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23327

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu%20Chiroma

Adamu Chiroma

Adamu Chiroma (An haifeshi a shekara ta 1938). Ya kasance ɗan siyasa Najeriya ne. Farkon rayuwa da Karatu An haife shi a shekarar 1934 a garin Pika da ke cikin tsohuwar jahar Borno, yanzu kuma ya koma jahar Yobe. 1943 - 1947: Makarantar elimantare ta Pika daga baya kuma ya koma Potiskum. 1947 - 1949: Makarantar midil ta Borno da ke Maiduguri. 1950 – 1955: Kwalejin Barewa da ke Zariya. 1955 – 1958: Nigerian College of Art Zaria, wacce yanzu ta koma ABU. 1958 – 1961: Jami’ar Ibadan (Ibadan University) inda ya yi karantun digiri a fannin tarihi (Bachelor of History). Gogayyar Aiki “A lokacin duk wanda ya je makaranta ana jiransa da aiki, saboda haka ina fitowa sai aka bani aiki a ofishin Sardauna, inda na yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu. Daga baya kuma aka yi min DO (District Officer) a Mambila da kuma Lardin Sardauna (Sardauna Province); wannan lardi ta haɗa da Mubi, Goza, Ganye, da kuma Mambila. Sai dai, Mubi ita ce Helikwatar wannan lardi; Ganye da Mubi su ne Lardin Sardauna, amma da can baya, a cikin Kamaru (Cameroon) suke, Marigayi Sir Ahmadu Bello Sardauna ne ya yi ƙoƙari suka dawo Najeriya, saboda haka ake kiransu da sunansa, wato Lardin Sardauna (Sardauna Province)”. Marigayi Alhaji Adamu Ciroma (2017). Sai kuma a cikin shekarar 1965 ya koma zuwa gwamnatin tarayya da aiki, inda aka tura shi hukumar kula da ma’aikata (civil service). Suna cikin wannan aiki sai aka yi juyin mulkin 1966. A wannan guri ya yi aiki da Federal Ministry of Mines and Power (Lokacin Marigayi Ɗanmasanin Kano ne Ministan Ma’aikatar). Yana cikin wannan aiki sai gwamnatin Arewa ta kafa Jarida mai suna New Nigerian Newspaper. Sai aka yi masa Editan farko na wannan kamfanin jarida. Bayan edita ya riƙe janaral manaja, sai kuma manajan darekta na wannan kamfani. “Kamar yadda aka sani, gwamnoni suna son a yi abu yadda suke so, ni kuma ina son yin abu bisa doka da ƙa’ida da bin gaskiya, saboda haka sai muka samu saɓani da gwamnonin Arewa a lokacin, abin da ya haifar da bari na aiki kenan a wannan kamfani na jarida”. Sai kuma daga baya ya koma kamfanin masaƙa na United Nigerian Textile. Ya yi aiki a wannan kamfani na tsawon shekara biyu. Sai kawai aka yi juyin mulki na Murtala. Haka nan kuma a lokacin da yake kamfanin New Nigerian Newspaper, ya riƙe muƙamin darakta a Babban Banki Najeriya har zuwa ƙarshen zamansa na textile. Sannan kuma bayan juyin mulkin sojojin na farko, an zaɓe shi a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar Borno, zaɓen da aka yi shi ba tare da saninsa ba, sai dai kawai an sanar da shi cewa ya je Lagos don wakiltar jaharsa ta Barno a wajen taron sake tsara Kundin Mulkin Najeriya wanda aka kammala shi a shekarar 1979. “Muna tsaka da wannan aiki na tsarin mulki, sai maganar siyasa ta shigo ciki, saboda mutane suna cewa idan aka yi wannan tsarin mulki su waye za su gudanar da shi? Saboda haka a wannan zama aka kafa jama’iyyun siyasa da suka haɗa daNPN, PRP, da sauransu”. Bayan an kafa waɗannan jama’iyyu sai aka yi zaɓen da ya ɗora Alhaji Shehu Shagari a kan mulki. Alhaji Adamu Chiroma yana daga cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa don su tsaya takarar shugabanci ƙasa daga Arewa. Sunan sa shi ne na uku a wajen babban taron NPN da aka yi a Lagos (Convention). Bayan da aka kai waɗannan sunaye Lagos sai wasu ‘yan arewa suka ce basu yarda ba suma sai an saka sunansu. Daga irin waɗannan mutane akwai Bukola Saraki da Iya Abubakar. Faruwar wannan sai aka ce to a sake zaɓe. Da aka sake zaɓe sai da aka sake saka sunayensu su uku da farko sannan kuma aka ƙara sunayen mutane uku. Bayan wannan kuma sai aka sake buga zaɓe. A karon farko sai aka sake watsar da waɗancan ukun aka sake fitar da ukun farko. Daga nan kuma sai aka shiga yarjejeniyar musamman tsakanin mutanen Barno da Kano. A wannan sulhu aka ce idan aka sake gudanar da wannan zaɓe na fitar da gwani kuma aka dace aka fitar da gwani guda ɗaya, akwai yiwuwar samun matsala, saboda haka sai shi Chiroma da Ɗanmasanin Kano suka janye wa Shagari. Saboda haka daga baya sai aka naɗa Adamu Chiroma ya zama sakataren jama’iyya, shi kuma Alhaji Shehu Shagari ya zama ɗantakara. Daga nan sai aka shiga hidimar kamfe, inda bayan an kaɗa zaɓe sai Shagari ya ci zaɓe. Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya Bayan da ya bar aiki a New Nigerian Newspaper, gwamnati ta naɗa shi ya zama darakta na Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN). Muƙamin da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru biyu. Barin Aiki da Shiga Siyasa Alhaji Adamu Chiroma ɗan siyasa ne tun daga jamhuriya ta farko. A jamhuriyar farko ya yi jama’iyyar NPC, jamhuriya ta biyu kuma da shi aka kafa jama’iyyar NPN, sai kuma jamhuriya ta huɗu da aka kafa jama’iyyar PDP da shi. Alhaji Adamu Chiroma ya ce, “Ina cikin riƙe da wannan kujera, sai na samu saƙo daga jahata ta Barno cewa an zaɓe ni na wakilci Barno a wajen taron Tsarin Mulkin Ƙasa. Kuma a dokance bai halasta ba mutum yana Gwamnan Babban Banki ya riƙe wani muƙami, sabod haka sai na rubuta takardar barin aiki. Tun daga wannan lokaci na shiga siyasa”. Zamowarsa Minista Bayan da aka ci zaɓen da ya ɗora Alhaji Shehu Shagari a kan kujerar shugabancin Najeriya, sai shi Shagari ya kira Adamu Chiroma cewa wanne muƙami yake so a cikin gwamnati. Shi kuma sai ya amsa masa da cewa, shi tun farko umarni aka bashi kuma ya bi, saboda haka duk aikin da aka bashi ko na kwasar shara ne zai iya yi. Saboda haka, sai aka yi masa ministan masana’antu (Minister of industry). Bayan shekara biyu kuma aka mayar da shi ma’aikatar gona (Ministry for Agriculture). Bayan sake sabon zaɓe kuma sai aka yi masa Ministan kuɗi (Minister of Finance). Haka nan ma a zamanin mulkin soja na shugaba Abacha ya riƙe ministan aikin gona (Agriculture). Kafa Jama’iyyar PDP Bayan an sake mu, wata rana ina Kaduna sai Marigayi Rimi da Sule suka zo suka same ni a Kaduna. Suka ce yanzu an sake sabuwar siyasa, kuma mun zauna a kurkuku mun fahimci juna. Menene abin yi? Sai na ce mu yi siyasar haɗin kai. Daga nan sai Rimi ya kira su Jerry Gana, su Solomon Lar, da sauran yaran ‘Yar’aduwa. Muma sai muka kira abokan siyarmu. Sai muka ce da su to, ga siyasa, sannan kuma abubuwan da aka yi mana na cin mutunci har zuwa lokacin Abacha. Saboda haka mu, bamu yarda soja su dama da mu ba. Mu faɗa mu cewa mu bamu yarda a yi siyasar cutar jama’a ba. Saboda haka sai muka rubutawa Abacha cewa lallai bamu yarda ba sai ya sauka. Bayan faruwar waɗannan abubuwa sai muka kafa PDP. Da muka kafa jama’iyyar ta PDP sai muka ɗebo dukkan tunanin gyara ƙasa, haɗa kai, da kula da jama’a, muka yarada cewa: 1. Najeriya tana buƙatar mutane daga kowane gefe da kowane shahi su haɗa kai; 2. Mutane su girmama juna; 3. Su tabbata cewa sun yi abin da zai haɗa kan ƙasa, saboda an yi juye-juyen mulki duk bai haifar da ɗa mai ido ba. Sannan mun lura cewa lokacin da aka yi juyin mulkin Buhari, duk baki ɗayanmu aka tattara mu aka zuba a ƙiri-ƙiri ba tare da bambacin jamaiyya ba. Saboda haka a nan muka ɗauki darasi da kuma zama da juna. A nan muka fahimci junanmu a sannu, sannan muka zauna lafiya da juna. Kyaututtukan Girmamawa An ƙayatar da marigayi Alhaji Adamu Chiroma da lambar yabo ta ƙasa mai taken CFR, a zamanin shugaba Obasanjo. Mutuwa Alhaji Adamu Chiroma, “Ya rasu ne a ranar Alhamis da rana a Abuja, bayan ya sha fama da rashin lafiya. An yi jana'izar marigayi Malam Adamu Ciroma a masallacin Al Noor da ke Abuja. Manazarta

13378

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Force%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20%28Nigeria%29

Air Force Institute of Technology (Nigeria)

Cibiyar Ilimin Fasaha ta Sama (AFIT) makarantar sojoji ce kuma (Jami'ar Najeriya ce na hafsoshin sojan sama) da majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta amince da shi a zaman da suka yi a majalisan dattijai a babban birnin tarayyar. Yana goyon bayan da Najeriya Air Force (Naf) da kuma farar hula, al'ummomi da arziki na asali horo a kan Aeronautics, Aerospace injiniya mechatronics aikin injiniya da kuma avionics . Tana can a cikin jihar Kaduna, arewacin Najeriya . Babbar Jagora Bayan barkewar yakin basasa na Najeriya, nau'ikan nau'ikan jirgin sama da tsarin makami masu alaƙa sun haifar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata don gudanar da su. NAF a wancan lokacin ta dogara ne da taimakon ƙasashen waje don ci gaban mutum. Koyaya, fannonin horarwa waɗanda ƙasashen da ke sada zumunta suka gabatar da NAF sun ƙaranci, sun isa kuma sun buƙaci samar da kuɗi mai mahimmanci na ketare. Sakamakon haka, jim kadan bayan yakin basasa a 1970, HQ NAF ta bunkasa tunanin kafa Makarantar Fasaha da Talla ta indasar. An kafa kungiyar ta AFIT a cikin shekarar 1977 mai suna NAF Technical and Supply School (TSS). Kamfanin Messrs Dornier na Jamus ya tallafa masa. A institute aka sake masa suna ne a shekarar 1979 a matsayin fasaha da Training Wing da aka kira Naf Technical Training Group (Naf TTG). An dauki nauyin wannan rukunin ne ta hanyar bayar da horo na yau da kullun ga ma'aikatan NAF a fannin kula da jirgin sama, makamai da sadarwa. Sauran sune sarrafa wadata. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2000, an canza asalinsa zuwa Rukunin Horar da Fasaha na 320 (320TTG). An kirkireshi ne don sarrafa jirgi da kayan aikin da aka siya lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a shekarar 1967. Bukatar ci gaba da haɓaka da fasaha ta hanyar haɓaka aikin ginin ƙarfin mutum ya haifar da haɓaka mafi yawan takaddun shaida waɗanda Cibiyar ta bayar zuwa Diploma ta ƙasa, tare da cikakken yabo daga Hukumar Kula da Ilimin ,asa, (NBTE). Cibiyar ta kasance tana da alaƙa da jami'ar Cranfield, ta Burtaniya don nazarin karatun digiri na biyu a cikin Tsarin Motocin Aerospace da sauran lamuranta kuma ta zama tabbatacce kuma wajibi ne don aiwatar da canji a cikin ƙayyadaddun ayyukan don nuna faɗaɗa matsayin cibiyar. Saboda haka AFIT ta kasance a ranar 12 Maris 2008. A halin yanzu, AFIT ta ƙunshi makarantu 5, kowannensu ya ƙunshi sassan daban-daban. Makarantun sune: School of Postgraduate Studies (SPS), School of Air Engineering (SAE), School of Ground Engineering da Nazarin Mahalli (SGEES), Makarantar Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa (SBMS) da School of Technical and Training Training (STVT) . Dukkanin tsarin karatun na asali an tsara su ne don cika mafi ƙarancin buƙatun don MSc a cikin tsarin iska. Cibiyar ta zuwa yanzu ta kammala karatun jami'anta sama da 5,689, da suka hada da ma'aikatan NA, NN da NAF da kuma farar hula. Yana da dacewa a bayyana cewa wannan adadin ya hada da daliban kasashen waje daga rundunar sojin Jamhuriyar Benin, Zimbabwe, Nijar, Ghana da Saliyo. Canji na AFIT Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama, Air Marshal SB Abubakar DFS GSS psc (+) fwc FDC (+) MSc, ta hanyar hangen nesa don "maida NAF cikin ƙwararrun masu fasaha da ladabi ta hanyar inganta ƙarfin aiki don ingantaccen aiki, ingantacce da kuma dacewar aiki na karɓar ƙarfin iska a cikin martani ga rikice-rikicen tsaron ƙasa na Najeriya "ya taimaka wa AFIT samun izinin NUC. Kwanan nan AFIT ta rubuta muhimmiyar nasara, saboda ta sami matsayin Jami'a. An ba da izinin makarantar don fara shirye-shiryen digiri a ranar 3 ga Agusta 2018. Bayan wannan sabon nasarar da makarantar za ta fara yi shi ne matakin digiri a watan Satumbar 2018. Tsarin Darussa An yarda da wadannan darussan a ƙarƙashin ɓangarorin fasaha da sassan daban-daban: Kwankwaso Gwamnati (M.Sc) M.Sc. Tsarin Jirgin sama M.Sc. Thearfin zafi Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) PGD Aerospace Injiniya PGD Lantarki da Injiniyan Lantarki PGD Fasahar Fasaha PGD Logistics da samar da sarkar Gudanarwa Siffofin Farko Na Farko B.Eng. Aerospace Injiniya B.Eng. Ininiyan inji B.Eng. Injiniyan Wuta da Lantarki B.Eng. Fasaha & Sadarwar Sadarwa B.Eng. Injin Inji B.Eng. Injiniyan jama'a B.Sc. Lissafi B.Sc. Gudanar da Kasuwanci B.Sc. Tattalin arziki B.Sc. Talla B.Sc. Tsaro na Cyber Sabbin darussan B.Eng mechatronics Injiniya B.Eng Karfe da Kayan Injiniya B.Eng Injiniyan Sadarwa B.Sc Kimiyyar komputa B.Sc Chemistry Lissafin B.Sc B.Sc Physics B.Sc kimiyyar lissafi tare da lantarki Kasuwancin B.Sc Kididdigar B.Sc B.Sc Dangantakar kasa da kasa Banki da B.Sc </br> KYAUTA OF MALAMAN AFIT Air Cdre OJ Obaisa BSc MSc MSS psc (+) fwc (Mar 08- Oct 08) Air Cdre NE Na na DSS psc (+) fwc BSc MSc FNSE (Oktoba 08 - Nuwamba 10) AVM JO Oshoniyi DSS PWC (+) fwc (+) MSc MPA (Feb 11- Oct 13) AVM TA Adokwu DSS psc fdc (+) MSc (Oktoba 13- Aug 15) Air Cdre MA Soladoye GSS psc (+) fdc BEng (Hons) MIAD MSc MEng FNSE (Agusta 15 -Dec 16) AVM I Bukar DSS psc FDC BEng MSc MNSE CEng (Dec 16 -Jan 18) Air Cdre MA Akiode DSS psc FDC PGD MSc (Jan 18- Feb 18) AVM CN Udeagulu MSS psc (+) nswc BSc (Hons) MSc MBA COREN FIPM (Feb 18- har zuwa kwanan wata) Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar Gizo Manazarta Makarantu Makarantun Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

22450

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C9%97uwar%20ruwan%20Victoria

Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria

Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria (Lozi: Mosi-oa-Tunya, "Hayakin da Ya Yi Tsawa"; Tonga: Shungu Namutitima, "Ruwan Tafasa") ruwa ne da ke kan Kogin Zambezi a kudancin Afirka, wanda ke ba da mazauni ga nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi na musamman. Tana kan iyakar tsakanin Zambiya da Zimbabwe kuma ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin manyan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na duniya saboda fadinta na 1,708 m (5,604 ft). Asalin suna David Livingstone, ɗan mishan (Mission) ɗan asalin Scotland kuma mai bincike, an yi imanin cewa shi ne Bature na farko da ya kalli faduwar ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1855, daga abin da a yanzu ake kira tsibirin Livingstone, ɗayan ƙasashe biyu da ke tsakiyar kogin, nan da nan ya haura daga faduwa kusa da gabar Zambiya. Livingstone ya ambaci ganinsa don girmamawa ga Sarauniya Victoria, amma sunan yaren Sotho, Mosi-oa-Tunya— "Hayakin da ke Tsawa" - yana cigaba da amfani da shi gaba ɗaya. Lissafin al'adun duniya ya amince da sunayen biyu a hukumance. Hakanan Livingstone ya kawo tsoho mai suna, Seongo ko Chongwe, wanda ke nufin "Wurin Bakan gizo", sakamakon feshin da ake yi akai-akai. Sunan gandun dajin da ke kusa da Zambia Mosi-oa-Tunya, yayin da gandun dajin da garin da ke gabar Zimbabwe duk suna mai suna Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria. Duk da yake ba shine mafi girma ba ko kuma mafi fadada ruwan dusar kankara a duniya, amma Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ana sanya ta a matsayin mafi girma, ya danganta da fadin da ya kai na mita 1,708 (5,604 ft) da tsayin mita 108 (354 ft), wanda hakan ya haifar da mafi girma a duniya takardar fadowa daga ruwa. Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria kusan ta ninka tsayin Niagara Falls sau biyu a Arewacin Amurka kuma ta ninka nisa biyu. Ga tazara mai nisa daga faduwar, Zambezi yana gudana a kan takardar basalt, a cikin kwari mara zurfin, wanda ke da iyaka da tsaunuka masu ƙanƙan da nesa. Ga tazara mai nisa daga faduwar, Zambezi yana damun kan takardar basalt, a cikin kwari mara zurfin, wanda ke da iyaka da tsaunuka masu cin mutuncin da nesa. An kirkiro faduwar ne yayin da cikakken fadin kogin ya fadi kasa guda daya a tsaye zuwa wani rami mai zurfin mita 1,708 (5,604 ft) mai fadi, wanda aka sassaka shi da ruwansa tare da yankin da ke karaya a cikin tsaunin basalt. Zurfin ramin, wanda ake kira Ruwa na Farko, ya bambanta daga mita 80 (260 ft) a ƙarshen yamma zuwa mita 108 (354 ft) a tsakiya. Hanyar hanyar kawai zuwa Ruwa ta Farko shine tazara mai faɗin mita 110 (360 ft) kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na hanyar faɗin faduwar daga ƙarshen yamma. Dukkanin kogin ya kwarara zuwa cikin kwazazzabai na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria daga wannan bakin kogin. Akwai tsibirai guda biyu a gefen guguwar ruwa wadanda suke da girman da zasu raba labulen ruwa koda kuwa a cike take: Tsibirin Boaruka (ko Tsibirin Cataract) kusa da bankin yamma, da tsibirin Livingstone kusa da tsakiyar - wurin da Livingstone ya fara duba faduwa. A ƙasa da cikakkiyar ambaliyar ruwa, ƙarin tsibirai sun raba labulen ruwa zuwa rafuka masu daidaita a layi ɗaya. Ana kiran manyan kogunan ne, domin daga Zimbabwe (yamma) zuwa Zambiya (gabas): Katafar Iblis (wanda wasu ke kira Ruwa Mai Tsalle), Babban Falls, Ruwan Bakan Gizo (mafi girma) da Gabas ta Gabas. Kogin Zambezi, wanda yake daga gangaren ruwa, yana samun lokacin damina daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa farkon Afrilu, da lokacin rani a sauran shekara. Lokacin ambaliyar kogin shekara-shekara shine watan Fabrairu zuwa Mayu tare da wani tsaiko a watan Afrilu, Feshin ruwan daga faduwar ruwa yakan tashi zuwa sama da mita 400 (1,300 ft), wani lokacin ma har ya ninka biyu, kuma ana iya gani daga sama zuwa kilomita 50 ( 30 mi) nesa. A cikakkiyar wata, ana iya ganin "bakan gizo" a cikin feshi maimakon bakan gizo da ya saba. A lokacin damina, ba shi yiwuwa a ga ƙafafun faduwa da galibin fuskarsa, kuma yawo tare da dutsen da ke gabansa yana cikin ruwan sama koyaushe kuma a rufe cikin hazo. Kusa da gefen dutsen, ana fesa harbe-harbe sama kamar roƙon ruwan sama, musamman a Gadar Knife-Edge ta Zambiya. Yayinda lokacin rani ya fara aiki, tsibirai a kan dutsen suna kara fadi da yawa, kuma a watan Satumba zuwa Janairu har zuwa rabin dutsen da ke fuskantar faduwar zai iya bushewa kuma ana iya ganin kasan Ruwa na Farko tare da mafi yawansa. tsawon. A wannan lokacin yana yiwuwa (duk da cewa ba lallai bane ya kasance mai aminci) tafiya a ƙetaren wasu kogin a gaci. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a taka zuwa ƙasan Ruwa na Farko a gefen Zimbabwe. Mafi ƙarancin kwarara, wanda ke faruwa a watan Nuwamba, ya kai kusan goma na adadin Afrilu; wannan bambancin kwararar ya fi na sauran manyan faduwa, kuma yana haifar da saurin kwararar ruwa na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ya zama ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani gwargwadon iyakar yawo. A cikin shekara ta 2019 ƙarancin ruwan sama ya saukar da ruwan zuwa ƙaramin sirara da sirara kawai. Canjin yanayin duniya da canjin yanayin da aka canza ana ba da shawarar sun haifar da hakan. Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria na fuskantar fari mafi muni a cikin karni. Kwazazzabai Dukkanin kogin Zambezi ya tsallake ta hanyar Ruwa na Farko ta hanyar 110-wide-110 (ƙafa 360) don nisan kusan mita 150 (490 ft), sannan ya shiga jerin zigzagging na kwazazzabai da aka tsara ta hanyar da kogin ya isa su. Ruwan da ke shiga Ruwa na Biyu yana yin kaifin dama kuma ya sassaƙa tafki mai zurfin wurin da ake kira Tukunyar Tafasa. An isa ta hanyar wata babbar hanyar ƙafa daga gefen Zambiya, kusan mil 150 ne (ƙafa 500). Yanayin sa mai santsi ne a ƙaramin ruwa, amma a babban ruwa alama ce ta manyan, jinkirin juyawa da hargitsi mai tafasa mai nauyi. Abubuwa da dabbobin da suka mamaye faduwar, gami da hippopotamus na lokaci-lokaci, kada, ko ɗan adam, ana samun su da yawa suna yawo a nan ko kuma sun wanki a ƙarshen arewa maso gabas na Ruwa na biyu. Anan ne aka gano gawarwakin Misis Moss da Mr Orchard, wadanda yan kada suka yanka, a cikin 1910 bayan da wani dodo ya kife da wasu kwale-kwale biyu a Long Island. Babban kwazazzabai sune Kwazazzabo na farko: wanda kogin ya fada a cikin Victoria Falls Kwazazzabo na biyu: Mita 250 (kafa 820) kudu da faduwa, tsawon kilomita 2.15 (tsayin 1.34), wanda gadar Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ta shimfida Kwazazzabo na uku: Mita 600 (ƙafa 2,000) kudu, nisan kilomita 1.95 (1.21 mi), mai ƙunshe da tashar wutar lantarki ta Victoria Falls Kwazazzabo na huɗu: kilomita 1.15 (0.71 mi) kudu, tsawon kilomita 2.25 (mil 1.40) Kwazazzabo na biyar: kilomita 2.25 (1.40 mi) kudu, tsawon kilomita 3.2 (2.0 mi) tsawo Kwazazzabo na Songwe: Kilomita 5.3 (3.3 mi) kudu, kilomita 3.3 (2.1 mi) dogon suna bayan karamin Kogin Songwe da ke zuwa daga arewa maso gabas, kuma mafi zurfin da ya kai mita 140 (460 ft), matakin kogin da ke cikinsu ya bambanta ta zuwa mita 20 (66 ft) tsakanin damuna da lokacin bushe. Formation Babban Kogin Zambezi asalinsa ya malale kudu zuwa Botswana ta yanzu don shiga Kogin Limpopo. Haɓakawar ƙasa gaba ɗaya tsakanin Zimbabwe da hamadar Kalahari kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata sun toshe wannan hanyar magudanan ruwa, kuma wani babban tafkin paleo da aka sani da Tafkin Makgadikgadi ya kafa tsakanin Kalahari da Batoka Basaltic Plateau na Zimbabwe da Zambiya. Wannan tabkin asalin asalinsa ba shi da mafita. A karkashin yanayin yanayi mai tsananin danshi game da shekaru dubu 20 na BP, daga karshe ya malalo ya fara malalawa zuwa gabas, yana yanke kwazazzabon Batoka ta hanyar daddawa yayin da yake tafiya. Tarihin ilimin ƙasa na kwanan nan na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ana iya ganin shi a cikin gaba ɗaya na Ruwa na Batoka, tare da kwazazzabai guda shida da matsayi takwas da suka gabata na faduwar. Kwazazzabai na gabas zuwa yamma suna nuna iko na tsari tare da daidaitawa tare da mahaɗan yankuna masu ɓarna, ko kuma lahani tare da mita 50 (ƙafa 160) na ƙaura ta tsaye kamar yadda lamarin yake na kwazazzabai na biyu da na biyar. Rushewar kai tare da waɗannan layukan tsarin rauni zai kafa sabon layi da watsi da layin da ya gabata. Hadin gwiwar da ke arewa maso kudu yana kula da sassan da ke kwararar kudu. Daya daga cikin wadannan shine "Boiling Pot", wanda ya hada Kwazazzabo na farko da Kwazazzabo na biyu.:147,149 Wataƙila faduwar ruwa ta riga ta fara yanke babbar kwazazzabo na gaba, a tsoma gefe ɗaya a cikin "Shafin Iblis", tsakanin gabar kogin yamma da Tsibirin Cataract. Lebe a halin yanzu yana mafi ƙasƙanci a nan kuma yana ɗauke da mafi girman ɗaukar ruwa a matakin matakin ambaliyar. 149 Ana kiran jerin kayan kwalliyar da ke kan gishiri a gefen Kogin Zambezi Victoria Falls Formation, wanda ya kunshi tsakuwa, dutsen sandar Pipe, yashi na Kalahari, da yashi na aeolian da alluvium. Gyalen tafki na 15-45 ya kewaye kogin kimanin kilomita 5-6 daga babban tashar, kuma jerin filaye na kogi sun bayyana tsakanin gyale da tashar. 144-145 A tarihin ilimin ƙasa game da tafkin Zambezi yana cikin labarin sunan. Tarihi Tarihin kasa An kirkiro babban yankin plateau na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria, wanda kogin Zambezi yake gudana akan shi, a lokacin Jurassic Era, kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata. Tarihin mulkin mallaka Farkon zamanin Stone Acheulean kayan adon dutse da kayan aikin Oldowan an tono su a wuraren tarihi da ke kusa da faduwar, da kayan aikin Sangoan da kayan Lupemban waɗanda suka dace da zamanin Tsakiyar Dutse. An tono tukwanen ƙarfe na farko a wani yanki a kusa da Masuma Dam a farkon 1960s. Hakanan an samo hujja don narkewar baƙin ƙarfe a wani shiri wanda aka yi kwanan wata zuwa ƙarshen karni na 1 AD. Mutanen Kudancin Tonga da aka fi sani da Batoka / Tokalea sun kira faduwar Shungu na mutitima. Matabele, masu zuwa daga baya, sunayi musu suna a Manz 'aThunqayo, kuma Batswana da Makololo (waɗanda mutanen Lozi ke amfani da yarensu) suna kiran su Mosi-o-Tunya. Duk waɗannan sunaye suna nufin "hayaƙin da ke tsawa". Taswirar da Nicolas de Fer ya zana a cikin 1715 yana nuna faɗuwar alama a sarari daidai. Hakanan yana nuna layi mai layi wanda yake nuna hanyoyin kasuwanci wanda David Livingstone ya bi shekaru 140 daga baya. Taswira daga c. 1750 wanda Jacques Nicolas Bellin ya zana don Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles ya nuna faduwar a matsayin "cataractes" kuma ya lura da sasantawa a arewacin Zambezi da cewa yana da abokantaka da Portuguese a lokacin. A watan Nuwamba 1855, David Livingstone shi ne Bature na farko da ya ga faduwar, lokacin da ya yi tafiya daga saman Zambezi zuwa bakin kogin tsakanin 1852 da 1856. Ruwan ya kasance sanannu ne ga ƙabilun yankin, kuma mai yiwuwa mafarautan Voortrekker sun san su. , kamar yadda Larabawa a ƙarƙashin suna daidai da "ƙarshen duniya". Turawa suna da shakku kan rahotanninsu, wataƙila suna tunanin cewa rashin duwatsu da kwari a kan tudun ƙasa ya sa faduwa ta yi wuya. An fadawa Livingstone labarin faduwar kafin ya iso garesu daga can sama sannan aka haye shi zuwa wani karamin tsibiri wanda yanzu yake dauke da suna Livingstone Island a Zambiya. Livingstone ya kasance da sha'awar Ngonye Falls a gaba, amma ya sami sabon faɗuwar da ya fi kyau, kuma ya ba su sunan Ingilishi don girmamawa ga Sarauniya Victoria. Ya yi rubutu game da faduwar jirgin, "Ba wanda zai iya tunanin kyan gani daga duk wani abu da aka gani a Ingila. Ba a taba ganin irinsa ba daga idanun Turai; amma wuraren da suke da kyau dole mala'iku sun dube su yayin guduwa." A 1860, Livingstone ya dawo yankin kuma yayi cikakken bincike game da faduwar tare da John Kirk. Sauran baƙi na farko na Turai sun haɗa da mai binciken Fotigal Serpa Pinto, mai binciken Czech Emil Holub, wanda ya yi shirin farko na faɗuwa da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi a 1875 (wanda aka buga a 1880), da kuma ɗan wasan Burtaniya Thomas Baines, wanda ya zartar da wasu zane-zanen farko na. faduwa. Har zuwa lokacin da aka buɗe yankin ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin 1905, kodayake, ba kasafai wasu Turawa suka ziyarci raƙuman ruwa ba. Wasu marubutan sun yi imanin cewa babban firist ɗin Fotigal Gonçalo da Silveira shi ne Bature na farko da ya fara hangen faduwar gaba a ƙarni na sha shida. Tarihi tun daga 1900 Gadar Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ta fara yawon bude ido Yankin Turai na yankin Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ya faro ne a wajajen 1900 don biyan bukatar Cecil Rhodes 'Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu don haƙƙin ma'adinai da mulkin mallaka a arewacin Zambezi, da kuma yin amfani da wasu albarkatun ƙasa kamar su gandun daji na katako a arewa maso gabashin faduwa, da hauren giwa da fatun dabbobi. Kafin shekarar 1905, an tsallaka kogin sama da faduwa a Tsohuwar Jirgin ruwa, ta kwale kwale ko kuma wani gantali da aka ɗauke ta da igiyar ƙarfe. Ganin hangen nesan Rhodes na layin dogo daga Cape-Cairo ya sanya shirye shiryen gadar farko ta ƙetaren Zambezi. Ya nace cewa za a gina ta inda feshin daga faduwa zai fada kan jiragen kasa masu wucewa, don haka aka zabi wurin da ke 'Kwazazzabo na Biyu. Duba babban labarin Victoria Falls Bridge don cikakkun bayanai. Daga 1905 titin jirgin ya ba da damar yin zirga-zirga daga Cape zuwa kudu da kuma daga 1909, har zuwa Kwango ta Beljiram a arewa. A cikin 1904 aka buɗe Victoria Falls Hotel don saukar da baƙi masu zuwa kan sabuwar hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Rashin faduwar ya zama sanadin jan hankali yayin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Arewacin Rhodesia (Zambiya) da Kudancin Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), tare da garin Victoria Falls ya zama babban cibiyar yawon bude ido. Yayin yunkurin 'yanci A shekarar 1964, Arewacin Rhodesia ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ta Zambiya. A shekara mai zuwa, Rhodesia ta ba da sanarwar samun 'yanci kai tsaye. Zambiya, Ingila ko yawancin jihohi ba su amince da hakan ba wanda hakan ya haifar da sanya takunkumi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da rikicin da ya kunno kai, a shekarar 1966 Zambiya ta takaita ko dakatar da ketare iyaka; ba ta sake bude iyakar ba gaba daya sai a 1980. Yaƙin Guerrilla ya tashi a gefen kudancin Zambezi daga 1972: Yakin Bush na Rhodesian. Lambobin baƙi sun fara raguwa, musamman a gefen Rhodesian. Yakin ya shafi Zambiya ta hanyar kutsawar sojoji, lamarin da ya sa na karshen suka sanya matakan tsaro gami da jibge sojoji don takaita hanyoyin shiga kwazazzabai da wasu bangarorin faduwar jirgin. Yancin Zimbabwe da duniya ta yarda da yancin kai a shekara ta 1980 ya kawo zaman lafiya kwatankwacin haka, kuma a cikin shekarun 1980s sun ga sabbin matakan yawon buɗe ido da cigaban yankin a matsayin cibiyar wasannin motsa jiki. Ayyukan da suka sami farin jini a yankin sun haɗa da raƙuman ruwa a cikin kwazazzabai, tsalle daga gadar, kamun kifi, dokin doki, kayak, da jiragen sama a kan faduwa. Yawon shakatawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan A ƙarshen 1990s kusan mutane 400,000 ke ziyartar faduwar kowace shekara, kuma ana tsammanin wannan ya haura miliyan a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Ba kamar wuraren shakatawa ba, Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria tana da baƙon Zimbabwe da Zambiya fiye da masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya; ana samun damar jan hankali ta hanyar bas da jirgin kasa, kuma saboda haka kwatancen bashi da tsada don isa. Duk kasashen biyu sun ba wa masu yawon bude ido damar yin tafiye-tafiye na rana a kan iyakar don duba faduwar daga ra'ayoyin biyu. Ana buƙatar baƙi da ke da biza ta izinin shiga guda-ɗaya su sayi biza duk lokacin da suka tsallaka kan iyaka; za a iya samun biza a duk kan iyakokin biyu. Farashi ya bambanta daga US $ 50- $ 80 (daga Janairu 2017). Dokokin Visa suna canzawa akai-akai; An shawarci baƙi da su bincika ƙa'idodin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu a cikin ƙasashen biyu kafin su ƙetare iyakar ta kowace hanya. Bugu da kari, masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje na iya siyan biza KAZA ta dalar Amurka $50 wanda zai ba wa baƙi damar yin tafiya tsakanin Zambiya da Zimbabwe har na tsawon kwanaki 30 muddin suka cigaba da kasancewa cikin ƙasashen da aka rufe. Wani sanannen fasali shine "Armchair" wanda aka kirkireshi (wanda yanzu wani lokaci ake kiransa "Kogin Iblis"), kusa da gefen faduwar ta gefen Zimbabwe, daura da ƙarshen yammacin tsibirin Livingstone. Lokacin da kwararar kogin ta kasance a wani mataki, galibi tsakanin Satumba zuwa Disamba, sai katangar dutsen ta samar da tsari tare da ƙarancin na yanzu, wanda zai baiwa masu ninkaya masu yawon buɗe ido su fantsama cikin aminci dangi a gaban wurin da ruwan ke kwarara kan faduwar. Lokaci-lokaci ana samun rahoton mutuwa yayin da mutane suka zame kan shingen dutse. Manazarta

23871

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuka%20na%20Shekara-Shekara

Shuka na Shekara-Shekara

Shuka ta shekara -shekara shuka ce da ke kammala tsarin rayuwarta, daga tsiro zuwa samar da tsaba, a cikin lokacin girma ɗaya, sannan ta mutu. Tsawon lokutan girma da lokacin da suke faruwa sun bambanta gwargwadon wuri, kuma maiyuwa bazai dace da rarrabuwa na yanayi na shekara na shekara guda ba. Dangane da al'adun gargajiya na yau da kuma kullun ana rarrabasu cikin shekara -shekara na bazara da shekara -shekara na hunturu. Shekara -shekara na bazara suna girma a lokacin bazara ko farkon bazara kuma suna balaga da kaka na wannan shekarar.. hunturu tana girma a lokacin kaka kuma tana balaga a lokacin bazara ko lokacin bazara na shekara mai zuwa. Rayuwar rayuwa iri-iri zuwa shekara iri ɗaya (1) na iya faruwa a cikin kusan wata ɗaya a wasu nau'in, ko da yake yawancin watanni da yawa sun wuce. Rapa mai mai zai iya tafiya daga iri zuwa iri cikin kimanin makonni biyar a ƙarƙashin bankin fitilun fitilu . Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan salon girma a cikin ajujuwa don ilimi. Yawancin shekara-shekara na hamada sune therophytes, saboda tsarin rayuwarsu zuwa zuriya makonni ne kawai kuma suna ciyar da mafi yawan shekara azaman tsaba don tsira daga yanayin bushewa. Noma A cikin noman, tsire-tsire na abinci da yawa suna, ko girma kamar shekara -shekara, gami da kusan dukkanin hatsi na gida. Wasu perennials da biennials suna girma a cikin lambuna a matsayin shekara -shekara don dacewa, musamman idan ba a ɗauke su da tsananin sanyi ga yanayin yankin ba. Karas, seleri da faski sune biennials na gaskiya waɗanda galibi ana shuka su a zaman amfanin gona na shekara -shekara don tushensu, ganyayyaki da ganye. Tumatir, dankalin turawa mai ɗanɗano da barkono mai kararrawa sune tsirrai masu taushi da yawa galibi ana girma kamar shekara -shekara. Abubuwan da aka saba da su na yau da kullun waɗanda ke girma kamar shekara -shekara ba su da haƙuri, mirabilis, begonia kakin zuma, snapdragon, pelargonium, coleus da petunia . Misalan ainihin na shekara -shekara sun haɗa da masara, alkama, shinkafa, latas, wake, kankana, wake, zinnia da marigold . Lokacin bazara Shekarar bazara tana tsiro, fure, samar da iri, kuma suna mutuwa, a cikin watanni masu zafi na shekara. ciyawar "Lawn"crabgrass shine shekara -shekara na bazara. Hunturu Shekaru na hunturu suna girma a cikin kaka ko hunturu, suna rayuwa ta cikin hunturu, sannan suna yin fure a cikin hunturu ko bazara. Tsirrai suna girma kuma suna yin fure a lokacin sanyi lokacin da yawancin sauran tsirrai suke bacci ko wasu shekara -shekara suna cikin nau'in iri suna jiran yanayi mai ɗumi don farawa. Shekaru na hunturu suna mutuwa bayan fure da saitin iri. Tsaba suna girma a cikin kaka ko hunturu lokacin da zafin ƙasa ya yi sanyi. Yawan shekara -shekara na hunturu yawanci yakan yi ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, inda galibi ana samun mafaka daga daren dare mafi sanyi ta hanyar murfin dusar ƙanƙara, kuma suna amfani da lokacin dumama a cikin hunturu don haɓaka lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta narke. Wasu shekara -shekara na hunturu na yau da kullun sun haɗa da henbit, deadnettle, chickweed, da cress hunturu . Shekara -shekara na hunturu suna da mahimmanci a yanayin muhalli, saboda suna ba da murfin ciyayi wanda ke hana yaƙar ƙasa yayin hunturu da farkon bazara lokacin da babu sauran murfin kuma suna ba da sabon ciyayi ga dabbobi da tsuntsaye da ke cin su. Kodayake galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa a cikin lambuna, wannan ra'ayi ba koyaushe yake zama dole ba, kamar yadda yawancin su ke mutuwa lokacin da zafin ƙasa ya sake yin zafi a farkon zuwa ƙarshen bazara lokacin da sauran tsirrai ke bacci kuma ba su riga sun fita ba. Ko da yake ba sa yin gasa kai tsaye tare da shuke -shuke da ake nomawa, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar shekara -shekara na hunturu azaman kwaro a cikin aikin gona na kasuwanci, saboda suna iya zama runduna don kwarin kwari ko cututtukan fungal (ƙwayayen ƙwai - Microbotryum sp) waɗanda ke kai hari ga amfanin gona da ake nomawa. Dukiyar da suke hana ƙasa bushewa na iya zama matsala ga aikin kasuwanci. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta A shekara ta 2008, an gano cewa rashin kashe kwayoyin halittu guda biyu kacal a cikin nau'in tsiro na shekara -shekara yana haifar da juyawa zuwa tsiro mai tsiro . Masu binciken sun kashe kwayoyin halittar SOC1 da FUL a cikin Arabidopsis thaliana, waɗanda ke sarrafa lokacin fure. Wannan canjin ya kafa samfura na yau da kullun a cikin tsirrai masu tsayi, kamar samuwar itace. Duba kuma Biennial plant – Flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological life cycle Perennial plant – Plant that lives for more than two years Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Shuka Tsiro Kayan lambu Kayan abinci Pages with unreviewed translations

49072

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA%20franc%20na%20Tsakiyar%20Afrika

CFA franc na Tsakiyar Afrika

CFA ta Tsakiyar Afirka ( Faransanci : franc CFA ko kuma franc kawai ; ISO code : XAF ; gajarta: F.CFA ) kudin kasashe shida masu zaman kansu a Afirka ta Tsakiya : Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Equatorial Guinea da Gabon . Wadannan kasashe shida suna da jimillar yawan jama'a 55.2 mutane miliyan (kamar na 2020), da jimlar GDP na sama da dalar Amurka 200 biliyan (kamar 2022). CFA na nufin Colonies françaises d'Afrique ("Faransa mazauna Afirka"); daga baya aka mayar da suna zuwa Coopération financière en Afrique centrale ("Haɗin gwiwar Kuɗi a Afirka ta Tsakiya"). Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC; Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale ), wanda ke cikin Yaoundé, Kamaru, ne ya ba da shi ga membobin kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi na Afirka ta Tsakiya (CEMAC; Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l 'Afrique Centrale ). An raba franc bisa ga ƙima zuwa santimita 100 amma ba a ba da alamar centimi ba. A cikin ƙasashe da dama na yammacin Afirka, CFA franc na yammacin Afirka, wanda yake daidai da darajar CFA ta Tsakiyar Afirka, yana gudana. Tarihi An gabatar da CFA franc ga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin Equatorial Africa a cikin 1945, wanda ya maye gurbin Faransa Equatorial franc . Yankunan Equatorial na Afirka da ke amfani da kudin CFA sune Chadi, Faransa Kamaru, Faransa Kongo, Gabon da Ubangi-Shari . An ci gaba da amfani da kuɗin lokacin da waɗannan yankuna suka sami 'yancin kai. Equatorial Guinea, wadda ita ce kawai tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Spain a yankin, ta karbi kudin CFA a shekarar 1984, inda ta maye gurbin Equatorial Guinean ekwele a farashin 1 franc = 4 bipkwele. An danganta kudin zuwa Faransa Franc (F) a F.CFA 1 = 2 francs na Faransa daga 1948, ya zama F.CFA 1 = NF 0.02 bayan gabatarwar sabon franc a 1 sabon franc = 100 tsohon francs. A cikin 1994 an rage darajar kudin da rabi zuwa F.CFA 1 = F 0.01. Daga 1999 tun daga lokacin an haɗa shi zuwa Yuro akan €1 = F 6.55957 = F.CFA 655.957. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2023, an gudanar da taron ministoci na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziƙi na Afirka ta Tsakiya (Cemac) da Faransa. Musamman, an tattauna batun CFA franc. A bangaren Faransa kuwa, garantin da aka bayar ga CFA franc, da kuma tabbatar da canjinsa, ana ganinsa a matsayin wani tasiri na daidaita tattalin arzikin yankin. Faransa ta ci gaba da kasancewa "bude" da "samuwa" don ci gaba da yin gyare-gyaren hadin gwiwar hada-hadar kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya, kamar yadda aka samu a yammacin Afirka. Faransa ta ce a shirye ta ke ta karbi shawarwarin CEmac.. Suka A cewar BBC, "masu suka, irin su masu adawa da CFA, sun ce ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaskiya ga kasashen Afirka 14 ba za a iya samu ba ne kawai idan sun kawar da kudaden. Suna jayayya cewa don musanya garantin da baitulmalin Faransa ya bayar, ƙasashen Afirka suna ba da ƙarin kuɗi zuwa Faransa fiye da yadda suke samun taimako. Har ila yau, suna jayayya cewa ba su da wani ra'ayi game da yanke shawara kan muhimman manufofin kudi da kasashen Turai suka amince da su, wadanda ke cikin Tarayyar Turai." Tsabar kudi A cikin 1948, an ba da tsabar kudi don amfani a duk yankuna (ba tare da Faransa Kamaru ba) a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1 da 2 francs. Wannan ita ce fitowa ta ƙarshe ta tsabar kuɗin Franc 2 na kusan shekaru 50. A cikin 1958, an ƙara tsabar kuɗi 5, 10, da 25, waɗanda kuma aka yi amfani da su a Kamarun Faransa. Waɗannan suna da sunan Cameroun ban da États de l'Afrique Equatoriale . A cikin 1961, an gabatar da tsabar nickel 50 franc, sannan kuma nickel franc 100 a 1966. Daga 1971, an ba da tsabar franc 100 ga kowane ɗayan ƙasashe membobin, wanda ke nuna sunan jihar da aka ba su. An kuma bayar da tsabar Franc 50 ta wannan hanya tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1996, bayan an rage girman su. Sai dai a maimakon a nuna sunan jihar kowanne an bai wa wasiƙar tantancewa a saman baya. An ba da tsabar fran 50 mai harafin "A" ga Chadi, "B" na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, "C" na Kongo, "D" na Gabon, da "E" na Kamaru. A cikin 1976, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi na 500 cupro-nickel. Daga 1985, waɗannan su ma jihohi ɗaya ne suka ba da su. A waccan shekarar kuma an gabatar da 5, 25, 50 da 100 franc don amfani a Equatorial Guinea, wanda kwanan nan ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kuɗi, yana nuna duk lakabi da bayanai a cikin Mutanen Espanya maimakon Faransanci na yau da kullun, musamman ma ƙungiyar a matsayin "Franco". "maimakon" franc. Duk da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin wasu tsabar kudin, duk sun kasance na doka kuma ana iya musanyawa a cikin dukkan ƙasashe membobin. A cikin 1996, an sake dawo da samar da tsabar franc 100 na tsakiya, tare da dawo da tsabar franc 500 guda ɗaya a cikin 1998. Duk da faɗuwar sunayen jihohi da haruffan lamba, gabaɗayan ƙirar tsabar kudin ta kasance ba ta canzawa. 2006 ya ga sake fasalin duk ƙungiyoyin tsabar kudi don CFA franc, tare da ƙaddamar da yanki na 2 franc. An rage girman tsabar tsabar 1, 5, 10, da 25, yayin da aka gabatar da sabon tsabar kudin franc 100 bi-metallic, tare da sabon kuma rage girman 500 franc Coin tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro, gami da alamar laser. Duk sabbin tsabar kudi suna kwatanta gajarta "CEMAC" don "Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale". Tsofaffin tsabar kudi suna ci gaba da kasancewa masu tausasawa na doka tare da sabbin tsabar kudi da aka tsara. Duk tsabar kudi na CFA suna nuna alamar mint guda biyu, tare da alamar keɓantacce . Alamar mint tana kan baya a gefen hagu na ƙungiyar yayin da alamar zanen yana kan dama. Takardun kuɗi Lokacin da aka gabatar da kuɗin CFA, bayanin kula da Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") ya fitar a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5, 10, 20, 100, da 1,000 francs suna cikin yaduwa. A cikin 1947, an gabatar da sabon jerin bayanan kula don amfani a cikin Equatorial Afirka ta Faransa, kodayake bayanan ba su ɗauke da sunan mazauna ba. An ba da bayanin kula a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 1,000 francs, sannan na franc 500 a 1949, da kuma franc 5,000 a 1952. A cikin 1957, Institut d'Émission de l'Afrique Équatoriale Française et du Cameroun ta ɗauki nauyin samar da kuɗin takarda, ta ba da duk ƙungiyoyin da suka gabata banda lissafin 500-franc. A cikin 1961, Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Équatoriale et du Cameroun ya ɗauki nauyin samar da takardar kuɗi, tare da bayanin kula da ke ƙasa da franc 100 da aka daina bayarwa. Sunan bankin ya canza zuwa Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Équatoriale a cikin 1963. An gabatar da takardun kuɗi na franc 10,000 a cikin 1968, yayin da kuɗin franc 10 aka maye gurbinsu da tsabar kuɗi a cikin 1971. A cikin 1975, sunan bankin ya sake canjawa zuwa Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale kuma jihohi ɗaya sun fara ba da bayanin kula da sunayensu, a cikin ƙungiyoyin 500, 1,000, 5,000 da 10,000 francs. Wannan aikin ya ƙare a 1993. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an fitar da takardun banki tare da wasiƙa kawai da aka baje kolin don bambance tsakanin batutuwan jihohin. An gabatar da takardun kuɗin franc 2,000 a cikin 1993. Lambobin haruffan ƙasa sune kamar haka: Jerin 1993: C – E – F – L – N – P – Jerin 2002: A – C – F – M – T – U – (Official Site of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa) Central African CFA franc Banknotes Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kudi Kudade Afirka Afirka ta Tsakiya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanci%20mai%20kyau

Yanci mai kyau

'Yanci mai kyau shi ne mallakar iko da albarkatu don yin aiki da 'yancin son rai a cikin mahallin al'umma mai fa'ida wanda ke sanya iyaka akan ikon mutum na yin aiki, sabanin 'yanci mara kyau, wanda shi ne 'yanci daga kamewa ko tauyewa daga ayyukan mutum. Kamar yadda Wani Masani Heyman ya lura, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ma’anonin ‘yanci guda biyu na Ishaya Berlin dangane da yanayin akida na shekarar 1950, don haka tunanin ’yanci mai kyau ya haɗa da ’yanci daga ƙaƙƙarfan waje, wanda ke haifar da fahimtar ’yanci mai kyau a cikin mahallin. na hukumar dan adam . A cewar Charles Taylor, 'Yanci mai kyau shine ikon cika manufar mutum. 'Yanci mara kyau shine 'yanci daga tsoma baki daga wasu. Ma'anar tsari da hukuma sune samun tsakiyar manufar 'yanci mai kyau saboda don samun 'yanci, ya kamata mutum ya kasance cikin 'yanci daga hana tsarin zamantakewa wajen aiwatar da ' yancin kansa. A tsari, classism, jima'i, shekaru, iyawa da wariyar launin fata na iya hana 'yancin mutum. Kamar yadda tabbataccen 'yanci ya fi damuwa da mallakar hukumar zamantakewa, ana haɓaka ta ta ikon 'yan ƙasa su shiga cikin gwamnati kuma a gane muryoyinsu, bukatu, da damuwarsu kuma a yi aiki da su. Rubutun Ishaya Berlin " Ra'ayoyi Biyu na 'Yanci " shekarata (1958) yawanci an yarda da su a matsayin farkon wanda ya zana a sarari tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau. Bayanin Charles Taylor ya yi aiki don warware ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka raba ra'ayoyin 'tabbatacce' da 'marasa kyau' na 'yanci, kamar yadda aka bambanta su a cikin maƙalar Ishaya Berlin, sannan Kuma 'Ma'anar 'yanci biyu'. Yana ganin ba za a iya musantawa ba cewa akwai iyalai guda biyu na tunanin 'yancin siyasa. Don haka, Taylor ya fayyace cewa a fili akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa. Wanda ke da nufin ayyana 'yanci na musamman dangane da 'yancin kai na mutum daga tsoma baki daga wasu, ya Kuma kasance gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, ko masu zaman kansu; Hakazalika, a fili, waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna ƙalubalantar waɗanda suka yi imani cewa 'yanci yana zaune aƙalla a cikin wani ɓangare na ikon gama kai kan rayuwar gama gari. 'Yanci mara kyau ra'ayi ne wanda galibi ana amfani dashi a falsafar siyasa. Ra'ayin cewa 'yanci yana nufin samun damar yin abin da kuke so, Sannan ba tare da wani cikas na waje ba. An soki wannan ra'ayi don zama mai sauƙi kuma ba tare da la'akari da mahimmancin fahimtar kansa ba. Taylor ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yanci mara kyau bai wuce kalmar falsafa ba kuma ana samun 'yanci na gaske lokacin da aka yi la'akari da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kuma Ya ba da shawarar 'yanci mai kyau na yare a matsayin hanyar samun 'yanci mara kyau da tabbatacce, ta hanyar shawo kan rashin daidaiton da ke raba mu. A cewar Taylor, takaita bayyana ra’ayin mutane na addini da na dabi’a ya fi muhimmanci fiye da takaita zirga-zirga a sassan kasar da ba kowa; kuma duka biyun suna da mahimmanci fiye da abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci na sarrafa zirga-zirga. To Amma makircin Hobbesian ba shi da wuri don ra'ayi na mahimmanci. Zai ba da izini kawai don yanke hukunci kawai. Bugu da ari, Taylor yayi jayayya cewa ra'ayin Hobbes-Bentham ba shi da kariya a matsayin ra'ayi na 'yanci. Fuskantar wannan tsari mai matakai biyu, yana da alama mafi aminci da sauƙi don dakatar da shi a matakin farko, sannan don dagewa da tabbaci cewa 'yanci lamari ne kawai na rashin cikas na waje, cewa, saboda haka, ya ƙunshi ba tare da nuna bambanci na dalili da izini ba. ka'ida babu zato na biyu na batun da wani. Wannan shine ainihin dabarun Maginot Line kuma yana da jaraba sosai; (a nan, Taylor yana magana ne akan hanyoyin da mutum zai iya “ƙarfafa” hujja). To Amma, ya yi iƙirarin wannan ba daidai ba ne, ba za mu iya kare ra'ayi na 'yancin kai wanda ba ya haɗa da aƙalla wasu bambance-bambance masu kyau game da dalili, wanda ba ya sanya wasu ƙuntatawa akan dalili a cikin abubuwan da suka dace don 'yanci, don haka wanda zai iya yin mulki. fitar da zato na biyu bisa manufa. Sabili da haka, Taylor yayi jayayya don bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mara kyau da mai kyau wanda ke nuna mahimmancin adalci na zamantakewa. Tarihi Ka'idar 'yanci ta Jean-Jacques Rousseau, bisa ga yadda ake samun 'yancin kai na mutum ta hanyar shiga cikin tsarin da al'ummarsu ke gudanar da ayyukansu na gama-gari a kan al'amuransu bisa ga "wadda ta gama-gari ". Wasu suna fassara The Social Contract don nuna cewa Rousseau ya yi imanin cewa 'yanci shine ikon kowane ɗan ƙasa don yin aiki a cikin gwamnati don kawo canje-canje; Kuma wannan shine ainihin ikon mulkin kai da dimokuradiyya . ya ce, "abin sha'awa kawai shine bauta, yayin da bin doka da muka tsara kanmu shine 'yanci." Ga Rousseau, wucewa daga yanayin yanayi zuwa na farar hula ya maye gurbin adalci ga ilhami yana ba ayyukansa kyawawan dabi'un da suke da su a da. GFW Hegel ya rubuta a cikin wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi na falsafar dama (a cikin wani bangare da ya gabatar da manufar m dama ) amma kawai kan 'yanci a cikin m "da kuma" aikin " shine samun ainihin mu, samun 'yanci mai kyau Misalai A cikin bayanin ingantaccen 'yanci daga Stanford Encyclopedia of Falsafa ,A takaice dai, mutum zai iya cewa al’ummar dimokuradiyya al’umma ce mai ‘yanci domin al’umma ce mai cin gashin kanta, kuma dan wannan al’ummar yana da ‘yanci gwargwadon yadda ya shiga cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya. Amma akwai kuma aikace-aikacen ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ra'ayi na ingantaccen 'yanci. Misali, wani lokaci ana cewa gwamnati ta himmatu sosai wajen samar da yanayin da ya kamata daidaikun mutane su kasance masu dogaro da kansu ko kuma su kai ga gaci. A cikin "Mayar da Kwangilar Jama'a", Ron Replogle ya yi kwatancen da ke taimakawa wajen fahimtar 'yanci mai kyau. “Tabbas, ba cin zarafi ba ne a matsayina na mutum idan ka ɗauki mukullin motata, ba tare da so ba, lokacin da na sha abin sha. Babu wani abu mai banƙyama game da yin yarjejeniya tun da farko tana ba da kulawa ta uba a cikin yanayi lokacin da ƙwarewarmu ta buɗe ga shakku." A kuma wannan ma'anar, 'yanci mai kyau shine bin tsarin ƙa'idodin da duk bangarorin da abin ya shafa suka amince da su, waɗanda dukkansu dole ne su yarda da kowane canji ga ƙa'idodin. Don haka, ingantaccen 'yanci falsafar ɗan kwangila ce. Duk da haka, Ishaya Berlin ya yi adawa da duk wata shawara cewa uba da 'yancin walwala na iya zama daidai. Ya bayyana cewa za a iya amfani da kyakkyawar ’yanci ne kawai a lokacin da za a cire ’yanci daga mutum yana neman wani zaɓi ne da kansa ya yi, ba ƙa’idar gamayya ta al’umma ko ra’ayin wani ba. Idan mutum ya cire mukullin motar direba ba tare da son ransa ba saboda ya sha da yawa, wannan ya zama 'yanci mai kyau kawai idan direban ya yanke shawarar da ya dace da ra'ayin kansa, Kuma tun da farko cewa ba za su tuƙi a bugu ba. Don haka, ta hanyar cire maɓallan, ɗayan ya sauƙaƙe wannan shawarar kuma ya tabbatar da cewa za a kiyaye shi ta fuskar ɗabi'a mai ban sha'awa (watau shan) direba. Ga mai cirewa don cire maɓallan idan babu irin wannan niyya da direba ya bayyana, shiyasa saboda mai cirewa yana jin cewa direban bai kamata ya tuƙi bugu ba, ubanci ne, kuma ba tabbataccen 'yanci ta ma'anar Berlin ba. Erich Fromm yana ganin banbance tsakanin nau'ikan 'yanci guda biyu da ke fitowa tare da juyin halittar dan adam nesa ba kusa ba daga aikin ilhami wanda ke nuna kananan sifofin dabbobi. Wannan fanni na 'yanci, in ji shi, "ba a nan ana amfani da shi ba a ma'anarsa mai kyau na 'yanci don' amma a cikin mummunan ma'anar 'yanci daga', wato 'yanci daga ƙaddarar basirar ayyukansa." Ga Fromm, 'yanci daga ilhami na dabba a fakaice yana nuna cewa rayuwa yanzu ya dogara ne akan wajabcin tsara tafarki na mutum. Kuma Ya danganta wannan bambanci ga labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na korar mutum daga Adnin : 'Yanci mai kyau, ya kiyaye kuma, ya zo ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaituwa tare da rabuwa daga duka: "ƙantawa tare da dukan mutane", haɗin kai ba ta hanyar ilhami ko ƙayyadaddun dangantaka ba, amma a kan 'yancin da aka kafa akan dalili. Duba wasu abubuwan 'Yancin juna Hakkoki mara kyau da tabbatacce 'Yanci na gaske Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka <i id="mwdg">Tarkon</i> (jerin shirin talabijin) Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu 978-1412965804 Nicholas Dent, Rousseau, Routledge, 2005. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Uruguay

Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Uruguay

Jamhuriyar Uruguay tana a Kudancin Amirka, tsakanin Argentina, Brazil da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika, tana kuma da yawan mutane 3,332,972. Uruguay ta sami 'yancin kai da mulkin mallaka daga Spain a cikin shekara ta 1828 kuma tana da cikakken iko akan al'amuranta na ciki da na waje. Daga shekarar 1973-1985 Uruguay ta kasance karkashin mulkin kama-karya na farar hula wanda ya tabka cin zarafin bil adama da dama. Uruguay gabaɗaya ta himmatu wajen haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da matsayi a matsayin ƙasa mafi sanin haƙƙin haƙƙin a Kudancin Amurka. Sai dai har yanzu abubuwan da ke cikin damuwa sun hada da gidajen yari na rashin mutuntawa, samun damar yin shari'a kan laifukan da aka aikata sakamakon kama-karya da nuna wariya ga mata. Tsarin doka Wajibi na kasa da kasa Uruguay ta rattaba hannu kuma ta amince da yawancin yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa ba tare da tabo ba, gami da: Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Haƙƙin Jama'a da Siyasa (ICCPR) Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata (CERD) Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) Yarjejeniyar Yaƙi da Azaba (CAT) Uruguay kuma ta amince da ƙa'idojin Zaɓin biyu zuwa ICCPR . Uruguay tana da ajiyar gaba ɗaya/bayani guda ɗaya dangane da labarin 38, sakin layi na 2-3 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC) wacce ta shafi shigar matasa cikin rikicin makami. Uruguay tana ƙarƙashin tsarin Bita na lokaci-lokaci na Duniya kamar yadda ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Ya kammala zagaye biyu na Bita na Lokaci na Duniya, na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2013. Uruguay ta amince da ikon Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-American a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka . A ranar 18 ga Maris na shekara ta 2005 Uruguay ta ba da “gayyata a tsaye” ga duk ziyarce-ziyarcen da aka yi na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A cikin 2007 kuma an ba da wannan gayyata ga Hukumar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka da Kotun Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Inter-American. Cibiyoyin ƙasa A cikin 2008, an kafa Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ƙasa (INDDH) don "kare, haɓakawa da kare" haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uruguay. Hukumar ta ba da shawara kan rattaba hannu da amincewa da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, aiwatar da ayyuka don kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma binciken take hakkin dan Adam. Akwai wasu cibiyoyi daban-daban don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu sassa na gwamnati, kamar: Ofishin kwamishinan majalissar dokoki na tsarin gidan yari Ofishin Ombudsman Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta ma'aikatar ilimi da al'adu Ofishin Ba da Shawarar Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Hukumar Shari'a ta Uruguay Hukumar yaki da wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki, da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya an kafa ta ne a shekarar 2007 duk da haka ba ta da kasafin kasafi tun 2010, kuma wa'adin mambobinta ya ci tura. Uruguay has one general reservation/declaration with regard to article 38, paragraphs 2-3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) which deals with youth involvement in armed conflict. It has completed two rounds of the Universal Periodic Review, the latest in 2013. Various other institutions exist to promote human rights in particular areas of government, such as: Tsarin Mulki Kundin tsarin mulkin Uruguay ya tanadi tanadi don gudanar da mulkin Uruguay. Kundin tsarin mulkin Uruguay doka ce koli kuma a ƙarƙashin Mataki na ashirin da 256 Kotun Koli ta Shari'a na iya ayyana dokokin da ba su dace ba. Yana tsara iko da ayyukan hukumomin zartarwa, na majalisa da na shari'a na Gwamnati. Ya ba wa kowane mutum daidaito a gaban doka kuma sashe na biyu ya amince da wasu haƙƙoƙi na asali. Mataki na 72 ya nuna cewa haƙƙoƙin da aka lissafa ba su ƙarewa ba kuma sun haɗa da wasu haƙƙoƙin "da ke cikin ɗan adam ko waɗanda aka samo daga tsarin gwamnati na jamhuriya." Mataki na ashirin da 332 kuma ya bayyana cewa ba shi da ma'ana idan babu takamaiman ƙa'ida don haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai da aka ayyana a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki kamar yadda ƙa'idodin shari'a da koyarwa gabaɗaya suke kamanceceniya. Abubuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam Matsalar 'yan kasa Dangane da kundin tsarin mulkin Uruguay da doka 16.021 'yan asalin ƙasar Uruguay na doka ba za su iya samun ɗan ƙasa na Uruguay ba, kuma mutanen da ke da ɗan ƙasar Uruguay ba za su iya barin ƙasarsu ta Uruguay ba. Ya sabawa Dokar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya ta 15. Wannan yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa a cikin balaguron ƙasa, hukumci, saka hannun jari, mallakar kadarori, bayyana kadara, aure, kora, wariya, da sauransu. 'Yan ƙasa na doka na Uruguay suna da hakkin samun fasfo na Uruguay. An soke hukuncin kisa a Uruguay. 'Yancin faɗin albarkacin baki An tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Wannan ya hada da 'yanci a duk hanyoyin yada labarai ciki har da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Gwamnati gaba daya tana mutunta wadannan hakkoki. A cikin 2012 gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa talabijin na dijital za ta kasance kyauta kuma ba ta da iyaka a cikin Uruguay. A cikin shekara ta 2014 ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yaba da dokar ta Sabis na Sadarwar Kayayyakin Aiki a matsayin abin koyi ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na Latin Amurka. Dokar tana aiki don rage tattara hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da ƙirƙirar lamiri ga 'yan jarida. Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki ya lura cewa akwai lokuta na tashin hankali da tsoratarwa ga 'yan jarida kamar harin 2011 ga Luis Diaz da 'yan sanda suka yi a Salto a shekara ta 2011. Uruguay ta samu ci gaba wajen sake fasalin amfani da kararrakin batanci a lokacin da wata maslaha ta jama'a ta kasance amma har yanzu irin wannan ƙara na iya kawo cikas ga binciken 'yan jarida. . 'Yancin addini Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Uruguay ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin yin addini kuma ya bayyana cewa ƙasa ba ta goyan bayan wani addini na musamman. Wasu suna jayayya Uruguay ta wuce tsaka tsaki mai sauƙi kuma a zahiri masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne. Ba a ba da ilimin addini kuma ba a hana shi a makarantun gwamnati kuma gwamnati tana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani aiki mai zaman kansa. Jihar ta zaɓi bukukuwan addini na gargajiya tare da canza musu suna ta hanyar zamani ( Easter a matsayin "Makon yawon buɗe ido"). Akwai rahotanni na wulakanci na cin zarafi dangane da nuna bambanci na addini, ciki har da kyamar Yahudawa, amma wadanda abin ya shafa sun ba da rahoton haɗin kai mai taimako tare da 'yan sanda kan binciken waɗannan al'amura. Some argue Uruguay goes further than simple neutrality and is in fact secular fundamentalist. Hakkokin zabe Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Uruguay ya kafa jamhuriyar demokraɗiyya ta zaɓe . Ikon majalissar yana da hannun Babban Taro na kyamarorin biyu kuma Hukumar Zartaswa ta dauki nauyin Shugaban kasa da nada majalisar ministoci. Ana zabar kowannensu na wa'adin shekaru biyar ta hanyar zaɓe na duniya . Wadanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba da ke zaune a Uruguay na akalla shekaru 15 kuma waɗanda suka mallaki babban birnin kasar na iya kaɗa kuri'a. Ana zaɓen Babban Taro ne ta hanyar rufaffiyar wakilci mai ma'ana da kuma Shugaban ƙasa ta hanyar mafi rinjaye. Uruguay kuma yana ba da tsarin shahararren raba gardama . Wannan hanyar dimokuradiyya kai tsaye tana ba 'yan ƙasa damar amincewa da sauye-sauye na Majalisar, da neman a soke dokoki da kafa sabuwar doka ta hanyar jama'a. Uruguay tana da ƙaƙƙarfan dokar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, musamman dokar nuna gaskiya (Law Cristal) wacce ta gabatar da alhakin laifuka kan wasu ayyukan jami'an gwamnati kamar satar dukiyar jama'a. Bugu da ƙari kuma, kwanan nan Uruguay ta gabatar da ƙayyadaddun jinsi don sake zaɓen, wanda ke buƙatar wakilci dai-dai a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan takara. 'Yanci daga azabtarwa da zalunci, wulakanci da cin mutunci Uruguay ta rattaba hannu kan manyan yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da suka haramta aiwatar da azabtarwa irin su CAT da ICCPR, gami da ka'idojin zaɓi ga ICCPR da CAT waɗanda suka amince da ikon Kwamitin Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kwamitin yaƙi da azabtarwa don karɓa da la'akari da korafe-korafe. dangane da azabtarwa da cin zarafi. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar bai ƙunshi bayyanannun 'yanci daga tanadin azabtarwa ba amma ya ba da 'yancin jin daɗin rayuwa, yanci, tsaro da dukiyoyi. The Penal Code ya ƙunshi tanadin laifukan cin zarafin hukuma daga jami'an gwamnati a cikin tsarin gidan yari da kuma labarin 22.1 na Dokar Haɗin kai tare da Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifukan Duniya game da Yaki da Kisa, Laifukan Yaki da Laifukan Kan Bil'adama suna aikata laifin azabtarwa daga kowane wakilin Jiha. ciki har da zalunci, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci. Duk da haka, mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan azabtarwa (SR) ya lura cewa ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da wannan doka don laifukan daidaikun mutane ba amma a hade su a matsayin laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama kuma ya bukaci a yi gyara don canza wannan. azabtarwa ba matsala ce ta tsari ba duk da haka 'yan sanda da sauran hukumomi kan keta haƙƙin fursunoni lokaci-lokaci. Ana samun rahotannin duka da kuma yadda ‘yan sanda da ma’aikatan gidan yari suka yi amfani da karfi fiye da kima. Wakilin na musamman ya lura cewa yanayin gidan yari lamari ne da ya kai ga zalunci, wulakanci da cin mutunci. Tsarin gidan yari a Uruguay a cikin 2013 yana da ƙarfin 125% kuma SR ya gano cewa yanayi "abin cin mutunci ne ga mutuncin ɗan adam". An gano cewa fursunonin sun hana ruwa, ban daki, kula da lafiya, da kuma karancin wurin kwana kuma an bar su daga dakinsu na sa'o'i hudu kawai a mako. Wannan ba daidai ba ne a cikin gidajen yarin kuma wasu fursunoni masu girman tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun more mafi kyawun wurare. SR ta gano cewa kusan dukkanin matsalolin sun samo asali ne sakamakon rashin kuskuren shirin shari'ar laifuka. Yawan yin amfani da tsare tsare kafin shari’a da kuma tafiyar hawainiyar tsarin shari’a ya haifar da cunkoson jama’a tare da cakuduwar fursunonin da ake tsare da su kafin a fara shari’a da fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukunci, wanda hakan ya saba wa zaton ba a yi laifi ba . An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 68% na duk fursunoni suna jiran shari'a. Uruguay ta samu ci gaba tun bayan ziyarar da wakilin na musamman ya kai. Dokar gidan yari ta gaggawa ta ba da ƙarin kudade don kayan aikin gidan yari kuma ta ba da damar tsare fursunoni a wuraren soji don rage cunkoso. A ziyarar ta sa SR ya sami ingantuwa da karuwa a wasu gidajen yari da kuma gyare-gyare ga tsarin kula da gidajen yari amma ya sake bukaci gwamnati da ta ci gaba da bin cikakken tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Samun damar yin adalci / rashin hukunci Daga shekara ta 1973-1985 Uruguay ta kasance karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soja. A wannan lokacin an tabka cin zarafi da dama da suka hada da azabtarwa, tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma tilasta bacewar mutane. Domin hana wani juyin mulki, lokacin da aka mayar da dimokiradiyya a Uruguay gwamnati ta zartar da Ley de Caducidad de la Pretensión Punitiva del Estado ko Amnesty/Expiry Law a 1986 wanda ya ba da kariya ga sojoji da 'yan sanda daga tuhuma kan laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya. Mataki na 4 na dokar ya janye hakkin da shari'a ke da shi na gudanar da bincike game da cin zarafi don tabbatar da ikon zartarwa. Har yanzu dai bangaren shari'a na daukar kararraki domin tursasa gwamnati ta yi amfani da ikonta na Mataki na 4 kuma manyan shari'o'i irin na Elena Quinteros sun cimma hakan. Shugaba Vasquez ya bude shari'o'in da ke faruwa kafin juyin mulkin don gudanar da bincike. A shekara ta 2011 Kotun Koli ta bayyana Dokar Karewa ba ta da ka'ida a cikin shari'o'i daban-daban guda uku. Matsin lamba daga Gelman da Uruguay yanke shawara na Inter-American Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ya kai ga soke da warewa Dokar a 2011 tare da nassi na Dokar No. 18.831. Sai dai abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan na ci gaba da gurgunta samun adalci ga wadanda mulkin kama-karya ya rutsa da su sannan kuma sun sake yin kasadar rashin bin ƙa'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Kotun Koli ta sami Dokar No 18.831 da ta kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar yadda ka'idar iyaka ya kamata a yi amfani da lokacin mulkin kama-karya kuma cewa laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin bai kamata a rarraba su a matsayin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama ba. Shawarar ta shafi batun ne kawai amma yana nuna rashin jin daɗin yin adalci. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta gano cewa ba a samu ci gaba kaɗan ba tun bayan yanke shawarar tabbatar da cewa an kididdige laifukan. Kwamitin tabbatar da bacewar ya bayyana a cikin rahotonsa na shekarar 2013 cewa hukuncin da kotun koli ta yanke ya bayyana cewa mutanen da suka bace sama da shekaru 30 sun mutu, kuma batu ne na kisan kai don haka ya dugunzuma kokarin binciken bacewar da aka yi. A karkashin doka, mata suna da daidaito. An tanadi daidaiton jinsi a cikin dokoki da dama kamar: Dokar 16,045 ta hana nuna bambanci a wurin aiki Mataki na 321 na kundin laifuffuka ya sanya tashin hankalin cikin gida wani laifi ne daban Doka ta 17,823 wacce ta bai wa yara 'yancin yin mu'amala a karkashin yanayin daidaito Dokar 17,817 ta yi magana game da wariyar launin fata da kowane nau'i na wariya Har ila yau, cin zarafin mata wani batu ne kuma wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa ya lura cewa matakin da jihar ta ɗauka bai dace ba musamman gazawarta wajen aiwatar da shirin yaki da cin zarafi a cikin gida. Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil’adama sun kuma lura da cewa an samu karuwar korafe-korafen cin zarafi a cikin gida, kuma shirye-shiryen jihar ba su yi nasara ba wajen rage yawan mace-macen mata. A cikin shekara ta 2012 an soke zubar da ciki duk da haka akwai cikas ga samun damar hanyar kamar wajibi na kwanaki biyar da kuma bitar da wani kwamitin kwararru ya yi. Idan akwai ciki daga fyaɗe, dole ne wanda aka yi wa fyaɗen ya kai kara ga 'yan sanda kafin a iya sanyawa zubar da ciki. Wannan matsala ce kamar yadda bayanai ke nuni da cewa wasu da aka yi wa fyade ba sa shigar da kara saboda kyama da kuma fargabar ramuwar gayya. Samun lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa yana da kyau gaba ɗaya tare da samar da rigakafin hana haihuwa kyauta. Tun daga shekara ta 2004 an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin adadin sabis na kayyade iyali a duk faɗin Uruguay. Duk da tanade-tanaden doka, a wasu lokuta har yanzu mata suna fuskantar rashin daidaito kamar aikin yi ko rashin daidaiton albashi. Ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Mata ta Ƙasa da Tsarin Dama Dama daidai na Gwamnatin Municipal na Montevideo yana taimakawa wajen samun ci gaba. Duba kuma Nakasa a Uruguay Fataucin mutane a Uruguay Hakkin LGBT a Uruguay Karuwanci a Uruguay Mata a Uruguay Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje OHCHR Page na Uruguay Littafin Gaskiyar Duniya: Uruguay Shafin hukuma na shugaban Uruguay Amnesty International: Uruguay Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Dokoki Dokar Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

8797

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam%20Malik%20Ibn%20Anas

Imam Malik Ibn Anas

Mālik b. Anas b. Mālik b. Abī ʿĀmir b. ʿAmr b. al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. G̲h̲aymān b. K̲h̲ut̲h̲ayn b. ʿAmr b. al-Ḥārit̲h̲ al-Aṣbaḥī, Anfi sanin sa da Mālik ibn Anas Da larabci: مالك بن أنس‎ ya rayu daga shekara ta; 711 zuwa shekarar 795 CE ko kuma daga shekara ta 93 zuwa shekarar 179 (AH) akan kira shi da Imam Mālik, Malamin Musulunci, Balarabe, kuma faqihi, Alkali ne, Malamin Tauhidi, da hadisi Malamin Sunnahr Manzon Allah tsira amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gare shi. An haife shi a birnin Madina, Malik ya kasance shahararren malamin hadisi a lokacinsa, Wanda ya yi kokarin dabbakasu a dukkanin dokokin rayuwarsa da karantarwarsa ta yadda ya samar da tsarin fiqhun da ake kira Malikiyya a bayan rasuwarsa, karatunsa ya ci gaba da fadada da albarka tun bayan rayuwarsa har zuwa yau Malaman lokacinsa suna kiranshi da Imam din Madina (Malamin Madina), Karantarwa Imam Malik tasamu karbuwa da kauna daga al'ummah daban daban tun a zamaninsa har izuwa yau, musamman fannin karutunsa na fiqihu, hakane ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin manyan Malamai hudu (4) da duniyar musulunci ta yarda da abi karantarwarsu wato Mazhabar Imamu Malik. Malikiyya, haka yasa ta zama tafarki na koyi da bin Sunnah a musulunci sanadiyar haka har zuwa yau ana bin tafarkin Mazhabar Malikiyya a Kasashen duniya daban daban, kamar mafiya yawan kasashen nahiyar Arewacin Afirka, Andalusiya, kasar Egypt, da wasu yankunan kasashen Syria, Yemen, Sudan, Irak, da Khorasan, Mazharbar Malikiyya ba wai kawai 'yan ahlussunah suka yarda da ita ba, dan kuwa ita ce tafarki ga yan tariqa Sufaye, tare da Shadiliyya da Tijaniyyah, sanadiyar ganin cewa Imam Malik ya yi karatu ne a hannun jikan Manzon Allah (SAW) wato dan yaron Nana Fatima Alhasan Ibn Ali, Ja'afar. Duk da yake Imam Malik ya yi abubuwa da dama dan ci gaban musulunci a tarihin addinin amma mafi shaharar aikinsa shi ne littafinsa wato Muwatta, ta kakasance tana daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi shaharar littafi da ta tattara hadisan manzon Allah na farko kafin almajirinsa dalibinsa Bukhari ya wallafa Sahihul BuKhari, Muwatta Malik ta kasance daya daga cikin littafan farko na shari'a a musulunci," Tarihi Cikakken sunansa Baban Abdullah Mālik dan Anas dan Mālik dan Abī 'Āmir dan 'Amr Ibnul-Hārith dan Ghaimān dan Khuthail dan 'Amr Ibnul-Haarith. Imam Malik mahaifinsa shi ne Anas dan Malik (bashi bane sahabi Anas ibn Malik wanda sunansu daya) da mahaifiyarsa Aaliyah yar Shurayk al-Azdiyya a birnin Madina circa 711. Zuriyarsu daga zuriyar kabilar al-Asbahi, mutanen Yemen, amma kakan kakansa Abu 'Amir ya canja wurin zamansu zuwa garin Madina bayan Musuluntarsa Musulunci a shekara ta biyu bayan Hijri, ko shekara ta 623 CE. Kakansa Malik ibn Abi Amir dalibin Halipha Umar ne, kuma ya na daya daga cikin wadanda suka tattara Qur'an a inda akai asalin rubuta shi, wanda su ne aka hadasu zuwa littafi lokacin Halifancin Uthman. kamar yadda littafin Al-Muwatta ya bayyana shi, Imam Malik mai tsayi ne, Kakkaura, imposing of stature, yanada haske sosai, tare da farin gashi da gemu da sanko, yana da cikan gemu da launin idanu Kore. Malamansa Kasancewarsa wanda aka haifa kuma ya rayu a Madina ya sa Imam Malik ya samu daman kasancewa da shahararrun Malamai na farkon Musulunci. Ya haddace alkurani a samartakarsa, wanda yakoyi karantawa daga Malaminsa Abu Suhail Nafi' ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, kuma a hannun sa ne, yakarbi Ijazah, wato tabbaci da yarda na umurnin ya karantar da wasu. Ya kuma yi karatu a karkashin shahararrun Malamai da dama, wadanda suka hada da Malam Hisham ibn Urwah, Malam Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, da kuma Malam Imam Abu Hanifa, wanda yasamar da Mazhabar Hanafiyya, karkashin jikokin manzon Allah, kamar, Jafar al Sadiq. Wannan ne takara bayyanar da irin kusanci da girmamawa na zaman lafiya dake tsakanin ahlus-Sunnah Hanafiyya da Malikiyya agu daya. Tsarkakkiyar Hanyar Rawayarsa Isnadin Imam Malik na ruwayoyin hadisansa, ana ganin itace mafi kyautatuwa da inganci kuma akikiran isnadinsa da Silsilat al-Dhahab wato "Ruwaya ta Sila zinariya" daga shahararrun Malaman hadisi harda Imamul Muhammad Al-Bukhari. Jerin ruwayarsa ta zinari (wanda manyan Malamimai hadisai suka yarda itace take da isnadi mafi inganci) ta hada da, wato ta kunshi shi Imam Malik, wanda ya ruwaito daga Malamin sa Nafi‘ Mawla ibn ‘Umar, wanda shi kuma ya ruwaito daga Abdullahi dan Umar, wanda shi kuma yaji daga manzon Allah Muhammad (SAW). Ambatonsa A Hadisi An ruwaito acikin hadisi ingantacce daga Muhammad ibn `Isa at-Tirmidhi, wanda manzon Allah tsira da amincin Allah sun tabbata agare shi, yace: “Ankusa mutane zasu fara bugun "cikunnan rakuma"¹ domin neman ilimi, kuma bazasu sami kowa ba, fiye da Mai ilimi Malamin Madina.” Qadi Ayyad, Al-Dhahabi da wadansu manyan malamai tare dasu Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah, ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani, Ibn Mahdi, Yahya ibn Ma'in, Dhu’ayb ibn `Imama, Ibn al-Madini, da dai sauran su, sun yarda da cewar wannan Malamin da Manzon Allah ke nufi; Imam Malik ibn Anas, ne. Dan saida yakaiga shaharansa a karantarwa a garin Madina mutane daga ko'ina na duniya ke taruwa a masallacin Annabi Dan daukan karatun sa. Manazarta

