar Argentina don wasanni biyu na sada zumunci da Panama da Curaçao, amma dole ne ya janye daga bayan ya ji rauni a idon sawun. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a babban kungiyar a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2023, yayin wasan sada zumunci da Ostiraliya a filin wasa na Workers, wanda ya zo a madadin Nicolás González a lokacin rabin na biyu na wasan.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa
Manchester United U18
Kofin matasa na FA : 2021-22
Manchester United
Kofin EFL : 2022-23
Kofin FA : wanda ya zo na biyu: 2022-23
Mutum
Gasar Maurice Revello Mafi kyawun XI: 2022
Maurice Revello Wasan Kwallon Kafa: 2022
Manufar Gasar Maurice Revello na gasar: 2022
Jimmy Murphy matashin ɗan wasan shekara : 2021-22
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan martaba a ManUtd.com
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30535 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20muhalli%20da%20ruwa%20a%20Bangladesh | Gurbataccen muhalli da ruwa a Bangladesh | Bangladesh, mai fadin kasa 147,570 km 2, tana da kuma fasalin fili Wanda ya kawo ambaliya da tsarin kogi da yawa a cikin ƙasar. Wannan shimfidar wuri tana da kuma manyan albarkatun ruwa, ƙasa, kamun kifi, dazuzzuka, da namun daji. Gwamnatin kasar tayi kokari akan zartar da bayanai na wurin.
A halin yanzu kasar na fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da dama wadanda ke barazana ga wadannan albarkatu, wadanda suka hada da gurbacewar ruwa a karkashin kasa, da karin gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa, guguwa da ambaliya, da gurbacewar yanayi da sauya yanayin kwararar magudanan ruwa saboda rashin sarrafa ruwan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, sannan kamar canjin yanayin kwararar rafi da kasancewar gubar a cikin ruwan ƙasa, ana iya danganta su kai tsaye da ayyukan ɗan adam da hanyoyin masana'antu, yayin da wasu, kamar guguwa da ambaliya al'amura ne da ke faruwa a zahiri. Yawancin waɗannan batutuwan suna ƙara ta'azzara saboda sauyin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar guguwa da hauhawar matakan teku. Bisa kididdigar kididdigar daidaitawa ta duniya ta Notre Dame, Kuka Bangladesh ita ce kasa ta 43 da ta fi fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi, kuma kasa ta 37 mafi karancin shiri don magance wadannan illolin. Akwai wasu matakan da gwamnati ta dauka don magance wadannan batutuwa.
gurbacewar ruwan karkashin kasa
Ruwan karkashin kasa a Bangladesh, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman ruwan sha, an same shi yana gurɓata da abubuwa masu nauyi da yawa, gami da arsenic, gubar, cadmium, chromium, jan karfe, mercury, nickel, da uranium. Daga cikin waɗannan, an ƙaddara arsenic a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun kiwon lafiya, tare da kuma kusan kashi 49% na ruwan ana iya gurɓata shi da yawa sama da jagororin WHO, yana shafar mutane miliyan 35 zuwa 77 a cikin ƙasar. Gurɓatar Arsenic na ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi matsala ce ta halitta wacce ta ƙara yin muni ta hanyar amfani da rijiyoyin bututu, waɗanda ke fitar da ruwan ƙasa. Tun a shekarun 1970 ne gwamnati ta fara kafa amfani da rijiyoyin bututu mai zurfi don gujewa shan ruwan sama, wanda galibi ke gurbata da kwayoyin cuta iri-iri. Wadannan rijiyoyin bututu, duk da haka, sun kai ga gurbataccen ruwan karkashin kasa mai arsenic. Sannan Kuma Wannan batu ya fi yaduwa a yankunan cikin kasa da kuma yankunan karkara, inda kashi 97% na yawan jama'a ke amfani da rijiyoyin bututu. Sakamakon lafiyar shan gurɓataccen ruwan arsenic ya haɗa da sauye-sauyen launin fata da raunuka, wanda zai iya zama farkon cutar kansar fata. Hakanan zai iya haifar da amfani da huhu da mafitsara, da kuma tasirin ci gaba, neurotoxicity, ciwon sukari, cututtukan huhu da cututtukan zuciya.
An gano cutar dalma ta yi yawa a yankunan da ke kusa da Dhaka. An bayyana cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda dimbin masana'antu a yankin, ciki har da na'urorin sake amfani da baturi. Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta gano wuraren masana'antu sama da 1200 wadanda suka haifar da gurbacewar yanayi. Dalilan ƙarin gurɓacewar ƙarfe sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan noma. Kasancewar gubar a cikin ruwa yana shafar muhalli, da kuma lafiyar ɗan adam. Sannan Kasancewar gubar a cikin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da tattara dalma a cikin ganyen tsire-tsire da suke girma a yankin.
A yankunan bakin teku, gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi ya kuma yi tasiri a cikin rayuwar ruwa da muhallin gida. Kuma Wannan, bi da bi, yana shafar abubuwan da ake samu na tattalin arzikin yankin da ya dogara da wani bangare na kiwo. Misali, manyan matakan karafa na iya shafar iyawar haifuwa na ilimin halittu na asali ko kuma su gurbata kifin. Idan kifin yana da ƙananan ƙarfe da yawa, mai yiwuwa mai kamun kifi ba zai iya sayar da shi don ci ba. Idan mabukaci ya ci kifi mai yawan gurɓataccen ƙarfe, yana fuskantar haɗari ga lamuran lafiya, kamar ciwon daji, gazawar koda, ko gubar ƙarfe daban-daban. Akwai kuma yiyuwar kifayen su kara nisa daga wadannan yankuna, don gujewa wuraren da ake da guba, wanda kuma zai shafi rayuwar masunta a yankin.
Akwai wani kokari da gwamnati ta yi na samar da rijiyoyin zurfafan bututun da aka bayyana a fili cewa ba su da sinadarin arsenic, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na samar da tacewa domin kawar da gurbacewar karfe.
Salinity na karkashin kasa
A yankunan da ke gabar tekun Bangladesh, wadanda ke da kashi 32% na kasar, ana fama da matsalar ruwan gishiri sakamakon yawan ruwa da kuma raguwar kwararar koguna a lokacin rani. An riga an sami canjin yanayi na yanayi na hauhawar matakan ruwan gishiri. Sannan kuma A lokacin rani, ruwan gishiri ya tashi zuwa 240 km. Wannan yana shafar gishirin ruwan ƙasa a cikin karkara. Ana hasashen wannan tasirin zai fi tsanani a nan gaba saboda sauyin yanayi, saboda hawan teku. Kuma A sakamakon haka, ruwan teku zai kara zubewa zuwa yankunan ruwa mai dadi, wanda zai yi tasiri mai yawa akan flora da namun daji na yankin wanda ya dogara da kasancewar ruwa mai dadi. Misali, idan matakin teku ya tashi 88 cm, ruwa 40 km cikin ƙasa za a gurɓata da gaban saline 5 ppt. Wannan zai shafi musamman yankin ruwan ruwa na Tetulia, Estuary Meghna. Matsayin salinity a cikin Meghna Estuary, mafi girman tsarin estuarine a Bangladesh, na iya zama babba don ci gaba da aikin noma da pisciculture. Hakanan zai iya haifar da bacewar wasu nau'ikan Estuary da ke cikin hatsari.
Baya ga cutar da flora da namun daji na yankuna na gabar tekun Bangladesh, karin gishiri kuma zai iya shafar salin kasa, sabili da haka yawan noma na yankuna. An riga an ga wannan yanayin a yankunan bakin teku kamar Satkhira, inda yawan amfanin gonakin ya ragu da kashi 7% daga shekarata 1996 zuwa 2008. Noman shinkafa ya shafi musamman, ya ragu daga 0.3 miliyan ton zuwa 0.1 miliyan ton daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010. Idan matakan teku sun tashi kamar yadda aka yi hasashen a yanayin yanayi "matsakaici", ana hasashen Bangladesh zai samar da 0.2 ƙarancin amfanin gona miliyan. Ana hasashen za a ninka wannan lambar don yanayin yanayi "mai tsanani". Wannan batu ya shafi duka zaman lafiyar yankunan da suka dogara ne kan bunkasar shinkafa don samun kudin shiga da kuma salon rayuwa da yanayin cin abinci na yankin da ya dogara da tsarin abinci na shinkafa. Bugu da kari, iyalai marasa galihu suna fuskantar rashin daidaito sakamakon matsalar gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa.
Cyclones da ambaliya
Yankin gabar tekun Bangladesh na da saurin afkuwar guguwa. Tsakanin shekarar 1793 zuwa 1996, ana samun guguwa guda ɗaya kusan kowace shekara 4.5. Wannan yana da illa ga muhallin gida, da kuma kan iyalai da dukiyoyinsu. Misali, guguwar da ta afku a shekara ta 1970 ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 300,000 da dalar Amurka 86.4. miliyoyin asarar dukiya. Cyclones na iya yin illa ga samar da abinci a yankin. A shekarar 1991, guguwa ta yi sanadin lalata kashi 60% na shanu a yankin da abin ya shafa, kashi 80% na kaji da ke yankin da abin ya shafa, sannan ya fallasa hekta 72,000 na shinkafa ga ruwan gishiri.
Cyclones na iya haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ya kara shafar wadanda ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yana ƙara zuwa ambaliya wanda yankin ya riga ya yi rauni. Sannan Kuma Kashi 20 zuwa 22% na ƙasar ana ambaliya tsakanin watan Yuni da Oktoba. Wani bincike da kwamitin kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi ( IPCC ) ya yi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi da karuwar matakan teku zai kara dagula lamarin. Misali, 45 karuwar cm a matakin teku zai haifar da 75% na yankin dajin mangrove da ambaliya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙarar daɗaɗɗen ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya haifar da ƙarin ambaliya.
An bayyana ambaliya a matsayin daya daga cikin "babban cikas ga inganta tattalin arzikin al'umma". Tana shafar tattalin arzikin noma da samar da abinci ga al’ummar kasa, tunda kusan kashi 74% na kasar noma ake nomawa. Idan wani yanki mai mahimmanci na wannan ƙasa ya zama ambaliya, ba za a iya amfani da shi don samar da kayan amfanin gona ba. Ambaliyar ruwa tana yin illa ga marasa galihu, tare da matalauta kasancewa sau 2.5 mafi kusantar zama "masu tsananin damuwa" yayin ambaliya fiye da masu arziki.
Gudanar da magudanar ruwa
Sakamakon karuwar yawan mutane da dabbobi, da kuma amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaunukan Himalayan ya haifar da zazzagewar ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na Bangladesh. Wannan na iya yin tasiri akan tsarin ƙasa kusa da magudanar ruwa da kuma yuwuwar wurin yin ambaliya. Kuma Yayin da Eckholm da Myers suka ba da shawarar ka'idar da ta shahara a yanzu cewa akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin sare dazuzzuka a Nepal da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a cikin magudanan ruwa na Bangladesh, babu isasshen shaida don sanin ko wannan gaskiya ne ko a'a. Gudanar da magudanar ruwa mara kyau yana haifar da ɓarna a cikin tafkunan ruwa da canza yanayin kwararar rafi. Sedimentation a cikin tafkunan yana tasiri turbidity na tafki, da kuma zaizayar kasa a gefen kogin. Har ila yau, yana gabatar da farashi ga gwamnati wanda dole ne ya zubar da kogunan ruwan ta. Sannan kuma A Bangladesh, dole ne gwamnati ta cire 0.8 Mitoci masu kubik miliyan na gyaran gyare-gyare da kuma mitoci masu kubik miliyan 2 a kowace shekara. Tun da masana kimiyya ba su yarda gaba ɗaya matakin da sarrafa magudanar ruwa ke shafar yanayin kwararar rafi da ambaliya ba, yana da wuya a tantance girman wannan tasirin.
Martanin gwamnati game da lamuran muhalli
A cikin wani bincike kan shaharar martani ga sauyin yanayi, Bahauddin et al. An gano cewa 'yan ƙasa da yawa sun ji labarin sauyin yanayi, amma galibi suna tunanin hakan na nufin alamun sauyin yanayi ne kawai (watau ambaliyar ruwa, hadari, fari). Yiwuwar mai amsa ya lura da tasirin sauyin yanayi ya dogara ne akan ko rayuwar mutum ta kula da yanayin ko a'a. Yawancin waɗanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa "shirin safety net" na gwamnati na iya zama mafita mai yuwuwa ga sauyin yanayi.
Dangane da matsalolin muhalli da kasar ke fuskanta, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta kafa ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji ( MoEF ) a shekarar 1989, wacce ke magance wadannan batutuwa tare da yin la'akari da rawar da sauyin yanayi ke takawa wajen ci gaban kasar. MoEF tana kula da Sashen Muhalli da dazuzzuka, sannan Kuma wanda ke aiwatar da dokar muhalli da kuma kare nau'in halittu na halitta a cikin ƙasa bi da bi. A cikin binciken Bahauddin, sun zagaye da yawa daga cikin ’yan kasa ba su san wani shiri na gwamnati ko na gwamnati ba, na magance illolin sauyin yanayi.
Akwai kuma kokarin da kananan hukumomi ke yi na magance matsalolin da suka shafi sauyin yanayi . Misali, wasu kananan hukumomi sun saka hannun jari a matsuguni don rage yawan mace-macen da guguwa ta shafa. Ra'ayin mutane game da tasirin gishiri a kan bishiyoyi da amfanin gona a yankin gabar tekun Bangladesh ya nuna rashin jin daɗi yana yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban nau'in shuka sosai.
Dazuzzuka
Bangladesh tana da ma'anar daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarata 2018 yana da maki 5.45/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 101 a duniya cikin kasashe 172.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48233 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20Muhalli%20na%20Jamhuriyar%20Demokradiyyar%20Kongo | Yanayin Muhalli na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo | Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo (DRC), ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, tana da faɗin ƙasa . Galibin ƙasar na cikin lungu da sako na kogin Kongo . Faɗin yankin tsakiya mai ƙasƙanci, wani kwano ne mai siffar tudu wanda ke gangarowa zuwa yamma, da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da koguna ke hayewa. Cibiyar dajin tana kewaye da filaye masu tsaunuka a yamma, tudun da ke haɗewa zuwa savannas a kudu da kudu maso yamma. Kyawawan ciyayi sun mamaye kogin Kongo a arewa. Manyan duwatsu na Ruwenzori Range (wasu sama da ) ana samun su a kan iyakokin gabas tare da ƙasar Rwanda da kuma Uganda (duba gandun daji na Albertine Rift montane don bayanin wannan yanki).
Yankunan yanki
Ana iya bayyana manyan yankuna da dama dangane da yanayin ƙasa da kuma yanayin ciyayi, wato tsakiyar Basin Kongo, tsaunukan arewa da kudancin rafin, da tsaunukan gabas.
Babban yankin ƙasar shi ne tsakiyar Basin Kongo. Samun matsakaicin tsayi na kusan , yana auna kusan , wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin DRC. Yawancin dajin da ke cikin kwandon fadama ne, kuma har yanzu yawancinsa ya ƙunshi cakuɗa marshes da ƙasa mai ƙarfi.
Arewa da kudancin rafin sun kwanta filaye masu tsayi kuma, lokaci-lokaci, tsaunuka da aka rufe da gaurayawan ciyawa na savanna da ciyayi . Yankin tuddai na kudu, kamar rafin ruwa, ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin DRC. Yankin ya gangara daga kudu zuwa arewa, yana farawa da kusan kusa da iyakar Angola kuma ya faɗi kusan kusa da basin. Rufin ciyayi a yankin tuddai na kudu ya bambanta fiye da na tsaunukan arewa. A wasu yankuna, gandun daji ya mamaye; A wasu kuma, ciyawa na savannah sun fi yawa. Kudancin rafin, tare da rafukan da ke gudana cikin kogin Kasai akwai dazuzzuka masu yawa. A kudu maso gabas mai nisa, galibin tsohuwar Lardin Katanga tana da ɗan tudu mai tsayi da ƙananan tsaunuka. Yankin yamma na DRC, wani juzu'in gandun daji da ke kaiwa Tekun Atlantika, wani tsawo ne na tsaunukan kudu wanda ke faɗuwa sosai zuwa wani kunkuntar bakin teku mai nisan dogon.
A cikin tsaunukan arewa masu kunkuntar, murfin ya fi yawa savanna, kuma gandun daji ba su da yawa. Matsakaicin tsayin wannan yanki kusan , amma yana tashi har zuwa inda ya haɗu da gefen yamma na tsaunukan gabas.
Yankin tsaunukan gabas shi ne yanki mafi girma kuma mafi ƙasƙanci na ƙasar. Ya tsawaita fiye da daga saman tafkin Albert zuwa iyakar kudancin ƙasar kuma ya bambanta da faɗi daga . Tsaunukanta da tsaunuka suna da tsayi daga kusan zuwa fiye da . Hannun yamma na Babban Rift Valley ya samar da iyakar gabas ta ɗabi'a zuwa wannan yanki. Iyakar gabashin DRC ta ratsa cikin kwarin da tsarin tafkunanta, waɗanda suka rabu da juna ta filayen da ke tsakanin manyan tuddai.
A cikin wannan yanki, canje-canje a cikin tsayi yana kawo canje-canje masu kyau a cikin ciyayi, wanda ya kama daga montane savanna zuwa gandun daji na montane. Tsaunukan Rwenzori tsakanin tabkuna Albert da Edward shi ne mafi girman kewayo a Afirka. Tsayi da wurin da waɗannan tsaunuka suke a kan ma'auni suna samar da flora iri-iri da ban mamaki.
Koguna da tafkuna
Kogin Kongo da magudanan ruwansa suna zubar da wannan rafi da kuma samar wa ƙasar mafi girman hanyar sadarwa na hanyoyin ruwa a Afirka. a tsakiyar tsakiyar tsayinsa, kogin yana ɗaukar nauyin ruwa wanda ya kasance na biyu kawai ga Amazon . Magudanar ruwa ba a saba yin ta ba saboda koguna da koguna daga ɓangarorin biyu na ma'aunin ruwa suna ciyar da shi; canjin yanayi na damina da rani a kowane gefe na ma'aunin ruwa yana ba da tabbacin samar da ruwa na yau da kullun ga babban tashar. A wuraren da aka toshe kewayawa ta hanyar hanzari da magudanan ruwa, saukowar kogin kwatsam yana haifar da karfin wutar lantarki fiye da yadda ake samu a kowane tsarin kogin a duniya.
Yawancin DRC ana amfani da su ne ta tsarin kogin Kongo, lamarin da ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci da shiga waje. Hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa suna da yawa kuma suna rarraba a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, tare da keɓance guda uku: arewa maso gabashin Mayombe a Kongo Central a yamma, wanda wani ƙaramin kogin bakin teku ya malalo da shi mai suna Shilango ; wani yanki da ke kan iyakar gabas da ke kusa da tafkunan Edward da Albert, wanda wani yanki ne na kogin Nilu ; da wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na matsananciyar kudu maso gabashin DRC, wanda ke cikin kogin Zambezi kuma ya ratsa cikin Tekun Indiya .
Yawancin tafkunan DRC su ma suna cikin kogin Kongo. A yamma akwai Lac Mai-Ndombe da Lac Tumba, wadanda ragowar wani katon tabki ne wanda ya taba mamaye duk faɗin ruwa kafin ya keta bakin rafin da kogin Kongo da magudanar ruwa daga ciki. A kudu maso gabas, tafkin Mweru yana kan iyaka da Zambia . A kan iyakar gabas, Lac Kivu, tafkin mafi girma a Afirka ta Tsakiya da kuma cibiyar yawon shakatawa mai mahimmanci, da tafkin Tanganyika, kudu da Lac Kivu, dukansu suna shiga cikin kogin Lualaba, sunan da aka fi sani da kogin Kongo. Ruwan manyan tafkunan arewa mafi girma na gabas kawai, Edward da Albert, suna malala arewa, zuwa cikin Kogin Nilu.
Matsanancin maki
Wannan jerin matsananciyar wurare ne na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, wuraren da ke da nisa daga arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri.
Yankin Arewa - wurin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba a kan iyakar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin kogin Bomu nan da nan a yammacin garin Mbaga a CAR, Lardin Orientale .
Gabashin gabas - a wurin da sashin arewa na kan iyaka da Uganda ya shiga tafkin Albert nan da nan yammacin tashar tashar Mahagi, Lardin Orientale.
Yankin kudu - wurin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba a kan iyakar kasar da Zambia nan da nan zuwa arewa maso yammacin garin Ndabala na kasar Zambia, lardin Katanga.
Yankin yamma - wurin da iyakar da Cabinda ta shiga Tekun Atlantika, lardin Bas-Congo
Duba kuma
Yankunan Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Tsofaffin sunaye a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Manazarta
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
33977 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB%20Lahab | Abū Lahab | Articles with hCards
Abd al-Uzza bn Abdil-Muṭṭalib ( , ), wanda aka fi sani da Abū Lahab ( , ) ( 549 – 624) shi ne kawun Muhammadu rabin mahaifinsa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin Kuraishawa na Makka wadanda suka sabawa Annabi Muhammad da mabiyansa kuma an yi Allah wadai da shi a cikin surar Lahab ( Suratul Massad ) ta Alkur'ani saboda adawa da Musulunci .
Rayuwar farko da Iyali
An haife shi a Makka a shekara ta 549 miladiyya dan Abdul Muttalib shugaban gidan Hashim kuma kawun Annabi Muhammadu . Don haka ya kasance kane ga Abdullahi baban Annabi Muhammadu. Mahaifiyarsa, Lubna bint Hajar, ta fito daga kabilar Khuza'a . Mutanen kabilar Khuza’a sun kasance masu kula da dakin Ka’aba tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kafin Kuraishawa su karbi wannan nauyi ta hannun kakansu Qusai ibn Kilab. Abu Lahab kuma yana da dangantaka da Annabi Muhammad a matsayin kawunsa ta wata hanya, tun da kakar Annabi Muḥammad ita ce Fāṭimah bint 'Amr ta dangin Banu Makhzum . Makwafta suke da Muhammad suka raba katanga da gidansa.
Sunansa na asali shi ne 'Abd al-'Uzza, ma'ana bawa/mai bautar Uzza, allahn Larabawa na makamashi. Amma mahaifinsa ya ce masa Abū Lahab ("Baban Harshe") "saboda kyawunsa da fara'arsa" saboda jajayen kuncinsa. An bayyana shi a matsayin "kwararre mai ƙwanƙwasa mai ƙwanƙwasa gashi biyu, sanye da alkyabbar Aden" kuma a matsayin "mai yawan karimci".
Ya auri Arwā Umm Jamil bint Harb, 'yar'uwar Abu Sufyan (Sakhr), wadda mahaifinta Harb shi ne shugaban gidan Umayya . 'Ya'yansu sun hada da Utbah, Utaybah, Muattab, Durrah (Fakhita), 'Uzza da Khālida. Abu Lahab ya haifi wani da, shi ma Durrah, wanda wata kila wata mace ta haife shi. Wataƙila kuma shi ne mahaifin da bawansa Thuwayba ya haifa.
'Yarsa Durrah ta musulunta kuma ta zama mai riwayar Hadisi. Daya tana cikin Musnad na Ahmad, inda ta ruwaito cewa wani mutum ya tashi ya tambayi Annabi Muhammadu, wane ne mafificin mutane? Ya ce: "Mafi alherin mutane shi ne mafi ilimi, mafi tsoron Allah, mafi yawan umarni da kyawawan ayyuka, mafi yawan hani da alfasha, kuma mafi kusancin zumunta.
Ita ma Utbah ta musulunta bayan da aka ci Makkah kuma ta yi mubaya'a ga Muhammad.
Wa Sahabāh (c. 613).
Lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu ya sanar da cewa Allah ne ya umarce shi da ya yaɗa saƙon Musulunci a fili, Alƙur'ani ya gaya masa ya gargaɗi danginsa game da azabar Ubangiji. Don haka sai ya hau Dutsen Safā ya yi ihu: " Wa sabahah! " Ma'ana: "Ya safiya!" A cikin Larabawa wannan ƙararrawa ta al'ada ce ta al'ada duk mutumin da ya lura da ƙabilar abokan gaba suna gaba da kabilarsa da wayewar gari.
Da jin haka sai mutanen Makka suka taru a kan dutsen. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya yi wa ’yan uwa suna. "Ya Banū Hāshim, Ya Banū 'Abd al-Muṭallib... [da dai sauransu], da na gaya muku cewa bayan wannan tudun akwai maƙiyi da zai kawo muku hari, shin za ku gaskata ni?" Mutanen sun amsa cewa za su yi, tun da Annnabi Muhammadu an san shi da gaskiya sosai kuma an ba shi lakabin Al Amin . Ya ci gaba da cewa: "To, ina yi muku gargadi cewa kuna shirin zuwa ga azaba."
Ana nan sai Abu Lahab ya katse da cewa: “Kaitonka sauran yini! Shin abin da kuka kira mu ne a kansa?” Wata al’ada kuma ta tuna da Abu Lahab ya ɗauko dutse da zai jefa wa ɗan’uwansa.
Abu Lahab ya yi watsi da da’awar Muhammadu, ya ce: “Annabi Muhammad ya yi mini alkawarin abubuwan da ba na gani ba. Ya yi zargin cewa za su faru bayan mutuwata; me ya saka a hannuna bayan haka?” Sa'an nan ya busa hannuwansa, ya ce, "Ka iya halaka. Ba zan iya ganin komai a cikin ku ba na abubuwan da Annabi Muhammadu ya ce.”
Suratul Abu Lahab
Sakamakon wannan lamari kai tsaye, an saukar da wata sura ta Al-Masad ("The Dabino Fibre", sura ta 111), game da shi. Fassarar Sahih International ta Turanci tana karanta:
Hannayen Abu Lahab ya halaka, kuma ya halaka.
Dukiyarsa ba za ta wadatar masa da abin da ya samu ba.
he will [enter to] to ƙone a cikin wata wutã mai ƙuna.
Matarsa (kuma) - mai ɗaukar itace (ƙayan Shaidan wanda ta kasance tana sanya shi a tafarkin Annabi).
A wuyanta akwai igiya na murɗaɗɗen zaren ( masadd ).
Ana kiran Umm Jamil “mai ɗaukar itace” saboda an ce ta ɗauki ƙaya ta jefar da su a tafarkin Annabi Muhammadu. Kasancewar makwabcin Annabi Muḥammad, ita ma ta jefar da shara a bango cikin gidan Annabi Muhammad.
Abu Lahab ya auri 'ya'yansa maza biyu ga 'ya'yan Annabi Muhammad, 'Utbah ga Ruqayyah, 'Utaibah ga Ummu Kulthum . Duk da haka, ba a gama daura auren ba. Bayan sanarwar Al-Masad, Abu Lahab ya gaya wa 'ya'yansa maza: "Kaina ya halatta a gare ku idan ba ku saki 'ya'yan Muhammadu mata ba." Don haka suka sake su. ’Yar Abu Lahab Durrah ta yi aure a wani mataki na auren Zaid bn Harīthah, wanda a lokacin ake kallonsa a matsayin dan Annabi Muhammadu, daga baya aka sake su; amma ba a san lokacin daurin wannan aure da saki ba. Daga baya kuma ta auri Ḥārith ibn Naufal na Banu Hashim; kuma bayan rasuwarsa ta auri Dihya bn Khalifa.
Wasu ayyukan adawa (613–619)
A lokacin da Kuraishawa suka fara azabtar da musulmi, dan uwan Abu Lahab Abu Talib ya yi kira ga iyalan Hashim da Al-Muddalib da su tsaya tare da shi wajen kare dan uwansa. Al'ada ce a tsakanin Larabawa su goyi bayan danginsu. Duk da rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin Muhammad da wasu daga Banu Hashim da Banu Muṭṭalib, mafi yawansu sun tsaya masa a cikin halin da yake ciki, sun ba shi kariya da tsaro sai Abu Lahab.
Yayin da Annabi Muhammadu ke addu'a a kusa da dakin Ka'aba, Abu Jahl ya taba jefo masa hanjin rakumi da aka yanka. Daga baya Muhammad ya gaya wa Aisha : “Na kasance tsakanin mugayen maƙwabta biyu, Abu Lahab da Uqba ibn Abu Mu’ayt . Suka kawo najasa suka jefar a gaban k'ofa na, suka kawo wani abu mai ban haushi suka jefar a gaban k'ofa." Muhammad ya ce ya fito daga gidansa yana cewa: “Ya ‘ya’yan Abdumanaf! Dabi’ar makwabci ne?” Sai ya jefar da shara.
A shekara ta 7 da yin wa'azin Musulunci, Kuraishawa suka kakabawa Banu Hāshim da Banu Muṭṭalib kauracewa birnin, tare da tilasta musu zama a cikin wani kwazazzabon dutse a wajen birnin. Yawancin mutanen Banu Hāshim ba su karɓi Musulunci a lokacin ba. Amma duk da haka sun tsaya gun Annabi Muhammad sun sha wahala kamar yadda ya sha. Abu Lahab shi kadai ne dan Banu Hāshim wanda ya goyi bayan kaurace wa kuma bai shiga cikin danginsa ba. Ta hanyar tsananin kiyayya, Abu Lahab ya keta wannan al'ada ta Larabawa, ya kuma bi sahun dangin Kuraishawa wadanda ba musulmi ba. Abu Lahab ya yi watsi da alakarsa da dangin Hashim ya ci gaba da zama a Makka. Ba da daɗewa ba, sai ya sadu da surukarsa, Hind bint Utbah, ya ce mata: "Shin ban taimaki Al-Lat da Al-Uzza ba, kuma ban yi watsi da waɗanda suka yi watsi da su ba, kuma na taimaki abokan gābansu. ?” Sai ta ce: E, kuma Allah ya saka maka da alheri Ya Abu Utba.
Tsakanin Kauracewa Badar (619-624)
Bayan an dage kauracewar sai wani dan uwa Abu Salama ya zo wajen Abu Talib yana neman kariya. Lokacin da dangin Makhzum suka nuna rashin amincewa da haka, Abu Lahab ya goyi bayan ɗan'uwansa. Ya gaya wa Makhzumiyawa cewa: “Ya Kuraishawa, kun ci gaba da kai wa wannan shehin hari saboda ya ba shi kariya a tsakanin mutanensa. Wallahi ko dai ku daina wannan ko kuma mu tsaya tare da shi har sai ya samu abinsa”. Makhzumawa sun so su ci gaba da goyon bayan Abu Lahab, don haka suka amince kada su bata wa Abu Salama rai.
Abu Talib ya rasu a shekara ta 620, Tun daga wannan lokaci, Muhammadu ya zagaya wuraren baje kolin kasuwanci da kasuwanni don ya shaida wa kabilun Larabawa cewa shi Annabi ne kuma ya kira su zuwa ga bauta wa Allah . Abu Lahab ya kasance yana biye da shi wajen baje kolin, yana mai cewa, “Wannan xan’adam yana nufin ku tube Al-Lat da Al-Uzza daga wuyan ku, da waxanda ke tare da ku na qabilar Malik xan Uqaish saboda bidi’ar bata da ya zo da ita. Kada ku yi masa biyayya, kada kuma ku kula shi.”
Wani ya ruwaito cewa: “Kafin Musuluncina na kasance ina ganin Annabi a kasuwanni a wajen Makkah yana kira da cewa: “Ya ku mutane ku ce babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah, kuma za ku rabauta. Mutane sukan taru a kusa da shi sai wani mutum, mai fuska mai haske, mai hankali, mai gashi guda biyu (yana rataye) ya fito daga baya ya ce: ‘Wannan mutumin ya bar addinin (na kakanninsa). Shi maƙaryaci ne. Yana bin Annabi duk inda yaje. Sai mutane su tambayi wane ne shi, su ji cewa baffansa (Annabi) ne.” {Musnad Ahmed 492/3}
</br>Annabi Muhammad da mafi yawan musulmai sun bar Makka a shekara ta 622, kuma Abu Lahab bai da wata mu'amala kai tsaye da dan'uwansa.
Mutuwa
Kamar yadda majiyoyin Musulunci suka ruwaito, a lokacin da sauran Kuraishawa suka je Badar domin kare ayarin ‘yan kasuwa da ke dauke da dukiyoyinsu daga wani hari da ake tsammanin za su kai musu, Abu Lahab ya ci gaba da zama a Makka, inda ya aika da dan’uwan Abu Jahal al-’ṣ bn Hisham a madadinsa wanda ya bi bashi. Dirhami dubu hudu da ya kasa biya. Don haka sai ya dauke shi aiki tare da su da sharadin a cire masa bashi.
Farkon mutanen da suka isa Makka da labarin cin nasarar Kuraishawa a yakin Badar, su ne al-Haysuman da Abdullahi bn al-Khuza’ī, wadanda suka yi ta kukan cewa da yawa daga cikin hakimansu sun fada fagen fama. Abu Lahab ya tafi babban tantin Zamzam, "fuskarsa baƙar fata kamar tsawa". Ba a jima ba sai ga dan uwansa Abu Sufyan bn al-Harith ya iso, don haka sai ya kira shi ya kawo labari. Wasu ƴan tsiraru ne suka taru a kusa da su biyun yayin da Abū Sufyan ya gaya wa kawunsa, “Haƙiƙa, kuraishawa sun haɗu da abokan gabanmu kuma suka juya baya. (Musulmi) suka kore mu, suna kama fursuna yadda suka ga dama. Ba zan iya zargin ’yan kabilarmu ba domin sun fuskanci ba su kaɗai ba, amma mutane sanye da fararen riguna masu hawa dawakai, waɗanda suke tsakanin sama da ƙasa. Ba su bar kome ba, kuma babu wanda ya sami dama." (A.Guillaume, Rayuwar Muhammad, 2007, shafi na 310)
A can karshen tantin, wani musulmi mai ‘yantacce mai suna Abu Rafi’ da matar Abbas Lubaba suka zauna suna zazzage kibau. Da suka ji labarin mutanen da suke cikin farare na hawa tsakanin sama da ƙasa, sai suka daina jin daɗinsu, sai Abu Rafi'u ya ce: " Mala'iku ne!" Abu Lahab ya fusata har ya tilasta wa Abu Rafi’ mai rauni kasa ya yi masa duka. Lubaba ta dakko sandar tanti da ke kusa, ta buga kan surikinta, tana kuka tana cewa: "Kana tunanin za ka iya zaginsa don kawai Abbas ba ya nan?"
Majiyar muslunci ta ce Lubaba ya raunata Abu Lahab sosai, har ta kai ga tsaga kansa, inda ya kwanta da wani bangare na kokon kansa. Rauni ya rikide ya zama najasa, gaba dayan jikinsa ya barke ya zama budadden pustules. Ya rasu bayan mako guda. Wannan zai kasance a ƙarshen Maris 624. Kamshin raunin da Abu Lahab ya ji yana da ban tsoro har babu wanda zai iya zuwa kusa da shi. Iyalinsa sun bar jikinsa da ya rube yana bazuwa a gidansa na tsawon dare biyu ko uku har wani makwabcinsu ya tsawata musu. “Abin kunya ne. Kaji kunyar barin mahaifinka ya rube a gidansa, kada ka binne shi daga idon mutane! Sai suka aika da bayi su cire gawarsa. An shayar da shi daga nesa, sannan aka tura shi da sanduna a cikin wani kabari a wajen Makka, aka jefe shi da duwatsu.
Wata ruwaya ta Muslim ta ce bayan rasuwar Abu Lahab, wasu daga cikin ‘yan uwansa sun yi mafarki, suka gan shi yana shan azaba a cikin wuta. Ya gaya musu cewa bai sami jin daɗi a Lahira ba, amma an gafarta masa wahalhalun da ya sha "hakan" (yana nuna sarari tsakanin babban yatsan yatsa da ɗan yatsa) saboda aikin kirki guda ɗaya na lalata bawansa Thuwayba, wanda ya ɗan ɗanyi kaɗan. reno Muhammad a matsayin uwar reno.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31341 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridhima%20Pandey | Ridhima Pandey | Ridhima Pandey (2008) yar gwagwarmayar muhalli ce daga Indiya wacce ke ba da shawarar ɗaukar mataki kan sauyin yanayi. An kwatanta ta da Greta Thunberg. Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, ta shigar da kara a gaban gwamnatin Indiya saboda rashin ɗaukar kwararan matakai na yaki da sauyin yanayi. Har ila yau, ta kasance daya daga cikin masu kokawa ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, tare da wasu matasa masu fafutukar ganin sauyin yanayi, kan gazawar ƙasashe da dama na ɗaukar mataki kan matsalar yanayi.
Fage
Pandey yana zaune a Haridwar,
Uttarakhand, jiha a Arewacin Indiya. Ƴa ce daga Dinesh Pandey wacce ke aiki a Wildlife Trust India wacce ita ma mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi ce kuma ta yi aiki a Uttarakhand a wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru 16 kuma mahaifiyarta Vinita Pandey wacce ke aiki da Sashen daji na Uttarakhand.
Sha'awarta game da sauyin yanayi ta fara ne lokacin da gidan Pandey na Uttarakhand ya fuskanci mummunan yanayi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata kuma a cikin 2013, mutane sama da 1000 sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar kasa. An kwashe kusan mutane 100,000 daga yankin. A cewar Bankin Duniya, mai yiyuwa ne sauyin yanayi ya kara matsin lamba kan samar da ruwan sha a Indiya.
Ƙaunar yanayi
Matakin doka akan gwamnatin Indiya
Yana da shekaru tara, Pandey ya shigar da kara a gaban gwamnatin Indiya a kan cewa ba su ɗauki muhimman matakai kan sauyin yanayi da suka amince da su a yarjejeniyar Paris ba. An gabatar da wannan shari'ar a Kotun Kotu ta Ƙasa (NGT), kotun da aka kafa a cikin 2010 wanda ke magana da shari'o'in muhalli kawai. Pandey ya kuma bukaci Gwamnati da ta shirya wani shiri na rage hayaƙin Carbon da wani shiri a duk faɗin ƙasar don dakile tasirin sauyin yanayi, gami da rage yawan amfani da makamashin da Indiya ke yi.
A wata hira da jaridar The Independent . Pandey ya ce:“Gwamnatina ta ƙasa dayukar matakan daidaitawa tare da rage hayakin iskar gas da ke haifar da matsanancin yanayi. Wannan zai yi tasiri da ni da kuma na gaba na gaba. Kasata tana da karfin da za ta iya rage amfani da man fetur, kuma saboda gazawar Gwamnati na tuntubi Kotun Ƙoli ta Ƙasa.” Hukumar ta NGT tayi watsi da koken nata, inda ta bayyana cewa an rufe ta a ƙarƙashin shirin tantance muhalli.
Koka ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya
A lokacin da ta nemi takardar visa ta Norwegian don zuwa Oslo, ta ji labarin wata kungiya ta matasa masu gwagwarmayar yanayi. Ta tunkari ƙungiyar, kuma an zabe ta don zuwa New York don taron 2019 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya . A yayin taron, a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2019. Pandey tare da wasu yara 15, ciki har da Greta Thunberg, Ayakha Melithafa da Alexandria Villaseñor, sun shigar da kara ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ƴancin Yara, yana zargin Argentina, Brazil, Jamus, Faransa da Turkiyya don keta Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin 'Yancin. Yaro ta hanyar ƙasa magance matsalar sauyin yanayi yadda ya kamata.
Ta kuma sake shiga tare da Thunberg lokacin da take tare da wasu yara 13 daga kusa da kalmar aika takardar koke ta doka zuwa Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, António Guterres don ayyana rikicin yanayi a matsayin matakin gaggawa na 3 na duniya akan 2021.
Ƙarin gwagwarmaya
A watan Satumba na 2019, Pandey ya jagoranci yajin yanayi a ƙarƙashin FridaysForFuture a Dehradun kuma ya zama mai magana don musayar Xynteo a wannan watan a Norway tare da Ella Marie Hætta Isaksen . Pandey ta dawo tana ma'amala da gwamnatin Indiya lokacin da ta yi kira ga Narendra Modi da ya dakatar da shirin sare dajin Aarey don gina aikin zubar da mota
Pandey ya yi kira da a dakatar da yin amfani da robobi gaba daya, yana mai cewa ci gaba da samar da shi sakamakon buƙatar masu amfani ne. Ta kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin Indiya da kananan hukumomi da su kara kaimi wajen tsaftace kogin Ganga . Ta ce yayin da gwamnati ke ikirarin tana tsaftace kogin, ba a samu wani sauyi sosai a yanayin kogin ba.
An nakalto Pandey akan tarihin rayuwarta akan Yara vs Canjin Yanayi kamar yadda take bayyana manufarta:"Ina so in ceci makomarmu. Ina so in ceci makomar dukan yara da dukan mutanen tsararraki masu zuwa"
Kyauta
Pandey yana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. Hakanan ta sami lambar yabo ta Tunawa da Mahaifiyar Teresa don Adalci na zamantakewa a cikin 16 Disamba 2021 a New Delhi.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Joffe | Chantal Joffe | Chantal Joffe RA (an Haife ta 5 Oktoba 1969) 'yar ƙasar Amurka 'yar wasan fasaha ne na Ingilishi wanda ke zaune a Landan. Yawancin manyan zane-zanenta na nuna mata da yara.A cikin 2006,ta sami lambar yabo ta Charles Wollaston daga Royal Academy.
Rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Chantal Joffe a St. Albans, Vermont, Amurka. Kanenta shine mai zane na zamani kuma marubuci Jasper Joffe. Mahaifiyarsu, Daryll Joffe, ita ma ƙwararriyan mai zane ce, tana yin zanen ruwa.
Joffe ta kammala karatun Gidauniyarta a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Camberwell (1987–88).Ta halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow a cikin 1988 – 91,ta kammala karatun digiri tare da karramawa kuma ta sami BA a Fine Art. Ta sami MA a zane-zane daga Royal College of Art, wanda ta halarta daga 1992–94.
An karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Delfina Studio Trust a cikin 1994 – 96 da kuma Abbey Scholarship (Makarantar Burtaniya a Rome) a cikin 1998 – 99. Joffe tana zaune a London.
Aiki
Joffe da farko tana zana hotunan mata da yara,sau da yawa a cikin sikeli mai girma,wani lokacin tsayi.Ta yi wa mahaifiyarta fenti akai-akai, sama da shekaru 30. A cikin 2009 hira da Stella McCartney, Joffe ta ce, "Ina matukar son zanen mata.Jikinsu, tufarsu – duk abin ya bani sha’awa.” Hotunan tushen zanen mai cike da mutuntaka sun haɗa da hotunan iyali, talla,mujallu na zamani,da hotunan batsa.Yin aiki kusan daga kayan aikinta na hoto,Joffe ta gabatar da karkatattun abubuwan da ta nuna.
A cikin hirar McCartney, Joffe ta ambaci daukar hoto na Diane Arbus a matsayin abin kwazo ga fasaharta: "Na sami daukar hoto yana da tasiri sosai. Musamman, Diane Arbus, wacce na damu da rayuwata gaba ɗaya. Ayyukanta yana da komai game da hoton ɗan adam wanda za ku iya so."
Wata mai suka ga The Independent ta ce game da "manyan zane-zane marasa kyau" cewa "ta yi fenti da wani nau'in sarrafawa mai sauƙi - ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba." Ya ci gaba da nuna cewa zane-zane nata na iya ba da ra'ayi na farko na sauƙi, fara'a,Ko kuma son yara,amma "suna da yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali wanda ke ba nunin wani yanayi mara kyau, maimakon jin tsoro."
Wasu daga cikin zane-zanen nata suna da girma har ta bukaci a yi musu zane.Yin zane a cikin manya-manyan buroshin goge baki,ba ta damu da ɗigon fenti ba, wani lokacin kuma ta bar tsofaffin zayyana a bayyane.Wani mai bita ya lura cewa "zanen kawukan kusa kuma yana haifar da manyan idanu masu ban mamaki da ma'auni, kamar Picasso ya sake ƙirƙira a cikin manga."
A cikin 2006, Colette Meacher, editan mujallar Burtaniya ta Bugawa Art, ya bayyana manyan zane-zanen Joffe a matsayin "kawai kyawawan wakilcin mata".Joffe sau da yawa takan jawo wahayi daga samfurin salon, "Hotunan abokai,aikin sauran masu fasaha" da kuma hotunan mata da yara a cikin matsayi na gaskiya.
Ayyukan Joffe tana tunawa da Alice Neel, wanda ta kasance tare da ita don wasan kwaikwayo na zane-zane da kuma Joni Mitchell, mawaƙin Kanada, mawallafin mawaƙa da mai zane-zane. An san wannan rukuni na masu fasaha don saƙonnin mata a cikin aikin su.
nune-nunen da tarin yawa
Ayyukan Chantal Joffe sun nuna a duniya a cikin nune-nune da yawa.Ta yi nunin nunin solo a London,Milan, Venice,Paris, New York, Helsinki da Bologna. Hakanan an nuna aikinta a cikin nune-nunen rukuni da yawa.
A cikin 2002, ta halarci wani nuni mai suna The Bold and The Beautiful,a The Pavilions, Mile End Park a London. Wannan nunin shine karo na farko da aka nuna Chantal, mahaifiyarta Daryll Joffe, da ɗan'uwanta Jasper Joffe a cikin nuni tare.
Ta lashe kyautar £ 25,000 Charles Wollaston a cikin nunin bazara na Royal Academy na 2006,don "fitaccen aiki a cikin nunin". Zanen mai nasara shine Blond Girl - Black Dress . Alkalan sun yaba da zanen a matsayin "zane mai matukar karfi da ban mamaki . . . Babu wata muhawara game da wanda ya yi nasara,an cimma matsaya gaba daya.”
An nuna Joffe a cikin nune-nunen a gidan kayan tarihi na Yahudawa a birnin New York,ciki har da Amfani da bango, benaye,da rufi: Chantal Joffe a cikin 2015 da Scenes daga Tarihi a 209. An haɗa aikin Joffe a cikin nunin 2022 masu zanen mata a gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Fort Worth.
Wasu nune-nunen rukunin da aka zaɓa sun haɗa da:
Nunin Kyautar Hoton Hoto na Ƙasa a Gidan Hoto na Ƙasa a London (1992 da 1993)
Sabbin Masu Zamani a Tate Liverpool (1996)
Babbar Yarinya, Karamar Yarinya a Tarin Gallery a Edinburgh (1996)
Hoton Burtaniya 1 a Studio d'Arte Raffaelli a Trento, Italiya (1999)
Turai: Hanyoyi daban-daban akan zane-zane a Museo Michetti a Francavilla al Mare, Italiya (2000)
Yadda Na Gani A Galerie Jennifer Flay a Paris (2001)
Hotunan Nuna 2002: Fasaha na Zamani a London a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Sarauta a London (2002)
John Moores 22 a Walker Art Gallery a Liverpool (2002)
Kiran London a Galleri KB a Oslo (2005)
DRAW a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Middlesbrough (2007)
Batutuwan Biritaniya: Identity and Self Fashioning 1967-2009 a Neuberger Museum of Art a New York (2009)
Ayyukan Joffe yana cikin tarihin The New Art Gallery, Walsall, Saatchi Gallery ( London, Ingila ), Berardo Collection Museum ( Lisbon, Portugal ), Museo Arte Contemporanea Isernia ( Isernia, Italiya), Museo d'Arte Classica ( Zola Predosa, Italiya), Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa (New York, Amurka), da Tarihin Yamma ( Oaks, Pennsylvania ). Victoria Miro Gallery ta wakilci ta a London da Galleria Monica De Cardenas a Milan da Zuoz .
Tarin jama'a na Burtaniya waɗanda ke nuna aikinta sun haɗa da Sabon Art Gallery,Tarin Majalisar Arts na Walsall, Tarin Ayyukan Gwamnati, Tarin Jerwood, Royal Academy of Arts da Royal College of Art.
Kyaututuka
Joffe ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa,gami da:
Nat West 90's Prize for Art; John Kinross Memorial Scholarship (1991)
Kyautar Elizabeth Greenshields; Paris Studio Award, Royal College of Art (1993)
lambar yabo ta Delfina Studio Trust (1994-1996)
Abbey Scholarship, Makarantar Burtaniya a Rome (1998-1999)
Kyautar Wollaston na Nunin bazara na Royal Academy of Arts (2006)
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
13 artworks by or after Chantal Joffe at the Art UK site
Saatchi Gallery: Chantal Joffe
Victoria Miro: Chantel Joffe
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1969 |
47971 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabin%20Afirka | Adabin Afirka | Adabin Afirka wallafe-wallafen ne daga Afirka, ko dai baki ("orature") ko rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan Afirka da Afro-Asiatic. Misalai na wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka za a iya gano su zuwa akalla karni na huɗu AD. Mafi sanannun shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna".
Wani batu na yau da kullun a lokacin mulkin mallaka shine labarin bawa, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a Turanci ko Faransanci don masu sauraro na yamma. Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine Things Fall Apart, na Chinua Achebe, wanda aka buga a 1958. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka suna ƙara nuna jigogi na 'yanci da' yancin kai.
Littattafan bayan mulkin mallaka sun zama masu yawa, tare da wasu marubuta da suka koma yarensu. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rikici tsakanin baya da yanzu, al'ada da zamani, kai da al'umma, da kuma siyasa da ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. Har ila yau, intanet ta canza yanayin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks.
Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Kamar yadda George Joseph ya lura a cikin babi na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a cikin Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani, yayin da ra'ayoyin Turai game da wallafe-walfinai suka jaddada rabuwa da fasaha da abun ciki, wayar da kan jama'a ta Afirka ta haɗa kuma " wallafe- wallafe-finai" na iya nufin amfani da kalmomi na fasaha don kare fasaha kadai. A al'ada, 'yan Afirka ba sa raba fasaha daga koyarwa. Maimakon rubuta ko raira waƙa don kyakkyawa a cikin kanta, marubutan Afirka, suna karɓar alamun su daga wallafe-wallafen baki, suna amfani da kyakkyawa don taimakawa sadarwa da muhimman gaskiya da bayanai ga al'umma. Ana ɗaukar abu mai kyau saboda gaskiyar da yake bayyana da kuma al'ummomin da yake taimakawa wajen ginawa.
Littattafan baki
Littattafan baki (ko orature, kalmar da masanin Uganda Pio Zirimu ya kirkira) na iya kasancewa a cikin layi ko aya. Sau da yawa rubutun yana da tatsuniyoyi ko tarihi kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da labarun halin trickster. Masu ba da labari a Afirka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun kira da amsawa don ba da labarinsu. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana waka mai ba da labari wanda ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labari kuma ana yawan rera shi, ta hanyar: labari mai ban sha'awa, aya ta sana'a, aya ta al'ada, waƙoƙin yabo na sarakuna da sauran fitattun mutane. Yabon mawaƙa, bards wani lokacin da ake kira "griots", suna ba da labarinsu tare da kiɗa. Har ila yau ana maimaitawa, sau da yawa ana raira waƙa, waƙoƙin soyayya, waƙoƙi na aiki, waƙomin yara, tare da rubutun kalmomi, karin magana da ma'ana. Wadannan al'adun baki sun kasance a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da Fula, Swahili, Hausa, da Wolof.
A Aljeriya, waƙoƙin baki wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Berber lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin, da ake kira Isefra, an yi amfani da su don fannoni na rayuwar addini da ta duniya. Waƙoƙin addini sun haɗa da ibada, labaran annabci, da waƙoƙin girmama tsarkaka. Waƙoƙin duniya na iya kasancewa game da bukukuwan kamar haihuwa da bukukuwannin aure, ko asusun jarumai jarumawa. A matsayin wani misali, a Mali, ana ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen baki ko tatsuniyoyi a rediyo a cikin harshen Booma.
Littattafan da suka gabata
Misalan wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka suna da yawa. A Habasha, akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Ge'ez wanda ya koma akalla zuwa ƙarni na huɗu AD; aikin da aka fi sani da wannan al'adar shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka shine labarin "trickster", inda karamin dabba ke amfani da basirarsa don tsira daga haɗuwa da manyan halittu. Misalan masu yaudarar dabbobi sun haɗa da Anansi, gizo-gizo a cikin al'adun mutanen Ashanti na Ghana; Ijàpá, tururuwa a cikin al-adun Yoruba na Najeriya; da Sungura, zomo da aka samo a cikin al al'adun tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Sauran ayyukan da aka rubuta suna da yawa, wato a Arewacin Afirka, yankunan Sahel na yammacin Afirka da kuma bakin tekun Swahili. Daga Timbuktu kadai, akwai kimanin rubuce-rubuce 300,000 ko fiye da aka ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu, galibi an rubuta su a Larabci amma wasu a cikin harsunan asali (watau Fula da Songhai). An rubuta mutane da yawa a sanannen Jami'ar Timbuktu . Abubuwan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa, gami da ilimin taurari, shayari, doka, tarihi, bangaskiya, siyasa, da falsafar. Littattafan Swahili, kamar haka, sun samo asali ne daga koyarwar Islama amma sun bunkasa a cikin yanayin asali, daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma farkon littattafan Swahili shine Utendi wa Tambuka ko "Labarin Tambuka".
Amma ga Maghreb, 'yan Arewacin Afirka kamar Ibn Khaldun sun sami babban bambanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Jami'o'i na Arewacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun yi alfahari da jami'o'in kamar na Fes da Alkahira, tare da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen don kara musu.
Littattafan mulkin mallaka na Afirka
Ayyukan Afirka da aka fi sani da su a Yamma daga lokutan mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sune ainihin labarun bayi, kamar Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equano (1789).
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka da suka fallasa harsunan Yamma sun fara rubutu a cikin waɗannan harsuna. A cikin 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (wanda aka fi sani da Ekra-Agiman) na Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) ya buga abin da mai yiwuwa shine littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta a Turanci, Habasha Unbound: Nazarin Race Emancipation . Kodayake aikin yana motsawa tsakanin fiction da goyon bayan siyasa, bugawa da sake dubawa mai kyau a cikin manema labarai na Yammacin Turai sun nuna lokacin canji a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka.
A wannan lokacin, wasannin Afirka da aka rubuta a Turanci sun fara fitowa. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo na Afirka ta Kudu ya buga wasan Afirka na farko na harshen Ingilishi, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator a 1935. A cikin 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o na Kenya ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gabashin Afirka, The Black Hermit, labari mai gargadi game da "kabilanci" ( nuna bambanci tsakanin kabilun Afirka).
Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine littafin Things Fall Apart, na Chinua Achebe . An buga shi a shekara ta 1958, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Things Fall Apart ya bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya.
Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka (tsakanin ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I da ƴancin kai) sun ƙara nuna jigogi na' yanci, ƴancin 'yancin kansu, da kuma (tsakanirukan' yan Afirka a yankunan francophone) baƙar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar negritude, mawaki kuma shugaban Senegal, Léopold Sédar Senghor, ya buga a cikin 1948 tarihin farko na waƙoƙin Faransanci da 'yan Afirka suka rubuta, Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), wanda ke nuna gabatarwar marubucin Faransanci Jean-Paul Sartre.
Ga marubutan da yawa wannan girmamawa ba ta ƙuntata ga bugawa ba. Mutane da yawa, hakika, sun sha wahala sosai kuma kai tsaye: an zarge su da jefa alhakinsu na fasaha don shiga cikin yaƙi, an kashe Christopher Okigbo a yaƙin Biafra da ƙungiyar Najeriya ta yakin basasa na shekarun 1960; An tsare Mongane Wally Serote a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Afirka ta Kudu No. 83 na 1967 tsakanin 1969 da 1970, kuma daga baya ba tare da an taɓa yin shari'a ba; Dan kasarsa Arthur Norjeunta ya kashe kansa; Jack Mapanje na Malawi a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'ar Swarwarwarwar ba; Ken Swarwar da aka dakatar da shi a jami'a; Ken Sharwarwarwar;
Littattafan Afirka na bayan mulkin mallaka
Tare da 'yanci da karuwar karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suka sami ƴancin kansu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, wallafe-wallafen Afirka sun karu sosai da yawa da kuma karbuwa, tare da ayyukan Afirka da yawa da ke bayyana a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi na Yamma da kuma jerin "mafi kyawun" da aka tattara tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. Marubutan Afirka a wannan lokacin sun rubuta a cikin yarukan Yamma (musamman Turanci, Faransanci, da Portuguese) da kuma cikin yarukan gargajiya na Afirka kamar Hausa .
Ali A. Mazrui da sauransu sun ambaci rikice-rikice bakwai a matsayin jigogi: rikici tsakanin Afirka da ta gabata da ta yanzu, tsakanin al'ada da zamani, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na waje, tsakanin mutum da al'umma, tsakanin zamantakewa da jari-hujja, tsakanin ci gaba da dogaro da kai da kuma tsakanin Afirka da bil'adama. Sauran jigogi a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, bambancin tattalin arziki a cikin sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, da haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata. Marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka da aka buga fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai.
A shekara ta 1986, Wole Soyinka na Najeriya ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai don lashe kyautar Nobel a cikin adabi. A baya, an ba da kyautar Albert Camus wanda aka haifa a Aljeriya a shekara ta 1957. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Afirka a cikin adabi sune Naguib Mahfouz (Masar) a shekarar 1988, Nadine Gordimer (Afirka ta Kudu) a shekarar 1991, John Maxwell Coetzee (Afirika ta Kudu) A shekarar 2003, Doris Lessing (UK / Zimbabwe) a shekarar 2007, da kuma Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) a shekarar 2021.
Ci gaban zamani
Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Afirka tun farkon shekarun da suka gabata (2010), kodayake masu karatu ba koyaushe ne suke bin adadi mai yawa ba. Hakanan mutum na iya lura da bayyanar wasu rubuce-rubucen da suka karya tsarin ilimi. Bugu da kari, ana iya yin nadama game da karancin masu sukar adabi a nahiyar a zamanin yau. Abubuwan da suka faru na wallafe-wallafen suna da kyau sosai, gami da kyaututtuka na wallafe'o'i, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya rarrabe su ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na asali. Al'amarin Grand Prix of Literary Associations yana da kyau sosai. Brittle Paper, wani dandamali na kan layi wanda Ainehi Edoro ya kafa, an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jaridar wallafe-wallafen Afirka". Kamar yadda Bhakti Shringarpure ya lura, "tsarin dijital na kirkirar Afirka ba wai kawai sun canza wallafe-wallafen Afirka ba har ma sun canza al'adun wallafe-walfinai kamar yadda muka sani".
Ƙarin amfani da intanet ya kuma canza yadda masu karatu na wallafe-wallafen Afirka suka sami damar samun abubuwan da ke cikin littattafan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks .
Littattafan da aka buga a Afirka
An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1980 kuma yana gudana har zuwa 2009, an gabatar da kyautar Noma don Bugawa a Afirka ga fitattun marubutan Afirka da malaman da aka buga a Afirka.
Shahararrun litattafan marubuta na Afirka
Peter Abrahams (Afrika ta Kudu): Mine Boy (1946), This Island Now, A Wreath for Udomo (1956)
Chinua Achebe (Najeriya): Arrow of God (1964), No Longer At Ease (1960), Things Fall Apart (1958), A Man of the People (1966), Anthills of the Savannah (1987),
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (Nigeria): Purple Hibiscus (2003), Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), Americanah (2013)
Chigozie Obioma (Nigeria): The Fishermen (2015), An Orchestra of Minorities' (2019)
José Eduardo Agualusa (Angola): Rainy Season, Creole, The Book of Chameleons, My Father's Wives Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana): Our Sister Killjo (1977), Changes: a Love Story (1991)
Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): O dia das calças roladas (1982), The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo Elechi Amadi (Nigeria): The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine (1966), The Great Ponds, Sunset in Biafra Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born (1968), Two Thousand Seasons (1973)
Sefi Atta (Nigeria): Everything Good Will Come (2005)
Ayesha Harruna Attah (Ghana): Harmattan Rain Mariama Bâ (Senegal): Une si longue lettre (So Long a Letter)
Chris Barnard (South Africa): Bundu, Mahala Ishmael Beah (Sierra Leone): A Long Way Gone (2007), Radiance of Tomorrow Mongo Beti (Cameroon): Poor Christ of Bomba (1956 as Le Pauvre Christ de Bomba)
André Brink (South Africa): n' Droe Wit Seisoen (A Dry White Season), Gerugte van Reen (Rumours of Rain) J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): Disgrace (1999), Life & Times of Michael K (1983)
Mia Couto (Mozambique): Terra Sonâmbula (Sleepwalking Land) Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): Ualalapi (1987)
Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos, We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories (1964)
Tsitsi Dangarembga (Zimbabwe): Nervous Conditions (1988), The Book of Not (2006), This Mournable Body Mohammed Dib (Algeria): La grande maison E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): '''n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads), Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)
Assia Djebar (Algeria): Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde
K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): Thirteen Cents (2000), The Quiet Violence of Dreams
Buchi Emecheta (Nigeria): The Bride Price (1976), The Slave Girl (1977), The Joys of Motherhood (1979), Destination Biafra (1982)
Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)
Nuruddin Farah (Somaliya): From a Crooked Rib (1970), Maps, Sweet and Sour Milk
Athol Fugard (South Africa): Tsotsi
Nadine Gordimer (South Africa): Burger's Daughter (1979), The Conservationist (1974), July's People (1981)
Alex La Guma (South Africa): In the Fog of the Seasons' End (1972), The Stone-Country (1967), Time of the Butcherbird (1979), A Walk in the Night (2020)
Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania): Paradise (1994), By the Sea (2001), Afterlives (2020)
Bessie Head (Botswana): When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971), A Question of Power (1973)
Moses Isegawa (Uganda): Abyssinian Chronicles (1998)
Rayda Jacobs (South Africa): The Slave Book, Eyes of the Sky, Confessions of a Gambler
Tahar Ben Jelloun (Morocco): The Sacred Night, The Sand Child (1985), This Blinding Absence of Light (2001)
Cheikh Hamidou Kane (Senegal): L'Aventure ambiguë (1961)
Malama Katulwende (Zambia): Bitterness
Yasmina Khadra (Algeria): The Swallows of Kabul (2002)
Christopher Zacharia Lameck (Tanzania): The Mythical Father, Lost, Ztraceni European Madness,
Camara Laye (Guinea): The African Child (L'Enfant noir, 1953), The Radiance of the King (1954)
Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt): The Beginning and the End (1949), Cairo Trilogy, Children of Gebelawi, Midaq Alley
Charles Mangua (Kenya): Son of Woman (1971), A Tail in the Mouth
Sarah Ladipo Manyika (Nigeria): In Dependence (2008)
Dambudzo Marechera (Zimbabwe): The House of Hunger (1978)
Dalene Matthee (South Africa): Kringe in 'n bos (Circles in a Forest)
Zakes Mda (South Africa): Ways of Dying (1995), The Heart of Redness
Thomas Mofolo (South Africa/Lesotho): Chaka (1925)
Nadifa Mohamed (Somalia) Black Mamba Boy (2010), The Orchard of Lost Souls (2013), The Fortune Men (2021)
Bai Tamia Moore (Liberia): Murder in the Cassava Patch (1968)
Fadhy Mtanga (Tanzania): Kizungumkuti, Huba, Fungate
Meja Mwangi (Kenya): Carcase for Hounds (1974), Going Down River Road (1976), Kill Me Quick (1973)
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kenya): A Grain of Wheat (1967), Matigari (1986), Petals of Blood (1977), Weep Not, Child (1964), Wizard of the Crow (2006)
Lewis Nkosi (South Africa): Mandela's Ego (2006), Mating Birds (1986), Underground People (2002)
Flora Nwapa (Nigeria): Efuru (1966), Idu (1970), One is Enough, Never Again, Women are Different
Nnedi Okorafor (Nigeria): Zahrah the Windseeker (2005)
Ben Okri (Nigeria): The Famished Road (1991), Songs of Enchantment (1993)
Deon Opperman (South Africa): Donkerland (Dark Land), Kruispad (Crossroad), Hartland (Heartland)
Yambo Ouologuem (Mali): Le Devoir de Violence (Bound to Violence)
Alan Paton (South Africa): Cry, The Beloved Country (1948)
Pepetela (Angola) : Muana Puó, Mayombe, A Gloriosa Família (1997)
Sol Plaatje (South Africa): Mhudi (1930)
Nawal El Saadawi (Egypt): Woman at Point Zero (1975)
Tayeb Salih (Sudan): Season of Migration to the North (1966)
Wilton Sankawulo (Liberia): Birds Are Singing
Karel Schoeman (South Africa): n Ander Land (Another Country), Na die Geliefde Land (Promised Land)
Olive Schreiner (South Africa): The Story of an African Farm (1883)
Benjamin Sehene (Rwanda): Le Feu sous la Soutane (Fire under the Cassock)
Ousmane Sembène (Senegal): Xala (1973), The Black Docker (Le Docker Noir), God's Bits of Wood (Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu), The Last of the Empire (Le dernier de l'Empire), Tribal Scars (Voltaïque), (1962)
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria): The Interpreters (1965), Seasons of Anomy (1973), Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth (2021)
Amos Tutuola (Nigeria): The Palm Wine Drinkard (1952), My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (1954), Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle, Feather Woman of the Jungle, The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town, Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty
Marlene van Niekerk (South Africa): Triomf (Triumph, 1994)
Yvonne Vera (Zimbabwe): Butterfly Burning (1998)
José Luandino Vieira (Angola): Luuanda (1963)
Joseph Jeffrey Walters (Liberia): Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess (1891)
Berhanu Zerihun (Ethiopia): Ye'imba debdabbéwoch ("Tearful Letters")
Bayani
Bayanan littattafai
Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
[Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
Busby, Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descending from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Jonathan Cape, 1992.
Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), Tarihin Janar na Afirka, vol.VIII, UNESCO, 1993, shafi na 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "Ci gaban wallafe-wallafen zamani tun 1935".
Gordon, Afrilu A., da Donald L. Gordon, Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani, London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, shafi na 12, George Joseph, "Litattafan Afirka".
Gikandi, Simon (ed.), Encyclopedia of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003.
Irele, Abiola, da Simon Gikandi (eds), Tarihin Cambridge na Littattafan Afirka da Caribbean, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004. Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki
Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: Nazarin Littattafan Chinua Achebe da Ngugi wa Thiong'o . New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017. ISBN 9788193326978
Marvin x. Black gidan wasan kwaikwayo: wani lokaci na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙar fata, New York: 1994
Haɗin waje
Abubuwan da muka gada: Muryoyi daga Afirka Cordite Poetry Review
Sabon albarkatun wallafe-wallafen Afirka
The Africa_(Bookshelf) a Project Gutenberg
Ƙungiyar Littattafan Afirka
Binciken Littattafan Afirka An adana shi
(Bibliography)
Afrika
Adabi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
61993 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olumide%20Idowu | Olumide Idowu | Olumide Idowu (an haifeshi a shekarar 1987) wanda aka fi sani da Mista Climate, matashi ne ɗan Najeriya mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi. Shi ne wanda ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna International Climate Change Development Initiative (ICCDI Africa), da Climate Wednesday and Nigerian Youth Climate Coalition. Olumide ɗan'uwan Atlas Corps ne, tsofaffin ɗalibai na Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Jiha (IVLP), kafofin watsa labarun da jami'in sadarwa na Ƙungiyar Cigaban Ilimi a Afirka, Triennale 2017 a Senegal, kuma babban darektan sadarwa na Ƙaddamarwar Matasan Afirka akan Canjin Yanayi ( AYICC). Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Shirya 7th Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) a Mexico, African Youth Champion for the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Save the Children Award na shekarar 2015 da Gudunmawarsa ga Ci gaba mai dorewa (Sustainable Development) a Najeriya.
Olumide shi ne Cibiyar Matasa a Najeriya UNDP Small Grant Program, marubucin matasa na Global Environment Outlook (GEO) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Muhalli da Babban Kodineta na Matasan Afirka kan Sauyin Yanayi (AYICC).
Shi ma memba ne na kungiyoyi daban-daban na cikin gida da na waje. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ya haɗa da ƙarfafa matasa, Muhalli, Canjin yanayi, Sadarwa, Kulawa da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Idowu mahaifinsa wani masanin noma ne a Najeriya. Ya karanta Statistics a Jami'ar Abuja, Nigeria inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.Sc.) a shekarar 2010.
Sana'a
Olumide ya zama memba na hukumar zartarwa kuma daraktan yankin Afirka na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya (IYF) a cikin shekarar 2016. A cikin shekarar 2018, Olumide ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ƙasar Najeriya na Climate Scorecard, wani yunƙuri na Global Citizens' Initiative, (TGCI) da EarthAction. A cikin wannan rawar, ya samar da Brief na kasa na wata-wata mai suna Action Alert yana bayyana ayyukan da suka kawo cikas ga aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Paris, mafita da masu ruwa da tsaki don aiwatar da ayyukan da ake buƙata. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya yi aiki akan aikace-aikacen wayar hannu don ba da rahoto ga ɗan ƙasa game da Gudanar da Sharar gida da Rage Hadarin Bala'i.
Shi ne babban darektan sadarwa, na Initiative Youth Africa on Climate Change (AYICC) kuma ya zama babban jami’in gudanarwa a watan Janairu, 2022.
Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance ƙwararren mai ba da shawara da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Save the Children Nigeria, kodinetan ayyuka na TUNZA Nigeria, kuma Manazarcin Bincike da Rahoto na Ƙungiyar Sana'a ta Yammacin Afirka.
Olumide shi ne cibiyar Matasa a Najeriya don shirin UNDP Small Grant, kuma Jagoran Matasa Marubuci Global Environmental Outlook (GEO6).
Fafutuka
Olumide Idowu ya fara tafiyar sa na fafutukar ganin an samu sauyin yanayi tare da kungiyar AIESEC da haɗin gwiwar matasan Najeriya a lokacin karatun digirinsa na farko wanda hakan ya sa ya halarci buɗaɗɗiyar taron majalisar dokokin Najeriya (Najeriya). A shekara ta 2013, ya kafa shirin da ake yi a ranar Laraba don ilimantar da mutane game da sauyin yanayi da dabarun daidaita shi. Ya kafa shirin bunƙasa sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa (ICCDI Africa) a shekarar 2016 da nufin gina tsarar yanayi mai mai kyau ta hanyar tattaunawa da sabbin abubuwa. Ya yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen da za su jagoranta da suka mayar da hankali kan yin bayan gida a fili, kiwon lafiyar mata, sarrafa shara, da tsaftace malalar mai da sauransu a jihohin Legas da Rivers Najeriya.
Kyaututtuka da zaɓe
An karrama Olumide da lambar yabo ta Save the Children Award na Gudunmawa ga Ci gaba mai dorewa a Najeriya na 2015.
Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Najeriya ne ya zaɓe shi a matsayin Shirin Shugabancin Baƙi na Jiha (IVLP), da kuma Zakaran Matasan Afirka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Dabarun Rage Bala'i (UNISDR).
Olumide ya lashe Asusun Ƙirƙirar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Nijeriya.
Olumide ya fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane takwas da suka samu lambar yabo ta Tod'Aérs Global Network (TGN) ga shugabannin matasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya da aka amince da su da lambar yabo ta "2022 Global Young Leader of the Year" saboda gagarumin aikin da suka yi.
Wallafe-wallafe
Matsayin da matasa ke takawa wajen tabbatar da manufarsu ta kawo sauyi.
Tushen buƙatun Najeriya a cikin ajandar ci gaban bayan 2015.
Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi akan Noma da Abinci.
Noma da Ci gaban Matasa a Afirka.
Manazarta
Haihuwan 1987
Rayayyun mutane |
22780 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%20Greenwood | Mason Greenwood | Mason Will John Greenwood (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2001) ne English sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin gaba na Premier League kulob din Manchester United da Ingila tawagar kasar .
Ya zo ne ta hanyar tsarin matasa, Greenwood ya fara wasansa na farko a Manchester United a wasan UEFA Europa League da Astana a watan Satumba na shekarar, 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye a gasar Turai yana da shekara 17 shekara, 353 kwanaki. Babban wasansa na farko a Ingila ya zo ne a watan Satumbar shekarar, 2020, a wasan UEFA Nations League da Iceland.
Klub din
Manchester United
Farkon aiki
Greenwood ya koma Manchester United yana da shekara shida, yana wasa a makarantar ci gaban kulob din a Halifax . Bayan ya ci gaba ta hanyar karatun jami'a, ya hade da kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 a kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018, duk da cewa ya cancanci shiga' yan kasa da shekaru 16, kuma ya kammala a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Premier ta U18 ta Arewa da kwallaye 17 a wasanni 21. A watan Mayu shekarar, 2018, Greenwood ya zama Gwarzon Wasannin yayin da bangaren matasa suka ci Kofin ICGT a Netherlands.
A watan Yulin shekarar, 2018, Greenwood ya yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar farko a yawon shakatawa na farkon Amurka. A ranar 20 ga watan yuli, ya buga wasan farko na rashin gasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 76 don Luke Shaw a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Club America . Ya kuma bayyana a wasan 0-0 tare da San Jose Earthquakes bayan kwana uku. A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, Greenwood ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginsa na kwararru na farko da kulob din. A watan Disamba, José Mourinho ya zaɓe shi don ya yi horo tare da ƙungiyar farko kafin wasan su na UEFA Champions League da Valencia.
A ranar 6 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2019, a karkashin jagorancin Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Greenwood ya fara buga gasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 87 don Ashley Young a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint Germain da ci 3-1 a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 156, ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya wakilci kulob ɗin a gasar Turai (a bayan Norman Whiteside kawai) kuma ƙarami a kowane lokaci a Gasar Zakarun Turai. Kwana hudu bayan haka, ya fara buga wasan farko na Premier daga benci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Arsenal daci 2 da 0 don zama daya daga cikin matasan yan wasan kungiyar da suka fara buga wasa.
A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, Greenwood ya zama Gwarzon Premier na 2 na Watan Afrilu. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Greenwood ya karɓi kyautar Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year, wanda ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙungiyar.
A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2029 Greenwood ya fara buga wasan farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Cardiff City da ci 2 da 0.
Lokacin 2019–20: Farkon nasarar kungiyar
A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, Greenwood ya zira kwallon farko ta farko a Manchester United a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a wasan farko da Leeds United, kuma ya bi shi da na biyu a wasan sada zumunci da United ta buga da Inter Milan. Ya fara kakar wasannin ne lokacin da yake buga wasa a kowane wasa na farko na farko a United, kafin su fara bude gasar Europa League da kungiyar Astana ta Kazakhstani a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba; ya zira kwallon daya tilo a wasan don zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da yaci kwallaye a gasar Turai yana da shekaru 17 shekara, 353 kwanaki. Sannan ya ci kwallo mako guda daga baya a karawar da United ta yi da Rochdale a League Cup. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye a ragar Manchester United a karkashin 21 a wasan EFL Trophy da Doncaster Rovers. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye kuma ya taimaka wa Martial, a wasan da United ta doke Partizan Belgrade da ci 3-0, wanda ya ba su damar tsallakewa zuwa gasar. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, Greenwood ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Sheffield United. A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye biyu ya kuma ci fanareti a wasan karshe na rukuni na gasar Europa League da AZ Alkmaar. Manchester United ta lashe wasan da ci 4 da nema kuma ta kare a saman rukuninta. Ya zira kwallon da ta zura a ragar Everton ranar 15 ga watan Disamba.
A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020, bayan kasa cin kwallaye a wasanni 3 a jere, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye daya a cikin rushewar Norwich City da ci 4-0. Bayan kwana goma sha biyar, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Kofin FA yayin da United ta tafi da Tranmere Rovers da ci 6-0. Greenwood ya sake zira kwallaye makonni huɗu bayan haka, a wasan da suka doke Watford da ci 3-0. A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, ya ci kwallonsa ta biyar a Turai yayin fafatawar 5-0 a kan LASK ta Austria; ya zama saurayi na farko da ya ci ƙalla kwallaye 5 a kakar wasa ɗaya ta Turai dan United.
Bayan dakatarwar da aka yi na tsawon watanni uku na kwallon kafa sanadiyyar cutar ta COVID-19, Greenwood ya buga dukkan wasannin shida na United har zuwa 9 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2020. Ya kasa zira kwallaye a farkon ukun farko, amma ya gabatar da jimillar kwallaye hudu a cikin ukun na gaba, gami da zira kwallo a wasan da ci 5-2 a kan Bournemouth a ranar 4 ga watan Yuli. Bayan haka, ya ci kwallo a ragar Aston Villa; sanya shi dan wasa na hudu kawai tsakanin shekaru 19 ya zira kwallaye a wasanni uku a jere a gasar Premier kuma na farko tun bayan da Francis Jeffers ya yi wa Everton haka a shekarar, 1999.
Lokacin 2020-21
A ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 2020, Greenwood ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke RB Leipzig da ci 5-0; burin ya fito ne daga karo na farko da ya taba bugawa a gasar. A ranar 5 ga watan Disambar shekarar, 2020, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke West Ham United da ci 3-1.
A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2021, Greenwood ya buga cikakken minti 90 a wasan Manchester United na Premier-wanda ya yi daidai da ci 9-0 a gidan Southampton . A ranar 11 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2021, Greenwood ya ci kwallo a wasan Premier da suka fafata da Leicester City, wanda Amad Diallo ya taimaka, a wasan da aka tashi 2-1; burin shi ne karo na farko a cikin shekaru 15 matashi ya taimaka wani don burin Premier.
Ayyukan duniya
Greenwood ya wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Ingila da ta buga wasanni shida a cikin shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018 kuma ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar a Gasar Algarve a Fotigal.
A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2019, Greenwood ya kasance cikin tawagar Ingila ta ‘yan kasa da shekaru 21 a karo na farko kuma ya fara zama na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 59th yayin wasan da suka doke Turkey da ci 3-2 a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar 2019 don cancantar shiga Turai ta 2021 Gasar matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 . A ranar 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba shekarar 2019, Greenwood ya ci kwallon farko ta U21s; Daidaita wasan da Netherlands a wasan wanda daga karshe Ingila tayi rashin nasara daci 2-1.
A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2020, an saka Greenwood a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Ingila a karon farko. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Iceland a waje a wasan da suka buga a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA da suka buga a shekarar 2020–21, suna zuwa ne a madadin minti na 78.
A ranar 7 ga watan Satumba Satumba 2020, Greenwood, tare da takwaransa na Ingila Phil Foden, an cire su daga tawagar Ingila bayan karya ka'idojin keɓewar maganin coronavirus a Iceland.
Salon wasa
Greenwood ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya amma sannu a hankali ya zama na ci gaba . Sau da yawa yana wasa a gefen dama na Manchester United, tare da matsawa gaba don zama a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu lokacin da aka ciyar da kwallon cikin yankin bugun fanareti. Yayin aikinsa na farko, da yawa daga cikin kwallayen sa sun gan shi yana faduwa kafada ko saran kwallon don sanya shi a ƙafarsa ta hagu kafin ya zira kwallaye. Hakanan galibi yakan juyar da harbinsa ta hanyar neman ƙananan matsayi kusa daga hannun daman akwatin.
A watan Mayu na shekarar, 2018, tsohon dan wasan Manchester United Clayton Blackmore ya ce: "Yana da kyau a kan kwallon kuma yana da kyau sosai da kafa biyu. Shine mutum na farko da na gani wanda yake ɗaukar fanareti da bugun-kai-tsaye da ƙafarsa mara kyau. Ban taba cin karo da irin wannan ba! ” A watan Maris na shekarar, 2019, tsohon kocin makarantar Mark Senior ya ce: "Mutane na cewa shi kamar sabon Robin van Persie ne amma ban sani ba. Ina ji shi nasa mutum ne. Ban ga wani dan wasa kamarsa ba. Salon sa yana nufin saurin sa yaudara ne saboda ya kasance mai saurin gudu. ”
A watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, manajan Manchester United Ole Gunnar Solskjær ya yaba wa Greenwood a lokacin rangadinsu na fara kakar bana, yana mai cewa: "Zai iya buga dukkan mukaman gaba-da-gaba, ko kuma gaba da hudu, saboda yana iya buga lamba 10, lamba bakwai, lamba 11 kuma lamba tara. Aan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ɗabi'a tare da ƙafarsa ta hagu, yana shigowa, amma yana da ƙafa biyu kuma yana iya yin wasa ko'ina a gaba. Yana kawai na halitta. Lokacin da ya dauki fanareti da damansa, sai ya dauki fanti da hagunsa, free-kicks da hagunsa, free-kicks da damansa. Shi kusan abin da za ku kira 50:50, wataƙila 51:49 mai ƙafafun hagu. ”
Rayuwar mutum
An haifi Greenwood a Bradford, West Yorkshire kuma ya girma a yankin Wibsey na garin. Shi dan asalin Jamaica ne Iyalinsa suna da asali a wasanni; 'yar uwarsa, Ashton,' yar tsere ce.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Daraja
Manchester United
UEFA Europa League wacce ta zo ta biyu:
Kowane mutum
Firimiya Lig na 2 na Watan: Afrilu 2019
Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year : 2018–19
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Bayani a gidan yanar gizon Manchester United FC
Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon kafa
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 2001
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19728 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheetz | Sheetz | Sheetz, Inc. Ya kasan ce wani gurin sarkar Amurka ce ta shagunan saukakawa da shagunan kofi mallakar dangin Sheetz. Shagunan suna sayar da haɗin abinci na yau da kullun, abubuwan sha da abubuwan shagon saukakawa . Kusan dukkansu suna sayar da mai; 'yan wurare sune tsayayyun manyan motoci, gami da shawa da kuma wurin wanki . Hedikwatar Sheetz tana cikin Altoona, Pennsylvania, tare da shagunan da ke Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, da North Carolina .
Tarihi
1952–1995
G. Robert "Bob" Sheetz ne ya kafa Sheetz, Inc. a cikin 1952 lokacin da ya sayi ɗayan shagunan kiwo biyar na mahaifinsa da ke Altoona . A 1961, Bob ya ɗauki ɗan'uwansa Steve aiki na ɗan lokaci.
A shekarar 1963 aka bude shago na biyu da sunan "Sheetz Kwik Shopper." Shago na uku ya biyo baya a 1968. A cikin 1969, Steve ya zama babban manajan. ‘Yan’uwan sun shirya fadadawa a kan farashin shago guda a kowace shekara tare da burin shaguna bakwai a shekara ta 1972. A cikin 1972, kamfanin ya faɗaɗa daga shaguna bakwai zuwa sha huɗu. Shekara guda bayan haka, Sheetz ya fara sayar da mai, kuma ya buɗe fanfunan samar da iskar gas na kai tsaye a tsakiyar Pennsylvania.
A 1981 Bob ya yi ritaya kuma Steve ya zama shugaban kasa. A shekarar 1983, Bob da Steve sun bude shaguna 100.
1995–2019
A 1995, Stanton R. "Stan" Sheetz, ɗan Bob, ya zama shugaban ƙasa kuma Steve ya ɗauki matsayin Shugaban Hukumar. Har wa yau, Sheetz yana kula da kasuwancin dangi tare da membobin gida huɗu da ke aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa.
A lokacin tsakiyar 1990s, Sheetz ya sayar da shi! Cola, alama ce mai zaman kanta ta sarkar kayan shaye-shaye a cikin gwangwani, kwalabe, da kuma matsayin ruwan sha. An daina shan abin sha kuma an maye gurbin ruwan da kayayyakin Pepsi. Sarkar yanzu tana da kayayyakin Pepsi da Coca-Cola a cikin maɓuɓɓugan.
A watan Satumba na 2001, Sheetz ya buɗe cibiyar rarraba a Claysburg, Pennsylvania.
A cikin Disamba 2004 suka fara bayar da sabon Sheetz MasterCard PayPass tare da fasahar RFID, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin dillalai na farko da suka karɓi irin wannan fasahar, gabanin McDonald's, Arby's, CVS, da abokan hamayyarsu 7-Eleven, waɗanda duk suka gabatar da ita ƙasa gaba ɗaya a cikin 2006.
A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2006 Sheetz ya zama sarkar ta biyu ta Pennsylvania don bayar da madadin mai na E85 ethanol a wasu tashoshin da aka zaɓa.
A cikin 2008, Sheetz ya buɗe kwamiti na farko, Sheetz Bros. Kitchen, don samar da sabbin sandwiches da kayayyakin burodi waɗanda ake siyarwa a wuraren Sheetz.
2013 – yanzu
A watan Oktoba 2013, Stan Sheetz ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Sheetz, tare da dan uwansa Joseph S. "Joe" Sheetz ya zama shugaban da Shugaba.
An buga shi a watan Nuwamba 2013, An shirya Kenneth Womack don Ba da Umarni: Labarin Sheetz ya bi diddigin tarihin kamfanin ne daga asalin shagon sayar da madara har zuwa yau.
A cikin 2014, Sheetz ya buɗe cibiyar rarraba ta biyu da kayan girki a Burlington, North Carolina.
Cinikin shekarar kasafin kudi 2018–2019 ya kai dala biliyan 7.5.
A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Sheetz ya ba da sanarwar fadadawa zuwa Columbus, Ohio wanda ya fara a 2021. A halin yanzu, manyan masu fafatawa a wannan yankin sun hada da Speedway, Circle K, GetGo, United Farmers Farmers, da kuma tushen garin Duchess Shoppe. Sheetz na shirin bude wurare 60 a yankin Columbus nan da shekarar 2025 (sama da ninki biyu na adadin shagunan da yake yanzu a Ohio), tare da Sheetz COO Travis Sheetz yana gaya wa Columbus Dispatch cewa "ba za mu zo da sauƙi ba". Wuraren da aka riga aka tabbatar zasu kasance a Obetz (kusa da Filin jirgin saman Rickenbacker na Duniya ), wurare huɗu a Columbus daidai (ciki har da ɗaya a waje da filin jirgin saman John Glenn Columbus na kusa da Gahanna da wani kusa Hollywood Casino Columbus, Mark Wahlberg Chevrolet, da tsohuwar West Mall ), Circleville, South Bloomfield, Polairs, Reynoldsburg, da biyu a Delaware, New Albany & Hilliard ; Hakanan ana sa ran wurare a cikin Grove City & Lancaster (na ƙarshen saboda kusancin ta da wurin Sheetz na yanzu a Zanesville). An shirya wani wuri a Worthington amma an rufe shi saboda ƙin yarda da mazaunin yankin na wurin da aka tsara ya kasance kusa da matatar ruwa. A watan Janairun 2021, Sheetz ya ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizo, SheetzIsComing.com, don shirya don ƙaddamar da Columbus, tare da rakiyar tallan dijital don tallata zuwansa. Bayan Sheetz ya isa yankin tare da buɗe shagon farko na shagunan biyu a Delaware a watan Afrilu 2021, Travis Sheetz ya ce kamfanin ya yi tunanin faɗaɗa zuwa Columbus a farkon ƙarshen 1990s lokacin da kamfanin ya fara faɗaɗa zuwa Arewa maso gabashin Ohio, amma ya yanke shawara don fadada cikin Arewacin Carolina a maimakon haka kuma kwanan nan ne kawai ya fara faɗaɗa cikin tsakiyar Ohio saboda buƙatun kafofin watsa labarun da yawa daga masu dasawa yanzu suna zaune a yankin suna neman Sheetz.