47970

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasahar%20Afirka

Fasahar Afirka

Fasahar Afirka ta bayyana zane-zane na zamani da na tarihi, siffofi, shigarwa, da sauran al'adu na gani daga ƴan asalin Afirka ko ƴan asalin Afirka da nahiyar Afirka. Ma'anar na iya haɗawa da fasahar Afirka, kamar: Afirkawan-Amurka, Caribbean ko fasaha a cikin al'ummomin Kudancin Amurka waɗanda al'adun Afirka suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Duk da wannan bambancin kuma, akwai jigogi na fasaha da ke tattare da juna yayin la'akari da dukkan al'adun gani daga nahiyar Afirka. Ginin tukwane, aikin ƙarfe, zane-zane, gine-gine, zane-zanen masana'antu da zane-zanensa sune mahimman siffofin zane-zane a duk faɗin Afirka kuma ana iya haɗa su a cikin nazarin fasahar Afirka. Kalmar "Fasahar Afirka" yawanci ba ta haɗa da fasahar yankunan Arewacin Afirka a bakin tekun Bahar Rum, saboda irin waɗannan yankuna sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adu daban-daban. Fiye da shekaru dubu, fasahar irin waɗannan yankuna sun zama wani ɓangare na Berber ko fasahar Islama, kodayake suna da halaye da yawa na gida. Fasahar Habasha, tare da kuma doguwar al'adar Kirista, ta bambanta da na mafi yawan Afirka, inda addinin gargajiya na Afirka (tare da Islama a arewa) ya kasance mai rinjaye har zuwa karni na 20. Fasahar Afirka ta haɗa da fasahar prehistoric da tsohuwar, fasahar Islama ta Yammacin Afirka, fasahar Kirista ta Gabashin Afirka, da kayan gargajiya na waɗannan da sauran yankuna. Yawancin siffofin Afirka sun kasance a tarihi a cikin itace da sauran kayan halitta waɗanda ba su tsira daga baya fiye da ƴan ƙarni da suka gabata ba, kodayake ana iya samun tukwane da adadi na ƙarfe a wasu yankuna. Wasu daga cikin kayan ado na farko, kamar su beads na harsashi da shaidar fenti, an gano su a Afirka, tun daga Zamanin Tsakiya. Masks abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci a cikin fasahar mutane da yawa, tare da kuma siffofin mutane, kuma galibi suna da Stylized sosai. Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban, sau da yawa suna bambanta a cikin wannan mahallin asalin kuma dangane da amfani da abu, amma yanayin yanki mai yawa a bayyane yake; zane-zane ya fi yawa a tsakanin "ƙungiyoyin manoma da suka zauna a yankunan da kogin Nijar da Kongo suka zubar" a Yammacin Afirka. Hotuna kai tsaye na alloli ba su da yawa, amma masks musamman ana yin su ko kuma ana yin su ne don bukukuwan al'ada. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 an sami karuwar fasahar Afirka a cikin tarin Yamma, mafi kyawun sassan da aka nuna a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin mulkin mallaka. Fasahar Afirka tana da muhimmiyar tasiri a kan fasahar zamani ta Turai, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar sha'awar su ga zane-zane. Wannan godiya ce ga siffofin Afirka da aka danganta da ainihin manufar "fasahar Afirka", kamar yadda masu zane-zane da masana tarihi na Turai da Amurka suka gani. Al'adun Yammacin Afirka sun haɓaka gyaran tagulla don zane-zane, kamar sanannun Benin Bronzes, don yin ado da manyan gidaje da kuma shugabannin sarauta masu kyau daga kusa da garin Bini na Benin City, Jihar Edo, da kuma a cikin terracotta ko ƙarfe, daga ƙarni na 12th. Nauyin zinare na Akan wani nau'i ne na ƙananan siffofin ƙarfe da aka samar a cikin shekara ta 1400-1900; wasu a bayyane suke wakiltar karin magana, suna ba da gudummawa ga wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin siffofin Afirka; kuma sarauta sun haɗa da abubuwa masu ban sha'awar zinariya. Ana kuma amfani da adadi da yawa na Yammacin Afirka a cikin al'adun addini kuma galibi ana rufe su da kayan da aka sanya a kansu don hadayu na bikin. Mutanen da ke magana da Mande na wannan yankin suna yin ɓangarori daga itace tare da fadi, shimfidar wurare da makamai da kafafu masu kama da cylinders. A Afirka ta Tsakiya, duk da haka, manyan halaye masu banbanci sun haɗa da fuskoki masu kama da zuciya waɗanda aka lankwasa zuwa ciki kuma suna nuna alamun da'irori da dots. Abubuwan da ke tattare da jigogi A cikin fasahar Yammacin Afirka, akwai mayar da hankali kan kasancewa mai bayyanawa da na musamman yayin da har yanzu fasahar waɗanda suka zo kafin ke rinjayar su. Fasahar mutanen Dan misali ne na wannan, kuma ya bazu zuwa al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka a waje da nahiyar. Ƙaddamarwa akan adadi na ɗan adam: Adadin ɗan adam koyaushe shine babban batun ga yawancin fasahar Afirka, kuma wannan jaddadawa har ma ya rinjayi wasu al'adun Turai. Misali, a cikin karni na goma sha biyar, Portugal ta yi ciniki tare da al'adun Sapi kusa da Ivory Coast a Yammacin Afirka, wanda ya kirkiro kayan gishiri na hauren hauren hawan hawan hauren halayen hawan halayen halayen halayyar hawan hawar hawan halayyar. Siffar mutum na iya nuna alamar masu rai ko matattu, na iya ambaton shugabannin, masu rawa, ko sana'o'i daban-daban kamar masu bugawa ko mafarauta, ko ma yana iya zama wakilcin mutum na allah ko kuma yana da wasu ayyuka na rantsuwa. Wani batu na yau da kullun shine inter-morphosis na mutane da dabba. Bayanan gani: Ayyukan zane-zane na Afirka suna son abubuwan gani a kan wakilcin halitta. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin zane-zane na Afirka suna da ka'idojin salo. Yankin da ake ciki Nazarin fasahar Afirka har zuwa kwanan nan ya mayar da hankali kan fasahar gargajiya na wasu sanannun kungiyoyi a nahiyar, tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane na gargajiya, abin rufe fuska da sauran al'adun gani daga Afirka ta Yamma, Afirka ta Tsakiya, da kuma Kudancin Afirka tare da mai mai da hankali ga ƙarni na 19 da 20. Kwanan nan, duk da haka, an sami motsi tsakanin masana tarihi na fasaha na Afirka da sauran malaman don haɗawa da al'adun gani na wasu yankuna da lokutan lokaci. Manufar ita ce ta hanyar hada dukkan al'adun Afirka da al'adunsu na gani a tsawon lokaci a cikin fasahar Afirka, za a sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da kyawawan abubuwan gani na nahiyar a duk tsawon lokaci. A ƙarshe, zane-zane na mutanen Afirka, a Brazil, Caribbean da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, suma sun fara shiga cikin nazarin fasahar Afirka. Kayan aiki Ana samar da fasahar Afirka ta amfani da kayan aiki iri-iri kuma tana ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban. Saboda itace abu ne na yau da kullun, siffofin katako sun zama mafi yawan fasahar Afirka. Gishiri sanannen nau'in fasaha ne kuma ana amfani dashi don nuna matsayi, alaƙa da rukuni, ko kuma kyawawan abubuwa. Ana yin kayan ado na Afirka daga irin waɗannan kayan da suka bambanta kamar dutsen ido na Tiger, haematite, sisal, kwalba na kwakwa, beads da itacen ebony. Abubuwan da aka zana na iya zama katako, yumbu ko sassaƙa daga dutse kamar sanannun siffofin Shona, kuma kayan ado ko kayan kwalliya sun fito ne daga yankuna da yawa. Ana yin nau'ikan tufafi daban-daban ciki har da chitenge, zane-zane da zane-zane. Mosaics da aka yi da fuka-fukan malam buɗe ido ko yashi mai launi sun shahara a yammacin Afirka. Ana iya gano siffofin Afirka na farko kamar yadda aka yi da terracotta da tagulla. Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka Addinan gargajiya na Afirka sun kasance da tasiri sosai a kan siffofin fasahar Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. Fasahar Afirka sau da yawa ta samo asali ne daga jigogi na alamomin addini, aiki da amfani, kuma an halicci abubuwa da yawa na fasaha don ruhaniya maimakon dalilai masu ban sha'awa. Yawancin al'adun Afirka suna jaddada muhimmancin kakanninmu a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin masu rai, alloli, da babban mahalicci, kuma ana ganin fasaha a matsayin hanyar tuntuɓar waɗannan ruhohin kakanninmu. Hakanan ana iya amfani da fasaha don nuna alloli, kuma ana darajarsa don manufar aiki. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa isowar Kiristanci da Islama sun yi tasiri sosai ga fasahar nahiyar Afirka, kuma an haɗa al'adun duka biyu cikin imani da zane-zane na addinin gargajiya na Afirka. Tarihi Nok male figure; 500 BC-500 AD; terracotta; 49.5 × 22.2 × 16.8 cm (19.4 × 8.7 × 6.6 in); from northern Nigeria; Kimbell Art Museum (Fort Worth, Texas, USA)Benin plaque; 16th-17th century; bronze; from the Kingdom of Benin; Ethnological Museum of Berlin (Germany)Head from Ife (Nigeria); 14th-15th century AD; bronze; height: 36 cm (141⁄8 a cikin); Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya (London) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Asalin fasahar Afirka ya kasance tun kafin tarihin da aka rubuta. Tsohon beads da aka sani a yankin an yi su ne daga harsashi na Nassarius kuma an sa su azaman kayan ado na mutum shekaru 72,000 da suka gabata. A Afirka, shaidar yin fenti ta hanyar tsari mai rikitarwa ta wanzu daga kimanin shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata da kuma amfani da Sinadaran pigments daga kimanin shekaru 320,000 da suka gabata. Hotunan dutse na Afirka a cikin Sahara a Nijar suna adana zane-zane masu shekaru 6,000. Tare da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, zane-zanen al'adu na yamma, zane-zane da kayan tarihi na Masar na dā, da kuma sana'o'in kudancin asali suma sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga fasahar Afirka. Sau da yawa yana nuna yawan yanayin da ke kewaye da shi, zane-zane sau da yawa fassarar dabbobi ne, rayuwar shuka, ko ƙirar halitta da siffofi. Masarautar Nubian ta Kush a Sudan ta zamani tana cikin kusanci kuma sau da yawa tana da ƙiyayya da Masar, kuma ta samar da siffofi masu ban mamaki galibi waɗanda suka samo asali ne daga salon da ba su kai ga arewa ba. A Yammacin Afirka, siffofin da aka fi sani sun fito ne daga al'adun Nok wanda ya bunƙasa tsakanin 1,500 BC da 500 AD a Najeriya ta zamani, tare da siffofin yumɓu yawanci tare da jiki mai tsawo da siffofin kusurwa. Tarihin fasahohin Afrika daga kabilu Tarihin fasahar Afirka yana da sarƙaƙiya kuma iri-iri, yana nuna al'adu daban-daban da suka wanzu a nahiyar tsawon ƙarnuka. Ga taƙaitaccen bayani na wasu manyan al'adun fasaha na Afirka: Al'adar Nok (500 BC - 200 AD): Al'adun Nok, wanda yake a Najeriya a yanzu, an san shi da zane-zanen terracotta na mutum, dabbobi, da abin rufe fuska. Waɗannan sassaƙaƙƙen an yi su sosai kuma suna da fasalin fuska da ƙima da ƙima. Fasahar Masarawa ta dā (3100 BC - 30 BC): Fasahar tsohuwar Masar ta shahara don gine-ginen gine-ginenta, ƙaƙƙarfan zane-zane, da zane-zane da sassaƙaƙƙen gaske. Fasahae Masar tana nuna aƙidar addini, tatsuniyoyi, da al'adun zamantakewa na lokacin. Fasahar Ife (ƙarni na 12-15): Fasahar Ife, tun daga yanzu Nijeriya, tana da siffofi na zahiri da na dabi’a na mutane, wanda galibi ana nuna su a tsarin sarauta ko na sarauta. An yi waɗannan sassaƙaƙe da jan ƙarfe, tagulla, ko terracotta kuma suna da daraja sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha. Fasahar Benin (ƙarni na 13 - 19): Sana'ar Benin, tun daga Najeriya a yanzu, an santa da tsattsauran ra'ayi na tagulla na mutane, dabbobi, da kayan ado. Waɗannan sassake-zanen galibi suna nuna abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar kotu da kuma bukukuwan addini. Fasahar Yarabawa (ƙarni na 15 - 20): Fasahar Yarabawa, daga yanzu Nigeria da Benin, ana siffanta ta da amfani da alamar alama da tauhidi don wakiltar tunanin ruhaniya da falsafa. Wannan fasaha ta haɗa da abin rufe fuska, sassaka-tsalle, da yadi, galibi suna nuna alamu masu launi da ƙira. Fasahar Ashanti (ƙarni na 17 - 19): fasahar Ashanti, daga kasar Ghana a yanzu, an santa da kayan adon zinare da kayan kwalliya, da kuma sassakaken katako da kayan masaku. Sana'ar Ashanti galibi tana fasalta zane-zane na geometric da abubuwan alama, suna nuna dabi'u da imani na mutanen Ashanti. Fasahar Kuba (ƙarni na 19-20): fasahar Kuba, daga ƙasar da ake kira Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango a yanzu, ana siffanta shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi da sarkakkun zane, galibi ana yin su ta amfani da rigar raffia ko kwalliya. Fasahar Kuba ta haɗa da abin rufe fuska, yadi, da kwanduna, kuma tana da ƙima sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha da kyawunta. Aikin Dogon (ƙarni na 13 - yanzu): Aikin Dogon, daga abin da yake a yanzu Mali, yana da siffofi na katako na mutane, dabbobi, da siffofi na geometric. Wadannan sassake-zanen suna wakiltar tatsuniyoyi da akidar kabilar Dogon, wadanda ke da tsarin addini da al'adu masu sarkakiya. Senufo art (ƙarni na 17 - yanzu): Senufo art, daga abin da yake a yanzu Ivory Coast, an san shi da zane-zane na katako da abin rufe fuska, wanda sau da yawa yakan kwatanta dabbobi da mutane a cikin salo da siffofi. Ana daraja fasahar Senufo don ikon bayyanawa da kuma ikon sa na isar da ma'anoni masu sarkakiya. Baule art (ƙarni na 18 - yanzu): Baule art, daga abin da yake a yanzu Ivory Coast, an siffanta ta da katako sculptures na mutum Figures, sau da yawa nuna a cikin salo da kuma manufa hanya. Fasahar Baule sau da yawa tana wakiltar ra'ayoyin addini da al'adu, kuma ana daraja ta sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha da kyawunta. Aikin Luba (ƙarni na 19 - yanzu): fasahar Luba, daga kasar Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a yanzu, an san ta da sassakaki na katako da abin rufe fuska, wanda galibi ke nuna kimar dan Adam cikin yanayin dabi'a da bayyananniyar salo. Fasahar Luba galibi tana wakiltar ra'ayoyi na siyasa da na addini, kuma tana da kima sosai saboda muhimmancinta na ruhaniya da kyakkyawa. Makonde art (karni na 20 - yanzu): Makonde art, daga abin da yake Tanzaniya da Mozambik a yanzu, ana siffanta shi da zane-zane na katako na siffofi na mutum da kuma siffofin da ba a iya gani ba, sau da yawa ana yin su ta hanyar amfani da fasaha mai zurfi da cikakkun bayanai. Fasahar Makonde tana nuna al'adun al'adu da sauye-sauyen zamantakewar al'ummar Makonde, kuma ana daraja ta saboda mahimmancin fasaha da tarihi. Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20GR%20Corolla

Toyota GR Corolla

Toyota GR Corolla babban bambance-bambancen ƙyanƙyashe ne na E210 jerin Corolla m hatchback . Kamfanin Toyota ne ya kera motar tare da taimakon sashen wasan kwaikwayo na kamfanin Gazoo Racing (GR). An gabatar da GR Corolla a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2022. An gina GR Corolla musamman don kasuwar Arewacin Amurka kamar yadda Turai ta karɓi GR Yaris (wanda ba a siyar da shi a Kanada da Amurka). Duk motocin biyu an haɗa su a "GR Factory" a cikin masana'antar Motomachi, layin samarwa da aka keɓe don motocin da aka yi wa alama GR. Baya ga Arewacin Amurka, ana siyar da GR Corolla a Japan, Thailand (iyakance zuwa raka'a tara), Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Afirka ta Kudu, da Indonesia. Dubawa A cikin 2020, Toyota ta ƙaddamar da GR Yaris, hatchback wanda sashin Gazoo Racing (GR) na kamfanin ya haɓaka don ƙungiyar ta World Rally Championship (WRC). Ba a siyar da shi a cikin Amurka da Kanada saboda Yaris na yau da kullun, wanda aka kafa shi, ba a siyar da shi a waɗannan kasuwanni saboda rashin buƙata. Shawarar ta haifar da hasashe na tsawon shekaru cewa Toyota zai kawo ƙyanƙyashe mai zafi a Amurka da Kanada. An jinkirta gabatar da motar da shekara guda, saboda Akio Toyoda, wanda a lokacin shugaban kamfanin Toyota, wanda kuma direban tsere ne, bai gamsu da gyaran na'urar ba, kuma ya nemi kungiyar GR da ta yi canje-canje. Babban injiniya Naoyuki Sakamoto ne ya jagoranci haɓaka motar. A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2022, an gabatar da GR Corolla, wanda ya danganta da babban jerin E210 Corolla compact hatchback, ya haɗa da fasali da yawa waɗanda aka samo asali don GR Yaris. Motar tana aiki ne da injin turbocharged mai nauyin lita 1.6 G16E-GTS madaidaiciya-uku wanda ke sarrafa GR Yaris. Sigar injin ɗin da aka samu a cikin GR Yaris ya kai 200 kW (268 hp; 272 PS), amma sigar GR Corolla ta haifar da 220–224 kW (295-300 hp; 299-304 PS) da 370–400 N⋅m (273-295 lb⋅ft) na juyi. Daga cikin wasu dabaru don cimma wannan ƙãra wutar lantarki, injin GR Corolla yana amfani da manyan bawul ɗin shaye-shaye da bututun wutsiya guda uku don rage matsewar baya. Wayar hannu mai sauri shida daidai take a cikin GR Corolla. GR Corolla kuma yana amfani da tsarin tuƙi na GR-Huɗu da aka fara ƙirƙirar don GR Yaris. Madaidaicin saitin shine 60:40 gaba zuwa rarraba juzu'i na baya, amma yana iya tafiya kamar yadda aka nuna son zuciya kamar 30:70. Motar tana sanye da kayan aikin Toyota Safety Sense 3.0 na ci-gaba na tsarin taimakon direba da kuma sabunta tsarin multimedia mai jiwuwa na Toyota wanda aka yi muhawara akan jerin XK70 Tundra . An samar da GR Corolla tare da GR Yaris a "GR Factory" a cikin kamfanin Toyota na Motomachi. Ba kamar yawancin shuke-shuken motoci ba, "GR Factory" ba ta amfani da layin hada bel na jigilar kaya. Maimakon haka, ana gina ababen hawa a tashoshi masu ƙarin hanyoyin haɗa hannu. Kamfanin "GR Factory" yana ɗaukar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda aka ɗauka daga ko'ina cikin kamfanin. Buga na musamman Ɗabi'ar zagaye Ɗabi'ar kewayawa keɓantaccen samfuri ne na shekarar ƙirar farko ta GR Corolla a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke ba da haɓaka ayyuka kamar su Torsen iyakance-zamewa bambance-bambance don gaba da axles na baya (na zaɓi don matakin datsa Core). Hakanan yana ba da rufin fiber carbon da aka ƙirƙira, murfi mai ƙyalli tare da fitilun aiki, ɓarna-baƙi na baya, da sauran haɓakawa. Morizo Edition Ɗabi'ar Morizo (mai salo "MORIZO") shine iyakanceccen bambance-bambancen "shirye-shiryen waƙa" na GR Corolla tare da rage nauyi, ƙara ƙididdiga masu aiki, da ingantaccen sarrafawa, wanda duka yana samuwa a Japan da Arewacin Amirka. An rage nauyin abin rufe fuska da kusan 45 kg (100 lb) daga samfurin Saƙon Wuta zuwa 1,445 kg (3,186 lb) ta hanyar cire kujerun baya, ƙara ƙirƙira rufin fiber carbon (kuma ana samun su akan Ɗabi'ar Circuit), cire masu magana da masu kula da taga daga ƙofofin baya, da cire ruwan goge na baya da motar. An ƙaru ƙarfin ƙarfin injin da 30 N⋅m (22 lb⋅ft) zuwa 400 N (295 lb⋅ft), yayin da adadin dawakai ya kasance baya canzawa. Don inganta sarrafawa, an sake kunna dakatarwar tare da masu ɗaukar firgita monotube, 10 mm (0.4 a) An yi amfani da tayoyi masu faɗi a kan ƙuƙuka masu sauƙi, kuma an ƙara ƙarfin jiki tare da ƙarin walƙiya 349, sama da ƙarin 6 m (19.7 ft) na mannen tsari, da ginshiƙan ƙarfafa jiki. Injiniyoyin sun daidaita ma'auni na kayan watsawa, rabon kaya daban-daban da kuma daidaita injin don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa a mafi girman karfin juyi akan Morizo Edition. An sanya wa wannan bugu na musamman sunan "Morizo", sunan da Akio Toyoda ya yi amfani da shi lokacin da yake shiga tsere. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Nassoshi

29836

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubuwan%20al%27ada%20masu%20barazana%20ga%20muhalli

Abubuwan al'ada masu barazana ga muhalli

Tarin abubuwan tarihi na al'adu sun ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa da aka sani suna da haɗari ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Wasu abubuwa masu haɗari na iya zama wani ɓangare na abu (kamar launi mai guba ko samfurin ma'adanai na rediyoaktif na dabi'a), ana amfani da su azaman magani bayan an yi abin (kamar magungunan kashe kwari) ko sakamakon lalacewar abu (kamar exudation na plasticiser daga polyvinyl chloride). Guba irin waɗannan abubuwa a cikin tarin gadon na iya tantance kimarsu ta tarihi da kimiyya. Saboda haka, sarrafa waɗannan kayan a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu tattarawa na iya zama sarƙaƙƙiya ta fuskar lafiya da aminci, dama rayuwa. Waɗannan abubuwan yanzu suna wakiltar haɗari ga mutanen da ke aiki tare ko amfani da abubuwan tarin da abin ya shafa da kuma yin rikodi na amfani da waɗannan kayan na tsawon lokaci. Zubar da ko kawar da abubuwa masu haɗari daga tarin al'adu na iya zama tsada da ƙalubale na dabaru. Yawancin abubuwa masu haɗari da aka samu a tarin al'adun gargajiya ana iya ƙila a rarraba su azaman Kaya masu Haɗari ko Shirye-shiryen Guba kuma ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idoji game da siyarwa, ajiya, lakabi, sarrafa su, jigilar su, nuni da zubar da su, Ko watsar da su. Asbestos An yi amfani da asbestos ko'ina azaman abin mai hana wuta, a cikin kayan kimiyya, masana'antu da na gida, sutura, da kayan aiki. Hakanan ana iya samun asbestos da aka haɗe da siminti da resins kuma ana saka su cikin yadudduka., Samfurin ma'adinai mai ɗauke da asbestos na iya kasancewa a cikin tarin tarihin halitta. Amintaccen kulawar asbestos an tsara shi sosai a yawancin ƙasashe, misali Tsarin Tsarin Asbestos na Burtaniya a shekarata 2012. Masu lalata Ana iya samun acid da alkalis a cikin sinadarai na masana'antu (misali na'urori masu haɓaka hoto), azaman abubuwan adanawa da ake amfani da su don samfuran tarihin halitta mai kiyaye ruwa (formalin) da a cikin batura. Karfe masu nauyi (Lead, mercury, arsenic, da sauransu. ) Lead ƙarfe ne mai laushi, mai yuwuwa wanda aka yi amfani da shi don dalilai daban-daban a cikin tarihi: azaman ƙari na abinci, launin fenti, ko solder, da yin tasoshin shan ruwa da kayan wasan gubar. Ana iya samun Mercury a cikin kayan aikin kimiyya irin su ma'aunin zafi da sanyi, da kuma saura a kan fatun dabbobi, furs, da huluna inda aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin shiri. An kuma yi amfani da Mercuric chloride azaman maganin kashe kwari ko biocide, da dai wasu abubuwan. Arsenic da mercury abubuwa ne masu haɗari na gama gari waɗanda aka samo a cikin riguna na tarihi da tarin masaku daga ƙarni na 18 da 19 kamar yadda ake amfani da shi wajen rini na yadi misali. Scheele's Green launi mai launin rawaya-koren, da masana'anta, yin hula. Mold da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta Kwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (misali ƙwayoyin cuta) na iya kasancewa a saman abubuwan tattarawa, musamman waɗanda aka adana a cikin yanayi mai dumi da ɗanɗano. Paints, pigments da rini An yi amfani da pigments masu guba da yawa da sauran kayan fenti, da yawa tun zamanin da. Alamomin masu guba sun haɗa da gubar, mercury, cadmium, cobalt, antimony da arsenic, da makamantan su. Maganin kashe kwari da ciyawa Tarin kayan tarihi na iya ƙunsar samfuran ainihin magungunan kashe qwari da na ciyawa (irin su mercuric chloride, paradichlorobenzene da DDT ) da kuma kayan tarihi da aka yi amfani da su da magungunan kashe qwari don hana cin zarafi daga ma'aikatan gidan kayan gargajiya da masu tattara fage musamman a cikin ƙarni na 18 har zuwa ƙarshen 20th. karni kamar yadda “[…] irin waɗannan jiyya an yi tunanin a al'adance wani bangare ne na kula da tarin gabaɗaya. " Na biyun na iya hana shiga abubuwan tattarawa sai dai idan an cire ragowar sinadarai ko kuma a sarrafa su cikin aminci, saboda akwai kuma illolin da ke tattare da lafiyar ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da yawancin magungunan kashe qwari. Da zarar magani na yau da kullun ga abubuwan da aka yi da kayan halitta (misali naman dabbobi da na kwari, suturar woolen, abubuwan da ke ɗauke da fiber na shuka, Jawo da gashin fuka-fukai), amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ya ragu sosai tare da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar sarrafa kwari azaman dabarun da zasu sarrafa tarin . Naphthalene na ɗaya daga cikin ragowar magungunan kashe qwari da aka fi fuskantar da ake samu akan tarin kayan tarihi. A matsayin wani abu mai canzawa, yana iya jujjuya shi kuma ya sake yin kristal a saman da ke kusa. Maganin kashe kwari na tushen Mercury (kamar mercuric chloride) na iya sakin tururin mercury, wanda zai iya gurɓata sauran abubuwan tarawa da saman kusa. Kula da matakan tururi ya nuna cewa huce rufaffiyar ma'ajiyar ajiya kafin amfani da ita yana rage iyakoki na iska zuwa iyakoki masu aminci. Sauran dabarun ragewa sun haɗa da rufe abubuwan tattara abubuwan da abin ya shafa a cikin guraben da aka yi daga shingen tururin gas da kuma amfani da kabad ɗin da aka hure maimakon katifofin da ake rufe don ajiya. Filastik da filastik Wasu robobi masu lalacewa na iya haifar da samfuran acidic (kamar acetic acid daga fim ɗin acetate cellulose ko nitric acid daga fim ɗin nitrate cellulose), waɗanda ke haifar da haɗari ga waɗanda ke sarrafa abubuwan da abin ya shafa. Wasu suna fitar da robobi, irin su phthalates da aka fitar daga polyvinyl chloride ko biphenyl A (BPA). Pharmaceuticals, guba da kwayoyi Gidajen tarihi da yawa sun ƙunshi tarin tsofaffin magunguna da guba, waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwa waɗanda - ko da yake da an yi nufin warkarwa - na iya ƙunshi abubuwa masu haɗari ga mutane da muhalli. Don waɗannan dalilai kantin magani da magunguna-kawai a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin gida don ajiya da nunawa mutane. Radiation Ana iya samun ma'adinan rediyoaktif a cikin ilimin kimiyyar ma'adinai, ilmin halitta, da tarin ruwa, a cikin fenti na rediyoaktif akan fuskokin agogo da bugun kiran jirgin sama, a cikin kayan aikin likita da na tantancewa. Radiation a cikin tarin kayan tarihi dole ne a sarrafa shi sosai daidai da ƙa'idodin cikin gida. Abubuwan narkewa da sunadarai Ana iya samun nau'ikan sinadarai iri-iri a cikin tarin al'adun gargajiya, gami da abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar oxygen, abubuwa masu ƙonewa da masu ƙonewa, da sauran abubuwan kaushi waɗanda aka sani masu guba, cututtukan daji ko wasu tasirin lafiya. Dan haka Ana amfani da Ethanol da formalin don adana samfurori a cikin tarin tarihin halitta. Ana iya samun samfuran man fetur a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na masana'antu. Hakanan ana iya samun kaushi na halitta a cikin kayan kwalliya, magunguna, da sinadarai masu sarrafa hoto. Zoonotics Cututtukan Zoonotic (waɗanda ake ɗauka daga dabbobi zuwa mutane) na iya kasancewa a cikin samfuran tarihin halitta ko abubuwan kayan tarihin da aka yi da samfuran dabbobi marasa sarrafawa. Ci gaba da karatu https://aiccm.org.au/conference-proceedings/profiling-hazardous-substances-in-the-museum-victoria-state-collection/ Manazarta Al'adu Shara Barazana Muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

26918

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%20Arabian%20Airlines

Saudi Arabian Airlines

Saudia ( ), wanda aka fi sani da Saudi Arabian Airlines ( ), shi ne mai ɗaukar tuta na Saudi Arabia, wanda ke Jeddah . A kamfanin jirgin sama na babban aiki tushe ne a King Abdulaziz International Airport a Jeddah . Filin jirgin sama na Sarki Khalid da ke Riyadh da filin jirgin sama na King Fahd da ke Damam sune manyan cibiyoyi. Jirgin shi ne na uku mafi girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya wajen samun kuɗaɗen shiga, bayan Emirates da Qatar Airways . Yana tafiyar da jirage na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje zuwa sama da wurare guda 85 a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Ana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jirage na gida da na waje, galibi a lokacin azumin Ramadan da na Hajji . Ya shiga kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a ranar 29 ga Watan Mayu shekara ta 2012 ya zama dillalan Fasha na farko da ya shiga daya daga cikin manyan kawancen jiragen sama guda uku. Saudia mamba ce kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar jiragen saman Larabawa . Tarihi Shekarun farko Lokacin da shugaban Amurka Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya ba da jirgin Douglas DC-3 a matsayin kyauta ga Sarki Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud a shekara ta 1945, taron ya nuna yadda masarautar ta samu ci gaban zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a hankali. An kafa kamfanin jigilar tutar kasar, Saudia, a matsayin jirgin saman Saudi Arabiya a watan Satumban shekara ta 1945 a matsayin cikakkiyar hukuma ta gwamnati a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Tsaro, tare da TWA (Trans World Airlines) yana tafiyar da kamfanin jirgin karkashin kwangilar gudanarwa. Filin jirgin saman Kandara da aka rushe a yanzu, wanda ke kusa da Jeddah, ya kasance babban sansanin mai ɗaukar tuta. Daga cikin ayyukan farko na kamfanin har da wani jirgi na musamman daga Lydda ( Lod ) na kasar Falasdinu (yau a Isra'ila, wurin filin jirgin sama na Ben-Gurion), da izinin Biritaniya a wancan lokacin, don jigilar alhazai zuwa Jeddah. Kamfanin jirgin ya yi amfani da jiragen DC-3 guda biyar don kaddamar da ayyukan da aka tsara a kan hanyar Jeddah-Riyadh-Hofuf-Dhahran a watan Maris na shekara ta 1947. Hidimar sa ta farko ta duniya tsakanin Jeddah da Alkahira. Hidima zuwa Beirut, Karachi da Damascus ya biyo baya a farkon shekara ta 1948. A shekara mai zuwa an karɓi farkon na biyar na Bristol 170s. Wadannan jiragen sun baiwa kamfanin jirgin saman sassaucin daukar fasinjoji da kaya. A cikin shekara ta 1962, jirgin sama ya ɗauki Boeing 720s guda biyu, ya zama jirgin sama na huɗu na Gabas ta Tsakiya don tashi jirage jet, bayan Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya da Cyprus Airways tare da de Havilland Comet a shekara ta 1960 da El Al tare da Boeing 707 a shekara ta 1961. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1963, kamfanin jirgin ya zama kamfani mai rijista, inda Sarki Faisal na Saudiyya ya rattaba hannu kan takardar da ta ayyana Saudiyya a matsayin kamfani mai cikakken 'yanci. Daga baya aka sayi DC-6s da Boeing 707s, kuma kamfanin jirgin ya shiga AACO, Kungiyar Masu Jiragen Sama na Larabawa . An fara hidima a Sharjah, Tehran, Khartoum, Mumbai, Tripoli, Tunis, Rabat, Geneva, Frankfurt, da kuma London . A cikin shekara ta 1970s, an gabatar da sabon livery. An canza sunan mai ɗaukar kaya zuwa Saudia a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1972. An sayi Boeing 737s da Fokker F-28s, tare da 737s suka maye gurbin Douglas DC-9 . Kamfanin jirgin ya fara gudanar da sabis na Boeing 747s na farko a cikin 1977 lokacin da aka yi hayar Jumbo Jet uku daga Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma aka tura su a sashin London . An fara jigilar jigilar kayayyaki na farko tsakanin Saudi Arabiya da Turai, kuma an fara jigilar Lockheed L-1011s da Fairchild FH-27 . Sabbin ayyuka, gami da Arabian Express 'babu jirage masu saukar ungulu' tsakanin Jeddah da Riyadh. An kafa Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Musamman (SFS) a matsayin rukunin na musamman na Saudiyya, kuma tana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na musamman ga dangin sarauta da hukumomin gwamnati. An kuma fara hidima a Roma, da Paris, Muscat, Kano, da kuma Stockholm . Sabis ɗin haɗin gwiwa na Pan Am/Saudia tsakanin Dhahran da Birnin New York ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu shekaea ta 1979. A cikin 1980s an fara ayyuka irin su Saudia Catering. An fara jirage zuwa Jakarta, Athens, Bangkok, Dhaka, Mogadishu, Nairobi, New York City, Madrid, Singapore, Manila, Delhi, Islamabad, Seoul, Baghdad, Amsterdam, Colombo, Nice, Lahore, Brussels, Dakar, Kuala Lumpur da Taipei . Horizon Class, sabis na aji na kasuwanci, an kafa shi don bayar da ingantaccen sabis. An gina wuraren daukar kaya a Brussels da Taipei. Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, da Cessna Citations kuma an ƙara su a cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa, da Citations na sabis na SFS. A cikin shekara ta 1989 sabis na Larnaca da Addis Ababa ya fara. A ranar 1 ga Watan Yuli shekara ta 1982, an ƙaddamar da sabis na farko mara tsayawa daga Jeddah zuwa Birnin New York tare da jirgin Boeing 747SP. An bi hanyar Riyadh zuwa New York. A cikin shekara ta 1990s, an gabatar da ayyuka zuwa Orlando, Chennai, Asmara, Washington, DC, Johannesburg, Alexandria, Milan, Malaga (na lokaci), da Sanaa (sake farawa). An gabatar da Boeing 777s, MD-90s da MD-11s . An gabatar da sabbin rigunan mata masu hidimar jirgin da Adnan Akbar ya tsara. An ƙaddamar da sabon shaidar kamfani a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1996, mai ɗauke da fuselage mai launin yashi tare da bambancin wutsiya mai launin shuɗi, wanda tsakiyarsa ya ƙunshi salo mai salo na gidan gidan Saud . An jefar da sunan Saudia a cikin sabunta bayanan, tare da sunan Saudi Arabian Airlines. Ci gaba tun daga 2000s A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shwkara ta 2000, Yarima Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , Ministan Tsaro da Jiragen Sama na Saudiyya, ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila don gudanar da bincike don mayar da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Saudi Arabian zuwa kamfanoni. A cikin shirye-shiryen wannan, an sake fasalin kamfanin jirgin don ba da izinin raka'a marasa mahimmanci - ciki har da abinci na Saudia, sabis na kula da ƙasa da kulawa da kuma makarantar Prince Sultan Aviation Academy da ke Jeddah - don canza su zuwa rukunin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin riba. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta nuna cewa kamfanin jirgin zai iya rasa abin da ya ke da shi na ayyukan cikin gida. A cikin shekara ta 2006, Saudia ta fara aiwatar da rarraba kanta zuwa Rukunin Kasuwancin Dabarun (SBU); sashin abinci ne aka fara mayar da shi. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiyya ta amince da sauya wasu manyan kamfanoni zuwa kamfanoni. An shirya cewa sabis na ƙasa, sabis na fasaha, kaya na iska da kuma Prince Sultan Aviation Academy, sashen likitanci, da kuma sashin abinci, za su zama rassan kamfani na kamfani. Kamfanin jirgin ya koma zuwa ga takaitaccen sunan sa na Ingilishi Saudia (an yi amfani da shi daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1996) daga Saudi Arabian Airlines (sunan tarihi da ake amfani da shi har zuwa shekara ta 1971 kuma ya sake dawo da shi a 1997) a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2012; An canza sunan ne don murnar shigowar kamfanin cikin kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a wannan rana, kuma wani bangare ne na wani babban yunkurin sake suna. Saudia ta karbi sabbin jiragen sama 64 a karshen shekarar a shekara ta 2012 (6 daga Boeing da 58 daga Airbus ). Wani jirgin sama 8 Boeing 787-9 ya fara shiga cikin rundunar a cikin shekara ta 2015. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016, Saudia sanar halittar wani low-cost na biyu, Flyadeal . An kaddamar da jirgin ne a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun sauyi na SV2020 na Saudia Group, wanda ke da niyyar sauya sassan kungiyar zuwa kungiyoyi masu daraja ta duniya nan da shekara ta 2020. Flyadeal yana hidimar wuraren zuwa gida da yanki, ya fara tashi a tsakiyar shekara ta 2017. A cikin Afrilu 2021, Saudia Airlines ya ba da sanarwar cewa a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, zai gwada app ɗin wayar hannu da Ƙungiyar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya (IATA) ta ƙirƙira wanda ke taimaka wa fasinjoji sarrafa bayanan tafiyarsu da takaddunsu ta hanyar dijital. Kyauta Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Mafi Ingantattun Hanyoyin Duniya ' a cikin 2017 ta SkyTrax Mafi Ingantattun Jirgin Sama a Duniya a shekara ta 2020 ta SkyTrax Tallafi Saudia ta dauki nauyin tawagar Williams Formula One daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa shekara ta 1984. A wannan lokacin Williams zai lashe Gasar Gine-gine biyu da Gasar Direba biyu tare da Alan Jones da Keke Rosberg . Saudia ta kasance babban mai daukar nauyin a shekara ta 2018 da 2019 Diriyah ePrix . Su ne kamfanin jirgin sama na Formula E, tare da daya daga cikin jiragen su, Boeing 777-300ER, fentin a cikin wani nau'i na musamman wanda ke nuna alamar gaggafa tare da motar Spark SRT05e Gen2 a baya. Wuraren Yarjejeniyar Codeshare Saudia tana da yarjejeniyar codeshare tare da abokan aikin SkyTeam kuma tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa: Jirgin ruwa Jirgin ruwa na yanzu , the Saudia fleet consists of the following aircraft including its passenger and cargo fleet: Jirgin ruwa na tarihi Saudia a da tana sarrafa jiragen sama kamar haka: Sauran jiragen sama Saudia Special Flight Services, VIP flights, Private Aviation suna aiki kamar haka, wanda yawancinsu ke motsa jikin jirgin. Bugu da ƙari, Saudia Royal Flight division yana aiki da manyan jiragen gwamnati da na gidan sarauta a ƙarƙashin lambar jirgin Saudia da tsarin launi (sai dai jirgi ɗaya), waɗannan sun haɗa da. Wasu jiragen C-130 na soja kuma an yi musu fenti da launukan Saudia kuma ma'aikatan Sojojin Sama na Royal Saudi Air Force ne ke jigilar su don tallafawa ayyukan Saudiyya a yankin da Turai. Tun da 2017 masu haɓakawa ta hannu guda biyu (TEC Hünert MFT 500-01 ) suna tafiya tare da Sarki kuma ana jigilar su ta jirgin sama daban. Ayyukan cikin jirgin Mujallar inflight ta Saudia ana kiranta Ahlan Wasahlan ( "Sannu da zuwa"). Ba a ba da abin sha ko naman alade a cikin jirgin daidai da dokokin abinci na Musulunci . Jiragen da aka zaɓa Airbus A330-300 da Boeing 777-300ER suna sanye da Wi-Fi da hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu a cikin jirgin. Yawancin jiragen sama kuma suna ba da wuraren addu'o'i na musamman a kan jirgin kuma ana kunna rikodin addu'a kafin tashinsa. Hatsari da hadura On 25 September 1959, a Saudia Douglas DC-4/C-54A-5-DO (registration HZ-AAF), performed a belly landing shortly after take-off from the old Jeddah Airport. The cause of the accident was gust locks not deactivated by the mechanic, followed by a stall. All 67 passengers and 5 crew survived. On 9 February 1968, a Douglas C-47 (reg. HZ-AAE) was damaged beyond economic repair at an unknown location. On 10 November 1970, a Douglas DC-3 on a flight from Amman Civil Airport, Jordan to King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was hijacked and diverted to Damascus Airport, Syria. On 11 July 1972, a Douglas C-47B (reg. HZ-AAK) was damaged beyond economic repair in an accident at Tabuk Airport. On 2 January 1976, Saudia Flight 5130, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF, leased from ONA undershot the runway at Istanbul, Turkey, crash landed, tearing off the #1 engine and causing the left wing to catch fire. All passengers and crew evacuated safely. The aircraft was written off. On 19 August 1980, Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar (HZ-AHK), operating Karachi-Riyadh-Jeddah, was completely destroyed by fire at Riyadh airport with the loss of all 301 people on board due to delays in evacuating the aircraft. This was the deadliest accident experienced by Saudia until 312 were killed in the loss of Flight 763 over 16 years later. On 22 December 1980, Saudia Flight 162, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar, operating Dhahran to Karachi, experienced an explosive decompression, penetrating the passenger cabin. The hole sucked out two passengers and depressurized the cabin. On 5 April 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach to Damascus from Jeddah was hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken to Istanbul, Turkey but changed his mind and requested to go to Stockholm, Sweden. After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the hijacker was arrested after the pilot pushed him out of the emergency exit. On 12 November 1996, a Saudia Boeing 747-100B (HZ-AIH), operating flight 763, was involved in the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. The aircraft was on its way from New Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia when a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 (UN-76435) collided with it over the village of Charkhi Dadri, some miles west of New Delhi. Flight 763 was carrying 312 people, all of whom, along with 37 more on the Kazakh aircraft, died, for a grand total of 349 fatalities. The loss of Flight 763 alone remains Saudia's worst accident in terms of fatalities. The accident overall also remains the world's deadliest mid-air collision. On 14, October 2000, Saudia Flight 115, flying from Jeddah to London was hijacked en route by two men who claimed they were armed with explosives. The hijackers commandeered the Boeing 777-200ER (HZ-AKH) to Baghdad, Iraq, where all 90 passengers and 15 crew members were safely released. The two hijackers, identified as Lieutenant Faisal Naji Hamoud Al-Bilawi and First Lieutenant Ayesh Ali Hussein Al-Fareedi, both Saudi citizens, were arrested and later extradited to Saudi Arabia in 2003. On 23 August 2001, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, a Boeing 747-300 (reg. HZ-AIO) suffered nose damage as it entered a monsoon drainage ditch while it was being taxied by maintenance staff from the hangar to the gate before a return flight to Saudi Arabia. None of the six crew members on board at the time were injured, but the aircraft was written off. On 8 September 2005, a Boeing 747 traveling from Colombo to Jeddah, carrying mostly Sri Lankan nationals to take up employment in the Kingdom, received a false alarm claiming that a bomb had been planted on board. The aircraft returned to Colombo. During the evacuation, there was a passenger stampede in the wake of which one Sri Lankan woman died, 62 were injured, and 17 were hospitalized. The aircraft had taken on a load of 420 passengers in Colombo. According to the Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka, the probable cause was a "Breakdown of timely and effective communication amongst Aerodrome Controller and Ground Handling (SriLankan Airlines) personnel had prevented a timely dispatch of the stepladders to the aircraft to deplane the passengers in a timely manner, which resulted in the Pilot-In-Command to order an emergency evacuation of the passengers through slides after being alarmed by the bomb threat." On 25 May 2008, an Air Atlanta Icelandic aircraft operating for Saudia as Flight 810 (TF-ARS) from Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Madinah made an unscheduled landing at Zia International Airport (now Shahjalal International Airport), Dhaka. During the roll the tower controller reported that he saw a fire on the right hand wing. Upon vacating the runway, the crew received a fire indication for engine number three. The fire extinguisher was activated and all engines were shut down. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-357, which was damaged beyond repair, was successfully evacuated. Only minor injuries were incurred. Investigations revealed a fuel leak where the fuel enters the front spar for engine number three. On 5 January 2014, a leased Boeing 767 operating under Saudia was forced to make an emergency landing at Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina after landing gear failed to deploy. 29 people were injured in the incident. On 5 August 2014, a Boeing 747-400 (reg. HZ-AIX) operating as flight 871 from Manila to Riyadh veered off the runway 24 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila while positioning for takeoff. No one on the plane or on ground were injured. On April 11, 2017, Saudi Airlines was at the center of controversy when the airline allowed Dina Ali Lasloom to be forced onto a flight from Manila to Riyadh. Lasloom was attempting to seek asylum in Australia however was detained in Manila. An airline security official told Human Rights Watch that he saw two airline security officials and three apparently Middle Eastern men enter the hotel and go to her room, which he said was near the lobby. He said he heard her screaming and begging for help from her room, after which he saw them carry her out with duct tape on her mouth, feet, and hands. He said she was still struggling to break free when he saw them put her in a wheelchair and take her out of the hotel. The pilots and crew of which were reportedly aware and supportive of Lasloom being returned to Riyadh against her will, siding heavily with her uncles. Passengers in route to Riyadh began reporting on social media that there was a hostage aboard, prompting the governments of Oman and Qatar to refuse the aircraft passage through their airspace. While only confirmed to confidential sources and not officially verified, this is supported by flight path records, which show an abrupt change in direction and trajectory to avoid the airspace of Oman and Qatar. On 21 May 2018, an Onur Air–leased Airbus A330-200 (reg TC-OCH), operating as flight 3818 from Medina to Dhaka, was diverted to Jeddah after suffering a malfunction with the nose landing gear. It was forced to make a belly landing. No injuries were reported. Duba kuma Amaala International Airport Sarki Abdulaziz International Airport Saudi Vision 2030 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Saudi Arabian Airlines: Jewel na Gabas ta Tsakiya", Boeing Filayen jirgin sama a Asiya Filayen jirgin sama Jirgin Sama Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

40899

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Curie

Marie Curie

Marie Salomea Skłodowska–Curie (/ˈkjʊəri/ KURE-ee, lafazin French pronunciation: ​ maʁi kyʁi], lafazin Polish pronunciation: [ˈmarja skwɔˈdɔfska kʲiˈri]; An haifi Maria Salomea Skłodowska, Polish: [ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdofska]; 7 Nuwamba 1867-4 Yuli 1934) 'yar ƙasar Poland ne kuma masaniyar ilimin kimiya na Faransa kuma masaniyar ilmin sinadarai wanda ta gudanar da bincike na farko akan aikin radioactive. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta ci lambar yabo ta Nobel, mutum na farko kuma mace daya tilo da ta taba lashe kyautar Nobel sau biyu, kuma ita kadai ce ta lashe kyautar Nobel a fannonin kimiyya biyu. Mijinta, Pierre Curie, shi ne wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta farko, wanda ya sa su zama ma'aurata na farko da suka lashe kyautar Nobel tare da kaddamar da gadon iyali na Curie na kyautar Nobel biyar. Ta kasance, a cikin shekarar 1906, mace ta farko da ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Paris. An haife ta a Warsaw, a cikin daular Poland a lokacin, wani yanki na daular Rasha. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Flying ta sirri ta Warsaw kuma ta fara horar da ilimin kimiyya a Warsaw. A shekara ta 1891, tana da shekaru 24, ta bi yayanta Bronisława don yin karatu a Paris, inda ta sami digiri mafi girma kuma ta gudanar da aikinta na kimiyya na gaba. A shekara ta 1895 ta auri masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Faransa Pierre Curie, kuma ta raba lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics ta 1903 tare da shi tare da masanin kimiyya Henri Becquerel don aikinsu na farko na bunkasa ka'idar "radioactivity" kalmar da ta kirkiro. A 1906 Pierre Curie ya mutu a wani hatsarin titin Paris. Marie ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1911 saboda binciken da ta yi na abubuwan da ake kira polonium da radium, ta yin amfani da dabarun da ta ƙirƙiro don keɓe isotopes na rediyoaktif. A karkashin jagorancinta, an gudanar da binciken farko a duniya game da maganin neoplasms ta hanyar amfani da isotopes na rediyoaktif. Ta kafa Cibiyar Curie a Paris a 1920, da Cibiyar Curie a Warsaw a 1932; duka biyun sun kasance manyan cibiyoyin bincike na likita. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ta haɓaka rukunin mobile radioactive don ba da sabis na X-ray ga field hospitals. Yayin da 'yar ƙasar Faransa, Marie Skłodowska Curie, wacce ta yi amfani da sunayen sunaye biyu, ba ta rasa ma'anarta ta asalin Poland ba. Ta koya wa 'ya'yanta mata yaren Poland kuma ta kai su ziyara a Poland. Ta sanya sunan sinadarin farko da ta gano polonium, sunan kasarta ta haihuwa. Marie Curie ta mutu a 1934, tana da shekaru 66, a Gidajen zama Na Siyarwa da Hayar a Passy, ), Faransa, na fama da cutar anemia mai yiwuwa daga kamuwa da cutar radiation a lokacin binciken kimiyya da kuma lokacin aikinta na radiology a field hospitals lokacin yakin duniya na daya. Baya ga kyautar Nobel ta Nobel, ta sami wasu karramawa da yawa da yawa; a cikin shekarar 1995 ta zama mace ta farko da aka zana bisa ga cancantarta a cikin Paris . da Poland sun bayyana 2011 a matsayin shekarar Marie Curie a lokacin Shekarar Kimiyya ta Duniya. Ita ce batun ayyukan tarihin rayuwa da yawa, inda ake kuma san ta da . Rayuwa Shekarun farko An haifi Maria Skłodowska a Warsaw, a Congress Poland a cikin Daular Rasha, ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba 1867, ɗa na biyar kuma ƙarami na sanannun malamai Bronisława, née Boguska, da Władysław Skłodowski. ’Yan’uwan dattijon Maria (mai suna Mania) su ne Zofia (an haife shi a shekara ta 1862, mai laƙabi da Zosia), . (an haife shi a 1863, mai lakabi Józio), Bronisława (an haife shi 1865, mai lakabi Bronia ) da Helena (an haifi 1866, mai lakabi Hela). A bangarorin uba da na uwa, dangi sun yi asarar dukiyoyinsu da dukiyoyinsu ta hanyar nuna kishin kasa a cikin boren kasa na Poland da nufin maido da 'yancin kai na Poland (na baya-bayan nan shi ne tashin hankalin Janairu na 1863-65). Wannan ya la’anci tsara na gaba, ciki har da Maria da ’yan’uwanta, ga gwagwarmaya mai wuyar samun ci gaba a rayuwa. Kakan mahaifin Maria, , ya kasance shugaban makarantar firamare ta Lublin wanda Bolesław Prus ya halarta, wanda ya zama babban jigo a cikin adabin Poland. Władysław Skłodowski ya koyar da ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, darussan da Maria za ta bi, kuma shi ne darektan wasan motsa jiki na Warsaw biyu (makarantar sakandare) na yara maza. Bayan hukumomin Rasha sun kawar da koyarwar dakin gwaje-gwaje daga makarantun Poland, ya kawo yawancin kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a gida kuma ya umurci yaransa su yi amfani da su. Daga karshe masu kula da shi na Rasha sun kore shi saboda ra’ayin goyon bayan Poland suka tilasta masa ya dauki mukamai masu karancin albashi; Iyalin kuma sun yi asarar kuɗi a kan wani mummunan jari kuma a ƙarshe sun zaɓi su kara kudin shiga ta hanyar kwana a gidan. Mahaifiyar Maria Bronisława ta kula da wata babbar makarantar kwana ta Warsaw ga 'yan mata; ta yi murabus daga mukamin bayan an haifi Mariya. Ta mutu da tarin fuka a watan Mayu 1878, lokacin da Maria ke da shekaru goma. Kasa da shekaru uku da suka shige, babban yayan Maria, Zofia, ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar typhus daga wani jirgin ruwa. Mahaifin Maria ya kasance wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, mahaifiyarta ƙwararriyar 'yar Katolika ce. Mutuwar mahaifiyar Mariya da ’yar’uwarta ya sa ta daina bin addinin Katolika kuma ta zama marar imani. Sa’ad da ta kai shekara goma, Maria ta soma zuwa makarantar kwana ta J. Sikorska; na gaba, ta halarci dakin motsa jiki na 'yan mata, wanda ta sauke karatu a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 1883 tare da lambar zinare. Bayan rugujewa, wataƙila saboda baƙin ciki, ta yi shekara ta gaba a ƙauye tare da dangin mahaifinta, a shekara ta gaba tare da mahaifinta a Warsaw, inda ta yi wasu koyarwa. Ba za a iya shiga makarantar sakandare ta yau da kullun ba saboda mace ce, ita da 'yar uwarta Bronisława sun shiga cikin Jami'ar Flying na sirri (wani lokacin ana fassara su azaman Jami'ar Floating ), wata cibiyar kishin ƙasa ta Poland ta manyan makarantu wacce ta karɓi ɗalibai mata. Maria ta yi yarjejeniya da ’yar’uwarta, Bronisława, cewa za ta ba ta taimakon kuɗi a lokacin karatun likitancin Bronisława a birnin Paris, a madadin irin wannan taimakon shekaru biyu bayan haka. Dangane da wannan, Mariya ta ɗauki matsayi na farko a matsayin mai koyar da gida a Warsaw, sannan na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar gwamnati a Szczuki tare da dangin da ke ƙasa, Żorawskis, waɗanda dangin mahaifinta ne. Yayin da yake aiki ga dangin na ƙarshe, ta ƙaunaci ɗansu, Kazimierz Żorawski, mashahuran lissafi na gaba. Iyayensa sun ƙi amincewa da ra'ayinsa na auren ɗan'uwan da ba shi da kuɗi, kuma Kazimierz ya kasa yin adawa da su. Manazarta Haifaffun 1867 Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

18696

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Sarkin%20Musulmi%2C%20Sokoto

Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, Sokoto

Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi jihar gargajiya ce a Arewacin Najeriya mai hedkwata a cikin garin Sakkwato, babban birnin jihar Sakkwato ta zamani. Wanda ya shu gabace shi daga Khalifanci na Sakkwato, an kafa majalissar a shekarar 1903 bayan da Birtaniyya ta sasanta khalifanci . Sarkin Musulmi yana matsayin babban jagoran addinin musulmai a Najeriya kuma babban Sheik na ɗarikar Qadiriyya a waccan kasar. A 2006, Sa'adu Abubakar ya zama Sarkin Musulmi. Tarihi Bayan wanzuwar zaman lafiya a Arewacin Najeriya, Turawan Burtaniya sun kafa Masarautar Arewacin Najeriya don mulkin yankin, wanda ya haɗa da mafi yawan masarautar Sakkwato da manyan masarautun ta. A ƙarƙashin gwamna janar Luggard, an ba manyan sarakunan ikon cin gashin kansu na gari, don haka suka ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa daga cikin kungiyar siyasa ta Khalifanci na Sakkwato. An dauki yankin Sokoto a matsayin wata masarauta ce a cikin Kare-tsare na Najeriya. Saboda ba a taɓa haɗa shi da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ba, ya zama mara iyaka a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa. Ana ci gaba da kallon Sultan na Sakkwato a matsayin muhimmin mai mallakar ruhi da addini; an ci gaba da gane layin nasaba da dan Fodio. Daya daga cikin manyan Sarakunan shi ne Siddiq Abubakar III, wanda ya rike mukamin na tsawon shekaru 50, daga 1938 zuwa 1988. An san shi a matsayin mai tabbatar da karfi a siyasar Najeriya, musamman a 1966 bayan kisan Ahmadu Bello, Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan rasuwar Siddiq Abubakar a shekara ta 1988, mai mulkin kama-karya na Najeriya Ibrahim Babangida ya tsoma baki a gadon mulkin, inda ya sanya sunan Ibrahim Dasuki, ɗaya daga cikin abokan kasuwancinsa a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi. Manyan sassan Arewacin Najeriya sun barke da mummunar zanga-zanga wacce ta shafi kamfanonin Dasuki. A 1996, mai mulkin kama-karya na Najeriya Sani Abacha ya tube shi, ya nada Muhammadu Maccido, wanda ya yi mulki har ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama a 2006. Gwamnati A ƙarƙashin tsarin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya, Sultan da sauran 'yan uwansa Sarakuna su ne kadai' Yan asalin Kasar, wadanda ke karkashin kulawar Mazauna Mulkin Mallaka. Hakimai (ko taken sarakuna) ya taimaki Sarkin Musulmi ko Sarki wajen gudanar da mulkin jiharsa. An riƙe wannan tsarin sosai a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Nijeriya . A shekarar 1966, kifar da Gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya ya haifar da sake tsarin tsarin tarayyar Najeriya. Wannan sannu a hankali ya rage ikon mulkin mallakar Arewacin Najeriya da masarautun ta. Kasuwanci Fiye da kashi tamanin (80%) na mazauna Sakkwato suna yin wani nau'in noma ko wani. Suna samar da irin amfanin gona kamar gero, kwarya, masara, shinkafa, dankali, rogo, gyada, albasa da wake don samun abinci da kuma samar da alkama, auduga da kayan lambu a tsabar kuɗi. Sana'o'in cikin gida kamar su aikin baƙi, saƙa, rini, sassaka da aikin fata suma suna da mahimmiyar rawa a rayuwar tattalin arzikin jama'ar Sakkwato; a sakamakon haka yankuna daban-daban kamar Makera, Marina, Takalmawa da Majema sun zama masu mahimmanci. Sakkwato kuma na daya daga cikin yankunan da ke samar da kifi a kasar. Don haka, mutane da yawa a gefen kogin suna yin kamun kifi. Sakkwato daidai take da albarkatun ƙasa da na ma'adinai. Masana'antun da ke hade da amfanin gona suna amfani da auduga, gyada, dawa, da danko, masara, da shinkafa, da alkama, da sikari, da rogo, da danko na larabci da taɓa domin ana iya samar da kayan masarufi a yankin Hakanan ana iya yin aikin noma mai yawa a cikin jihar ta hanyar amfani da ruwan ban ruwa daga Goronyo Dam, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko da Kwakuzo tabkuna, da sauransu. Ma'adanai kamar su kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, red mills, phosphate duka rawaya da kore, laka mai laushi da yashi ana samunsu da yawa na kasuwanci. Masana'antu da ke amfani da waɗannan albarkatun za'a iya kafa su a cikin jihar. Masana'antar ciminti ta Sakkwato, wacce ke Wamakko, misali ce ta misali. Rashin tserar tse-tse a kan yankin makiyaya yana amfanar dabbobin gida da na gida. Sakkwato ita ce ta biyu a fannin kiwon dabbobi a cikin dabbobin ƙasar sama da miliyan takwas. Samuwar wannan ƙarfin tattalin arziki yana ba da kyakkyawar damar saka hannun jari, musamman a masana'antun da ke kawance da gona irin su injin garin fulawa, sarrafa tumatir, tace sukari, masaku, manne, tanning, kifin gwangwani, da sauransu. Duba kuma Khalifancin Sakkwato Manazarta Sarakuna Sarakuna na Afrika Masarautu a Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

34361

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucostoma%20kunzei

Leucostoma kunzei

Naman gwari mai tsire-tsire Leucostoma kunzei (tsohon Valsa kunzei ) shine wakili na cutar Leucostoma canker (wanda aka fi sani da Cytospora canker ko spruce canker ), cuta na bishiyoyin spruce da aka samu a Arewacin Hemisphere, yawanci akan Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) da Colorado . blue spruce ( Picea pungens ). Wannan cuta tana daya daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi yawa kuma suna cutar da nau'in Picea a arewa maso gabashin Amurka, duk da haka kuma tana shafar sauran nau'ikan coniferous . Da kyar yakan kashe bishiyar da ke masaukinsa; duk da haka, cutar ba ta lalacewa ta hanyar kashe rassan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma haifar da fitar da guduro daga raunuka na shekara - shekara a kan rassan ko kututture. Asalin Leucostoma kunzei or “ Valsa kunzei ” (Fr.:Fr) Fr. (conidial state - Cytospora kunzei ) Waterman ne ya fara bayyana shi a cikin 1955, a matsayin mai haifar da reshe da masu tsini da ta lura akan Douglas fir. Waterman ya al'ada naman gwari daga bishiyoyin daji daga Washington, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Hampshire, da Massachusetts kuma ya ba da bayanin farko na canker da naman gwari. Ta kuma lura cewa bishiyu na kankara yawanci suna faruwa a wuraren da ba su da kyau ko kuma wasu abubuwan muhalli sun raunana su. Runduna masu saukin kamuwa Balsam Fir Abin balsamea Farashin Fraser Abies fraseri Turai Larch Larix decidua Jafananci Larch Larix kampferi Amurka Larch Larix laricina Norway Spruce Picea abin Engelmann Spruce ne adam wata Picea engelmannii Farin Spruce Picea glauca Black Spruce Picea mariana Caucasian Spruce Picea Orientalis Colorado Blue Spruce Picea pungens Red Spruce Picea rubens Jack Pine Pinus banksiana Red Pine Pinus resinosa Gabashin Farin Pine Pinus strobus Bhutan Pine Pinus wallichiana Eldar Pine Pinus eldaric Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga ma'ana Western Redcedar Thuja plicata Gabashin Hemlock Tsuga canadensis Alamun Alamomin wannan cuta a cikin rundunonin spruce sun haɗa da matattu da rassan da ke mutuwa da raunuka na dindindin a kan rassan da gangar jikin, waɗanda ke fitar da resins. Tsofaffin rassan (ƙananan bishiyoyi) suna ɗaukar lalacewa fiye da ƙananan. A lokacin bazara da farkon lokacin rani ganyen rassan da suka kamu da cutar a kan bishiyar da aka yi garkuwa da su suna yin shuɗewa kuma suna yin launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke nuni da ɗaurin gindi da ke faruwa a cikin reshe ko kuma tare da tushen tushen da wannan cuta ke haifarwa. Wadannan allura masu launin ruwan kasa za su kasance a manne a lokacin girma sannan kuma su fadi a lokacin hunturu, suna barin rassan rassan da ba su da tushe. Duk wannan tsari zai iya faruwa a kowace shekara, yana motsawa daga ƙananan rassan zuwa manyan rassan, don haka ya lalata alamar bishiyar mai masauki. Twigs da rassan da wannan cuta ta kashe na iya kasancewa a kan bishiyar da take da cuta na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk wannan lalacewar da wannan cuta ta fungal ke haifarwa ba ya farawa har sai bishiyoyin da ke cikin gida sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 10-15. Koyaya, a cikin wuraren gandun daji na shimfidar wuri ana iya kashe ƙananan rassan matasa spruce shuɗi ko fari spruce lokaci-lokaci. Launuka yawanci suna farawa ne daga ƙananan ƙananan rassan kuma suna girma zuwa elliptic ko wani lokaci-lokaci masu kama da lu'u-lu'u. Raunin da ya samo asali a kan rassan da ke kusa da babban tushe na iya bazuwa a cikin babban tushe. Cambium da wannan cuta ta kashe yana da launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan ja-ja-jaja kuma yana cike da resins. Sapwood da ke ƙasa, wanda aka kashe kuma ya mamaye ta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, ba a cika samun launi ba. Guduro mai launin amber yana fitowa sosai daga gefuna na cankers, yana gangarowa cikin haushi, ko kuma ya digo a kan ƙananan rassan ko ƙasa, sannan ya taurare ya zama farin ɓawon burodi. Launukan da ke da alaƙa da wannan ƙwayar cuta yawanci suna tafiya a bayyane ba a lura da su ba a kan bishiyoyin da suka kamu da cutar na tsawon shekaru da yawa, saboda ƙwayar cuta da ke riƙe da resin. Samuwar callus a gefen canker yana da dabara ko kusan ba ya nan, yawanci guduro shine kawai alamar raunin haushi. Cankers da aka kafa akan gangar jikin zasu bayyana kamar sun nutse saboda rayayyun kyallen takarda (calus) suna fadadawa da girma a kusa da kyallen da suka ji rauni. Cikakkiyar ɗaurin gindin runduna ko manyan gaɓoɓi na iya faruwa; duk da haka, wannan taron na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa har ma da shekaru masu yawa don cikawa. A cikin wasu conifers masu saukin kamuwa, alamun suna kama da na spruce sai dai fitar da guduro yawanci ba shi da fice. Game da pine, mabuɗin alamar da za a lura da shi shine cututtukan reshen da ba a san su ba wanda wannan cuta ta haifar. Alamu Alamun Leucostoma kunzei sun haɗa da fungal stromata na mataki na Cytospora wanda ke samuwa kowace shekara a cikin bawon daji da aka kashe kwanan nan kuma mafi yawa, a waje da masu ciwon daji. Pycnidial stromata suna da siffa kamar gajerun mazugi, 1-2 mm a diamita, tare da ɗakuna masu ƙyalƙyali suna haskakawa daga tsakiya kuma suna buɗewa ta hanyar rami na kowa a saman. A lokacin damshin yanayi, za su samar da rawaya tendrils na conidia. Wani mutum stroma duk da haka, yana yin wannan sau ɗaya kawai. Conidia su ne unicellular, allantoid (siffar tsiran alade), da 4-6 x 0.5-1 µm girma. Perithecial stromata wanda balagagge a cikin bazara suma gajere ne da 1-2 mm a diamita. Nama na ciki kodadde rawaya ne zuwa launin ruwan toka mai launin ruwan toka tare da baƙar perithecia 5-30 a ciki. Perithecia shine 200-600 µm a diamita, kuma wuyoyinsu suna haɗuwa a saman diski-kamar stroma. Fayilolin yawanci 0.2-1.0 mm a diamita da launin toka zuwa baki a saman. Ascospores sune hyaline (marasa launi), unicellular, lanƙwasa, kuma auna 5-8 x 1-2 µm. Zagayowar cuta An fara kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta ta shiga cikin raunukan kwanan nan na bishiyar mai saurin kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya haifar da waɗannan raunuka ta hanyar inji kamar kayan aiki, ta hanyar shigar kwari, ko a cikin raunuka na halitta saboda matsalolin muhalli kamar dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara. Gabaɗaya, yawancin kamuwa da cuta ana tsammanin yana faruwa a farkon bazara, kodayake bazara na kuma sabunta cututtukan da ke ɓoye daga kakar da ta gabata, da zarar yanayin muhalli yana da fa'ida ga naman gwari. Yawanci, yanayi mara kyau na muhalli kamar fari, matsanancin zafi, ko takamaiman wurin yana ƙarfafa haɓakawa da kamuwa da wannan cuta. Ana iya samun wannan ƙwayar cuta a cikin haushi na waje na abin da ya zama rassan rassa masu lafiya, wanda ke nuna kamuwa da cuta na iya faruwa kafin ci gaban rauni. Dukansu conidia da ascospores na wannan naman gwari suna kamuwa da cuta. Ana fitar da Conidia a lokacin damina yanayi na bazara, amma kuma a duk lokacin bazara da kaka. Wadannan conidia na iya jure yanayin sanyi, wanda ke taimakawa ga rayuwar wannan naman gwari, kuma conidia suna tsiro a kusan 20-33 ° C. Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don haɓakar conidial da farkon girma na naman gwari yana kusa da 27 °C. Hakanan ana fitar da ascospores a cikin bazara, da kuma, farkon lokacin rani. Watsewar conidiospores da ascospores ta hanyar gudu ko watsa ruwa yana ba da shaida don haɓakawar shekara zuwa shekara da haɓaka ci gaban bayyanar cututtuka. Dukkanin nau'ikan spore sun gano a kan iska a kusancin bishiyoyi marasa lafiya, duk da haka hanyar zama iska har yanzu ba ta da tabbas. Akwai rade-radin cewa wannan tarwatsawar iska na iya kasancewa saboda sakin ɗigon ruwa ta hanyar ɗigon ruwan sama wanda ya zama 'yanci a cikin iska yayin da ɗigon ruwa ke ƙafewa. Ana samun conidia da yawa a cikin ruwa da iska, sabanin ascospores. Wadannan tururuwa masu iska, da kuma, kwari suna ba da bayani game da yaduwar wannan cuta daga bishiya zuwa bishiya. Da zarar an ɗaure reshe ko tushe na majiɓinci mai rauni, ƙwayoyin cuta za su mamaye manyan wuraren haushi da sauri fiye da wurin ɗaurin gindi. Bayan wannan, ƙwayoyin cuta za su haifar da pycnial da yawa daga baya kuma daga baya perithecial stromata. Tsawon lokaci mai yiwuwa na wannan sake zagayowar cutar shine shekara 1, saboda pycnidial stromata wanda ke samuwa a cikin shekarar farko na haɓakar rauni. Gudanar da cututtuka Saboda tsofaffi, bishiyoyi masu rauni sun fi dacewa da Leucostoma kunzei, mahimmin mahimmanci wajen kula da wannan cuta mai kyau shine kula da lafiyar bishiyar da karfi ta hanyar rage damuwa akan bishiyar. Zabi wuraren dasa shuki tare da ƙasa mai kyau, m, ƙasa mai kyau; guje wa ƙasa mara zurfi ko magudanar ruwa. A lokacin lokutan fari mai tsawo ko a wuraren busassun ruwa na yau da kullum yana da mahimmanci a lokacin girma kakar, da kuma, aikace-aikace na takin mai magani kowace 'yan shekaru. Ingantattun bishiyoyi da nisantar duk wani matsala ga tushen tsarin wanda zai iya haifar da rauni ko rashin ci gaban tushen duka duka suna rage yuwuwar bishiyar guda ɗaya ta kamu da cuta. Zaɓaɓɓen pruning na ƙananan rassan a inda zai yiwu, ba tare da lalata gaba ɗaya da kyawawan bayyanar itacen yana da kyau ba. A kan bishiyar da ba ta da ƙarfi sosai, duk rassan da ba su da lafiya da kuma kusa da su ya kamata a datse su zuwa ga reshe mai rai mafi kusa ko gangar jikin. Ya kamata a yanke rassan rauni da rauni zuwa gangar jikin bishiyar. A kan manyan gaɓoɓi ko kututtuka za a iya fitar da ɓangaren cankered. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar cire duk launin ruwan kasa, matattun kyallen jikin, da kuma, 1 inci lafiyayyen haushi da itace a kowane bangare, yanke zuwa zurfin ¼ inch. Tsaftar kayan aiki da kyau yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin yaduwar wannan cuta ta bazata; Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar kashe su ta hanyar shafa su ko kuma a nutsar da su cikin maganin 70% shafa barasa. Yankewa a lokacin jika na iya haifar da yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka da ke yaduwa ta hanyar raunuka; don haka, a datse kawai lokacin da ganye da haushi suka bushe. Ba za a iya maido da bishiyoyin da suka daɗe da kyau ba kuma a cire su gaba ɗaya daga wurin kuma idan zai yiwu, a ƙone su don cire tushen inoculum. Ya zuwa yau, babu wani fungicides wanda ya iya ba da rigakafi ko kama ci gaban Leucostoma canker akan bishiyoyin spruce Nau'in maye gurbin da aka ba da shawarar (iri mai ƙarfi) Siberian Spruce Picea omorika Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus Atlantika Nikko Fir Abin homolepis Leyland Cypress Cupressus leylandii Juniper na kasar Sin Juniperus chinensis Dutsen Rocky Juniper Juniperus scopulorum Jafananci Cedar Cryptomeria japonica Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Farashin Fungorum USDA ARS Fungal Database Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawata%20Birnin%20Istanbul

Kawata Birnin Istanbul

Kawata Birnin Istanbul birni ne mai abun ban mamaki da malaman ilmin kimiyya na kayan tarihi suka tabbata. Tarihin A karnuka na 7 zuwa 11 an samu cewa daular Bizans ne ta yi mulki da al’adu da dama wanda ba ta da iyaka. Aikin YeniKapi da aka fara wanda ya gamu da juyin juya halin CelilaiTaş wato zamanin da ake kira Zamanin Dutsi shekaru dubu 10 kenan.Ciki aikin filin Theodosius ne aka gano wasu tsaikon jikin mutane 4 da suka gabata shekaru da dama wato gabanin tarihin Miladiya 6000-6500.Wannan sintuwa da aka yi ya na da muhimmanci sosai don ya samu wuri a tarihin Istanbul don ita ce na farko da aka gano abu irin haka a kusada tsibirin birni din. A cikin tone tonen ne aka gano abubuwa ciki har da katako, da makaman tsaro. A cewar malaman ilimin kimiyya na kayan tarihi an ta ba samun wani kauye a shekarar 8000-8.500 kuma an gano cewa mutanen kauyen sun yi cinikin dabbobi da aikin gona.Malaman sun iya sun samu cikakkun bayanai kan hakan.Wato sun gano yadda mutanen da suka yi rayuwar fatauci kamar farauta da noma inda suke sake wuraren zamansu don sauyin  yanayin. An gano wargazazzun kayayyakin yumbu wanda aka kwatanta daidai da wanda ‘yan Anadolu ke amfani da shi da kuma  Çatalhöyük har ila yau. An kuma gano kaburbura wanda suka samu shekaru dubu 8. An iya an gano yadda ake binne mamata a zamanin da wato sau da yawa  wasu ana binnesu cikin kasa wasu mamatan kuma konawa ake yi masu. A kwai al’adu da dama da ake yi wa mamaci wurin tufafin da ake sama masa, idan an konasa kuma tokar ana adanawa.Tufafin da mamatan ya sa gabannin ya mutu ana adanawa cikin dakin rataye tufafi.Wato dukkan abubuwa da kayayyakin da da aka gano ne masana suka ce an ta ba samun makabira a wurin Marmara din. Sakamakon ayyuka da masana suka yi ne aka tabbatar da tarihin birnin Istanbul tare da  daular Roma, da  Bizans. Shekarar da ta gabata  masana sun dakatar da aikin amma bana an samu sababbin labarai game da aikin YeniKapi din. Al’ummar Istanbul sun samu ganin kasusuwan mutane da na farko kuma sun yaba wa masanan da suka nuna himma cikin aikin.Wadannan kasusuwa masu tsawon mita 9.5 sun kai shekaru dubu takwas da dari biyar 8500.  A cikin gwaje gwajen DNA ne aka gano kasusuwan wani jinjiri mai shekaru 5 tare da. Masana din sun yi gwajen abubuwa da dama don a gano su wa ye, ciki har da gwajen akora. Wannan tone kasa da masanan kimiyya tarihi suka yi ba'a ta ba samun irin haka ba a duk fadin kasashen Turai. Har ila yau masana kimiyya na cikin tona kasa don sun kimanta cewa za a samu abubuwa da dama wanda zai nuna yadda daular ta ke a zamanin da, kuma za a ga ice  masu muhimmanci da ban sha’awa daban-daban da ke a wurin. Tsarin kawata birnin kashi na 1 Wannan birnin ya janyo hanklan mutane da dama akan siyasa da ta gabata a cikin tsawon shekaru. Wasu mutane sun fadi. Wasu mutane kuma sun hada sojoji a kofar birnin domin su karbe iko da shi. Ko dadai tarihi ya riga ya san wadannan mutane. Toh ya sauran jama’a? Mutanen birnin da kansu? Sun iya mallaka tare da kula da birnin Istanbul ko kuma sun kasa.... Suma sun yi kokari da iko da Istanbul. Tun lokacin da aka kafa Istanbul a matsayin karamin kauye, amma a yanzu ya zama babban birni. Sabbin al’adu da ‘yan siyasa suka kawo ga birnin Istanbul sun gauraya da tsaffin al’adu da aka sani game da birnin. Sanadiyyar hakan kuwa shi ne a cikin lokaci daban-daban mutane sun yi hijira zuwa birnin, wanda hakan ya sa aka samu al’adu daban-daban a yankin. A farkon shekarun 1960, akwai wata magana da ake anmfani da ita a kasar Turkiyya, idan ana son a gwada arzikin Istanbul; “kasar Istanbul kamar zinariya ce!”. Wannan magana ana amfani da ita ne a wurin nuna cewa idan kana Istanbul ba za ka yi rashin aiki ba kuma za ka samu tarin dukiya a wurin. Daga baya ne ake amfani da wannan magana wurin bayyana abubuwa masu kyau da mara sa kyau a Istanbul. Muma muna tunanin cewa ana amfani ne da wannan magana wurin nuna tarihi da kuma gadon manyan al’adu dake Istanbul. Idan masu sauraronmu zaku tuna, a cikin shirinmu da ya gabata a wancan mako mun fada muku cewa, “Istanbul na da shekaru dubu 300 kuma a birnin akwai al’adu daban-daban tun tsawon shekaru 5000 a tarihi”. A cikin wannan babban birni za ka iya ganin abubuwan na al’ada a duk inda zaka tafi a cikinsa. A zamanin yau kuwa, duka inda zaka tafi a cikin birnin sai kai ta jin ihu daban-daban. Istanbul, na juyewa zuwa wani abu daban. Tun lokacin da aka zabi birnin Istanbul a matsayin babban birnin al’adu na kasashen Turai a shekarar 2010, sai jama’ar kasashen Turai suka mai da hankali zuwa wurin. Ana shirya wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide da wake-wake, da fina-finai tare da tambayoyi game wallafe-wallafe kai da kai a birnin. Haka kuma wadannan shirye-shirye ana yin su a kasashen waje. A kowacce shekara ana shirya wani taro mai suna “Altın Yollar” wato “hanyar zinariya” a kasar Turkiyya domin bada lambobin yabo na al’ada a tsakanin kasashen Turai. A karkashin wannan shiri ne aka shirya wasu taruka daban-daban guda hudu a birane 29 a kasashe 18 a shekarar 2010. An fara wannan shiri ne a ranar 2 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2008 inda aka tafi yawon bude ido a yankin “Karadeniz.” Wato ‘Black sea region’ a turance. Wannan taron an rubuta shi daga cikin wani littafi mai suna “”İnatcı Keraban Agha”. Bari mu karanta muku wani sashe daga cikin littafin. “Keraban Agha wani shahararren attajiri ne mai taurin kai da aka san shi daga daular Usmaniyya. Wannan al’amari ya faru ne a rabin karni na 19 na biyu. Wata rana ya tafi cikin nahiyar Turai a Istanbul a unguwar Tophane domin ya gana da wani abokin cinikinsa wanda ya fito daga kasar Holland. Daga wurin sai suka tafi gidan Agha tare da abokin ciniki a unguwar Uskudar dake birnin Istanbul. A lokacin da zas u sai suka shiga jirgin ruwan Sarkin wurin a bakin teku. Jirgin na tsaye tsakanin hanyoyi biyu. Yan da Agha ya kalli jirgin sai abokin cinikin ya gano cewa lalle zai yi mai taurin kai. Sai Agha ya ce wa abokin ba zai biya kudin da suka yi ciniki ba zai tafi gidansa shi kadai. Domin ya yi tunanin cewa abin hawan za su yi amfani da shi zuwa gidansa zai tashi daga Tophane zuwa Kırklare, daga wurin zuwa Karadeniz, zuwa Varna, Kostence, Odessa, Soci, da kuma Batum. Daga nan kuma sai suka kara gaba zuwa Anatolia, Adapazarı, Ankara sannan ya kai Uskudar saboda jirgin ruwan Sarkin ya kulle hanya. Da ya yi tunanin zai biya kudi da yawa sai ya yanke shawarar cewa ba zai tafi gida ba. Marubuci dan kasar Faransa Jules Verne ya rubuta labarin a cikin littafinsa domin nuna yadda mutanen gabas suke. Ko da yake akwai karantar wa a cikin wannan labari amma Keriban agha ba shi da tsammani akan wata rana akwai wanda zai rubuta wannan labarin. Altın Yollar Taron Altın Yollar. A cikin watan Afrilu da Mayu na wannan shekara, za’a ba da “izinin Evliya Celebi” domin a yi wasu taron a garuruwan Balkans. Za’a yi taron ne a kasashen Bulgaria, Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia da  Bosna-Hersek. A watannin Satumba da Oktoba na shekarar 2009 an gudanar bikin inda aka ba shi suna “izinin Piri Reis”. Nufin taron shi ne a fara zuwa Spain, da wurin zuwa Faransa, Italiya da kuma kasar Girka domin nuna al’adun yankin Karadeniz. Taro na karshe da za’a yi kuma shi ne na “Izinin Franz Liszt” an yi taron a watan Mayu 2010 inda daga tsakiyar Turai. A shekarar 2010 kuma an fara ne daga manyan biranen al’adu uku sai a kare a yankin Ruhr. Za’a fara daga Austria, Slovakia zuwa Hungary. Za’a tafi ne ana wakokin gargajiya a tafiyar. Duk tafiyar taron “Altın yolları” ce za ta hada. Bayan tafiyar “Altın Yollar” za’a kawo karshen tafiyar ne a Istanbul inda ilimantar da mutane game da taron da aka yi. A cikin wannan taron, za’a nuna “rawa na gargajiya tare da wakokin gargajiya na Altın Yollar” da kuma “rubuce-rubucen gargajiya tare da litattafi gargajiya na Altın Yollar.” Za’a gayyaci wadanda aka yi hadin gwiwa da su wuri shirya wannan taron. A karshen taron kuma ‘Altın Yolları’ za ta yi littafi da kuma shirin gaskiya (Documentary). Mu kuma zamu ci gaba da baku labarai akan abin da ke faruwa a taron kai da kai. Babban birni na Al’adun Turai Istanbul ya fara shirye-shiryen taron da za’a yi a shekara ta gaba. Istanbul ya fara ganawa da biranen Turai daban-daban domin gabatar da taron sabuwar shekara mai zuwa. Hukumar kungiyar sun yi hadin kai da kungiyar “İstanbul 2010 Avrupa Kültür Başkenti Ajansı” inda lokaci lokaci suke sanarwa game da wani shiri mai suna “Istanbul naka ne”. Mu kuma zamu  kare wannan shirin inda muke ce muku “filin naku ne.” Masu Sauraro mu hadu a Mako mai zuwa za mu kara tattaunawa game da tarihi, al’adu, sai mun hadu a Istanbul. Sai an jima. A madadin dukkanin abokan aiki na Muryar Turkiyya. Nine………..nake cewa mu huta lafiya. “Idan mutum na da ikon ya kalli duniya sau daya, to wannan mutumin ya kamata ya kalli Istanbul. Akwai manyan malamai, sana’oi da yanayi mai ban sha’awa wadan nan süne  suka hadu suka sanya birnin Istanbul ya zama mai muhimmaci.” Shahararren mawakin nan dan kasar Faransa, marubuci kuma dan siyasa Alphonse Lamartine, ya yi bayani game da birnin Istanbul saboda ya zagaya daga nahiyar Asia zuwa nahiyar Turai inda ya koyi al’adu da dama a bangarorin  daban-daban. Kashi na 2 A yau yawan mutane dake rayuwa a Istanbul sun kai miliyan dubu goma sha biyu, inda girmansa ya kai  kilomita dubu biyar da dari bakwai da goma sha daya har akan ce girmansa ya fi biranen kasashen Turai da dama... Bayan da aka zabi Istanbul a matsayin babban birnin al’ada na kasashen Turai a shekarar dubu biyu da goma, an yi ayyuka da taro da dama a birnin. Yau za mu ambaci wasu aikace-aikace da dama da ake yi a birnin. Bayan an kare aikin, Istanbul zai jawo hankalin mutanen duniya baki daya. Mun bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryenmu cewa.” Istanbul ta zama babban birnin al’adun Turai a shekarar dubu biyu da goma” wannan taron zaben kungiyoyin fararen hula da kıngiyoyin gwamnati ne suka shirya. Wannan dillalai sun fara wani aiki domin sun gyara babban birnin Istanbul. Da farko kungiyoyin sun fara yara babbar cibiyar al’ada mafi muhimmanci dake Istanbul mai suna “Ataturk Kultur Merkezi”. Mun fada muku wannan ne saboda yana da muhimmmaci. Dandalin Taksim na cikin dandali mai muhimmanci da ake kalubale a birnin Istanbul. A wannan dandali na cibiyar al’adan Istanbul, ana wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide da wake-wake kuma a wurin ne ake taron al’adu da dama. Wannan shi yasa ofishin ministan al’adu da kungiyar dillalai da al’adu na shekara dubu biyu da goma suka dauki mataki akan cewa za su gyara wurin. An dauki matakin cewa za’a gyara wurin ne a lokacin da aka zabi Istanbul a shekarar dubu biyu da goma. Wannan gini ya kara kayayyakin al’adu da dama kuma za’a bude dakunan zane-zane a tsakiya. Wannan aikin gyara cibiyar al’adar Ataturk, babban birnin al’ada na kasashen Turai Istanbul ne ke yi. Za su gyara AKM ne daga wake-wake zuwa kide-kide, saboda ci gaba da al’adu. Za’a tsara wannan cibiyar al’adu ne domin yanda zai jawo hankalin mutane a wurin kuma za’a saka wutan lantarki saboda yanda ba za’a sami matsala ba. Saboda haka, wannan cibiyar al’ada za’a bude kwana dari uku da sittin da biyar dare da rana. Kamar yanda muka ambata da farko, za’a saka wutar lantarki, tsaro, wurin gyara sauti da wasu abubuwa da dama. Wannan wuri an gina shi a shekaru da dama da suka wuce kuma ba a samu wanda zai gyara ba, shi yasa wannan kungiyar al’adu suka dauki mataki akan cewa za su gyara. Kayayyakin ado da kasashen China da Japan suke amfani da shi suke jawo hankalin mutanen duniya sun yi koyi daga fadar Topkapı dake babban birnin Istanbul. An gina fadar Topkapı ne a shekarar dubu daya da dari hudu da saba’in da takwas bayan Fatih Sultan Mehmet ya jagoranci yakin karbr Istanbuli, bayan shekara dari uku da tamanin sai aka kuma gina fadar Dolmabahce a karkashin jagorancin Sultan Abdulmajid inda aka mai da wurare biyun a matsayin majalisar daular Usmaniyya. Fadar Topkapı da Dolmabahce su ne fada biyu da har yanzu ake gyaran ciki tun lokacin daular Usmaniyya da ake gyarawa lokaci zuwa lokaci. Shahararren abu daga cikin fadar shi ne dakin girki. Shahararren mai gini Mimar Sinan ne ya gina wannan dakin girki; wurin yana daukan masu yin abinci guda dubu daya da dari biyu da kullum suke girki kuma a yau idan ka je kasashen China da Japan, zaka samu irin abincin da suke yi a lokacin. A lokacin kayayyakin abinci dubu goma sha biyu ne suke amfani da shi, amma a yau sauran dubu biyu da dari biyar. Idan ka duba yanayin lokacin, zaka ga cewa abinda Sultan ke tsoro shi ne a saka guba a cikin abinci domin a kashe wani. Saboda Sultan na tsoron wannan abu ne yasa kowani lokaci sai an wanke kwanon abinci sa’annan su fara cin abincin. Domin a samu a nuna wadannnan kayayyakin abincin fadar China da Japan  a fadar Topkapı ne kungiyar al’adan babban kasashen Turai na shekarar dubu biyu da goma ne suke gyara fadar. Bayan an gama gyara wannan fadar mutanen Istanbul da duniya baki daya za kaga kayar al’adu da dama a wurin. Ta haka ne mutane za su gane asalin kayan al’adun babban birnin al’adun Istanbul. Dukkan wadanna aiki ana yi domin kare kayayyakin al’adun wurin. Ba wurin tarihi guda biyun kadai za’a gyara a garin ba. A cikin aikin kungiyar babban birnin al’adun Istanbul, za’a gyara ofishin shugaban kungiyar inda za’a sake gyaran wuraren tarihi guda tamanin da takwas. A cikin wannan wurare, akwai masallacin Sulaimaniyya wanda aka gina a cikin shekaru dari hudu da suka gabata. Sa’an nan, za’a gyara masallatai kamar, Nuruosmaniye mai taga 171, masallacin Valide Sultan, masallacin Fatih, da kuma masallacin Yavuz Sultan Salim. Za’a yi gyare-gyarensu. Za’a kuma gyara kasuwar Masar dake Istanbul. A yanzu ana shirye-shiryen gyara wuraren tarihin. A wani mako za mu ci gaba da baku labarin shirin gyare-gyaren wuraren tarihi. idan an kammala gyare-gyaren wuraren tarihin, birnin Istanbul zai zama inda ke dauke da wurin tarihi da yafi ko’ina a duniya baki daya.  Kashi na 3 Akwai ayyukan da ke ci gaba da shi a yanzu wadanda aka fara a shekarun baya a birnin. Wadanan ayyukan kungiyar babban birnin al’adun Turai ce ke ci gaba da yinsu. Kasar wannan birni kamar kasar baitulmali ce. Mun taba fada muku cewa duwatsun kasar Istanbul kamar zinari amma ba duwatsun kadai ba ne. Saboda tekun sa birnin ma zinariya ce... Akwai wasu ayyuka da ak na tsawon wani lokaci a tekun. Wanan aiki shi ne mafi muhimmancin da aka yi a tekun, wannan aiki mai suna Marmaray shine wanda zai hada dukkan duniya a karkashin teku. Tun daga shekarar dubu daya da dari takwas da sitin ne aka bayyana ra’ayin cewa ana son a yi hanyar jirgin kasa a karkashin teku. Sai wannan ra’ayi a wannan shekara kamar mafarki ne saboda fasahar lokacin ba ta kai a yi aikin ba. A shekarar 1902 sai aka fara zane-zane game da aikin. Amma da yake babu isashen kayan aikin hanyar jirgin, sai aka tsayar da aikin. Sai aka kuma tayar da aikin a shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin. A karshen shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai, sai kasar Turkiyya ta dauki mataki na farko game da wannan aikin Marmaray. An tattauna game da wannan aiki a cikin shekaru da dama. A watan Agusta na shekarar dubu biyu da hudu sai aka fara ainihin aikin. Idan aka gama aikin, zai zama cewa an gama yankuna biyu da tekun ya raba a karkashin ruwa. Ta haka ne zai zama cewa hanyar jirgin kasa da aka yi a karkashin ruwan ne ya hada yankuna biyun. Wani abin mamaki game da wannan aikin shi ne musamman ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi dake ciki. Har zuwa yau ana ci gaba da tono rami karkashin ruwan domin yin hanyar. Canje-canje da aka sanya  na ci gaba wurin aikin, an samo shi ne ga masu karatun ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi. Daya tashar hanyar jirgin sama da za’a yi a karkashin ruwa zai kasance a Yenikapı na yankin Turai. Saboda haka an fara aikin gine-gine da tonon rami a wurin. Sai dai, wannan zai zama karo na farko da wannan yankin Istanbul za ta samu da Katanga. Abin mamakin  game da katangar bai kare ba. Katangar zata kewaye tashar jirgin ruwan Theodosius. Lokacin da aka fara gina tashar Marmaray a Yenikapı sai ba san abinda ke karkashin kasar ba. Da aka toni rami nisan mita 8 sai aka ci karo da wani jirgin ruwa wanda aka yi da katako a karkashin kasar. Da aka ci gaba da tono ramin kadan sai aka kuma samu jirgin ruwa na biyu a karkashin ruwan. Wannan shi ne halin da ya sa aka fara tono ramin tashar Yenikapı da wuri. Tonan ramin tashar da aka yi a Yenikapı a shekara dubu biyu da hudu, shi ne babban ramin da aka tone domin gina hanyar kasa a karkashin ruwa a tarihin Turkiyya. Kuma ya taka rawa mai muhimmacin wurin haskaka tarihin Istanbul. Yanzu haka, aikin da ake yi a Yenikapı na cikin babban aikin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na ban sha’awa a duniya. wannan aiki yana haskaka tarihin birnin na shekaru dubu goma. Aikin wannan sashe da ake kiransa da tashar jirgin ruwan Theodosius, fiye da wurare daban-daban masu girma guda talatin ne aka gwada. Wannan wuraren da aka gwada, ya rubuta littafi a kansa mai suna “Tsohon Jiragen Yenikapı.” A yau an san cewa, tashar jirgin ruwa dake tudu mai nisan mita dari biyar a lokacin Roman-Byzantine tashar jirgin ruwan Istanbul ce, bayan hatsi daga Masar a karni na bakwai, sai muhimmacin tashar jirgin ruwan ya ragu, daga wannan lokaci sai aka fara anfani da shi dalilan sojoji. Sai dai wannan lokaci ba san sai daidai inda ya ke ba. Saboda tashar da jiragen ruwan, sun saura karkarshin yashi a lokacin da kogin Lycus ya ci tudun. A cewa da aka samu daga wani misali, ana tunanin cewa kogin ya ci tudun ne a lokacin da tsunami ta buga tudun bayan girgizar kasa ta faru a wurin. A wannan yanki a lokacin daular Uthmaniyya an yi amfani dashi wurin horar da Lambu kuma lokacin daga wurin ake ba ‘yan Istanbul da kayan lambu. Lokacin da ake tone ramin an samu kayayyakin tarihin tsakanin karni bakwai zuwa karni goma sha daya,dari hudu da hamsin daga cikinsu kayayyakin al’adu ne kamar kayan masu tukin jirgin ruwa, igiyoyi da kuma anka. Bugu da kari, an gano wani  hanyar da mahaifiyar Sarkin sarkunan Constantine ta bi a kan teku wanda mutane basu sani ba a lokacin da kuma hayar da matafiya suke bi a lokacin daular Uthmaniyya. Sunken jiragen ruwa, an yi su ne a karni na tara da goma sha daya wanda aka fi sani da shekara duhu, kuma a wannan lokacin an yi jiragen ruwan yanda zai haskaka hanya. Saboda yadda kasa yake a lokacin ko da an tsare su da kyau bai zai iyu ba domin haka sai suka yi ma jiragen ruwan shiri na musamman. Saboda haka, kullum sai su rike wani abu kamar laima domin kiyaye su daga haske da kuma zafin rana. Farkon jiragen ruwan na kaiwa inda yanzu ake tone ramin Yenikapı kusa da Jami’ar Istanbul domin tsaro. Kafin a dauki kayayyakin da aka samu a karkarshin kasar, ko wane daya daga cikin kayan an daukin hotonsa, bayan haka aka basu lamba sa’anan a saka a cikin kwamfuta. Wasu daga cikin kayayyakin an kai su Jami’ar Istanbul inda aka kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko da aka kafa domin sake maimaitasu. A nan akwai kayayyakin aiki wanda za’a iya sake maimaitasu. Ana kuma anfani da sunadarai domin gyara su saboda zafi da ya kamasu lokacin da suke karkashin kasa. Kayan da aka samu a wannan yankin, daraktan kula da kawata birnin Istanbul tare da kungiyar babban birnin Al’adun Turai na shekarar dubu biyu da goma ne suka hada kansu. Wannan kungiyar, su suka fara aikin gina tashar jirgin kasa a karkashin ruwa wanda zai zama daga cikin mayan aiki a duniya. Ana ci gaba da shirye-shirye a kan aikin. Bisa ga wannan aikin yankin Yenikapi, kayayyakin da aka samu a yayin tone ramin, sabon hanyar jirgin ruwa, jiragen ruwa, za ajiye a gidan kayan gargajiya domin nunawa mutane. Za’a rufe saman kan kayan ne da karfe da kuma gilashi. Gidan kayan gargaiyar za’a bude wa mutane masu tafiye-tafiye domin tunatar dasu tarihi. Bayan an gama aikin hanyar jirgin kasa a karkashin ruwan wato Marmaray, Yenikapı zai sha wata babbar canji. Bayar da kwazo wurin wannan aikin yana sa mutane farin ciki kuma yana haskaka Istanbul. Hakika, wannan aiki zai faranta wa al’umma rai. Sabon mako za mu baku labarin gefen Istanbul mai ban sha’awa, sai anjima. Kashi na 4 Barkan mu da saduwa a shirin mu da babban birnin al’adu Istanbul. A yau zamu baku labari tarihin shaharerren wurin da mutane da ke zuwa kafin su bar birnin Istanbul. Zamu baku labarin wanda ke dauke da shekaru dubu dari da dari biyar a cikin tarihin zane-zane da kuma wanda sunansa ke cikin jerin aikin gyare-gyare da aka yi a shekarar dubu biyu da goma wato Ayasofya. Ayasofya  shahararren dandalin Sultan ahmet ne, inda akwai kayayyakin tarihi mai yawa. Idan ka ziyarci ko ka zagaya a dandalin ba zai yi wuya ace ba ka ga Ayasofya ba. Amma cikin ginin ya fi wajensa ban sha’awa; saboda kamar fada ne da kyawunta ke kama ido. Saboda haka, maimakon mutum ya tsaya a waje ya kalli Ayasofya to gwara ya shiga ya kalli cikinta. Wannan gini da ake cewa shi ne babban gini na 8 a duniya, Yau shi ne babban coci na hudu a duniya. Wannan coci an mai da shi masallaci a lokacin daular Usmaniyya; a shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da shida kuma sai Ataturk kuma ya mai da shi gidan kayan gargajiya. Wasu masana tarihi sun ce farkon Ayasofya an gina shi ne a shekarar dari uku da ashirin da hudu lokacin sarkin sarakuna Constantine na I. A lokacin da aka yi an yi masa ginin Basilika katako ne aka rufe, bayan rikicin da wasu ‘yan tawaye suka yi sai ya kone. Bayan haka sai sarkin sarakuna Theodosius na II ya gina Ayasofya karo na biyu a shekarar dari hudu da goma sha biyar a matsayin gidan ibada. Wanan karo kuma ginin Basilika aka yi masa inda kuma sarkin sarakunan Justinyen wanda aka fi saninsa da suna “Nika” kuma suka yi sabon rikicin suka kona Ayasofya. Bayan wannan rikici da aka yi, sai sarkin sarakuna ya yanke shawarar cewa zai gina babban coci wanda ba taba gina irinsa ba, ta haka ne sai ya kira shahararrun masu gini kamar Miletos İsidoros tare da dan Tralles Anthemios suka zo suka gina Ayasofyan wacca ake gani a yau. An fara ginin ne a filin da aka gina basilika a shekarar dari biyar da talatin da biyu, inda aka yi anfani da wasu ginshikai daga Anatolia, an yi da duwatsu masu launuka daban-daban wurin ginin; A karkashin marinjaya dari, an yi anfani da ma’aikata guda dubu goma wurin ginin wanda ya dauki shekaru biyar, a shekarar dari biyar da talatin da bakwai sai aka yi bikin bude cocin. Ayasofya ne tsoho kuma mafi saurin babban cocin da aka gina a duniya. Sunanshi na musamma Hagia Sofia ne. Wani mai ginin Roman ne ya gina kubbar cocin. A wannan lokaci, ana anfani ne da wani abu madauri wurin gina kubba. Duk da haka, a tarihin gine-gine wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka yi da wani abu mai kusuwahu wurin gina kubba. An gina Ayasofya ne domin nuna takama da yarda. Daga baya ne aka mayarda wurin a matsayin wurin bada labarai da nuna alama. Kowa ya yarda cewa irin wannan wuri sai dai da taimakon Ubangiji ne aka iya aka gina. Ko da yake an gina Ayasofya a karni na shida a lokacin Byzantine, kuma baya ga shi ba a taba da samun irin wannan gini ba, kuma har zuwa yau ba a taba samun gini mai kubba ya sayar har shekaru dari tara ba. Duk da haka a shekarar dari biyar da hamsin da takwas, an yi wata girgizar kasa inda ta hallaka kubban. Kubba da aka yi ta biyu ya fi girma amma sai dai kanana ne. Wannan kubba kuma aka fara a cikin sabon karni, an kusa gina rabinsa sai ya rushe har sau biyu. A sherar dubu daya da dari hudu da hamsin da uku da Sarkin musulman daular Uthmaniyya Fatih Sultan Mehmet ya yi nasarar mamaye garin, sai ya ceci Ayasofya inda ya mayar da ita masallaci. A karni na goma sha shida, sai aka sake alkuki da kuma rubuce-rubecen cikin ginin ta hanyar musulunci. A tsakiyar karnin goma sha tara kuma, sai mai gine-gine Fossati suka fara gyare-gyaren gini tun daga shekarar dubu daya da dari casa’in da talatin har suka kawo halin da yau muke ganin Ayasofya. A tarihin Byzantine, Ayasofya na da muhimmaci sosai. Saboda dukkan bikin sa wa sarakuna kambi da bikin nasara duka a wurin ake yi. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan zane-zane an yi su ne bayan zamanin 'iconoclasm' wato zamanin da aka dinga rushe mutum-mutumi da lalata zane-zane saboda dalilai na addini ko na siyasa. A daya cikin shirin ma an yi wani sassaka dake tsaye tsakanin sarukuna biyu; Constantine da Justinian, a kusa da shi kuma aka ajiye Nana Mariam da Yesu akan cinyanta, a gefe kuma sai aka yi rubutu dake nuna ruwan Istanbul na zuba a Ayasofya. Saboda haka masu ziyarar wannan bangare suna ganin kyawon wurin. A nan, kowa ya shiga wannan bangare yana mamakin wurin. Saboda idan ka shiga wurin sai ka ga kamar kubban cikin iska ya ke kuma ka kasa mai da hankali akan ginin baki daya. An yi rubuce-rubuce aka bako da kuma bisa ginin da launi daban-daban. An yi anfani da launi daban-daban guda uku aka yi rubuce-rubuce daban-daban uku akan kowacce kubba. A cikin ginin kuma akwai wurin da matan sarukana ke taruwa da kuma inda ake taron coci. Musulmai sun dauki Ayasofya a matsayin wurin bauta mai tsabta. An kewaye ginin mihrab da zane-zanen Turkawa da Sin masu kyau. Daga cikinsu akwai rubutun wani shahararren marubucin Turkiya mai girma Kazasker Mustafa Izzet inda ya rubuta ayar Alkur’ani mai girma akan daya daga cikin kubbobin. A Ayasofya, akwai kaburburan manyan daular Usmaniyya da dama, da makarantu, da kuma misalin dakunan karatu da Turkawa ke anfani da shi a yau. Kaburburan; ciki da zane zanen wajen shi kuma an yi rubuce-rubucen daular Usmaniyya akai. abinda muka baku labari kadan kenan daga cikin fitacciyar tarihin Ayasofya. Saboda gaskiya ba za a iya baka cikakkiyar labarin kyawun Ayasofya ba domin sai ka gani da kanka. Masallacin Ayasofya na cikin jerin kayan tarihin hukumar kulawa da ilimin kimiyya da raya al’adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) masu muhimmanci, wannan shi ne ya sa a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa’in da biyu zuwa shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da casa’in da uku UNESCO suka bayar da taimako wurin gyare-gyarensa. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa kubban da aka yi mai tsawon mita ashirin da shida ko ashirin, aka mai dashi zuwa tsawon mita hamsin da biyar tare da nauyin karafe dari da tamanin da daya. Wannan karafen da aka yi anfani dasu, ya gyara kubban da aka yi a shekaru goma sha shida da suka gabata. Amma a shekarar dubu biyu da goma, an kai wannan gidan tara kayan tarihi. Saboda ofishin ministan al’adu da kungiyar dillalan raya al’adu na shekarar dubu biyu da goma suka dauki mataki akan cewa za su gyara Ayasofya. A taron da kungiyar dilalan suka yi a ranar goma sha bakwai ga watan Janairu, sun yi bayanai game da gyare-gyaren da za su yi a wurin. Har ma sun sanarda cewa sun fara shirye-shirye. A karshen watan Yuni na wannan shekara, za’a kammala shirye-shiryen gyaran wurin. A halin yanzu, za’a fara gyaren da aka jima shekara da shekaru a na jira. A cikin gyare-gyaren, za gyara dakin karatun Mahmut na I kuma za’a gyara kaburburan dake wurin; tare da lambun wurin da kuma dakin ajiye kayan al’adu. Ana sa ran cewa kafin karshen watan Nuwamba an kammala gyare-gyaren Ayasofya. A shekarar dubu biyu da goma, babban birnin al’adu kasashen Turai zai zama babban wuri da miliyoyin mutane za su ziyarci, kuma za su sa a ganin Ayasofya bayan an kammala gyare-gyaren wurin. Kashi na 5 Shin kun taba tunani abin da ke sa birni ya yi kyau? Shin tarihinsa ne, ko yanayin garin ne, ko kuma yadda al’adun garin suke ne? Idan birnin Istanbul ne; to ruhin garin ne mafin muhimmancin abinda ke gyara garin.  Garin na da ban mamaki amma kuma yana cike da farin ciki! Ko’ina ka je a cikin garin, za ka samu farin ciki. Idan ka shiga garin, sai ka ga kamar baka son ka fita daga cikinsa. Idan farin ciki kake nema, to sai a Istanbul.... Wannan gari ne dake sa mutane farin ciki tun a zamanin da. Istanbul gari ne dake dauke da mutanen kasashe daban-daban, da addinai daban-daban, saboda a garin akwai mutanen Roman, Byzantine, da kuma daular Uthmaniya inda kuma akwai mabiya addinai kamar Kirista, Yahudawa, da kuma Musulmai. A Istanbul, masu sana’a da dama daga ko’ina a duniya sun zabi su je birnin domin su yi rayuwa; ba don yana Turai ko nahiyar Asiya ba, ba don yana Gabas ko Yamma ba, ba don sabuntarsa ko tsufansa ba, ba don al’adunsa, saboda dukkan wannan yana cikin wannan birnin, wannan shi ne ya sa kungiyar babban birnin al’adu na nahiyar Turai ke daraja shi. Yadda masalolin tattalin arzikin da kuma zamantakewa tare da fadan kabilanci da kuma tashin hankali na addini ke kara girma a duniya; birnin Istanbul ne misali mai kyau da za a bayar wurin yadda za kawo karshen wadannan matsaloli. Saboda siffofi da wannan gari ke da shi a nahiyar Turai suka ce ya da ce a zabe shi a matsayin babban birnin al’adu na nahiyar Turai saboda sake gwada wa duniya irin muhimmanci da birnin ke dauke da shi. Ko da dai cewa duniya sun san cewa Istanbul, birni ne dake cike da al’adu. Bayan aikace-aikace da kungiyar birnin al’adun na Istanbul shekarar dubu biyu da goma suka yi, sai birnin ya zama cibiyar al’adu da kuma sana’a. Wadannan aikace-aikace da ake yi na matukar farantawa mutane. An kafa kungiyar babban birnin al’adu na nahiyar Turai akan “abubuwa guda hudu”, abubuwan da aka kafa a kansu sune; yanayin iska, ruwa, ƙasa da wuta. Idan za mu iya tunawa; kafin ilimin bunkasar tattalin arzikin kasashen duniya ya bayyana a ko’ina, a yammancin duniya Kristoci na da nasu irin tunani kuma musulmai dake gabashin duniya kuma na da nasu irin tunanin, amma sai dai tunanen da suke yi duka akan abubuwa hudu ne. tunanni akan abubuwa hudun shi ne, yanayin iska, ruwa, ƙasa da wuta kuma kowanne abu a doron kasa yana dogara a kansu. Asalin wannan tunani da aka dogara akai, an samo shi ne a yammacin Anatolia. Saboda haka kafin a zabi Istanbul a matsayin babban birnin al’adun Turai, sai da aka yi magana akan wannan tunanin da ake da shi. kungiyar babban birnin al’adu na nahiyar Turai  sun fara ayyukansu ne akan wadannan abubuwa guda hudu. Farkon aikin su ne “Jigon Kasa”  wanda aka fara a ranar daya ga watan Fabrairu. Dama mun riga mun fada muku cewa wannan aikin zai dauki tsawon wata uku. Shin za ku iya tunawa da abinda muka fada muku? Ayyukan su ne dandalin Ataturk, tashar jiragen ruwan Theodosıus. Aikin da Hukumar Raya Al’adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) ke yi Wannan aikin ta hukumar UNESCO, ginin cibiyar al’adu da aka kammala ginawa a ranar daya ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar dubu biyu da tara inda a yau take taimakawa wasu ayyuka guda uku da ake yi a birnin Istanbul. Wa’anan ayyuka sune, Sassan yakin Eminonu, da ayyukan Sirkeci tare da wani aiki mai suna ‘Masterplan Istanbul. Wadannan ayyukan kuma za su shiga cikin jerin sunayen Hukumar Raya Al’adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Misali, a cikin wannan aikin, UNESCO za ta gabatar da katangun Istanbul kuma za ta kiyaye ta. Za’a kuma gyara Eminonu da kuma karakoy. Yeditepe wani shahararren wuri ne a birnin Istanbul. A wurare da yawa ma ana kiran birnin Istanbul da suna Yeditepe. Wannan Yeditepe shi ne a yau aka raba biyu ake kiransu da suna Eminonu da Fatih har wasu ma na kiransa da wurin tarihi. Yeditepe wuri ne dake dauke da cikakken tarihi kuma a daular Uthmaniya wurin ne aka yi mulki ba tare da wani fada ba. Saboda Byzantine sun yi rayuwa a garin a zamanin daular Uthmaniya ba tare da wani tashin hankali ba. A garin Istanbul akwai; majami’u, makarantun addini, wurin rubuce-rubuce, fadar da kuma wasu abubuwa iri iri. A nan ne, aka yi rubuce-rubuce a cikin harsuna da dama game da addinai da kuma al’adu. Saboda wurin nada muhimmanci ne yasa za yi gyare-gyare. A takaice de, za’a yi gyare-gyaren da zai daraja Yeditepe na birnin Istanbul. Cibiyar al’adun Hasan pasha na daya daga cikin wurin da kungiyar babban birnin al’adu na nahiyar Turai za su gyara. Ginin Hasanpasha ne da masu gine-ginen kasashen Faransa da Jamus suka gina a shekarar alif dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai. An yi wannan gini ne domin ya haskaka sauran gine-ginen birnin Istabul. Ginin Hasanpasha na ciki tsofoffin gini dake da yankin Anatolia. An yi wanan gini ne akan fadin filin ekoki talatin da biyu inda ake samar da iskar gas a wurin. A shekarar alif dari tara tisi’in da tara kuma sai aka kawo karshe aikin samar da iskar gas din. Kungiyoyi da dama sun yi kokarin barin wannan wurin ya zama gidan ajiye kayayyakin tarihi amma sai dai ya gagara. Har ma yana can hankalin mutanen dake rayuwa kusa da wurin. Amma a yanzu burin kungiyar babban birnin al’adu na nahiyar Turai shine su gyara wurin. Da farko za yi anfani da aikin da gwamnan birnin Istanbul ya shirya ne wurin gyara gidan. Daya daga cikin abubuwa masu muhimmanci game da al’amarin aikin shine, hukumar kungiyar babban birnin al’adu na nahiyar Turai sun riga sun san yadda za aiwatar da aikin. İdan aka kare gyare-gyaren ginin Hasanpasha, to wurin zai zama daya daga cikin wurare masu muhimmanci a birnin Istanbul. Kashi na 6 Ana ci gaba da gyare-gyaren babban birnin al’du na nahiyar Turai. “Sur-i Sultani Stratejik Vizyonu” wato “Suri Sultan Strategic Vision” a turance ne sunan gyare-gyaren da ake yi. Fadar Sur-i Sultani Topkapı, wuri ne dake da matukar kyau, saboda a cikin fadar akwai  wani babban filin furanni da ake kiransa da suna “Gulhane Park”. Wannan fadar, kusan kowanne mai yawon bude ido da ya zo Turkiya yakan ziyarci wurin kuma ana ba shi labarin wurin. Hakika fadar na cikin cibiyar tarihin garin. A yau, fadar Topkapı na cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi mai muhimmanci wanda aka bude a zamanin Sultan Abdul Majid a karni da goma sha tara. A wannan lokaci, Idan jakadan Turkiya suka ziyarci fadar Topkapı, sai a nuna musu dukiyoyin dake cikin fadar. Bayan haka ne sai nunawa mutane dukiyoyin dake cikin fadar ya zama kamar al’ada. Wannan fadar, Fatih Sultan Mehmed ne ya bude ta shekarar alif dari hudu da saba’in da takwas inda akalla shekaru dari tamanin kenan tun daga zamanin daular Uthmaniyya. Fadin fadar akalla mita dubu dari bakwai. A cikin wannan fadar, akwai wurare kamar wurin shirya liyafa, fadar gwamnati, da wani wurin da mutanen birnin ke taruwa, masallatai, dakin karatu da kuma dakin girki. An sa ma wannan fadar suna Topkapı ne saboda tana gabar teku kuma a kowanne lokaci mutane na taruwa a gabanta.  Da farko furanni na Gulhane Parkı na wajen fadar ne. A wajen za ka furanni da dama, wannan ne ya sa wasu mutane ke kiran fadar da suna filin furanni. Girmanta ya kai kadada dari da sittin da uku, kuma a shekarar alif dari tara da goma sha biyu sai aka bude wa mutanen domin kowa ya iya zuwa ya kalla. Gulhane Parkı, wuri ne mai ban sha’awa saboda haka ne mutane da dama a birnin Istanbul suke zuwa wurin da zuri’arsu domin shakatawa. A wurin, ana yin wasanni kamar wasan tseren doki da dambe da kuma wasu wasanni. Babu shakka wannan wuri na dauke da tarihi mai muhimmanci. A zamanin Daular Uthmaniyya, a nan ne Sultan Abdul Majid tare da wasu mutane suka taru suka tattauna yadda za a kiyaye rayukan mutane, dukiyarsu, mutuncinsu tare da tattalin arzikin kasar. A shekarar alif dari takwas da tamanin kuma, farkon abinda AbdulHamid na biyu ya bukata a yi shi ne a mayar da Gulhane Parkı a matsayin gidan ajiye kayan al’adu ta haka ne sai shaharraren mai zane-zane da gine-gine mai suna Osman Hamdi Bey ya mayar da wurin kamar yadda aka bukata. A wurin ne aka ajiye manyan rubuce-rubucen daular Uthmaniya. A nan aka amince da harufan boko da shugaban kasar a lokacin jamhuriya Ataturk ya bar aka rubuta a shekarar alif dari tara da ashirin da takwas; a wannan lokaci, an rubuta harufan ne akan bakin allo. A yau, idan kaje Gulhane Parkı za a ga yadda aka mayar da shi kamar dandali inda ake yin nishadi da wasu taruka daban-daban a birnin Istanbul. A zamanin daular Bizans, katangar da ta zagaye fadar Topkap da filin Gulhane, kuma ta hade su da gabar tekun Marmara na da tsawon mita dubu da dari hudu. Fadar Topkapı, an bude ta ne a shekarar alif dari hudu da saba’in da takwas a bisa umarnin Fatih Sultan Mehmet. A fadar Topkapı, an gina katanga kusan ashirin da biyar ko ashirin da takwas domin a kare ginin. A jikin bangon da aka gina, akwai manyan kofofi kamar Otluk da Haliç sa’anan akwai kanan kofofi guda biyar wanda suka hade da Ayasofya. A takaice dai, abinda muke kokarin baku labari shi ne irin aikace-aikacen da kungiyar dillalan raya al’adu na shekarar dubu biyu da goma suka yi wa Sur-i Sultani da gidajen tarihin dake kusa da ita. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, an yi wasu aiyuka a wurin domin gyara wadannan wurare. Amma wannan karon, kungiyar dillalan raya al’adu na shekarar dubu biyu da goma sun dauki nauyin gyara wurin ne baki daya. Don haka, an fara gyare-gyaren wurare kamar, gidan ajiye kayan al’ada na fadar Topkapı, gidan wallafe-wallafen tsofoffin waka, gidan mutanen Sin, filin fadar Topkapı da kuma da Ayasofya, da majami’a dake nan a lokacin Byzantine mai suna Irin, tare da dukkan gidajen yi kuda aka kafa a lokacin daular Uthmaniya mai suna “Darphane-i Amire”.  A cikin aikace-aikacen da za yi, za a sake gyaran katangun Darphane-i Amire; bayan haka za a sake gyare-gyaren sauran gidajen daular baki daya. A cikin aikace-aikacen kuma, za gyara Gulhane Parkı domin kiyaye cikakken tarihi dake tatare a wurin. Manufofin gyara Sur-i Sultani su ne, a nuna wa mutane abubuwan dake ciki; Ba tare da kuma an samu kowacce irin matsala wurin ziyarar wurin ba. An bayyana cewa, wadannan wurare da za a gyara dukka na cikin jerin kayan tarihin hukumar kula da Ilimi,  kimiyya da raya al’adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO). Kamfanonin daka tallafawa wanan aiki su ne, kamfanin da suka gyara gidan ajiye kayan al’adu na Victoria and Albert dake birnin London, da kuma Guggenheim dake birnin Bilbao, da Ashmolean na birnin Oxford, da na kasar Misira dake birnin Alkahira tare da wasu manyan gidan ajiye kayan al’adu a duniya. Darajar Sur-i sultani da kuma fada, da wurin shakawata da kuma wurin tunawa na ci gaba da karuwa a kowani shekara. Saboda lalle ne darajar wurare masu cikakken tarihi na ci gaba da karuwa. Amma idan wurin bai da cikakken tarihi, to babu shakka mutane da dama ba za su ga darajar wurin ba. Saboda ta hanyar kiyaye wurin ne za iya nuna wa sauran mutanen da za su zo daga baya. Ta haka ne babban birnin al’adu na Istanbul ke ci gaba da kyau. Hanyoyin hadin waje Manazarta

43440

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalina%20Bibliv

Vitalina Bibliv

Vitalina Nikolaevna Bibliv (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban, 1980, Vasilkov, Kiev yankin, Ukrainian SSR ) ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ukraine, jarumar fina-finai kuma ‘yar wasan talabijin. Wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Yula National Prize (2019), Jaruma da aka karrama a Ukraine (2020). Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Vitalina Bibliv a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban, 1980, a birnin Vasilkov, Kyiv yankin. Malamin makaranta Inna Pushkareva ya taimaka mata wajen zabar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin sana'a. A ranar Malamai a aji na tara, an umurci Vitalina da ta taka rawa a matsayin Verka Serduchka. Duk da tana shakka, malamin ya kara mata karfin gwiwakwarjininta. Bayan ta kammala makaranta, Vitalina tayi karatu a Makarantar Al’adu. A cikin wata hira, ta ayyana cewa tun tana makaranta ta yi mafarkin zama ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo sannan kuma tayi aiki a circus. A cikin 2003-2004 ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Kyiv Free Stage Theater. Daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta yi aiki a matsayin jarumar fim a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv "Atelier 16". Tun a shekara ta 2008 - a makarantar Kiev Academic Theater mai suna “Golden Gate", yayin da tayi aiki tare da Kyiv Academic Young Theater, wajen samar da hukumar "TE-ART". A shekara ta 2015, Vitalina Bibliv ta zama ‘yar wasan a gidan wasa, tana taka rawa a matsayin Glory a cikin wasan kwaikwayon "Stalkers" na Stas Zhirkov. Fitowarta sinima a karo na farko ya faru a shekara ta 2004 - wani rawa da ta taka a jerin wasan TV mai suna "So Makãho" wanda Nikolai Kaftan ya jagoranta. Masu sukar sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga fim ɗin Waƙar Waƙoƙi (fim ɗin 2015) wanda Eva Neymann ya jagoranta, inda Vitalina ta fito a matsayin mahaifiya Bayahudiya. Ana ganin shirin a a matsayin fim mafi kyawu a Turai (2012), fim mafi kyawun fim na gasar kasa da kasa na cikin gida na Odessa International Film Festival (2015). A shekara ta 2009, an nada ta daya daga cikin 20 jarumai mata na musamman a Ukraine. Tana koyarwa a Kwalejin Al'adu da Fasaha ta Kyiv, kuma tana zama kuma tana aiki a Kyiv. Kyiv Academic Theatre "Golden Gate" Gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Atelier 16" Gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Threepenny Opera ta B. Brecht — Peacham Series The Glass Menagerie na T. William - Laura "Kwai Doki" bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo "Victor, ko Children in Power" na Roger Vitraka - Teresa Mano "Wanda ya fado daga sama", kiɗa na yara bisa ga labarun gargajiya na Ukrainian - Bukhanochka "Muhimmancin Yin Ƙarfafawa" O. Wilde - Miss Prism "Jiran Godot (Maza Masu Jiran)" na S. Becket - Orchestra "Jiran Godot (Matsayin Mata)" S. Becket - Pozzo "Romeo da Juliet" na W. Shakespeare - Nurse "Kashe kansa" M. Erdman - Serafima Ilyinichna 2015 - "Jin bayan bango" Anna Yablonskaya; dir. Stas Zhirkov 2015 - "Stalkers" na Pavel Arye; dir. Stas Zhirkov - Slavka (co-samar da Golden Gate Theater da Kiev Academic Young Theater) 2016 - "Glory ga Heroes" na P. Aryeh; dir. Stas Zhirkov 2016 - "Kayan wasa masu ban sha'awa a kan rufin" bisa "matakan haske" na Veniamin Kaverin; dir. Dmitry Gusakov 2017 - "KostyaKatyaMamaTea" ta Tamara Trunova; dir. Tetyana Gubriy - mahaifiyar Katya 2017 - "Launuka" na Pavel Arye; dir. V. Belozorenko - Violet 2017 - "Baba, ka so ni?" dangane da wasan kwaikwayon "The Quiet Rustle of Disappearing Steps" na Dmitry Bogoslavsky; dir. Stas Zhirkov 2018 - "Miss Julia" ta Agusta Strindberg; dir. Ivan Uryvsky - Freken Julia 2019 - "Dauki komai daga rayuwa" Ruslan Gorovoy da daddy Bo; dir. Tetyana Hubriy 2020 - "Iyalin masanin ilimin likitancin Lyudmila" Pavel Arye; dir. Elena Apchel asalin 2021, Maris 13 - wasan kwaikwayo na solo "The Squirrel wanda ya rayu shekaru 100" na Oleg Mikhailov; dir. Stas Zhirkov Kamfanin samarwa "TE-ART" 2016 - "Illusions" na Ivan Vyrypaev; dir. Stas Zhirkov 2017 - Hargitsi. Mata Akan Gaban Rushewar Jijiya” Mika Mylluaho; dir. Maxim Golenko 2020, Oktoba 31 "mata masu aminci" na hukumomin Olkhovskaya; dir. Tetyana Hubriy Wasu "Don Juan" na Molière; dir. Stanislav Moiseev - Matyurina (Kyiv Academic Young Theater) 2015 - "The Cauldron" na Maria Starozhitskaya; dir. Evgeny Stepanenko (wasan kwaikwayo na multimedia a cinema na Kinopanorama) 2017 - "Yadda za a kashe miliyan wanda ba ya wanzu" bisa ga littafin "Yadda za a kashe miliyan wanda ba ya wanzu da sauran labarun wani yaro Bayahude" na Garik Korogodsky; dir. Tikhon Tikhomirov (kasuwanci, Kyiv) 2019 - "Don dalilai na iyali" Ray Cooney; dir. Vyacheslav Zhyla (kasuwanci, Kyiv) 2019 - "Don Juan" haɗin zamani na Marina Smilyanets; dir. Maxim Golenko (Kiev Academic Theatre "Actor") Fina-finan jaruma 2004 - Love is blind - Episode 2005 - Thanks for everything - Young midwife 2005 "The myth of the ideal man" Nastya 2005-2006 - Lesya + Roma (TV series) - episode 2006 - Return of Mukhtar-3 (85th series "Marquis and Garden") - nanny 2006 - Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno - episode 2006 - Grandfather of my dreams 2 - housekeeper 2006 - Madhouse - episode 2006 - Beware of blondes! - episode 2006 - Utiosov, song for life - nurse 2006-2007 - Guardian Angel (TV series) - Agatha, journalist 2007 - Harp for the Beloved - Methodist 2007 - The return of Mukhtar-4 (57th series "Beautiful finale") - Kozlova 2007 - Money for daughter - Valentina 2007 - Sign of Destiny - episode 2007 - Forgiveness Sunday - Lyudka 2007-2011 - In search of truth 2008 - My daughter 2008 - Red Lotus - Zhanna, Dmitry's wife 2008 - Blue as sea eyes - Timur's wife 2008 - Maid of the Three Masters - Natasha 2008 - Mysterious Island - Vachterka 2009 - Ice in the coffee grounds - actress 2009 - Shark - Valya, a nurse in a special reception 2009 - Prodigal children - Lyudmila Nikolaevna, teacher 2009 - The return of Mukhtar-5 (48th series "Money does not smell") - an employee of the currency exchange 2009 - Legends of witch love - episode 2009 - Melody for Katerina - engraving on the machine 2009 - Assholes. Arabesque 2009 - Windows - pharmacy clerk 2009 - Autumn Flowers - Wiring 2009 - According to the law - Ant (21st series "Death of the Jubilee") - Murashkin 2009 Abduction of the Goddess - Makeup 2009 - Matchmakers-2 (TV series) - florist 2009 - Life of Captain Chernyaev - episode (uncredited) 2009 - Without trial or investigation 2009 Dead End 2010 — Faith. Hope. Love - Valya, nurse 2010 - The war ended yesterday - Manka 2010 - Neighbors - Masha, daughter of Radmila 2010 - Smile when the stars cry 2010 - finished 2011 - Indian summer - milkmaid 2011 - The Ballad of the Bomber - episode 2011 - Grandfather - cashier 2011 - House with a tower - curly woman 2011 - Return of Mukhtar-7 (55th series "Under the Hat") - Olga Nikolaevna Murzintseva, Petrushkina's housekeeper 2011 - Donut Luca - country girl (uncredited) 2011 - Casanova's last case - Pavlova, lieutenant of the State Tax Service (uncredited) 2011 - Seven miles to the sky - Lida, dressmaker 2011 - Urgently looking for a man - an employee of the Central Address Bureau 2011 - I will never forget you - Valya, postman 2012 - Match - episode 2012 - Tales of Mityai - Anya Ptichnitsa 2012 - Island of useless people - Vicki, Lisa's friend 2012 - Ukraine, goodbye! Non-GMO (short) 2012 General's daughter-in-law - Klava 2012 - Jamaica - cook in the colony 2012 - The road to the void - Raisa Andreevna, savings 2012 - Female Doctor (TV series) - Vita Igorevna Polupanova, head nurse 2012 - Defender - Tamara, summer resident 2012 - Waiting list - Varya, nurse 2012 - I love because I love - Lucy, saleswoman 2012 - Lover for Lucy - Snow Maiden 2012 - Love with a weapon - Inna, psychologist 2012 - Dumb - Masha 2012 - Odessa-mother - Angela, Arnold's wife 2012 - Flight of the Butterfly - Maid 2012 - Gunpowder and Fraction (Film 6 "Gray Mouse") - Nurse 2012 - Rollfield 2013 - Passion for Chapai - episode 2013 - Double life - nurse 2013 - Steward - Belka, florist 2013 - Female doctor-2 (TV series) - Vita Igorevna Polupanova, senior midwife 2013 - Love with a trial period - Lisa, librarian 2013 - Butterflies (mini-series) - Nina, paramedic 2013 - Lonely Hearts - Irina 2013 - Divorce of neighbors - Tanechka 2013 - Vacation for living - Oksana, Ulyana's friend 2013 - Chief of Police - Zina 2013 - Schuler - Kurybko, leader 2013 - I will always wait for you - Dusy 2014 — Botman Seagull 2014 - Poddubny - sister of Ivan Poddubny 2014 - Brotherhood - Tanya, nurse 2014 - Everything will return - registry office worker 2014 - Let's kiss - stranger 2014 - Farewell, boys - Masha, Zaitsev's wife 2014 - Beach - Zoya, Pie Saleswoman 2014 - Sing in a moment - Olechka, nurse 2014 - While the village sleeps - Baba-1 2014 - Charlie - Nurse 2015 - Come back - Let's talk - cashier 2015 - Officers' wives - Glasha 2015 - Song of Songs - Shimek's mother 2015 - Servant of the people (TV series) - Mila, Skoryk's wife 2015 - This is love - toastmaster 2015 — Poor People 2016 - Welcome to the Canarian Service - Dear Nurse 2016 — Nikonov & Co — Larisa Novikova 2016 - Express business trip - Tanya 2016 - On the line of life - Yana, nurse 2016 — Pushers — Irina Marusheva 2016 - Presenter (TV series) - Valya, leading car restaurant 2016 - Central Hospital - Vera Nachalova, wife of Vladimir 2017 - Upside down 2017 - The second life of Eva - Tatyana 2017 - Female Doctor - 3 (TV series) - Vita Igorevna Polupanova, Kvitko's wife 2017 - Line of Light - Tamara 2017 - Dawn will come - Margarita Petrovna Stepanova (Queen Margot), matron 2017 - Servant of the people - 2. From love to impeachment (TV series) - Mila, Skorik's wife 2017 — Specialists — Council, Secretary 2017 — Know our 2017 - First night - Faina Zakharovna (short) 2018 - Two poles of love ("Two banks of the road") - Zinaida Kurbatova, Fedor's wife, mother of twins 2018 - Two mothers (TV series) - Galina Poltorak, mother of Zoya and Sergey 2018 — Zainka (short) 2018 - A year in debt! - episode 2018 - House for happiness - Lyuba 2018 - Gate - Glory, daughter of Baba Prisi 2019 - 11 children from Morshyn - cleaning lady in the shopping center 2019 - Someone else's life (TV series) - episode 2019 - Routes of Destiny 2019 - Cherkasy - mother Mouse 2019 - House for happiness - 2 - Lyuba 2019 - Female Doctor-4 (TV series) - Vita Igorevna Polupanova, Kvitko's wife 2019 — Meeting of classmates — Irka 2019 - Family for a year - Shirma Svetlana Yurievna, OPEC officer 2019 - Survive at any cost (TV series) - Galina Fedorovna, mother-in-law 2019 — Medfak 2020 - Papanki-2 - head of condominiums 2020 - Female doctor - 5 (TV series) - Vita Igorovna Polupanova, flower girl 2020 - Suffer a little 2021 - Dead Lilies - Galina 2021 - Amber Cops 2021 - Lusya Intern - Nina Rozhok 2021 - House of happiness. Bourbon Time - Luba 2021 - Doctor Hope 2022 - House for happiness - 3 - Lyuba 2022 - Bobrinsky House - Olga Nikolaevna Onufrieva 2022 — Hope Kwaikwayo da aikin murya 1950 - Cinderella - Drisella 2015 - Tunani a ciki - Bakin ciki 2015 - Cikakken Muryar 2 - (Bella) Cow (Fat) Amy (Patricia) (wanda Rebel Wilson ya buga) 2016 - Neman Aiki - Robin, marubucin Alice (wanda Rebel Wilson ya buga) 2019 - Rascals mai ban sha'awa - Lonnie (wanda Rebel Wilson ya yi) 2019 - Cats - Geniashvendi (wanda Rebel Wilson ya buga) 2020 - Sonic - Sonic the Hedgehog Kyaututtuka da zaɓe 2016 - Kyautar kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Kyiv Pectoral" a cikin nadin "Mafi kyawun samar da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo" don rawar da ta taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo "Stalkers" 2019 - Nasara a cikin lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na IV "Mirror of the Stage" (jarida "Mirror of the Week. Ukraine") a cikin nadin "Acting Charisma" domin ta rawa a cikin play "Miss Julia", gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Golden Gate". 2019 - Kyautar Fim ta Kasa "Golden Dziga". Golden Dziga Award for Best Support Actress (rawar da Slavka a The Gates) 2020 - Mawaƙi mai daraja na Ukraine. Manazarta Haihuwan 1980 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

52738

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaaz

Blaaz

Nabil Franck Assani (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1988), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki Blaaz, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na hip hop na Benin daga Kano, Najeriya . Rayuwa ta farko da farawar aiki A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Blaaz ya yi sha'awar kiɗa. A farkon shekara ta 2006 ya kuma fara rap a matsayin mawaki mai sauƙi. Amma wannan ba ya sha'awar mahaifiyarsa da farko saboda ba ta son ɗanta ya yi aiki a cikin kiɗa. Kwarewarsa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa Ya bayyana a karo na farko a cikin kundin Fool Faya a cikin 2007. A cikin wannan shekarar Blaaz ya bayyana tare da Cyano-gêne a kan "Hard lyrical" wanda ya biyo bayan "Alerte Rouge" wanda ya yi nasara sosai har Cotonou City Crew ya yanke shawarar yin aiki tare da shi. Kyakkyawan haɗin gwiwa ne wanda bai taɓa daina haɓaka mai zane ba wanda ya fara ta hanyar lura da shi ta hanyar " Ou est ma monnaie " na ƙungiyar CCC . A mixtape wanda kuma shi ne mafi sauke song na lokutan. Nasarar wannan ɗayan kuma ta kawo Blaaz a cikin 2008 tare da sakin ɗayan " Aller Retour " wanda kuma shine ɗayan da ya sanar da sakin kundi na farko mai suna Ghetto Blaazter a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2008. Mafi kyawun waƙa na 2008 tare da guda Aller Retour yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a Benin. Ana buƙatar Blaaz a ko'ina a Benin da yankin da ke cikin gida don kide-kide da sauransu.... Daga 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2010 mun same shi a cikin mixtape W.A.R. Abubuwa sun canza tare da lokaci kuma Blaaz ya yi tafiya zuwa Gabon don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da lakabin gabonese Eben Entertainment a cikin 2011. Tare da Eben, ya nuna dawowarsa da Ya kuma kasance a kan mixtape na Eben Family 3 na ƙungiyar Eben Entertainment da aka sanar don 2012. Tare da Nouvelle Donne Music, rapper din Benin ya sanya hannu kan waƙarsa ta farko "Ne me laisse pas tomber ". Ya kuma ɗauki lakabin kansa: 意-Made-Men a cikin wannan shekarar 2012, wanda ya ba shi damar ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na uku a bayan ƙungiyar CCC rukunin mafi kyawun mai zane ko ƙungiyar shekara ta mujallar UMA a cikin 2013 · . Blaaz zai yi wani Bayanan da aka yi Album 2008: Ghetto Blaazter Masu zaman kansu 2007 : Hard lyrical (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2007 : Alerte Rouge (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2007 : Où est ma monnaie (feat le groupe CCC) 2008 : Aller retour 2008 : Buddah Love 2008 : Le temps mort 2008 : Ghetto Life (feat Bomo & Koba) 2008 : Wayi (feat 3 Game & Dibi Dobo) 2008 : Tectonick 2008 : Intronisation (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2008 : MC’s qui débarquent (feat DAC & DRBX) 2008 : Si le rap (feat B-syd) 2009 : Allez Retour 2 (feat Young J) 2009 : Je swag (feat Enigma) 2009 : Aller Retour remix (feat Koba) 2009 : Avec toi (feat Caren) 2009 : Rien à perdre (feat Big Snow) 2009 : One life (feat Amir) 2009 :Ghetto Blaazter (feat Diamant Noir) 2009 : 2400 (feat Alter Ego & Dibi Dobo) 2009 : Money Maker (feat Rim-k & DAC) 2009 : J'ai plus le temps d'aimer (feat Nasty Nesta) 2009 : Et si (feat Jupiter) 2010 : J'ai la dalle (feat DAC) 2010 : Je vise la lune 2010 : Champagne 2010 : Number One (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2010 : Garçon Choco (feat 3e Monarchie) 2010 : Alerte à la France 2010 : Fight 2011 : Armés jusko MIC (feat Diamant Noir) 2011 : Connexion Cotonou Dakar Ouaga (feat Yeleen & Nix) 2011 : On es fatigué 2011 : sèches tes larmes (feat L.Y Styll) 2011 : Soirée pop champagne (feat Nasty Nesta) 2011 : Ofe Kpami remix (feat Inox) 2011 : Le fou 2011 : Freshman (feat Koba) 2011 : Fais péter le son (feat Mutant & R-man) 2011 : Anthologie 2011 : Number 1 (feat Bpm) 2011 : Métisse (feat Koba) 2012 : Dans le club (feat Double G) 2012 : Champions (feat Nephtali & Koba ) 2012 : We won't stop (feat Koba & MD) 2012 : Rappelez (feat Wilf Enighma) 2012 : Je veux (feat Bpm ) 2012 : Do it easy (feat Amron) 2012 : Tu me connais 2012 : Haylay 2012 : Tic Tac (feat Nephtali) 2012 : A chaque son (feat King's) 2012 : Parce que je viens de loin 2012 : Cotonou Malabo 2012 : We go hard (feat Koba) 2012 : Amen 2012 : Porte bonheur (feat King's) 2012 : Le pacte 2013 : Ton Corps (feat Sayan) 2013 : Sos (feat Koba ) 2013 : Last men standing (feat Enighma & Nasty Nesta ) 2013 : C'est chaud (feat 3e monarchie) 2013 : Do it big (feat Hypnoz) 2013 : Désolé (feat Koba) 2013 : Your time (feat Rim-K & Anna) 2013 : Juste s'amuser (feat Niyi) 2013 : Evolue (feat Hypnoz) 2013 : Alien 2013 : Sex U (feat Sam Seed) 2013 : Haut les mains (feat Willy Baby) 2013 : Calmement 2013 : Ne me laisse pas tomber 2013 : CTN Boss (feat Rest'n, Cyano-Gene, Enighma, Mutant, Logozo, & S@m) 2013 : Step du fou (feat 3K) 2013 : Validé (feat BIG C ) 2014 : (Intro) (feat Salam Aleykoum) 2014 : Donne lui 2014 : Alicia (feat Kardio & Fanicko) 2014 : Danse le Azonto (feat Kayno) 2014 : Mêle-toi de ta vie (feat Bpm & Fanicko) 2014 : Je vais vous tuer tous 2014 : La raison de la colère (feat Method Volkaniq) 2014 : Gbe é ton lè (Remix) (feat Ctn Heroes) 2014 : Repose En Paix 2014 : Spiritual Waist (feat Mandee Marcus) 2014 : Oh My God (feat Kardio & Niyi Kosiberu) 2014 : Même Pas Honte (feat Fanicko) 2014 : Jvvtt (remix) (feat Lepac) 2014 : Frais depuis toujours (feat Double Face) 2014 : Baby Tomato (feat Lace) Mixtapes 2008 : W.A.R 2011 : Eben Family 3 2013 : Compte à Rebours 2014 : Recto Verso Yawon shakatawa da kide-kide Blaaz était présent sur scène au Concert MTN HKH 2014 Festival MTN Hip Hop Kankpé 2014 Blaaz du retour au Gabon KYAUTA BLAAZ & SELF MADE MEN "KYAUTA A REBOURS" Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1988

57347

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20488%20GTB

Ferrari 488 GTB

Ferrari 488 (Nau'in F142M) motar wasanni ce ta tsakiyar injin da kamfanin kera motoci na Italiya Ferrari ya kera. Motar ta maye gurbin 458, kasancewa farkon tsakiyar injin Ferrari don amfani da turbocharged V8 tun F40 . Ferrari F8 ne ya gaje shi. Motar tana da injin V8 mai nauyin lita 3.9 mai ƙarfi, ƙarami a wurin ƙaura amma yana samar da mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki fiye da injin 458 na zahiri . An ba wa 488 GTB suna "The Supercar of the Year 2015" ta mujallar mota Top Gear, da kuma zama Motar Trend s 2017 "Motar Direba Mafi Kyau". Jeremy Clarkson ya sanar da 488 Pista a matsayin 2019 Supercar na Shekara. Ƙayyadaddun bayanai Injin 488 GTB yana aiki da 3,902 cc (3.9 L; 238.1 ku a) (488 cc kowace silinda, don haka sunan) duk- aluminum busassun sump na rukunin injin Ferrari F154 V8 . Turbocharged tare da nau'ikan turbochargers guda biyu masu ɗaukar ball masu ɗaukar tagwayen gungurawa wanda IHI / Honeywell ke bayarwa da injin iska zuwa iska guda biyu, ƙafafun injin injin ɗin ana yin su ne da ƙarancin ƙarancin TiAl gami da galibi ana amfani da su a cikin injunan jet don rage rashin ƙarfi da tsayayya da yanayin zafi a cikin turbocharger. Injin yana samar da wutar lantarki da 8,000 rpm da na karfin juyi a 3,000 rpm. Wannan yana haifar da takamaiman fitarwar wutar lantarki na kowace lita da takamaiman fitowar karfin juyi na kowace lita, duka rikodin don motar Ferrari. Watsawa Iyakar abin da ake samu don 488 shine Akwatin gear guda biyu mai sauri na 7 da aka kera don Ferrari ta Getrag, dangane da akwatin gear da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 458. Gudanarwa Ana amfani da ingantattun birki na carbon-ceramic akan 488, wanda aka samo daga fasahar da aka yi amfani da su a cikin LaFerrari, an gina su tare da sababbin kayan da ke rage lokacin da ake buƙata don cimma mafi kyawun zafin jiki na aiki. Girman diski shine 398 mm a gaba, kuma 360 mm a baki. An bayar da rahoton cewa waɗannan ci gaban sun rage nisan tsayawa da kashi 9% akan 458. An ƙera sabuwar dabarar gami mai magana guda biyar don 488, tana auna gaba da baya bi da bi. Tayoyin gaba suna auna 245/35 kuma tayoyin baya 305/30. Ayyukan aiki Ayyukan masana'anta da aka da'awar don 488 GTB shine a cikin 3.0 dakika, a cikin 8.3 dakikoki, rufe kwata mil a cikin dakika 10.45 kuma babban gudun shine . Zane An tsara jikin 488 don ƙara ƙarfin ƙasa da kashi 50% akan 458 yayin da ake rage ja da iska . Wani sabon mai raba gaba biyu na gaba yana aiki guda biyu: haɓaka sanyaya radiator ta hanyar tilasta iska a cikin su da kuma watsa iska akan janareta na vortex na ƙarƙashin jiki don ƙirƙirar tasirin ƙasa ba tare da ƙara ja da ba'a so ba. Sabuwar ɓarna na baya da aka ƙera (ainihin maɗaukaki mai ramin rami) wanda aka haɗe shi a cikin bene na baya kuma yana ƙara ƙarfi ba tare da buƙatar reshe mai ɗagawa ba. Tsakanin "Aero Pillar" yana jujjuya iska a ƙarƙashin lebur ɗin motar yayin da filaye guda biyu a cikin bonnet suna ba da hanyar fita don iska daga abubuwan da ake amfani da su na gaba biyu na gaba, yana ƙara rage karfin iska a gaban motar. Ƙarƙashin janareta na vortex na aiki don rage yawan iska a ƙarƙashin mota ta haka yana ƙaruwa gaba ɗaya. Babban diffuser na baya yana aiki don haɓaka saurin iskar da ke fitowa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa don ƙara ƙarancin iska, tare da haɗin gwiwar motsin motsi mai ƙarfi wanda duka ke rage ja da haɓaka ƙasa kamar yadda microprocessor ke sarrafawa. Girman girman mai watsawa sama da 458 da suka gabata yana buƙatar tagwayen shaye-shaye na 488 da za a sanya su mafi girma a cikin bumper na baya don sharewa. Abubuwan shan iska na gefen scalloped suna girmamawa ga waɗanda aka samo akan 308 GTB, kuma an raba su ta tsakiya. Iskar da ke shiga saman abin da ake amfani da ita an karkatar da shi a cikin abin da ake amfani da shi na turbocharger compressor, yayin da sauran kuma ana bi da su ta bayan motar da kuma fita tare da fitilun baya, yana ƙara matsa lamba a bayan motar don rage ja da iska. Gudun iskar da ke shiga ƙananan abubuwan sha ana karkata zuwa ga masu sanyaya sanyi don kwantar da cajin ci. Hatta hannayen ƙofa—wanda aka yiwa lakabi da “shark fins”—ana siffata ta hanyar da ke inganta kwararar iska ta hanyar tsaftacewa da zuga iska cikin manyan abubuwan da ke sama da ƙafafun baya. Flavio Manzoni ne ya tsara Ferrari 488 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Red Dot "Mafi Mafi Kyau" don Ƙirƙirar Samfur a cikin 2016. Bambance-bambance 488 gizogizo   Ferrari 488 Spider babban bambance-bambancen kujeru biyu ne na 488 tare da nadawa hardtop, kama da wanda ya gabace shi. Ferrari ya fito da hotunan Spider 488 a ƙarshen Yuli 2015, da motar da aka yi muhawara a Nunin Mota na Frankfurt a cikin Satumba 2015. Jirgin tuƙi na Spider iri ɗaya ne na 488 GTB, gami da 670 PS 3.9-lita twin-turbocharged V8. Spider 488 shine kawai ya fi ɗan'uwansa nauyi, kuma ya fi sauƙi fiye da 458 Spider. Hanzarta daga baya canzawa a 3.0 seconds, yayin da hanzari yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan a 8.7 dakikoki, kuma babban gudun shima ya dan ragu kadan a . 488 Pista   A kan 6 Maris 2018, Ferrari ya bayyana 488 Pista (waƙa a Italiyanci) a Geneva Motor Show . 488 GTE da 488 Kalubale bambance-bambancen tsere sun yi tasiri akan ƙirar Pista. Motar ta sami gyare-gyare na inji da na waje da yawa don sa ta fi ƙarfin 488 GTB. Injin V8 mai girman lita 3.9-turbocharged yanzu yana samar da wutar lantarki a 8,000 rpm da na juzu'i a 3,000 rpm saboda amfani da sabbin camshafts, mafi girma intercooler, ƙarfafa pistons, igiyoyin haɗin titanium da manifolds ɗin sharar inconel a cikin injin da aka aro daga Kalubalen 488. Sabuntawa zuwa watsa mai-gudun dual-clutch mai-gudun 7 kuma yana ba da izinin canzawa a cikin millisecond 30 lokacin da direbobi suka shiga yanayin tsere. Mafi kyawun sauye-sauye na waje na Pista suna a ƙarshen gaba. Iska ta ratsa ta ducts a gaban bompa na gaba kuma wanda ke jagorantar shi ta wata babbar huɗa a cikin kaho, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin ƙarfi a kan hanci a cikin sauri. Taimakawa haɓaka aikin gabaɗaya, an motsa ramukan shan iska daga gefuna zuwa ɓarna na baya don haɓaka tsaftataccen iska. Sauran canje-canjen na waje sun haɗa da masu rarrabawar jiki da na baya wanda aka raba tare da 488 GTE. Gabaɗaya, motar tana haifar da 20% ƙarin ƙarfi fiye da 488 GTB. Motar kuma ta haɗa da tsarin kula da kusurwar gefe-slip yana da E-Diff3, F-Trac da dakatarwar magnetorheological don inganta sarrafawa a cikin sauri mai girma. A ciki, ana amfani da fiber carbon da Alcantara a ko'ina don rage nauyi. Gabaɗaya, motar ita ce 200 lb (91 kg) ya fi nauyi fiye da 488 GTB saboda amfani da fiber carbon akan kaho, bumpers, da na baya. Zabin 20-inch carbon fiber wheels samuwa ga Pista, wanda masana'antun Australiya Carbon Revolution suka yi, sun rage nauyin dabaran da kashi 40%. Waɗannan gyare-gyare suna ba da damar Pista 488 don haɓaka daga 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) a cikin daƙiƙa 2.85, 0–200 km/h (0-124 mph) a cikin daƙiƙa 7.6 kuma ba motar matsakaicin matsakaicin gudun 340 km/h (211 mph), bisa ga masana'anta. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

53558

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Dobie

Scott Dobie

Robert Scott Dobie (an haife shi 10 Oktoba 1978) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.Ko da yake an haife shi a Ingila, Dobie ya buga wa Scotland wasa sau shida a matakin kasa da kasa a 2002. A lokacin aiki na shekaru 16 ya taka leda a Carlisle United, Clydebank, West Bromwich Albion, Millwall, Nottingham Forest, St Johnstone, Bradford City da York City Aikin kulob Carlisle United An haife shi a Workington, Cumbria, Dobie ya shiga Carlisle United a matsayin mai koyo a watan Yuni 1995, ya zama ƙwararre akan 10 May 1997. Duk da yake a Carlisle, shi ne Dobie ta goalbound head wanda aka parried a cikin hanyar Carlisle Goalkeeper Jimmy Glass, wanda ya zira kwallaye tare da bugun karshe na wasan karshe na 1998-99 kakar, kiyaye Carlisle ta Football League matsayi da relegating Scarborough . A lokacin 2000-01, Dobie ya jawo sha'awa daga wasu clubs, tare da Carlisle manajan Ian Atkins yana iƙirarin cewa mai kunnawa zai iya daraja kamar £ 2. miliyan a kasuwar canja wuri. West Bromwich Albion ya koma Dobie zuwa West Bromwich Albion a ranar 6 ga Yuli 2001 kan farashin farko na fam 150,000, tare da biyan wani fan 50,000 da zarar ya kai wasanni 25 a sabuwar kungiyarsa. Ya buga wasansa na Albion da Walsall a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2001. Burinsa na farko a kulob din ya zo ne a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2001 a gasar cin kofin League a Cambridge United, lokacin da ya yi wa golan adawa daga 30. yadudduka waje. Ya ji daɗin watan Satumba mai ban sha'awa, inda ya zira wa Albion burinsa na farko a gasar cin kofin 4-0 a kan Manchester City, kuma ta haka ya fara zira kwallaye takwas a wasanni bakwai. Sai dai kuma ya yi ta kokarin nemo raga bayan haka, bai sake zura kwallo a raga ba sai watan Fabrairu. Duk da haka, ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar da kwallaye 11 a gasar, 13 a jimlace. Ayyukansa sun taimaka wa Albion samun haɓaka zuwa Premier League a 2001-02 . Biyu daga cikin burinsa sun zo ne a ranar 16 ga Maris 2002 a ci 3-0 a Sheffield United ; An yi wa wasan lakabi da " Battle of Bramall Lane " domin shi ne wasa daya tilo a fagen kwallon kafa na Ingila da aka yi watsi da shi saboda kungiyar da ta rage yawan 'yan wasa a filin wasa. A lokacin bazara ya mika takardar neman canja wuri, an ruwaito saboda yana son a kara masa albashi bayan ya shiga kungiyar ta Scotland. Albion ya ki siyar da dan wasan duk da haka, kuma daga karshe Dobie ya samu kyautatuwar kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Dobie shine dan wasan farko na Albion wanda ya maye gurbin Danny Dichio a wasan farko da Manchester United a Old Trafford. Ya zira kwallaye biyar ne kawai a gasar Premier ta farko ta Albion, duk da cewa yajin aikin da ya yi a kan Tottenham Hotspur a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2002 an ba shi sunan 'Goal of the Week' ta gidan yanar gizon BBC Sport . Albion sun sake komawa, amma Dobie ya sake cin nasara tare da su a cikin 2003-04, yana taimaka wa kulob din ya koma saman jirgin a farkon ƙoƙari. Millwall Tare da irin Kanu da Robert Earnshaw a gabansa a cikin oda na West Brom, Dobie ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami matakin farko a farkon 2004-05, kuma a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2004 ya koma Millwall a cikin yarjejeniya mai daraja "har zuwa" £ 750,000. Dangane da batun siyar da shi, tsohon kulob dinsa Carlisle ya samu akalla fan 37,500 daga yarjejeniyar. Nottingham Forest A ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 2005 ya koma Nottingham Forest a kan fam 525,000 daga Millwall, inda ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara uku da rabi. Aikinsa na dajin ya tashi a hankali, domin ya zura kwallo daya kacal a wasanni 12 da ya buga. Daga nan ya fara nemo siffarsa, amma jerin raunin da ya faru, ciki har da raunin hip da ke buƙatar tiyata a ƙasa a Amurka, ya duba ci gabansa, ma'ana ya zira kwallaye biyu kawai a cikin kakar 2005-06 A farkon kakar 2006–07 sabon manaja Colin Calderwood ya bayyana imaninsa ga Dobie kuma ya ce aikinsa ba shi da lafiya a daji. sake jinkirta ci gabansa, bayan da ya ji rauni a cinyarsa a wasansa na dawowa, wanda ya tilasta masa sauka a bayan Grant Holt, Junior Agogo da Nathan Tyson . Yawancin bayyanar Dobie a cikin 2006-07 sun kasance daga benci masu maye gurbin. Burinsa daya tilo a waccan kakar ya zo ne a 2006–07 League One wasan kusa da na karshe da Yeovil . Kwallon da ya yi daga kusurwa, ya sanya Forest 3-1 a tashi daga wasan, amma sun yi rashin nasara da ci 5-4 a jumulla bayan karin lokaci. Dobie ya fara kamfen na 2007 – 08 a matsayin dan wasan shi kadai a karawar da AFC Bournemouth amma da sauri aka ajiye shi a benci, sannan aka yanke shi daga cikin ‘yan wasan gaba daya, duk da cewa ya dawo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Forest ta ci 2-0 a Port Vale . Manazarta

8344

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo%20Picasso

Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso mai fenti ne. Picasso an haife shi a Malaga (yanzu Hispania) a shekara ta 1881, ya mutu a Mougins (Faransa) a shekara ta 1973. Ya kasance mai zane dan kasar Sipaniya, mai sassake-sassake, masanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kwashe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a kasar Faransa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu zane da suka shahara a karni na 20. Yayi fice na musamman ta salon zanensa da ya kirkiri na “Cubism”, salon “constructed sculpture”, da kuma salon zane na “Collage”, da dai sauran salon zane da ya taimaka wajen bunkasawa. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai Zanen Proto-Cubism, Zanen Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, da zanen anti-war da dai sauransu. Picasso ya nuna bajinta da kwarewa a harkokin zane da dama a lokacin kuruciyarsa, inda yake zane acikin salo na musamman tun yana ƙarami har zuwa tsufansa. A farkon shekaru goma na karni na 20, salonsa sun canza yayinda ya kirkiri kuma ya gwada sabbin dabaru da salo. Bayan shekarun 1906, dabarun tsohon mai zane Henri Matisse sun karawa Picasso karfin gwiwa sake nemo sabbin dabaru, wanda hakan ya janyo adawa a tsakanin masu zanen guda biyu, wadanda masu binciken zane suke alakantasu a matsayin jagororin masu zane na zamani. An rarraba ayyukan Pissaco zuwa lokuta daban daban. Yayinda har yanzu ana jayayya akan sunayen mafi akasarin ayyukansa. Lokutan ayyukansa da suka fi fice sune kamar haka: Lokacin Bula na Picasso (1901–1904), Lokacin Rose Picasso (1904–1906), Lokacin Zanen Afurkawa (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), da kuma Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919) wanda kuma ake kira da Crystal Cubism. Mafi akasarin ayyukan Picasso a tsakanin shekarun 1910s da farkon shekarun 1920s sun kasance acikin salo irin na neoclassical sannan ayyukansa a tsakiyan shekarun 1920s suna da alaka da Surrealism. Ayyukansa na baya-baya suna da alaka da salonsa na tun yana karami. Ya samar da zane da dama na musamman a daukakin rayuwarsa, Picasso ya samu shahara a duniya kuma ya tara dukiya mai yawa a dalilin nasarorinsa a zane kuma ya zamo daya daga cikin masu zane na musamman na karni na 20. Yarintarsa An haifi Picasso da misalin karfe 23:15 na ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1881, a birnin Malaga, Andalusiya, na Kudancin Sipaniya. Ya kasance ɗa na fari ga mahaifinsa José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) da mahaifiyarsa Picasso y López. Iyayen Picasso sun kasance masu matsakaicin karfi. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai zane wanda ya kware a zanen tsuntsaye da kuma wasanni. Mahaifinsa Ruiz ya kasance farfesa na fasaha a Makarantar Fikira kuma mai kula da wata tsohuwar gidan ajiyan kayan tarihi. Kakannin Ruiz sun kasance kananun masu sarauta. Shaidar haihuwar Picasso da baptizanshj na dauke da sunaye masu tsawo, wanda ya hada da malaman kirista da danginsa. Ruiz y Picasso sune sunayen kakanninsa na wurin uwa da na wurin uba bi da bi, dangane da al’adar mutanen Sipaniya. Sunan mahaifinsa “Picasso” ya samo asaline daga garin Liguria, wani yankin gabar teku da ke arewa-maso-yammacin Italy. Kakan kakan pablo na wurin uwa Tommaso Picasso ya komo garin Sipaniya a shekarar 1807. Sana’a Kafin 1900 Picasso ya fara samun horo daga wurin mahaifinsa a shekarar 1890. Ana iya samun tarin ayyukansa na farko-farko a gidan kayan tarihin Museu Picasso da ke Barcelona. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1893, kwarewarsa na dan koyo ya fara karfi sannan ya zuwa shekara ta 1894 ya zama cikakken mai zane. Ana iya ganin salon mmakarantar realism a zanensa na tsakiyar 1890s a zanensa na The First Communion (1896), wani babban zanen kanwansa mai suna Lola. Har ila yau, acikin wannan shekara ne yayi zanen Portrait of Aunt Pepa, wani zane na musamman dake dauke da fuskar Juan-Eduardo Cirlot, wana ake dauka a matsayin "daya daga cikin zanen da sukafi shahara a tarihin Sipaniya". Lokacin Bula 1901–1904 Lokacin ayyukan Picasso na Blue Period (1901–1904), lokaci ne na zanensa da ke da alaka da kalar bula da kuma bula-da-kore kadai, sai dai akan dan kara wasu kaloli a wasu lokutan, wanda ya soma ko dai a kasar Sipaniya a 1901 ko kuma a kasar Farisa a tsakiyar shekarar. Mafiya yawancin zanunkansa na uwaye da 'ya'yansu wato gaunt mothers with children ya samo asali ne daga lokacin zanukansa na bula, a wannan lokacin ne rayuwar Picasso ta rabu a tsakanin kasar Barcelona da kuma Farisa. Acikin wani yanayi da yake amfani da kaloli a wajen nuna abu mara sha'awa - karuwa da masu bara ne muhimman al'amari. Ayyukan Picasso sun samo tushe daga tafiyarsa a cikin kasar Sipaniya da kuma kisan kan abokinsa Carles Casagemas. A farkon kakar 1901, yayi zanukan fuskar Casagema wanda ya samar da salon zane na La Vie (1903), yana nan yanzu a gidan tarihi na Cleveland Museum of Art. Wannan yanayi ne ya kara janyo habakar salon zanen The Frugal Repast (1904), wanda ke nuna wani mutum makaho da kuma mata mai gani, wadanda gabaki dayansu sun galabaita, suna zaune a wani dan teburi. Makanta ya kasance muhimmin take a zanen Picasso na wannan lokaci, kamar acikin zanen The Blindman's Meal (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) da kuma zanen fuskar Celestina (1903). Ayyukansa na wannan Lokaci na Bula sun hada da Zanen Fuskar Soler da kuma Zanen Fuskar Suzanne Bloch. Lokacin Rose: 1904–1906 Lokacin Rose (1904–1906) na da alaka da kalar fata mai haske ta hanyar amfani da kalar lemu da kalar pink wanda ya kunshi 'yan wasa da dai sauransu. Lokacin Zanen Afurkawa: 1907–1909 Lokacin zanen Picasso da ya samu tasiri daga mutanen Afurka (1907–1909) ya fara ne da zanensa na farko na Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Analytic cubism: 1909–1912 Ccubism (1909–1912) wani salo ne na zane da Picasso ya kirkira tare da [Georges Braque]] hanyar amfani da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da sauran kaloli daban daban. Wadannan masu zane guda biyu suna daukan abubuwa su zana su dangane da ainihin sifarsu. Zanen Picasso da na Braque na wannan lokacin suna da kamiceceniya sosai. Synthetic cubism: 1912–1919 Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) cigaba ne a salon zane na cubism, inda ake jera yankakken takarda mafi yawanci bangon littafi ko kuma wani shashe na jarida - ana jera su don bada wata sifa, wanda ya janyo mafarin salon zanen collage a kimiyar zane. A tsakanin 1915 zuwa 1917, Picasso ya fara wani sabon salon zane wanda ke nuna abubuwa daban daban, wanda ya kunshi jita, ko gilashi, da wani kamaiceceniya irinta collage. Manazarta Haifaffun 1881 Mutuwan 1973 Mai zane-zanen Ispaniya

2796

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Hitler

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (An haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu a shekarata alif 1889) a birnin Braunau a cikin ƙasar Austria dake tsakiyar Turai. Hitler ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan mulkin kama karya ne. Tun daga shekarata alif 1921 shi shugaban jam'iyyar NSDAP, jamiyar mai tsanani, ne. A shekarar alif1933 ya zama shugaban gwamnati, a shekarata alif 1934 shi ma ya zama babban shugaban ƙasar Jamus har kisan kansa a shekarata alif 1945. A cikin lokacin gwamnatinsa jam'iyyar NSDAP ta kafa mulkin kama karya mai sunan "Daula ta Uku". A cikin shekarata alif 1933 an hana dukan sauran jam'iyyoyii sai jam'iyya ta Hitler. An zalunci abokan hamayya don jifansu a kurkuku ko sansu a sansanin gwale-gwale, inda an yi musu azaba aka kashe su. Hitler dai mai nauyi ne game da kisan gillar Yahudawa na Turai da kashin mutanen da yawa don dalilan na adini da na ƙabila da kuma na zaman jama'a. Siyasar ta shugabancin Hitler sanadi cee ga ƙaddamarwa da yaƙin duniya na biyu, a cikinsa mutane milyon da dama da kuwa yankunan da yawa suka halaka. A watan Nuwamba 1932, Jam'iyyar Nazi ta kasance mafi yawan kujeru a cikin Reichstag amma ba ta da rinjaye. Babu daya daga cikin jam'iyyun siyasar da ya iya kafa kawance mai rinjaye don goyon bayan dan takarar kansila. Tsohon shugaban gwamnati Franz von Papen da wasu shugabannin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun shawo kan shugaba Paul von Hindenburg ya nada Hitler a matsayin shugaban gwamnati a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1933. Ba da dadewa ba, Reichstag ya zartar da Dokar Taimakawa ta 1933 wanda ya fara aiwatar da canza Jamhuriyar Weimar zuwa Jamus Nazi, mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya daya bisa tsarin akidar mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na Nazism . A ranar 2 ga Agusta 1934 Hindenburg ya mutu kuma Hitler ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa da gwamnati. Hitler ya yi niyyar kawar da Yahudawa daga Jamus kuma ya kafa Sabuwar doka don yaƙar abin da ya gani a matsayin rashin adalci na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya wanda Biritaniya da Faransa suka mamaye. Shekaru shida da ya yi kan karagar mulki ya haifar da saurin farfadowar tattalin arzikin kasar daga mawuyacin halin da ake ciki, da soke takunkumin da aka sanya wa Jamus bayan yakin duniya na daya, da kuma hade yankunan da miliyoyin 'yan kabilar Jamus ke zaune, wanda da farko ya ba shi goyon baya ga jama'a. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman manufofin Hitler shine ga al'ummar Jamus a Gabashin Turai, kuma ana ɗaukar manufofinsa na ketare na ƙaura a farkon abin da ya haifar da yakin duniya na biyu a Turai . Ya jagoranci manyan makamai kuma, a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1939, ya mamaye Poland, wanda ya haifar da Birtaniya da Faransa suna shelanta yaki akan Jamus . A watan Yuni 1941, Hitler ya ba da umarnin mamaye Tarayyar Soviet . A cikin Disamba 1941, ya ayyana yaki a kan Amurka . A ƙarshen 1941, sojojin Jamus da ikon Axis na Turai sun mamaye yawancin Turai da Arewacin Afirka . An samu koma baya sannu a hankali bayan shekara ta 1941, kuma a shekara ta 1945 sojojin kawance sun fatattaki sojojin Jamus. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1945, ya auri abokin zamansa na dogon lokaci, Eva Braun, a cikin Führerbunker a Berlin. Washegari, ma'auratan sun kashe kansu don gujewa kama su daga hannun sojojin Red Army na Soviet. Bisa ga burin Hitler, an kona gawarwakinsu. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin tarihin rayuwar Ian Kershaw ya kwatanta Hitler a matsayin "siffar muguntar siyasar zamani". A karkashin jagorancin Hitler da akidar wariyar launin fata, gwamnatin Nazi ta kasance alhakin kisan gillar da aka yi wa Yahudawa kimanin miliyan shida da kuma miliyoyin sauran wadanda abin ya shafa, wanda shi da mabiyansa suka dauka Untermenschen (masu bautar kasa) ko kuma ba a so. Hitler da gwamnatin Nazi su ma suna da alhakin kashe kimanin 19.3 fararen hula miliyan da fursunonin yaki. Bugu da kari, 28.7 Sojoji da fararen hula miliyan ne suka mutu sakamakon harin da sojoji suka kai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai. Yawan fararen hula da aka kashe a yakin duniya na biyu ba a taba yin irinsa ba a yakin, kuma wadanda aka kashe sun zama rikici mafi muni a tarihi. Zuri'a Mahaifin Hitler, Alois Hitler (1837-1903), shine shege na Maria Anna Schiklgruber . Littafin baftisma bai nuna sunan mahaifinsa ba, kuma Alois da farko ya haifi sunan mahaifiyarsa, . A 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler ya auri mahaifiyar Alois. Alois ya girma a cikin dangin ɗan'uwan Hiedler, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . A cikin 1876, Alois ya zama halal ne kuma wani firist ya rubuta rikodin baptismar sa don yin rajistar Johann Georg Hiedler a matsayin mahaifin Alois (wanda aka rubuta a matsayin "Georg Hitler"). Daga nan Alois ya ɗauki sunan "Hitler", kuma ya rubuta , ko . Wataƙila sunan ya dogara ne akan kalmar Jamusanci (lit., "bukka"), kuma mai yiwuwa yana da ma'anar "wanda ke zaune a cikin bukka". Shekarun farko Yarinta da ilimi An haifi Adolf Hitler a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1889 a Braunau am Inn, wani gari a Austria-Hungary (Austriya ta yanzu), kusa da kan iyaka da Daular Jamus . Shi ne na huɗu cikin ’ya’ya shida da Alois Hitler da matarsa ta uku, Klara Pölzl suka haifa. Uku daga cikin ’yan’uwan Hitler—Gustav, Ida, da Otto—sun mutu suna ƙanana. Har ila yau, suna zaune a cikin gidan su ne 'ya'yan Alois daga aurensa na biyu: Alois Jr. (an haife shi 1882) da Angela (an haifi 1883). Lokacin da Hitler ya cika shekaru uku, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Passau, Jamus. A can ya sami yaren Bavarian na musamman, maimakon Jamusanci na Austrian, wanda ke nuna jawabinsa a duk rayuwarsa. Iyalin sun koma Ostiriya kuma suka zauna a Leonding a cikin 1894, kuma a cikin Yuni 1895 Alois ya yi ritaya zuwa Hafeld, kusa da Lambach, inda ya yi noma da kiwon ƙudan zuma. Hitler ya halarci (makarantar firamare da jiha ke tallafawa) a Fischlham kusa. Yunkurin zuwa Hafeld ya zo daidai da farkon rikice-rikicen uba da ɗa da Hitler ya ƙi bin ka'idojin makarantarsa. Mahaifinsa ya buge shi, duk da cewa mahaifiyarsa ta yi ƙoƙari ta kare shi. Ƙoƙarin noman Alois Hitler a Hafeld ya ƙare a kasa, kuma a cikin 1897 iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Lambach. Hitler ɗan shekara takwas ya ɗauki darussan waƙa, ya rera waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawakan coci, har ma ya yi tunanin zama firist. A cikin 1898 dangin sun koma Leonding na dindindin. mutuwar ƙanensa Edmund, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1900 daga cutar kyanda ya shafi Hitler. Hitler ya canza daga ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗalibi, mai fita, ɗalibi mai hazaƙa zuwa ƙwaƙƙwaran yaro, wanda ya rabu da mahaifinsa da malamansa kullum. Alois ya yi nasara a ofishin kwastam kuma yana son ɗansa ya bi sawunsa. Daga baya Hitler ya nuna wani al’amari na wannan lokaci da mahaifinsa ya kai shi ziyara ofishin kwastam, inda ya kwatanta lamarin a matsayin wani lamari da ya haifar da rashin gafartawa tsakanin uba da dansa, wadanda dukkansu suka kasance masu karfin zuciya. Yin watsi da sha'awar ɗansa na halartar makarantar sakandare na gargajiya kuma ya zama mai fasaha, Alois ya aika Hitler zuwa Realschule a Linz a watan Satumba 1900. [lower-alpha 3] Hitler ya yi tawaye ga wannan shawarar, kuma a ya bayyana cewa da gangan ya yi rashin kyau a makaranta, yana fatan da zarar mahaifinsa ya ga "wani karamin ci gaba da nake samu a makarantar fasaha zai bar ni in sadaukar da kaina ga burina". Kamar yawancin Jamusawa na Austriya, Hitler ya fara haɓaka ra'ayoyin kishin ƙasa na Jamus tun yana ƙarami. Ya nuna biyayya ga Jamus kawai, yana raina rugujewar masarautar Habsburg da mulkinta a kan daular da ke da bambancin kabila. Hitler da abokansa sun yi amfani da gaisuwar "Heil", kuma suka rera " Deutschlandlied " maimakon waƙar Ostiriya . Bayan mutuwar Alois kwatsam a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1903, aikin Hitler a makaranta ya lalace kuma mahaifiyarsa ta bar shi ya tafi. Ya yi rajista a Realschule a Steyr a cikin Satumba 1904, inda halayensa da ayyukansa suka inganta. A shekara ta 1905, bayan da ya ci maimaita jarrabawar ƙarshe, Hitler ya bar makarantar ba tare da wani buri na ƙarin ilimi ba ko kuma shirye-shirye masu kyau na aiki. Shiga cikin siyasa Bayan yakin duniya na daya, Hitler ya koma Munich. Ba tare da ilimi na yau da kullun ba ko kuma damar aiki, ya kasance a cikin Soja. A cikin Yuli 1919, an nada shi (wakilin hankali) na (rashin binciken) na , wanda aka ba da damar yin tasiri ga wasu sojoji da kuma kutsawa cikin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Jamus (DAP). A taron DAP a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1919, Shugaban Jam'iyyar Anton Drexler ya burge da basirar magana ta Hitler. Ya ba shi kwafin ƙasidarsa ta Farkawa ta Siyasa, wanda ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyin adawa da Yahudawa, masu kishin ƙasa, masu adawa da jari hujja, da ra'ayoyin masu adawa da Markisanci. Bisa umarnin manyan sojojinsa, Hitler ya nemi shiga jam'iyyar, kuma a cikin mako guda aka yarda da shi a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar 555 (jam'iyyar ta fara kirga mambobin a 500 don ba da ra'ayi cewa sun kasance jam'iyya mafi girma) Hitler ya yi bayanin rubutaccen bayaninsa na farko game da tambayar Yahudawa a cikin wasiƙar 16 ga Satumba 1919 zuwa ga Adolf Gemlich (yanzu ana kiransa harafin Gemlich ). A cikin wasikar, Hitler ya yi jayayya cewa manufar gwamnati "dole ne a kori Yahudawa gaba daya." A DAP, Hitler ya sadu da Dietrich Eckart, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar kuma memba na kungiyar Thule Society . Eckart ya zama jagoran Hitler, yana musayar ra'ayi tare da shi kuma ya gabatar da shi ga al'ummar Munich da dama. Don ƙara ƙararta, DAP ta canza suna zuwa ( Jam'iyyar Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), wacce aka fi sani da "Jam'iyyar Nazi"). Hitler ya tsara tutar jam'iyyar na swastika a cikin farar da'irar a kan bangon ja. Beer Hall Putsch da kurkukun Landsberg A cikin 1923, Hitler ya nemi taimakon yakin duniya na Janar Erich Ludendorff don yunkurin juyin mulki da aka sani da " Beer Hall Putsch ". Jam'iyyar Nazi ta yi amfani da Fascism na Italiya a matsayin abin koyi don bayyanar su da manufofinsu. Hitler ya so ya yi koyi da Benito Mussolini 's " Maris on Rome " na 1922 ta hanyar yin juyin mulkinsa a Bavaria, wanda ya biyo baya da kalubale ga gwamnati a Berlin. Hitler da Ludendorff sun nemi goyon bayan (Kwamishina Jiha) Gustav Ritter von Kahr, Bavaria's de facto ruler. Duk da haka, Kahr, tare da shugaban 'yan sanda Hans Ritter von Seisser da Reichswehr Janar Otto von Lossow, sun so kafa mulkin kama-karya na kasa ba tare da Hitler ba. Sake Gina Jam'iyyar Nazi A lokacin da Hitler ya saki daga kurkuku, siyasa a Jamus ta yi ƙasa a gwiwa, kuma tattalin arziƙin ƙasar ya gyaru, wanda ya hana Hitler damar hargitsa siyasa. Sakamakon gazawar Beer Hall Putsch, an dakatar da Jam'iyyar Nazi da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa a Bavaria. A cikin ganawar da Firayim Minista na Bavaria, Heinrich Held, a ranar 4 ga Janairu 1925, Hitler ya amince da girmama ikon jihar kuma ya yi alkawarin cewa zai nemi ikon siyasa kawai ta hanyar tsarin dimokuradiyya. Taron ya share fagen dage haramcin da aka yi wa jam'iyyar Nazi a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu. Duk da haka, bayan wani jawabi mai ban haushi da ya yi a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, hukumomin Bavaria sun hana Hitler yin magana a bainar jama'a, haramcin da ya kasance a wurin har zuwa 1927. Don ci gaba da burinsa na siyasa duk da haramcin, Hitler ya nada Gregor Strasser, Otto Strasser, da Joseph Goebbels don tsarawa da kuma fadada jam'iyyar Nazi a arewacin Jamus. Gregor Strasser ya jagoranci tsarin siyasa mai zaman kansa, yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan gurguzu na shirin jam'iyyar. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rahoto na shafin Rediyon Deutsche Welle: Adolf Hitler Manazarta Haifaffun 1889 Mutuwan 1945