A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2019, Sheetz ya yi bikin buɗe shagonsa na 600th a Shaler Township, PA . Sheetz yanzu yana da fiye da wurare 600 a duk faɗin Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio da North Carolina, kuma sama da ma'aikata 21,000. Duk shagunan Sheetz na kamfanin ne-kuma ana sarrafa su. Kamfanin ba shi da niyyar sayar da takardun shaida. Sheetz shine babban kantin sayar da kaya a cikin mafi yawan Pennsylvania, yana riƙe da keɓaɓɓen mallaki a Altoona kuma yana ba da umarni a Pittsburgh (inda yake takara tare da 7-Eleven, Speedway, GetGo, da kuma zuwa mucharamar Circle K ) da Harrisburg (inda da farko yana gasa tare da Rutter, da kuma 7-Eleven da Speedway), amma ba a lura da shi daga kwarin Delaware (gami da Philadelphia ) saboda kasancewar Wawa, yana haifar da "hamayya" mai zafi tsakanin sarkoki biyu tsakanin Pennsylvania, amma duk da haka kamfanonin biyu da kansu suna da alaƙar abokantaka.
A cikin 2020, Sheetz ya dakatar da sayar da kayan lefe na Faygo kuma ya maye gurbinsu da sabon tambarin mai zaman kansa, Sheetz Pop! . Wannan abin sha ya maye gurbin shi da kyau! Cola shekaru 25 bayan an dakatar da samfurin na ƙarshe.
Sabis ɗin abinci
A cikin 1986, don haɓaka tallace-tallace masu ɓarna, Earl Springer, manajan Sheetz a Williamsport, MD, ya bi ra'ayin abinci wanda zai zama sa hannun Sheetz na Made To Order (MTO). Farawa da sandwiche na cikin teku kawai, abokan cinikin zasu cika san takarda, suna zayyano abubuwan da suke buƙata akan sandwich ɗinsu, da kuma yawan adadinsu. Za a sanya takardar izinin cikin kwandon, kuma ma'aikatan kicin za su shirya ƙaramin zuwa umarnin abokin ciniki. Tun daga wannan lokacin, menu ya faɗaɗa, kuma zuwa 1990s MTO ya kasance jagoran tallace-tallace na Sheetz. Farawa daga 1996, an cire tsarin ba da odar takarda don amfani da tsarin kwamfuta mai taɓa fuska. Yanzu ya zama gama gari a yawancin gidajen abinci da gidajen mai a duk duniya, Sheetz shine kamfani na farko da ya fara aiwatar da wannan fasahar.
Zuwa 1999, Sheetz yana sayar da raka'a MTO 10,000 a rana. Sheetz yanzu tana horar da ma'aikata don yin aiki a matsayin mashaya don sabon tambarin su na "Sheetz Bros. Coffeez ", waɗanda aka tsara su don zama mafi girman kofi fiye da yadda aka saba samu a shagunan saukakawa. Tare da gabatar da manufar "Abincin Saukakawa", sun fadada tsarin abincin su. Abokan ciniki zasu iya siyan nau'ikan kayan abinci iri-iri. Espresso Bar, yana ba da kofi na musamman, ana samunsa a duk wurare. Sheetz a koyaushe yana ba abokan ciniki kofi kyauta a ranar Kirsimeti da Ranar Sabuwar Shekara . A tsakanin 2008-2009, Sheetz ya fito da "MTGo!", Kamawa da tafiye-tafiye na sandwiches, wraps da sauran ƙananan abubuwa don abokin cinikin gaggawa. Tare da "MTGo!" , Sheetz ta fito da kayan "Shweetz Bakery" wadanda suka hada da donuts, fritters da muffins da aka yi kuma ake kawowa kullum daga "Sheetz Bros. Kitchen "a cikin Claysburg, Pennsylvania .
A cikin 2003, Sheetz ya buɗe kantin sayar da kayayyaki a farfajiyar abinci na Hanes Mall a Winston-Salem, North Carolina . Wannan wurin ya ba da kayan abinci da abubuwan sha na Sheetz a cikin tsarin abinci mai sauri na gargajiya. Bai yi aiki azaman kantin saukakawa ba. Tuni aka rufe shagon.
A cikin 2012, Sheetz, ya sake fara tunanin "sabon ra'ayi", wuraren da babu mai ". A cikin 2014, an sanar da wani shiri don buɗe irin wannan wurin a harabar Jami'ar West Virginia, a Morgantown, WV . Manufar ita ce a kira shi "Kasuwar Sheetz MTO", duk da haka, lokacin da aka buɗe shi, a watan Fabrairun 2015, wa shagon suna "Sheetz Café" (duk da cewa alamun waje suna daidai da sauran shagunan).
A watan Satumbar 2015, an sake buɗe wani gidan gahawa na mai-mai a Kwalejin Jiha, PA, kusa da harabar Jami'ar Jihar ta Penn . A Indiana, PA, a kan iyakar harabar jami'ar Indiana ta Pennsylvania, wani Sheetz da ke ɗauke da man fetur a baya ya wargaje, kuma an maye gurbinsa da gidan gahawa na mai-mai wanda ya buɗe a watan Agusta 2016. Irin wannan wuri na huɗu ya buɗe a watan Satumba na 2017, a Charlottesville, VA, kai tsaye a ƙetaren titi daga harabar Jami'ar Virginia .
A watan Satumba na 2019, Sheetz ya ba da sanarwar ba za su sabunta yarjejeniyar su tare da WVU ba don wannan wurin na Morgantown. Kamfanin bai bayar da wani bayani ba game da rufewar ba.
Cinikin barasa a Pennsylvania
Har zuwa 8 ga Yuni, 2016 Dokar jihar Pennsylvania ta haramta siyar da giya a cikin shagunan saukakawa. Giya da za a sayar a wata giya rabawa yayin da sayar da giya da za a sayar a jihar-sarrafa Stores mai taken "giya & Spirits". A cikin 2007, Sheetz ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami rami game da wannan ta hanyar rarraba ɗayan ɗayan shagunan samfurarsu a Altoona a matsayin gidan abinci, wanda zai ba da izinin sayar da giya. Kungiyar Masu Rarraba Abincin Malt na Pennsylvania sun yi zanga-zanga kuma an hana Sheetz sayar da giya na dan lokaci. A kan roko, an ba Sheetz lasisin sayar da giya kuma yana ci gaba da yin haka a yau. A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2009, Kotun Koli ta Pennsylvania ta ba Sheetz izinin sayar da giya don fitarwa a ƙarƙashin sharaɗin cewa shi ma ana iya sha a wurin. Sheetz ya sami nasarar jagorantar kokarin sauya dokokin sayar da giya a Pennsylvania don ba da damar tallace-tallace a cikin sauki da shagunan kayan masarufi, wanda ya zama doka lokacin da Gwamna Tom Wolf ya sanya hannu kan Dokar 39 ta zama doka a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2016.
Man fetur
Sheetz da ke sayar da mai suna ba da maki uku na mai (87, 89, da 93 Octane) da dizal . Yawancin shaguna suna ba da E85 da E15 . Wasu shagunan suna ba da kananzir a fanfunan daban.
Sheetz sananne ne ga babban tallan mai, yawanci ya dogara ne da ƙimar cikin cikin daga MTO's da sauran kayan da ke haifar da tallace-tallace a fanfunan. A Pennsylvania, Sheetz shine shugaban kasuwa a duk tallace-tallacen mai sama da 21%, a gaban duk wasu sarƙoƙin shagunan sayayya masu sauƙi gami da waɗanda ke sayar da mai daga manyan kamfanonin Big Oil kamar Exxon, Sunoco, da BP, dukansu suna da babban matsayi a cikin Pennsylvania tare da Sheetz.
Kyaututtuka
Kyautar Farantin Azurfa daga Manufungiyar Masana'antun Abinci ta Duniya (2001).
Manyan Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu na Amurka daga Forbes (shekaru da yawa).
Mafi kyawun wurare don aiki daga Bestungiyoyin Kamfanoni Mafi Kyau® don Virginia da Pennsylvania (2012-2015)
Mafi Kyawun yersawa daga Bestungiyar Kamfanoni Mafi Kyau® don North Carolina da Ohio (2013-2015)
100 Mafi kyawun Kamfanoni don Aiki For® daga Fortune® (2014, 2016–2020)
Madadin shugaban mai na Gwarzon Shekarar daga Labaran Shagon Saukakawa, don girka mai mai sauƙi a cikin shagunan Arewacin Carolina (2015)
Kyautar Ci gaban Fan-Fan don ƙara 102,000 Sheetz Freakz akan Facebook da Twitter; Twitter Tweeter Award don yawancin tweets na kowane shagon saukakawa; Kyauta don Fanarfafa Fanaunar Fan Fanirƙira da daidaito; duk daga Shawarwarin Saukakawa na Shafi (2016)
Kyautar Kyautar Shugaban Kasa daga Truungiyar ckingungiyar Motoci ta Amurka, don shirinmu na kare lafiyar abin hawa, ƙaramin rukunin jigilar kayayyaki (2013)
100 Mafi kyawun Yankin Ayyuka na Millennials daga Fortune® (2016)
Hanyoyin Hadin Waje
Sheetz
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
38880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa%20Nakate | Vanessa Nakate | Articles with hCards
Vanessa Nakate (an Haife ta ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba ta shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da shida 1996,yar gwagwarmayar ce sannan tana kwatanta Adalci a yankin Yuganda. ta girma a yankin Kampala, kuma ta zama shahararriyar a watan Disamba na shekarata ta duba biyu da sha takwas 2018. bayan ta damu da yanayin zafi da ba'a saba ganin ta ba.
Rayuwar farko
Nakate ta girma ne a babban birnin Uganda wato kampala.Nakate ta kammala karatun digiri tare ta na farko a fannin kasuwanci,a cikin digiri na talla daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Jami'ar Makerere .
Ayyuka don yanayin
Greta Thunberg ta yi wahayi zuwa ga fara motsin yanayi nata a Uganda, Nakate ta kuma fara yajin aikin kadaici kan rashin daukar mataki kan rikicin yanayi a cikin Janairu 2019. Tsawon watanni da dama ita kadai ce mai zanga-zanga a wajen kofar majalisar dokokin Uganda . Daga ƙarshe, wasu matasa sun fara amsa kiran da ta yi a kan kafofin watsa labarun don wasu don taimakawa wajen jawo hankali ga yanayin dazuzzuka na Kongo. Nakate ya kafa kungiyar Matasa don Gabatar Afirka da kuma Rise Up Movement mai tushen Afirka.
A cikin Disamba 2019, Nakate ya yi magana a taron COP25 a Spain, tare da matasa masu fafutukar yanayi Greta Thunberg da Alejandro Martínez.
A farkon Janairun shekarar 2020, ta haɗu da kusan 20 sauran matasa masu fafutukar yanayi daga ko'ina cikin duniya don buga wasiƙa ga mahalarta taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Davos, suna kira ga kamfanoni, bankuna da gwamnatoci da su daina ba da tallafin albarkatun mai . Ta kasance daya daga cikin wakilai biyar na kasa da kasa da Arctic Basecamp ya gayyace su zuwa sansaninsu a Davos yayin taron tattalin arzikin duniya; Daga baya wakilan sun shiga tattakin yanayi a ranar karshe ta dandalin.
A watan Oktoba na 2020, Nakate ya ba da jawabi a Laccar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Desmond Tutu yana kira ga shugabannin duniya da su "tashi" kuma su amince da sauyin yanayi a matsayin rikici, daure shi da talauci, yunwa, cututtuka, rikici da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata. "Sauyin yanayi mafarki ne mai ban tsoro da ya shafi kowane bangare na rayuwarmu," in ji ta. “Ta yaya za mu iya kawar da talauci ba tare da duba wannan rikicin ba? Ta yaya za mu iya cimma matsananciyar yunwa idan sauyin yanayi ya bar miliyoyin mutane ba su da abin ci? Za mu ga bala'i bayan bala'i, kalubale bayan kalubale, wahala bayan wahala (...) idan ba a yi wani abu game da wannan ba." Ta kuma yi kira ga shugabanni da su bar wuraren jin dadinsu su ga hadarin da muke ciki su yi wani abu a kai. Wannan lamari ne na rayuwa da mutuwa.”
Nakate ya fara aikin Green Schools Project, wani shiri na makamashi mai sabuntawa, wanda ke da nufin sauya makarantu a Uganda zuwa makamashin hasken rana da sanya murhu masu dacewa da muhalli a wadannan makarantu. Ya zuwa yanzu, aikin ya gudanar da ayyuka a makarantu talatin.
A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2020 Vanessa Nakate ta yi hira da Angelina Jolie wanda mujallar Time ta shirya game da ƙarfi da mahimmancin muryoyin Afirka a cikin motsin adalci na yanayi. A watan Agusta, mujallar Jeune Afrique ta bayyana ta a cikin manyan 100 da suka fi tasiri a Afirka. A watan Agustan 2020, Vanessa Nakate ta haɗu da tsohon Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon a Dandalin Alpbach don tattauna gwagwarmayar yanayi.
A watan Satumba, Vanessa ta yi magana a kan wani kwamiti mai suna "Sparking Era of Transformational Climate Leadership" don Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya; ta yi magana game da hangen nesanta a cikin "Tattaunawa da Masu Canjin Yanayi" na Oxfam. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da Vanessa Nakate a matsayin shugabar matasa na SDG 13 a cikin 2020 . An nuna Nakate a cikin Mata 100 na OkayAfrica, wani dandali ne na musamman don karrama mata 100 ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasashen waje a lokacin watan tarihin mata. An ambaci Nakate a cikin manyan matasan Afirka masu tasiri a cikin 2020 ta YouthLead. Nakate ya kasance babban mai magana a Tattaunawar Canjin Makamashi ta Berlin 2021 akan 16 Maris 2021 tare da wasu manyan shugabannin duniya. Jawabin nata ya hada da sukar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen tarayyar Jamus a matsayin masu shirya bitar abubuwan da matasa masu fafutukar kare sauyin yanayi suka bayar wadanda ba a shafi sauran masu magana da aka gayyata ba.
Da yake rubutawa a cikin The Guardian a watan Oktoba 2021, Nakate ya bayar da hujjar cewa kasashe da kamfanoni da ke da alhakin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ya kamata su biya kasashen Afirka da al'ummomin Afirka asara da barnar da ta taso daga sauyin yanayi da suke fama da ita a yanzu.
A cikin hirar 2019 da Amy Goodman don Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!, Nakate ta bayyana dalilinta na daukar matakin sauyin yanayi : "Kasar ta ta dogara da noma sosai, saboda haka yawancin mutane sun dogara ne akan noma. Don haka idan aka lalata gonakinmu da ambaliyar ruwa, idan aka lalata gonakin da fari kuma amfanin amfanin gona ya ragu, hakan yana nufin farashin abinci zai yi tsada. Don haka sai wanda ya fi kowa gata ne kawai zai iya siyan abinci. Kuma su ne manyan masu fitar da iska a kasashenmu, wadanda za su iya tsira daga matsalar abinci, yayin da mafi yawan mutanen da ke zaune a kauyuka da yankunan karkara, suna fuskantar matsalar samun abinci saboda tsadar kayayyaki. Kuma wannan yana haifar da yunwa da mutuwa. A zahiri, a gundumara, rashin ruwan sama yana nufin yunwa da mutuwa ga marasa galihu.”
An nada ta a matsayin jakadiyar UNICEF.
Ra'ayin Siyasa
Nakate yana kan majalisar Progressive International, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke haɓaka siyasar hagu mai ci gaba . Ta soki tsarin jari hujja, tana danganta shi da lalata muhalli .
Kece daga hoto
A cikin Janairu 2020, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press (AP) ya cire Nakate daga hoton da ta fito a cikin nuna Greta Thunberg da masu fafutuka Luisa Neubauer, Isabelle Axelsson, da Loukina Tille bayan sun halarci taron tattalin arzikin duniya . Nakate ya zargi kafafen yada labarai da halin wariyar launin fata. Kamfanin dillancin labaran Associated Press daga baya ya canza hoton kuma ya nuna babu wata manufa ta rashin lafiya, ba tare da gabatar da uzurin ta ba. A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2020, editan zartarwa na AP, Sally Buzbee, ta aika sakon ban hakuri ta hanyar amfani da asusunta na sirri tana mai cewa ta yi nadama a madadin AP. Nakate ta mayar da martani da cewa ba ta yarda da kalaman AP ko uzurinsu ba, inda ta kara da cewa: “Duk da cewa wannan lamari ya cutar da ni da kaina, na ji dadi saboda ya kara daukar hankalin masu fafutuka a Afirka. . . .Watakila kafofin watsa labarai za su fara kula da mu ba kawai lokacin da mu ke fama da bala’o’in yanayi ba.”
Kyauta
Nakate ta sami lambar yabo ta dokar Haub muhalli na 2021 don karrama diflomasiyyarta ta 'yan ƙasa wajen kawo muryar tsararrakinta ga yaƙin neman zaɓe na muhalli na duniya da kuma ƙwazonta na fafutukar yanayi a Uganda da kuma bayanta.
Vanessa Nakate da Wasu Matasa Masu fafutuka shida Wanda Babban Taron Matasa Masu fafutuka na 2020 ya karrama yayin Tattaunawa kai tsaye akan Duniyar Bayan-COVID-19. Haɗa Sama da Mutane 8,600 Daga Ƙasashe 100.
Nakate tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020.
Hakanan tana cikin jerin Time100 na gaba wanda mujallar TIME ta buga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2021, kuma an nuna ta a bangon TIME's Nuwamba 8/15 ga Nuwamba, 2021.
A cikin 2022, Nakate ta sami lambar yabo ta Helmut-Schmidt-Future-Future-Prize don jajircewarta, sabbin abubuwa, ayyukan da suka dace don amfanin gama gari na duniya da adalcin yanayi. Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung, Die Zeit da Sabuwar Cibiyar ne suka ba da kyautar.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hardback edition indicated, 256pages.
Duba kuma
Kelvin Doe
Greta Thunberg
Alexandria Villaseñor
Nyombi Morris
Evelyn Aham
Elizabeth Wathuti
Nassoshi
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1996 |
51633 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20shigowa%20da%20fitar%20da%20kaya%20na%20Afrika | Bankin shigowa da fitar da kaya na Afrika | Bankin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Afirka, wanda kuma ake kira Afreximbank ko Banque Africaine d'Import-Export, cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce ta Afirka da aka kafa a 1993 a karkashin jagorancin Bankin Ci gaban Afirka. An kaddamar da shi a hukumance a taron farko na masu hannun jari a Abuja, Najeriya, a watan Oktoba 1993. Tana da hedikwatar a Alkahira, Misira. Afreximbank mai ba da kudi ne ga gwamnatocin Afirka da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tallafawa kasuwancin Afirka.
Aikin
Manufarta ita ce: "Don karfafa fadadawa, bambancin da ci gaban cinikin Afirka, yayin da take aiki a matsayin aji na farko, mai fa'ida, cibiyar hada-hadar kudi da ke da alhakin zamantakewa da kuma cibiyar ingantawa a cikin al'amuran cinikin Afirka".
Manufar Afreximbank ita ce ta ba da kuɗi da inganta cinikayya ta cikin Afirka da waje ta amfani da ayyuka masu yawa guda uku:
Kudin bashi (kudin kasuwanci da kudaden aikin)
Hadari (Garantees da Inshora na Kudin)
Bayanan Kasuwanci da Ayyuka na Ba da Shawara
Kasancewa memba
Ofisoshin Yankin
Afreximbank yana da kasashe mambobi 50 na Afirka. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, bankin yana da wurare hudu na yanki kuma yana cikin matakan karshe na kafa ofishin yanki na biyar na Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Ya zuwa Disamba 2022, Afreximbank yana da ofisoshin yanki guda biyar kamar haka:
Harare: yana rufe kasashe a Kudancin Afirka
Abidjan: rufe kasashe a Yammacin Afirka
Abuja: yana rufe kasashe a Yammacin Afirka
Kampala: yana rufe kasashe a Gabashin Afirka
Yaounde: yana rufe kasashe a Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Afreximbank kuma tana shirin bude Ofishin Wakilin a cikin Caribbean a cikin 2023.
Tarihi
An kafa Afreximbank a cikin 1993 don taka rawar Bankin Exim na Afirka don ingantawa da kuma tallafawa cinikayya ta waje da ta cikin Afirka. An amince da Yarjejeniyar da ta kafa Bankin da Yarjejeniya ta Bankin a taron babban taron Bankin da aka gudanar a hedikwatar AfDB a Abidjan a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1993. Dukkanin kasashe da ke son zama jihohin da ke cikin Bankin sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar. Bugu da kari, jihohin da suke so su zama masu hannun jari sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar. Yarjejeniyar Bankin ta ba Bankin matsayin kungiyar kasa da kasa tare da cikakken halin shari'a a karkashin dokokin jihohin da suka halarci. A karkashin Yarjejeniyar, jihohin da suka halarci sun ba Bankin, a cikin yankunansu, wasu rigakafi, kebencewa, gata, da kuma izini don saukake kasuwancin Bankin a cikin wadannan yankuna.
An kaddamar da Bankin ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1993 lokacin da aka gudanar da Babban Taron Masu Kasuwanci na farko a Abuja. An nada Mista Christopher Edordu a matsayin Shugaban Bankin na farko. Afreximbank ya fara aiki a 1994 kuma ya kammala yarjejeniyarsa ta farko a wannan shekarar ta hanyar shiga cikin rancen dala miliyan 150 ga Hukumar Cocoa ta Ghana wanda ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 6.5.
Tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi a 1993, Afreximbank ya goyi bayan tsarin hadin kan tattalin arziki a Afirka, kai tsaye yana ba da kudin ci gaban cinikayya ta cikin Afirka, saka hannun jari a cikin saukake kasuwanci, fadada ababen more rayuwa na cinikayya, da hadaka tsarin halittu na fasaha don hadaka shingen shekaru da yawa ga cinikayya da saka hannun jari na cikin Afirka.
A karshen 2022, jimlar kadarorin Afreximbank da tabbacin sun kai dala biliyan 31.10, kuma kudaden masu hannun jari sun kai dala miliyan 5.21. Ya ba da fiye da dala biliyan 51 don tallafawa tattalin arzikin Afirka tsakanin 2016 da 2021. Bugu da kari, daga 2020 zuwa 2022, Bankin ya ba da kusan dala biliyan 50, a kan juyawa, don tallafawa kasashen Afirka wajen daukar sakamakon tattalin arziki na annobar COVID-19 da rikicin Ukraine, da kuma tallafawa farfadowar tattalin arziki a duk fadin nahiyar.
Yarjejeniyar Afreximbank
An karɓi Yarjejeniyar Afreximbank a Abuja, Najeriya, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1993, kuma tanadinta suna tsara bankin a matsayin ƙungiyar kamfanoni.
Afreximbank yana aiki tare da hukumomin bashi na fitar da kayayyaki na Afirka da wadanda ba na Afirka ba, cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na ci gaba, bankunan kasuwanci da sauran cibiyoyin da suka hada-hadare don tallafawa ayyukan hada-hadaren kasuwanci a Afirka.
Afreximbank ya fara ne da hannun jari mai izini na dala miliyan 750 a 1993, amma an kara hannun jari mai ba da izini na bankin zuwa dala biliyan 5 a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2012. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2021, Afreximbank ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta fara karuwar Babban Kudin Amurka biliyan 6.5 (wanda za a biya dala biliyan 2.6) don fadada ikonta don isar da ainihin aikinta da kuma rarraba ayyukanta.
Tsarin hannun jari
Zuwa Mayu na 2018, adadin masu zuba jari na bankin gaba ßaya 146, inda aka rarraba su zuwa rukunai hudu:
Class "A" Masu hannun jari - gwamnatocin Afirka, cibiyoyin Afirka, yankuna da yankuna da kuma yankunan tattalin arziki.
Class "B" Masu hannun jari - Masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na Afirka da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na Afirka.
Class "C" Masu hannun jari - cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa da kungiyoyin tattalin arziki, cibiyoyin kudi da ba na yanki ba da masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na Afirka.
Class "D" Shareholders - an kirkireshi a watan Disamba na 2012 kuma yana budewa ga biyan kudi ta kowane mai saka hannun jari, na Afirka ko wanda ba na Afirka ba.
Gudanarwa
Babban Taron masu hannun jari shine mafi girman yanke shawara na Afreximbank. Babban Taron masu hannun jari, ta hanyar nau'ikan hannun jari, suna zabar membobin Kwamitin Daraktocin Bankin kuma suna nada Shugaban Bankin bisa ga shawarar Kwamitin Daktoci.
Dangane da tanadin Yarjejeniyar, Kwamitin Daraktoci yana da alhakin gudanar da kasuwancin Afreximbank gaba daya. Ayyukan yau da kullun na Bankin ana ba da su ga Shugaban wanda kuma shine Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci. A karkashin Yarjejeniyar, Shugaban kasa shine babban zartarwa da wakilin shari'a na Bankin.
Farfesa Benedict Okechukwu Oramah, ɗan ƙasar Najeriya, shi ne shugaban na uku kuma shugaban kwamitin daraktocin Afreximbank, bayan an nada shi a wannan mukamin a Babban Taron Shekara-shekara na Masu hannun jari da aka gudanar a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2015 don wa'adinsa na farko na shekaru biyar. Daga baya ya yi rantsuwa a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2015. Oramah, a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2020, masu hannun jari na Bankin sun sake nada shi a karo na biyu na shekaru biyar a matsayin Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci.
Jean-Louis Ekra ne ya riga Oramah a ofis, wanda ya yi aiki daga 2005 zuwa 2015 kuma wanda, bi da bi, ya gaji Christopher Edordu, shugaban majagaba wanda ke aiki daga 1993 zuwa 2005.
Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan
An gudanar da Babban Taron Shekara-shekara na 23 na masu hannun jari na bankin daga Yuli 18 zuwa 24, 2016 a Seychelles. Wannan taron shine karo na farko da Shugaba Dr. Benedict Oramah ya jagoranci.
Afreximbank ya jinkirta shirin bayar da jama'a na farko (IPO)
A watan Oktoba na 2019, Afreximbank ta jinkirta shirin IPO, wanda ya kai dala miliyan 250 a Kasuwancin Kasuwancin London, yana mai da hankali ga 'yanayin kasuwa mara kyau'.
MANSA
Afreximbank ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Bankunan Tsakiya na Afirka, da sauran abokan hulda na kasa da kasa don kaddamar da MANSA, dandalin ajiyar bayanai na CDD / KYC na hadin gwiwa tare da girmamawa ta musamman ga cibiyoyin kuɗi da kamfanoni na Afirka don ba da damar cibiyoyin duniya, abokan tarayya da takwarorinsu don samun damar bayanan CDD da bayanai na Afirka tare da yin amfani da dandalin don gudanar da kwarewar abokin ciniki akan gungiyoyin Afirka; cibiyoyin kudi, kamfanoni da SME.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Hadin waje
The Herald (Harare), 8 ga watan Agusta 2014. Zimbabwe: Afreximbank ya rufe US $ 150 Miliyan don Econet
Bankuna
Kamfanoni
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30531 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaito%20a%20Fuskar%20Doka | Daidaito a Fuskar Doka | Daidaito a gaban doka, wanda kuma aka sani da daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka, daidaito a idon shari'a, daidaiton shari'a, ko daidaito na shari'a, shine ka'idar cewa duk mutane dole ne a kiyaye su daidai da doka. Ka'idar tana buƙatar tsari mai tsari na doka wanda ke bin tsarin da ya dace don samar da adalci daidai, kuma yana buƙatar kariya daidai gwargwado don tabbatar da cewa babu wani mutum ko rukuni na mutane da za su sami gata akan wasu ta hanyar doka. Wani lokaci ana kiran ka'idar isonomy, yana tasowa daga tambayoyi daban-daban na falsafa game da daidaito, daidaito da adalci. Daidaito a gaban doka yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idodin wasu ma'anar 'yanci . Bai dace da bautar shari'a ba .
Mataki na 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) ta ce: "Dukkan su daidai ne a gaban doka kuma suna da hakki ba tare da wariya ba zuwa daidaitaccen kariyar doka". Don haka dole ne a yi wa kowa adalci a karkashin doka ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, jinsi, launi, kabila, addini, nakasa, ko wasu halaye ba, ba tare da wata gata, wariya ko bangaranci ba . Babban garantin daidaito yana samuwa ta mafi yawan kundin tsarin mulki na duniya, amma takamaiman aiwatar da wannan garantin ya bambanta. Misali, yayin da yawancin kundin tsarin mulki ke ba da tabbacin daidaito ba tare da la’akari da launin fata ba, kaɗan ne kawai ke ambata ‘yancin yin daidaito ba tare da la’akari da ɗan ƙasa ba.
Tarihi
Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce: “Ku da baƙo za ku zama ɗaya a gaban Ubangiji: Doka da ka’idoji iri ɗaya za su shafi ku da baƙon da ke zaune a cikinku.” (Littafin Lissafi 15:15)
Masanin falsafa Guan Zhong ( 720-645 BC) ya bayyana cewa "sarki da talakawansa komai girma da ƙanƙanta suna bin doka zai zama babban tsari".
Na 431Maganar jana'izar BCE na Pericles, da aka rubuta a cikin Tarihin Thucydides na Yaƙin Peloponnesia, ya haɗa da wani sashi na yabon daidaito tsakanin ' yan ƙasa maza masu 'yanci na dimokuradiyyar Athenia :Idan muka dubi dokokin, za su ba da damar yin adalci ga kowa a cikin bambance-bambancen da ke cikin sirri; idan a matsayin zamantakewa, ci gaba a cikin rayuwar jama'a ya fadi ga suna don iya aiki, ba a yarda da la'akari da aji don tsoma baki tare da cancanta ba; haka kuma talauci baya hana hanya. Jihar nebraska ta Amirka ta dauki taken "Daidaito a Fuskar Doka" a 1867. ya bayyana a akan tutar jihar da kuma tambarin iko na jihar. an zabi alamar don nuna yancin siyasa da hakkokin bakaken mutane da mata a nebraska, musamman kin bautarwa da kuma cewar bakake mutane zasuyi zabe a dokance tun samuwar jihar. masu fafutuka a nebraska sun mika alamar ga wasu kungiyoyin, a misali, don yada yancin LGBT a nebraska.
Bukatu ta biyar na Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci ta Afirka ta Kudu, wadda aka amince da ita a shekarar 1955, ita ce "Dukkan Su Zasu Daidaita Kafin Doka!"
A takarda ta 200 na laifuffuka na kasar japan, hukunci dangane da parcide, an hukunta baya bisa doka don ya saba daidaito karkashin doka ta kotun koli na Japan a 1973. wannan shine sakamakon shari'a a tuhumar laifin Tochigi partricide.
Sassaucin Ra'ayi
Sassaucin ra'ayi yana kira ga daidaito a gaban doka ga kowa da kowa. 'Yancin sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya kamar yadda masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Amurka suka amince da su na adawa da bin haƙƙin ƙungiya a cin zarafin ɗan adam .
A cikin Yarjejeniyar Gwamnati ta Biyu (1689), John Locke ya rubuta: “Haka kuma na daidaito, wanda dukkan iko da hukunce-hukunce ke daidaitawa, babu wanda ke da fiye da wani; babu wani abu da ya fi bayyana, fiye da halittun nau’in jinsi daya. da matsayi, da fasikanci da aka haifa ga dukkan fa'idojin yanayi, da kuma amfani da basira iri daya, su ma su kasance daidai da juna ba tare da karkata ko karkata ba, sai dai idan ubangiji da shugabansu duka ya kamata, ta kowace irin shelanta nufinsa., kuma ku sanya jũna a kan sãshe, kuma ku yi masa wa'adi bayyananne, wani haƙƙi na mulki da mulki wanda bãbu shakka."
A cikin 1774, Alexander Hamilton ya rubuta cewa: "Dukan maza suna da asali guda ɗaya, suna shiga cikin yanayi guda ɗaya, saboda haka suna da hakki ɗaya. Ba za a iya sanya wani dalili da zai sa wani mutum ya fi wani iko a kan ’yan uwansa ba, face sai sun ba shi son rai da shi.”
A cikin Social Statics, Herbert Spencer ya bayyana shi a matsayin doka ta halitta "cewa kowane mutum na iya da'awar cikakken 'yanci don yin amfani da ikonsa wanda ya dace da mallaka kamar 'yanci ga kowane mutum". Spencer ya fayyace wata hanya, "kowannensu yana da 'yancin yin duk abin da ya ga dama muddin bai keta 'yancin wani ba".
Ƙaunar mata
Daidaito a gaban doka ƙa'idar wasu rassan mata ne. A karni na 19, daidaiton jinsi a gaban doka wata manufa ce mai tsauri, amma wasu daga baya ra'ayoyin mata na ganin cewa daidaiton shari'a bai isa ya samar da daidaito na hakika da zamantakewa tsakanin mata da maza ba. Manufar daidaito na yau da kullun na iya ladabtar da mata saboda rashin bin ƙa'idar namiji yayin da manufa na jiyya daban-daban na iya ƙarfafa ra'ayin jima'i.
A shekara ta 1988, kafin yin hidima a matsayin Mai Shari’a na Kotun Koli, Ruth Bader Ginsburg ta rubuta: “Bayani game da yadda mata ko maza suke – gogewar rayuwata ta bayyana – ba za su iya ja-gorance ni wajen yanke shawara game da wasu mutane ba. Aƙalla a cikin doka, Ban sami wani fifiko na dabi'a ko rashi a kowane jinsi ba. A cikin aji ko a cikin takardun digiri daga 1963 zuwa 1980, kuma a yanzu a cikin karanta taƙaitaccen bayani da sauraron muhawara a kotu sama da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ban gano wani abin dogaro ba ko tsayayyen tunani na namiji ko mace - har ma da alkalami." A cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Ƙasar Amirka a cikin 1970s, Ginsburg ya kalubalanci Frontiero v. Richardson dokokin da suka ba da amfanin kiwon lafiya ga matan masu hidima, amma ba ga mazajen mata masu hidima ba. Akwai kundin tsarin mulkin kasa sama da 150 da a halin yanzu suka ambaci daidaito ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13344 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samira%20Ahmed | Samira Ahmed | Samira Ahmed (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1968) 'Yar Jarida ce, Marubuciya kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye a BBC, inda ta gabatar da Radio 3's Night Waves da PM 4's PM, Labaran Duniya, Lahadi da kuma Front Row kuma sun gabatar da alkawuran BBC Radio 4.
Rubutunta ya bayyana a cikin The Guardian, The Independent da kuma ga Spectator na mujallar Arts Blog. Ta kasance mai ba da rahoto da kuma mai gabatarwa daga annel 4 News daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekarar 2011. Ta gabatar da Lahadi Morning Live, babban shirin tattaunawa kan BBC One dazuwa shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarata 2013.
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi samira Ahmed ne a Wandsworth zuwa Athar da Lalita (née Chatterjee, an haife ta a 1939, LuVE ). Mahaifiyar Samira ita ma m
ai gaba darshin a TV ce, shugaba kuma maci a i a kan gidan dafa abinci na Indiya, wanda a baya ta yi aiki a hidimar Hindi a cikin Sashin Duniya na BBC a Gidan Buh . Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Wimbledon, makarantar kwana mai zaman kanta ga 'yan mata, kuma ta shirya mujallar makarantar.
Ahmed ta karanta Turanci a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, wanda ya sanya ta zama mai daraja a shekara ta 2019. Yayinda take karatun digiri ta rubutu a Isis da mujallu na Union, duka wallafe-wallafen daliban Jami'ar Oxford ne, kuma ta sami kyautar Philip Geddes Journalism Prize a kan aikinta na jaridun dalibai. Bayan kammala karatun ta sai ta kuma kammala Digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida a Jami’ar City, Londan. Ta tuna cewa Lucy Mathen, 'itace farko ta' yar Asiya data zama mai rehoto na gidan talabijin ta BBC, wacce ta yi aiki a John Craven's Newsround, abin alfaharin mata ce, kamar yadda itama mai watsa shirye-shirye Shyama Perera, wacce ke aiki a Fleet Street a wannan lokaci guda. .
Aikin jarida
Ahmed ta zama mai horar da labarai na BBC ce a 1990. Bayan shekaru biyu amatsayin wacce aka kara, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto game da rediyo na cibiyar sadarwa a 1992 akan shirye-shiryen kamar Yau, Tsoron takaitacciyar kwantiraginta na BBC ba za ta sabunta ba bayan rashin jituwa a cikin mawuyacin hali, Ahmed ta nemi, kuma ta ci gaba, ta BBC World don gabatar da mai gabatarwa, wanda ya sa ta zama mai ba da rahoto ga Newsnight. Ita ce wakilin BBC a Los Angeles a tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 1994 kuma ta gabatar da rahoto game da shari’ar OJ Simpson.. Ahmed a takaice ta yi aiki da Deutsche Welle a Berlin a matsayin marubuciya kuma marubuciyar siyasa, amma daga baya ta dawo dan gajeriyar zam tare da BBC World amatsayin mai gabatarwa da dare a shirin BBC News 24 kafin ta tafi hutu.
Ahmed ta koma Channel 4 News a watan Afrilun na shekara ta 2000, kuma ta zama mai gabatarwa a watan Yulin 2002. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2011 Ahmed ta bar Channel 4, ta tafi aikin zaman kai (freelance).
A shekara ta 2009 ta ci nasarar samun kyautar Broadcaster of the Year a yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo na Stonewall Awards shekara-shekara saboda rahotonta na musamman game da "gyara" fyade da matan 'yan madigo a Afirka ta Kudu. An yi wannan rahoton ne bayan ActionAid ya tuntube ta game da kamfen dinsu na aikata laifukan wariyar launin fata. Ta ci lambar yabo ta BBC ce a cikin Celebrity Mastermind, tare da wani kwararre kan batun Laura Ingalls Wilder, marubucin Little House kan littattafan Prairie, a cikin Disamba 2010. Bugu da kari, a shekarar 2019 Ahmed ta lashe zakaran gwajin dafi na Celebrity Mastermind, ta sanya suttura ta Space 1999.
Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, ta kasance mai nazarin jaridar ta yau da kullun akan Lorraine . Daga watan Yuni na shekarar 2012 zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013 ta gabatar da jerin na uku da na hudu na Morning Live a kan BBC One . A cikin Oktoba 2012, Ahmed ya maye gurbin Ray Snoddy a matsayin mai gabatar da Newswatch a tashar Tashoshi na BBC.
Ita Farfesa mai ziyara na ilimin aikin Jarida a Jami'ar Kingston kuma mai ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga The Big Issue .
A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019 ta yi hira da Margaret Atwood game da sabon littafin mawallafin The Testaments a National Theater, wanda ke misalta fina-finai sama da 1,000 a duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na National Theater Live.
Sauraron Dai-daita biya
Ahmed ta shigar da karar a kan BBC a karkashin dokar Equal Pay Act a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. Kotun Ma'aikata na Tsakiyar Landan ta tabbatar da goyon bayan karar ta a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2020. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2020 an sanar da cewa an cimma matsaya tare da BBC, amma ba a fitar da adadi game da hakan ba.
Rayuwar mutum
Ahmed ta auri Brian Millar. Kuma ma'auratan na zaune ne a London suna da yaro daya da yarinya.
Manazarta
Hadin waje
Newswatch (BBC News Channel)
Front Row (BBC Radio 4)
Ahmed articles from The Guardian
Ahmed articles from Spectator |
25713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%20Gang | Press Gang | Press Gang shine wasan kwaikwayo na na gidan talabijin na yara na Burtaniya wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa 43 a cikin jerin biyar da aka watsa daga shekarar 1989 zuwa shekara ta 1993. Richmond Film & Television don Tsakiya ne ya samar da shi, kuma an nuna shi akan hanyar sadarwa ta ITV a cikin madaidaiciyar sati da rana na yara, ITV na Yara, yawanci a cikin rami na 4:45 na yamma (kwanaki sun bambanta akan lokacin da ake gudana).
Anyi shine da niyyan daukan hankalin manyan yara da matasa, shirin ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan jaridar yara, Junior Gazette, wanda ɗalibai daga babban makarantar ƙaramar hukuma ta samar. A cikin jerin daga baya an nuna shi azaman kasuwanci. Nunin ya haɗu da abubuwan ban dariya da ban mamaki. Kazalika da magance alakar mutane (musamman a cikin labarin Lynda-Spike arc), wasan kwaikwayon ya magance batutuwan kamar cin zarafin ƙarfi, cin zarafin yara da sarrafa makamai.
Wanda tsohon malami Steven Moffat, ya rubuta fiye da rabin abubuwan da suke kunshe a cikin sun samu daukar nauyi daga Bob Spiers, sanannen darektan wasan barkwanci na Burtaniya wanda ya kasance a baya yayi aiki kan littattafai kamar su Fawlty Towers . Tarba mai mahimmanci ta kasance mai inganci, musamman don ingancin rubuce -rubuce, kuma jerin sun jawo hankalin wata ƙungiya mai bi tare da yawan shekaru.
Labarun labari
Shahararren ɗan jarida mai suna Matt Kerr (Clive Wood) ya iso daga titin Fleet don gyara jaridar gida. Ya kafa ƙaramin sigar takarda, The Junior Gazette, don ɗalibai daga ƙananan makarantun gida su samar da su kafin da bayan lokutan makaranta.
Wasu daga cikin yan ƙungiyar "taurarin ɗaliba" ne, amma wasu suna da martaba saboda rashin laifi. Suchaya daga cikin ɗalibin, Spike Thompson ( Dexter Fletcher ), an tilasta yin aiki akan takarda maimakon a kore shi daga makaranta. Nan da nan yana jan hankalin editan Lynda Day ( Julia Sawalha ), amma suna yin taɗi, suna jifar junansu. Alaƙar su tana haɓaka kuma suna da alaƙar kashewa. Suna tattauna yadda suke ji a kai a kai, musamman a ƙarshen sassan kowane jerin. A kashi na ƙarshe na jerin na uku, "Riƙewa", Spike ba tare da saninsa ba yana bayyana ƙaƙƙarfan jin daɗin sa ga Lynda yayin da ake liƙa shi. Kishin budurwarsa Ba'amurke, Zoe, Lynda ta sanya kaset ɗin a kan sitiriyo na sirri na Zoe, yana lalata alakar su. Ilimin sunadarai akan allo tsakanin jagororin biyu an nuna shi akan allo yayin da suka zama abu na shekaru da yawa.
Koda yake tarihin Lynda da Spike yana gudana a cikin jerin, yawancin al'amuran suna ƙunshe da labarai masu ɗauke da labarai da ƙananan makirci. Daga cikin labarai masu sauƙi, kamar ɗaya game da Colin da gangan halartar jana'izar sanye da zomo mai ruwan hoda, wasan kwaikwayon ya magance manyan matsaloli da yawa. Jeff Evans, yana rubutu a cikin Guinness Television Encyclopedia, ya rubuta cewa jerin sun yi amfani da “mafi girman tsarin manya” fiye da “ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya iri ɗaya” kamar A Bunch of Fives . Wasu masu sukar sun kuma kwatanta shi da Hill Street Blues, Lou Grant "da sauran wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka masu tunani, godiya ga haƙiƙanin sa da matakin sa na matakan batutuwa masu taɓawa." Jerin farko ya kusanci cin zarafi mai ƙarfi a cikin "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa", kuma NSPCC ta taimaka wajen samar da abubuwan " Wani mummunan abu " game da cin zarafin yara . An yi garkuwa da ƙungiyar ta wani mai sha'awar bindiga a cikin jerin '' Kalmar Ƙarshe '' ta uku, yayin da ƙarshen ƙarshe ya kusanci shan miyagun ƙwayoyi . Abubuwan da ke jagorantar batun sun yi aiki don haɓaka manyan haruffan, ta yadda "Wani Abu Mai Girma" ya fi "game da fansar Colin [daga 'yan jari hujja mai son kai], maimakon cin zarafin Cindy."
Dangane da Cibiyar Fina -Finan Burtaniya, "Gangar Jaridar ta yi nasarar zama wataƙila jerin yara mafi ban dariya da aka taɓa yi kuma a lokaci guda mafi raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi da gaskiya. Sautin zai iya canzawa ba tare da wata wahala ba kuma daga hankali zuwa nesa zuwa bala'i a cikin sarari. " Kodayake ana kiran jerin shirye -shiryen wani lokacin wasan barkwanci, Moffat ya nace cewa wasan kwaikwayo ne tare da barkwanci a ciki. Marubucin ya tuna "wata doguwar muhawara tare da Geoff Hogg (editan fim akan Press Gang ) game da ko Press Gang ya kasance mai ban dariya. Ya dage cewa haka ne kuma na ce ba haka bane - abin dariya ne kawai. ” Wasu ɓarna suna kaiwa Moffat da'awar cewa "tana da barkwanci mafi ƙazanta a tarihi; mun tafi da tarin abubuwa. . . Mun kusa tsere da wargi game da jima'i ta dubura, amma sun gan ta a minti na ƙarshe. ” A cikin wani labarin Lynda ta ce za ta '' shayar da shi '', kuma, lokacin da aka tambaye shi (yayin da yake kwanan wata a gidan abincin otal) idan yana zama a otal ɗin, Colin ya amsa "Bai kamata in yi tunanin haka ba: shine farkon data. "
Jeff Evans ya kuma yi sharhi cewa anyi fim ɗin ta hanyar fina-finai, yana taɓarɓarewaa cikin "jerin mafarkai, hasashe, jindadi da kuma, a wani lokaci,a Moonlighting -esque na fim ɗin It's Wonderful Life ." Nunin yana da fa'ida mai ƙarfi na ci gaba, tare da wasu labarai, abubuwan da suka faru da ƙananan haruffa da aka ambata a cikin jerin. An gayyaci 'yan wasan da suka buga haruffa na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin jerin biyun farko don sake maimaita matsayinsu a cikin shirye-shiryen gaba. David Jefford (Alex Crockett) an tashe shi daga 1989 "Litinin - Talata" don fitowa a cikin wasan karshe "Akwai Kalanda", yayin da 'yar wasan guda ɗaya (Aisling Flitton) wacce ta buga lambar da ba daidai ba a cikin "Soyayya da ƙaramar Jarida. " an gayyace ta don sake fasalin halinta don jerin shirye -shirye na uku" Chance is a Fine Thing. " "Kula da daki -daki" kamar wannan shine, a cewar Paul Cornell, "daya daga cikin hanyoyi masu yawa da jerin ke mutunta basirar masu kallo."
Bayan ƙungiyar ta bar makaranta, takarda ta sami 'yancin kuɗi kuma tana gudanar da kasuwanci. Mataimakin edita Kenny ( Lee Ross ) ya bar ƙarshen jerin uku don maye gurbin Julie ( Lucy Benjamin ), wacce ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane -zane a jerin farko.
Halaye
Babban
Ranar Lynda ( Julia Sawalha ) ita ce editan Junior Gazette . Tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da ra’ayi, kuma da yawa daga cikin ƙawayenta na tsoron ta. Moffat ya ce halayyar ta ɗan dogara ne akan mai gabatar da wasan "ƙwallon ƙwal", Sandra C. Hastie. Kodayake tana bayyana da taurin kai, amma a wasu lokuta tana fallasa yadda take ji. Ta bar takardar a ƙarshen "Litinin-Talata", kuma a cikin "Mafarkin Rana" Makoki "Me yasa nake samun komai a cikin rayuwata ta wauta duka?" A tsoratar da zamantakewa, ta yi biris da ra'ayin. Tana cikin tashin hankali a wurin shaye -shaye, a cikin "A ƙarshe Dodo", har ta yi ƙoƙarin barin lokuta da yawa. An kwatanta cakuɗɗen gefen hankalin Lynda da ɗabi'arta mai wadatar kai a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen 'Karshen Ƙarshe.' Ta tsawatawa fatalwar Gary (Mark Sayers), wanda ya mutu bayan shan maganin maye, ta ce:
Duba, na tuba kun mutu, lafiya? Na yi kulawa. Amma in zama mai gaskiya tare da ku, ban damu sosai ba. Kuna da zabi, kun sha kwayoyi, kun mutu. Shin da gaske kuke da'awar babu wanda yayi muku kashedi yana da haɗari? . . . Ina nufin, kun kalli duniyar kwanan nan? . . . Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kashe ku kuma ba a yi muku gargaɗi kwata -kwata. Don haka manne kan ku cikin kada da aka gaya muku ba a lissafa don samun tausayina.
James "Spike" Thomson ( Dexter Fletcher ) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne, wanda aka tilasta yin aiki akan takarda maimakon a cire shi daga makaranta. Nan da nan ya ja hankalin Lynda, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin muhimmin memba na ƙungiyar masu ba da rahoto da ke da alhakin samun labarin jagoran su na farko. Yawancin lokaci yana da kewayon masu layi ɗaya, kodayake ana yawan sukar sa, musamman ta Lynda, saboda yawan wuce gona da iri. Koyaya, Spike sau da yawa yana amfani da abin dariya don sauƙaƙe sautin, kamar a "Litinin-Talata" lokacin da yayi ƙoƙarin farantawa Lynda rai bayan ta ji alhakin kashe David.
Da farko an rubuta halayen a matsayin Ingilishi, har sai mai samarwa Hastie ya ji cewa halayyar Amurkawa za ta haɓaka damar siyar da ƙasashen waje. Wannan yana nufin cewa Fletcher haifaffen Ingilishi dole ne yayi aiki cikin lafazin Amurka na tsawon shekaru biyar. Moffat ya ce bai da tabbas [cewa] Dexter na katako da wannan lafazin ya kasance mai hankali. Lafazin Ba'amurke ya sa wasu magoya baya mamaki da sanin Fletcher ainihin Ingilishi ne.
Kenny Phillips ( Lee Ross ) yana ɗaya daga cikin abokan Lynda (kaɗan) na dogon lokaci kuma shine mataimakiyar edita a cikin jerin ukun farko. Kenny ya fi Lynda kwanciyar hankali, kodayake har yanzu tana mamaye ta. Duk da wannan, yana ɗaya daga cikin fewan mutanen da za su iya tsayawa kan Lynda, a cikin nasa shiru. Kodayake ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai daɗi", amma bai yi sa'ar soyayya ba: Jenny ( Sadie Frost ), budurwar da ya sadu da ita a "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa", zubar da shi saboda yana da fahimta sosai. An bayyana sha'awar sirrinsa don rubuta kiɗa a ƙarshen jerin biyu, wanda sha'awar Ross ta rinjayi shi. Colin ya shirya kuma ya tallafa masa kide kide da wake -wake, kuma jerin na biyu ya ƙare tare da Kenny yana yin "Ba ku Ji A Gare Ni" (Ross da kansa ya rubuta). Lee Ross ya sami damar aiwatar da abubuwa shida na farko na jerin shirye-shirye 12 na uku da huɗu na yin fim saboda yana tsammanin rawar fim. Don haka, ta jerin hudu, Kenny ya tafi Australia.
Colin Mathews ( Paul Reynolds ) shine Thatcherite mai kula da kuɗin takarda da talla. Sau da yawa yana sanye da manyan riguna, kuma dabarunsa daban-daban sun haɗa da tallace-tallace mara kyau na rabin ping-pong (kamar 'pings'), kayan bita na jarrabawa da soda wanda ke barin tabo na fuska. Rosie Marcel da Claire Hearnden sun bayyana a cikin jerin na biyu kamar Sophie da Laura, mataimakan matasa matasa na Colin.
Julie Craig ( Lucy Benjamin ) ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane -zane a jerin farko. Moffat ya burge aikin Benjamin, kuma ya faɗaɗa halinta don jerin na biyu. Koyaya ta ba da kanta ga ayyuka a cikin sitcom na LWT kusa da Gida da Jupiter Moon, don haka Sam ya maye gurbin halin. Halin ya dawo a farkon shirin jerin huɗu a matsayin mai bincike a ranar Asabar da safe yana nuna Crazy Stuff . Ta shirya Lynda da Spike su sake haɗuwa a gidan talabijin na kai tsaye, amma korafe -korafen da suka biyo baya game da tashin hankalin (bugun fuska) yana haifar da harbe -harben Julie. Bayan bai wa Lynda wasu gaskiyar gida, Julie ta maye gurbin Kenny a matsayin mataimakiyar edita don jerin biyu na ƙarshe. Ita 'yar kwarkwasa ce, kuma, a cewar Lynda, ita ce ta "tsoma baki a rikicin na kurkuku na ƙarshe."
Sarah Jackson ( Kelda Holmes ) ita ce jagorar marubucin. Kodayake tana da hankali tana samun damuwa, kamar lokacin hirarta don editan Jaridar Junior . Labarin ta na ƙarshe, "Wuta Mai Kyau", yana nuna ci gaban kawancen ta da Lynda, da kuma yadda ƙarshen ya gan ta a matsayin ƙalubale lokacin da ta isa Norbridge High. Tare suka kafa mujallar makarantar ƙarƙashin ƙasa: Mujallar Damn . Yunƙurin farko na barin jaridar don halartar karatun rubuce -rubuce a kwaleji na gida Lynda ta hana ta, amma a ƙarshe ta bar cikin jerin biyar don shiga jami'a (yana nuna dalilin tashin Holmes).
Frazer "Frazz" Davis ( Mmoloki Chrystie ) yana ɗaya daga cikin masu laifin Spike da aka tilasta yin aiki akan takarda, babban aikinsa na farko shine rubuta horoscopes . Da farko an nuna Frazz a matsayin "mai ƙalubalantar ilimi", kamar rashin fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin "rukunin taurari" da horoscopes. Daga baya abubuwan da suka faru, suna nuna masa yaudara, kamar a cikin "Maganar Ƙarshe: Kashi na 2" lokacin da ya murƙushe ɗan bindigar ta amfani da manyan bindigogi .
Maimaitawa
Sam Black ( Gabrielle Anwar ) ya maye gurbin Julie a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane a jerin na biyu. Sam tana sane da salon kwalliya sosai kuma tana kwarkwasa, kuma tana mamakin lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙi ci gabanta don fifita Saratu. Anwar ya yi bitar rawar Lynda. (An gayyaci 'yan wasan da yawa waɗanda ba a yi nasarar tantance su ba don manyan haruffa daga baya don matsayin baƙi. ) Moffat ya faɗaɗa rawar Julie bayan jerin farko, amma Lucy Benjamin bai samu ba don jerin biyu. Sam, saboda haka, ainihin halayyar Julie ce a ƙarƙashin wani suna daban, musamman a cikin abubuwan da ta fara a baya.
Danny McColl ( Charlie Creed-Miles ) mai daukar hoton takarda. Creed-Miles ya zama abin ƙyama da ƙaramin rawar da ya taka kuma ya bar bayan jerin na biyu.
Toni "Tiddler" Tildesley ( Joanna Dukes ) ƙaramin memba ne na ƙungiyar, ke da alhakin ƙaramin sashi, Junior Junior Gazette .
Billy Homer (Andy Crowe) shima hali ne mai maimaitawa. Tetraplegic, yana da ƙwarewa sosai tare da hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, wani lokacin yana yin kutse cikin bayanan makarantar. Labarun labarinsa wasu daga cikin wakilcin Intanet na farko a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya. Moffat ya ji cewa ba zai iya ci gaba da halayen ba, kuma yana bayyana ba zato ba tsammani bayan jerin farko.
Manyan manyan sune mataimakiyar shugaban makarantar Bill Sullivan ( Nick Stringer ), editan maverick Matt Kerr ( Clive Wood ) da gogaggen ɗan jaridar Gazette Chrissie Stewart ( Angela Bruce ).
Production
Farawa
Bill Moffat, shugaban makaranta daga Glasgow, yana da ra'ayin shirin talabijin na yara mai suna The Norbridge Files . Ya nuna shi ga wani furodusa wanda ya ziyarci makarantarsa, Makarantar Firamare ta Thorn a Johnstone, Renfrewshire, lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita azaman wurin da za a yi wani taron babbar hanyar Harry Secombe . Furodusa Sandra C. Hastie ta ji daɗin wannan ra'ayin kuma ta nuna wa mijinta Bill Ward na gaba, abokin aikin kamfanin ta Richmond Films da Talabijin. Lokacin da ta nemi rubutun, Moffat ya ba da shawarar cewa ɗansa mai shekaru 25, Steven, malamin Ingilishi, ya rubuta. Hastie ta ce "mafi kyawun rubutun farko" da ta karanta.
Duk shirye -shiryen 43 Steven Moffat ne ya rubuta . A lokacin samar da jerin abubuwa biyu, yana samun rayuwa ta rashin jin daɗi bayan rabuwar aurensa na farko. An wakilci sabon masoyin matarsa a cikin shirin "Babban Ƙarshe?" ta halin Brian Magboy ( Simon Schatzberger ), sunan da Brian ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi: Yaron Maggie. Moffat ya shigo da halayen don kowane irin abin takaici ya faru da shi, kamar sanya injin bugawa a ƙafa. Wannan lokacin a rayuwar Moffat shima za a nuna a cikin sitcom Joking Apart .
Gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na tsakiya ya kasance yana da kwarin gwiwa kan aikin, don haka maimakon wasan kwaikwayon da aka harba a ɗakunan su a Nottingham kamar yadda aka tsara, sun ba Richmond kasafin kuɗi na fan miliyan biyu. Wannan ya ba shi damar harbe shi a fim 16 mm , maimakon faifan bidiyo na yau da kullun, mai rahusa, kuma a wurin, yana mai tsada sosai idan aka kwatanta da yawancin talabijin na yara. Waɗannan ƙimar kuɗaɗen kusan sun kai ga sokewarsa a ƙarshen jerin na biyu, wanda a lokacin ne babban jami'i na tsakiya Lewis Rudd ya kasa aiwatar da shirye -shirye da kansa.
Daraktoci
Fiye da rabi na shirye -shiryen Bob Spiers ne ya jagorance su, sanannen darektan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya wanda a baya ya yi aiki a Fawlty Towers tsakanin sauran shirye -shirye da yawa. Zai sake yin aiki tare da Moffat akan sitcom ɗinsa na Joking Apart da Murder Most Horrid, tare da Sawalha akan Kwatankwacin abin mamaki . A cewar Moffat, Spiers shine "babban darekta" wanda ke da sha'awar sauran sassan kuma ya kafa salon gani na wasan. Spiers musamman sun yi amfani da harbin bin diddigin, wani lokacin suna buƙatar a rubuta ƙarin tattaunawa don ɗaukar tsawon harbin. Sauran daraktocin za su shigo su yi "Spiers". An ƙarfafa dukkan daraktocin da su halarci harbin sauran domin salon gani ya kasance daidai.
Kashi na biyu na farko Colin Nutley ne ya jagoranci . Duk da haka, bai ji daɗin gyara na ƙarshe ba kuma ya nemi a cire sunansa daga kuɗin. Lorne Magory ya jagoranci shirye-shirye da yawa, musamman labaran ɓangarori biyu "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa" da "Maganar Ƙarshe." Ofaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Fina -Finan Richmond da Talabijin, Bill Ward, ya ba da umarnin shirye -shirye guda uku, kuma Bren Simson ya jagoranci wasu jerin biyu. Mawallafin fim ɗin James Devis ya ɗauki madaidaicin jagorar don "Windfall", abin da ya faru.
Wuri
Yayin da aka shirya wasan kwaikwayon a garin almara na Norbridge, galibi an yi fim ɗin a Uxbridge, a yammacin Greater London . An harbe yawancin al'amuran a Makarantar Haydon da ke Pinner . An yi fim ɗin jerin farko gaba ɗaya akan wurin, amma bayan rushewar ginin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman ofishin jaridar ta asali, an yi fim ɗin cikin gida a cikin Pinewood Studios don jerin na biyu, kuma ba a ganin waje na ginin fiye da wannan jerin. An yi jerin abubuwan da suka biyo baya a Lee International Studios a Shepperton (jerin uku da hudu) da Twickenham Studios (jerin biyar).
Jerin kiɗa da take
Peter Davis ne ya shirya waƙar taken (wanda bayan jerin na biyu ya haɗa sauran jerin shi kadai a matsayin babban mawaki), John Mealing da John G. Perry. Taken buɗe taken yana nuna manyan haruffan da ke bugun hoto, tare da sunan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin nau'in rubutun rubutu. Steven Moffat da Julia Sawalha ba su burge sosai da taken taken ba lokacin da suke tattaunawa don sharhin DVD a 2004. An sake yin rikodin su don jerin uku, a cikin salo iri ɗaya, don magance shekarun 'yan wasan da canje-canje ga saiti.
Yawancin taken rufewa a cikin jerin biyun farko sun kasance tare da tattaunawa daga haruffa biyu. Sassan da suka ƙare akan sautin musamman, kamar "Litinin-Talata" da "Labaran Jiya", yi amfani da waƙar sombre kawai da ta dace don rakiyar ƙimar ƙarshe. Bayan kammalawa mai ƙarfi, "A ƙarshe Dodo" ya yi amfani da ingantacciyar sigar babban jigon tare da ƙarin amfani da gitar lantarki. Moffat ya ji cewa muryoyin muryar sun yi aiki sosai a cikin jerin farko, amma ba su yi kyau a na biyun ba. Hastie ta tuna cewa Moffat ya “yi matukar fushi” cewa Drop the Dead Jakey ya ɗauki salon. An sauke su bayan jerin na biyu. A cewar Moffat, 'yan wasan sun "yi baƙin ciki tare da juyawa zuwa ɗakin rikodi don yin rikodin su."
Karɓar baki
Tarba mai mahimmanci
Halin mai mahimmanci yana da kyau, wasan kwaikwayon ana yaba shi musamman saboda ƙima da ƙwarewar rubutun. The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian da kari na Ilimi na Times ya ba da labarin farko . A cikin bita mai ƙarfi, Paul Cornell ya rubuta cewa:Press Gang ya tabbatar da cewa jerin ne wanda zai iya dawo da ku zuwa yadda kuka ji tun yana matashi, ya fi kaifin basira a duniya amma tare da tsananin azanci. . . Ba za a sake yin wani wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da yin magana da yara ko rubuta musu rashin kunya. Danna Gang, wataƙila mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a duniya. Time Out ya ce "wannan nishaɗin inganci ne: yara suna da kaifi, rubutun suna da wayo kuma barkwanci suna da kyau." Wakilin BBC William Gallagher ya kira shi "kyakkyawa mara aibi", tare da The Guardian a baya yana yaba wa jerin. Wasu, kamar Popmatters, suma sun yi tsokaci kan yadda "wasan kwaikwayon ya shahara ... don yin wani abin talabijin na yara a lokacin bai yi ba (kuma, ana iya cewa, har yanzu bai yi ba): ya ƙi kula da masu sauraronsa kamar yara . " Dan wasan barkwanci Richard Herring ya tuna kallon wasan a matsayin wanda ya kammala karatunsa na baya -bayan nan, inda yayi sharhi cewa "dabara ce, mai fa'ida kuma tana da kyau ga yara." A cewar Moffat, " Press Gang ya wuce gona da iri sosai a masana'antar kuma ana yi min lakabi da romanced koyaushe." Shirya makirce -makirce da tsari na Gang zai zama alamar aikin Moffat, kamar Joking Apart da Coupling .
Jerin sun karɓi lambar yabo ta Gidan Talabijin na Royal da BAFTA a cikin 1991 don "Mafi kyawun Shirin Yara (Nishaɗi/Wasan kwaikwayo)". Hakanan an ba ta lambar yabo don lambobin marubutan Guild of Great Britain guda biyu, Prix Jeunesse da 1992 BAFTA don "Mafi kyawun Shirin Yara (Almara)". Julia Sawalha ta lashe lambar yabo ta Gidan Talabijin na Gidan Talabijin na "Mafi Kyawun Jarumi - Mace" a 1993.
Maimaita nunawa
Nunin ya sami ƙarin masu sauraro masu fa'ida a cikin ramin maraice lokacin da aka maimaita ranar Lahadi a kan Channel 4 a 1991. An nuna wannan crossover a cikin bita na BBC don ɗayan DVD lokacin da suka ce " Press Gang shine ɗayan mafi kyawun jerin abubuwan da aka taɓa yi wa yara. Ko manya. ”
Nickelodeon ya nuna kusan duk abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sati na mako a cikin 1997. Sassan uku na ƙarshe na jerin na uku, duk da haka, ba a sake maimaita su a tashar yaran ba saboda abubuwan da ke cikin su: "Maganar Ƙarshe" ninki biyu tare da killace bindiga, da "Riƙewa" tare da maimaita kalmar "saki rabuwa. ". A farkon watsawa na ƙarshen a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1991, mai ba da sanarwar ci gaba Tommy Boyd ya gargadi masu kallo cewa ya ƙunshi ƙarfi fiye da yare da aka saba. A cikin 2007, itv.com ta yi jerin farko, ban da “Shafin Farko”, wanda za a iya kallo a gidan yanar gizon ta kyauta.
An watsa shirye -shiryen 2 akan Tashar CITV akan 5 & 6 Janairu 2013, a zaman wani ɓangare na shirye -shiryen adana kayan tarihi na ƙarshen mako don murnar cika shekaru 30 na CITV.
Fan yana bi
Press Gang ya ja hankalin wata kungiyar da ke bi. An samar da fanzine, Breakfast a Czars, a cikin 1990s. Edited by Stephen O'Brien, ya ƙunshi tambayoyi iri -iri tare da simintin da ƙungiya (musamman tare da mai samar da Hastie), bita da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma hasashe . An haɗa bugu na farko azaman fayil na PDF akan jerin DVD guda biyu, yayin da ukun na gaba suka kasance akan jerin diski biyar. Jerin tattaunawar imel yana aiki tun watan Fabrairu 1997. Masani Miles Booy ya lura cewa kamar yadda Steven Moffat ya kasance mai son Doctor Who, ya sami damar ƙin abubuwan da magoya bayan TV suka yaba, kamar:jerin fina-finai tare da manyan rataya-rataya, ci gaba mai tsauri da kashe barkwanci da nassoshi waɗanda suka biya waɗanda suka kalli kuma suka sake duba rubutun don cire minutia. A ƙarshen jerin na biyu, an lura cewa ƙungiyar labarai sun bi Spike/Lynda romance 'tun shafi na ɗaya', kuma kawai magoya bayan sun tuna – ko aka gano akan bita – cewa "Page One" shine taken kashi na farko. Booy ya nuna cewa Chris Carter da Joss Whedon za a yaba da waɗannan abubuwan a cikin shekarun 1990 (a cikin nunin The X-Files da Buffy the Vampire Slayer ), amma "Moffat ya isa can da farko, kuma ... a cikin gidan talabijin na yara. Ya kasance wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya zo tare da hankalin mai son Burtaniya ga damar yin aiki. "
An gudanar da babban taro guda biyu a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a Liverpool . Abubuwan da suka faru, don taimakon NSPCC, kowannensu mai taken "Duk bangarorin Takardar" kuma Steven Moffat, Sandra Hastie, Dexter Fletcher, Paul Reynolds, Kelda Holmes da Nick Stringer sun halarta. An yi gwajin tsawaita tsaka mai tsaka -tsaki na "Kwata zuwa Tsakar dare" da "Akwai Kurakurai", tare da gwanjon kayan sutura da kayan masarufi. Lokacin da Virgin Publishing ya hana Paul Cornell rubuta wani jagorar labari, Jagorar Shirin Gangar Jarida, wanda Jim Sangster ya shirya, Leomac Publishing ce ta buga shi a 1995. Sangster, O'Brien da Adrian Petford sun haɗu tare da DVD na cibiyar sadarwa akan ƙarin fasali don fitowar DVD.
Big Finish Productions, wanda ke samar da wasan kwaikwayo na sauti dangane da kaddarorin ilmin kimiyya, musamman Doctor Who, an sanya masa suna bayan taken wasan karshe na jerin na biyu. Moffat da kansa babban ɗalibin Doctor ne mai son zuciya, kuma ya zama babban marubucin shirin kuma mai gabatar da shirye -shirye a 2009.
Moffat ya haɗa nassoshi da yawa zuwa haruffa na sakandare da wurare a cikin Press Gang a cikin aikinsa na baya. Sitcom Chalk nasa na 1997 yana nufin makarantar makwabta kamar Norbridge High, wanda Mr Sullivan ke jagoranta, da kuma haruffan Dr Clipstone ("Ba a tsammani"), Malcolm Bullivant ("Wani Abu Mai Ban tsoro") da David Jefford ("Litinin-Talata"/"Akwai su ne Kawaye "), almajiri wanda Mr Slatt ( David Bamber ) ya tsawatar don al'aurarsa . Sunan "Talwinning" ya bayyana a matsayin sunan tituna a cikin "A Quarter to Midnight" da Joking Apart, kuma a matsayin sunan mahaifa a cikin "Dying Live", wani labarin Murder Most Horrid wanda Moffat ya rubuta, kazalika da sunan wani ɗan laburare a cikin Doctor ɗinsa wanda ke ba da ɗan gajeren labari, "Kurakurai Masu Ci gaba", wanda aka buga a cikin 1996 Littafin Tarihi na Budurwowi Decalog 3: Sakamakon . Sunan "Inspector Hibbert", daga "Maganar Ƙarshe", an ba shi halin da Nick Stringer ya buga a cikin "Elvis, Jesus and Jack", Moffat na ƙarshe Murder Most Horrid gudummawar. Kwanan nan, a cikin kashin farko na Moffat's Jekyll, Mista Hyde ( James Nesbitt ) ya busa sautin irin na Lynda a cikin "Komawa Titin Jasper".
Fim ɗin talabijin da aka gabatar
An shirya wani fim din talabijin mai suna "Ƙaddara". An saita shi 'yan shekaru bayan jerin kuma yana nufin mafi yawan masu sauraro. A mataki ɗaya a cikin 1992, an yi niyya jerin 4 don zama na ƙarshe, kuma an ba da shawarar fim ɗin a matsayin mai bi. Koyaya, yin fim ɗin ya faɗi lokacin da aka ba da jerin na biyar maimakon. An sake nazarin ra'ayin fim ɗin mai bibiyar sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1990, amma kowane lokaci ya faɗi saboda dalilai daban-daban.
A watan Yunin 2007, The Stage ya ba da rahoton cewa Moffat da Sawalha suna da sha'awar farfado da ' Yan Jaridu . Ya ce: “Zan farfado da hakan kamar harbi. Ina so in yi taron sake haduwa-sigar girma. Na san Julia Sawalha tana da sha’awa — duk lokacin da na gan ta sai ta tambaye ni yaushe za mu yi. Wataƙila zai faru - Ina son hakan. ” The Guardian ya ba da shawarar farfaɗo da wasan kwaikwayon, yana mai jayayya da cewa "Gangar ' Yan Jarida tare da Moffat a helm na iya juyar da wasan daga ƙungiya zuwa cibiyar ƙasa - abincin petri ga matasa masu yin aiki da ƙwarewar rubutu don bunƙasa. Yana daga cikin kayan gado na gidan talabijin ɗinmu kuma tabbas ya cancanci farkawa. "
A bikin Talabijin na Edinburgh na Duniya a watan Agusta na 2008, Moffat ya ba da labarin yadda ya bugu bayan bikin rufewa don Jekyll kuma ya kafa manufar taron 'yan Jarida na musamman ga Shugaban Wasan kwaikwayo a BBC, John Yorke . Duk da yardar Yorke, marubucin ya ce ya shagala da aikinsa a kan Doctor Wanda ya bi ra'ayin.
Kasuwanci
An saki samfura da yawa, musamman litattafai huɗu, bidiyo da cikakken tarin akan DVD.
Bill Moffat ne ya rubuta litattafai huɗu kuma Hippo Books/Scholastic ne ya buga su a cikin 1989 da 1990 dangane da jerin biyun farko. Buga na Farko ya dogara ne akan ɓangarori uku na farko, tare da Bayyanar Jama'a ta rufe "Interface" da "Yadda ake Yin Kisa." Littafin na uku, Checkmate, ya rufe "Abincin karin kumallo a Czar's", "Upauke Abubuwa" da "Komawa Titin Jasper", kuma ya bayyana cewa Julie ta bar sashen zane -zane don zuwa kwalejin fasaha. Littafin na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe, The Date, labari ne na "Kudi, Soyayya da Tsuntsaye", "Ƙauna da ƙaramin Gazette" da "A ƙarshe Dodo." Kowane littafin ya ƙunshi hoton hoto mai shafi takwas.
Bidiyo na Gida na VCI, tare da Bidiyo na Tsakiya, ya fitar da ƙarar guda ɗaya akan VHS a cikin 1990 wanda ke nuna ɓangarori huɗu na farko: "Shafi Na Farko", "Kammala Hoto", "Darasi Mai Sauƙi "aya" da "Ƙarshe." Cikakken jerin Press Gang yana samuwa akan DVD (Yankin 2, Burtaniya) daga DVD Network da kuma a Ostiraliya (Yankin 4) daga Force Entertainment. Yankuna huɗu na jerin DVD na biyu sun ƙunshi sharhin sauti na Julia Sawalha da Steven Moffat, inda jarumar ta yi ikirarin ba ta tuna kaɗan game da wasan. Rubutun harbi da ƙarin bayanai daga jagorar shirin Jim Sangster (wanda Leomac Publishing ya buga) an haɗa su cikin tsarin PDF daga jerin biyu zuwa gaba. Saitin DVD na biyu kuma ya ƙunshi kwafin da ke akwai kawai, a cikin tsarin gyara layi, na shirin da ba a so ba wanda aka yi fim yayin samarwa na biyu.
Nassoshi
Littafin tarihin
Hanyoyin waje
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25396 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala%20Ade%20Dauke | Bala Ade Dauke | Bala Ade Dauke Gora (1935/6 - 2006) ya kasance Hakimi na farko ɗan asalin Kudancin Zariya kuma sarkin farko na ƙabilar Katab ko Atyap Chiefdom, masarautar gargajiya ta Najeriya a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Middle Belt (tsakiyar) Najeriya. Sunayen Kauyen Banan Zazzau da Agwatyab I sun san shi.
Tarihin Rayuwa da Ilimi
Bala ya girma tare da mahaifinsa, Ade, da babban yayan mahaifinsa, Duk, suna zaune tare a babban fili kuma suna noma tare, Kanai (H. Gora), Ƙasar Katafawa. Kawunsa shine Shugaban Iyali ( ) da kuma Hakimin ) Kanai ( ), yana yin aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa a yankin, wanda zai amsawa Hakimin Gundumar a Hedikwatar Gudanarwa a garin Zangon Kataf. Ba a san takamaiman ranar haihuwar Bala ba amma ya yi hasashen shekarar haihuwarsa tsakanin 1935 zuwa 1936 a tarihin rayuwarsa da aka ɗauka a cikin littafin da ya rubuta mai taken, Zangon Kataf: Tafiyar Jama'a .
Neman ilimi na Bala ya fara ne a 1942, lokacin da kawunsa, Dauke ya yi masa rajista, wanda ya ƙaunace shi sosai zuwa makarantar firamare ta Native Authority (NA), Zonzon, wanda ya halarta tare da ɗan Dauke, Bako, ƙaunataccen kawunsa, kafin na ƙarshe ya fadi bayan ya kai matakin Firamare na uku saboda shekarun sa. Bako a baya ya koyar da Bala ABCD tare da sauran yara maza a cikin gidan, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na makarantar firamare ta Zonzon NA, na biyu da aka kafa a ƙasar Katafawa a 1939, kuma ya girmi Bala. Tsakanin 1943-1946 ya rike mukamin Daraktan Lafiya na makarantar,
A 1946, an shigar da shi Makarantar Midil ta Zariya - yanzu Kwalejin Alhudahuda (inda ya zauna har zuwa 1951 ) kuma a cikin wannan shekarar, ya rasa kawunsa, Dauke. Ziyararsa ta farko a makarantar ita ce a 1944, lokacin da malaminsa, Dawa Jankasa, ya tafi da shi tare da wani abokinsa, Adam Atar, a wani aikin fallasa. Ya zama mai tsere mai nisa a cikin "Gidan Waziri" kuma ya lashe gidan makaranta da kansa lambobin yabo. Ya kuma zama mai kula da Lokaci na makaranta da ƙaramin Shugaban Ƙasa a shekararsa ta biyu a 1947.
Aiki da Karin Karatu
Bayan barin Makarantar Midil ta Zariya a farkon 1951, Dauke nan take ya nemi shiga aikin ɗan sandan Najeriya. Yayin da yake jiran sakamakon, ya sami aiki a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Sudan (SIM) Bookshop, Jos . Daga baya a waccan shekarar, aikace -aikacensa ya shiga aikin 'yan sanda ya yi nasara kuma ya shiga Kwalejin' yan sanda, Kaduna, kuma bayan wucewarsa ya sami posting na farko zuwa Junction Kaduna a matsayin mai sintiri, post na biyu shi ne kan titin Kaduna a 1952.
Yayii rajista don yin kwas ɗin Fresher a Kano don ya kasance tsakanin 1952 zuwa 1953, amma saboda rikicin Kano na 1953, ya kasa kammala karatun na tsawon watanni 6 yayin da aka tura shi zuwa wurin rikicin a Fage, Kano. Daga baya, ya zama marubucin ofishin ƴan sanda sannan aka tura shi sashin binciken manyan laifuka.
Aikin Dauke na farko shine ya dawo da wanda ake zargi daga Legas, wanda abin takaici ya tsere a hannun sa a kan hanyar dawowa Kaduna a Offa a watan Agusta na ƙarshen 1955, wanda hakan ya sanya shi cikin rudani.
Ya bar rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya a watan Fabrairun 1956 ya koma gida Gan, Kanai, tare da matarsa, Ladi, wanda nan da nan ta zama babban dinkin a Atyapland.
A shekarar 1958, an shigar da Dauke cikin Cibiyar Gudanarwa, Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, don shirin nazarin sakatariya na wata shida, wanda ya kammala a shekarar 1959.
A watan Janairun 1960, ya sake samun gurbin karatu na shekara guda a Makarantar Gudanarwa, wanda bayan kammalawa, aka canza shi zuwa fadar Sarkin da ke Zariya (daga Zangon Kataf) a matsayin mataimakiyar Malami.
A cikin kwata na ƙarshe na 1961, an mai da shi Babban Jami'in Kula da Jin Dadin Jama'a na Ƙasar, kuma ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1963, lokacin da ya halarci kwas ɗin Jami'in Kula da Jin Daɗin Jama'a na Yankin Arewa a Kaduna kuma ya zo na huɗu daga 14 gaba ɗaya. Wannan, don haka, ya ba shi gurbin karatu na atomatik don zuwa Coleg Harlech, North Wales, Birtaniya, don yin nazarin Ilimin halin ɗabi'a da tattalin arziki a matakin ci gaba. Lokacin da ya isa can, an tura shi Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gabashin London don karatun gyara, inda ya kuma shiga cikin kwasa-kwasan lokaci na walwalar Jama'a . A 1965, ya koma Coleg Harlech daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London don karanta ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.
A 1966, ya dawo gida bayan ƙarewar karatunsa kuma ya sake neman wata malanta don kammala karatunsa, kuma an yarda. Ya kamata ya dawo ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1967, lokacin da aka tilasta masa karbar mukamin Hakimin (ko Hakimi) a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1967, kuma ya fara aiki a wannan matsayin a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1967.
Aure
A shekarar 1948, Dauke ya hadu da Ladi, abokiyar karatunsa da ya san ta a Makarantar Midil ta Zariya ta hannun abokinsa, Adam Atar, a karon farko a Ashong Ashyui a ranar kasuwa. Ta kuma kasance 'yar uwar Tagwai Sambo, wani abokin karatunsa. Ya kai ziyarar farko ga iyayenta a Manchok a 1950 kuma ya aure ta da wakili, wanda dan uwansa, Bawa ya wakilta, a ranar 8 ga Yuli sheakara ta 1952.
Aikin siyasa da sarauta
Dauke ya fara tafiya siyasa ne bayan ya bar rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya, a karshen shekarar 1956, saboda tsananin sha'awar ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na mutanen sa, Atyab da daukacin Kudancin Zariya, kuma ya samu kusanci sosai. Ƴan siyasa irin su Honorabul Dauda Haruna daga Kwoi, a lokacin yana wakiltar Kudancin Zariya a Majalisar [Arewacin Najeriya], Kaduna, kuma sun hadu da wasu kamar Solomon Lar, Reverend David Lot da Tanko Yusufu.
A cikin 1957, ya zama magatakarda na Majalisar Rukunin Ƙauyen Atyab, tare da Adam Yabiliyok a matsayin Wakili .
A shekarar 1959, ya shiga majalisar wakilan jama'ar Arewa (NPC) bayan da aka cika filin United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC), domin shiga zaɓen kujerar ɗan majalisar wakilai na yankin Arewa a Kaduna, na Zangon. Mazabar Katab, amma ya rasa ga wani Atyap (Katab/Kataf), Hon. Shekarau Kaah, wanda ya kasance dan takarar UMBC.
A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1967, aka naɗa Bala Ade Dauke Gora a matsayin Hakimin Zangon Katab na farko da duk Kudancin Zariya bayan kin amincewa da John Sarki Tafida (Dan Galadima Zazzau da Hakimin Kirista na farko na Zangon Katab daga Mayu 1957 to 1961 ), wanda aka ɗauke ba 'yan asalin da haka, m ga matsayin da kudancin Zaria tsoma bakin saboda ya Hausa-Fulani asalin da kuma tushen a cikin Zaria Native Authority . A ranar Laraba 6 ga Afrilu 1967, tare da tawaga daga Zariya aka raka shi cikin motar Iyan Zazzau tare da abokansa Bawa Gambo - Sarkin Zanan Zazzau da Shehu Idris - sakataren masarautar Zaria a lokacin, yana tuƙi ta hanyar Kaduna, Zonkwa da Zangon. Kataf inda mutane da yawa ke jiran maraba da shi cikin farin ciki da murna. A ranar da ya koma aiki kuma lokacin da muƙaddashin naɗin nasa ya ƙare a ranar 28 ga Satumba, ya zama cikakken Hakimin Gundumar bayan nadin sarautar da aka yi masa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1967 inda aka sanya shi ya karɓi sarautar Zariya kuma ya zaɓi Kuyan Banan Zazzau .
Ba wai kawai nadin nasa a matsayin wata hanya ta biyan diyya ba ga neman takarar kujerar ɗan majalisar wakilai na yankin Arewa a Kaduna amma kuma, mafi mahimmanci, don kwantar da hankulan mutanen Atyap na shekaru da yawa don cin gashin kansu. Ya yi mulki mafi tsawo a matsayin Hakimin Zangon Kataf da Kuyan Banan Zazzau na tsawon shekaru 28 (1967-1995) lokacin da mutanen Atyap tare da Bajju, Gwong da Sanga aka cire su daga Majalisar Masarautar Zazzau (Zariya) ta gwamnatin jihar Kaduna. gwamnatin soji ta Lawal Jafaru Isa, a lokacin tana kan mulki kuma an kirkiro Atyap Chiefdom. Daga nan Dauke ya zama Agwatyab ko Agwatyap (Babban Atyap), ɗan asalin farko na su duka.
Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu a matsayin Hakimin Gundumar, Dauke a 1975 ya taimaka wa Chawai (Tsam) don gane gundumar kuma a cikin 1990, Bajju da 1991, sun sami nasarar ƙirƙirar ƙarin gundumomi don Zangon Kataf.
A cikin 2001, an haɓaka Dauke a matsayin Agwatyab I na Atyabland zuwa Babban Darakta na Biyu.
Tsare jihar
Bayan rikice-rikicen Zangon Kataf na 1992 na 6 ga Fabrairu da 15 da 16 ga Mayu aƙalla an kama mutane 21 'yan asalin Atyap kuma aka bar su a tsare ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'a ba a ƙarƙashin Dokar 2 ta 1984 da gwamnatin sojan Najeriya ta kafa. An kama Bala Ade Dauke a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1992 sannan daga baya aka haɗa shi da wasu mutane biyar wato: Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd. ) , ACP Juri Babang Ayok (rtd. ), Manjo John Atomic Kude (rtd. ), Dominic G. Yahaya ( Atyatyap na yanzu), da Peter Lekwot, a matsayin fursunoni na "Class na Musamman". Ya kasance fursuna tsakanin 21 ga Mayu 1992 zuwa 9 ga Oktoba 1993 lokacin da ya sami 'yanci.
Nassoshi
Mutanen Najeriya
Mutane daga jihar Kaduna
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22284 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace%20Brigades%20International | Peace Brigades International | Peace Brigades International (PBI) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 wacce "ke kare 'yancin dan adam da kuma inganta rikice-rikicen da ba na tashin hankali ba". Da farko tana yin hakan ne ta hanyar tura masu sa kai na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa yankunan da ake rikici, wadanda suka samar da kariya, ba tashin hankali ga mambobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, kungiyoyin kwadago, kungiyoyin manoma da sauransu wadanda ke fuskantar barazanar siyasa. PBI kuma yana ba da damar wasu manufofi na samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙasashe masu rikici. Kungiya ce ta "mara bangaranci" da ba ta tsoma baki cikin harkokin wadanda suke tare da su.
A halin yanzu, a cikin Shekara ta 2020, PBI yana da ayyukan filin a Ƙasar Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico da Nepal .
Tarihi
Byarfafawa da aikin Shanti Sena a kasar Indiya, Peace Brigades International an kafa shi a cikin Shekara ta 1981 ta ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmayar tashin hankali, ciki har da Narayan Desai, George Willoughby, Charles Walker, Raymond Magee, Jamie Diaz da Murray Thomson . A cikin shekarar 1983, yayin yakin Contra, PBI ya aika da tawagar zaman lafiya na gajeren lokaci zuwa Jalapa, Nicaragua suna sanya kansu tsakanin ɓangarorin da ke yaƙi. Wannan aikin ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa shi ta hanyar Shaida don Zaman Lafiya . An fara aikin PBI na farko mai tsawo a waccan shekarar a Guatemala (1983-1999, an sake farawa a 2003), sai El Salvador (1987-1992), Sri Lanka (1989-1998), Amurka ta Arewa (1992-1999, a Kanada da Amurka), Colombia (tun 1994), Balkans (1994-2001, haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi), Haiti (1995-2000), Mexico (tun 1998), Indonesia (1999–11, da kuma tun 2015), Nepal (2005 - 2014), Kenya (tun daga 2013) da Honduras (tun shekara ta 2013).
A cikin shekara ta 1989, masu aikin sa kai na PBI sun yi wa rakiyar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Rigoberta Menchú ziyararta ta farko zuwa Guatemala daga gudun hijira. Sauran mutanen da PBI ta kare sun hada da Amílcar Méndez, Nineth Montenegro da Frank LaRue a Guatemala; da Mario Calixto da Claudia Julieta Duque a Colombia.
Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na kariya na ƙasa da PBI suka haɓaka kuma suka fara, ya faɗakar da irin wannan aikin ta wasu ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Shuɗi don Aminci, ƙungiyoyin Aminci na Kirista, ƙungiyoyin Salama na Musamman, ƙungiyoyin Aminci na vioasa , ƙasa ta Kariya, ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya da Meta Peace ƙungiyar .