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamun%20Cutar%20Daji

Alamun Cutar Daji

Alamun ciwon daji shine canje-canje a cikin jiki wanda ke haifar da kasancewar ciwon daji. Yawanci suna faruwa ne sakamakon illar da ciwon daji ke yi a sassan jiki inda yake girma, duk da cewa cutar na iya haifar da wasu alamomi na gaba daya kamar rage kiba ko kasala. Akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji sama da 100 daban-daban tare da alamu da alamu masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Alamu da Alamomi Ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka da ke tattare da hadakar kwayoyin cuta mara kyau tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yadasu zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Ciwon daji na iya zama da wahala a gano shi saboda alamunsa da alamunsa galibi ba takamaimai bane, ma'ana suna iya zama al'amura na gaba daya wadanda ba su nuna kai tsaye ga takamaiman tsarin cutar ba. A cikin magani, alamar wani yanki ne na hadinkai na bayanai wanda za'a iya aunawa ko a iya gani, kamar a cikin zafin jiki mai girma (zazzabi), kurji, ko rauni. Alamar alama, ta bambanta, ita ce kwarewa ta zahiri wanda zai iya nuna cuta, rashin lafiya ko rauni, kamar zafi, dizziness, ko gajiya. Alamu da alamun ba su bambanta da juna ba, misali za a iya lura da yanayin zafin jiki a matsayin alamar ta amfani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio wanda ke yin rikodin babban karatu. Saboda yawancin alamun cutar kansa suna sannu a hankali a farkon kuma gabadaya a yanayi, gwajin cutar kansa (wanda ake kira sa ido kan kansa) shine babban fifikon lafiyar jama'a. Wannan na iya hadawa da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, gwaje-gwajen jiki, samfuran nama, ko gwaje-gwajen hoto wanda gungiyar kwararrun ke ba da shawarar a gudanar da su a tsaka-tsakin kayyadaddun adadin jama'a. Bincike na iya gano ciwon daji kafin bayyanar cututtuka su bayyana, ko farkon yanayin cutar. Ana iya kare wasu cututtukan daji da alluran rigakafin kwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da su (misali, rigakafin HPV a matsayin rigakafin kansar mahaifa). Bugu da kari, ilimin hakuri game da alamun damuwa wadanda ke budatar karin kimantawa shine mahimmanci don rage cututtuka da mace-mace daga ciwon daji. Alamun da ke haifar da damuwa mai yawa, alamun da ke ci gaba ko ba a bayyana su ba, da/ko bayyanar alamu da yawa tare musamman suna garantin kimantawa ta kwararrun lafiya. Alamomin Ciwon Daji Da Alamun Ciki Makanikai Ciwon daji na iya haifar da alamu ta daya ko fiye daga cikin hanyoyi masu zuwa: Tasirin taro : Rashin hadakar nama, ko kari, na iya damfara tsarin da ke kusa, haifar da ciwo, kumburi ko rushewar aiki. Ba duka ciwon daji ke haifar da ciwace-ciwace ba. Ko da ciwon daji (wadanda ba su daidaita ba, ko bazuwa zuwa wasu kyallen takarda) na iya samun sakamako mai tsanani idan sun bayyana a wurare masu hadari, musamman zuciya ko kwakwalwa. Kananan toshewar hanji sakamakon haɓakar ƙari a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci wani misali ne na sakamakon 'sararin samaniya' sakamakon ciwon daji. Asarar Aiki: Kwayoyin Tumor na iya rage sel na al'ada na iskar oxygen da abubuwan gina jiki, don haka ya rushe aikin wata mahimmanci. Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace da yawa suna haifar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da jini wanda ke yin hidima don samar da kari maimakon na yau da kullun, lafiyayyen nama. Ayyukan da ba a saba ba na kwayoyin cutar kansa da rage aikin sel na al'ada a cikin wata gabobin da aka bayar na iya haifar da gazawar gabobin. Haɓaka Samar da Lactate: Tasirin Warburg ya bayyana cewa kwayoyin cutar kansa a gaban iskar oxygen da glucose suna daukar hanyar samar da makamashi daban-daban, suna karkatar da kuzari don samar da kwayoyin halitta don tallafawa hadakar dari. Wannan nau'in kwayar cuta ta musamman na kwayoyin kansa yana bude kofofin don yiwuwar jiyya na kansa ciki har da niyya lactate dehydrogenase da samar da tsaka-tsakin TCA. Paraneoplastic Syndromes : Wasu ciwon daji suna samar da hormones "ectopic", musamman lokacin da ciwace-ciwacen daji ke tasowa daga kwayoyin neuroendocrine, suna haifar da rashin daidaituwa iri-iri na endocrin. Misalai sun haɗa da samar da hormones na parathyroid ta hanyar ciwace-ciwacen parathyroid ko serotonin ta hanyar ciwan carcinoid. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, nau'ikan tantanin halitta waɗanda ke samar da wadannan kananan kwayoyin cuta suna yaduwa da mugunta kuma suna rasa yadda suke da martani ga mummunan ra'ayi. Saboda hormones suna aiki a kan kyallen takarda mai nisa daga wurin samarwa, alamun paraneoplastic da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na iya bayyana nesa da ciwon daji na asali. Venous Thromboembolism: Marasa lafiya tare da wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji suna cikin haɗarin ƙumburi na jini saboda wuce gona da iri na abubuwan da ke hada su. Wadannan gudan jini na iya rushe wurare dabam dabam a cikin gida ko kuma su rabu da tafiya zuwa zuciya, huhu, ko kwakwalwa, kuma yana iya zama m. Alamomin daskarewar jini na iya hadawa da zafi, kumburi, dumi da kuma a karshen matakai, rashin karfi, musamman a hannu da ƙafafu. Wasu magungunan ciwon daji na iya ƙara haɓaka wannan hadarin. Effusions: Ciwon daji na iya tayar da motsin ruwa a cikin jiki kuma ya haifar da tarin ruwa na waje. Ciwon nono da huhu, alal misali, yakan haifar da zubar da jini, ko tarin ruwa a cikin rufin huhu. Ciwon daji na ciki, gami da ciwon daji na ovarian da na mahaifa, na iya haifar da tarin ruwa a cikin kogon ciki. Alamomin tuhuma Alamun ciwon daji na iya zama sauye-sauye na musamman ga jin dadin jin dadin jikin mutum (alamomin tsarin mulki), ko kuma na iya kasancewa zuwa wani tsarin gabobin jiki ko yanki na jiki. Alamomin da ke biyo baya na iya zama bayyanar cutar kansa mai tushe. A madadin, za su iya yin nuni ga hanyoyin cututtukan da ba na kansa ba, ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, ko ma kasancewa cikin kewayon ilimin lissafi na al'ada. Suna iya bayyana a farkon wurin ciwon daji ko kuma zama alamun ciwon daji metastasis, ko yaduwa. Ana bukatar karin aiki ta kwararren kiwon lafiya don gano cutar kansa. Alamomin Tsarin Mulki Rage nauyin da ba a bayyana ba: Rage nauyi wanda ba a yi niyya ba kuma ba a bayyana shi ta hanyar abinci ba, motsa jiki ko wasu cututtuka na iya zama alamar gargadi na nau'in ciwon daji da yawa. Ciwon da ba a bayyana ba : Ciwon da ke ci gaba, ba shi da wani dalili mai mahimmanci, kuma baya amsa magani yana iya zama alamar gargadi na nau'in ciwon daji da yawa. Gajiya ko gajiya da ba a bayyana ba: kunkarar da ba a sani ba kuma na ci gaba na iya nuna rashin lafiya, ciki har da ciwon daji na jini kamar cutar sankarar bargo ko lymphoma. Zufan dare ko zazzabi da ba a bayyana ba: Wadannan na iya zama alamun cutar kansar tsarin rigakafi. Zazzabi a cikin yara ba kasafai ke nuna rashin lafiya ba, amma yana iya dacewa da kimantawa. Alamomin gida Alamomin Ciwon daji: Aikin Likita Kwararrun kiwon lafiya na iya bin aikin bincike na yau da kullun don tantance alamun cutar kansa. Gwaje-gwajen da aka ba da umarnin za su dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da ake zargi. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da: Basic Metabolic Panel Barium enema Biopsy Duban kashi Burin kasusuwan kasusuwa da biopsy MRI na nono Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, da/ko Endoscopy Cikakken kididdigan Jinin Jini da/ko Shafar Jini na Wuta Kwamfuta Tomography (CT) Scan Jarrabawar Dubura ta Dijital Electrocardiogram (EKG) da kuma Echocardiogram Gwaje-gwajen Jini na Farko Hoto Resonance Magnetic (MRI) Mammogram MUGA Scan Gwajin Pap Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan Gwajin Alamar Tumor Ultrasound Alamun Jiyya da Na Biyu Jiyya na ciwon daji na iya hadawa da tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation far, hormonal far, niyya far (ciki har da immunotherapy kamar monoclonal antibody far ) da kuma roba mutuwa, mafi yawanci a matsayin jerin raba jiyya (misali chemotherapy kafin tiyata). Wasu daga cikin waɗannan magungunan ciwon daji na iya haifar da alamun jiyya, ko na biyu, gami da: Ciwo Ciwon daji na iya haifar da ciwon daji ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta da kanta tana damfara sassan da ke kusa, dage jijiyoyi, ko haifar da amsa mai kumburi. Hakanan ana iya haifar dashi ta hanyar hanyoyin kwantar da hankali kamar radiation ko chemotherapy. Tare da ingantaccen kulawa, ana iya kawar da ciwon daji ko kuma sarrafa shi sosai a cikin 80% zuwa 90% na lokuta, amma kusan 50% na masu fama da ciwon daji a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna samun ƙasa da kulawa mafi kyau. A duk duniya, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji suna samun ɗan magani kaɗan ko babu. Ciwon daji a cikin yara da kuma mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ba a yi musu magani ba. Kamuwa da cuta Zurfin Jijiya Thrombosis Ciwon huhu Tumor Lysis Syndrome Ciwon tsoka Alamomin da ke bukatar magani na gaggawa sun haɗa da: Zazzabi wanda shine 100.4 °F (38 °C) ko mafi girma Girgizawa yayi Ciwon kirji ko karancin numfashi Rudani Ciwon kai mai tsanani tare da taurin wuya Fitsari mai jini Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluran%20rigakafi

Alluran rigakafi

Allurar rigakafi shiri ne na ƙirar halitta wanda ke ba da cikakkiyar damar samun rigakafi ga wani kamuwa da cuta. Allurar rigakafi yawanci tana dauke da wakili wanda yayi kama da cutar microorganism. Ana yinsa sau da yawa daga nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da gubobi, ko ɗayan na sunadarai na Wakilin yana karfafa tsarin garkuwar jiki don sanin wakili a matsayin barazana, rusa shi, kuma don kara ganewa da kuma lalata duk wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke hade tare da shi a nan gaba. Ba da wani magani ana kiranta alurar riga kafi. Allurar riga kafi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta hana kamuwa da cuta; Allurar riga kafi galibi alhakin kawar da kịtịfe da kuma raguwar cututtuka kamar su, Polio, da tetanus. Allurar riga kafi wanda ke da ingantaccen tasiri ya hada da allurar rigakafin, maganin HPV, da kaji, maganin allurar riga kafi. Sharuɗɗan rigakafin da allurar rigakafi an samo su ne daga kungiyoyin jeji na Variolae (furucin saniya), ajalin da Edward Jenner ya kirkiro.. Tasiri Allurar rigakafi wata hanya ce mai aminci da ingantacciyar hanyar yaƙi da kawar da cututtuka. Koyaya, iyakancewar tasirin su yana wanzuwa. Ingancin tasiri ko aikin maganin ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: Cutar kanta (ga wasu cututtuka allurar riga kafi fiye da sauran) The irin allurar rigakafi (wasu allurar riga kafi takamaiman ne ko ingantacce a kan musamman nau'in cutar). Whether ko an kiyaye jadawalin rigakafin yadda yakamata. Ba da amsa ga maganin rigakafi; wasu mutane ba su amsa da kyau ga waɗansu magungunan rigakafi. Abubuwa masu rarrabuwa kamar ƙabila, shekara, ko kuma abubuwan gado. Idan mutum da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi ya ci gaba da cutar da ke rigakafin cutar kansa watakila cutar ba ta da kazanta sosai fiye da mutanen da ba a yi wa rigakafin ba. Abubuwan da suke da kyau suna la'akari da tasiri a cikin shirin tsarin rigakafi: Yin hankali da hankali don hango tasirin da kamfen ɗin rigakafi zai yi matsakaici zuwa lokaci mai tsawo. ci gaba da sa ido kan cutar da ta dace. tsadar matakan rigakafi, koda kuwa wata cuta ta zama da wuya. Allurar rigakafi ta haifar da kawar da kịtịfe, ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da ke yaduwa da cututtuka masu yaduwa a cikin mutane. Sauran cututtukan kamar su rubella, polio, kyanda, kumburi, da kuma cutar sanƙarau ce ba kamar yadda aka saba ba kamar shekara ɗari da suka gabata saboda allurar rigakafi. Idan mafi yawan mutane suna allurar riga kafi, yana da matukar wahala ga barkewar cutar zuwa faruwa ko yaduwa. Wannan shi ake kira rigakafin garken. Magungunan rigakafin kuma suna taimakawa hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Misali, ta hanyar ragewa abin da ya faru da ciwon huhu wanda ya haifar da ƙwayar huhun ciki, shirye-shiryen allurar rigakafi sunada rage yawan kamuwa da cuta wadanda ke tsayayya da maganin penicillin ko wasu maganin rigakafi. An kiyasta allurar rigakafin cutar kyanda ta hana mutum mutuwa miliyan 1 a duk shekara.. Tasirin sakamako Alurar riga kafi wanda aka bayar yayin ƙuruciya bashi da wata matsala. Sakamakon illa, idan akwai, gabaɗaya m. Sakamakon sakamako na yau da kullun sun haɗa da zazzabi, jin zafi a kusa da wurin allura, da ciwon gwiwa. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mutane na iya zama rashin lafiyan kayan abinci a cikin allurar. Cututtukan da ke tattare da mummunan sakamako suna da mutuƙar wahala. Nau'in Alurar rigakafi sun ƙunshi matattun abubuwa ko ƙwayoyin rai ko kayan tsarkakakke waɗanda aka samo daga gare su. Akwai nau'ikan alluran rigakafin da ake amfani da su.. Ba a kunnawa Wasu alluran rigakafin suna dauke da kwayoyin halittar da aka lalata tare da sunadarai, zafi, ko radadi. Misalai sun hada da rigakafin cutar shan inna, rigakafin cutar hepatitis A, alurar rigakafi da wasu alurar rigakafi.. Attenuated Wasu magungunan rigakafi suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin rai, waɗanda aka rage ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan yawanci suna tsoratar da mafi dorewa immunological immage, amma maiyuwa ba amintaccen amfani a cikin immunocompromised mutane. Toxoid Magungunan Toxoid ana yin su ne daga ƙwayoyin guba masu guba waɗanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya maimakon hakan kwayoyin. Subinit Magungunan ƙananan kwayoyi suna amfani da guntu na ƙwayoyin cuta don ƙirƙirar amsawar rigakafi. Sanda Wasu kwayoyin cuta suna da polysaccharide suttura na waje wadanda ke da rauni immunogenic. Ta hanyar cudanya Wadannan riguna na waje don sunadarai, tsarin na rigakafi na iya gane polysaccharide kamar maganin sunadarai ne na jiki. Gwaji Yawancin sababbin rigakafin rigakafin suma a yanzu haka suna cikin ci gaba kuma ana amfani da su. Yawancin allurar rigakafin ana ƙirƙirar su ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa ƙarfi ko abubuwan ɓoyewa daga kwayoyin. Magungunan roba na rigakafi an haɗa su ne ko gaba ɗaya na abubuwan roba. Rikici Alurar rigakafi na iya zama abu mai ma'ana ko taɓarɓarewa. An tsara allurar rigakafin rigakafi a kan kwayoyi ko ƙwayoyin cuta ɗaya. An tsara allurar rigakafi don yi rigakafin cutar iri biyu ko sama da wannan ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya, ko akasin biyu ko fiye microorganisms.. Heterotypic Waɗannan rigakafin ne da ke amfani da cuta na wasu dabbobi waɗanda ko dai ba sa haifar da cuta ko haifar da cuta mai laushi cikin kwayoyin da ake bi. Inganta rigakafi Tsarin rigakafi yana ɗaukar masu ba da maganin alurar rigakafi azaman ƙasashen waje, yana lalata su, kuma "ya tuna"su. Lokacin da aka sami nau'in virulent na wakili, jiki yana gane kwayar cutar kuma an shirya ya amsa: ta hanyar cire wakilin da aka yi niyya kafin ya shiga sel; ta hanyar ganewa da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kafin waccan wakilin ta iya ƙaruwa. Adjuvants da abubuwan kiyayewa Alurar riga kafi yawanci suna ɗauke da adjuvants ɗaya ko fiye, waɗanda ke haɓakawa da hanzarta mayar da martani na rigakafi. Kuma alurar riga kafi na iya samun abubuwan kiyayewa don hana cuta tare da kwayoyin cuta ko fungi. Jadawalin Don samar da kariya mafi kyau, an bada shawarar yara don karɓar rigakafin kamar da zaran an inganta tsarin rigakafinsu ta yadda ya dace da takamaiman maganin.Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarin "booster" Shots don cimma "cikakkiyar rigakafi". Wannan ya haifar da da ci gaba na hadaddun alurar jadawalin.Yawancin allurar rigakafin ana bada shawarar don wasu tsararraki ko don maimaita allura cikin rayuwa. Don Misali, game da kyanda, tetanus, mura, da ciwon huhu. Shawarwarin alurar don tsofaffi sun mai da hankali kan cutar huhu da mura. Tarihi Kafin gabatarwar alurar rigakafin cuta tare da abu daga abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin mahaifa, za a iya kasancewa da katun an hana shi ta hanyar lalata kwayoyin cuta da gangan. Da farko farkon alamu na A cikin ƙarni na 10, inoculation ba game da fulawa a cikin kasar Sin ya zo ba. A ƙarshen 1760s Edward Jenner ya sami labarin cewa ma'aikatan kiwo ba su taɓa samun fitsari ba domin suna ya rigaya ya samarda maganin cutar sankara. A cikin 1796, Jenner ya ɗauki kwari daga hannun madara da Cutar fata, ta sanya shi a cikin wani yaro mai shekaru 8, kuma makonni shida bayan haka sun kamu da yaron tare da fulawa. Bai kama karamar fulawa ba. Jenner ya kara karatunsa kuma a cikin 1798 bayar da rahoton cewa maganin shi bashi da lafiya ga yara da manya. Na biyu na alluran rigakafin an gabatar dashi a cikin 1880s daga Louis Pasteur. Karnin nan na ashirin ya ga bullar sabbin magunguna masu nasara, gami da wadancan da cututtukan fata, kyanda, da daskararru, da kuma daskararru. Manyan nasarorin sun hada da ci gaba na rigakafin cutar Polio a cikin shekarun 1950 da kuma kawar da fitsari a shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. Maurice Hilleman ya kasance mafi yawan masu haɓaka alluran rigakafin a karni na ashirin. Yawancin ci gaban allurar rigakafin har zuwa yau sun dogara da tallafi daga gwamnati, jami'o'i da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Yawancin magungunan rigakafi sun kasance masu tsada matuƙar tasiri da amfani ga lafiyar jama'a. Yawan alluran rigakafin da aka gudanar ya karu sosai a kwanan nan shekarun da suka gabata. Ari ga haka, ana yin amfani da rigakafin dabbobi don su hana cututtukan su da kuma hana yada cutar ga mutane.. Batun mallaka Saka bayanan kwastomomi kan hanyoyin inganta alurar riga kafi na iya zama cikas ga ci gaban sababbin alurar rigakafi. Saboda ƙarancin kariya da aka bayar ta ha patentso ,in mallaka, kariyar sabon abu ne sau da yawa ana yin ta hanyar haƙƙin ci gaba kamar yadda ya kamata kariya ta sirri. A cewar Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, babbar matsala ce ta hana samar da maganin alurar riga kafi a ciki ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba shine mahimmancin kuɗi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da ƙwarewar ma'aikata bukatun da ake buƙata don shigar da kasuwa. Tsarin isarwa Haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin isar da saƙo na tasar da begen alluran rigakafin lafiya da ƙari ingantacce don sadar da gudanarwa. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci game da fasahar isar da rigakafi sun haɗa da allurar rigakafi. Cutar shan inna rigakafi ya tabbatar da inganci lokacin da masu aikin sa kai ke gudanar da su ba tare da horo na yau da kullun ba. Wata gwaji mara-amfani ana yin gwajin dabbobi. Wani facin tambari mai kama da bandeji mai ɗaure ciki ya ƙunshi tsinkayar ƙirar 20,000 a kowace murabba'in cm.. Yanayi Ci gaban alurar riga-kafi yana da yanayi da yawa: Until Har zuwa kwanan nan, yawancin rigakafin an yi niyya ne ga jarirai da yara, amma matasa kuma Ana ƙara yin niyya da manya. Com vaccin es vaccin Haɗi na rigakafi ya zama gama gari. Ana kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin bayar da rigakafi. Ana yin allurar rigakafi don taɓar da martanin rigakafin halittu, da mai daidaitawa. Ana yin gwaji don samar da alluran rigakafin cututtukan cututtukan daji. Ana yin allurar rigakafi don kare kai daga harin dabbobi. Now Masana kimiyya yanzu suna ƙoƙarin kirkirar allurar rigakafi ta hanyar sake ginawa waje tsarin kwayar cuta. Wannan zai taimaka wajen magance juriya. References

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Esan

Mutanen Esan

Mutanen Esan ( Esan : Ẹ̀bhò Ẹ̀sán ) ƙabilu ne na kudancin Najeriya da ke magana da harshen Esan . Esan a al'adance masanan noma ne, ƙwararrun likitocin gargajiya, mayaƙa kuma mafarauta. Suna noman itacen dabino, barkono mai ƙararrawa (akoh) kwakwa, kola gyaɗa, baƙar tuffa, pear avocado, doya, koko, rogo, masara, shinkafa, wake, gyada, ayaba, lemu, ayaba, kanwa, tumatir, dankalin turawa, kuɓewaabarba, cinya, da kuma kayan lambu iri-iri. Ƙasar Esan ta zamani an yi amannar cewa an tsara ta ne a cikin ƙarni na 15, lokacin da 'yan ƙasa, galibinsu sarakuna da sarakuna, suka bar maƙwabtaka da Daular Benin zuwa arewa maso gabas; a can suka kafa al'ummomi da masarautu waɗanda ake kira daga cikin asalin asalin da suka haɗu a can. Akwai dukkanin masarautu 35 da aka kafa a Esanland, da suka hada da Amahor, Ebelle, Egoro, Ewohimi, Ekekhenlen, Ekpoma, Ekpon, Emu, Ewu, Ewatto, Ewossa, Idoa, Ifeku, Igueben, Ilushi, Inyelen, Irrua, Ogwa, Ohordua, Okalo, Okhuesan, Onogholo, Opoji, Oria, Orowa, Uromi, Udo, Ugbegun, Ugboha, Ubiaja, Urhohi, Ugun, Ujiogba, Ukhun, and Uzea. Masarautun Esan galibi suna yaƙi tsakanin juna. Duk da yaƙe-yaƙe, Mutanen Evan suna da al'adun kama da juna waɗanda masarautar Benin ta rinjayi ta. Koyaya, waɗannan masarautun sun mallake su, tare da daular Benin, da daular Birtaniyya a watan Satumban shekarar 1897, kawai suka sami ƴancin kai shekaru 63 bayan haka a shekarata 1960 lokacin da Najeriya ta sami independentancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Bayan samun 'yanci, jama'ar Esan sun sha wahala daga yaƙin basasa, talauci, da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Esan suna magana da harshen Esan, harshen Edoid da ya danganci Edo, Urhobo, Yaren Owan , Isoko, Anioma da Etsako. Ana ɗaukarsa yare ne mai mahimmin yanki a Nijeriya, kuma ana koyar da shi a makarantun firamare ban da watsa shirye-shirye ta rediyo da talabijin. Har ila yau, an san harshen Esan a cikin ƙididdigar Masarautar Ingila. An ƙiyasta cewa mutanen Esan da ke zaune a ƙasar Esan sun kai kimanin onean ƙasa miliyan ɗaya zuwa miliyan ɗaya da rabi a Nijeriya, kuma akwai diasporaan Esan da yawa. Ainahin Suna Kalmar Esan an yi amfani da ita ga mutanen Esan shekaru dubbai, kuma ana amfani da ita kafin tuntuɓar Turawa. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi imani da cewa sunan 'Esan' (asali, 'E san fia') bashi ne daga Bini (ma'ana, 'sun gudu' ko 'sun yi tsalle'). 'Ishan' wani nau'i ne na 'Esan' wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin Angilika sakamakon mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya wanda ya kasa bayyana sunan wannan ƙabilar. An yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashawa ta shafi sunayen Esan kamar ubhhhhhh (yanzu itace 'obeche'), uloko (yanzu itace 'iroko'), Abhuluimɛn (yanzu 'Aburime') Duk da haka an yi ƙoƙari don komawa matsayin yanzu. Don manufar ilimi, Esan yana nufin ƙabilar da ke zaune a tsakiyar Jihar Edo; ( jam'i bai canza ba) mutum ko mutane gabaɗaya daga wannan ƙabilar; yaren waɗannan mutanen wanda, a yaren harshe, na ofan asalin Kwa ne na dangin harsunan Nijar-Congo; wani abu, mai dangantaka, ko samun asalin Esan misali uro Esan (= Yaren Esan), otọ Esan (= Esan land), ọghhedẹ Esan (= Esan banana). A zamanin jahiliyya, Esan suna ɗauke da tabon ƙabilar hankaka ƙasan idanunsu. Tarihi Tarihin farko/na gargajiya zamani Dangane da shaidar binciken tarihi da harshe, mutane suna zaune a cikin savannah-forest ecotone a Esanland aƙalla shekaru 3000 da suka gabata. Wataƙila waɗannan mutanen suna da alaƙa da mutanen Nok kuma sun fito daga savannahs na arewa zuwa gandun daji na kudu. Har wa yau, yaren Esan na arewa sun fi dacewa da yaren Arewacin Edo kamar Etsako da Owan fiye da yarukan Esan na kudu, waɗanda suke da kusancin kusanci da Edo. Waɗannan mutanen "proto-Edoid" sun yi noman yam, dabinon mai da kayan lambu, amma kuma sun yi farauta kuma sun tattara. Farawa daga 500 AD zuwa 750 AD, waɗannan maharba masu farauta sun fara mulkin mallaka da tsarin halittar dazuzzuka na ƙasar Esan da kuma gandun daji na Daular Benin. Sun kirkiro pre-Esan, pre-Edo wacce ta gina ingantattun sifofi kamar moats da bango kewaye da dukiyar dangi. Waɗannan shinge sun kasance, aƙalla, kilomita uku zuwa biyar a diamita, sannan kuma an keɓance wuraren zama da na noma. Waɗannan kaddarorin sun faɗaɗa sun zama ƙauyuka, kuma kafin shekara ta 800 AD, waɗannan ƙauyukan sun haɗu don kafa masarautu tare da tsarin sarauta. Gwanon zamani a yankin ya gano cewa waɗannan ganuwar suna cikin gabashin Benin Empire da arewacin Esanland. Mazaunan sun kasance kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na dindindin a arewacin yankin, amma ba kusa da maɓuɓɓugan rijiyoyi. Al'adar, harshe da bunƙasar ƙasar Esan sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar yawan fitarwa zuwa yankin Esan daga dukkan maɓuɓɓuka kusa da kusa Al’ummomin da ke gefen kudu da gabashin Esanland (Ewohimi, Ewatto, Ekpon, Amahor) ya kasance yawan mutanen Ibo da Igala (zuwa Uroh) ; Daga arewa Emawa suka shigo Ukhun, da Idoa, da Amahor, da Etsako zuwa Irrua); kuma daga kudu akwai Itsekiri (zuwa Ekpon) da Urhobo (zuwa Ujiogba). Babban tasirin Esanland ya fito ne daga Edo, waɗanda suka kafa daular Benin. A shekarar 1460, Oba Ewuare ya zartar da dokokin zaman makoki da suka hana jima’i, wanka, kada ganga, rawa da dafa abinci. Waɗannan dokokin sun nuna ƙuntatawa ga yawancin 'yan ƙasa, kuma waɗannan' yan ƙasa sun gudu daga mulkin zuwa Esanland. Wannan fitowar ta fito da tsarin Esanland na al'ada kuma ya haifar da kalmar "Esan," ko "'yan gudun hijira." Al'adar baka ta goyi bayan wannan ka'idar sosai. Fitaccen masanin tarihin Esan da Edo sun tattara labarai game da wannan ƙaura. Tsarin mulkin mallaka Masarautun Esan suna da matakai daban-daban na cin gashin kai, amma daga karshe masarautar Benin ta mallake su. Oba ya amince da na Esanland, kuma masarautun Esan sun yaba wa Benin. Duk da haka, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Oba, a lokacin da ya hau gadon sarauta, yana aika fararen alli zuwa Esans azaman lokacin aminci. Idan an ƙi alli, to Oba zai yi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Esanland. Bambancin rikice-rikicen siyasa na Benin da masarautun Esan shima ya haifar da yaƙi. Irin wannan yaƙin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari don haka babu tarihin zaman lafiya tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Ƙasar Esan ta tsunduma cikin kasuwancin duniya sosai. Masarautar Benin kan Esanland ta ba ta damar aika 'yan kasuwa masu nisa, ko Ekhen ya sayi zane, hauren giwa, barkono, da bayi ga fatake Turawa a ƙasashen Yarbawa, Ƙasar Esan, da Afenmai . . A lokacin karni na 16, Yakin Uzea ya faru. Wannan yakin ya kasance tsakanin Masarautar Uromi da ta Benin. Yakin ya kasance daga shekarar 1502 zuwa 1503, kuma ya samo asali ne daga kin abokantaka daga Oba Ozolua na Benin da Onojie Agba na Uromi. Yaƙin ya ƙare a garin Uzea, lokacin da aka kashe shugabannin biyu. Koyaya, a lokutan zaman lafiya masarautun Esan zasu baiwa sojoji bashi zuwa masarautar Benin, kamar lokacin yakin Idah na 1515-1516, da korar Akure a 1823. mutanen Nupe Musulma sun ci gaba da kai hari da kora daga arewacin Esanland a cikin farautar bayi da wadanda suka musulunta, tun da sun mallaki kasashen mutanen Kukuruku . Masarautun Esan da yawa daga kudu sun taimaka a cikin yaƙin don kawar da Nupes. Yaƙe-yaƙe ya shigo cikin yardarwar Esans; an kawo jarumai da yawa na Nupe da Etsako cikin biranen Esan inda zuriyarsu ke zaune a yau. Karnin na sha tara ya kawo ƙaruwar tasirin Turai akan Ƙasar Esan kamar yadda Ingilishi ya buƙaci samin kayan dabino. Yaƙin Esan da mulkin mallaka A cikin shekara ta 1897, Birtaniyya ta kori Daular Benin, ta yadda ya bar Esans daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A cikin 1899, Turawan ingila suka jagoranci mamayewa zuwa masarautun Esan wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru bakwai. Esanland ta fi wahalar cin nasara fiye da Mulkin Benin saboda ikon cin gashin kanta: Masarautu sun zaɓi ci gaba da yaƙin Burtaniya koda kuwa maƙwabta sun faɗi. Manyan shugabannin Benin kamar Ologbosere da Ebohon har yanzu suna adawa da mulkin Burtaniya ba tare da gangan ba sun kiyaye kasar Esan daga yamma, ta hanyar kafa sansanonin soja da toshe hanyoyi. Wannan ya kasance daga 1897 zuwa Afrilu 22. 1899, inda Ologbosere ya mika wuya a ƙauyen kan iyakar Okemue. Masarauta ta farko da Turawan ingila suka kaiwa hari ita ce daular Ekpon. Ekpon ya ƙaddamar da adawa mai ƙarfi don mamayewar Birtaniyya a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, wanda ya kusan lalata mulkin. Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Esans a Ekpon, masarautar Ekpon ta jagoranci kwantan bauna a sansanin Birtaniyya da ke Okueme, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu. Wannan ya sa sojojin Biritaniya suka ja da baya, suka ƙarfafa ikonsu, kuma suka kashe Ologbosere a watan Mayu. Attemptsoƙarin da Ingilishi ya biyo baya kuma bai yi nasara ba: yaƙe-yaƙe zuwa Irrua, alal misali, ya haifar da karɓar dabarun yaƙin ɓarnata tare da koma baya; wannan hanyar tayi nasara sosai har wasu masarautun Esan suka karbe ta kuma turawan ingila basu mamaye Esanland ba sai a shekarar 1901. Ranar 16 ga Maris din shekarata 1901, Masarautar Uromi, wacce tsohon, amma mai hankali Onojie Okolo ke shugabanta, Turawan Ingila suka kai mata hari. Rashin jituwa na Uromi, karkashin jagorancin Prince Okojie, ya kasance mai sauri kuma ya yi amfani da yaƙin 'yan daba. Bayan wani dan lokaci, sai sojojin Burtaniya suka fatattaki kauyen Amedeokhian, inda Okolo yake, suka kashe shi. Wannan ya fusata Yarima Okojie sosai har ya kashe Kaftin din sojojin Burtaniya kafin a kawo masu karfi. Daga nan sai Turawan Ingilishi suka fahimci cewa Uromi ya kusa kusan kasa hanawa ba tare da taimakon na asali ba, kuma ya tuntubi masu tausaya na cikin gida kamar Onokpogua, Ezomo na Uromi. Wannan ya yi nasarar dusar da Yarima Okojie daga cikin dajin kuma aka tura shi ofisoshin Burtaniya da ke Calabar. Wannan aikin an sake shi a yawancin daulolin da sukayi yaki da Birtaniyya: Esan sunyi amfani da yakin guerilla ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, wanda hakan ya haifar da tsawan lokaci na yaki duk da karancin makamai, da kuma karfafawa daga garin Benin na Birtaniyya. Ko da lokacin da aka ci kauyuka, juriya ta ciki ta kasance mai tsanani: ci gaba da yakin 'yan daba a Uromi ya tilasta Turawan Ingila su saki Yarima Okojie. Koyaya, mummunan zalunci daga ɓangaren Birtaniyya ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa kuma ya raba mutane da yawa da muhallinsu. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1906, Ƙasar Esan ya miƙa wuya ga masarautar Burtaniya, kuma masarautu talatin da huɗu sun zama ƙungiyar Ishan. Yin zane / kiɗa Rawar Esan ta mamaye Igbabonelimhin, raye-rayen wasan acrobatic da galibi samari ke yi. Igbabonelimhin ya haɗa da juyawa da juyawa zuwa buga lokaci. Wannan rawa an fi yin ta a Sabuwar Shekara. A yau, ana ɗaukar rawa a matsayin alama ta musamman ga Esans ko'ina. Fitattun Mutanen Esan a Najeriya Anɗanny Enahoro, dan jarida, ɗan siyasa, tsohon Kwamishina na Tarayya, tsohon Shugaban Hukumar NADECO, ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya a shekarar 1953 yana da shekara 30 Augustus Aikhomu, Navy Admiral da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Najeriya na mulkin soja Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, farfesa a fannin magani, Gwamnan Jihar Bendel kuma wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Jihar Bendel, daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Ambrose Alli University Anthony Anenih, jami'in dan sanda, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaban Social Democratic Party, tsohon Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na PDP, da tsohon Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje Ehia Olu. Akhabue (Kwararren Kwararren ICT da ke Amurka) Tom Ikimi, mai tsara gine-gine, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaba, Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje Festus Iyayi, marubuci Stella Obasanjo Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya daga 1999 har zuwa mutuwarta Anthony Olubunmi Okogie, Cardinal kuma tsohon Archbishop na Legas Sonny Okosun, mawaƙi Chris Oyakhilome, mai bishara kuma shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Christ Fidelis Oyakhilome, tsohon kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na jihar Legas kuma tsohon Gwamnan jihar Ribas Mai shari’a Braimah Omosun, tsohuwar Babban Alkalin Gambiya Amb. (Dr.) Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi , tsohon shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Victor Ehikhamenor, mai fasaha, marubuci, kuma mai daukar hoto. Ikhide R. Ikheloa, mai sukar zamantakewa da adabi kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikata a Hukumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Montgomery County da ke Rockville, Maryland, (MCPS) USA. Peter Enahoro, dan jarida, marubuci, marubuci, kuma marubucin littafin, Yadda ake zama dan Najeriya. Addini da almara Esan tatsuniyoyi da almara, kamar igbabonablimhin da akhuɛ, suna matsayin nau'ikan ilmantarwa da nishaɗi. Esan suna da mashahuran masarautun gargajiya waɗanda ke kiyaye tsari a cikin al'umma inda kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u ke haɗe da juna. Duk da tasirin Kiristanci na dogon lokaci, Esan galibi na gargajiya ne kuma yawancin suna yin imani da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar bautar ruhohin kakanni da sauran alloli. Yawancin Esan Kiristoci ne, galibi Katolika da kwanan nan na wasu ɗariku. Esan tana da yarurruka daban-daban dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga Bini kuma har yanzu akwai kusancin kusanci tsakanin Esan da Bini, wanda ke haifar da karin magana "Esan ii gbi dodo" ma'ana, Esan ba ya cutar da dodo (watau Bini) Akwai sauran fassarar wannan maganar, Esan gbe Edo wanda ke nufin Esan ya ci Bini. Addinin Esan na gargajiya yana da kamanceceniya da addinin Edo na gargajiya, saboda ƙaurawar Esan zuwa arewa maso gabas yayin karni na 15 daga Daular Benin . Akwai gumakan Esan da yawa: Osanobua, babban allahn Edo-Esan. Wannan sunan don Allah an kawo shi zuwa Kristanci da mishaneri, kuma saboda haka fassarar Allah a Esanland shine Osanobua . Olokun Esu, allahn Esan yaudara. An raba wannan allahn tare da labarin Yarbawa da Edo. Sunan Esu yayi amfani da shi azaman fassara ga Shaidan ta mishaneri na Kirista. Osun, allahn Esan na magani. Daga nan ne sunan mahaifi Okosun, ko ɗan magani, ya samo asali daga. Ƙananan hukumomin Esan a jihar Edo Dangi / masarauta masu cin gashin kansu a cikin yankin Esan a halin yanzu an tsara su cikin tsari kamar haka a karkashin kananan hukumomi biyar na yanzu: Esan-North-East LGA, Uromi: Uromi da Uzea Esan Central LGA, Irrua: Irrua, Ugbegun, Opoji, Ewu, Ebudin Esan West LGA, Ekpoma : Ekpoma, Iruekpen, Idoa, Ogwa, Urohi, Ukhun, Egoro da Ujiogba Esan kudu maso gabas LGA, Ubiaja: Ubiaja, Ewohimi, Emu, Ohordua, watwatto, Okhuesan, Orowa, Ugboha, Oria, Illushi, Onogholo, Inyenlen Igueben LGA, Igueben: Igueben, Ebelle, Amaho, wowossa, Udo, Ekpon, Ugun, Okalo, Mahada Gerontocracy of Esan people Kara karanta General http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00075002/00001/1j Mythology Art Manazarta

45811

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeny%20Khmara

Evgeny Khmara

Articles with hCards Evgeny Khmara ( Ukraine ; an haife shi a ranar 10 gawatan Maris 1988) mawaki ne kuma makadin piano ɗan ƙasar Ukraine. Rayuwa da aiki An haifi Evgeny Khmara a ranar 10 ga watan Maris 1988, a Kyiv. Yana da ƙanwa mai suna Victoria. Tun yana ƙarami ya kasance mai sha'awar jirage da kade-kade. Ya samu karfin guiwa daga wani jirgin ƙasa, a lokacin yana ɗan shekaru 7 ya rubuta waƙoƙin kiɗan sa na farko na piano. Daga 1994 zuwa 2003 ya yi karatu a makarantar kiɗa. Daga 2004 ya fara aiki a masana'antar kiɗa. A shekarar 2005, ya halarci bude taro na Jaguar Motor Show. Yayin da yake ci gaba da aikinsa na waka, ya yi karatu a Ukrainian Academy of Business and Entrepreneurship (UABP), Kyiv (2005-2010). Daga 2010 Evgeny ya fara yin shirye-shiryen piano ga taurarin ‘yan kasuwa na kasar Ukraine. A cikin shekara ta 2012 ya zama dan wasan da ya lashe hasar Ukraine Got Talent . Daga 2012 zuwa 2018 ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin babban mawaƙin X-Factor . A shekara ta 2014, Khmara ya ziyarci fadar White House a matsayin jakadan al'adu na Ukraine. A cikin watan Disamban 2014, ya halarci taron bude Maserati Motor Show akan Cyprus . A cikin watan Disamban 2018, an gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na solo " 30 ", a fadar Ukraine, Kyiv . Shirin ya samu halartar 'yan kallo 3,900. Mawaka 130 ne suka yi wasa a dandalin. Mawaƙin Ukrainian Oleg Vinnik ya zama babban baƙo a shirin Khmara ya yi aiki tare da Volvo Cars don samar da waka ga aikin "'Yancin zirga-zirga. 'Yancin kirkira" - Freedom to move. Freedom to create A yau, Evgeny yana aiki a tsakanin Ukraine da kuma kasashen waje, yana kaddamar da kide-kide sannan kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran mawaka. Ayyukan sadaka da zamantakewa Evgeny yana tallafawa ayyukan zamantakewa da na agaji da kuma ci gaban al'adu na yara masu basira. Mahalarta bikin ba da agaji na shekara-shekara "Don cimma Buri". Tun 2017, tare da goyon bayan kungiyar "Child UA" Evgeny yana gudanar wasanni 5 na wakoki ga yara acikin fasaha, wasanni ga nakasassu daban-daban. Lokacin da Evgeny ya kunna kiɗansa - yara suna kwantar da hankali, shakatawa kuma suna jin daɗin wasanninsa. Evgeny memba ne mai aiki kuma mai sa kai na tafiyar "Autism Friendly Space". Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Kyautar Shugaban Kasa da Tallafin Karatu daga Gidauniyar Fata mai Kyau don nasarori na musamman a fagen kiɗan a 2001. Kyautar Dimitri Tiomkin don ƙware lwa a wasan piano a ranar 18 Afrilu 2013, Bikin Jazz na Duniya. 2012 - Yamaha Artist Wakokinsa 2001: Haɗin gwiwa zuwa wasan kwaikwayon Didier Marouani ( Sarari ) a "Wasanni Tavria". Wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo na Space da ake kira "Symphonic Space Dream" a cikin Fadar Ukraine. 2004: Ayyuka a tsakiyar tsakiyar Dnipro tare da band Space . 2006: Wasan kwaikwayo a Fadar Kremlin a Moscow a wasan kwaikwayo na Space . 2011: Haɗin kai tare da Oleg Skrypka a cikin aikin "Ukrainian Vechornytsi". Haɗin kai tare da mawaƙa Sonique . 2013: Tare da mawaƙa na Ukrainian Oleg Skripka da Valeria a wasan kwaikwayon " Muryar Ukraine ". 2014: Haɗin kai tare da mawaƙin Italiyanci Pupo . 2015: A Autumn'15 gabatar da show "Znamenie" (Turanci: The Sign ) a Kyiv, a Oktoba Palace, tare da sa hannu na Didier Marouani. 2016: Haɗin kai tare da Alessandro Safina a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin kide-kide a Kyiv . 2019: Rikodin haɗin gwiwa guda ɗaya tare da Kazka, wanda aka gabatar a watan Afrilu 2019 a wasan kwaikwayon talabijin "Maraice na farko tare da Katerina Osadchа". Wakoki Albums na Studio Tatsuniya (2013) Znamenie (Turanci: Alamar ) (2015) Farin Piano (2016) Dabarun Rayuwa (2018) 'Yancin motsi (2020) Horizon Event (2022) Waka Mafarkin Astral (2015) A cikin Sky (2020) Shirye-shiryen Bidiyo Yayin da take barci], sakin shirin bidiyo na farko (2012) Agogon sihiri] (2013) Nuwamba (2017) Tausayi (2017) Pianist a cikin garin fatalwa, an yi fim ɗin aikin bidiyo a cikin matattu birnin Pripyat a cikin tunawa da bala'in Chernobyl (2017) Taya murna ga Ukraine a ranar 26th ranar tunawa da Independence, aikin bidiyo akan Ranar Independence na Ukraine (2017) Lifeline, aikin bidiyo da aka sadaukar da aikin "Ƙasa mai ban mamaki" (2018) Znamenie da Wheel of Life an yi fim a kan ƙasa kuma a cikin babban ginin Jami'ar Igor Sikorsky, jerin shirye-shiryen bidiyo da aka harbe don aikin Bude Ukraine (2018) filayen bazara, aikin bidiyo da aka keɓe ga aikin "Buɗe Ukraine ta kiɗa" (2019) Saki, aikin bidiyo da aka yi a Faransa a CHÂTEAU DE CHALLAIN-LA-POTHERIE (2019) A cikin Sky, aikin bidiyo da aka harbe a cikin Alps a tsayin mita 2 000 sama da teku (2020) Duniyar Mars. Waƙoƙin kan layi na farko daga duniyar Mars An harbe shi a Petra, Jordan (2021) Ayyukan TV A cikin 2012, dan wasan da ya lashe wasan kwaikwayo na TV na Ukraine Got Talent . A cikin 2013, ya shiga aikin TV KUB . Tsakanin shekarun 2014 da 2018 mawaƙin X-Factor . A shekara ta 2017, maraice na ƙungiyar makaɗa da wasan solo na X-Factor . A Fabrairu 2018, ya shiga shirin talabijin "The Great Spring Concert". A shekara ta 2019, ya shiga wasan kwaikwayon telebijun "Maraice Farko tare da Katerina Osadchа" a tashar 1+1 . Manazarta Haihuwan 1988 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19517

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabirul%20Islam

Sabirul Islam

Sabirul Islam ( Bengali ; an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1990), ɗan kasuwar Turanci ne, marubuci kuma mai magana mai motsa gwiwa . Ya rubuta littattafai uku na taimakon kai da kai . Wasan sa na Teen-Trepreneur an sayar dashi sama da makarantu 550 a kasar Burtaniya da cikin ƙasashe guda 14 na duniya. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, ya yi magana a kan al'amuran 700 a duk duniya a matsayin ɓangare na yaƙin Inspire1Million. Rayuwar farko An haifi Sabirul Islam a Tower Hamlets, London, England kuma ya girma ne a London, England. Ya halarci makarantar Swanlea. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya bar Kwalejin (City and Islington college). Iyayen addinin Islama sun fito ne daga ƙasar Bangaladash da tushe a Sylhet wanda ya zo London don aiki da rayuwa mafi kyau. Yana da ‘yan’uwa biyar; kane biyu da kanne mata uku. Musulunci ya fara ziyartar Sylhet yana dan shekara uku. A lokacin yarintarsa, iyayensa ba su taɓa yin aiki ba kuma galibi suna rayuwa ne daga fa'idodin jihohi a Burtaniya, kuma a cikin maƙwabtarsa, tashin hankali, aikata laifi da ƙwayoyi sun kasance al'amuran yau da kullun. An gano yana da cutar farfadiya yana da shekaru 11 kuma likitocinsa sun nuna cewa ba zai taɓa yin tafiya a cikin jirgin sama a cikin yanayin sa ba. Ayyuka Farkon aiki Yana dan shekara 13, Addinin Musulunci dan uwansa mai shekaru 14 ne ya dauke shi aiki a kamfaninsa, The Royal Dragons, tsarawa da buga kalanda na malamai. An kuma ba wa addinin Musulunci matsayin daraktan samar da kayayyaki, amma bayan Musulunci bai dauke shi da muhimmanci ba kuma ya dauke shi a bakin komai, sai aka kori shi bayan makonni biyu. Tabbatar da cewa dan uwan nasa ba daidai bane shine dalili bayan kafa kasuwancin sa na farko. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, kasuwancin Musulunci na farko shi ne kamfanin tsara gidan yanar gizo na kamfanoni wanda ake kira Veyron Technology, wanda ya gudana tare da abokai shida, dukkansu 'yan shekaru 13 zuwa 14. Sun buga kofofin manyan mashahuran bankuna guda biyar suna neman su tsara gidan yanar gizon su ga duk wani ma'aikacin da ya wuce. Banki na shida shine Merrill Lynch kuma babban daraktan ya lura dasu kuma ya basu dama kuma sun samu £ 2000 cikin makonni biyu na farko. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya rufe ta. Kamfaninsa yana da wasu manyan abokan ciniki, ciki har da ABN AMRO da Morgan Stanley kuma har ma sun sami lambar yabo ga 'Best Inner East London Company'. Tun yana dan shekara 16, yayin da yake karatu a makaranta, Merrill Lynch ya dauke shi aiki a matsayin karamin dan kasuwar hannun jari, wanda ya ba shi shirin na makonni biyu don koyon abubuwan yau da kullun game da saka jari da kasuwanci a Birnin New York. Bayan watanni uku ya zama ɗan kasuwa na ɗan lokaci na tsawon watanni tara. A shekara ta 2006, ya hadu da wanda ya kirkiro kamfanin Mybnk, Lily Lapenna, lokacin da ya shiga wata gasa don saka £ 10 cikin abubuwa daban-daban don sayarwa a kan riba, sai ya mayar da shi £ 200. Rayuwar mutum Daga watan Agusta zuwa watan Satumban shekara ta 2013, Musulunci ya ziyarci Bangladesh a karon farko cikin shekaru 20, inda ya kwashe makonni biyu yana tallata kamfen din Inspire1Million ta hanyar abubuwa da dama. Ya gabatar da jawabai a jami’o’i shida a Dhaka, ya ziyarci jami’o’i da kwalejoji daban-daban guda 10 a Chittagong, Sylhet da Brammanbaria don gabatar da jawabinsa da kuma raba kwarewarsa. Littattafai Duba kuma Burtaniya ta Bangladesh Jerin 'yan Bangladesh na Burtaniya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sabirul Islam on Goodreads The World At Your Feet website Inspire 1 Million website Teen Trepreneur website Teen Speakers website Inspire 1 Million Bangladesh website Scheidies, Nick. Tart, Nick. Sabirul Islam Interview: Fired at 13, Founder at 14 . JuniorBiz. 9 April 2010 How a young entrepreneur sold over 42,000 copies of his book in 9 months – Interview with Sabirul Islam . Your Hidden Potential. 31 August 2010 Lai, Christina. “The World Doesn’t Need Another Jay-Z Or Beyoncé” Meet Teen Entrepreneur Sabirul Islam . Live Magazine. 22 November 2012 Sabirul Islam: Determined to Inspire. iamyoungpreneur. 15 February 2013 Amin Nova, Tasnuva. Sabirul Islam motivates young entrepreneurs at DIU . ''Dhaka Tribune. 29 September 2013 Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1990 Musulman ingila Pages with unreviewed translations

9096

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Karai-Karai

Harshen Karai-Karai

Karai-Karai (Ajami: كاراي-كاراي) daya ne daga harsunan al'ummun Najeriya wanda ke cikin rukunin iyalan harsunan Afroasiatic. Jihohin da aka fi yawan magana da shi sun hada da jihohin Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, Gombe da sauransu. Mafi yawan wuraren da aka fi samun al'ummar da ke magana da wannan harshe akasari suna zaune ne a garuruwan da suke cikin yankin da ake kira Kasar Karai-Karai ko Daular Karai-Karai wanda ya kasance gurbin wurin da ke tsakanin yammacin tsohuwar Daular Borno da kuma gabashin Kasar Hausa wanda Kuma a yanzu ya kuma shafi garuruwan da a cikin su suka hada da Kukar-Gadu, Dagare, Maje, Potiskum, Fika, Nangere, Dambam, Kalam, Jalam, Gulani, Daya, Damagum, Gujba, Ngelzarma, Deba, Janda da kuma Misau duk a cikin Najeriya. Daga cikin ire-iren karin harshen akwai Birkai, Jalalum, Ngwajum, da kuma Pakarau. Tarihin Harshe Bayanin Asalin Suna Alakar Harshe Harufan Rubutu Tsarin Sauti Adabin Karai-Karai Adabi shi ne abin da aka zayyana da ka ko a rubuce domin ya isar da sako ko bayar da labari. Ko ya kwaikwayi wani al'amari, ko ya bayyana halayen da zuciya take ciki, ko ya tattauna fasahohi da falsafofin rayuwa. Adabi tamkar madubi ne da ke nuna yadda rayuwa ke gudana, domin taimaka wa mutum ya karu da ilmin jiya domin gyaran yau da gobe, haka kuma adabi rumbu ne na ajiye ilmi da tarihi da sauran zamantakewar rayuwa domin amfanin al'umma. Har ila yau kuma, Adabi hoto ne da ke dauke da kwatankwacin rayuwa ta jiya da yau da kintatar gobe. Yana dauke da manufofinmu, yana tafe da matsalolinmu da fasalce-fasalcenmu da nuna mana rayuwa mai kyau da maras kyau. Wannan ne kuma ya sa wasu masanan ke nuni da cewa adabi shi ke gina Dan Adam, har ya zama mutum. Duk wasu ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi sarrafa harshe da kaifafa tunani daga cikin rayuwar al'umma ta yau da kullum, da akan shirya don koyarwa, nusarwa, tunatarwa, zaburarwa, nishadantarwa da wasa kwanya. Dalili ke nan adabi kan kunshi kusan duk wasu harkokin rayuwar al'umma da zamantakewarsu. Domin bayan labaru da wakoki da wasanni, ya shafi zantukan hikima da sarrafa harshe da ake amfani da su cikin maganganu da tadi na yau da kullum. Adabi, shi ne madubin ko hoton rayuwa na al'umma. Wannan, ya kunshi yadda al'adunsu, dabi'unsu, harshensu, halayyar rayuwarsu abincinsu, tufarsu, makwancinsu, huldodinsu, tunaninsu da ra'ayoyinsu da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi dabarun zaman duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa; kai har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa. Rassan adabi na Bakarkarai sun hada da: Wak'a, Azanci, Tatsuniya, Almara, Hikaya, K'issa, Tarihi, Labari, Barkwanci da sauransu. Tatsuniyoyin Karai-Karai Tatsuniya, kagaggun labarai ne wadanda ba su faru a gaske ba, wanda Karai-Karai kan shirya don annashuwa da hira. Tatsuniya, tana da amfani, domin a lokacin da (zamanin da ya shude), lokacin da ilimi da karatu ba su samu ba a kasashen Karai-Karai, tatsuniyoyi da labaru, su ne makarantar ‘ya’yan Karai-Karai, inda suke koyon tarbiyya ko halayen kirki, hani kan miyagun halaye da kuma dabarun zaman duniya, kamar dabarun kare kai, samun abinci, da sauransu. Kuma tatsuniya, tana ba da nishaɗi da raha. Tun zamanin iyaye da kakanni aka budi ido aka tarar da al'ummar Karai-Karai sun yi riko da tatsuniya a matsayin wata hanya ta rainon 'ya'yan su wajen koya musu jarumta, dabaru da sauran muhimman darussan rayuwa. Ga misalin daya daga tatsuniyoyin da al'ummar Karai-Karai suke yi wa yaran su a lokutan dare karkashin hasken farin wata mai suna Tatsuniyar Kura Da Dila. Zanjai Ka Auyaku Dindeno tiku! – Marza! Dindeno na la ɗina bai sai ɗayi a ka ta zanjai ka auyaku. To zanjai ka auyaku na tingenasu a fula waɗi, na tingenasu a fula waɗi, ka ba hnna yakara manga bai, muttan yakarasu a fula waɗi kawai, ka ba damfara nga bai. Shikenan sai na biti na biti, sai zanjai barhnni da a ka ta hnni da na la wala a markau su walanka marka ɓi ye su gamati kasu mikesu ɗawe a fula waɗi. To ndanekau, sai zanjai da doku ta zanjai men ma yanate na rere, ma auyaku kuwa ndibkau men hnni a ka ta sabun. To ganyatansunakau a gi markau. Ndankam sai zabnasu a benu. Zabanasuku a benu, dusu kuwa yananekau dokun su waɗi a bo sabun waɗi kuwa a zinci ta rere. Kuma doku ma zanjai na kumɓaci, doku ma auyaku kuwa na simeri. To ndenekau ransuku a benu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, auyaku na meni ka ada kaɗinko bai, sai nayi shiri ma muna ɓai ma damfarasu ne, gi mandi sa ifiyi ye, sai cirɗi a zu ben ma ɗakai, saka ya sai cirɗaka ifi, ngayam kuwa na zu gugutu ta men hnni. To akau njamtakau, sai ndala kwaro ndetu da to dama su mayakasu ne. Ndenekau burane ganga ma dan-dan-kirin, ku mento men yutaka ka dan-dan kirin kuwa tanka ka tikau a ben, ka gi ta fate bai, sai mukau faɗeke. To dukwane ganga, dukwane ganga. Raneka a benu tanka kasu, sai auyaku badi bi mandi sa cirɗeke lim hnniíi. To eli caɓtakau, sai fate hnni gazal. Anya sai tilɗi dokuhnni ka ka ta sabun kulaɓ, sai ɗayi a bai doku niya, zanjai tanka ka hnni, reneka ɓuri ya ka hnni fateka bai. Na gubɗuhnni na ruru, na gubɗuhnni na ruru, fatene daka-daka hnni. Ndenekau a naka doku ka zu zinci, zinci kuɗka dabe. Kafin baɗi doku hnni ma gubɗu tlanninki. Baɗene doku, doku na jo bai, karshaɓ-karshaɓ a zu yali. Zanjai dai tlaɗanehnni hande hnni sosai. Ndeneka a kwaro sai lamne baba auyaku a kwaro, sai da, “Na barne yasi a muni fa, na barne yasi a muni sosai, na gubɗenesunakau.” Kane gubɗa hnni. Ndenekau, sai auyaku wali a kwar ta Meto cirka kwitato. Cirne kwita ye waleneka ya na haɗu ta mento. Zanjai ikaye sai nayi boni ka aiku ma kwita, sai zanjai zaitu lewi hnni a asa yasi ka caɗ ta auyaku barahnni kwita. Lewi walikau, sai zabka kwita yi a bo hnni, sai zanjai limfati bo lewi sai da, “Ka waine menkayam kaye?” Da, “Ka caɗ ta baba auyaku.” Da, “To, ɗaci na la.” Ndeneka a gi baba auyaku, da, “To, gi bandi ka waika menkaíi, ka la alane a don mu wali.” Da, “Um, um! Na waikau ka kwar ta Meto fa!” Da, “A’a! Kwar ta Metai ma, hnno na lano.” Da, “To, yeti shiri mu wali, amma sai ka girawa.” Jaga baɗa bai sai zanjai alka yasi a zu gadlai hnni, sai zayi tabi a far ta baka hnni, sai dukwa tabi buk-buk-buk-buk, da sa kwakwayrako ma gaja da jagau baɗatakau. Ndenekau, sai auyaku da, “O’o, jaga baɗa bai!” Ndehnni sai da jagau baɗatakau, sai wali, to, bo kwarai. [Baba auyaku da],… “To, bo kwarai [ma Meto] kafuna ye, sai ka ɓalu caca ɓelu, waɗi ma afe, waɗi ma fate.” Saida ndenekau, auyaku na don, sai da, “Bo kwaro anana warai!” Sai bo kwarai afatau. Bo kwaro afatakau, sai gaɗasu, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki-ngiriɗ!” Sai bo kwaro fato a kasu. Ndankau yanekau ba ta ɓanasu, sai da, “To, fatoma tum.” Zanjai da sa fate bai se sa kumka gam. Ku mento ro, hnni ba mbamba, da se sa waine gam. Auyaku yetu cirot sai da, “Anana warai!”, sai bo kwaro afatau, sai fatahnni, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki ngiriɗ!”, sai yarata a ka ta zanjai. To fataka, zanjai ndenekau ka bo tame da, “Anana warai!”, sai da, “Ngirki ngiriɗ!”, bo kwaro sai na shaɗe a ka hnni, na tlaɗe a ka hnni. “Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ! Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ!” Ka bai. Sai Ama Meto nanna. Meto ndenekau, zanjai rahnni aka ta jigum ma indinto. Dama yeka indinto a aka ta jigum wadi. Sai zanjai rahnni akai, sai ndetu yeni indin a ka hnni, sai ale ruru aka ta jigum yi. Sai da, “Aka ta jigum hnno ka nga?!” Sai astu zanjai alese a mala sai lewai nguni a zuni ka jibo dadakese sosai. Walneka kwaro, kane auyaku na tingenonni a ka ta gunja na ɗimihnni, sai na gaɗe da, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi bi?” Sai da, “Sai ka bareno kwita.” Sai barni kine mandi na gi hnni. Sai auyaku kiye donni, kayahnni, ndai, tingi a donni, sai da tame, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi ko na gaɗi bai?” Da, “Sai ka barneno kwita.” Sai ka gida ɓi, ka gida ɓi, sai da gutu kwita ma gi hnni kap, sai kayehnni a wale a kwaro ka jojo. Ndenekam, sai lamse da, “Kai, baba auyaku, ankun na yene gubɗu a Metom, dita ɓi, ankun na kine bai. Na taka ’yenetakau sosai, tati ka aguwa. Meton, ka kala labarto ye, kai, Metai, ami ditau wam bai!” Sai da, “To, har yene ishe!” Kane, gubɗanehnni har yene ishe ma. Sai auyaku da, “Ance, ishe ma Metai, kamatikau mu kastuka sorum a kayi.” Sai kume buto walanekau. Da, “Naye, isheyi?” Da, “Ayam.” Tima isheyi, da, “Yar na kase sorum akayi.” Da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka ba ta muno cilis wadi!” Ndanka a bice, na la kasa ya, da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka muno cilis wadi!” Sai da, “Kai! Menkai baya gubɗane dikau ka bi kuwa!” Daci. Dindeno wayatako. Wakokin Karai-Karai Waka tana daya daga cikin dadaddun al’adu na al’ummar Karai-Karai wanda suka dauke ta da muhimmanci kwarai dagaske. Kamar dai yadda aka sani ita wakar baka zance ne sarrafaffe, aunanne wanda ake aiwatar da shi ta bin hawa da saukar murya, mai zuwa a gunduwoyin layuka da ake rerawa bisa wani daidaitaccen tsari, a wani lokacin ma har da kida. Irin wadannan wakoki dai Karai-Karai sun fara yin su tun kafin ma shigarsu cikin addinin Musulunci. Wakoki ne wadanda suka hada da: Wakokin Bukukuwa, Wakokin Mata da kuma Wakokin Yara. Ga wasu misalan wakokin na Karai-Karai wadanda suke yin su a bangarori dabam-daban tun zamanin kaka da kakanni: WA TA AKWARO (WAKOKIN AURE) BADINE NA LATO 1a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 1b Ayye yawo badine na lato. 2a Ayye yawo badine ndala bento, 2b Ayye yawo badine ndala bento. 3a Ayye yawo gajino na lato, 3b Ayye yawo gajino na lato. 4a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai, 4b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai. 5a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai, 5b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai. 6a Ayye yawo badine walika ma, 6b Ayye yawo badine walika ma. 7a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 7b Ayye yawo badine na lato. 8a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 8b Ayye yawo badine na lato. WA TA ASA KA (WAKOKIN YABO) ABU ARUFE ABU ARUFE (Irin Dawa) 1 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X 2 Jarime malum teneka alwashi, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X 3 Jarime na Boza alwashi na Daya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 4 Adir siba yalo, siye suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 5 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 6 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 7 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 8 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 9 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 10 Jarime malum teneka alwashi, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. Karin Maganar Karai-Karai Karin magana salo ne na yin magana takaitacciya kuma dunkulalliya wacce ke dauke da ma’ana mai fadi dan isar da saƙo ta cikin hikima. Akan yi amfani da wannan salo wajen yin nuni, gargadi, yabo, ƙarfafa gwiwa, da sauransu duk a hikimance, ta yadda kusan in ba cikakken Bakarkarai ba, fahimar wannan zance yana da wahala. Don ba kowa ne zai iya gane ta ba tare da an yi masa cikakken bayani ba. Amma yau da gobe da kuma yawan amfani da ita, musamman a zamunan da suka shude, da ake yawan tsarma ta a cikin zance, sai ya zama shi Bakarkarai yana iya gane abinsa. Misalan Karin Maganar Karai-Karai: 1) A dar ta yaɗi ma nanu, saka ma dike. A rashin nonon uwa, ake shan na Kaka. 2) Akata wada ma daci se biradaka gabi. Don tuwon gobe ake wanke tukunya. 3) Am ma ‘yasi mem ma kawa ma dindi bai. Ruwan zafi ba wajen was an kwado ba ne. 4) Ba darta jire, ko na amu na ina bikuru. Marar gaskiya ko a cikin ruwa sai ya yi gumi. 5) Ba haɗu simeri ye tu jojo. Kowa ya ci zomo, ya ci gudu. 6) Ba rabo ma sina jibo kaleka caca bai, se sako. Mai rabon shan duka, 7) Bilan ma zu adimo. Kyan dan maciji 8) Baranka sipa lo a zanjai. An bawa Kura rabon nama. 9) Bara ɗatu a bai akau. Da babu gar aba daɗi 10) Gam bai biɗanka ulai. Bar kirga kwan kazarka kafin ta kinkishe 11) Bai mala malɗa-maɗde> dindi ngataka am ma ‘yasi. Duniya juyi-juyi kwado ya fada a ruwan zafi. 12) Ba tom ma ido manzai ceka zawani kaɗe. Mai hawaye a nesa sai ya fara kukansa da wuri. 13) Tiɗa ka indi dane waike bai, dawadi ko a ‘yali se tiɗe. Ba kullum ake kwana a gado ba. 14) Sammana ma zimbilim, teɗi fiska. Labarin zuciya a tambayi fuska. 15) Saka isheni bai sai ka basa. Duk wanda ya sha zuma ya sha harbi. 16) Riya ma wadi kwar ta wadi. Gidan wani, Dajin wani. 17) Rai gidi goro, ndala futu. Rai kamar goro ne, yana bukatar shan iska. 18) Nguzumur ngusi a da. A bar Kaza a cikin gashin ta! 19) Ndirama ‘yai sorim a ka hnni ba! Idan boka na magani, ya yiwa kansa. 20) Ndagai gamatuka ido ka taɗu. Allah Ya hada ido da bacci. Kacici-Kacicin Karai-Karai Kacici-kacici, reshe ne na sarrafa harshe wanda yara kan yi ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Wasu masanan na yi masa kallon shiryayyun tambayoyi ne da kan zo a gajarce na hikima masu daukar fasali ayyananne da ke bukatar bayar da amsoshi. Akasari yaran Karai-Karai na yin kacici-kacici ne a lokaci daya da tatsuniya wanda wasu kan buɗe hirar da shi, sannan kuma tatsuniyoyi su biyo baya, a wasu lokutan kuma yakan zo a karshe, wanda idan an dauki kacici-kacici mai kama da waka ne, ana zuwa karshensa kowa sai ya watse. Wannan nau’i na sarrafa harshe, yana da matukar muhimmaci ga yara. Saboda yana taimakawa yara wajen kaifafa tunaninsu. Sannan kuma yana koyawa yara iya magana ta fuskar bayar da amsar da ta dace ga kowace tambaya. Haka nan yana koya wa yara yin tunani kafin yanke hukunci, saboda a wasu lokutan sai an yi nazari kafin a iya bayar da amsar tambayar, inda kuma ba amsa sai a ce an ba da gari. Wato an sallama ba za a iya ba, a nan kuma sai shi mai tambayar ya fadi amsa, wanda wannan yana koyar da yara sanin duk abin da ya gagari mutum, to za a iya samun mai yi. Yaran Karai-Karai suna yin kacici-kacici ne ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Mutane biyu, ko fiye da haka ne ke yinsa. Ɗaya na tambaya saura kuma suna amsawa. Misalan Kacici-Kacicin Bakarkarai 1. Kwam ma kwar timu waleka dawai ka rici na nnaye ka ‘yari. 2. Na la riya, riya na zirahnno. 3. Na je daji, daji na yi mini dariya. 4. Baba na ben, bagwaja na mala. 5. Baba na daka gemunsa na waje 6. Na biraɗu ɗayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai. 7. Na wanke tukunyata, na shanya a rana amma taki bushewa. 8. Kwamai hnno dibu, zor ta yanda sine wadi. 9. Shanu na dubu madaurin su daya. 10. Na la riya na kaleka zawa ma beno Garabi. 11. Aya maiwa fataru birazato. 12. Ai gunja ai gunja sai simeri pati bik! 13. Men ta kwar timu gwani ‘yararai. 14. Kukkuruk ka rugde. 15. Lewai ma baba lauke ka hnni ka polo ka polo. 16. Na birku bai kwaro na kumtu insa ma kwakware. 17. Ben ma bazin ka bo bai. 18. Na biradu dayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai. 19. Ndaru ngunak ngunadi. 20. Tara ma baba maiwa, tugum ma akata wadi tak. Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya Harsunan Chadic Najeriya

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman%20Abu%20Ghaith

Sulaiman Abu Ghaith

Sulaiman Abu Ghaith ( ), (An haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 1965), shi dai ya kasan ce ɗan ƙasar Kuwait ne da ake ɗaukarsa ɗayan mai magana da yawun al-Qaeda. Ya auri ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Osama bin Laden. Ayyuka yayin Yaƙin Gulf na 1991 Shi dai Abu Ghaith wanda ya girma tare da kungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi, fara samun kulawa a lokacin mamayar Iraki daga shekara ta( 1990), zuwa shekara ta( 1991), da mamayar Kuwait . Wa'azinsa na la'antar mamayar da Shugaban Iraki Saddam Hussein ya ba shi wani ɗan farin jini tsakanin mutanen Kuwaiti . A cikin shekara ta (1992), ya tafi Bosniya da Herzegovina kusan wata guda don yin wasu ayyukan agaji a cen. Daga baya ya shiga cikin yan tawayen Musulmi a yakin Bosniya a lokacin bazara a shekara ta( 1994), Daga baya gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta cire shi daga masallacin tare da dakatar da shi daga gabatar da wa'azin, kamar yadda ya saba sukar gwamnatin Kuwaiti da sauran gwamnatocin Larabawa, sannan ya zama babban malamin addini na makarantar sakandare. Zuwan Afghanistan a watan Yunin 2000 A watan Yunin a shekara ta (2000), ya bar Kuwait zuwa Afghanistan, inda ya hadu da Osama bin Laden kuma ya shiga kungiyar sa ta al-Qaeda . Dangantakarsa da magana a bainar jama'a da kuma kamantawa da matasa ya sanya shi a matsayin jagoran al-Qaeda na fadada rokonsa daga manya-manyan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da galibin malamai tsofaffi zuwa ga jama'a da kuma musamman matasa na kasashen Musulmai masu rinjaye; a wannan matsayin, da sauri ya zama kakakin kungiyar. Al Wafa A cewar wasu takardu a cikin kundin bayanan da ya bayyana ba daga Kotun Sauraron Yaki da Adil Zamil Abdull Mohssin Al Zamil Sulaiman Abu Ghaith shi ma ya kirkiro Al Wafa al Igatha al Islamia, wata kungiyar agaji da Amurka ke bayarwa ta samar da ingantacciyar hanyar tallafawa asusun Al Qaeda- inganta kokarin. Daya daga cikin zarge-zargen da ake yi wa Al Zamil, wanda kuma aka zarge shi da kafa al Wafa, shi ne cewa ya taimaka wa dangin Abu Ghaith su bar Afghanistan a kusa da lokacin hare-haren (9-11). Bidiyon Al Qaeda bayan 9-11 Ya tashi hankalin duniya gaba daya bayan harin a ranar( 11), ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2001), A ranar( 10), ga watan Oktoba( 2001), ya bayyana a bidiyo guda biyu da ake yadawa (wanda aka fara yadawa a gidan talabijin na al'Jazeera ), don kare hare-haren da kuma yin barazanar daukar fansa kan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Afghanistan a baya, yana mai cewa, "Ya kamata Amurkawa su sani, guguwar jiragen ba za ta tsaya. Akwai dubunnan matasa na al'ummar musulinci wadanda suke hankoron mutuwa kamar yadda Amurkawa suke da kwadayin rayuwa. Wadannan kalaman sun sa gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta kwace shi daga zama dan kasa. A shekara ta (2002), yayin da yake zaune a Iran, ya wallafa wata sanarwa da ke tabbatar da cewa kungiyar ta Al Qaeda tana da '' ikon kashe Amurkawa miliyan hudu, ciki har da yara miliyan daya, ta sauya ninki biyu na wannan adadi, da raunata da gurgunta daruruwa da dubbai. '' Ana zargin alaka da maharan Tsibirin Faylaka A cewar The Long War Journal jami'an Amurka sun tabbatar da cewa Sulaiman Abu Ghaith ya halarci sansanin horas da filin jirgin saman kungiyar Al Qaeda tare da Anas al Kandari da Faiz al Kandari . Anas al Kandari wani saurayi ne dan Kuwaiti wanda ya bude wuta kan wasu gungun sojojin ruwa, ya kashe daya, a harin Tsibirin Faylaka a shekara ta ( 2002), Faiz al Kandari wani dan kasar Kuwaiti ne, wanda aka tsare a tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba a Guantanamo daga( 2002 zuwa 2008), A cikin a shekara ta (2008), an shirya tuhuma a kansa don a tura shi zuwa ga rundunar sojan Guantanamo . A cewar mujallar The Long War Journal a cikin littafinsa mai suna Shuhada, Stewart Bell ya tabbatar da cewa Sulaiman Abu Ghaith ya dauki Anas al Kandari da sauran maharin don kaddamar da hare-haren Tsibirin Faylaka. Kasancewar a Iran 2002– 2013 Ba a san inda yake ba, yayin da yake kewaye don tserewa daga Amurka a cikin watanni masu zuwa. A cewar Jaridar Long War Journal, zuwa( 2002), Sulaiman yana zaune a Iran. A watan Yulin a shekara ta (2003), wani ministan Kuwaiti ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Iran na tsare da Abu Ghaith kuma Kuwait ta ki amincewa da tayin da Iran ta yi mata na tasa keyarsa zuwa Kuwait. A watan Satumbar a shekara ta (2010), Jaridar Long War Journal ta yi rahoton karya cewa Iran ta ‘yanta Abu Ghaith kuma ya bar kasar zuwa Afghanistan. A watan Maris na shekara ta ( 2013), an bayar da rahoton cewa Abu Ghaith ya kwashe mafi yawan shekaru goman da suka gabata a Iran, a karkashin tsare shi. Kasancewa a Turkiyya 2013 A karshen watan Janairun a shekara ta ( 2013), Abu Ghaith ya shiga Turkiyya daga Iran, inda ya sauka a wani otal a Ankara . Na ɗan lokaci, an tsareshi bisa buƙatar Amurka, amma an sake shi tunda bai aikata wani laifi ba a Turkiyya. A lokacin, hukumomin Turkiya sun rike shi a matsayin "bako" tunda ba shi da fasfo. Maimakon mika shi zuwa Amurka, sai hukumomin Turkiya suka yanke shawarar tasa keyarsa zuwa kasarsa, Kuwait. Kamawa, maida shi zuwa Amurka, da kuma shari'a A wani wurin yawon shakatawa a Amman, Jordan, jami'an Jordan sun kama Abu Ghaith tare da mika shi ga hukumomin Amurka a ranar( 7), ga watan Maris a shekara ta (2013), Daga baya aka sake tasa keransa zuwa Amurka, kuma aka sanya shi a cikin wani gidan kurkuku na tarayya a New York. An gurfanar da Abu Ghaith ne a kan zargin hada baki don kashe Amurkawa kuma an yi masa shari'a a Kotun Yankin Tarayya da ke Manhattan ( US v. Abu Ghayth, Kotun Gundumar Amurka, Kudancin Gundumar New York, Lamba 98-cr-01023), Ya musanta aikata laifin a ranar( 8), a watan Maris a shekara ta (2013), A ranar (8), ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta (201), lauyoyin Abu Ghaith suna duba yiwuwar neman canjin wurin, tunda Birnin New York ya sami asara mafi girma daga hare-haren( 11), ga Satumba a shekara ta ( 2001), Lauyoyin Abu Ghaith sun nemi 'yancin kiran Khalid Sheikh Mohammed a matsayin shaida, A( 18 ), ha watan Maris a shekara ta( 2014), wannan buƙatar ta alƙalin tarayya na New York ya ƙi. A ranar( 26), ga watan Maris a shekara ta ( 2014), an yanke wa Abu Ghaith hukunci da “hada baki don kashe Amurkawa da bayar da tallafi ga‘ yan ta’adda ” sannan daga baya Alkalin Kotun Amurka Lewis A. Kaplan ya yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Rayuwar mutum Ya auri matarsa ta farko Fatima a Kuwaiti, wacce ta haifa masa ‘ya’ya mata shida da namiji. Sannan ya auri wata mata 'yar kasar Masar mai suna Amal, wacce aka tsareta tare da shi a Iran wacce ta haifi' ya'ya mata biyu tare da ita, sannan ya auri 'yar Osama bin Laden, Fatima, wacce take da' ya mace da ya. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra%20Koheirwe

Cleopatra Koheirwe

Cleopatra Koheirwe ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce, marubuci, mawaƙa kuma ƴar jarida ƴar ƙasar Uganda. Ta fara fitowa akan allo a matsayin Joy in The Last King of Scotland a cikin 2006. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta sami matsayi da yawa akan ayyukan fina-finai da talabijin daban-daban a cikin gida da na duniya ciki har da rawar kan Netflix's Sense8 a matsayin Uwa a cikin kakar 2. Cleopatra tana wasa Ebony a cikin sabon Nana Kagga wanda ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da jerin Tunani tare da sauran mashahuran Uganda Malaika Nnyanzi, Housen Mushema, Andrew Kyamagero, Prynce Joel Okuyo da Gladys Oyenbot. Koheirwe ya shiga StarTimes Uganda a watan Yuni 2019 a matsayin sabon Manajan Hulɗa da Jama'a. Sana'a Kiɗa (tun 2001) A shekara ta 2001, ta shiga cikin shahararriyar ƙungiyar kiɗa, raye-raye da wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Obsessions (yanzu Obsessions Africa) har zuwa Maris 2007 lokacin da ta yi murabus daga ƙungiyar don ci gaba a kan hanyarta. A cikin 2010, ta fara aiki a kan aikinta na rera waƙa bayan abokai da magoya bayanta sun ƙarfafa ta ta sake yin wasan. Waƙar ta na farko mai suna Ngamba, kalmar Luganda wadda ke nufin, "Faɗa min" waƙar faɗo ce, game da alaƙar yaudara. An karɓo waƙar da kyau kuma an ba da wasan kwaikwayo a wasu gidajen rediyo a Uganda. A ƙarshen 2011, Cleopatra ya rattaba hannu kan lakabin Cypher Studios a ƙarƙashin kulawar Jimmy 'The Beatmekah' Okungu. Ta saki bidiyon kiɗan solo ɗinta na farko don waƙarta mai suna "Party on My Mind" a cikin Afrilu 2012 tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan wasan rawa na Kenya Levysill a kan waƙar ta ta uku "Lay You Down" a cikin 2013. Bidiyo da faifan sauti na ma'auratan biyu sun yi nasarar samun wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a talabijin da gidajen rediyo a gabashin Afirka, musamman Kenya da Uganda. Cleopatra ta rubuta yawancin waƙoƙinta da suka yi wahayi zuwa ga abubuwan da ke kewaye da ita, abubuwan da ta faru da na wasu. Mai watsa shiri na rediyo (tun 2003) Gwarzon rediyo na farko na Cleopatra ta kasance a mita 91.3 Capital FM (Uganda) a cikin 2003/2004 a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa a kan Drive Time Show (Now Overdrive Show ) daga 3pm zuwa 7pm. Ta kuma gabatar da shirin Breakfast na Mafarki a ranar Asabar daga 6 na safe zuwa 10 na safe tare da Hakeem Saga aka. Hakeem the Dream. A shekara ta 2008, ta yi aiki a KIU FM mai masaukin baƙi The Left Drive daga karfe 3 na yamma zuwa karfe 7 na yamma da kuma shirinta na Rock & Soul ranar Asabar daga ƙarfe 10 na dare zuwa karfe 2 na rana. A shekarar 2011, ta koma gidan rediyo kuma tana gudanar da wani shiri mai suna The Jam a gidan rediyon Radiocity 97fm duk ranar Litinin zuwa Juma'a tsakanin karfe 3 na yamma zuwa ƙarfe 7 na yamma tare da tsohon abokin aikinta, Hakeem Saga. A cikin 2013, yayin da har yanzu take a Radiocity 97Fm, ta zama mai ɗaukar nauyin nunin U-Request. Ta ɗauki hutun haihuwa a watan Disamba 2013 kuma ta tafi Kenya. A cikin Oktoba 2016, ta koma aiki a Radiocity a matsayin mai daukar nauyin Mujallar Mid-Morning tare da Peace Menya har zuwa karshen Mayu 2019 lokacin da ta koma StarTimes. Talabijin Mai watsa shiri na Talabijin (2004-2013) Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV, musamman a WBS TV tsakanin 2004 zuwa 2009. Ta shirya shirye-shirye kamar; Mujallar Showtime, shirin tafiye-tafiye, fasaha, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, fina-finai da halayen mutum, Haɗu da Shugabanninmu, shirin da ta yi hira da ƴan majalisar dokoki kuma ta zagaya da su a mazabar su tana magana game da kyawawan ayyukan da suke yi, Fitness Watch. lafiya da natsuwa inda ta ɗauki masu kallo wasan motsa jiki tare da ba da shawarwarin lafiya. A cikin 2013, ta kasance baƙo deejay/mai gabatarwa a shirin TV na Citizen Sakata Mashariki a Kenya. Alƙalin Talabijin (2011-2013) A cikin 2011, an zaɓe ta don zama alkali a kan shirin WBS TV mai suna The Icon, wasan kwaikwayon da ke neman tauraron TV na gaba. A cikin 2012, ta kasance alƙali a kan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa mai suna UG Factor, wanda ake neman tauraron kiɗa na gaba na gaba. A cikin Satumba 2013, Cleopatra ya shiga Flavia Tumusiime da Tusker Project Fame alkali kuma mawaƙa Juliana Kanyomozi a matsayin alƙalan sauraron sauraron Tusker Project Fame 6 a Kampala. An ba su aikin tantancewa da zabar wakilan Uganda a Kwalejin Fame na Tusker Project da ke Nairobi, Kenya. A cikin 2013, ta kasance alƙali na baƙo a kan wasan kwaikwayon baiwa na M-Net mai taken Maisha Superstar . Yar wasan kwaikwayo Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Cleopatra tana wasan kwaikwayo tun manyan makarantunta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Wasanta na ƙwararriyar matakin farko da ta yi aiki a ciki ita ce Jamhuriyar Feminia a matsayin mai rawa a 1999 yayin da take Kwalejin Namasagali. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Madam Matahari kuma mai rawa a cikin The Secret Agent a 2000. A cikin 2012, ta yi wasa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Tsofaffin Kwalejin Namasagali mai suna The Happy Life Hotel . Ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo lokacin da ta shiga Obsessions tana taka rawar rawa a Cleopatra a cikin 2001, Gimbiya Elminia a Sarauniyar Sheeba, Sarauniya a cikin Zuciya na Dancer da Sarauniya a Legend of the Scepter. Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin Adamu da Hauwa'u. Fim da Talabijin A shekara ta 2006 Cleopatra ta fito don rawar da ta taka na fim ta farko don The Last King of Scotland a cikin 2006 inda ta buga wani hali mai suna Joy. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin shirye-shiryen fina-finai da talabijin da yawa a cikin gida da kuma na duniya tare da samun nasarar zaɓe na wasu shirye-shiryen. Ta yi aiki akan Canje-canje: jerin shirye-shiryen TV na M-Net a cikin yanayi na 1 da 2 a cikin rawar tallafi a matsayin Nanziri Mayanja daga 2008 zuwa 2010, Ku kasance Mai Shari'a, jerin talabijin na gida na Kenya kamar Lucy Mango a cikin 2010, fim ɗin Yogera (2011) yana wasa. rawar jagoranci sau biyu, fim ɗin Ofishin Bincike na Jiha (SRB) (2011) a cikin rawar tallafi kamar Faith Katushabe. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kona, wani jerin shirye-shiryen TV na M-Net inda ta buga Jakki, ɗan damben wannabe da ke kokarin sake haduwa da mahaifinta, kocin dambe. Ta bayyana a cikin Sense8, a Netflix Original Series a matsayin Uwa. Cleopatra aka kafa don bayyana a cikin sabon Nana Kagga directed TV jerin Tunani kamar yadda katakon kanya, daya daga cikin manyan hudu protagonists daga cikin jerin. Marubuci (tun 2005) Cleopatra ita ce marubucin ma’aikacin majagaba sannan kuma Celebrity & Features Editan a Mujallar Mata ta Afirka daga 2005 lokacin da aka fara mujallar, har zuwa Yuli 2012. Ta yi rubutu mai zaman kansa don Mujallar Kiwon Lafiya da Tsabtace, Magazine7, kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga gidajen yanar gizo kamar Music Uganda da UG Pulse. Cleopatra kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Mujallar Drum Kenya daga 2014 zuwa 2015. Aikin motsa jiki Cleopatra tana son ƙarfafawa da jagoranci mutane musamman matasa. A cikin 2011, ta shiga kuma ta fito a wani kamfen mai suna 'Speak Out-No Tsoro', wanda ya saba wa cin zarafi a cikin gida da cin zarafin yara a ƙarƙashin Shirin Fadakarwa na Gida & Kariyar Yara. A cikin 2012 Cleopatra ya tuntuɓi darektan Unlock Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke neman magance matsalolin ilimi a makarantun karkara na Afirka, kuma ta nemi shiga cikin yakin neman hoto wanda ke ba da kwarin gwiwa ga matasa. Halinta da aikinta a masana'antar daga baya sun sami nasarar zaɓe ta don Teeniez Role Model a Buzz Teeniez Awards 2013. Har ila yau, a cikin 2012, Reach a Hand Uganda (RAHU), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da nufin karfafawa matasa, ta zaɓe ta don yin magana da matasa a makarantu daban-daban. Bayan sun kammala rangadin makaranta, RAHU ta yaba mata a matsayin 'Mai jagoranci na mako'. Cleopatra ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin gumakan al'adu na farko a Reach a Hand Uganda (RAHU) kuma ta kasance mai himma har zuwa 2014 lokacin da ta huta daga wurin aiki don renon ɗanta. Horowa A watan Agustan 2017, ta kasance cikin ƙwararrun ƴan fim guda shida da aka zaɓa daga Afirka, tare da ɗan wasan Najeriya mai nasara OC Ukeje don halartar babban taron bita na makonni 3 / horo a Los Angeles a Makarantar Relativity ta Los Angeles Center Studios (LACS) . An ba ta satifiket a cikin Acting for Camera. A cikin 2010 yayin da ake shirye-shiryen harba CHANGES kakar 2, Cleopatra da babban simintin gyare-gyaren da suka haɗa da Nick Mutuma, Pierra Makena, Nini Wacera, Patricia Kihoro an ɗauke su ta hanyar horar da wasan kwaikwayo na The Meisner Technique ta Rob Mello, ƙwararren mai horar da ƴan wasan daga Rob Mello Studios Atlanta, Amurka. Asalin ilimi Cleopatra tayi karatu a Nakasero Primary School (PLE), Bugema Adventist Secondary School (UCE) da Namasagali College (UACE) da kuma Jami'ar Makerere . Ta kammala karatun digiri ne a fannin ilimin zamantakewa. Har ila yau, tana da Takaddun shaida a Aikin Jarida na Jama'a daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu (UNISA) . Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Cleopatra ga Jocelyn Twinesanyu "Sanyu" Rwekikiga da Anthony Abamwikirize Bateyo a 1982. Ba ta taba haduwa da mahaifinta da aka kashe a lokacin mulkin Obote II ba. Cleopatra ta haifi jaririnta na farko a cikin 2014 tare da saurayi Lwanda Jawar, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Kenya, abin ƙira, kuma darekta / mai gudanarwa. Ta haifi yarinya mai suna Aviana Twine Jawar a ranar 22 ga Janairu 2014. Ta sa ƴarta Twine sunan mahaifiyarta Twinesanyu. Sannan ta huta daga sana’ar da take yi don rainon jaririnta. Fina-finai Naɗin sarauta da kyaututtuka Magana Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cleopatra Koheirwe on Facebook Mutanen Uganda Ƴan Fim Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