Ƙungiya
PBI ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiya wacce take amfani da yanke shawara . Ba tsari bane a tsari. Akwai bangarori daban-daban guda uku ga tsarin PBI gabaɗaya, waɗanda sune ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, Ayyuka na ,ƙasa, da Matakin ƙasa (wanda ya ƙunshi Babban Taron PBI, Majalisar Internationalasa ta Duniya (IC), da ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya (IOC)) . Ana gudanar da taron kasa da kasa duk bayan shekaru uku, wanda mambobi daga ko'ina cikin kungiyar ke halarta, don nazari da kuma gyara alkiblar shirin kowace kasa.
Yan agaji
PBI na jan hankalin masu sa kai daga bangarori daban-daban don aikinta a cikin ayyukan filin. Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, da Amurka - a tsakanin sauran kasashe da yawa - duk sun samu wakilci a tsakanin kungiyar bada agaji ta PBI. Dole ne masu aikin sa kai su dage sosai don ba da tashin hankali ba, kuma duk masu neman izini dole ne su halarci horo mai zurfi inda suke koyon falsafar rashin tashin hankali, dabarun rashin tashin hankali, da ƙarfin ƙungiya. Duk masu aikin sa kai dole ne su kasance masu iya magana da Sifanisanci don ayyukan Mexico, Guatemalan da Colombia, kuma duk masu aikin sa kai don shirin Nepalese dole ne su iya Turanci sosai kuma su sami fahimtar Nepali. Mai nema bazai zama ɗan ƙasa ba na ƙasar da suke son aiki a ciki, kuma dole ne ya iya yin ƙaramar ƙaddamarwa na shekara guda.
Baya ga shiga cikin ayyukan filin, akwai kuma damar mutane su sami damar yin aikin sa kai a cikin kungiyoyin ƙasar PBI.
Lambobin yabo
Peace Brigades International ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa saboda aikinta, ciki har da Memorial Per la Pau "Josep Vidal I Llecha" (1989), da Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze Förderpreis (1995, PBI-Germany), Memorial de la Paz y la Solidaridad Entre los Pueblos (1995), Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya (1996) da Aachener International Peace Prize (1999), Medalla Comemorativa de la Paz (1999), lambar yabo ta Martin Ennals na Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (2001, aikin Colombia), da Kyautar Jaime Brunet (2011).
Ayyuka da ƙungiyoyi
Ayyukan filin
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa
Duba kuma
Jerin kungiyoyin yaki da yaki
Ambato
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin muhalli
Pages with unreviewed translations |
58271 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20L.%20O.%20Lumumba | P. L. O. Lumumba | Patrick Loch Otieno Lumumba(an haife shi 17 ga Yuli 1962) lauyan Kenya ne kuma mai fafutuka. Shi tsohon darakta ne na Makarantar Koyon Shari’a ta Kenya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Kenya daga Yuli 2010 zuwa Agusta 2011.
Education
Lumumba ya sami Digiri na LLB da LLM a Jami'ar Nairobi. Rubutunsa na LLM mai taken Tsaron Ƙasa da Haƙƙin Mahimmanci.Bugu da ƙari,Lumumba ya byna da digiri na uku a cikin Dokokin Teku daga Jami'ar Ghent a Belgium.Kundin karatun sa na PhD ya na da taken Exclusive Economic Zone,da amfani da iyakokin tattalin arziki.
Matsayin ilimi da na jama'a
Lumumba shi ne sakataren kwamitin sake duba kundin tsarin mulkin Kenya,wanda aka yi watsi da shawarar daftarin tsarin mulki a zaben raba gar ama na shekara ta 2005.
Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Kenya
A ranar 23 ga Yuli 2010, an naɗa Lumumba a matsayin sabon darakta na Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Kenya. Ya hau mulki a ranar 26 ga Yuli, inda ya gaji Aaron Ringera. Hukumar ta kaddamar da manyan bincike da dama a zamaninsa, amma babu wanda ya kai ga samun wasu manyan laifuka.
Bayan shafe sama da shekara guda yana mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011 Lumumba da mataimakansa hudu sun bar ofishinsu kamar yadda dokar hukumar da’a da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta kafa kwanan nan, wadda ta maye gurbin hukumar da sabuwar hukumar da’a da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. A yayin muhawarar 'yan majalisar kan sabuwar dokar, 'yan siyasa da dama sun yi matukar suka ga ayyukan Lumumba.
Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya
A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2014, Lumumba ya zama darekta na Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya.A watan Agusta 2018,ya ce ba zai sake neman wani wa'adi a ofishin ba.
Ra'ayoyin siyasa da magana da jama'a
Lumumba sanannen ɗan Afirka ne kuma ya gabatar da jawabai da yawa da ke nuni ga ko game da hanyoyin Afirka don magance matsalolin Afirka. Ya kasance mai sha'awar Kwame Nkrumah, shugaban Ghana na farko, da Patrice Lumumba da Thomas Sankara, jagororin juyin juya hali na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Burkina Faso da aka kashe. Lumumba ya yi ishara da su kuma ya ambato su sau da yawa a cikin jawabansa. Ana kuma tunawa da Lumumba da jawabai masu cike da kuzari da kuzari a Uganda a babban taron yaki da cin hanci da rashawa karo na uku. A ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2015, PAV Ansah Foundation ta gayyaci Lumumba don yin magana a 2015 PAVA Forum akan "Good Governance and Tiop, A ina Afirka?"
A wajen laccar, Lumumba ya nuna matukar damuwarsa game da rikicin makamashi da shugabannin Afirka suka bari ya kai ga irin wannan mummunan mataki. Lumumba ya kuma yi magana kan batun matasan Afirka da ke tserewa daga nahiyar. Lumumba ya dora musu alhakin tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da kuma "gwamnatin rashin adalci" daga shugabanninsu. Lumumba ya karfafa gwiwar shugabannin Afirka da su tashi tsaye wajen fuskantar kalubalen sauya arzikin nahiyar. A cikin 2017, Lumumba ya ba da jawabi mai ratsa jiki ga matasa a Kenya game da mahimmancin yin zaɓi mai ƙarfi a taron Ba da tsoro 2017.
A cikin Yuli 2023, Lumumba ya ba da babban jawabi a bikin cika shekaru goma na kungiyar 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Taron, wanda aka gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town, ya janyo zanga-zanga saboda ra'ayin Lumumba game da luwadi, ciki har da goyon bayansa ga dokar hana luwadi da madigo ta Uganda.
Rayuwa ta sirri
A cewar Lumumba, ya yi wasan motsa jiki tun 1975 kuma shi ne dan baƙar fata na uku a cikin harbin karate.
Farfesa Lumumba ya auri Celestine Lumumba kuma suna tare, suna da 'ya'ya mata guda biyu.
Littattafai
Lumumba ya rubuta litattafai da dama kan doka da siyasa:
Neman Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Kenya: Alkawarin Da Aka Dage
Kira don tsabtace siyasa a Kenya
Bayanin Tsarin Laifi a Kenya
Binciken shari'a a Kenya
Kira don Tsafta a Siyasar Kenya
The Quotable PLO Lumumba
Binciken shari'a game da ayyukan gudanarwa a Kenya
Littafin jagora kan tsarin aikata laifuka a Kenya
Lokacin Sata
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya, 2010: Sharhi na Gabatarwa
Mhhh Afrika! ! !
Ang'o marach?
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
lacca na Farfesa PLO Lumumba
Jawabin Farfesa PLO Lumumba a taron yaki da rashawa karo na uku
Jawabin Farfesa na Kenya. Lumumba A Taron Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya Kan Yaki Da Cin Hanci Da Rashawa
Babban Magana PLO Lumbumba Part 1
Jawabin Farfesa Lumumba a babban taron kungiyar ASARECA karo na biyu
PLO Lumumba CV (tsarin MS Word )
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1962
Kenya
University of Nairobi
20th-century kenyan lawyer
Lauya
1962
Kenya school of law alum |
3684 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuniya | Tatsuniya | Tatsuniya ko dandano, labari ne na ƙanzan kurege da hausawa ke bayarwa, galibi ga yara ƙanana da kuma matasa, yawanci masu bada tatsuniya tsofaffi,ne mata ko maza, ana bada tatsuniya ne da daddare. Kuma wata al'ada ce ta Hausawa kan yi tatsuniya idan dare yayi daga an gama cin abincin dare.Wuraren da ake yin tatsuniya sun kasu kamar haka,Tatsuniya labari ne wanda za'a danganta shi da wani abu mai bada tsoro kamar Dodo,kura,zaki ko wata dabba.Ana kuma danganta labarin da kwari kamar Gizo da Koki da sauran su.Ga yar wata nan don tuna lokacin yarintar mu.
haka kuma ana kawo labaran da suka shafi wadansu mutane domin yin izna.
Asali
Tatsuniya ya samo asali ne a ƙasar hausa tin iyaye da kakanni kowa haka ya taso ya ji ana bada tatsuniya, kuma tatsuniyoyi ana riƙe su ne kan ƙwaƙwalwa tsawo shekara da shekaru, ba tare da an rubuta su ba, amma labaran suna kasancewa a ƙwaƙwalwan tsofaffi da yara, Hil\kimomin bama yara tatsuniya shine domin su wa’azantu daga labarai masu kyau da marasa kyau, kuma su iya gane bambamcin aikin ƙwarai da aikin banza,
Lokacin yinta
kuma ana bayar da tatsuniyane domin nishaɗantar da yara da daddare. Idan aka bama yara tatsuniya suma suna tasowa ne da labaran gitke a cikin ƙwaƙwalwansu ta yanda idan suka girma sai suma su bayar da kuma labaran tatsuniyan ga yara ƙanana. Tatsuniya nada bambamci da kacici-kacici ta yanda tatsuniya labari ne tsantsa, amma kacici-kacici labari ne ta hanyar amsa tambaya.
Gurin yin ta
1. Dandali
2. Dakin wata tsohuwa,kamar kaka.
3. Daki ko zauren dattijo, kamar kaka.
4. Dakin kwanan samari.
5. Gizo da koki
Sifar Tatsuniya
Tatsuniya nada sifa na bada labari, idanza a fara yara da manya zasu zauna, shikuma mai bada labarin zai zanna akan wani abu sama da masu sauraransa, ko kuma a kan tabarma daidai da masu sauraransa sai yace musu “Gatanan Gatanan ku” sai masu sauraro suce “Tazo muji ta”, daga nan sai masu sauraro suyi shiru shima mai bada tatsuniyan ya hau kwararo zance. Wnnan itace labari, inda labari ne za a bayar ba a da buƙatar a ce “gatanan gatanan” sai dai kawai a fara bada labari.
Cikin tatsuniya
A cikin tatsuniyoyi ana samun sunayen mutane, da dabbobin waɗanda babu su a gaske sai dai a labaran tatsuniya, akwai si gizo, akwai kurege, akwai ƙoƙi, akwai dodo, zaki, mallam, da irinsu ɗan kutungayya.
Tatsuniya
Tatsuniyan wasu maɗinka guda uƙu
A wata kasa an yi wadansu madinka guda uku, ba a taba
ganin inda suka sayi zawwatin da su ke dinkawa ba, har mutane suna zaton sautu su ke yi a wata
kasa ana kawo masu. Wadansu suka ce watakila aljannu ke gare su masu ba su zawwati. Ashe duk
ba haka ba ne. Su yadda su ke yi, kullum da tsakad dare sai su gamu, su dauki hanyoyi su nufi
hurumin garin, watau inda a ke rufe mutane, su yi ta hake sababbin kaburbura suna zare likkafanin
daga jikin matattu,sai su zo gida su rika dinka 'yan taguwoyi da wanduna suna sayarwa. Al'adar kasan nan kuwa,idan mai zarafi ya mutu sai su sa masa kayansa duk, su haka babban rami su sa shi a ciki, su dauko dutse mai girma su rufe bakin. Ana nan sai Wazirin garin ya mutu, aka tafi
hurumi aka haka masa katon kabari, aka shimfide wurin da kilisai da barguna da katifai. Da aka gama aka dauko Waziri, aka sa masa kufta da jabba da wando mai zina, aka yafa masa alkyabba.
Da ka gan shi sai ka yi zaton in an ce masa, "Ranka ya dade" zai ce "Mhm." Aka kawo wani zobe na
zinariya aka sa masa a hannu, aka kai shi kabarin nan aka ajiye, aka nemo wani jibgegen dutse aka rufe bakin. Kafa na daukewa sai madinkan nan su uku suka taho wurin kabarin, don su sace
abin da ke ciki. Amma su duk abin da suka fi bukata cikin kayan nan shi ne zoben nan na zinariya,
don ko shi kadai ma ya iya sayen duk abin da ke cikin kabarin. Da zuwansu suka yi dako-dako a
bakin ramin, suna shawarar wanda zai shiga ya miko kayan. Kowa aka lalabo sai ya ki, ya ce dan
uwan ya shiga.
Babbansu ya ce karamin ya kamata ya shiga. Karamin ya ce, "A'a, ai wannan irin
wuri sai ku manya." Suka yi ta jayayya haka, har dai karamin ya yi ta maza ya ce ya shiga, a bude, ai mai rabon ganin badi sai ya gani. Da suka bude zai shiga sai mabi masa ya ce, "In ka
dauko zoben nan fa ka lura kada ya sumbule maka." Ya juyo, ya ce, "Ina ruwanka, ko ya sumbule
mini, ko kada ya sumbule mini, kai dai ba tsoro ya hana ka shiga ba?" Ya shiga, ya yi ta miko
musu kaya, suna karba, suna ajiyewa. Ya zare zoben ya boye a kubakar wandonsa, ya ci gaba da
miko musu kaya. Can ya fara miko shimfidu sai babban ya ce, "Na ce kodai kadauki zoben nan?
Kada ka manta da shi." Ya ce, "Ku karbi wadannan dai, ina zuwa." Da ya kare miko musu dukan sauran kayayyakin, sai ya ce wai ya duba ko ina jikin Waziri bai ga zoben nan ba, ko kasa ko
sama bai gan shi ba. Ma bi wa babban ya ce, "Kai dai duba yatsansa na hagun, yana nan, in dai ba
makirci ka tasam ma yi ba." Ya ce allambaran, ya duba ko ina bai gan shi ba. Suka yi juyin duniyan
nan da shi, ya ce bai ga zobe ba. Alhali kuwa ga shi a makale a wandonsa. Da babban ya ji haka sai
ya ce, "Ashe haka za ka yi mana? To, jeka da shi! in zobe na yi maka wani amfani lahira. Da kai da
sake shakar iskar duniya har abada." Da fadin haka sai suka mai da dutsen nan, suka toshe bakin ramin, suka yi tafiyarsu. Barawon nan ya tashi ya yi gabas, ya yi yamma, ya yi kudu, ya yi arewa,
ya rasa inda zai sa kansa. Ya je ya kwanta kusa da Waziri, ya yi ta kuka.
Da ya ga dai kuka ba shi
da wani amfani a irin wannan wuri, sai ya tashi ya nufi bakin ramin nan ya yi yunkuri, ya iza, ya
iza, ya ji dutsen nan ko motsawa bai yi ba. Sai ya ce, "Ai kaddara dai in ta zo ba ta da makawa! Ko
da na shigo nan, ko ban shigo ba dai, mutuwa zan yi, domin da ma duniya ba gidan tabbata ba ce
ai da mun tarad da kakannimmu a ciki. Kai na ma dai huta da azabar duniya da masifarta." Sai ya haye gadon waziri, suka kwanta, yana jira bayan ko kwana uku yunwa ta kashe shi, ya mutu ya
huta. Can dare ya raba sai ya ji maganar mutane sun yiwo wa kabarin nan tsinke. Ya yi kamar ya
yi magana su bude, ya ga dai ko ya yi ma, tsoro ba zai bari su tsaya ba, balle ma su ji ko shi wane
ne, su bude. Ya tuna ma dai ko sun bude shi lalle ba su barinsa kawai, ga Sarki za su kai shi. Ba
shakka kuwa in Sarki ya ji abin da ya ke ciki, kashe shi zai sa a yi ba rai ba girma, ya bar wa
jikokinsa abin fadi har iyakar ransu. Da ya tuna da haka sai ya dangana, ya kyale. Jim kadan sai ya ji mutanen nan sun zo bakin kabarin sun tsaya. Ya saurara ya ji ko abokansa ne suka ji
tausayi, suka zo su fid da shi, ya ji ba muryarsu ba ce. Ashe wadansu barayi ne kuma su uku suka
yi wa wannan kabarin tsinke, don su bude su sace kayan da ke ciki, su dauke zoben nan da suka
ji ana labarinsa da rana. Ba su san har an riga su ba.
Suka tsaya cirko-cirko bakin ramin, suna
shawarar wanda zai shiga ya miko kayan. Kowanne aka ce ya shiga sai ya ki. Wani ya ce kansa ke
ciwo, shi ya hana shi ya shiga, guda kuma ya ce shi dundumi ya ke yi. Suka yi ta bayayya dai yadda wadancan na farko suka yi. Daga can sai ya ji wani mai karambani kamarsa ya ce shi zai
fada. Wai mamaci na kama mutane ne, har da za su rika raki haka? Ko da wannan mutumin ya ji
haka sai murna ta kashe shi. Ya tashi, ya zo bakin ramin ya labe. Suka buda ramin. Wancan zai
shigo ke nan, har ya janye wando ya miko kafa, zai sulalo ciki. Ko da na laben nan na ciki ya ga
kafarsa, sai ya kama ya rike. Ya ja, ya ja, ya ji an rike kam. Sai ya yi Salati, ya ce, "Wayyo Allah,
ya rike mini kafa! Ku taimake ni, zai janye ni!" Ko da sauran suka ji haka sai kowanne ya ce in ba ka yi ba ni wuri. Suka yi ta gudu, kowa na ta kansa. Da wancan na cikin ramin nan ya ji sun watse,
sai ya saki kafar wannan.Ko da ya ji dai an saki kafarsa,sai ya yunkura ya yi waje.Ya yi ta gudu
yana waiwaye kada a kama shi daga baya. Da wancan na cikin ramin ya ji ba kowa, sun bar kofar
a bude,sai ya fito da zobensa a kubakar wando,ya yi tafiyarsa. Daga wannan fitar kutsu da ya yi
sai ya tuba,bai sake yin sata ba.
Manazarta
Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9. OCLC 648578425.
Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. ISBN 978-2470-25-2. OCLC 702639483.
Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. ISBN 978-169-097-6. OCLC 489903061.
The Hausa world of Rudolf Prietze : being the complete collection of the scholar in the Hausa and German originals and the English versionsISBN978-125-659-1OCLC950033236
Ahmed, Umaru Balarabe,. The Hausa World of Rudolf Prietze being the complete collection of the Scholar in the Hausa and German originals and the English versions. Volume 2. Zaria. ISBN 978-125-653-2. OCLC 992986877.
Aminu, Alhaji Ayuba. (1998). Kacici-kacici. Dukku, Malam Bello., Mu'azu, Mohammed Aminu. (1. publ ed.). Maiduguri: Compaq Publ. ISBN 978-32300-4-2. OCLC 634309537.
Manazarta
Zaman jama'a
Hausa |
27672 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Larabawa-Isra%27ila%201948 | Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila 1948 | Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948 (ko Farko) shine mataki na biyu kuma na ƙarshe na yakin shekara ta alif 1947-1949 na Falasdinu. Ya fara ne a bisa ka'ida bayan karshen wa'adin mulkin Birtaniya na Falasdinu da tsakar dare ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1948; A safiyar ranar 15 ga watan Mayu ne aka fitar da sanarwar samun ‘yancin kai na Isra’ila, kuma gamayyar sojojin kasashen Larabawa sun shiga yankin Falasdinu na Burtaniya da safiyar ranar 15 ga watan Mayu.
Mutuwar farko na yaƙin shekarar 1947-1949 na yakin Falasdinu ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1947, a lokacin wani harin kwantan bauna da wasu motocin bas guda biyu dauke da Yahudawa. An yi ta samun tashe-tashen hankula da rikici tsakanin Larabawa da Yahudawa, da kuma tsakanin kowannensu da sojojin Birtaniya tun bayan sanarwar Balfour a shekara ta alif 1917, da kuma shekara ta alif 1920, da aka kafa na Birtaniya na Falasdinu. Manufofin Birtaniyya ba su gamsu da Larabawa da Yahudawa ba. Adawar Larabawa ta taso har zuwa shekara ta alif 1936-zuwa 1939, na tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu, yayin da gwagwarmayar yahudawa ta ci gaba zuwa rikicin Yahudawa na shekara ta alif 1944 zuwa shekarar 1947, a Falasdinu. A shekara ta alif 1947, wadannan tashe-tashen hankulan da ake ci gaba da yi sun barke zuwa yakin basasa bayan amincewa da shirin raba kan Falasdinu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar ta alif 1947, wanda ya shirya raba Palastinu zuwa kasar Larabawa, kasar Yahudawa, da kuma tsarin mulki na musamman na kasa da kasa da ya kunshi biranen Kudus da kuma Baitalami.
A ranar 15 ga watan Mayun, shekara ta alif 1948, yakin basasa ya rikide zuwa rikici tsakanin Isra'ila da kasashen Larabawa bayan sanarwar 'yancin kai da Isra'ila ta yi a ranar da ta gabata. Masar, Transjordan, Syria, da sojojin bazuwa daga Iraki sun shiga Falasdinu. Dakarun mamaya sun kwace iko da yankunan Larabawa inda nan take suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Isra'ila da wasu matsugunan yahudawa. An shafe watanni 10 ana gwabzawa a mafi yawa a yankin Daular Birtaniyya da kuma yankin Sinai da kuma kudancin kasar Labanon, inda wasu lokuta da dama suka katse.
Sakamakon yakin kasar Isra'ila ne ke rike da yankin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara wa kasar yahudawa, da kuma kusan kashi 60% na yankin da aka tsara wa kasar Larabawa, ciki har da yankin Jaffa, Lydda, da Ramle, na Galili. , wasu sassa na Negev, wani yanki mai faɗi tare da hanyar Tel Aviv-Jerusalem, da wasu yankuna a Yammacin Kogin Jordan. Isra'ila ta kuma karbe ikon yammacin birnin Kudus, wanda ke nufin zama wani yanki na kasa da kasa na birnin Kudus da kewaye. Transjordan ya karbe iko da gabashin birnin Kudus da sauran tsohon wa'adin mulkin Birtaniya, inda a shekara mai zuwa, sojojin Masar suka karbe ikon zirin Gaza. A taron Jericho a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif 1948, wakilai Falasdinawa 2,000 sun yi kira da a hade Palastinu da Transjordan a matsayin wani mataki na samun cikakken hadin kan Larabawa. Rikicin ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi na al'umma a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kusan Falasdinawa Larabawa 700,000 sun gudu ko kuma an kore su daga gidajensu a yankin da ya zama Isra'ila, kuma sun zama 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu a cikin abin da suke kira Nakba ("masifun"). A cikin shekaru uku bayan yakin, Yahudawa kusan 700,000 ne suka yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila. Kimanin Yahudawa 260,000 suka ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila daga ƙasashen Larabawa lokacin da kuma bayan yaƙin.
Fage
Sojojin da ke yaki
A watan Satumba, na shekara alif 1947, Haganah yana da "bindigogi 10,489, bindigogi masu haske 702, bindigogin submachine 2,666, manyan bindigogi 186, turmi mai inci biyu 672 da turmi 92 mai inci uku (76 mm).
Ana shigo da makamai
A cikin shekara ta alif 1946, Ben-Gurion ya yanke shawarar cewa Yishuv zai yiwu ya kare kansa daga Larabawa Falasdinawa da kuma kasashe makwabta na Larabawa don haka ya fara "gaggarumin yakin neman makamai a yammacin duniya", kuma ya sami wasu da yawa a cikin 'yan watannin farko. na tashin hankali.
Sarki Abdullahi I na Transjordan
Sarki Abdullah shi ne kwamandan rundunar Larabawa, sojojin Larabawa mafi karfi da suka shiga yakin a cewar Rogan da Shlaim a shekara ta 2007. Duk da haka, Morris ya rubuta a cikin 2008 cewa sojojin Masar sun kasance mafi karfi da kuma barazana. Rundunar Larabawa tana da sojoji kusan 10,000, wadanda jami’an Birtaniya suka horar da su kuma suke ba da umarni.
Har ila yau, Haganah ta yi nasarar samun hannun jari na makaman Birtaniyya saboda sarkakkiya na janyewar Birtaniyya, da kuma cin hanci da rashawa na jami'ai da dama.
Bayan tsagaitawar farko: A watan Yulin 1948, Isra’ilawa sun kafa rundunar sojan sama, da na ruwa, da kuma bataliyar tanka.
A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1948, washegarin da sojojin Birtaniya na ƙarshe suka bar Haifa, wasu sojojin Birtaniya guda biyu masu tausaya wa Isra'ilawa sun sace tankokin yaƙi na Cromwell guda biyu daga ma'ajiyar makamai a yankin tashar jiragen ruwa na Haifa, inda suka farfasa su ta kofofin da ba a tsare, suka shiga cikin IDF tare da tankunan. . Wadannan tankuna guda biyu za su zama tushen Rundunar Sojojin Isra'ila.
Bayan sulhu na biyu: Czechoslovakia ta ba da jiragen yaki na Supermarine Spitfire, wadanda aka yi jigilar su zuwa Isra'ila ta hanyar Luftwaffe da aka yi watsi da su a Yugoslavia, tare da yarjejeniyar gwamnatin Yugoslavia. Tashar safarar makamai ta sama daga Czechoslovakia an sanya mata suna Operation Balak.
Darasi na yakin
A halin yanzu, shugabannin Larabawa da dama, don gujewa bala'i - a asirce sun yi kira ga Burtaniya da su ci gaba da kasancewa a Falasdinu na akalla shekara guda.
Kashi na farko: 15 ga watan Mayu- 11 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alib 1948,
.
Gaban Kudancin - Negev
Sojojin Masar, mafi girma a cikin sojojin Larabawa, sun mamaye daga kudu.
Yakin Latrun
An gwabza kazamin fada a birnin Kudus da kuma kan hanyar Kudus – Tel Aviv, tsakanin dakarun Larabawa na Jordan da sojojin Isra’ila. A wani bangare na sake tura dakarun na Masar gaba, Isra'ilawa sun yi watsi da katangar Latrun da ke kallon babbar hanyar zuwa birnin Kudus, inda nan take Dakarun Larabawa suka kwace. Sojojin Larabawa kuma sun mamaye gidan ibada na Latrun. Daga wadannan wurare, 'yan Jordan sun iya katse kayayyakin da suke ba wa mayakan Isra'ila da fararen hula a Kudus.
Isra'ilawa sun yi yunƙurin ɗaukar sansanin Latrun a jerin gwanon da aka yi tsakanin 24 ga watan Mayu zuwa 18 ga watan Yuli. Rundunar Larabawa ta rike Latrun kuma ta yi nasarar dakile hare-haren. A yayin yunkurin daukar Latrun, sojojin Isra'ila sun samu raunuka kimanin 586, cikinsu har da Mickey Marcus, Janar na farko na Isra'ila, wanda aka kashe ta hanyar musayar wuta. Kungiyar Larabawa ta kuma yi asara, ta yi asarar rayuka 90 sannan wasu 200 suka jikkata har zuwa ranar 29 ga watan Mayu.
Yaƙi don Urushalima
'Yan kasar Jordan a Latrun sun katse kayayyaki zuwa yammacin Kudus. Duk da cewa an jibge wasu kayayyaki, galibin alburusai zuwa cikin birnin, amma karancin abinci, ruwa, man fetur da magunguna ya yi kamari. Sojojin Isra'ila sun yi matukar karancin abinci da ruwa da harsasai.
Sarki Abdullah ya umarci Glubb Pasha, kwamandan rundunar Larabawa, ya shiga birnin Kudus a ranar 17 ga Mayu. Dakarun Larabawa sun harba makaman atilare 10,000 a rana, tare da kai hari a yammacin Kudus da harbin bindiga.
Arewacin Samariya
Dakarun Iraqi da suka kunshi sojojin kasa biyu da kuma birgediya daya masu sulke sun tsallaka kogin Jordan daga arewacin Jordan, inda suka kai hari a matsugunan Gesher na Isra'ila da 'yar nasara. Bayan wannan shan kashi, sojojin Iraqi sun koma cikin dabarar triangle mai iyaka da garuruwan Nablus, Jenin da Tulkarm na Larabawa. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Netanya, lokacin da aka tsayar da su. A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, wani hari da Isra'ila ta kai kan 'yan Iraqin ya kai ga shafe kwanaki uku ana gwabza kazamin fada a kan Jenin, amma sojojin Irakin sun yi nasarar ci gaba da zama. Bayan wadannan fadace-fadace, sojojin Iraki sun tsaya tsayin daka, kuma aka kawo karshen shigarsu cikin yakin.
Gaban Arewa - Tafkin Galili
A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, ne kasar Siriya ta mamaye Falasdinu tare da runduna ta daya da ke samun goyon bayan wata bataliyar motoci masu sulke, da wani kamfani na tankokin yaki na Faransa R 35 da R 37, da wata bataliyar bindigu da sauran runduna. Shugaban kasar Syria, Shukri al-Quwwatli ya umurci sojojinsa da ke gaba, "da su ruguza sahyoniyawan". "Al'amarin ya yi muni sosai, babu isassun bindigogi, babu manyan makamai," Ben-Gurion ya fadawa majalisar ministocin Isra'ila. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, sojojin Siriya sun juya zuwa gabas da kudancin Tekun Galili, kuma suka kai hari a Samakh da ke makwabtaka da sansanin Tegart da matsugunan Sha'ar HaGolan, Ein Gev, amma suka fuskanci turjiya. Daga baya, sun kai hari Samakh ta hanyar amfani da tankuna da jiragen sama, kuma a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu sun yi nasarar cin nasara kan Samakh kuma suka mamaye Sha'ar HaGolan da aka yi watsi da su.
Sojojin Falasdinawa
An ci gaba da yakin basasa tsakanin dakarun yahudawa da na larabawa da aka fara a shekara ta alif 1947, an gwabza fada tsakanin sojojin Isra'ila da dakarun sa kai na Falasdinawa, musamman a yankunan Lydda, al-Ramla, Jerusalem, da Haifa. A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, Brigade Alexandroni sun kwace Tantura, kudu da Haifa, daga sojojin Larabawa. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, an kashe kwamandan Sojojin Yakin Mai Tsarki Hasan Salama a wani yaki da Haganah a Ras al-Ein.
Ayyukan iska
An sanya dukkan kadarorin jiragen sama na Yahudawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Sherut Avir (Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, wanda aka sani da SA) a cikin watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1947, kuma an fara ayyukan tashi a cikin wata mai zuwa daga ƙaramin filin jirgin sama na farar hula da ke wajen Tel Aviv mai suna Sde Dov, tare da aikin tallafin ƙasa na farko (a cikin RWD-13) wanda ke gudana a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba. An kafa Squadron na Galili a Yavne'el a cikin watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1948, kuma an kafa Rundunar Negev a Nir-Am a watan Afrilu. A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, lokacin da SA ta sami hasarar yaƙi ta farko, akwai ƙungiyoyin tashi sama guda uku, ma'aikatan jirgin sama, wuraren kulawa da tallafin kayan aiki. A barkewar yakin a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, SA ta zama Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Isra'ila. Tare da ayarin jiragensa masu haske ba abin da ya dace da sojojin Larabawa a cikin 'yan makonnin farko na yakin tare da T-6s, Spitfires, C-47s, da Avro Ansons.
Ba da daɗewa ba ma'aunin wutar lantarki ya fara samun tagomashi ga rundunar sojojin saman Isra'ila bayan isowar 25 Avia S-199s daga Czechoslovakia, wanda na farko ya isa Isra'ila a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu. Abin ban mamaki, Isra'ila tana amfani da Avia S-199, ƙarancin ƙarancin Bf 109 da aka ƙera a Jamus na Nazi don yaƙar Spitfires da Birtaniyya ta kera da Masar. A cikin sauran yakin, Isra'ila za ta sami karin mayakan Avia, da kuma Spitfires 62 daga Czechoslovakia. A ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1948, Sherut Avir ya zama Rundunar Sojojin Isra'ila.
Yakin teku
Ƙarshen kashi na farko
A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, Larabawa sun sami iyakacin nasarori ne kawai saboda tsayin daka na Isra'ila, kuma cikin sauri suka fatattake su daga sabon mallakarsu ta hanyar kai hari.
A yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabzawa, dakarun na IDF sun yi nasarar tura dakaru fiye da na Larabawa. A cikin watan Yuli, shekara ta alif 1948, IDF tana da dakaru 63,000; a farkon bazara shekarar alif 1949, suna da 115,000. Sojojin Larabawa suna da kimanin dakaru 40,000 a cikin watan Yuli, shekara ta alif 1948, sun haura zuwa 55,000 a cikin watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1948, kuma kaɗan fiye da lokacin bazara na shekarar alif 1949.
Ƙarfafawa
A lokacin tsagaitawar, Irgun ya yi yunƙurin kawo jigilar makamai na sirri a cikin wani jirgin ruwa mai suna Altalena. Da yake tsoron juyin mulkin da Irgun ya yi (a lokacin da IDF ke aiwatar da hadakar kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban kafin samun 'yancin kai), Ben-Gurion ya ba da umarnin a kwace makaman da karfi. Bayan an yi musu rashin fahimta, sai Ben-Gurion ya umurci sojoji su nutsar da jirgin. An kashe 'yan kabilar Irgun da dama da sojojin IDF a fadan.
Mai shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Bernadotte
Mai shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Folke Bernadotte da tawagar masu sa ido na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta kunshi hafsoshin sojojin Belgium da Amurka da Sweden da kuma Faransa ne suka sanya ido kan tsagaita wutar. Babban taron ne ya kada kuri'a a Bernadotte don "tabbatar da amincin wurare masu tsarki, don kare lafiyar jama'a, da kuma inganta" daidaita yanayin zaman lafiya na Falasdinu a nan gaba".
Mataki na biyu: 8-18 Yuli 1948 ("Yaƙin Kwana Goma")
A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, washegarin wa'adin tsagaita wuta, sojojin Masar a karkashin Janar Muhammad Naguib sun sabunta yakin ta hanyar kai wa Negba hari. Washegari ne sojojin saman Isra'ila suka kaddamar da farmakin a lokaci guda a dukkan bangarori ukun da suka hada da Quneitra zuwa Arish sannan sojojin saman Masar sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a birnin Tel Aviv. A lokacin fadan, Isra'ilawa sun sami damar bude hanyar ceto ga kibbutzim da dama da aka yi wa kawanya.
An dai ci gaba da gwabza fada har na tsawon kwanaki goma har kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fitar da tsagaita wuta na biyu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli. A cikin wadannan kwanaki 10, an mamaye fadan ne da manyan hare-hare na Isra'ila da kuma matakin kariya daga bangaren Larabawa.
Gaban Kudu
A kudancin kasar, IDF ta kai hare-hare da dama, ciki har da Operation An-Far da Operation Death to the Invader. Aikin runduna ta 11 ta bataliya ta 11 da ke gefen kudu shi ne kame kauyuka, kuma aikin nata ya gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali, ba tare da turjiya ba daga cikin gida. A cewar Amnon Neumann, wani tsohon sojan Palmach na yankin Kudu, da kyar wasu kauyukan Larabawa da ke kudancin kasar suka yi fada da juna, saboda tsananin talauci na abin da suke da shi da kuma rashin makamai, aka kuma kori su. Wani ‘yar turjiya da aka yi, an kwantar da shi ne da wani bama-bamai da makami, daga bisani kuma aka kori mazauna kauyen tare da lalata gidaje.
Lydda da al-Ramla
Manazarta |
59518 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahzeen%20Attari | Shahzeen Attari | Articles with hCards
Shahzeen Attari farfesa ce a Makarantar O'Neill ta Harkokin Jama'a da Muhalli a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington. Tana nazarin dalilin da yasa mutane ke yin hukunci da yanke shawara da suke yi game da amfani da albarkatu, da kuma yadda za a motsa aikin yanayi. Acikin 2018, an zaɓi Attari a matsayin Andrew Carnegie Fellow don nuna godiya ga aikinta na magance canjin yanayi. Ta kuma kasance mabiyya a Cibiyar Nazarin Cigaba a cikin Kimiyya ta Halayya (CASBS) daga 2017 zuwa 2018, kuma ta sami Bellagio Writing Fellowship a 2022.
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Shahzeen Attari a Mumbai, Indiya kuma ta girma a Dubai, Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa. Yayin da take girma, taga yadda hamada ta canza zuwa babban birni a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Acikin fahimtar tasirin da mutane zasu iya samu akan yanayi, Attari ta zama mai son yin aiki acikin hukumar muhalli da halayyar ɗan adam.
Attari tayi karatun kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign Grainger College of Engineering, inda ta sami B.S. a fannin Injiniya a shekara ta 2004. An jawo ta zuwa bincike tsakanin fannoni, sai ta cigaba da samun MS a akan kwararriyar Injiniya ta Muhalli daga Kwalejin Injiniya ta Carnegie Mellon a shekara ta 2005, da Ph.D. acikin Injiniyanci da sanin halayyar Jama'a, daga dai Carnegie Dellon. Rubutunta ya tantance yadda hanyoyin gudanar da buƙatun zasu iya rage hayakin carbon. Ta kammala digirin digirgir ɗinta a shekarar 2009.
Bincike da aiki
Attari a halin yanzu farfesa ne a Makarantar O'Neill ta Harkokin Jama'a da Muhalli a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington . A baya, ta kasance abokiyar postdoctoral a Cibiyar Duniya a Cibiyar Bincike kan Shawarwarin Muhalli (CRED) a Jami'ar Columbia daga 2009 zuwa 2011.
Ra'ayi game da makamashi da ruwa
A lokacin Ph.D., Attari ta gudanar da bincike kan yadda mutane ke fahimtar yawan makamashi da kayan aiki daban-daban ke amfani da su. A cikin wannan aikin Attari da abokan aiki sun gano cewa don samfurin ayyukan 15, mahalarta sun rage amfani da makamashi da tanadi ta hanyar kashi 2.8 a matsakaici, tare da ƙananan ƙididdigar ayyukan ƙarancin makamashi kuma manyan ƙididdigari don ayyukan makamashi mai ƙarfi. Wannan binciken, wanda aka buga a cikin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, ya nuna bukatar kamfen ɗin sadarwa don gyara waɗannan ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba da kuma sanar da mutane hanyoyin da za su iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi. The Economist, The New York Times, da BBC sun taƙaita wannan binciken.
Daga baya Attari ta binciki yadda mahalarta ke tunani game da amfani da ruwa. Acikin wani binciken da aka buga acikin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Attari ta nuna cewa mahalarta haryanzu suna son raguwa (yin wannan hali amma ƙasa da shi) akan inganci (canja zuwa fasahar da tafi dacewa waɗanda ke amfani da ƙaramin makamashi don aikin da ake buƙata don yin).Don samfurin ayyuka 17,mahalarta sun yi watsi da amfani da ruwa ta hanyar kashi 2 a matsakaici, tare da manyan ƙididdigar ayyukan amfani da ruwa.Haɗakar da aikinta a kan makamashi da ruwa, Attari ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin amfani da makamashi sun fi muni fiye da amfani da ruwa.
Gabaɗaya, aikinta ya gano cewa mahalarta koyaushe suna ƙin amfani da ruwa da makamashi kuma suna da ɗanɗano game da ƙoƙarin ragewa zai yi tasiri mafi girma a kan muhalli. Ta gabatar da waɗannan sakamakon a TEDx Bloomington, tana amsa tambayar: me ya sa mutane ba sa adana makamashi da ruwa?
Amincewa da sadarwa ta yanayi
Wani layin bincike da Attari da abokan aiki suka yi aiki a kai shine fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin sawun carbon na mai sadarwa na yanayi da tasirin shawarwarin su ga mahalarta. Sun gano cewa sawun carbon na masu sadarwa yana shafar amincinsu da niyyar masu sauraron su don kiyaye makamashi kuma yana shafar tallafin masu sauraro ga manufofin jama'a da mai sadarwa ya ba da shawara. Sun kuma nuna cewa mummunan tasirin babban sawun carbon akan amintacce an rage shi sosai idan mai sadarwa ya sake fasalin halayensu ta hanyar rage sawun carbon na kansu. Sakamakon waɗannan sakamakon suna da ƙarfi: ingantaccen sadarwa na kimiyyar yanayi da kuma bayar da shawarwari game da sauye-sauyen halayyar mutum da kuma tsoma baki na manufofin jama'a suna taimakawa sosai lokacin da masu ba da shawara ke jagorantar hanya ta hanyar rage sawun carbon.
Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Andrew Carnegie Fellowship, Attari tana gudanar da aikin bincike mai zuwa:Motsa hanyoyin sauyin yanayi ta hanyar haɗakar gaskiya da ji.
Attari ta ɗau matsayin masanin kimiyya da mai fafutuka,ta amfani da bincikenta don yin canji mafi girma. Tana bada lakcoci na jama'a da jawabai na ilimi don isar da sakamakon bincikenta da kuma bada shawara don mafita.
Kyaututtuka da tallafi
Kyaututtuka da girmamawa:
Andrew Carnegie Fellow
Farfesa na Bicentennial na Jami'ar Indiana
Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a cikin Kimiyyar Halin
SN10 - Daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya goma da za a kalli a ƙarƙashin shekaru 40, Labaran Kimiyya
Kyautar Kyautar Junior Faculty, Jami'ar Indiana
Kyakkyawan Koyarwa, Kyautar Campus Catalyst, Ofishin Ci gaba, Jami'ar Indiana
Attari ta sami tallafin bincike daga wadannan:
Kamfanin Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie Fellowship
Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa - Shawarwari, Hadari, da Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa
Cibiyar Resilience ta Muhalli, Jami'ar Indiana ta Shirya don Babban Ƙalubalen Canjin Muhalli
Littattafan da aka zaɓa
Littattafanta sun hada da:
Shahzeen Z. Attari, David H. Krantz, & Elke U. Weber (2019). Sauran sawun carbon na masu sadarwa na canjin yanayi yana shafar goyon bayan manufofin masu sauraron su. Canjin Yanayi, 154 (3-4), 529-545. [ doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02463-0]
Shahzeen Z. Attari, David H. Krantz, & Elke U. Weber (2016). Magana game da sawun carbon na masu binciken yanayi ya shafi amincinsu da tasirin shawarwarinsu. Canjin Yanayi, 138 (1-2), 325-338. [ doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1713-2]
Benjamin D. Inskeep & Shahzeen Z. Attari (2014) The Water Shortlist, Muhalli: Kimiyya da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba [ doi:10.1080/00139157.2014.922375]
Shahzeen Z. Attari (2014) Ra'ayoyin Amfani da Ruwa, Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa [ doi:10.1073/pnas.1316402111]
Jonathan E. Cook & Shahzeen Z. Attari (2012) Biya don Abin da yake kyauta: Darussan daga New York Times Paywall, Cyberpsychology, Halin, da Cibiyar sadarwar Jama'a [DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0251]
Shahzeen Z. Attari, Michael L. DeKay, Cliff I. Davidson, da Wändi Bruine de Bruin (2010) Ra'ayoyin jama'a game da amfani da makamashi da tanadi, Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa [ doi:10.1073/pnas.1001509107]
Rayuwa ta mutum
Attari tana jin daɗin tafiya tare da kare,abinci mai ɗanɗano,da karanta litattafan almara na kimiyya. Tayi imanin cewa littattafan almara na kimiyya sun ƙarfafamu don sake tunanin duniyar da muke ciki.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Yanayi a India |
13495 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Tyler | Aisha Tyler | Aisha Naomi Tyler (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif ɗari tara saba'in 1970)Na Miladiyya(A.c)yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, Ba’amurikiya, darakta kuma mai shirya fina-finai. An san ta da yin wasa da Andrea Marino a farkon lokacin Ghost Whisperer, Dr. Tara Lewis a cikin Minds na Laifi, da Yanayin Uwa a cikin fina-finai na Santa Clause da kuma bayyana a matsayin Lana Kane a cikin Archer da kuma rawar da ke faruwa a kan CSI: Binciken Yanayi, Magana Soup da Abokai . Ta kasance takwaran hadin gwiwar CBS ' The Talk, inda ta ci kyautar Emmy Award ta Rana Nishaɗi da Nuna Hoton Mai ba da rahoto kuma a yanzu haka tana da Lineasean ? . Ta kuma bakuncin babban taron 'yan jaridu na E3 Ubisoft kuma ta ba da muryarta na wasannin bidiyo Halo: Reach da Gears na War 3 .
Farkon rayuwa
An haife Tyler a San Francisco, California, 'yar Robin Gregory, malami, da James Tyler, mai daukar hoto. Iyalin sun yi shekara ɗaya a Habasha kuma daga baya suka share lokaci suna zaune a cikin ashram a Oakland, California.
Ta nemi sha'awar farawa a cikin makarantar sakandare ta McAteer a San Francisco, wanda ke da wani shiri na musamman da ake kira School of the Arts, yanzu sunan makaranatar Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts . Tyler ta halarci makarantar sakandare tare da Kuma Sam Rockwell da Margaret Cho . Ta na da murkushe Rock Rock, kuma ta bi shi ya zama darasi wata rana, wanda ya kai ga sha'awar ta a cikin improv da Sketch.
Tyler ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Dartmouth a cikin shekarar 1992. Ta kasance memba na Tabard, aminiyar hadin gwiwa. A Dartmouth, ta kasance tare da kafa da kuma rera waka a cikin Dartmouth Rockapellas, duk mace-mace wata kungiya ce ta cappella da aka sadaukarwa don fadakar da jama'a ta hanyar waka.
Bayan ɗan gajeren aiki a kamfanin talla a San Francisco, sai ta zagaya ƙasar don neman aikin ban dariya kafin ta koma Los Angeles a shekarar 1996.
Aiki
Ayyukan Tyler a cikin talabijin sun fara aiki a 2001 tare da ayyuka a matsayin mai ba da shawara na So Soup da kuma jerin batutuwa na Fifth Wheel, koda yake an soke Talk Soup a shekara mai zuwa kuma Tyler ta bar Fifth Wheel a shekarar 2002 don biɗa sauran burin. Tyler ta ba da gagarumin lokacin ta ga ayyukan 'yanci, gami da rawar da ta taka a wasan Moose Mating, wanda ta samu lambar yabo ta NAACP . Ta kuma rubuta, jagoranci, da kuma tauraro a cikin gajeren gajeren fim din The Whipper . Motsawa zuwa cikin aiki, Tyler ya nuna a cikin abokai kamar yadda Dr. Charlie Wheeler, yarinyar Joey sannan kuma Ross 'budurwa, a cikin tara da na goma. Ta bi hakan tare da baƙo a CSI: Miami da Nip / Tuck, da daidaita daidaita ayyukan lokaci-lokaci a kan duka CSI: Binciken Binciken Laifuka da kuma 24 yayin lokacin talabijin na 2004-2005. Hakanan ta yi fim ɗin nata matattarar jirgi sittin don CBS, wanda ba a ɗauka ba. Ta fito a MADtv .
Bayan aikinta na yau da kullun akan jerin CBS Ghost Whisperer a lokacin farkonsa, Tyler ta fito a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da The Santa Clause 2, The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, .45, da kuma mai ban dariya Bukukuwa na Fury . A shekara ta 2007, ta yi fim mai ban al'ajabi game da Mutuwar Mutuwar da kuma wasan kwaikwayon laifuffuka na Black Water Transit . Hakanan ta ci gaba da bayyana a talabijin, tare da fitowa a Boston Legal, Reno 911!, The Boondocks, kuma a matsayin mai sukar finafinai na baƙi a yawancin fina-finai na At Films tare da Ebert & Roeper, cike suke don Roger Ebert da ya ɓace yayin da take murmurewa daga tiyata.
Tyler ta koma cikin kafofin watsa labaru a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga Glamour, Jane, da mujallu na mako-mako Nishaɗi . Littafinta na farko, Swerve: Jagora zuwa Dadi Rayuwa don modan matan Postmodern, an fito dashi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004. Tyler ta taka rawa a yawon shakatawa na Poker na Duniya a cikin wasannin Hollywood Gida don ayyukan ci gaba ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Ta kuma nuna fitinar baki a Kanye West ' Slow Jamz ' wacce ke dauke da Twista da Jamie Foxx . Aikin tallafi na Philanthropy da taimako suna da matukar mahimmanci ga Tyler, kuma tana yin aikin taimako na kai-tsaye ga Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Amurka, amintacciyar kungiyar Jama'a ta Kasa, da Kula da Iyaye ta Amurka, da Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya .
Tyler ta bayyana a cikin wani hoton tsirara, tare da sauran mashahuran mutane, a cikin fitowar Allure ta watan Mayun shekarar 2006. Batun Nude na shekara-shekara yana tara kuɗi ne don magance cutar fata .
A watan Mayun shekarar 2009, an ba da sanarwar cewa ABC ta bai wa Tyler nata matattarar matattara mai magana, The Aisha Tyler Show . A farkon Mayu 2010, ta gabatar da bidiyon "Barka da zuwa Beta" na Halo: Isar . Ta kuma yi magana da ɗan ƙaramin hali a wasan.
A shekara ta 2009, ta fara fitowa a tauraruwarta wajen renon Lana Kane a cikin jerin fim din FX Archer, wanda aka sanya a ranar 14 ga Janairun shekarar 2010 kuma yafara gudana awanni 9 tun daga shekarar 2018. A watan Agusta shekara ta 2010, Tyler ta fara fitowa a cikin baƙon shirin mai maimaituwa naThe Stephanie Miller Show . An sanya sunan bangaren "uTesdays with Tyerl". Tyler ta bayyana a cikin ɗakin studio ko ta waya lokacin da ba ta yi niyya ga ɗayan rawar da take yi ba. Yayinda Hal Sparks kasance daga ƙasar, Tyler ya cika a matsayin memba na uku na Stephanie Miller Sexy Liberal Comedy Tour akan wasanni uku a watan Agusta shekarata 2011.
Hakanan a shekara ta 2009, Tyler ta yi shirye-shiryen wasanninta na yau da kullun, suna zaune a Fillmore Theater .
Daga ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 2011, Tyler ta fara yin faifan bidiyo na mako-mako, Yarinya kan Guy, inda ta yi hira da abokanka mashahurin mashahurai kuma suna tattaunawa kan batutuwan da masoya suke so. Yarinya a kan Guy tana samuwa a cikin rukunin yanar gizon don saukewa ta amfani da iTunes, mp3, da RSS . Nunin da aka gabatar a matsayin Podcast mai ban dariya mai ban dariya na 4 akan iTunes kuma a halin yanzu shine Kundin adadi mai ban dariya na 2, da kuma kwatankwacin bidiyon 7 a kan iTunes. Wurin mako na farko na Yarinya a kan Guy ya ba da baƙo H. Jon Benjamin, na biyu ya gabatar da rukunin gidan talabijin din da ya gabata na InfoMania Brett Erlich a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2011, da kuma na uku wanda ta kirkirar Archer mahaliccin Adam Reed a 9 ga Agusta, 2011.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tyler zata shiga cikin sahun fitowa a The Talk a zaman hadin-gwiwa na dindindin, tare da maye gurbin Holly Robinson Peete . Makon farko na cikakken mako a matsayin mai ba da shirin daga ranar 24 ga Oktoba zuwa 28 ga Oktoba, 2011. Tyler an san ta da kasancewa mai bayyana ra'ayi da kuma fito fili a game da Magana, musamman game da al'adun Afirka da ra'ayoyi na Afirka, ' yanci na LGBT, da haƙƙin mata . Tyler ta gabatar da taron manema labarai na Ubisoft a E3 2012 a watan Yuni, wanda ya samu karbuwa daga magoya bayan da ba su yarda da cewa Tyler dan wasa bane. Wannan ya sa Tyler ta amsa tare da waƙa game da yadda ta ke wasa wasannin bidiyo "tun da kuka kasance tagwaye a ɓangaren hagu na underoos na daddy". Ta dawo ta karbi bakuncin taron manema labarai a shekara mai zuwa . Littafin Tyler na biyu, Raunin kansa da Kansa: Labarin Mai ban tausayi na Epic Hum ƙasƙanci, an yi sharhi a cikin Yulin shekara ta 2013, daga baya ya zama mai ba da kyautar New York Times ; An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar tambayoyin baƙi akan Yarinya akan Guy .
A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, an tabbatar da Tyler ta zama sabon rukunin rukunin Amurkawa na layi Na Wane ne Shin? . Hakanan ta bayyana a taƙaice kamar kanta a wasan bidiyo Watch Dogs kuma an nuna ta a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar "Weird Al" Yankovic " Tacky ". Tyler ta kasance muryar asali don halayen Daisy Fitzroy a cikin wasan bidiyo na shekarar 2013 BioShock Inlopin, amma ba a yi amfani da rikodin sa ba kuma rawar ta kasance ga Kimberly Brooks . An zabi ta don Personan mutum na 2014 a Kyautar Golden Joystick Award 2014 .
A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tyler ta sauka a maimaitaccen aiki a shekara ta goma sha ɗaya ta Laifin Minds kamar Dr. Tara Lewis . Kodayake ta kasance a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jennifer Love Hewitt, wanda ke kan izinin haihuwa, Matsayinta ya hau kan babban memba a cikin kakar 12.
A shekara ta 2016, Tyler ta fara kamfen din Kickstarter don tallata kalandar finafinan ta na farko, Axis . An harbe fim din fiye da kwana bakwai a watan Mayu 2016. An saki Axis ta hanyar bidiyo-kan-buƙata a kan Afrilu 10, 2018.
A ranar 15 ga Yunin shekarar 2017, fim din Tallar, Tyler ta sanar da cewa za ta bar wasan a karshen kakar wasa ta bakwai saboda shirinta da ya yi tare da wasu finafinai uku da nuna fina-finai.
Rayuwarta
Tyler ta auri lauya Jeff Tietjens a 1992 ko shekarar 1994 (kafofin sun bambanta). Ma'auratan sun rabu a watan Janairu na 2015 kuma Tietjens ta nemi a sake shi a watan Afrilun shekarar 2016. An kammala shi a watan Mayu 2017. Tyler ta bayyana akan WTF tare da Marc Maron cewa tayi aure shekaru 25.
Tyler ta fito daga zuriyar dan majalisa Texas a ƙarni na 19 John Hancock ta hannun ɗansa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, Hugh Hancock. Hugh, wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na Koleji Oberlin, ya kasance fitaccen mai fafutuka a yankin Afirka da ke zaune a Austin, Texas kuma jagora a Jam'iyyar Republican .
Tyler ta shiga cikin masu fafutukar ƙwararraki don ofancin ƙungiyar LGBTQ .
Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Wasanin bidiyo
Yanar gizo
Bidiyon kiɗa
Darakta
Wallafaffun ayyuka
Tyler, Aisha (2005). Juya . Sanyaya. ISBN Tyler, Aisha (2005). Tyler, Aisha (2005).
Tyler, Aisha (2013). Raunin kansa: Tatsuniyoyi masu ban tausayi na ƙasƙantar da almara . Yana Litattafai. ISBN Tyler, Aisha (2013). Tyler, Aisha (2013).
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Official website
Aisha Tyler on IMDb
Hausawa |
15998 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Ifeajuna | Emmanuel Ifeajuna | Emmanuel Arinze Ifeajuna (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1935 - ya mutu a shekara ta 1967). Ya kasance babban hafsan sojan Najeriya kuma babban jumper . Shi ne Baƙin Afirka na farko da ya ci lambar zinare a taron wasanni na duniya lokacin da ya ci nasara a 1954 na Biritaniya da Wasannin Kasashe . Alamar nasararsa da mafi kyawun mutum na 6 ft. 8 a cikin (2.03 m) rikodin wasanni ne da rikodin masarautar Biritaniya a lokacin.
Ba’amurke ne daga Onitsha, ya kasance ya kammala karatun sa na kimiyya a Jami’ar Ibadan sannan ya tsunduma cikin siyasa, daga baya ya shiga aikin soja. Ya taka rawa a wajen juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 .
Rayuwa da aiki
Babban tsalle
Haihuwar Onitsha, ya halarci Dennis Memorial Grammar School a garin sa kuma ya nuna halaye da zasu bayyana rayuwarsa daga baya. Ya yi horo a tsalle tsalle a ƙarƙashin malamin wasanninsa, kuma shi ma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ta rufe makarantar na ɗan lokaci. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1951. Makarantar Grammar ta Ilesa ita ma ta yi ikirarin cewa shi tsohon dalibi ne.Wannan ana jayayya dashi, kodayake yayi koyarwar bazara a makarantar.
Gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta 'Najeriyar ta shekara ta 1954 ta gan shi ya kafa kansa a cikin manya-manyan masu tsalle-tsalle a kasar. Tsalle na 6 ƙafa 5.5 inci (1.97 m) yana nufin an zabi Ifeajuna ne don ya wakilci kasarsa a masarautar Birtaniyya ta 1954 da wasannin Commonwealth, tare da Nafiu Osagie . Nijeriya ta yi rawar gani a duniya a cikin tsalle a wancan lokacin - Joshua Majekodunmi shi ne ya zo na biyu a Wasannin Masarautar Birtaniyya na shekarar 1950, kuma ‘yan tsalle-tsalle uku na Nijeriya sun sami damar zuwa na ashirin a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics ta shekarar 1952 .
A Wasannin shekarar 1954 a Vancouver, ya yi gasa sanye da takalmin hagu kawai amma har yanzu ya sami nasarar share 6 ft. 8 a cikin (2.03 m), wanda ya kasance rikodin Wasanni da kuma rikodin Masarautar Burtaniya don horo. Sakamakon lambar zinare ya sanya shi dan Afirka ta Farko na farko da ya ci nasara a wata babbar gasar wasanni ta duniya. Babban tsallen ya samu damar daukar nauyin lambobin yabo a Afirka a wannan shekarar, inda Patrick Etolu na Uganda ya kare a bayan Ifeajuna sannan Osagie na Najeriya ya zama na uku. Ifeajuna ya sami tarba ta gwarzo bayan dawowarsa Legas kuma an baje shi kan tituna kafin yayi magana a wani bikin farar hula. Daga baya an yi amfani da hoton nasa don murfin gaban littafin motsa jiki na ɗaliban makarantun firamare da sakandare a Najeriya.
Siyasa da jami'a
Bayan nasarar da ya samu ta zinare, ya daina samun horo a tsalle mai tsayi kuma bai koma wasan ba. Ya shiga cikin karatun kimiyya a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan a 1954 kuma ya shiga cikin harkar siyasar ɗaliban makarantar . Ya kuma kasance memba na mashahurin Sigma Club, na Jami'ar Ibadan, kungiyar dalibai masu kishin zamantakewar al'umma, masu shirya bikin Havana Musical Carnival a cikin makarantar. Yayin da yake can ya zama abokai na kud da kud da Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark, wadanda dukkansu za su ci gaba da zama fitattun mawaƙan Nijeriya. Ifeajuna shi ma babban aboki ne ga Emeka Anyaoku, daga baya ya zama Sakatare Janar na Commonwealth . Ya tsunduma cikin Kungiyar Daliban Ibadan kuma ya zama Daraktan yada labarai na kungiyar, yana karfafa zanga-zanga. Ya kasance yana da alaka da Dynamic Party, karkashin jagorancin masanin lissafi Chike Obi . Uche Chukwumerije, wanda ya yi zamani da shi kuma daga baya ya zama sanata, ya tuna Ifeajuna yana da himma a cikin hargitsi na siyasa, amma kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da sha'awar shiga cikin zanga-zangar da kansu. Clark ya kuma tabbatar da hakan, yana ba da misalin wata zanga-zanga kan rufe gidan kwanan dalibai. Rufe rufewar ta biyo bayan shari’ar kisan kai ne na Ben Obumselu, shugaban kungiyar daliban kuma aboki na Ifeajuna. Ifeajuna ta shirya zanga-zangar amma ba ta kasance ba yayin rikicin da ya biyo baya.
Bayan ya kammala karatun digirinsa na kimiyya sai ya shiga koyarwa, ana sanya shi a makarantar Ebenezer Anglican Grammar da ke Abeokuta . Ifeajuna ya kasance cikin tuntuɓar yau da kullun tare da Okigbo, wanda shi ma ya ci gaba da koyarwa, kuma su biyun sun ci gaba da tattauna batun siyasar juyin juya hali. Wannan ya kawo karshen Ifeajuna ya bar aikin koyarwa ya shiga soja a 1960. Ya samu horo a makarantar Mons Officer Cadet School a Aldershot, United Kingdom. A matsayinsa na wanda ya kammala karatunsa, ya tashi cikin sauri a cikin mukamin soja ya kai matsayin Manjo a watan Janairun 1966. Ya kasance babban birgediya a Legas .
Juyin mulki
Rashin gamsuwa da alkiblar da kasarsa ta bi a lokacin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Farko a karkashin Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Ifeajuna ya zama makarkashiya a wani shiri na kifar da gwamnatin. Ganin karatun da ya yi, ana daukar Ifeajuna a matsayin daya daga cikin hazikan masu hankali na makircin kuma ya rubuta wani rubutu da ba a buga ba kan dalilin yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 . Ya yi tir da rashawa da rashin tsari wanda ya haifar da rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci na gwamnati. Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne fuskar yunkurin juyin mulkin, wanda ya hada da wasu manyan sojoji biyar: Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Adewale Ademoyega da Humphrey Chukwuka .
Ademoyega, Okafor, Anuforo da Chukwuka sune sauran manya a Legas, inda Ifeajuna suka jagoranci motsi. Ifeajuna ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa gidan Firaminista Balewa kuma suka kama shi. A halin yanzu, Nzeogwu ya fito fili ya bayyana sunayen wadanda suka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin da kuma Balewa a matsayin babban rashi. Okafor ya nemi cafke Birgediya Zakariya Maimalari, babban kwamandan Ifeajuna. Maimalari ya tsere kuma da ya sami Ifeajuna ya nemi taimako. Ifeajuna ya kashe Maimalari, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin jituwa a tsakanin jiga-jigan Ifeajuna, kasancewar shi babban jami’i ne mai matukar daraja. Ifeajuna ya kuma harbe Laftanar Kanar Abogo Largema a wani otal da ke gundumar Ikoyi a Legas.
Daya daga cikin manyan mutanen da aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin, Manjo-Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, ya kama makircin kuma ya tsere daga kama shi. Daga nan ya fara matsawa kan wadanda suka yi masa juyin mulki. Daga karshe Ironsi ya sami nasarar hana juyin mulkin sannan ya karbi mulki da kansa. A yayin wadannan abubuwan, Firayim Minista Balewa ya mutu yayin da yake tsare da Ifeajuna. Jami'an 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoto game da yanayin mutuwarsa (wanda har yanzu ba a sake bayani ba) suna iƙirarin cewa Ifeajuna ya harbe Balewa yayin da yake tuki zuwa Abeokuta kuma ya bar gawar a hanya. Wasu na ikirarin cewa ba da gangan aka kashe Balewa ba (ganin cewa shi ba ya daga cikin wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin), amma dai ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar asma ko bugun zuciya a lokacin tsananin. Wannan batun har yanzu ba a warware shi ba na tarihin yunƙurin juyin mulkin shekarar 1966.
Kisa da gado
Bayan matakin da Ironsi ya yi game da juyin mulkin, abokan Ifeajuna Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark sun taimaka masa ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Dahomey (yanzu Benin) sannan ya wuce zuwa Ghana inda shugabanta Kwame Nkrumah ya yi masa maraba.An kifar da mulkin Nkrumah jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma Ifeajuna ya dawo Najeriya bayan tabbatarwa daga Emeka Ojukwu cewa rayuwarsa ba za ta kasance cikin haɗari ba. Ya sake shiga aikin soja, a wannan karon a cikin Sojojin Biyafara - Jamhuriyyar Biafra ta ayyana ballewa daga Najeriya, ta fara yakin basasar Najeriya . Ifeajuna, Victor Banjo, Phillip Alale da Sam Agbam da Ojukwu ya zarga da sasantawa da jami’an gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, ta hanyar wakilan Burtaniya, da fatan za su kawo tsagaita wuta, su hambarar da Ojukwu, su sami manyan mukamai da kansu. An hanzarta yi musu shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbi saboda cin amanar ƙasa. Ifeajuna ya yi ikirarin cewa shirin shi ne don kare rayukan fararen hula a Enugu daga farmakin da sojojin tarayya za su kawo musu. An kashe Ifeajuna da abokan hadin gwiwar sa uku a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1967. Sojojin tarayyar Najeriya sun kame Enugu, babban birnin Biafra bayan kwana biyu.
Ifeajuna ya sami gado mai hade. Wannan rubutun nasa da ba a buga ba ya ja hankali sosai, ciki har da na Olusegun Obasanjo, janar din soja kuma yanzu tsohon Shugaban Najeriya . Mutane da yawa suna ganin yunkurin juyin mulkin na shekarar 1966 a matsayin wani shiri ne na Ibo, duk da cewa wadanda suka yi makircin sun hada da wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, wasu wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin‘ yan kabilar Ibo ne, kuma Janar Ironsi wanda ya hana juyin mulkin shi kansa dan Ibo ne. Ana ganin rubutun a matsayin tushe na tarihi mai yiwuwa don kimanta duk launin fatar har zuwa juyin mulki da rawar da Ifeajuna ke ciki, wanda ya kasance daga mai haɗa kai zuwa shugaban masu ilimi.
Ifeajuna bai yi fice ba ko kuma nuna fifiko a tarihin yakin basasar Najeriya. Yayin da dan uwansa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu wanda ya yi juyin mulki a shekarar 1966 aka kawata shi a matsayin jarumin yaki kuma an kafa mutum-mutumi a garinsu, Ifeajuna bai samu karbuwa ba sosai. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2011, tsohon shugaban Biafra Ojukwu ya samu yabo mafi girma daga Najeriya kuma jana’izarsa ya samu halartar Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan.
A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1992, Ojukwu ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne jagoran wannan makarkashiyar, kamar yadda aka yi amannar. Wani rahoto na Musamman na Ofishin ‘Yan Sanda na Najeriya, sashinta na farko an sake shi wani bangare kuma an rasa na biyun, ya bayyana cewa Ifeajuna, Don Okafor da Kyaftin Ogbu Oji su ne suka kirkiro kuma suka nuna goyon baya ga yunkurin juyin mulkin a shekarar 1965, inda kawai Ojukwu ya shiga cikin wani mataki na makara. Wasu na ganin Ifeajuna a matsayin wanda ya kashe Firayim Minista Balewa, wanda ya durkusar da Jamhuriya ta Farko kuma ya haifar da yakin basasa.Babu wani bincike da aka yi a jikin Balewa kuma babu tabbacin cewa an harbe shi. Rahotannin da aka bayar game da rahoton sun gano gawarsa a zaune kusa da wata bishiya, kusa da gawar ministan kudi Festus Okotie-Eboh, wanda aka harbe kuma yana tsakiyar zargin cin hanci da rashawa.
Ayyukan siyasa na bin ƙa'idodin wasan kwaikwayon sun mamaye tasirin Ifeajuna a cikin tarihin wasanni na Black Africa.
Rayuwar mutum
A lokacin da yake jami'a, Ifeajuna ya sadu da matarsa Rose a shekara ta 1955. Bayan shekara huɗu sai ma'auratan suka yi aure kuma suka ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya maza biyu.
Rikodin gasar ƙasa da ƙasa
Manazarta
Sojojin Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
28089 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya%20Atwater | Tanya Atwater | Tanya Atwater (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942) ita 'yar ƙasar Amurka ce ƙwararren masanin ilimin kimiya na ƙasa kuma ƙwararriyar ilimin ƙasa ta ruwa wacce ta kware a fannin tectonics. Ta shahara musamman don bincikenta na farko akan tarihin tectonic plate na yammacin Arewacin Amurka.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife Atwater a Los Angeles, California a shekara ta 1942. Mahaifinta injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarta ƙwararriyar kimiya ce. Atwater na daya daga cikin matan farko da suka yi bincike a kan tekun ta fuskar Geology.
Atwater ta fara karatun ta a shekarar 1960 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, sannan ta sami B.A. a Geophysics daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1965. Ta sami digiri na uku. (1972) a cikin geophysics na ruwa daga Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography, Jami'ar California, San Diego. Ita ce darekta na Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara Educational Multimedia Visualization Center inda ta kasance farfesa a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa. Ta kasance farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts kafin ta shiga jami'a a UCSB a 1980. Atwater ya yi ritaya daga UCSB a 2007.
Aiki
Atwater ta kasa nce farfesa a fannin tectonics, a Sashen Kimiyyar Geological a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara kafin ta yi ritaya. Ta rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce 50 a cikin mujallu na duniya, kundin ƙwararru, da manyan rahotanni. Bakwai daga cikin waɗannan takardu an buga su a cikin mujallu na Nature ko Kimiyya. A cikin 1975, ta zama Fellow of the American Geophysical Union don aikinta a fannin ilimin kimiyyar fasaha. Daga 1975 zuwa 1977, Atwater ya kasance mai karɓar Fellowship Fellowship Sloan a Physics. A cikin 1984, ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙarfafawa daga Ƙungiyar Matan Masana Geoscientists. Atwater memba ce ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa da aka zaba don gudunmuwarta ga ilimin geophysics na ruwa da tectonics. A cikin 2019 ta sami lambar yabo mafi girma na Geological Society of America, Penrose Medal.
Binciken kimiyya
Atwater ta kasance cikin balaguron balaguron teku ta hanyar amfani da zurfafan kida da aka ja don bincikar benen teku. Har zuwa yau, ta shiga cikin nutsewar ruwa mai zurfi 12 a cikin zurfin teku mai zurfi Alvin. Ta yi bincike kan hanyoyin tsaurin wuta-tectonic da ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar sabon ɓawon ruwa a wuraren shimfida saman teku. A cikin 1968, ta haɗu da rubuta takardar bincike da ke nuna aikin daɗaɗɗa a cikin ɓoyayyen yanayin yada cibiyoyin. Tare da Jack Corliss, Fred Spiess, da Kenneth Macdonald, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro wanda ya gano nau'ikan ilimin halitta na maɓuɓɓugan ruwan teku, wanda ya haifar da ganowa yayin aikin RISE na masu yawan zafin jiki na masu shan sigari, iska mai ƙarfi ta ruwa.
A cikin binciken Atwater da ta yi kan yada baragurbi a kusa da tsibiran Galapagos, ta gano cewa an haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a lokacin da ake yada cibiyoyi a bakin tekun da motsin tectonic ko magma ya dame shi, don haka sai da ta canza hanya don daidaitawa. Wannan ya taimaka wajen bayyana hadadden tsari na shimfidar teku.
Wataƙila an fi sanin Atwater da aikinta akan tarihin tectonic plate na yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Ta rubuta manyan takaddun bincike guda biyu da ke bayyana tarihin juyin halittar tectonic na Arewacin Amurka da matsalolin tectonic na San Andreas Fault, wanda ya taimaka wajen tattara tarihin Layin Laifin San Andreas.
Ta kuma yi nazarin juyin halitta na geometric, haɗawa da kwatanta bayanan motsin faranti na duniya tare da bayanan yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Ta sami alaƙar da ta kunno kai waɗanda suka bayyana asalin manyan fassarori masu girma dabam (misali Dutsen Rocky, Yellowstone, Death Valley, Cascade Volcanoes, California Coast Ranges).
Takardar bincike ta Atwater, "Tasirin Tectonics na Plate Tectonics ga Cenozoic Tectonic Juyin Halitta na Yammacin Arewacin Amirka", ya kafa mahimman tsari don tectonics farantin karfe na yammacin Arewacin Amirka. A cikin aikinta, ta bayyana cewa kimanin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka wuce, Farallon Plate yana raguwa a ƙarƙashin Plate na Arewacin Amirka da Pacific Plate. Ƙasar rabin farantin Farallon gaba ɗaya an rushe a ƙarƙashin Kudancin California kuma rabin na sama bai nutse ba, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama sananne da sunan Juan de Fuca Plate. Tunda kudancin yankin Farallon ya ɓace gaba ɗaya, iyakar kudancin California ta kasance tsakanin Plate Pacific da Plate na Arewacin Amurka. Laifin San Andreas na musamman ne saboda yana aiki azaman babban layin kuskure haka kuma yana iyaka tsakanin Plate Pacific da Plate ta Arewacin Amurka. Ta sabunta wannan aikin a 1989.
Atwater tana sha'awar sadarwa da ilimi a kowane mataki. Ta haɓaka kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na lantarki (Cibiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Ilmi a UCSB) don haɓaka hangen nesa da fahimtar yanayin ƙasa, musamman masu alaƙa da tarihin faranti na tectonic.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
1975, Fellow, American Geophysical Union
1980, AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize don babban labarin bincike a cikin mujallar Kimiyya
1997, an zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa
2002, Kyautar Darakta na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa don Manyan Malaman Koyarwa. Wannan lambar yabo, na $300,000 a cikin shekaru hudu, an ba da ita don taimakawa da kuma girmama fitattun masana kimiyya waɗanda ke aiwatar da hanyoyin fassara bincike zuwa ilimi. Kudin an yi shi ne domin baiwa malaman koyarwa damar fadada ayyukansu fiye da cibiyoyinsu na gida.
Leopold von Buch Medal, Jamus Geosciences Society
Lambar Zinariya ta 2005, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers
Medal Penrose na 2019 na Ƙungiyar Geological Society of America.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
Menard, H.W., da Tanya Atwater, 1968, Canje-canje a cikin alkiblar shimfidar teku. Hali, aya 219, shafi. 463-467. Sake bugawa a cikin Plate Tectonics da Geomagnetic Reversals, p. 412-419, W.H. Freeman Co. San Francisco, 1973.
Atwater, Tanya, 1970, Tasirin Tectonics na farantin karfe don juyin halittar Tectonic Cenozoic na yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Bijimin Geol. Soc Amuri., aya ta 81, shafi. 3513-3536. Sake bugawa a cikin Plate Tectonics da Geomagnetic Reversals, p. 583-609, W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, 1973. An sake bugawa a U.C.SD., Scripps Inst. Oceanography., Gudunmawa, Vol. 40, Kashi na 2, p. 1249-1271, 1970.
Atwater, Tanya, da P. Molnar, 1973, Dangantakar motsin faranti na Pasifik da Arewacin Amurka da aka samo daga benen teku da ke yaduwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika, Indiya da Kudancin Pasifik. R.L. Kovach da A. Nur, ed., Proc. na Conf. akan Matsalolin Tectonic na Laifin San Andreas, Kimiyyar Geological, v. XIII, Stanford Univ., p. 136-148. •An sake bugawa a U.C.S.D., Scripps Inst. Oceanography., Gudunmawa, Vol. 44, Kashi na 2, p. 1362-1374, 1974.
Atwater, Tanya, 1981, Yada rarrabuwa a cikin shimfidar shimfidar bene na teku. Nature, aya 290, shafi. 185 186.
Severinghaus, J. da Atwater, T., 1990. Cenozoic geometry da yanayin zafi na ɓangarorin subducting a ƙarƙashin yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Basin da kewayon tectonics na tsawo kusa da latitude na Las Vegas, Nevada: Memoir Society of America Memoir, 176, shafi 1-22.
Atwater, T., 1991, Tectonics na Arewa maso Gabashin Pacific, Ma'amaloli na Royal Society of Canada, Series I, v. I, shafi 295-318.
Atwater, T., 1998, Plate Tectonic History of Southern California tare da girmamawa a kan Western Transverse Ranges da Santa Rosa Island, a Weigand, PW, ed., Gudunmawa ga ilimin geology na Arewacin Channel Islands, Southern California: American Association of Petroleum Masanan Geologists, Sashen Pacific, MP 45, p. 1-8.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu |
20004 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadak | Fadak | Fadak (Larabci فدك) wani yanki ne na lambu a cikin Khaybar(خيبر), wani yanki a arewacin Arebia ; yanzu ta zama ƙasar Saudiyya . Ya kasance kusan daga Madina, Fadak an san ta da rijiyoyin ruwa, dabino, da aiyukan hannu. Lokacin da musulmai suka ci mutanen Khaibara a yaƙin Khaybar ; 'Fadak' yana daga cikin falalar da aka yiwa annabin musulunci Muhammad . An ce Fadak ya zama abin da wasu gungun Musulmi suka yi saɓani a tsakanin Fatimah da khalifa Abubakar bayan mutuwar Annabi Muhammad.
Tarihi
Khabar Jahiliyya
A cikin ƙarni na 7, yahudawa Larabawa ne suka mamaye gandun Khaybar, waɗanda suka yi rainon itacen dabino . Wasu abubuwa da musulmai suka gano a cikin shakkun a Khabar - injin ingila, da bales 20 na Yaman, da alkyabba 500 - suna nuni zuwa ga fatauci mai tsanani da yahudawa ke yi.
Ruwa ya kasu zuwa yankuna uku: al-Natat, al-Shiqq الشِّق, da al-Katiba الكتيبة, wataƙila an raba su da wasu abubuwa na ɓacin rai, kamar su hamada, kwararar ruwa, da fadama. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yankuna ya ƙunshi kagarai da yawa ko shakku da ke ɗauke da gidaje, rumbunan ajiya da wuraren shaƙatawa. Kowane sansanin soja mallakar dangi ne kuma an kewaye shi da gonaki da dabino. Domin inganta su tsaron gida damar, kagarar aka tãyar da a kan duwatsu, ko tarin ƙanƙara.
Zamanin Muhammad (629-632 miladiyya)
Annabi Muhammad ya jagoranci tafiya zuwa gaɓar Khaybar a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu AH / 629 CE tare da maza kusan 1500 da dawakai 100-200. Tushen farko da suka haɗa da Sirah Rasul Allah (Tarihin rayuwar Annabi) na Ibn Ishaq sun bayyana mamayar Khaybar, tare da yin bayani dalla-dalla kan yarjejeniyar da Muhammad ya yi da yahudawa na ci gaba da zama a garin Fadak da noman kasarsu, suna rike da rabi na amfanin gonar. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta bambanta da yarjejeniyar da yahudawan Khaybar, wanda a zahiri ya buƙaci aikin raba hannun jari. Muhammad ya riƙe kudaden shiga na yankin Fadak ga matalauta kamar ṣadaqa, matafiya masu buƙata, da danginsa. Ba a bayyana gaba ɗaya yadda Muhammad ya gudanar da mallakar Fadak ba. Ibn Taimiyya ya rubuta a cikin Minhaj al-sunna cewa Muhammad ya nada Amr bn al-As a matsayin gwamnan gandun daji na Khabar Bayan wafatin Muhammad, malamai sun yi sabani kan cewa Fadak din mallakar sa ne kawai. Wasu masharhanta musulmai sun yarda cewa bayan cin Fadak, kadarorin mallakar Muhammad ne kawai, yayin da wasu da dama suka ki yarda da wannan ra'ayin. Majiyoyi na farko daban-daban sun bayyana yadda ake samun Fadak ta wannan hanyar:Rabin Fadasar Fadak, wanda yahudawa suka bayar bayan yarjejeniyar sulhu, mallakar Rasool Allah (s) ne kawai. Hakanan, 1/3 na Kwarin Qari da kuma gida biyu na Khabar dukiyar Muhammad (s) ce keɓaɓɓiya kuma babu wanda yake da rabonta.
Wani asusun na farko ya bayyana bishiyun ƴaƴan itace goma sha ɗaya a Fadak, wanda Muhammad da kansa ya shuka. Sauran malaman da suka yarda da ra'ayin Fadak na na Muhammad ne kawai bayan cin nasarar Khaybar sun hada da:
Ali bn Ahmad al-Samhudi
Ibn Hisham
Abu al-Fida
Fatimah (Mahangar Shi'a)
Bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad, ƴarsa Fatimah ta bayyana iƙirarinta na mallakar Fadak a matsayin mahaifinta. Da'awar da halifa mai mulki, Abubakar ya ƙi amincewa da ita bisa hujjar cewa Fadak kayan jama'a ne kuma suna jayayya cewa Muhammad ba shi da magada. Majiyoyi sun ruwaito cewa Ali tare da Ummu Ayman (Barakah) sun ba da shaidar cewa Annabi Muhammad ya bayar da ita ga Fatimah Zahra, lokacin da Abu Bakr ya buƙaci Fatima da ta kira shaidu game da ikirarin nata. Majiyoyi daban-daban na firamare sun nuna cewa Muhammad ne ya baiwa Fadak kyautar Fatima, wanda ya jawo Alkur'ani a matsayin hujja. Wadannan sun hada da ruwayar Ibn 'Abbas wanda ya ce lokacin da ayar Kur'ani ta ba da hakki ga dangi ta sauka, Muhammad ya kira ɗiyarsa ya ba ta kasar Fadak.
Masana daban-daban da ke yin sharhi a kan Ƙur'ani, Babin Al-Hashr, aya ta 7, sun rubuta cewa Mala'ika Jibril ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya umurce shi da ya ba da haƙƙin da ya dace da "Dhul Qurba" (makusanta). Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, wanda "Dhul Qurba" ya ambata, Gabriel ya amsa "Fatima" kuma cewa ta "'' haƙƙoƙi" ana nufin "Fadak", wanda Muhammad ya kira Fatima kuma ya gabatar da Fadak gare ta.
Bayan ayoyin Ƙur'ani da ke sama, akwai wasu ingantattun nassoshi game da wannan batun. Misali, Ali Ibn Burhanu'd-din Halabi Shafi'i ya yi rubutu a cikin Siratu'l-Halabiyya, shafi na. 39 cewa da farko Fatimah ta kai kukanta ga Abubakar game da gaskiyar cewa annabin Islama ya ba ta fadak a matsayin kyauta, kasancewar ba a samu shaidun ba sai aka tilasta mata ta yi zargin cewa tana da haƙƙi bisa dokar gado. Hakanan an ambace shi a cikin Mu'jam Al-Buldan na Yaqut al-Hamawi, Tafsir al-Kabir na Imam Fakhru'd-din Razi, Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa na Ibn Hajar p. 21, Sharh al-Nahju'l-Balagha na Ibn Abi'l-Hadid Mu'tazali Juzu'i na 4, shafi na. 80 cewa da farko Fatima ta ce an bata kyautar a matsayin kyauta amma sun ki yarda da shaidanta sai ta sha wahala kuma cikin fushi ta ce ba za ta sake magana da Abubakar da Umar ba.
Bayan wafatin Muhammad
Lesley Hazleton ta bayyana taƙaddama tsakanin Fatimah da Abu Bakr kamar haka: "[Fatimah] ta aika wa Abu Bakr da neman kaso daga gonar mahaifinta - gonakin itacen dabino a cikin babbar bishiyoyin Khaybar da Fadak zuwa arewacin Madina. Amsar da ya bashi yasa ta ɗimauce. Yankin Muhammad na al'umma ne, ba na wani mutum ba, Abubakar ya amsa. Yana daga cikin amanar alherin musulmai wanda ya gudanar dashi a matsayin Khalifa. [. . . Ba a musanta roƙon da jama'a ke yi na saƙon da Abubakar ya aika ta musun da'awar Fatima: Gidan Muhammad gidan Musulunci ne, kuma duk sun daidaita a cikin sa. "
Lokacin da Umar ya zama Khalifa, darajar ƙasar Fadak tare da kwanakinta ya kai dirhami dubu 50. Ali ya sake neman gadon Fatima a zamanin Umar, amma aka hana shi da hujja irin ta lokacin Abubakar. Umar duk da haka, ya mayar da filaye a Madina ga 'Abbas ibn' Abd al-Muttalib da Ali, a matsayin wakilan dangin Muhammad, Banu Hashim . A lokacin khalifancin Usman, Marwan ibn al-Hakâm, wanda ɗan baffansa ne, ya zama wakili na Fadak.
Mahangar Sunni ga Fadak
A wurin Ahlus-Sunnah, Fadak wani yanki ne, kusa da Khaiber, inda yahudawa suke. Muhammadu ne ya ci Fadak. Kur'ani yana cewa: "Kuma abin da Allah ya ba ganimar manzonsa daga gare su, to, ba ku tilasta wa doki ko rakumi ba saboda su, amma Allah Yana ba da manzonSa a kan wanda Yake so. Kuma Allah a kan dukkan k .me, Mai Abkon yi ne. Abin da Allah Ya ba da ganima ga manzon Sa daga mutanen garuruwa, to, ga Allah da manzonSa ne, kuma ma'abucin kusanci da marayu da matalauta da matafiyi, to, wannan bai zama kaya ba a tsakanin mawadata daga cikinku. . Duk abin da manzo ya ba ka, ka karɓa. Kuma abin da ya hana, to, ka ƙaurace masa. Kuma ku bi Allah da taƙawa. Lalle ne, Kuma Allah Mai tsananin uƙuba ne. - (59: 6-7). Don haka a cewar Kur'ani, Fa'i yana nufin irin dukiyar kafirai kamar yadda aka mayar wa musulmai ba tare da yaki ba. Ba za'a rarraba kamar ganima tsakanin sojoji ba, amma gaba daya na Allah da manzon sa ne. Daga Sunnoni da Aikin Annabin Islama ya bayyana cewa Muhammadu da kansa ya kasance yana gudanar da Fai a matsayin shugaban jamhuriyar Musulunci.
A cewar Ahlus-Sunnah, Muhammad bai ba ’yarsa Fadak ba. Duk ruwayoyin da suka shafi wannan masu rauni ne. Dangane da da’awar ‘yan Shi’a kuwa, cewa lokacin da ayar Alqurani," Kuma ku bai wa dangi haƙƙinsa ", ta sauka, Annabi ya ba Fadak‘ yarsa kamar yadda ta zama hakkinta. Amma, akwai shahararrun Malaman Sunni da yawa da suka fayyace cewa wahayi na 17:26 game da Fadak ne daga Annabi zuwa Fatima, kamar su: Razi, Suyuti, Khwarizmi, Ali ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi da sauransu. Duk da haka, an ruwaito cewa Umme Hani ta ce Fatimah ta ce Abubakar ya gaya mata cewa Annabi ya ce "Mu Annabawa ba mu da magada, maimakon haka abin da muka bari Sadaka ne ga Al'umma".
Fadak ƙarƙashin Umayyad (661 – 750)
Mu'awiyah, halifan Umayyawa na farko bai mayar da Fadak ga zuriyar Fatimah ba. Wannan hanyar ta ci gaba daga halifofin Umayyawa daga baya har Umar bin Abd al-Aziz ya karɓi iko. Lokacin da Umar bn Abd al-Aziz, wanda aka fi sani da Umar na II, ya zama Khalifa a shekara ta 717 CE, kuɗin da aka samu daga dukiyar Fadak ya zama dinari 40,000. Fadak an mayar da shi ga zuriyar Fatima ta hanyar umarnin da Umar II ya bayar, amma halifofin da suka zo daga baya sun yi watsi da wannan shawarar. Magajin Umar II , Yazid bn Abd al-Malik (wanda aka fi sani da Yazid na II ) ya yi watsi da shawarar tasa, kuma an sake sake Fadak ya zama amintacce ga jama'a. Daga nan aka sarrafa Fadak har zuwa lokacin da Halifancin Ummayad ya ƙare.