24481

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Gotze

Mario Gotze

Mario Gotze (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan yuni, shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da biyu 1992), a garin Memmegen na kasar jamus. ɗan ƙasar Jamus ɗin kwararen ɗan wasan ƙwallon kafa ne. Yana ɗaya daga cikin kwararrun yan wasa a shekarar, 2010 wanda shine yayi sanadiyyar lashe kofin Duniya a shekarar. Farkon rayuwa Mario Gotze (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan yuni shekara ta 1992), a garin Memmegen na kasar jamus. Manazarta 1. ^ "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players: Germany" (PDF). FIFA. 14 July 2014. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2020. 2. ^ "Bayern Profile Mario Götze" . FC Bayern. Retrieved 22 May 2014. 3. ^ "Mario Götze" . FC Bayern Munich. Retrieved 8 February 2015. 4. ^ a b c "Warum Götze als Stürmer unter Favre funktioniert" . kicker.de (in German). 29 October 2018. 5. ^ a b "Borussia Dortmund comeback kid Mario Götze ready for a Germany recall?" . bundesliga.com – the official Bundesliga website. Retrieved 13 May 2020. 6. ^ "Mario Gotze to join Bayern Munich from Borussia Dortmund" . BBC. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013. 7. ^ "Gotze goal hands Germany World Cup" . ESPN FC. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. 8. ^ "Mario Götze seals Dortmund return from Bayern" . bundesliga.com . Fußball-Bundesliga. Retrieved 18 August 2016. "He joined Borussia at the age of eight" 9. ^ "Borussia Dortmund vs. Mainz 05 0 – 0" . Soccerway. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2016. 10. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 11. ^ "Mario Götze" . ESPN FC. Retrieved 20 April 2014. 12. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 13. ^ "Matthias Sammer Praises Borussia Dortmund's German Wunderkind Mario Goetze" . goal.com. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011. 14. ^ a b c "Fährmann bringt BVB zur Verzweiflung" (in German). kicker. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 15. ^ Whitney, Clark (24 January 2012). "Borussia Dortmund's Mario Gotze set for lengthy injury lay-off" . goal.com. Retrieved 29 April 2012. 16. ^ "Trotz Ausstiegsklausel: Götze bleibt mindestens bis 2014 in Dortmund" (in German). fussballtransfers.com. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013. 17. ^ Whitney, Clark (27 May 2012). "Mario Gotze extends Dortmund contract until 2016" . goal.com. Retrieved 29 April 2012. 18. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 19. ^ a b c "Die Bayern holen den ersten Titel der Saison" (in German). kicker. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 20. ^ "Dortmund cruise through" . ESPN FC. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012. 21. ^ Salisbury, Rob (1 December 2012). "Beckenbauer: Gotze and Reus world's best midfield duo" . goal.com. Retrieved 21 April 2014. 22. ^ "Borussia Dortmund coasted into the Champions League quarter-finals with a comfortable victory over a disappointing Shakhtar Donetsk" . BBC Sport . 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013. 23. ^ "Devastating Dortmund sweep Shakhtar aside" . UEFA. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013. 24. ^ "Borussia Dortmund dash Málaga's hopes with two injury-time goals" . The Guardian . 9 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013. 25. ^ "Borussia Dortmund prepared for Champions League final without Mario Götze — video" . The Guardian . 24 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. 26. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 27. ^ Röckenhaus, Freddie (23 April 2013). "Von Guardiola ins Paradies gelockt" . Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 23 April 2013. 28. ^ "Götze wechselt für 37 Millionen zum FC Bayern" . Die Welt (in German). 23 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 29. ^ "Mario Götze to join Bayern Munich from Borussia Dortmund" . The Guardian . 23 April 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013. 30. ^ "Mario Gotze to join Bayern Munich from Borussia Dortmund" . BBC Sport . 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 31. ^ "Bayern confirm Gotze signing" . FIFA. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 32. ^ "Transfer-Hammer: Özil wechselt zu Arsenal" . Österreich (in German). 2 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013. 33. ^ Maston, Tom (23 April 2013). "Klopp: Guardiola signed Gotze" . goal.com. Retrieved 24 April 2013. 34. ^ "Jürgen Klopp annoyed at timing of Mario Götze's Bayern Munich deal" . The Guardian . 23 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013. 35. ^ Uersfeld, Stephan (29 May 2013). "Bayern chose Gotze over Neymar" . ESPN FC. Retrieved 13 June 2013. 36. ^ "Mario Gotze scores twice on debut" . ESPN FC. 11 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013. 37. ^ Schrader, Matthias (19 October 2013). "Mario Götze inspires Bayern to comeback win; more Bundesliga" . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 20 October 2013. 38. ^ "Remorseless Bayern brush Plzeň aside" . UEFA. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013. 39. ^ "Mandzu and Götze inspire winning fightback" . FC Bayern Munich. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013. 40. ^ Koylu, Enis (23 November 2013). "The Ghost of Gotze: Super Mario returns to haunt crisis-hit Dortmund" . goal.com. Retrieved 28 November 2013. 41. ^ "Sub Mario Götze scored Bayern's opener against ex-employer Borussia Dortmund, didn't celebrate – 101 Great Goals" . Football greatest goals and highlights – 101 Great Goals . Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018. 42. ^ Hamley, Chris (27 November 2013). "Ten straight CL wins for imperious Bayern" . FC Bayern Munich. Retrieved 28 November 2013. 43. ^ "Remorseless Munich thrash woeful Werder" . FC Bayern Munich. 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013. 44. ^ "Bayern Munich's Franck Ribéry leads rout of Guangzhou Evergrande" . The Guardian . 17 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013. 45. ^ a b c "Bayern im Finale – Guangzhou kein Prüfstein" . kicker (in German). 17 December 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2014. 46. ^ a b c d "FCB holt sich den fünften Titel" . kicker (in German). 21 December 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2014. 47. ^ Hamley, Chris (24 January 2014). "Assured FCB stretch lead and unbeaten run" . FC Bayern Munich. Retrieved 25 January 2014. 48. ^ "Hertha BSC 1–3 Bayern Munich" . BBC Sport . 25 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014. 49. ^ "Champions Bayern leave Hamburg on the brink" . bundesliga.com. 3 May 2014. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014. 50. ^ Peters, Jerrad (17 May 2014). "Borussia Dortmund vs. Bayern Munich: DFB Pokal Live Score, Highlights, Report" . Bleacher Report. Retrieved 18 May 2014. 51. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 52. ^ a b c d e f "Mario Götze » Club matches" . World Football. Retrieved 1 January 2016. 53. ^ a b c "Aubameyang köpft BVB zum Supercup-Sieg" (in German). kicker. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014. 54. ^ "Holders FCB ease into second round" . FC Bayern Munich. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014. 55. ^ "Bayern Munich 2 – 1 VfL Wolfsburg" . BBC. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. 56. ^ "Bayern Munich 4–0 Paderborn: Brace from Götze shoots Bayern to the top of the Bundesliga" . Vavel. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014. 57. ^ "Bayern Munich 6–0 SV Werder Bremen" . BBC Sport . 18 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014. 58. ^ Hayward, Paul (28 October 2014). "Fifa Ballon d'Or 2014: English football not included among nominees" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2014. 59. ^ Bhardwaj, Vaishali (22 November 2014). "Mario Gotze scores brilliant goal for Bayern Munich against Hoffenheim" . Metro . Retrieved 23 November 2014. 60. ^ "Götze's stunner voted Matchday 12 goal of the week" . bundesliga.com . 25 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014. 61. ^ "Bayern München 8 – 0 Hamburger SV" . goal.com. 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015. 62. ^ "Bayern Munich 1–1 Borussia Dortmund" . BBC . 29 April 2015. 63. ^ Fay, Sean (7 May 2015). "Bayern Legend Franz Beckenbauer Says Mario Gotze Is Behaving Like a Child" . bleacher report . Retrieved 3 June 2015. 64. ^ Uersfeld, Stephan (21 May 2015). "Arjen Robben backs Mario Gotze to break out of recent slump" . ESPN FC . Retrieved 3 June 2015. 65. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 16 May 2015. 66. ^ a b c "Joker Bendtner ist zweimal zur Stelle" . kicker.de (in German). 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. 67. ^ Lovell, Mark (9 August 2015). "Mario Gotze shows confidence in Bayern Munich cup triumph" . ESPN FC . Retrieved 5 October 2015. 68. ^ Wright, Joe (17 September 2015). "Guardiola: I love Gotze" . goal.com . Retrieved 5 October 2015. 69. ^ Wright, Joe (22 September 2015). "Bayern Munich 5–1 Wolfsburg: Lewandowski nets FIVE IN NINE MINUTES as the Bavarians cruise" . goal.com . Retrieved 5 October 2015. 70. ^ "Bayern Munich 5–0 Dinamo Zagreb: Lewandowski hits treble in five goal win" . goalcom . 29 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. 71. ^ "Bayern Munich 5–1 Borussia Dortmund: Lewandowski and Muller send Pep's men further clear" . goal.com . 4 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. 72. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 9 July 2018. 73. ^ "Mario Götze rejoins Borussia Dortmund" . Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "Mario Götze is leaving FC Bayern to rejoin his former club Borussia Dortmund, where he played between 2001 and 2013." 74. ^ "Götze becomes Dortmund's latest prodigal son" . UEFA Champions League . UEFA. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "Germany's most expensive player when he left for Bayern München in 2013, Mario Götze has returned to Borussia Dortmund, maintaining their trend for welcoming back famous old boys." 75. ^ "Borussia Dortmund re-sign Mario Götze" . Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V. Dortmund. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "Eight-time German champions Borussia Dortmund have re-signed 24-year-old Germany international Mario Götze... the attacking midfielder will sign a contract with the club until 30 June 2020 and recommence training at the beginning of August." 76. ^ "Götze's return to BVB confirmed" . Deutscher Fußball-Bund. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "The return of World Cup winner Mario Götze from Bayern München to Bundesliga rivals Borussia Dortmund is official. Both clubs confirmed this on Thursday, 21st July. Götze is under contract with BVB until 2020." 77. ^ Baldwin, Matthew (21 July 2016). "Borussia Dortmund bring Mario Götze back from Bayern Munich for £22m" . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2016. 78. ^ Uersfeld, Stephan (13 September 2016). "Mario Gotze praised despite Dortmund return ending in defeat at Leipzig" . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 September 2016. 79. ^ Buczko, Stefan (14 September 2016). "Borussia Dortmund turn in superb team display, thrash Legia Warsaw 6–0" . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 September 2016. 80. ^ "Borussia Dortmund 1–0 Bayern Munich" . BBC Sport . 19 November 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016. 81. ^ "Hoffenheim 2 – 2 Borussia Dortmund Match report – 12/16/16 Bundesliga" . Retrieved 23 December 2016. 82. ^ Oltermann, Philip. "Mario Götze: the 'once in a century talent' who is now fighting to save his career" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2017. 83. ^ Röckenhaus, Freddie. "Mario Götzes Körper muss neu justiert werden" . Sud Deutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 21 March 2017. 84. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). Retrieved 2 October 2016. 85. ^ "Mario Gotze makes Borussia Dortmund playing return after metabolic illness" . ESPN FC . 15 July 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. 86. ^ Ridge, Patric (20 August 2017). "Wolfsburg 0 Borussia Dortmund 3: Pulisic shines as Bosz makes ideal start" . Goal.com . Retrieved 21 August 2017. 87. ^ "Bosz lauds 'special' Gotze after star's return" . FourFourTwo . 20 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. 88. ^ a b "Mario Götze" . kicker.de (in German). Retrieved 10 October 2017. 89. ^ "Hoffenheim produce magnificent comeback to stun leaders Borussia Dortmund" . Bundesliga. 9 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019. 90. ^ "Paco Alcacer, Jadon Sancho, Julian Brandt and Marco Reus inspire Borussia Dortmund to an opening-day triumph" . Bundesliga. 17 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019. 91. ^ "Borussia Dortmund: 'Gotze is leaving' " . Football Italia. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. 92. ^ "Borussia Dortmund v Bayern München starting lineups" . Bundesliga. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. 93. ^ "BVB bid farewell to Mario Götze" . Borussia Dortmund. 27 June 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020. 94. ^ "PSV sign Mario Götze" . PSV Eindhoven. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020. 95. ^ "Mario Götze Caps PSV Debut With Opening Goal" . PSV . 18 October 2020. 96. ^ "Zahavi nets a hat-trick as PSV rout Galatasaray" . Football Oranje . 21 July 2021. 97. ^ a b "Madueke: Nigeria prospect's brace powers PSV past 10-man Ajax in Dutch Super Cup" . Goal. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021. 98. ^ "Mario Götze signs contract extension with PSV" . PSV Eindhoven. 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021. 99. ^ "Schweden – Deutschland" (in German). kicker.de. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 100. ^ "Goldene Aussichten: Mit 18 schon Meister und Nationalspieler" (in German). dfb.de. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. 101. ^ "Youngest Debutants" . schwarzundweiss.co.uk. 10 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. 102. ^ "Euro 2012: Germany's Joachim Löw names his 23-man squad" . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2018. 103. ^ "Germany overpower Greece in Gdansk" . UEFA. Retrieved 4 July 2018. 104. ^ "Germany World Cup 2014 squad" . The Telegraph . 2 June 2014. 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23542

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%20Egbuna

Obi Egbuna

Obi Benue Egbuna (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938) A Chris, ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu ( 2014) ya bada gudun mawa a Nijeriya a bangarori daban daban kamar -wallafai wallafai, marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo sannan dan siyasar da aka sani ga manyan Universal Launin ta Association (UCPA) da kuma kasancewa memba na Burtaniya Black damisa Movement na shekarar (1968-72) a lokacin shekarun da ya rayu a Ingila, tsakanin shekarar (1961 zuwa 1973). Egbuna ya buga rubutu da yawa akan Marxist - Black Power, gami da Rushe Wannan Haikali: Muryar Baƙar Ƙarfi a Biritaniya a shekarar(1971) da The ABC of Black Power Thought a shekarar (1973). Tarihin Rayuwa Shekarun farko da ilimi An haifi Egbuna a Ozubulu, a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Iowa da Jami'ar Howard, Washington, DC, inda ya koma a shekarar 1961 zuwa Ingila, inda ya zauna har zuwa shekarar 1973. Harkokin siyasa a Burtaniya A Landan, Egbuna memba ne na wata ƙungiya da ake kira Kwamitin Ƙungiyoyin Afirka waɗanda ke da asali a cikin Ƙungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Yamma, kuma waɗanda suka shirya ziyarar Malcolm X a shekarar 1965 a Biritaniya. Egbuna ya halarci abubuwan da kungiyar masu fasahar Caribbean suka shirya, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1966 an yi wasansa na Wind Versus Polygamy a Bikin Duniya na Negro Arts a Dakar, Senegal, inda Pan African Players da Negro Theater Workshop ( wanda aka kafa a London da Pearl Connor ) ya wakilci Ingila. Ya zama majagaba na motsi na Black Power a Biritaniya, kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a Masu Launi ta Duniya (UCPA) - "ƙungiyar Black Power ta farko da aka bayyana a Burtaniya a watan Agusta a shekara ta 1967, bayan ziyarar Stokely Carmichael " - da magana a babban gangamin yaki da Vietnam a watan Oktoban wannan shekarar. Egbuna ya kuma halarci Jami'ar Antiuniversity ta London . A watan Agusta a shekarar 2020, Egbuna ta dan, Obi Egbuna Jr, ya yi magana candidly zuwa Bryan Knight ta gaya A abokai podcast game da mahaifinsa siyasa fafatukar da kuma yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin kasar Birtaniya na shekarar 1960 da kuma shekara ta 1970s. Kasancewar Marxism ya rinjayi shi sosai, Egbuna ya jaddada mahimmancin gwagwarmayar ƙasa da ƙasa da jari -hujja, a zaman wani ɓangare na gwagwarmayar duniya da zalunci na launin fata. A cikin wani jawabi daga shekarar 1967 a dandalin Trafalgar, London, Egbuna ya bayyana cewa: "Black Power yana nufin kawai cewa baƙar fata na wannan duniyar ta fita don kawar da zaluncin 'yan jari hujja ga baƙar fata a duk inda ta kasance ta kowace hanya." A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1967, ya ƙaddamar da Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi, wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Jama'a ta Duniya ta buga. A matsayin mai magana da yawun kungiyar, ya yi ikirarin cewa sun dauki mambo bi 778 a Landan cikin makonni bakwai da suka gabata. A shekara ta 1968 Egbuna ya buga wata ƙasida mai taken Ƙarfin Ƙarfi ko Mutuwa . Egbuna ya kuma ga motsi na ɗaliban gurguzu da na kwaminisanci na shekarar 1960 a matsayin matsala ga Black Power . Kodayake akida ta kafu a cikin irin wannan al'adar ta Markisanci, amma ya ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a matsayin "ƙungiyoyin gurguzu" waɗanda ke ba da umarni daga "jigon cewa kawai sun karanta kuma za su iya fahimtar Marx". Wannan raunin hankali ya kasance, a cewar Egbuna, "yana yin babbar illa ga abin da suke ikirarin ɗaukaka" ta hanyar yin watsi da launin fata a matsayin babban dalilin zaluntar ma'aikatan baƙar fata:Babu wanda ke cikin hankalinsa na jayayya cewa gaskiyar cewa ma'aikacin Farin farar fata ne ga cin amanar 'yan jari hujja, da kuma Baƙin Aiki. Amma daidai gwargwado shine gaskiyar cewa ana amfani da Farin ma'aikacin ne kawai saboda ma'aikaci ne, ba don fari bane, yayin da akasin haka, ana zaluntar Baƙin Ma'aikaci, ba wai saboda ma'aikaci bane kawai, amma kuma saboda Baƙi ne. A cikin shekara ta 1960, masu tausayawa Black Power da yawa sun bar ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban su na gurguzu da na kwaminisanci sannan daga baya suka fara nasu ƙungiyoyin Black Power na Marxist -orientated Black Power Alliance, kamar Black Socialist Alliance. Sakamakon dokar dangantakar launin fata na shekarar 1965, ingiza rikicin kabilanci ya zama doka a cikin Burtaniya. An ci tarar membobin UCPA na Egbuna da yawa a karkashin wannan aikin. Egbuna a wancan shekarar an daure shi bisa zargin yin barazanar kashe 'yan sanda da wasu' yan siyasa. Shekarun baya Littafin labari na ƙarshe na Egbuna, The Madness of Didi, an buga shi a 1980. Ya mutu a Washington, DC, a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2014, yana da shekaru 75, kuma an yi jana'izar rayuwarsa da aikinsa ranar Asabar, 1 ga Maris, 2014, a Babban Masallacin Rankin, Jami'ar Howard, Washington, DC. Takaddun Egbuna ana gudanar da su a Cibiyar Bincike a Al'adun Baƙar fata, Manufofin Rubutu, Rumbun Littattafai da Rare Books Division, a Makarantar Jama'a ta New York. Littafin tarihin Duba kuma Ƙarfin Ƙarfi Markisanci Kara karantawa Sivanadan, A., Yunwa dabam -dabam - Rubuce -rubuce akan Baƙuncin Resistance, London: Pluto Press, 1982) "Sharhi: Maganar 'Kogin Jini' na Enoch Powell", Daily Telegraph, 6 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2007). Bunce, RER, da Paul Field, "Obi B. Egbuna, CLR James da Haihuwar Ƙarfin Ƙarfi a Biritaniya: Baƙin Rini a Biritaniya 1967 - 72", Tarihin Biritaniya na ƙarni na ashirin, ga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2011) Vol. 22, fitowa ta 3, p. 391. Manazarta Haifaffun 1938 2014 dead Pages with unreviewed translations

21365

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Dogon

Mutanen Dogon

Dogon (ko Kaador, Kaado ) ƙabilu ne masu asali na tsakiyar yankin plateau na Mali, a Afirka ta Yamma, kudu da lanƙwasa Nijar, kusa da garin Bandiagara, da kuma Burkina Faso . Yawan mutanen ya kasance tsakanin 400,000 zuwa 800,000. Suna magana da yaren Dogon, waɗanda ake ganin sun zama wani reshe mai zaman kansa na dangin harsunan Nijar-Kongo, ma'ana ba su da kusanci da kowane yare. Dogon an fi saninsa da al'adun addininsu, raye-rayen maskinsu, sassaƙa katako, da kuma gine-ginensu. Tun ƙarni na ashirin, an sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a cikin zamantakewar al'umma, al'adun kayan abu da imanin Dogon, a wani bangare saboda kasar Dogon na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren shaƙatawa na Mali. Labarin ƙasa da tarihi Babban yankin Dogon yana bankin Bandiagara Escarpment, dutsen da ya kai 500 m (1,640.42 ft) babba, mai shimfiɗa kusan 150 kilomita (mil mil 90). A kudu maso gabashin dutsen, ana samun Yankin Séno-Gondo mai yashi, kuma arewa maso yammacin dutsen shi ne Bandiagara Highlands. A tarihance, an kafa ƙauyukan Dogon a yankin Bandiagara shekaru dubu da suka gabata saboda mutane gabaɗaya sun ƙi musulunta kuma sun koma daga yankunan da musulmai ke iko da su. Rashin tsaro na Dogon ta fuskar waɗannan matsin lamba na tarihi ya sa suka gano ƙauyukansu cikin mawuyacin matsayi tare da bangon shingen. Sauran abin da ya shafi zabin wurin matsuguninsu shi ne samun ruwa. Kogin Neja yana nan kusa kuma a cikin dutsen yashi, kuma akwai riɓe mai gudu a ƙasan dutsen a mafi ƙarancin yankin a lokacin damina. Daga cikin Dogon, an rubuta al'adun gargajiya da yawa dangane da asalinsu. Relaaya ya danganta da zuwansu daga Mande, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin shingen Bandiagara kusa da Bamako . Dangane da wannan al'adar ta baka, an kuma kafa garin Dogon na farko a cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na ragin a Kani-Na Nazarin kimiyyar binciken tarihi da ilimin kabilanci a cikin yankin Dogon sun kasance suna bayyana musamman game da sasantawa da tarihin muhalli, da kuma game da ayyukan zamantakewar jama'a da fasahohi a wannan yankin cikin dubunnan shekaru. Bayan lokaci, Dogon ya koma arewa tare da rakiyar, yana isa yankin Sanga a cikin karni na 15. Sauran tarihin baka sun sanya asalin Dogon zuwa yamma ta gefen kogin Niger, ko kuma labarin Dogon da ke zuwa daga gabas. Da alama Dogon na yau zuriyar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ne masu asali daban-daban waɗanda suka yi ƙaura don tserewa daga musuluncin . Sau da yawa yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin ayyukan kafin Musulunci da ayyukan da suka biyo baya. Amma shari'ar Musulunci classified da Dogon da kuma wasu kabilu na yankin ( Mossi, Gurma, Bobo, Busa da Yarbawa ) a matsayin kasancewa a cikin waɗanda ba Canon dar al-Harb kuma saboda haka adalci wasan domin bawa hare-hare shirya yan kasuwa. Yayin da bunƙasar birane ya ƙaru, bukatar bayi a duk yankin Yammacin Afirka ya karu. Abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa da kisan mazauna asalinsu ta hanyar maharan da bautar mata da yara. Kusan shekaru 1000, mutanen Dogon, tsohuwar ƙabilar Mali sun gamu da tsangwama ta fuskar addini da ƙabilanci-ta hanyar jihadi ta hanyar manyan musulmai. Wadannan tafiye-tafiyen jihadi sun kafa kansu don tilasta Dogon ya yi watsi da imanin addininsu na gargajiya don Musulunci. Irin waɗannan jihadin sun sa Dogon ya bar ƙauyukansu na asali kuma ya haura zuwa tsaunukan Bandiagara don ingantaccen tsaro da kuma guje wa tsanantawa-galibi suna gina gidajensu a cikin ƙananan hanyoyi da kwanciya. Zane-zane Dogon zane ya ƙunshi kayan zane-zane. Abun Dogon ya ta'allaka ne da ƙimomin addini, manufa, da 'yanci (Laude, 19). Ba a sanya siffofin Dogon don a gani a bainar jama'a, kuma galibi ana ɓoye su daga idanun jama'a a cikin gidajen iyalai, wurare masu tsarki, ko kuma a ajiye su tare da Hogon (Laude, 20). Mahimmancin sirri shine saboda ma'anar alama a bayan gutsuttsura da kuma hanyar da ake yin su. Jigogin da aka samo a ko'ina cikin gunkin Dogon sun haɗa da siffofi masu dauke da makamai, adadi masu gemu, mahayan dawakai, kujeru da caryatids, mata da yara, siffofin da ke rufe fuskokinsu, matan nika gero na mata, mata dauke da kaya a kawunansu, jakunana ke ɗauke da kofuna, makaɗa, karnuka . Alamun wasu abokan hulɗa da asali sun bayyana a cikin fasahar Dogon. Mutanen Dogon ba sune farkon mazaunan tsaunukan Bandiagara ba. Tasiri daga fasahar Tellem a bayyane yake a cikin fasahar Dogon saboda ƙirar zane-zanen ta (Laude, 24). Al'adu da addini Makaho dattijon Dogon, Ogotemmêli, ya koyar da manyan alamomin addinin Dogon ga masanin halayyar ɗan adam ɗan Faransa Marcel Griaule a watan Oktoban shekarar 1946. Griaule ya rayu tsakanin Dogon shekaru goma sha biyar kafin wannan taron tare da Ogotemmêli. Ogotemmêli ya koyar da Griaule labaran addini kamar yadda Ogotemmêli ya koya daga wurin mahaifinsa da kakansa; koyarwar baka wanda ya koya tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin. Abin da ya sa rikodin ya zama da mahimmanci ta fuskar tarihi shi ne cewa mutanen Dogon suna rayuwa cikin al'adarsu ta baka a lokacin da aka rubuta addininsu. Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutanen ƙarshe a Afirka ta Yamma da suka rasa independenceancinsu kuma suka shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa. Mutanen Dogon wadanda Groulele da Germaine Dieterlen masanin halayyar ɗan adam na Faransa suka yi aiki tare a tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 suna da tsarin alamomi wanda ya kai dubbai, gami da "tsarinsu na ilimin taurari da ma'auni na zamani, hanyoyin lissafi da ilimin ilimin lissafi da na ilimin lissafi, kamar yadda kazalika da tsari pharmacopoeia ". Addinin ya haɗa da ɓangarori da yawa na dabi'a waɗanda ake samu a wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka . Babban mahimman ruhaniya a cikin addinin sune tagwayen Nummo / Nommo . A cewar Ogotemmêli ta bayanin su, da Nummo, wanda shi ma ya koma ga maciji, sun halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da aka sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da macizai, kadangaru, hawainiya, kuma lokaci-lokaci da dabbobi masu shayarwa sloths (saboda su zama m dabba ba a kanta da kuma ciwon m wuyansa) . An kuma bayyana su a matsayin kifaye masu iya tafiya a kan ƙasa; yayin da suke kan tudu, Nummo ya tsaya a tsaye kan wutsiyoyinsu. Fatar Nummos ta kasance kore da farko, amma, kamar hawainiya, wani lokacin yakan canza launuka. A wasu lokuta, ana cewa fatar tana da dukkan launuka na bakan gizo. Kauyukan Dogon An gina ƙauyuka tare da raƙuman ruwa da kuma kusa da tushen ruwa. A matsakaici, ƙauye ya ƙunshi kusan gidaje 44 waɗanda aka tsara a kusa da 'ginna', ko gidan shugaban al'umma. Kowane ƙauye ya ƙunshi tsatson asali guda ɗaya (lokaci-lokaci, jinsi da yawa suna yin ƙauye ɗaya) wanda aka bi ta layin maza. An gina gidaje kusa da juna, sau da yawa ana raba bango da benaye. Ƙauyukan Dogon suna da gine-gine daban-daban: Naman gidan maza : wurin ajiya na gero da sauran hatsi. Gina tare da rufin rufi. Wannan ginin yana da kariya sosai daga beraye. Adadin ɗakunan hatsi na maza nuni ne ga girma da wadatar guinna. Kayan mata : wurin ajiyar kayan mace, mijinta bashi da hanyar shiga. Gina tare da rufin rufi. Yana kama da ɗakin ajiya na maza amma ba shi da kariya daga ɓeraye. Anan, tana ajiye kayanta kamar su tufafi, kayan kwalliya, kudi da dan abinci. Mace tana da digiri na yancin kai na tattalin arziƙi, kuma abin da aka samu da abubuwan da suka shafi kayanta ana adana su a ma'ajiyarta. Misali tana iya yin auduga ko tukwane . Adadin ma'ajiyar mata alama ce ga yawan matan da ke zaune a cikin guinna. Tógu nà (wani nau'in harka ne ): gini ne kawai na maza. Sun huta anan da yawa a duk tsawon lokacin zafi na lokacin rani, suna tattauna lamura kuma suna ɗaukar mahimman shawarwari a cikin toguna . Ana yin rufin toguna ta hanyar yadudduka 8 na geron gero. Aasan gini ne wanda mutum baya iya tsayawa a tsaye. Wannan yana taimakawa tare da guje wa tashin hankali lokacin da tattaunawa ta yi zafi. Punulu (gida ne na mata masu haila): wannan gidan yana wajen ƙauyen. Mata ne suka gina shi kuma yana da ƙarancin inganci fiye da sauran gine-ginen ƙauyuka. Matan da suke yin al'adarsu ana daukar su a matsayin marasa tsabta kuma dole ne su bar gidan danginsu su zauna a cikin kwana biyar a wannan gidan. Suna amfani da kayan kicin ne kawai don amfani dasu anan. Suna kawo yaransu kanana. Wannan gidan matattara ce ta mata yayin yamma. Wannan bukkar kuma ana tsammanin tana da wasu alamun alama na haihuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa mazajen da ke aiki a filayen za su iya gani cikin sauƙi waɗanda suka san cewa mata ne kawai waɗanda suke cikin lokacinsu, kuma don haka ba su da ciki, za su iya kasancewa a can . Manazarta Rukunin manazartai domin ƙarin bayani wajen bincike game da mutanen Dogon. Al'ummomi Beaudoin, Gerard: Les Dogon du Mali (1997) Ed. BDT Développement. Bedaux, R. & J. D. van der Waals (eds.) (2003) Dogon: mythe en werkelijkheid in Mali [Dogon: myth and reality in Mali]. Leiden: National Museum of Ethnology. Griaule, M.: Dieu d'eau. Entretiens avec Ogotemmêli. (1966) Ed Fayard. (the original French work of Griaule (that was published in 1948) on his discussions with Ogotemmêli) – a translation of Morton, Robert (ed.) & Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) & Walter E.A. van Beek (text) (2001) Dogon: Africa's people of the cliffs. New York: Abrams. Sékou Ogobara Dolo: La mère des masques. Un Dogon raconte. (2002) Eds. Seuil Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel (1996) Les Dogon (photographs by Michel Renaudeau; text by Nadine Wanono). Paris: Éditions du Chêne-Hachette. Eds. Petit Futé. Mali 2005–2006 Harsuna Hantgan, Abbie (2007) Dogon Languages and Linguistics An (sic) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. A. & E. I. K. Durieux-Boon (2004) Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area. SIL International. online version Zane-zane Davis, Shawn R. “Dogon Funerals” in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. 35 Issue 2. Bayanin kafa Ƙabilun Nijar Mutanen Nijar Mutanen Afirka Kabila Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka Al'ummomi Al'umma Al'ada Pages with unreviewed translations

5898

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Hausawa

Tarihin Hausawa

Ƙabilar Hausa dai, kabila ce da ke zaune a Arewa maso Yammacin tarayyar Najeriya da Kudu maso Yammacin jamhuriyyar Nijar, kabila ce mai dimbin al'umma, amma kuma a al'adance mai mutukar hadaka, akalla akwai sama da mutane miliyan hamsin da harshen yake asali gare su. A tarihin an ce kabilar Hausawa na tattare a salasalar ko manyan birane. Hausawa dai sun sami kafa daularsu ne tun daga shekarun 1300, sa'adda suka sami nasarori da dauloli kamar su Daular Mali Songhai, Borno da kuma Fulani. A wasu lokutan Hausawa sun sami gagarumin ikon mulki da hadaka ta kauda baki 'yan neman ruwa da tsaki, da kuma neman aringizo a cikinta da kuma harkallar ko cinikin bayi. A farko-farkon shekaru na 1900's, a sa'adda kabilar Hausa ke yinkurin kawar da mulkin aringizo na fulani, sai turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya suka mamaye Arewancin Najeriya, da kuma kafa manufofin mulkin bayan gida, a bisa karkashin mulkin Birtaniya,'yan mulkin mallaka sai suka marawa Fulani baya na cigaba da manufofin angizon siyasarsu, har yanzu dai mulkin kamin gambiza tsakanin Hausawa da Fulani shi ne yayi kane-kane a arewacin Najeriya. Wannan haɗakar gamin gambiza, an farota ne tun asali a matsayin Fulani su dare madafun ikon a tsararren tsarin siyasar Arewa.Akasarin masu mulki na fulani sun kasance yanzu, a al'adance Hausawa gwamitse Ko da yake, Hausawa na farko-farko maharba ne, amma ya zuwan addinin Islama da kuma karbansa da hannu bibbiyu ya sanya labari ya sha bambam. Ginshikokin al'adun Hausawa na da mutukar zaranta, kwarewa da kuma sanaiya fiye da sauran al'ummar da ke kewayenta. Sha'anin noma ita ce babbar sana'ar Hausawa inda Hausawa ke ma sana'ar noma kirari da cewa, na duke tsohon ciniki kowa yazo duniya kai ya tarar, akwai kuma wasu sana'o'in kamar su sha'anin jima watau harkar fatu, rini, saka da kira, fannonin da ke mutukar samun cigaba a harkokin sana'o'in Hausawa. Hausawa dai sun jima da shahara wajen harkar fatauci kana kuma masu arziki na taka rawa a sha'anin yau da kullum, tare da masu mulki da masana. Harshen Hausa shi ne mafi girma da kuma mafi sanai'yar harshe a nahiyar Afirka, harshen hausa ya aro wasu kalmomi daga wasu harsuna musamman Larabci kana kuma harshen na tafiya tare da yanayi na zamani bisa al'adar cudeni-na-cudeka. Harshen Hausa dai ya zama harshen yau da kullum ga miliyoyin jama'a da ba Hausawa ba ne a nahiyar Afirka. Bugu da kari, akwai cincirindon al'ummar Hausawa a manyan biranen yammacin Afirka da Arewacinta da kuma yankunan cinikayyar al'ummar Hausawa da kuma yankunan da Hausawa suka jima suna bi a hanyar ta zuwa aikin hajji. Akwai kuma rubutattun adabi masu zurfi da kasidodi da kuma rubuce-rubuce a rubutun ajami da aka buga tun kafin zuwan turawa yan' mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Har ila yau, kuma wani tsarin rubutu a ajami da aka kirkiro tun kafin zuwan turawa, da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba yanzu. Hausa Bakwai da Banza Bakwai Tarihi ya nuna garuruwan Hausa bakwai da Banza bakwai sun samo asali ne daga auren sarauniya Daurama ta Daura da kuma Umarun Baghadaza (wato Bayajidda) wanda tarihi irin na kunne ya girmi kaka ya nuna cewar wani Jarumi ne daya fito daga ƙasar Baghadaza. Da farko Bayajidda ya zauna a wani waje da ake kira Borno. Ya taimaki Shehun Borno a yakin har ma ya auri diyar Shehun. Amma wasu sun zarge shi da yunkurin karbar sarautar Shehun, don haka sai ya bar Borno. Bayan haka ya zo kasar Daura. Kamar yanda tarihin ya nuna kafin ya zo kasar Dauran ya fara yada zango ne a wani gari da ake Kira "Garun Gabas" Wanda yake a ƙasar Hadeja jahar jogawa a Yanzu, inda aka ce ita wannan mata daya taho da ita ta haifa masa ɗa guda. Bayan ya isa Daura ya tarad da wata macijiya da ke hana ɗiban ruwa a kullum (Banda Rabat Juma'a), rijiyar mai suna "rijiyar Kusugu". Kashe wannan macijiya da Bayajidda yayi yasa wannar Sarauniya ta aure shi. Saboda haka Hausa bakwai da Banza Bakwai sune jikokin Sarauniya da kuma Saɗakan ta, wato Bawo wanda Sarauniya ta haifa shine da 'ya'yansa shida suka kafa hausa bakwai. Sai kuma ɗan da Saɗakar Sarki ta haifar masa shine ya kafa Hausa banza bakwai. Garuruwan Hausa Bakwai Hausa Bakwai Garuruwan Banza Bakwai Su ma dai Hausawa ne to amma a fuskar Hausa Bakwai ba su cika hausawa ba. Don haka suke kiran su da Banza Bakwai. Gasu kamar haka: 1. Zamfara 2. Kebbi 3. Yawuri (Yauri) 4. Gwari 5. Kororafa (Kwararrafa, Jukun) 6. Nupe 7. Ilorin (Yoruba) Manazarta Hausawa

8921

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Kabir

Abu Kabir

Abu Kabir (da Larabci ابو كبير), wani kauye ne dake kewayen garin Jaffa wanda wasu yan kasar Misira suka samar da ita, sakamakon cin galabar da Ibrahim Pasha yasamu akan mayakan kasar Turkiya na Daular Usmaniya a waccan lokacin a yankin Falasdinu. Yayin yakin Falasdinu na shekarata 1948, an bar garin da kuma lalata ta, to amma bayan kafa Kasar Israila a shekarar 1948, sai bangaren garin yazama daga cikin kudancin sabon garin Tel Abib. Wanda akayi wa suna da Giv'at Herzl (da harshen Hebrew kuma גבעת הרצל, ma'anarsa shine Tsaunin Herzl), sunan garin dake fuskantar yahudawa, sunan Abu Kabir an cigaba da amfani dashi, wanda bangaren garin Abu Kabir koma duka garin ansauya masa suna zuwa Tabitha daga Tel Aviv municipality a shekarar 2011. Tarihi Mulkin Misirawa Sojojin Misira na Shugaba Ibrahim Pasha sun kwace birnin Jaffa da kewayenta bayan wani gwabza yaki da sukayi da mayakan Daular Usmaniyya a 1832. Hakane yasa mulkin birnin karkashin Misirawan yacigaba har zuwa Shekarar 1840, musulman kasar misira sun zauna a ciki da wajen garin Jaffa, inda suka kafa kauyen Sakhanat Abu Kabir, da Sakhanat al-Muzariyya, da sauransu. wani gari dake gabashin Jaffa, yawancin mutanen misira dake zaune aciki sun zo ne daga Tall al Kabir (ko Tel Abu Kabir), sai suka sama wurin sunan mazauninsu. Lokacin Usmaniya Jerin sunayen kauyukan Daular Usmaniyya da akasamu a 1870 yanuna Saknet Abu Kebir a matsayin wani "Sansanin Beduin", dake da gidaje 136 da yawan al'ummah 440, saidai yawan mutanen maza kawai aka irga. A wani binciken na Yammacin Falasdinu (1881), an rawaito sunan da Sâknet Abu Kebîr wato fassara ta, "Mazaunan Abu Kebir p.n.; (great father)." Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, the French archaeologist, ya ziyarci garin a 1873-1874, yana neman inda tsohuwar makabartar yahudawa take a Joppa (Jaffa). Ya bayyana "Saknet Abu K'bir" a matsayin hamlet, kuma yadanganta tafiya a cikin "extensive gardens that close in Jaffa on every side" to reach it. ya fahimci cewar yayin Lokacin ruwan bazara, lanbunan dake tsakanin Jaffa da Saknet Abu Kabir na zama wani karamin tabki da ake kira al-Bassa daga mazauna garin, tareda sanin cewa wannan sunan yan Syria na amfani dashi ga tabkunan dake ciki duk season, da tunin sunan bissah dake Hebrew Bible shima na nufin pond ne, inda yanuna cewar kaman can Kalmar Larabci data Hebrew ya nuna cewa kalmar zai yiwu yarukan arosa sukayi daga wani harshen daya gabace su. Karkashin wani kasida mai suna The Jewish necropolis of Joppa, Clermont-Ganneau yasanar da cewa bayan bincike dayayi da mazaunan fellahin (peasants) a Abu Kabir, an jagorance shi "tafiya kankanuwa" daga hamlet, "dake tsakiyar wasu poorly tilled gardens," inda yankauyen ke fashin duwatsun gini. Laid bare by their activities were, "sepulchral chambers hollowed out in the calcareous tufa." Yace makabartu irin wadannan ansame su a garuruwan dake tsakanin Abu Kabir har zuwa Mikveh Israel da makabartar katolika. Wasu fellahin sun gaya masa of finds a tsakanin Saknet Abu Kabir da Saknet al-'Abid, kuma wasu sun gaya masa artifacts da suka samu daga nan. Daya daga cikin artifact ankawo masa yasiya: karamin marble titulus with a four-line Greek inscription and a seven-branched candlestick (or menorah). Clermont-Ganneau identified this as Helleno-Jewish funeral epigraphy, ascribing it to Hezekiah, and writes that it, "settled once and for all the nature of the burial ground I had just discovered." A wani wasika da Palestine Exploration Fund suka wallafa, he expressed his hope to return noting, "We must at least find two or three more inscriptions of the same kind coming from the same neighbourhood." tareda nuna kaburburan a wani kewaye, "Ardh (ko Jebel) Dhabitha," yake nunin, "the great gardens outside Jaffa, bounded by a little hamlet called Abou K'bir* (Abu Kebir), and by the well of Aboa Nabbout (Abu Nabbut)." Yahudawa necropolis was looted mainly during the late 19th da farkon Karni na 20th. Dating the site is a challenge due to the lack of objects found in situ, but estimates are that the tombs were used between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD. Yawancin necropolis na nanne yanzu a Russian Orthodox Saint Peter's Church compound. According to Mark LeVine, the Biluim pioneers set up a commune among the orange and lemon groves of the Abu Kabir neighborhood between 1882 and 1884. The house used by the commune members is now located in the Neve Ofer neighborhood of Tel Aviv. Lokacin Biritaniya Mandate A 1921 yayin Rikicin Jaffa, fadan yakai har Abu Kabir. Gidan Yitzker na yahudawa sun mallaki dairy farm a wajen garin neighborhood, wanda suke bayarda bayan Dakuna, a Lokacin rikicin, Yosef Haim Brenner, daya daga cikin pioneers of modern Hebrew literature yana zaune anan. A watan Mayu 2, 1921, dukda gargadi Yitzker da Brenner sunki subar gonan haka yasa aka kashe su, tareda dan Yitzker's teenaged son, his son-in-law da wasu masu haya biyu. Kamar yadda Jaffa ta fadada a 1920s da 1930s, Abu Kabir was incorporated within the municipal boundaries of Jaffa but retained much of its agricultural character. It consisted of a main built-up part bordering the Jewish sector of Jaffa from the south, and several small concentrations of houses within the surrounding citrus groves. Anfara yaki a gabar dake tsakanin Jaffa da Tel Aviv, Shugabannin Tel Aviv sun nemi hadin kan garuruwan yahudawa dake Jaffa dan komawa Tel Aviv. Sun shirya cewar dukkanin Manshiyya, tareda Hassan Bey Mosque, da mafi yawan Abu Kabir neighborhood, be transferred to the borders of the new Jewish city and state." A watan Augusta 23, 1944, British Criminal Investigation Department (CID) barracks dake Jaffa, da police stations dake Abu Kabir da Neve Shaanan yan Irgun sunfar masu domin sace makamai Yakin 1947 zuwa 1948 A 1947, Abu Kabir na nan ne a mashigar Tel Aviv akan babbar hanyar zuwa Jerusalem. A 30 November 1947, rana daya bayan zaben UN akan Partition Plan, wani balarabe maraji a Abu Kabir akai wa wata motar fasanja tareda yahudawa aciki farmaki, inda yakashe duka mutum ukun dake ciki. Yahudawa sun rama da kaddara da hari. A 2 December the Haganah's Kiryati Brigade sun tarwatsa wani gidan Larabawa a Abu Kabir, and the IZL torched several buildings four days later, killing at least two persons. During Operation Lamed Hey (Hebrew for "35"), named for the 35 casualties of an attack on the Convoy of 35, Abu Kabir was raided to "cleanse it of the forces acting there." A daren 12–13 February 1948, the Haganah struck simultaneously at Abu Kabir, Jibalia, Tel a-Rish and the village of Yazur. At Abu Kabir, 13 Arabs were killed, including the Mukhtar, and 22 injured. Kamar yadda "Palestine Post" suka ce, A 16 February 1948 The Haganah repulsed an Arab attack on Tel Aviv from Abu Kabir. A second major attack on Abu Kabir was launched on 13 March, the objective of which was, "the destruction of the Abu Kabir neighborhood". By this time the neighborhood was mostly abandoned by its inhabitants and was guarded by a few dozen militiamen. Sappers blew up a number of houses and this was the first attack in which Yishuv-produced Davidka mortars were used to shell the neighborhood. Inaccurate and very loud, the mortars had a demoralizing effect claimed to have reached "as far as Gaza". Wata daya bayan kwato Abu Kabir, David Ben-Gurion yasamar da Israeli Provisional Government that Jaffa's Arab population should not be allowd to return: "If there will be [an] Abu Kebir again - this would be impossible. The world needs to understand we are 700,000 against 27 million, one against forty ... It won't be acceptable to us for Abu Kebir to be Arab again." Walid Khalidi ya rubuta cewar Haganah zasu kammala rushe Abu Kabir kafin March 31. On April 19, 1948, The Palestine Post reported that "In the Abu Kebir area, the Haganah dispersed Arabs who tried to erect an emplacement facing the Aka factory in Givat Herzl. Two Arabs were shot as they approached the Maccabi Quarter." Garin Kasar Israel After 1948, Abu Kabir was renamed Giv'at Herzl, although the Arabic name, Abu Kabir, is still used by the now largely Hebrew speaking population. The Tel Aviv Municipality offered Prof. Heinrich Mendelssohn, Director of the Biological-Pedagogical Institute, the option of moving the Institute to Abu Kabir, and it was moved into a structure originally planned as a hospital. Haim Levanon, Deputy Mayor of Tel Aviv in the early 1950s and mayor from 1953–59 energetically campaigned for the founding of a university in Tel Aviv. The idea was realized on August 16, 1953, when the Municipal Council of Tel Aviv-Yafo decided to transform the Biological-Pedagogical Institute into the Academic Institute of Natural Sciences, under the leadership of Prof. Mendelssohn, which would "form the core of a future university." The Abu Kabir campus in southern Tel Aviv had 24 students in its first year. In 1954, the Academic Institute of Jewish Studies was established in Abu Kabir. A university library was also founded, new study tracks were opened, a teaching staff was formed, laboratories and classrooms were built, and an administration established for the campus. The L. Greenberg Institute of Forensic Medicine, locally known as the Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, was established that year. In 1956, the Academic Institutes were officially upgraded into the new "University of Tel Aviv". The Zoological Gardens became part of the University. The Zoological and Botanical Gardens were moved to the Ramat Aviv campus in 1981. The Nature Gardens still host the original facilities. The gardens at Abu Kabir are recommended in an Israeli guide to Tel Aviv as a destination for nature lovers. In the tour book Israel and the Palestinian territories (1998), "the former village of Abu Kabir" is described as being located in a green space to the east of Jaffa. Salvage excavations were undertaken by Israeli archaeologists in the burial complex at "Saknat Abu Kabir" in 1991. The Tel Aviv Detention Center, known as the Abu Kabir Prison is also in the area. Israeli media reported in January 2011 that the part or all of the area in south Tel Aviv known as Abu Kabir, the hill or neighborhood, was given a new name, Tabitha, by the Tel Aviv municipality's naming committee. Anazarci

50436

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi%20a%20Botswana

Canjin yanayi a Botswana

Canjin yanayi a Botswana, yana nufin canje-canje a cikin yanayi na Botswana da kuma martani na gaba, daidaitawa da dabarun ragewa na ƙasar. Ana sa ran zai haifar da karuwar fari da kuma karuwa da yawa wannan saboda gajeren lokacin ruwan sama da ƙananan kwanakin ruwan kasa. Saboda sauye-sauye a kan yanayi da yanayi kasar na iya fuskantar ruwan sama mai lalacewa a wasu lokuta. Yanayin Botswana Yanayin Botswana ya bushe zuwa rabin bushe tare da hunturu mai zafi da lokacin zafi kuma ruwan sama ba shi da tabbas. Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu. Lokacin hunturu galibi ya bushe kuma yana da rana, mai sauƙi a rana amma sanyi da dare, musamman a tsakiyar da kudancin ƙasar. Wannan yawanci yana kusa da watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta. Lokacin bazara wanda yawanci daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, yana da zafi kuma yana leken sama. Akwai hasken rana da yawa a wannan kakar, musamman da safe. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci ya bambanta daga 41 ° F zuwa 89 °F kuma yana da wuya a ƙasa da 34 ° C ko sama da 97 °C. Yawan zafi yana yawan ƙarfi a cikin bazara a kusa da Satumba da Oktoba, musamman a arewacin ƙasar, duk da haka, kwanakin zafi suna yiwuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar daga Satamba zuwa Afrilu. Yankin kudu maso yamma shine yankin da ya fi bushewa, wannan shine inda ake samun hamadar Kalahari kuma ruwan sama yana sauka ƙasa da millimita 300 (12 inci) a kowace shekara. Yankunan da suka fi ruwan sama, inda sama da 500 mm (20 in) na ruwan kasa a kowace shekara, sune arewa da kudu maso gabas, wurin Gaborone yake. Kasar ba ta da iyaka kuma tana da yanayin hamada mai zafi wanda ke da babban bambanci tsakanin yanayin rana da dare da kuma yawan zafi. An yi la'akari da Botswana mai matukar damuwa ga canjin yanayi da bambancin yanayi saboda karancin ruwan sama da kuma yawan talauci da ke shafar yawancin yankunan karkara. Botswana tana fuskantar karancin ruwan sama kuma yanayin ruwan kasa yana canzawa wanda ke shafar bangaren noma. Saboda yanayin ruwan sama a Botswana, wanda ba abin dogaro ba ne, an sami raguwa a cikin hekta da aka noma. Ruwan sama mai tsanani ya wanke ƙasa da tsaba a lokacin noma kuma wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona. Matsalolin Botswana ga canjin yanayi galibi yana shafar dogaro da bangarorin da sauƙin sauyin yanayi ke sha wahala; yawon bude ido, noma, ruwa da kiwon lafiya. Talauci kuma wani bangare ne wanda galibi ya zo ne ta hanyar dogaro da waɗannan bangarorin. Muhimman abubuwan da ke faruwa Yanayin zafi Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya karu a 1.5 ° C tun daga shekarun 1900. Hoton da ke dama yana nuna yanayin zafin jiki na Botswana tsakanin shekara ta 1901 da shekarar 2020. Babban canje-canje shine a watan Nuwamba da Maris. Botswana tana fuskantar yanayin zafi sosai a lokacin rani wanda ke tsakanin Nuwamba zuwa Maris wanda zasu iya zuwa sama da 38 ° C a wasu sassan ƙasar yayin da hunturu wanda ya kasance daga Maris zuwa Agusta yana da sanyi sosai da dare kuma yana leushi a rana, wani lokacin tare da mummunan sanyi wanda zai iya daskarewa da ƙananan ruwa. A lokacin bazara wanda yake daga Satumba zuwa Oktoba ƙasar tana fuskantar yanayin zafi sosai wanda zai iya kaiwa sama da 44 ° C a yawancin sassan ƙasar. Ruwan sama Botswana ta sami ruwan sama na yau da kullun da kuma fari mai yawa. Kwanakin rigar a Botswana sun bambanta a ko'ina cikin shekara. Ana auna rana mai laushi a 0.04 inci na ruwan sama. Lokacin rigar ya ƙare daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu tare da damar 21% na rana ta zama rana mai rigakafi yayin da lokacin hunturu ya wuce daga Afrilun zuwa Oktoba, Yuli yana da wata tare le mafi ƙarancin kwanakin riguna tare ti matsakaicin kwanaki 0.2 tare tare na akalla matsakaici 0.04 inci na hazo. An rubuta watan Disamba a matsayin wata tare da ruwan sama mafi girma. Rashin iskar gas Kasuwancin iskar gas na shekara-shekara na Botswana kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2019 ya kasance a 11, 000.00 na CO2, wanda ya ragu da kashi 13.25% daga shekarar da ta gabata 2018. Rashin hayaki na carbon dioxide galibi daga man fetur ne; iskar gas, mai, sufuri da gine-gine, masana'antar wutar lantarki suma suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan hayakin. Tasirin canjin yanayi Canjin yanayi ya riga ya sami tasirin gani a duniya, duniya tana dumama, tsarin ruwan sama koyaushe yana canzawa, kuma matakan teku suna ƙaruwa kuma waɗannan canje-canje suna ƙara haɗarin zafi, ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da gobara. Wadannan sune cikakkun tasirin canjin yanayi a Botswana. Biodiversity Canjin yanayi da hulɗarsa tare da wasu masu damuwa sun shafi bambancin halittu kuma jinsunan da ke da ƙananan rarraba, ƙarancin yalwa da wuraren zama na musamman galibi suna da rauni. Lafiya A halin yanzu, kusan kashi 30% na yawan mutanen Botswana suna fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro a kowace shekara kuma yawancin shari'o'in suna faruwa a gundumomin arewa tare da Bobonong, Tutume, Serowe, Phalapye da Boteti suna cikin yankin canjin zaurar. A cikin shekarun ruwan sama mai yawa don haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro ya koma yamma da Kudu. Sakamakon cutar zawo ya zo tare da tsarin cyclical na bimodal tare le tsaunuka a watan Maris (ANOVA p < 0.001) da Oktoba (anoVAp <0.001). Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa ta kai tsaye (p < 0.001) a cikin adadin da aka ruwaito a matakin jinkiri na wata ɗaya. Canjin yanayi (ruwa, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki, da matsin tururi) an yi hasashen zazzabi na yanayi tare da jinkirin wata ɗaya a cikin masu canji (p < 0.001). Sakamakon cutar zawo ya kasance mafi girma a lokacin fari bayan lissafin wasu masu canji, yana nuna a matsakaita karuwar 20% akan matsakaicin shekara-shekara (p < 0.001) Jinsi Akwai dalilai da yawa na bambance-bambance a cikin tasirin canjin yanayi da maza da mata ke fuskanta wannan bambancin ya fito ne daga bambaran siyasa na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Yawancin manoma masu ɗorewa duk da haka mata ne da suka noma don inganta tsaron abinci na gida duk lokacin da aka kara rawar da aikin gona da yawancin mata ba su da iko akan ƙasa kuma ba sa samun damar fadada aikin noma da bashi. Shafuka da yawa na cutar kanjamau sun ba da gudummawa ga iyakancewar damar samun sabis da ƙwarewa duk waɗannan abubuwan suna sa mata musamman masu saukin kamuwa da tasirin canjin yanayi. Canjin yanayi yana wakiltar ƙalubalen da ya fi rikitarwa a zamaninmu kuma yana buƙatar aiki tare da amsawa cikakke. A duk faɗin biranen tasirin canjin yanayi yana shafar mata da maza daban. Mata da 'yan mata suna fuskantar manyan tasirin canjin yanayi, wanda ke kara yawan rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ke akwai kuma yana haifar da barazana ta musamman ga rayuwarsu, lafiya, da aminci. Aikin noma Canjin yanayi, wanda ya zo tare da yanayin zafi mafi girma, ƙarancin ƙasa da ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa. Wadannan sun fi shafar mutanen da ke fama da rauni suna sanya su cikin haɗarin yunwa da rashin tsaro na abinci. An kiyasta cewa hadarin duniya na yunwa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na iya ƙaruwa da kashi 20 cikin dari a shekarar 2050 Daidaitawa da ragewa Canjin yanayi na gaske ne kuma babbar barazana ce ga dukan wayewarmu da duniya baki daya. Sakamakon canjin yanayi ya riga ya bayyana kuma zai haifar da mummunar lalacewa idan ba mu yi aiki ba yanzu, ta hanyar ilimi, kawowa da aiwatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi da bin alkawuranmu na yanayi, za mu iya yin canje-canje masu mahimmanci don kare duniya. Kudin yanayi Botswana na da niyyar rage yawan hayaki da kashi 15% daga shekarar 2010 ta hanyar 2038 a farashin da ake tsammani na dala biliyan 18.4. An kiyasta wannan burin rage hayaki bisa ga kayan GHGs na asali don GG guda uku kasancewa CO2, CH4 da N2O. Rufe makamashi, sharar gida, da bangarorin noma. Wannan lissafin bai haɗa da hayaki na CH4 daga noman dabbobi ba, galibi daga fermentation na ciki, duk da haka, ƙasar tana da niyyar aiwatar da matakan ragewa ga wannan ɓangaren. Dubi kuma Yanayin Botswana Canjin yanayi a Afirka Manazarta Botswana Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25510

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20notation

Mathematical notation

Duba Kuma Lissafin lissafi shine tsarin wakilcin alamomin abubuwan lissafi da ra'ayoyi. Ana amfani da alamar ilimin lissafi a cikin lissafi, kimiyyar jiki, injiniya, da tattalin arziki . Bayanan ilimin lissafi sun haɗa da wakilci mai sauƙi mai sauƙi, kamar lambobi 0, 1 da 2.masu canji kamar x, y da z .masu ƙuntatawa kamar "("da ;"|")alamomin aiki sin ; alamomin aiki kamar " + "; alamomin alaƙa kamar "<"; alamomin ra'ayi kamar lim da <i id="mwFw">dy/dx</i> ; lissafi da hadaddun alamomin zane kamar Bayanin hoto na Penrose da zane -zanen Coxeter -Dynkin . Ma'ana Lissafin lissafi shine tsarin rubutu da ake amfani da shi don yin rikodin tunani a cikin lissafi. Sanarwar tana amfani da alamomi ko maganganun alama waɗanda aka yi niyya don samun madaidaicin ma’anar kalma. A cikin tarihin lissafi, waɗannan alamomin sun nuna lambobi, sifofi, alamu da canji. Sanarwar na iya haɗawa da alamomi don ɓangarorin maganganun al'ada tsakanin masu ilimin lissafi, lokacin kallon lissafi azaman yare. An ba da labarin kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da su don yin rubutu a ƙasa, amma kayan yau da kullun sun haɗa da takarda da fensir, allo da alli (ko alamar bushewa), da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Riko da tsare -tsare ga dabarun ilmin lissafi shine ainihin mahimmancin ilimin lissafi. Don ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa, duba muhawara mai ma'ana, dabaru na lissafi, da ka'idar ƙira. Magana Maganar lissafi shine jerin alamomin da za a iya kimantawa. Misali, idan alamomin suna wakiltar lambobi, to ana kimanta maganganun gwargwadon tsarin aiki na yau da kullun wanda ke ba da lissafi, idan ya yiwu, na kowane maganganu a cikin rakodin, kowane mai ba da labari da tushen sa ya biyo baya, sannan ninkawa da rarrabuwa, a ƙarshe kowane kari ko ragi, duk an yi daga hagu zuwa dama. A cikin harshen kwamfuta, waɗannan ƙa'idodin ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar masu tarawa . Don ƙarin bayani kan kimanta magana, duba batutuwan kimiyyar kwamfuta : ƙima mai ɗimuwa, ƙima mara ƙima, ƙimar gajeriyar hanya, da mai aikin tantancewa. Ma'anar ma'anar kalma daidai Ilimin lissafi na zamani yana buƙatar zama daidai, saboda ƙididdiga masu rikitarwa ba su ba da izinin hujjoji na yau da kullun ba. Yi tsammani cewa muna da kalamai, denoted da wasu m jerin daga alamomin, game da wasu abubuwa (misali, lambobi, siffofi, alamu). Har sai an nuna cewa maganganun suna da inganci, har yanzu ba a warware ma'anar su ba. Yayin aiwatar da tunani, za mu iya bari alamomin su koma ga waɗancan abubuwan da aka nuna, wataƙila a cikin samfuri. Mahimmancin abubuwan abu yana da gefen heuristic da gefen cirewa. A kowane hali, muna iya son sanin kaddarorin wannan abin, wanda zamu iya jera su cikin mahimmin ma'ana. Waɗannan kadarorin za a iya bayyana su ta wasu sanannun alamomin da aka yarda da su daga tebur na alamomin lissafi. Wannan bayanin lissafin na iya haɗa da annotations kamar "All x", "A'a x", "Akwai wani x" (ko da kamarsa, "Wasu x"), "A sa ", "A yi aiki " "Taswira daga ainihin lambobi zuwa lambobi masu rikitarwa " A cikin mahallin daban -daban, ana iya amfani da alama ɗaya ko alama don wakiltar ra'ayoyi daban -daban (kamar yadda za a iya amfani da alamomi da yawa don wakiltar ra'ayi ɗaya). Sabili da haka, don cikakken fahimtar wani yanki na lissafin lissafi, yana da mahimmanci a fara duba ma'anar bayanan da marubucin ya bayar. Wannan na iya zama matsala, alal misali, idan marubucin ya ɗauka mai karatu ya riga ya saba da bayanin da ake amfani da shi. Tarihi  Asalin Ƙidaya Anyi imanin cewa lissafin lissafi don wakiltar ƙidaya an fara haɓaka shi aƙalla shekaru ta 50,000 da suka gabata - ra'ayoyin lissafi na farko kamar ƙidaya yatsa suma an wakilta su ta tarin duwatsu, sanduna, kashi, yumɓu, dutse, dutse, itace sassaƙa, da igiyoyi masu ƙulli. Tally stick shine hanyar ƙidaya tun daga Upper Paleolithic . Wataƙila tsoffin sanannun matanin ilimin lissafi sune na tsohuwar Sumerr. A Census Quipu na Andes da Ishango Kashi daga Afirka biyu amfani da Tally lamba Hanyar lissafin kudi don na lamba Concepts. Haɓaka sifili a matsayin lamba yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ci gaba a farkon ilimin lissafi. Babiloniyawa da Masarawa na Girka sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai riƙe da wurin, sannan a matsayin mai lamba ta Mayan, Indiyawa da Larabawa (duba tarihin sifiri don ƙarin bayani). Geometry ya zama mai nazari Hanyoyin ilmin lissafi na farko a lissafin lissafi ba su ba da kansu da kyau don ƙidaya ba. Lambobi na halitta, alaƙar su da ɓangarori, da kuma gano adadin ci gaba a zahiri ya ɗauki millennia don ɗaukar tsari, har ma ya fi tsayi don ba da damar haɓaka sanarwa. A zahiri, ba har sai ƙirƙirar ƙirar lissafi ta René Descartes ne geometry ya zama ƙarƙashin batun adadi. An yi amfani da wasu gajerun hanyoyin alamomi don dabarun ilmin lissafi a cikin buga hujjojin geometric. Haka kuma, iko da ikon ka'idar geometry da tsarin hujja sun yi tasiri sosai ga rubuce-rubucen da ba na lissafi ba, kamar su Principia Mathematica ta Isaac Newton misali. Sanarwar zamani Karni na 18 da 19 sun ga ƙirƙirar da daidaita daidaiton ilimin lissafi kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yau. Leonhard Euler shine ke da alhakin yawancin sanarwar da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu: amfani da a, b, c don madaidaiciya da x, y, z don abubuwan da ba a sani ba, e don tushen logarithm na halitta, sigma (Σ) don taƙaitawa, i don sashin hasashe, da bayanin aikin f ( x ). Ya kuma ba da sanarwar amfani da π don Archimedes na dindindin (saboda shawarar William Jones don amfani da π ta wannan hanyar dangane da farkon bayanin William Oughtred ). Bugu da kari, da yawa filayen lissafi kai da bugu na halittawa domin tsarin rubutu: da bambanci sadarwarka na Leibniz, da manyan infinities na Georg Cantor (a Bugu da kari ga lemniscate (∞) na John Wallis ) da congruence alama ce (≡ ) Gauss, da sauransu. Bayanan kwamfuta Harsunan alamar lissafin lissafi kamar TeX, LaTeX kuma, kwanan nan, MathML, suna da ƙarfin isa don bayyana fa'idodin lissafi da yawa. Software na tabbatar da ka’idar yana zuwa da bayanin kansa na lissafi. aikin OMDoc yana neman samar da buɗaɗɗen wuri don irin waɗannan sanarwa. kuma yaren MMT yana ba da tushe don ma'amala tsakanin sauran alamun. Bayanan lissafin lissafi ba na Latin ba Ƙididdigar lissafin larabci na zamani ya dogara ne akan haruffan Larabci kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa, musamman a makarantun gaba da sakandare. (Sanarwar Yammacin Turai tana amfani da adadi na Larabci, amma alamar Larabci kuma tana maye gurbin haruffan Latin da alamomin alaƙa da rubutun Larabci.) Baya ga rubutun Larabci, lissafi kuma yana amfani da haruffan Girkanci don nuna abubuwa iri -iri na lissafi da masu canji. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da wasu haruffan Ibrananci (kamar a cikin mahallin kadina marasa iyaka ). Wasu ƙididdigar lissafin lissafi galibi zane -zane ne, don haka kusan rubuce -rubuce ne masu zaman kansu. Misalai sune ƙirar hoto na Penrose da zane -zanen Coxeter -Dynkin . Bayanan lissafin Braille da makafi ke amfani da su sun haɗa da Nemeth Braille da GS8 Braille . Encoding Lambobi don alamar lissafi a cikin ma'aunin sunayen rubutun ISO 15924 sune Zmth da 995 . Duba kuma Cin zarafin sanarwa Begriffsschrift Ƙamus na alamomin lissafi Bourbaki alamar lanƙwasa mai haɗari Tarihin lissafin lissafi ISO 31-11 ISO 80000-2 Sanarwar kibiya ta Knuth Alamomin Alphanumeric Alamu Bayanin a yiwuwa da kididdiga Harshen lissafi Bayanan kimiyya Semasiography Teburin alamomin lissafi Taron haruffa a cikin dabarun lissafi Bayanin Vector Ƙididdigar lissafin larabci na zamani Bayanan kula Nassoshi Florian Cajori, Tarihin Lissafin Lissafi (1929), kundin 2. ISBN 0-486-67766-4   0-471-39340-1. David Bellos, EF Harding, Sophie Wood da Ian Monk ne suka Fassara daga Faransanci. Ifrah ta goyi bayan tafsirinsa ta hanyar faɗar kalmomin jumla daga harsuna a duk faɗin duniya. Mazur, Joseph (2014), Alamomin Haskakawa: Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Lissafin Lissafi da Ƙarfinsa na Boye Princeton, New Jersey: Jami'ar Princeton Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15463-3 Hanyoyin waje Farkon Amfani da Alamu iri -iri na Lissafi Lissafin ilimin lissafi ASCII yadda ake rubuta alamar lissafi a cikin kowane editan rubutu. Lissafi a matsayin Harshe a yanke-da-kulli Stephen Wolfram : Lissafin Lissafi: Tsohuwa da Gaba . Oktoba 2000. Rubutun babban adireshin da aka gabatar a MathML da Math akan Yanar gizo: MathML International Conference. Pages with unreviewed translations

33657

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbenga%20Oloukun

Gbenga Oloukun

Gbenga Oluokun (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin 1983) ɗan dambe ne daga Najeriya, wanda ya halarci gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa ta Afirka ta Yamma. Ya fuskanci tsohon zakaran duniya da masu fafatawa Manuel Charr, Lamon Brewster, Kubrat Pulev, Robert Helenius, Carlos Takam, Vyacheslav Glazkov, da Mariusz Wach. Amateur A shekara ta 2003 ya lashe lambar zinare a rukuninsa na nauyi (weigh division) a gasar All-Africa Games a Abuja, Nigeria vs Mohamed Aly. A gasar Olympics 2004 ya sha kaye a zagaye na goma sha shida na super weigh division (sama da 91). kg) Rabon da dan wasan Italiya Roberto Cammarelle ya zo na biyu. Kwararre Ya ci gasar pro bayan haka kuma ya ci nasara 16 kafin Manuel Charr ya fusata a 2009. Ƙwararrun 'yan dambe |- |align="center" colspan=8|19 Wins (12 knockouts, 7 decisions), 14 Losses (6 knockouts, 8 decisions) |- | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |- |Loss | |align=left| Krzysztof Zimnoch |KO | | |align=left| Wieliczka, Poland |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Marcin Rekowski |KO |5 (8) |10/04/2015 |align=left| Gliwice, Poland |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Mariusz Wach |UD |10 |14/03/2015 |align=left| RCS Lubin, Lubin, Poland |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Sascha Brinkmann |KO |2 (6) |13/12/2014 |align=left| Unihalle Wuppertal, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Agit Kabayel |SD |10 |22/03/2014 |align=left| Atatürk Spor Salonu, Tekirdag, Turkey |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Edmund Gerber |UD |8 |23/08/2013 |align=left| GETEC Arena, Magdeburg, Germany |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Erkan Teper |UD |8 |14/09/2012 |align=left| Halle an der Saale, Germany |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Vyacheslav Glazkov |TKO |7 |01/05/2012 |align=left| Krylatskoe Sport Palace, Moscow, Russia |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Carlos Takam |RTD |6 |29/04/2011 |align=left| Espace Roger Boisrame, Pontault-Combault, France |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Konstantin Airich |TKO |4 |12/11/2010 |align=left| HanseDom, Stralsund, Germany |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Oleg Platov |TKO |6 |05/06/2010 |align=left| Jahnsportforum, Neubrandenburg, Germany |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Pavel Zhuralev |UD |3 |07/05/2010 |align=left| Pavilion Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Robert Helenius |UD |8 |26/03/2010 |align=left| Töölö Sports Hall, Helsinki, Finland |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Kubrat Pulev |UD |6 |07/11/2009 |align=left| Nuremberg Arena, Nuremberg, Germany |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Rene Dettweiler |UD |8 |17/10/2009 |align=left| O2 World Arena, Berlin, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Lamon Brewster |UD |8 |29/08/2009 |align=left| Gerry Weber Stadium, Halle, Germany |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Manuel Charr |KO |7 |25/04/2009 |align=left| König Palast, Krefeld, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Petr Sedlak |TKO |2 |10/05/2008 |align=left| Brandberge Arena, Halle an der Saale, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Raphael Zumbano Love |UD |8 |08/03/2008 |align=left| König Palast, Krefeld, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Edgars Kalnars |KO |3 |04/12/2007 |align=left| Freizeit Arena, Soelden, Austria |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Humberto Evora |KO |4 |07/11/2007 |align=left| Soelden |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Alexander Vasiliev |KO |8 |14/07/2007 |align=left| Color Line Arena, Hamburg, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Alexey Varakin |KO |4 |07/04/2007 |align=left| Universum Gym, Wandsbek, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Daniil Peretyatko |UD |6 |13/01/2007 |align=left| Brandberge Arena, Halle an der Saale, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Antoine Palatis |TKO |6 |21/11/2006 |align=left| Universum Gym, Wandsbek, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Yaroslav Zavorotnyi |MD |6 |19/09/2006 |align=left| Kugelbake-Halle, Cuxhaven, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Mindaugas Kulikauskas |UD |6 |22/08/2006 |align=left| Universum Gym, Hamburg, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Aleksandrs Borhovs |TKO |2 |25/07/2006 |align=left| Sportschule Sachsenwald, Hamburg, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Mihai Iftode |RTD |3 |15/04/2006 |align=left| Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Tomasz Zeprzalka |MD |4 |07/03/2006 |align=left| Kugelbake Halle, Cuxhaven, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Peter Oravec |TKO |1 |14/01/2006 |align=left| Ballhaus Arena, Aschersleben, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Sandor Forgacs |TKO |1 |26/11/2005 |align=left| Wilhelm Dopatka Halle, Leverkusen, Germany |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Vlado Szabo |UD |4 |28/09/2005 |align=left| Color Line Arena, Hamburg, Germany |align=left| |} Manazarta

58449

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Mata

Yakin Mata

Kwamitin bincike na farko ya faru ne a farkon watan Janairun 1930, amma bai samu nasara ba. Binciken na biyu, wanda ake kira hukumar Aba, ya hadu a watan Maris 1930. Hukumar ta gudanar da tarukan jama’a na tsawon kwanaki talatin da takwas a wurare daban-daban na lardunan Owerri da Calabar tare da tattaunawa da shaidu 485. Daga cikin adadin shedu, kusan 103 mata ne. Sauran sun hada da mazan yankin da jami’an gudanarwa na Biritaniya wadanda ko dai aka kira su don bayyana rawar da suka taka a tawayen ko kuma dalilin da ya sa suka kasa hana matan. Sakamako Matan sun sami damar canza"hanyoyin al'ada don haɗin gwiwa da nuna rashin amincewa" zuwa matakai masu karfi waɗanda suka yi nasarar kalubalanci da kawo cikas ga mulkin mallaka na gida. An gudanar da zanga-zangar matan a wani mataki da hukumomin mulkin mallaka ba su taba gani ba a wani yanki na Afirka.Tawayen ya kai sama da murabba'in mil dubu shida da ke dauke da dukkanin lardunan Owerri da Calabar, wadanda ke da kusan mutane miliyan biyu. Har zuwa ƙarshen Disamba na 1929,lokacin da sojojin mulkin mallaka suka mai da hankali,an lalata kotunan ƙasar guda goma,an lalata wasu da dama,an kai hari kan gidajen ma'aikatan kotunan ƙasar,an wawashe ma'aikatun Turai a Kogin Imo, Aba,Mbawsi,da Amata.Mata sun kai hari a gidajen yari tare da sakin fursunoni.Amma kuma martanin da hukumar mulkin mallaka ta bayar ya kasance mai azama.A lokacin da aka dawo da odar,sojojin mulkin mallaka sun kashe mata kusan hamsin da biyar.Sojoji na karshe sun bar Owerri ne a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1929,kuma ‘yan sintiri na karshe a Abak Division sun janye ranar 9 ga Janairu 1930.A ranar 10 ga Janairun 1930,an dauki tawayen a matsayin nasarar dakushe ta.A cikin ƙarshen Disamba na 1929 da farkon Janairu 1930,an gudanar da binciken hukuncin gamayya sama da talatin. An yi imani da cewa, a cewar Nina Mba,wannan taron ya kawo karshen ayyukan matan ne saboda sabuwar gwamnati a karkashin Gwamna Donald Cameron ta yi la'akari da wasu shawarwarin da matan suka bayar wajen yin kwaskwarima ga tsarin mulkin kasar.Don haka,ana kallon Yaƙin Mata a matsayin tarihin rarrabuwar kawuna a mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Nijeriya wanda ke da tasiri mai yawa. Yakin mata ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen nuna karuwar akidar jinsi,inda ya baiwa matan da ba su da aure da manyan mutane damar shiga ayyukan zamantakewa. Sakamakon zanga-zangar,an inganta matsayin mata a cikin al'umma.A wasu yankuna,mata sun sami damar maye gurbin shugabannin Warrant. An kuma nada mata su yi aiki a kotunan kasar. Bayan yakin mata,ƙungiyoyin mata sun yi ƙarfi sosai a Ngwaland, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin 1930s,40s da 50s sun sami wahayi daga Yaƙin Mata,gami da Zanga-zangar Haraji na 1938,Zanga-zangar Ma'aikatar Mai na 1940s a Lardunan Owerri da Calabar da Tawayen Haraji a Aba da Onitsha a 1956.Sau biyu ana kiran jami’an gundumomi tare da umurtar sojoji da dakarun sa-kai na yankin da su wargaza zanga-zangar.A cikin wadannan lokuttan,an harbe mata a kalla 50 aka kashe tare da jikkata wasu 50.Matan da kansu ba su taɓa raunata kowa da kowa da suke zanga-zangar ba,ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin sojojin da suka wargaza waɗannan zanga-zangar. Sabanin suna Taron yana da sunaye daban-daban, ciki har da (amma ba'a iyakance ga)Rikicin Mata na Aba na 1929,Yaƙin Mata na Aba,da Tawayen Kasuwar Mata na 1929 ba.Yawancin lokaci ana kiranta da "Rikicin Mata na Aba na 1929" saboda haka ake kiranta a cikin bayanan Burtaniya. Matan sun yi amfani da dabarun zanga-zangar da suka kasance na al'ada kuma na musamman ga al'ummominsu, kamar su zama kan namiji da sanya tufafin gargajiya. ayin da mazan da ke cikin al'umma suka fahimci abin da waɗannan dabaru da dabaru suke nufi, Birtaniya ba su yi ba don sun kasance daga waje.Don haka, taron ya bayyana a matsayin "ayyukan hauka na mata masu tsauri,"don haka ya kira abubuwan da suka faru a tarzoma. Malamai sun yi nuni da cewa kiran taron "Aba Riots" yana kawar da siyasa "yunwar mata" tare da tsara abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar tabarau na mulkin mallaka. Tun lokacin da ake kiran taron da sunan “Ogu Umunwanyi”a harshen Igbo da kuma “Ekong Iban” a Ibibio da matan yankin suka yi wa lakabi da “yakin mata”—wasu masana tarihi sun yi yunƙurin kiransa da “Yaƙin mata” domin a yi hakan. fitar da taron daga ruwan tabarau na mulkin mallaka da kuma sanya shi a kan matan da abin ya shafa. Duba kuma Tawayen Bussa Nassoshi   Aba Commission of Inquiry. Notes of Evidence Taken by the Commission of Inquiry Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Calabar and Owerri Provinces, December, 1929] (Lagos, 1929), 24-30. 4th Witness, Nwanyeruwa (F.A.).   Aborisade, Oladimeji, Mundt, Robert J. Politics in Nigeria. Longhorn (2002) New York, United States   Oriji, John N. (2000). Igbo Women From 1929-1960. West Africa Review: 2, 1. Kara karantawa     Reprint, New York: Praeger, 1965. ASIN B000JECCCQ.   Onwuteka, V. C. "The Aba Riot of 1929 and its relation to the system of'indirect rule'." Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies 7.3 (1965): 273-282. Ukeje, Charles. "From Aba to Ugborodo: gender identity and alternative discourse of social protest among women in the oil delta of Nigeria." Oxford Development Studies 32.4 (2004): 605-617. Online Van Allen, Judith. "Aba Riots or the Igbo Women's War?-Ideology, Stratification and the Invisibility of Women." Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies 6.1 (1975).</ref> Van Allen, Judith. "“Sitting on a man”: colonialism and the lost political institutions of Igbo women." Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines 6.2 (1972): 165-181. Online Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Marissa K. Evans, Rigimar Mata ta Aba (Nuwamba-Disamba 1929) a blackpast.org

13316

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Oladunni%20Taylor

Grace Oladunni Taylor

Grace Oladunni Taylor (kuma ana kiranta da suna Grace Oladunni Lucia Olaniyan-Taylor) masaniyar ilimin halittu ce, wacce ta gabata a Jami'ar Ibadan, Nigeria . Ita ce mace ta biyu da aka shigo da ita a Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Najeriya kuma Afirka ta farko ta ba da lambar yabo ta L’Oréal-UNESCO ga mata a Kimiyya . Farkon rayuwa da karatu Grace Oladunni Lucia Olaniyan an haife ta ne a Efon-Alaiye, jihar Ekiti, Nigeria, ga Elizabeth (née Olatoun) da RAW Olaniyan. Tsakanin shekarar 1952 zuwa 1956, daliba ce a makarantar Sarauniya ta Ede a cikin jihar Osun . Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 1957 a Kwalejin Kimiya da Kimiyya ta Nijeriya a Enugu kuma a shekara ta 1959 ta koma Kwalejin Ilimin Jami’ar Ibadan (yanzu Jami’ar Ibadan). Olaniyan ta kammala tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1962 tare da digiri a cikin ilmin sunadarai. Aiki da bincike Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ta fara aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Noma na Yanki (yanzu Cibiyar Nazarin Albarkatun Noma ta Kasa ) a Mashin Shuka a Ibadan . A shekarar 1963, aka dauke ta a matsayin mataimakiyar mai bincike a Sashen Nazarin Kiba na Kwayoyi na Jami’ar Ibadan kuma ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin Pathology a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1970, jami’ar ta dauke ta a matsayin malami sannan daga baya a shekarar 1975, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami’in bincike mai zurfi a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Arewa maso yamma a Seattle, Washington . Ta dawo Jami’ar Ibadan kuma aka mata karin matsayin Babban Malama a 1975 kuma a shekarar 1979 ta bunkasa zuwa Karatun . Zuwa 1979, lokacin da ta fara wallafawa, ta auri Farfesa Ajibola Taylor. A shekarar 1980, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken kimiyya a Sashen Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta na Jami’ar West Indies a Kingston, Jamaica sannan a shekarar 1984, an bunkasa Taylor zuwa cikakkiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyar halittu na Jami’ar Ibadan. A waccan shekarar, ta dawo don yin bincike na biyu a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Arewa maso Yamma a Seattle kuma ta kammala aikin posting a matsayin masanin kimiyyar ziyartar Port of Spain, Trinidad a Sashen Nazarin Kiba na Kemikal. A shekarar 1990, aka dauki Taylor a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a Farfesa a Makarantar Medicine na Jami'ar Zimbabwe da ke Harare kuma ya koyar a Sashen Nazarin Pathology. A 1991, ta dawo Jami'ar Ibadan inda daga 1991 zuwa 1994 ta kasance shugabar Sashen Kula da Kiwon Kwayoyi na Kiwoni, sannan kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan girmamawa a Asibitin Kolejin Jami'ar, Ibadan. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2004 amma ta ci gaba da karantarwa a Ibadan a Sashen Kula da Cututtukan Kemikal. kwarewar ta ita ce nazarin lipids a cikin cututtukan zuciya da kwatankwacin ƙwayar cutar lipid ɗin ta tabbatar da cewa matakan cholesterol ba samfuri bane na tsere, a maimakon haka abinci da matakan motsa jiki. An ba ta lambar yabo da yawa saboda binciken da ta yi, wanda ya hada da Shell-BP Siyarwa a Chemistry, Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, da Fulbright – Hays Fellowship, da Ciba-Geigy Fellowship, da ofungiyar Universungiyar Jami'o'in Afirka. An shigar da Taylor cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya a 1997, a matsayin mace ta biyu da ta taɓa karrama ta a matsayin rashin halarta. A shekarar 1998, an ba da lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO don bayar da kyautar ga mace daya a yanki guda biyar na - Afirka da kasashen larabawa, Asiya-Pacific, Turai, Latin Amurka, Arewacin Amurka - saboda nasarar da suka samu ta kimiyya da gudummawarsu don inganta bil'adama. Taylor ita ce ta Afirka da ta karɓi kyautar ta L'Oréal-UNESCO Award don Mata a Kimiyya, zama Afirka ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar. A shekarar 2012, gwamnatin jihar Ekiti ta karrama ta saboda irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen bayar da shawarwari da koyar da daliban likitanci. Zaɓabbun ayyuka Taylor, Grace Oladunni; Bamgboye, Afolabi E. (December 1979). "Magungunan cholesterol da cututtuka a cikin 'yan Najeriya" (PDF) . Jaridar nan ta Amurka ta Clinical Nutrition . 32 : 2540-25545. doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 32.12.2540 . Taylor, G. Oladunni; Agbedana, E. O.; Johnson, A. O. K. (May 1982). "Yawancin-yawan-lipoprotein-cholesterol a cikin abinci mai gina jiki-rashin abinci mai gina jiki" . Jaridar Burtaniya ta Ingilishi . Nungiyar Kula da Abinci. 47 (3): 489-494. doi : 10.1079 / BJN19820061 . Taylor, Oladunni Grace; Ahaneku, Joseph Eberendu; Agbedana, Olu Emmanuel (October 1995). "Dangantaka tsakanin ma'aunin jiki (BMI) da canje-canje a cikin jimlar plasma da matakan HDL-cholesterol yayin lura da hauhawar jini a cikin marasa lafiyar na Afirka" (PDF) . Acta Medica Okayama . Makarantar Likita ta Jami’ar Okayama. 49 (5). ISSN   0386-300X . An makale daga asalin (PDF) akan 2016-02-01. Taylor, Grace O; Orimadegun, Bose E.; Anetor, John I.; Adedapo, Deborah A.; Onuegbu, Jude A.; Olisekodiaka, Japhet M. (July–September 2007). "Increara yawan baƙin ƙarfe da ke haɗuwa da cututtukan zuciya na jijiyoyi a tsakanin tsoffin 'yan Najeriya" . Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences . Professionalwararrun Likitocin Ma'aikata. 23 (4): 518-55. ISSN   1681-715X . Taylor, Grace Oladunni; Ebesunun, Maria Onomhaguan; Agbedana, Emmanuel Oluyemi; Oladapo, Olulola O. (September–December 2013). "Variations in plasma lipids and lipoproteins among cardiovascular disease patients in South-western Nigerians". Biokemistri . Societyungiyar foran Najeriyar Nazarin Ilimin Nazari 25 (2). ISSN   0795-8080 . Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jerin Layi na WorldCat Rayayyun Mutane

25747

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uzza

Al-Uzza

Al-uzza? (  [al uzzaː] ) ya kasance daya daga cikin uku sarki alloli na larabawa da addini a pre-Islamic sau da aka bauta wa da pre-Islamic Larabawa tare da al-Lat da kuma Manat . Wani dutse mai duwatsu a Nakhla (kusa da Makka ) an riƙe shi mai tsarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adarta. An ambace ta a cikin Kur'ani 53:19 cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin alloli da mutane suke bautawa. Al-ʻUzzā, kamar Hubal , Kuraishawa kafin jahiliyya sun kira shi don kariya. "A cikin shekara ta 624 a ' yaƙin da ake kira Uhudu ', kukan yaƙin Kuraishawa shine," Ya ku mutanen Uzza, mutanen Hubal ! " Al-'Uzzá kuma daga baya ya bayyana a cikin labarin Ibn Ishaq na zargin Ayoyin Shaiɗan . Haikalin da aka keɓe ga al-Uzzā da mutum-mutumin Khalid ibn al Walid ya lalata shi a Nakhla a 630 AD. Halakar da haikali Ba da daɗewa ba bayan cin Makka, Muhammad ya fara da niyyar kawar da hotunan ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙarshe da ke tunatar da ayyukan jahiliya. Ya aika Khalid bn Al-Walid a cikin Ramadan shekara at 630 AD (8 AH) zuwa wani wuri da ake kira Nakhlah, inda kabilun Quraishawa da Kinanah suke bauta wa al-ʻUzzā. Masu kula da gidan ibada daga Banu Shaiban ne . An dauki Al-ʻUzzā a matsayin babbar allahiya a yankin. Khalid ya tashi tare da mahayan dawakai 30 don rusa wurin ibadar . Ya bayyana cewa akwai mutum-mutumi guda biyu na al-zzUzzā, ɗaya na gaskiya ɗaya kuma na jabu ne. Khalid ya fara gano karya ya rusa ta, sannan ya koma wurin Annabi don bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika aikinsa. "Kin ga wani abin mamaki?" ya tambayi Annabi. Khalid ya amsa da "a'a." "Sannan ba ku lalata al-Uzzá ba," in ji Annabi. "Tafi kuma." Cikin fushi kan kuskuren da ya yi, Khalid ya sake hawa zuwa Nakhla, a wannan karon ya sami haikalin al-zzUzzā na ainihi. Mai kula da haikalin al-Uzzá ya gudu don tsira da ransa, amma kafin ya bar allansa ya rataye takobi a wuyanta da fatan za ta iya kare kanta. Yayin da Khalid ya shiga cikin haikalin, ya fuskanci wata mace 'yar Habasha tsirara wacce ba ta saba ba wacce ta tsaya a kan hanya tana kuka. Khalid bai tsaya ya yanke shawarar ko wannan matar na iya zuwa wurin don ta yaudare shi ko ta kare hoton ba, don haka ya zare takobinsa da sunan Allah kuma da bugun jini guda ɗaya mai ƙarfi an yanke mata kashi biyu. Sannan ya fasa hoton, ya koma Makka, ya ba Annabi labarin abin da ya gani da abin da ya aikata. Sai Annabi ya ce, "Haka ne, wannan shi ne al-uzzã; kuma ba za a ƙara bauta mata a ƙasarku ba." Al'adun al-'Uzzá Kuraishawa sun kasance suna yin dawafin Ka'aba suna cewa, Da al-Lāt da al-ʻUzzā, Da al-Manāt, gunki na uku banda. Lallai su al-Garnānīq ne Wanda za a nemi cetonsa. An ce wannan magana ta ƙarshe ita ce tushen Ayoyin Shaiɗan da ake zargi; An fassara kalmar Larabci a matsayin "mafi girman mata" ta Faris a cikin Littafin Gumaka, amma ya faɗi wannan kalma mai yawan jayayya a cikin ƙasan ƙasa kamar "lit. Jirgin ruwan Numidean. " Each of the three goddesses had a separate shrine near Mecca. The most prominent Arabian shrine of al-ʻUzzā was at a place called Nakhlah near Qudayd, east of Mecca towards aṭ-Ṭā’if; three trees were sacred to her there (according to a narration through al-'Anazi Abū-‘Alī in the Kitāb al-Aṣnām.)'Abdul al-'Uzzá ["Bawan Mabuwãyi"] shine sunan da aka fi so a lokacin zuwan Musulunci . Sunan al-'Uzzá ya bayyana a matsayin alamar kyakkyawa a ƙarshen waƙoƙin Larabci na arna da Ibn al-Kalbī ya kawo, kuma ta yi rantsuwa da ita. Susan Krone ta ba da shawarar cewa an haɗa asalin al-'Uzzá da al-Lāt a tsakiyar Larabawa musamman. Daga AbduLāh ibn 'Abbas, At- Tabari ya samo al-ʻUzzā daga al-Azīz "Mabuwãyi", ɗaya daga cikin "kyawawan sunayen Allah" guda 99 a cikin tafsirinsa na Kur'ani maigirma 7: 180. . Tasiri a cikin wasu addinai Uzza lambun A cewar Easton's Bible Dictionary,al Uzza lambu ne inda aka binne Manasseh da Amon (2 Sarakuna 21:18, 26). Wataƙila yana kusa da fadar sarki ne a Urushalima, ko kuma wataƙila ya zama wani ɓangare na farfajiyar gidan. Wataƙila Manasseh ya samo shi daga wani mai wannan sunan. Wani ra'ayi shine cewa waɗannan sarakuna sun kasance masu laifin bautar gumaka kuma sun jawo hankalin Ezekiel . A matsayin mala'ika A cikin addinin Yahudanci da na Kiristanci, sunan allah da ke kama da Semyazza a kwanakin nan ana iƙirarin cewa shi ne masanin al Uzza. An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman madadin sunan mala'ika Metatron a cikin Sefer ha-heshek . More fiye da ya kira a matsayin ko dai seraph Samyaza ko matsayin daya daga cikin uku da mala'iku masu riqo na Misira ( Rahab, Mastema, kuma Duma) cewa harried Yahudawa a lokacin Fitowa . Kamar yadda Semyaza a cikin almara shine seraf wanda Ishtahar ya jarabce shi don bayyana sunan Allah bayyananne kuma ta haka aka ƙone shi da rai kuma aka rataye kansa ƙasa tsakanin sama da ƙasa a matsayin ƙungiyar taurari Orion . A cikin littafin Anuhu na 3 kuma a cikin Zohar yana ɗaya daga cikin mala'ikun da suka mutu waɗanda aka hukunta don zama tare da mata 'yan adam da kuma haifar da anakim . Ana kuma danganta zzUzzā da Abezi Thibod ("mahaifin da ba shi da shawara") wanda a farkon yahudawa ma ana amfani da shi azaman wani suna don Samael da Mastema yana nufin ruhu mai ƙarfi wanda ya raba sarautar Misira tare da Rahab kuma ya yi tsayayya da Musa don ƙarshe ya nutse cikin ruwa. Bahar Maliya . Duba kuma Manat Nassoshi Littafin tarihin Hanyoyin waje "Waɗannan su ne manyan da'awar tashi": Shafin Musulmi akan labarin Ayoyin Shaiɗan Nabataean pantheon gami da al-ʻUzzā Bayanai game da al-'Uzzá daga Hammond da Hitti Pages with unreviewed translations

16069

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunonin%20Sojin%20Najeriya

Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya

Sojojin Najeriya su ne sojojin tarayyar Najeriya . Asalinta ya ta'allaka ne da gundumar Royal West African Frontier Force wacce ta zama Najeriya lokacin da aka ba da 'yanci a shekara ta 1960. A shekarar 1956 da Nigeria Regiment na Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) aka sake masa suna da Nigerian Military Forces, RWAFF, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1958 da mulkin mallakan gwamnatin Nijeriya ya hau kan daga Birtaniya War Office iko da Nigerian Military Forces tasa mu. Tun daga lokacin da aka kirkiro sojojin Najeriya suka yi civil war – da conflict with Biafra a shekarar 1967 - 70 - kuma sun tura sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya kasashen waje tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a matsayin kashin bayan Kungiyar Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Cease-fire Kungiya ta Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) a Laberiya da Saliyo . Hakanan ta ƙwace mulki sau biyu a gida ( 1966 &amp; 1983 ).  Bayan yakin basasa, an fadada yawan sojoji, kusan 250,000 a 1977, sun cinye yawancin albarkatun Najeriya a karkashin mulkin soja domin samun koma baya. hakan ya fadada a cikin soja a lokacin yakin basasa hakan na kunshene da data kasance soja ya riƙe Nijeriya. jama'a dauki kansu a tsarin mulki soja . A yayin hakan, ya taka rawar gani wajen karfafa matsayin soja na farko-tsakanin-daidai a tsakanin al'ummar Najeriya, da kuma raguwar tasirin soja. Olusegun Obasanjo, wanda a shekarar 1999 ya zama Shugaban kasa, ya nuna bacin ransa a jawabinsa na farko a waccan shekarar: '. . . An Rasa Kwarewar ma sana ... zuciyata tana jini don ganin lalacewa cikin kwarewar sojoji. ' Cibiyoyin horarwa a Najeriya sun hada da shahararren jami'in da ya shiga makarantar horar da sojoji ta Najeriya da ke Kaduna, da Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma'aikata, Jaji, da Kwalejin Yaƙin Kasa da ke Abuja . Contractan kwangilar soja na Amurka dan kwangilar Sojan Sama da Kayan Kasuwanci ya kasance daga kusan 1999-2000 ya ba da shawara kan alaƙar soja da soja ga sojojin. Tsayayyar doka Matsayin rundunar sojojin ƙasa ya kafu a cikin Tsarin Mulkin ta. Kare mutuncin yanki ta da sauran manyan bukatun kasa shine babban jigon a wannan matsayin. Sashe na 217-220 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijeriya na 1999 ya yi jawabi ga Sojojin Najeriya: (1) Za a sami rundunonin sojan Tarayya wadanda za su kunshi sojojan kasa, da sojan ruwa, da sojan sama, da sauran bangarorin rundunonin sojojin tarayyar kamar yadda dokar kasa ta kafa wato National Assembly . (2) Tarayya za ta kasance, a karkashin Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da aka sanya a madadin hakan, ta wadata da kuma kula da dakaru kamar yadda ake ganin ya wadatar kuma ya yi tasiri saboda - (a) kare Najeriya daga ta'addancin waje; (b) kiyaye mutuncin yankinta da kiyaye iyakokinta daga keta doka a kan kasa, da teku, ko ta sama; (c) Dakushe tawaya da kuma yin aiki da taimakon hukumomin farar hula don dawo da tsari yayin da Shugaban kasa ya kira shi yin hakan amma bisa wasu sharudda kamar yadda Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta tanadar. (d) Aikata wasu ayyukan wadanda dokar kasa ta gindaya. (3) kungiyar sojoji da sauran rukunin rundunonin soja na Tarayyar za su nuna halin tarayyar Najeriya. Sojojin kasa Sojojin Najeriya (NA) reshen ƙasa ne na Sojojin Najeriya kuma mafi girma a cikin sojojin. Manyan tsare-tsare sun hada da Runduna ta 1, Runduna ta biyu, Runduna ta 3 masu sulke, runduna ta 81, rukuni na 82, da kuma sabbin masu kafa 8, 7 da 6, Raba. Sojojin Ruwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya (NN) reshen teku ne na Sojojin Najeriya. Tsarin rundunar sojojin ruwan Najeriya a yau ya kunshi Hedikwatar Sojan Ruwa a Abuja, kwamandoji uku masu aiki tare da hedkwatarsu a Lagos, Calabar, da Bayelsa . Hedikwatar kwamandan horarwa suna cikin Lagos, babban birnin kasuwancin Najeriya, amma tare da wuraren horo sun bazu a duk fadin Najeriya. Akwai sansanonin aiki guda biyar, sansanonin aiki biyar na gaba (tare da wasu biyu nan ba da dadewa ba), da mashigai biyu da ke Lagos da Fatakwal da jiragen ruwa biyu da ke Legas da Calabar. Sojan Sama An kafa rundunar Sojan Sama ta Najeriya a watan Janairun 1964 tare da taimakon taimakon fasaha daga Yammacin Jamus . Sojojin sama sun fara rayuwa ne a matsayin masu jigilar kayayyaki tare da horarwa ta sama kasashen Canada, Habasha da Pakistan . Sojojin sama ba su sami damar fada ba har sai da Tarayyar Soviet ta gabatar da wasu jirage masu lamba MiG-17 a 1966. A cikin 2007 Sojan Sama suna da ƙarfin 10,000. suna da jirgin shawagi da jigila, mai bada horo, mai saukar ungulu, da jirgin yaƙi. shekarar 2020, yawan ma'aikatan Sojan Sama ya karu zuwa 18,000. Sojojin saman suna daukar Nauyin Air Force Military School, Jos, Nigeria, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama wato. Air Force Institute of Technology. Har ila yau, Nijeriya ta bi manufofin da jirgin yaƙi. shekarar 2020, yawan ma'aikatan Sojan Sama ya karu zuwa 18,000. Sojojin saman suna daukar Nauyin Air Force Military School, Jos, Nigeria, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama wato. Air Force Institute of Technology. Har ila yau, Nijeriya ta bi manufofin bunƙasa horo a cikin gida da ƙwarewan samar da sojojin. Nijeriya ci gaba da tsaurara manufofin tana faɗaɗa hanyoyin ciga ban sojoji daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Sauran abubuwa Akwai Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa a yankin Neja Delta da aka ayyana "Maido da" Wannan tawaga ce ta hadin gwiwa wacce ta kunshi Sojoji, Sojojin ruwa, da Sojan Sama don yakar ta'addanci a yankin Neja Delta. JTF HQ yana a Yenagoa . Sojojin Najeriya a kasashen waje A watan Disambar 1983, sabon mulkin Manjo Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya ba da sanarwar cewa Nijeriya ba za ta iya sake daukar nauyin wani mai fafutukar adawa da mulkin mallaka a Afirka ba. Membobin kungiyar Anglophone ECOWASta kafa ECOMOG, wanda Sojojin Najeriya suka mamaye a 1990 don tsoma baki a civil war in Liberia. Sojojin kasar sun nuna karfin su na tattarawa, girke su, da kuma tallafawa dakaru masu girman brigedi domin tallafawa ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a Laberiya . A baya an aika da kananan sojoji a kan tura UN da ECOWAS a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, da Guinea-Bissau, da Saliyo. Wannan koyarwar gami da katsalandan din sojan Afirka da Najeriya wani lokaci ana kiranta Pax Nigeriana. Wannan bayanan manufofin bai hana Najeriya tsaya waba a karkashin Janaral Ibrahim Babangida a 1990 da Sani Abacha a 1997 daga tura sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na ECOMOG karkashin inuwar ECOWAS zuwa Laberiya kuma daga baya Saliyo lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke a wadannan kasashen. Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo a watan Agustan na shekara ta 2003 ya sake tura sojojin Najeriya cikin Laberiya, bisa roƙon Amurka, da su ba da lokaci na wucin gadi har sai Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Laberiya wato United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) ya iso. Daga baya Charles Taylor ya samu sauka daga mulki kuma akai raki yarsa zuwa Najeriya. A watan Oktoba 2004, sojojin Najeriya suka sake turawa zuwa Darfur, wadda take Sudan don jagorantar rundunar Tarayyar Afirka don dakatar da kisan kare dangin Darfur. Nijeriya ta ba da gudummawar sojoji / ‘yan sanda sama da 20,000 ga wasu ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun 1960. Rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya da sojoji sun shiga cikin: UNIPOM - Indiya da Pakistan, 1965 UNIFIL - Lebanon, 1978 UNIIMOG - Iran da Iraki, 1988 UNPROFOR - Tsohuwar Yugoslavia, 1998 UNMISET - East Timor, 1999 MONUC - Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, 2004 Jami'an Nijeriya sun yi aiki a matsayin Manyan hafsoshin tsaro a wasu kasashen, inda Birgediya Janar Maxwell Khobe ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hafsun Sojojin Saliyo a 1998 - 1999, da kuma jami'an Nijeriya da ke aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'an Kwamandan Sojojin Liberia daga aƙalla 2007. Manazarta Jerin Cibiyoyin Kula da Kiwan Lafiya A Underarƙashin DHML - don wurare naúrar Matsayi Na soja Na Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya Matsayi Na Sojojin Najeriya Kara karantawa Idang, Gordon J. "Siyasar Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Najeriya: Tabbatarwa da Sake Yarjejeniyar Tsaron Anglo da Najeriya." Nazarin Afirka 13, a'a. 2 (1970): 227-251. Robin Luckham, Sojojin Najeriya; nazarin zamantakewar al'umma na iko & tawaye 1960-67, Cambridge [Eng. ] Jami'ar Press, 1971. NJ Miners, 'The Nigerian Army 1956-66,' Methuen and Co. Ltd, London, 1971 Jimi Peters, 'Sojojin Najeriya da Jiha,' 1997,  kungiyar Ilimin Sojojin Nijeriya da Makaranta, Tarihin Sojojin Nijeriya 1863–1992, Abuja, 1992 Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ma’aikatan Tsaron Najeriya Sojojin Najeriya Sojojin Ruwan Najeriya Sojojin Sama na Najeriya Sojojin najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

30712

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Dawowa

Haƙƙin Dawowa

Haƙƙin dawowa wata ka'ida ce a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke tabbatar da yancin kowa na komawa, ko sake shiga ƙasarsa ta radin kansa ko ta zama ɗan ƙasa . Haƙƙin dawowa wani ɓangare ne na babban ra'ayi na haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin motsi kuma yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin doka na ɗan ƙasa . Yayin da jihohi da yawa ke ba wa 'yan ƙasarsu ' yancin zama, 'yancin komawa ba'a iyakance ga ɗan ƙasa ko ɗan ƙasa a zahiri ba. Yana ba wa marasa jiha da waɗanda aka haifa a wajen ƙasarsu damar dawowa a karon farko, muddun sun ci gaba da “hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta gaske kuma mai inganci.” An tsara haƙƙin a cikin yarjejeniyoyin zamani da yarjejeniyoyin zamani, musamman a cikin 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1966 International Covenation on Civil and Political Rights and the Fourth Geneva Convention 1948. Masana shari'a sun yi iƙirarin cewa ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya sun kai matsayin dokokin duniya na al'ada don haka haƙƙin komawa ya kasance kan waɗanda ba su sanya hannu kan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba. Wakilan kungiyoyin ‘yan gudun hijira na yawan kiran ‘yancin komawa kasar domin tabbatar da cewa suna da ‘yancin komawa kasar da aka yi hijira. Tarihi 'Yancin barin kowace ƙasa da komawa ƙasarsu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma an kafa su bisa ka'idojin yanayi . Abubuwan da suka gabata Duk da yake ba a san haƙƙin komowa a sarari ba a zamanin da, ƙaura, da aka ƙi izinin komawa gida a sarari, hukunci ne na gama-gari na manyan laifuka. Marubuta tsoho sun tattauna batun sosai. Alal misali, Teles na Megara a cikin diatribe On Exile ya rubuta "Amma ba a yarda 'yan gudun hijira su koma gida ba, kuma wannan babban ƙuntatawa ne na 'yancinsu." A zamanin da, ana yawan korar ƙungiyoyin mutane ko kuma a tumɓuke su don garuruwansu da ƙasarsu ta asali, galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin nasara ko kuma a matsayin hukunci na tawaye. A wasu lokuta an bar su (ko ƙarfafa su) su dawo, yawanci lokacin da ma'auni na soja da na siyasa wanda ya sa gudun hijira ya canza. Duk da haka, a cikin waɗannan lokuta an ba wa al'ummar da aka yi hijira damar komawa, ba a taɓa gane cewa suna da haƙƙin komawa ba. Wani sanannen misali shi ne komawa Sihiyona, inda Sarki Cyrus Mai Girma ya ba Yahudawan da aka kora daga Yahuda zuwa Babila zaɓi na komawa ƙasar kakanninsu kuma su sake gina Urushalima . An rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ( Littafin Ezra da Littafin Nehemiya ) sau da yawa ana ambata wannan shari'ar a matsayin misali na Sihiyonawan zamani kuma ya ƙarfafa wasu ƙungiyoyin da ke neman su dawo nasu. A lokacin yakin Peloponnesia, Athens ta kori kuma ta warwatsa mazauna Melos, Aegina da sauran garuruwa (wasu daga cikinsu ana sayar da su zuwa bautar). Bayan nasarar Sparta, Spartan Janar Lysander a shekara ta 405 BC ya yi ƙoƙari na haɗe-haɗe don tattara waɗannan ƙaura da mayar da su garuruwansu na asali. Magna Carta Ana iya samun ƙaƙƙarfan doka ta farko da ke ba da tabbacin Haƙƙin Komawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ingilishi Magna Carta daga 1215: A nan gaba ya halatta kowane mutum ya fita ya koma mulkinmu ba tare da tsoro ba, ta kasa ko ruwa, yana kiyaye mubaya’arsa, sai dai lokacin yaki, na wani dan kankanin lokaci, domin amfanin al’umma baki daya. . Mutanen da aka daure ko kuma aka haramta su bisa ga dokar kasa, mutanen kasar da ke yaki da mu, da ’yan kasuwa – wadanda za a yi maganinsu kamar yadda aka ambata a sama – ba a cikin wannan tanadi. Tsarin Mulki na Faransa na 1791 Wani misali na farko na dokar ƙasa da ke gane Haƙƙin Komawa shine tsarin mulkin Faransa na 1791, wanda aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1790: ‘yancin kowa ya tafi, ko ya zauna, ko ya fita, ba tare da an dakatar da shi ko kama shi ba, sai dai a bisa tsarin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tanada. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kawo karshen zalunci da kuma wariya da ake yi wa ’yan Huguenot (’ yan Furotesta na Faransa) da aka shafe shekaru aru-aru ana yi. A lokaci guda tare da sanya duka Furotesta a Faransa su zama cikakkun ƴan ƙasa, dokar da aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1790 ta bayyana cewa: Duk mutanen da aka haifa a wata ƙasa kuma suka sauko a kowane mataki na wani Bafaranshe namiji ko mace da aka yi hijira saboda dalilai na addini an ayyana su a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Faransa ( naturels français ) kuma za su amfana da haƙƙin da ke tattare da wannan ingancin idan sun dawo Faransa, kafa mazauninsu a can. kuma ku yi rantsuwar farar hula. Rushe Dokar Nantes da kuma korar Huguenots ya faru fiye da karni daya da suka gabata, kuma akwai ɗimbin ƴan gudun hijira na Huguenot a ƙasashe da yawa, inda sukan yi aure tare da al'ummar ƙasar da suka karbi bakuncin (duba Dokar Potsdam ). Don haka, dokar na iya ba wa ƴan Birtaniyya, Jamusawa, Afirka ta Kudu da sauran su zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa - duk da cewa kaɗan ne kawai suka amfana da ita.Wannan zaɓi ga samun zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ya kasance a buɗe har zuwa 1945, lokacin da aka soke shi - tun bayan mamayar Faransa, Faransawa ba su son barin Jamusawa na asalin Huguenot su yi amfani da shi. Schleswig plebiscites, 1920 Bayan yakin Schleswig na biyu na shekara ta 1864, yankin Schleswig da Danish ke mulki a baya ya zama wani yanki na Imperial Jamus . Yawancin mazauna, waɗanda aka fi sani da " opants ", sun zaɓi ci gaba da zama ɗan ƙasar Danish kuma sun ƙi ɗaukar na Jamusanci. Sakamakon haka, hukumomin Prussian sun kore su daga yankin. Rabin karni bayan haka, bayan shan kashin da Jamus ta yi a yakin duniya na farko, an gudanar da wani taro a 1920 don sanin makomar yankin. Gwamnatin Denmark ta nemi Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafawa da su bar waɗannan ƴan ƙabilar Danih da aka kora da zuriyarsu su koma Schleswig su shiga cikin taron. An ba da wannan, kodayake yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙaura sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, kuma yawancin waɗannan ba su dawo ba. Fahimtar doka game da haƙƙi An ƙirƙira ƙa'idar haƙƙin dawowa a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, gami da: Dokokin Hague (HR), labarin 20: 20. Bayan an kammala zaman lafiya, za a yi gaggawar mayar da fursunonin yaki zuwa gida. An yi jayayya cewa idan HR ya bukaci a mayar da fursunoni, to, "a bayyane yake" cewa fararen hula da aka raba a lokacin rikici dole ne a bar su su koma gida. Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), labarin 13: 1. Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha. 2. Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya bar kowace kasa har da nasa, ya koma kasarsa. Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Jama'a da Siyasa (ICCPR) labarin 12(4): 4. Ba wanda za a tauye masa hakkin shiga kasarsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta huɗu, labarin 49: 49. Canja wurin mutum ɗaya ko na jama'a na tilastawa, da kuma fitar da mutane masu kariya daga yankin da aka mamaye zuwa yankin ikon mallaka ko na kowace ƙasa, wanda aka mamaye ko a'a, an haramta, ba tare da la'akari da manufarsu ba. Duk da haka, ikon Mallaka na iya ɗaukar jimillar ko wani yanki na ƙaura daga wani yanki da aka bayar idan har tsaron jama'a ko dalilan soji suka buƙaci haka. . . . Mutanen da aka kwashe don haka za a mayar da su gidajensu da zarar an daina tashin hankali a yankin da ake magana. Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata, labarin 5d(ii): 'Yancin barin kowace kasa, ciki har da nasa, da komawa kasarsa. "kasansa" Babban kotun shari'a ta kasa da kasa na shari'ar Nottebohm na shekara ta 1955 ana yawan yin misali da shi a matsayin karin ma'auni na abin da ya kamata "ƙasar mutum" ta kasance. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai bukatar a samar da “gaskiya mai inganci” tsakanin mutum da kasar. Daga cikin sharuɗɗan da aka jera don irin wannan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon akwai "haɗin gwiwa mai dorewa", "al'ada", "kafa", "sha'awa" da "dangantakar iyali". An maye gurbin hukuncin shekara ta 1955 ta wasu gundumomi kwanan nan da hukunce-hukuncen kotu. Akwai rashin jituwa game da abin da "nasa" da "ƙasarsa" ke nufi a cikin ICCPR da UDHR. Bisa ga fassarar ikon kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 1999: Fannin "kasa nasa" ya fi ma'anar "ƙasar ƙasarsa". Ba a taƙaice ga ɗan ƙasa a zahiri ba, wato ƙasar da aka samu a lokacin haihuwa ko kuma ta hanyar ba da izini; ta ƙunshi, aƙalla, mutumin da, saboda alakarsa ta musamman da ko ikirari dangane da wata ƙasa, ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin baƙo kawai ba. Hakan zai kasance misali ga ‘yan kasar da aka kwace wa kasarsu ta hanyar keta dokokin kasa da kasa, da kuma mutanen da aka shigar da kasarsu a ciki ko kuma aka mayar da su zuwa wata kasa, wadanda aka ki amincewa da kasarsu. su. A cikin 2007, Majalisar Spain ta amince da Dokar 57/2007, Dokar Tunawa da Tarihi. Dokar ta 57/2007 ta tanadi zuriyar Mutanen Espanya da ke zaune a kasashen waje da suka bar Spain saboda zaluncin siyasa a lokacin yakin basasa da mulkin kama- karya na Franco — wato tsakanin 1936 da 1975 — don samun dan kasar Spain. Haƙƙin dawowa idan doka A ranar 12 ga Afrilun shekara ta, 2013, Majalisar Dokokin Portugal ta amince da wani matakin da ya ba zuriyar Yahudawa da aka kora daga Portugal a ƙarni na 16 damar zama ƴan ƙasar Portugal . Spain An kori Yahudawa Sephardi daga Spain a cikin 1492. Duk da buƙatun gaba ɗaya don samun ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya bayan shekaru biyar na zama a Spain, ta dokar sarauta a ranar 20 ga Disambar shekara ta 1924, Yahudawa Sephardi na iya samun ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya tare da zama na shekaru biyu a Spain. Daga shekara ta 1924 har zuwa 2015 Yahudawa Sephardi da ke zaune a kasashen waje suma na iya neman gwamnatin Spain ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, amma gwamnati ta ji daɗin yanke shawarar ko za ta ba da ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2015, Majalisar Spain ta amince da dokar ta 12/2015, Dokar Ba da Ƙasa ga Yahudawa Sephardi, wadda ta ba wa Yahudawa Sephardi mazauna waje asalin ƙasar Spain kai tsaye, muddin za su iya tabbatar da cewa su zuriyar Yahudawan Sephardi ne da aka kora. a shekara ta 1492. A ƙarshe, bayan kama Anglo-Dutch na Gibraltar a cikin Agustan shekara ta 1704 a lokacin Yaƙin Ci Gaban Mutanen Espanya, Mutanen Espanya sun bar, suna ambaton amincin su ga Bourbons da kuma kafa kansu a cikin yankin da ke kewaye (wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin " Campo ). da Gibraltar "). Mutanen Espanya sun kafa cibiyoyi kama da waɗanda suke kula da su a Gibraltar, gami da ƙidayar jama'a da wuraren tarihi a cikin birnin San Roque, wanda shine birni "inda Gibraltar ke zaune a kai". Wasu daga cikin zuriyar jama'ar sun ba da shawarar 'yancin komawa don komawa Gibraltar, kodayake a halin yanzu gwamnatin Spain ba ta amsa buƙatunsu ba. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wall Street Journal, War Echo: Poland ta kore shi a 1945, Jamusawa suna son Gidajen Komawa, Agusta 11, 2004 Bari Su Dawo - Yakin Gidan Jama'ar Chagos Dokar Komawa, 1950 —Gwamnatin Isra’ila Haƙƙin Komawa a Dokokin Duniya ta Eyal Benvenisti Matsalar ita ce yadda ake zama Isra'ila - Amon Rubenstein, Ha'aretz Shin Falasdinawa 'Yan Gudun Hijira Suna Da 'Yancin Komawa Isra'ila? by Ruth Lapidoth Dokar kasa da kasa da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila ta Julius Stone Haƙƙin Komawa Daga Salman Abu-Sittah 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Falasdinu da Haƙƙin Komawa: Binciken Dokokin Duniya na Gail J. Boling 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Falasdinawa da rashin wanzuwar 'yancin komawa, Ben-Dror Yemini Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Haƙƙoƙi Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

6211

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliko%20Dangote

Aliko Dangote

Aliko Dangote, Shahararren dan kasuwa ne kuma attajiri. An haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957) miladiyya. shahararren dan kasuwa ne dan Najeriya da ma Afirka baki daya. Dangote shine CEO kuma wanda ya ƙirkiri shaharanren kamfanin Dangote Group, mafi girman masana'antu na sarrafa kaya daban daban a faɗin Afirka ta Yamma. Dangane da jadawalin attajiran duniya, dukiyar Ɗangote sun kai kimanin Dalar Amurka bilyan US$18.6 izuwa ranar 12 ga watan Oktoban 2022, wanda hakan ya sa ya zamo wanda yafi kowa kudi a duk faɗin Afurka, kuma wanda yafi kowa kuɗi cikin baƙaƙen fata, kuma shine na 65 acikin jerin attajiran duniya. Tarihi An haifi Aliko Dangote a Kano ta Jihar Kano daga zuri'ar attajirai Hausawa kuma musulmai. Mahaifiyar Ɗangote, Hajiya Mariya Sanusi Ɗantata ɗiya ce ga shahararren mai kuɗi Sanusi Ɗantata. Mahaifin Ɗangote kuwa Mohammed Ɗangote, abokin kasuwancin sirikinsa ne wato Sanusi Ɗantata. Ta mahaifiyarsa, Ɗangote ya kasance tattaɓa kunen Alhassan Dantata, wanda yafi kowa kuɗi a faɗin Afirka ta Yamma a lokacin rasuwarsa a alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955. Ɗangote ya fara karatunsa ne da karatun addinin a makarantar Sheikh Ali Kumasi, daga bisani kuma Capital High School, Kano. A shekarar alif ɗari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978 ne ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Government College, Birnin Kudu. Yayi karatunsa na digiri a fannin kasuwanci da gudanarwa a Jami'ar Al-Azhar, Cairo. Sana'ar Kasuwanci ]] An ƙirƙiri kamfanin kasuwanci na Ɗangote wato Dangote Group a shekarar alif ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai 1977, a wannan shekarar ne kuma Ɗangote yayi ƙaura zuwa garin Lagos don ya haɓaka kamfanin. Ɗangote ya samu aron kuɗi dala dubu ɗari biyar $500,000 daga wurin kawunsa don fara kasuwancin kayayyaki da suka haɗa da buhunan siminti, da sauran kayayyakin amfanin noma kaman shinkafa da sukari. A tsakanin shekarun alif ɗari tara da casa'in 1990s ne, Ɗangote ya tunkari Babban Bankin Najeriya da wata shawar cewa, zai fi arha idan bankin ta baiwa kamfaninsa na sufuri daman jigilar motocin ma'aikatansu, wanda daga bisani kuma bankin ta amince da hakan. A yau, kamfanin Dangote Group, na daga cikin kasuwanci mafi shahara a faɗin Afurka, inda suke gudanan da harkokin kasashen waje a Benin, Ghana, Zambia da kuma Togo. Kamfanin Ɗangote Group ta matsa daga matsayin masana'antar cinikayya zuwa ƙungiyan kasuwanci mafi shahara a Najeriya, inda suke da sassa daban daban kaman sashin sarrafa sikari wato Dangote Sugar Refinery, Sashin Siminti, da kuma sashin garin fulawa wato "Dangote Flour". Sashin sarrafa sukari na Dangote ta mamaye kasuwancin sukari a Najeriya, a yayinda masana'antar ke samar da kusan kaso 70 na sukari ga kamfanonin kayan sha, kamfanonin giya da kuma sauran masana'antu na kayan abinci. Kamfanin ta bawa fiye da mutum dubu sha biyar 15,000 aiki daga ko ina a fadin Yammacin Afrika. Acikin watan Yulin dubu biyu da sha biyu 2012 ne, Dangote ya bukaci Hukumar Tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Nijeriya da ta bashi hayan wani fili da ba'a amfani da shi a Tashar Jirgi na Apapa, kuma sun bashi hayan. Sannan daga bisani yayi gine-gine na masana'antar sukarinsa a wurin. Itace masana'anta mafi girma a duk fadin Afirka, kuma itace ta uku a girma a duniya, inda take samar da tonn 800,000(tonnes) na sukari a duk rana. Kamfanin Dangote Group tana da masana'antun gishiri da na garin fulawa kuma kamfanin ya kasance muhimmin mai shigo da shinkafa, kifi, taliya, siminnti da kuma taki. Kamfanin tana fitar da kaya kamar su auduga, kwallon cashew, cocoa, 'ya'yan riɗi da kuma citta zuwa kasashe daban daban a fadin duniya. Har wayau, kamfanin tana da muhimman hannun jari a gidajen haya, harkokin banki, fannin sufuri, masana'antun saƙa, man fetur da kuma gas. Acikin watan Febrerun 2022 ne, Dangote ya sanar da kammala masana'antar haɗa sassan mota ƙirar Peugeot a Najeriya bayan yayi hadin gwiwa da yayi da kamfanin Stellantis Group, asalin kamfanin Peugeot da kuma gwamnatin jihohin Kano da Kaduna. Sabon kamfanin hada motocin mai suna Peugeot Automobiles Nigeria Limited (DPAN) ta fara aiki ne da hada sassan motoci kamar Peugeot ƙirar 301, Peugeot ƙirar 5008, 3008, 508 da kuma Land Trek. Arziki Dangote ya zama biloniya na farko a Najeriya a shekara ta 2007. An sanar cewa arzikin Dangote sun karu da dala biliyan $9.2 a shekara ta 2013, dangane da jadawalin Bloomberg Billionaires Index wanda hakan ta sa ya zamo mutum na talatin a arziki a duniya a lokacin, sannan wanda ya fi kowa kudi a Afurka. Acikin shekara ta 2015 ne, HSBC ta sanar cewa Dangote ya kasance abokin kasuwancinta kuma yana da hannun jari a yankin aminci na British Virgin Islands. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2022, Dangote ya kasance wanda yafi kowa kudi a fadin Afurka tare da kiyasi na dukiya akalla biliyan US$20. Sannan shahararren ɗan Kasuwan yayi ta yunƙurin buɗe kamfanin sarrafa mai da yafi kowanne girma a Afrika ɗangote refinery, yayin da Shugaba Buhari ya ƙarfafamasa gwiwa wajen bude kamfanin a ashirin da biyar 25 ga watan Mayu na shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da uku. Matatar Mai Na Aliko Dangote Matatar Dangote matatar mai ce mallakin Aliko Dangote da aka kaddamar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayun 2023 a Lekki, Najeriya. Idan aka kammala aikin, ana sa ran za ta iya sarrafa gangar danyen mai kusan ganga 650,000 a kowace rana, wanda zai zama matatar mai mafi girman aiki a duniya. Daga farkon da aka yi kiyasin kashe dala biliyan 9, jimlar kudin gina matatar man dangote ya ninka dala biliyan 18.5, saboda karin tsada da dala tayi a Nijeriya. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1957 'Yan kasuwan Najeriya Hausawa Attajiran Najeriya

29928

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic%20Symphony%20Orchestra%20of%20the%20Lviv%20Philharmonic

Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv Philharmonic

Makarantan wakan Symphony na Lviv National Philharmonic yana daya daga cikin tsoffin makada na kade- kade a Ukraine. Tarihi A cikin shekara ta 1796, ɗan wasan violin kuma mai gudanarwa Józef Elsner ya ƙirƙiraro Kwalejin waka ta farko a Lviv . Ya tattaro ƙwararrun mawaƙa da ƙwararrun ’yan Adam waɗanda suka haɗa kai da su kuma ya zama ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko a cikin birni. A 1799, Karol Lipinski ya zama na farko violinist, concertmaster na Lviv gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma daga 1811 - da shugaba. Lipinsky ya fara ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta symphony. Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, ɗan Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, ya kafa Ƙungiyar St. Cecilia a 1826, inda akwai ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kuma cibiyar rera waƙa. Ayyukan al'umma ya zama abin ƙarfafawa don samar da sababbin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun raye-rayen kiɗa da fasaha. "Society of friends of music" da aka gudanar tun shekara ta 1834 ne suka shirya kide-kide na Symphony tare da halartar kwararrun mawaka da masu son zama. A cikin 'yan shekaru, ya samu wani jami'in matsayi a karkashin sunan "Society for ci gaban music a Galicia," daga baya - "Galician Music Society" (GMT). Makarantan Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv National Philharmonic wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan Myroslav Skoryk an kafa shi bisa hukuma a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1902, lokacin da aka gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na sabuwar ƙungiya a cikin Count Stanislav Skarbko Theater. Tana da kujeru 1,240, babban mataki mai motsi (160 m2), sashin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an sanye shi da hasken lantarki da dumama tsakiya. Babban jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa shi ne Ludvík Vítězslav Čelanský, wanda ya tattara gungun mutane 68, mafi yawansu sun kammala karatun digiri na Conservatory na Prague . Henryk Jarecki da Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński sun yi aiki kusa da shi a teburin madugu. A lokacin farkon kakar wasa, an gudanar da kide-kide fiye da 114 tare da halartar kungiyar makada.Shirye-shiryen kide-kide sun hada da kusan dukkanin wasan kwaikwayo na Ludwig van Beethoven, ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Felix Mendelssohn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Antonin Dvorak, Anton Bruckner, Camille Saint - Saens Tchaikovsky, da kuma Richard Strauss . Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Mieczysław Karłowicz, da Lorenzo Perozi sun yi wasa a matsayin bakin da aka gayyato wajen masu bikin wakokin a Lviv. ƙungiyar makaɗa a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1903. Ya jagoranci nasa abubuwan da aka tsara - waƙoƙin waƙa " Don Juan " da " Mutuwa da Canji ," da kuma Symphony №5 na Beethoven. Ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1903, Gustav Mahler ya gudanar da taron Lviv. Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ya hada da Symphony №7 na Beethoven, " Carnival Roman " na Hector Berlioz, overture zuwa " Tannhäuser " na Richard Wagner da Symphony na Farko na Gustav Mahler . Har ila yau, na ƙarshe ya yi ƙara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu (Afrilu 4). Tare da wannan abun da ke ciki, mawaƙa kuma sun yi Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony na Bakwai, overtures, da guntu guntun wakoki daga operas " Tristan da Isolde ," "Tannhäuser," da kuma " Masu-Mawaƙa na Nuremberg " na Richard Wagner . A watan Mayun 1903 (7 da 9 ga Mayu), Ruggero Leoncavallo ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Symphony. Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ya haɗa da sashin wasannin operas " Pagliacci " da " I Medici ," "Neapolitan suite," "Old Suite" da waƙar waƙar "Seraphitus-Seraphita." Bayan kakar wasa, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa Krakow, Lodz, Warsaw, da Vilnius, inda ya daina wanzuwa. Na tsawon lokaci, Lviv Philharmonic ba shi da nasa makada. Daraktanta Leopold Litinsky ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar irin wannan rukuni daga cikin mafi kyawun mawaƙa na ƙungiyar makaɗa na soja na ƙungiyoyin sojoji na gida da yawa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Philharmonic a 1903-1904. A cikin wadannan shekaru, yawon shakatawa Orchestras da farko yi a Lviv. A tsakanin shekarun 1919-1939, ƙungiyar makaɗar kade-kade ta GMT Conservatory ta kasance kusan kawai ƙungiyar makaɗa ta dindindin a Lviv. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, wani babban kade-kade na kade-kade na kungiyar mawakan kasar Poland, wanda aka shirya a shekarar 1921, wanda ya kunshi mawakan kida 106, wanda aka yi a karkashin kungiyar Lviv Philharmonic da M. Türk's Concert Bureau (ta hada kan masu yin wasan kwaikwayo daga GMT da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na City). kuma yana aiki har zuwa 1924). Bronislaw Wolfstal, Adam Soltis da Alfred Stadler, Milan Zuna ne suka shirya shirye-shiryensa. A wannan lokacin, musamman a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1931-1932, saboda matsalar tattalin arziki, an wargaza sassan wakoki na City Theatre. Mawakan sun shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta "Ƙungiyar kiɗa da opera," sun fara ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo tare da jerin kade-kade na kade-kade. Tare da isowar na mulkin iko na Soviet, a cikin Disamba 1939, ya zo da Resolution na Majalisar Jama'ar Commissars na Tarayyar Soviet na Disamba 19, 1939, game da kungiyar na al'adu da fasaha cibiyoyin a shida sabon kafa yammacin yankunan na Ukraine da kuma sake tsara art. cibiyoyi da cibiyoyin ilimi da Soviet jama'ar Commissar da kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis bisa ga abin da aka shirya don ƙirƙirar a Lviv jihar philharmonic jihar yankin tare da kade-kade na kade-kade, da kuma Ukrainian mawaƙa, tare da iri-iri sassa da soloists. An kafa kungiyar kade-kade ta kade-kade a karkashin kwamitin rediyo na yankin. Ƙungiyar ta fara yin aiki a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1939 a karkashin jagorancin Isaac Pain, mai gudanarwa mai shekaru 27, wanda ya kammala digiri na Kiev Conservatory . A farkon 1940, an sake tsara wannan ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Symphony na yankin Falharmonic na Jihar Lviv. Isaac Pain ne ya jagoranta. An kuma gayyaci shugabar Lviv da mawaki Mykola Kolessa don yin aiki a ƙungiyar makaɗa. A lokacin mulkin Jamus, a cikin 1941-1944, zauren Philharmonic bai yi aiki ba. A cikin post-yaki lokaci, da kungiyar mawaƙa dole ne a sake taru, wanda ya faru da hadin gwiwa kokarin Ishaku Pain, Dionysius Khabal, Nestor Gornitsky da Mykola Kolessa . Tawagar ta koma aiki a watan Agusta 1944. Wasannin kide-kide na farko sun nuna ayyukan Stanyslav Lyudkevych, Vasyl Barvinsky, Mykola Lysenko, Stanisław Moniuszko, Camille Saint-Saens, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, da Karl Maria von Weber . A tsakanin shekarta 1953 zuwa 1957, da kuma daga baya - a 1987-1989, shugaba na kungiyar kade - Yuriy Lutsiv. Daga 1964 zuwa 1987 Demyan Pelekhaty ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kade ta kade-kade. Daga shekarar 1989 babban madugu na kungiyar kade-kade ya Ivan Yuzyuk, da conductors Roman Filipchuk da Yarema Kolessa. Daga baya wannan matsayi ya kasance da Aidar Torybayev, Ilya Stupel, Taras Krysa. Tun daga shekarar 2018, kungiyar makada ke yin hadin gwiwa da madugun Ba’amurke dan asalin Ukrainian Theodore Kuhar, wanda a yanzu shi ne babban bako na kungiyar makada. A shekara ta 2006, anyi wa Lviv National Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra take da "Academic."  A cikin 2018, tare da sa hannu na wannan rukunin, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na marubucin Myroslav Skoryk, Lviv Philharmonic ya sami matsayin "ƙasa". Tun watan Satumba, 2020, ana kiran waƙar Philharmonic sunan wannan mawaki na Ukrainian. Mawakan kade-kade na kungiyar kade-kade sune Mawaƙin Mawaƙi na Ukraine Marko Komonko da Mykola Gavyuk. Mawakan Symphony na Lviv National Philharmonic na yawan halartar bukukuwan kasa da kasa. Musamman ma, bikin kasa da kasa na fasaha na kiɗa "Virtuosos," bikin kasa da kasa na kiɗa na zamani " Bambance -bambancen," Bikin Ukrainian-Polish "Gano Paderewski." Kungiyar kade-kade ta yi rangadi a kasashe da dama na duniya, ciki har da Poland, Italiya, Spain, Faransa, Switzerland, Jamus, Netherlands, da China. A cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta yi wasu mahimman rikodi don manyan alamun duniya, ciki har da Naxos da Brilliant Classics. Hotuna Duba kuma Music na Ukraine Jerin mawakan Ukrainian Symphony No. 2 (Revutsky) Manazarta Sources Lviv National Philharmonic Orchestra na Ukraine Wakokijn gargajiya a Ukraine Waka dangane da yare Wakokin kasar Ukraine Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

6137

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard%20Euler

Leonhard Euler

е Leonhard Euler (15 ga watan Aprelu 1707- 18 ga watan Satumban 1783) (lafazi: /leonard oy-lar/) ya kasance masanin lissafi ne dan kasar Switzerland, masanin limin physics, masanin ilimin taurari, masanin geography, masanin lissafin logic kuma injiniya, wanda ya kirkiri nazarin graph theory da kuma topology kuma ya binciko abubuwa masu tasiri matuka a rassan lissafi irinsu; analytic number theory, complex analysis, da kuma infinitesimal calculus.. Ya rayu mafi ransa a Rasha da kuma Jamus. Shine ya kirkiri mafi akasarin dabarun lissafi na zamani da kuma alamomi, wanda ya hada da alamomi na Mathematical Functions. Haka zalika kuma yayi fice ta hanyar ayyukansa a mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy da kuma music theory. Ana daukar Euler a matsayin masana lissafi na musamman a tarihi kuma mafi mafi mahimmanci a karni na 18. Masana lissafi da dama wanda suka rayu bayan mutuwar Euler sun tabbatar da muhimmancinsa a lissafi kamar yanda aka hakayo a maganan daga mafiya yawancinsu: Pierre-Simon Laplace ya bayyana tasirin Euler a fannin issafi: Karanci Euler," karanci Euler, shine mai gidanmu duka". Carl Friedrich Gaus ya rubuta cewa: "Nazarin ayyukan Euler zai dawwama a matsayin makaranta na musamman da rassa daban daban na lissafi, kuma babu wani abu da zai maye gurbin shi." Har wayau ana daukar Euler a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa samar da ayyuka masu inganci; ayyukansa guda 866 da sauran ayyuka na nan an tattara su a Opera Omnia Leonhard Euler, wanda idan aka kammala tattara shi zai kunshi juz'oi guda 81. Ya kwashe mafi akasarin rayuwarasa a Saint-Petersburg, Rasha da kuma Berlin, sannan daga baya kuma a babban birnin Prussia. Ana jinjina wa Euler da fito da harafin Girkanci π (pi) don nuna ratio na circumference na cycle dangane da diameter ta, da kuma fara amfani da alamar f(x) a matsayin alamar lissafin function, da harafin i don bayyana imaginary unit, da kuma harafin Girka Σ (babban baki na sigma) don nuna tarawa, da kuma harafin Girka Δ don nuna finite differences, da kuma amfani da kananan bakake don nuna gefe-gefen triangle da kuma manyan baki don nuna kusurwowinsa. Shine ya bayar da ma'anar da ake amfani dasu a yanzu na; constant е, base na natural logarithm, wanda a yanzu ake kira da lambobin Euler. Har wayau, Euler shine wanda ya fara amfani da graph theory (a wani lokaci don warware matsalar Seven Bridges of Königsberg). Ya shahara a dalilin ayyukansa wanda suka hada daga cikin nasarorinsa kamar haka: warware lissafi na Basel problem, bayan bayyana cewa: adadin infinite series na squared integer reciprocals suna zama daidai π2/6 (the sum of the infinite series of squared integer reciprocals equaled exactly π2/6), da dai sauransu. A bangaren physics kuwa, Euler ya sake tsara sharuddan Newton akan physics (Newton's Law of Physics) zuwa sabbin sharudda a aikinsa mai juz'i biyu Mechanica don inganta bayani akan motsin jikkuna (motion of rigid bodies). Haka zalika ya bada gudummawa sosai acikin nazarin elastic deformations of solid objects. Kuruciya An haifi Euler a ranar 15 ga watan Aprelun shekara ta 1707 a Basel, Switzerland, ga uba Paul III Euler, fasto a cocin Reformed Church da mahaifiyarsa Marguerite (née Brucker) wanda daga cikin tsatsonta akwai malamai da dama na zamunan baya. Shine babba acikin 'ya'ya hudu na iyayensa, yana da kannai mata biyu, Anna Maria da Maria Magdalena, da kuma kani namiji, Johann Heinrich. Jim kadan bayan haihuwar Leonhard, iyalinsa sun tashi daga Basel zuwa birnin Riehen, kasar Switzerland. inda mahaifinsa ya zamo fasto a karamin cocin garin inda Leonhard ya kwashe mafi yawancin yarintarsa. Tun yana yaro, mahaifin Euler ya kasance yana koyar dashi lissafi, wanda shima Jacob Bernoulli ya koyar dashi, shekarun da suka gabata a Jami'ar Basel. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas, an tura Euler don yayi rayuwa da kakarsa ta wurin mahaifiya, inda ya shiga makarantar Latin a Basel. Bugu da kari, Johannes Burckhardt ya harar da shi a gida, wani saurayi masan theology wanda ke da ra'ayin lissafi. Acikin shekarar 1720, a lokacin da yake da shekaru sha uku a duniya, Euler ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Basel. Halartar jami'a acikin wadannan 'yan kananan shekaru ba abin mamaki bane a wancan lokacin. Johann Bernoulli ya koyar dashi elementary mathematics, kanin marigayi Jacob Bernoulli (wanda ya koyar da mahaifin Euler a baya). Nan da nan Johann Bernoulli da Euler suka san juna. Euler ya kirayi Bernoulli da cewa shine "Tarihin rayuwarsa". Aiki Saint Petersburg 'Ya'yan Johann Bernoulli su biyu Daniel Bernoulli da kuma Nicolaus II Bernoulli sun fara aiki a Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences da ke Saint Petersburg a shekara ta 1725, kuma sun tabbatarwa Euler da cewa zasu ambace shi idan dama ta samu. A ranar 31 ga watan July 1726 ne Nicolaus ya mutu, bayan yayi fama da cutar appendicitis, inda ya kwashe kasa da shekara guda a Rasha. Bayan Daniel ya maye gurbin dan uwansa a fannin lissafi/physics, sai ya nemi da a cike gurbin da ya bari da abokinshi Euler. Acikin watan Nuwamban 1726 ne, Euler yayi maza ya amshi aikin. Amma ya jinkirta zuwa gari Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg a dalilin cewa ya rigaya ya nemi matsayin farfesa a jami'ar kasar Basel, wanda daga bisani bai samu nasara ba. Euler ya isa garin Saint Petersburg a watan Mayun 1727. A bashi aiki a fannin lissafi. Ya zauna gida daya da Daniel Bernoulli wanda sukayi aiki tare. Euler ya lakanci harshen Rashanci, ya zauna a garin Saint Petersburg, sannan ya dauki aiki na biyu tare da sojojin ruwa na kasar Rasha. Manazarta 'Yan lissafin Switzerland 'Yan kimiyyan Switzerland

22293

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUSTICE

JUSTICE

KUNGIYAR ADALCI ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da gyara dokokin da ke zaune a Kingdomasar Ingila . Sashin Birtaniyya ne na Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Masu Shari'a, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ta lauyoyi masu kishin kare hakkin dan'adam a duk duniya. Saboda haka, 'yan JUSTICE ne yawanci barristers da Lauyan, da alƙalai, da shari'a da malaman jami'a, da kuma dokar dalibai. ADALCI yana zaman kansa ne kuma yana da dukkan jam'iyya, yana da wakilai na manyan jam'iyyun siyasa uku a Majalisar da ke mulki. Sadaka ce mai rijista a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingilishi. Daraktan JUSTICE Andrea Coomber ne, kuma shugaban Majalisar JUSTICE ita ce Baroness Kennedy na Shaws QC. Tarihi An kafa KUNGIYAR ADALCI a shekarata 1957, bayan ziyarar da kungiyar lauyoyi ta Burtaniya suka kai don lura da shari’ar cin amanar da mambobin Jam’iyyar African National Congress (ANC) suka yi a Afirka ta Kudu da nuna wariyar launin fata a Hungary. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Hartley Shawcross, babban mai shigar da kara na Burtaniya a Nuremberg, sannan wani mai kafa Peter Benenson wanda daga baya zai kafa kungiyar Amnesty International . Tabbas, lokacin da AI ta fara farawa a cikin shekarata 1961, ta raba ofisoshinta tare da ADALCI. A cikin shekarata 1958, ya zama sashen Birtaniyya na Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Duniya ('ICJ'). Sharuɗɗan asali na tsarin mulki na ADALCI sun yi alƙawarin `` don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa ƙa'idodin Dokar a cikin yankuna waɗanda Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ke da alhakin kai tsaye ko a ƙarshe suke da alhakinsu: musamman, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da shari'a da kuma kiyaye abubuwan 'yanci na mutum'. Tabbas, ADALCI da kansa ya haifar da wasu rassa masu yawa a ƙasashen da har yanzu Turawan mulkin mallaka da yankuna masu dogaro. Kamar yadda kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe ya yunƙura zuwa samun 'yanci a cikin shekarata 1960s, rassan sun sake dawo da kansu a matsayin ɓangarorin ƙasa na ICJ. Wannan, bi da bi, ya canza girmamawar aikin ADALCI ga Burtaniya kanta. Don haka, kodayake an kafa shi ne dan ƙiran ƙasa da ƙasa, ADALCI da sauri ya kafa takamaiman mai da hankali kan bin doka da kiyaye haƙƙoƙin asali a Burtaniya. Ta hanyar aikin sakatarenta na farko, Tom Sargant OBE, ADALCI cikin hanzari ya bunkasa kwarewa a shari'o'in da suka shafi rashin adalci, kuma ya tabbatar da sakin fursunoni da dama wadanda aka tsare bisa kuskure. Sargant ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kafa jerin shirye-shiryen BBC <i id="mwJw">Rough Justice</i>, wanda ya kai ga sako daga gidan yari na mutum goma sha takwas da aka yiwa rashin adalci. A dai-dai wannan lokacin JUSTICE ta cigaba a matsayin kungiyar siyasa, ta samar da rahotanni wadanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin Ombudsman na Burtaniya, da Hukumar Kula da Raunin Laifuka, da Dokar Bayar da Dokar Masu Laifi a shekarar 1974, da Dokar Kare Bayanai na shekarar 1998, da Hukumar Binciken Laifukan Laifuka . Hakazalika, yawancin matakan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar sake fasalin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 2005 ADALCI ya gabatar da su a baya. Ta hanyar 1990s ta kafa da kuma inganta shirye-shirye kan dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam, shari'ar masu laifi, mafaka da shige da fice, nuna wariya da sirrin mutane. Tana yin gwagwarmayar shigar da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin dokar Burtaniya ta hanyar Dokar ' Yancin Dan Adam na shekarata 1998 . Dame Anne Owers CBE, Babban Sifeta mai kula da gidajen yari, a baya ita ce Daraktar JUSTICE har zuwa shekarata 2001. Kujerun JUSTICE da suka gabata sun hada da Lord Alexander na Weedon QC, Lord Goodhart QC, da kuma tsohon Doka Lord, Lord Steyn . Aikin yanzu Babban fannonin aikin ADALCI sune: 'Yancin ɗan'adam Adalci na laifi Dokar EU Tsarin doka Hankalin JUSTICE yana kan dokar Burtaniya amma aikinta ya haɗa da bayyana mahimmancin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kawo fahimtar nazarin kwatankwacin sauran ikon. Dokar Turai tana ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin wannan aikin. Yana aiki ne da farko ta hanyar yiwa 'yan majalissar da masu tsara manufofi bayani game da tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na doka. A matsayinta na kungiyar siyasa ba ta da hannu cikin yakin neman zabe da kararrakin kowane mutum da kuma samar da zaman kanta, kwararren masanin shari'a kan al'amuran da suka shafi 'yanci. Hakanan yana aiki a matakan Turai da na duniya, yana neman cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai , Majalisar Turai da ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban. Kowane yanki na ADALCI a wuraren aiki bi da bi yana ɗaukar batutuwa da yawa, ciki har da mafaka da shige da fice, yaƙi da ta'addanci, daidaito da wariya, tsare sirri, yanci EU da Tsaro, taimakon shari'a da samun adalci, da kuma batutuwan tsarin mulki zuwa ga matsayin bangaren shari'a da bin diddigin dokoki. ADALCI shima yana da dadadden tarihi na tsoma baki cikin lamuran da suka shafi jama'a da suka shafi kare hakkoki na yau da kullun. Don wannan, ta shiga tsakani a cikin shari'o'in da ke gaban Kotun ofaukaka andara da Gidan Iyayengiji, Majalisar Tarayya, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin' Yan Adam, da Kotun Tarayyar Turai . A watan Oktoba na shekarata 2009, ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta farko da ta sa baki a cikin shari'ar da ke gaban Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya . Duba kuma Dokar doka Mulki Dangane da Doka Mai Girma Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje ADALCI Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa da Kasa Pages with unreviewed translations Tarihi Adalci

40871

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston%20Churchill

Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 Nuwamba 1874)24 Janairu 1965) ɗan Biritaniya ne, soja, kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya sau biyu, daga 1940 zuwa 1945 lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, kuma daga 1951 zuwa 1955. Baya ga shekaru biyu tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1924, ya kasance dan majalisa (MP) daga 1900 zuwa 1964 kuma ya wakilci mazabu biyar. A akidar tattalin arziki mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma mai mulkin mallaka, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a yawancin aikinsa, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1940 zuwa 1955. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1904 zuwa 1924. Na gauraye na Ingilishi da na Amurka, Churchill an haife shi ne a Oxfordshire zuwa ga arziƙi, dangin sarki. Ya shiga Sojan Biritaniya a 1895 kuma ya ga aiki a Biritaniya Indiya, Yaƙin Anglo-Sudan, da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, ya sami suna a matsayin wakilin yaƙi da rubuta littattafai game da yaƙin neman zaɓe. An zabe shi dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1900, ya koma Liberals a 1904. A cikin gwamnatin masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta HH Asquith, Churchill ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci da Sakataren Cikin Gida, mai fafutukar sake fasalin gidan yari da tsaron zamantakewar ma'aikata. A matsayinsa na lord na farko na Admiralty a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya kula da yakin Gallipoli amma, bayan ya tabbatar da annoba, an rage shi zuwa Chancellor na Duchy na Lancaster. Ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba 1915 kuma ya shiga Royal Scots Fusiliers a Western Front na tsawon watanni shida. A cikin shekarar 1917, ya koma gwamnati a karkashin David Lloyd George kuma ya yi aiki a jere a matsayin Ministan Munitions, Sakataren Yaki, Sakatariyar Harkokin Jiragen Sama, da Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, yana kula da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish da manufofin kasashen waje na Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bayan shekaru biyu daga majalisar, ya yi aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Exchequer a gwamnatin Conservative ta Stanley Baldwin, ya maido da fam ɗin fam a 1925 zuwa ma'aunin zinare a daidai lokacin yaƙin yaƙin, matakin da ake gani da yawa a matsayin haifar da matsin lamba da kuma rage ɓacin rai. UK tattalin arziki. Daga cikin gwamnati a lokacin da ake kiransa "shekarun jeji" a cikin shekarar 1930s, Churchill ya jagoranci yin kira ga Birtaniya da ta sake yin amfani da makamai don magance karuwar barazanar soja a Jamus na Nazi . A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an sake nada shi Ubangijin Admiralty na Farko. A cikin Mayu 1940, ya zama Firayim Minista, ya gaji Neville Chamberlain. Churchill ya kafa gwamnati ta kasa kuma ya kula da shigar Birtaniyya a cikin yakin kawancen yaki da Axis iko, wanda ya haifar da nasara a 1945 . Bayan shan kayen da jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi a babban zaben shekarar 1945 ya zama shugaban 'yan adawa. A cikin yakin cacar baki da Tarayyar Soviet ke tasowa, ya yi kashedi a bainar jama'a game da "labule na ƙarfe" na tasirin Soviet a Turai da kuma haɓaka haɗin kan Turai. Tsakanin wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista, ya rubuta litattafai da yawa yana ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin da aka ba shi kyautar Nobel ta adabi a 1953. Ya fadi zabe a shekarar 1950, amma a shekarar 1951 aka mayar da shi ofis. Wa'adinsa na biyu ya shagaltu da harkokin kasashen waje, musamman dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da kuma kiyaye abin da ya saura na Daular Biritaniya tare da Indiya a yanzu ba sa cikinsa. A cikin gida, gwamnatinsa ta jaddada gina gidaje kuma ta kammala kera makamin nukiliya (wanda ya riga ya fara). A cikin raguwar lafiya, Churchill ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1955, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisar har zuwa 1964 . Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1965, an yi masa state funeral. An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane na karni na 20, Churchill ya kasance sananne a cikin Anglosphere, inda ake ganinsa a matsayin jagoran yakin basasa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Turai daga yaduwar farkisanci. A daya bangaren kuma, an yi ta suka a kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaki da kuma ra'ayinsa na daular. Ƙuruciya Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895 An haifi Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Blenheim Palace a Oxfordshire. A gefen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy na Biritaniya a matsayin zuriyar kai tsaye na Duke na 1st na Marlborough. Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a 1873. Mahaifiyarsa, Jennie, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa na Amurka. A cikin 1876, kakan mahaifin Churchill, John Spencer-Churchill, Duke na 7 na Marlborough, an nada shi Mataimakin Ireland, sannan wani yanki na Burtaniya. Randolph ya zama sakatare na sirri kuma dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Dublin. An haifi ɗan'uwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880. A cikin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu da su sosai, kuma 'yan'uwa sun kasance mafi yawan kulawa ta hanyar su nanny, Elizabeth Everest . [9] Lokacin da ta mutu a cikin 1895, Churchill ya rubuta cewa "ta kasance abokiyar ƙaunatacciya kuma mafi kusanci a cikin duka shekaru ashirin da na yi rayuwa". Churchill ya fara shiga makarantar St George's a Ascot, Berkshire, yana da shekaru bakwai amma ba ilimi ba ne kuma halinsa mara kyau. A cikin 1884 ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta. A cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci nasara da ƙwaƙƙwaran jarrabawar shiga Makarantar Harrow. Mahaifinsa ya so shi ya shirya don aikin soja don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja. Bayan yunƙuri biyu da bai yi nasara ba don samun shiga Makarantar Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, ya yi nasara a kan na uku. An karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, wanda ya fara a watan Satumba 1893. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1895, wata daya bayan Churchill ya kammala karatunsa daga Sandhurst. [17] Kuba, Indiya, da Sudan: 1895-1899 A cikin watan Fabrairun 1895, an ba Churchill mukamin mukada na biyu a cikin 4th Queen's Own Hussars rejist na Birtaniya Army, tushen a Aldershot. Domin ya yi marmarin shaida ayyukan soja, ya yi amfani da ikon mahaifiyarsa don sanya kansa a yankin yaƙi. A cikin kaka na 1895, shi da abokinsa Reggie Barnes, wanda a lokacin subaltern, sun je Cuba don kallon yakin 'yancin kai kuma sun shiga cikin fadace-fadace bayan shiga sojojin Spain da ke yunkurin murkushe mayakan 'yancin kai. Churchill ya aika da rahotanni game da rikicin zuwa Daily Graphic a London. Ya ci gaba zuwa birnin New York kuma, cikin sha'awar Amurka, ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa game da "waɗanne manyan mutane ne Amurkawa!". Tare da Hussars, ya tafi Bombay a watan Oktoba 1896. An kafa a Bangalore, ya kasance a Indiya tsawon watanni 19, ya ziyarci Calcutta sau uku kuma ya shiga balaguro zuwa Hyderabad da Arewa maso Yamma. A Indiya, Churchill ya fara aikin koyar da kansa, yana karanta yawancin marubutan da suka haɗa da Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin da Thomas Babington Macaulay. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta aika masa da litattafan, wanda ya kasance tare da su akai-akai lokacin da suke waje. Domin sanin siyasa, ya kuma nemi mahaifiyarsa ta aiko masa da kwafin rijistar shekara-shekara, almanac na siyasa. A cikin wata wasiƙa ta 1898 zuwa gare ta, ya yi nuni ga imaninsa na addini, yana mai cewa: "Ban yarda da Kiristanci ko wani nau'i na addini ba". An yi wa Churchill baftisma a cikin Cocin Ingila amma, kamar yadda ya fada daga baya, ya fuskanci yanayin gaba da Kiristanci a lokacin kuruciyarsa, kuma yayin da yake balagagge ya kasance mai bin Allah. A wata wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗaya daga cikin ’yan uwansa, ya kira addini a matsayin “narcotic mai daɗi” kuma ya bayyana fifiko ga Furotesta akan Roman Katolika saboda yana jin “mataki ne kusa da Dalili”. Manazarta Mutuwan 1965 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

49035

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashohin%20jini

Tashohin jini

Tasoshin jini sune abubuwan d suka shafi tsarin zagayen jini wanda ke jigilar jini a cikin jikin dan-Adam. Wadannan tasoshin suna jigilar kwayoyin jini, kayan abinci, da iskar oxygen zuwa namar jikin mutum. Hakanan suna ɗaukar abubuwan da jiki baya bukarta da carbon dioxide daga gabban tissue. Ana buƙatar tasoshin jini don ci gaba da rayuwa, saboda dukkanin gabobin tissues na jiki sun dogara da ayyukan su. Akwai nau'ikan tasoshin jini guda biyar: arteries, wadanda ke fitar da jini daga zuciya ; arterioles ; capillaries, inda musayar ruwa da sinadarai tsakanin jini da tissues ke faruwa; venules ; da veins, waɗanda ke ɗaukar jini daga capillaries zuwa zuciya. Kalmar vascular, ma'anar da ke da alaka da tasoshin jini, ta samo asali ne daga Latin vas, ma'ana rumbu. Wasu tsaruka - irin su guringuntsi, epithelium, da lens da cornea na ido - ba su da alaka da tasoshin jini kuma ana masu lakabi da avascular . Ma'anonin kalmomi artery: Turancin karshen Tsakiyar Zamani; daga Latin arteria, daga Girkanci artēria, mai yiwuwa daga airein ("tasowa") vein - jijiya : Turancin Tsakiyar Zamani; daga tsohuwar Faransanci veine, daga Latin vena. Abubuwan da aka sani na farko sune "tashohin jini" da "kananan tashar ruwa ta karkashin kasa". capillary : tsakiyar karni na 17; daga Latin capillaris, daga capillus ("gashi"), ya samo tushe daga Tsohon Faransanci capillaire . Tsari Jijiyoyin j wato atteries da veins suna da shimfidu guda uku. Shimfida ta tsakiya ta fi kauri a cikin wadannan jinjiyoyin jini wato arteries fiye da yadda a cikin jijiyoyin - veins: Shimfida ta ciki, tunica intima, itace shimfida mafi siranta daga ciki. Nau'i ce ta kwayar halittar sel mai shimfida guda ɗaya ( mai sauƙi squamous epithelium ) wanda aka manne ta hanyar polysaccharide intercellular matrix, kuma an kewaye ta da wata shimfida mara kauri na subendothelial connective tissue an nannade ta tare da wani nau'i na abubuwa da suke a zagaye wanda ake kira da internal elastic lamina. Wani siririn membrane mai talewa a cikin tunica intima yana tafiya daidai da wannan rumbu na jini. Shimfida ta tsakiya tunica media itace mafi kauri a cikin shimfidun na jijiyoyin arteries. Ta ƙunshi wani nau'in elastic fiber, connective tissue, da abubuwan polysaccharide, Shimfida ta biyu da ta uku an raba su da wani bandeji mai kauri da ake kira lamina wanda ke talewa ta waje. Kafofin tunica media na iya zama wadatattu (musamman a cikin arteries) da tsoka masu santsi na jijiyoyin jini, wanda ke sarrafa ma'aunin tashohin jini. Jijiyoyin ba su da lamina mai talewa ta waje, amma na ciki ne kawai. Tashohin tunica media sun fi kauri a cikin arteries maimakon veins. Layer na waje itace tunica adventitia kuma itace shimfida mafi kauri acikin veins. An yi shi gaba ɗaya da connective tissue. Har ila yau, ta ƙunshi jijiyoyi waɗanda kejigilar jini da kuma kayan abinci na gina jiki ( vasa vasorum ) a cikin manyan hanyoyin jini. Capillaries sun ƙunshi nau'in shimfida guda ɗaya na endothelial cell tare da subendothelium mai goyan baya wanda ya ƙunshi membrane na ginshiƙi da nama mai haɗi. Ire-ire Akwai ire-iren tashohin jini daban daban: Arteries Elastic arteries Distributing arteries Arterioles Capillaries (smallest blood vessels) Venules Veins Manyan tashohin jini, irinsu subclavian vein, jugular vein, renal vein da kuma iliac vein. Venae cavae (jijiyoyin veins guda biyu mafi girma, suna daukar jini zuwa zuciya). Sinusoids Kananan tashohin jini da ke a tsakanin bone marrow, da spleen, da kuma hanta. Amfani Muhimmin amfanin tashoshin jini shine sufurin Jini. A dunkule, jijiyoyi da arterioles suna sufurin jini mai dauke da oxygen daga Huhu zuwa jiki da sauran gabobin jiki, sa'annan kuma jijiyoyin veins suna daukar jini da bai dauke da oxygen (wato - deoxygenated blood) daga sassan jiki zuwa huhu. Har ila yau, tashohin jini (artery) suna zagayar da jini zuwa daukakin Circulatory system. Iskar Oxygen (wanda ke alaka da hemoglobin acikin red blood cells) shine nau'in kayan abinci na gina jiki mafii muhimmanci da jinin ke dauka. A cikin dukkanin wadannan jijiyoyi, amma banda Pulmonary artery, kowannensu cike yake makil da hemoglobin (95–100%) da kuma oxygen. A cikin dukkanin jijiyoyin veins su ma, amma banda pulmonary vein, adadin yawan Hemoglobin ya kai kusan kashi 75%. (Adadin suna zama ko akasin hakan acikin pulmonary circulation). Bayan sufurin iskar oxygen, har ila yau jini yana daukar hormones, abubuwan da jiki baya bukata, da kuma sinadaran gina jiki daga cikin kwayoyin halittar jiki. Tashoshin jini ba kai tsaye suke gudanar da sufurin jini ba. An tunkuda jini cikin jijiyoyin arteries da arterioles ta hanyar wani matsin lamba wanda bugun zuciya ke haifarwa. Har ila yau, tashoshin jini suna sufurin jajayen kwayoyin jini - red blood cells wanda ke dauke da iskar oxygen da jiki ke bukata don gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum. Adadin jajayen kwayoyin sel da ke cikin tashoshin jinin mutum na da illa ga lafiyarsa. Ana iya gudanar da gwajin Hematocrit don lissafa adadin yawan jajayen kwayoyin sel acikin jinin mutum. Idan adadin yayi yawa sosai ka iya haifar da matsalar ruwan jiki wato dehydration ko kuma cututtukan zuciya, yayin da karancinsa kuma na iya haifar da cutar Anemia ko kuma asarar jini na tsawon lokaci. Girman Tashar jinin Jijiyoyin Arteries— da veins zuwa wani matsayi— sukan iya sarrafa girman cikinsu hadewar shimfidar jijiya. Hakan yana sanya gudanar jini zuwa gabobin da ke kasa, kuma hakan ya danganta da tsarin autonomic nervous system. Girman wadannan tashoshin jini sun bambanta a tsakaninsu. Sun fara daga girman dayamita na 25 millimeters a aorta, zuwa 8 micrometers acikin capillaries. Wannan yana fitowa har zuwa ninki 3000. Vasoconstriction shine matsewar tashar jini (zama karama) ta hanyar matsewar jijiyar vascular smooth muscle a jikin bangon tashar jini. Vasoconstrictors (abubuwan da ke janyo vasoconstriction) ne ke sarrafa ta. Gudanar jini Tsarin circulatory system yana amfani da tashoshin jini wajen jigilar jini zuwa sassa daban daban na jiki. Wannan na faruwa ne a dalilin gabobin dama da na hagu da ke aiki a tare wajen tabbatar da gudanar jini zuwa huhu da wasu sassan jikin mutum. Jinin da ke dauke da karancin oxygen yana shiga gefen zuciya ta dama ta cikin waje jijiyoyi manya guda biyu. Jinin da ke cike makil da iskar oxygen daga huhu tana shiga gefen hagu cikin aorta zuwa sauran sassan jiki. Capillaries ke da alhakin barin jini ya samu oxygen ta hanyar wasu 'yan kananan ramuka acikin huhu. Haka zalika, wannan ma yana faruwa acikin huhu inda ake kirkirar jini. Ana auna tunkudar jini a cikin tashohin jini a matsayin millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). Acikin tsarin Artey ya kan kai kimanin 120 mmHg (high pressure wave a dalilin motsin zuciya) da kuma 80 mmHg (low pressure wave). Bambancin kuma, tumkuda acikin jijiyoyin veins madawwama ne mawuyaci ne su wuce 10 mmHg. Tsawon tashar jini itace gabaki daya tsawon tashar jini idan aka auna daga zuciya. Cuta Tashoshin jini suna taka muhimmiyar rawa acikin akalla kowanne yanayi da lafiya. Misali, cancer bata iya yaduwa har sai kumburin ya janyo angiogenesis {kirkirar sabbin tashoshin jini) don isar da harkokin ruwa da kwayoyin halitta ke bukata. Atherosclerosis wanda ke nufin ruftawar tashoshin jini a dalilin ginuwar plaque - samuwar wasu sabbin abubuwa acikin jijiyoyin veins, da kuma coronary artery disease wanda ke biyo bayan hakan kan janyo, heart attack, ko kuma cardiac arrest kuma shine abinda yafi komai kashe mutane a duniya, wanda ya yanyo mutuwar akalla mutum miliyan 8.9 ko kuma kaso 16% na gabaki daya adadin mace-mace a duniya. Manazarta

25600

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRRecords

RRRecords

RRRecords alama ce mai rikodin kuma ana amfani da ita da sabon shagon rikodin da ke cikin Lowell, Massachusetts . RRRecords an rarrabe shi azaman lakabin rikodin Amurka na farko don buga kiɗan amo na ƙasa a farkon shekara ta 1980 kuma ya buga vinyl na Amurka na farko ta Merzbow, Masonna, The Hanatarash, Violent Onsen Geisha, da sauran masu fasaha da yawa waɗanda daga baya suka zama sanannu a cikin duniyar kiɗan hayaniya. A cikin shekaru 20 na farko, RRR ya ba da daruruwan fitarwa. Maigidan lakabin, Ron Lessard, ba mai gajiyawa bane ga sabbin masu fasaha, kuma ya ƙirƙiri ƙaramin lakabi da jerin don nuna mawaƙan da ba a sani ba da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. RRR Sub-labels da jerin Ofaya daga cikin shahararrun alamun RRR shine jerin Mawakan Recycled, wanda ya ƙunshi faifan kaset ɗin da aka yi amfani da su na kiɗan pop da rock wanda aka ɗora su tare da sabon kiɗa ta ƙungiyar amo. Ana yi wa kaset ɗin RR da aka sake amfani da su alama tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin tef ɗin m tare da kashin bayan abin da aka saka sunan mai zane a ciki. Wani ɓangare na fara'a na sakewa da aka sake yin amfani da shi shine cewa kowane tef ɗin na musamman ne, kuma, a wasu lokuta, har yanzu ana sauraren sauti na asali. Sun sayar da tarihi a kan $ 4 kowannensu, don ƙarfafa masu sauraro masu son sani don su sami dama a kan ƙungiyar da ba su taɓa ji ba. Sauran ƙananan lakabin sun haɗa da bayanan Lowell, wanda kawai ya buga dutsen gida, punk, da makamin ƙarfe daga Lowell, Massachusetts; Takardun Dokoki, waɗanda suka sake fitar da kiɗan asali da Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Kinky ta buga, GROSS, Takardun ZSF, da Tafiyar Beast 666; Tsarkake, jerin faya-fayan CD masu rahusa ta sabbin sabbin kafaffun haruffa, kuma don ƙarfafa masu sauraro don samun dama kan abin da zai iya zama sabon suna; RRReport, mujallar da saitin CD wanda ya wanzu don batutuwa biyu; Ciki Ache, alamar haɗin gwiwa ta Lessard da sauran mahalarta da ba a san su ba waɗanda suka buga waƙoƙin vinyl masu rahusa na asali. Stomach Ache Records ya lissafa adireshin imel na Meziko kawai, kuma an ba shi kyauta ga mutumin almara mai suna Charlie Ward, domin duk wani alhakin da za a iya kawar da shi. RRR kuma ya haɗu tare da wasu alamomi don samar da sautin akwatin LP da yawa dangane da takamaiman yankuna na Amurka. Har zuwa yau waɗannan sun haɗa da New England, California, Texas, Michigan, da Portland. Tsarin kunshin A cikin shekara ta 1980 da farkon shekara ta 1990 an san RRRecords don fakitin fakitin bayanansa. "Filatin Karfe" shine vinyl mai ninki 10 "wanda Chop Shop ya kafa, wanda ya zo a rufe tsakanin faranti karfe 10 10" x 10 ". Hadin gwiwar LP ta SBOTHI, Merzbow, da P16. D4 ya zo a kunshe a tsakanin zanen gilashin siliki biyu na gilashin plexi. "Allah ya albarkaci Amurka" wani akwati ne na 3xLP wanda ya haɗa kidan gwaji na Amurka wanda ya zo a nade cikin tutar Amurka da aka ƙera. Wasan kwaikwayo a RRR Tsawon 'yan shekaru a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990 RRRecords zai ɗauki bakuncin kide -kide na yammacin Asabar a shagon, wanda ake kira "2 O'Clock Matinee". Ba a taɓa yin tallan ko tallata kide -kide ba, amma Ron Lessard ne ya rubuta kowannensu kuma kowanne ƙungiya ana biyanta $ 20. Kofunan Xeroxed na Lessard na jerin umarnin wasiƙa da aka ƙara zuwa 'zines na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke yawo a tsakiyar tsakiyar-ƙarshen shekata ta 1980 yana da tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin hayaniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, yana haɓaka sha'awar kiɗan ta hanyar ƙaramin talla, baƙar fata da fari. Katalogi ba su haɗa da kwatancen makada ko rikodin ba, don haka ana sa ran sabon mai karatu ya riga ya san abin da suke samu, ko kuma ya sayi abubuwa bazuwar. Yawancin masu fasahar amo na yau sun koya game da salo ta wani bangare ta hanyar fallasa kundin kundin RRRecords. Ba a samun kundin littafin bugawa, amma gidan yanar gizo ya maye gurbin sa. Sashi na RRR na Bangare ( a cikin wani tsari na musamman ) A matsayin lakabi, RRR yana da fa'ida sosai. An sake fitar da wasu waƙoƙin tare da Troniks, Freak Animal, Rage Fault Recordings, SSS, Satutory Tape, Nurse With Wound 'lakabin ( United Dairies ) da ƙari. Sanannun fitowar sun haɗa da: Cassettes kiɗa da aka sake amfani da su daga mafi yawan masu fasahar amo. Emil Beaulieau / Zipper Spy / KK Null - Japan 2000 Merzbow - Batsa 1 kg (saitin kaset 5) Ba zai iya ba - Sabon Sirri Jason Lescalleet - Kiɗa na lantarki Motar Dirt na Yaro - Hunturu Hanatarash - Hanatarash 3 Ƙunƙwasa Tauraron Ƙarfafawa - Bari Mu Yi Wasan Daji Kamar Dabbobin daji Skullflower - Obsidian girgiza Codex Dan Adam Kazanta ne - Yana lalata CD Emil Beaulieau Ciwo - Fuck Your Punk Rock Ichorous - Mai rai Merzbow - Batztoutai Tare da Kayan Tunawa Karlheinz - Fuska Shagon Chop - "Filatin Karfe" blackhouse - "Yakin Mai Tsarki" P16. D4 - "Ayyuka Uku" K2 & Macronympha - "Biometrics" Anenzephalia - "Gutsuttsuran Ragewa" Mai tashin hankali Onsen Geisha - "Mai Cacar Midnight" Emil Beaulieau - "Wannan Fuskar Taɓa" Ramleh - "Mun ƙirƙira shi, bari mu ɗauki 1-3" Jariri Kwatsam - "Solothurn" Ƙananan Jam'iyyar Zalunci & Shagon Shaƙa - "Raba" masu fasaha daban-daban- New England {akwatin 5 LP da aka yi da kayan aikin hannu} Dangantakar Bawan Jagora - Wannan Soyayya Mai Sauki Duba kuma Jerin alamun rikodin Hanyoyin waje RRRecords gidan yanar gizo Shigar da RRRecords @ Discogs.com Rahoton RRR Manazarta