Fadak ƙarƙashin Abbasiyawa (750 – 1258)
A shekara ta 747 CE, babbar tawaye ga daular Umayyad ta faru. Umayyawa ta aka ƙarshe ci da Abbasiyawa ƙarƙashin mulkin Abu Abbas Abdullah al-Saffah (ga Battle na Zab ) a shekara 750. An kashe Halifa na Umayyad na karshe, Marwan II a wani karami karami ‘yan watanni bayan Yakin Zab, wanda hakan ya kawo karsyhen Halifancin Umayyawa . Lissafin tarihi ya banbanta a kan abin da ya faru da Fadak a ƙarƙashin khalifofin farko na Abbasawa. Amma akwai ijma'i a tsakanin Malaman Musulunci cewa an ba da Fadak ga zuriyar Fatimah a lokacin mulkin Al-Ma'mun a matsayin Khalifa (831-833 CE). Al-Ma'mun har ma ya yanke hukuncin yin hakan a cikin (dīwāns) . Magajin Al-Ma'mun, Al-Mutawakkil (847-861) ya sake kwace Fadak daga zuriyar Fatimah, yana mai ba da umarnin a yi amfani da shi don dalilan da Abu Bakr ya bayyana tun farko. Al-Muntasir (861-862), amma, a bayyane ya tabbatar da shawarar Al-Ma'mun, don haka ya ba wa zuriya Fatimah damar gudanar da Fadak. Abin da ya faru a nan gaba ba shi da tabbas, amma mai yiwuwa Halifa ya sake kwace Fadak kuma mai mulkin lokacin ya mallake shi kawai a matsayin mallakar kansa.
Fadak cikin adabi
Rikicin kan Fadak an ruwaito shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu sun zama kusan almara. Daga cikin waɗannan ne labari na mashahuriyar kalifa na Dare dubu da ɗaya tãtsũniyõyin, Harun al Rashid, ya ruwaito a cikin ƙarni na 16 aikin Laṭā'if al-Tawā'if tausasãwa na Mutane, a cikin abin da Harun ne aka bayyana a matsayin jin nadãma a kan hana Fadak ga dangin Muhammad. Haruna ya yi tambaya game da iyakokin ruwan daga zuriyar Fatima domin mayar da ita ga wadanda suka mallaka ta. Zuriyar ta yi gargaɗin cewa bayan zana iyakokin gonar Fadak, Haruna ba zai ƙara barin ta ba. Duk da haka, Haruna ya ci gaba. Zuriyarsa ya amsa cewa iyakar Fadak ita ce Aden, ta biyu Samarqand, na uku Maghrib, na huɗu kuma Tekun Armeniya. Waɗannan iyakokin sun bayyana kusan dukkanin daular Harun. Cewa Haruna da kansa ya fara aiwatar da dawo da Fadak kuma zuriyar Muhammad ba ta matsa masa ba ya bayyana cewa a cikin ra'ayin Shi'i, dukiyar duniya ba ta da wata mahimmanci ga dangin Muhammadu ko kuma ga ikon imamai.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Fadak ta Sayyida Fatima ce (sa) ) - Hujja daga Alqur'ani
Me yasa Sayyida Fatima (sa) ta bukaci Fadak?
Hoton Fadak
Ra'ayin Shi'a
(1.60 MB)
imfi.ir <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore="true">
Bayan Annabi: Labarin Batsa na Raba tsakanin Shi'a da Sunni a Musulunci, Daga Lesley Hazleton
Manazarta
Musulmai
Musulunci
Saudiyya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30112 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel%20Agyemang | Mabel Agyemang | Mabel Maame Agyemang, née Banful (kuma Yamoa) ita ce babban alkalin alkalan tsibirin Turkawa da Caicos na yanzu. Wata ƙwararriyar alkali mai shari'a wadda ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aikin shari'a, Mai shari'a Agyemang ta yi aiki a ma'aikatun shari'a na gwamnatocin Ghana, Gambiya da Eswatini, kafin aikinta na yanzu a tsibirin Turkawa da Caicos. Ita ce kuma mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar Alkalan ƙasar Gambia.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Justice Agyemang ta yi karatun sakandare a Wesley Girls Senior High School a Cape Coast. Ta halarci Jami'ar Ghana sannan ta ci gaba da karatunta a Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana (Professional Law Course).
Aikin shari'a
An kira Mai shari'a Agyemang zuwa Lauyan Ghana a 1987 kuma ta shiga Bench jim kadan bayan haka. A matsayinta na alkali ‘yar Ghana, ta yi aiki a bangarori daban-daban na shari’a kuma ta zauna a wasu hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da Accra, Cape Coast, Koforidua, Kumasi, da Tema. Ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar alkalan kasar Ghana daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2000. An daukaka ta zuwa Babbar Kotun Tarayya a shekarar 2002.
Alkalin Sakatariyar Commonwealth
Ta fara aiki da sakatariyar Commonwealth a matsayin kwararriyar alkali a shekarar 2004, inda aka fara tura ta zuwa Gambia inda ta yi shekaru hudu a matsayin alkalin babbar kotu. A cikin shekaru hudu da ta yi tana aiki a Gambiya, Mai shari'a Agyemang ta yi aiki a sassan kasa, farar hula, kasuwanci da laifuka kuma ta yi nasarar kammala kusan fayiloli 365. A cikin 2008, an ba ta matsayi na Eswatini inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a irin wannan matsayi. Laifukan nata a Eswatini sun shafi na sirri da na jama'a kuma sun hada da batun bata suna, kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, zaluncin 'yan sanda da rikicin zabe. Daya daga cikin fitattun hukunce-hukuncen da ta yi a Eswatini shi ne hukuncin da ta yanke kan 'yancin samun ilimi kyauta. Justice Agyemang ya koma Gambia ne a shekarar 2010, har yanzu yana da sakatariyar Commonwealth, a matsayin kwararre a kotun daukaka kara.
Alkalin Alkalan Gambiya
An nada ta a matsayin shugabar alkalan kasar Gambia a watan Agustan 2013. An nada ta a matsayin zabi mai kyau kamar yadda kasashen duniya ke ganin ta a matsayin gogaggen alkali mai zaman kansa. Ta yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka cire ta ba zato ba tsammani a watan Fabrairun 2014. Babu wani dalili a hukumance da gwamnatin Gambia ta bayar na musabbabin korar ta daga aiki. Da yawa daga cikin al'ummar shari'a na duniya suna zargin cewa korar ta na da nasaba da bambance-bambancen da ke tattare da batun take hakkin bil'adama da kuma dagewarta na samun 'yancin kan shari'a.
Komawa Ghana (Kotun daukaka kara)
Bayan ta koma kasarta Ghana, an rantsar da Justice Agyemang a matsayin mai shari'a na kotun daukaka kara ta Ghana. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, yayin da yake jawabi a wajen bikin bude wani sabon rukunin shari'a a birnin Accra, shugaban kasar Ghana John Dramani Mahama, ya buga misali da Justice Agyemang a matsayin misali na alkalan da ake mutuntawa sosai a bangaren shari'ar Ghana.
Babban Mai Shari'a na Tsibirin Turkawa da Caicos
A watan Fabrairun 2020, Nigel Dakin, gwamnan tsibirin Turkawa da Caicos, ya sanar da nadin mai shari'a Agyemang a matsayin babban alkalin alkalan tsibirin Turkawa da Caicos. A jawabinsa na sanarwar, Gwamna Dakin ya bayyana wata sanarwa daga kungiyar lauyoyin Gambia dangane da ficewar Justice Agyemang daga Gambiya a shekarar 2014 ba zato ba tsammani:
“A lokacin da take rike da mukamin Alkalin Alkalai, ta samu kwakkwaran iko a bangaren shari’a, da kuma goyon bayan alkalai da kungiyar lauyoyi da ma’aikatan shari’a. Ta sanya al'adar da'a da kwarewa a cikin harkokin shari'a. Halin yin aiki ta jami'an shari'a ya canza sosai, kuma sun kasance masu ƙarin ƙwararru da tasiri. Ana sa ran samun lokaci ga kowa kuma ta jagoranci misali. Ta gabatar da gyare-gyare don tabbatar da samun adalci ga masu kara da kuma rage jinkirin da ba dole ba a cikin shari'ar. Ta kaddamar da gyaran dokokin kotun don tabbatar da yanke hukunci cikin gaggawa. Ta kasance direban kirkire-kirkire da gyara, gabatar da hanyoyin ICT ga Alkalai don binciken shari'a da sauran abubuwa. Abin takaici ne cewa duk da kyakykyawan wa’adin mulkin da ta yi, Shugaban kasa a lokacin ya dakatar da ayyukan ta ba bisa ka’ida ba, abin da ya bata wa ‘yan uwantaka na shari’a rai ba bisa ka’ida ba. A wancan lokacin, shugaban mulkin kama karya yana yin duk mai yiyuwa don kula da harkokin shari'a. Lallai an ji ficewar mai shari'a Mabel Agyemang sosai, saboda ta bar tarihi a bangaren shari'ar mu."
An rantsar da Justice Agyemang a matsayin babban alkalin alkalan Turkawa da tsibirin Caicos a ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2020.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Justice Agyemang Kirista ce mai kishin addini kuma tayi aure da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane |
49301 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%20na%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Fam na Afirka ta Kudu | Fam ( Afrikaans: kandami; alamar £, £SA don bambanta) ita ce kudin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu daga kafuwar ƙasar a ƙarƙashin mulkin Biritaniya a 1910. An maye gurbinsa da rand a cikin 1961 lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta ragu.
A shekara ta 1825, wani tsarin mulki na sarauta ya yi tayin siyar da tsabar kudi a duk yankunan Birtaniyya. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, Sterling da tsabar kuɗin da ke da alaƙa ya zama kuɗin kowane yanki na Burtaniya a Kudancin Afirka . A wancan lokacin sterling ya bi tsarin kuɗi na Carolingian na fam ɗin da aka raba zuwa shillings 20, kowanne na pence 12.
Tarihi
Kudin fam Sterling ya zama daidaitaccen kudin yankin Cape of Good Hope a cikin 1825 biyo bayan oda-in-majalisar masarauta da aka bayar don manufar gabatar da tsabar kudi a duk yankunan Birtaniyya. tsabar kudi na Burtaniya sannan ya maye gurbin kudin Holland . Kafin haɗewar Afirka ta Kudu, hukumomi da yawa sun ba da tsabar kudi da takardun kuɗi daidai da Sterling.
Jamhuriyar Transvaal, Boer ya bayyana cewa a cikin 1902 zai zama Transvaal Colony, ya ba da bayanin kula daga 1867 zuwa 1902 da tsabar kudi daga 1892 zuwa 1902. An rubuta nau'o'in tsabar kuɗin zinariya a cikin Afrikaans, don haka karanta "tafda" maimakon "labaran".
A cikin 1920, Baitul mali ta ba da takardar shaidar zinare. A shekara mai zuwa, an kafa Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ikon ba da bayanin kula kawai. An fitar da tsabar kudi daga 1923. Fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance daidai da Sterling a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, sai dai na ɗan lokaci kaɗan bayan watsi da ƙimar zinare a Burtaniya a cikin 1931. Lokacin da Burtaniya ta yi watsi da ma'aunin zinare a watan Satumba na 1931, Kanada ta bi sawu cikin sauri saboda ta kasance cikin matsi iri ɗaya da Burtaniya. Ƙaddamar da kuɗin da aka samu a Amurka ya haifar da ɗimbin ɗimbin zinare zuwa yammacin Tekun Atlantika, da kudu zuwa Amurka. Halin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu ya sha bamban, domin fitar da gwal zuwa London babban kasuwanci ne. A cewar Jan Smuts a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, 'yan kishin kasa sun so su nuna cewa ba za su bi ta Burtaniya kai tsaye ba, kuma sun fahimci cewa suna da karfin yin hakan. Ga Burtaniya da Kanada, ana kallon fitar da zinari a matsayin jirgin zinari, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu ana kallonta a matsayin kamfani mai riba. Tasirin ci gaba da bin ka'idojin zinare na Afirka ta Kudu bai kasance kamar yadda Hertzog ke fata ba. Fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya karu sosai da darajarsa idan aka kwatanta da Sterling, kuma wannan ya kusan gurgunta masana'antar fitar da gwal a Afirka ta Kudu cikin dare. A shekara ta 1933, Hertzog ya watsar da ma'auni na zinariya kuma fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya koma daidai da ma'auni. An samu saukin nan da nan
An maye gurbin fam ɗin Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin raguwa da Rand a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1961 akan ƙimar R. 2 = £SA 1. Rand ya ci gaba da yin daidai da 2:1 da Sterling har zuwa faduwar darajar Sterling a 1967 lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta bi sahun gaba ba.
Tsabar kudi
tsabar kudin da jihar ta bayar
Jamhuriyar Transvaal
A shekarar 1892, Jamhuriyar Transvaal ta gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1d, 3d, 6d, 1/-, 2/-, 2/6, 5/-, £ /-) da £1. An fitar da na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan tsabar kudi a cikin 1900, ban da kewaye £1 tsabar kudi da aka bayar a 1902.
Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu
Ƙungiyar Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da tsabar kudi daga 1923, a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1d, 3d da 6d, 1/-, 2/- (wanda aka fara la'akari da shi azaman florin ), 2/£6, 1. (Na £ da £1 tsabar zinare ne da aka sani da rabin sarki da sarauta bi da bi. ) Tsabar ta kasance ma'auni ɗaya da tsabar kuɗin da suka dace amma tsabar azurfa (3d har zuwa 2/6) an buga su a cikin .800 fineness azurfa. An buga tsabar zinare har zuwa 1932.
A cikin 1947, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi 5/- tare da bambance-bambancen tunawa na lokaci-lokaci. A cikin 1951, tsabar tsabar azurfa ta canza zuwa .500 fineness. Zinariya £ An fitar £1 tsabar kudi daga 1952 a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai 1 sarki.
Duk tsabar tsabar kudi suna da sarki a kan obverse, tare da lakabi a cikin Latin, yayin da baya yana da denomination da "Afirka ta Kudu" da aka rubuta a cikin Turanci da Afrikaans .
Bayanan banki
Gwamnatin Cape Colony ta ba da sanarwar £ 1 a cikin 1835 da bayanin kula na £ 20 a 1834. Tsakanin 1869 da 1872, ZAR a cikin Transvaal ya ba da bayanin kula don 6d, 1/-, 2/6, 5/-, 10/-, £1, £5 da £10. Babban bankin kasa na ZAR ya fitar da fam 1 tsakanin 1892 zuwa 1893. A lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, an ba da bayanan gwamnati a cikin ƙungiyoyin £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 da £100.
A cikin 1920, an ba da bayanan takardar shedar zinariya ta Baitul mali a cikin ƙungiyoyin £1, £5, £100, £1,000 da £10,000, a cikin rubutun Afrikaans da Ingilishi. Daga 1921, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya karɓi kuɗin takarda, yana gabatar da bayanin kula akan 10/-, £1, £5, £20 da £100. Fam 20 na bayanin kula an yi shi na ƙarshe a cikin 1933, tare da ƙara £ 10 bayanin kula a 1943.
Duk takardun banki na harsuna biyu ne cikin Ingilishi da Afrikaans. Daga 1948, an fitar da bambance-bambancen guda biyu na kowane bayanin kula, ɗaya da Ingilishi aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta Afirkaans.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin hadi na waje
Decimal Coinage (1962): Newsreel of South Africa's conversion to the Rand, British Pathé via YouTube
Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22344 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Nan%20Gaba%20Ta%20Duniya | Majalisar Nan Gaba Ta Duniya | Majalisar Nan gaba ta Duniya ( WFC ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a Hamburg, Jamus, a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2007. "An kirkiro ta ne don yin magana a madadin hanyoyin magance manufofi wadanda suke biyan bukatun al'ummomi masu zuwa ", ya hada da mambobi masu aiki a cikin hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin farar hula, kasuwanci, kimiyya da fasaha. Babban abin da WFC ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne tsaron yanayi, inganta dokoki kamar su sabunta harajin samar da makamashi . Majalisar nan ta Duniya ta gaba tana da matsayi na musamman na shawarwari tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki .
Makomar kungiyar a Duniya ta kasance wani ɓangare na kungiyar Tattalin Arziki na Platform F20, cibiyar sadarwar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu taimako.
Tarihi
Kungiyar Makomar Duniya ta gaba ta kasance marubucin ɗan Sweden kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Jakob von Uexkull . An fara gabatar da ra'ayin kafa majalisar duniya ne a gidan rediyon Jamus a shekarar, 1998. A watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2004 kungiyar ta fara a Landan tare da kudade daga masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu a Jamus, Switzerland, Amurka da Burtaniya. Tun shekara ta shekara ta, 2006, hedikwatar kungiyar tana Hamburg, inda Majalisar Duniyar Gabas ta Duniya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta a siyasance kuma tana aiki kuma an yi mata rajista a matsayin gidauniyar agaji. Arin ofisoshin suna London, Geneva da Windhoek. Majalisar tana haduwa sau daya a shekara a Babban Taron shekara-shekara.
Kira na gangami don Aiki
Kira gangami zuwa wasaukakawa ɗaukacin yan Majalisa sun amince da shi gabaɗaya a wurin Kafuwar Majalisar –asa ta Duniya, 9–13 Mayu na shekara ta, 2007. Ya yi kira da a kiyaye muhalli da lafiyar al'ummomi, gabatar da "tsarin da cibiyoyi bisa daidaito da adalci", kiyaye hakkokin kabilu na gargajiya, kare karnuka na yanzu da masu zuwa daga laifukan yaki da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, a samar da kayayyaki mai dorewa, kasuwanci, tsarin kudi da tsarin kudi, farfado da tsarin dimokiradiyya na cikin gida da tattalin arziki, da kuma hana amfani da makamin nukiliya da makaman uranium da suka rage, alburusai da nakiyoyi. Tana da nufin samar da tallafi na gwamnati ga fasahohin makamashi masu sabuntawa, kare gandun daji da tekuna, samun lafiyayyen abinci da samar da ruwa, tsaron muhalli, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da muhalli, da kuma karfafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .
Ayyuka
Kyautar Manufofin Gaba
Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba (FPA) na murna da manufofi waɗanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa don al'ummomin yanzu da masu zuwa. Manufar bayar da kyautar ita ce a wayar da kan duniya game da wadannan kyawawan manufofin da kuma hanzarta aiwatar da manufofi ga al'ummomin adalci, ci gaba da zaman lafiya. Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ita ce kyauta ta farko da ke nuna manufofi maimakon mutane a matakin duniya. Kowace shekara Majalisar Futureasashen Duniya na gaba suna zaɓi batun guda ɗaya wanda ci gaban manufofi yake da gaggawa musamman. A cikin shekara ta, 2009, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ya nuna kyawawan manufofi game da wadatar abinci . A cikin shekara ta duniya kan bambancin halittu, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ta shekarar, 2010 tayi bikin mafi kyawun manufofin halittu daban-daban a duniya. A cikin shekarar dazuzzuka ta duniya, Kyautar Manufofin Gaba ta shekarar, 2011 ta yi bikin manufofi masu nasara waɗanda ke karewa, haɓakawa da ci gaba da amfani da gandun daji don mutane, don haka ke ba da gudummawa ga kyakkyawan duniya. A cikin shekara ta, 2012, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ta yi bikin manyan manufofi na duniya masu ban sha'awa, masu ban sha'awa da tasiri a kan kare tekuna da gabar teku. A cikin shekara ta, 2013 tambaya ita ce wace siyasa ce ta ɓarna da ke akwai ke ba da gudummawa sosai don cimma zaman lafiya, ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da tsaro? A cikin shekara ta, 2014 Kyautar Manufofin Gaba an sadaukar da ita ga manufofin da ke magance ɗayan matsalolin cin zarafin ɗan adam da ya zama ruwan dare cewa ɗan adam yana fuskanta: tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata. Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba a cikin shekarar, 2015 ta himmatu ga manufofin da suka ba da gudummawa don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin yara maza da mata.
An ba da lambar yabo ta Ka'idar nan gaba ta shekarar, 2017 ne ga manufofin da suka dace da yadda za a magance lalacewar kasa da kasa, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da hadari ga tsaron abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da makoma mai dorewa ta adalci ga mutanen da ke rayuwa a yankunan busassun duniya. A cikin shekara ta, 2018, FPA - wanda ake kira "Oscar akan kyawawan manufofi" ana bikin mafi kyawun manufofin duniya don haɓaka Agroecology ; Kasar Sikkim ta Indiya an ba ta Zinare.
Kammnin cigaban kungiyar
Yanar gizan gidan yanar gizon futurepolicy.org yana gabatar da hanyoyin siyasa kuma yana taimakawa masu yanke shawara wajen haɓakawa da aiwatar da manufofin adalci na gaba. Tashar bayanai ce ta yanar gizo wacce aka tsara don masu tsara manufofi don sauƙaƙa raba hanyoyin wadatar da ingantattun hanyoyin magance matsalolin manyan matsaloli da gaggawa na duniya. Yanzu ya ƙunshi manufofi, misali kan kuzari na sabuntawa, ingantaccen makamashi, birane masu ɗorewa da samar da abinci a zamanin canjin yanayi, waɗanda aka inganta su a cikin littattafan WFC, fina-finai da sauraro.
Taron Kare Hakkin Yara na Duniya na Zanzibar
Daga 28 zuwa 30 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta, 2017, Majalisar Duniya mai Kula da Rayuwa ta Duniya ta shirya taron kasa da kasa game da hakkin yara a Zanzibar don nazarin tasirin kwarai na Dokar Yara ta Zanzibar da kuma bayar da labaran nasarori kan kariyar yara, adalci na abokantaka da sa hannu daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Dokar Yaran Zanzibar ta sami lambar yabo ta Gabar Gobe gaba a shekarar, 2015. Fiye da kwanaki uku, sama da mahalarta 100 suka shiga cikin jerin jadawalin bita daban-daban, gabatarwa da ziyarar gani da ido kan yadda ake fassara dokokin haƙƙin yara a cikin takarda cikin shirye-shiryen ƙasa da na wuri wanda ke inganta ƙwarewar yara da matasa a ƙasa da kuma magance yadda ya kamata cin zarafin yara, sakaci, da kuma amfani da su. An kira taron ne tare da goyon bayan Janina Özen-Otto, Gidauniyar JUA, da Gidauniyar Michael Otto. Taron ya rufe da sanarwar Zanzibar kan kare hakkin yara, wanda ya samu sa hannun wakilai sama da 50 da masu tsara manufofi daga kasashen Ghana, Indonesia, Laberiya, Najeriya, Seychelles, Somaliland, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zanzibar, da kuma masana kan hakkokin yara da wakilai daga kungiyoyin farar hula, ciki har da Gertrude Mongella da Auma Obama .
Tsarin Aiki na Manufofin Duniya
Tsarin Aikace-aikacen Manufofin Duniya (GPACT) tsari ne na 22 masu hade da juna, tabbatar da sauye-sauyen manufofi wadanda tare, gina ci gaba, zaman lafiya, da al'ummomin adalci da kuma taimakawa wajen tabbatar da alkawurran duniya, gami da Manufofin Cigaba Mai Dorewa (SDG). Manufofin "mafi kyawu" waɗanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gaba ta gano sune waɗanda suka haɗu da Ka'idoji guda bakwai don Yin Doka don Yin Shari'a Nan Gaba Kyakkyawan jagorar ingantacciyar manufa wacce ke tattare da aiki da sabbin hanyoyin kirkirar manufofi da kuma kayan aiki masu amfani da gaba.
Aiwatar da Dokokin Harajin Kuɗi
An gabatar da dokokin ciyar da abinci (FIT) don hanzarta samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a kasashe da dama misali Burtaniya, Ostiraliya, jihohi da yawa na Amurka, daga cikinsu akwai California, da kuma a Ontario (Kanada), tare da goyon bayan Makomar Duniya Majalisar. A cikin kawancen Hadin gwiwar samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, Majalisar Duniya mai Kula da Makomar Duniya ta kirkiro wani kawancen don yada karfin kuzari tare da ba da gudummawa wajen aiwatar da Kudin Haraji a Amurka.
Gangamin don gudanar da Tsararraki masu zuwa
WFC ta fara Kamfen don Masu Koyon Bayanai don Tsararraki Masu zuwa akan dukkan matakan shugabanci. Don taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa, ko 'Rio + 20' a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin shekara ta, 2012 WFC ta yi kira da a kafa Ombudspersons don Tsararraki Masu zuwa, a matsayin babbar mafita a ƙarƙashin taken na biyu na Babban Taron ' Tsarin hukumomi don Cigaba mai Dorewa '.
Kansiloli
Kungiyar nan gaba ta Duniya (WFC) ta kunshi fitattun masu kawo canji na duniya 50 daga gwamnatoci, majalisu, kungiyoyin jama'a, makarantun kimiyya, fasaha, da kuma duniyar kasuwanci. Tare suna samar da murya don haƙƙin al'ummomi masu zuwa a duk nahiyoyi biyar.
Kansiloli masu girma
Bincike da wallafe-wallafe
Miguel Mendonça, David Jacobs da Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009). Ingarfafa Tattalin Arzikin Tattalin Arziki: Littafin Kuɗi na Tsarin Kuɗi, Earthscan ,
Herbert Girardet da Miguel Mendonça (2009). Duniya mai sabuntawa: Makamashi, Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa, Daidaito, Litattafan Kore,
Herbert Girardet (edita) (2008). Rayuwa da Karni: Fuskantar Rikicin Yanayi da Sauran Kalubalen Duniya, Duniya ,
Herbert Girardet (2008). Cities People Planet: Cities masu rayuwa don Duniya mai ɗorewa, Wiley,
Miguel Mendonça (2007). Tariffs-in Tariffs: Saurin tura kayan sabuntawar makamashi, Earthscan,
Jakob von Uexkull da Herbert Girardet (2005). Shirya makomarmu: Kirkirar Majalisar Duniya mai zuwa, Green Books / World Future Council Initiative,
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Tarihi
Kansiloli
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Majalisar Duniya Ta Gaba
Pages with unreviewed translations |
15999 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Enahoro | Anthony Enahoro | Cif Anthony Eromosele Enahoro (22 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1923 A.c- ya mutu 15 ga watan Disamba 2010) yana daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan rajin kare mulkin mallaka da masu rajin kare dimokiradiyya a Najeriya. An haife shi ɗan fari a cikin yara goma a Uromi a cikin Jihar Edo ta yanzu ta Nijeriya. Iyayensa Esan sune Anastasius Okotako Enahoro (1900-1968) da Fidelia Victoria Inibokun née Ogbidi Okojie (1906-1969). Enahoro ya daɗe yana da fice a fagen aikin jarida, siyasa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma gwagwarmayar dimokiradiyya. Enahoro ya yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Uromi, da Makarantar Gwamnati Owo da Kwalejin King, da ke Legas, Enahoro ya zama editan jaridar Nnamdi Azikiwe, mai kare Kudancin Najeriya, Ibadan, a 1944 yana da shekara 21, don haka ya zama edita mafi karancin shekaru a Najeriya. Daga baya ya zama editan gidan wakafi na Zik, Kano, 1945–49, mataimakin edita na West African Pilot, Lagos, kuma babban editan jaridar Morning Star daga shekarar 1950 zuwa 1953.
Tarihin Rayuwa
A cikin 1953, Enahoro ya zama na farko da ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya wanda a karshe aka ba shi a cikin 1960 bayan koma bayan siyasa da yawa da shan kaye a majalisar. Enahoro ya sami ɗaukaka daga masana da yawancin Nigeriansan Najeriya a matsayin "Uban Kasar Najeriya". Koyaya, kudirinsa na neman ‘Yancin kan Najeriyar ya gamu da koma baya a majalisar a lokuta da dama tare da‘ yan majalisun arewacin kasar da suka shirya wani yajin aiki sakamakon abin da aka gabatar. Ba tare da shan kaye a majalisa ba, an fara wani yunkuri na musamman saboda wannan kudirin kuma yanzu an matsa lamba kan adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma akwai masu neman 'yanci ga Najeriya, ko kuma akalla mulkin kai. SL Akintola ya yi yunkurin sake duba kudirin neman ‘yancin Najeriya a shekarar 1957 kuma duk da cewa majalisar ta zartar da kudirin nasa amma hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba su amince da shi ba saboda haka ya gaza. A watan Agusta 1958, Remi Fani-Kayode ya sake duba kudirin Enahoro kuma majalisar ta sake zartar da kudirin amma Burtaniya ba ta amince da ranar ba. Kudirin Fani-Kayode ya bukaci a baiwa Najeriya 'yanci a ranar 2 ga Afrilun 1960. An ba Nijeriya ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960. A cigaba da gabatar da kudirin na Enahoro, Sir Tafawa Balewa ya gabatar da kara gaban majalisar a 1959 kuma aka zartar. Sakamakon matsin lambar, gwamnan mulkin mallaka ya sanar da shawarar da gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta yanke na ba da 'yanci a 1960.
Rayuwar farko
An haife shi ɗan fari a cikin yara goma a ƙauyen Onewa, Uromi, a cikin jihar Edo ta Nijeriya a yanzu. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan’uwansa sun hada da Ambasada Edward, shahararren dan Jarida Peter (Peter Pan), Farfesa Henry, fitaccen mai yada labarai na Mike Enahoro Ace na gidan talabijin na NTA, Ben, Dan, Bess, Chris, da Emmanuel. Iyayensa Esan sune Anastasius Asuelinmen "Okotako" Enahoro (d. 1968) da Fidelia Inibokun née Ogbidi Okojie (d. 1969). Enahoro ya daɗe yana da fice a fagen aikin jarida, siyasa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma gwagwarmayar dimokiradiyya. Enahoro ya yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Uromi, da Makarantar Gwamnati Owo da Kwalejin King, da ke Legas, ya zama editan jaridar Nnamdi Azikiwe, mai kare Kudancin Najeriya, Ibadan, a 1944 yana da shekara 21. A matsayinsa na dalibi a Kwalejin Sarakuna, Enahoro ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci na Najeriya da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a farkon shekarun 1940, wanda ya haifar da tayar da dalibai a kwalejin a Legas inda ya kasance shugaban daliban. Ya shahara a fagen siyasa a lokacin canji mai saurin gaske. An yi masa daurin talala har sau biyu daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, saboda wani labarin da ya yi izgili da wani tsohon gwamna, sannan ga wani jawabi da ya ce ya tunzura sojojin Najeriya da ke aiki a cikin sojojin Ingila. Turawan Ingila sun nuna shi a matsayin gobarar wuta, amma duk da cewa an daure shi a karo na uku, ya fara sake duba matsayinsa.
Siyasa
A cikin 1950 shi da Arthur Perst suka kafa Midungiyar Mid-West . Enahoro ya riga ya fara Mid-West Press kuma ya buga jaridar Najeriya daga 1950 zuwa 1953. Midungiyar Mid-West ta zama ɓangare na Groupungiyar Action a cikin 1951.
A lokacin rikicin Najeriya da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin 1966, Enahoro shi ne shugaban tawagar Mid-West na wancan lokacin zuwa Taron Tsarin Mulki na Ad Hoc a Legas. Daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Tarayya (Ministan) na Watsa Labarai da Kwadago a karkashin Gwamnatin Soja ta Janar Yakubu Gowon, 1967-77; Kwamishinan Tarayya na Ayyuka na Musamman, 1975. Daga baya ya zama memba na National Party of Nigeria, NPN, 1978–83. Ya kasance shugaban kasa, Bikin Duniya na Fasaha da Al'adu na Duniya, 1972-75.
Enahoro ya kasance shugaban National Democratic hadin gwiwa (NADECO), a pro-dimokuradiyya kungiyar cewa ya yi yaƙi fir'auna Sani Abacha har Abacha ta mutuwa. Enahoro an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Kwamanda, Order of the Federal Republic, CFR, a 1982, kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar Movement for Reformation National, MNR; kazalika da Pro-National Conference Organisation, PRONACO . Jami'ar Benin ta bashi lambar girmamawa ta DSC a shekarar 1972. Littattafan nasa sun hada da rubutun Fugitive Offender . Enahoro ya yi wasan golf kuma ya bi kiriket da wasa. Enahoro wakili ne ga yawancin tarurrukan tsarin mulki da suka jagoranci samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960.
Rikici a Yammacin Najeriya
A lokacin rikicin 1962 a tsohuwar yankin Yamma, an tsare shi tare da sauran mambobin kungiyar Action . An zargi Enahoro da cin amanar kasa yayin shari’ar juyin mulki da ake zargin Awolowo da aikatawa, Enahoro ya tsere ta kasar Ghana zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1963, Najeriya ta bukaci a mika Enahoro a karkashin Dokar Gudanar da Laifukan Masu Laifi na 1881, ta hana shi neman mafakar siyasa. A farkon 1963, sabon shugaban jam'iyyar Labour, Harold Wilson, ya gano abin kunyar da kama Enahoro da ɗaurin kurkukun ya haifar. Ma'aikata sun ci gaba da kai hari a cikin House of Commons, tare da tallafi daga wasu Tories, tare da goyan bayan kafofin watsa labarai. Ya kasance ɗayan sanannun Nigeriansan Najeriya a Biritaniya. Shi "mai laifi ne mai tsere" wanda ya haifar da muhawara ta kwanaki a cikin majalisar ta Commons a cikin 1963 yayin da yake gwagwarmaya da mika shi.
"Al'amarin na Enahoro" ya zama batun 'yancin ɗan adam tare da babban burin gwamnati na kada ta fusata Najeriya, kuma ya sanya firayim minista Tory, Harold Macmillan, da sakataren gidansa, Henry Brooke, cikin tsaka mai wuya.
An dawo da shi daga Burtaniya kuma an daure shi saboda cin amanar ƙasa. A 1966, Gwamnatin Soja ta sake shi.
Wasanni
Enahoro ya fito ne daga asalin wasanni. Ya yi fice a wasanni a Kwalejin King kuma an yaba masa da kasancewa dan Najeriya na farko da ya samu shiga kungiyar wasan golf a Najeriya. Ya sami nasarar kawo nakasasshensa zuwa mutum-mutumi guda daya yayin da yake aikin golf. Hakanan shi ne ya jagoranci kawo FESTAC zuwa Nijeriya a cikin shekarun 1970s, a lokacin ne kuma Muhammad Ali da Pele suka ziyarci ƙasar don yabawa sosai. Duk 'ya'yansa sun yi fice a wasanni yayin karatunsu da shekarun Jami'a, suna wasa Kwallan kafa, Rugby, Golf da Tennis. Kenneth (1953-2017) da Eugene gwanaye ne masu son wasan golf kuma sun kafa membobin kungiyar Asabar a Benin Golf Club. Annabella tana yin aikin Pilates kuma Gabriel mai son keke ne.
Legacy
A shekarar 1953, Anthony Enahoro ya gabatar da kudirin neman mulkin kai a Majalisar Dokoki ta Yamma, wanda a karshe ya haifar da samun ‘yancin kan Najeriya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960.
Iyali
Enahoro ya bar matarsa Helen [née Ediae] (1933-2012), yaransu biyar, jikoki da jikoki da dama.
Littattafai
Mai laifi mai gudu: labarin fursunonin siyasa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Anthony Enahoro: Tabbacin Cutar
Anthony Enahoro: Gwajin Siyasa a Tarihi: Daga Tsoho zuwa Yau
Pages with unreviewed translations |
52924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar%20Khoury | Pilar Khoury | Pilar Tony Khouri ( ; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1994) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar Féminine ta Division 2 ta Faransa da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lebanon .
Khoury ya taka leda a matakin kwaleji don Ottawa Gee-Gees, ƙungiyar Jami'ar Ottawa ; Ta bar a 2016 a matsayin wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye 58. Khoury ta koma Faransa a wannan shekarar, inda ta shiga Albi a cikin Division 1 Féminine ; Daga nan ta taka leda a kungiyoyin Division 2 Grenoble, Saint-Étienne da Nantes.
An haife shi a Kanada, Khouri dan asalin Labanon ne kuma ya wakilci Lebanon a duniya tun 2021. Ta taimaka wa Lebanon ta lama ta biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta WAFF ta 2022, inda ta ci kwallonta ta farko a duniya.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Khoury a Kanada ga iyayen Lebanon . Ta yi nuni da cewa, al'ummar Lebanon da al'adun da suka girma sun kewaye ta, saboda yawan 'yan kasar Lebanon da ke yankinta.
Aikin kulob
Matasa da jami'a
A shekaru 10, Khoury ta fara aikin samartaka a kulob din Ottawa Gloucester Hornets na gida, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru bakwai. Ta fara ne a matsayin mai tsaron gida, kafin a motsa ta zuwa gaba a shekarar da ta gabata a kulob din.
Daga nan Khoury ya koma ƙungiyar Jami'ar Ottawa, Ottawa Gee-Gees . Ta yi nasarar samun nasararta a kakar wasa ta uku a kulob din, inda ta karya tarihin zura kwallaye a jami'a har sau biyu tare da lashe kofuna da dama. Khoury ta kammala aikinta tare da 'yar wasan Ottawa Gee-Gees a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallo a raga, da kwallaye 58.
Albi
Khoury ta fara babban aikinta a cikin Shekarar 2016, inda ta koma Division 1 Féminine side Albi a Faransa a ranar 1 ga Agusta. Bayan kasancewa ajiyar farko na farkon kakar 2016-17, ta zama na yau da kullum a cikin rabi na biyu kuma ta taimaka wa gefenta don kauce wa relegation. Kakar ta na biyu ta ga Koury ya rasa gmatches da yawa saboda raunin da ya faru, kuma an mayar da kulob din zuwa Division 2 Féminine .
Grenoble
Ta koma Grenoble don lokacin 2018 – 19 a cikin Division 2. Bayan da aka tashi a hankali, inda ta ci sau daya a farkon kakar wasa ta bana, Koury ta ci kwallaye 10 a wasanni 10 na gaba. Ta kuma ci kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu na Coupe de France féminine .
Saint-Étienne
A cikin shekara 2019, Khoury ta shiga rukunin na biyu na Saint-Étienne inda, a cikin kakar 2019-20, ta zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 11. Ta kuma zura kwallo daya tilo a wasanta na Coupe de France. A cikin 2020-21, Khouri ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu, kafin a soke kakar wasa saboda annobar COVID-19 a Faransa . Ta kammala da kwallaye 11 a wasanni 18 a dukkan gasa.
Nantes
A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2021, Khouri ya koma Nantes . Ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 5 ga Satumba, a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 da Lens . A ranar 10 Oktoba, Koury ta zira kwallonta ta farko ga Nantes, inda ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe 3-0 da Orléans . Ta ƙare kakar 2021 – 22 tare da kwallaye shida a cikin wasannin gasar 20, ta rasa ci gaban Division 1 da maki ɗaya. Khoury ta kuma ci kwallo daya a wasanni biyar na Coupe de France, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An haife shi a Kanada, Khouri dan asalin Labanon ne. Ta bayyana sha'awarta ta taka leda a Lebanon fiye da Kanada, tana mai cewa ta yi mafarkin wakiltar gwagwalad Lebanon tun tana karama.
An fara kiran Khoury ne zuwa kasar Lebanon a watan Afrilun 2021, gabanin wasan sada zumunci da za a yi a Armenia. Game da kiran da aka yi mata na farko, ta ce: “Ina da wahalar bayyana ma’anar hakan a gare ni. Don in wakilci ƙasar iyayena bayan duk sadaukarwar da suka yi don harkar ƙwallon ƙafata.” Koyaya, saboda sakamakon tabbatacce ga COVID-19, ta kasa tafiya.
Ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta taimakawa Lebanon ta doke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta mata ta AFC ta 2022 . An kira Khoury don wakiltar gwagwalad Lebanon a Gasar Mata ta WAFF ta 2022 ; ta taimaka wa gefenta ya zo na biyu, inda ta ci kwallonta ta farko a gwagwalad duniya a kan Syria a ranar 4 ga Satumba.
Salon wasa
Da farko dan wasan gaba, Khouri ya dan wasan winger yayin zamanta a Nantes.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Kakan mahaifiyar Khoury, Louis Saad, shi ma dan kwallon kafa ne; ya mutu a shekara ta 2013. Khoury ya bayyana cewa ya koya mata yadda ake buga kwallo. Kwanaki kadan kafin rasuwarta, kakanta ya mika mata takardar shaidar zama dan kasar Faransa, wanda ya taimaka mata wajen taka leda a Faransa shekaru uku bayan haka.
Yayin wasa don Ottawa Gee-Gees, Khouri ya gkammala digiri na farko a kimiyyarlafiya tare da ƙarami a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam . Khoury ita ma daliba gwagwalad ce a lokacin da take Albi.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Lebanon na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowane burin Khouri .
Girmamawa
Lebanon
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta WAFF : 2022
Mutum
Gwarzon Dan Wasan OUA : 2014–15, 2015–16
Tauraro na Farko na OUA: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Tawagar farko ta U SPORTS Duk-Kanada: 2014–15, 2015–16
Rubuce-rubuce
Ottawa Gee-Gees duk wanda ya zira kwallaye: kwallaye 58
Duba kuma
Jerin sunayen 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na duniya mata na Lebaon
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
55332 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20504 | Peugeot 504 | Peugeot 504 mota ce mai matsakaicin girma, injin gaba, motar baya-baya wacce Peugeot ta kera kuma ta sayar da ita daga 1968 zuwa 1983 sama da tsara guda ɗaya, musamman a cikin sedan kofa huɗu da na'urorin keken keke - amma kuma a matsayin tagwayen kofa biyu. daidaitawar coupé da cabriolet gami da bambance-bambancen manyan motocin daukar kaya.
Sedan (berline) Aldo Brovarone na Pininfarina ne ya tsara shi, kuma tagwayen coupé da cabriolet Franco Martinengo ne ya yi musu salo a Pininfarina, tare da keken keke (hutu da familiale) da ɗaukar hoto (camionette) da zane-zanen da aka samar a cikin gida a Peugeot.
An lura da 504 don ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin jikin sa, dogon tafiye-tafiyen dakatarwa, izinin ƙasa mai tsayi, manyan ƙafafu da bututun bututun tuki - an lulluɓe shi a cikin bututu mai ƙarfi da aka haɗe a kowane ƙarshen gidan gearbox da casing daban-daban, yana kawar da halayen motsa jiki. 504 a ƙarshe sun sami karɓuwa sosai a cikin ƙasashe masu nisa - waɗanda suka haɗa da Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kamaru, Benin, Kenya da Najeriya.
Fiye da miliyan uku 504 aka kera a cikin samar da Turai, tare da ci gaba da samarwa a duniya a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen lasisi daban-daban - ciki har da 27,000 da aka taru a Kenya da 425,000 da aka taru a Najeriya, ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin buga-sama - tare da samarwa zuwa 2006.
Bayan da aka yi muhawara a matsayin tutar Peugeot a 1968 Paris Salon, 504 sun sami kyautar motar Turai ta 1969. A cikin 2013, jaridar Los Angeles Times ta kira shi "Dokin Aiki na Afirka."
Tarihi
Gabatarwa
An sayar da shi azaman motar saloon na Peugeot, 504 ta fara halartan jama'a a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1968 a Salon Paris . Kaddamar da aikin jarida wanda aka shirya yi a watan Yunin 1968 ya kasance a ƙarshen minti na ƙarshe da aka jinkirta da watanni uku, kuma samarwa ya fara jinkirin farawa makamancin haka saboda rugujewar siyasa da masana'antu wanda ya fashe a duk faɗin Faransa a cikin Mayu 1968.
504 wani saloon ne mai dauke da rufin rana, wanda aka gabatar dashi tare da carbured 1,796 cc hudu-Silinda petrol engine 60 kW (82 PS; 81 hp) DIN da 71 kW (97 PS; 96 hp) akan famfo tare da allurar mai na zaɓi. A lokacin gabatarwa, Peugeot har yanzu tana amfani da ƙimar SAE, tare da da'awar lambobin wutar lantarki 87 da 103. cv bi da bi. Rubuce-rubucen da aka ɗora wa mai saurin gudu huɗu daidai ne; ZF 3HP12 mai sauri mai sauri uku ya zama samuwa tare da injin carburetted wanda ya fara a cikin Fabrairu 1969. A cikin watan Satumba na 1969 an motsa wurin canja wuri ta atomatik daga ginshiƙin tuƙi zuwa ƙasa.
An zabi 504 mota mafi kyawun Turai a shekara ta 1969, an yaba da salo, inganci, chassis, hawa, ganuwa, injina mai ƙarfi da kuma tacewa. 1969 kuma shine lokacin da 504 suka isa kasuwar Ostiraliya.
An gabatar da 504 Injection coupé biyu kofa da cabriolet mai kofa biyu a Salon de Geneva a cikin Maris 1969. Injin ya samar da guda 71 kW (97 PS; 96 hp) na fitarwa kamar yadda yake a cikin saloon mai allurar mai, amma an ɗan yi bitar adadin tuƙi na ƙarshe don ba da ɗan ƙaramin saurin hanya na a 1,000 rpm. Ba kamar saloons ba, coupé da cabriolet sun sami canjin bene.
Samfuran da ke akwai:
504 4-kofa salon
504 Allura 4-kofa saloon
504 Allurar coupé mai kofa 2
504 Allurar 2-kofa cabriolet
1970
504 sun sami sabon silinda hudu 1971 Injin cc 68 kW (93 PS; 92 hp) (carburated) da 76 kW (104 PS; 103 hp) (mai allura). A 1970 Paris Salon wani silinda hudu 2112 Injin diesel cc 48 kW (65 PS; 64 hp) da . Shekara ta 1796 Injin mai cc ba ya wanzu a cikin saloon 504.
A cikin Satumba 1970 an gabatar da wani kadara ("Break"), wanda ke nuna rufin baya mafi girma, tsayin ƙafafu, da ƙaƙƙarfan axle na baya tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa huɗu. An haɗa ta da kujeru 7 "Familiale", wanda ke da dukan mazaunanta suna fuskantar gaba a cikin kujeru guda uku. Hutu/Familiale/Commerciale ba a ci gaba da siyarwa ba har sai Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. Break da Familiale duk sun sami injin mai mai lita 2 ko dizal 2.1 kamar yadda aka saba, amma mai amfani "Commerciale" ya dawo da lita 1.8-4, yanzu an daidaita shi zuwa 54 kW (73 PS; 72 hp) da . Hakanan akwai dizal na Commerciale, yana amfani da 37 kW (50 PS; 49 hp), 1.95-lita XD88 daga 404 Diesel, isa ga babban gudun 118 km/h (73 mph) . Commerciale yana da filaye na ciki, tare da dashboard daban-daban, babu kafet a wurin da ake ɗaukar kaya, da kujeru ba tare da wuraren zama ba. Hakanan an sami ƙarfafa dakatarwa da sauƙi, fitilolin mota guda ɗaya (wanda aka sake gani akan abubuwan ɗaukar hoto daga 1979 akan), bacewar chrome a kusa da tagogin gefe, da wasu sassa na datsa kamar madubin kallon baya an zana su maimakon chromed.
A ƙarshen 1970 an ƙara wani zaɓi na atomatik a cikin coupé da cabriolet - wannan bai taɓa zama babban mai siyarwa ba kuma ba koyaushe ake samun cabriolet ba amma an ci gaba da ba da shi har 1983; a cikin duka kusan 2,500 na kofa biyu 504s sun sami wannan zaɓin watsawa.
Samfura
504 Commerciale 5-kofa mai amfani wagon
504 Salon kofa 4/ Hutu kofa 5/Familiale
504 Allura 4-kofa saloon
504 Commerciale Diesel wagon mai amfani mai kofa 5
504 Diesel saloon mai kofa 4/5-kofa Familiale
504 Allurar coupé mai kofa 2
504 Allurar 2-kofa cabriolet
1971
A lokacin 1971 an gabatar da Break SL ("Super Luxe"), sabuwar ingantacciyar sigar ta na kayan aiki ta amfani da injin mai 2.0-lita carburetted. Ba kamar kekunan yau da kullun ba, SL ɗin ya karɓi fenti na ƙarfe, kayan kwalliya, da sauran ƙarin kayan aiki daban-daban.
1972
A cikin shekarar, man fetur da aka yi wa saloons 504 ya canza zuwa mashin motsawa na ƙasa akan motoci sanye da kayan aikin juyawa kuma. Kamfanin 504 Commerciale ya jefar da fitilun fitilun zagaye don goyon bayan daidaitattun raka'a.
1973
A cikin Afrilu 1973, saboda rikicin man fetur Peugeot ya gabatar da 504 L. Yana nuna wani coil sprung live rear axle da kuma reintroduced karami 1796 Injin cc 58 kW (79 PS; 78 hp) da 60 kW (81 PS; 80 hp) don L Atomatik. Daban-daban gatari na baya yana buƙatar ɗan ƙarin sarari; wannan yana buƙatar wasu gyare-gyare zuwa kwanon rufin ƙasa wanda ke nufin ƙarancin sarari takalmi da ɗakin bayan gida. A lokaci guda kuma, an sake fasalin jeri kamar yadda aka jera a kasa. Hakanan sabon shine salon LD 504, wanda yayi daidai da dizal na Commerciale kodayake yana samar da 41 kW (56 PS; 55 hp) da . Za'a iya gane salon salon L ta ɓatattun magudanan ruwa. Har ila yau, a cikin 1973, an maye gurbin ginshiƙan ginshiƙan ta hanyar bene da aka ɗora a kan dukkanin salon 504.
Manazarta |
16403 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrarrun%20Hausawa | Shahrarrun Hausawa | Wannan jeri ne na mutanan Hausawa, jerin ya kuma kunshi wadanda suka shahara ne tun a bangaren ilimin addinni, ma'ana sanannu ne a kasar hausa.
Masana Ilimin Musulunci
Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel
Ahmad Abubakar Gumi
Dahiru Usman Bauchi
Isa Ali Pantami
Ibrahim Zakzaky
Ja'afar Mahmud Adam
Kabiru Gombe
Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria
Sani Yahaya Jingir
Abubakar Gumi
Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman
Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa
Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara
Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari
Atiku Sanka
Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari
Umar Sani Fagge
Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu
Sheikh Abduljabar Nasiru Kabara
Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas
Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu
Sarakuna
Abdulmumini Kabir Usman
Daurama
Faruk Umar Faruk
Queen Amina
Muhammad Rumfa
Yaji I
Yunfa
Ado Bayero
Sunusi Lamido Sunusi
Shehu Idris
Usman Dan Fodiyo
Masana ilmin zamani
Attahiru Jega
M. S. Zahraddeen
Abba Gumel
Dandatti Abdulkadir
Sarki Abba Abdulkadir
Abubakar Adamu Rasheed
Muhammad Yahuza Bello
Abdalla Uba Adamu
Rabia Salihu Sa'id
Tanko Muhammad
Abdullahi Mustapha
Prof. Ango Abdullahi
Ibrahim Garba
'Yan Kasuwa
Aliko Dangote
Alhassan Dantata
Alhaji Aminu Dantata
Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu
Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu
Bashir Dalhatu
A.A Rano
Alh.Nafiu Rabiu
Marubuta
Zaynab Alkali
Abdulbaqi Jari
Fauziyya D Sulaiman
Hauwa Ali
Abubakar Imam
Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma
Aliyu Kamal
Auwalu Salisu Ringim
Rahama Abdulmajid
Zahra,u Baba Yakasai
Shafi,U Dauda Giwa
Zuwaira gire
'Yan Jarida
Mallam Usman Usman
Jamilah Tangaza
Nasiru Salisu Zango
Ahmed Abba Abdullahi
Aminu Abdulkadir
Ibrahim Mijinyawa
Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina
Elhadji Diori Coulibaly
Imam Saleh
Aisha Sharif Baffa
Auwal Ahmad Janyau
Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi
Bilkisu Babangida
Halima Umar Saleh
Haruna Shehu Tangaza
Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi
Raliya Zubairu
Sani Aliyu
Umayma Sani Abdulmumin
Umar Rayyan
Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai
Khalifa Shehu Dokaji
Umar Shehu Elleman
Ahmad Idi Sumaila
Abdurrahman Nuraini
Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada
Ahmad Garzali Yakubu
Masana shari'a
Sidi Bage
Tanko Muhammad
Gidan Soja
Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau
Abdulsalam Abubakar
Ibrahim Babangida
Muhammadu Buhari
Murtala Mohammed
Sani Abacha
Mansur Dan Ali
Mamman Kontagora
wushishi
Mawaƙa
Na zamani
1 hamisu breaker
2 Nura m inuwa
3 Umar m Shariff
4 Ado isa gwanja
5 Aminu ladan Aka
6 Hussaini Danko
7 isa ayagi
8 Auta waziri
Na Gargajiya
Alhaji Mamman Shata
Dan Maraya Jos
Dan Anace
Garba Supa
Aliyu Dandawo
Sani Aliyu Dandawo
Ibrahim Narambada
Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho
Salihu Jan kiɗi
Kurna Maradun
Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun
Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina
Illan Kalgo
Sa'idu Faru
Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle
Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo
Gawo Filinge
Ɗan Giwa Zuru
Garbaliyo Mai Goge
Audu Karen Gusau
Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna
Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos
Ibrahim Ɗan Mani
Mammalo Shata
Muhammadu Ganga-ganga
Uwaliya Mai Amada
Uwani Zakirai
Barmani Coge
Assha Fallatiyya
Kaka Dawa
Huruna Uji Hadeja
Sabo Sayasaya
Hasan Wayam
Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano
Sani Mai Bango
Sani Sabulu Kanowa
Sani Ɗan Indo
Ali Mai Mandula
Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri
Shana Ɗan Kama
Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale
Gambu Makaɗin Maza
Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi
Adhama mai Kidan Gangi
Shafi'u Mai Gangi
Musa Ɗan Ba'u
Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi
Sale Gambara
Musa Dan Goma
Ibrahim Na Habu
Musa Gumel mai Gurmi
Surajo Mai Asharalle
Audu Karakara
Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.
Na Zamani
Nazifi Asnanic
Naziru M Ahmad
Nura M Inuwa
Sadiq Zazzabi
Ali Jita
Abubakar Sani
'Yan Siyasa
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Ahmadu Bello Sardauna
Maitama Sule
Abba Kabir Yusuf
Alhaji Isa Kaita
Yakubu Dogara
Aminu Tambuwal
Hadiza Bala Usman
Kabir Tukur Ibrahim
Mahamadou Issoufou
Muhammadu Buhari
Mustapha Baba Shehuri
Rabiu Kwankwaso
Umar Ganduje
Namadi Sambo
Umaru Dikko
Sule Lamido
Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i
Ibrahim Shekarau
Aminu Kano
Bello Matawalle
Aminu Masari
Suleiman Hunkuyi
'Yan sanda
Hafiz Ringim
Suleiman Abba
Mohammed Dikko Abubakar
Suleiman Abba
Muhammad Wakili
Jaruman fina-finai
Ali Nuhu
Adam A Zango
Hadiza Aliyu
Hafsat Idris
Rahama Sadau
Shehu Hassan Kano
Rabilu Musa
Sani Musa Danja
Saratu Gidado
Aisha Tsamiya
Momi Gombe
'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa
Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo
Amadou Moutari
Habib Mohamed
Haruna Babangida
Masahudu Alhassan
Mohammed Abu
Mohammed Rabiu
Moussa Maâzou
Sani Kaita
Shehu Abdullahi
Tijani Babangida
Umar Sadiq
Wakaso Mubarak
Manazarta
http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman
https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088
Hausa people
Lists of people by ethnicity |
25727 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jifan%20Iblis | Jifan Iblis | Jifan Iblis (Larabci: رمي الجمرات ramy al-jamarāt, lit. "jamarat [wurin duwatsu]") wani bangare ne na aikin hajjin Musulunci na shekara-shekara zuwa birnin Makka mai alfarma a Saudi Arabia. A lokacin bukukuwan, mahajjatan Musulmai suna jifar duwatsu a bango uku (ginshiƙai na farko), waɗanda ake kira jamarāt, a cikin garin Mina da ke gabacin Makka. Yana daga cikin jerin ayyukan ibada da dole ne a yi su a aikin Hajji. Yana nuna alamar aikin hajji na Ibrahim (ko na Ibrahim), inda ya jejjefe ginshiƙai guda uku waɗanda ke wakiltar jarabar rashin biyayya ga Allah.
A ranar Eid al-Adha (ranar 10 ga watan Dhu al-Hijjah), mahajjata dole ne su bugi Babban Jamarah ko Al-Jamrah Al-Aqaba da tsakuwa bakwai. Bayan an kammala jifan a ranar Idi, kowane mahajjaci dole ne ya aske gashin kansa. A kan kowane kwana biyu masu zuwa, dole ne su bugi dukkan bango uku da tsakuwa bakwai kowanne, daga gabas zuwa yamma. Don haka aƙalla ana buƙatar tsakuwa 49 don bukukuwan, fiye da haka idan wasu jifa sun ɓace. Wasu mahajjata suna zama a Mina na ƙarin rana, a wannan yanayin dole ne su sake jifar kowane bango sau bakwai. Dutsen da aka yi amfani da su wajen jifan al'ada ana taruwa ne a Muzdalifah, a kudu maso gabashin Mina, a daren kafin jifa na farko, amma kuma ana iya tattara shi a Mina.
Sauya ginshiƙai
Har zuwa 2004, jamarāt (guda ɗaya: jamrah) dogayen ginshiƙai ne. Bayan aikin Hajjin alib 2004, hukumomin Saudiyya sun maye gurbin ginshiƙan da bango mai tsawon mita 26 (ƙafa 85) don aminci; mutane da dama sun yi ta jifan tsakuwa a kan mutanen da ke gefe. Don ba da damar shiga jamarāt cikin sauƙi, an gina gada mai hawa ɗaya da ake kira Gadar Jamaraat a kusa da su, wanda ke ba mahajjata damar jifa da duwatsu daga matakin ƙasa ko daga gada.
Ana kiran jamarāt (farawa daga gabas):
jamrah ta farko (al-jamrah al-'ūlā), ko ƙaramar jamrah (الجمرة الصغرى al-jamrah aṣ-ṣughrā),
tsakiyar jamrah (الجمرة الوسطى al-jamrah al-wusṭā),
mafi girma jamrah (الجمرة الكبرى al-jamrah al-kubrā), ko Jamrah na Aqaba (جمرة العقبة jamrat al-ʿaqaba).
Kafin 2004, tazara tsakanin ƙaramar da tsakiyar jamarāt ita ce 135 m (443 ft); tsakanin tsakiyar da manyan jamarāt ya kai mita 225 (738 ft).
Muhimmancin tarihi da ruhaniya
Al-Azraqi ya yi bayanin yadda ibadar Ibrahim (Ibrāhīm) ta kasance a Makka kamar yadda masanin tarihin al-Azraqi ya bayyana:Lokacin da [Ibrahim] ya bar Mina aka sauko da shi zuwa (alfarmar da ake kira) al-Aqaba, Iblis ya bayyana gare shi a Dutsen Dutse na Kazanta. Sai Jibrilu (Jibril) ya ce masa: ka jajjefe shi! don haka Ibrahim ya jefe shi da duwatsu bakwai har ya bace masa. Sa'an nan ya bayyana a gare shi a Tsakiyar Tsaku-Tsibi. Jibrilu ya ce masa: ka jajjefe shi! don haka ya jefe shi da duwatsu bakwai har ya bace masa. Sa'an nan ya bayyana a gare shi a Littlean Dutsen Dutse. Jibrilu ya ce masa: ka jajjefe shi! don haka ya jefe shi da duwatsu bakwai (7) kamar ƙananan duwatsu don jifa da majajjawa. Don haka Iblis ya janye daga gare shi.Duk jamarāt guda uku suna wakiltar shaidan: na farko kuma mafi girma yana wakiltar fitinar da ya yi wa Ibrahim kan yin hadaya da Ishmael (Isma'il); na biyun yana wakiltar fitinar matar Hajaratu (Hājar) ta sa ta hana shi; na uku yana wakiltar fitinar da ya yi wa Isma’il don guje wa yin hadaya. An tsawata masa a kowane lokaci, kuma jifa da duwatsu alama ce ta tsautawar.
Jifan jamarāt kuma yana wakiltar kin mutuncin kan mutum (an-nafs al-'Amāra, a zahiri "mai mulkin cikin gida") da kuma yin watsi da ƙarancin son zuciya da buri. Kamar yadda wani malamin addinin Musulunci yake cewa:
Abubuwan da suka faru
Ana ɗaukar jifan Iblis a matsayin mafi haɗari na aikin hajji, kamar yadda motsin mutane ba zato ba tsammani akan ko kusa da gadar Jamaraat na iya sa a murƙushe mutane. A lokuta da dama, dubban mahalarta sun shaƙa ko aka tattake su har lahira.
Wani muhimmin mataki wajen gudanar da taron jama'a shine maye gurbin ginshiƙan jamarāt ta bango don sauƙaƙe da hanzarta jifa. An kuma fadada gadar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don karbar adadin mahajjatan da ke yin aikin Hajji a kowace shekara.
Yanayin cunkoson jama'a na da wahala musamman a ranar ƙarshe ta aikin Hajji, wanda shine ranar da mahajjata ke barin kwarin Mina su koma Makka don yin Tawaf na bankwana (dawafin ƙarshe na Ka'aba). Kamar yadda hadisi yazo mana, an yi jifa na Muhammad ne bayan sallar azahar. Malamai da yawa suna jin cewa ana iya yin al'ada kowane lokaci tsakanin tsakar rana da faɗuwar rana a wannan rana; duk da haka, ana koya wa Musulmai da yawa cewa ya kamata a yi ta nan da nan bayan sallar azahar. Wannan yana haifar da mutane suna yin sansani har zuwa tsakar rana kuma suna hanzarta fita don yin jifa.
An ce wadannan dalilai guda biyu ne suka haddasa turmutsitsin a lokacin aikin Hajjin 2006 wanda ya kashe akalla mahajjata 346 tare da jikkata akalla 289. Wannan ya kasance duk da ƙoƙarin da mahukunta suka yi na sanar da mahajjata game da halaccin girgiza ziyarar su zuwa jamarat tare da umartar su da barin kayan su a tantunan su. Wani abin da ke kara rudani a cikin bala'in shi ne rashin hadin kai daga mahajjatan da ba sa barin yankin jamarāt ta hanyar da ta dace, don haka suke tsoma baki cikin motsin wasu da ke zuwa.
Wani murkushewar ya faru a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2015, a Mina lokacin da aka kashe akalla mahajjata 2,411, sabon kididdigar Associated Press ya nuna, sau uku adadin mutuwar da masarautar ta amince da shi bayan watanni uku. Alkaluman AP sun tabbatar da murkushe ranar 24 ga Satumba a Mina a matsayin mafi muni a tarihin aikin hajji na shekara -shekara. Hakan ya faru ne makwanni kadan bayan rushewar kyankyaso a Makka.
Hukumomi sun ce murkushe Mina da turmutsutsun ya faru ne lokacin da igiyar mahajjata biyu suka hadu a kan wata kunkuntar hanya, ta shaka ko tattake wadanda bala’in ya rutsa da su.
Saudi Arabiya ta kashe biliyoyin daloli kan kula da cunkoson jama'a da matakan tsaro ga wadanda ke halartar aikin hajjin na kwanaki biyar na shekara-shekara, wanda ake bukata ga kowane musulmi mai karfin jiki sau daya a rayuwarsa, amma yawan mahalarta taron ya sa tabbatar da tsaronsu ke da wahala. Aikin hajjin a shekarar 2015 ya jawo mahajjata miliyan biyu, kodayake a shekarun baya -bayan nan ya jawo sama da miliyan uku ba tare da wani babban abin da ya faru ba.
Koyaya, masana sun ce yawan taron yana iya haifar da rugujewar jama'a a cikin irin wannan yanayi. Edwin Galea na Jami'ar Greenwich ya ce: "Idan kuna tsara wani taron don kula da yawan taron, yana da haɗari." Ya yi nuni da cewa mutane 500,000 a awa daya da za su iya tsallake gadar Jamarat bayan da aka fadada ta a shekarar 2004 daidai yake da mafi yawan mutanen da ke da kwallon kafa sau daya a kowane minti 24 ko kuma yawan mutanen Jamus a cikin mako guda. Magani guda daya zai iya kasancewa shine yada aikin Hajji na tsawon lokaci.
Manazarta |
33639 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanrewaju%20Durodola | Olanrewaju Durodola | Olanrewaju Durodola (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba 1980) ƙwararren ɗan damben Najeriya ne wanda ya rike kambun ajin na Afirka tun Fabrairu 2020, kuma a baya ya zama taken WBC Silver cruiserweight daga 2015 zuwa 2016. A matsayinsa na mai son ya yi takara a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2009, dukansu a heavyweight.
Sana'a/Aiki
A babban wasan sa daya tilo da ya gabatar ya sha da kyar 29:29 a hannun Camille Michel na Seychelles a gasar Commonwealth ta 2006.
Durodola na 1.92/6'3' bai fafata a gasar All-African Games na 2007 ba amma ya samu cancantar shiga gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta Afirka ta 2008 ta AIBA ta 2008 ta doke da sauran su Awusone Yekeni.
Ya yi rashin nasara a wasansa na Olympics a hannun Cuban Osmay Acosta, Acosta ya ci gaba da samun lambar tagulla.
An san shi da ikonsa na bugawa, har ma a cikin masu son, bayan da ya dakatar da yawancin abokan hamayyarsa.
A cikin shekarar 2011, Durodola ya zama mai sana'a. An shirya fafatawar ta farko a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu a zauren Tunatarwa a Kansas City, Kansas, amma an soke wannan faɗan lokacin da abokin hamayyarsa ya janye daga faɗan a minti na ƙarshe. Tun daga 2013, Durodola ya lashe taken WBC Continental Americas Cruiser Weight Championship da WBC Silver Cruiserweight Championship.
Ƙwararrun 'yan dambe
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=9|42 fights, 34 wins (31 knockouts), 8 losses
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
! Number
! Result
! Record
! Opponent
! Type
! Rd., Time
! Date
! Location
! Notes
|-
|42
|Loss
|34–8
|style="text-align:left;"| Richard Riakporhe
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|41
|Win
|34–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Olarewaju Segun
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|40
|Win
|33–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Abraham Tabul
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|39
|Win
|32–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Vikapita Meroro
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|38
|Win
|31–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Kabiru Towolawi
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|37
|Win
|30–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Michael Godwin
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|36
|Loss
|29–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Michał Cieślak
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|35
|Win
|29–6
|style="text-align:left;"| Maroy Sadiki
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|34
|Win
|28–6
|style="text-align:left;"| Jackson Dos Santos
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|33
|Loss
|27–6
|style="text-align:left;"| Krzysztof Włodarczyk
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|32
|Loss
|27–5
|style="text-align:left;"| Maxim Vlasov
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|31
|Win
|27–4
|style="text-align:left;"| Maroy Sadiki
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|30
|Win
|26–4
|style="text-align:left;"| Karama Nyilawila
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|29
|Loss
|25–4
|style="text-align:left;"| Dmitry Kudryashov
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|28
|Win
|25–3
|style="text-align:left;"| Mussa Ajibu
|
||
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|align=left|
|-
|27
|Win
|24–3
|style="text-align:left;"| Pascal Ndomba
|
|
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|26
|Win
|23–3
|align=left| Yuberti Suarez Diaz
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|25
|Loss
|22–3
|align=left| Mairis Briedis
|
|9 (12)
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|24
|Win
|22–2
|align=left| Dmitry Kudryashov
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|23
|Win
|21–2
|align=left| Paakwesi Ankrah
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|22
|Win
|20–2
|align=left| Walter David Cabral
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|21
|Win
|19–2
|align=left| Joell Godfrey
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|20
|Win
|18–2
|align=left| Max Heyman
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|19
|Loss
|17–2
|align=left| Thabiso Mchunu
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|18
|Win
|17–1
|align=left| Mitch Williams
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|17
|Win
|16–1
|align=left| Harvey Jolly
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|16
|Win
|15–1
|align=left| Victor Barragan
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|15
|Win
|14–1
|align=left| Shannon Miller
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|14
|Win
|13–1
|align=left| Billy Cunningham
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|13
|Win
|12–1
|align=left| Aduku Nsor
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|12
|Win
|11–1
|align=left| Ibrahim Marshall
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|11
|Win
|10–1
|align=left| Sam Hill
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|10
|Loss
|9–1
|align=left| Akhror Muralimov
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|9
|Win
|9–0
|align=left| Calvin Rooks
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|8
|Win
|8–0
|align=left| Maron Jackson
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|7
|Win
|7–0
|align=left| Joseph Rabotte
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|6
|Win
|6–0
|align=left| Lance Gauch
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|5
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Dione Craig
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|4
|Win
|4–0
|align=left| Jason Massie
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|3
|Win
|3–0
|align=left| Benjamin Cantwell
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|2
|Win
|2–0
|align=left| Jamal Woods
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-
|1
|Win
|1–0
|align=left| John Blanchard
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|}
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanai
cancantar shiga gasar Olympic
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1980 |
52241 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina%20Giacinti | Valentina Giacinti | Valentina Giacinti (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1994) ƙwararriyar yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Italiya wacce ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar Seria A AS Roma da ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Italiya .
Aikin kulob
PCA Atalanta
Giacinti ta fara aiki tare da ƙungiyar matasan PCA Atalanta. Ta yi babban aikinta na farko a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta, 2010 a matsayin maye gurbin minti na 65 a wasan Seria A da Graphistudio Tavagnacco . Ta buga wasanni goma a kungiyar a kakar wasa ta farko amma ba ta zura kwallo a raga ba. An Atalanta ta koma zuwa Serie A2 a karshen kakar wasa.
Lokacin shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011 Seria A2 wannan shineh lokacin da ta kuma bayyana kanta a matsayin Giacinti yayin da ta kafa kanta a matsayin mai farawa ga ƙungiyar ta. Za ta fara kakar wasan ta ne da burinta na farko a fagen aiki a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2010 a wasan lig da ta yi da Entella Chiavari, ta kawo karshen wasan da zura kwallaye uku a raga. ta kawo karshen kakar wasan da kwallaye 15 a wasanni 21 da ta buga. ta ci wasu kwallaye 19 a wasanni 25.
Napoli
A ranar 17 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2012, Giacinti ta kammala kowarta zuwa Napoli . A ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta, 2012, ta ci kwallonta ta farko a kungiyar a wasan Coppa Italia wanda suka kara da Caira.
a
ta kawo karshen kakar wasan da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 34 da ta buga a duk gasar.
A ranar 17 ga watan Yuli a shekara 2013,
Giacinti ta canja sheka i zuwa Mozzanica .
Brescia
A lokacin rani na shekarar, 2017, Giacinti ta koma Brescia don ci gaba da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata na UEFA Gasan zakarun nahiyar turai ta mata. Yayin da take tare da Brescia, ta lashe kambun Supercoppa Italiana a karon farko kuma ta kammala kakar wasanta a matsayin wacce ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar a karo na biyu a cikin rayuwarta, da kwallaye 21, kuma ta taimaka wa kulob din ya kai ga matakin wasan karshe na scudetto kafin suyi rashin nasara a gasar. A hannun Juventus.
AC Milan
A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2018, AC Milan ta sayi lasisin Brescia's Seria A da kwangilolinsu na 'yan wasan don fara nasu sashin mata . Daga nan sai aka mayar da kwantiragin Giacinti zuwa sabuwar kungiyar AC Milan Femminile. ta ci gaba da zura kwallaye a raga kuma ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 21 a wasanni 21 da ta buga.
Bayan tafiyar Daniela Sabatino a cikin kakar shekarar, 2019 zuwa 2020, Giacinti ta zama sabon kyaftin na kungiyar Milan. Ta sha wahala a cikin mahaifa a lokacin wasan gida da Tavagnacco . Ta kasance tana jinya na 'yan kwanaki kafin a dakatar da gasar saboda cutar ta COVID-19.
A kakar wasa na gaba, Giacinti ta taimaka wa AC Milan samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta UEFA a karon farko a tarihinta yayinda ta zo ta biyu a gasar. kuma sun kai wasan kar she a gasar Coppa Italia, inda suka yi rashin nasara a kan Roma da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Kuma ta kawo karshen kakar wasan a matsayin wacce ta fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar da kwallaye 24 a wasanni 29 da ta buga a duk gasar.
A kakar wasa ta hudu tare da kulob din, Giacinti ta zama yar wasa na farko da ta haye kwallaye 50 a gasar Seria A sanye da rigar Rossoneri. An cire mata kyaftin din hannu don goyon bayan Valentina Bergamaschi sakamakon wasu rikice-rikice da ma'aikatan fasaha. Sannan ta bar kulob din a lokacin bazara.
Fiorentina (rance)
A lokacin chinikaiyar yan wasa ta watan Janairu shekara ta, 2022, Giacinti ta kammala canja wuri zuwa aro a Fiorentina . Kwallonta ta farko a cikin rigar purple ta zo ne a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Juventus a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2022. Ta ji rauni a ranar 20 ga watan Maris a shekara ta,2022 a wasan gida da Verona. ta dawo ne a ranar karshe ta gasar inda ta zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Empoli kuma ta taimakawa Fiorentina ta kaucewa faduwa.
AS Roma
A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2022, Giacinti ta kammala canja sheka zuwa Roma. Ta fara wasanta na farko a kungiyar a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2022, yayin wasan farko na Roma a wasan UEFA zakarun lahiyar turai na mata da Glasgow City. Kwallontta ta farko a cikin Giallorossi riagar ta zo a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2022 wanda sukayi nasara 2:0 a waje da Pomigliano . A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba a2022, ta lashe Supercoppa Italiana a karo na biyu a cikin aikinta bayan sun doke Juventus da ci 4-3 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida . A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2023, ta buga wasanta na 250 a Seria A yayin wasan lig da Inter Milan.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An ambaci Giacinti a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Italiya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA na shekarar 2019 . Duk da irin rawar da Giacinti ta samu a matakin kulob, kocin tawagar kasar Milena Bertolini ya so ya tura ta a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ta a gasar. Giacinti ce ta zura kwallon farko a ragar Italiya a wasan da suka doke China da ci 2-0 a zagaye na 16.
Kididdigar sana'a
Ƙasashen Duniya
Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen Italiya na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Giacinti.
Girmamawa
Brescia
Supercoppa Italiyanci : 2017–18
Supercoppa Italiyanci : 2022-23
Mafi kyawun Mata na AIC XI: 2019
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1994
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
52888 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammir | Sammir | Jorge Sammir Cruz Campos (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1987), wanda aka fi sani da Sammir, ɗan ƙasar Brazil ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari . An haife shi a Brazil, Sammir ya zama ɗan ƙasar Croatia kuma an buga shi sau bakwai don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Croatia . An zabe shi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 2014.
Aikin kulob
Brazil
An haife shi a Itabuna, Bahia, Sammir ya shiga tsarin matasan Atlético Paranaense a shekarar 2001, yana da shekaru 14, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Atlético Mineiro . An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiya ta farko a cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2004, amma ya kasa yin wata alama ga kulob ɗin Brazil kuma daga baya aka ba shi aro ga Ferroviária .
A cikin Watan Disamba na shekarar 2005 Sammir ya shiga Paulista shi ma a yarjejeniyar wucin gadi. Bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemo wurinsa, ya koma Furacão a cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2006, kuma an sake shi a watan Agusta.
A cikin watan Satumba shekarar 2006 Sammir ya shiga Venda Nova, kulob din dan kasuwa, nan da nan an ba shi rancen zuwa São Caetano . Ya bayyana akai-akai ga gefe a cikin watanni biyu.
Dinamo Zagreb
A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 Sammir ya shiga Dinamo Zagreb a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa . Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 17 ga watan Maris shekarar 2007 a wasan lig da Rijeka .
A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Sammir ya buga wasanni gwagwalad goma sha daya a kungiyar kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar Slaven Belupo . Ya kuma buga wasanni hudu a gasar cin kofin Croatian 2006–07 . A kakar wasansa ta farko da kungiyar Sammir ya riga ya lashe gasar lig da kofin, wanda shi ne karo na farko da kungiyar ta lashe sau uku a jere daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2009.
2007-08 kakar
A cikin Shekarar 2007-08 kakar, ya koma Dinamo Zagreb ya zama dindindin kamar gwagwalad yadda Dinamo Zagreb ya biya € 1.4 miliyan ga tsohon kulob din a cewar kafofin watsa labarai. Sammir ya fara buga wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar turai, inda ya taka rawar gani a dukkan wasannin da kungiyar ta buga na cin kofin Uefa da na gasar zakarun Turai . Ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na dama, yana canza matsayi tare da kyaftin din tawagar Luka Modrić, yana wasa a gefen filin wasa.A kakar wasa ta biyu da kulob din ya lashe duka biyun cikin gida da kuma kofin, Sammir yana shiga cikin wasanni 24 na gasar, kwallaye hudu, da kuma wasanni 4 na kofin. Ya buga wasanni 38 a kungiyar kuma ya zura kwallaye biyar a raga a kakar wasa ta bana.
2008-09 kakar
Bayan tafiyar Luka Modrić, Sammir an ba shi lambar lambar 10. Kulob din ya sake maimaita nasarar da aka samu daga gwagwalad lokutan yanayi biyu da suka gabata, yana sake maimaita sau biyu a kakar 2008-09 . Ya rasa wasa daya kacal a cikin wasanni 33 da aka buga, inda ya zura kwallaye 8 a cikin wannan tsari. Ya buga wasanni goma sha daya a gasar UEFA sannan kuma ya kara buga wasanni biyar a gwagwalada gasar cin kofin Croatia. Gabaɗaya ya buga wasanni 44 kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha ɗaya.
2009-10 kakar
A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, a farkon kakar shekarar 2009–10, Sammir ya zura hat – dabaran sa na farko ga Dinamo a nasarar da suka yi a gida da ci 5 – 0 da NK Osijek, ya mai da fanareti biyu da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida . Kulob din ya kasa kare kofin gasar a waccan lokacin, amma ya ci kofin gasar karo na biyar a jere. Sammir ya taimaka da wasanni 26 a gasar lig da kwallaye biyar. Ya buga wasanni shida a gasar cin kofin Croatian 2009–10, kuma ya fito a dukkan wasannin kungiyar na Turai, yana wasa a dukkan wasannin hudu na gasar zakarun Turai na 2009–10 da kuma a duk wasannin takwas na 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . Gaba daya dai ya buga wasanni 46 kuma ya zura kwallaye shida a kungiyar.
2010-11 kakar
A farkon kakar 2010-11 Sammir ya lashe kofin Super Cup na Croatia na farko tare da kulob din yayin da suka doke Hajduk Split da ci 1-0, kyaftin Igor Bišćan ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara. Sammir ya ci kwallaye 17 a wasanni 28 da ya buga†. A gasar Turai ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye 7 a wasanni 12 da ya buga a Turai.
2011-12 kakar
Dan kasar Brazil ya fara kakar wasa ta shekarar 2011 da shekara ta 2012, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar Cibalia Vinkovci a Prva HNL, da kuma burin da ya yi nasara a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 3rd Qualifying Round tie a 2-1 da HJK Helsinki . Ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya kafa wani a cikin nasara 4-1 da Malmö FF a farkon kafa na gasar zakarun Turai Play-off . Ya bayyana a 5 Dinamo wasanni a matakin rukuni, wasa da Real Madrid, Olympique Lyonnais da AFC Ajax . Ya ci gaba da fitowa akai-akai don ƙungiyar farko a Prva HNL da matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a cikin wasanni 32 a duka.
2012-13 kakar
A cikin Shekarar 2012-2013 kakar, ya zira kwallaye 8 a raga a cikin matches 7, 6 daga cikinsu sun kasance daga bugun fanareti a Prva HNL . Ya bayyana a kowane wasa na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA Champion, sai dai wasan bako da NK Maribor . A watan Mayun Shekarar 2011, ya kasance yana yin liyafa a clubs 'yan kwanaki kaɗan kafin wasan, wanda ya tsananta kocin GNK Dinamo Zagreb Ante Čačić, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da kulob din shi da Jerko Leko . . Ya nemi afuwa, ya koma cikin tawagar, kuma ya bayyana a duk wasannin 6 na Dinamo Zagreb a matakin rukuni na 2012–13 UEFA Champions League .
Getafe
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014 Sammir ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara uku da rabi tare da Getafe CF na La Liga . Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 a gida da RCD Espanyol .
Sammir ya bayyana a wasanni takwas yayin da kungiyar da ke wajen Madrid din ta kaucewa faduwa. A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014 ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Azulones, amma a cikin asarar 1-3 a Celta de Vigo .
Jiangsu Sainty
A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015 Sammir ya koma China, inda ya koma Jiangsu Sainty a yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2016, an ba shi rance ga Hangzhou Greentown na rabin shekara.
Wasanni Recife
A cikin Watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, Sammir ya shiga Sport Recife, amma kulob din ya sake shi bayan 'yan watanni.
Lokomotiva
A watan Agusta Shekarar 2019, ya sake komawa Prva HNL, ya sanya hannu kan Lokomotiva . A ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, kocin Lokomotiva Jerko Leko ya bayyana cewa Sammir da abokin wasansa Nikica Jelavić sun yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ƙungiyar ta mutunta shawararsu.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Bayan ya bayyana a Brazil a karkashin 17 da kuma matakan kasa da 18, Sammir ya bayyana sha'awarsa ta buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Croatia bayan ya rike fasfo na Croatia . A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2012, an kira Sammir don buga wa Croatia wasa don wasannin da Wales da Macedonia . Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2012 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Nikica Jelavić na mintuna na 65 a wasan da suka yi da Macedonia, inda suka ci 2-1.
An zabe shi ne don gwagwalad tawagar Croatia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014 a kasarsa Brazil, a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Brazil biyu a cikin tawagar tare da Eduardo da Silva . Babu wanda ya buga wasan farko da masu masaukin baki, amma Sammir ya fara wasa na biyu, inda aka doke Kamaru da ci – . Ya buga minti 72 kafin a tafi da shi Mateo Kovačić . Bayan kammala gasar, ba aH yi masa kiranye ba a nan gaba ga tawagar kasar.
Kididdigar sana'a
Girmamawa
Dinamo Zagreb
Gasar Farko ta Croatia 2006-07, 2007-08 , 2008-09, 2009-10 , 2010-11, 2011-12
Kofin Croatia : 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12
Super Cup na Croatia : 2010, 2013
Jiangsu Sainty
Kofin FA na kasar Sin : 2015
Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan Prva HNL : 2010
Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na HNL : 2010, 2012
Kwallon Kafa Oscar Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Prva HNL: 2013
Ƙwallon ƙafa na Oscar Prva HNL Gwarzon Ƙungiyar: 2013
Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko ta Croatia : Babban mai bada taimako 2008-09
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51813 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Haji%20Warsame | Ali Haji Warsame | Ali Haji Warsame ( Somali, ) ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Somaliya ne, akawu, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Gudanarwa na farko a tashar jiragen ruwa na Boosaaso, sannan kuma ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na Golis Telecom Somalia. A shekara ta 2014, an nada shi Ministan Ilimi na Puntland.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Warsame a shekarar 1964 a Seemada, wani kauye kusa da gundumar Jariban a lardin Mudug na jihar Puntland mai cin gashin kanta a arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Mahaifinsa marigayi lauya ne, alkali, dan siyasa, haziki, kuma al'umma kuma shugaban addini wanda ya kasance wani bangare na yunkurin 'yancin kai na gida a shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga arewacin lardin Sool.
Warsame dan kabilar Omar Mahmoud ne na kabilar Majeerteen Harti Darod.
Ya fara makaranta a garin Hargeisa dake arewa maso yammacin kasar, birni na biyu mafi girma a Somaliya. Warsame ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a babban birnin lardin Mudug dake birnin Gaalkacyo. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ci Gaban, Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa ta Somaliya (SIDAM), inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci da gudanarwa a shekarar 1990. A shekara ta 2003, ya sami MBA a tsarin sarrafa bayanai daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Landan.
Bayan Somaliya, Warsame ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a kasashe daban-daban, ciki har da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Ingila. Ya kuma iya yaruka da yawa, musamman Somaliya, Larabci da Ingilishi.
Sana'a
Farkon aiki
A kwarewa, Warsame hamshakin dan kasuwa ne mai nasara. Yana da ɗimbin ilimi da ƙwarewar aiki a fannin tantancewa, lissafin kuɗi da sarrafa kuɗin jama'a.
Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin Mai Kula da Kuɗi da Gudanarwa na Mutum da Yan'uwa, kamfani mai zaman kansa a masana'antar shigar da kayan aikin ruwa. Lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke a Somalia a shekarar 1991, Warsame ya koma yankunan arewacin Puntland inda ya kwashe shekaru da dama.
Daga baya Warsame ya koma UAE. Ya rike mukamai na gudanarwa a cibiyoyin gida daban-daban. Tsakanin watan Yuni 1991 zuwa watan Maris 2012, ya kasance Babban Mashawarci/Abokin Hulɗa a Falcon Associates Limited. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Auditor/Senior-in-charge a Abu Dhabi Accountability Authority, a matsayin mai kula da harkokin kudi a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta UAE da ke da alaƙa da Abu Dhabi Education Zone, kuma a matsayin Babban Auditor a Al-Radhwan Accounting and Auditing. Warsame shi ma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Akanta a Pistache Trading Co. LLC.
Daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2003, Warsame ya fara karantarwa a cibiyoyin ilimi da dama a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Ya koyar da lissafin kudi, dokar kasuwanci, bayar da rahoto, lissafin kudi da tantancewa a Hukumar Binciken Abu Dhabi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a kan aikace-aikacen software na lissafi da lissafin kudi a gidauniyar al'adun Somaliya da Kamfanin Hatta Computers da ke Dubai.
A shekara ta 2012, Warsame ya koma Somaliya, ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na Golis Telecom. Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa a kasar, tana da rassa 41 da cibiyoyi 141 a fadin yankunan Puntland, Somaliland da Galmudug a shekarar 2013. Warsame ya yi aiki a kamfanin daga watan Mayu 2012 zuwa watan Oktoba 2013, kuma yana da alhakin kula da ayyukan gudanarwa da kudi, tsara manufofi da tsare-tsaren gudanarwa, bin ka'idojin kasafin aiki da tsarin kuɗi, da kuma hulɗa da dukkan sassan kamfanin, sassan, sassan da kuma sassan kamfanin. ƙananan sassan.
A shekara ta 2013, Warsame ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na Puntland na 2014, wanda ya gudana a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 2014 a Garoowe. Ya samu amincewar tsohon mataimakin shugaban rikon kwarya na Puntland Mohamed Ali Yusuf "Gaagaab", wanda ya fice daga takarar a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2014. A zagayen farko na zaben dai an fitar da 8 daga cikin 11 na ‘yan takarar shugaban kasa a zaben. Daga baya Ali H. Warsame, shugaban Puntland mai ci Abdirahman Mohamud Farole da tsohon firaministan Somaliya Abdiweli Mohamed Ali daga baya sun zarce zuwa zagaye na biyu, inda aka fitar da Warsame. Ya samu kuri'u 16 sabanin 18 na Ali da kuma 31 na Farole, inda a karshe Ali ya lashe zaben.