30431

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20muhalli%20a%20Karachi

Yanayin muhalli a Karachi

Karachi na da batutuwan muhalli da yawa, suna yin illa ga muhallinta da lafiyar ɗan adam . Rashin Haɓaka masana'antu da kuma rashin kula da muhalli sun taimaka wajen magance matsalolin. Daban-daban nau'ikan gurbatawa sun karu kamar yadda Karachi ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli da lafiya. Gurbacewar iska, rashin ingantattun kayayyakin sarrafa sharar gida da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa sune manyan matsalolin muhalli a Karachi. Biota Yanayi Geography Ruwa Canjin yanayi Gurbacewa Lalacewa ita ce shigar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin yanayi wanda ke haifar da canji mara kyau. Gurɓatawa na iya ɗaukar nau'in sinadarai ko makamashi, kamar su amo, zafi ko haske. Masu gurɓatawa, da Kuma abubuwan ƙazanta, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana lasafta gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a matsayin tushen gurɓataccen wuri ko gurɓataccen tushe . Bisa ga binciken da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta yi, chromium da matakan gubar suna da yawa a kusan dukkanin tushen ruwa na ƙasa, sannan duk da haka an sami babban taro a yankunan masana'antu. Kasancewar kowane ɗayan gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi yana buƙatar buƙatar kimanta sauran ƙananan ƙarfe kamar yadda aka sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin chromium da tattarawar gubar, yana nuna yuwuwar samun irin wannan tushen gurɓataccen abu a cikin Karachi . Gurbacewar gabar teku Kogin Karachi, wanda ya kai sama da 135 km, yana fuskantar ƙazamin ƙazanta saboda haɗakar masana'antu, tashar jiragen ruwa, gundumomi, da harkokin sufuri a yankin. Yankin tekun yana cike da gurɓataccen ruwa da ake fitarwa a cikin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa yanayin ruwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin halittun ruwa sun gurbace da gubar dalma, wadanda idan mutane suka sha ta hanyar abincin teku ana danganta su da cutar karancin jini da gazawar koda da kuma lalacewar kwakwalwa . Kuma A hakikanin gaskiya, binciken ya kuma gano cewa hatta dazuzzukan mangrove da ke kare rafukan ciyar da abinci daga zaizayar ruwa da kuma hanyar samar da abinci ga masunta na fuskantar barazana da wannan gurbatar yanayi. A yankin masana'antu na Korangi, rukunin masana'antu 2,500 da suka hada da masana'antar fatu 170 suna zubar da sharar da ba a kula da su ba cikin tekun Arabiya . Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska shine sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Kuma Abubuwan gurɓataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun haɗa da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides waɗanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko ƙura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5 . Iskar da ke Karachi tana gurbace da hayakin mota, musamman raksha da motocin bas, hayakin masana'antu, bude kone-kone na sharar gida, gobarar gidaje, da sauran barbashi amma gwamnati da kungiyoyin kare muhalli ba sa daukar lamarin da muhimmanci ko kuma a kan lokaci. Rickshaws Injin bugun bugun jini da ke kan raksha da babura na ɗaya daga cikin manyan gurɓatar iska a Karachi da sauran Pakistan . Injin bugu biyu, da kuma motoci marasa lahani ko rashin kulawa, sune manyan gurɓata yanayi ta hanyar fitar da hayaƙin carbon dioxide .Kuma Injin bugun bugun jini da kuma motocin da ba su da inganci da ke amfani da man shafawa mara inganci sune manyan fitar da sulfur dioxide da hayaki. Motocin da ke aiki akan matsewar iskar gas da kuma iskar gas mai ruwa da tsaki sune manyan gurɓatattun iska. Hasken ƙazanta Lalacewar Hasken ya haɗa da ƙetare haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya . Kuma Rashin gurɓataccen haske shine kasancewar hasken ɗan adam da hasken wucin gadi a cikin yanayin dare. Yin amfani da hasken da ya wuce kima, ɓarna ko ɓarna, amma ko da hasken da aka yi amfani da shi a hankali yana canza yanayin yanayi. Sharar gida Sharar gida shine laifin jefa abubuwan da basu dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, a kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri. Sannan Kamfanin Karachi na Karachi ya sha wahala saboda rashin gudanar da harkokin gudanarwa da kudi kuma a yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli sosai wajen gudanar da ayyuka na yau da kullun kamar tattarawa da zubar da sharar gari daga muhimman wuraren zama. Gurbacewar hayaniya Gurbacewar hayaniya wacce ta ƙunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da ƙarar sonar . Kuma Hayaniyar Karachi ta kai 80 dB (A), Babban Hayaniyar Hayaniyar x (GNI) zuwa 460, da matakin gurɓacewar amo (NPL) zuwa 99 dB (A). Waɗannan ƙimar sun fi girma (P ƙasa da 0.01) fiye da samammun bayanan ƙasashen duniya. An gano hanyoyin samar da hayaniya kamar, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan mutane, ayyukan masana'antu da farar hula, bitar injiniyoyi da injiniyoyi. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su na gurɓatar hayaniya a Karachi, su ne motocin haya, kekuna masu tafiya da kuma ƙahonin jigilar jama'a. Hayaniyar da ke fitowa daga tushe iri-iri kamar; Babura, Auto-Rikshaws, Motoci, Wagons, Mini-buses & Buses, Motoci, Taraktoci, Tankar ruwa, Bulldozers da Injin atisas da sauransu Gurbacewar ƙasa Gurɓataccen ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Sannan Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurɓataccen ƙasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons . Naya Nazimabad Contamination An gina unguwar Naya Nazimabad a Karachi akan gurbataccen ƙasa wanda ke haifar da matsalolin lafiya ga mazauna yankin. Kuma An yi wani rufa-rufa don yin watsi da gurbacewar Naya Nazimabad a kafafen yada labaran Pakistan. Shunaid Qureshi, developer of Naya Nazimabad, CEO Al Abbas Sugar Mills da kuma tsohon shugaban Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (PASMA) an kama a Janairu 2014. Kamfanin Javedan Cement Limited (JCL) ya zama mai zaman kansa kuma an sayar da shi a kan farashi mai rahusa na Rs. 4.3 biliyan ( $ 43 miliyan) ga Haji Ghani da Shunaid Qureshi. Sabbin masu mallakar kusan nan da nan suka daina kera, kuma sun wargaza masana'antar siminti kuma suka mai da filin JCL mai girman eka 1,300 zuwa aikin gidaje na Naya Nazimabad wanda darajarsa ta haura Rs. biliyan 100 ( $ 1 biliyan). Gurɓatar rediyoaktif Gurɓataccen rediyo wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan ƙarni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, ƙira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli ). Rukunin wutar lantarki na Karachi yana 50 km daga Karachi cikin gari. KANUPP -1 mai karfin megawatt CANDU reactor ne. Akwai biyu 1100 MW kowane CAP1400 Nuclear reactors da ake yi. A watan Nuwamba shekarata 2013, Pakistan da China sun tabbatar da cewa CAP1400 Nuclear reactor, bisa AP1000 Westinghouse Electric Company Pressurized water reactor, za a gina a Karachi. Ana kuma tada tambayoyi game da ƙirar ƙirar masana'antar wutar lantarki ta Karachi. Kuma An yi iƙirarin cewa ƙirar shuke-shuken Karachi, ACP-I000, har yanzu yana kan ci gaba kuma ba a gwada shi ba. Gurbacewar yanayi Gurɓataccen yanayi shine canjin yanayin zafi a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin injin wuta. Gurbacewar gani Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen ƙasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri ), buɗaɗɗen ajiyar shara, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya . Hukumar Kula da Birni ta Karachi (KMC) ta sanya dokar hana sanya sabbin allunan talla, allunan tallace-tallace da sauran kudaden ajiya a cikin babban birnin na tsawon watanni uku masu zuwa. Sannan Kuma An dauki matakin ne a taron da manyan jami’an KMC suka yi bayan da kamfanin ya lura da gurbatar yanayi da ke lalata yanayin birnin. Akwai allunan talla sama da 3,000 a Karachi suna haifar da gurbacewar gani. InGurbacewar ruwa Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman ; fitar da najasa na cikin gida da ba a kula da su ba, da gurɓatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin kwararowar ƙasa da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, waɗanda za su iya ƙunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari ); zubar da sharar gida da leaching cikin ruwan karkashin kasa ; eutrophication da sharar gida. Galan miliyan 110 a kowace rana na danyen ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba daga kogin Indus ana hadawa da ruwan da aka dasa daga cibiyoyin kula da ruwan da hukumar kula da ruwa ta Karachi (KWSB) ke yi, kuma ana kawo wannan hadakar ruwan ga birnin. KWSB ta yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ruwan ya dace da amfani. Hakanan an ƙara adadin chlorine don tabbatar da cewa an kawar da kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Karachi yana da gurbacewar ruwan sha da rashin isa gare shi. Sannan Kuma Akwai rashin gamsuwa da zubar da shara a Karachi. Maimakon zubar da shara a masana'antar sarrafa shara, jama'a sun yi ta jefawa da kona shi a wurare daban-daban na zaman jama'a da na kasuwanci a cikin birnin, lamarin da ya haifar da kazanta mai yawa. Tanning Pakistan tana fitar da samfuran fata ta amfani da hanyoyin samar da fata gami da fata. Baya ga sauran tasirin muhalli na fata, hanyoyin samarwa suna da tasirin muhalli mai girma, musamman saboda: yawan amfani da sinadarai masu gurbata muhalli a cikin tsarin fata gurɓataccen iska saboda tsarin canji ( Hydrogen sulfide a lokacin dehairing da ammonia a lokacin deliming, sauran ƙarfi vapours). Ton ɗaya na ɓoye ko fata gabaɗaya yana haifar da samar da 20 zuwa 80 m3 na turbid da ruwan sha mai ƙamshi, gami da matakan chromium na 100-400. MG/L, matakan sulfide na 200-800 mg/L da manyan matakan mai da sauran ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, da kuma sanannen kamuwa da cuta. Kuma Har ila yau, ana yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don kiyaye ɓoye yayin jigilar kaya. Tare da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da ke wakiltar har zuwa 70% na nauyin rigar na asali na asali,sannan tsarin tanning yana zuwa da matsala mai yawa akan kayan aikin gyaran ruwa. Masana'antu Masana'antu na Karachi suna haifar da hadaddiyar giyar sinadarai da abubuwa masu guba, kuma ana fitar da datti mai yawa na masana'antu cikin rafuka, koguna, ko teku. Yadi Pakistan na fitar da kayayyakin masaku zuwa kasashen waje sannan kuma dattin masana'antar ke haifar da gurbatar ruwanta. Tushen niƙa (TMEs) sune fitar da ruwan sha daga masana'anta waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin aikin rigar kamar su zazzagewa, neutralizing, desizing, mercerizing, carbonizing, cikawa, bleaching, rini, Kuma bugu da sauran ayyukan kammala rigar. Ba a samar da su a wuraren da ke gudanar da sarrafa bushewa kawai (kati, kadi, saƙa da saƙa), wanki ko kera zaruruwan roba ta hanyar sinadarai. Gudanar da Muhalli Gudanar da muhalli ya ƙunshi kalmomi biyu: muhalli da gudanarwa. Don haka da farko, dole ne mu san, menene gudanarwa. Kuma Sa'an nan za mu iya sauƙi fahimta game da muhalli management. Gudanarwa shine tsari na tsarawa, tsarawa, sarrafawa, daidaitawa, daukar ma'aikata ko jagoranci don samun abin da ake so. Da farko, ra'ayi ɗaya game da gudanarwa yana aiki, kamar aunawa yawa, daidaita tsare-tsare, DA Kuma cimma burin. Wannan ya shafi ko da yanayin da ba a yi shiri ba. Daga wannan hangen nesa, Henri Fayol ya ɗauki gudanarwa ya ƙunshi ayyuka shida: Komai, kullun muna sarrafa komai, kowane ra'ayi. Yana jagorantar masu dacewa don cimma burin da ake so. Tsarin kula da muhalli tsari ne na tsare-tsare na tsarawa, ƙira, daidaitawa, jagoranci da sarrafa duk ayyuka da kuma waɗanne maƙasudai/ayyukan kowace mahalli don samun kyakkyawan sakamako dangane da haɓaka ingancin muhalli. Manufofin Gudanar da Muhalli Daga mahangar aiki, Muna son yanayin rayuwa mai lafiya. Don tabbatar da hakan dole ne mu kawar da kowane irin gurbataccen yanayi ko kafofin watsa labarai na muhalli. A cikin kulawar yanayi: inda muka sami matsala, muna sarrafa a nan. Ware tushen da mai karɓa kuma kiyaye yankin buffer a tsakanin su yayin da yake aiki kamar nutsewa. Wannan yanki na iya zama na zahiri ko ta nisa. Manufarta ita ce ƙirƙirar yankin buffer. Hasashen Tsare-tsare Tsara Yin umarni Gudanarwa Sarrafa Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli Duba wasu abubuwan Matsalolin muhalli a Pakistan Matsalolin muhalli a Siachen Geography na Pakistan Kiwon lafiya a Pakistan Jerin batutuwan muhalli Yankunan Pakistan masu kariya Namun daji na Pakistan Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin na waje Barazanar Tsaro Na Gargajiya A Pakistan Daga Ali Tauqeer Sheikh (Oktoba 2011) Kalubalen Tsaro na Muhalli da Na Gargajiya a Kudancin Asiya ta Dennis Pirages, Farooq Sobhan, Stacy D. VanDeveer da Li Li (Yuni 2011) Gurbacewa a Pakistan da mafita GURBATAWAR SAMA A KARACHI DALILAI DA ILLAR LAFIYA DAN ADAM. Haɓaka gurɓataccen iska yana cutar da Karachi Karachi na cikin birane 8 da suka fi gurbata muhalli a Asiya Tasirin gurbatacciyar iska a kan cututtuka na yau da kullun a Karachi, Pakistan Ingantacciyar iska a cikin yanayin birnin Karachi - Bayani Karachi Coastline Case Ajiye Karachi - Ajiye Duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

7107

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%20%28birni%29

Mexico (birni)

Mexico (lafazi: /mekesiko/) ko Ciudad de México (lafazi: /siyudad de mekesiko/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Mexico. Ita ce babban birnin kasar Mexico. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2014, Mexico tana da yawan jama'a kimanin miliyan ashirin.(20,000,000). An gina birnin Mexico a shekara ta Alif dari uku da ashirin da biyar (1325), ƙarƙashin sunan Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan (lafazi: /mekesiko tenotecitelan/),kasar mexico takasan ce kudancin amurka. Mexico Kasa ce mai arziki da ke da tarihi, al'ada da al'ada, Mexico ta ƙunshi jihohi 31 da gundumar tarayya ɗaya. Ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi girma a cikin Latin Amurka kuma tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafiya yawan jama'a-sama da miliyan 100-wanda ya sa ta zama gidan masu magana da Sifanisanci fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Duk da sauye-sauyen siyasa da zamantakewar da suka faru tsawon ƙarnuka, shaidar al'adu da abubuwan da suka gabata sun bayyana ko'ina a cikin Meziko. Yawancin yankunan karkara na Mexico har yanzu 'yan asalin ƙasar suna zaune wanda salon rayuwarsu ya yi daidai da na kakanninsu. Bugu da kari, yawancin kango kafin lokacin Columbian har yanzu suna nan a duk Mexico, gami da tsohon garin Teotihuacán da Mayan pyramids a Chichén Itzá da Tulum. Tunatarwa game da rayuwar mulkin mallaka a bayyane suke a cikin gine-ginen garuruwa kamar Taxco da Querétaro. Tarihi Al'ummar Farko Olmecs, sanannun al'umma na Meziko, sun sauka a gabar Tekun Fasha kusa da abin da ke yanzu Veracruz. Ana tunawa da manyan hotunan da suka sassaka daga dutse na asali, Olmecs yana da manyan cibiyoyin jama'a biyu: San Lorenzo, wanda ya bunkasa daga kusan 1200 zuwa 900 KZ, da La Venta a Tabasco, wanda ya kasance har zuwa kusan 600 BC. Shin kun sani? Launuka uku na tutar Mexico suna da mahimmancin gaske ga ƙasa da citizensan ƙasa: kore yana wakiltar fata da nasara, farin yana tsaye ne ga tsarkakakkun manufofin Mexico kuma ja yana tuna da jinin da aka zubar da jaruman ƙasar. A shekara ta 300 kafin haihuwar Yesu, ƙauyuka da suka danganci noma da farauta sun ɓullo ko'ina a kudancin Mexico. Monte Albán, gidan mutanen Zapotec, yana da kimanin mazauna 10,000. Tsakanin 100 B.C. da 700 A.D, Teotihuacán, birni mafi girma kafin pre-Columbian a cikin Amurka, an gina shi kusa da Mexico City na yanzu. Wayewar da ta gina shi ana kiranta Teotihuacán, kuma ana iya ganin tasirin wannan al'ada ko'ina cikin yankunan Veracruz da Mayan. A zenith, tare da yawan mutanen da aka kiyasta a 200,000, wayewar wayewar ana tunanin ta mallaki babban yanki na kudancin Mexico. An kifar da daular Teotihuacán a cikin karni na 7, amma birni mai ban mamaki ya tsira a yau. Tarihin Tsakiya Spaniard Hernán Cortés ya isa Veracruz a 1519. Ganin cewa Cortés na iya zama allahn macijin Quetzalcoatl, Aztec King Moctezuma II ya gayyaci mai nasara zuwa Tenochtitlán. Wannan isharar ta zama bala'i saboda Cortés ya kafa abokai da yawa akan hanyarsa ta zuwa birni. A watan Mayu 1521, Cortés da mabiyansa sun kai hari da mamayar Aztec. Cortés ya mallaki yankin kuma ya sanya mata suna Nueva España (Sabuwar Spain). A shekara ta 1574, Spain ta mallaki babban yanki na daular Aztec kuma ta bautar da yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Mafi muni, cututtukan da mutanen Spain suka kawo a cikin al'umma sun lalata mazaunan asalin Nueva España, inda suka kashe kimanin mutane miliyan 24 tsakanin 1521 da 1605. An ji tasirin cocin Katolika a yankin lokacin da mishaneri suka fara zuwa a 1523. Mishan sun gina gidajen ibada da yawa kuma sun mai da miliyoyin mutane zuwa Katolika. A wannan lokacin tashin hankalin, masu mulkin mallaka a Nueva España waɗanda aka haifa a Spain (peninsulares) sun yi arangama da Mutanen Spain waɗanda aka haifa a Mexico (criollos). Yawancin criollos sun zama masu wadata kuma suna son ikon siyasa daidai, wanda yanzu yake tare da yankin teku. Ya damu da yadda cocin Katolika ke daɗa ƙaruwa, Sarki Carlos III na Spain ya kori Jesuit daga Nueva España a ƙarshen 1700s. Mamayar Napoleón Bonaparte da ta mamaye kasar Spain a shekarar 1808 ya kawo cikas ga tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar, wanda hakan ya raunana damuwar Spain din a kan Nueva España. 1810 A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, wani limamin cocin daga garin Dolores, ya ba da kira ga tawaye. A martanin da ya mayar, shugaban ‘yan tawaye Vicente Guerrero da wanda ya sauya sheka daga masarautar janar Agustín de Itúrbide sun hada kai don samun‘ yancin Mexico daga Spain a 1821. Tare suka tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Mexico. Koyaya, a 1822, Itúrbide ya ayyana kansa sarkin ƙasar. Bayan shekara guda, Antonio López de Santa Anna ya hambarar da Itúrbide kuma ya kirkiro da sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kafa jamhuriyyar Mexico ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi jihohi 19 da yankuna hudu. Daga 1823 zuwa 1836, Santa Anna ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa, ta murkushe matsayin Texas na ‘yancin kai a yakin Alamo a shekarar da ta gabata a ofis. Daga baya sojojin Amurka suka kayar dashi a lokacin Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka kuma, zuwa 1855, ya tafi gudun hijira. Bayan mamayar Mexico da Faransawa suka yi a tsakiyar 1800s, Porfírio Díaz ya zama shugaban ƙasa daga 1876 zuwa 1909. Duk da shigo da zamanin masana’antu da inganta ci gaban kasa sosai, Díaz ya kasance mai mulkin kama-karya wanda ya nuna fifikon siyasa ga dan kasa mai matukar dukiya, ya yi biris da talakawa kuma ya yi mulkin danniya da karfi. Mutanen kasar Mexico, wadanda suka gaji da rabe-raben dukiya da iko, suka fara juyin juya halin Mexico a shekarar 1910. Yakin basasar shekaru 10 ya haifar da akalla mutane miliyan 2 da suka rasa rayukansu. Aƙarshe, a cikin 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas ya zama shugaban ƙasa kuma ya sake kafa tsohon tsarin eidido, wanda ya kafa filayen filayen gona tare. Tsarin ya amfani 'yan ƙasa da tattalin arziki. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ƙara haɓaka ci gaban ƙasar ta hanyar haɓaka hanyoyi, gina masana'antu da kuma kafa tsarin ban ruwa. Mexico A yau Yawan mutanen Mexico ya ƙaru ƙwarai tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, amma rabon arzikin bai kasance daidai ba. Saboda ba da taimako na taimakon doka, talakawa gaba ɗaya ba sa iya inganta matsayinsu na zamantakewar al'umma. Jihar Chiapas tana misalta matsalolin da rashin daidaiton kuɗi ya haifar. A cikin 1994, rundunar Zapatista National Liberation Army ta tashi don kalubalantar nuna wariya ga matalautan Chiapas. Kodayake tawayen nasu bai yi nasara ba, amma Zapatistas na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da rashin mallakar mallakar ƙasa da rarraba wutar, ba tare da wata nasara ba. Arin abin da ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin zamantakewar al'umma shi ne matsalar ta safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, wacce ta ba da gudummawa ga cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa da 'yan sanda kuma ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa rata tsakanin manyan mutane da marasa galihu. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, gina masana’antu da shuke-shuke mallakar kasar waje (maquiladoras) a wasu yankunan karkara na kasar Mexico ya taimaka wajen jan hankalin jama’a daga garin na Mexico da kuma sake raba wasu arzikin kasar. Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Yankin Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) na 1994 ta haɓaka dangantakar kuɗi ta Mexico da Amurka da Kanada, amma tattalin arzikin Mexico ya kasance mai rauni. Duk da matsalolinsa, tattalin arzikin Mexico, tare da haɓakar tushen masana'antu, albarkatun ƙasa da yawa da masana'antun sabis daban-daban, ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga Latin Amurka. A yau, yawon shakatawa babban taimako ne ga tattalin arzikin Mexico. Mutane suna tururuwa zuwa Meziko daga ko'ina cikin duniya don yin samfurin bambancin al'adun ƙasar, yin kwalliya a cikin saitunan wurare masu dausayi da kuma amfani da ƙananan farashi masu sauƙi. Yawon bude ido na Amurka shine mafi yawan baƙi zuwa ƙasar. A da, masu yawon bude ido sun yi tafiye-tafiye musamman zuwa garin Mexico da kuma garuruwan da suke kewaye da mulkin mallaka na Mesa Central; abin takaici, mutuncin babban birnin ya gamu da matsala saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da muhalli, musamman manyan matakan gurbatar iska da aikata laifi. Masu yawon bude ido har yanzu suna tururuwa zuwa rairayin bakin teku na shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na duniya a Acapulco, Puerto Vallarta, Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, Mazatlán, Cancún da Puerto Escondido. Gaskiya & Figures • Cikakken Suna: Unitedasar Mexico ta .asar Mexico • Babban birnin: Mexico City (Distrito Tarayya) • Manyan Garuruwa (yawan jama'a): Mexico City (8,720,916), Ecatepec de Morelos (1,688,258), Guadalajara (1,600,940), Puebla (1,485,941), Tijuana (1,410,700), Juárez (1,313,338), León (1,275,7) Nezahualcóyotl (1,140,528), Monterrey 1,133,814 • Kasashen kan iyaka: Belize da Guatemala zuwa kudu maso gabas; Amurka zuwa arewa • Girman / Yanki: Gabaɗaya: murabba'in mil 758,249 (kilomita murabba'in 1,972,550) - Ruwa: kashi 2.5 • Yawan Jama'a: 103,263,388 (Kidayar 2005) • 'Yanci: An Bayyana shi a ranar 16 ga Satumbar, 1810 - Mutanen Spain sun amince da shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1821 etaryungiyar Kuɗi: Pesos Gaskiyar Gaskiya • Launuka uku na tutar Mexico suna da mahimmancin gaske ga ƙasa da citizensan ƙasa: kore yana wakiltar fata da nasara, farin yana tsaye ne ga tsarkakakkun manufofin Mexico kuma ja yana tuna da jinin da aka zubar da jaruman ƙasar. • Alamar ban mamaki ta tutar ta dogara ne da labarin yadda Mexicas (ko Aztec) suka yi tafiya daga Aztlán don nemo wurin da za su kafa daularsu. Allan Huitzilopochtli ya basu shawara cewa alamar - gaggafa dake cinye maciji a saman cactus na Nopal - zata bayyana gare su a daidai wurin da zasu fara gini. A wani karamin tsibiri a tsakiyar wani tabki, 'yan meziko sunzo wurin kamar yadda Huitzilopochtli ya bayyana. Nan da nan suka zauna a can suka kafa garin Tenochtitlán, wanda yanzu yake Mexico City, babban birnin ƙasar. • Mexico ita ce kasa ta uku mafi girma a cikin Latin Amurka bayan Brazil da Argentina. • A farkon karni na 21, yawan mutanen Mexico ya haura miliyan 100. • Kasar Mexico ce ta fi kowace kasa yawan masu magana da harshen Sifen a duniya. • Tare da kusan mazauna miliyan 25, garin Mexico yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen birni a duniya. • Mexico ita ce ta biyu a duniya mafi yawan Katolika bayan Brazil. • A kusan mil 2,000, iyakar tsakanin Mexico da Amurka ita ce ta biyu mafi tsayi a duniya, bayan iyakar tsakanin Amurka da Kanada. • Mutanen Mexico sun kunshi mafi yawan rukunin bakin haure a Amurka. • Mexico tana cikin yankin da aka sani da Pacific "Ring of Fire" Wannan yankin, ɗayan ɗayan yankunan tectonic masu saurin motsa jiki, yana da alamun dutsen mai fitad da wuta da kuma yawan girgizar ƙasa. Matsayi mafi girma a cikin ƙasar, Citlaltépetl (wanda ake kira Orizaba) da kuma dutsen mai fitarwa mai suna Popocatépetl suna daga cikin kololuwar tsaunuka masu yawa a Mexico. Babbar Kotun Kwallo a Chichén Itzá Mexico, wacce tsoffin Mayans suka yi amfani da ita don wasannin motsa jiki, ita ce babbar kotu mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka auna 166 da mita 68 (545 da ƙafa 232). Wasan, wanda ya shafi abubuwa kwatankwacin na kwallon kafa da na kwallon kwando, kungiyoyi biyu ne suka buga wasan wanda yawan su ya sha bamban da na yanki. Tequila, giyar da Meziko ta shahara da ita, ana yin ta ne daga shuɗaɗɗen shu'ummu na agave. An lakafta shi bayan garin da ya samo asali, an samar da Tequila ne da farko kusa da Jalisco, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 65 (nisan mil 40) arewa maso yammacin Guadalajara. • Mexico ita ce kan gaba a duniya wajen samar da azurfa. Wani yanki da ake kira Silver Belt-wanda ya kunshi Guanajuato da Zacatecas a cikin Mesa Central, Chihuahua a cikin Mesa del Norte da San Luis Potosi mafi nisa gabas - sun ga gagarumin aikin hakar ma'adanai a lokacin mulkin mallaka. • Kasar Mexico ta dauki bakuncin wasannin Olympics na bazara a shekarar 1968 da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarun 1970 da 1986. • Filin wasa na Mexico City - ɗayan manyan fagen fama da faɗa a duniya — yana ɗaukar kujeru 50,000. Sauran fagage 35 suna ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Alamu Wurare Chichén Itzá Chichén Itzá tsohuwar gari ce ta Mayan da ke yankin Yucatán. A lokacin da ya kai kololuwa, a wajajen 600 A.D., ita ce cibiyar ƙarfi a yankin. Da yawa daga cikin manyan gidajen sarauta na dutse, gidajen ibada da kasuwanni sun kasance a cikin garin. Teotihuacán Teotihuacán, wani tsohon birni ne wanda olan Toltec suka gina, yana cikin ƙasar Meziko. Birnin ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 150 bayan hijira kuma ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ga al'adun Mayan. Hakanan shine wuri na uku mafi girma a duniya, Pirámide del Sol (Pyramid of the Sun). Paquimé Rushewa Paquimé, wanda ke cikin jihar Chihuahua, ya kasance cibiyar al'adu a arewacin Mexico sama da shekaru 300. A tsawan ikonta a karni na 13, ana tunanin yawan mutanen birnin sun kai 10,000, tare da yawancin ‘yan kasar suna zaune a cikin bene hawa biyar ko shida masu kama da gidajen zamani. Paquimé ya nuna yanki na bikin, tsarin haikalin, farfajiyar ball, pyramids da tuddai masu fa'ida, gami da wanda yayi kama da gicciye tare da cikakkiyar ilimin taurari. Turkeys da aku sun kasance a cikin keɓaɓɓun keɓaɓɓu, wataƙila don ba da gashin fuka-fukan da ake amfani da su don shagulgula da ado na mutum. Cuarenta Casas Cuarenta Casas (Gidaje Arba'in) gidaje ne masu tsayi waɗanda suke a cikin jihar Chihuahua kuma Mutanen Spain suka gano su a cikin karni na 16. Duk da sunan, kusan dozin adobe ado ne aka sassaka a gefen dutsen yamma na gefen wani babban kwazazzabo a La Cueva de las Ventanas (Kogon Windows). Cuarenta Casas an yi imanin cewa ya kasance ƙauyen Paquimé a cikin karni na 13. Gine-gine Palacio Nacional Mexico City gida ne mai hawa uku Palacio Nacional (National Palace), wanda aka gina a 1563 a shafin gidan shugaban Aztec Moctezuma. Asali, fadar ta kasance tana dauke da dukkanin bangarorin gwamnati uku. A yau, duk da haka, ƙungiyar zartarwa ce kawai ke zaune a wurin. Palacio Nacional wuta ta lalace sau biyu, sau daya a shekarar 1659 sannan kuma a shekarar 1692. An sake gina ta a 1693 kuma har yanzu ba a canza ta ba sosai. A farkon zuwa tsakiyar 1900s, Diego Rivera ya zana tarin manya-manyan bango a bangon gidan sarautar wanda ke nuna kyawawan launuka na Mexico. Gidan sarautar kuma gida ne na Liberty Bell na Mexico. Tsarin Metropolitana Yana zaune a gefen arewa na garin garin Mexico City, Catedral Metropolitana shine babban kuma babban coci a duk Latin Amurka. Gine-gine a kan ginin, wanda ya haɗu da salon Baroque da Neoclassical, ya fara ne a 1573 kuma ya ɗauki ƙarni uku kafin a kammala shi. Babban cocin ya kunshi wuraren bautar gumaka 14, bagadai guda biyar da mutummutumai da yawa, zane-zane da bagade na Kristi da tsarkaka. Lissafin jiki Tekun Cortés Tekun Cortés, wanda aka fi sani da Gulf of California, yana tsakanin tsibirin Meziko da Baja Peninsula. Ya kasance akan Isla Partida, ɗayan tsibirai masu yawa, shine rairayin bakin teku na Ensenada Grande, wanda mutane da yawa suke ɗaukar shine mafi kyaun bakin teku a Mexico. Tekun Cortés ya ƙunshi nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki na rayuwar teku, gami da mantra mai kama da Flying Mobulas, wanda zai iya tsalle daga ruwa ya yi ta shawagi a cikin iska, da Vaquita Marina, mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin duniya. Popocatépetl da Iztaccíhuatl Ana zaune a gefen gabas na Valle de Mexico, Popocatépetl da Iztaccíhuatl sune tsaunuka na biyu da na uku na ƙasar Mexico. Craterless Iztaccíhuatl yayi bacci kuma sanannen wuri ne na hawa dutse; duk da haka, Popocatépetl, wanda sunan Aztec yake da ma'anar Dutsen Sigari, ya ɓarke ​​fiye da sau 20 tun daga zuwan Sifen. Yana ci gaba da kwararar iskar gas da toka kuma masana kimiyya suna sa ido sosai. Shahararrun Yankuna =Birnin Mexico Mexico City, gari na biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan Tokyo, gida ne ga abubuwan jan hankali da yawa, gami da Palacio Nacional da Catedral Metropolitana. Tare da rairayin bakin teku masu na zinare, dazuzzuka masu zafi da kuma sanannen mawuyacin hali a kan dutse, Acapulco ya kasance sanannen sanannen birni mai cike da shakatawa a Mexico. Yankin Baja Yankin Baja da ke gabar tekun yamma na yammacin Mexico, ya shahara saboda dogayen bakin teku masu kyawawan fararen rairayin bakin teku, wuraren lumana da sanya tsaunuka. =Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, yana da wadataccen al'adun Mexico. Yankin ya zama sananne ga masana'antar kerarre ta gida, kiɗan mariachi, sombreros, charreadas (rodeos) da Rawar Hat ta Mexico. Al'adu Wasanni Fùtbol (ccerwallon ƙafa) Ccerwallon ƙafa wasa ne da aka fi so daga yawancin jama'a. Ba kamar sauran wasannin na Mexico ba, ƙwallon ƙafa na iya raba kan ƙasar, ta hanyar ɓacin rai, musamman idan abokan hamayyar Mexico suka haɗu da juna. Mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suna halartar wasanni, wanda yawanci ana yin su a ranar Lahadi. Lashe kyautar Copa Libertadores, Latin Amurka kwatankwacin Kofin Turai, girmamawa ce da ke motsa duka playersan wasa da magoya baya. A cikin 1970, Filin wasa na Azteca na Mexico ya karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA. Wannan taron ya kasance ɗayan abubuwan da ba za a taɓa mantawa da su ba a tarihin wasanni yayin da Pele da tawagarsa ta Brazil suka yi nasara a karo na uku, abin da ya sa suka zama ƙasa ta farko da ta taɓa cin gasar fiye da sau biyu. Mexico ta sake daukar nauyin taron a 1986. Sanannun playersan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa daga Mexico sun haɗa da Hugo Sanchez, Cuahtemoc Blanco, Rafael Marques, Alberto Medina, Omar Bravo, Enrique Borja, Antonio Carvajal, Manolo Negrete, Jorge Gutierrez, Luis Flores, Salvador Reyes, Horacio Casarin, Alberto García Aspe, Jorge Campos da Luís Garcia. Dambe Al'adar damben boksin ta Mexico ta kafu sosai kuma ta kasance gida ga wasu fitattun mayaƙan duniya waɗanda suka haɗa da: Carlos Zarate, Vincente Saldivar, Salvador Sanchez, Erik Morales, Ricardo Lopez da Julio Cesar Chavez, wanda ake ɗauka ɗayan manyan jarumai wasanni a Tarihin Mexico. Charreada Kyakkyawan wasan Mexico ne. Ba kamar rodeo na Amurka wanda aka ba mahalarta kyaututtuka gwargwadon yadda suke saurin aiwatarwa, charreada yana mai da hankali ne kan salon da gwaninta. A cikin filin zagaye kamar 40 mita (yadudduka 44) a diamita, 'yan kaboyi na Mexico da' yan mata da ke sanye da kayan gargajiya na gargajiya (shanu) suna shiga cikin jerin abubuwan da suka shafi bijimai da dawakai. Karusai na yau masu kiwon dabbobi ne, ƴan kasuwa da ƙwararru waɗanda ke da sha'awar kiyaye al'adun charreada na Mexico. =Kwando Tare da Tekun Mexico da kuma jihohin arewacin Mexico, ƙwallon ƙwallon baseball ya shahara sosai. Ana kiran lakabin kwararrun 'yan wasan Mexico da suna Liga Mexicana de Béisbol, kuma lokacin yana farawa daga Maris zuwa Yuli tare da buga wasannin fidda gwani a watan Agusta. Hakanan sanannen sanannen shine Liga Mexicana del Pacífico, wani babban gasar hunturu wanda ya ƙunshi playersan wasa daga Japan, Korea da Amurka. Zakaran wannan gasar ya shiga cikin "Wasannin Caribbean" tare da ƙungiyoyi daga Venezuela, Puerto Rico da Jamhuriyar Dominica. =fadan mara da bijimai Har ila yau, an fi sani da fiesta brava, fafatawa da fata da fata ta shahara a Mexico tun shekaru 400 da suka gabata. Kamar masu fafatawa da Sifan, matadores na Mexico suna yin takamaiman motsi, lokaci-lokaci suna amfani da ɗan jan kyalle don jan hankalin bijimi ta hanyar da ta dace. Bullfights sau da yawa ana gabatar da bukukuwa kamar su rodeos, farautar alade da rawa. Lucha Libre Gasar kwararrun masu salon Mexico, da ake kira Lucha Libre (yaƙin kyauta) ya haɗu da kowane irin salon gwagwarmaya: miƙa wuya, babban wasan barkwanci da fadanci. Wasannin ya sami matsayi na ban mamaki na fasaha ta hanyar tsada da kuma fahariya. El Santo, mai yuwuwa shahararren dan kokawar Lucha Libre, wanda galibi ya yi fice a fina-finai, ya sanya mayafinsa na azurfa a duk rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka binne shi. Sauran shahararrun Luchadores sun hada da Blue Demon, Mil Máscaras, da Rey Mysterio, wadanda daga karshe suka koma kokawar Amurkawa inda har ya zama sananne sosai. Jihohi Mexico ta kunshi jihohi 31 da kuma gundumar tarayya ɗaya. ·     Aguascalientes ·     Baja California ·     Baja California Sur ·     Campeche ·     Chiapas ·     Chihuahua ·     Coahuila ·     Colima ·     Distrito Federal (Mexico City) ·     Durango ·     Guanajuato ·     Guerrero ·     Hidalgo ·     Jalisco ·     State of México ·     Michoacán ·     Morelos ·     Nayarit ·     Nuevo León ·     Oaxaca ·     Puebla ·     Querétaro ·     Quintana Roo ·     San Luis Potosí ·     Sinaloa ·     Sonora ·     Tabasco ·     Tamaulipas ·     Tlaxcala ·     Veracruz ·     Yucatán ·     Zacatecas Addini Abinci Yare Sufuri Jirgin sama Jirgin ƙasa Tattalin arziki Tsaro Manazarta [[Category:Biranen

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanin%20yanayin%20%C6%99asa

Masanin yanayin ƙasa

Masanin yanayin ƙasa masanin kimiyyar zahiri ne kuma masanin kimiyyar zamantakewar Dan Adam wanda yanke binciken sa akan labari ko yanayin ƙasa, nazarin muhalli, nazarin zamantakewar ɗan Adam, gami da yadda al'umma da yanayi ke cuɗanya. Ma'anar kalmar "geo" ta Helenanci tana nufin "duniya/ƙasa" ita kuma kalmar Helenanci ta, "graphy," tana nufin "bayani," don haka geographer shine wanda ke nazarin duniya. Kalmar “geography” kalma ce ta Tsakiyar Faransa wacce aka yi imanin cewa an fara amfani da ita a 1540. Duk da cewa anfi sanin masana yanayin kasa a tarihance da yin Nazarin taswira kadai, zana taswira na daga cikin ainihin fannin nazarin zane-zanen taswira, wani bangare na yanayin kasa. Masana ilimin kasa ba wai kawai suna nazarin yanayi ne ko zamantakewar ɗan adam kadai ba, suna nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan biyun. Alal misali, suna nazarin yadda muhalli na zahiri ke ba da gudummawa ga zamantakewar ɗan adam da kuma yadda zamantakewar ɗan adam ke shafar muhalli. Musamman ma, masana ilimin kasa/yanayi na zahiri suna nazarin muhalli na zahiri yayin da masu binciken nazarin dan adam ke nazarin zamantakewa da al'adun ɗan adam. Wasu masanan kimiyyar ƙasa suna aiki ne a fanninGIS ( tsarin bayanan kimiyyar yanki geographic information system) kuma galibi ana amfani da su a hukummomin cikin gida, jihohi, da hukumomin gwamnatin tarayya da kuma a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kamfanonin muhalli da injiniyoyi. Hotunan da Johannes Vermeer ya yi mai taken The Geographer da The Astronomer duk ana tsammanin suna wakiltar tasirin bunkasa da kuma daukakar binciken kimiyya a Turai a lokacin da sukayi zane a shekarun1668-69. Sassan nazari  Akwai muhimman sassan nazari guda uku, wadanda aka kara karkasu su: Nazarin ɗan adam : wanda ya haɗa da labarin ƙasa na birane, nazarin al'adu, nazarin tattalin arziki, nazarin siyasa, nazarin tarihi, nazarin kasuwanci, nazarin kiwon lafiya, da nazarin zamantakewa. Nazarin muhalli na zahiri : ciki har da geomorphology, ilimin ruwa, ilimin kankarar gilashiya , biogeography, ilimin yanayin sararin samaniya, ilimin gajeren yanayi, ilimin halittu, ilimin teku , geodesy, da ilimin muhalli. Nazarin yankiuna : gami da sararin samaniya, shashin duniya da ake rayuwa wato biosphere, da doron kasa wato lithosphere . Ƙungiyar National Geographic Society ta gano manyan jigogi guda biyar ga masana kimiyyar kasa: hulda tsakanin mutum da muhalli wuri motsi wuri yankuna Sanannun masana ilimin ƙasa Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) - ya wallafa Cosmos kuma tare da shi aka kirkiri fannin biogeography (wato nazarin tsirrai). Arnold Henry Guyot (1807-1884) – lura da tsarin kankarar glaciers da ci-gaba fahimta a nazarin matsawar glacier, musamman hanzarin kwarara kankara. Carl O. Sauer (1889-1975) – masanin ilimin kasa. Carl Ritter (1779-1859) - ya mamaye kujerar shugaban farko na ilimin kasa a Jami'ar Berlin. David Harvey (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935) - Mawallafin labarin kasa na Marxist kuma marubucin ka'idoji akan yanayin sararin samaniya da birane, wanda ya lashe kyautar Vautrin Lud . Doreen Massey (1944-2016) – masani a sararin samaniya da wuraren dunkulewar duniya da jam’insa; wanda ya lashe kyautar Vautrin Lud. Edward Soja (1940-2015) - yayi aiki akan ci gaban yanki, tsare-tsare da gudanar da mulki kuma ya sanya kalmomin synekism da postmetropolis; wanda ya lashe kyautar Vautrin Lud. Ellen Churchill Semple (1863-1932) – shugabar mace ta farko ta Ƙungiyar Ma’aikatan Geographers ta Amurka . Eratosthenes ( 276-c. 195/194 BC) – kirga girman Duniya. Ernest Burgess (1886-1966) – mahalicci na concentric zone model . Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594) - mai zanen zane wanda ya samar da tsinkayar Mercator John Francon Williams (1854-1911) - marubucin The Geography of the Oceans . Karl Butzer (1934-2016) – Masanin labarin kasa Ba-Amurke, masanin al'adu da kuma masanin ilimin kimiya na muhalli. Michael Frank Goodchild (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944) - Masanin GIS kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta RGS a cikin 2003. Muhammad al-Idrisi (Larabci: أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي; Latin: Dreses) (1100-1165) – marubucin Nuzhatul Mushtaq. Nigel Thrift (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) – mafarin ka'idar ba wakilci . Paul Vidal de La Blache (1845-1918) - wanda ya kafa makarantar Faransanci na geopolitics, ya rubuta ka'idodin geography na ɗan adam. Ptolemy (C. 100–C. 170) - an tattara ilimin Girkanci da na Roman a cikin littafin Geographia . Radhanath Sikdar (1813-1870) – ƙididdige tsayin Dutsen Everest . Roger Tomlinson (1933 - 2014) – farkon wanda ya kafa tsarin bayanan yanki na zamani. Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) – co-kafa na London School of Economics, Geographical Association . Strabo (64/63 BC - c. AD 24) – ya rubuta Geographica Geographica, daya daga cikin litattafai na farko da ke bayyana nazarin labarin kasa. Waldo Tobler (1930-2018) – ya kafa dokar farko na labarin kasa . Walter Christaller (1893-1969) – ɗan adam geographer kuma mai ƙirƙira na tsakiyar wuri ka'idar . William Morris Davis (1850-1934) – mahaifin Amurka labarin kasa da developer na sake zagayowar zaizayarwa . Yi-Fu Tuan (1930-2022) – Masanin dan Chena kuma Ba’amurke da aka yaba da fara tarihin ɗan adam a matsayin horo. Cibiyoyi da al'ummomi Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographer na Amirka Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Amirka Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Anton Melik (Slovenia) Gamma Theta Upsilon (na duniya) Cibiyar Harkokin Watsa Labarun Kasa (Pakistan) Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya Karachi Geographical Society (Pakistan) National Geographic Society (US) Royal Canadian Geographical Society Royal Danish Geographical Society Royal Geographical Society (Birtaniya) Rukunin Geographical Society Duba kuma Nassoshi Kara karantawa Steven Seegel . Maza Taswira: Rayukan Juyin Juya Hali da Mutuwar Ma'aikatan Geographers a Ƙirƙirar Gabashin Tsakiyar Turai. Jami'ar Chicago Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-226-43849-8 . Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Masana kimiyyar kasa

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ajiyin%20Littattafai%20Na%20Sarki%20Fahad

Ma'ajiyin Littattafai Na Sarki Fahad

King Fahd National Library (KFNL, ), ya kasan ce shi ne ajiyar doka da kuma dakin karatu na haƙƙin mallaka na Saudi Arabia . An kafa KFNL ne a shekarar 1983 a matsayin martani ga wani yunƙuri da mutanen Riyad suka yi lokacin da Sarki Fahd ya hau gadon sarauta. An sanar da aikin a cikin 1983 kuma aiwatarwa ya fara a 1986. Yanzu har zuwa yau, an san laburaren don dorewa da kuma ra'ayoyin yau da kullun. Bayani An kafa laburaren a 1990 kuma yana cikin Riyadh . Daga cikin tarin na musamman akwai dakunan karatu na Ihsan Abbas, Sheikh Muhammad Ibn Abd al Aziz al Mani, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khamis, Sheikh Uthman Ibn Hamad al Haqil, Sheikh Muhammad Husayn Zaydan, Fawzan Ibn Abd al Aziz al Fawzan, Yusuf Ibrahim al Sallum, Muhammad Musa al Salim, Sheikh Muhammad Mansur al Shaqha, Sheikh Abd Allah Abd al Aziz al Anqari, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Umar al Sheikh, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad al Nasban, da Sheikh Husayn Ibn Abd Allah al Jarisi. Tarihin Laburare Akwai sha'awar mutanen garin Riyadh su bayyana jin kaunarsu da amincinsu ga Mai Kula da Masallatan Kudus Guda Biyu. Sarki Fahd Rahamar Allah - a kan hawan sa mulki. Don haka don bayyana ta hanyar kafa ginin tunawa, shine sanarwar aikin Laburare a bikin, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar (1403H.) Wanda ya sami tallafin kayan daga jihar kanta. Ginin ya ƙunshi falon ƙasa wanda aka lulluɓe shi da benaye uku waɗanda falalen duniya yayi kyau sosai. An tsara shi ta yanayin tsarin gine-ginen zamani da aka yi wa rubutun larabci da marmara, kuma wataƙila mafi mahimmancin fasalulluka na wannan babban al'adun gargajiyar a kan muhimmin yanki mai muhimmanci tsakanin hanyoyin Sarki Fahd zuwa yamma ta titin Olaya na gabas. Inda wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ba laburaren damar samun nasara a cikin aikin rawar da yake da tazara mai yawa saboda isa da kuma bayyane wurin da kuma shahararriya, ita ce zuciyar Riyadh ta yau, ana kuma samunta a cikin laburaren ita kanta wuraren huta kuma jira. Aiwatar da aikin ya fara a shekara ta 1406 H. karkashin kulawar sakatariyar garin Riyadh, kuma a shekarar 1408 aka kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya; groupsungiyoyin ci gaban tsarin tsara shirye-shirye sun 'yantu, sun shirya kuma sun shirya, kuma sun sanya cibiyoyin gudanarwa da fasaha gabobinta, kuma a cikin 1409 H. an gina ginin, kayan ɗaki da kayan aiki. King Fahd National Library ya sami damar a cikin dan karamin lokacin tun kafuwar sa don cimma nasarori da yawa na buri. Hakan ya fara ne tun daga tsarin samar da ababen more rayuwa a cikin tsari da bunkasa albarkatun mutane da bunkasa tarin dakunan karatu masu mahimmanci da kayan aiki. Don aiwatar da ayyukanta, da kuma cinma burinsu a fannonin rubuce-rubuce da adana samarda ilimin boko na Saudiyya. Kuma samar da sabis na bayanai, daidai da cikakken ci gaban da Masarautar Saudi Arabia ta shaida. A fannin gina laburaren tattara abubuwa ya ƙware da yawa daga cikin kayan da aka buga bayanai, da kayan sauti-na gani. Kamar faifai na gani da thumbnail, takaddun gida, tsabar kudi, litattafai da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, kamar yadda ɗakunan karatu a ƙarshe suka sami rukunin farko na rubuce-rubucen Larabci da daraja daga Jami'ar Princeton da ke Amurka, waɗanda suke game da hotunan dukkan rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da littattafan da ba kasafai suke gani ba. Cewa dakin karatun ya samu a matsayin kyauta ta mai martaba Yarima Faisal bin Fahd bin Abdulaziz, Janar Shugaban Jin Dadin Matasa - Rahamar Allah. Tunda tsarin shigar da aikace-aikace da kuma Lambar kasa da kasa a cikin 1414H, dakin karatun ya sami damar yin rikodi da kuma yin nuni da litattafai da yawa na yanzu da kuma na zamani, hakanan ya fara a shirye-shiryen karshe na nadar abubuwan sauti da bidiyo kuma an ajiye su bisa tsarin tsarin Filing din kasar bukatun. Don haka, laburaren ya samo musu mafi girman rukuni wanda ya ƙunshi wuri ɗaya, kuma ayyukan rajista da ayyukan rajista da laburaren ke gudanarwa ya canza fasalin ƙididdigar ƙididdigar da ake ci gaba, ta ƙimar samar da ilimi ta Saudiyya. Dukansu a cikin kafofin cikin gida ko na ƙasashen waje, kuma tun da laburaren Cibiyar ƙasa don ajiya da rajista ya zama mai ba da gudummawar gudummawar ingantacciyar ma'anar marubutan Saudiyya, kuma an buga, kuma ta ma'ana. Ta hanyar yin nuni a yayin turawa da kuma rarraba lambobin daidaitattun kasashen duniya. Laburaren yana kula da kayan aiki da tsarin kiyayewa, kulawar dawowa, da maidowa da kula da rubuce-rubuce da litattafan da ba kasafai suke gani ba, kuma dakin karatun ya tanada bayanai, kuma yana aiwatar da tsarin tantancewa, gami da samun hanyoyin samun bayanai game da mashinan gani, da gina hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai na ciki wadanda ke taimakawa tsara bayanai da yaduwa. A fannin ayyukan bayanai, Laburaren na ba da bayanai da amsar tambayoyin kai tsaye, kuma ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Har ila yau, Laburare yana da rawar taka rawa a cikin nune-nune na gida da na Larabawa don bugawa da kuma nuna wallafe-wallafenta da sauran abubuwan ilmi na Saudiyya, tare da sadarwa, da shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa, da musayar bayanai da wallafe-wallafe tare da hukumomin Larabawa da na kasashen waje, wanda ke nuna al'adu da rawar wayewa da laburare ke takawa ciki da waje. Indexing Laburaren yana binciko abubuwanda suke cikin Saudi Arabia wadanda suka hada da na asali ko wadanda aka fassara, nazarin litattafai, rubuce rubuce, ayyukan litattafan tarihi, binciken da aka gabatar ga taron tattaunawa da kuma taro da kuma buga dokoki ga kwastomomi ba tare da jadawalin bayanan Saudi da wadanda ba Saudi ba wadanda suke hulda da Saudi Arabia da Arab. sashin teku Tarin Kulawa Sterilization: Don adana tarin shi daga lalacewa saboda cin zarafi da abubuwan canjin yanayi, laburaren ya bakatar da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, takaddun takardu masu amfani da kayan aikin zamani. 1- Binding: Rukuni ne na dauri na daukar litattafai da aka kwafa. Littattafan da ba a cika kiyaye su ba kafin a ɗaura, sannan zinariya ta cika. 2-Microforms: Don kiyaye tarin tarin ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakin ɗakin karatu yana tura jaridu, littattafai, rubuce-rubuce da takaddun kuɗi zuwa ƙananan microform, wannan yana kiyaye sarari da yawa kuma yana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa. 3- Yin kwafin hoto: Laburaren yana samar da ayyukan daukar hoto don daidaikunsa, kwastomomin kungiya da kuma amfanin kansa, amma ba shi da tsarin zagayawa, ayyukan daukar hoto suna la’akari da ‘yancin mallakar fasaha. 4- Rubuce-rubucen rubuce rubuce da kuma kula da takardu: Saboda kare lafiyar tarin rubuce rubuce da takardu, dakin karatu ya kafa sashin kulawa mai zaman kansa don kiyaye wadannan tarin tarin. Adadin Dokoki Aya daga cikin nasarorin ɗakunan karatu mafi yawa shine aikin ajiyar doka wanda aka bayar ta hanyar dokar masarauta mai lamba (M / 26 a ranar 7/9/1412 AH). Tun daga aiwatar da wannan aikin a 1414 AH, laburaren ya fara yin rajistar duk abin da aka buga a cikin masarautar tare da ba shi lambar ajiya kafin a buga shi. Dangane da ajiyar tsoffin littattafai, dakin karatun ya yi iyakar kokarinsa don tara tsofaffin littattafai ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da marubutan, kyaututtuka da siyan littattafan Saudiyya na farko da babu su a laburaren ko shagunan sayar da littattafai, dakin karatun ya tattara abubuwa da yawa tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya waɗanda ke ba da damar ɗakunan karatu su mallaki dukiyar ilimin Saudiyya. wallafe-wallafe Dokar Laburare ta Kasa ta Sarki Fahd ta tabbatar da matsayin dakin karatu a cikin gudummawa da wallafe wallafe na bincike, karatu da laburare da jagororin sabis na bayanai, don haka, laburaren ya buga littattafai da yawa, nassoshi da jagorori don yi wa kwastomominsa. Don inganta ɗakunan karatu da sabis na bayanai da tarihin kafofin Saudi Arabia, an ba da laburaren (King Fahd National Library Journal), wata jaridar shekara-shekara kusa da (King Fahd National Library Abstracts Bulletin). Rijista da Lambar Littafin Standardasashen Duniya don Saudi Arabia Laburaren sun yi yarjejeniya da cibiyar yin rajista ta kasa da kasa da takamaiman Littattafan Addinai na Kasa da Kasa (ISBN, ISSN), don yin aiki a matsayin cibiyar kasa da ke da alhakin yin rajistar littattafai, lambobin sun bayyana a kan wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya, baya ga jerin sunayen da aka buga. wanda ya inganta fasalin wallafar Saudiyya, da rashin daidaita tsarin sarrafa litattafan tarihi a matakin larabawa da na duniya, dakin karatun ya jagoranci sauran dakunan karatu na larabawa a wannan fanni dangane da amfani da ka’idojin kasa da kasa kamar yadda cibiyoyin kasa da kasa suka shaida, kodayake, dakin karatun ya samar wa kasa da kasa cibiyoyi a Faransa da Jamus tare da kula da wallafe-wallafen Saudiya da suka hada da masu buga labaran Saudiyya da adireshinsu. Cibiyoyin duniya suna bayar da jagororin shekara-shekara na wallafe-wallafen da ake bugawa a duk duniya ciki har da Saudi Arabiya, saboda haka, bugawar Saudiyyar ta zama ta duniya kuma ɗakunan karatu, cibiyoyin bayanai kuma masu buga littattafan sun fahimci wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya, masu wallafawa da adiresoshinsu wanda ya sa aka wallafa labaran Saudiyya sosai a duniya, da dakin karatu yana kuma ba wa UNESCO duk shekara da rahoto kan aikin bugawa da fassara a Saudiyya, an kuma zabi dakin karatun a matsayin cibiyar kasa don ajiyar wallafe-wallafen IFLA. Shirya Bayani Laburaren yana karbar tambayoyi da yawa a kowace shekara da tambayoyi masu zurfin bincike waɗanda ke buƙatar tattara bayanai da shirya shi a cikin sifofin da suka dace da bukatun abokin ciniki, laburaren ya yi littattafan tarihi da yawa na dukiyar ilimin Saudiyya daga littattafai, na zamani da fassara don bugawa a UNESCO da Arabungiyar Larabawa ta Ilimi., Wallafe-wallafen Al'adu da Kimiyya ta hanyar ma'aikatar ilimi ta Saudiyya, laburaren kuma suna ba da bayanan ƙididdiga game da bugawa a Saudi Arabia don ƙungiyoyi na duniya da masu bincike a duk faɗin duniya. Sabis na Tunani Ayyukan tunatarwa da aka samar wa kwastomomin dakin karatun sun bunkasa a matsayin ci gaban kayan aiki na bayanai wadanda suka hada da cikakkun bayanai na rubutu kusa da babbar rumbun adana laburaren, dakin karatun yana karbar bayanai da yawa na bincike kai tsaye ko ta wayar tarho, dakin karatun yana bayar da katunan dakin karatu ga kwastomomin da ya saba dasu. suna samun ingantaccen sabis. Musayar Yanayi Laburaren ya yi yarjejeniya da wasu dakunan karatu na Saudiyya da cibiyoyin bayanai don amfani da tsarin musaya, wannan tsarin na iya hada da wasu dakunan karatu na Saudiyya a nan gaba a karkashin kulawar dakin karatun. Samun Fitowar Komputa Laburaren yana samar da kayan kwastomomi ga kwastomominsa, waɗannan abubuwan da aka fitar sun haɗa da bayanan kundin tarihi da rubutu daga nassoshi daban-daban da albarkatun bayanai. Tsaro na Kayan Tarihi Rubuce-rubucen hannu suna da mahimmancin gaske a tarihi, kayan haɗi tsakanin na da da na yanzu, rubutun hannu rajista ne na al'adun mutane, al'adunsu da al'adunsu, al'adu da ci gaba, saboda haka, rashin rubutun yana nufin asarar tarihi. Dokar kare al'adun gargajiya, wanda aka bayar ta wata doka ta masarauta mai lamba (m / 23) mai kwanan wata, (16/5/1422 AH) wanda ke wakiltar muhimmin zobe a cikin tsarin al'adun Saudiyya. Wannan tsarin yana ɗayan ɗayan ayyukan ɗakin karatu na ƙasa. Ta hanyar wannan tsarin, dakin karatu na King Fahd National yayi kokarin yin rijistar duk wasu rubuce-rubuce na asali wadanda aka ajiye a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da kuma daidaikun mutane ta hanyar bashi lamba da takardar shedar mallakar shi wanda ya hada da mai sunan rubutun, taken, marubucin da kwanan wata rubuce-rubuce, wannan bayanin yana taimaka wa mai shi idan ya ɓace, sayarwa ko kuma idan yana son ɗaukarsa a cikin masarautar. Sabis ɗin da aka bayar ga Ownayan ersan Asalin Rubutun 1-Takardar shaidar rajista na rubutun hannu. 2-Tsarin kimiyya na bayanan rubutu. 3-Rubutun rubutun hannu akan bukatar mai shi. 4-Bayar da haihuwa ga rubutu, shi ya sa ya dore. 5-Shigar da bayanan rubuce-rubuce a cikin Catalog Manuscript Catalog. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje King Fahad National Library Saudiyya Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadar%20Kalahari

Hamadar Kalahari

Hamadar Kalahari babbar Hamada ce mai bushiyoyi masu tsayi a Kudancin Afirka wadda ta kai tsawon kilomita murabba'i 900,000 (sq mi 350,000), wadda ya mamaye yawancin kasashen Botswana, da wasu sassan Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu. Bai kamata a rude shi da hamadar bakin teku ta Angola, Namibia, da Afirka ta Kudu ba, wanda sunansa asalin Khoekhoegowab kuma yana nufin "babban wuri". Bayanin Lantarki Kalahari ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Tswana ta Kgala, ma'ana "babban ƙishirwa", ko Kgalagadi, ma'anar "wuri mara ruwa"; Kalahari yana da faffadan yankuna da jan yashi ya rufe ba tare da wani ruwa na dindin ba. Tarihi Ba kodayaushe hamadar Kalahari ke kasancewa busasshiyar hamada ba. Burbushin fure da dabbobi daga Gcwihaba Cave, Botswana, ya nuna yankin ya kasance yana da ruwa da sanyi aƙalla daga 30 zuwa 11,000 BP, musamman bayan 17,500 BP. Casar magabata Labarin kasa Ruwa na kwararowar hamada ta hanyar kwarin busassun kwari ne, kwanon ruwansha na lokaci-lokaci da kuma manyan kwanukan gishiri na Makgadikgadi Pan a Ƙasar Botswana da Etosha Pan a Namibia. Kogin da yake din-din ne, mai suna Okavango, ya kwarara zuwa wani yanki da ke yankin arewa maso yamma, inda ya samar da fadama wadanda ke da albarkatun namun daji. Tsohon busassun kogunan ruwa-wanda ake kira omuramba-ya ratsa tsakiyar arewacin arewacin Kalahari tare da samar da wuraren tsafta na ruwa lokacin damina. Yankin hamada, tare da manyan filaye na kyakkyawan kiwo bayan ruwan sama mai kyau, Kalahari yana tallafawa dabbobi da tsire-tsire fiye da hamada ta gaske, irin su Namib Desert da yamma. Akwai ruwan sama kadan kuma yanayin zafi yana da yawa sosai. Yankunan da suka bushe galibi suna karɓar milimita 110-200 (4.3-7.9 a) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, kuma mafi ƙanƙan ruwa sama da milimita 500 (20 a). Tafkin Kalahari da ke kewaye ya mamaye sama da murabba'in kilomita 2,500,000 (970,000 sq mi) wanda ya zarce zuwa Botswana, Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya kutsa cikin sassan Angola, Zambiya da Zimbabwe. Akwai kwanon rufi da yawa a cikin Kalahari, gami da Groot-vloer Pan da Verneukpan inda shaidar akwai wani yanayi mai ƙamshi wanda ya kasance a cikin tsohuwar tsarin ɗaukar ruwa. Wannan da sauran kwanon rufi, har da gindin kogi, an rubuta su sosai a Sciforums ta hanyar labarin da Walter Wagner ya yi game da manyan wuraren da ke da ruwa na Kalahari. Kalahari yana da fadi kuma ya fadada arewa sosai inda kuma akwai wadatattun tituna masu yawa. Yanayi Arewa da gabas, kusan inda busassun gandun daji, savannahs da tabkuna masu gishiri suka fi rinjaye, canjin yanayin yana da danshi-danshi maimakon na dausayi. Kudu da yamma, inda yawanci ciyayi ke da tsibirin savanna ko ma na yankin hamada ne, canjin yanayin shine "Kalaharian" mai bushe bushe. Yanayin Kalaharian yana da karko (matsakaita na shekara-shekara wanda ya fi girma ko daidai da 18 ° C, a kololuwa ya kai 40 ° C zuwa sama, tare da ma'anar zafin wata-wata na watan mafi tsananin sanyi a ƙasa da 18 ° C), kuma yana da bushe-bushe tare da bushewa lokaci a lokacin "sanyi", mafi tsananin sanyi watanni shida na shekara. Yankin kudu ne mai kwatankwacin yanayin Sahelian tare da lokacin damuna a lokacin bazara. An sanya tsawan matsayin bayanin dalilin da yasa yanayin Kalaharian baya zama na wurare masu zafi; tsayinta ya fara daga mita 600 zuwa 1600 (kuma gaba daya daga mita 800 zuwa 1200), wanda hakan ke haifar da yanayi mai sanya hankali fiye da na Sahel ko Sahara. Misali, sanyin hunturu ya zama ruwan dare daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, wani abu da ba kasafai ake gani a yankunan Sahelian da ke da dumi ba. A saboda wannan dalili, yanayin zafi na bazara na iya zama mai zafi sosai, amma ba a kwatanta shi da yankuna masu ƙarancin tsawo a cikin Sahel ko Sahara ba, inda wasu tashoshi ke yin rikodin matsakaicin yanayin watan da ya fi zafi a kusan 38 ° C, yayin da matsakaicin zafin wanda ya fi zafi wata a cikin kowane yanki a cikin Kalahari bai taɓa wuce 29 ° C ba, kodayake yanayin zafi na wani lokaci yakan kai kusan 45 ° C (113 ° F) (44.8 ° C a Twee Rivieren Rest Camp a 2012). Lokacin rani yana ɗaukar watanni takwas ko sama da haka, kuma lokacin damina yawanci daga ƙasa da wata ɗaya zuwa watanni huɗu, ya dogara da wuri. Yankin kudu maso yammacin Kalahari yanki ne da ya fi bushe, musamman wani karamin yanki da ke yamma da kudu maso yamma na Tsaraxaibis (Kudu maso Gabashin Namibia). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara wanda ya fara daga kusan 110 mm (kusa da danshi) zuwa fiye da 500 mm a wasu yankuna na arewa da gabas. A lokacin bazara a duk yankuna ruwan sama na iya zuwa da tsawa mai karfi. A cikin busassun busassun wurare na Kalahari, sama da awanni 4,000 na hasken rana ana yin rikodin kowace shekara a kan matsakaita. A cikin Kalahari, akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu na yanayin sararin samaniya, wanda Kalahari High anticyclone ya mamaye: Arewa da Arewa maso yamma na Kalahari na fuskantar canzawa "Yankin Haɓakawa Tsakanin Yankuna (ITCZ) /" Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar. "ITCZ yanki ne na haɗuwa da iskar kasuwanci tare da takwarorinsu na ƙira waɗanda masu binciken yanayi ke kira" Mitar yanayin yanayi " da kuma masu jirgin ruwa "Doldrum" ko "Pot-au-noir": ITCZ ​​na samar da ruwan sama a lokacin damina, yayin da iskar kasuwanci ta nahiyar ke haifar da rani; Sauran Kalahari suna karkashin iskar kasuwanci ta teku, wanda yawanci ya zubar da danshinsu yayin da suke tsallakawa da kuma haye Babban Kasan Kudancin Afirka kafin su iso kan Kalahari. Akwai manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasan Kalahari; Kogon Numfashin Maciji, alal misali, shine mafi girma daftarin rubuce-rubuce marasa tafkin ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Irin waɗannan wuraren ajiyar na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na ragowar tsoffin tafkuna; Hamadar Kalahari ta kasance wani wuri mai dausayi sosai. Tsohuwar Tafkin Makgadikgadi ta mamaye yankin, ta rufe Bankin Makgadikgadi da kewayensa, amma ya kafe ko ya bushe kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Wataƙila ya taɓa rufewa kusan tsawon kilomita murabba'i 120,000 (46,000 sq mi). A zamanin da, akwai wadatar danshi don noma, tare da dikes da madatsun ruwa ke tara ruwan. Wadannan yanzu suna cike da laka, ɓata, ko ba a amfani da su, kodayake ana iya ganin su ta hanyar Google Earth. Kalahari yana da tarihin canjin yanayi mai rikitarwa a cikin shekaru miliyan da suka gabata ko makamancin haka, daidai da manyan canje-canje na duniya. Canje-canje a cikin shekaru 250,000 na ƙarshe an sake sake su daga maɓuɓɓuka na bayanai daban-daban, kuma suna ba da shaidar duka manyan tafkuna masu yawa da lokutan bushewa fiye da yanzu. Yayin karshen yankin na Kalahari ya fadada ya hada da wasu sassan yammacin Zimbabwe, Zambiya da Angola. Kayan lambu da furanni Saboda karancin danshi, Kalahari yana tallafawa nau'ikan fure iri-iri. Rasar flora ta ƙasar ta haɗa da bishiyoyin acacia da sauran ganye da ciyawa da yawa. 'Ya'yan itacen kiwano, wanda aka fi sani da ƙahon ƙaho, melano, kokwamba mai ƙahon Afirka, jelly melon, ko gourd mai shinge, yana da matukar damuwa ga wani yanki a cikin Hamadar Kalahari (takamaiman yankin da ba a san shi ba). Ko da inda "hamadar" Kalahari ya bushe ya isa ya zama hamada a ma'anar saukar ruwa, bawai yana maganar hamada sosai saboda tana da murfin ƙasa sosai. Babban yankin da bashi da murfin ƙasa shine a kudu maso yamma Kalahari (kudu maso gabashin Namibia, arewa maso yamma na Afirka ta kudu da kudu maso yamma na Botswana) a kudu da Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Misali a cikin gundumar gundumar ZF Mgcawu ta Afirka ta Kudu, yawan adadin ciyayi na iya zama ƙasa da 30.72% a kan mara kariya (daga kiwo) gonakin gona a kudu da Twee Rivieren Rest Camp da 37.74% a cikin kariya (daga kiwon shanu) Kudu Yankin Afirka na Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park: wadannan yankuna da ke kudu maso kudancin Kalahari xeric savanna sune hamadar hamada. Koyaya, a cikin sauran Kalahari da suka rage, banda kwanon gishiri a lokacin rani, murfin ciyayi na iya zama mai yawa a fili, har zuwa kusan 100% a wasu yankuna masu iyaka. A yankin kusan 600,000 km2 a kudu da yamma da Kalahari, ciyawar itace mafi yawan savanna. Wannan yankin shine ecoregion da Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya bayyana a matsayin Kalahari xeric savanna AT1309. Hankula irin ciyawar savanna sun hada da Schmidtia, Stipagrostis, Aristida, da Eragrostis; wadannan suna cakude da bishiyoyi kamar su rakumi (Acacia erioloba), grey camelthorn (Acacia haematoxylon), bishiyar makiyaya (Boscia albitrunca), blackthorn (Acacia mellifera), da kuma ganye mai tarin azurfa (Terminalia sericea). A wasu yankuna inda yanayi ke bushewa, ya zama hamada ta hamada ta gaskiya tare da kasa wacce ba ciyawa ta rufe ta gaba daya: "bude" sabanin "rufaffiyar" ciyayi. Misalan sun hada da arewacin Hukumar Gundumar ZF Mgcawu,, kanta a arewacin Afirka ta Kudu, da Keetmanshoop Karkara a kudu maso gabashin Namibia. A arewa da gabas, akwai busassun dazuzzuka da suka mamaye yanki sama da 300,000 km2 wanda tekun Rhodesian da nau'ikan itaciya da yawa sun yi fice. Ana kiran waɗannan yankuna Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands AT0709. A waje da "hamada" ta Kalahari, amma a cikin tafkin Kalahari, wani ciyayi mai cutar halophytic a arewa ya dace da kwanon rufi, tabkuna wadanda suka bushe gaba daya a lokacin rani, kuma wataƙila na tsawon shekaru a lokacin fari, kamar a Etosha (Etosha Pan halophytics AT0902 ) da Makgadikgadi (Zambezian halophytics AT0908). Daban-daban ciyayi sun dace da ruwan sha mai kyau na Okavango Delta, wani yanayi da ake kira Zambezian da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye AT0907. Fauna Kalahari yana da gida ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu ƙaura da yawa. A da wuraren hutu ne na namun daji tun daga giwaye zuwa rakumin dawa, da kuma masu farauta irin su zakuna da cheetah, a yanzu bakin kogin galibi wuraren kiwo ne, duk da cewa ana iya samun damisa cheetahs. Yankin yanzu yana da ciyayi sosai kuma shingen shanu sun hana cunkoson namun daji. Daga cikin hamada na Kudancin duniya, Kalahari ya fi kama da wasu hamadar Ostiraliya a cikin yanayin latitude da yanayin yadda yake. Ko da yake akwai speciesan ƙananan cututtukan gargajiya, ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban a yankin, gami da manyan masu lalata irin su zaki (Panthera leo), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), damisa (Panthera pardus), hyena mai hangowa (Crocuta crocuta), launin ruwan kasa hyena (Hyaena brunnea), da karen daji na Cape (Lycaon pictus pictus). Tsuntsayen ganima sun hada da tsuntsayen sakatare (Sagittarius serpentarius), dorinar mikiya (Polemaetus bellicosus) da sauran mikiya, katuwar mujiya (Bubo lacteus) da sauran mujiya, falcons, goshawks, kestrels, and kites. Sauran dabbobin sun hada da wildebeest, springbok da sauran dabbobin ruwa, na kwalliya (Hystrix africaeaustralis) da jimina (Struthio camelus). Wasu daga cikin yankuna a cikin Kalahari yankuna ne masu dausayi, kamar su Makgadikgadi Pans na Botswana. Wannan yanki, alal misali, yana tallafawa nau'ikan nau'ikan halophilic, kuma a lokacin damina, dubun dubatan flamingos sukan ziyarci wadannan kwanukan. Babbar barazanar da ke tattare da rayuwar namun daji ita ce shingen da aka gina don kula da garken shanun kiwo, aikin da ke kuma cire murfin tsiren na savanna kanta. Hakanan masu kiwon shanu za su ba da guba ko farautar masu farauta daga yankin kewayen, musamman masu kai hari ga diloli da karnukan daji. Yankunan da aka kare An kafa waɗannan yankuna masu kariya a cikin Kalahari irin su: Central Kalahari Game Reserve Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park Khutse Game Reserve Tswalu Kalahari Yawan jama'a Mutanen San sun rayu cikin Kalahari tsawon shekaru 20,000 a matsayin masu tara farauta. Suna farautar daji tare da baka da kibau masu guba kuma suna tattara tsire-tsire masu cin abinci, kamar su 'ya'yan itace, kankana da goro, da ƙwari. 'Yan San suna samun yawancin bukatunsu na ruwa daga tushen tsire-tsire da guna na hamada da aka samo a kan ko ƙarƙashin ƙasan hamada. sau da yawa yana adana ruwa a cikin ɓawon ƙwaryar ƙwai na jimina. 'Yan San suna zaune a bukkoki da aka gina daga kayan gida - an yi firam ɗin da rassa, kuma an yi rufin da ciyawa da dogon ciyawa. Yawancin dabarun farautarsu da dabarun tattara su sun yi kama da kabilunmu da suka gabata. Tarihinsu ya hada da almara na allahn Chikara, yana kare su daga yunwa da mutuwa ta hanyar sadaukar da ransa ta hanyar farautar su a cikin silar barewa da sauran naman daji da suke farautar abinci. Bux makiyin Chikara ne kuma yana cikin macizai waɗanda ake samunsu da adadi mai yawa a yankin hamadar Kalahari. Tswana, Kgalagadi, da Herero da ke magana da Bantu da wasu tsirarun Turawa ma da ke zaune a cikin hamada Kalahari. Birnin Windhoek yana cikin Kogin Kalahari. Kalahari, San da lu'ulu'u A cikin 1996, De Beers ya kimanta yiwuwar hakar lu'u-lu'u a Gope. A shekarar 1997, fara fatattakar 'yan kabilar San da Bakgalagadi da ke cikin babban Game na Kalahari daga yankinsu. A cikin 2006, wata Babbar Kotun Botswana ta yanke hukunci a kan kabilun San da Bakgalagadi da ke wurin, ganin cewa korar da aka yi musu ya saba wa doka. Gwamnatin Botswana ta ba da izini ga De Beers 'Gem Diamonds/Gope Exploration Company (Pty) Ltd. don gudanar da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a cikin ajiyar. Mazauna tsakanin Kalahari Botswana: Gaborone Ghanzi Orapa Tshabong Tshane Namibia: Gobabis Mariental Afirka ta Kudu: Noenieput Rietfontein Duba Kuma Karoo Kgalagadi (disambiguation) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Media related to Kalahari at Wikimedia Commons "Cry of the Kalahari" Kalahari desert's forgotten influence on carbon levels

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Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci

Wasu masana falsafa da masana kimiyyar siyasa sun bambanta tsakanin haƙƙin da'awar da 'yanci . Haƙƙin da'awa, haƙƙi ne wanda ya ƙunshi nauyi, ayyuka, ko wajibai a kan wasu ɓangarori game da mai haƙƙin. Sabanin haka, haƙƙin 'yanci haƙƙi ne wanda baya haifar da wajibai a kan wasu ɓangarori, a'a kawai 'yanci ko izini ga mai hakki. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan ma'anoni biyu na "haƙƙi" ya samo asali ne daga masanin shari'a na Amurka Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld bincike game da su a cikin aikinsa na seminal Conceptions Fundamental Legal Conceptions, Kamar yadda Aiwatar da Shari'a Reasoning da sauran Legal Essays a shekarata (1919). Haƙƙoƙin ‘yanci da neman haƙƙoƙan juna saɓanin juna ne: mutum yana da haqqin da zai ba shi damar yin wani abu face babu wani wanda yake da haqqin da ya hana shi yin haka; haka kuma, idan mutum yana da hakki akan wani, wannan ’yancin na wani yana da iyaka. Wannan saboda ra'ayoyin deontic na wajibci da izini sune De Morgan dual ; An halatta mutum ya yi duka kuma kawai abubuwan da ba a wajabta masa ba ya bar su, kuma ya wajaba ya yi duka kuma kawai abubuwan da ba a ba shi izinin barin su ba. Bayanin 'Yancin da mutum yake da shi na x ya kunshi 'yancinsa na yin ko samun x, yayin da hakkinsa na x ya kunshi wajibci ga wasu don ba shi damar yin ko samun x . Misali, tabbatar da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki shine tabbatar da cewa kuna da izinin yin magana cikin 'yanci; wato ba wani abu da kuke aikatawa ba daidai ba ne ta hanyar yin magana cikin walwala. Amma wannan haƙƙin ƴancin ba shi da kansa ya haɗa da cewa wajibi ne wasu su taimake ka ka sadar da abubuwan da kake son faɗa, ko ma cewa ba za su yi kuskure ba wajen hana ka yin magana ba tare da ɓatanci ba. Fadin wadannan abubuwa na nufin tabbatar da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki; don tabbatar da cewa wajibi ne wasu su guji (wato an hana su) hana ku yin magana ba daidai ba (wato ba daidai ba ne su yi hakan) ko ma kila dole ne su taimaka wa ƙoƙarin ku na sadarwa (wato, zai kasance). ba daidai ba ne su ki irin wannan taimakon). Akasin haka, irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba su haifar da haƙƙin yanci ba; Misali dokokin da suka haramta adalci na banga (kafa da'awar doka ta 'yanci) don haka ba sa yarda ko ba da izinin duk ayyukan da irin wannan ta'addancin zai iya hana. Alal misali: Duniya mai 'yanci kawai, ba tare da wani haƙƙin da'awar ba, ta ma'anar za ta zama duniyar da aka ba da izinin komai a cikinta kuma ba a hana wani aiki ko tsallakewa ba; Duniyar da babu wanda zai iya da'awar cewa an zalunce su ko kuma an yi watsi da su. Sabanin haka, duniyar da ke da haƙƙoƙin ƴancin kai kawai kuma babu ƴancin kai za ta zama duniyar da babu wani abu a cikinta kawai aka ba da izini, amma duk ayyukan sun kasance ko dai na wajibi ne ko kuma an hana su. Maganar cewa mutane suna da da'awar 'yanci - watau cewa an wajabta wa mutane kawai su guji hana juna aikata abubuwan da suka halatta, 'yancin 'yancinsu ya iyakance ne kawai ta hanyar wajibcin mutunta 'yancin wasu - shi ne babban jigo na masu sassaucin ra'ayi . theories na adalci . Haƙƙin oda na biyu Binciken asali na Hohfeld ya haɗa da wasu nau'ikan haƙƙi guda biyu: ban da da'awar (ko haƙƙin da suka dace) da 'yanci (ko gata ), ya rubuta game da iko, da kariya . Sauran sharuɗɗa biyu na bincike na Hohfeld, iko da kariya, suna nufin 'yanci da iƙirari na biyu, bi da bi. Iko su ne haƙƙoƙin 'yanci game da gyare-gyaren haƙƙoƙin farko, misali Majalisar Dokokin Amurka tana da wasu iko don gyara wasu haƙƙoƙin doka na ƴan ƙasar Amurka, gwargwadon iya aiwatarwa ko cire ayyukan doka. Immunities, akasin haka, haƙƙin da'awar ne game da gyare-gyaren haƙƙoƙin oda na farko, misali Jama'ar Amurka suna da, bisa ga Tsarin Mulkinsu, wasu ƙayyadaddun kariya da ke iyakance ikon Majalisar Dokokin Amurka don gyara haƙƙoƙinsu na doka. Don haka, rigakafi da iko galibi suna ƙarƙashin da'awa da yanci daga marubutan daga baya, ko kuma a haɗa su cikin "haƙƙi masu aiki" ('yanci da iko) da "haƙƙin m" (da'awa da kariya) da Duk abubuwan da suka danganci haka. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan haƙƙoƙi daban-daban azaman tubalan gini don bayyana ingantattun al'amura masu rikitarwa kamar yanki na musamman. Misali, ‘yancin yin amfani da kwamfuta za a iya la’akari da shi a matsayin ‘yancin ’yanci, amma mutum yana da ikon barin wani ya yi amfani da kwamfutar ka (ba su ’yancin walwala), da kuma da’awar da wasu ke yi na amfani da kwamfutar. ; da ƙari, kuna iya samun haƙƙoƙin kariya da ke kare da'awarku da 'yancin ku game da kwamfutar wato na'ura Mai kwakwalwa.  ] Sauran abubuwa Tsarin tsarin mulki Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki 'Yanci da lasisi Hakkoki mara kyau da tabbatacce Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Siffar Haƙƙin: Tsarin Bincike na Hohfeldian, Sashe na Haƙƙin 2.1, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Da'awar Haƙƙin & Haƙƙin 'Yanci, Haƙƙin Dan Adam sashe na 3b, Encyclopedia na Falsafa na Intanet Bambanci Tsakanin Dama da 'Yanci, Farfesa William E. May Yadda ake yin Abubuwa Tare da Hohfeld , 78 Matsalolin Shari'a na Zamani 185 (2015), Pierre Schlag Da'awa Yanci