Ministan ilimi
A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2014, sabon shugaban yankin Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya nada Warsame a matsayin Ministan Ilimi na Puntland. Daga baya shugaban Puntland, Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya sallami Warsame a lokacin da yake ziyara a Birtaniya
Tallafawa
Bayan kasuwanci da siyasa, Warsame kuma yana da hannu cikin ayyukan jin kai da dama. Mai ba da gudummawa ne ga kungiyoyin agaji daban-daban a Somaliya da sauran wurare. Har ila yau, yana ba da sabis na horo na yau da kullum ga matasa da masu koyo a yankin Puntland. Bugu da kari, Warsame mataimaki ne na kungiyar agaji ta MURDA ta Burtaniya, wacce ke ba da horo da shirye-shiryen ilimi a kasashen waje.
Ƙwararrun membobi
Warsame memba ne na ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyi masu yawa:
Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
Memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Somaliya
Memba na Cibiyar Ƙwararrun Jama'a na Amirka da kuma mai ba da izini daga Hukumar Kula da Lissafi ta Jihar Delaware
Certified Accounting Technician
Mai tantancewa daga City & Guilds, UK.
Puntland
A shekara ta 2013, Warsame ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na Puntland (2014), wanda ya gudana a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 2014 a Garoowe.
Ya samu amincewar tsohon mataimakin shugaban rikon kwarya na Puntland Mohamed Ali Yusuf "Gaagaab", wanda ya fice daga takarar a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2014. A zagayen farko na zaben dai an fitar da 8 daga cikin 11 na ‘yan takarar shugaban kasa a zaben.
Ali H. Warsame, shugaban kasar Puntland mai ci Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamoud (Faroole) da tsohon firaministan Somaliya Abdiweli Mohamed Ali (Gaas).
daga bisani kuma aka koma zagaye na biyu, inda aka fitar da Warsame. Ya samu kuri'u 16 sabanin 18 na Ali da 31 na Faroole, inda a karshe Ali ya lashe zaben.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1964
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26685 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id%20ibn%20Jubayr | Sa'id ibn Jubayr | Sa'id bn Jubayr (665-714) (Larabci: سعيد بن جبير), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Abū Muhammad, asalinsa mutumin Kufa ne, a Iraki ta zamani. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan Tabi’in (d. ca. 712). Malaman addinin Musulunci na Shi’a da Sunna suna girmama Sa’id kuma suna ganinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan malaman fikihu a lokacin. Kuma ya ruwaito hadisi da dama daga Ibn Abbas.
Rayuwa
A yakin Jamājim a shekara ta 82 bayan hijira (699-701), Ibn al-Ash'ath da mabiyansa, da suka haɗa da 100,000 daga cikin mawali, sun dauki rundunar al-Hajjaj (d. 714), gwamnan Iraqi. larduna a zamanin khalifan Umayyawa al-Walid I. A cikin dakarunsu akwai wata kungiya da aka fi sani da 'Bataliya ta Masu Karatun Alqur'ani' karkashin jagorancin Kumayl bn Ziyad an-Nakha`i tare da Sa'īd bn Jubayr. An yi wa Sa’idu tawaye a kauye, aka tilasta masa ya gudu zuwa wajen Makka. Ya dage yana tafiya Makka da kanta sau biyu a shekara don yin aikin hajji da umrah kuma yana shiga Kufa a asirce don ya taimaka wajen warware matsalolin addini.
Tattaunawa tsakanin Ibn Jubayr da al-Hajjaj
Daga karshe aka kama Sa’id aka kai shi gaban al-Hajjaj. An karbo daga rubutun tattaunawar tasu kamar haka: Sa'id bn Jubayr ya shiga kan al-Hajjaj, sai ya tambayi sunansa (kuma ya san sunansa sosai):
Sa'īd: Sa'īd ibn Jubayr.
Al-Hajjaj: A’a, kai Shaqiy ibn Kusayr ne. (al-Hajjaj yana wasa da kalmomi a nan: Sa’id yana nufin farin ciki, Shaqi kuma yana nufin rashin jin daɗi, Jubayr kuma yana nufin wanda ya tsaga ƙasusuwan da suka karye, Kusayr kuma yana nufin wanda ya karye).
Sa’īd: Mahaifiyata ta fi sanin lokacin da ta saka mini suna.
Al-Hajjaj: Kai (Shakīta) Lallai kai ɓacin rai ne mahaifiyarka.” (Shaqiyat) Sai ya ce masa: “Wallahi zan musanya maka duniyarka da wata wuta mai ƙuna.
Sa'īd: Da na san za ka iya, da na ɗauke ka a matsayin Allah.
Al-Hajjaj: Ina da zinariya da dukiya.
Aka kawo jakunkuna na zinare da azurfa aka baje a gaban Sa'id bn Jubayr domin a gwada shi.
Sa’id: Ya Hajjaj, idan ka tara shi don a gani a kuma ji wajen nunawa, kuma ka yi amfani da shi don kautar da wasu daga tafarkin Allah, to Wallahi ba za ta wadatar da kai daga gare shi da komai ba. Yana fadar haka sai ya karkata zuwa alkibla.
Al-Hajjaj: Ka ɗauke shi, ka mayar da shi zuwa ga wanin alƙibla. Wallahi Ya Sa’id bn Jubayr, zan kashe ka da wani kisa wanda ban kashe ko daya daga cikin mutane da shi ba.
Sa'id: Ya Hajjaj ka zaba wa kanka duk wani kisan da kake so, wallahi ba za ka kashe ni da kisa ba face Allah ya kashe ka da kwatankwacinsa, don haka ka zabi wa kanka duk wani kisan da kake so.
Al-Hajjaj: Ka mayar da shi zuwa ga wanin Alqibla.
Sa'id: Duk inda kuka juya, to, akwai fuskar Allah.
Al-Hajjaj: Ka sanya shi a karkashin kasa.
Sa'id: Daga gare ta (ƙasa) Muka halitta ku, kuma a cikinta Muke mayar da ku, kuma daga gare ta Muke fitar da ku a wani lõkaci na dabam.
Al-Hajjaj ya wuce gona da iri, ya ba da umarnin a fille kan Sa'id bn Jubayr. Sa’id ya yi shahada a watan Sha’aban, shekara ta 95 bayan hijira (wato Mayu 714) yana da shekaru 49. An ruwaito cewa ba da dadewa ba hayyacinsa ya tashi ya rasu a cikin wata guda.
Legacy
Ra'ayin Sunna
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, malamin musulunci na Shafi'i na karni na 15 ya rubuta cewa:
Imamu Bukhari da Muslim da Tirmizi da Nasa’i da Abu Dawud da Ibn Maja da Imam Ahmad bn Hanbal da Imamu Malik bn Anas sun ruwaito daga gare shi. Sa’id ya ruwaito hadisai 147 a cikin Sahihul Bukhari da 78 a cikin Sahihu Muslim.
Ra'ayin Shi'a
A cewar Khulasat al-aqwal na Al-Hilli da Rijal al-Kashshi na Muhammad bn Umar al-Kashshi shi musulmin Shi'a ne. Sun yi nuni da cewa, daga cikin da yawa, Sa’id bn Jubayr mabiyi ne kuma sahabi Ali bn Husayn Zainul Abidin, ya goyi bayan tawayen Alid a kan Banu Umayyawa Ahlus Sunna, wanda banu Umayya suka nada Al-Hajjaj bn Yusuf ne suka kashe shi. .
Abdulmalik bn Marwan ne ya nemi Sa’id ya rubuta littafi dangane da tafsirin Alqur’ani. Ibn al-Nadim ya ambaci tafsirinsa a cikin al-Fihrist a qarqashin tafsirin ‘yan Shi’a, ba tare da ambaton wani tafsirin da yake gabaninsa na wani lokaci ba.
Kabarinsa na nan a garin Al-Hay da ke lardin Wasit na kasar Iraki. A kasar Iraki, ranar 25 ga watan Rabi'ul Awwal na kowace shekara, a matsayin ranar shahadar Sa'id bn Jubayr. A wannan rana jama'a ke taruwa a makabartarsa suna girmama ranar. Makabartarsa ita ce wurin tattaki na 'yan Shi'a.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
al-Mufīd, Kitāb al-Irshād, Ansariyan Publications.
al-Qarashi, B.S., The Life of Imam Zayn l-'Abidin, Ansariyan Publications, 2000.
al-Sayyid, K., Saeed bin Jubayr, Ansariyan Publications, 1996.
Jafri,S.H.M., The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam, Oxford University Press, 2001.
Madelung, W., The Succession to Muhammad (A study of the early Caliphate), Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Weststeijn. J.K. & de Voogt, A.J., "Dreams in Tabari: Husayn, Jubayr, and those in God's favor in the Umayyad period", Le Muséon: Revue d'études orientales 120:225–29, 2007.
Weststeijn, Johan, & Alex de Voogt, "Sa'id b. Gubayr: piety, chess and rebellion", Arabica, 49/3 (2002): 383–6. |
49339 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Somaliya | Yawon Buɗe Ido a Somaliya | Ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta gwamnatin tarayyar Somaliya ce ke kula da harkokin yawon bude ido a Somaliya. An lura da masana'antar bisa ga al'ada don wuraren tarihi da yawa, rairayin bakin teku, magudanan ruwa, tsaunuka da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. Bayan fara yakin basasa a farkon shekarun 1990, ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta rufe ayyuka. An sake kafa shi a cikin shekarar 2000s, kuma yana sake kula da masana'antar yawon bude ido ta kasa. Ƙungiyar yawon buɗe ido ta Somaliya (SOMTA) da ke Mogadishu tana ba da sabis na tuntuɓar ƙasa.
Tarihi
A zamanin kafin samun ‘yancin kai, masu binciken Turai a wasu lokuta kan yi balaguro zuwa Somaliya da wasu sassa na Horn of Africa don ziyartar wuraren tarihi masu yawa na yankin da aka bayyana a cikin tsoffin takardu kamar karni na 1 AZ Periplus na Tekun Erythraean.
Bayan da Somaliya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, an kafa ma'aikatar yawon bude ido domin daidaita masana'antar yawon bude ido ta kasa. A cikin shekarar 1969, an zartar da Dokar Fauna (Farauta) da Kare daji, wacce ta ayyana kuma ta tanadar don kafa wuraren sarrafawa, ajiyar wasa da wuraren ajiyar wasa. Daga baya aka gyara shi a cikin shekarar 1978.
A karkashin Mire Aware Jama, daga baya Ma'aikatar ta zartar da dokar yawon buɗe ido a shekarar 1984. Kudirin ya kuma zayyana ka’idoji a hukumance don bunkasa da zamanantar da bangaren yawon bude ido. Daga cikin manufofinta da aka bayyana har da mallakar filaye a ciki da bakin teku da kuma kadarori na bakin teku da nufin gina ko fadada kayayyakin yawon bude ido. Dokar ta kuma hada da tanade-tanade don "kariya, adanawa da amfani da albarkatun tarihi, al'adu da na fasaha; kariya da kiyaye muhalli da muhalli; da tsantsar tsare-tsare na birane da yanki na yankunan masu yawon bude ido da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa na wasanni, wuraren shakatawa na kasa da na teku., wurare masu tsarki, da sauransu." Ma'aikatar yawon shakatawa ta nemi cibiyar masana'antar a kusa da Kudancin Lag Badana National Park, tare da rafukan murjani na kusa da tsibiran da ke bakin teku su ma an yi hasashen zama wani ɓangare na ci gaban. Bugu da kari, an tsara shirye-shiryen kafa wurin shakatawa na yawon bude ido a daya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku da ke kusa da babban birnin Mogadishu, a yankin Banaadir ta kudu ta tsakiya.
A shekara ta 1989, an samar da sabbin dokoki da za su tafiyar da kafa wuraren shakatawa na kasa, ajiyar wasa da tanadi na musamman. Ma’aikatar kiwon dabbobi da gandun daji da kiwo ta kasa ce ta kula da aikin kiyaye namun daji a wannan lokaci. Sashen kula da namun daji kuma yana gudanar da wani yanki mai zaman kansa na tabbatar da doka, wanda aka kirkireshi ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa.
Bayan barkewar yakin basasa a shekara ta 1991, yawon bude ido a Somaliya ya tsaya. Daga baya hukumomin duniya daban-daban sun fara ba da shawarwarin balaguro suna ba da shawarar cewa masu yawon bude ido su guji ziyartar yankin saboda dalilai na tsaro. Baya ga ƴan masu neman kasada, ƴan matafiya kaɗan ne suka yunƙura zuwa lardunan kudanci masu rikice-rikice. Galibi a maimakon haka sun iyakance ziyararsu zuwa yankin arewacin Somaliland mai kwanciyar hankali.
Bayan da sojojin Somaliya suka fatattaki mayakan Al-Shabaab daga Mogadishu a tsakiyar shekarar 2011, a hankali babban birnin kasar ya fara samun farfadowa. 'Yan kasuwa na cikin gida da 'yan asalin Somaliya da suka dawo sun gina tare da buɗe wasu sabbin otal-otal da gidajen baƙi, galibi suna ba da abinci ga wasu Somaliyawa da kuma wasu 'yan Yammacin Turai. Sabbin wuraren shakatawa da aka gina a gefen rairayin bakin teku kuma sun sami masaukin iyalai masu yawon bude ido na farko cikin shekaru da yawa.
Ka'ida
Ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta kasa da aka sake ginawa a Somaliya ne ke kula da harkokin yawon bude ido a Somaliya. Jamhuriyar Somaliland mai cin gashin kanta ta kula da ofisoshin yawon bude ido. Kungiyar yawon bude ido ta Somaliya (SOMTA) kuma tana ba da sabis na tuntuba daga cikin kasar kan masana'antar yawon bude ido ta kasa.
Saboda rashin ka'idojin gwamnati na dadewa, ba a tabbatar da yawan masu yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa da ke zuwa Somaliya a kowace shekara ba. Koyaya, biza da izinin zama a yanzu sun zama tilas ga duk 'yan ƙasashen waje. Tun daga watan Afrilun 2013, Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice ta Somaliya da aka sake kafa ta na buƙatar duk baƙi da ba su da takardun izini su yi rajista a ofisoshinta da ke babban birnin.
Abubuwa masu jan hankali
Somaliya tana da abubuwa masu jan hankali da dama, da suka haɗa da wuraren tarihi, rairayin bakin teku, magudanan ruwa, tsaunuka da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. Tun a watan Maris din shekarar 2015, ma’aikatar yawon bude ido da namun daji ta jihar Kudu maso Yamma ta sanar da cewa, an shirya tsaf don samar da karin wuraren ajiyar namun daji da na namun daji.
Wuraren tarihi
Arewa
Aluula – Tsohon babban birnin Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia).
Bargal – Tsohon babban birnin yanayi na masarautar Majeerteen. Yana dauke da rugujewar daya daga cikin katangar sarki Osman Mahamuud.
BOSASO-Periplus na Tekun Erythraean na nuni da cewa ‘yan kasuwan Girka na da sun yi tafiya zuwa birnin Bosaaso, inda suka ba da bayanai game da dabaru da yanayin wurin da yankin na Bosaaso yake a halin yanzu, wanda aka fi sani da Mosylon a zamanin da. Garuruwan da ke kewaye kamar Biyo Kulule da Bacaad da Karin wanda Italiya ke da tushe na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar Somaliya duk wuraren kayan tarihi ne
Damo-Da alama "Kasuwa da Cape na kayan yaji" da aka kwatanta a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean.
Dhambalin – wurin binciken kayan tarihi a arewacin Somaliya, tare da zane-zanen dutse a cikin salon Habasha-Arabiya yana nuna shaidar farko na dabbobi.
Eyl – Wurin kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi da yawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin tushe ga sojojin Derwish, tare da gasasshen Dhulbahante da yawa daga wannan lokacin. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wasu gine-ginen da turawan mulkin mallaka suka gina.
Hafun-Gidan tsohuwar necropolis.
Haylaan–Wurin daɗaɗɗen kango da gine-gine. Ya hada da kabarin Sheikh Darod da matarsa Dobira.
Laas Gaal–Rukunin kogo a arewa maso yammacin Somaliya wanda ke dauke da wasu sanannun fasahar dutsen da aka sani a yankin. An kiyasta zane-zanen kogon nasa a tsakanin 9,000-3,000 KZ.
Las Khorey - Tsohon babban birnin Warsangali Sultanate. Ita ce wurin zama na tsohon fadar Sarkin Musulmi, mai hawa biyu, kagara, da sauran rugujewar tarihi da dama.
Maydh – Wurin wani tsohon tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a yankin Sanaag na Somaliya. Ya hada da kabarin Sheikh Isak.
Qa'ableh–Tsohon garin da ke da tsoffin gine-ginen binnewa. An yi imani cewa za a iya ɗaukar kaburburan tsoffin sarakuna tun farkon tarihin Somaliya. Ya hada da kabarin Sheikh Harti.
Qombo'ul – Garin mai tarihi a yankin Sanaag. Rukunan sun haɗa da tsaffin kango, gine-gine da gine-gine.
Taleex – Tsohuwar babban birnin jihar Dervish. Yana da babban hadadden Dhulbahante garesa.
Zeila - tashar kasuwanci ta Avalites a zamanin da, kuma babban birnin farko na Adal Sultanate na da.
Kudu
Afgooye – Tsohuwar babban birnin masarautar Geledi Sultanate .
Barawa – Muhimmin birni na kasuwanci na tsakiyar zamani.
Gondal - Mazauni mai tarihi a kudancin Somaliya. Wurin da ya lalace, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin magabata na Kismayo.
Gondershe – Garin dutse na zamanin da da aka gina akan tudu mai nuna gidaje na murjani, garu, kaburbura da masallatai . Wurin fim ɗin La Conchiglia (1992) wanda daraktan Somaliya mai lambar yabo Abdulkadir Ahmed Said ya yi.
Hannassa – Garin tarihi da aka gina akan ƙawance. Yana da kaburbura ginshiƙai, tsoffin gidaje masu manyan hanyoyi da tsakar gida, da masallaci mai ingantaccen mihrab ɗin da ke kallon Tekun Indiya .
Hobyo – Tsohuwar hedkwatar Sarkin Musulmi .
Kismayo – Wurin rugujewar masarautar Geledi da sauran masarautu.
Luuq – Wani gari a kudu maso yammacin lardin Gedo na Somalia. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ƙauyuka a yankin.
Merca - Wani tsohon birni mai tashar jiragen ruwa a kudancin Lower Shebelle (Shabellaha Hoose) yankin Somaliya.
Mogadishu – Tsohon babban birnin Sultanate na Mogadishu . Wataƙila yana haɗuwa tare da tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa na Sarapion, kamar yadda Ptolemy ya bayyana.
Nimmo – Wani gari mai tarihi da ke kudancin Mogadishu, ya ƙunshi rusassun gidaje na duwatsu da masallatai.
Warsheikh – Daya daga cikin manyan matsugunan daular Sultanate na Mogadishu a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai.
Rairayin bakin teku
Gezira Beach - Mogadishu
Boosaaso - Boosaaso
Bathela - Berbera
Batalaale - Berbera
Liido - Mogadishu
Waterfalls
Iskushuban
Lamadaya
Tsawon tsaunuka
Cal Madow
Dutsen Golis
Dutsen Ogo
wuraren shakatawa na kasa
Dutsen Daallo
Hargaisa National Park
Tsibirin Hobyo da ciyayi
Jilib National Park
Kisman National Park
Lag Badana National Park
Duba kuma
Gine-ginen Somaliya
Fasfo na Somaliya
Sufuri a Somaliya
Tarihin Maritime na Somaliya
Manufar Visa na Somaliya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ƙungiyar yawon bude ido ta Somaliya (SOMTA)
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19957 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai%20Central%20railway%20station | Mumbai Central railway station | Mumbai ta Tsakiya (a da Bombay ta Tsakiya, lambar tashar: MMCT) ita ce babbar tashar jirgin ƙasa a layin Yammaci, wanda yake a Mumbai, Maharashtra a yankin da aka sani da suna iri ɗaya. Yana aiki azaman babbar tashar jirgin ƙasa na gida da kuma na cikin gari-City / Express tare da wasu dandamali daban don su. Hakanan filin jirgin ƙasa ne don jiragen ƙasa da yawa da suka haɗa da Mumbai Rajdhani Express . Ita ce ɗayan manyan tashoshin Terminal biyar a cikin Mumbai yayin da wasu ke kasancewa Mumbai CST, Mumbai LTT, Mumbai BDTS da Mumbai Dadar . Jiragen ƙasa sun tashi daga tashar da ke haɗa wurare da yawa galibi a cikin jihohin arewa, yamma da arewa maso yammacin sassan Indiya. An sauya tashar daga Bombay Central zuwa Mumbai Central a shekarar 1997, biyo bayan canjin Bombay zuwa Mumbai . A cikin shekara ta 2018, an zartar da ƙuduri don canza lambar tashar zuwa MMCT, tare da aiwatarwa yana gudana.
Tarihi
Masanin gine-ginen Burtaniya Claude Batley ne ya tsara shi, kuma Shapoorji Pallonji ya gina shi a cikin 1930 a cikin rikodin lokacin watanni 21. An kashe aikin cikin INR miliyan 15.6.
Lokacin da aka buɗe tashar a cikin 1930, The Times of India ta ba da shawarar cewa sunan Bombay Central ya samo asali ne daga Grand Central Terminal a cikin Birnin New York. Jaridar tayi jayayya cewa ya kamata ace ana kiran tashar Kamathipura, bayan yankin da take. Takardar ta nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ba a cire sunan Kamathipura ba, saboda yankin yanki ne mai haske da haske .
Bombay, Baroda da Railway na Indiya ta Tsakiya sun faɗaɗa isa daga Baroda zuwa Pathankot ta hanyar Delhi . Tashar jirgin kasa ta Colaba-Ballard Pier ba ta wadatar ba wajen biyan bukatun karuwar jama'a wanda ya sa gwamnatin ta yi shirin gina Bombay ta Tsakiya.
Hanyar kewayen birni wanda ya taba gudu har zuwa Colaba ya kasance tashar tashar Bellasis. An sake canza sunan zuwa Bombay Central (na gida) bayan an gina dogon Bombay Central Terminus (BCT) a gefen gabas. A ranar 1 ga watan Feb shekara ta 2018, an zartar da ƙuduri don canza lambar tashar daga BCT zuwa MMCT.
Kayan more rayuwa
Dandamali da shimfidawa
Tashar ta kasu kashi biyu. Rabin gabashin tashar yana ba da jiragen kasa masu nisa wadanda Western Railways ke aiki yayin da rabin yamma ke ba da jiragen kasa da ke zirga-zirga a kan titin Churchgate - Virar na kewayen birni na Western Railways. Babban layin yana da manyan dandamali guda biyar masu ƙarewa a cikin babban taro a ƙarshen kudu. Bangaren kewayen birni yana da manyan dandamali huɗu. Duk dandamali an haɗa ta da manyan ƙafafun kafa kuma manyan dandamali ana samun sukunin keken hannu daga ƙarshen kudu.
Tikiti da ajiyar wuri
Babban Cibiyar Ajiyar fasinjoji tare da tagogin tikiti da yawa suna gefen gabas na babbar tashar tashar. Tikiti tsakanin kowane tashoshi biyu a Indiya akan kowane jirgin da ke ba da masauki za'a iya siye shi daga wannan wurin. Akwai ersididdigar Ticket da yawa waɗanda ba a kiyaye su ba a cikin babban filin taron don siyan tikiti mara izini don tafiya kai tsaye kan jiragen kasa da ke jigilar fasinjoji daga Mumbai Central. Kofofin yamma da kudu na ɓangaren kewayen tashar tashar suna da tagogin tikiti don siyan tikiti don tafiya akan jiragen ƙasa na kewayen birni. Hakanan ana iya siyan tikitin jirgin ƙasa na cikin gari daga injunan sayar da tikiti na atomatik (ATVMs) wanda yake a wurare da yawa a cikin harabar tashar.
Abinci da sauran kayan aiki
Kungiyoyin da ke gefen babban layi suna da hanyar gidan abinci na Rajdhani waɗanda ke ba da ingantaccen abincin Kasar Indiya.
Bellasis Rail Café a Mumbai Central yana kan hawa na farko kusa da Bellasis Road overbridge wanda ke haɗa tashar tashar Mumbai kusa da ofishin ajiyar kudu. Ana samun abubuwa a cikin wannan cafe ɗin a cikin fakiti na abinci, tare da shirye don ɗaukar kayan aiki.
Akwai shaguna da yawa a cikin filin taron kuma a dandamali na kewayen birni waɗanda ke ba da burodi, kwakwalwan kwamfuta, ruwan kwalba da ruwan sha mai sanyi (soda). Akwai shagunan littattafai a cikin babban filin taron kuma a dandamali na kewayen birni masu sayar da jaridu, mujallu da sauran kayan karatu. Hakanan ana samun jadawalin jirgin ƙasa a rumfunan littafin. Akwai dakunan wanka (bandakuna) a cikin kwalliyar da ke gefen babban layi.
Lambuna
Akwai lambuna biyu da suke a wajen tashar. Ofayan daga cikin lambunan yana da locomotive mai tarihi, wanda aka fi sani da "Littlearamin jan doki". Kamfanin Kerr Stuart da Co. na Ingila ne suka gina locomotive a shekara ta 1928. Injin din ya yi aiki a layin Jirgin Kasa na Devgarh-Baria, wanda mallakar Yariman Jihar Devgarh-Baria. Layin ya hade zuwa Bombay, Baroda da Central India Railway (BB&CI) a watan Agustan shekara ta 1949, daga baya kuma ya zama wani bangare na Railway Western. Injin ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 61, kafin a sauya shi zuwa wurin bitar Pratapnagar don farautar ayyuka a shekara ta 1990. An sanya shi a lambun da ke gaban tashar Mumbai ta Tsakiya a shekara ta 1991 don tunawa da jubili na platinum.
RailTel, kamfanin sadarwa na layin dogo na Indiya, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016 ya ƙaddamar da sabis na Wi-Fi na jama'a kyauta a tashar tashar Mumbai tare da haɗin gwiwar Google.
"Muna farin cikin ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin Wi-Fi na jama'a mai sauri na Indiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Railways na Indiya", Google South East Asia da Indiya VP & Manajan Darakta Rajan Anandan ya ce.
Manazarta
Tashar jirgijin kasa
Tashoshin Jirgin Kasa a Kasar indiya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
23944 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzammil%20H.%20Siddiqi | Muzammil H. Siddiqi | Muzammil H. Siddiqi () (an haife shi 1943). Ba’amurke ne kuma Musulmi marubuci wanda ya kasance a jami’ar Chapman.
Ilimi
An haife shi a Indiya a shekara ta 1943, ya sami ilimin farko a Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh da Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow, India. Siddiqi ya kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Musulunci ta Madina da ke Saudiya a shekarar ta 1965 da digirin digirgir a fannin Larabci da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci . Ya sami MA a ilimin tauhidi daga Jami'ar Birmingham a Ingila da Ph.D. a Kwatancen Addini daga Jami'ar Harvard a Amurka.
Sana'a
Siddiqi yayi aiki da ƙungiyoyin addinin Islama da dama a Switzerland, Ingila da Amurka. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Harkokin Addini na Ƙungiyar Daliban Musulmi a Amurka da Kanada. Siddiqi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Cibiyar Musulunci ta Washington, DC Ya yi wa'adi biyu a shekara ta (1997 -zuwa 2001) a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin Amurka tare da hedikwata a Indiana. Tun daga shekara ta 1981, yana aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Orange County a Garden Grove, California. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Shura ta Kudancin California, kungiya mai wakiltar cibiyoyin Musulunci, masajid da kungiyoyi a Kudancin California. Shine shugaban majalisar Fiqhu (Shari'ar Musulunci) ta Arewacin Amurka. Shi memba ne na kafa Majalisar Masallatai a Amurka da Kanada.
A fannin ilimi yana aiki a matsayin babban malamin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar Chapman da ke Orange, California. Shi ma mai binciken waje ne ga Sassan Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar Durban-Westville a Afirka ta Kudu, Jami'ar Karachi, Pakistan da Jami'ar Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Bangaren kasa da kasa, Shi memba ne a majalisar koli ta addinin musulunci ta Masar da majalisar koli ta masallatai da ke birnin Makka na kasar Saudiyya, kuma mamba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na majalisar kasa da kasa ta majalisar malamai a Makka. Shi memba ne na kafa Majalisar 100 na Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya da ke Switzerland. Majalisar tana da niyyar haɓaka tattaunawa da ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin Musulunci da Yamma.
Ya gudanar da shirin rediyo na addini na mako -mako daga Pasadena daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa 2004. Ya ba da gudummawar labarai da yawa ga Jaridun Musulunci da Ilimi, Encyclopedias da sauran wallafe -wallafe. Yana rubuta shafi na mako -mako na Pakistan Link a Los Angeles kan batutuwan shari'ar Musulunci da matsalolin zamantakewa.
Tafiya da laccoci
Siddiqi ya yi balaguro kuma ya yi karatu a jami'o'i, kwalejoji da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi da na addini a ƙasashe guda 28, wato Saudi Arabia, Afirka ta Kudu, Ingila, Masar, Indiya, Pakistan, Turkiya, Trinidad, Guyana, Grenada, Barbados, Mauritius, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Jamus, Poland, Ukraine, Austria, Italy, Spain, Gibraltar, Brazil, Argentina, Amurka da Kanada. Ya koyar da darussan Musulunci da addinan duniya a Jami'ar Harvard, Kwalejin Essex County a Newark, New Jersey, Jami'ar Seton Hall a South Orange, New Jersey, Jami'ar Birmingham, Ingila, Jami'ar Musulunci ta Duniya, Islamabad, Pakistan da Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach.
Yau
Siddiqi ya zama limami a kungiyar Musulunci ta Orange County a Garden Grove, California . Shi ne kuma Daraktan al’umma kuma shugaban Majalisar Fiqhu ta Arewacin Amurka. Hakanan malami ne a Jami'ar Chapman .
Shirye -shiryen addinai
Dokta Siddiqi shine Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Yahudanci-Kirista da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar California da ke Los Angeles (UCLA). Ya halarci tattaunawa da yawa tsakanin addinai. Ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Coci -Coci na Duniya a Vancouver, Kanada da Majalisar Addinai ta Duniya a Vatican, Majalisar Addinai ta Duniya a Chicago. Ya halarci tarurrukan karawa juna sani da Majalisar Majami'u ta Kasa da Majalisar Kiristoci da Yahudawa ta Kasa suka shirya a Amurka. A watan Satumbar 2001 a Ranar Addu'a da Tunawa ta Kasa Shugaba George Bush ya gayyace shi don jagorantar Sallar Musulmi a Sallar Addinai a Babban Cocin Washington na Kasa. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2006 Shugaba Bush ya sake gayyace shi don jagorantar addu'ar mabiya addinai a ranar cika shekaru 5 na 9/11 a Ground Zero a New York.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Siddiqi ya sami lambar yabo ta Gwarzon Shekara a 1999 daga Majalisar Kiristoci da Yahudawa ta Kasa. A cikin Nuwamba shekara ta 2005, Orange County Register ya amince da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane guda 100 mafi tasiri waɗanda suka tsara Orange County a cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar da suka gabata. A watan Agustan Shekara ta 2006, a matsayin wani bangare na musamman da ake kira "The West 100 ″, Los Angeles Times ta amince da Siddiqi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane guda 100 mafi ƙarfi a Kudancin California tare da bayanin mai zuwa:" Siddiqi, wanda masallacinsa yana cikin mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka, shine jagoran addinin dubban Musulman Kudancin California a daidai lokacin da kyamar baki ke ci gaba… ya kasance jagora a cikin tuki zuwa gida cewa Musulmai a Amurka, masu son zaman lafiya ne. ”
Masu suka
Siddiqi ya kuma bayar da fatawa a kan islamonline.net, yana mai cewa "Ta hanyar shiga tsarin da ba na Musulunci ba, mutum ba zai iya yin mulki da abin da Allah ya yi umarni ba. Amma abubuwa ba sa canzawa cikin dare ɗaya. Canje -canje na zuwa ta wurin haƙuri, hikima da aiki tuƙuru. Na yi imanin cewa a matsayin mu na Musulmai, ya kamata mu shiga cikin tsarin don kare muradun mu kuma mu yi ƙoƙarin kawo canji na sannu a hankali don abin da ya dace, sanadin gaskiya da adalci. Kada mu manta cewa dole ne a kafa dokokin Allah a dukkan ƙasashe, kuma duk ƙoƙarin da muke yi ya kai ga wannan alkibla ”
A cikin shekara ta 2002, hukumomin tarayya sun kai hari hedkwatar Majalisar Fiqhu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Green Quest. Koyaya, ba a kama kowa ba, kuma a zahiri a cikin Yuli shekara ta 2005, Majalisar Fiqhu ta Arewacin Amurka ta ba da fatawa a bainar jama'a inda ta bayyana Allah wadai da ta'addanci da tsattsauran ra'ayin addini.
Hanyoyin waje
Siddiqi 's profile on IslamOnline.net
Tarihin Siddiqi akan gidan yanar gizon Masallacin Illinois na Tsakiya da Cibiyar Musulunci (PDF) [ <span title="Dead link since September 2010">mahada mutu</span> ]
Shigowar Siddiqi tare da Pakistan Link Shujaat Khan
Muzammil Siddiqi ISOC Masjid
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
53257 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya%20Nakamura | Aya Nakamura | Aya Danioko (an Haife ta 10 ga Mayun shekarar 1995), wacce aka sani da sunanta na mataki Aya Nakamura, mawaƙiya faransa ce. An haife ta a Bamako, Mali kuma ta yi hijira zuwa Faransa tare da danginta, sun girma a Aulnay-sous-Bois . Ta kuma fito daga dangin griots, ita ce babba a cikin 'yan'uwa biyar. Ta yi karatun fashion a La Courneuve . Daga baya ta ƙaddamar da waƙa tare da sunan mataki Aya Nakamura, bayan hali Hiro Nakamura na NBC Heroes kimiyyar wasan kwaikwayo.
Nakamura ta buga wakokinta a yanar gizo, inda ta samu mabiya da "Karma" da "J'ai mal". Dembo Camara, abokiyar zamanta, ta zama furodusá ta kuma manaja. Musamman ma, bwaƙarta mai suna "Brisé", ta sami karɓuwa a YouTube, da kuma duo tare da mawakiyar rapper Fababy " Love d'un voyou " ya haifar da zane-zane a Faransa a karon farko. Ta saki kundi na farko na Jaridar intime a cikin shekarar 2017, bayan shekara guda ta biyo bayan sa Nakamura, wanda aka tabbatar da Diamond a Faransa. Ya haifar da fitattun waƙoƙin " Djadja " da " Copines " kuma ya ƙaddamar da aikin mawakin na duniya.
A tsawon rayuwarta, Nakamura ta tara wakoki biyar-daya da kundi na daya a Faransa. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Victoires de la Musique don albam ɗinta na shekarar 2020 Aya, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta NRJ Music kuma ta sami naɗi da yawa don lambar yabo ta MTV Turai Music Award don Mafi kyawun Dokar Faransa .
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Aya Danioko a Bamako, Mali a ranar 10 ga Mayun shekarata 1995. Ta fito daga dangin griot, masu ba da labari na Afirka ta Yamma, mawaƙa na yabo, da mawaƙa na al'adun baka. Ita ce babba a cikin 'yan'uwa biyar. A cikin ƙuruciyarta danginta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Faransa kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Aulnay-sous-Bois, wani yanki na Arewacin Paris. Ta dauki matakin suna Nakamura daga halin Hiro Nakamura na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na almarar kimiyya na NBC, wanda ya tashi daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2010.
Sana'a
2014-2017: halarta ta farko da nasara ta farko tare da Jarida cikin lokaci
A cikin 2014, tana da shekaru 19, ta saki waƙarta ta farko "Karma" akan Facebook. Da taimakon furodusa |Seysey, ta yi waƙar karya mai suna "J'ai mal", mai irin waƙar zouk . Bidiyon waƙar ya kai fiye da kallon YouTube miliyan 1 a lokacin. Abokiyar tsohuwar, Dembo Camara, ta zama furodusa kuma wakili na fasaha.
A
cikin shekarar 2016, ta yi waƙar "Brisé" tare da mawaki Christopher Ghenda. Sannan ta sake fitar da wata waka mai suna "Love d'un Voyou" mai dauke da rapper Fababy . A matsayin girmamawa ga al'adunta da tushenta, ta yi wani kade-kade a filin wasa na Modibo-Keïta da ke Bamako, wanda ya bude wa tauraron Amurka-Nigeria Davido . Kuma ta sadaukar da waka ga daya daga cikin shahararren mawaki dan kasar Mali Oumou Sangaré, wanda aka haifa a Bamako kamar ita.
BbA cikin Janairun shekarata 2016, singer ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Rec. 118 da Parlophone, lakabin daga Warner music Faransa. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta ci gaba da yin haɗin gwiwa kuma ta saki waƙarta ta biyu "Super Héros", wanda ke nuna mawaƙin Gradur .
On 25 August 2017, she released her debut album Journal Intime, led by her first Platinum hit, "Comportement".
Kundin ya sami bokan Platinum a Faransa]. A ranar 23 ga Satumban shekarar 2017, ta halarci La Nuit du Mali a Bercy wanda Wati-Boss, Dawala ya shirya domin bikin ranar 'yancin kai na Mali a Paris. Ta raba matakin tare da OumouSangaré da sauran masu fasaha na Mali kamar Cheick Tidiane Seck, Lassana Hawa ko Mokobé da sauransu.
A ranar 6 ga Afrilun shekarata 2018, Aya Nakamura ta fito da " Djadja " -wacce ta farko daga kundinta na biyu - wanda ya tsaya makonni biyu a jere a lamba daya akan ginshiƙi na Faransa, kuma daga baya aka ba da takardar shaidar Diamond.
Waƙar nan da nan ta zama abin buɗaɗɗen rani a Faransa kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta zama fitacciyar duniya. Ta zama 'yar Faransa ta farko da ta kai lamba ɗaya a Netherlands tun bayan Edith Piaf tare da " Non je ne regrette rien " a cikin shwkarar 1961.
"Djadja" kuma ita ce waƙar Faransa ta farko tun shekarar 2009 don isa saman ginshiƙi na Dutch, na ƙarshe shine " Alors on danse " daga ɗan wasan Belgium Stromae .
"Djadja" sannan ya ci jadawali da radiyo a duk faɗin Turai (Jamus, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Girka, Spain, Belgium, Switzerland. . . )
Ɗayan "Copines" mai zuwa da aka saki a watan Augusta na shekarar 2018 ya shiga a lamba hudu a Faransa kafin hawan zuwa lamba daya a watan Nuwamba 2018, kuma an ba da takardar shaida ta Diamond.
A ranar 2 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2018, Aya Nakamura ta fitar da album dinta na biyu Nakamura .
A cikin Janairun shekarar 2019 ta lashe lambar yabo ta Ƙwararrun.
A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 2019 an zaɓi ta don Waƙar Waƙar Shekara da Mafi kyawun Album na Birane a Kyautar Kiɗa na Faransa.
bybyA cikin Afrilun shekarar 2019, ta fitar da bidiyon don "Pookie", wanda ya zama mafi kyawun bidiyo na Faransanci a cikin 2019.
A watan Mayun shekarata 2019, The New York Times ta zana ta a matsayin "daya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka a Turai yanzu, ta kida da zamantakewa".
A watan Yunin she Kara 2019, ta sami nadin nata na farko a Kyautar BET a matsayin Mafi kyawun Dokar Duniya.
A cikin bazara na shekarar 2019 ta sami ci gaba tare da "Pookie" guda ɗaya (tare da ra'ayoyin YouTube sama da miliyan 240 zuwa yau), gami da manyan sifofin duniya tare da rap na platinum da yawa Capo Plaza da Lil Pump .
A cikin Oktoba, "Djadja" ya tafi Platinum a Spain[18] da Portugal, yayin da "Pookie" ta sami takardar shaidar Platinum sau biyu a Italiya.[19].
A ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 2019, Nakamura sun sake fito da fitowar platinum Nakamura na yanzu tare da sabbin wakoki biyar, gami da manyan guda biyar "40%".
A cikin sake fasalin ƙarshen shekara na Disamba, an ba ta suna Mafi yawan kallon ƴan wasan Faransa mata a shekarar 2019 ta YouTube, da Mafi yawan ƙwararrun mata na Faransanci a 2019 ta Spotify.
A ranar 3 ga Janairu 2020, an sanar da ita don yin wasan kwaikwayo a Coachella Music & Arts Festival 2020.
A ranar 12 ga Yuni, Nakamura ya fitar da sigar "Djadja (Remix)" cikin harshen Sipaniya tare da mawaƙin Colombian Maluma.
2020-2021
A 17 ga Yuli 2020, ta fito da waƙar " Jolie nana " a matsayin jagorar guda ɗaya daga kundi na uku na studio Aya . An yi muhawara a lamba ɗaya akan ginshiƙi na ƴan ƙasar Faransa, kuma ta sami matsayin Zinariya a cikin makonni 2. Har ila yau, ta kai 10 na farko a Belgium da Switzerland da kumranara 40 na farko a Netherlands. A kan jadawalin Afrobeats na Burtaniya, ya kai lamba 7.
A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, ta fito da waƙa ta biyu daga kundin, "Doudou". Ya kai kololuwa a lamba 6 a Faransa, a cikin 40 na sama a Belgium da lamba 16 akan jadawalin Afrobeats na Burtaniya.
Ta sanar da kundin a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, tare da ranar fito da ranar 13 ga Nuwamba. An fitar da jerin waƙoƙin a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, yana bayyana haɗin gwiwa tare da Stormzy, Ms Banks da Oboy.
A cikin 2021, an nuna Nakamura a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na 'Sans Moi,' waƙa a cikin kundi na Faransanci Vibe, kuma a cikin bidiyon kiɗan na 'C'est Cuit' na Major Lazer . An zaɓi murfinta na Vogue Faransa a matsayin murfin da aka fi so na 2021.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Nakamura tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu.
A cikin 2022, Nakamura, tare da tsohon abokin aikinta Vladimir Boudnikoff, an tuhume ta da laifin cin zarafi na gida. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2022, an dage shari'arta, tun da ita ko Boudnikoff ba su halarci kotu ba.
Hotuna
Albums
Marasa aure
A matsayin jagorar mai zane
Kamar yadda mai zane ya fito
*Ba a bayyana a cikin taswirar Ultratop 50 na Belgian ba, amma a cikin kumfa a ƙarƙashin ginshiƙi na Ultratip.
Sauran wakokin da aka tsara
Kyaututtuka da zaɓe
Bayanayn kula
Nassoshi
Haihuwan 1995
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16699 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auren%20Hausawa | Auren Hausawa | Ire Iren auren Hausawa Aure ya rabu kashi-kashi. Akwai auren soyayya, da auren dole/tilas da auren zumunta, da auren sadaka, da auren ɗiban wuta, da auren dangana-sannan, da auren gayya, da auren ɗiban haushi ko ɗiban takaici, da ɗiban tsiwa ko kece raini, da kashin ƙwarnafi, da sauran ire-irensu. duk ana cemasu aure..
Aure
Aure na da alaƙa ce ta haliccin zaman tare tsakanin namiji da kuma mace. Ana yinsa ne saboda abinda aka haifa ya samu asali, da mutunci da kiwon iyaye. Kuma shine maganin zina da “ƴaƴa marasa iyaye”. Aure muhimmin abu ne ga al’umma. Sabili da haka akwai hanyoyi ayyanannu na tabbatar dashi.ko kuma ace, Aure alaƙa ce ta halascin zaman tare tsakanin namiji da mace, Ana yin aure domin abubuwa da dama, daga ciki akwai kariya daga zina, samun nutsuwa da kwanciyar hankali, samawa abin haihuwa (abin da aka haifa wato ɗa ko ‘ya) mutunci, da sauransu.
Neman Aure
Matakan neman aure sune kyautar da yaro ko iyayensa sukan kai gidansu yarinyar da yaro yake so ya nema. Sabili da haka yakan ba diyar wani abun taɓawa. Ko kuma ya kai kyautar wurin iyayenta, ko wasu waɗanda suke da dangantaka da ita, yadda zata gane cewa ana sonta. Ko kuma akai wani abu mai muhimmanci gidansu, kamar kayan na gani ina so bayan waɗannan ake ƙunshewa a ba wata tsohuwa ko wani mutum, ya kai daga nan kuma sai a bashi dama ya riƙa zuwa yana magana da yarinyan a gidansu, ko gidan wani ɗan uwanta makusanci, inda ba a yadda za ayi wata munaƙisha ko wani abu na ashhsa ba. A nan ne yake zuwa shi ko kuma tare da abokansa su zauna su tattauna tare da yarinyar.
Auren soyayya
shi aure na soyayya aure ne wanda saurayi ke ganin budurwa yace yana sonta da aure, itakuma sai ta amince masa, iyayenta ma su yarda da maganar, kana sai azo ayi niyyar daurin aure.
Auren Dole/Tilas
A nan saurayi ya kan ga yariya ne yace yana sonta da aure, amma ita bata amince masa ba. Iyayenta kuma su zartar da hukunci, watau ko suna so, ko suna ƙi. Har ma akan bada yarinya ga wanda yake sa’an mahaifinta ne. Ko kuma sa’an kakanta, alhali kuma bata so, tana da wanda take so, kuma akan nemawa saurayi budurwa ba tare da yana so ba, saboda wata alaƙa ko yarjejeniya da yake tsakanin iyayensu.
Auren Zumunta
: Wannan aure ne wanda ake nema wa yaro ko yarinya daga cikin dagin uwa ko dangi na uba ba tare da an shawarci yaron ko yarinyar ba. Irin wannan auren, ana yinsa don ƙara danƙon zumunta tsakanin ƴan uwa.
Auren Sadaka
Shi auren sadaka aure ne da ake bayar da yarinya ga wani, saboda neman tubarriki, kamar irin sadakar da ake ba malamai, almajiransu, musamman idan yarinya ta girma bata samu mashinshini da wuri ba. Ana yin auren sadaka don gudun kada ta jawo wa iyayenta abin kunya wani lokaci kuma idan mutum bai sami haihuwa da wuri ba, yakanyi alƙawarin cewa, zai bada ita sadaka in ya samu, yakan ba wani, yace in ya sami Ana yin auren sadaka don gudun kada ta jawo wa iyayenta abin kunya wani lokaci kuma idan mutum bai sami haihuwa da wuri ba, yakanyi alƙawarin cewa, zai bada ita sadaka yakan ba wani, yace in ya sami ƴa’ har ta rayu zai sadaka da ita.
Aure kisan Wuta
Wannan auren yana kasancewa bayan miji ya saki mace saki uku, alhali kuwa matan tana son mijinta, shima yana son ta, dole sai ta auri wani mutum, kafin ta samu damar komawa zuwa ga mijinta na farko. To, auren nan da tayi, da ƙudurin cewa zata dawo wurin mijinta na da, wannan shine auren ɗiban wuta ko kashe wuta.
Auren Dangana Sadaka
Mutum ya kan auri matar dake zaune a gidan kanta. Sai ya zamana baza ta iya tasowa tazo gidansa ba, saboda waɗansu dalilai. Hakazalika shima ba zai iya zuwa gidanta ya zauna ba. Sai dai ya riƙa zuwa cen gidanta yana kwana. Irin wannan aure, dalilin da yasa ake kiransa dangana-sanda, saboda mai gida yana dangana sandarsa a bakin ƙofar ɗakinta ne, sannan ya shiga ya kwana.
Auren Gayya
Idan matar mutum ta fita, alhali kuwa yana sonta, ya dai sake ta ne don ta addabe shi, to sai yayi sauri yayi wani aure kafin ya sake ta, ko kafin ta gama idda. Ba don komai zai yi wannan auren ba sai don kawai ya fanshe haushinsa, ko kuma don kada matar ta rigashi yin wani aure..
Auren Diban Haushi
ana kuma kiransa auren ɗiban takaici, ko auren tsiwa, ko na kece raini da kashin ƙwarnafi. Idan matar mutum ta dame shi da fitina, yakan takanas ya auri wata mace mai kyau ko dukiya ko asali ko addini, fiye da wacce take gidansa, ko wacce ya saki, ana yin wannan auren do kawai fanshe haushi ko ɗebe takaici ko don a gusar da wulaƙanci da raini da kuma tsiwa na ba gaira ba dalili.
Lefe
Tufafi ne kayan shafe-shafe, da takalma, da sauran kayayyakin adon mata, su ɗan kunne, da sarƙar wuya, da tsakin lefe, a haɗa a sa a cikin lefe, ko fantimoti. Ko kwalla ko akwati, a ba wasu mata sukai gidansu yarinya. Wani lokacin kuma akan tara lefe da yawa na masu so daban daban a ajiye har sa’ar da aka tabbatar da wanda aka ajiye har sa’ar da aka tabbatar da wanda aka ga ya dace ya aureta sa’annan a mayarwa sauran nasu, a basu hakuri da zarar yaji an tabbatar masa sai ya aika da neman sa ranan biki.
Sadaki
kuɗi ne wanda mace take ayyanawa a bisa ƙa’idar aure. Kuɗin da ake iya bayarwa a matsayin sadaki, ya tashi tun daga zumbar goma, watau sule da taro ko kwabo goma sha biyar, har zuwa abinda ya ninninka wannan. A wannan kuɗin yau lissafi ya kama daga kwabo goma sha biyu da rabi.
Waliyyan Aure
: waliyyan aure sune dangi na ma’auran nan biyu, akasari iyaye ne ko WALIYYAN AURE: waliyyan aure sune dangi na ma’auran nan biyu, akasari iyaye ne ko ƴa’ƴa ko ƙanne, waɗanda suke wakiltar sashen yaro da sashen yarinya wajen ɗaurin aure. Baza a ɗaura aure ba sai da su.
Shaidu
Ba a daurin aure a sakaye. Dole sai mutane sun shaida. To, mutanen da suke halartar wajen ɗaurin aure, sune shaidu. Lokacin da za ayi fatiha an faɗa a kunnensu sun saurara ko sunji sun shaida cewa, an bada wance ga wane.
Goro da Kudin Daurin Aure
Goro da kuɗi, waɗanda ake rabawa a wajen ɗaurin auren ana baiwa dukkan waɗanda suka halarta ɗaurin auren ne. Ana bayar da kuɗin zaure, da kuɗin liman, da kuɗin tauba, sai da kakanni. Kuma ana fitar da kuɗin maroƙa da na ƙattan gari. Ana raba kuɗin ne yayin da aka taru za a shafa fatiha. Akan aikawa ƴan'uwa da masoya, da kuma abokan arziƙi za a ɗaura auren wane da wance a gidan wane. Saboda haka ana gayyatarsu ran kaza a watan kaza da lokaci kaza.
Zaman Lalle
Amarya takan yi ƴan kwanaki biyu ko fiye da haka tana cikin lalle, ana kaita gida-gida ana yi mata gargaɗi, a ja kunnenta kuma a riƙa koya mata waɗansu abubuwa na addini da yadda ake zamantakewan rayuwa. Kuma ƴan'uwa suna yi mata hidima don ganin damarsu da kuma son ransu, kafin ta koma zuwa gidansu ko gidan wani..
Tarewa
Daga nan kuma sai shirya tarewarta a gidan miji. A ranar tarewa, sai ƴan'uwan miji mata su zo gidansu amarya suna neman a basu matarsu, har su bada wani kuɗi na sayen amaryar, sannan a naɗa wata yarinya amaryar boko, bayan tsofaffi mata sun kai amarya ta gaskiya gidan mijinta. Sai a sa wata yarinya ta zama kamar itace amarya. Har a kaita gidan miji ana ta waƙe-waƙe na addini ko na batsa, saboda gudun wata makida ko makirci ko maƙarƙashiya wanda yakan faru daga wasu
Sayen Baki
Bayan ƴanmata sun watse, sai abokan ango su zo don a sayi bakin amarya, sabida baza ta yi musu magana ba sai an biya. Kuma a nan ne samari sukanyi ta wasa ƙwaƙwalwa da sauran magana kala-kala. Sayen baki yakan kasance da daddare ne, a inda ake sakewa ana darawa da kuma nishaɗi.
Budan Kai
Wani ɗan bulaguro ne wanda amarya take yi zuwa gidansu, bayan kwana hudu, ko biyu, ko kuma ma mako ɗaya, saboda azo ayi mata jeren ɗaki, takanyi wannan ƴar ƙaura don a sami damar yi mata wasu ƴan gyare-gyare, kamar su kitso, da aski da shirye shiryen zama da mijinta..
Jere
Wasu daga cikin makusantan amarya, sune zasu ɗauki ɗawainiyar gyara ɗakin amarya, suyi jere, da kafin gado, da ƙawace ɗaki, da yin wasu al’adu kamar kafi (Tsari) ko kuma addu’o’i na gargajiya, saboda fatan samun zaman lafiya da kuma kare kai. A rannan ne akan ja kunnen amarya da barin wasu munanan ɗabi’u da yin kyawawansu da dai nisantar aikata abinda zai kawo rashin jituwa a tsakaninsu.
Bibiliyo
Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. ISBN 978-2470-25-2. OCLC 702639483.
Manazarta
Al'adu |
40122 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic | Arctic | Arctic (/ˈɑːrtɪk/ or /ˈɑːr ktɪk/) yanki ne na polar da ke arewa maso yammacin Duniya. Arctic ya ƙunshi Tekun Arctic, tekun da ke kusa, da kuma sassan Kanada (Yukon, Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, Nunavut), Daular Danish (Greenland), arewacin Finland (Lapland), Iceland, arewacin Norway (Finnmark da Svalbard), Rasha (Murmansk, Siberiya, Nenets Okrug, Novaya Zemlya), arewacin Sweden da Amurka (Alaska). Ƙasar da ke cikin yankin Arctic tana da nau'ikan dusar ƙanƙara da murfin ƙanƙara na lokaci-lokaci, tare da permafrost wanda ba shi da bishiya (mai daskararriya ƙanƙara ta dindindin) mai ɗauke da tundra. Tekun Arctic suna ɗauke da ƙanƙara na yanayi a wurare da yawa.
Yankin Arctic yanki ne na musamman tsakanin halittun duniya. Al'adu a yankin da 'yan asalin Arctic sun dace da yanayin sanyi da matsananciyar yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin Arctic ta haɗa da zooplankton da phytoplankton, kifi da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobin ƙasa, tsirrai da al'ummomin ɗan adam. Ƙasar Arctic tana da iyaka da yankin subarctic.
Definition and etymology
Kalmar Arctic ta fito daga kalmar Helenanci ἀρκτικός (arkticos), "kusa da Bear, arewa" kuma daga kalmar ἄρκτος (arktos), ma'ana bear. Sunan yana nufin ko dai ga ƙungiyar taurari Ursa Major, "Babban Bear", wanda ya shahara a yankin arewa na sararin samaniya, ko kuma ƙungiyar taurarin Ursa Minor, "Little Bear", wanda ya ƙunshi sandar arewa na sama (a halin yanzu sosai). kusa da Polaris, Tauraruwar Pole ta Arewa ta yanzu, ko Tauraruwar Arewa).
Akwai ma'anoni da dama na abin da yanki ke ƙunshe a cikin Arctic. Ana iya ayyana yankin a matsayin arewacin Arctic Circle (kimanin 66° 34'N), madaidaicin iyakar kudu na tsakar dare da kuma daren iyakacin duniya. Wani ma'anar Arctic, wanda ya shahara tare da masu ilimin halitta, shine yanki a Arewacin Hemisphere inda matsakaicin zafin jiki na watanni mafi zafi (Yuli) ya kasance ƙasa da ; Layin bishiyar arewa mafi kusa yana bin isotherm a iyakar wannan yanki.
Yanayi
Yankin Arctic yana da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi da lokacin rani mai sanyi. Hazo galibi yana zuwa ne a cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara kuma yana da ƙasa, tare da yawancin yankin yana karɓar ƙasa da Iska mai ƙarfi yakan tayar da dusar ƙanƙara, yana haifar da ruɗi na ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara. Matsakaicin yanayin hunturu na iya yin ƙasa da ƙasa , kuma mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine kusan . Sauyin yanayi na Tekun Arctic ana daidaita su ta hanyar tasirin teku, suna da yanayin zafi gabaɗaya da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara fiye da wuraren da suka fi sanyi da bushewa. Arctic tana fama da dumamar yanayi a halin yanzu, yana haifar da raguwar ƙanƙara a tekun Arctic, raguwar ƙanƙara a cikin kankara na Greenland, da sakin methane na Arctic yayin da permafrost ya narke. Narkewar kankara na Greenland yana da alaƙa da haɓakar polar.
Sakamakon ƙaura na isotherms na duniya (kimanin a cikin shekaru goma a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata sakamakon dumamar yanayi, yankin Arctic (kamar yadda aka ayyana ta layin bishiya da zafin jiki) a halin yanzu yana raguwa. Wataƙila mafi girman sakamakon wannan shine raguwar ƙanƙarar tekun Arctic. Akwai babban bambance-bambance a cikin tsinkaya na asarar kankara na Arctic, tare da samfurori da ke nuna kusan cikakke don kammala hasara a watan Satumba daga 2035 zuwa wani lokaci a kusa da 2067.
Flora da fauna
Rayuwar Arctic tana da halin karbuwa ga gajerun yanayi na girma tare da dogon lokacin hasken rana, da sanyi, duhu, yanayin hunturu da dusar ƙanƙara ta lulluɓe.
Tsire-tsire
Tsire-tsire na Arctic sun ƙunshi tsire-tsire irin su dwarf shrubs, graminoids, ganye, lichens, da mosses, waɗanda duk suna girma kusa da ƙasa, suna kafa tundra. Misali na dwarf shrub shine bearberry. Yayin da mutum ya matsa zuwa arewa, yawan zafin da ake samu don tsiron tsiro yana raguwa sosai. A cikin yankunan arewaci, tsire-tsire suna kan iyakokin su na rayuwa, kuma ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin yawan adadin zafi na rani yana haifar da babban bambance-bambance a cikin adadin kuzarin da ake samu don kulawa, girma da haifuwa. Yanayin zafi mai sanyi yana haifar da girma, yalwa, yawan aiki da iri-iri na tsire-tsire su ragu. Bishiyoyi ba za su iya girma a cikin Arctic ba, amma a cikin sassansa mafi zafi, shrubs suna da yawa kuma suna iya kaiwa tsayi; sedges, mosses da lichens na iya samar da yadudduka masu kauri. A cikin mafi tsananin sanyi na Arctic, yawancin ƙasa ba komai bane; shuke-shuke da ba na jijiyoyin jini irin su lichens da mosses sun fi rinjaye, tare da wasu ciyayi masu tarwatsewa da ciyayi (kamar Arctic poppy).
Dabbobi
Herbivores a kan tundra sun haɗa da kuren Arctic, lemming, muskox, da caribou. Mujiya mai dusar ƙanƙara, Arctic fox, Bear Grizzly, da Kerkeci na Arctic ne suka cinye su. Polar bear shima mafarauci ne, kodayake ya fi son farautar rayuwar ruwa daga kankara. Har ila yau, akwai tsuntsaye da nau'o'in ruwa da yawa da suka mamaye yankuna masu sanyi. Sauran dabbobin ƙasa sun haɗa da wolverines, moose, tumaki dall, ermines, da squirrels na Arctic. Dabbobin ruwa na ruwa sun haɗa da hatimi, walrus, da nau'ikan nau'ikan cetacean-baleen whales da narwhals, orcas, da belugas. Kyakkyawan misali kuma sanannen nau'in zobe ya wanzu kuma an kwatanta shi a kusa da Arctic Circle a cikin nau'i na gulls na Larus.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18565 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasilla%20High%20School | Wasilla High School | Wasilla High School ( WHS ) Wata makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a a Wasilla, Alaska, Amurka, tana yiwa ɗalibai aji 9 – 12 aji. Makarantar tana daga cikin Yankin Matanuska-Susitna Borough District, tare da shigarwa bisa tushen wuraren gidajen daliban.
A makaranta sanã'anta tartsatsi kafofin watsa labarai da hankali a cikin shekara ta 2008 wadannan tsohon almajiri Gwamna Sarah Palin 's gabatarwa a matsayin Republican mataimakin shugaban Gudun mate to John McCain a cikin shekara ta 2008 United States zaben shugaban kasar .
Masu ilimi
Tun daga ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2018, akwai azuzuwan AP goma sha biyar da aka bayar. WHS kuma tana shiga cikin shirin na Prep na Jami'ar Alaska Anchorage, wanda ke bawa ɗalibai damar karɓar darajar kwaleji don azuzuwan fasahar kera motoci.
Wasannin motsa jiki
WHS memba ce ta 4A memba na Activungiyar Ayyukan Makarantar Alaska (ASAA), hukumar da ke kula da wasannin guje-guje a makarantar sakandare a Alaska. Wasannin faduwa da aka bayar a WHS sune tseren ƙetare, ƙwallon ƙafa, farin ciki (ƙwallon ƙafa), iyo da kwallon raga . Wasannin hunturu da ake bayarwa sune kwallon kwando, hockey, Wasannin Wasannin Matasa na ativeasar, wasan tseren ƙetare na ketare, farin ciki (kwando), da kokawa . Wasannin bazara da aka bayar sune wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan ƙwallo mai laushi, da waƙa da filin .
Mascot
Wasilla wata makarantar sakandare ce, Jarumi ne, Ba'amurke ɗan Asalin. Bayan kisan George Floyd, wani tsohon dalibi ya yada takardar neman a canza mascot din wanda ya kira mascot din "kyamar launin fata". Gwamnatin Wasilla High ta sanar da cewa za ta yi aiki tare da Majalisar Kabilar Knik don "tsara wani gwarzo na WHS Alaskan wanda ya dace da al'ada don nuna asalin 'yan asalin yankinmu.
Ayyukan muhalli
t.
Ayyuka na ƙari
Kusa-kusa shiri ne wanda ke ɗaukar ɗalibai suyi karatu a Washington DC na sati ɗaya. Shirin Yarjejeniyar Makarantar Sister shiri ne na musayar ɗalibai na mako guda tsakanin ɗalibai a cikin birane da ƙauyukan Alaska.
Yawan karatun
Wani binciken Jami'ar Johns Hopkins mai suna Wasilla High School a matsayin "masana'antar faduwa". Wasilla ta dropout kudi ya 6.5 bisa dari a shekara ta 2006, wani adadin da ya da ya fi yadda mafi yawan makarantu a Mat-Su gundumar. A binciken da aka gudanar ta gano bambanci tsakanin wani aji da 400 farin shiga dalibai wanda ya ƙare har da 260 tsofaffi shekaru hudu daga baya. Koyaya, binciken Johns Hopkins bai bi takamaiman ɗalibai ba. Idan ɗalibi ya fara makaranta a Wasilla High sannan ya kammala daga wata makarantar sakandare, nazarin zai ɗauke shi ko ita. Matanuska-Susitna Borough School District tana da manufar buɗe rajista kuma yana da kyau gama gari ɗalibai su canza daga wannan makaranta zuwa waccan idan iyayensu sun sami sabon aiki a wasu yankuna. Shugabar Hukumar Makaranta Sarah Welton ta ce binciken bai yi daidai ba kuma ra'ayin na karya da aka yi wa wasu a kasar zai zama abin takaici. Kashi 58 cikin ɗari na ɗaliban sabbin ɗalibai ne suka kammala karatu a matsayin tsofaffi.
A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2009, ɗaliban makarantar sakandaren Wasilla sun ɗauki jarabawar share fagen samun digiri . Abubuwan da aka gwada sune lissafi, rubutu, da kuma karatu . A lissafi, kaso 87 na ɗaliban Wasilla sun sami ƙwarewar ci. A duk faɗin jihar, kashi 80.2 na ɗaliban goma sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. A rubuce, kashi 78.1 na ɗaliban Wasilla sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. A duk faɗin jihar, kashi 78.8 na ɗaliban goma sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. A cikin karatu, kashi 94.1 na ɗaliban Wasilla sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. A duk faɗin ƙasar, kashi 90.0 na ɗaliban goma sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. Ya zuwa shekarar makaranta ta shekara ta 2008-2009, Digirin-digirgir din Wasilla ya kai kaso 77.8, sama da na digirin-digirgir a duk fadin jihar da kaso 67.6.
A watan Satumba na shekara 2008, Wasilla High tana da kimanin ɗalibai 1300.
Sanannun ɗalibai da malamai
John Gourley, jagoran mawaƙa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Portugal. Mutumin
Levi Johnston, tsohon saurayin Bristol Palin; ya bar bayan ƙaramin shekararsa, bai taɓa kammala karatun sakandare ba daga Wasilla High
Alfred Ose, shugaban makarantar sakandare ta Wasilla kuma memba na majalisar wakilai ta Alaska daga 1973 zuwa 1979
Bristol Palin, ɗiyar Sarah Palin
Sarah Palin, tsohon gwamnan Alaska kuma tsohon dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa na Republican
Todd Palin, mijin Sarah Palin kuma tsohon zakara a tseren kankara
Richard Russell, ma'aikacin Horizon Air a Filin jirgin saman Seattle-Tacoma wanda ya sata kuma ya fadi a jirgin sama zuwa Tsibirin Ketron, Washington wanda yayi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa a shekarar 2018.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yanar gizo Wasilla High School
Wasila, Alaska
Makaranta
Makarantu
Ma'aikatun gwamnati
Pages with unreviewed translations |
52869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra%20Kazemi | Zahra Kazemi | Zahra "Ziba" Kazemi-Ahmadabadi (Persian; 1948-11 ga watan Yulin 2003) ta kasance 'yar jarida mai zaman kanta na Iran-Kanada. Ta sami sananne saboda kama ta a Iran da kuma yanayin da hukumomin Iran suka tsare ta, wanda aka kashe ta. Rahoton binciken gawawwakin Kazemi ya nuna cewa jami'an Iran sun yi mata fyade kuma sun azabtar da ita yayin da take kurkukun Evin, wanda ke cikin babban birnin Tehran.
Kodayake hukumomin Iran sun nace cewa mutuwarta ba ta da gangan kuma ta mutu daga bugun jini yayin da ake tuhumar ta, Shahram Azam, tsohon likitan soja wanda ya yi amfani da ilimin da ya yi game da shari'ar Kazemi don neman mafaka a Kanada a shekara ta 2004, ya bayyana cewa ya bincika jikin Kazemi kuma ya lura cewa ta nuna alamun azabtarwa, gami da karyewar kwanyar, karyewar hanci, alamun fyade, da mummunan rauni na ciki.
Mutuwarta ita ce karo na farko da mutuwar Iran a hannun gwamnati ta ja hankalin manyan kasashen duniya. Saboda 'yan kasa biyu da kuma yanayin mutuwarta, tun daga lokacin ta zama sananniyar kasa da kasa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2003, 'yan jaridar Kanada don Magana ta kyauta sun girmama Kazemi tare da lambar yabo ta Tara Singh Hayer Memorial don nuna godiya ga ƙarfin hali wajen kare' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.
Rayuwa da mutuwa
An haifi Kazemi a Shiraz, Iran, kuma ta koma Faransa a 1974 don nazarin adabi da fina-finai a Jami'ar Paris . Tare da ɗanta, Stephan Hachemi, ta yi hijira zuwa Kanada a 1993 kuma ta zauna a Montreal, Quebec, inda daga baya ta sami 'yancin Kanada kuma ta zama ɗan ƙasa biyu. Ta yi aiki a Afirka, Latin Amurka, da Caribbean sannan kuma akai-akai a kasashe daban-daban na Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da yankunan Palasdinawa, Iraki, da Afghanistan. Ta ziyarci kasashen biyu na ƙarshe kafin da kuma lokacin mamayar Amurka. Nan da nan kafin tafiyarta zuwa Iran, Kazemi ta sake komawa Iraki, ta rubuta aikin Amurka. Jigogi masu maimaitawa a cikin aikinta sune rubuce-rubuce na talauci, talauci, tilasta gudun hijira da zalunci, da kuma ƙarfin mata a cikin waɗannan yanayi.
Kamawa
Tafiya zuwa ƙasar haihuwarta ta amfani da fasfo ta Iran, an ba Kazemi damar shiga Iran don ɗaukar hotuna na yiwuwar zanga-zangar da ake sa ran za ta faru a Tehran a watan Yulin 2003. An gudanar da zanga-zangar kuma an murkushe su yadda ya kamata bayan rana ta shida ta hanyar tura manyan jami'an tsaro da masu tsaron gida, ko kuma "masu sutura". Bayan clampdown, kimanin dalibai 4000 "sun ɓace" kuma an yi tunanin an kama su ne saboda zanga-zangar kuma an kai su kurkukun Evin, gidan tsare fursunonin siyasa na Tehran. Kamar yadda ya saba bayan irin waɗannan abubuwan, dangin waɗanda suka ɓace sun taru a waje da gidan yarin Evin a arewacin Tehran da fatan sanin abin da ya faru da yaransu. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2003, Kazemi ta tafi kurkuku don daukar hotuna na waɗannan dangin, tana da katin manema labarai da gwamnati ta bayar wanda ta yi tunanin ya ba ta izini ta yin aiki a Tehran, gami da Evin.
A cewar Shirin Ebadi, lauyan Iran kuma tsohon alƙali wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya a shekara ta 2003 kuma daga baya ya zama babban wakilin dangin Kazemi a shari'ar mutuwar Kazemi, wani ma'aikacin kurkuku ya ga Kazemi yana ɗaukar hotuna kuma ya bukaci ta ba shi kyamararta, yayin da aka haramta daukar hoto a gaban kurkuku.Da yake damuwa cewa jami'ai na iya tayar da iyalan da ta riga ta dauki hotuna, sai ta nuna katin manema labarai kuma ta fallasa fim din ga haske. Mai tsaron ya yi mata ihu da fushi, 'Ban tambaye ka ka ka ka fallasa fim dinka ba, na gaya muku ka ba ni kyamarar ka' 'Za ka iya samun kyamarar,' ta amsa, 'amma fim din na ni ne.' Jami'an 'yan sanda, masu gabatar da kara, da jami'an leken asiri sun tsare ta kuma suka yi mata tambayoyi a cikin kwanaki uku masu zuwa.Ma'aikatan gidan yarin Evin, wanda lauyoyin iyalin Kazemi suka yi la'akari da shi a cikin duka da suka haifar da mutuwar Kazemi, sun ce ta kasance a cikin wani yanki mai rikitarwa, tana daukar hotunan sassan gidan yarin. Kwanaki da yawa bayan kama ta, jaridu masu tsananin layi sun buga labarai "suna kiranta ɗan leƙen asiri wanda ya shiga ƙasar a ɓoye a matsayin ɗan jarida".
Kazemi ta nace cewa ba ta dauki hoton wani bangare na kurkuku ba, kawai titin da masu zanga-zangar, wadanda suka kasance dangin daliban masu fafutuka da aka daure a kurkuku.
Mutuwa
A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, kwanaki goma sha tara bayan an kama ta, Kazemi ta mutu a hannun Iran a asibitin Sojojin Baghiyyatollah al-Azam . Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, kamfanin dillancin labarai na IRNA na Iran ya ba da rahoton cewa Kazemi ta yi wa bugun jini yayin da ake tuhumar ta kuma ta mutu a asibiti. Wannan labarin ya canza zuwa wanda Kazemi ya mutu bayan ya fadi kuma ya buga kansa. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, mataimakin shugaban kasar Iran, Mohammad Ali Abtahi, "ya yarda cewa Kazemi ya mutu sakamakon bugawa". Mohammad Ali Abtahi (Mataimakin Shugaban Harkokin Shari'a) da Masoud Pezeshkian (Ministan Lafiya da Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya) sun yarda cewa ta mutu ne daga karyewar kwanyar sakamakon bugawa a kai. Abtahi ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don dawo da amincewar, amma ya yi tsayayya da shi.
Shirin Ebadi ta ba da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro sun bincika gidan wani aboki wanda ba a san sunansa ba wanda Kazemi ke zaune a ciki kuma "ya ci gaba da tambayar" abokinta game da "'yanayin likita" na Kazemi da kuma waɗanne magunguna da take shan kowace rana". Jami'ai sun kuma hana tsohuwar mahaifiyar Kazemi, mai rauni, wacce ta yi tafiya daga Shiraz don ganin ɗanta kaɗai, daga ganin Kazemi har sai sun tambaye ta game da magungunan da suka nace cewa dole ne 'yarta ta yi amfani da su. Abokin Kazemi ya gaya wa Ebadi cewa daga baya ta fahimci wannan yana nufin Kazemi ya mutu, kuma jami'an "suna so su yi iƙirarin cewa Ziba yana da yanayin da ya riga ya kara muni a kurkuku".
Labarin bai zama babbar gardama ba har sai kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da Shahram Azam, tsohon likitan ma'aikatar tsaro ta Iran, ya fitar da wata sanarwa cewa ya bincika Kazemi a asibiti kwana hudu bayan kama ta kuma ya sami alamun azabtarwa, ciki har da: Shaidar fyade mai tsanani
Kashewar kwanyar, yatsunsu biyu da suka karye, yatsun da suka ɓace, babban yatsan da aka murkushe, da hanci da ya karye.
Rashin rauni mai tsanani a cikin ciki, kumburi a bayan kai, da kuma kafada mai rauni.
Rashin zurfi a wuyan da kuma shaidar bulala a kan kafafu.Daya daga cikin jami'an leken asiri na Iran guda biyu da ake tuhumar mutuwarta an wanke ta a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003. Sauran wakilin, Mohammed Reza Aghdam-Ahmadi (محمدرضام احمدی), an tuhume shi da "kisan kai da gangan" kuma an fara shari'arsa a Tehran a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003. A cikin wannan watan, majalisar dokokin Iran ta yi Allah wadai da Saeed Mortazavi, mai gabatar da kara na Tehran, saboda sanar da cewa Kazemi ya mutu daga bugun jini. A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2004, an wanke Aghdam-Ahmadi.
Duba kuma
Kashe Mahsa Amini
'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran
Jerin shahararrun matan Farisa
Jerin 'yan kasashen waje da aka tsare a Iran
Zahra Bani Yaghoub
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Labarin labarai na CBC Montreal
Labarin Labaran BBC
Binciken BBC News game da shari'ar
Kabari a Iran
BBC This World, Iran: Asirin Kisan kai, wanda aka watsa a Burtaniya a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2004
Reports of the 17 July 2004 trial session in Vaghaye and Shargh, newspapers
Labarin Zahra Kazemi. na Khosro Naghed (Persian)
'Yan jaridar Kanada don Magana ta 'Yanci suna buƙatar Aiki
Ƙungiyoyin Magana ta 'Yanci suna kira ga Adalci - IFEX
CBC: Tarihi a kan Kazemi
Shugaba da aka nada mai gabatar da kara Mortazavi ya kashe Zahra Kazemi
WWF: Labaran Zahra Kazemi
Matattun 2003
Haifaffun 1948
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23178 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul | Ertuğrul | Ertuğrul ko Ertuğrul Gazi ( Ottoman Turkish ; Turkmen ; mutu ) shi ne mahaifin Osman I. Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Ertuğrul ba. A bisa al'adar Ottoman, shi dan Suleyman Shah ne, shugaban kabilar Kay ((ikirarin da ya sha suka daga masana tarihi da yawa) na Turkawan Oghuz, wadanda suka gudu daga yammacin Asiya ta Tsakiya zuwa Anatolia don tserewa Mongol ya ci nasara, amma a maimakon haka ya kasance ɗan Gündüz Alp . A cewar wannan tatsuniyar, bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Ertuğrul da mabiyansa sun shiga hidimar masarautar Rum, wanda a kansa aka ba shi lada tare da mamayar garin Söğüt a kan iyaka da daular Byzantine . Wannan ya sanya jerin abubuwan da zasu haifar da kafuwar Daular Usmaniyya .
Tarihin rayuwa
Babu wani abu da aka sani da tabbaci game da rayuwar Ertuğrul, ban da cewa shi ne mahaifin Osman; saboda haka an tilasta wa masana tarihi dogaro da labaran da Ottomans suka rubuta game da shi fiye da ƙarni ɗaya daga baya, waɗanda suke da daidaitattun tambayoyi. Kudin da ba a fidda ba, wanda ake tsammani daga lokacin Osman, tare da rubutun "Minted by Osman dan Ertuğrul", yana nuna cewa Ertuğrul mutum ne mai tarihi. Wani tsabar kudin yana karanta "Osman bin Ertuğrul bin Gündüz Alp", duk da cewa a al'adance Ertuğrul ɗan Suleyman Shah ne.
A cikin Enveri 's Düsturname (1465) da Karamani Mehmet Pasha ' (kafin 1481), Suleyman Shah ya maye gurbin Gündüz Alp a matsayin mahaifin Ertugrul. Bayan Aşıkpaşazade 's labarinsa Tevārīḫ-i al-i'Osman (15th karni), Suleyman Shah version zama hukuma daya.
A cewar majiyoyin Turkiyya da yawa, Ertuğrul yana da 'yan'uwa maza uku masu suna; Sungur-tekin, Gündoğdu da Dündar . Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsu, Ertuğrul tare da mahaifiyarsa Hayme Hatun, Dündar da mabiyansa daga Kay the Tribe sun yi ƙaura zuwa yamma zuwa Anatolia kuma suka shiga Seljuk Sultanate na Rum, suka bar brothersan uwansa biyu waɗanda suka ɗauki danginsu zuwa gabas. Ta wannan hanyar, ıabilar Kayı ta kasu kashi biyu . Dangane da waɗannan al'adun daga baya, Ertuğrul shine shugaban ƙabilarsa ta Kayı.
Sakamakon taimakon da ya baiwa Seljuks a kan Rumawa, Ertuğrul an ba shi filaye a Karaca Dağ, wani yanki mai tsaunuka tsakanin Diyarbakır da Urfa, ta Kayqubad I, Seljuk Sultan na Rum. Wani asusu ya nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa shugaban Seljuk ya bayar da filayen Ertuğrul ya kasance ga Ertuğrul don tunkude duk wata kiyayya daga Rumawa ko kuma wasu masu adawa da ita. Daga baya, ya karɓi ƙauyen Söğüt wanda ya ci nasara tare da ƙasashen da ke kewaye da shi. Wancan ƙauyen, inda daga baya ya mutu, ya zama babban birnin Ottoman ƙarƙashin ɗansa, Osman I. Mahaifiyar Osman ana kiranta Halime Hatun a cikin tatsuniyoyi na gaba, kuma akwai kabari a wajen Kabarin Ertuğrul Gâzi wanda ke da sunan, amma ana rigima da shi.
A cewar majiyoyi da yawa, yana da wasu 'ya'ya maza biyu ban da Osman I: Saru-Batu (Savci) Bey da Gündüz Bey. Kamar ɗansa, Osman, da zuriyarsu, Ertuğrul galibi ana kiransa Ghazi, gwarzo gwarzo mai gwagwarmaya don addinin Islama .
Abun tunawa
Kabari da masallaci da aka keɓe wa Ertuğrul an ce Osman I ne ya gina shi a Söğüt, amma saboda sake ginawa da yawa babu abin da za a iya faɗi game da asalin waɗannan gine-ginen. Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1842 - 1918) ya gina mausoleum na yanzu a ƙarshen karni na 19. Garin Söğüt na bikin shekara shekara don tunawa da mutanen Osman na farko.
Jirgin ruwan Ottoman <i id="mwnQ">Ertuğrul</i>, wanda aka ƙaddamar a 1863, an sa masa suna. Abdul Hamid II shima yana da jirgin ruwa mai suna iri daya. Masallacin Ertuğrul Tekke (ƙarshen karni na 19) a Istanbul, Turkiyya da Masallacin Ertuğrul Gazi da ke Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (wanda aka kammala a 1998), duk an ambaci su don girmama shi. Gwamnatin Turkiyya ce ta kafa masallacin a kasar ta Turkmenistan a matsayin wata alama ta alakar da ke tsakanin Turkiyya da Turkmenistan.
Ertuğrul ɗayan ɗayan mutum-mutumi ne da suka kewaye Tunawa da 'Yancin Kai a Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Mutum-mutumin ya nuna mutanen da aka yaba a cikin Ruhnama, jagorar ruhaniya da shugaban Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov ya rubuta . An kuma nuna mutum-mutumin Ertuğrul a kan tsabar tunawa da 2001.
Aungiyar haɗin kai mai zaman kanta a Lahore, Pakistan ta sanya mutum-mutumi 2 na Ertu onrul a kan dawakai. Diriliş ne ya yi musu wahayi : Ertuğrul, wani shiri ne na shekarar 2014. An kafa tsattsauran Ertuğrul a Ordu, Turkiyya a cikin 2020. Localananan hukumomi sun cire shi bayan an nuna cewa yayi kama da Ertuğrul-actor daga wannan TV-series.
A cikin almara
An nuna Ertugrul a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Turkiyya (1988), wanda aka ciro shi daga wani labari mai suna iri daya, Diriliş: Ertuğrul (2014—2019) da kuma mai zuwa Kuruluş: Osman (2020).
Duba kuma
Bishiyar dan Ottoman
Gidan Tarihin Söğüt Ertuğrul Gazi
Casar Karacahisar
Ertuğrul Osman, "Ottoman Karshe"
Bayanan kula
Kuma duk Wanda yayi musu kan asalin garin kay an kitkiteshine a karni na 15, koma babu isassun hujjojin dazasu yadda DA hakan.
Pages with unreviewed translations |
8777 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Japan | Harshen Japan | Harshen Japan ko Yaren Japan da turanci kuma Japanese (Yamato) (日本語 Nihongo, (ɲihoŋɡo) ([ɲihoŋŋo]) shi ne yare ko harshen da mutanen gabashin Asiya ke amfani da shi, wadanda adadinsu sunkai kusan mutane miliyan 128, an fi amfani da harshen a Kasar Japan a yanzu, a inda harshen shi ne harshen da ake amfani da shi a Kasar. Harshen na daya daga cikin harsunan da ake kira da Japonic (ko kuma Japanese-Ryukyuan) language family, kuma yana da dangantaka da wasu yaruka kamar, Korean. An dai danganta harshen da harsuna kamar, Ainu, Austroasiatic, da Altaic.
Harfofin Rubutun Harshen
Haruffan Sin (kanji)
Kana (hiraganakatakana)
Japanese Braille. Harshen Japan bashi da wata alaka da harshen Sin wato Chinese language, Amma dai yana amfani da haruffan kalmomin Harshen Sin, ko Nihongo wato (kanji 漢字) a cikin rubutun ta, kuma mafi yawan kalmomin harshen suna daga harshen Sin din ne. Tareda kanji harufan rubutun harshen Japan. Harshen na amfani da silabul biyu na Mora (linguistics) A rubuce, Nihongo hiragana (ひらがな ko 平仮名) da kuma Nihongo katakana (カタカナ or 片仮名). Harshen na amfani da rubutun Latin a wasu wurare da kuma Lambobin na harshen wato Japanese numerals sun fi yawa ne daga Lambobin larabci wato Arabic numerals tare da na harshen Sin chinese numerals.
Tarihi
Gabanin Tarihi
Wani dadadden harshen da harshen Ryukyuan or dialects ana ganin ya zo kasar Japan ta hannun mazauna wadanda Kuma suka zo daga continental Asia ko kusa da tsibirin Pacific wani lokaci a farkon mid-2nd century BC (the Yayoi period), Wanda yamaye asalin harshen mutanen Jōmon, tare da da dadadden harshen Ainu. Wanda labari kadan ne aka samo a kan Yanjapan din Lokacin. Saboda rubutu kamar "Kanji" wanda ya shige cikin "Hiragana" da "Katakana" daga baya a Lokacin baizo nan ba daga China, babu cikakken shaida, da wani abu dazai nuna japanese ta kafu ne daga masa hadaddiyar tsohuwar Old Japanese.
Tsohon Harshen
Tsohon Japanese shi ne kawai abin da aka tabbatar daga cikin harshen Japanese. Da yaduwar Buddhism, sai aka shigo da rubutun China zuwa Japan. Farkon rubututtukan da aka samu a Japan an yi su ne ta Classical Chinese, amma an dauke su ne a matsayin Japanese daga yana yin kanbun. Wasu cikin rubutun Chinese sun nuna tagomashin Japanese grammar, kamar yadda Jerin kalmomin suke (for example, placing the verb after the object). In these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. Rubutu na fari Kojiki, ansamo sa ne tun a Karni 8th, kuma dukkanin rubutun a Chinese characters yake. Karshen Old Japanese yahadu ne tareda Nara period a 794. Old Japanese na amfani da Man'yōgana yanayin rubutun, dake amfani da kanji domin phonetic da semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct syllables. Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different kanji for each of the syllables now pronounced (lang|ja|き ki, ひ hi, み mi, け ke, へ he, め me, こ ko, そ so, と to, の no, も mo, よ yo and ろ ro). ( Kojiki Nada kalmomi 88, amma daga baya 87. Babban cin dake tsakanin mo1 and mo2 ya bata bayan samun composition dinsq.) Wadannan jerin syllables sun dawo zuwa 67 a farkon Middle Japanese, dukda wasu ansanya sune ta Chinese influence.
Dan samun karin syllables an hypothesized cewar Old Japanese's vowel system yafi yawa akan Japanese din zamani – dake kunshe da kusan eight vowels. A cewar Shinkichi Hashimoto, the extra syllables in Man'yōgana yaZone ta samun babban cin acikin vowels of the syllables in question. wadannan ban bancin ne suka nuna Old Japanese nada eight-vowel system, in contrast to the five vowels of later Japanese. The vowel system would have to have shrunk some time between these texts and the invention of the kana (hiragana and katakana) in the early 9th century. According to this view, the eight-vowel system of ancient Japanese would resemble that of the Uralic and Altaic language families. However, it is not fully certain that the alternation between syllables necessarily reflects a difference in the vowels rather than the consonants – at the moment, the only undisputed fact is that they are different syllables. A newer reconstruction of ancient Japanese shows strikingly similarities with Southeast-Asian languages, especially with Austronesian languages.
Tsohuwar Japanese baida (IPA|/h/), amma akwai (IPA|/ɸ/) (Wanda aka taskance a fu, (IPA|/ɸɯ/)), Wanda aka Samar dashi daga *(IPA|/p/). Man'yōgana also has a symbol for (IPA|/je/), da yahade da (IPA|/e/) kafin karshen lokutan.
Saboda fossilizations na Old Japanese grammatical elements an cigaba da Samun su a sauran harsunan – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no) akwai su a Kalma kamar matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); sabuwar Kalmar mieru ("to be visible") da kikoeru ("to be audible") sun cigaba da abinda aka sansa da mediopassive suffix -yu(ru) (kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) > kikoeru (as all shimo-nidan verbs in modern Japanese did)); and the genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech.
Farkon Samuwar Harshen
Farkon Lokaci matsakaici na Japanese shine Japanawan Lokacin Heian, na daga 794 zuwa 1185. Farkon Middle Japanese ya gamu da significant amount of Chinese influence on the language's phonology – length distinctions become phonemic for both consonants and vowels, and series of both labialised (e.g. kwa) and palatalised (kya) consonants are added, Intervocalic (IPA|/ɸ/) tahade da (IPA|/w/) daga Karni na 11th.
Karshen farkon Middle Japanese yagamu da beginning of a shift where the attributive form (Japanese rentaikei) da kadan kasan ya canja zuwa (shūshikei) na verb classes din dake da biyu ma banbanta.
Bayan Samuwar Harshen
A karshen matsakaicin zamanin Japanese yafaru ne daga 1185 zuwa 1600, kuma anraba sane zuwa sashe biyu, Wanda aka kiyasta da daidai Lokacin Kamakura da kuma Lokacin Muromachi, kamar yadda sukazo. Na karshen da aka samu na irin Middle Japanese sune na first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit da Franciscan missionaries; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam). Among other sound changes, the sequence (IPA|/au/) merges to (IPA|/ɔː/), in contrast with (IPA|/oː/); (IPA|/p/) ansake shigar dasu daga Chinese; da (IPA|/we/) yahade da (IPA|/je/). Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending -te begins to reduce onto the verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite), the -k- in the final syllable of adjectives drops out (shiroi for earlier shiroki); akwai wasu a modern standard Japanese dasuka cigaba da rike asalin su (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ, inda modern Japanese just has hayaku, dukda Wanda ake amfani dashi amadadinsa a kiyayeshi a cikin gaisuwan garin o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku).
Karshen Middle Japanese nadauke da loanwords na farko daga wasu harsunan turai – now-common words borrowed into Japanese a wannan Lokacin yahada da pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), duk daga Portuguese.
Farkon Harshen na Zamani
Farkon harshen zamani na Japanese, Nada banbanci tsakanin Modern Japanese, shine dialect akai amfani dashi bayan Meiji Restoration. Saboda harsunan nada matukar kamanni, farkon Modern Japanese anfi danganta shi da Modern Japanese.farkon Modern Japanese da kadan kadan ya canja zuwa Modern Japanese Lokacin Karni 19th. Kawai bayan 1945, jim kadan bayan Yakin Duniya II, sai Modern Japanese yazamanto standard language, inda aka fara amfani dashi a kasar. A wannan Lokacin da muke ciki Japanese da amfani da Katakana da kuma Hiragana har wayau suna amfani da traditional Chinese characters da akekira da "Han" wanda ya canja zuwa "Kanji" wanda shine irin rubutun da ake amfani dashi Dan express ideas a harsunan Japanese da Chinese.
Harshen na Zamani
Harshen Japan na zamani ana ganin yafara ne tareda Lokcin Edo, Wanda yadauki tsawon shekaru tun daga 1603 har zuwa 1868. Tun Old Japanese, the de facto standard Japanese shine Kansai dialect, musamman ma Kyoto. A yayin Lokacin Edo, Edo (itace Tokyo ayanzu) yazama wani babban birni a Japan, sannan kuma Edo-area dialect yazama standard Japanese. Tun karshen Japan's self-imposed isolation a 1853, samun shigowar loanwords daga Harsunan yarukan turai yakaru matuka. Lokacin tun daga 1945 ansamu mafi yawan kalmomin da aka aro daga wasu harsunan, kamar su Jamusanci, Portuguese da Turanci. Yawancin English loan words musamman dangantaka da fasaha, Misali pasokon (kintsen dake nufin "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), da kamera ("camera"). Saboda yawan da English loanwords keda shi, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between (IPA|/tɕi/) da (IPA|/ti/), da (IPA|/dʑi/) da kuma (IPA|/di/), wanda ana karshen kowannen su ake samunsa acikin loanwords.
Manazarta
Harsuna |
36552 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaba%2C%20Lagos | Yaba, Lagos | Yaba ƙauye ne da ke yankin Lagos Mainland, Legas a Jihar Legas, Nijeriya. Akwai cibiyoyin gwamnatin tarayya da dama a yankin, wadanda suka haɗa da Kwalejin Sarauniya, Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci ta Najeriya, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba, Kwalejin Igbobi, Jami'ar Legas, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Federal College of Education). Technical) Akoka.
Yaba tana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren kasuwa mafi yawan jama'a a Legas, wanda aka sani da Kasuwar Tejuosho. An ruguje tsohuwar kasuwar Tejuosho a shekara ta 2008 kuma an sake gina ta zuwa wani rukunin siyayya na zamani a ƙarshen 2014. Kai tsaye daura da kasuwar Yaba akwai asibitin mahaukata wanda yawancin mutanen Legas suka fi sani da Yaba Left.
Yaba tana daya daga cikin wuraren da ake zuwa don farfado da fasaha a Afirka, tare da farawar fasaha irin su Hotels.ng, Andela, CC-Hub da sauransu da dama da ke da tasiri mai kyau ga tattalin arziki. Sake gina Kasuwar Tejuosho, wadda aka yi a matsayin wani bangare na aikin Megacity na Legas, ya mayar da ita wata babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta ‘yan Legas. Kasuwar tana da wurare daban-daban da suka haɗa da boutiques, shagunan abinci, da cibiyar wasanni.
Tarihi
An sassaka yankin cigaban karamar hukumar Yaba ne daga tsohuwar karamar hukumar Lagos Mainland, wadda aka samar a shekarar 1977 a matsayin karamar hukumar daban bayan sake fasalin kananan hukumomi na kasa a watan Satumba na shekarar 1976. Lagos Mainland an sassaka shi ne daga karamar hukumar Legas wacce ke gudanar da babban birnin Legas wanda ya kunshi tsibirin Legas da Legas Mainland. Da aka kafa wasu kananan hukumomi uku a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 1991, aka sake gina tsohuwar babban yankin Legas tare da sassaka Surulere daga cikinta. Karamar hukumar Yaba na daya daga cikin sabbin kananan hukumomi 37 da gwamnatin Sanata Bola Ahmed Tinubu ta kirkiro daga babban yankin Legas, bayan da majalisar dokokin jihar ta amince da dokar samar da sabbin wuraren raya kananan hukumomi.
Sanannun cibiyoyi
Jami'ar Legas
Yaba College of Technology
Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci ta Najeriya
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya ta Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a
Asibitin cututtuka masu yaduwa, Yaba
Asibitin Magana na Sojojin Najeriya 68
Annex Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas
Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Yaba
Majalisar Jarrabawar Afirka ta Yamma
Kwalejin Likitocin Afirka ta Yamma
Methodist Girls High School, Yaba
Ozone Cinemas
Queen's College Yaba
All Saints Anglican Church, Yaba
Kwalejin St. Finbarr
Our Lady of Apostle Secondary School, Yaba
Yabacon Valley
Yabacon Valley sunan laƙabi ne ga yanki a cikin Yaba. Hoton hoto ne na 'Yaba' da 'Silicon', wani sinadari da ake amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar yawancin semiconductor na kasuwanci don kwamfutocin lantarki. Sunan kwaikwayi ne na kwarin Silicon na Amurka.
Ba a san ko an ambaci kalmar Yabacon Valley ko an yi amfani da ita ba dangane da wannan gungu na fasaha a baya, amma amfani da shi na farko da aka buga ana lasafta shi zuwa Manufar Kasuwanci. Dangane da sakamakon binciken Google, Blaise Aboh ne ya fara amfani da sunan a matsayin wani bangare na take na labarin fara sabuwar fasaha.
Fitowar Yaba a matsayin gungu na farawa
A cikin shekarar 2011, Cibiyar Wennovation tare da haɗin gwiwar Dandalin Shugabancin Afirka sun fara haɓaka haɓakawa a cikin yanayin fasaha.
Filin fasaha a Yaba ya shahara a ƙarshen 2011 lokacin da Bosun Tijani da abokan aikinsa suka kafa CC-HUB, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na Najeriya. Tare da saka hannun jari da tallafi daga kungiyoyi irin su Indigo Trust, Omidyar Network, MainOne Cable Company da kuma gwamnatin jihar Legas, nan da nan sai ta kara kaimi inda ta ci gaba da kafa babbar titin bayanai mai amfani da fiber optic. A cikin 2011, tsohon ma'aikacin banki Seun Onigbinde ya kafa BudgIT, aikin nuna gaskiya na kasafin kuɗi, a hawa na uku na ginin bene mai hawa shida na CC Hub a Yaba. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin farkon farawa na farko don cin gajiyar CC Hub's incubation drive a cikin shekarar 2011, ta sami dala 5,000 daga cikin tallafin iri na $90,000 daga hamshakin attajirin ɗan kasuwa Tony Elumelu. Manyan mutane kamar Konga, kamfanin eCommerce wanda darajarsa ta kai kusan dala miliyan 200 bayan da ya tara dala miliyan 20 a zagaye na biyu na Series C, ya zo a shekarar 2013, yayin da Africa Internet Group wacce ke da dala miliyan 469 a cikin zagaye 4 daga masu saka hannun jari shida ta mayar da shida daga cikin kamfanoninsa zuwa Yaba a 2014. A cikin 2014 BudgIT ta sami tallafin $400,000 daga Omidyar. Tsakanin 2016, Andela–dan Najeriya wanda ya kafa ƙwararren mai haɓakawa ga masu shirye-shirye waɗanda ke da cibiyoyi a Legas, Nairobi da New York-ya sami $24 miliyan a cikin saka hannun jari daga Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. A cikin 2015, Hotels.ng, wani wurin ajiyar otal a Najeriya ya sami tallafin dala miliyan 1.2 daga Omidyar Network don fadada jerin sunayensa a fadin Afirka.
A watan Agustan 2016, Mark Zuckerberg ya ziyarci Najeriya, musamman Yaba. Kwana daya bayan ziyarar Zuckerberg a Yaba, kafafen yaɗa labarai na cikin gida da na waje sun yi ta yin tsokaci kan dalilin da ya sa Yaba ke zama 'Silicon Valley' na Najeriya.
Gidan hotuna
Duba kuma
Yabacon Valley
Yaba birai tumor virus
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19041 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban | Taliban | Taliban ( /t æ l ɪ b æ n, T ɑː l ɪ b ɑː n / ; Pashto ko 'masu neman') ne a Deobandi Islama addini da siyasa da kuma soja motsi kungiyar a Afghanistan . A halin yanzu daya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyu da ke ikirarin cewa su ne halattacciyar gwamnatin Afganistan, tare da Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan da kasashen duniya suka amince da su, kungiyar Taliban tana rike da madafun iko a kasar. An bayyana akidar Taliban da hada wani “sabon abu” na shari’ar Musulunci ta Sharia dangane da tsattsauran ra’ayin Deobandi da Islama mai gwagwarmaya, hade tare da dabi’un zamantakewa da al’adun Pashtun da ake kira Pashtunwali, kamar yadda mafi yawan 'yan Taliban' yan kabilar Pashtun ne. The kungiyar da aka ƙ a] en da ayyukanta a cikin doka fataucin miyagun} wayoyi ta hanyar samar da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi kamar tabar heroin, damfarar, da kuma satar mutane da fansa. Sun kuma kwace iko da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a tsakiyar shekarun 2010 wadanda ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin gwamnatin da ta gabata.
Daga shekara ta alif 1996 zuwa shekarar 2001, 'yan Taliban sun mallaki iko a kan kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na Afghanistan, kuma sun aiwatar da tsauraran fassarar Shari'a, ko shari'ar Musulunci. Yan Taliban sun fito a shekara1994 a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyi a yakin basasar Afghanistan kuma galibi sun kunshi dalibai ( talib ) daga yankunan Pashtun na gabashi da kudancin Afghanistan wadanda suka yi karatu a makarantun Islama na gargajiya, kuma suka yi yaki A lokacin Soviet -Afghanistan War . A karkashin jagorancin Mohammed Omar, harkar ta bazu a cikin mafi yawan Afganistan, inda ta karkata mulki daga hannun mayakan jihadi . An kafa mulkin kama -karya Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan a shekara ta alif 1996 kuma an canza babban birnin Afghanistan zuwa Kandahar . Ta mallaki mafi yawan kasar har zuwa lokacin da aka kifar da ita bayan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Afghanistan a watan Disambar shekarar 2001 bayan harin shadaya11 ga Satumba . A lokacin da kungiyar ta gabata mulki sassa na arewa maso gabashin aka gudanar da Northern Alliance, wanda sun fi mayar da kiyaye kasa da kasa fitarwa a matsayin ci gaba da rikon Islamic State of Afghanistan . A mafi ƙanƙantarsa, ƙasashe uku sun amince da amincewar gwamnatin diflomasiyya ta Taliban: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Daga baya kungiyar ta sake haduwa a matsayin kungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya don yakar gwamnatin Karzai da Amurka ke marawa baya da kuma rundunar tsaro ta kasa da kasa ta NATO (ISAF) a yakin Afghanistan .
Kasashen duniya sun yi Allah wadai da 'yan Taliban saboda tsananin aiwatar da tafsirin su na Shari'ar Musulunci, wanda ya haifar da zaluntar' yan Afghanistan da dama. A lokacin mulkinsu daga shekara1996 zuwa shekara2001, 'yan Taliban da kawayensu sun aikata kisan gilla kan fararen hular Afganistan, sun hana kayayyakin abinci na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga farar hula dubudaridasitin160,000 da ke fama da yunwa, kuma sun gudanar da manufar kasa mai konewa, ta kona manyan yankuna masu albarka da lalata dubunnan gidaje. Yayin da Taliban ke iko da Afghanistan, sun hana ayyuka da kafofin watsa labarai ciki har da zane -zane, daukar hoto, da fina -finan da ke nuna mutane ko wasu abubuwa masu rai. Sun kuma haramta kida ta amfani da kayan kida, in ban da daf, wani nau'in gangar jikin firam . 'Yan Taliban sun hana' yan mata da 'yan mata zuwa makaranta, hana mata yin aiki a waje da kiwon lafiya (an hana likitocin maza kula da mata), kuma sun buƙaci mata su kasance tare da dangin maza kuma su sa burqa a duk lokacin da ake cikin jama'a. Idan mata sun karya wasu dokoki, an yi musu bulala ko a kashe su a bainar jama'a. An nuna wariya ga marasa rinjaye na addini da kabilu a lokacin mulkin Taliban kuma sun tsunduma cikin kisan kare dangi na al'adu, tare da lalata abubuwan tarihi da yawa ciki har da sanannen Buddha na Bamiyan mai shekaru 1500. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 'yan Taliban da kawayensu ne ke da alhakin 76% na mutuwar fararen hular Afganistan a shekara2010, da 80% a shekara2011 da shekara2012.
Kasashen duniya da gwamnatin Afganistan na zargin jami'an leken asirin Pakistan da ayyukan soji da taimakawa Taliban a lokacin kafuwar su da lokacin da suke kan mulki, da kuma ci gaba da marawa Taliban baya a lokacin tayar da kayar baya. Pakistan ta bayyana cewa ta janye dukkan goyon bayan da take baiwa kungiyar bayan harin shadaya11 ga watan Satumba. A shekarar 2001, an ruwaito Larabawa dububiyudadaribiyar2,500 karkashin jagorancin shugaban Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden sun yi fafutukar yaki da Taliban. Bayan faduwar Kabul a ranar shabiyar15 ga Agustashekara 2021, kungiyar Taliban ta sake kwace ikon Afghanistan .
Kalmar Taliban itace Pashto, ( ), ma'ana 'ɗalibai', jam'in . Wannan kalmar aro ce daga Larabci ( ), ta amfani da ƙaramin adadin . Da Larabci ( ) yana nufin ba 'ɗalibai' ba amma a'a 'ɗalibai biyu', kamar yadda nau'i biyu ne, jam'in Larabci shine ( ) - wani lokaci yana haifar da rudani ga masu magana da larabci. Tun lokacin da ya zama kalmar aro a cikin Ingilishi, Taliban, ban da sunan jam’i da ke magana kan ƙungiyar, an kuma yi amfani da ita azaman sunaye guda ɗaya da ke nufin mutum. Misali, an kira John Walker Lindh a matsayin "Taliban na Amurka", maimakon "Talib Ba'amurke" a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida. Wannan ya sha bamban da na Afganistan, inda ake kiran memba ko mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar da Talib (طالب) ko jam'inta Talib-ha (طالبها).
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
39075 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalemba%20Rockshelter | Kalemba Rockshelter | Kalemba Rockshelter wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake gabashin kasar Zambiya, a daidaitawa 14°7 S da 32°3 E. Al’adar gida tana tunawa da amfani da matsugunin dutse a matsayin mafaka a lokacin harin Ngoni a karni na 19. An san wurin don zane-zanen dutse daban-daban da kuma amfani da microlithic na ci gaba.
Tarihin bincike
Kalemba rockshelter wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake gabashin Zambiya, wanda RA Hamilton ya gano a shekarar 1955 sannan ya kai rahoto ga tsohon gidan tarihi na Rhodes-Livingstone. Amma sai a shekarar 1971 ne DW Phillipson ya tono wurin. Sama da mita 30 a tsayi, matsugunin dutsen yana samuwa ne ta hanyar ɓangarorin granite gneiss. Fuskantar kwarin Chipwete, a gefen arewa-maso-yamma dutsen yana da tsayin mita 4.5, matsakaicin, kuma ya wuce ta wurin buɗaɗɗen wuri don kariya. Filin lebur yana kusa da gefen arewa maso gabas na dutsen; An rufe ta ta kowane bangare, tana da tudu mai tudu a kan babban tudu. Arewa da kudu maso yamma na dutsen dutsen suna ba da faɗaɗa sararin zama na bene da kuma kyakkyawan wuri wanda ke kallon kwarin Chipwete na sama. Wuri na biyu, ƙarami, ƙarancin kariya yana da bene na da kuma adjoins, a ƙarshen kudu maso yamma na babban masauki. Shiga daga ƙarshen arewa na babban tsari ko kuma daga tsaunuka a kusurwar kudu yana ba da damar shiga cikin sauƙi zuwa matsugunan dutsen biyu. Ana yin zane-zane a matsugunan biyu; tare da nisa na mita 12 wanda yake a bangon baya na babban matsuguni kuma a karkashin kudu maso yamma overhang yana da ƙaramin panel.
Hakowa
Da farko dai, an keɓe haƙon da aka yi a Kalemba zuwa grid na murabba'i 10, duk da haka, ana buƙatar tsawaitawa don guje wa rugujewar bangon gefen. An raba tonon sililin gida biyu ne sakamakon fadowar wani dutse da ke daidai da bangon babban matsugunin. An gano jimlar sasannin ƙasa goma sha uku. Domin Philipson da membobin wani ɓangare na tono don samun damar zuwa ƙananan matakan, dole ne su ƙara ƙarin ƙari ga tonowar zuwa arewa maso yamma. A ƙarshe, tonowar ya ƙunshi jimillar yanki na . An tattara gawayi don saduwa da radiocarbon da kuma samfuran ƙasa don nazarin koyarwa. Duk da haka, bayan wani lokaci, tonowar ya kamata a bar shi a zurfin saboda yanayin rashin lafiya tare da bangon gefe. Don ci gaba da tono, ya zama dole a cire duwatsu masu nauyin kimanin tan 25 tare da yin amfani da toshe da kuma magance. Ana tsammanin cewa mafi yawan ma'auni suna samuwa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan duwatsu. Abin baƙin cikin shine, abubuwan da ake buƙata don magance cikin aminci da nasara tare da halin da ake ciki na duwatsu ba su samuwa ga DW Philipson a 1971, don haka, tilas ne a dakatar da aikin tono.
Stratigraphy da dating
Kwanan radiyo sun nuna cewa aikin ɗan adam ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 37,000 a Kalemba. Idan hasashe cewa kwanakin GX-2767 da GX-2768 sun fi dacewa da dangantaka ta kusan shekaru 13,000 KZ, to a cewar Phillipson, Phillipson ragowar kwanakin sun kasance daidai kuma suna samar da jerin da ke nuna lokuta da dama na sana'a da suka biyo baya: lokaci na 1., kafin shekaru 35,000 KZ; lokaci 2,c. 25,000 zuwa 21,000 shekaru KZ; Lokaci 3, c. 15,000 zuwa shekaru 11,000 KZ, da kuma tsawon shekaru 4 <6,000 KZ.
Ya samo
Flakes
Dutse
Duwatsun guduma, anvils, shafa da nika dutse
Kayan tarihi na kashi
Shell kayan tarihi
Tukwane
Karfe abubuwa
Jana'izar
Ragowar sandar sanda da matsugunan bamboo
Flakes
Flakes sun dogara ne akan 1243 gabaɗayan flakes tare da samfuran bazuwar da aka ɗauka daga kusan samfurori 100. Don suna kaɗan daga cikin filayen da aka gano, akwai lanƙwasa na baya wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kayan aikin da aka sake kunnawa. Hakanan an gano ma'anar lunates waɗanda ke wakiltar wani yanki mafi girma na nau'in juzu'i mai lankwasa, kashi 59 daidai yake, babu ɗaya daga cikin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki da ke da tsinkayar kunne a ƙarshen, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, tip akan ɗaya ya fi girma. jaddada. Wani nau'in flake da aka gano shine zurfin lunate mai matsakaicin tsayi kuma talatin da uku ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan samfuran ake tattarawa. Goma sha bakwai ne kawai na asymmetrical lunate aka tattara waɗanda ke da matsakaicin tsayin . An gano wasu nau'ikan microliths guda biyu, microlith trapezoidal ashirin da bakwai tare da ma'anar . da microliths triangular goma sha huɗu tare da matsakaicin tsayin .
Kayan kayan tarihi na dutsen ƙasa
An tattara gatari goma sha daya, tudu biyu, duwatsu hudu da wani abu mai yare guda daya a cewar Phillipson. Abun harshe da kuma dutsen su ne kawai irin wannan nau'in da ake samu a Gabashin Zambiya a mahallin binciken kayan tarihi.
Hammerstones. anvils, shafa da nika duwatsu
Kimanin guduma talatin da bakwai aka tattara, 32 daga cikinsu ba a karye ba, nauyinsu daga guda. Daga cikin dukkan duwatsun da aka yi amfani da su guda daya ne kawai ma'adini da kuma wani nau'in guduma da aka fi so - guntuwar sifar ovoid mara kyau sun bayyana a cikin binciken. An tattara duwatsu masu bugun guda goma sha biyu, tare da matsakaicin girman da kuma . An tattara magudanar ruwa huɗu, uku kuma ma'adini ne ɗaya kuma a kan cobble . Aka tattara duwatsun shafa guda bakwai sai dutsen niƙa ɗaya kawai. Koyaya, dutsen niƙa ya kasance lokacin farin ciki kuma an kafa shi zuwa zurfin mm goma sha biyu. Amfani na ƙarshe don dutsen niƙa shine don launin ja.
Kayan tarihi na kashi
An tattara fil masu kai guda uku aka gano ana samar da su daga dogayen kasusuwan babban tsuntsu. An sami madaidaicin bodkins takwas da wasu lanƙwasa biyu waɗanda suka bambanta daga m zuwa madauwari. Ɗaya daga cikin lanƙwan jikin jikin kamar ƙaramin haƙarƙari ne mai kaifi yayin da ɗayan kuma ƙashi ne da ba a tantance ba. An tattara cikakkun maki guda biyu da tsawon; nuna asalin tsaga kashi. An kuma tattara allura, duk da haka, ana ɗauka cewa ba ta halitta ba ce. A karshe, an gano kayan aikin kashi daya sassaka wanda ya samo asali daga dogon kashin tsuntsu yana diamita.
Shell kayan tarihi
An tattara beads guda goma sha huɗu, lanƙwasa ɗaya da fayafai ɗaya a Kalemba. Hudu daga cikin bead ɗin an yi su ne daga harsashi na achatina, ɗaya kuma an yi su ne daga harsashin katantan ruwa, sauran tara kuma an yi su ne daga katantan ƙasar da ba za a iya tantance su ba. Faifan harsashi, ya karye rabin harsashin katantanwa na ruwa. Kuma harsashi kuma an yi shi ne daga harsashin katantanwa na ruwa, amma ana zaton ya ɓace ko kuma a jefar da shi kafin a gama shi.
Tukwane
An tattara cikakkun tasoshin ruwa guda uku, amma an kuma gano ragowar tukwane 392. An yi wa 100 daga cikin tarkace ado a bakin baki, amma sauran 292 ba a yi musu ado ba.
Karfe abubuwa
An gano ƙarfe huɗu na ƙarfe da aka yi aiki. An samu zobe da waya. Ring shine a diamita tare da bandeji na rectangular . Wayar ta kasance tsawon da diamita na iyakar.
Siffofin
Siffofin da aka gano a lokacin tonowar sun hada da: Kaburbura guda hudu (kaburbura) da ragowar sanduna da matsuguni na bamboo da dama.
Manazarta
Duba kuma
Mumbwa Caves
Tarihin Zambia
Kalemba rockshelter
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50559 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27idodin%20Paris%20na%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam | Ka'idodin Paris na Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam | An bayyana ƙa'idodin Paris a taron bita na farko na kasa da kasa kan cibiyoyi na ƙasa don haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka gudanar a Paris a ranakun 7-9 ga watan Oktoba 1991. Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da su ta kuduri mai lamba 1992/54 na shekarar 1992, da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kuduri mai lamba 48/134 na shekarar 1993. Baya ga yin musayar ra'ayi kan shirye-shiryen da ake da su, mahalarta taron sun zayyana cikakkun shawarwari kan rawar da suka taka, matsayi, matsayi da kuma ayyukan cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa (NHRIs). Wadannan an gina su ne bisa ka’idojin da taron karawa juna sani na Geneva na shekarar 1978 kan cibiyoyi na kasa da na gida don ci gaba da kare hakkin dan Adam ya yi amfani da su a baya, wanda ya samar da ‘Jagororin Tsari da Aiki na Cibiyoyin Kasa da Na gida don Ingantawa da Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam’. Ka'idodin Paris na shekarar 1993 sun tsara matsayi da aiki na cibiyoyi na ƙasa don karewa da haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda aka sani da Cibiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na ƙasa.
Abubuwan Bukatun Ka'idodin Paris da NHRI
Ƙa'idodin Paris sun lissafa ayyuka da ayyuka da yawa ga cibiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa:
Cibiyar za ta sanya ido kan duk wani yanayi na take hakkin dan Adam wanda ta yanke shawarar aiwatarwa.
Cibiyar za ta iya ba da shawara ga gwamnati, majalisar dokoki da duk wata hukuma da ta dace kan takamaiman take hakki, game da batutuwan da suka shafi doka da bin ka'ida da aiwatar da ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya.
Cibiyar za ta yi hulɗa tare da ƙungiyoyin yanki da na duniya ba tare da izini ba.
Cibiyar za ta kasance tana da ikon ilmantarwa da kuma sanar da su a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Ana ba wa wasu cibiyoyi cancantar shari'a.
Yarda da ƙa'idodin Paris shine babban abin da ake buƙata na tsarin ba da izini wanda ke daidaita damar NHRI zuwa Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran hukumomi. Wannan tsarin bita ne na tsararraki wanda wani karamin kwamiti ne na Global Alliance of the National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) da ake kira Karamin Kwamitin Amincewa. Karamin Kwamitin yana duba NHRI a cikin ma'auni daban-daban, tare da 'yancin kai daga jihar shine mafi mahimmancin yanayin sake dubawa. Ana iya nuna 'yancin kai ta hanyar bin ƙa'idodin Paris, kamar yadda Ƙarshen Kwamitin ya fassara a cikin Babban Abubuwan Sa'a. Bita na Ƙarshen Kwamiti don bin ƙa'idodin Paris yana nazarin doka ta ba da damar NHRI, zaɓi da tsarin naɗi don jagoranci, cin gashin kansa na kuɗi da gudanarwa, da haƙƙinsu na haƙƙin ɗan adam, baya ga ayyukansu na masu haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam da masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Duba kuma
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya
Haƙƙin ɗan adam
Cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa
Jerin labaran haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa
Ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya
Kotun Turai ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam
Hukumar kare hakkin dan adam
Cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa #Paris Principles
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
OHCHR, ' Littafin Jagora akan Kafa da Ƙarfafa Cibiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Ƙasa don haɓakawa da Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ' (New York/ Geneva 1995).
Hukumar EU don Haƙƙin Mahimmanci, Ƙarfafa kuma ingantattun cibiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa - ƙalubale, ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da dama (2020)
UN OHCHR (2010) Cibiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Ƙasa: Tarihi, Ƙa'idodi, Matsayi da Matsayin Ƙwararrun Horarwar Ƙwararru 4
Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amirka, 'Rahoton Majalisar Dindindin akan Ƙarfafa Matsayin Cibiyoyin Ƙasa don Ƙarfafawa da Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amirka' (29 Afrilu 2009) OEA/ Ser. G CP/CG-1770/09 rev 2.
Anna-Elina Pohjolainen. (2006). Juyin Halitta na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ƙasa Cibiyar Danish don Haƙƙin Dan Adam.
Majalisar kasa da kasa kan manufofin kare hakkin dan Adam. (2005) Assessing the Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions ] Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Manufofin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam/Ofis na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Morten Kjærum (2003) Cibiyoyin Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Ƙasa - Aiwatar da Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Danish Institute for Human Rights
Birgit Lindsnaes, Lone Lindholt, Kristine Yigen (eds.). (2001) Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na ƙasa, Labarai da takaddun aiki, Gabatar da tattaunawa game da kafawa da haɓaka ayyukan cibiyoyi na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa Cibiyar Danish ta Danish.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
National Human Rights Institutions Forum (NHRIs Global network) at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2002-09-15) |
52422 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirikiri%20Babban%20Gidan%20Kurkuku%20da%20Tsaro | Kirikiri Babban Gidan Kurkuku da Tsaro | Kurkuku mafi girman tsaro na Kirikiri gidan kurkuku ne da ke a yammacin garin Apapa, a jihar Legas, Najeriya. Dalilin kiranta da wannan suna saboda tana ƙauyen Kirikiri. Wani ɓangare ne na Hukumar Kula da Gyaran Halayya, a Najeriya. Yawan adadin Fursunoni da gidan ke iya dauka a hukumance sune fursuna 1,056. An fara kafa ta a shekarar 1955. Paul Chiama na gidan jaridar Leadership ya rubuta cewa "Ambaton Kirikiri ya fara tunatar da duk wani dan Najeriya" wannan gidan yari.
Tun daga ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 1990 Tana ɗaukar Fursunoni 956 amma a zahiri tana ɗaukar fursunoni 1,645. Wani rahoto na 1995 da Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Kanada ta yi ya bayyana cewa “gidan yarin ta riga ta yi suna” saboda cunkoso da take dashi. A watan Maris din shekarar 2018 ne Ƙasar Birtaniya ta sanar da cewa za ta kashe dalar Amurka $939,000 don gina wani sabon reshe mai gadaje 112, domin a samu sauƙin kwashe fursunonin Najeriya daga Birtaniya. duk da cewa babu wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa Gwamnatin Burtaniya tayi wannan aikin.
Akwai wasu fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a Kirikiri.
Tarihi
An gina gidan yarin na Kirikiri a shekara ta 1955 tare da fursunoni 1056 na farko. Ya zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2018, kashi 69% cikin ɗari na Fursunonin dake a gidan yarin suna jiran shari’a ne kamar yadda bayanai daga hukumar kula da gidajen yari ta Najeriya ta tabbatar.
Abinci
Har zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 2021 a gidan yarin Kirikiri (Gidan Dan Kanden Kirikir), a da ana ciyar da fursunoni abinci na Naira 450 a rana (kimanin dalar Amurka 1.08 kamar a watan Mayu shekarar 2022). A cikin watan Oktoban 2021 Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya kara yawan abincin yau da kullun zuwa Naira 1,000 (kimanin $2.41 kamar a watan Mayu 2022). Jami’an hukumar gyaran Hali ta Najeriya sun bayar da shawarar a ba su alawus na naira 750 a kullum, sai dai kwamitin majalisar dattijai sunce wannan adadin bai isa ba. A cikin wata hira da gidan jaridar Vanguard tayi da wani Fursuna a watan Mayun 2022, wanda ya nemi a sakaya sunansa ya bayyana cewa abincin da ake ci a Kirikiri "dan kadan wanda baya isar koda karamin yaro ballatan babban mutum, kuma abicin baida kyau sam". Misali, yace shi wnada ba'a bayyana sunan sa ba, karin kumallon Gidan Yarin ya ƙunshi wake da aka dafa shi kaɗai ba ko magi, kowace safiya, tsawon kwana bakwai a mako. Fursunonan da ba a bayyana sunansa ba ya kuma kwatanta karuwar tallafin abinci na yau da kullun wanda ake ikirarin ana badawa a matsayin "Zancen kanzon kurege", yana mai cewa, "Idan har kana bukatar sanin haka to ku zo ku gani da Idonku, don sanin ainihin abin da nake gaya a kai" kuma" ku zo ku ga abinci mai ban tsoro! Abin har yayi muni.”
Wani fursuna da aka yi fira da shi wanda gidan jaridar Vanguard tayi da shi a watan Mayu sekarar 2002 ya bayyana cewa "ko da mayunwacin kare ba zai ci abincin da suke ba mu ba", kuma wasu fursunoni sun dogara da samun damar dafa abinci a ɗakin su don su rayuwa. Ana iya siyan danyen abincin da fursunoni za su dafa a cikin dakunansu ta hannun jami’an kula da walwala na gidan yarin, kuma wasu fursunoni suna da garwar kalanzir da Risho don su girka abincinsu.
Wani fursuna ya bayyana cewa gidan yarin yana da wani “sashen VIP” daban, inda fursunonin ke da nasu mai dafa abinci, da mai wanke tufafi, masu aiki da kuma na’urar samar da wutar lantarki.
A watan Mayun shekarar 2022, mai magana da yawun hukumar gidajen yari ta jihar Legas, ya musanta ikirarin cewa har yanzu fursunonin na karbar abinci naira 450 ne kawai a kowace rana, yana mai cewa, “an yi nazari kan ciyarwar kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin dokar kula da gidajen yari ta Najeriya na shekarar 2019. N450 na farko an duba shi sama amma na tabbata bai kai sama da N1000 ba. Dole ne in gaya muku cewa game da ciyarwa a gidajen yari, akwai ma'auni guda ɗaya da muke amfani da shi don kowane rabon abinci ga fursunoni." Sabanin wannan bayani, wani babban jami’in gidan yarin da ya nemi a sakaya sunansa ya bayyana cewa “babu wani abu da ya canza dangane da ciyar da fursunoni a fadin kasar nan” kuma “babu wani abu da ya canza a nan ta fuskar inganci da yawan abincin da fursunonin ke ci. Har yanzu ita ce masifa da wahala ta yau da kullum na abincin Ẹ̀bà tare da miya egusi mai ruwa, wake da shinkafa." Babban jami'in ya kuma bayyana cewa "Hanya daya tilo da fursunonin ke rayuwa ita ce ta hanyar samar da nasu abincin."
Sanannun fursunoni
Chief Bode George
Clifford Orji
Al-Mustapha
Major General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua
Fela Anikulapo Kuti
Olusegun Obasanjo
Chris Abani
Manazarta |
41395 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20ido%20a%20Tanzaniyae | Yawon Buɗe ido a Tanzaniyae | Tanzaniya ƙasa ce mai yawan wuraren yawon bude ido.
Kusan kashi 38 cikin ɗari na ƙasar Tanzaniya an keɓe shi a wuraren da aka warewa don kiyayewa.
Akwai wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa guda 17, wuraren wasanni 29, wuraren kiyayewa 40 (ciki har da Yankin Kare Ngorongoro ) da wuraren shaƙatawa na ruwa.
Tanzaniya kuma gida ne ga tsaunin Kilimanjaro, wuri mafi girma a Afirka.
Balaguro da yawon buɗe ido sun ba da gudummawar kashi 17.5 cikin 100 na yawan kayayyakin cikin gida na Tanzaniya a shekarar 2016.
kuma sun dauki kashi 11.0 na ma'aikatan kasar (ayyukan yi 1,189,300) a shekarar 2013. Sashin yana haɓaka cikin sauri, yana tashi daga dalar Amurka biliyan 1.74 a 2004 zuwa dala biliyan 4.48 a 2013.
A cikin shekarar 2016, masu yawon bude ido 1,284,279 sun isa kan iyakokin Tanzaniya, idan aka kwatanta da 590,000 a 2005.
A cikin 2019, sashin yawon shaƙatawa na Tanzaniya ya samar da dalar Amurka biliyan 2.6 a cikin kuɗaɗen shiga tare da masu zuwa yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 .
A cikin 2020, saboda Covid-19, karɓar tafiye-tafiye ya ragu.
$ 1.06 biliyan kuma adadin masu zuwa yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa ya ragu zuwa 616,491.
A cikin Oktoba 2021, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Yawon shaƙatawa na Tanzaniya an ba da izinin TSh.
90 biliyan/= na shekarar kudi ta 2021-2022, wani bangare na lamuni na IMF don taimakon kudi na gaggawa don tallafawa kokarin Tanzaniya na mayar da martani ga cutar ta Covid-19.
Abubuwan jan hankali a yawon buɗe ido
wuraren shaƙatawa na ƙasa
Tanzaniya tana da kusan kashi 38% na ƙasarta da aka tanada a matsayin wuraren kariya, ɗaya daga cikin kaso mafi girma a duniya.
Tanzaniya tana da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa guda 16 kuma gida ce ga rayuwar dabbobi iri-iri. Daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun hada da Manyan biyar, cheetahs, wildebeest, raƙuman ruwa, hippopotamuses da tururuwa iri- iri .
Shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na namun daji na Tanzaniya suna cikin yankin arewacin kasar kuma sun hada da dajin Serengeti, dajin kasa na Tarangi da dajin Lake Manyara . Gidan shakatawa na Serengeti ya ƙunshi manyan ƙaura na dabbobi da suka shahara a duniya.
Gidan shakatawa na Serengeti shine wurin shakatawa mafi shahara a ƙasar kuma yana da damar karbar baƙi fiye da 330,000 a cikin 2012.
A cikin 2018, Serengeti National Park an zabe shi mafi kyawun shakatawa na Safari na Afirka biyo bayan zurfin binciken da SafariBookings ya yi mafi girman kasuwan kan layi don safaris na Afirka.
A cikin gidan yanar gizon su, an karanta, Gabaɗaya 2,530 reviews an bincika daga gidan yanar gizon SafariBookings.
Masu yawon bude ido na safari daga kasashe 72 ne suka ba da gudummawar bitar masu amfani 1,670.
Don cika waɗannan sake dubawa na mai amfani, mashahuran marubutan jagora (masu aiki don Lonely Planet, Rough Guides, Frommer's, Bradt da Footprint) sun haɗu a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun SafariBookings don rubuta sharhin ƙwararrun 860
Arewa kuma gida ce ga yankin Ngorongoro Conservation Area .
Wurin kiyayewa na Ngorongoro ya haɗa da kogin Ngorongoro, wanda ke da tsattsauran ra'ayi mai aman wuta tare da zakuna, hippopotamus, giwaye, nau'ikan tururuwa iri-iri, baƙarƙar karkanda da ke cikin haɗari, da manyan garken daji na daji da zebra .
Olduvai Gorge, wanda ake yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wurin zama na bil'adama bayan da aka gano sanannun samfuran halittar ɗan adam, Homo habilis da farkon hominidae, irin su Paranthropus boisei su ma suna cikin yankin kiyayewa.
Yammacin Tanzaniya ya haɗa da wuraren shakatawa na Mahale, Katavi, da Gombe, wanda ƙarshensa shine wurin da Jane Goodall ke ci gaba da nazarin halayen chimpanzee, wanda aka fara a 1960.
Har ila yau, ƙasar tana da wadata musamman a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta Tanzaniya tana da cikakken wurin shakatawa na kasa dajin Kitulo da aka keɓe don furanni. Akwai nau'ikan biomass iri-iri a duk faɗin ƙasar.
Dutsen Kilimanjaro
Dutsen Kilimanjaro wanda kuma aka fi sani da rufin Afirka, wurin tarihi ne na UNESCO kuma mafi kololuwa a Afirka. Dutsen (yanzu dutsen mai aman wuta) ya tashi kusan mita 4,877 (16,001) ft) daga tushe zuwa mita 5,895 (19,341 ft) sama da matakin teku.
Dutsen yana arewacin kasar a kan iyaka da Kenya a cikin garin Moshi kuma ana samunsa ta filin jirgin sama na Kilimanjaro .
Har ila yau, filin jirgin yana ba da ƙofa ga masu yawon bude ido zuwa duk da'irar safari na arewa. Dutsen wani yanki ne na Kilimanjaro National Park kuma shi ne wurin shakatawa na biyu mafi shahara a kasar kuma kusan maziyarta 20,000 ne ke tafiya dutsen kowace shekara.
Dutsen yana daya daga cikin mafi girman kololuwa a duniya kuma yana da matsakaicin nasara kusan kashi 65%.
Zanzibar
Wuraren Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO
Tanzaniya gida ce ga wuraren tarihi na UNESCO guda bakwai tare da 6 daga cikinsu a babban yankin da 1 a Zanzibar . A halin yanzu akwai wasu wurare guda 5 da za a tantance kamar su dajin Gombe da kuma hanyar cinikin bayi a gabashin Afirka .
Tsarin Visa
Yawancin masu ziyara zuwa Tanzaniya dole ne su sami biza daga ɗaya daga cikin ofisoshin diflomasiyyar Tanzaniya.
Koyaya, yawancin ƙasashe na iya samun bizar baƙo a kowace tashar shiga ta ƙasa ko iska. Yawancin 'yan SADC ko jama'ar Gabashin Afirka ba sa buƙatar biza don dalilai na yawon buɗe ido.
Ana samun bizar yawon buɗe ido na wata 3 akan dalar Amurka 50 a duk tashoshin shiga (sai dai mazauna Amurka dole ne su sayi takardar shiga ta dalar Amurka $100 na shekara 1).
Tanzaniya ba ta shiga ƙarƙashin tsarin Visa na yawon buɗe ido na Gabashin Afirka kuma ana buƙatar biza ta daban don shiga Tanzaniya.
Duk masu ziyara dole ne su riƙe fasfo mai aiki na tsawon watanni 6 (bisa ga sashin shige da fice na Tanzaniya) ko wata ɗaya bayan lokacin da aka yi niyya (bisa ga IATA).
Ƙididdiga
A cikin 2014 jimlar masu yawon bude ido 1,093,000 sun ziyarci Tanzaniya a ci gaba da karuwar masu ziyara a shekara.
Idan aka kwatanta da girma da yuwuwar Tanzaniya tana da mafi ƙarancin adadin masu yawon buɗe ido na biyu sama da Burundi kawai. Kusan kashi 50% na masu yawon bude ido sun fito ne daga Afirka kuma adadin yana karuwa saboda karuwar hadewar yankin da ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa. Ko da yake masana'antar tana ci gaba da haɓaka koma bayan tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan kuma fargabar cutar Ebola ta 2014 ta cutar da masana'antar sosai.
Masu zuwa yawon buɗe ido na shekara
Masu zuwa ta ƙasa
Most visitors arriving to Tanzania were from the following countries of nationality:
Duba kuma
Ma'aikatar Albarkatun ƙasa da yawon bude ido
Manufar Visa na Tanzaniya
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ma'aikatu da hukumomin gwamnati
Ma'aikatar Albarkatun ƙasa da yawon bude ido
Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority
Hukumar yawon bude ido Tanzaniya
Shirin Al'adu na Tanzaniya
Tanzaniya National Parks
Tanzaniya Dutsen Meru
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
47977 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidan%20Afirka | Kidan Afirka | Idan aka yi la’akari da girman nahiyar Afirka, waƙarta ta bambanta, tare da yankuna da ƙasashe suna da al'adun kiɗa daban-daban. Waƙar Afirka ta ƙunshi nau'ikan amapiano, Jùjú, Fuji, Afrobeat, Highlife, Makossa, Kizomba, da sauransu. Har ila yau, kiɗan Afirka na amfani da manyan kayan kida iri-iri a duk faɗin nahiyar. Kiɗa da raye -rayen ƴan Afirka, waɗanda aka kafa zuwa digiri daban-daban akan al'adun kiɗan Afirka, sun haɗa da kiɗan Amurka kamar Dixieland jazz, blues, jazz, da yawancin nau'ikan Caribbean, irin su calypso (duba kaiso ) da soca . Salon kade-kade na Latin Amurka irin su cumbia, kidan salsa, dan cubano, rumba, conga, bomba, samba da zouk sun samo asali ne daga kidan bayin Afrika, kuma sun yi tasiri ga shahararriyar wakokin Afirka.
Kamar kiɗan Asiya, Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, kiɗan kida ce mai ƙarfi. Haɗaɗɗen tsarin rhythmic sau da yawa kuma yana haɗar da waƙar da aka yi da wani don ƙirƙirar polyrhythm . Mafi yawan nau'in polyrhythm yana wasa uku a saman biyu, kamar sau uku da aka buga da madaidaiciyar bayanin kula. Al'adun kiɗan Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara akai-akai sun dogara da kayan kida iri-iri iri-iri, gami da xylophones, djembes, ganguna, da na'urorin samar da sauti irin su mbira ko "piano na yatsa."
Wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa na kiɗan Afirka shine yanayin kiransa da amsawa : murya ɗaya ko kayan aiki yana buga ɗan gajeren magana mai sauti, kuma wannan magana tana sake maimaita ta da wata murya ko kayan aiki. Halin kira-da-amsa ya miƙe har zuwa ƙwanƙwasa, inda ganga ɗaya zai yi salon ƙwanƙwasa, wanda wani gangunan yana wasa iri ɗaya ne. Har ila yau, kiɗan Afirka yana inganta sosai. Ana yin babban tsarin rhythmic, tare da ƴan ganga sannan suna inganta sabbin ƙira sama da tsayayyen tsarin asali.
Kade-kade na gargajiya a galibin nahiyar ana watsa su ne da baki (ko a zahiri) kuma ba a rubuta su ba. Akwai bambance-bambance a hankali a cikin sauti da sauti waɗanda ba sa sauƙin fassarawa zuwa alamar Yammacin Turai. Kiɗa na Afirka sun fi dacewa da tetratonic na Yamma (bayanin kula-hudu), pentatonic (bayanin kula biyar), hexatonic (bayanin kula shida), da ma'auni na heptatonic (bayanin kula-bakwai). Ana yin jituwa da waƙar ta hanyar yin waƙa a layi daya zuwa kashi uku, na huɗu, ko na biyar (duba haɗin kai na al'adar yankin Saharar Afirka ).
Waka na da muhimmanci ga addini a Afirka, inda al'adu da bukukuwan addini ke amfani da waka wajen yada labarai daga tsara zuwa tsara tare da rera waka da rawa. Bugu da ƙari, kiɗa yana da mahimmanci ga al'ada gaba ɗaya, ba kawai a matsayin nau'i na addini da maganganun kai ba, har ma a matsayin hanyar watsa labaru don sadarwa game da muhimman batutuwan al'umma, siyasa, da ɗabi'a.
Wasu al'adu da yawa sun yi nazarin kiɗan Afirka ko da yake lokaci, don haka yawan tasirin da ya yi akan wasu. Alal misali, a cikin Disamba na 2002, Ƙungiyar Swiss Society for Ethnomusicology ta gudanar da taro da yawa a ƙoƙarin nazarin kiɗan Ghana . Wadannan masana ilimin kide-kide da kide-kide da suka shiga cikin binciken sun duba koyan fannonin tarihi ta hanyar waka, tare da al'adu. Bugu da ƙari, wasu masana ilimin kida, irin su John Collins sun nemi yin nazarin takamaiman fannoni na kiɗa daga Ghana, irin wannan yana da kasancewar Kiristanci a cikin mashahurin kiɗan.
Waƙar Afirka tana da dangantaka mai zurfi da al'umma. An yi waƙar Afirka don jin daɗin jama'a da shiga jama'a; wanda ke sa wakokin Afirka su faɗo a ƙarƙashin rukunin kiɗan al'umma, inda ake ƙarfafa al'umma masu ƙwazo da shiga jama'a a harkar kiɗa. Wannan mahimmancin al'umma ne ya kafa ra'ayin Christopher Small na Farin Ciki da kiɗan Jama'a, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin wannan al'ada.
Kiɗa ta yankuna
Arewacin Afirka da Kahon Afirka
Arewacin Afirka ita ce wurin zama na tsohuwar Masar da Carthage, wayewa da ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma wacce ta yi tasiri ga tsoffin al'adun Girka da na Romawa. Daga karshe Masar ta fada karkashin mulkin Farisa sannan mulkin Girka da na Roma suka biyo baya, yayin da Romawa da Vandals suka yi mulkin Carthage. Daga baya Larabawa suka mamaye Arewacin Afirka, wadanda suka kafa yankin a matsayin Magrib na kasashen Larabawa.
Kamar nau'ikan kiɗa na Kogin Nilu da Kahon Afirka (yankin sama-shuɗi da duhu kore akan taswira), kiɗan sa yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma yana amfani da nau'ikan waƙoƙi iri ɗaya ( maqamat ). Waƙar Arewacin Afirka tana da kewayo mai yawa, tun daga kiɗan tsohuwar Masar zuwa Berber da kiɗan Abzinawa na makiyayan hamada. Kidan fasaha na yankin ya dade shekaru aru-aru yana bin tsarin kidan gargajiya na Larabci da Andalusian: shahararrun nau'ikansa na zamani sun hada da Raï na Aljeriya .
Tare da waɗannan ana iya haɗa su da kiɗan Sudan da na Kahon Afirka, gami da kiɗan Eritrea, Habasha, Djibouti da Somaliya . Kiɗa na Somaliya yawanci pentatonic ne, ta yin amfani da filaye biyar a kowace octave sabanin ma'auni na heptatonic (bayanin kula bakwai) kamar babban sikelin . Kiɗa na tsaunukan Habasha yana amfani da tsarin ƙa'ida mai mahimmanci wanda ake kira qenet, wanda akwai manyan hanyoyi guda huɗu: tezeta, bati, jakada, da anchihoy . Ƙarin hanyoyi guda uku bambance-bambance ne akan abubuwan da ke sama: ƙaramar tezeta, manyan bati, da ƙaramar bati. Wasu waƙoƙin suna ɗaukar sunan qenet ɗin su, kamar tizita, waƙar tunawa.
Yamma, Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas da Afirka ta Kudu
Majagaba na ƙabilanci Arthur Morris Jones (1889-1980) ya lura cewa ka'idodin rhythmic na al'adun kiɗan Bantu na Afirka sun zama babban tsari ɗaya . Hakazalika, babban mashahuran ƙwararru kuma masani CK Ladzekpo ya tabbatar da "cikakkiyar kamanni" na ƙa'idodin Bantu na Afirka.
Kidan gargajiya na Afirka akai-akai yana aiki a yanayi. Ayyuka na iya zama tsayi kuma galibi sun haɗa da sa hannun masu sauraro. Akwai, alal misali, waƙoƙin aiki na musamman, waƙoƙin da ke tare da haihuwa, aure, farauta da ayyukan siyasa, kiɗa don kawar da mugayen ruhohi da kuma girmama ruhohi masu kyau, matattu da kakanni. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan da aka yi a waje da mahallin zamantakewa da aka yi niyya kuma yawancinsa yana da alaƙa da wani raye-raye. Wasu daga cikinsa, waɗanda ƙwararrun mawaƙa ne ke yin su, kiɗan sacral ne ko kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe da ake yi a kotunan sarki.
Yankin gabas (yankuna masu haske a taswira) sun hada da kiɗan Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique da Zimbabwe da kuma tsibiran Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius da Comor . Yawancin wa] annan wa ] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan sun shafi wa] ansu wa ] ansu wa] ansu wa] ansu waɗannan waɗannan abubuwan sun yi tasiri, ko da yake al'adun gargajiya na yankin sun kasance a cikin al'adun Bantu / Nijar-Congo .
Yankin kudu (yankin launin ruwan kasa akan taswira) ya hada da kiɗan Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibiya da Angola .
Yankin tsakiya (yankin duhu mai duhu akan taswira) ya hada da kiɗan Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Zambia, gami da kiɗan Pygmy .
Kaɗe-kaɗe na Afirka ta Yamma (yankin rawaya a taswira) ya haɗa da kiɗan Senegal da Gambiya, na Guinea da Guinea-Bissau, Saliyo da Laberiya, na cikin ƙasar Mali, Nijar da Burkina Faso, ƙasashen bakin teku na Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Najeriya, Kamaru, Gabon da Jamhuriyar Congo da tsibirai irin su Sao Tome da Principe .
Kudanci, Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma suna cikin al'adar kiɗan da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara. Har ila yau, suna da tasiri da yawa, daga yankunan Musulmi na Afirka, da kuma a zamanin yau, Amurka da Yammacin Turai .
Afrobeat, Juju, Fuji, Highlife, Makossa, da Kizomba ana yin su a yammacin Afirka. Kide-kiden Afirka ta Yamma yana da bambancin yanki, tare da yankunan musulmi da suka hada da abubuwa na kidan Musulunci da kuma yankunan da ba musulmi ba sun fi tasiri da al'adun 'yan asali, a cewar masanin tarihi Sylviane Diouf da masanin ilimin kabilanci Gerhard Kubik . A cewar Diouf, waƙar musulmin gargajiya na yammacin Afirka sun haɗa da abubuwa na kiran sallah na Musulunci (wanda ya samo asali daga Bilal ibn Rabah, wani musulmin Afirka na Habasha a farkon ƙarni na 7), gami da waƙoƙin yabon Allah, waƙa, canje-canjen bayanin kula, "kalmomi masu kama da juna. quiver and shake" a cikin waƙoƙin murya, canje-canje masu ban mamaki a ma'aunin kiɗa, da shigar hanci . A cewar Kubik, salon murya na mawakan musulmi na yammacin Afirka "ta yin amfani da melisma, wavy intonation, da dai sauransu, gado ne na wannan babban yanki na yammacin Afirka wanda ke hulɗa da Larabci - Musulunci na Magrib tun daga bakwai da kuma karni na takwas." Dangane da kayan aiki, Kubik ya lura cewa kayan kida (ciki har da kakannin banjo ) a al'adance Musulmin Afirka ta Yamma ne ke son yin kida, yayin da al'adar mutanen yammacin Afirka wadanda ba musulmi ba musulmi ke son yin kida.
Kayan kida
Bayan surutu, wanda ke amfani da dabaru daban-daban kamar hadaddun melisma da yodel, ana kuma amfani da kayan kida iri-iri. Kayayyakin kiɗan na Afirka sun haɗa da ganguna iri-iri, ƙwanƙolin tsagewa, ƙarara da ƙararrawa biyu, garayu iri-iri, da kayan kaɗe-kaɗe irin na kora da ngoni, da kuma fidda-kai, nau’ikan xylophone da lamellophone iri-iri irin su. mbira, da nau'ikan kayan aikin iska kamar sarewa da ƙaho . Bugu da ƙari, ana kuma amfani da kayan kirtani, tare da lute -kamar oud da Ngoni waɗanda ke zama abin rakiyar kiɗa a wasu wurare.
Akwai rukunoni biyar na kayan kida na yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na Afirka : wayoyi na membrano, wayoyi na kade-kade, wayoyin iska, wayoyi, da kade-kade. Membranophones sune ganguna, gami da kettles, tukwane, da ganga. Wayoyin kaɗe-kaɗe kayan kida ne kamar garayu da garayu. Aerophones wani suna ne na kayan aikin iska. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da sarewa da ƙaho, kama da kayan kida da kuke ji a cikin kiɗan Amurka. Wayoyin wayoyi masu raɗaɗi ne da girgiza, yayin da kaɗa na iya zama sauti kamar taka ƙafa da tafa hannu. Yawancin kayan aikin katako suna da siffofi ko hotuna da aka zana a cikinsu don wakiltar zuriyarsu. Wasu an yi musu ado da gashin fuka-fukai ko beads.
Ganguna da ake amfani da su a wakokin gargajiya na Afirka sun haɗa da ganguna na magana, bougarabou da djembe a Afirka ta Yamma, da gangunan ruwa a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma, da kuma nau'ikan gangunan ngoma (ko engoma) a Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka . Sauran kayan kaɗe-kaɗe sun haɗa da raye-raye da masu girgiza, irin su kosika (kashaka), sandar ruwan sama, ƙararrawa da sandunan itace. Har ila yau, Afirka tana da sauran nau'ikan ganguna da yawa, da sarewa da kirtani da kayan aikin iska.
Wasan polyrhythm yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun halayen kiɗan ƙasashen kudu da hamadar sahara, sabanin yawan waƙar da ake yi a ƙasashen yamma. Na'urori da aka ƙirƙira na musamman sun samo asali a can tsawon lokaci don sauƙaƙe kunna kida masu bambanta lokaci guda. Mmbira, kalimba, Kora, Ngoni da dousn'gouni misalan waɗannan kayan kida ne waɗanda ke tsara bayanin kula ba a cikin tsarin layi ɗaya na yau da kullun daga bass zuwa treble ba, amma a cikin tsararrun matsayi guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da damar ƙarin sauƙi a cikin kunna waƙoƙin giciye . Ana iya ganin ci gaba da tasirin wannan ka'ida a cikin karni na 20 na Amurka kayan kidan gravi-kora da gravikord wadanda sabbin misalan zamani ne.
Dangantaka da harshe
Yawancin harsunan da ake magana da su a Afirka harsunan tonal ne, wanda ke haifar da kusanci tsakanin kiɗa da harshe a wasu al'adun gida. Waɗannan musamman al'ummomin suna amfani da sautunan murya da motsi tare da kiɗan su ma. A cikin rera waƙa, ƙirar sautin ko rubutun yana sanya wasu maƙasudi a kan salon waƙar. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin kiɗan kayan aiki mai magana da harshen harshe sau da yawa kan iya fahimtar rubutu ko rubutu a cikin kiɗan. Wannan tasirin kuma ya zama tushen harsunan ganga ( ganguna masu magana ).
Tasiri kan kiɗan Afirka
A tarihi, abubuwa da yawa sun yi tasiri ga kiɗan gargajiya na Afirka . Yare, yanayi, al'adu iri-iri, siyasa, motsin jama'a, sun yi tasiri akan kiɗan, waɗanda duk suna haɗuwa. Kowace rukuni na Afirka ta samo asali ne a wani yanki na nahiyar, wanda ke nufin cewa sun ci abinci daban-daban, suna fuskantar yanayi daban-daban, kuma suna hulɗa da kungiyoyi daban-daban fiye da sauran al'ummomi. Kowane rukuni ya ƙaura a farashi daban-daban kuma zuwa wurare daban-daban fiye da sauran, don haka kowanne ya sami tasiri ta hanyar mutane da yanayi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, kowace al'umma ba lallai ba ne ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin gwamnati ɗaya, wanda kuma ya yi tasiri sosai akan salon waƙa.
Tasiri kan kiɗan Arewacin Amurka
Waƙar Afirka ta kasance babban al'amari wajen tsara abin da muka sani a yau kamar Dixieland, blues, da jazz . Waɗannan salon duk an samo su ne daga kaɗe-kaɗe da sautunan Afirka, waɗanda ƴan Afirka da aka bautar suka kawo a kan Tekun Atlantika. Kade-kade na Afirka a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara galibinsu na da dadi sosai da kuma jin dadi, yayin da ya kamata a kalli blues a matsayin ci gaba mai kyau sakamakon yanayin bauta a sabuwar duniya. Wataƙila blues ɗin ya samo asali azaman haɗakar sikelin shuɗi na Afirka tare da kayan kida goma sha biyu na Turai. Al'adun kade-kade na mazauna Irish da Scotland sun haɗu tare da abubuwan kiɗan Ba-Amurke don zama tsohon lokaci da bluegrass, a tsakanin sauran nau'ikan.
A cikin kundin sa na Graceland, mawaƙin gargajiya na Amurka Paul Simon yana amfani da ƙungiyoyin Afirka, rhythms da waƙoƙi a matsayin tushen kiɗa don kalmomin kansa; musamman Ladysmith Black Mambazo . A farkon shekarun 1970s, Remi Kabaka, mai bugawa na Afro-rock avant-garde, ya shimfiɗa alamu na farko wanda ya haifar da sauti na Afro'rock a cikin ƙungiyoyi kamar Ginger Baker's Airforce, The Rolling Stones, da Steve Winwood's Traffic. Ya ci gaba da aiki tare da Winwood, Paul McCartney, da Mick Jagger a cikin shekaru goma.
Wasu al'adun kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu na Sahara suma suna da tasiri sosai a kan irin waɗannan ayyukan kamar Disney's The Lion King da The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, wanda ya haɗu da kiɗa na gargajiya tare da kiɗa ta Yamma. Waƙoƙi irin su "Circle of Life" da "He Lives in You" sun haɗu da kalmomin Zulu da Ingilishi, da kuma salon gargajiya na Afirka na kiɗa tare da salon yammacin zamani. Bugu da ƙari, fim din Disney ya ƙunshi kalmomi da yawa daga harshen Bantu Swahili. Kalmomin hauki matata, alal misali, ainihin Kalmomin Swahili ne wanda a zahiri yana nufin "babu damuwa". Haruffa kamar Simba, Kovu, da Zira su ma kalmomin Swahili ne, ma'ana "zaki", "tsoro", da "ƙiyayya", bi da bi.
Babatunde Olatunji, Miriam Makeba da Hugh Masekela sun kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Afirka don bunkasa manyan magoya baya a Amurka. Tashoshin rediyo na Afirka da ba na kasuwanci ba sun inganta kiɗa na Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adunsu da siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. Har ila yau, kiɗa na Afirka ya sami masu sauraro masu sha'awar a kwalejoji da jami'o'in Black na Tarihi (HBCUs) kuma ya yi kira musamman ga masu gwagwarmaya a cikin 'yancin farar hula da ƙungiyoyin Black Power.
Kyakkyawan kiɗa na Afirka
Kyakkyawan kiɗa na Afirka, kamar kiɗa na gargajiya na Afirka, yana da yawa kuma ya bambanta. Yawancin nau'ikan zamani na shahararrun kiɗa na Afirka suna gina kan ƙetare-pollination tare da shahararrun kiɗan yamma. Yawancin nau'ikan shahararrun kiɗa, gami da blues, jazz da rumba, sun samo asali ne daga digiri daban-daban daga al'adun kiɗa daga Afirka, waɗanda 'yan Afirka masu bautar suka kai Amurka. Wadannan rhythms da sauti daga baya an daidaita su da sababbin nau'o'i kamar dutse, kiɗa na rai, da rhythm da blues. Hakazalika, shahararrun kiɗa na Afirka sun karɓi abubuwa, musamman kayan kiɗa da dabarun rikodin studio na kiɗa na yamma.
A Yammacin Afirka, Fela Kuti da Tony Allen sun yi kiɗa na Afrobeat. Femi Kuti da Seun Kuti sun bi mahaifinsu Fela Kuti. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman mawaƙa na ƙarni na 20 na shahararrun kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu shine Miriam Makeba, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, a cikin 60s, wajen jawo hankalin masu sauraro na duniya ga kiɗan Afirka da ma'anarsa. An ce Zenzile Miriam Makeba ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa da suka fi tasiri a Afirka, tun daga shekarun 1950. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyi uku, ciki har da ƙungiyar mace ɗaya da wasu biyu. Ta yi kowane irin kiɗa na jazz, kiɗa na gargajiya na Afirka, da kiɗa wanda ya shahara a Yammacin Afirka a lokacin. Miriam ta buga mafi yawan kiɗanta a cikin nau'in "mbube", wanda shine "wani salon jituwa na murya wanda ya jawo waƙoƙin jazz na Amurka, ragtime, da waƙoƙan cocin Anglican, da kuma salon kiɗa na asali". Bayan ta koma Amurka, matsaloli tare da fasfo na Makeba sun faru kuma dole ne ta zauna a Amurka, an ce ta sanya karkatarwa ta Amurka a kan mafi yawan kiɗan Afirka. Tana da sikelin muryarta daban-daban kuma tana iya buga kusan kowane kula. "The Empress of African Music" ta mutu tana da shekaru 76.
Hanyar haɗe-haɗe ta Afro-Euro, ɗan Cuban, yana da tasiri a kan wasu shahararrun kiɗa a Afirka. Wasu daga cikin rukunin guitar na farko a nahiyar sun buga waƙoƙin Cuban. Ƙungiyoyin guitar na farko daga Kongo sun kira su rumba (ko da yake ɗa ne maimakon rumba). Hanyar Kongo ta samo asali ne daga abin da aka sani da soukous.
Kalpop wani nau'in kiɗa ne wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin al'ummomin sarauta na Klassikan a ƙarƙashin lakabin rikodin Klassik Nation . Kalpop wani nau'i ne na Klassikan, Afirka, harshe (mai yawa), da kuma shahararren kiɗa wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin zamani a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a Kenya kuma daga baya ya bazu zuwa Amurka da Ingila. Kiɗa na Kalpop ya sami gida ga ƙwararrun magoya baya kuma tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa a cikin gida da kuma ƙungiyoyin Kalpop masu tasowa (akwai ƙungiyoyin Kal pop masu aiki sama da goma sha uku a cikin Nairobi kadai) don ci gaba da haɓaka wannan nau'in ta hanyar shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban da suka shafi Kalpop. DON SANTO, Badman Killa, Blessed Paul, Cash B, Jay Nuclear, Rekless, G-Youts (Washu B da Nicki Mulla), Sleek Whizz, Chizei, suna daga cikin masu fasaha da yawa da ke wasa da kiɗa na Kalpop a Kenya.
Masana'antar kiɗa
Ga masu zane-zane na Afirka, kide-kide na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a samu a cikin masana'antar. Fashi da sauya halin mabukaci suna bayan raguwar tallace-tallace na rikodin. Yin amfani da dokar haƙƙin mallaka ya kasance mai rauni a Afirka. MusikBi shine shafin yanar gizon farko na sauke kiɗa na doka a Afirka. Ba ya ba da gudana kuma yana iyakance ta hanyar saurin intanet a Afirka. Kasashen Afirka (Kenya, Gambiya da Afirka ta Kudu) sun ga zanga-zangar kan lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen da aka ba wa kiɗa na Amurka. A Zimbabwe dole ne a ba da kashi 75% na lokacin iska ga kiɗa na gida. Ayyukan kariya sun ga ci gaban sababbin nau'o'i kamar Urban Grooves sun fito a Zimbabwe. A cikin 2016 Sony Music ta ƙaddamar a Afirka ta hanyar buɗe ofis a Najeriya. A al'adance ba a sami sabis na manyan ɗakunan karatu na duniya na yamma a Afirka ba, ana biyan buƙatun gida don kiɗan su ta hanyar fashi.
Ƙarin karantawa
Graeme Ewens. Afirka O-Yé: Bikin Kiɗa na Afirka 1992, 'yan sanda 1991. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80461-1
[Hasiya] Littafin Garland na kiɗa na Afirka na 2nd edn, 2008. NY & Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96102-8 (Abridged paperback edition of vol. "Afirka", kundi na 1 na The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music tare da ƙarin labarai)
Rhythms na nahiyar daga BBC
Laburaren Kasa da Kasa na Kiɗa na Afirka a Jami'ar Rhodes
Rubuce-rubucen kiɗa na Afirka daga tarin British Library
Haɗin waje
Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arewa%20Consultative%20Forum | Arewa Consultative Forum | Kungiyar Kare Muradun Arewa (ACF) ne a siyasa da al'adu ƙungiyace daga shugabanni a Arewacin Najeriya an kafata a shekarar 2000 wanda tana da babban tasiri a cikin harkokin siyasar Arewa ( Arewa na nufin "Arewa" a Hausance, harshen farko na yankin. ) Filin taron magaji ne ga Majalisar Mutanen Arewa, wacce ta ruguje bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 1966. ACF na da alaka da kungiyar Arewa People's Congress (APC), kungiyar tsagera da aka kafa don kare muradun Hausa-Fulani a arewa. Koyaya, dandalin ya himmatu ga aiwatar da dimokiradiyya a cikin tsarin mulkin Tarayya.
Asali
Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga wani taro da aka yi a ranar 7 ga Maris din shekara ta 2000 a Kaduna bisa kokarin Mai Alfarma Sarkin Musulmi, Alhaji Muhammadu Maccido . Maƙasudin shine don tabbatar da haɗin kan shugabannin Arewa, suna aiki ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓu waɗanda za su sami ci gaba a yankin Arewa a cikin tsarin dimokiradiyya. A watan Satumbar 2000, tsohon shugaban kasa Janar Yakubu Gowon ya amince ya zama shugaban kwamitin Shugabannin kungiyar. Kungiyar ta naɗa wani Sufeto Janar na ‘yan sandan Najeriya mai ritaya, Alhaji Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu, a matsayin shugaban kungiyar. ACF ta dogara ne da martabar ta daya a matsayin mai fafutukar tabbatar da ra'ayin Musulmai Hausawa da Fulani, sai ACF ta nada Sunday Awoniyi, wani bayarbe Kirista a matsayin shugaban kwamitin amintattu a shekarar 2000, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa rasuwarsa a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2007.
2000 - 2009
A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 2001, ACF ta sanar da cewa ta kafa kungiyoyi uku da za su ziyarci jihohi 19 na Arewa da Abuja, wadanda za su jagoranta karkashin jagorancin Shugaban Jam’iyyar All People Party (APP) Olusola Saraki, Shugaban ACF MD Yusufu da Laftanar Janar Jeremiah Useni . Manufar ita ce haduwa tare da tattauna manufofin da aka cimma tare da gwamnonin jihohi da sauran shugabannin. Kungiyar ta hadu da kyakkyawar liyafa a Jos, Jihar Filato daga mambobin kungiyar Middle Belt Forum, wadanda ke ganin za a mayar da su saniyar ware a wani dandalin da ‘yan Arewa suka mamaye.
A watan Agusta na shekarar 2001, taron ya ba da shawarar cewa tsoffin Shugabannin kasa, Janar-Janar Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Babangida da Abdulsalami Abubakar su kare kansu daga zargin da aka yi musu a Hukumar Binciken Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, da ke zaune a Abuja, kuma suka ce ACF na gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa. A watan Disambar 2003, sabon shugaban ACF, Cif Sunday Awoniyi, ya ce dandalin zai yi kokarin shawo kan Buhari, Babangida da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Atiku Abubakar su warware sabanin da ke tsakaninsu domin samun hadin kan shugabannin arewa.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, ACF ta nuna damuwarta kan tabarbarewar harkar kudi a harkar hada-hadar bankuna inda ta bukaci Babban Bankin Najeriya da ya ba da bayanai kan girma da asalin matsalar.
Rikici kan rashin lafiyar Yar'adua
A ƙarshen shekarar 2009, rashin lafiyar Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'Adua, Shugaban Arewa na farko a Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Najeriya, da kuma yiwuwar mataimakinsa Goodluck Jonathan daga Kudu ya hau mulki ya zama batun da ake ta cece-kuce a kansa. A ranar 16 ga Disambar 2009, dandalin ya fitar da sanarwa inda ya nemi karin bayani game da lafiyar Shugaban, kuma ya ce idan batun gado ya taso ya kamata a warware shi kamar yadda tsarin mulki ya tanada. Daga baya a waccan watan, ACF ta yi kira ga Shugaban kasar, sannan kuma aka kwantar da shi a Saudiyya, a hukumance ya fito da wata wasika da za ta ba Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa damar yin aiki ba tare da shi ba.
A watan Janairun shekarar 2010, tsohon sakataren ACF, kanar mai ritaya Umaru Ali, ya nemi shugaban ya yi murabus domin mataimakinsa ya samu damar. A watan Fabrairun 2010, ACF ta ce babu makawa Yar'adua ya mika mulki ga Jonathan. Alhaji Tanko Yakasai, tsohon jami’in tuntuba ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari kuma mamba a kafa, ya bar ACF saboda bayanin dandalin.
Alhaji Tanko Yakassai tun daga lokacin ya koma ACF a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Amintattun ta kuma yana taka rawar gani a kungiyar.
2010 zuwa
A watan Maris 2010, da ACF ta ƙaryata wata sanarwa da kasar Libya shugaba Muammar Gaddafi wanda ya bada shawarar a a raba Najeriya saboda rikicin addini da sauran su, cewa ya kasance akwai bambancin addini da suke dashi a kasar. ACF din ta yi Allah wadai da kashe-kashen baya-bayan nan da aka yi a Jihar Filato, wanda ya jawo kalaman na Gaddafi, tana mai bayyana su da "rashin hankali" A waccan watan ne ACF ta kafa Kwamitin Siyasa karkashin jagorancin tsohon karamin Ministan Makamashi da Karafa, Mohammed Ahmed Gusau. Burin kwamitin shi ne saita ajandar ACF gabanin zaben 2011.
Manazarta
Politics of Nigeria |
15694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyeronke%20Oyewumi | Oyeronke Oyewumi | Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyèwùmí masanar ilimin jinsi ce na Nijeriya kuma cikakkiyar farfesa ce na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Stony Brook . Ta yi digirinta na farko a Jami’ar Ibadan da ke Ibadan, Najeriya sannan ta ci gaba da karatun digirinta na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan Adam a Jami’ar California, Berkeley
Aikin da Oyewumi ta yi ya kasance wani bangare na Afirka wanda har yanzu ba a bayyana shi sosai ba a makarantun kimiyya. Mafi yawan karatunta na karatu da rubutu ta yi amfani da kwarewar Afirka don haskaka tambayoyin madogara game da fannoni da dama da suka hada da ilimin zamantakewar al'umma, kimiyyar siyasa, karatun mata, addini, tarihi, da adabi, duk a kokarin fadada fahimtar malamai don hada da wadanda ba Al’adun yamma. A cikin dukkan ayyukanta, Oyeronke Oyewumi na ƙoƙari don samar da cikakkiyar fahimta game da waɗannan al'ummomin, don haka guje wa hanyoyin ragewa.
A cikin tarihinta na 1997, Kirkirar Mata: Yin Hankalin Afirka game da Jawabin Yammacin Yammacin Jima'i, tana ba da bayanan mata masu mulkin mallaka game da mamayar Turawan Yamma a cikin karatun Afirka . Ta kuma bayyana cewa duk da yawan bincike na ilimi da ke ikirarin akasin haka, tozarta jinsi a al'adun Yarbawa gabaɗaya gadon mulkin mallaka ne. Littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Socungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Americanasa ta Amurka ta 1998 a cikin 1998an Jinsi da Jima'i.
Kirkirar Mata
A cikin ventionirƙirar Mata, Oyewumi ta gabatar da bambancin bambancin jinsi na Yarbawa a matsayin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Yamma. Ta hanyar wannan sake fasalin, ta gabatar da wata hanya ta daban ta fahimtar al'adun Yamma da Yarbanci.
Ta fara ne da sanya sunan kayyadadden ilimin halitta a matsayin babban tushen fahimtar Yammacin jinsi. Wannan ra'ayin cewa bambance-bambancen nazarin halittu suna aiki a matsayin ƙa'idar tsara al'ummomi ita ce falsafar Yammacin Turai wacce ba ta canjawa zuwa al'ummomin Yarbawa waɗanda ba sa amfani da jiki a matsayin tushen kowane matsayi na zamantakewa. Duk da haka, Oyewumi yayi bayanin yadda cibiyoyin mulkin mallaka suka hau kan gabatar da wannan fahimtar ilimin halittar jinsi akan Yarbawa. Bugu da ƙari, tana magance rikice-rikice a cikin ka'idar mata waɗanda ke tabbatar da jinsi a matsayin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma da ƙaddamar da mata azaman duniya. Oyewumi yayi jayayya da akasin cewa ba a taɓa gina jinsi a cikin zamantakewar Yarbawa ba kuma shekarun dangi shine babban tsarin ƙa'idodi. 'Idan wani abu, aikina shine babban hujja game da gaskiyar cewa lallai an gina jinsin jama'a. Bai zo daga sama ba, bai fito daga ɗabi'a ba, akwai waɗannan rukunoni waɗanda aka kirkira, tarihi da al'adu. Abin da aikina ke yi shi ne tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa an gina jinsin jama'a '. A cewar wata marubuciya 'yar Najeriya Bibi Bakare-Yusuf, yayin da aikin Oyewumi ya kalubalanci nuna bambancin jinsi a matsayin shigo da Yammacin Turai, sakamakon da ta yanke ya dogara ne akan gurbataccen tunani na kayyade harshe. Oyewumi ya dogara da ƙarancin maganganu na nuna jinsi da kuma kasancewar yawan bayyana shekaru a cikin yaren Yarbanci don tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ƙididdigar sun saba da wannan kuma baƙon abu ga wannan al'umma. Koyaya, Bakare-Yusuf yayi jayayya cewa barazanar fassarar yana aiki duka hanyoyi biyu. Kamar yadda akwai ƙananan tsarin jinsi tsakanin Yarabawa, za'a iya samun ƙananan tsarin tsufa a al'adun Yammacin Turai. Aikin Oyewumi ya kamata ya zama suna ne na takamaiman tsarin al'ada amma ba a matsayin shaidar cewa waɗannan tsarin ba za a iya musayar su da fassara su ba.
Ayyuka
Oyèwùmí, Oyèrónkẹ́ (1997). Inirƙirar Mata: Yin anaunar Afirka game da Tattaunawar Yammacin Yammaci . Minneapolis: Jami'ar Minnesota Press. ISBN Oyèwùmí, Oyèrónkẹ́ (1997). Oyèwùmí, Oyèrónkẹ́ (1997).
Littattafai
Epistemologies na Jinsi a Afirka: Hadisai na Jinsi, Gidaje, Cibiyoyin Tattalin Arziki da Shaida (edited), Palgrave (2011)
Karatun Nazarin Jinsi na Afirka (an gyara), Palgrave: New York (2005).
Matan Afirka da Feminism: Tunani kan Siyasar 'Yan Uwa (an shirya), Afirka ta Duniya Press, Trenton: New Jersey (2003).
Inirƙirar Mata: Yin tunanin Afirka game da Jawabin Yammacin Jima'i, Jami'ar Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Zumunci da Lambobin yabo
1998 Rarraba Kyautar Littattafai a cikin Bangaren Jinsi da Jima'i na Socungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Amurka
Finalarshe na 1998 don Herskovitts Kyautar Studiesungiyar Nazarin Afirka.
2003-4 Rockefeller 'Yan Adam
Wanda ya sami tallafin gidauniyar Ford
Manazarta
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya |
53980 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL%20Rahul | KL Rahul | Kananur Lokesh Rahul (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Wicketkeeper-Batsman na hannun dama na Karnataka a matakin cikin gida kuma shi ne kyaftin na Lucknow Super Giants a cikin Premier League na Indiya . Ya kasance tsohon mataimakin kyaftin din kungiyar Cricket ta Indiya.
Gabaɗaya yana taka leda a matsayin mai buɗewa a cikin Test da T20 game formats kuma yana taka leda cikin tsari na tsakiya a cikin ODIs. Rahul mai tsaron gida ne na yau da kullun a cikin gajerun tsarin wasan a matakin kasa da kasa da kuma a matakin cikin gida. Har ila yau, yana daya daga cikin fitattun mambobi a cikin jagorancin tattaunawar game da ka'idar yawan yajin aiki da aka wuce gona da iri a cikin T20s.
Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a shekarar 2014 a kan Australia a wasan gwaji na ranar Boxing a Melbourne . Shekaru biyu bayan gwajin farko, Rahul ya fara wasan farko na kasa da kasa a shekarar 2016 a kan Zimbabwe. Daga baya a wannan yawon shakatawa, ya fara T20I.
Rahul shine dan wasan cricket na Indiya na farko da ya zira kwallaye na ODI a karon farko. Shi ne dan wasan da ya fi sauri don zira kwallaye a duniya a duk faɗin tsarin uku, ya ɗauki innings 20 kawai don cimma wannan aikin.
Farkon rayuwar mutum
An haifi Rahul a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1992 ga K. N. Lokesh da Rajeshwari a Bangalore . Mahaifinsa Lokesh wanda ya fito ne daga Kananur, Magadi taluk, farfesa ne kuma tsohon darakta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Karnataka (NITK) a Mangalore . Mahaifiyarsa, Rajeshwari, farfesa ce a Jami'ar Mangalore . Lokesh, wanda ya kasance mai sha'awar dan wasan crick Sunil Gavaskar, yana so ya ba da sunan ɗansa bayan Gavaskar's, amma ya yi kuskuren sunan Rohan Gavaskar ga Rahul.
Rahul ya girma a Mangalore, ya kammala makarantar sakandare a NITK English Medium School da kuma jami'a a Kwalejin St. Aloysius . Ya fara horar da wasan kurket yana da shekaru 10, kuma, bayan shekaru biyu, ya fara buga wasanni ga Bangalore United Cricket Club da kulob dinsa a Mangalore. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya koma Bangalore don yin karatu a Jami'ar Jain kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na wasan kurket.
A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2023, Rahul ya auri abokin aikinsa na dogon lokaci, 'yar wasan Indiya Athiya Shetty, 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Suniel Shetty, bayan ya yi soyayya sama da shekaru uku.
Ayyukan cikin gida
Rahul ya fara buga wasan kurket na farko a Karnataka a kakar 2010-11. A wannan kakar, ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICC ta kasa da shekaru 19, inda ya zira kwallaye 143 a gasar. Ya fara bugawa gasar Firimiya ta Indiya a shekarar 2013, a Royal Challengers Bangalore . A lokacin kakar 2013-14 na cikin gida ya zira kwallaye 1,033 na farko, na biyu mafi girma a wannan kakar.
Da yake wasa a yankin Kudancin a wasan karshe na Duleep Trophy na 2014-15 da Central Zone, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 185 daga kwallaye 233 a wasan farko da 130 daga 152 a wasan na biyu. An kira shi dan wasan wasan kuma an zaba shi zuwa tawagar gwajin Indiya don yawon shakatawa na Australia ya biyo baya.
Komawa gida bayan jerin gwaje-gwaje, Rahul ya zama karamin mutum uku na farko na Karnataka, inda ya zira kwallaye 337 a kan Uttar Pradesh. Ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye 188 a wasan karshe na Ranji Trophy na 2014-15 da Tamil Nadu kuma ya gama kakar wasa tare da matsakaicin 93.11 a cikin wasanni tara da ya buga.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Gwajin Farko (2014-16)
Rahul ya fara gwajinsa na farko a gwajin Ranar Boxing na 2014 a filin wasan Cricket na Melbourne . Ya maye gurbin Rohit Sharma kuma MS Dhoni ya gabatar da shi da gwajin gwajinsa. Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye 3 da 1 kawai a karon farko. A gwajin da ya biyo baya a Sydney inda ya bude innings a karo na farko, kuma ya yi ƙarni na farko na duniya, inda ya zira kwallaye 110.
An ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar mutum 15 don yawon shakatawa na Indiya na Bangladesh a watan Yunin 2015 amma ya janye saboda zazzabin cutar Dengue. Ya koma gefe don gwajin farko na yawon shakatawa na Sri Lanka bayan an kori Murali Vijay saboda rauni, ya zira kwallaye na biyu na gwajin kuma ya lashe kyautar Man of the Match. A lokacin wasan, ya ci gaba da wicket bayan Wriddhiman Saha ya ji rauni.
A watan Yulin 2016, an ambaci Rahul a cikin tawagar yawon shakatawa na Indiya na West Indies . A cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje na biyu, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 158, mafi girman maki a lokacin a wasan kurket. A watan Satumbar 2016, an ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar don jerin gida da New Zealand . Bayan gwajin farko, Gautam Gambhir ya maye gurbinsa saboda rauni.
An zaɓi Rahul a cikin tawagar da Ingila a cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje na 2016-17 amma ya ji rauni yayin horo a cikin raga. An cire shi daga gwajin na uku, amma ya dawo cikin tawagar a gwajin na huɗu amma ya kasa yin tasiri. A gwajin na biyar kuma na karshe na jerin, Rahul ya ci gaba da yin gwajin gwajinsa na huɗu, inda ya zira kwallaye 199 mafi kyau.
ODI da T20I na farko (2016)
Rahul an ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar don yawon shakatawa a Zimbabwe a shekarar 2016. Ya fara wasan farko na One Day International (ODI) a kan Zimbabwe a Harare Sports Club . Rahul ya zira kwallaye 100 * (115) a karon farko, don haka ya zama dan wasan cricket na Indiya na farko da ya zira kwallan karni a karon farko na ODI. An yanke masa hukuncin mutumin da ke cikin jerin. Ya fara Twenty20 International (T20I) daga baya a wannan yawon shakatawa. Rahul ya fito a kan duck na zinariya a karon farko na T20I yayin da Indiya ta rasa T20I na farko a kan Zimbabwe. Rahul an ambaci shi a cikin tawagar T20I don yawon shakatawa na West Indies a cikin 2016, inda ya yi karni na farko na T20I, inda ya zira kwallaye 110 da ba a ci ba a kwallaye 51 kawai kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya zira kwallan T20I yayin da yake bugawa a lamba huɗu. Koyaya, Indiya ta rasa wasan da gudu ɗaya kawai.
Ci gaba da matsayi
Rikici da dakatarwar
A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2019, Hardik Pandya da K. L. Rahul sun dakatar da su ta Hukumar Kula da Cricket a Indiya (BCCI) biyo bayan maganganun da suka yi a kan shirin tattaunawa na Indiya Koffee tare da Karan a farkon watan. Dukansu an tura su gida kafin jerin ODI da Australia da kuma shirye-shiryen yawon shakatawa na Indiya zuwa New Zealand. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2019, bayan da aka ɗaga dakatarwar Pandya da Rahul, BCCI ta ba da sanarwar cewa Rahul zai sake shiga tawagar don wasannin Indiya A.
Kofin Duniya na Cricket na 2019
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, an sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar Indiya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 2019. Ya taka leda a lamba 4 a wasanni biyu na farko amma ya dawo don buɗe innings tare da Rohit Sharma yayin da aka fitar da Shikhar Dhawan daga sauran gasar saboda rauni. Gabaɗaya, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 361 tare da hamsin biyu da ɗari a gasar kuma ya gama a matsayin mai zira kwallayen Indiya na uku mafi girma a gasar bayan Rohit Sharma da Virat Kohli.
Daidaitawa a cikin iyakantaccen tsari da raguwa a cikin tsari a cikin gwaje-gwaje
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1992
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26696 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20timeline%20by%20country%20in%20Africa | COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa | Annobar cutar covid-19 An tabbatar da ya bazu zuwa Afirka a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu 2020, tare da sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a Masar. An sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a Najeriya a karshen watan Fabrairu. A cikin watanni uku, kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin Nahiyar, yayin da Lesotho, kasa ta karshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba tare da kwayar cutar ba, ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu. Ya zuwa ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, ya bayyana cewa galibin kasashen Afirka suna fuskantar yaduwar al'umma, kodayake karfin gwaji ya takaita. Yawancin wadanda aka gano da aka shigo da su sun fito ne daga Turai da Amurka maimakon China inda cutar ta samo asali. An yi imanin cewa ana samun raguwar rahotanni a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ci gaban tsarin kiwon lafiya.
An gano sabbin nau'ikan kwayar cutar a cikin watan Disamba, 2020 a Afirka ta Kudu da Najeriya, baya ga bambancin Lineage B.1.1.7 da aka ruwaito a Burtaniya a watan Satumba.
Tarayyar Afirka ta sami kusan alluran rigakafin COVID-19 kusan miliyan 300 a cikin irin wannan yarjejeniya mafi girma har yanzu ga Afirka; An sanar da shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 2021. Wannan ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga ƙoƙarin samun damar samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin COVID-19 na duniya ( COVAX ) da nufin rarraba allurar COVID-19 zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. Musamman ma, ana tuhumar kasashen Afirka fiye da ninki biyu abin da kasashen Turai za su biya na wasu alluran rigakafin. Ƙungiyar Bakwai (G-7) ta yi alƙawarin rarraba daidaitattun alluran rigakafin a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2021, kodayake an bayar da cikakkun bayanai. Tarayyar Afirka ta sami kusan alluran rigakafin COVID-19 kusan miliyan 300 a cikin irin wannan yarjejeniya mafi girma har yanzu ga Afirka; An sanar da shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 2021. Wannan ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga ƙoƙarin samun damar samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin COVID-19 na duniya ( COVAX ) da nufin rarraba allurar COVID-19 zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. Musamman ma, ana tuhumar kasashen Afirka fiye da ninki biyu abin da kasashen Turai za su biya na wasu alluran rigakafin. Ƙungiyar Bakwai (G-7) ta yi alƙawarin rarraba daidaitattun alluran rigakafin a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu, 2021, kodayake an bayar da cikakkun bayanai.
Tsawon lokaci ta ƙasa
Aljeriya
An tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu. A safiyar ranar 2 ga watan Maris, Aljeriya ta tabbatar da sabbin cututtukan coronavirus guda biyu, mace da 'yarta. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris, Algeria ta ba da rahoton wasu sabbin maganganu biyu na coronavirus. Sabbin kararrakin guda biyu sun fito ne daga dangi daya, uba da diya, kuma suna zaune a Faransa. A ranar 4 ga watan Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta sami sabbin mutane hudu da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar ta coronavirus, dukkansu daga dangi daya ne, wanda ya kawo adadin zuwa 12 da aka tabbatar.
Dangane da hasashen hasashen WHO Aljeriya na fuskantar babban haɗari na yaduwar COVID-19 idan ba a ba da fifikon matakan ɗaukar hoto kamar gano lamba ba.
Angola
A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a kasar. Daga ranar 20 ga watan Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.
, there were a total of 19 confirmed cases, two deaths and six recovered cases.
Ya zuwa watan Disamba, 2020 adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 17,433, tare da murmurewa 10,859 da mutuwar 405. Akwai lokuta 6,169 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Benin
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga Afrilu, an sami jimillar mutane 35 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar, mutum daya ya mutu sannan 18 sun warke.
Adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar sun kai 3,251 a watan Disamba. Akwai marasa lafiya 3,061 da aka murmure, 44 sun mutu, da kuma lokuta 146 masu aiki a ƙarshen shekara.
Botswana
A ranar 30 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki uku na farko a Botswana.
Don hana ci gaba da yaduwar cutar, gwamnati ta hana taron mutane sama da 50 da shigowar mutanen kasashen da ake ganin suna da hadari. za a rufe iyakokin kuma an ba da izinin Jama'ar Botswana su dawo amma dole ne a keɓe su na tsawon kwanaki 14. An kuma rufe dukkan makarantu daga ranar 20 ga Maris.
Burkina Faso
A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2020, an samu rahoton bullar cutar guda biyu a kasar a Burkina Faso. A ranar 13 ga Maris, an kuma tabbatar da shari'ar ta uku, mutumin da ya yi hulɗa kai tsaye da shari'o'i biyu na farko. Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da adadin mutane bakwai a cikin kasar. Biyar daga cikin sabbin kararrakin da aka tabbatar sun yi hulda kai tsaye da kararrakin biyun na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗan ƙasar Ingila ne da ke aiki a wurin hakar zinare a ƙasar wanda ya yi hutu a Liverpool kuma ya dawo a ranar 10 ga Maris, yana wucewa ta Vancouver da Paris.
there were a total of 557 confirmed cases, 35 deaths and 294 recovered cases.
Ya zuwa karshen Disamba 2020, an sami adadin mutane 6,631, 4,978 sun warke, 1,569 lokuta masu aiki, da mutuwar 84.
Burundi
A ranar 31 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a kasar. Shugaban kasar Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, ya mutu a lokacin barkewar cutar; a hukumance ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya, amma ana hasashen cewa watakila ya mutu daga COVID-19 tare da wasu danginsa kuma an ba da rahoton sun kamu da cutar.
Kamaru
A ranar 6 ga Maris an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kamaru. A cewar kididdigar kididdigar da WHO ta yi kiyasin Kamaru na fuskantar babban hadarin yaduwar COVID-19 idan ba a ba da fifiko kan matakan dakile cutar ba.
Kamaru ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 27,336, 1,993 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 451 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace 17 a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
Cape Verde
A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a cikin kasar, mai shekaru 62 daga Burtaniya.
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 14 ga Maris, tare da bayyana mara lafiyar a matsayin dan Italiya mai shekaru 74 da ya dawo Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka daga Milan, Italiya.
Chadi
A ranar 19 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Sama da mutane 4,000 ya zuwa yanzu sun gwada inganci
A matsayin matakin kariya, gwamnati ta soke dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen da ke shigowa cikin kasar, sai dai jiragen dakon kaya.
Comoros
A matsayin matakan kariya, matafiya masu zuwa za a keɓe su na tsawon kwanaki 14 idan sun isa. Don hana yaduwar cutar, gwamnati ta soke dukkan jiragen da ke shigowa tare da hana manyan taro. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2020, mutumin da ya isa Mayotte daga Comoros ya gwada inganci don COVID-19.
A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a cikin Comoros. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, an sanar da mutuwar farko. An gwada mutane 54, kuma an gano abokan hulɗa 53.
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
A ranar 10 ga Maris, an ba da rahoton bullar COVID-19 ta farko a cikin kasar. Ya zuwa Maris 2021, sama da mutane 25,000 sun gwada inganci
Matakan rigakafin
A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da dukkan jiragen. Shugaban ya kafa dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin kasar. An kuma rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada.
Jamhuriyar Kongo
An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 14 ga Maris, wani mutum mai shekaru 50 da ya dawo Jamhuriyar Congo daga Paris, Faransa.
Djibouti
A ranar 18 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Djibouti.
Masar
Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Masar ta sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a kasar a filin jirgin sama na Alkahira da ta shafi wani dan kasar China a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 6 ga Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Masar da WHO sun tabbatar da sabbin maganganu 12 na kamuwa da cutar coronavirus. Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar na daga cikin ma'aikatan Masarawa da ke cikin jirgin ruwan Nilu mai suna MS River Anuket, wanda ya taso daga Aswan zuwa Luxor . A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2020, hukumomin lafiya sun ba da sanarwar cewa mutane 45 da ke cikin jirgin sun gwada inganci, kuma an sanya jirgin a keɓe a tashar jirgin ruwa a Luxor .
Masar ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 152,719, 24,045 lokuta masu aiki, da kuma 8,362 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mutuwar mutane 81 a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
A cikin Janairu 2021, dangin wani majinyacin COVID-19 mai shekaru 62 wanda ya mutu a Babban Asibitin El Husseineya na Masar saboda karancin iskar oxygen ya sanya bidiyon asibitin a Facebook. Bidiyon da ya nuna ma’aikatan jinya cikin kunci, suna farfado da wani mutum tare da taimakon na’urar hura iska da hannu ya shiga yanar gizo, inda ya jawo hankalin duniya game da gazawar gwamnati wajen magance cutar. Marasa lafiya hudu ne suka mutu a wannan rana kuma sanarwar da asibitin ta fitar ta bayyana cewa majinyatan sun sami “rikici”, suna musun “duk wata alaka” da mutuwarsu da karancin iskar oxygen. Wani bincike da jaridar New York Times ta jagoranta ya gano in ba haka ba a cikin bayanan da aka bayar yayin hirar da suka yi da dangin marasa lafiya, da ma’aikatan lafiya, sun tabbatar da dalilin mutuwar a matsayin rashin iskar oxygen. Masar ta fara yiwa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya allurar rigakafin a ranar 24 ga Janairu. Sama da likitoci 300 ne suka mutu.
Equatorial Guinea
A ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar.
Eritrea
A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Eritrea.
Eswatini
A ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar.
Habasha
An sanar da shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 13 ga Maris, wanda wani dan kasar Japan ne wanda ya isa kasar a ranar 4 ga Maris daga Burkina Faso. An ba da rahoton ƙarin kararraki uku na kwayar cutar a ranar 15 ga Maris. Mutanen uku sun yi mu'amala ta kut-da-kut da mutumin da aka ruwaito yana dauke da kwayar cutar a ranar 13 ga Maris. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da kararraki takwas da aka tabbatar ga jama'a, wanda ya kawo adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da cutar wata tsohuwa 'yar kasar Habasha 'yar shekara tamanin an ce tana da wasu alamomin da ke kara ta'azzara yayin da wasu takwas kuma ke kan hanyar murmurewa kuma suna nuna karancin alamun cutar. A ranar 27 ga Maris, wata sanarwa da ministan lafiya ya fitar yana mai cewa an gano karin wasu kararraki guda hudu yayin da daya ke a birnin Adama na jihar Oromia yayin da sauran ukun ke birnin Addis Ababa . Haka kuma, Ministan Lafiya ya tabbatar da karin kararraki uku a ranar 31 ga Maris 2020. Hakazalika, washegari kuma an kara wasu kararraki uku. A sanarwar da aka fitar a baya hukumomin gwamnati sun lura cewa an sake gwada shari'ar guda daya kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba ta dace ba kuma biyu daga cikin wadanda aka tabbatar an aika zuwa kasarsu (Japan). A dunkule, an tabbatar da kararraki ashirin da tara . A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2020 saboda ƙarin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, an sake gano ƙarin shari'o'i shida waɗanda ke haɓaka adadin zuwa talatin da biyar. Gwamnati da sauran al'umma suna daukar matakan dakile yaduwar wannan cuta mai saurin kisa. A cikin mutane shida da aka gano akwai mutanen da ba su da tarihin balaguro kwanan nan, abin da ya sa jama'a suka firgita.
A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, an sami ƙarin buƙatun cutar guda uku. Dukkan lamuran sun fito ne daga Addis Ababa. Biyu daga cikin majinyatan, dan shekara 29 da wani dan kasar Habasha dan shekara 34, suna da tarihin balaguro zuwa Dubai a lokuta daban-daban. Shari’a ta uku ita ce mace ‘yar Habasha ‘yar shekara 35 da ta zo daga Sweden a ranar 3 ga Afrilu.[31] A wannan rana, an ba da rahoton ƙarin farfadowa guda ɗaya, wanda ya ƙara yawan adadin da aka samu zuwa 4.
A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, an ba da rahoton ƙarin ƙarin tabbataccen lokuta biyar na kwayar cutar. Uku daga cikinsu 'yan kasar Habasha ne. Sauran biyun kuma ‘yan kasar Libya ne da Eritriya.[33]. Akwai jimlar shari'o'i 43 . A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, an gano ƙarin mutane kuma adadin ya kasance 54. Daga cikin gwaje-gwaje 200+ da aka gudanar a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, an ƙara ƙarin shari'ar guda ɗaya wanda ya zama 55. Tare da halin da ake ciki a yanzu yana nuna yaduwar cutar Habasha ta ayyana dokar ta baci .
Tilahun Woldemichael, wani malamin Orthodox dan kasar Habasha wanda aka ce yana da shekaru 114, an sallame shi daga asibiti a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni bayan da aka yi masa magani da iskar oxygen da dexamethasone na coronavirus. Habasha na da mutane 5,200 da aka tabbatar.
Habasha ta ba da rahoton jimillar mutane 129,455, 12,882 masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 2,006 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar mutane 17 a kowace al'umma miliyan ɗaya.
Yankunan Faransa
Mayotte
An ba da rahoton shari'ar farko ta cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin sashen Faransa na ketare da yankin Mayotte a ranar 13 ga Maris 2020. A ranar 31 ga Maris mutum na farko ya mutu daga COVID-19.
Asibiti daya a cikin Mayotte ya cika da marasa lafiya na COVID-19 a cikin Fabrairu 2021. Sojojin Faransa sun aika da ma'aikatan lafiya da wasu gadaje na ICU, amma bai isa ba.
Réunion
An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta COVID-19 ta isa sashen Faransanci na ketare da yankin Réunion a ranar 11 ga Maris 2020.
Gabon
An sanar da shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 12 ga Maris, wani dan kasar Gabon mai shekaru 27 wanda ya dawo Gabon daga Faransa kwanaki 4 kafin tabbatar da cutar ta coronavirus.
Gambiya
Gambiya ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar coronavirus ta farko daga wata mata mai shekaru 20 da ta dawo daga Burtaniya a ranar 17 ga Maris.
Ghana
Ghana ta ba da rahoton bullar ta biyu na farko a ranar 12 ga Maris. Laifukan biyun mutane ne da suka dawo kasar daga Norway da Turkiyya, tare da fara aikin gano bakin zaren.
A ranar 11 ga Maris, Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, ya yi cedi daidai da dala 100. akwai miliyan don haɓaka shirye-shiryen coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.
Hukumar lafiya ta Ghana ta bayar da rahoto a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta cewa sama da ma’aikatan lafiya 2,000 ne suka kamu da cutar sannan shida sun mutu.
Ghana ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 56,981, 1,404 masu aiki, da kuma 341 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mutuwar mutane 11 a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
Gini
A ranar 13 ga Maris, Guinea ta tabbatar da shari'arta ta farko, ma'aikacin tawagar Tarayyar Turai a Guinea.
Muminai sun bude masallaci da karfi a Dubréka a watan Mayu.
Guinea-Bissau
A ranar 25 ga Maris, Guinea-Bissau ta tabbatar da shari'o'in farko na COVID-19 guda biyu, ma'aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya dan Congo da wani dan Indiya.
Ivory Coast
A ranar 11 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar.
Ivory Coast ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 24,369, 1,373 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 140 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace biyar a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
Kenya
A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, Shugaba Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta ya tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kenya.
A ranar 13 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kenya, wata mata da ta zo daga Amurka ta Landan.
Kenya ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 98,555, 15,168 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 1,720 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane 32 a kowace al'umma miliyan daya.
Lesotho
A ranar 13 ga Mayu, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Lesotho.
Kasar ta sami mutuwar farko a ranar 9 ga Yuli.
Laberiya
A ranar 16 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Laberiya.
An ba da izinin sake buɗe majami'u da masallatai har zuwa ranar 17 ga Mayu.
Libya
A ranar 17 ga Maris, don hana yaduwar cutar, gwamnatin yarjejeniyar kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita, ta rufe iyakokin kasar, ta dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na tsawon makwanni uku tare da haramtawa 'yan kasashen waje shiga kasar; An kuma rufe makarantu, wuraren shaye-shaye, masallatai da tarukan jama'a.
A ranar 24 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Libya.
Libya ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 106,670, 21,730 masu aiki, da kuma 1,629 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace 235 a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
Madagascar
A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da bullar cutar guda uku a Madagascar. Duk mata ne. Kasar Madagascar ta sami adadin mutane 225 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da coronavirus, 98 sun warke, kuma babu wanda ya mutu ya .
Ana tura "maganin" tsire-tsire na Madagascar mai suna COVID-19 Organics duk da gargadin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancinsa ba. Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Congo, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Laberiya, da Guinea Bissau duk sun riga sun karbi dubban allurai na COVID-19 Organics kyauta.
Malawi
A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da kararraki uku na farko a Malawi.
A watan Afrilun 2020 babbar kotun Malawi ta ba da umarnin dakatar da matakan kulle-kullen da gwamnatin Malawi ta sanya na wani dan lokaci. A watan Agusta 2020 gwamnatin Malawi ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin matakan da suka haɗa da sanya abin rufe fuska na dole a wuraren jama'a don dakile yaduwar cutar
Mali
A ranar 25 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a Mali.
Mauritania
A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar.
Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, an tabbatar da bullar cutar guda 7 a cikin kasar, 6 daga cikinsu sun murmure, kuma daya ya mutu wanda ya sa Mauritania ta zama kasa daya tilo da cutar ta bulla a Afirka da kuma a duniya da ta samu kubuta daga COVID-19.
An sake tabbatar da wani kara a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu.
Mauritius
Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da shari'o'in farko na uku na COVID-19 a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, hukumomin Mauritius suna gudanar da '' tuntuɓar tuntuɓar '': mutanen da suka yi hulɗa da masu cutar an sanya su cikin keɓe, gami da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da jami'an 'yan sanda. Ba a sami rahoton bullar cutar ba a Rodrigues, Agaléga da St. Brandon . A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2020, Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a tsawaita dokar hana fita ta COVID-19 zuwa 1 ga Yuni 2020 kuma makarantu za su kasance a rufe har zuwa 1 ga Agusta 2020. , an ba da izinin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da yawa, wato gidajen burodi, shagunan kayan masarufi da kasuwannin kifi da kuma lokacin buɗe manyan kantunan zuwa 20 00 hours. Bankunan sun ci gaba da aiki a karkashin tsauraran ka'idojin tsabta. A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2020, gwamnati ta ba da cikakken ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi waɗanda duka masu ababen hawa da masu jigilar jama'a za su bi. Waɗannan ka'idoji da ƙa'idoji sun yi daidai da dabarun Gwamnati don tabbatar da cewa babu haɗarin yaɗuwar COVID-19 yayin da ƙasar sannu a hankali ke shirya kanta don ba da damar wasu ayyukan tattalin arziki su ci gaba tun daga ranar 15 ga Mayu 2020. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2020, Mauritius ta shiga mataki na farko na sauƙaƙe ƙa'idar kullewa.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Timeline na martanin WHO game da COVID-19
Manazarta
Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30318 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20dokar%20azurfa%20ta%20Tower | Ƴancin dokar azurfa ta Tower | Coin article with no obverse image
Coin article with no reverse image
Yancin dokar azurfa ta Tower tsabar kudin "dala ɗaya" ce da aka haƙa a ƙarƙashin lasisin Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) a shekarata 2004, koda yake CNMI ba ta da ikon wata doka don bayarwa ko ba da izini a cikin dokar . Duk da maganganun da ba su dace ba a cikin tallace-tallace, sannan ba a fitar da shi daga Mint na Amurka ba kuma ba a la'akari da ita dokar, kuma ba a la'akari da shi mara yawo na doka . CNMI tana karɓar kuɗin sarauta daga abin da aka samu na siyar da tsabar kudi wato azurfa. A zahiri SoftSky ne ya kera tsabar kudin, mai yin tsabar tunawa da Wyoming .
Bayani
Bangaren tsabar kudin yana da hoton da aka yi na ainihin tsari na ƙira don Hasumiyar 'Yanci ta Daniel Libeskind da za a gina a tsohon wurin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a birnin New York. Har ila yau, a kan abin da ya faru akwai taken kasa na Amurka "Ga Allah Mun Dogara" da kalmomin "Hasumiyar 'Yanci, Yuli 4, 2004." A baya yana nuna hoton tsohuwar Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da kalmomin "Ba za mu taɓa mantawa ba", tare da ƙaramin alamar tauraro akan ginshiƙin dutse a cikin da'irar. Kuma Wannan alamar ta ƙarshe da ba a tantance ba ita ce rigar makamai na Arewacin Mariana Islands.
Shari'a
Mai rarraba tsabar kudin, Mint mai tara kuɗi na ƙasa, yana tallata abu a matsayin "batun gwamnati da aka ba da izini bisa doka" kuma ya sanya tsabar kudin tare da ƙimar "Dala Daya". Kuma Ana kallon wannan a matsayin ƙoƙari na gangan don yaudarar masu amfani da Amurka don yarda cewa tsabar kudi ce ta doka ta ƙasar Amurka Mint ta samar kuma tana da darajar dalar Amurka ɗaya.
Dangane da tallan wannan samfurin, Mint na Amurka, da kuma manyan lauyoyin jihohin Amurka daban-daban, sun fitar da wata sanarwa cewa tsabar kudin ba batun gwamnatin Amurka ba ne. Bugu da ƙari kuma, tun da Tsibirin Mariana na Arewacin ƙasae Amurka Commonwealth ne, ba zai iya fitar da kuɗin ku na doka ba (yana amfani da kuɗin Amurka na yau da kullun).
Masu rarrabar sun kuma yi zargin cewa an buga su ne ta hanyar amfani da azurfa da aka kwato daga wani rumbun da ke cikin baraguzan cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya. Ba a tabbatar da ingancin wannan da'awar ba. Kuma Masu rarrabawa sun yi gargadin cewa za a daina sarrafa tsabar kudin da zarar adadin kuɗin da aka kwato ya ƙare, don haka sun sanya iyaka akan adadin kuɗin da za a iya oda kowane mutum. Tsabar kudi ba azurfa ce mai ƙarfi ba, amma sanye take da azurfa (0.0001 inch (2.5 micrometer ) Layer. Ainihin abun ciki na azurfa shine 45 MG, ko 0.00145 troy oz.
Gwamnatin yanki ta CNMI ta sami kuɗi daga ƙaddamar da abubuwan tunawa, tsabar kuɗi marasa kyauta ta hanyar SoftSky da Mint na Mai Tarin Kasa a baya, amma ba ta da'awar yin haƙƙin ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi na doka. Wasu tsabar kudi na baya da SoftSky ya bayar, kamar tsabar kudin Gold Double Eagle na shekarata 1933, suma sun haifar da takaddamar tallace-tallace.
A cikin Oktoba shekarata 2004 babban lauya na New York, Eliot Spitzer, ya sami umarnin kotu a kan National Collectors Mint (wani kamfani na Port Chester, New York ) don dakatar da tallace-tallace na tsabar kudin "Freedom Tower Silver Dollar", yana ambaton shi a matsayin tallace-tallace na yaudara. Spitzer ya kuma yi zargin cewa abokan huldar tallace-tallace na kamfanin sun tabbatar da cewa tsabar kudin na doka ne. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2004, Spitzer ya sami odar wucin gadi ta dakatar da kamfani daga talla ko siyar da tsabar kudin. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, Alkalin Kotun Koli na Jihar Joseph R. Cannizzaro ya yanke hukuncin cewa kamfanin ya aikata ayyukan yaudara da yaudara, kuma ya umurci kamfanin da ya dakatar da tallan da yake yi na yaudarar tsabar kudin.
An fara bincike kan abin da ke cikin azurfa da kuma asalin azurfar da ke cikin tsabar kudi. Ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati cikin sauki ya tabbatar da cewa tsabar azurfa ce kawai, amma har zuwa shekara ta 2005 ba a tantance sahihancin iƙirarin cewa wannan azurfar ta fito daga asusun ajiyar banki na Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ba.
Sakamakon cece-kuce da matakin shari'a kan tsabar kudin na Freedom Tower, gwamnan CNMI Juan N. Babauta ya dakatar da kwangilar SoftSky a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, shekarata 2004. A ranar 2 ga Disamba, Babauta ya ƙare kwangilar. Kafin wannan lamarin, gwamnatin CNMI ta yi kusan dala 160,000 daga yarjejeniyar.
Sauran kungiyoyi kuma sun fitar da tsabar kudi na Freedom Tower na azurfa, amma ba tare da kimar darika ko tallata su azaman batun gwamnati ba.
An sanya wa tsabar CNMI suna "Stupid Investment of the Week" ta CBS MarketWatch a ranar 24 ga Satumba, shekarata 2004.
2005 Freedom Tower dollar
A cikin shekarar 2005, an sayar da kwatankwacin tsabar kudin CNMI ƴancin azurfa, tare da irin wannan ƙira da kuma da'awar da aka yi daga azurfa "an dawo " daga Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, amma suna ɗauke da sunan tsibirin Cook maimakon CNMI. Tsibirin Cook dimokuradiyya ce mai cin gashin kai, kuma suna yin nasu kudin (daidai da dalar New Zealand ), kodayake ana siyar da wannan tsabar a matsayin "tsabar da ba ta zagaya doka ". Tun daga ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2014 wannan Kamfanin har yanzu yana da kasida yana siyar da "Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya 'Mai da Azurfa' Dalar Gilashin Azurfa" akan $99.00 tare da da'awar cewa duk azurfa an tabbatar da kanta da kanta daga Ground Zero ta wani tsohon Asst. Daraktan FBI.
2001–2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Zinariya da Tunawa da Azurfa
Kamar yadda na shekarata 2006, National Collectors Mint yana ba da abin da aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin Na shekarar 2001-2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Zinariya da Zinariya da Azurfa, 2001-2006 Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, da 5th Anniversary World Trade Center Memorative . Ana tallata shi a matsayin "batun da ba na kuɗi ba" wanda "ba za a taɓa saki don yadawa ba."
Wannan tsabar saitin tsabar zinare guda biyu ne tare da saitin azurfar da za'a iya cirewa na cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana ɗauke da "15 MG na zinari 24 KT da 15 MG na .999 Pure silver clad," kuma ya cigaba da da'awar cewa an gano azurfar a cikin wani banki da aka binne a karkashin baraguzan Ground Zero. Don kwatanta, tsabar kuɗin dalar Amurka 8.1 g kuma dime dime shine 2.268 g, ma'ana cewa abun ciki mai daraja na ƙarfe na tsabar kuɗin yana da yuwuwa tsakanin 0.4% da 1.3% na jimlar taro.
An gano cewa, azurfar da aka tantance, hakika, ba azurfa ba ce, kuma tana da kusan centi 32 kawai. ]
Kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa "$ 5 na kowane shekara 2001-2006 Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ana ba da odar tunawa ga ƙungiyoyin agaji na iyali na 9/11 da abubuwan tunawa." da wannan da'awar ba.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
2001–2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Zinariya da Tunawa da Azurfa (na kasuwanci)
National Collectors Mint - Freedom Tower Silver Dollar (na kasuwanci)
Rahoton da aka bayar na Mint na Amurka akan Dollar Azurfa na Freedom Tower
Umurnin Kotu Ya Dakatar da Siyar da 'Dalar Azurfa na Freedom Tower', Ofishin Babban Lauyan Jihar New York, Oktoba 13, 2004
Kotu Ta Gano Tallace-tallacen 'Yanci Hasumiyar Azurfa' Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya , Ofishin Babban Lauyan Jihar New York, Nuwamba 9, 2004
Daniel Carr ya ci gaba
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17932 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20Tesla | Nikola Tesla | Nikola Tesla (an haifeshi 10 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1856, ya Kuma mutu ne 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1943), mai ƙirƙira ne ɗan asalin Kuroshiya da Amurka, injiniyan lantarki, inji m da kuma likita . An Kuma fi saninsa da gudummawar da yake bayarwa don tsara tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta alternating current (AC), ta zamani. An haife shi a ƙauyen Smiljan, a wani ɓangare na tsohuwar ƙasar Austria-Hungary wacce yanzu take Croatia . Daga baya ya zama Ba'amurke .
Tesla ya sami aikinsa na farko a Budapest a cikin shekara ta (1882), yana aiki a kamfanin waya . Bayan 'yan shekaru sai ya koma Amurka. Ko a rayuwarsa ta farko, yana kirkirar abubuwa. Abun sanannen kirkirensa shine injin lantarki wanda zai iya tafiya da kyau akan wutar AC. Tesla ya mutu ne sakamakon ciwon jijiyoyin jiki a wani ɗakin otal a Manhattan, New York City a ranar( 7) ga watan Janairun (1943).
Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Tesla ne a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin, 1856 a Smiljan, Daular Austro-Hungary ( Croatia ta yau). Mahaifin Tesla, Milutin Tesla, firist ne a Cocin Orthodox na Serbia . Mahaifiyarsa, Georgina Djuka kuma ta kasance ƙwarewa wajen ƙirƙirar kayan aikin gida masu amfani. Ko da ta kasance 'yar malamin Cocin Orthodox na Sabiya. Kodayake tana da wayo sosai kuma tana da kyakkyawar ƙwaƙwalwa, (ta san dubunnan layuka daga "Gorski Vijenac" na Petar Petrovic Njegos) dole ne ta kula da heran uwanta lokacin da mahaifiyarsa, Sofia Budisavljevic, ta mutu. Mahaifiyar Nikola Tesla ta kasance babban tasiri a kansa. Duk iyayensa an haife su a Lika, Croatia. Ya kasance shine ɗa na huɗu cikin biyar. Yana da kane, Dane, wanda ya mutu lokacin da Tesla ke da shekaru 5, da ƙannen mata biyu, Angelina da Milka, da kuma wata ƙanwarsa, Marica. Tesla, wanda ya ƙaunaci kimiyya, ya ji tsoron cewa bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa ba da gangan ba dole ne ya ci gaba da al'adar iyali ya zama firist. Bayan ya kammala karatu a wata babbar makarantar sakandare a Karlovac, Croatia, sai ya koma bishara a lokacin bazara don ganin danginsa kuma kusan ya mutu da cutar kwalara. Ya tambayi mahaifinsa idan zai iya karatun aikin injiniya idan ta hanyar mu'ujiza ya rayu, kuma mahaifin ya yi wa ɗansa da yake mutuwa alƙawarin tura shi zuwa mafi kyawun makaranta a duk duniya. Nikola ya sami lafiya sosai kuma mahaifinsa ya tura shi karatu a Kwalejin Tecnical da ke Graz, Austria, a 1875.
Tesla yana da aikin waya da injiniyan lantarki kafin ya koma Amurka a shekarar 1884 don yi wa Thomas Edison aiki . Sun yi sabani kuma ba da daɗewa ba Tesla ya fara aiki da kansa tare da sauran mutanen da ke saka hannun jari a cikin aikinsa. Ya kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kamfanoni don haɓaka kewayon na'urorin lantarki. Motarsa ta AC wacce take da ikon mallakar ( injin shigar da wuta) da mai canza wuta ya sami lasisi daga masanin masana'antar Ba'amurke George Westinghouse .
Westinghouse ya yi hayar Tesla na shekara guda don taimakawa haɓaka tsarin wutar lantarki ta amfani da madadin na yanzu . Fa'idar da ta yadu da canzawar yanzu shine amfani da tiransifoma don watsa wutar lantarki mai nisa. Tesla ne ma aka sani da ya high-ƙarfin lantarki, high-mita ikon gwaje-gwajen a New York da kuma Colorado Springs, Colorado wanda hada da qirqire-qirqire da kuma ra'ayoyin amfani da sabuwar dabara na rediyo sadarwa, domin X-ray gwaje-gwajen, kuma ya m ƙoƙari don watsawar mara waya a duniya a cikin aikinsa na Wardenclyffe Tower wanda ba a kammala ba.
Nasarorin Tesla sun sa shi shahara sosai. Hakanan iyawarsa ta zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana nuna abubuwan kirkirar abubuwan ban mamaki. Kodayake ya sami kuɗi da yawa daga abubuwan mallakarsa, ya kashe kuɗi da yawa kan gwaje-gwajensa. Ya rayu tsawon rayuwarsa a cikin jerin otal-otal a cikin Birnin New York. Ofarshen samun izinin mallakarsa da kuma fatarar kuɗi ya haifar da shi rayuwa cikin mawuyacin hali. Har yanzu Tesla ya ci gaba da gayyatar manema labarai zuwa bukukuwan da ya yi a ranar haihuwarsa don sanar da sabbin abubuwan da ya ke yi da kuma yin maganganu (wani lokacin abu ne daban). Saboda kalamansa masu ban al'ajabi ba tare da sakamako ko hujja ba, Tesla ya sami suna a cikin al'adun da aka shahara a matsayin babban masanin "mahaukacin masanin kimiyya". Ya mutu a cikin daki na 3327 na Otal din New Yorker a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1943.
Aikin Tesla ya faɗi cikin duhu na ɗangi bayan mutuwarsa, amma tun daga shekarun 1990, sanannensa ya sami dawowa cikin al'adun gargajiya . Aikinsa da kuma ada ƙirƙirãwa ne ma a tsakiyar yawa theories kuma sun kuma an yi amfani da su goyi bayan daban-daban pseudosciences, UFO theories da New Age kungiyar asiri zata . A cikin 1960, don girmama Tesla, Babban Taron a kan Ma'auni da Matakan don Tsarin Internationalasashen Duniya na itsungiyoyi sun sadaukar da kalmar " tesla " zuwa ma'aunin SI na ƙarfin filin magnetic .
Hotuna
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo
Nikola Tesla Museum
Tesla's Wardenclyffe Science Center Plaque Archived
Mutanen Amurka
Masu bincike
Mutane |
29912 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20tashin%20duniya | Yanayin tashin duniya | Haɗarin bala'i na duniya ko yanayin tashin kiyama wani hasashe ne na gaba wanda zai iya lalata jin daɗin ɗan adam,a ma'aunin duniya, har ma da haɗari ko lalata wayewar zamani . Lamarin da zai iya haifar da bacewar ɗan adam ko dindindin kuma ya tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam an san shi da " haɗari mai wanzuwa ."
A cikin shekaru ashirin (20) da suka gabata, an kafa ƙungiyoyin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da dama don gudanar da bincike kan bala'in duniya da hadurran da ke wanzuwa, da tsara matakan da za a iya ragewa da ko dai bayar da shawarwari ko aiwatar da waɗannan matakan.
Ma'ana da rarrabawa
Ƙayyade haɗarin bala'i na duniya
Kalmar kasadar bala'i ta duniya "ba ta da ma'ana mai kaifi", kuma gaba ɗaya tana nufin (saƙaƙƙe) ga haɗarin da zai iya haifar da "mummunan lahani ga jin daɗin ɗan adam a ma'aunin duniya".
Dan Adam ya sha fama da manyan masifu a baya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun haifar da mummunar lalacewa amma sun kasance na gida ne kawai-misali a hasashe Baƙar fata na iya haifar da mutuwar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan mutanen Turai, 10% na yawan mutanen duniya a lokacin. Wasu sun kasance na duniya, amma ba su yi tsanani ba-misali cutar mura ta shekarar 1918 ta kashe kimanin kashi 3-6% na al'ummar duniya. Yawancin hatsarin bala'i na duniya ba zai yi tsanani ba har ya kashe yawancin rayuwa a duniya, amma ko da mutum ya yi, yanayin muhalli da ɗan adam za su murmure daga ƙarshe (ya bambanta da haɗarin da ke wanzuwa ).
Hakazalika, a cikin Bala'i: Hadari da Amsa, Richard Posner ya yi nazari kuma ya haɗu da abubuwan da suka faru da suka haifar da "rushewa ko rugujewa" a duniya, maimakon ma'auni "na gida ko yanki". Posner yana ba da haske game da abubuwan da suka dace da kulawa ta musamman kan dalilai masu tsada saboda suna iya yin haɗari kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga rayuwar ɗan adam gaba ɗayan ta.
Ƙayyadaddun haɗarin wanzuwa
An bayyana hatsarori masu wanzuwa a matsayin "hadarin da ke yin barazana ga halakar damar ɗan adam na dogon lokaci." Samun haɗarin wanzuwa (wani bala'i mai wanzuwa ) zai iya haifar da bacewar ɗan adam kai tsaye ko kuma ba zai sake dawowa ba a cikin yanayin ƙasƙantaccen yanayi. Haɗarin da ke akwai wani yanki ne na haɗarin bala'i na duniya, inda lalacewar ba kawai ta duniya ba ce har ma ta ƙare da dindindin, tana hana murmurewa kuma ta haka ta shafi duka na yanzu da duk tsararraki masu zuwa.
Hadarin da ba na lalacewa ba
Duk da yake bacewa ita ce hanya mafi bayyane ta yadda za a iya lalata ƙarfin ɗan adam na dogon lokaci, akwai wasu, ciki har da rugujewar da ba za a iya murmurewa ba da kuma dystopia wanda ba a iya murmurewa . Bala'i mai tsanani da ya isa ya haifar da rugujewar wayewar ɗan adam ta dindindin, ba za ta iya jurewa ba, zai zama bala'i mai wanzuwa, koda kuwa ya gagara ƙarewa. Hakazalika, idan dan Adam ya fada karkashin tsarin mulkin kama-karya, kuma ba a samu damar farfadowa ba to irin wannan dystopia shima zai zama bala'i mai wanzuwa. Bryan Caplan ya rubuta cewa "watakila dawwamar mulkin kama-karya zai kasance mafi muni fiye da bacewa". (Littafin George Orwell na sha tara tamanin da huɗu ya ba da shawara misali. ) to Amman a Wani labari na dystopian yana raba mahimman siffofi na ɓarna da rugujewar wayewar da ba za a iya murmurewa ba-kafin bala'i, ɗan adam ya fuskanci ɗimbin abubuwan da za a zaɓa daga; bayan bala'i, bil'adama yana kulle har abada a cikin mummunan yanayi.
Tushen haɗari masu yuwuwa
Hatsari mai yuwuwar bala'i na duniya sun haɗa da haɗarin ɗan adam, wanda mutane suka haifar (fasahar, mulki, sauyin yanayi), da haɗarin da ba ɗan adam ko na halitta ba. Hadarin fasaha sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar hankali na wucin gadi mai lalacewa, fasahar kere -kere ko nanotechnology . Rashin isasshen ko rashin dai-daituwa na mulkin duniya yana haifar da haɗari a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa, kamar yakin duniya, ciki har da kisan kare dangi, ta'addanci ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara, ta'addanci ta yanar gizo yana lalata muhimman ababen more rayuwa kamar grid na lantarki ; ko gazawar sarrafa annoba ta yanayi. Matsaloli da kasada a fannin gudanar da tsarin mulkin duniya sun hada da dumamar yanayi, gurbacewar muhalli, gami da gushewar jinsin halittu, yunwa sakamakon rashin daidaiton albarkatu, yawan jama'a, gazawar amfanin gona da noma mai dorewa .
Misalai na wadanda ba anthropogenic kasada ne wani asteroid tasiri taron, a supervolcanic fashewa, a m gamma-ray fashe, a geomagnetic guguwa lalata lantarki kayan aiki, na halitta dogon lokacin da sauyin yanayi, maƙiya extraterrestrial rayuwa, ko da tsinkaya Sun canza zuwa cikin ja giant tauraro ya mamaye dukkan Duniya.
Kalubalen dabara
Bincike game da yanayi da rage haɗarin bala'o'i na duniya da haɗarin wanzuwa yana ƙarƙashin ƙalubale na musamman kuma, sakamakon haka, ba a cikin sauƙi a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin kimiyya na yau da kullun. Misali, ba abu mai yuwuwa ko da'a ba ne a yi nazarin waɗannan haɗarin ta hanyar gwaji. Carl Sagan ya bayyana hakan game da yakin nukiliya: "Fahimtar sakamakon dogon lokaci na yakin nukiliya ba shine matsala ba don tabbatar da gwaji". Bugu da ƙari, yawancin haɗari masu haɗari suna canzawa da sauri yayin da fasaha ta ci gaba da kuma yanayin baya, kamar yanayin yanayin ƙasa, sannan canzawa. Wani ƙalubale shine matsalar gaba ɗaya na yin hasashen makomar gaba cikin dogon lokaci, musamman ga haɗarin ɗan adam wanda ya dogara da sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin siyasa, tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewar ɗan adam. Bugu da ƙari ga sananne kuma hatsarori masu ma'ana, abubuwan da ba za a iya gani ba na baƙar fata na swan na iya faruwa, suna gabatar da ƙarin matsala ta hanyoyin.
Rashin tarihin tarihi
Dan Adam bai taba fuskantar wani bala'i na wanzuwa ba kuma idan mutum ya faru, to lallai zai zama wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Saboda haka, hatsarori masu wanzuwa suna haifar da ƙalubale na musamman ga tsinkaya, har ma fiye da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na dogon lokaci, saboda tasirin zaɓi na lura . Sabanin mafi yawan al’amuran da suka faru a baya, gazawar wani cikakkar ɓatawar abin da ya faru a baya ba hujja ba ce da ke nuna yiwuwarsu a nan gaba, domin duk duniyar da ta fuskanci irin wannan waki’ar ba ta da masu kallo, don haka ba tare da la’akari da yawansu ba, ba wata wayewa da ta lura da ita. kasadar wanzuwa a cikin tarihin sa. Ana iya guje wa waɗannan batutuwan ɗan adam a wani ɓangare ta hanyar kallon shaidar da ba ta da irin waɗannan tasirin zaɓi, kamar tasirin tasirin asteroid akan wata, ko kimanta tasirin sabon fasaha kai tsaye.
Don fahimtar yanayin rugujewar wayewar duniya da ba a taɓa samun irinta ba, (wani nau'in haɗarin wanzuwa), yana iya zama darasi don nazarin rugujewar wayewar gida daban-daban waɗanda suka faru a tsawon tarihin ɗan adam. Misali, a wayewa irin su Daular Romawa sun ƙare a cikin asarar tsarin mulki na tsakiya da kuma babban hasarar wayewar ababen more rayuwa da fasahar ci gaba. Duk da haka, waɗannan misalan sun nuna cewa al'ummomi suna da wuyar jure wa bala'i; alal misali, Turai ta Tsakiya ta tsira daga Mutuwar Baƙar fata ba tare da fuskantar wani abu mai kama da rugujewar wayewa ba duk da asarar kashi kusan 25 zuwa 50 na al'ummarta.
Ƙarfafawa da haɗin kai
Akwai dalilai na tattalin arziki waɗanda zasu iya bayyana dalilin da yasa ƙananan ƙoƙari ke shiga cikin raguwar haɗari. Amfanin jama'a ne na duniya, don haka ya kamata mu sa ran kasuwanni ba su wadatar da shi. Ko da babbar al'umma ta saka hannun jari a matakan rage haɗarin, wannan al'ummar za ta ci moriyar kaɗan ne kawai na ribar yin hakan. Bugu da ƙari kuma, raguwar haɗarin wanzuwa shine amfanin jama'a tsakanin al'umma na duniya, tun da yawancin fa'idodin rage haɗarin haɗari za su ci moriyar al'ummomin da ke gaba, sannan kuma ko da yake waɗannan mutanen nan gaba za su kasance a shirye su biya kudade masu yawa don rage hadarin da ke wanzuwa, babu wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita. don irin wannan ciniki akwai.
Rashin hankali
Yawancin son rai na fahimi na iya yin tasiri ga hukuncin mutane game da mahimmancin haɗarin da ke wanzuwa, gami da ƙarancin rashin hankali, ragi na hyperbolic, kasancewar heuristic, faɗuwar haɗin gwiwa, tasirin heuristic, da tasirin ƙarfin gwiwa .
Rashin hankali yana rinjayar yadda muyagun mutane suke ɗaukar bacewar ɗan adam a matsayin. Alal misali, lokacin da mutane suka motsa su ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga abubuwan da suka dace, adadin da suke son bayarwa ba ya karuwa daidai da girman batun: mutane suna da niyyar hana mutuwar tsuntsaye a ƙalla 200,000 ko 2,000. Hakazalika, mutane sukan fi damuwa da barazana ga daidaikun mutane fiye da manyan kungiyoyi.
Eliezer Yudkowsky ya yi la'akari da cewa yawan sakaci yana taka rawa a fahimtar jama'a game da hadurran da ke wanzuwa: Lambobin da suka fi girma, kamar mutuwar mutane Har miliyan 500, musamman ma daban-daban yanayin yanayi kamar bacewar dukkanin nau'in ɗan adam, da alama suna haifar da wani salon tunani daban. . . Mutanen da ba za su taɓa yin mafarkin cutar da yaro ba suna jin haɗarin wanzuwa, kuma suna cewa, "To, watakila nau'in ɗan adam bai cancanci tsira da gaske ba".Duk hasashe da aka yi a baya na halakar ɗan adam sun tabbatar da ƙarya ne. Ga wasu, wannan yana sa gargaɗin nan gaba ya zama ƙasa da aminci. Nick Bostrom ya bayar da hujjar cewa rashin halakar ɗan adam a baya, shaida ce mai rauni da ke nuna cewa ba za a sami halakar ɗan adam a nan gaba ba, saboda son rai da sauran tasirin ɗan adam.
Masanin ilimin a zamantakewa EO Wilson ya bayar da hujjar cewa: "Dalilin wannan hazo mai ban mamaki, masana juyin halitta sunyi jayayya, shine cewa yana da fa'ida a zahiri a cikin duka amma ƴan shekaru na ƙarshe na shekaru miliyan biyu na wanzuwar halittar Homo. . . An sanya ƙimar kuɗi a kan kulawa ta kusa ga nan gaba da haɓakawa da wuri, da kaɗan. An manta da bala'o'i na girman da ke faruwa sau ɗaya kawai a cikin 'yan ƙarni ko kuma a canza su zuwa tatsuniya."
Shawarar ragewa
Multi-Layer tsaro
Tsaro cikin zurfin tsari tsari ne mai fa'ida don rarraba matakan rage haɗarin zuwa matakan tsaro guda uku (3):
Rigakafin : Rage yuwuwar bala'in da ke faruwa tun farko. Misali: Matakan hana barkewar sabbin cututtuka masu saurin yaduwa.
Martani : Hana kai girman bala'i zuwa matakin duniya. Misali: Matakan hana ɓarkewar ƙaramin makaman nukiliya zuwa yaƙin nukiliyar gaba ɗaya.
Juriya : Ƙara ƙarfin ɗan adam (akan halaka) lokacin da aka fuskanci bala'o'i na duniya. Misali: Matakan haɓaka amincin abinci a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya.
Bacewar ɗan adam yana yiwuwa idan duk abubuwan tsaro guda uku (3) sun yi rauni, wato, "ta hanyar haɗari da ba za mu iya yin rigakafi ba, da wuya mu sami nasarar amsawa, kuma da wuya mu yi tsayin daka."
Halin haɗarin da ba a taɓa gani ba yana haifar da ƙalubale na musamman wajen tsara matakan rage haɗarin tunda ɗan adam ba zai iya koyo daga tarihin abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba.
Tallafawa
Wasu masu binciken suna jayayya cewa duka bincike da sauran yunƙurin da suka shafi haɗarin wanzuwar ba su da kuɗi. Nick Bostrom ya bayyana cewa an yi ƙarin bincike akan Star Trek, hawan dusar ƙanƙara, ko ƙwararrun dung fiye da haɗarin da ke wanzuwa. An soki kwatancen Bostrom a matsayin "masu girma". Tun daga shekarata 2020, ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Makamai ta Halittu tana da kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara na dalar Amurka 1.4 miliyan.
Gudanar da muhalli
An ba da shawarar sarrafa sararin samaniya da mutunta iyakokin duniya azaman hanyoyin hana bala'o'in muhalli. A cikin iyakokin waɗannan hanyoyin, fannin geoengineering ya ƙunshi manyan injiniyoyi da gangan da sarrafa yanayin duniyar duniya don yaƙar ko magance sauye-sauyen ɗan adam a cikin sinadarai na yanayi. Wasu ƙasashe sun mai da ecocide laifi.
Mallakar sararin samaniya
Mallakar sararin samaniya wani zaɓi ne da aka tsara don inganta ƙima na tsira daga yanayin bacewa. Magani na wannan iyakar na iya buƙatar injiniyan megascale .
Masanin ilimin fannin taurari Stephen Hawking ya ba da shawarar mamaye sauran duniyoyin da ke cikin tsarin hasken rana da zarar fasaha ta ci gaba sosai, don inganta damar tsira daga abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya kamar yakin nukiliya na duniya.
Billionaire Elon Musk ya rubuta cewa dole ne bil'adama ya zama nau'in halittu masu yawa don guje wa bacewa. Musk yana amfani da kamfaninsa na SpaceX don haɓaka fasahar da yake fatan za a yi amfani da shi a cikin mulkin mallaka na Mars .
Tsarin tsira
Wasu malamai suna ba da shawarar kafa ɗaya ko fiye da ƙauyuka masu dogaro da kai, nesa, na dindindin waɗanda aka ƙirƙira musamman don tsira daga bala'i na duniya. Masanin tattalin arziki Robin Hanson ya bayar da hujjar cewa matsugunin matsugunin da bai kai mutane a ƙalla 100 na dindindin ba zai inganta yiwuwar rayuwar bil'adama a lokacin bala'o'i da dama a duniya.
An ba da shawarar adana abinci a duniya, amma farashin kuɗi zai yi yawa. Bugu da ƙari, zai iya haifar da mutuwar miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki .
Wasu masu tsira sun tanadi koma bayan rayuwa tare da kayan abinci na shekaru da yawa.
An binne Vault Global Seed Vault mai a cikin wani dutse a tsibirin Arctic . An tsara shi don ɗaukar Kashi 2.5 iri biliyan daga kasashe sama da 100 a matsayin riga-kafi don adana amfanin gonakin duniya. Dutsen da ke kewaye shine (kamar na 2015) amma ana ajiye rumbun a ta firji da ake samun wutar lantarki daga cikin gida.
Fiye da hasashe, idan al'umma ta ci gaba da aiki kuma idan biosphere ya kasance wurin zama, ana iya biyan bukatun kalori ga yawan ɗan adam a halin yanzu a cikin ra'ayi na tsawon lokacin rashi na hasken rana, idan aka ba da isasshen shiri na gaba. Abubuwan da aka zayyana sun haɗa da girma namomin kaza akan mataccen shukar biomass da ya bar bayan bala'i, canza cellulose zuwa sukari, ko ciyar da iskar gas zuwa ƙwayoyin methane-narkewa.
Hatsarin bala'i na duniya da mulkin duniya
Rashin isasshen mulkin duniya yana haifar da haɗari a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa, amma hanyoyin gudanarwa suna tasowa a hankali fiye da canjin fasaha da zamantakewa. Akwai damuwa daga gwamnatoci, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma sauran jama'a game da rashin tsarin gudanar da mulki yadda ya kamata don tinkarar kasada, yin shawarwari da yanke hukunci tsakanin muradu daban-daban da masu cin karo da juna. An ƙara jadada wannan ta hanyar fahimtar haɗin kai na haɗarin tsarin duniya. Idan babu ko tsammanin gudanar da mulkin duniya, gwamnatocin ƙasa za su iya yin aiki ɗaya ɗaya don ƙarin fahimta, ragewa da kuma shirya bala'o'in dake a duniya.
Shirye-shiryen gaggawa na yanayi
A cikin shekarata 2018, kungiyar ta Rome ta yi kira da a kara daukar matakai kan sauyin yanayi tare da buga shirinta na gaggawa na yanayi, wanda ke ba da shawarar matakan aiki goma don iyakance matsakaicin karuwar zafin duniya zuwa digiri 1.5 a ma'aunin celcius. Bugu da ari, a cikin shekarata 2019, Kulob ɗin ya buga ƙarin cikakken Tsarin Gaggawa na Planetary.
Akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa haɗuwa tare da abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum da ke fitowa yayin yin la'akari da raunin jinsunan ɗan adam a cikin yanayin sauyin yanayi yana ba da damar waɗannan abubuwan su kasance masu dacewa. Lokacin da haɗin gwiwa tare da sarrafa abubuwan da ke tattare da motsin rai yana da tallafi, wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka cikin juriya, sassaucin ra'ayi, juriyar abubuwan da ke da alaƙa, da haɗin gwiwar al'umma.
Motsa Duniya
A cikin ƴan shekaru biliyan, Rana za ta faɗaɗa cikin ja-jajayen giant, tana haɗiye duniya. Ana iya guje wa hakan ta hanyar matsar da duniya nesa da Rana, tare da kiyaye yanayin zafi da tsayi. Ana iya cimma hakan ta hanyar tweaking tawayoyin taurari masu tauraro da taurarin taurari don su wuce kusa da duniya ta yadda za su kara kuzari ga kewayar duniya. Tun da faɗaɗa Rana yana jinkirin, kusan irin wannan haduwar kowace shekara 6,000 zata isa.
Masu shakka da adawa
Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Steven Pinker ya kira haɗarin wanzuwa "nau'in mara amfani" wanda zai iya janye hankali daga barazanar gaske kamar canjin yanayi da yakin nukiliya.
Aƙalla wata ƙungiya ta satirical tana da'awar cewa bayyanannen manufarta ita ce ta gaggauta halakar ɗan adam da ƙarshen duniya: Cibiyar Nazarin Eschatology.
Ƙungiyoyi
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (est. Shekarar 1945) yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙungiyoyin haɗari na duniya, waɗanda aka kafa bayan jama'a sun firgita da yuwuwar yaƙin atomic bayan WWII. Yana nazarin haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da yaƙin nukiliya da makamashi kuma yana kula da agogon Doomsday da aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1947. Cibiyar Foresight (est. 1986) yayi nazarin haɗarin nanotechnology da fa'idodinsa. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko don yin nazarin sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na fasahar da ba ta da lahani ta tafi haywire a duniya. K. Eric Drexler ne ya kafa shi wanda ya buga " Grey goo ".
Tun daga shekara ta 2000, ɗimbin masana kimiyya da masana falsafa da masu fasaha na fasaha sun ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyin da suka sadaukar da kansu don nazarin haɗarin duniya a ciki da waje na ilimi.
Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba ne (NGOs) sun hada da Cibiyar Binciken Lissafi na Injin (est. Shekarar 2000), wanda ke da niyyar rage hadarin da aka haifar ta hanyar wucin gadi da Jed da Jed Mccaleb da Jed McCAl . Ƙaddamarwar Barazana ta Nukiliya (est. 2001) tana neman rage barazanar duniya daga barazanar nukiliya, nazarin halittu da kuma sinadarai, da kuma lalata lalacewa bayan wani lamari. Yana kiyaye ma'aunin tsaro na kayan nukiliya. Gidauniyar Lifeboat (est. 2009) ta ba da kuɗin bincike don hana bala'in fasaha. Yawancin kudaden bincike suna tallafawa ayyukan a jami'o'i. Cibiyar Haɗarin Bala'i ta Duniya (est. 2011) tankar tunani ce don haɗarin bala'i. Ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da 'yan kasuwa na muhalli ne ke ba da kuɗin. Gidauniyar Ƙalubalen Duniya (est. 2012), wanda ke a Stockholm da kuma kafa ta Laszlo Szombatfalvy, ta fitar da rahoton shekara-shekara game da yanayin kasada na duniya. Cibiyar Rayuwa ta Future of Life (est. 2014) tana aiki don rage matsananciyar haɗari, manyan haɗari daga fasaha masu canzawa, da kuma jagorancin ci gaba da amfani da waɗannan fasahohin don amfana da dukan rayuwa, ta hanyar bayar da kyauta, shawarwarin manufofi a Amurka, Turai Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma wayar da kan ilimi. Elon Musk, Vitalik Buterin da Jaan Tallinn wasu manyan masu ba da gudummawa ne. Cibiyar da ke kan Rikicin Tsawon Lokaci (est. Shekarar 2016), wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Nazarin Gidauniyar, wata ƙungiya ce ta Biritaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan rage haɗarin wahalar astronomical ( s-hadarin ) daga fasahohin da ke tasowa.
Ƙungiyoyin tushen jami'a sun haɗa da Future of Humanity Institute (est. 2005) wanda ke yin bincike game da tambayoyin makomar bil'adama na dogon lokaci, musamman haɗari na wanzuwa. Nick Bostrom ne ya kafa ta kuma tana da tushe a Jami'ar Oxford. Cibiyar Nazarin Haɗarin Kasancewa (est. Shekarata 2012) ƙungiya ce ta Jami'ar Cambridge wacce ke nazarin manyan haɗarin fasaha guda huɗu: hankali na wucin gadi, fasahar kere-kere, ɗumamar duniya da yaƙi. Dukkansu hatsari ne na mutum, kamar yadda Huw Price ya bayyana wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na AFP, "Da alama hasashe mai ma'ana cewa wani lokaci a cikin wannan ko karni mai zuwa za a kubuta daga matsalolin ilmin halitta". Ya kara da cewa idan wannan ya faru "ba mu zama mafi wayo a kusa ba," kuma za mu yi kasadar kasancewa cikin jin kai na "injunan da ba na mugunta ba, amma injunan da ba su hada da mu ba." Stephen Hawking ya kasance mai ba da shawara. Ƙungiyar Millennium Alliance for Humanity da Biosphere ƙungiya ce ta Jami'ar Stanford wacce ke mai da hankali kan batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi bala'in duniya ta hanyar haɗa membobin masana kimiyya a cikin ɗan adam. Paul Ehrlich ne ya kafa shi, sannan kuma da sauransu. Jami'ar Stanford kuma tana da Cibiyar Tsaro da Haɗin kai ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar siyasa don rage haɗarin bala'i a duniya. An kafa Cibiyar Tsaro da Fasaha ta Farko a cikin Janairun shekarata 2019 a Makarantar Sabis na Harkokin Waje na Georgetown ta Walsh kuma za ta mayar da hankali kan bincike na manufofin fasaha na fasaha masu tasowa tare da farko da aka ba da hankali ga basirar wucin gadi. Sun sami tallafin dala miliyan 55 daga Good Ventures kamar yadda Open Philanthropy ya ba da shawara.
Sauran ƙungiyoyin tantance haɗarin sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙungiyoyin gwamnati. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta hada da wani bangare da ake kira Global Alert and Response (GAR) mai sa ido da kuma mayar da martani ga rikicin annoba a duniya. GAR yana taimaka wa ƙasashe membobi tare da horo da haɗin kai game da annoba. Hukumar Raya Kasashen Duniya ta Amurka (USAID) tana da shirinta na Barazana da Cutar Kwayar cuta wanda ke da nufin yin rigakafi da kuma dauke cututtukan da suka samo asali daga tushensu Ko Kuma farkon su. Laboratory National Lawrence Livermore yana da sashin da ake kira Global Security Principal Directorate wanda ke yin bincike a madadin gwamnati batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar halittu da kuma yaki da ta'addanci.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Corey S. Powell (2000). "Hanyoyi ashirin da duniya za ta iya ƙarewa ba zato ba tsammani", Mujallar Discover
Derrick Jensen (2006) Ƙarshen wasa ( ).
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Edward O. Wilson (2003). Makomar Rayuwa . ISBN 0-679-76811-4
Holt, Jim, "Ikon Tunanin Bala'i" (bita na Toby Ord, The Precipice: Haɗari na wanzuwa da makomar ɗan adam, Hachette, 2020, 468 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVIII, ba. 3 (Fabrairu 25, 2021), shafi. 26-29. Jim Holt ya rubuta (p. 28): "Ko kuna neman maganin ciwon daji, ko kuna neman aikin ilimi ko fasaha, ko kuma ku tsunduma cikin samar da cibiyoyi masu adalci, barazana ga makomar bil'adama kuma barazana ce ga mahimmancin abin da kuke yi."
Huesemann, Michael H., da Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Me ya sa Fasaha ba za ta cece mu ba ko muhalli, Babi na 6, "Dorewa ko Rushewa", Sabbin Mawallafin Jama'a, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Kanada, shafuka 464 ( ).
Jared Diamond, Rugujewa: Yadda Ƙungiyoyin ke Zaɓa don Kasawa ko Nasara, Littattafan Penguin, 2005 da 2011 ( ).
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Roger-Maurice Bonnet da Lodewijk Woltjer, Rayuwa Karni 1,000 Za Mu Iya Yi? (2008), Littattafan Springer-Praxis.
Toby Ord (2020). Hatsarin Haɗari - Haɗarin wanzuwa da makomar ɗan adam . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781526600219
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
"Wace hanya za a bi" daga The Guardian . Masana kimiyya goma sun ambaci manyan haɗari ga Duniya kuma suna tantance yiwuwar da zasu faru. Afrilu 14, 2005.
Rahoton Shekara-shekara kan Hadarin Duniya na Gidauniyar Kalubalen Duniya
Cibiyar Kan Hatsarin Dogon Lokaci
Manufar Hadarin Bala'i na Duniya
Dan Adam a ƙarƙashin barazana daga cikakkiyar guguwar rikice-rikice - nazari . The Guardian . Fabrairu 6, 2020.
Stephen Petranek: 10 ways the world could end
Duniya
Yanayi
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30168 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cututtukan%20da%20gur%C9%93atar%20yanayi%20ke%20haifarwa | Cututtukan da gurɓatar yanayi ke haifarwa | Cututtuka da gurbatar yanayi ke haifarwa, suna haifar da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun da mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 8.4 kowace shekara. Koyaya, gurɓataccen abu yana karɓar ɗan ƙaramin abin sha'awa daga al'ummar duniya. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda gurbatar yanayi yana haifar da cututtuka da yawa wanda sau da yawa yana da wuya a iya daidaita layi tsakanin sanadi da Kuma sakamako.
Akwai nau'ikan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ƙazanta da yawa, Duk waɗanda suka haɗa da waɗanda gurɓataccen iska, gurɓataccen ƙasa, gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsafta (WASH) . Ana iya rage gurɓacewar iska.
Cututtukan muhalli da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurbatar yanayi
Cututtukan muhalli sakamako ne kai tsaye daga muhalli. Wannan ya haɗa da cututtuka da ke haifar da shaye-shaye, fallasa ga sinadarai masu guba, da abubuwan jiki a cikin muhalli, kamar UV radiation daga rana, da kuma tsinkayen kwayoyin halitta. Sannan A halin yanzu, cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa ana danganta su da kamuwa da guba a cikin iska, ruwa, da ƙasa. Don haka, duk cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen yanayi cututtukan muhalli ne, amma ba duk cututtukan muhalli ba ne cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa.
Cututtukan gurbacewar iska
A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), gurbacewar iska na da nasaba da mutuwar mutane kusan miliyan 7 da wuri. Anan ne takaitattun cututtuka da gurbatar iska ke haifarwa:
Gurbacewar iska a waje
40% - cututtukan zuciya na ischemic
40% - bugun jini
11% - cututtuka na huhu na kullum
6% - ciwon huhu
3% - m ƙananan cututtuka na numfashi a cikin yara
Gurbacewar ruwa
A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC): “ Cututtukan ruwa suna haifar da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za a iya yada su kai tsaye ta gurɓataccen ruwa. Sannan Yawancin cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa suna haifar da ciwon gudawa [A kula: ba duk cututtukan da aka lissafa a ƙasa ke haifar da gudawa ba]. Kashi tamanin da takwas na masu fama da gudawa a duniya suna da alaƙa da rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha, rashin isasshen tsafta ko rashin tsafta . Wadannan lokuta Kuma suna haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara, yawanci a cikin yara ƙanana. Dalilin mutuwar da aka saba shine rashin ruwa. Galibin cututtukan gudawa da mace-mace na faruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa, rashin tsafta, Duk da rashin tsafta. Sauran cututtuka na ruwa ba sa haifar da gudawa; a maimakon haka wadannan cututtuka na iya haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da ciwon fata, da kuma lalata gabobi.
Cututtukan ruwa
Amoebiasis
Buruli ulcer
Campylobacter
Kwalara
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Dracunculiasis (cutar guinea-worm)
Escherichia coli
Fascioliasis
Giardiasis
Ciwon Hanta
Leptospirosis
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Salmonella
Schistosomiasis
Shigellosis
Zazzabin Typhoid
Cututtuka masu nasaba da rashin tsafta da tsafta
Dermatophytosis (ringworm)
Lymphatic filariasis
Scabies
helminthiasis ana daukarsa ƙasa
Trachoma
Cututtukan da ke haifar da vector
Arboviral encephalitis
Zazzabin Dengue
Zazzabin cizon sauro
Onchocerciasis
Rift Valley zazzabi
Zazzabin rawaya
Guba
Jagoranci
Tushen gubar gubar / gurɓatawar sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai, narkewa, masana'anta da ayyukan sake yin amfani da su.
Cutar cututtukan zuciya
Cerebrovascular cuta
Ciwon koda
Hemorrhagic bugun jini
Cutar hawan jini
Ischemic cututtukan zuciya
Ischemic bugun jini
Rashin lafiyar jijiyoyi
Arsenic
Arsenic wani abu ne da ke faruwa a zahiri kuma ana iya samun shi a cikin abinci, ruwa, ko iska. Akwai kuma tushen masana'antu na arsenic, gami da hakar ma'adinai da narkewa. “Mutane suna fuskantar hauhawar adadin sinadarin arsenic na inorganic ta hanyar shan gurbataccen ruwa, Kuma yin amfani da gurbataccen ruwa wajen shirya abinci da ban ruwa na amfanin gona, hanyoyin masana’antu, cin gurbataccen abinci da shan taba. Tsawon dogon lokaci ga arsenic inorganic ... na iya haifar da guba na arsenic na kullum. Sanna kuma Raunin fata da ciwon daji na fata sune mafi yawan halayen halayen."
Arsenicosis
Ciwon daji (huhu, mafitsara, da fata)
Cutar cututtukan zuciya
Ciwon koda na yau da kullun
Lalacewar dabi'ar jijiya
Mercury
Acrodynia
Arthritis
Cerebellar ataxia
Dysarthria
Koda da rashin aiki na autoimmune
Minamata cuta
Lalacewar jijiyoyi
Rashin numfashi
Manazarta |
22084 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafar%20az%C3%A3ba | Kafar azãba | A kafar azãba ko wani jiki azãba ne azãba wadda aka nufi da sa jiki zafi ga mutum. Lokacin da aka yi wa yara ƙanana, musamman a cikin gida da hukuncin makaranta, hanyoyinta na iya haɗawa da dirka ko fallaji . Lokacin da aka sa wa manya, ana iya yi wa fursunoni da bayi .
Hukuncin jiki na laifi ko rauni, gami da bulala, alama, har ma da yanke jiki, ana yin su a yawancin wayewa tun zamanin da . Tare da haɓakar ƙa'idodin agaji tun bayan Haskakawa, ana ɗaukar irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen azaman rashin mutuntaka a cikin al'ummomin da ke Hatsari . A ƙarshen karni na 20, an kawar da hukuncin cutar jiki daga tsarin doka na yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa .
A karni na ashirin da daya, halatta hukuncin kamuwa a lokacin baya karuwan cututtuka a wurare daban-daban ta banbanta da iko . Bangaren kasa da kasa, a karshen karni na ashirin da farkon karni na ashirin da daya ya ga yadda ake amfani da dokar kare hakkin dan adam game da batun azabtar da kai a wasu fannoni:
Hukuncin cikin gida, hukuncin yara ta hanyar iyaye ko wasu masu kula da su, ya halatta a yawancin duniya, amma, ya zuwa shekarar 2018, ƙasashe hamsin da tawas 58, galibi a cikin Turai da Latin Amurka, sun hana yin hakan.
An dakatar da azabtar da daliban makaranta, ta hanyar malamai da masu kula da makarantar, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Kanada, Kenya, Afirka ta Kudu, New Zealand da duk Turai. Ya kasance ya zama doka, idan ya zama ba sananne ba, a wasu jihohin Amurka da Ostiraliya .
Hukuncin kotuna, kamar su Pillory Stocks, a zaman wani ɓangare na hukuncin laifi da kotu ta ba da umarni, ya daɗe yana ɓacewa daga yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Koyaya, har zuwa watan Nuwamba 2017, ya kasance yana da halaye a sassan Afirka, Asiya, Caribbean da Anglophone da kuma indan asalin Ecuador da Colombia .
Hukuncin kota gidan yari ko horo na ladabtarwa, wanda hukumomin gidan yari suka ba da umarni ko aiwatar da shi kai tsaye ta ma'aikata, kamar yadda ake yi a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Australiya .
An yarda ko azabtar da kai a cikin wasu saitunan soja a cikin 'yan ƙananan hukumomi.
A da, ana koyar da masu koyon aikin ne daga iyayen gidansu.
A yawancin kasashen Yammacin duniya, kungiyoyin likitoci da na kare hakkin dan'adam suna adawa da horon yara kanana. Kamfen da kofur azãba sun nufin kawo karshen abun game da shari'a da sake fasalin domin ba da amfani da kofur azãba da mutane a cikin gidajensu da kuma makarantu.
Tarihi
Marubuci Jared Diamond ya rubuta cewa al'ummomin mafarauta suna son yin amfani da ƙananan hukunci yayin da al'ummomin masu noma da masana'antu ke amfani da shi a gaba. Diamond yana ba da shawarar wannan na iya zama saboda masu karɓar mafarauta ba su da wadatattun abubuwan mallaka na zahiri, kuma rashin mutuncin yaro ba zai haifar da cutarwa ga dukiyar wasu ba.
Masu binciken da suka rayu tsakanin mutanen Parakanã da Ju / 'hoansi, da wasu ' yan asalin Australiya, sun rubuta game da rashin azabtar da yara na zahiri a cikin waɗannan al'adun.
Wilson ya rubuta:
Tarihi
A cikin Yammacin duniya, a al'adance manya ke amfani da horon yara ga yara kananq. Bugun ɗa a matsayin nau'i na horo har ma an ba da shawarar a littafin Misalai :
Robert McCole Wilson ya yi jayayya da cewa, "Mai yiwuwa wannan halayyar ta zo ne, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, daga sha'awar da ake da ita a cikin al'adun magabata don wasu dattijan na ci gaba da ikonsa, inda wannan ikon shi ne babban wakili na zaman lafiyar jama'a. Amma waɗannan kalmomin ne waɗanda ba kawai suka ba da hujjar amfani da azabar jiki a kan yara sama da shekaru dubu a cikin al'ummomin Kirista ba, amma sun ba da umarnin a yi amfani da shi. An karɓi kalmomin tare da wasu kaɗan; kawai a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata an sami ƙaruwar mahangar ra'ayi da suka bambanta. Abin mamakin, sau da yawa ba a kula da sassaucij Kiristi ga yara (Mark, X) ". [10]
An yi amfani da azabtar da kai a cikin Misira, China, Girka, da Rome don kiyaye ƙa'idodin shari'a da ilimi. [11] tasa keyar masu laifi na Masar da suka lalace zuwa Tjaru da Rhinocorura a kan iyakar Sinai, yankin da sunansa ke nufin " yanke hanci ." An ba da umarnin azabtar da kai a Isra'ila ta d, a, amma an iyakance shi da bulala 40. A cikin China, wasu masu laifi suma sun lalace amma wasu masu laifi sun yi zaune. Wasu jihohin sunyi suna saboda zalunci da amfani da irin wannan hukuncin; Sparta, musamman, tayi amfani dasu azaman ɓangare na tsarin ladabtarwa wanda aka tsara don haɓaka ƙarfi da ƙarfin jiki. [13] Duk da cewa misalin Spartan ya wuce gona da iri, hukuncin mai yiwuwa ya fi kowane irin hukunci. A cikin Daular Roma, iyakar hukuncin da dan Roma zai iya samu a karkashin doka shi ne "bulala" 40 ko "bulala" 40 tare da bulala wanda aka shafe a baya da kafaɗu, ko bulala 40 ko bulala tare da " azumin " ( kwatankwacin sandar birch, amma ya kunshi tsawon 8-10 na Willow maimakon birch) wanda aka yi amfani da shi ga gindi. Irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen na iya jawo jini, kuma ana yin su akai-akai a gaban jama'a.
Quintilian (c. 35 - c. 100) ya nuna adawa ga yin amfani da hukuncin azaba. A cewar Wilson, "mai yiwuwa ba a sami karin bayani game da shi ba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu masu zuwa". [13]
Plutarch, shima a cikin ƙarni na farko, ya rubuta:
Tsakiyar Zamani
A Tsakiyar Turai, Daular Byzantine ta makantar kuma ta ƙaryata wasu masu laifi da sarakunan da ke hamayya da ita. Imaninsu cewa sarki ya zama mai cikakkiyar fata yana nufin cewa irin wannan ɓatancin ba da ra'ayin shi ya hana mai karɓar daga ofis ba. (Mulki na biyu na Justinian the Slit-nosed shine sananne sananne. ) A wani wurin kuma, halayen cocin Katolika sun karfafa gwiwar mutum saboda azaba ta jiki, nuna flagel wata hanya ce ta horar da kai. Wannan yana da tasiri akan amfani da azabar jiki a cikin makarantu, saboda cibiyoyin ilimi suna da alaƙa da cocin sosai a wannan lokacin. Koyaya, ba a yi amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki ba; tun farkon karni na goma sha ɗaya Saint Anselm, Archbishop na Canterbury yana magana game da abin da yake gani a matsayin wuce gona da iri na azabtar da jiki a kula da yara.
Zamani
Daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, ana ganin sabbin abubuwa a cikin azabar al'aura. Hukuncin shari'a ya ƙara zama jujjuyawar jama'a, tare da d beatkan jama'a da masu laifi da nufin hana wasu masu laifi. A halin da ake ciki, marubutan farko a kan ilimi, irin su Roger Ascham, sun koka da yadda ake azabtar da yara ba da son rai ba.
Peter Newell ya rubuta cewa wataƙila marubuci mafi tasiri a kan batun shi ne ɗan falsafar Ingilishi John Locke, wanda Wasu Tunani Game da Ilimi ya fito fili ya soki matsayin muhimmin aikin azabtarwa a cikin ilimi. Aikin Locke ya yi tasiri sosai, kuma mai yiwuwa ya taimaka ya rinjayi 'yan majalisar Poland don hana azabtar da kai daga makarantun Poland a 1783, ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta yi hakan.
Sakamakon wannan yanayin tunanin shine ragin amfani da azabar jiki a cikin karni na 19 a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. A cikin wasu ƙasashe wannan ya sami ƙarfin gwiwa ta hanyar abin kunya da ya shafi mutane waɗanda suka ji rauni sosai a yayin aiwatar da hukuncin ɗanɗano. Misali, a Birtaniyya, fitattun masu adawa da hukunci sun sami kwarin gwiwa ta manyan lamura guda biyu, mutuwar Private Frederick John White, wanda ya mutu bayan bulalar sojoji a 1846, da mutuwar Reginald Cancellor, wanda malamin makarantarsa ya kashe a 1860 Abubuwan da suka faru kamar waɗannan sun haɗu da ra'ayoyin jama'a kuma, a ƙarshen karni na sha tara, yawan amfani da azabtarwa a makarantun jihar ba shi da farin jini ga iyaye da yawa a Ingila. Hukumomi a Biritaniya da wasu ƙasashe sun gabatar da cikakkun ƙa'idodi game da azabtar da jiki a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da wuraren kawo sauyi. A yakin duniya na farko, korafin da iyaye suka yi game da wuce gona da iri a Ingila ya mutu, kuma aka kafa hukuncin azaba a matsayin wani nau'i na ladabtarwar makaranta.
A shekarun 1870, kotuna a Amurka sun yi biris da ka’idar gama gari wacce ke cewa miji na da ‘yancin“ azabtar da matar da ta yi kuskure ”. A Burtaniya, hakkin gargajiya na miji ya sanya wa matarsa horo na matsakaici don ya kiyaye ta "cikin iyakokin aiki" an cire irin wannan a cikin 1891. Duba Rikicin cikin gida don ƙarin bayani.
A kasar Burtaniya, amfani da hukuncin alkalanci ya ragu yayin rabin farko na karni na ashirin kuma an soke shi gaba daya a cikin Dokar Shari'ar Masu Laifi, 1948 (zi & z2 GEo. 6. CH. 58.), inda aka haramta bulala da bulala sai dai a yi amfani da su a cikin manyan lamuran ladabtarwa na gidan yari, yayin da galibin sauran kasashen Turai suka soke shi a baya. A halin yanzu, a cikin makarantu da yawa, amfani da sanda, paddle ko tawse ya kasance gama gari a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka har zuwa 1980s. A cikin yankunan karkara na Kudancin Amurka, da kuma a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, har yanzu shine: duba Hukuncin ɗabi'a ta Makaranta .
Yarjejeniyar duniya
'Yancin ɗan adam
Abubuwan ci gaba masu alaƙa da azabar al'aura sun auku a ƙarshen karni na 20. An jaddada shekaru tare da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga haramcin azabtar da jiki.
1950: Yarjejeniyar Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam, Majalisar Turai . Mataki na uku ya hana " azabtarwa ko ladabi ".
1978 : Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam, da ke lura da aiwatar da ita, ta zartar da hukuncin da ya shafi keta haddin kananan yara Mataki na 3.
1985: Ka'idodin imumananan Ka'idoji don Gudanar da Addinin Matasa, ko Dokokin Beijing, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UN ). Dokar 17.3: "Yaran yara ba za su iya fuskantar hukunci na jiki ba."
Suparin 1990 : Dokoki don Kariyar Juan shekaru da aka hana Libancinsu . Doka ta 67: "... duk matakan ladabtarwa da ke haifar da zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko ƙasƙantar da mutum za a haramta shi, gami da azabtar da kai. . . "
1990 : Sharuɗɗa don Rigakafin Laifin Matasa, Ka'idodin Riyadh, UN. Sakin layi na 21 (h): tsarin ilimi ya kamata ya guji "tsauraran matakan ladabtarwa, musamman hukunci na jiki."
1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam’iyyu 167 a yanzu, masu sanya hannu 74. Mataki na bakwai: "Ba wanda za a azabtar da shi azaba ko azaba, azabtarwa, rashin mutuntaka ko cin mutunci ko horo. . . "
1992 : Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, da ke lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: "haramcin dole ne ya kai ga azabtar da jiki .... Game da wannan ... ... labarin 7 yana kare, musamman yara,. . . "
1984: Yarjejeniyar kan Azabtarwa da Sauran Zalunci, Rashin Jin Dadin Mutunci ko Hukunci, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam’iyyu 150 da masu sanya hannu 78 a halin yanzu.
1996 : Kwamitin yaki da azabtarwa, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya la'anci hukuncin na jiki.
1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam'iyyun 160 a halin yanzu, da masu sanya hannu 70. Mataki na 13 (1): "Ilimi zai zama jagora zuwa cikakken ci gaban mutumtaka da sanin kimar sa. . . "
1999 : Kwamiti kan Hakkoki na Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, wanda ke lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: "Hukuncin jiki ya saba da ka'idar jagora ta dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya .... Mutuncin mutum."
1961: Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai, Majalisar Turai.
2001 : Kwamitin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Turai, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya kammala: ba "abin yarda ba ne cewa al'ummar da ke haramta duk wani nau'in tashin hankali na zahiri tsakanin manya za ta yarda da cewa manya na fuskantar yara da tashin hankali."
Hakkin yara
Tunani game da haƙƙin yara a Yammacin duniya ya ɓullo a ƙarni na 20, amma ba a magance batun azabtar da kai gaba ɗaya ba kafin tsakiyar ƙarnin. An jaddada shekaru tare da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga hana azabtar da yara ga yara.
1923: Sanarwa game da haƙƙin yara daga founderan kungiyar Save the Children . (Labari 5).
1924 Soma matsayin World Child Welfare Yarjejeniya, League of Nations (ba enforceable).
1959: Sanarwa game da Hakkokin Yaro, ( UN ) (abubuwan 10; ba masu ɗaurewa ba).
1989: Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (abubuwa 54; yarjejeniya mai ɗaurewa), tare da a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi 193 da sanya hannu 140. Mataki na 19.1: "Statesungiyoyin Jihohi za su ɗauki duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaron daga duk nau'ikan tashin hankali na jiki ko na hankali, rauni ko cin zarafi, sakaci ko kula da sakaci, tozartawa ko amfani da su. . . . "
2006 : Kwamitin Hakkin Yaro, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: akwai "wajibcin dukkan Partyungiyoyin Jiha da su hanzarta hanawa da kuma kawar da duk wani hukunci na jiki."
2011: Zabi na Yarjejeniyar a kan Hanyar Sadarwa wanda ke ba yara damar gabatar da korafi game da takamaiman take hakkinsu.
2006: Nazari kan Rikicin Yara da Kwararren Masani na Sakatare-Janar ya gabatar ga Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
2007: Matsayi na Wakilin Sakatare-Janar na Musamman kan cin zarafin yara da aka kafa.
Amfani da zamani
Matsayin doka
Countriesasashe 59, galibinsu a cikin Turai da Latin Amurka, sun hana kowane irin horo na yara.
Attemptoƙarin farko da aka yi rikodin don hana azabtar da yara ta hanyar wata ƙasa ya koma Poland ne a cikin 1783. Koyaya, haramtawarsa a kowane fanni na rayuwa - a cikin gidaje, makarantu, tsarin hukunce-hukunce da sauran tsare-tsaren kulawa - sun fara faruwa a 1966 a Sweden. Lambar Iyayen Sweden ta 1979 ta karanta: "Yara suna da hakkin kulawa, tsaro da kyakkyawar tarbiyya. Ya kamata a kula da yara ta hanyar mutunta mutumtakarsu kuma ba za a yi musu horo na jiki ko wani wulakanci ba. ”
, corporal punishment of children by parents (or other adults) is outlawed in all settings in 58 nations (including the partially recognized Republic of Kosovo) and 3 constituent nations.
Don ƙarin bayyani game da faɗin duniya da hana azabtar da yara da yara, duba jadawalin da ke gaba.
Horon ciki a cikin gida
Domestic kofur azãba (watau azãbar yara da iyayensu) ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai colloquially matsayin " spanking ", "smacking", ko "slapping".
An haramta shi a cikin ƙarin yawan ƙasashe, farawa da Sweden a 1979. A wasu wasu ƙasashe, azabar jiki ta halatta, amma an ƙuntata (misali bugawa kai kai doka ce, ba za a iya amfani da kayan aiki ba, yara kawai a cikin wasu shekarun da za a iya lulluɓewa).
A duk jihohin Amurka da mafi yawan ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya, hukuncin mahaifa daga iyaye ya zama doka a halin yanzu. Hakanan doka ce don amfani da wasu kayan aiki (misali bel ko paddle).
A Kanada, duka da iyaye ko masu kula da doka suka yi (amma ba wani ba) ya halatta, matuƙar yaro yana tsakanin shekarun 2–12, kuma ba a aiwatar da shi sai buɗe hannu, ana amfani da hannu a hannu (bel, paddles, da dai sauransu.) an haramta su sosai). Kuma haramun ne a bugi shugaban a lokacin da za a yi wa yaro horo.
A cikin Burtaniya (ban da Scotland), duka ko buguwa doka ce, amma ba dole ba ne ya haifar da raunin da ya kai ga Barfin Bodily Harm (duk wani rauni kamar ɓarkewar gani, karyewar dukkan fatar, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, a cikin Scotland, tun a watan Oktoba na 2003, ya saba wa doka amfani da duk wani kayan aiki ko bugun kai a lokacin da za a yi wa yaro horo, kuma an hana yin amfani da horon da ake yi wa yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 3. A cikin 2019, Scotland ta kafa dokar hana azabtar da kai, wanda ya fara aiki a cikin 2020. Ita ma Wales ta kafa dokar hana shiga a shekarar 2020, wacce za ta fara aiki a 2022.
A cikin Pakistan, Sashi na 89 na Penal Code na Pakistan ya ba da damar azabtar da kai.
Hukuncin ɗabi'a a cikin makarantu
An haramta azabtar da kai a cikin makarantu a cikin ƙasashe da yawa. Hakan yakan haɗa da bugun ɗalibi a kan gindi ko tafin hannu tare da aiwatarwa (misali sandar ɓoyayyiyar ruwa ko taɓar ruwa ).
A cikin ƙasashe inda har yanzu aka ba da izinin azabtar da kai a cikin makarantu, ana iya samun ƙuntatawa; alal misali, gwanintar makaranta a cikin Singapore da Malaysia, a ka'ida, an ba da izini ga yara maza kawai.
A Indiya, Koriya ta Kudu, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa, a zahiri doka ta soke horon jiki. Koyaya, azaba ta jiki ana ci gaba da aikatawa akan yara maza da mata a makarantu da yawa a duniya. Hasali ma ba a yi nazari da bincike kan al'adu game da azabar al'aura ba. Studyaya daga cikin binciken da aka gudanar ya tattauna kan yadda ake fahimtar azaba ta jiki tsakanin iyaye da ɗalibai a Indiya.
Kwararrun likitocin sun bukaci kawo karshen wannan dabi'a, lura da hatsarin rauni ga hannayen yara musamman.
Hukuncin shari'a ko kuma na shari'a
Kusan kasashe talatin da uku a duniya har yanzu suna riƙe da hukuncin shari'a, gami da wasu tsoffin yankunan Burtaniya kamar Botswana, Malaysia, Singapore da Tanzania. A cikin Singapore, saboda wasu laifuffuka da aka ambata, ana yankewa maza hukuncin ƙawance baya ga ɗaurin kurkuku. Aikin Singapore na can ya zama abin tattaunawa sosai a duniya a cikin shekara ta 1994 lokacin da saurayi Ba'amurke Michael P. Fay ya karɓi bulala huɗu don ɓarna. Hakanan ana amfani da gwangwani da bulala a lardin Aceh a Indonesia.
Wasu kasashen da ke da tsarin shari'ar Musulunci, irin su Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Iran, Brunei, Sudan, da wasu jihohin arewacin Najeriya, suna amfani da bulalar shari'a saboda laifuka da dama. A watan Afrilu na shekarr 2020, Kotun Koli ta Saudiyya ta kawo karshen hukuncin bulalar daga tsarin kotun, kuma ta maye gurbinsa da gidan yari ko tarar da akayi. yankuna na Pakistan suna fuskantar rashin lafiya na dokar da gwamnati ta sanya, abu zuwa reintroduction na kofur azãba ta wucin gadi kotun musulunci. Hakanan azabar jiki, wasu ƙasashen musulinci irin su Saudi Arabiya da Iran suna amfani da wasu nau'ikan azabtar da jiki kamar yanke jiki ko yanke jiki . Koyaya, kalmar "azabtar da jiki" tun daga ƙarni na 19 yawanci ana nufin caning, flagellation ko bastinado maimakon waɗancan nau'ikan hukuncin na zahiri.
A wasu ƙasashe, har yanzu ana yin bulalar ( bastinado ) a kan fursunoni.
Ibada
A wasu sassan Ingila, an taba buge yara maza a karkashin tsohuwar al'adar nan ta " Doating the Bound " inda aka gabatar da yaro a gefen gari ko Ikklesiya kuma aka yi masa duka tare da sauyawa ko sanda don alamar iyaka. Wani shahararren "Bugun kan Iyakoki" ya faru a kan iyakar St Giles da yankin da titin Kotun Tottenham yake a yanzu a tsakiyar London. Ainihin dutsen da yayi alama akan iyaka yanzu yana ƙarƙashin hasumiyar ofishin Center Point.
A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, da wasu yankuna na Hungary, ana aiwatar da al'adar kiwon lafiya da haihuwa a ranar Litinin ta Easter . Samari da samari za su yi wa 'yan mata bulala ko bulala a ƙasan tare da rassan willow masu ɗaure. Bayan da mutumin ya rera wakar, sai budurwar ta juyo sai mutumin ya dauki whacks a bayanta da bulala.
A cikin sanannun al'adu
Zane
A Flagellation, (c.1455-70), da Piero della Francesca . An yi wa Kristi bulala yayin da Bilatus Babunti yake kallo.
Yin bulala, (1941), na Horace Pippin . Wani adadi da aka ɗaura a bulala an yi masa bulala.
Fim da Talabijin
Duba: Jerin fina-finai da Talabijin dauke da al'amuran azabtarwa .
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Barathan, Gopal; Caning na Michael Fay, (1995). Wani asusun ajiyar wani saurayi Ba'amurke ( Michael P. Fay ) na zamani don lalata abubuwa a Singapore.
Gates, Jay Paul da Marafioti, Nicole; (eds.) ), Hukunci da Hukunci a Anglo-Saxon Ingila, (2014). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
Moskos, Bitrus; A Tsaron Bulala, (2011). Hujja cewa bulala na iya zama mafi kyau fiye da lokacin kurkuku.
Scott, George; Tarihin Hukunci na Hukunci, (1996).
Wasu manazarta
"Yunkuri" (Mashawarcin Ontario kan Haƙurin Addini)
Cibiyar Ingantaccen Horarwa (Amurka)
Binciken Hukunci na Hukunci na Duniya
Manufar Duniya don Endare Duk Horon Yara
Pages with unreviewed translations |
35705 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa%20fever | Lassa fever | Zazzabin Lassa, wanda kuma ake kira Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever ( LHF ), wani nau'in zazzabi ne na jini wanda kwayar cutar Lassa ke haifarwa. Yawancin wadanda suka kamu da da cutar kwayar cutar ba su da alamun bayyanar . Lokacin da bayyanar cututtuka suka faru yawanci sun haɗa da zazzabi, rauni, ciwon kai, amai, da ciwon tsoka . Galibi ana iya samun zub da jini daga baki ko na hanji . Haɗarin mutuwa da zarar kamuwa da cuta ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari kuma yawanci yana faruwa a cikin makonni biyu na farkon bayyanar cututtuka. Daga cikin ciki waɗanda suka tsira, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu suna da asarar ji, wanda ya inganta a cikin watanni uku a cikin kusan rabin waɗannan lokuta.
Yawanci da farko cutar tana yaɗuwa ga mutane ta hanyar saduwa da fitsari ko najasa na linzamin kwamfuta mai yawan gaske . Yadawa na iya faruwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye kai tasaye tsakanin mutane. Ganewa dangane da alamomi yana da wahala. Tabbatarwa shine ta gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje don gano kwayar cutar RNA, kwayoyin rigakafin cutar, ko ita kanta kwayar cutar a cikin al'adar tantanin halitta . Sauran yanayi da za su iya bayyana irin wannan sun hada da Ebola, zazzabin cizon sauro, zazzabin typhoid, da zazzabin rawaya . Kwayar cutar Lassa memba ce ta dangin Arenaviridae na ƙwayoyin cuta .
Babu maganin alurar riga kafi . Rigakafin yana buƙatar ware waɗanda suka kamu da cutar da rage hulɗa da berayen. Sauran sauran yunƙurin shawo kan yaduwar cututtuka sun haɗa da samun kyanwa don farautar kwari, da kuma adana abinci a cikin kwantena da aka rufe. Ana yin magani don magance rashin ruwa da inganta alamun. An ba da shawarar magungunan rigakafin cutar ribavirin, amma shaidar da ke tabbatar da amfani da ita ba ta da ƙarfi.
Bayanin cutar tun daga shekarun shekarar 1950. An fara bayyana cutar ne a shekarar ta 1969 daga wani mutum da ya kamu da cutar a garin Lassa da ke jihar Borno a Najeriya . Zazzabin Lassa fever ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a yammacin Afirka ciki har da kasashen Najeriya da Laberiya da Saliyo da Guinea da kuma Ghana . Akwai kimanin mutane 300,000 zuwa 500,000 wadanda ke haifar da mutuwar mutane 5,000 a shekara.
Alamomi da alamomi
Farawar bayyanar cututtuka yawanci kwanaki 7 zuwa 21 ne bayan fallasa. A cikin kashi 80% na waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kaɗan ko babu alamun bayyanar. Waɗannan ƙananan bayyanar cututtuka na iya haɗawa da zazzabi, gajiya, rauni, da ciwon Ciwon kai. A cikin kashi 20 cikin 100 na mutane mafi tsanani bayyanar cututtuka irin su gumi na jini, matsalolin numfashi, amai, ciwon kirji, ko ƙananan jini mai haɗari na iya faruwa. Rigingimu na dogon lokaci na iya haɗawa da asarar ji . A cikin wadanda ke da ciki, zubar da ciki na iya faruwa a cikin kashi 95% na mata masu haihuwa. Zazzabin Lassa na iya zama da wahala a iya bambanta a asibiti da sauran sauran zazzaɓin jini na ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar cutar cutar Ebola . Haɗuwa da pharyngitis, jin zafi a bayan kashin baya, kasancewar furotin da yawa a cikin fitsari da zazzabi na iya nuna zazzabin Lassa fever tare da ƙayyadaddun mahimmanci.
A lokuta da mutuwa ta faru, wannan yawanci yana faruwa a cikin kwanaki 14 da farawa. Kusan kashi 1% na duk cututtukan Lassa na haifar da mutuwa. Kimanin kashi 15% -20% na wadanda suka bukaci asibiti saboda zazzabin Lassa na mutuwa. Hadarin mutuwa ya fi girma a cikin masu ciki. "Ciwon jariri mai kumbura" na iya faruwa a cikin jarirai, jarirai da yara masu raɗaɗi, kumburin ciki da zubar jini.
Dalili
Kwayoyin cuta
Kwayar cutar Lassa memba ce ta Arenaviridae, dangin mara hankali, ƙwayoyin cuta na RNA guda ɗaya. Musamman tsohuwar ƙwayar cuta ce ta duniya, wacce aka lulluɓe, mai ɗaci ɗaya, da RNA mai sassa biyu. Wannan kwayar cutar tana da babba da karami kara mu bangaren kwayoyin halitta, wadanda aka gano zuriyarsu har zuwa yau: Josiah (Sierra Leone), GA391 (Nigeria), LP (Nigeria) da kuma nau'in AV.
Yaɗa
Kwayar cutar Lassa tana yaduwa zuwa ga mutane daga wasu dabbobi, musamman ma'aunin linzamin kwamfuta na Natal multimammate ko bera na yankin Afirka, wanda kuma ake kira Natal multimammate rat ( Mastomys natalensis ). Wannan shi ne mai yiwuwa linzamin kwamfuta da aka aka fi sani da shi a yankin Equatorial Afirka, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gidajen mutane kuma ana ci a amatsayin abinci a wasu wurare.
Mouse mai yawan mammate na iya haifar da ɗimbin zuriya cikin sauri, yana mai da hankali kan mamaye matsugunan ɗan adam, yana ƙara haɗarin haɗuwa da ɗan adam, kuma ana samunsa a cikin yamma, tsakiya da da gabashin nahiyar Afirka.
Da zarar linzamin kwamfuta ya zama mai ɗaukar hoto, zai fitar da kwayar cutar a duk tsawon rayuwarsa ta hanyar najasa da fitsari wanda zai samar da damammaki na fallasa. Wataƙila ana kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar tuntuɓar najasa ko fitsarin fitsarin dabbobi masu shiga shagunan hatsi a wuraren zama. Babu baby wani binciken da ya tabbatar da kasancewar a cikin nono, amma babban matakin viremia yana nuna yana iya yiwuwa.
Mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar su ne waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan karkara inda aka gano mastomy, kuma inda tsafta ba ta zama ruwan dare ba. Kamuwa da cuta yawanci yana faruwa ta hanyar kai tsaye ko kai tsaye bayyanar da najasar dabba ta hanyoyin numfashi ko na ciki. An yi imanin shakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (aerosol) shine mafi mahimmancin hanyar fallasa. Yana yiwuwa a iya samun kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar karyewar fata ko ƙwayoyin mucosa waɗanda ke fallasa kai tsaye ga kayan kamuwa da cuta. An kafa watsawa daga mutum zuwa mutum mutum, yana gabatar da haɗarin cuta ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Kwayar cutar tana cikin fitsari tsakanin makonni uku zuwa tara bayan kamuwa da ita, kuma ana iya yada ta a cikin maniyyi har tsawon watanni uku bayan kamuwa da ita.
Bincike
Ana yin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje iri-iri, inda zai yiwu, don tantance cutar da tantance yanayinta da rikice-rikice. Ana iya ɓata kwarin gwiwar gano cutar idan ba a sami gwajin gwaji ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da shi shine yawan cututtukan zazzabi da ake samu a Afirka, kamar zazzabin cizon sauro ko typhoid wanda zai iya haifar da irin wannan alamomi, musamman ga alamun zazzabin Lassa da ba na musamman ba. A lokuta da ciwon ciki, a kasashen da Lassa ya zama ruwan dare, sau da yawa ana gane zazzabin Lassa a matsayin appendicitis da intussusception wanda ke jinkirta jiyya da ribavirin antiviral . A yammacin Afirka, inda Lassa ya fi yawa, yana da wuya a gano cutar saboda rashin kayan aikin gwaji.
FDA har yanzu ba ta amince da ingantaccen gwajin gwajin Lassa ba, amma akwai gwaje-gwajen da suka iya ba da tabbataccen tabbaci na kasancewar cutar LASV. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen sun haɗa da al'adun cell, PCR, ELISA antigen assays, plaque neutralization assays, da immunofluorescence essays. Koyaya, kasidun immunofluorescence suna ba da tabbataccen tabbaci na kamuwa da cutar Lassa. Gwajin ELISA don maganin antigen da Immunoglobulin M suna ba da 88% hankali da takamaiman 90% don kasancewar kamuwa da cuta. Sauran binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje a zazzabin Lassa sun hada da lymphocytopenia (ƙananan adadin fararen jini), thrombocytopenia (ƙananan platelets), da haɓakar matakan aspartate transaminase a cikin jini. Hakanan ana iya samun kwayar cutar zazzabin Lassa a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal .
Rigakafi
Sarrafa yawan rodent ɗin Mastomys ba shi da amfani, don haka matakan suna mai da hankali kan kiyaye rowan gida da kayan abinci, ƙarfafa tsaftar mutum, adana hatsi da sauran kayan abinci a cikin kwantena masu hana rodent, da zubar da datti nesa da gida don taimakawa ci gaba da tsabta. gidaje. Ana ba da shawarar safar hannu, abin rufe fuska, rigar dakin gwaje-gwaje, da tabarau yayin saduwa da mai cutar, don guje wa haɗuwa da jini da ruwan jiki. Sashen kula da lafiyar jama'a ne ke kula da waɗannan batutuwa a ƙasashe da yawa. A cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba, waɗannan nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin na iya zama ba su da hanyoyin da suka dace don shawo kan barkewar cutar yadda ya kamata.
Alurar riga kafi
Babu wani maganin rigakafi ga mutane kamar na shekarar 2019. Masu bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Sojan Amurka na Cibiyar Cututtukan Cututtukan sun sami ɗan takarar rigakafin alurar riga kafi a cikin shekarar 2002. Sun ɓullo da ingantaccen rigakafin rigakafin cutar Lassa wanda ya dogara da vesicular stomatitis virus vectors da ke bayyana ƙwayar cutar Lassa glycoprotein. Bayan alluran intramuscular guda ɗaya, masu gwajin gwaji sun tsira daga ƙalubale na mutuwa, yayin da ba su nuna alamun asibiti ba.
Magani
Ana yin magani don magance rashin ruwa da inganta alamun. Duk mutanen da ake zargi da kamuwa da cutar zazzabin Lassa a kai su wuraren keɓe da ruwan jikinsu da fitar da su yadda ya kamata.
Magunguna
An ba da shawarar magungunan rigakafin cutar ribavirin, amma shaidar da ke tabbatar da amfani da ita ba ta da ƙarfi. Wasu shaidun sun gano cewa yana iya dagula sakamako a wasu lokuta. Ana iya buƙatar maye gurbin ruwa, ƙarin jini, da magunguna don ƙarancin hawan jini. Hakanan an yi amfani da maganin interferon na ciki.
Ciki
Lokacin da zazzabin Lassa ke cutar da mata masu juna biyu a ƙarshen watanni uku na uku, haifar da haihuwa ya zama dole don uwa ta sami damar tsira. Wannan saboda kwayar cutar tana da alaƙa ga mahaifa da sauran kyallen jikin jijiyoyin jini. Damar dayan tayin na da kashi daya cikin goma na rayuwa ko da wane irin mataki aka dauka; don haka, a ko da yaushe mayar da hankali ga ceton rayuwar uwa. Bayan haihuwa, yakamata mata su sami magani iri ɗaya da sauran masu fama da zazzabin Lassa.
Hasashen
Kimanin kashi shabiyar 15-20% na mutanen da ke kwance a asibiti masu fama da zazzabin Lassa za su mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya. An kiyasta adadin mace-macen gabaɗaya ya zama 1%, amma yayin annoba, mace-mace na iya haura sama da kashi 50%. Yawan mace-mace ya fi kashi 80% idan ya faru a mata masu juna biyu a cikin uku na uku; Mutuwar tayin kuma yana faruwa a kusan duk waɗannan lokuta. Zubar da ciki yana rage haɗarin mutuwa ga uwa. Wasu waɗanda suka tsira suna samun sakamako mai ɗorewa na cutar, kuma suna iya haɗawa da ɓangarori ko gabaɗayan kurma.
Saboda jiyya tare da ribavirin, adadin masu mutuwa ya ragu.
Epidemiology
Akwai kimanin mutane dubu dadi uku 300,000 zuwa 500,000 wadanda ke haifar da mutuwar mutane 5,000 a shekara. Ƙidaya ɗaya ta sanya adadin ya kai miliyan 3 a kowace shekara.
Kiyasin zazzabin Lassa fever yana da sarkakiya saboda rashin samun saukin ganewar asali, iyakance kayan aikin sa ido kan lafiyar jama'a, da kuma tarin abubuwan da suka faru kusa da babban samfuri.
Kwayar cutar tana shafar mata sau 1.2 fiye da maza. Yawan shekarun da suka fi kamuwa da cutar shine shekarun 21-da 30.
Geography
Yankin Lassa da ke da hatsarin gaske yana kusa da gabas da yamma na yammacin Afirka. Tun daga shekarar 2018, bel ɗin Lassa ya haɗa da Guinea, Najeriya, Saliyo da Laberiya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2003, kashi 10-16% na mutanen Saliyo da Laberiya da aka kwantar da su a asibiti sun kamu da cutar. Adadin mace-macen wadanda aka kwantar da su a asibiti saboda cutar kusan kashi 15-20 ne. Bincike ya nuna haɗarin kamuwa da da cuta sau biyu ga waɗanda ke zaune kusa da wanda ke da alamun kamuwa da cuta a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.
Ba za a iya fayyace wuraren da ke da hatsarin gaske ta kowane sanannen tarihin rayuwa ko hutun muhalli sai dai ga bera da da yawa, musamman Guinea ( Yankin Kindia, Faranah da Nzérékoré ), Laberiya (mafi yawa a cikin Lofa, Bong, da Nimba County), Najeriya (a cikin kusan 10). na jihohi 36) da Saliyo (yawanci daga yankunan Kenema da Kailahun ). Ba shi da yawa a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Mali, Senegal da sauran ƙasashe na kusa, kuma ba a cika samunsa ba tukuna a Ghana da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. A shekarar 2014 ne aka tabbatar da cutar a kasar Benin, kuma a shekarar 2016
Ya zuwa shekarar 2013, yaduwar Lassa a wajen yammacin Afirka ya yi kadan. An bayyana kararraki 2 zuwa 30 a Turai, kamar yadda ake shigowa da su ta hanyar masu kamuwa da cutar. An gano waɗannan lamuran da aka samu a wajen yammacin Afirka suna da babban haɗarin mutuwa saboda jinkirin gano cutar da jiyya saboda rashin sanin haɗarin da ke tattare da alamun. Abubuwan da aka shigo da su ba su bayyana ba a cikin manyan annobai a wajen Afirka saboda rashin isar da ɗan adam ga ɗan adam a cikin saitunan asibiti. Banda ya faru a cikin shekarar 2003 lokacin da ma'aikacin lafiya ya kamu da cutar kafin mutumin ya nuna alamun bayyanar.
Najeriya
2018 fashewa
An samu bullar cutar zazzabin Lassa a Najeriya a shekarar 2018 kuma ta bazu zuwa 18 daga cikin jihohin kasar; ita ce barkewar cutar Lassa mafi girma da aka samu. A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2018, akwai mutane 1081 da ake zargi da kamuwa da cutar kuma 90 sun ba da rahoton mutuwar; 317 daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da cutar kuma 72 sun mutu a matsayin Lassa wanda ya karu zuwa 431 a cikin 2018.
2019 barkewar cutar
Adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar a Najeriya a shekarar Ta 2019 ya kai 810 tare da mutuwar mutane 167, adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar ya fi yawa (23.3%) har zuwa lokacin.
2020 annoba
An fara bullar cutar ne daga mako na biyu na watan Janairu. Ya zuwa sati mako na goma adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar ya karu zuwa 855 kuma sun mutu zuwa 144, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 16.8%.
2021 Barkewar Cutar
A ranar 8 ga watan shekarar Disamba, 2021, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya (NCDC) ta sanar da mutuwar mutane biyu daga zazzabin Lassa.
2022 Barkewar Cutar
Annobar ta dauki wani sabon salo, daga ranar 3 zuwa 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2022, dakin gwaje-gwaje 211 ya tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar zazzabin Lassa da suka hada da mutuwar mutane 40 da suka hada da mutuwar mutane 19 cikin 14 daga cikin jihohin Najeriya 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya a fadin kasar. . Gabaɗaya daga Janairu zuwa Maris, an ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 132 tare da adadin masu mutuwa (CFR) na 19.1% wanda ya yi ƙasa da CFR a daidai wannan lokacin a cikin 2021 (21.0%).
Laberiya
Zazzabin Lassa na yaduwa a kasar Laberiya. Daga 1 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017 zuwa 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2018, an sami rahoton mutane 91 da ake zargi da laifi daga gundumomi shida: Bong, Grand Bassa, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, da Nimba. 33 daga cikin waɗannan shari'o'in an tabbatar da su a dakin gwaje-gwaje, gami da mutuwar mutane 15 (yawan mace-macen da aka tabbatar = 45.4%).
A watan Fabrairun shekarar ta 2020, adadin mutane 24 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar tare da mutuwar mutane tara daga gundumomin lafiya tara a cikin kananan hukumomi shida. Lardunan Grand Bossa da Bong ne ke da adadin guda ashirin 20 daga cikin wadanda aka tabbatar.
Tarihi
An gano cutar a Najeriya a shekarar ta 1969. Sunan garin Lassa ne, inda aka gano shi.
Wani fitaccen masani kan cutar, Aniru Conteh, ya mutu daga cutar.
Bincike
Cutar Lassa fever na daya daga cikin wasu kwayoyin cuta da WHO ta bayyana a matsayin abin da zai iya haifar da annoba a nan gaba. Don haka sun jera shi don bincike na gaggawa da haɓaka don haɓaka sabbin gwaje-gwajen bincike, alluran rigakafi, da magunguna.
A cikin shekarar 2007, SIGA Technologies, yayi nazarin magani a cikin alade na Guinea tare da zazzabin Lassa. Ana ci gaba da aiki akan maganin alurar riga kafi, tare da hanyoyi da yawa suna nuna sakamako mai kyau a cikin gwajin dabbobi.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
6159 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano | Kano | Kano ( Ajami : كانو) shi ne babban birnin Jihar Kano, kuma shi ne gari mai Jerin yawan hadakar mutane masu yawa a jahohin Najeriya mafi yawan al'ummar da ke Arewa maso yammacin ƙasar Najeriya dake yammacin Afrika. Garin ya kasance babban wurin da al'umma ke rayuwa na tsawon dubban shekaru da suka wuce. Shi ne birni na biyu mafi yawan jama'a, yana da yawan jama'a a cikin iyakokin Birnin, tare da sama da ƴan ƙasa miliyan huɗu a cikin 5,700km. Yankin gargajiya ne na tsohuwar daular Dabo mai ƙarni biyu wadanda tun a ƙarni na (19) suka kasance sarakunan gargajiya na cikin gari har zuwa yankin Kano lokacin da garin ya mamaye daular Biritaniya wato kasar Ingila. Majalisar Masarautar Kano ita ce cibiyar masarautar yanzu a cikin iyakokin biranen Kano, kuma karkashin ikon Gwamnatin Jihar Kano .
Garin yana karkashin kudu da Sahara, kuma yana daya daga cikin masarautu bakwai na zamani a cikin kasar Hausa kuma manyan mazauna garin su ne aru-aru kafin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, Kano ta kasance mai cikakkiyar iko da yawan Larabawa, Kanuri, Baburawa da Fulani kuma ta kasance haka tare da harshen Hausa da ake magana da shi a matsayin harshen yare da masu magana da miliyan saba'in a yankin. Addinin Islama ya isa garin a karni na goma sha daya, ko kuma a farkon ta hanyar kasuwancin Sahara kuma sakamakon haka ya zama mai wadata kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ta yankin ta Arewacin Najeriya, kuma har yanzu ana danganta ta a matsayin " cibiyar kasuwanci " a arewacin najeriya. Da lakabin da ake mata, "Kano ko da me kazo An fika".
Bayanin Asali
Kano ta samo asali ne daga garin Dala, Dutsen Dala/bayan tsauni kuma ana kiran ta haka har zuwa karshen karni na goma sha biyar da farkon karni na goma sha shida ga majiyoyin Borno .
Tarihi
Kafa da daular Bagauda
A cikin karni na (7), Dutsen Dala, wani tsauni ne da yake a Kano, ya kasance wurin farauta da tara jama'ar da ke aikin bakin karfe ( al'adun Nok ); ba a sani ba ko wadannan Hausawa ne ko kuwa masu magana da yarukan Nijar – Congo. Tarihin Kano ya nuna cewa Barbushe, jarumi ne na tsaunin Dala kuma mace mai bautar ruhi da aka sani da suna Tsumburbura, Barbushe ta fito ne daga tsatson gidan mafarautan (maparauta) wadanda suka fara zama a garin ( Elizabeth Isichei ta lura cewa bayanin Barbushe ya yi kama da juna ga mutanen Sao).
Duk da yake a baya akwai kananan sarakuna a yankin, kamar yadda yake a Tarihin Kano, Bagauda dan Bawo da jikan jarumin almara mai suna Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Kano na farko a shekara ta 999, yana mulki har zuwa shekara ta alif da sittin da Uku 1063. Jikansa Gijimasu (1095-1134), sarki na uku, ya fara gina ganuwar garin (badala / ganuwa) a kasan Dutsen Dala. Sunansa, Tsaraki (1136–1194), sarki na biyar, ya kammala su a zamanin mulkinsa.
Tsakiyar Zamani: yaduwar Musulunci da kasuwanci
A karni na goma sha biyu 12 Ali Yaji mai matsayin Sarkin Kano ya yi mubaya'a daga barin tsafin Tsumburbura, ya musulunta kuma ya yi daular Sarauta wanda zai kasance har zuwa faduwarta a karni na 19. Mulkin Yaji ya biyo bayan zamanin faɗaɗawa wanda ya ga Kano ta zama babban birni na daular Habe ta karya.
A shekarar alif dari hudu da sittin da uku,1463 Muhammad Rumfa (ya yi zamani a shekara ta 1463, zuwa shekarar ta 1499) ya hau gadon sarauta. A lokacin mulkinsa, matsin lamba daga siyasa da ya tashi daga Daular Songhai ya tilasta shi ya dauki Auwa, diyar Askiyah Mai Girma a matsayin matar sa. Ta kasance daga baya ta zama mace ta farko a garin Kano.
Rumfa sarki ne attajiri da ban nishaɗi. Kayan sawa na alfarma da takalmin gashin jimina masu tsada sun kasance ruwan dare tsakanin jami'an gwamnati. An kuma fara amfani da kakaki a lokacin mulkinsa. Dukiyarsa tana bin bashin kasuwancin Kano a wannan lokacin. Babu shakka Kano ta samu daukaka sosai a matsayinta na muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ta kasuwancin Sahara a tsakiyar zamanai a lokacin mulkinsa. Bayanin Leo Africanus game da Kano ya yi amannar na zamanin Rumfa ne. Ya bayyana mazauna yankin a matsayin "attajirai 'yan kasuwa kuma kwararrun masu fasaha" sannan ya yaba da dokin sojojin Sarkin Musulmi. Ya kuma lura da yalwar shinkafa, masara, auduga da 'ya'yan itatuwa (citrus).
Rumfa ya gyara birni, ta fadada Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Fadar Sarki), kuma ya taka rawa wajen kara musuluntar da mutanen garin, kamar yadda ya bukaci mashahuran mazauna garin su tuba. Tarihin Kano ya danganta duka "sabbin abubuwa" guda goma sha biyu zuwa Rumfa. A cikin littafin Tarihin Kano, Sarki na talatin da bakwai ( Sarkin Kano ) shi ne Mohammed Sharef (1703–1731). Magajinsa, Kumbari dan Sharefa (1731–1743), ya shiga manyan yakukuwa tare da Sakkwato a matsayin hamayya ta dogon lokaci.
Mulkin Fulani: karkashin daular Suleiman da Dabo
A farkon karni na 19, shugaban Fulani na musulunci Usman dan Fodio ya jagoranci jihadi da ya shafi yawancin yankin tsakiyar Sudan wanda ya rusa masarautar Habe, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar Khalifanci na Sakkwato . A shekara ta 1805 Sarkin Yabe na Fulanin ya ci Sarkin Kano na karshe, kuma Kano ta zama Masarautar Khalifanci. Kano ta riga ta kasance mafi girma da ci gaba a daular.
Heinrich Barth ya kira Kano babbar masarautar tsakiyar Afirka; ya kasance masanin Bajamushe ne wanda ya kwashe shekaru da dama a arewacin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1850 kuma ya kiyasta yawan bayi a Kano ya kai a kalla 50%, mafi yawansu suna zaune ne a kauyukan bayi. Wannan shine bayan manyan gungiyoyin bayi na ƙarshe, tare da yawan kaso mai yawa na bautar bayi tun bayan da aka yanke cinikin bayi na Atlantika.
Garin ya sha fama da fari da yunwa daga 1807 zuwa shekara ya 1810, a cikin 1830s, 1847, 1855, 1863, 1873, 1884, kuma daga shekara ta 1889 zuwa 1890.
Daga shekarata 1893 har zuwa 1895, masu neman sarauta biyu sun yi yakin basasa, ko Basasa , tarre da taimakon bayin masarauta, Yusufu ya ci nasara a kan dan'uwansa Tukur kuma ya dauki matsayin sarki.
Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, mulkin bayan fage, da 'yanci
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1903 bayan wata 'yar gwagwarmaya, Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye ganuwar Kano, nan take ta maye gurbin Lokoja a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwar Arewacin Najeriya . An maye gurbinsa a matsayin cibiyar gwamnati ta Zungeru sannan daga baya Kaduna kuma kawai ta sake dawo da mahimmancin mulki tare da kirkirar jihar Kano bayan independence ('yancin kai) na kasar Najeriya.
Daga shekara ta 1913 zuwa 1914, yayin da kasuwancin gyada ke kara fadada, Kano ta yi fama da babban fari, wanda ya haifar da yunwa. Sauran lokutan yunwa a lokacin mulkin Birtaniyya sun faru a shekara ta 1908, 1920, 1927, 1943, 1951, 1956, da 1958. Zuwa 1922, dan kasuwar gyada Alhassan Dantata ya zama hamshakin attajiri a Masarautar Kano, ya zarta sauran 'yan kasuwa Umaru Sharubutu Koki da Maikano Agogo.
A watan Mayun shekara ta 1953, wani fadan kabilanci da ya soma saboda kudancin jaridu na rahin bada rahoto a kan yanayin da bambancin ra'ayi a tsakanin arewaci da kudancin yan siyasa a majalisar wakilai . Dubun-dubatar ‘yan Najeriya 'yan asalin kudu sun mutu sakamakon wani rikici da ya haifar da siyasa.
Ado Bayero ya zama sarkin Kano a shekaran 1963. Gwamnatin soja ta Tarayya ce ta kirkiro jihar Kano a shekarar 1967 daga Arewacin Najeriya na wancan lokacin. An yabawa kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na soja na farko, Audu Bako da gina kakkarfan tushe don ci gaban zamantakewar zamani. Ya fara ayyukan ci gaba da yawa kamr irin su hanyoyi da ingantaccen ruwan sha na birane. Shi kansa manomi ne mai son tallafi da samar da madatsun ruwa. Godiya ga manufofin sa Kano ta samar da duk nau'ikan da ake samarwa da fitar da shi zuwa jihohin makwabta. Gwamnan farar hula na farko shi ne Abubakar Rimi .
A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 1980, mai wa’azi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine ya jagoranci tarzoma . Jami'an tsaro sun kashe shi, amma daga baya mabiyansa suka fara tayar da kayar baya a wasu biranen arewacin.
Bayan gabatar da tsarin shari'ar musulunci a jihar Kano a farkon shekara ta 2000, da yawa Kiristoci sun bar garin. An kashe mutane 100 a cikin tarzoma kan batun shari’a a lokacin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001.
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2007, rikicin siyasa ya barke a garin bayan Jam’iyyar Democratic Party (PDP) ta zargi All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) da murde zaben kananan hukumomin da aka yi a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba. (ANPP ta yi nasara a kananan hukumomi 36 daga cikin 44 na jihar. ) Daruruwan matasa sun fito kan tituna, sama da mutane 300 aka kame aqalla mutane 25 aka kashe. Gine-ginen da aka cinnama wuta sun hada da ofishin ‘yan sanda na sharia, da cibiyar addinin Islama, da sakatariyar karamar hukuma. An girke sojojin tarayya guda 280 a kewayen birnin.
A watan Janairun shekarar 2012, wasu jerin hare-haren bam sun kashe mutane 162. An kai hari kan ofisoshin 'yan sanda hudu, hedkwatar Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha, ofisoshin fasfo da cibiyoyin shige da fice. Mayakan Jihadi da ake kira Boko Haram sun dauki alhakin hakan. Bayan tashin bama-bamai, an sanya Kano a cikin dokar hana fita. Rikicin Boko Haram ya ci gaba da kisan mutane a watan Maris din shekarar 2013, Nuwambar 2014 da Fabrairun 2015 .
A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, Sarki Ado Bayero wanda ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Kano tsawon shekaru fiye da hamsin ya mutu, kuma rikicin sarauta ya barke tsakanin dangin masarautar. A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi jikan tsohon Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi I ya zama sabon Sarkin Kano. Haduwarsa ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai yawa daga magoya bayan Sanusi Ado Bayero na Chiroman Kano (Yariman Masarauta) kuma da ga marigayi Sarki Ado Bayero, tare da zargin cewa Gwamna Rabiu Kwankwaso ya tsoma baki cikin tsarin sarauta.
A shekarar 2019, Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya raba masarautar Kano zuwa sabbin masarautu hudu; Bichi, Rano, Gaya da Karaye. Wannan matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ya soki dattawa. A dokar dai, daga cikin kananan hukumomi 44 da ke jihar, Sanusi a matsayin Sarkin Kano zai jagoranci kananan hukumomi 10 kawai; tare da sauran sassan da aka sassaka tsakanin sabbin masarautu. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2020, Gwamna Abdullahi Ganduje ne ya dare karagar mulkin Sanusi. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba aka tasa keyar sarkin zuwa karkashin tsaro mai karfi zuwa wani gida cikin al'ajabi, jihar Nasarawa. Sai da babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta shiga tsakani don ba da umarnin a sake shi daga tsare a Nasarawa.
Labarin kasa
Wuri
Birnin Kano yana kudu da hamadar Sahara a cikin yankin Savanna na Sudan wanda ya fadi kudu da Sahel . Garin yana kusa da inda kogunan Kano da Challawa da suke kwararowa daga kudu maso yamma suka hadu suka zama Kogin Hadejia, wanda daga karshe ya malala zuwa Tafkin Chadi zuwa gabas.
Yanayi
Kano tana da sama da matakin teku . Kano tana da yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi . Birni yana da kusan kimanin na hazo a kowace shekara, yawancinsu suna faduwa ne daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Kamar mafi yawan Nijeriya, Kano tana da zafi sosai a mafi yawancin shekara, tana yin sama a cikin watan Afrilu. Daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu, garin ba shi da zafi sosai, tare da yanayin daren lokacin watannin Disamba, Janairu da Fabrairu suna da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na .
Gundumomi
Kano na da yankuna shida:
Tsohon Birni
- Bompai,
- Fagge ,
Sabon Gari,
Quasar Siriya ,
da Nassarawa .
Tattalin arziki
Tarihin tattalin arzikin Kano ya samo asali ne tun daga zamanin biranen na farko lokacin da garin ya kasance mafi kudu maso kudu na shahararrun hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Sahara . Kano tana da kyakkyawar alaka da birane da yawa a Arewacin Afirka da wasu biranen a kudancin Turai. A shekara ta 1851, birnin Kano ya samar da takalmi miliyan 10 da fatun tan miliyan 5 kowace shekara don fitarwa, tare da wasu kayayyaki da suka hada da kayan yadi, fata da hatsi. Kano ta hadu da kasuwancin Trans-Atlantic a cikin shekarar 1911 lokacin da hanyar jirgin kasa ta isa Kano. Kano babbar cibiya ce ta samarwa da kuma fitar da kayayyakin amfanin gona kamar fatu, fata, gyada, da auduga .
Birnin yana kula da tattalin arzikinsa ta hanyar kasuwancin tun a karni na 21 tare da samar da mutum mafi arziki a Afirka - Aliko Dangote - wanda babban mahaifin sa Alhassan Dantata shi ne mafi arziki a Yammacin Afirka a tsakiyar karni na 20. Tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, manufofin gwamnati da ba su dace ba da kuma samar da wutar lantarki nan da can ya kawo cikas ga masana'antu da masana'antu, ta yadda tattalin arzikin Kano ya dogara ne kacokam kan kasuwanci, tallace-tallace da aiyuka. Akwai shirye-shiryen kafa filin shakatawa na fasahar bayanai a cikin gari.
Al'adu
Dawakai
A al'adance Kano tana da mahaɗan dawakai kuma ana bayyana wannan yayin bikin Durbar na shekara-shekara don nuni da kuma yin bukukuwa biyu na Musulmai na shekara Eid al Fitr (don nuna ƙarshen Watan Ramadan mai alfarma ) da Eid al-Adha (don bikin aikin Hajji) Harami Mai Tsarki). Ana fara bikin ne da kwararrun mahaya daga fadar masarauta da masu kishin alfarma tare da mawaƙa, maharba, da da'iran gargajiya a cikin jerin gwanon arziki da launuka masu kayatarwa ta cikin garin akan hanyar zuwa gidan sarki. Da zarar sun taru a kusa da fadar, mahayan dawakan sun shiga kungiyoyinsu, kowane a karkashin tutar shugaban gundumar (hakimai) ko kuma wani mai martaba daga fadar sarki (masarauta), su karba bi da bi su caji sarki, suna tafe da kafa daya a gaban manyan mutane da ke zaune don ba su girmamawa da biyayya. A lokacin bikin, sarki ya yi kyakykyawar bayyana a (https://www.majalisarmu.com/hawan-sallah-a-kano/ launuka daban-daban sanye da ado) da adon sarki.
A karon farko cikin shekaru 200, an soke bikin dawaki na durban a shekarar 2012 saboda mummunan yanayin rashin lafiyar sarkin kano. Wasu masu sharhi na nuna cewa sokewar ya hada da kasancewar karuwar munanan hare-haren kungiyar Boko Haram a yankin arewacin Najeriya a wancan lokacin.
Gine-gine
Gine-ginen kano tsawon shekaru sun sama ga banbance banbance, musamman daga na gargajiya zuwa na zamani. Birnin babban yanki ne na gine-ginen Sudano-Sahelian, yana haɓaka tsarin Tubali na cikin gida wanda ya bayyana a masallatai, bango, mahaɗan gama gari, da ƙofofi.
Fassara fasalin gine-gine ya kasance kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin gine-ginen Kano, tare da garin yana dauke da ƙwararrun masu fasaha.
Tambarin kasa
Tsohon Birni
Ganuwa ta mamaye, yawancin ƙofofin zuwa Old City suna rayuwa. Tsohon garin yana dauke da babbar Kasuwar Kurmi, wacce aka san ta da sana'arta, yayin da tsofaffin ramin rini-har yanzu ana amfani da su - suna nan kusa. A cikin Tsohon garin akwai Fadar Sarki, Babban Masallaci, da Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Makama.
Wuraren Bauta
Daga cikin wuraren ibadar, galibi masallatan musulmai ne.
Hakanan akwai majami'u na Krista don ɗariku da yawa da suka hada da :
Cocin na Najeriya ( Anglican Communion );
Roman Catholic Diocese na Kano ( Cocin Katolika );
Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Nijeriya ( Baptist World Alliance );
Cocin Presbyterian na Nijeriya ( Commungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Ikklisiya ta Duniya );
Majami’un majami’ar Pentikostal da suka hada da; Majalisun Allah, Cocin Living Faith Church a Duniya ; Ikilisiyar Krista ta Allah da aka Karɓa
Ganuwa
An Gina Tsoffin Ganuwan Kano a matsayin katangar kariya tare da gina harsashin da Sarki Gijimasu ya kafa (r. 1095–1134), wato sarki na uku na Masarautar Kano a cikin Tarihin Kano . A tsakiyar karni na 14 a zamanin Zamnagawa, an kammala katangar kafin a kara fadada ta a karni na 16. A cewar masana tarihi, Janar-Janar na Mulkin Mallaka da Kariyar Najeriya, Fredrick Lugard, ya rubuta a cikin rahoton 1903 game da Ganuwar Kano cewa "bai taɓa ganin kamarsa a Afirka ba" bayan kama tsohon garin Kano tare Sojojin Burtaniya.
Tsoffin gidajen sarauta da wuraren zama
Yawancin tsofaffin gidajen masarauta suna rayu har zuwa yau, galibi a cikin tsohon birni da kewaye. Irin wadannan gidaje masu zaman kansu sun hada da Gidan Chiroma, Filin Chiranchi, da sauransu. Manyan fadoji, sun hada da Gidan Rumfa, Gidan Makama, da kuma lokacin sanyi na sarki.
Ilimi
Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano ita ce tsohuwar jami'a mafi tsufa a garin. Isa Kaita ne ya fara kafa jami'ar a shekarar 1962. Ta zama jami'ar jihar a cikin 1975, kuma har yanzu tana da muhimmiyar cibiyar koyarwa a yau.
Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kano an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1975.
Kano tana da tashar jirgin kasa mai dauke da jiragen kasa zuwa Legas da aka bi ta Kaduna, yayin da Filin jirgin saman Malam Aminu Kano yake kusa da nan. Challawa Gorge Dam wanda ke kusa da shi ya wadatar da garin, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen tushen wutar lantarki. Kasancewar Kano tana arewacin mahadar jirgin kasa a Kaduna, tana da damar yin daidai da tashar jirgin ruwa a Lagos da Fatakwal . Kamfanin jirgin sama Kabo Air yana da babban ofishinsa a cikin birni. Har ila yau, Kano ita ce hedkwatar kamfanin jiragen sama na Azman, da Max Air da kuma wasu kamfanonin tafiye-tafiye marasa daidaito.
Bayan hutu na shekaru masu yawa, an gyara layin dogo daga Kano zuwa Legas zuwa a 2013. Jirgin kasa na jirgin kasa zuwa Lagos yana daukar awanni 30 kuma ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka 12, kwata kwata na kwatankwacin kudin bas.
A shekarar 2014, ana fara aikin gina sabon layin dogo, layin ma'auni na zamani daga Legas .
Daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2015, tare da tallafin mai da tsadar mai, manyan titunan mota, gadoji na sama da sauran kayayyakin sufuri gwamnatin jihar ce ta gina su. Mafi shaharar wadannan sune gadar gadar sama ta Jubilee a Kofar Nassarawa, babbar hanyar Kofar Kabuga da kuma manyan tituna-layi 6 a cikin garin. Kwanan nan, Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar Najeriya Yemi Osibanjo ya kasance a Kano domin kaddamar da gadar gadar Alhassan da ke kan titin Murtala Muhammad Way da Tijjani Hashim da ke Kofar Ruwa.
A shekarar 2017, Ma’aikatar Ayyukan Gidaje & Sufuri ta Jihar Kano ta sanar da hanyar jirgin kasa mai tsawon kilomita 74, mai layi hudu. tare da kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 da aka sanya hannu tare da kamfanin gine-ginen Railway na kasar Sin .
Sanannun mutane
Sani Abacha, tsohon Shugaban kasar Najeriya
Pamela Abalu, 'yar kasuwar Ba-Amurke kuma jagorar zane.
Lawan Musa Abdullahi, lauya kuma dan siyasa
Aliko Dangote, dan kasuwa
Alhassan Dantata, dan kasuwa
Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, Gwamnan jihar Kano na yanzu
Rabiu Kwankwaso, dan siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan jihar Kano Har ila yau Tsohon Ministan Tsaro da Albarkatun Ruwa Engr
Murtala Mohammed, Tsohon Shugaban Kasashe, Tarayyar Najeriya
Isyaku Rabiu, dan kasuwa
Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi tsohon gwamnan jihar Kano.
Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, ma’aikacin banki
Ibrahim Shekarau, dan siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kano Kuma Tsohon Ministan Ilimi, a halin yanzu Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar Kano ta Tsakiya
Abdullah al-Thani, tabbatacce ne na Libya
Alhassan Yusuf, dan kwallon kafa, a yanzu haka yana buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta IFK Göteborg ta kasar Sweden
Ado Abdullahi Bayero, tsohon Sarkin kano me Rasuwa
Duba kuma
Majalisar Masarautar Kano
Manazarta
Biranen Najeriya
Wurare masu masu yawan jama'a a jihar Kano
Manyan Birane a Najeriya
Tsari a Wikidata
Mukalai masu dauke da haruffan Larabci
Pages with unreviewed translations |
57760 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Bart | Philippe-François Bart | Philippe-François Bart (28 ga Fabrairu 1706 – 12 Maris 1784)Jikan Admiral Jean Bart, wani jami’in sojan ruwa ne na Faransa wanda ya kasance Gwamnan Saint-Domingue (yanzu Haiti)daga 1757 zuwa 1761 a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai.
Shekaru na farko (1706-1722)
An haifi Philippe-François Bart a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1706 a Dunkirk. Mahaifinsa shi ne mataimakin-admiral François Cornil Bart (1677-1755),kuma kakansa shi ne mai zaman kansa Jean Bart (1650-1702).Louis XIV ya girmama dangin Bart,kuma an buga wasiƙun masu martaba a cikin Mercure de France a cikin Oktoba 1694.Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Marie Catherine Viguereux(23 Agusta 1686 - 25 Nuwamba 1741).A cikin 1717 ya shiga Collège de Quatre Nations a Paris.Dan uwansa Gaspard-François Bart ya shiga makarantar shekaru uku bayan haka.
Aikin sojan ruwa (1722-1756)
Bart ya shiga Gardes de la Marine a shekara ta 1722.An kara masa girma zuwa ship-of-the-line lieutenant ( lieutenant de vaisseau ) a 1741.Ya zama kyaftin na jirgin ruwa ( capitaine de ) vaisseau )a kan 1 Afrilu 1748.Ya kasance Laftanar de tashar jiragen ruwa a Fort Royal(Fort-de-France),Martinique a cikin 1753.A ranar 2 ga Yuni 1756 a Dunkirk ya auri Péronne Jeanne Elisabeth Huguet du Hallier (10 Janairu).1737 - 10 Mayu 1774).
Gwamnan Saint-Domingue (1756-1761)
Yaƙin ruwa na 20 ga Mayu 1756 da ɗaukar Menorca ya biyo bayan sanarwar yaƙi da Faransanci na Ingilishi.Wannan shine farkon Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai .Ba a buga ayyana yakin ba a birnin Paris har sai ranar 16 ga watan Yuni.Daga ranar 29 ga watan Yuni zuwa 5 ga watan Yuli manyan mashahuran mutane daban-daban sun isa Dunkirk don duba halin da ake ciki a can tare da tuntubar Kyaftin Philippe-François Bart, kwamandan sojojin ruwa a Dunkirk,da sauran shugabannin ma'aikata.An nada Bart Gwamna kuma Laftanar Janar na Saint-Domingue a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1756, kuma Majalisar Le Cap ta karbe shi a ranar 14 ga Maris 1757,da Majalisar Port-au-Prince a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1757.Ya maye gurbin Joseph-Hyacinthe de Rigaud.
A matsayinsa na gwamna,Bart ya ba da goyon baya na ci gaba ga Yarima Joseph de Bauffremont,wanda ya ba da umarnin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa a cikin yankunan Faransanci a Amurka.A ranar 16 ga Maris 1757 wani tawagar Faransa a karkashin Bauffremont ya ci karo da HMS Greenwich mai lamba 50 a Bay,Santo Domingo,kuma bayan kwana biyu ya kama jirgin,wanda aka kai zuwa Saint Domingue.A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1757 Bauffremont ya shiga Louisbourg tare da jiragen ruwa biyar na layin da wani jirgin ruwa daga Saint Domingue.Bart da Lalanne sun lura a cikin wasiƙar 17 Nuwamba 1758 cewa buccaneers,waɗanda zasu iya zama babban albarkatu, sun ɓace a hankali tun lokacin da aka fara yaƙi.
A cikin shekaru biyu na farko na yakin,babu wani gagarumin rashi a Saint Domingue,amma yayin da turawan Ingila suka tsaurara matakan tsaro,ciki har da kwace jiragen ruwa masu tsaka-tsaki da kuma sanya shinge,Bart da Jean-Baptiste Laporte-Lalanne sun fara fargabar yunwa.Giya da gari sun yi tsada sosai a Cap François tsakanin Oktoba 1757 da Fabrairu 1758,amma sai ya zama mai araha.Kodayake farashin ya bambanta sosai,'yan kasuwa masu tsaka-tsaki da Tutar New England na jiragen ruwa na Truce sun kiyaye kayayyaki.A ranar 13 ga Mayu 1761 Bart da Clugny sun ba da wata doka da ke ba da izinin kafa kasuwar kayayyaki (bourse au commerce )a Le Cap.
A ranar 26 ga Yuli 1757 Bart da Laporte-Lalanne sun ba da wata doka da ke bayyana ingantaccen sabis na gidan waya a cikin yankin. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1759 Bart ya ba da wata doka game da zaɓi na baƙar fata don ɗaukar makami a kan maƙiyan jihar,tare da farfado da daidaita dokar da gwamna Choiseul da Mithon suka bayar a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1709.Baƙar fata za su sami lada ta kyauta,fansho ko ma 'yanci don ayyukan da suka fi fice. Bart da Jean-Etienne-Bernard de Clugny sun ba da wata doka a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1761 game da rajistar sunayen ƙasa. Bart ya rubuta a cikin 1761 cewa an baje jimlar fararen 8,000 tare da wasanni sama da 300 na bakin teku,yayin da baƙar fata kusan 200,000, bayinsu da abokan gabansu,ke kewaye da su dare da rana. Ya zama wajibi a dauki wadannan turawa 8,000 da mata da yaransu makamai.
Shekarun ƙarshe (1761-1784)
An nada Gabriel de Bory don ya gaji Bart a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1761, kuma Majalisar Le Cap ta karbe shi a ranar 30 ga Maris 1762.A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1764 Bart ya sami mukamin kwamandan squadron (chef d'escadre ).Ya yi ritaya a matsayin shugaban squadron a 1764.A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1766 an nada shi jarumi na Order of Saint Louis .Bart ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Maris 1784 a Paris.Ba shi da 'ya'ya. |
33397 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Nyambe | Ryan Nyambe | Ryan Nyambe (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Disamban 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Namibia wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Blackburn Rovers EFL Championship da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Namibia a matsayin mai tsaron gida.
Rayuwar ta farko
An haifi Nyambe ne a garin Katima Mulilo na kasar Namibiya, 'yar uwar mahaifiyarsa da kawunsa ne suka taso bayan babu mahaifiyarsa wadda ta koma Ingila domin neman ilimi. Ya koma Manchester yana ɗan shekara goma a 2008.
Aikin kulob/Kungiya
Blackburn Rovers
A baya ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makaranta yayin da yake zaune a Namibia, ya shiga ƙungiyar gida jim kaɗan bayan ya koma Ingila kafin ya shiga makarantar Blackburn Rovers a 2011 yana da shekaru 13.
A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2015, an sanar da cewa Nyambe ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sana'a/aiki ta farko, inda ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da Blackburn wanda zai gudana har zuwa 30 ga watan Yuni 2018. Sama da wata guda bayan haka, a ranar 11 ga Agusta, Nyambe ya fara wasansa na farko na ƙwararru, ana kiransa shi a cikin Blackburn na farawa-sha ɗayan farko a wasan zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin EFL da ƙungiyar League One Shrewsbury Town. Nyambe ne ya taimaka wa Nathan Delfouneso a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 30, duk da cewa Blackburn ta yi rashin nasara a wasan da ci 2-1, kuma daga karshe an fitar da ita daga gasar.
A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba 2016, Nyambe ya fara buga wasa na farko a Blackburn, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin wani a minti na 77 na Danny Graham a gasar cin kofin gasar da ci 3-2 a kan Brentford. Fara wasansa na farko ya zo makonni biyu bayan haka, ranar 3 ga Disamba, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Huddersfield Town. Duk da lokacin 2016 zuwa 2017 shine wanda ba za'a manta da shi, yayin da Blackburn ta koma League One, Nyambe ya fito daga kakar wasa tare da wasanni 31 na gasa da kyautar matashin dan wasa na shekara.
A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2017, an sanar da cewa Nyambe ya amince da sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku da kungiyar, tare da zabin karin watanni 12. Bayan wani mummunan yanayi a kakar da ta gabata, Nyambe ya taimaka wa Blackburn samun ci gaba zuwa gasar bayan kammala gasar zuwa Wigan Athletic a League One a karshen kakar 2017 zuwa 2018. Nyambe ya buga wasanni 35 a dukkan gasa a kungiyar, duk da raunin da ya samu a kafarsa a watan Maris din 2018. Da yake tsokaci kan daukakar Blackburn, Nyambe ya ce: "Na yi alfahari sosai kuma na ji dadin bikin tare da magoya baya."
A ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu 2019, Blackburn ta sanar da cewa Nyambe ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar, tare da zabin karin shekara wanda zai sa a tsawaita zaman dan wasan a Blackburn har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2022.
Ayyukan kasa
Da yake ya cancanci wakiltar Ingila da Namibiya, Nyambe ya tabbatar da alkawarinsa na taka leda a Namibia, ƙasar haihuwarsa, a matakin duniya a watan Mayun 2019. Namibiya ta kira shi a karon farko a watan Yunin, inda aka zabo shi domin buga wasan sada zumunci da Ghana a ranar 9 ga watan Yunin a Dubai, wasan da ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya. Bayan wasan, manajan Namibia Ricardo Mannetti ya zaɓi Nyambe a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar da za ta buga gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2019.
Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a gasar rukuni-rukuni da kasar Morocco a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni. Duk da cewa kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0, ana ganin Nyambe a matsayin wanda ya taka rawar gani a wasan, duk da cewa yana buga tsakiya, sabanin yadda ya saba zama dan wasan baya na dama. Nyambe dai ya taka rawar gani a dukkan wasannin da kasar Namibiya ta buga a matakin rukuni, inda kasar ta kare a kasan rukuninta, don haka ba ta tsallake zuwa mataki na gaba a gasar.
Rashin wasanni uku da kasar ba ta buga ba bayan yakin neman shiga na gasar cin kofin Afrika, Nyambe ya dawo cikin shirin tawagar kasar a watan Nuwamba-ana kiran kungiyar a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021 da Chadi da Guinea, wasannin da ya buga a duka biyun. Bayan shekara guda da ficewa daga tsarin Namibiya saboda ci gaba da cutar ta COVID-19, Nyambe ya dawo a tawagarsa ta kasa a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 a wasan da kasar ta buga da Chadi, wanda ta ci 1-0. Nyambe zai fuskanci wata shekara na rashin iya buga wa Namibia wasa, a ƙarshe zai dawo a watan Nuwamba 2021 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a 2022 da Congo da Togo.
Salon wasa
Nyambe ya ce ya tsara salon wasansa kamar na Rio Ferdinand. Da farko shi dan wasan baya ne na dama, amma kuma yana iya taka leda a tsakiya, matsayin da ya saba nunawa Namibiya, da kuma na hagu.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Nyambe masoyin Manchester United ne.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa
Blackburn Rovers
EFL League One ta zo ta biyu: 2017-18
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31297 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taslim%20Olawale%20Elias | Taslim Olawale Elias | Taslim Olawale Elias (11 Nuwamba 1914 – 14 ga Agusta 1991) masanin shari’a ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance babban lauya kuma babban alkalin Najeriya sannan kuma alkali kuma shugaban kotun kasa da kasa. Malami ne wanda ya zamanantar da dokokin Najeriya kuma yayi mata kwaskwarima sosai.
Kuruciya da karatu
An haifi Elias ga dangin sarakunan gargajiya na Legas, sannan babban birnin Najeriya, a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1914. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Grammar ta Church Missionary Society da kuma Kwalejin Igbobi da ke Legas. Ya auri Ganiat Yetunde Fowosere, kuma ma’auratan za su haifi ‘ya’ya biyar tare (’ya’ya maza uku, mata biyu). Bayan ya ci jarrabawar satifiket na makarantar Cambridge, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a Ma’aikatar Audit na Gwamnati. A shekarar 1935 ya shiga aikin layin dogo na Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki a babban ofishin akanta na tsawon shekaru tara.
Yayin da yake aiki a tasahr jirgin kasan Najeriya, Elias ya zama dalibi a jami’ar Landan, sannan ya ci jarrabawar matsakaitan digiri na BA da LLB. Ya bar Najeriya zuwa kasar Ingila a shekarar 1944 kuma ya samu gurbin shiga Jami'ar College London . Kamar yadda wannan ya kasance a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, tare da Landan da ake kaiwa hari akai-akai, ya shafe wani lokaci a Kwalejin Trinity na Cambridge . Ya kammala karatunsa da BA a shekarar da ya shiga Jami'ar College London kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya sami LLB. A 1947 aka kira shi zuwa mashaya a cikin Haikali na ciki, inda ya kasance Yarborough Anderson Scholar, kuma a wannan shekarar ya sami digiri na LLM. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na digiri kuma ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar London a 1949.
A cikin 1951 an baiwa Elias lambar yabo ta UNESCO don gudanar da bincike kan matsalolin shari'a, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Afirka. Daga baya wannan shekarar ya sami nadin karatunsa na farko, Simon Senior Research Fellow a Jami'ar Manchester . A can ya kasance malami a fannin shari'a da ilimin halin ɗan adam. A shekarar 1951 ne kuma ya wallafa littafinsa na farko mai suna “ Nigerian Land Law and Custom ”.
Rayuwar aiki
Elias ya ƙaura daga Manchester zuwa Oxford a 1954 lokacin da ya zama mabiyi a kungiyar Bincike na Oppenheimer a Cibiyar Nazarin Commonwealth, Kwalejin Nuffield da Gidan Sarauniya Elizabeth. Ya ci gaba da bincike a kan dokokin Najeriya kuma ya buga Groundwork of Nigerian Law a cikin wannan shekarar. A cikin 1956 ya kasance malami mai ziyara a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Delhi. Ya taka rawar gani wajen shirya kwasa-kwasan gwamnati, shari'a, da zamantakewar al'umma da kuma kafa Sashen Nazarin Afirka. Elias kuma ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Aligarh, Allahabad, Bombay, da Calcutta. A wannan shekarar kuma ya buga littattafai guda biyu, Makers of Nigerian Law and The Nature of African Customary Law.
Ya koma Landan a shekara ta 1957 kuma an nada shi Gwamnan makarantar School of Oriental and African Studies. A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan tsarin mulki da shari'a ga Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (wanda daga baya ya zama taron kasa na 'yan Najeriya), ya halarci taron kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1958 a Landan. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsara tsarin mulkin Najeriya.
A 1960 aka gayyaci Elias ya zama babban lauyan Najeriya kuma ministan shari’a. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi a cikin dukan jamhuriyar farko. Ko da yake daga baya aka kore shi bayan juyin mulkin a watan Janairun 1966, an mai da shi bakin aiki a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar.
Baya ga ba da gudummawa ga dokokin Najeriya da na Afirka, Elias ya dade yana taka rawa a fagen dokokin kasa da kasa. Ya kasance memba a Hukumar Dokokin Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1961 zuwa 1975, ya zama Janar Rapporteur daga 1965 zuwa 1966 kuma ya kasance shugabanta a 1970. Ya kasance shugaban wakilan Najeriya da suka halarci taron da aka gudanar domin duba daftarin yarjejeniyar sasanta rikicin saka hannun jari tsakanin jihohi da ‘yan kasar a shekarar 1963 da kuma kwamitin musamman kan ka’idojin dokokin kasa da kasa da suka shafi dangantakar abokantaka da hadin gwiwa. tsakanin Jihohi a 1964. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Kongo, 1961-1962. Ya kuma taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU), da kuma ka'idojinta na sasantawa, sulhu da sasantawa. Elias ya kuma wakilci OAU da Najeriya a gaban kotun duniya a shari'ar da ta shafi matsayin Namibiya. An zabe shi a matsayin abokin tarayya na Institut de droit international a 1969. Ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gabaɗaya a taron Vienna kan Dokar Yarjejeniya a tsakanin (1968-1969).
A 1966 an nada Elias Farfesa kuma shugaban tsangayar shari'a a Jami'ar Legas. Shekaru hudu a baya ya sami digiri na LLD daga Jami'ar London don aikinsa a kan dokokin Afirka da kuma dokokin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. (Zai ci gaba da samun digirin girmamawa na digiri 17 daga jami'o'i daban-daban na duniya ). Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara karbar lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya a shekarar 1979. Yawancin ayyukansa akan batutuwan shari'a daban-daban sun zamo darussan karatu a makarantun shari'a a Afirka na tsoffin ƙasashen Burtaniya.
Daga baya a 1966, an sake nada Elias a matsayin babban Lauyan Najeriya kuma kwamishinan shari'a (a matsayin da ya rike yayin da ya ci gaba da zama Dean kuma Farfesa a Jami'ar Legas), har zuwa 1972, lokacin da ya zama Alkalin Alkalan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. A karshen watan Yulin 1975 ne gwamnatin soja da ta karbi mulki a Najeriya ta kore shi daga wannan mukamin.
Bayan 'yan watanni (a cikin Oktoba 1975), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka zabe shi a Kotun Duniya ta Hague. A 1979, abokan aikinsa suka zabe shi mataimakin shugaban kasa a waccan kotun. A cikin 1981, bayan mutuwar Sir Humphrey Waldock, Shugaban Kotun, ya zama shugaban riko. A shekarar 1982, mambobin Kotun suka zabe shi Shugaban Kotun. Don haka ya zama masanin shari'a na farko na Afirka da ya sami wannan girma. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an kuma nada Eliyas a Kotun Dindindin na Arbitration a Hague.
Mutuwa
Elias ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1991, a Lagos, Nigeria. Sunayen 'ya'yansa biyar su ne Gbolahan, Olusoji, Olufemi, Yeside da kuma Olufolake Elias.
Duba kuma
Kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 708
Manazarta
Manyan Alkalan Najeriya
Lauyoyi daga jihar Legas
Mutanen Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka
Haihuwan 1914
Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Kwalejin Landan
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32657 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Wallis | Diana Wallis | Diana Paulette Wallis, FCIL (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1954 a Hitchin, Hertfordshire ) 'yar Burtaniya ce kuma tsohuwar memba ta Liberal Democrat ta Majalisar Turai (MEP) na Yorkshire da Humber. An fara zaben ta a shekarar 1999 sannan aka sake zabe a shekarar 2004 da kuma a shekarar 2009. Ta yi murabus daga kujerarta a watan Janairun 2012 kuma ta ci gaba da bin ɗimbin ayyuka na ilimi, shari'a da na sasantawa.
A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, an zaɓi Wallis matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Shari'a ta Turai, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai da aka kafa don farawa, gudanarwa da sauƙaƙe bincike, ba da shawarwari da kuma ba da jagoranci mai amfani a fagen ci gaban shari'a na Turai tare da manufar inganta Turai. hadewar doka (European legal integration). An sake zabe ta a shekarar 2015 a karo na biyu, wanda ya kai har zuwa shekara ta 2017.
Wallis ta yi takara da Haltemprice da Howden a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Yorkshire a shekara ta 2015 da shekarar 2017 don babban Zabe na Burtaniya kuma daga baya ya bar waccan jam'iyyar a cikin Maris 2019.
Daga baya ta koma kungiyar Change UK kuma an zabe ta a matsayin jagorar dan takarar Yorkshire da Humber a zaben Majalisar Turai na 2019.
Farkon aiki
Wallis ta karanta Tarihi a North London Polytechnic, inda ta kammala a matsayin BA. Ta kara karatu a Jami'ar Kent, inda ta sami digiri na Master of Arts (MA), Liege, Zurich da Chester. Kafin a zabe ta a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi aiki sama da shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya mai kara (lauya), musamman a Landan inda ta ci gaba da bin hanyar shiga Turai. Wallis ta kasance malama a Jami'ar Hull a cikin dokar kasuwanci ta Turai daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekarar 1999. Wallis kuma ya kasance kansila a Majalisar gundumar Humberside kuma mataimakin shugaban majalisar hadaka ta Riding na Gabas daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa shekarar 1999.
Dan Majalisar Tarayyar Turai
An zabi Wallis a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a lokuta uku a jere daga 1999, 2004 da 2009 (tenuwowi na 5th, 6th da 7th na majalisar Turai). A zamaninta ta rike mukamai da dama kuma ta rubuta rahotannin majalisa masu yawa.
Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai
A shekara ta 2007, Diana Wallis ta zama mace ta farko ta Biritaniya a kowace shekara ashirin da aka zaba a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, sannan kuma ta zama 'yar Burtaniya mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta farko da ta yi hakan. Bayan sauya sheka zuwa wa'adi na shida na majalisa a shekara ta 2009, zauren majalisar ta sake zabar ta a matsayin wa'adi na biyu.
A matsayinta na mamba na Ofishin Majalisar, wanda ya hada da Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Quaestor, kundinta ya mayar da hankali kan gaskiya da samun damar yin amfani da takardu (ma'ana a karkashin dokokin cikin gida na majalisar cewa ta sanya hannu kan kararrakin samun damar yin amfani da takardun majalisar a karkashin doka 1049/2001). ), Arctic da high arewa, Tambaya Time (tare da wani mataimakin shugaban kasa) da kuma Academy of Turai Law tushen a Trier (Jamus). Ayyukanta na gaba a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasa sun haɗa da jagorantar taron majalisar Turai da maye gurbin shugaban majalisar a fagen kasa da kasa (Arctic and high north) ko kuma a taron hukuma. Wallis musamman ta jagoranci kiran ranar hukuma don tunawa da kisan gillar Srebrenica na shekarar 1995 kuma ya halarci taron tunawa da Potocari, Bosnia da Herzegovina, a madadin Majalisar Turai.
A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugaban kasa don bayyana gaskiya, ta jagoranci doguwar tattaunawa da majalisar ta yi da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a cikin shekarar 2011 zuwa rajista na farko na nuna gaskiya ga wakilan sha'awa da ke neman yin tasiri ga yanke shawara na cibiyoyin EU (wanda aka fi sani da lobbyists), tare da Doka da Oda na Halaye. Rijistar Fassara ta haɓaka har ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na ƙungiyoyin rajista da sauran mutane (sama da 10,000 a jimillance) kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da sabis na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ke gudanarwa tare. Bugu da ƙari, ta buɗe rumbun adana bayanan majalisar da aka zaɓa kai tsaye tun daga lokacin shugabanta na farko (1979), Simone Veil, a gabanta a Paris a ranar 23 ga watan Maris shekarar 2008.
A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugabar kasa ta taka rawa a manyan fannukan aiki guda biyu wadanda manufarsu ita ce gyara, a daya bangaren aikin zaman majalisar, a daya bangaren kuma, majalisar gaba daya.
Jagorancin wakilan kasa
A matsayin ta na memba na ƙungiyar siyasa ta matakiyar Turai ALDE a majalisar Turai, Wallis ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats a majalisar Turai 2000-2004, sannan daga watan Yuni shekara ta 2006 zuwa watan Janairu shekarar 2007.
Kwamitin Harkokin Shari'a / Kwamitin Kasuwar Cikin Gida da Kariyar Abokan ciniki (wanda aka haɗa a baya)
A lokacin da take matsayin memba na fiye da shekaru goma a kwamitocin JURI da IMCO, Wallis ta jagoranci aiki a madadin kungiyarta ta siyasa ("Coordinator"), kuma tana da alhakin mai ba da rahoto ga wasu dokoki da suka wuce ta majalisar, ciki har da " Brussels I "da" Rome II " Dokokin waɗanda su ne manyan ginshiƙai guda biyu na dokar ƙasa da ƙasa masu zaman kansu ta Tarayyar Turai, Dokar Kasuwancin Hatimi, Dokar da ke kafa dokar da ta dace da wajibcin kiyayewa. Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ba da rahoto kan wasu batutuwan da ba na doka ba, ciki har da rawar da alkalai na kasa suka taka a cikin tsarin shari'a na EU, e-ciniki, e-buga, gyara gama gari, e-Justice, horo na shari'a, sulhu, dokar mabukaci, da dokar kwangilar Turai.
Kwamitin Ƙorafe-Ƙorafe da Binciken Rikici a Rayuwa Mai Adalci
Har ila yau Wallis ta kasance cikakkiyar mamba a kwamitin korafe-korafe inda ta rika rubuta rahotanni kan yadda ake aiwatar da dokokin EU a fadin kasashe mambobin kungiyar da kuma rawar da hukumar Tarayyar Turai ke takawa wajen sa ido kan wadannan ka'idoji. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto ga kwamitin bincike kan al'amuran rayuwa na adalci, ita ce marubuciyar wani rahoto wanda babban rinjaye a majalisar ya amince da shi kuma ya ba da shawarwari da dama kafin rikicin tattalin arziki da kudi na shekarar 2008, ciki har da "ƙarin gaba". ƙarfafa kulawar hankali da ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida a cikin ƙungiyar", don guje wa irin wannan yanayin da ke sake afkuwa a nan gaba.
Bayan shiga yarjejeniyar Lisbon a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2009, Wallis ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin kafa Tsarin Jama'a na Turai, wanda ke ba da damar mafi ƙarancin 'yan ƙasa miliyan 1 daga adadi mai mahimmanci. Membobin ƙasashe don neman yunƙurin doka daga Hukumar Turai.
Wakilan dangantaka da Switzerland, Iceland, Norway
Har zuwa shekara ta 2007, ta kasance shugabar tawaga don dangantaka da Switzerland, Iceland da Norway da kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EEA) kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar memba a waccan kwamitin da kuma sauran ayyukanta na majalisar.
Karin aikin majalisa
A tsawon lokacinta na MEP, Wallis ta rubuta cikakkun rahotanni guda 28 ban da na fasaha zalla, da kuma tsokaci 16, ta yi tambayoyi 40 a rubuce da na baki na Hukumar da Majalisar (a lokacin wa'adin majalisar 2004-2009). Ta yi nasarar yin gwajin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce guda biyu har zuwa lokacin da Majalisar ta amince da su - daya a cikin 2007 akan Lambar Gaggawa ta Turai 1-1-2 (wanda ya sami sa hannun MEP 530, wanda shine rikodin ya zuwa yanzu), kuma daya a cikin 2008 akan Haɗin kai na gaggawa don murmurewa. bacewar yara.
Neman shugabancin majalisar Turai da murabus
A ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2011 Wallis ta sanar da cewa aniyarta na tsayawa takarar shugabancin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a matsayin 'yar takara mai cin gashin kanta bisa ga 'yan majalisa 40 daga kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban. Sauran 'yan takarar su ne Martin Schulz da Nirj Deva. An zabi Martin Schulz a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2012, kamar yadda aka yi tsammani, kuma bisa yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin wasu kungiyoyin siyasa, inda Wallis ta samu kuri'u 141.
A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu,shekarar 2012, kwanaki biyu bayan rashin nasarar ta na zama shugabar majalisar, Wallis ta sanar da yin murabus, wanda ya fara aiki daga 31 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2012. Maigidanta Stewart Arnold ne ya kamata ya maye gurbin Wallis wanda ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Majalisa, wanda ya kasance na biyu a jerin 'yan takarar Democrat masu neman kujerar a zaben shekarar 2009, amma ya ki amincewa da nadin. kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci gaba da samun Jam'iyyar Yorkshire tare da Richard Carter. An nada Rebecca Taylor, wadda ita ce ta uku a jerin sunayen.
Ayyukan da ba na majalisa ba na baya da na yanzu
Diana Wallis ta cigaba da fafutukar da ba na kujerar majalisa ba a lokacin zamanta na majalisa, wanda daga baya ta ci gaba.
Dimokuradiyya da daidaiton jinsi
Wallis tana da ra'ayi ta musamman game da batutuwan da suka shafi dimokuradiyya kai tsaye kuma a cikin shekarar 2001 ta haɗu da kafa Cibiyar Initiatives and Referendum Institute - Turai ( IRI-Turai ) wacce manufarta ita ce ta taimaka wa dimokuradiyya ta zamani kai tsaye a duk faɗin duniya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2006, ta dauki nauyin taron IRI-Turai a Brussels, don tattauna hanyoyi daban-daban a duk fadin Turai game da batun dimokiradiyya kai tsaye, musamman yakin da ake yi na gabatar da shirin 'yan kasa a matakin Turai. Ita mamba ce ta Hukumar Initiative & Referendum Institute Turai. Wannan wani tunani ne wanda ke da sha'awa ta musamman ga dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi dimokiradiyya kai tsaye.
Kafin da kuma bayan shiga yarjejeniyar Lisbon, ta taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da yunƙurin 'yan ƙasar Turai.
Diana Wallis ta kasance mai goyon bayan ƙara yawan mata a wuraren yanke shawara. A ci gaba da nada hukumar Barroso ta biyu a shekarar 2009, ta hada kai da kaddamar da wani kamfen na "aika mata biyu" da nufin tabbatar da a kalla mata biyu daga cikin manyan mukamai a cibiyoyin EU da ke karba-karba a waccan shekarar, da kuma buri na ƙara yawan wakilcin mata a cikin cibiyoyin EU gabaɗaya. A cikin wannan tsarin ta gana da shugaban hukumar Jose-Manuel Barroso a wani yunƙuri na ƙara daidaiton jinsi a cikin Kwalejin Kwamishinonin.
Batutuwan shari'a, sulhu da sasantawa
Ayyukan Diana Wallis da dama a fagen shari'a sun haɗa da:
A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2013, an zaɓi Wallis Shugaban Cibiyar Shari'a ta Turai, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don farawa, gudanarwa da sauƙaƙe bincike, ba da shawarwari da kuma ba da jagoranci mai amfani a fagen ci gaban shari'a na Turai tare da manufar inganta Turai. hadewar doka. An sake zabe ta a shekara ta 2015 a karo na biyu, wanda ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2017.
tun shekara ta 2012, Dogara na Academy of Turai Law, Trier (ERA, Trier) wanda ke ba da horo ga masu aikin shari'a a ko'ina cikin Turai.
memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar sasantawa ta duniya.
daga shekarar 2017, memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na BIICL.
Babban Malami a Makarantar Shari'a a Jami'ar Hull (Jami'ar yankinta inda a baya ta koyar da ɗan lokaci a cikin shekarar 1990s tana haɓaka wani tsari kan Dokar Kwatanta don dokar haɗin gwiwa da masu karatun digiri).
Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantake da Shari'a a Jami'ar Oxford.
tun shekarar 2012, Memba na UK Law Society's Kwamitin EU.
Tun daga shekarar 2015, Cibiyar Sasanci na Kasuwanci don Ingantacciyar Ƙwarar Rigima (CEDR) mai shiga tsakani da memba na Cibiyar Yarjejeniya ta Masu sasantawa;
Tun shekarar 2012, Mai Zaman Kanta Mai Zaman Kanta/Shugaban Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Kan Wasiƙar Deposit Deposit Legal Ba Bugawa An ƙirƙira bisa ga Dokokin Ba da Deposit na Dokokin Ba Bugawa na shekarar 2013
Ayyukan harshe
Daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa shekarar 2009, Wallis ta kasance shugaban Cibiyar Fassara watau Institute of Translation & Interpreting ta Burtaniya.
Diana Wallis tana iya sarrafa harshenta da yarukan Faransanci da Jamusanci da kuma yaren kasar Iceland.
Kamfen masu alaƙa da lafiya
Wallis memba ce na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Ƙungiyoyin Gaggawa ta Turai (EENA).
Ta kammala gasar Marathon na London a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009 a cikin sa'o'i 5 da mintuna 22, tayi gudune don tallafawa Gidauniyar Binciken Endometriosis ta Duniya .
Manazarta
Wallafa-wallafe
D. Wallis, Expectations for the Final Common Frame of Reference, ERA Forum, 2008
D. Wallis, Governing Common Seas; From a Baltic Strategy to an Arctic Policy Journal of Baltic Studies, 2011
D.Wallis (ed), European Property Rights and Wrongs, Connexia, 2001
Wallis D, ‘Foreword’ Hardacre A, How the EU Institutions Work and How to Work with the EU Institutions, John Harper Publishing, June 2011
Wallis D (ed), The Spitsbergen Treaty: Multilateral Governance in the Arctic (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Applied International Law Network 2011)
Wallis D, ‘Foreword’ in Schonewille M and Schonewille F (eds), The Variegated Landscape of Mediation: A Comparative Study of Mediation Regulation and Practices in Europe and the World (Eleven International Publishing 2014)
Wallis D, Common European Sales Law and the Media: Reduction of Complexity or Scaremongering?’ in Lehmann M (ed), Common European Sales Law meets Reality (Sellier 2014)
Wallis, D. (2015). 'Looking for the ‘Justice’ in EU civil and private law?; Verfassungsblog, 3 July 2015.
Wallis D, European rights: there is no going backwards (LSE BrexitVote blog, 14 April 2016) http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexitvote/2016/04/14/european-rights-there- is-no-going-backwards/ accessed 16 May 2016
Diana Wallis, On the Importance of Sharing National Law so as to Shape Future Trans-National Legal Solutions, The Italian Law Journal Vol. 02 – No. 01 (2016)
Diana Wallis, Designing a Holistic and Justice Based Approach to Mediation and Consumer ADR in the EU in B. Vadell, M. Lorenzo (eds) Electronic Mediation: A Comparative Approach, ( Comares 2017 )
D. Wallis, Arctic Law and Governance, Timo Koivurova, QUI Tianbao, Sebastien Duyck and Tapio Nykånen (Eds), Book Review, European Journal of Comparative Law, Winter 2017
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gidan yanar gizon Diana Wallis na sirri
Bayanin Diana Wallis a Majalisar Turai
Mutanen Debrett na Yau
Bayanin Diana Wallis akan Micandidate
Mata a cikin Yanke shawara: Hira da Diana Wallis
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
57542 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria%20Feldt | Gloria Feldt | notableworksGloria Feldt
genreGloria Feldt
subjectGloria Feldt
Gloria Feldt(an Haife shi Afrilu 13,1942) marubuciya ce ta New York Times mafi kyawun siyarwa,mai magana,mai sharhi,kuma mai fafutukar mata wanda ya sami karɓuwa na ƙasa a matsayin mai ba da shawara na zamantakewa da siyasa na yancin mata.A cikin 2013,ita da Amy Litzenberger sun kafa Take the Lead,wani shiri na sa-kai tare da manufar ciyar da mata zuwa daidaiton shugabanci nan da 2025.Tsohuwar Shugaba ce kuma shugabar kungiyar Planned Parenthood Federation of America,tana jagorantar kungiyar daga 1996 zuwa 2005.
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Gloria Feldt a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1942,a Temple,Texas.Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts a 1974 daga Jami'ar Texas Permian Basin.
Feldt ya shiga Planned Parenthood a 1974 a ofishin Permian Basin Planned Parenthood(yanzu Planned Parenthood na West Texas).Tun daga 1978,ta jagoranci ofishin kungiyar ta Tsakiyar Arewacin Arizona."Tausayinta mai girma da kuma tabbacinta,"in ji Women in the World Foundation,"hade tare da basirarta da kwarjini,sun dauke ta daga shekarun haihuwa a West Texas zuwa aiki na shekaru talatin tare da mai ba da kiwon lafiya na haihuwa da kuma kungiyar bayar da shawarwari Planned Parenthood Federation.na Amurka."Feldt ya gudanar da Ofishin Iyayen Tsare-tsare na Tsakiyar Arewacin Arizona a lokacin da tsarin iyali ke ƙara samun rigima da zargin siyasa.A wannan lokacin,ta yi tafiya tare da mai gadi kuma ta guji yin aiki a cikin manyan ofisoshi masu haske,bude ofisoshin da manyan tagogi waɗanda masu zanga-zangar za su iya kaiwa hari.
Daga 1996 zuwa 2005,Feldt ya kasance Shugaba kuma shugaban kungiyar Planned Parenthood Federation of America.Ita ce ta tsara tsarin hana haihuwa ta hanyar inshora.
Ta kasance a farkon aikinta a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a.Feldt yakan yi tsokaci kan batutuwan mata, gami da a cikin labarin mujallar Salon kan layi na Yuni 2012.MSNBC ta yi hira da ita don wani yanki game da Yaƙin Mata da aka watsa Maris 19,2012.The New York Times '''Adriana Gardella ta yi Q&A tare da Feldt a cikin 2010,wanda ke nuna ta a sashin kasuwanci na jaridar.
As president of Take The Lead,Feldt oversees learning programs,mentoring, networking, and role modelling programs for women.She is a professor at Arizona State University,where she teaches the course Women,Power,and Leadership. She also serves on the boards of the Women's Media Center and the Jewish Women's Archive and on the advisory board of Our Bodies,Ourselves.
Bayyanuwa
Feldt mai yawan magana ne na jama'a, yana ba da lacca a jami'o'i,ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙwararru,da kuma taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin mata,siyasa,jagoranci, kafofin watsa labarai,da lafiya.A cikin Oktoba 2011,ta zauna a kan wani kwamiti, wanda mai shiga tsakani Victoria Pynchon ya jagoranta,tare da shugabannin mata Gloria Steinem,Shelby Knox da Jamia Wilson a South Carolina Women Lawyers Association taron shekara-shekaraTa kuma bayyana a cikin tarurruka da yawa akan C-Littafin TV na SPAN.
Baya ga yin magana,tana zagayawa tare da ƙungiyar mata tsakanin tsararraki mai suna Mata GirlsLadies.
Rubutu
Sharhin Feldt ya bayyana a cikin New York Times,Amurka A Yau,Wall Street Journal, da Washington Post,a tsakanin sauran wallafe-wallafe.Har ila yau,ta ba da gudummawa ga Truthout,Daily Beast, Salon.com,ForbesWoman,Democracy Journal,Mata eNews,The Huffington Post, Muryar WIMN,Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Mata,Ƙungiyar Jagoranci ta Duniya, BlogHer,da kuma a kan ta sirri gidan yanar gizo.
Feldt ya rubuta littattafai da yawa.Sabbin ta,Babu Uzuri:Hanyoyi 9 Mata Za Su Canza Yadda Muke Tunanin Mulki,Seal Press ne ya buga a watan Oktoba 2010.
Ayyuka
Bayan Kowane Zaɓi Labari ne( Jami'ar Arewacin Texas Press, 2003)
Yaƙi akan Zaɓi:Hare-Haren Dama-Wing akan Haƙƙin Mata da Yadda ake Yaƙi Baya(Bantam Dell,2004)
Aika da kanku Roses:Tunani akan Rayuwata,Ƙauna,da Matsayin Jagoranci(Springboard,2008),wanda aka rubuta tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Kathleen Turner da mafi kyawun siyarwar New York Times .ISBN 978-0-446-58112-7
Babu Uzuri:Hanyoyi 9 Mata Za Su Canza Yadda Muke Tunanin Mulki (Seal Press,2010)
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
lambar yabo ta New York NewsWomen Front Page, 2007
eNews na mata, Shugabanni 21 na ƙarni na 21, 2007
Lauyoyin Mata Los Angeles, Kyautar Jajircewa, 2005
Arizona Civil Liberties Union, Civil Libertarian na Shekara, 2005
Shirye-shiryen Iyaye na Golden Gate Sarah Weddington Award, 2005
Ƙungiyar Iyaye na Amurka, Margaret Sanger Award, 2005
Mujallar Glamour, Mace Mafi Girma, 2003
Mujallar Vanity Fair, Manyan Shugabannin Mata 200 na Amurka, Legends da Trailblazers, 1998
Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya, Kyauta ta Musamman, 1998
Texas Monthly Texas Ashirin 1996
Hukumar Hulda da Dan Adam ta Birnin Phoenix, Martin Luther King Jr. Kyautar Mafarki, 1996
Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa, Sun City Chapter, Golden Apple Award, 1995
Soroptimist International, Kyautar Taimakawa Mata, 1994 da 1998
Shirye-shiryen Iyaye na Babban Daraktocin Majalisar Ruth Green Award, 1990
Matar Nasara, 1987, Junior League, Mujer, da AAUW
New Times'', Mafi kyawun Phoenix, 1987
Rayuwa ta sirri
Lokacin da take shekara 15,Feldt ta auri saurayinta wanda ya kai shekarun jami'a kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya uku a lokacin tana shekara 20.A halin yanzu tana zaune tare da mijinta Alex Barbanell kuma ta raba lokacinta tsakanin New York City da Scottsdale,Arizona.
Nassoshi
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1942 |
5514 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauraron%20dan%20adam | Tauraron dan adam | Tauraron dan Adam, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shine duk wata na'ura mai cin gashin kanta da ake harbawa zuwa sararin samaniya don mikawa da karbo bayanan yanayi ko dauko hotunan wasu wurare da Dan Adam baya iya kaiwa garesu ta dadi, ko kuma shinshino irin yanayin da muhalli zai kasance a wasu lokuta na dabam. Ire-iren wadannan taurari suna shawagi ne a cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu, ko duniyar wata da taurarin da Allah ya halitta, kokuma cikin falakin wasu duniyoyi makamantan namu. A halin wannan shawagi ne suke gudanar da aiyukansu na nemo bayanai, ko karbowa daga wani bangaren wannan duniya don yada bayanan zuwa wasu bangarorin dabam, ko kuma nemo bayanan da ke da nasaba da falakin da suke shawagi a ciki, don aiko sakon da suka taskance zuwa garemu a wannan duniya, ko kuma, a wasu lokutan, su dauko mana hotunan abinda ke faruwa ga manya-manyan tekunan da ke zagaye da mu a duniya gaba daya. Shi tauraron dan Adam duk karkonsa, ba ya dawwama a muhallin da aka jefa shi ciki don shawagi; yana da muddar rayuwa da aka deba masa. Da zarar aikinsa ya kare, zai dawo wannan duniya tamu, ko kuma, a wasu lokutan ma, yana kan aikinsa sai ya samu matsala ya wargaje ba tare da masu shi sun iya kaiwa gare shi ba. Idan ma ya gama lafiya, yana iya samun matsala wajen shigowa wannan duniya lafiya garau. A takaice dai, duk wani tauraron dan Adam na da iya kwanaki ko watanni ko shekarun da aka deba masa. Sannan yana da irin aikin da aka harba shi ya yi; tauraron dan Adam da ke gano yanayin muhalli da falakin da ke sararin samaniya yana dauke ne da na’urar daukar hoto, wacce ta dace da tsarin aikinsa. Wanda aka harba don gano yanayin zafi ko sanyi na dauke ne da na’urar da ke taimaka masa shinshino yanayin muhallin. Haka wadanda aka harbawa don yada shirye-shiryen gidajen rediyo da talabijin, duk suna da nasu sifa da ta sha bamban da sauran. An fara harba ire-iren wadannan taurarin wucin-gadi ne zuwa cikin falaki shekaru kusan hamsin da biyu da suka gabata (1957), kuma zuwa yanzu, an harba wajen dubu-daruruwa masu zuwa don karbowa da aikawa da bayanai ko shinshino yanayi ko kuma dauko hotunan sararin samaniya, don amfanin dan Adam. A karon farko ana amfani ne da roket, mai dauke da kumbo (space shuttle), don cilla wani tauraro zuwa sararin samaniya. Daga baya aka zo ana amfani da jiragen sama masu masifar gudu, duk da yake shi ma wannan tsari na bukatar roket wanda ke harba jirgin zuwa wani mizanin nisa cikin samaniya, kafin wannan jirgi ya ingiza tauraron cikin falaki. Ana cikin haka sai kuma masana kimiyyar sararin samaniyar Amirka suka bullo da wata hanya wacce ta sha bamban da sauran wajen sauki da inganci. Wannan hanya kuwa itace ta cilla tauraron dan Adam daga babbar kumbon tashar binciken sararin samaniya da ke can sararin samaniya, watau US Space Shuttle. Hakan na faruwa ne domin masana na iya kera tauraron dan Adam a halin zamansu cikin wannan kumbo da ke tashar, har su harba shi. Haka idan ya lalace ko ya gama aikinsa, suna iya sanya shi cikin wani kumbo karami don aikowa dashi wannan duniya tamu don a gyara shi yadda ya kamata. Nan gaba, masana harkar falaki a Amurka na tunanin bullo da wani tsari mai suna "Single Stage to Orbit", watau “tsalle daya zuwa falaki” a misali Wannan tsari zai rage yawan tashoshin da tauraron dan Adam zai bi kafin kaiwa ga falakin da aka umarce shi da zuwa. Idan har suka dace, wannan tsari zai zo ne da kumbon sararin samaniya guda daya, tafkeke, mai iya daukan taurarin dan Adam da dama, don aikawa dasu zuwa cikin falakin da ya dace dasu, cikin harbawa guda! Tauraron dan Adam na farko da ya fara shiga cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu shine Sputnik 1, wanda kasar Rasha ta harba a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1957. Wannan tauraro yayi shawagi cikin falaki yana aiko sakonni har tsawon kwanaki ashirin da daya. Bayan ya kamo hanyarsa ta dawowa duniya, sai ya kone a hanya. Hakan ya faru ne ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1958. Daga nan kasar ta sake cilla wani tauraron mai suna Sputnik 2,a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwanba na shekarar 1957 dai har wayau. A ciki suka sanya wata karya don gwaji, wacce a karshe ta mace, sa’o’i biyu da harba ta, sanadiyyar tsananin zafin da ke cikin tauraron da aka sanya ta ciki. Tauraron, Sputnik 2 ya dawo wannan duniya tamu ranar 14 ga water Afrailun shekarar 1958, inda ya kone bayan ya shigo shi ma. Da ganin haka sai kasar Amurka ta fara narkewa da kishi. Ana cikin haka sai kawai aka ji ita ma ta harba tauraronta na farko zuwa cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu, mai suna Explorer 1, ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1958. Bayan nan ta sake cilla wani tauraro mai suna Discoverer 13, tauraron dan Adam na farko da ya fara zuwa falaki, ya taskance bayanan da yake bukata ta hanyar wata na’ura, sannan ya cillo wannan na’ura zuwawannan duniya tamu, masu binciken kasar Amurka suka dauka don tantance sakonnin da ta kalato musu.Wannan aiki ta gudanar dashi ne cikin shekarar 1960, ranar 10 ga watan Agusta. Daga nan sauran kasashe suka biyo baya.
Anazarci
Sararin sama |