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummu%20Kulthum%20bint%20Ali

Ummu Kulthum bint Ali

Rubutun tsutsaZaynab al-Sughrā ( 'Zaynab 'yar karama''), wanda kuma aka sani da kunya Umm Kulthūm bint ‘Ali ( ), ta kasance jikanyar Muhammad ce kuma diyar 'yar Ali ibn Abi Talib,na huɗun khalifofi shiryayyu (r. 656 zuwa 661) kuma ɗan uwa, suruki, kuma sahabi ( Saḥāba ) na Muhammad — ta hanyar aurensa da Faṭimah ., kuma matar na biyun khalifofi shiryayyu kuma sahabi ( ṣahaba ) na Muhammad, Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (r. 634 zuwa 644). Ko ta auri ko bata auri na biyun khalifofi shiryayyu, Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ba(r. 634-644), batu ne da ake cece-kuce tsakanin Ahlus-Sunnah da wasu musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ‘yan-sha-biyu . Gaskiyan cewar mahaifinta Ali ya sanyawa ‘ya’yansa biyu sunayen khalifofi na farko da na biyu, Abubakar da Umar, ya karfafa maganar Ahlus-Sunnah cewa lallai Ali ya aurar da ita ga Umar. An ba ta lakabi da "'yar Ƙaramar" don bambanta ta da yayarta, Zaynab Babba (Zaynab al-Kubra). Iyali An haife ta a shekara ta 6 bayan hijira a matsayin ƴa na huɗu ga Ali kuma ga 'yar Muhammadu, Fatima . 'Yan uwanta su ne Hasan, Husaini da Zainab al-Kubra . Muhammad ya ba ta kunya 'Ummu Kulthum' saboda ta yi kama da 'yarsa, Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad, Innar Zainab ta wurin Uwa. Auren farko Aqidar Sunna Da farko Ali yana son ‘ya’yansa mata su auri ‘ya’yan dan’uwansa Ja’afar, amma khalifa ya nemi auren Ummu Kulthum, wanda ya yi alkawarin cewa, “Babu wani mutum a doron kasa da zai kyautata mata fiye da yadda zan yi. Ali ya yi jayayyar cewa har yanzu ba ta kai balaga ba, amma Umar ya ce a gabatar da ita gare shi. Ali ya bai wa diyarsa Tufafi mai tsiri, ya umurce ta da cewa: “Ki kai wa Amirul Muminin, ki ce masa: “Babana ya ce: “Idan kana son wannan tufafin, ka rike shi; idan kuma ba ka so, ka mayar da shi." Lokacin da Ummu Kulthum ta kawo wa Umar wannan saqo, sai ta ba da labarin cewa: “Bai buɗe rigar ba kuma bai kalli komai ba face ni. Sai ya ce mata ya yi mai, don haka Ali ya amince da auren. Umar ya baiwa amaryarsa sadaki Dirhami 40,000, kuma aka yi auren a watan Nuwamba ko Disamba shekara ta 638 (Dhu'l-Qaada 17 bayan hijira).  Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Zayd da Ruqayya. Daga baya Ruqayya ta auri Ibrahim, ɗan Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas wanda ta haifa masa ‘ya mace. Wani labari daga rayuwar aurensu ya ba da labarin yadda Ummu Kulthum ta aika da kyautar turare ga Sarauniyar Rumawa . Sarauniyar ita kuma ta aika ma Ummu Kulthum abin wuya "kyakkyawa". Umar ya yi imanin cewa bai kamata matarsa ta yi wasiku na sirri ba da kudin ma’aikatan gidan waya na jihar, don haka sai ya biya mata kudin turaren, ya kuma sanya abin wuyan Sarauniyar a cikin baitul malin jihar. Amma duk da haka, an ce Umar ya na kula da Ummu Kulthum “da matuƙar girma da daraja” domin jikan Muhammadu ce. Aqidar Shi'a goma sha biyu Sai dai da yawa daga cikin ‘yan Shi’a ‘yan-sha-biyu sun yi imanin cewa aurenta da Umar bai faru ba, kuma ta auri Awn ibn Ja’afar (Ja’afar) bn Abi Talib, sannan (bayan rasuwarsa) ga kaninsa Muhammad. Aure na gaba Bayan wafatin Umar a shekara ta 644, Ummu Kulthum ta auri matashin kawunta, ɗan Ja’afar Awn, akan sadaki dirhami 4,000. Dan uwanta Hasan ya bayyana cewa bai taba ganin soyayya mai kima irin yadda Ummu Kulthum take yi wa Awn ba. Duk da haka, Awn ya mutu bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Bayan Awn ya rasu, Ali ya aurar da Ummu Kulthum ga ɗan'uwan Awn Muhammad, shima akan dirhami 4,000. Amma kuma Muhammad shima ya rasu. Bayan mutuwar mijinta Muhammad, Ummu Kulthum ta zama ɗaya daga cikin matan babban ɗan'uwan Awn da Muhammad, Abdullah, wanda ya saki 'yar uwarta Zainab al-Kubra . Dangane da sakin littafin Muhammad Al-Munajjid ya bayyana cewa Zainab ta rasu ne tana auren shi (Abdullahi bn Ja'afar). Ummu Kulthum ta ce: “Ba na jin kunyar [ surukata ] Asma bint Umays . Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yanta sun mutu suna aure na, amma ban ji tsoron hakan wa na ukun ba." Ummu Kulthum ba ta haihu da ɗaya daga cikin aurenta na ukun ƙarshe ba. Yakin Karbala An ruwaito cewa ta kasance a yakin Karbala, inda wani soja da ya kai hari ya kwace mata 'yan kunnen ta. Bayan haka kuma, an ce Ummu Kulthum ta yi wani yabo na Allah ya tarwatsa mutanen Kufa da suka yi watsi da dan uwanta Husaini, wanda aka kashe a yakin. Mutuwa Ummu Kulthum da danta Zaid sun rasu a lokaci guda, a zamanin Abdullah. Mutane tamanin 80 suka halarci jana'izar su, inda Sa'id bn al-As ya gabatar da sallah, kuma masu jam'in sallah sun hada da Abdullahi bn Umar da Abu Hurairah . An binne Ummu Kulthum a makabartar Baab Sagheer a birnin Damascus dake kasar Siriya. Ginin ummu kulthum yana ƙauyen Arrawiya a Damascus. Fatimids sun yi imanin cewa ana kuma kiranta da "Zaynab Karama" kuma an binne ta a Masallacin Sayyidah Zainab, a Damascus; Yayin da Zainab babba ta kasance dattijiya a karshen rayuwarta a birnin Alƙahira kuma an binneta a can a masallacin Al-Sayeda Zainab . Duba kuma Bishiyar gidan Ali Abubuwan da ake jayayya a farkon tarihin Musulunci Mashhad na Sayyida Ruqayya Ra'ayin Sunna akan Umar Shi'a ra'ayin Umar Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

21314

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar%20bin%20Hafiz

Umar bin Hafiz

Habib Omar bin Hafiz (; yadda furucin da Larabci: [ħabiːb ʕumar bin ħafiːðˤ]; an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, 1963) ya kasance musulmin kasar Yemen ne mabiyin tafarkin Sunnah malamin addinin Islama, malami, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban makarantar hauza ta Dar al-Mustafa. Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Shawarar Koli ta Gidauniyar Tabah a Abu Dhabi. Rayuwar shi ta farko An haifi Habib Omar bin Hafiz ne a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1963 CE ko 4 ga Muharram 1383 AH a Tarim, Hadhramaut, Yemen, kuma ya tashi ne a cikin gidan da ke da al'adu da nasaba ta ilimin addinin Musulunci da adalcin mahaifinsa. Mahaifinsa shi ne Muhammad bin Salim bin Hafiz, wani Habib kuma muftin Tarim, mai kira zuwa ga Musulunci, malami ne, kuma shahidi ne na boren gurguzu. Shi sayyid ne (daga zuriyar annabin Islama Muhammadu), ta wurin jikansa Hussein ibn Ali. Sunan mahaifinsa "Hafiz" ya fito ne daga sunan kakansa, wani reshe na dangin "Shaikh Abubakr bin Salim", wanda kuma sunan mahaifinsa ne na sha uku. An rubuta zuriyarsa kamar haka: Shine Omar bin Muhammad, bin Sālim, bin Hafiz, bin Abdullah, bin Abubakar, bin Aidarus, bin Umar, bin Aidarus, bin Umar, bin Abubakar, bin Aidarus, bin Husayn, bin Fakhr al-Wujūd al-Shaykh Abu Bakr, bin Salim, bin Abdullah, bin Abd al-Raḥman, bin Abdullah, bin Abd al-Rahman al-Saqqaf, bin Muhammad Mawla al-Dawilah, bin Ali Mawla al-Darak, bin Alawi al -Ghayur, bin Muhammad al-Faqih Muqaddam, bin Ali, bin Muhammad Sahib al-Mirbat, bin Ali Khali Qasam, bin Alawi al-Tsani, bin Muhammad Sahib al-Ṣawma'ah, bin Alawi al-Awwal, bin Ubaydullah, bin Ahmad al-Muhajir, bin Isa al-Rumi, bin Muhammad al-Naqib, bin Ali al-Urayḍi, bin Ja'far al-Sadik, bin Muhammad al-Baqir, bin Ali Zayn al-Abidin, bin Husayn, bin Ali bin Abi Talib da Fatimah al-Zahra, diyar Muhammad. Karatu da neman Ilimi Kasancewar ya haddace Al-Qur'ani tun yana matashi, Habib ya kuma karanci Al-Qur'ani kuma ya haddace manyan nassoshi a Fiqhu (Fikihun Musulunci), harshen larabci, Hadisi (Hadisan annabta) da sauran ilimin addini da yawa. Ya karanci ilimin addinin Musulunci gami da ruhaniya daga mahaifinsa. Daga baya kuma ya yi rajista a Ribat na al-Bayda, inda ya fara karatun ilmin addinin Musulunci na gargajiya a karkashin kulawar Al-Habib Muhammad bin Abd-Allah al-Haddar, da kuma karkashin Shafi'i masanin shari'a kuma masanin Al- Habib Zain bin Sumait. An ba Habib Omar izinin koyarwa ba da jimawa ba. Sannan ya yi karatu a gaban muftin na Ta'iz, al-Habib Ibrahim bin Aqil bin Yahya. Ya kuma yi karatu a gaban Shaikh al-Habib Muhammad al-Haddar, wanda ya ba shi auren ‘yarsa. Daga nan Bin Hafiz ya tafi Hejaz kuma ya yi karatun litattafai da dama a wurin malamai, wadanda suka hada da Al-Habib Abdul Qadir bin Ahmad al-Saqqaf, Al-Habib Ahmed Mashur al-Haddad, da Al-Habib Attas al-Habashi. Tun yana dan shekara sha biyar 15, Habib ya fara koyarwa, yayin da yake ci gaba da karatu da karbar darussa. Ayyuka Bayan dawowarsa Tarim, bin Hafiz ya kafa Dar al-Mustafa, makarantar hauza ta ilimin addinin Musulunci. Habib a yanzu haka yana zaune a Tarim, inda yake kula da ci gaban Dar al-Mustafa da makarantun da aka kafa ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Dar al-Mustafa ya fito a cikin The New York Times. Makarantarsa tana karɓar ɗalibai daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin fitattun dalibansa a Burtaniya sun hada da Shaykh Ibrahim Osi Efa, kuma a Amurka, Shaykh Abdul Karim Yahya da Shaykh John (Yahya) Rhodus, yayin da fitattun dalibansa a Indonesia sun hada da marigayi Habib Munzir Al-Musawa. Habib yakan yi balaguro akai-akai don ganawa da ɗalibai da shugabanni, isar da jawabai da hirarraki na kafofin watsa labarai, da shiga cikin ayyukan hukuma da masu zaman kansu. Daga cikin wuraren da ya kasance sun hada da: kasashen Tekun Fasha, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Sudan, Mali, Kenya, da Tanzania, Afirka ta Kudu, Comoros Islands, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, da Spain. Ya haɗu da sarƙoƙin isar da saƙo na malaman waɗannan yankuna. A shekara ta 2006, Habib ya hadu da Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri; sun yi musayar ilimi a kan Musulunci, sannan shi ma ya karbi Ijazah (takardar shedar koyarwa) na Hadisi daga Tahir-ul-Qadri. A shekara ta 2007, Habib ya shiga sahun manyan malamai na duniya da malamai a matsayin wanda ya sanya hannu kan wata kalma ta gama gari tsakaninmu da ku, takardar da ke gina gada tsakanin al'ummomin Musulmi da Kirista. Ya kuma yi magana a Jami'ar Cambridge game da buƙatar irin wannan tattaunawar. A watan Yuni shekarar 2008, ya ha] a hannu da Muslim Aid Australia a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro Yemen-tushen NGO Al-Rafah Sadaka Society zuwa adireshin al'amurran da suka shafi talauci da yunwa da rashin isasshen kiwon lafiya da zai shafi yankunan da Tarim. A cikin shekarar 2011, Habib ya zagaya kasashen Burtaniya, Kanada da Amurka don yada manufofi da kuma da'awah (kiran wasu zuwa Musulunci). Ganewa A shekarar 2019, an lissafa Habib a lamba 8 a cikin Musulmai Mafiya Tasiri 500, wanda ya saba da shekara-shekara wanda Cibiyar Prince Al-Waleed ta Yariman Al-Waleed na Jami'ar Georgetown da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Muslunci ta Jordan suka shirya. Habib ya fito a cikin jerin manyan 50 din a kowace shekara tun lokacin da aka fara buga shi a shekarar 2009. Littafan da ya rubuta da wallafe-wallafe Habib yana da littattafan odiyo da na gani da rubuce-rubuce. Daga cikin su akwai: Mukhtar al-Hadith: Zabin Hadisan Manzanni Masu Girma (wanda aka buga a 2011 ta Cibiyar Ribat) Tarin hadisi guda biyu: Zaba daga Shifa al-Saqim (al-Mukhtar min Shifa al-Saqim) da Hasken Imani Daga Jawabin Masoyin al-Rahman (Nur al-Iman min Kalam Habib al-Rahman) Taimako ga Wadanda suke Neman yardar Mahalicci, ta hanyar Bayyana kyawawan Dabi'u (Is'af Talibi Rida al-Khallaq bi Bayan Makarim al-Akhlaq) Nasiha ga Dalibai (Tawjihat al-Tullab) Our Halayen (Khuluquna) Fitar da ni'ima daga Rahamar Mai bayarwa (Fa'idat al-mann min Rahamat Wahhab al-Minan) Sayar da mai hankali zuwa ga jin daɗin Mai rahama (Tawjih al-Nabih li-Mardat Barih) Taskar Alfarma (al-Dhakira al-Musharrafa) Takaitaccen Taimako na Annabci, littafin kira (Khuslasa al-Maddad al-Nabawi fil-Adhkar) Mauludi guda biyu, bikin rayuwar Muhammadu: Haske mai Fitila game da Maulidin Annabi mai ceto (al-Diya al-Lami 'fi Dhikr Mawlid al-Nabi al-Shafi') da Tsarkakakken Abin Sha game da Rayuwar Mafi Tsaran Wata (al-Sharab al-Tuhur fi Dhikri Sirati Badri al-Budur) Bayyanar da Taimako na Ruhaniya, Hadin Wa'azin (Fayd al-Imdad) Wa'azin Mai Wa'azi (Thaqafat al-Khatib) Tarin wakoki Duba kuma 2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny Islam in Yemen List of Yemenis Ba'Alawi Ashʿari Shafi'i Sufism Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar Yanar Gizo Shafin Facebook na Habib Omar Pages with unreviewed translations

16526

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ%20Khaled

DJ Khaled

Khaled Mohamed Khaled (An haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta alib 1975),wanda aka fi sani da suna DJ Khaled, dan Ba’amurke ne, mai zartar da rikodi, marubucin waƙoƙi, mai ba da labari, marubuci, mai kuma ɗabi’ar watsa labarai .. Khaled ya fara samun daukaka a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a cikin shekara ta (1990) a gidan rediyo na 99 Jamz, kuma ya fassara farin jinin sa ta hanyar yin aiki tare da Terror Squad a matsayin DJ don wasan kwaikwayon da suke yi kai tsaye. Bayan samun yabo a kan abubuwan da kungiyar ta yi, Khaled ya fitar da album din sa na farko mai suna Listennn... the Album a shekara ta (2006) wanda kuma ya samu takardar zinare. sannan Yabi album din We the Best a shekara ta (2007), wanda ke ɗauke da manyan waƙoƙi 20 masu suna "I'm So Hood". Sanarwarsa biyu da suka biyo bayan- We Global (2008) da Victory (2010) - an sake su bayan ya kafa lakabin rikodin din We the Best Music Group . Dukkanin faya-fayen wakokin an zana su a cikin goman farko akan Billboard 200 na Amurka, tare da na karshen dauke da wakar "All I Do Is Win", wanda daga karshe aka tabbatar da shi a triple platinum . Faifan faifan sa na biyar We the Best Forever(2011) shi ma ya ga irin nasarar da aka samu ta kasuwanci,kuma ya taimaka wajen kawo Khaled ga shahararriyar duniya, kamar yadda ta ƙunshi waƙar "I'm on One",shi ne farkon sa wanda yafi fice a cikin goma da ya yi. Kundin nasa na shida da na bakwai, Kiss the Ring (2012) da Suffering from Success (2013), an tsara shi a cikin goman farko a kan Billboard 200,kuma faifan saiti na takwas, I Changed a Lot (2015), wanda ya kai kololuwa a lamba 12. A cikin shekara ta (2015 da 2016) Khaled ya sami kulawar duniya a matsayin mutum na ɗan jarida, wanda ya sami manyan masu bi a shafukan sada zumunta. Wannan ya hango fitowar kundin faifan saiti na tara Major Key (2016), wanda ya sami nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci; an fara yin fito na fito da Billboard (200) an kuma tabbatar da zinare, sannan kuma an amshi kyautar Grammy don Best Rap Album. Ya fitar da faifan sa na goma, mai suna Grateful, a shekarar (2017), wanda ya kunshi marayu "I'm the One" da "Wild Thoughts", wadanda aka tsara a lamba ta daya da ta biyu a kan Billboard Hot 100, bi da bi. An fara faifan kundin a lamba ta daya akan Billboard (200) kuma shima ya sami tabbataccen sinadarin platinum. Kundin nasa na goma sha ɗaya, Father of Asahd, an sake shi a shekarar (2019) ya kai kololuwa a lamba ta biyu, kuma waƙar " Mafi Girma " data sami Best Rap/Sung Performance a wajen 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, Khaled shi ne Gwarzon farko na Grammy. A wajen kiɗa, Khaled ya sami nasara a matsayin marubuci, tare da littafinsa The Keys wanda ke cikin jerin masu Sayarwa Mafi Kyawu a New York Times . Hakanan ya fito a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa cikin Spies in Disguise (2019) da Bad Boys for Life (2020). Rayuwar farko An haifi Khaled a ranar( 26) ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (1975) a New Orleans, Palestinian, ga iyayen Falasdinawa da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Musulmi mai ibada. uwansa mai suna Alec Ledd (Alaa Khaled) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. yan uwansa mawaƙa suna buga waƙar Larabci, kuma Khaled ya fara sha'awar rera wakoki na rap da ruhi tun yana ƙarami, kuma iyayensa sun goyi bayan sha'awarsa. Ya yi aiki a cikin shagon rikodin Merry-Go-Round na gida wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tushe don aikin kiɗan sa. Ayyuka Yayin aikinsa na farko, Khaled ya saba da matasa masu fasaha da yawa kuma ya taimaka musu kafin nasarar su; wadannan sun hada da Birdman, Lil Wayne, da Mavado . Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne a gidan adana labarai na New Orleans Odyssey inda ya hadu da Birdman da Lil Wayne a shekarar (1993). Bayan barin Odyssey, ya fara DJ a cikin kayan ado na reggae, yana haɗuwa da raye-raye da hip-hop. Wasannin rediyo na farko sun kasance a tashar 'pirate . A cikin shekarar (1998) ya koma Miami kuma ya dauki nauyin The Luke Show a WEDR("99) Jamz" tare da 2 Live Crew's Luther Campbell . A cikin shekarar (2003) ya fara daukar nauyin shirin rediyo na dare a (99) Jamz mai suna Takeover . A lokacin da ya aiki, Khaled ya yi amfani da yawa monikers ciki har da "Arab Attack", "Big Kare Lucenzo", "Firgitar Squadian" (amfani a lokacin da hip hop kungiyar Terror Squad), Beat Novacane (a moniker karkashin abin da ya samar da lashe), The Don Dada, Mr. Miami da dai sauransu. Khaled ya bayyana cewa ya yi amfani da dodon "Arab Attack" don kida kamar yana cewa "hari tare da kide-kide", amma nan da nan ya dakatar da shi bayan September 11 attacks tun yana jin cewa yin amfani da shi zai zama kamar rashin ladabi da cin fuska ga wadanda suka wahala saboda hare-haren. 2006–08: Listennn... Kundin, We the Best, da We Global A ranar( 6) ga watan Yuni,a shekarar( 2006) album din sa na farko Listennn... the Album wanda ya saka Koch Records ne ya fitar da Kundin ; ta fara aiki a US Billboard 200 a lamba ta 12. We the Best (2007) shine kundin sa na biyu tare da waƙoƙi "I'm So Hood" tare da T-Pain, Trick Daddy, Plies, da Rick Ross da "We Takin 'Over" tare da Akon, T.I., Rick Ross, Fat Joe, Birdman, da Lil Wayne. "We Takin 'Over" ya kai lamba ta( 28) a kan US Billboard Hot 100 da lamba ta( 11) a kan US Hot Rap Tracks kuma an tabbatar da Zinare ta Recording Industry Association of America a ranar (20 ) ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (2007). Khaled yayi baƙo a faifai na Birdman na shekara ta (2007) album 5 * Stunna akan wajan " 100 Million "; wanda ya hada da Rick Ross, Dre, Young Jeezy da Lil Wayne. A waccan shekarar, Khaled ya ci kyaututtuka biyu na Ozone: daya don Kyakkyawan Bidiyo ("We Takin 'Over") da kuma wani don Kyakkyawan Rediyon DJ. A shekara ta (2008) kundin waƙa na uku na Khaled We Global ya fito tare da maraice " Out Here Grindin " tare da Akon, Rick Ross, Lil' Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood, da Plies, sannan " Go Hard " wanda ke nuna Kanye West da T-Pain. RIAA ta ba da tabbacin Platinum ɗin "I'm So Hood" a ranar (4 ) ga watan Yuni, shekarar (2008). A waccan shekarar, Khaled ya sami lambar yabo ta DJ na Shekarar daga BET Hip Hop Awards da Ozone Awards. An nada shi shugaban Def Jam South a shekarar (2009). 2010–12: Nasara, We the Best Forever, da Kiss the Ring An sake album nasa mai Taken nasara a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2010. Kundin ya fito da baƙon daga Drake, Lil Wayne, Rick Ross, Nas, Snoop Dogg, Ludacris, Nelly,da ƙari. The single " All I Do Is Win " featuring Ludacris,Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, and T-Pain a double-platinum single.sun hada da: " Put Your Hands Up " wadanda suka hada da Ross,Young Jeezy, Plies, da Schife,da kuma " Fed Up " wanda ke dauke da Usher, Drake,Ross,da Jeezy.Kundin yana da ƙananan tallace-tallace kuma an fara amfani dashi a lamba ta 12 akan Billboard 2000. DJ Khaled ya sanar da taken kundin, We the Best Forever, a Twitter . A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, Khaled ya sanya hannu kan Cash Money Records tare da Universal Motown, za a saki kundin a karkashin lakabin, haka kuma a karkashin E1 Entertainment, Terror Squad, Def Jam South, da Khaled nasa lakabin We the Best Music Group, tare da baƙi da aka tabbatar kamar Fat Joe, Chris Brown, Keyshia Cole, Cee Lo Green, Cool &amp; Dre, Rick Ross, Kanye West, Jay-Z, Nas, Birdman, Lil Wayne, TI, Akon, Drake, da Nicki Minaj Waka ta farko mai taken " Welcome to My Hood", wanda ke dauke da Rick Ross, Plies, Lil Wayne da T-Pain an sake shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2011, wanda The Renegades ya samar, kuma DJ Khaled ya hada gwiwa. kansa da Nasty Beatmakers. Waƙar ita ce ta farko da aka saki a ƙarƙashin Cash Money Records da Universal Motown, an yi fim ɗin kiɗa a Miami, Florida, kuma Gil Green ne ya ba da umarnin, tare da zane-zane na Flo Rida, Bow Wow, Busta Rhymes, da sauran masu fasaha. Waka ta gaba, " Ina kan Daya ", mai dauke da Drake, Rick Ross da Lil Wayne, an sake ta a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2011. DJ Khaled ya yi wakar ne a BET Awards 2011 wanda aka watsa a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2011. . Manazarta

50203

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuma%20Monou

Fuma Monou

fuma monou(Japanese: Hepburn),ankuma rbuta Fuma monou,Mai zane ya ƙirƙiro halin juzu'i a clamp aka bayyanar alokacin manga gim X.Fuma yafitu ayaro matashi da abokinsa protagonist kamui shiro.Duk dahaka,yawan haduwarsa da kamui da karfin fawa yasa shi sannan yasa shi habaka chanjin- jini Mai sanyi,wanene yashiga dragons na duniya,kawar da dan Adam a duniya Ƙirƙira da haɓakawa Ƙungiyar Mangaka Clamp ta ƙirƙiri manga X bayan editan su, Aoki, sun ga wani zane da ya shafi Fuma Monou da babban hali Kamui Shiro . Fuma ya sha bamban da sigarsa ta ƙarshe: matashi mai fara'a wanda daga baya ya bayyana a cikin manga a matsayin Keiichi Segawa, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban manyan makarantu na Kamui. A farkon silsilar, Marubuciya ta Clamp Nanase Ohkawa ta gaya wa ƴan uwanta masu fasaha game da canjin Fuma a nan gaba ya zama ɗan iska. Ohkawa ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyin Kamui da Fuma da take da su a lokacin makarantar sakandare, kamar yanayin mutum biyu da yadda za a iya ɗaukar mutane nagari ko mugu.Kamui ya sadu da babban jarumin Babila na Tokyo Subaru Sumeragi, wanda kishiyoyinsa da Seishiro Sakurazuka yayi daidai da kishiyar Kamui da Fuma. Clamp da ake kira Kamui da Subaru a matsayin 'yan'uwa;Ya kamata Kamui ya koyi darasi daga yakin karshe da Subaru ya yi da Seishiro, don haka kuma yakinsa na karshe da Fuma ba shi da irin wannan mummunan karshe. Canji na Fuma daga hali mai goyan baya zuwa babban mugu yana da wahala ga Clamp, tunda 'yar uwarsa Kotori Monou za ta mutu yayin wannan canji. Sun gabatar da Fuma da Kotori sama da juzu'i takwas saboda ta'addancin labarin,har ma masu karatu da ba su son Kotori sun nuna alhinin mutuwarta. Tun da jerin suna da haruffa masu magana da yawa, Fuma zai zama matashi mai shiru; yawancin maganganunsa sun shafi Kamui.A farkon bayyanarsa Fuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin halayen shiru kamar yadda marubutan da kansu suka faɗa saboda da kyar yake tattaunawa kawai lokacin da ya shafi 'yar uwarsa da Kamui,wanda hakan ya sa su sa ido ga canjin sa zuwa mugu. Fuma ya kashe 'yar uwarsa wanna yana daya daga cikin mafi munin al'amuran Clamp.Sun dage,duk da adawar edita, domin sun riga sun hango hakan a daya daga cikin mafarkin Kamui.Kisan Fuma na Daisuke Saiki shima ya sha adawa saboda tashin hankalinsa, amma editocin sun yanke shawara tare dogaro da martanin masu karatu. Mawallafin mawaƙa Mokona yana jin cewa Fuma shine hali mafi wuyar zanawa, tun da sun sanya shi kama da wasu haruffa kamar Kusanagi Shiyū lokacin da Yuzuriha Nekoi ya gan shi. Clamp ya kauce wa ra'ayin Seiichiro Aoki (wani hali bisa ga editan su) haduwa da Fuma, tun da za a tilasta musu yin Fuma androgynous. Mawaƙin nan Satsuki Igarashi ya sami zana Dodanni na sama da ƙasa a lokaci guda da wahala saboda suturar ɗaiɗaikun da suke da ita, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi fatan su sa kaya iri ɗaya A cikin fim ɗin Jafananci X, Ken Narita ya bayyana Fuma a cikin Jafananci da Adam Henderson a Turanci; Junichi Suwabe ne ya bayyana wannan hali a cikin jerin talabijin. Suwabe ya samu furucin Fuma Wanda ya ke da wuya saboda halinsa guda biyu: iri daya, dayan kuma mai sanyin zuciya.Ya kuma lura cewa manga X ya shahara sosai a Japan, kuma yana so ya cika tsammanin masu sauraro. Suwabe ya yi abota da jarumin Kamui, Kenichi Suzumura,a lokacin da yake nadar anime. Crispin Freeman ya maye gurbin Suwabe don Turanci dub na jerin talabijin. A cikin Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle OVAs, Yuji Kishi ne ya furta Fuma a cikin Jafananci da kuma Joel McDonald a Turanci. Kishi ya auri yar wasan murya Mika Kikuchi, wacce ta buga Mokona Modoki a Tsubasa, a cikin shekara ta 2009;An yi shagali tare da misalan Fuma ta auri Mokona. Halaye da jigogi Fuma dalibin sakandire ne kuma shine wanda ya yi abota da Kamui tare da yayarsa Kotori lokacin suna yara. Duk da rashin nuna wata baiwa kamar fitattun jarumai na jerin,Fuma ya tsallake shingen sihiri wanda Sorata Arisugawa ya kirkira don mamakin kansa. Ba da daɗewa ba asirin abubuwan da ke cikin rawar Fuma a cikin Armageddon mai zuwa sun bayyana a fili lokacin da Nataku ya kashe mahaifinsa kuma ya yi amfani da dakarunsa na ƙarshe don gaya masa shi "tauraron tagwaye" na Kamui ne, yayin da mace mai iya ganin nan gaba ta umurce shi da kashe shi idan yana so ya ceci 'yar uwarsa. Fuma yana da sabani game da waɗannan saƙonnin yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da haɗin gwiwa ga abokinsa har lokacin ƙuruciyarsu inda ya kasance yana ganin Kamui a matsayin yaro marar laifi. Koyaya,Fuma yana haɓaka kudadensa sa loka Fuma ya canza ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mutum mai bakin ciki wanda ya azabtar da Kamui kuma ya kashe 'yar uwarsa. Wannan sabon Fuma yana tare da Kanoe da Dodanni na Duniya domin cimma manufar halaka bil'adama. Kamar yadda Kamui ya ɓoye, Fuma yana haɓaka sha'awar biyan bukatun wasu.Duk da tashin hankalin da ya aikata,Fuma yana yin murmushi mai daɗi. A lokacin da ya aikata kisan kare dangi, Fuma mai tausayine har yanzu ya kasance a ɓoye yayin da ya sadu da wata yarinya kuma ya gargade ta da ta bar garin tare da mahaifiyarta yayin da yake shirin haifar da girgizar kasa da za ta lalata birnin. Ita kanta Kanoe tana tsoron Fuma ta kasa gane mene ne sha'awarsa ko kuma ainihin sonsa. Bayan mutuwar daya daga cikin abokansa, Seishiro Sakurazuka, Fuma ya bayyana nasa falsafa game da sha'awarsa; Idan mutum ya rasa nufinsa na rayuwa,da kansa zai kashe shi da ya kasance da muhimmanci a gare shi ya nuna yadda dangantakar da ke tsakanin su biyu take da muhimmanci. A cikin surori na gaba,halin Fuma ya zama abin ruɗawa ga abokan gabansa yayin da ya kashe abokinsa Nataku wanda ya ƙaunace shi sosai ga Fuma. A sakamakon haka, an lura cewa Fuma's alterego da kansa ba ya jin dadin ayyukansa na tashin hankali ko burin Dodanni na Duniya na kawar da bil'adama. Bayyanuwa A cikin manga X An gabatar da Fuma a cikin X manga a matsayin matashi mai kirki, mai taushin haline sanan yanada nutsuwa mai tsoratar da takwarorinsa. Yana taimakon mahaifinsa, Kyogo; dotes akan kanwarsa, Kotori, kuma ya yi fice a wasannin manyan makarantu. Fuma da Kotori sun kasance abokai na yara na Kamui Shiro, wanda ya so ya auri Kotori. Kamar yadda matashin Kamui ya yi alkawarin kare Kotori, Fuma ya yi alkawarin kare shi. Daga baya Kamui ya bar Tokyo ya zama mai laifi; Mahaifiyar Fuma da Kotori ta mutu, inda suka kera makamin da aka fi sani da Takobin Tsarkaka wanda Kyogo ke boyewa Lokacin da Kamui ya koma birni yana matashi, cyborg Nataku ya kai hari Kyogo kuma ya sace Takobin Tsarkakewa; Mahaifin Fuma da ke mutuwa ya gaya masa cewa tauraruwar Kamui ce. Bayan haka, innar Kamui ta mutu, ta ƙirƙiri wani takobi mai tsarki kamar mahaifiyar Fuma. Bayan haka,an zaɓi Kamui a matsayin memba na Dodanni na Sama, ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin ceton ɗan adam. Wannan ta atomatik yana haifar da tilasta Fuma ya zama Dragon na Duniya, yana kai hari kan Kamui kuma ya kashe Kotori tare da sababbin iko da Takobin Tsarkakewa na biyu. Yayin da Dodanni na Duniya suka sake haduwa da Fuma, Nataku ya dawo da Takobin Tsarkakewa. Dukansu Fuma da Kamui suna rufe takuba masu tsarki har zuwa ranar da Armageddon ya fara. Sabuwar Fuma ta lalata yankunan birnin tare da sauran Dodanni na Duniya, kuma yana tunatar da duk wanda ya gan shi mutumin da ya fi damuwa da shi. Bayan ya canza shi zuwa Dragon na Duniya, Fuma yana nufin kansa a matsayin "Kamui"Fuma,a matsayin Kamui na Dodanni na Duniya, yana iya fahimtar tunanin wasu. Duk da haka, yana ba da karfingwiwa ga jaruman da yake hulɗa da su, wanda sau da yawa yakan kai ga mutuwarsu ko na ƙaunatattunsu. Yayin da yake kashe abokan gabansa, Fuma ya yi baƙin ciki don gaskiyar cewa ’yan Adam suna son su mutu domin wasu maimakon su rayu. Bayan lalata yawancin Tokyo tare da katanga guda ɗaya da har yanzu ba ta ƙare ba, Kamui ya sake cin karo da shi. Fuma ta gaya masa cewa Kamui ba zai taba kayar da shi ba, sai dai in ya gano ainihin burinsa, kuma ya gaya wa Kakyo da Subaru cewa Kamui ne kawai zai iya biyan bukatarsa. Yasake dawo da ɗayan Takobin Tsarkaka, Fuma yasake fuskantar Kamui a karo na ƙarshe yayin da jerin ke ci gaba da tsayawa. Sauran bayyanar A cikin fim ɗin 1996, halin Fuma ya bambanta. Lokacin da Kamui ya dawo Tokyo, Fuma yana bin Dodanni na Duniya lokacin da suka sace Kotori. Ya hadu da wata mata mai suna Kanoe tana son daukar shi zuwa Dodanni na Duniya. Daga Kanoe, Fuma ya fahimci cewa shi kishiyar Kamui ne kuma dole ne ya fuskance shi don ya lalata bil'adama, Fuma ya canza zuwa mummunan halinsa.Duk da haka, Fuma kuma yana kashe Kotori da yawancin dodanni na Duniya don ɗaukar takobinsa mai tsarki.Kamui ya fille kansa da takobinsa mai alfarma a kusa da karshen fim din; aKuka ya ke kan gawar Fuma ya dafe kansa da ya yanke yana mamakin dalilin da ya sa bala'i ya same shi. A cikin jerin talabijin na anime, Fuma ya zama Kamui kamar a cikin manga amma ayyukansa na ƙarshe sun bambanta;Ya dauki Arashi Kishū a cikin dodanni na Duniya don ya kashe Kamui kamar yadda masoyinta, Dragon of Heaven Sorata Arisugawa, an ƙaddara ya mutu yana kare Kamui.A ƙarshe, Sorata ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don kare Arashi daga Fuma kuma ya ƙone yawancin jikinsa. Wanda aka ji masa rauni, Fuma ya sha neman Nataku domin ya warke daga raunukan da ya samu.Ya tsira a wasansa da Kamui,kuma ya doke shi. Wani Kamui da ya ji rauni ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don ƙirƙirar shinge wanda zai dawo da tsohon halin abokinsa. Bugu da ƙari ga manga da anime, Fuma wani hali ne mai kunnawa a cikin X: Unmei no Sentaku, wasanni na bidiyo dangane da jerin. Madadin Fuma yana bayyana a cikin Tsubasa: Tafsirin Tarihi . Fuma ƙani ne na Seishiro, mafarauci kuma shugaban mutane ne a Hasumiyar Tokyo . Ya isa Tokyo shekaru hudu da suka gabata tare da gashin tsuntsu daga wata yarinya, Sakura . Fuma ya kan yi fada da Kamui a Tokyo, kuma su ne manyan mayaka a yankin. Aboki ne na mayya Yuko Ichihara, wanda ya dawo da abubuwa lokacin da yake tafiya zuwa wasu nau'i. Fuma ya bayyana a cikin Kasar Japan don ba abokin Sakura, Kurogane, hannu na robot yayin aiki ga Yūko. Fuma ya ci karo da jerin protagonist Syaoran, sanin cewa ya fi ƙarfin Seishiro ya horar da shi; sai dai ba a san sakamakon yakin ba. Ya sake bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Tsubasa World Chronicle akan manufa don isar da maye gurbin hannun Kurogane. liyafa Mahimman martani ga Fuma an fara gauraya shi, tare da Mike Krandol ' Anime News Network ya kira shi "mai ban tsoro". Mike Crandol ya ji cewa Fuma ba shi da fara'a ko da a matsayin mai adawa, musamman lokacin da sauran jerin abubuwan suka fi jan hankali. Andy Hanley na Birtaniya Anime Network ya ce Fuma ya lura cewa farkon yanayin a cikin jerin shine babban abin da zai iya hango shi wanda zai haɗa shi da Kamui duk da cewa ba shi da mahimmanci a farko don jin daɗin labarin. Idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin X na farko, Zac Bertschy na ANN ya ce sauyin da Fuma ya yi a cikin jerin 'muguwar dabi'a ya fi dacewa a cikin jerin talabijin. A cikin wani bayyani,Carl Kimlinger ya yarda game da sauye-sauyen Fuma zuwa cikin mugu wanda aka sani da "Shadow Kamui". Game da manga, Shaenon K. Garrity na ANN ya kira canjin Fuma zuwa Kamui na Duniya ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubutattun lokacin Clamp a cikin wuraren aiki da shojo manga gabaɗaya. Garrity ya kira shi "Sample Badass Moment" da kuma kisan da Fuma ya yi wa 'yar uwarsa "ya rikice". Jason Thompson ya sami sauyin Fuma ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun makircin maƙarƙashiya, kama da waɗanda ke cikin RG Veda da Tokyo Babylon . Wani mai bitar labarai na Manga ya ji daɗin hulɗar halayyar da Seishiro yayin da suka zama abokai sannan da suke haddasa girgizar ƙasa. Crispin Freeman ya yaba da Anime News Network a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan muryar Ingilishi na X, kamar yadda Junichi Suwabe ya yi kyau. Baya ga halayen Fuma, sauran masu suka sun mayar da hankali kan dangantakarsa da Kamui.A cikin CLMP a cikin Ma'anar: Nazarin Mahimmanci na Manga da Anime, Dani Cavallaro yayi nazarin yadda ake tafiyar da ayyukan Fuma da Kamui. Duk da cewa su biyun suna daukar irin wannan hanya a yakin da ake yi tsakanin Dodanni, Fuma ya dauki makaminsa ta karfin tuwo kuma danginsa ne suka ba Kamui.An lura da abin da Fuma ya yi a matsayin abin bakin ciki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban cikas ga Kamui. A yakinsu na karshe a fim din, Fuma ya sha kashi amma har yanzu Kamui yana kula da abokinsa. Masu karatun silsila sun yi mamakin ko Clamp yana nuni ga dangantakar soyayya tsakanin Kamui da Fuma;bisa ga SequentalArt, yawancin hulɗar Fuma tare da Kamui suna da alamun homoerotic. A cikin littafin Understanding Manga da Anime,Robin E.Brenner ya ce Clamp ba shi da irin wannan niyya idan aka kwatanta da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Subaru da Seishiro. A cikin komawa baya na anime X, Beverdige ya yaba dangantakar Kamui da Fuma;ko da yake sauran simintin ya kasance kamar su, kaɗan ne za su sa masu sauraro su yi watsi da rikicin da ke tsakanin manyan jaruman biyu. Masu suka da yawa sun sami alaƙar su ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a cikin fim ɗin Rintaro na 1996. Chris Beveridge na Mania Entertainment ya yaba yakin karshe na Kamui da Fuma a cikin jerin talabijin, tare da "matakin nasa na bakin ciki da bala'i." A waje da jerin X, ANN ya kira kula da sabis na fan haruffa X. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

40744

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas, OP (/ˈkwaɪnəs/; Italian: ' Thoma na Aquino' ; 1225- 7 Maris 1274) ɗan Italiya ne Dominican friar kuma firist wanda ya kasance babban masanin falsafa, masanin tauhidi da fikihu a cikin al'adar scholasticism; An san shi a cikin al'ada kamar , , da kuma . [lower-alpha 1] Sunan Aquinas yana gano asalin asalin kakanninsa a cikin gundumar Aquino a Lazio, Italiya ta yau. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ya kasance fitaccen mai goyon bayan tiyoloji na halitta kuma uban mazhabar tunani (wanda ya hada da tiyoloji da falsafa) wanda aka fi sani da Thomism. Ya yi gardama cewa Allah shine tushen dukkan hasken hankali na halitta da kuma hasken imani. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi tasiri mai tunani na lokacin tsakiyar zamanai" da kuma "babban masanin falsafa na tsakiya-malaman tauhidi". Tasirinsa a kan tunanin Yamma yana da yawa, kuma yawancin falsafancin zamani ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyinsa, musamman a fannin ɗabi'a, ka'idodin halitta, metaphysics, da ka'idar siyasa. Articles containing Italian-language text Ba kamar yawancin igiyoyin ruwa a cikin Cocin Katolika na lokacin ba, Thomas ya rungumi ra'ayoyi da yawa da Aristotle ya gabatar dashi wanda ya kira "Mai Falsafa" kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa falsafar Aristotelian tare da ka'idodin Kiristanci. Ayyukansa mafi sanannun su ne Tambayoyi masu jayayya akan Gaskiya (1256-1259), Summa contra Gentiles (1259-1265), da kuma wanda ba a gama ba amma mai tasiri Summa Theologica, ko Summa Theologiae (1265-1274). Sharhinsa a kan Nassosi da kuma Aristotle su ma sun zama muhimmin sashe na jikinsa na aikinsa. Bugu da ƙari, Thomas ya bambanta don waƙoƙin eucharistic, waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na liturgy na coci. Cocin Katolika na girmama Thomas Aquinas a matsayin waliyyi kuma tana ɗauke da shi a matsayin malami abin koyi ga waɗanda ke karatun firist, kuma haƙiƙa mafi girman magana na dalilai na halitta da tauhidin hasashe. A zamanin yau, a ƙarƙashin umarnin Paparoma, an daɗe ana amfani da nazarin ayyukansa a matsayin jigon tsarin da ake bukata na nazari ga waɗanda suke neman naɗawa firistoci ko diakoni, da kuma waɗanda suke cikin tsarin addini da kuma ga sauran ɗalibai na tsarkakkiyar koyarwa. (falsafa, tiyolojin Katolika, tarihin coci, liturgy, da dokokin canon). A matsayinsa na Likita na Cocin, Thomas Aquinas ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman tauhidi da falsafa na cocin Katolika. Paparoma Benedict XV ya bayyana cewa: “Wannan (Domincan) Umarni... samu sabon luster lokacin da Church ayyana koyarwar Thomas ya zama nata da kuma cewa Doctor, girmama tare da yabo musamman na, na Pontiffs, master da majiɓinci na Katolika makarantu." Tarihin Rayuwa Ƙuruciya (1225-1244) An haifi Thomas Aquinas a cikin katangar Roccasecca, kusa da Aquino, wanda masarautar Sicily ke sarrafata a wancan lokacin (a Lazio na yanzu, Italiya), , A cewar wasu marubuta.  an haife shi a gidan mahaifinsa, Landulf na Aquino. An haife shi ga reshe mafi ƙarfi na iyali, kuma Landulf na Aquino mutum ne mai hali. A matsayin jarumi a hidimar Emperor Frederick II, Landulf na Aquino ya rike taken mil. Mahaifiyar Thomas, Theodora, tana cikin reshen Rossi na dangin Neapolitan Caracciolo. Ɗan'uwan Landulf Sinibald shi ne abbot na Monte Cassino, mafi tsufa gidan sufi na Benedictine. Yayin da sauran 'ya'yan gidan suka bi aikin soja, iyalin sun yi nufin Thomas ya bi kawun nasa zuwa cikin abbacy; Wannan zai kasance hanyar aiki ta al'ada ga ƙaramin ɗan kudancin Italiya. Thomas yana da shekaru biyar ya fara karatunsa na farko a Monte Cassino, amma bayan rikicin soja tsakanin sarki Frederick II da Paparoma Gregory na IX ya zube a cikin abbey a farkon 1239, Landulf da Theodora sun sa Thomas ya shiga makarantar generale (jami'a) kwanan nan. Frederick ya kafa a Naples. A can malaminsa a ilmin lissafi, lissafi, ilmin taurari, da kiɗa shine Petrus de Ibernia. A nan ne wataƙila an gabatar da Thomas ga Aristotle, Averroes da Maimonides, waɗanda dukansu za su yi tasiri a falsafar tauhidinsa. Har ila yau, a lokacin nazarinsa a Naples cewa Thomas ya zo ƙarƙashin rinjayar John na St. Julian, wani mai wa'azin Dominican a Naples, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da Dominican Order ya yi don ɗaukar mabiyan addini. Thomas yana ɗan shekara goma sha tara ya ƙudiri aniyar shiga tsarin Dominican, wanda aka kafa kusan shekaru 30 da suka shige. Canjin zuciyar Thomas bai yi wa iyalinsa dadi ba. A yunƙurin hana kutsewar Theodora a zaɓin Thomas, Dominicans sun shirya ƙaura Thomas zuwa Roma, kuma daga Roma, zuwa Paris. Duk da haka, yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Roma, bisa ga umarnin Theodora, 'yan'uwansa sun kama shi yayin da yake shan ruwa daga wani tafki kuma suka mayar da shi zuwa ga iyayensa a gidan Monte San Giovanni Campano. An tsare Thomas kusan shekara guda a gidan kaso na iyali a Monte San Giovanni da Roccasecca a yunƙurin hana shi ɗaukar ɗabi'ar Dominican da kuma tura shi ya daina sabon burinsa. Damuwar siyasa ta hana Paparoma yin odar a saki Thomas, wanda ke da tasirin tsawaita tsare Thomas. Thomas ya wuce wannan lokacin gwaji yana horar da 'yan uwansa mata da kuma sadarwa tare da membobin Dominican Order. Iyali sun yunƙura don su hana Thomas, wanda ya ƙudura niyyar shiga Dominicans. A wani lokaci, wasu ’yan’uwansa biyu suka ɗauki hayar karuwa don su lalata shi. Kamar yadda aka haɗa a cikin bayanan hukuma na canonization nasa, Thomas ya kore ta yana riƙe da itace mai kona-wanda ya rubuta gicciye a jikin bango da shi kuma ya faɗi cikin farin ciki na ban mamaki; Mala'iku biyu sun bayyana gare shi yana barci, suka ce, "Ga shi, mun ɗaure ka da umarnin Allah da abin ɗamara na tsafta, wanda daga yanzu ba zai taɓa lalacewa ba. Abin da ƙarfin ɗan adam ba zai iya samu ba, yanzu an ba ku kyauta ta sama”. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Christ ya ba Thomas alheri na cikakkiyar tsabta kuma ya sa ɗamara har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. An ba da abin ɗamara ga tsohon gidan sufi na Vercelli a Piedmont, kuma yanzu yana Chieri, kusa da Turin. Manazarta Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

48940

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinikayyar%20bayi%20a%20Gabar%20Yammacin%20Afirka

Cinikayyar bayi a Gabar Yammacin Afirka

Kogin Slave suna ne na tarihi da a da ake amfani da shi ga wannan yanki na gabar tekun yammacin Afirka tare da Bight of Benin wanda ke tsakanin kogin Volta da Lagos. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga tarihin yankin a matsayin babban tushen da aka sayar da mutanen Afirka a cikin bauta a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantic daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 19. Sauran yankunan bakin tekun da ke kusa da tarihin da aka sani ta hanyar fitar da su na mulkin mallaka sune Gold Coast, Ivory Coast (ko Windward Coast), da kuma Pepper Coast (ko bakin teku). Dubawa Majiyoyin Turai sun fara tattara bayanai game da ci gaban kasuwanci a yankin "Slave Coast" da haɗin kai cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic a kusa da 1670. Cinikin bayi na transatlantic ya haifar da samar da "al'ummar Atlantic" na Afirka da Turawa a karni na 17, 18, da 19. Masu fataucin bayi Turawa ne suka sayo kusan ’yan Afirka miliyan goma sha biyu daga hannun ’yan kasuwa na Afirka a lokacin cinikin bayi na transatlantic. An kai ’yan Afirka da suke bauta zuwa Amurka don yin aikin noman noman kuɗi a ƙasashen Turawa. Tashoshin ruwan da suka fitar da waɗannan bayi daga Afirka sun haɗa da Ouidah, Legas, Aneho (Little Popo), Grand-Popo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo, da Badagry. Waɗannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na cinikin bayi waɗanda aka ba su daga al'ummomin Afirka, kabilu da masarautu, gami da Alladah da Ouidah, waɗanda masarautar Dahomey ta karɓe su daga baya. Masana tarihi na zamani sun yi kiyasin cewa an kwashe mutane tsakanin miliyan biyu zuwa uku daga wannan yanki kuma ana sayar da kayayyaki kamar barasa da taba daga Amurka da masaku daga Turai a matsayin wani bangare na cinikayyar kundila. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa ko da yake bayanan hukuma sun nuna cewa an kai ‘yan Afirka bayi miliyan goma sha biyu zuwa Amurka daga Afirka, ainihin adadin bayi da ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai suka saya ya fi yawa. Tare da sauran nau'o'in kasuwanci, wannan hadadden musayar ya kuma haifar da mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin wadannan yankuna uku, da suka shafi addinai, tsarin gine-gine, harsuna, da ilimi. Baya ga mutanen da ake bautar da su, ’yantattun maza sun yi amfani da hanyoyin musaya don yin balaguro zuwa sababbin wurare, kuma bayi da matafiya masu ’yanci sun taimaka wajen haɗa al’adun Turai da Afirka. Bayan da gwamnatocin Turai da suka shude suka kawar da tsarin bautar da bautar, an ci gaba da cinikin bayi na transatlantic na ɗan lokaci, inda ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu ke gudanar da ayyukansu da suka saba wa dokokin ƙasashensu. Har ila yau, ana kiran bakin tekun "kabari na farin mutum" saboda yawan adadin mutuwar cututtuka kamar zazzabin rawaya, zazzabin cizon sauro, gajiya mai zafi, da cututtukan gastro-entero da yawa. A shekara ta 1841, kashi 80 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya da ke aikin balaguron soji a kogin Niger sun kamu da zazzabi. Tsakanin 1844 zuwa 1854, 20 cikin 74 na Faransawa masu wa’azi a ƙasar Senegal sun mutu daga cututtuka na gida, wasu 19 kuma sun mutu jim kaɗan bayan sun dawo Faransa. An rubuta auratayya a tashoshin jiragen ruwa kamar Ouidah inda Turawa suka kasance na dindindin. Sadarwa ta kasance mai yawa a tsakanin dukkanin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku, har ta kai ga ana iya bin diddigin mutanen da ake bautar da su. Yawan mutane Kasuwancin bayi da ke ƙetare tekun Atlantika ya haifar da hasarar rayuka masu yawa da ba a sani ba ga fursunonin Afirka a ciki da wajen Amurka. Sama da mutane miliyan ne ake tunanin sun mutu a lokacin da suke tafiya zuwa sabuwar duniya. More sun mutu jim kadan bayan isowarsu. Adadin rayukan da aka yi hasarar sayan bayi ya kasance a asirce amma yana iya kai ko wuce adadin mutanen da suka tsira daga bauta. Mummunan yanayi na cinikin ya haifar da lalatar mutane da al'adu. Masanin tarihi Ana Lucia Araujo ya lura cewa tsarin bautar bai ƙare ba tare da isowa kan iyakar Yammacin Yammacin Turai; Hanyoyi daban-daban da mutane da ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da cinikin bayi na trans-Atlantic suka rinjayi abubuwa daban-daban - ciki har da yankin da ke tashi, damar da za a sayar da shi a kasuwa, irin aikin da aka yi, jinsi, shekaru, addini., da harshe. Patrick Manning ya yi kiyasin cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 12 da ake bautar da su ne rikicin cinikin tekun Atlantika ya rutsa da su a tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa na 19, amma kimanin mutane miliyan 1.5 ne suka mutu a cikin jiragen ruwa. Kusan bayi miliyan 10.5 sun isa Amurka. Bayan mutanen da aka yi bautar da suka mutu a Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, yawancin mutanen Afirka sun mutu a lokacin hare-haren bayi a Afirka tare da tilasta yin tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Manning ya yi kiyasin cewa mutane miliyan 4 ne suka mutu a cikin Afirka bayan kama su, kuma da yawa sun mutu kanana. Kiyasin Manning ya shafi mutane miliyan 12 da tun farko aka nufa zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da kuma mutane miliyan 6 da ake shirin shiga kasuwannin bayi na Asiya da kuma mutane miliyan 8 da ake shirin shiga kasuwannin Afirka. Daga cikin bayin da aka aika zuwa Amurka, kaso mafi girma ya tafi Brazil da Caribbean. Manazarta Doka, Robin, "Bawa-Raiders da Middlemen, Monopolisists da Free-Yan kasuwa: Samar da bayi don cinikin Atlantic a Dahomey c. 1750-1850", Jaridar Tarihin Afirka, Vol.30, No. 1, 1989. Law, Robin. Tekun Bayi na Afirka ta Yamma 1550-1750: Tasirin Cinikin Bayin Atlantika ga Al'ummar Afirka . Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991. Kara karantawa Law, Robin da Kristin Mann . "Duniyar Atlantic na Afirka da Amurka". The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., 56:2 Afrilu 1999, shafi. 307-334. Shillington, Kevin. Tarihin Afirka . Bugu na 2, Macmillan Publishers Limited, NY USA, 2005. St Clair, William. Ƙofar Babu Komawa: Tarihin Cape Coast Castle da Kasuwancin Bawan Atlantika . BlueBridge. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fotigal Mishan Faransa Cinikayyar bayi a Afurka

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Taken Ƙasar Africa ta Kudu

An karɓi Taken Ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1997 kuma waƙar matasan ce ta haɗa sabon Ingilishi tare da ƙarin waƙar ƙarni na 19 " Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika " ( English: , lit. '' Ubangiji ya albarkaci Afirka ' ' ) da waƙar Afirkaans " Die Stem van Suid-Afrika " ( English: ), wanda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin taken ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata . Kwamitin da ke da alhakin wannan sabon abun ciki ya haɗa da Anna Bender, Elize Botha, Richard Cock, Dolf Havemann (Sakatare), Mzilikazi Khumalo (Shugaban), Masizi Kunene, John Lenake, Fatima Meer, Khabi Mngoma, Wally Serote, Johan de Villiers, da Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph . Sau da yawa ana ambaton taken ta hanyar " Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika ", amma wannan bai taɓa zama taken ta ba, wanda Kuma kawai shine "Waƙar Ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu". Tsari Waƙoƙin suna amfani da harsuna biyar da aka fi amfani da su a cikin yarukan hukuma na goma sha ɗaya na Afirka ta Kudu - Xhosa (stanza na farko, layi biyu na farko), Zulu (sahu na farko, layuka biyu na ƙarshe), Sesotho (stanza na biyu), Afrikaans (sahu na uku), da Ingilishi (saƙo na ƙarshe). Ana rera waƙoƙin a cikin waɗannan yarukan ba tare da la'akari da yaren mawaƙin ba. Mzilikazi Khumalo ne ya shirya rabi na farko kuma Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph ne ya shirya rabin waƙar, wanda shi ma ya rubuta aya ta ƙarshe. Kasancewar yana canzawa ( yana canzawa ) kuma yana ƙarewa a cikin maɓalli daban (daga G manyan zuwa D manyan ), fasalin da yake rabawa tare da waƙoƙin ƙasa na Italiyanci da na Philippine ya sa ya zama sabon abu. Tarihi Daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1940 zuwa farkon shekara ta 1990s, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance ƙarƙashin tsarin da aka sani da wariyar launin fata, tsarin da aka la'ane shi na rarrabuwa da nuna wariyar launin fata wanda ya ginu akan fifikon farar fata da danniya mafi rinjayen baƙi don fa'idar siyasa da rinjaye Afrikaner tsiraru da sauran fararen fata. A cikin wannan lokacin, taken Afirka ta Kudu shine " Die Stem van Suid-Afrika ", wanda kuma aka sani da "Die Stem", waƙar yaren Afirkaans wanda ya ba da tarihin Voortrekkers da " Babban Tafiya ". "Die Stem" waka ce da CJ Langenhoven ya rubuta a shekara ta 1918 kuma Marthinus Lourens de Villiers ya saita ta zuwa kiɗa a shekara ta 1921. "Die Stem" ( English: ) Ya co-kasa take da " Allah Ajiye The King " / " Allah Ajiye A Sarauniya " tsakanin shekara ta 1938 da kuma shekara ta 1957, lokacin da ta zama tafin take kasar har zuwa shekara ta 1994. "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika". Ba kasafai ake rera ta gaba ɗaya ba, yawanci, stanza na farko shine wanda aka fi sani kuma aka rera shi wani lokacin wanda stanza na ƙarshe ke bi. Lokacin da wariyar launin fata ya kawo karshe a farkon shekara ta 1990, an sanya alamar tambaya game da makomar "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika". A ƙarshe an riƙe shi azaman taken ƙasa, kodayake " Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika ", waƙar yaren Xhosa wanda ƙungiyar masu adawa da wariyar launin fata ta yi amfani da ita, ita ma an gabatar da ita kuma an karɓe ta a matsayin taken ƙasa na biyu na daidai daidai. "Nkosi Sikelel'Afrika" wani malamin makarantar Methodist ne mai suna Enoch Sontonga ya kirkiro shi a cikin shekara ta 1897. An fara rera ta a matsayin waƙar waƙar coci amma daga baya ta zama aikin bijirewa siyasa akan mulkin wariyar launin fata . Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta karbi waƙoƙin duka biyu a matsayin waƙoƙin ƙasashe biyu a shekara ta 1994, lokacin da aka rera su a lokacin bikin Nelson Mandela . Don Gasar Cin Kofin Rugby ta 1995, Morné du Plessis ya ba da shawarar cewa Springboks su koyi duk kalmomin "Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika", da "sun yi hakan da matuƙar jin daɗi", a cewar malamin su Anne Munnik. Farawa Aikin yin waƙoƙin ƙasa guda biyu ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai ban tsoro kamar yadda yin su biyun ya ɗauki kamar minti biyar. An gyara wannan lokacin da aka haɗo waƙoƙin ƙasashe biyu na Afirka ta Kudu cikin gajerun sifofi a farkon 1997 don ƙirƙirar taken ƙasa na yanzu. An yi sabon waƙar ƙasar a buɗe majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a watan Fabrairu 1997, kuma an buga shi a cikin Gazette na Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1997. A lokacin da ake tsara sabuwar waka ta kasa, shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Nelson Mandela ya bukaci kada ya wuce tsawon minti 1 da dakika 48 (wanda shi ne matsakaicin tsawon sauran wakokin kasashen da ake amfani da su don nuni). Sabbin kalmomin Ingilishi an daidaita su daga layuka huɗu na ƙarshe na sahun farko na "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" ( English: ), tare da canje-canjen da aka yi don nuna bege a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata. An canza layukan da aka aro daga waƙoƙin ƙasa guda biyu da suka gabata don su zama masu haɗawa, tare da barin ambaton kai tsaye ga takamaiman ƙungiyoyin yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Don haka, layuka daga farkon waƙar wariyar launin fata ta zamanin da ke nuni da " Babban Trek " na Voortrekkers an cire su, saboda "wannan ita ce ƙwarewar sashi ɗaya kawai na" jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu. Hakanan, kalmomin "Woza Moya", waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a "Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika" suma an cire su, saboda kalmar ita ce nassi na Kiristanci na musamman, maimakon na addini gaba ɗaya, don haka ba abin karɓa ba ne ga' yan Afirka ta Kudu na sauran addinai, musamman Musulmin Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma ƙara sabon aya da aka samu a cikin waƙar ba. Sigar Ingilishi ta "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" ba ta yi fice ba fiye da na Afirkaans kuma don haka za a iya canza shi da ɗan ƙin yarda ko jayayya. Don haka, ɓangaren Ingilishi na sabon taken ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu shine wanda aka canza kalmomin sa daga sigar da ta gabata. Masu suka A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an soki taken ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu saboda baitin Afirkaans kamar yadda asalinsa ya kasance cikin waƙar ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi amfani da ita a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata, tare da wasu irin su ' Yancin Tattalin Arzikin Tattalin Arziki suna kira ga ayar da za a cire, wai saboda wannan haɗin. Wasu kuma suna kare shigar da ayar, suna mai nuni da cewa an saka ta cikin babban rabo saboda burin shugaban Afirka ta Kudu na farko bayan wariyar launin fata, Nelson Mandela, wanda ya yi niyyar shigar da ita a matsayin matakin sake yin sulhu ga makomar bayan wariyar launin fata. na Afirka ta Kudu. Duba kuma Waƙar ƙasa ta Tanzaniya Waƙar ƙasa ta Zambia Waƙar ƙasa ta Transvaal Waƙar ƙasa ta Jihar Orange Free State Jerin waƙoƙin ƙasa Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Kayan aikin Waƙar Ƙasa Waƙar Ƙasa Waƙar Ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu - Yawo mai sauti, waƙoƙi da bayanai Rikodin sauti na Anthem na ƙasa (kayan aiki kawai, fayil na MP3) Taƙaitaccen gabatarwa ga waƙa da sanarwa Waƙar ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu a cikin tsarin MIDI Waƙar ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu a cikin tsarin MP3 Wakokin Def Jam Take Taken Najeriya Taken Nijar Pages with unreviewed translations

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Tsare-tsare rage iskar kudi

Tsare-tsare na Rage Iskar Kuɗi (ERCS) tsare-tsare ne waɗanda ke ba da lada mai kyau na tattalin arziƙi ko ko zamantakewa don rage fitar da iskar gas, ta hanyar rarrabawa ko sake rarraba kuɗin ƙasa ko ta hanyar buga takardun shaida, maki lada, kuɗin gida, ko ƙarin kuɗi . Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan rage hayaki Kudin rage hayaki ya sha bamban da kiredit mai fitar da hayaki. Ƙimar kiredit ɗin fitar da iskar gas tana ƙididdige ƙimar ta ƙasa da matakin da kiredit ke ba da haƙƙin ƙazanta. Ƙimar ƙimar ƙima ta ƙarshe tana samuwa ne lokacin da aka mika shi don gujewa tara tarar fitarwa. Har ila yau, Kuma kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki ya sha bamban da na carbon diyya na son rai inda ake biyan kuɗi, yawanci don tallafawa madadin makamashi ko sake dazuzzuka, sannan rage fitar da hayaki da ke haifar da shi don rage ko soke masu biyan alhakin hayakin da kansu ke samarwa. Ƙimar kashe kuɗi yana cikin riƙe shi ta hannun mai siye kuma yana aiki ne kawai don lokaci da manufar da aka aiwatar akansa. Kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki, akasin haka, shine kawai abin ƙarfafawa ga canjin ɗabi'a ta mutane ko ƙungiyoyi. shiyasa Don haka kuɗin yana haifar da ƙarin fa'idar tattalin arziƙi don rage fitar da hayaki dabam da farashin da aka sanya ta hanyar isassun hayaki na ƙasa ko kuma farashi na son rai da mai siyan ya ɗauka. Ba za a iya musanya kuɗaɗen rage fitar da hayaki a cikin tsarin ƙasa da tsarin ciniki ba don haka ba sa ba da wani haƙƙin ƙazanta. Duk da yake babu tsarin rage fitar da hayaki da ya cimma ma'auni na tsarin ƙididdige ƙirƙira, akwai wasu ƙananan tsare-tsare da ke aiki ko kuma ana kafa su. Sannan Kuma Bugu da kari akwai hanyoyi da dama da a halin yanzu ake hasashen cewa kungiyoyi da dama, cibiyoyin ilimi da masu tunani ke gabatarwa . Tsarukan rage fitar da hayaki a zahiri sun haɗa da tsarin kuɗin carbon amma kuma sun haɗa da tsare-tsaren da ke rage hayaki ta hanyoyin daban-daban kamar ta hanyar rage sharar gida da ilimin al'umma. Tarihi Buckminster Fuller ne ya fara ba da shawarar tsarin tsarin arzikin duniya bisa madadin samar da makamashi a cikin littafinsa na shekarata 1969 Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth . Garry Davis ne ya yi gwajin wannan ra'ayi wanda ya rarraba wadannan "daloli na kilowatt" a taron kolin Duniya na shekarar 1992 da aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro . Edgar Kempers da Rob Van Hilton sun kaddamar da kudin Kiwah (kilowatt hour) a taron Copenhagen Climate Summit a shekarata 2009. Rukunin tsarin rage fitar da hayaki Ana iya tsara tsarin rage fitar da hayaki a matsayin na ɗaya ko fiye na rukuni biyar: Shirye-shiryen taken carbon Gabatar da ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai dorewa a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da sauran manyan mahalli na carbon na iya haifar da raguwar hayaki daga sharer ƙasa wanda wataƙila ya faru ko kuma daga ƙarin rarrabuwar CO2 . Ana iya amfani da ƙasar da aka saya da sarrafa don waɗannan dalilai don ƙirƙirar haƙƙin carbon mai zaman kansa, wanda ƙila ko ƙila ba za a iya gane shi a cikin tsarin kiredit na hayaki ba. Misali, a halin yanzu ana iya jujjuya halittun halittun sama da ƙasa sakamakon sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa zuwa ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙirƙira a ƙarƙashin Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Haɓaka carbon ɗin ƙasa saboda wasu dalilai ban da sake dazuzzuka ko dai ta hanyar canje-canje ga ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa ko Kuma ta hanyar binne biochar a halin yanzu ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin kiredit kamar CDM. Ana iya siyar da waɗannan takaddun takaddun take na doka azaman nau'in kuɗi ba tare da amfani da su azaman kashewa ba, suna ba da ƙarin fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Sannan Gidauniyar Carbon Currency Foundation ce ta ba da shawarar wannan amfani. Wani tsarin rage fitar da hayaki da aka tsara akan wannan shine ECO, aikin The Next Nature Lab wanda wani yunƙuri ne na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Eindhoven a Netherlands. Shirye-shiryen rangwame na haɓakawa Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki bisa rangwamen talla shine wanda ake samun lada ga mahalarta don rage hayakinsu ta hanyar samun maki wanda za'a iya fanshi don rangwame daga tallace-tallacen kasuwanci a cikin tsarin daya dace RecycleBank ɗaya ne irin wannan makirci inda mahalarta suke auna kayan da aka sake fa'ida a cikin kwandon shara na musamman da aka kera waɗanda ke nuna kansu zuwa ma'auni da ke cikin motocin tattara shara. Recyclebank kuma yana samun tallafin gwamnatocin birni waɗanda ke siya da sarrafa kayan aikin da ake buƙata, barin RecycleBank ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa don kamfani mai riba. Wani makirci mai kama da haka shine GreenOps LLC, shirin lada na sake amfani da al'umma wanda ɗan kasuwa Anthony Zolezzi ya kafa, wanda daga baya ya sayar da shi zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida, ya zama Greenopolis Recycling Rewards. Greenopolis ya ba da maki lada ga masu amfani daga shekarar 2008-2012 ta hanyar gidajen yanar gizon kafofin watsa labarun, Wasannin Facebook da kwalban kuma suna iya sake yin amfani da su ta PepsiCo Dream Machines. An sanya Injinan Mafarki a harabar kwaleji, kantin kayan miya da sansanonin soja a duk faɗin Amurka kuma sun tattara fiye da kwalaben filastik miliyan 4 a farkon farkon fara amfani da su. Oceanopolis, wani wasan Facebook ne da Greenopolis ya kirkira don sanya al'adar sake amfani da su cikin daɗi da nishadantarwa, Al Gore ya gane shi a shekarata 2011 Games for Change Festival a Jami'ar New York, yana mai cewa "Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan kamar Trash Tycoon sun ƙarfafa ni. da Oceanopolis, kuma dukkansu sun karfafa tunanina a wannan yanki." A ƙarshe, Recyclebank da Greenopolis za su haɗu bayan saka hannun jari a Bankin Recycle ta Gudanar da Sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2019, RecycleBank an siyi ta hanyar Recycle Track Systems (RTS). EarthAid yana amfani da software na musamman wanda ke buga lissafin kuɗi daga kamfanoni a cikin tsarin kan layi wanda mahalarta zasu iya rabawa tare da dangi da abokai. Rage amfani da makamashi yana samun maki lada waɗanda za a iya fanshi don kyaututtuka a kasuwancin da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar ladan EarthAid. Shirye-shiryen rarrabawa Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki bisa ga kasafi shine wanda ake baiwa kowane mahalarta daidai gwargwado na kudaden fitar da hayaki. Sannan Kuma Mahalarta sai su yi musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka tare da juna don samun isassun kuɗin da za su biya ainihin hayakin da suke fitarwa. Manufar shirin rabo shine don samun daidaito tsakanin mahalarta game da rage hayaki. Technically an emission crediting makirci, wani kasafi makirci ne classed a matsayin wani emissions rage hayaki tsarin domin ciniki na kudin tsakanin daidaikun mutane kamar yadda ake nema na iya haifar da wata babbar kasuwar ciniki inda kudin zai iya aiki a matsayin matsakaici na musayar, da kuma wannan ciniki. Kuma yana haifar da ƙarin ƙimar tattalin arziƙi mai inganci mai alaƙa da raguwar hayaƙi. Bankin Albarkatun Duniya ƙungiya ɗaya ce da ke ba da shawarar irin wannan tsarin rabon duniya. Tsarin rabon hayaki In ba haka ba, an san shi azaman ciniki na carbon na sirri, tsarin rage hayaƙin hayaki bisa ga ragi yana ɗaukan daidaitaccen rabon hayaki wanda aka yarda da shi ga matsakaicin ɗan ƙasa wanda ke raguwa cikin lokaci. Mahalarta da ke amfani da ƙasa da adadin da aka raba suna karɓar kuɗin da za a iya kasuwanci tare da waɗanda ke fitarwa fiye da adadin da aka yarda. Kuma Duk mahalarta sunyi alƙawarin gabaɗaya su kasance ƙasa da matsakaici tare da ƙima mai kyau a cikin tsarin. Ƙungiyoyin Rarraba Rarraba Carbon (CRAGs), waɗanda aka fara a cikin United Kingdom, suna da hanyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyin duniya. Mahalarta CRAG suna amfani da madaidaicin matsakaici don ƙasar a matsayin tushen adadin da aka raba. Sannan Mahalarta da ke fitarwa a sama da matakan rabo dole ne su biya waɗanda ke ƙasa da kuɗin kuɗin ƙasa. Tsibirin Norfolk, Ostiraliya yana kan aiwatar da tsarin ciniki na carbon na son rai na gabaɗayan tsibiri wanda Farfesa Garry Egger na Jami'ar Kudancin Cross ya tsara, Tsare-tsaren kuɗin kuɗi na al'umma Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki na al'umma shine nau'in kuɗaɗen gida na C4 wanda al'amuran kuɗaɗen gida ke tallafawa ta hanyar rage hayaƙi na membobin tsarin. Kuɗin gida, lokacin da wasu membobin ko kasuwancin gida suka karɓi don ciniki, Kuma ta haka ne ke ba wa mahalarta kyauta don ƙoƙarinsu na rigakafin dumamar yanayi. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen na iya samun nau'ikan juzu'i daban-daban na canzawa zuwa ajiyar carbon, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko kuɗin ƙasa. Edogawatt wani nau'i ne na rage fitar da hayaki da ake amfani da shi a Edogawa, Tokyo wanda wani yunƙuri ne na haikalin Jōdo Shinshū Jukou-in na gida. Sannan Kuma A cikin wannan makirci, haikalin da masu bautar sun sayi fale-falen hasken rana kuma suna sayar da wuce gona da iri ga Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo . Sai haikalin ya ɗauki bambanci tsakanin farashin da Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo ya biya da farashin da ake biya na makamashin halitta a Jamus kuma yana sayar da Takaddun Takaddun Wutar Lantarki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi don haikalin. Kuma Ana ba masu siyan Takaddun Takaddun Wutar Lantarki 30 Edogawatt takardar shaida. “A halin yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan a tsakanin mutane… a matsayin takardar shaidar bashi ko wajibci a musayar jarirai, ɗaukar kaya, fassara da sauran ƙananan ayyuka. Sun ba da kwarin gwiwa don samar da al'ummar taimakon juna a cikin al'umma kuma muna so mu sanya su zama makami don zurfafa zumunci da amincewa." http://www.qoin.org/what-we-do/past-projects/kyoto4all/ Kyoto4All rahoto ne na 2006 da Peter van Luttervelt, David Beatty da Edgar Kampers suka rubuta na Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Holland (wanda ake kira VROM). Binciken ya bayyana jerin tsarin kuɗi don haɗa 'yan ƙasa-masu amfani da maƙasudin sauyin yanayi na lokacin bayan Kyoto. The Maia Maia Emissions Reduction Currency System, wani tsari ne da aka kirkira a Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana san kuɗin tsarin da “boya”, mai suna bayan kalmar Nyungar ta ƴan asalin ƙasar don alamun kasuwancin dutse da su ke amfani da su. Kowane boya yana dogara ne akan kilogiram 10 na carbon dioxide daidai da rigakafin dumamar yanayi wanda yayi daidai da $ 100 tonne CO2-e Kudin zamantakewa na carbon, wanda ya kai matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙima daga binciken da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu. Fitowar boyar ta farko ta faru ne a ranar 30 ga Janairu, shekarata 2011 a Fremantle, Western Australia a wani taron da Hukumar Kula da Permaculture ta Duniya da Gidauniyar Gaia ta Western Australia suka shirya. Sauran masu fitar da Boya sun hada da Jami'ar Vermont da a Ostiraliya, makarantun firamare, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyar unguwanni. Cibiyar Sadarwar Liquidity, wani yunƙuri na Gidauniyar don Tattalin Arziki na Dorewa yana ba da shawara don gabatar da kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki na al'umma a cikin gundumar Kilkenny a Ireland. Kuma A halin yanzu shawara tana gaban majalisa don nazari. Shirye-shiryen samun kuɗi Ƙimar rage fitar da hayaki da aka samu ana tallafawa ne ta ƙimar kuɗin kuɗin ƙirtun hayaki ko kuma an tabbatar da shi ƙarƙashin tsarin tsari ko wasu samfuran kuɗi da aka samu daga gare su. Ana iya canza waɗannan ƙididdiga zuwa kuɗin fiat ta hanyar canja wurin mallakar kadarorin da ke cikin ƙasa kamar siyar da ƙirƙira ƙirƙira zuwa kasuwa da kasuwanci. Ven kuɗi ne mai kama- da-wane da cibiyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta Hub Culture ta fitar. An ƙayyade ƙimar Ven akan kasuwannin kuɗi daga kwandon kuɗi da kayayyaki. Sannan Za a iya rarraba Ven a matsayin kuɗin rage hayaki saboda an haɗa makomar carbon a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kayayyaki da ake amfani da su don darajar kuɗin. Carbon Manna wani tsari ne da aka tsara wanda zai yi amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa kafin siyar da shi daga ayyukan rage hayaki da aka haɗa don mayar da masu amfani kai tsaye ko kuma shigar da su cikin nasarar wayar hannu M-PESA da ake amfani da ita a ƙasashe masu tasowa don rage farashin hada-hadar kuɗi. da kuma shinge kan sauyin kudi. Duba wasu abubuwan NORI alama Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

18969

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar%20al-Awlaki

Anwar al-Awlaki

Anwar al-Awlaki (kuma rattaba kalma al-Aulaqi, al-Awlaqi; Anwar al-'Awlaqī ; Afrilu 21/22, 1971 - Satumban Shekarar 30, 2011) ɗan Yemeni- Amerikaimam . Ya kuma kasance sanannen mai ɗaukar ma'aikata kuma mai ba da ƙwarin gwiwa mai wakiltar al-Qaeda . Al-Awlaki ya zama ba’amurke na farko da wani jirgi mara matuki na Amurka ya yi niyya da kashe shi ba tare da haƙƙin shari’a ba. Shugaba Barack Obama ne ya ba da umarnin yin yajin aikin. A ranar 29 ga Janairun shekarar 2017, 'yar al-Awlaki mai shekaru 8, Nawar Al-Awlaki, an kashe shi a wani harin kwamandan Amurka a Yemen wanda Shugaba Donald Trump ya ba da umarnin. An san shi da " bin Laden na Intanet" don yin jawabai na nuna al-Qaeda a kan intanet. Bayan nema daga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, a cikin Nuwamban shekarata 2010, Google ya cire yawancin bidiyon al-Awlaki daga shafukansa na intanet. A cewar The New York Times, maganganun da al-Awlaki ya yi a bainar jama'a da kuma faya-fayen bidiyo sun fi tasiri wajen karfafa ayyukan ta'addanci bayan kisan nasa fiye da kafin mutuwarsa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Al-Awlaki a Las Cruces, New Mexico, a shekarar 1971 ga iyaye daga Yemen, yayin da mahaifinsa, Nasser al-Awlaki, ke yin aikin digiri a jami'o'in Amurka. Mahaifinsa Malami ne na Fulbright. wanda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin gona a Jami'ar Jihar New Mexico a shekarar 1971, ya sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Nebraska, kuma ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Minnesota daga 1975 zuwa 1977. Nasser al-Awlaki ya zama Ministan Noma a gwamnatin Ali Abdullah Saleh. Ya kuma kasance shugaban jami’ar Sana’a. Praministan Yemen daga 2007 zuwa 2011, Ali Mohammed Mujur, dangi ne. Iyalin sun koma Yemen a shekarar 1978, lokacin al-Awlaki yana ɗan shekara bakwai. Ya zauna a can tsawon shekaru 11, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Azal ta zamani. Ilimi A cikin shekarar 1991, al-Awlaki ya koma Amurka don halartar kwaleji. Ya yi karatun B.S. a Civil Engineering daga Jami'ar Jihar Colorado (1994), inda ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ɗaliban Musulmai. Ya halarci jami’ar kan bizar dalibin kasashen waje da tallafin karatu daga gwamnati daga Yemen, yana mai cewa an haife shi a wannan kasar, a cewar wani tsohon wakilin tsaron Amurka. A cikin shekarar 1993, yayin da yake ɗalibin kwaleji a cikin shirin injiniyan farar hula na jihar Colorado, al-Awlaki ya ziyarci Afganistan bayan mamayar Soviet. Ya ɗan jima yana horo tare da mujahidai waɗanda ke yaƙin Soviet. Talaucin kasar da yunwa ya sa shi bakin ciki, kuma "da ba zai tafi tare da al-Qaeda ba," a cewar abokai daga jihar Colorado, wadanda suka ce tafiyarsa ta shafe shi sosai. Mullah Mohammed Omar bai kafa kungiyar Taliban ba sai a 1994. Lokacin da Al-Awlaki ya koma harabar jami'a, ya nuna sha'awar addini da siyasa. Al-Awlaki ya yi karatun Shugabancin Ilimi a Jami’ar Jihar San Diego, amma bai kammala digirinsa ba. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan digirin digirgir a Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam a Makarantar Ilimi da Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Jami'ar George Washington daga Janairu zuwa Disamban shekarata 2001. Rasuwa A ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2011, an kashe al-Awlaki a wani hari da jiragen yakin Amurka suka kai a Al Jawf Governorate, Yemen, a cewar majiyoyin Amurka, Kwamandan Ayyuka na Musamman, karkashin jagorancin CIA. Wani ganau ya ce kungiyar ta tsaya cin abincin karin kumallo yayin tafiya zuwa Ma'rib Governorate. Mazauna cikin motar sun hango jirgi mara matuki kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin tserewa a cikin motar kafin a harba makamai masu linzami na wuta Ma'aikatar tsaron Yemen ta sanar da cewa an kashe al-Awlaki. Haka kuma an kashe Samir Khan, Ba'amurke wanda aka haifa a Saudi Arabiya, wanda ake tunanin yana bayan mujallar yanar gizo ta Ingilishi Inspire. Gada Seth Jones, wanda a matsayinsa na masanin kimiyyar siyasa ya ƙware a al-Qaida, yana ganin cewa ci gaba da dacewa da al-Awlaki ya kasance saboda ƙwarewarsa cikin yaren Ingilishi har ma da kwarjininsa, yana mai tabbatar da cewa "yana da aura mai ɗauke da makamai da rashin amincewa, da murmushi mai sauƙi da annashuwa, murya mai kaifin baki.Ya tsaya tsayin ƙafa shida, tsayin inch ɗaya, nauyin kilo 160, kuma yana da gemun baki mai kauri, hanci mai kaifi, da tabarau na waya. Ya yi magana a sarari, kusan muryar hypnotic." Bidiyoyin Awlaki da rubuce -rubucensa sun ci gaba da shahara a yanar gizo, inda ake ci gaba da samun su cikin sauƙi. Wadanda suka kalli kuma har yanzu suna kallon bidiyonsa dan jarida Scott Shane ya kiyasta adadin su a cikin daruruwan dubbai, yayin da mahaifinsa Dokta Nasser Awlaqi ke cewa "an sayar da kaset na wa'azi na Anwar Awlaqi miliyan biyar a Yammacin Turai." Kuma ta haka ne, ko da bayan mutuwarsa, Awlaki ya ci gaba da ba da himma ga masu bautar sa don kai hare -haren ta’addanci, da suka haɗa da harin Boston na Marathon na 2013, harin San Bernardino na 2015, da harbin gidan rawa na Orlando na 2016. Dangane da Tsarin Tsattsauran ra'ayi (CEP), Awlaki ya yi tasiri 88 "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi," 54 a Amurka da 34 a Turai. Saboda "aikinsa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga makirci da hare-hare marasa iyaka," CEP ta yi kira "a YouTube da sauran dandamali don dakatar da Mr. Abubuwan Awlaki, gami da farkon laccocinsa." Tarbiyyar Musulunci Ilimin addinin Islama na Al-Awlaki ya kasance na yau da kullun ne, kuma ya ƙunshi watanni na tsaka-tsaki tare da malamai daban-daban suna karantawa da yin tunani game da ayyukan ilimin addinin Musulunci. Wasu malaman musulmai sun ce ba su fahimci shahararen al-Awlaki ba, saboda yayin da yake magana da Ingilishi sosai kuma saboda haka zai iya isa ga masu sauraron da ba na Larabci ba, bai sami horo da karatu na Musulunci ba. Ayyuka Ayyukan rubutu 44 Ways to Support Jihad: Essay (Janairu 2009). A ciki, al-Awlaki ya bayyana cewa "ƙin kuffar shine babban jigon aqidar sojan mu" kuma ya zama tilas dukkan musulmai su shiga jihadi, ko ta hanyar aikata ayyukan da kansu ko tallafawa wasu masu yin hakan. Ya ce dole ne dukkan musulmai su kasance cikin koshin lafiya don su kasance cikin shiri don rikici. A cewar jami’an na Amurka, ana daukar ta a matsayin babban rubutu ga membobin al-Qaeda. Al-Awlaki wrote for Jihad Recollections, wallafe-wallafen kan layi na Ingilishi wanda Media Al-Fursan ta buga. Allah is Preparing Us for Victory – gajeren littafi (2009). Darussa Lectures on the book Constants on the Path of Jihad by Yusef al-Ayeri— ya shafi jihadi mara jagora. A cikin 2009, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sami bidiyon 1,910 da aka sanya a YouTube. An kalli ɗayansu sau 164,420. The Battle of Hearts and Minds The Dust Will Never Settle Down Dreams & Interpretations The Hereafter—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Life of Muhammad: Makkan Period—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Life of Muhammad: Medinan Period—Lecture in 2 Parts—18 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Lives of the Prophets (AS)—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA): His Life & Times—15 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Umar ibn al-Khattāb (RA): His Life & Times—18 CDs—Al Basheer Productions 25 Promises from Allah to the Believer—2 CDs—Noor Productions Companions of the Ditch & Lessons from the Life of Musa (AS)—2 CDs—Noor Productions Remembrance of Allah & the Greatest Ayah—2 CDs—Noor Productions Stories from Hadith—4 CDs—Center for Islamic Information and Education ("CIIE") Hellfire & The Day of Judgment—CD—CIIE Quest for Truth: The Story of Salman Al-Farsi (RA)—CD—CIIE Trials & Lessons for Muslim Minorities—CD—CIIE Young Ayesha (RA) & Mothers of the Believers (RA)—CD—CIIE Understanding the Quran—CD—CIIE Lessons from the Companions (RA) Living as a Minority—CD—CIIE Virtues of the Sahabah— jerin laccar bidiyo da Gidauniyar al-Wasatiyyah ta inganta Manazarta Ƴan Ta'adda Ta'adanci Larabawa

40322

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukwane

Tukwane

Tukwane shine tsari da kayayyakin samar da tasoshi masu daukar ruwa da sauran abubuwa ta hanyar sarrafa yumbu da sauran kayan yumbu, waɗanda ake gasa su don ba su nau'i mai ƙarfi da dorewa. Manyan nau'ikan sun haɗa da kayan ƙasa, kayan dutse da ain. Wurin da maginin tukwane yake yin irin waɗannan kayan ana kiransa tukwane (jam'i "tukwane"). Ma'anar tukwane, wanda ASTM International ke amfani da shi, shine "duk kayan aikin yumbu da aka gasa/kona waɗanda ke ɗauke da yumbu lokacin da aka kafa su, ta hanyar fasaha, da kuma A cikin tarihin fasaha da ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, musamman ma na zamanin da da kuma zamanin da, "tukwane" sau da yawa yana nufin tasoshin ruwa ne kawai, kuma siffofi masu sassaka na kayan abu ɗaya ana kiran su "terracottas". Tukwane yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin ƙirƙirar ɗan adam, wanda ya samo asali kafin lokacin Neolithic, tare da abubuwa masu yumbu kamar al'adun Gravettian Venus na Dolní Věstonice figurine wanda aka gano a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech tun daga 29,000-25,000 BC, da tasoshin da aka gano a ciki. Jiangxi, China, wanda ya kasance tun 18,000 BC. An samo kayan tarihi na farko na Neolithic da pre-Neolithic, a cikin Jōmon Japan (10,500 BC), Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha (14,000 BC),. nkin Saharar Afirka (9,400 BC), Kudancin Amurka ( 9,000s-7,000s BC), da Gabas ta Tsakiya (7,000s-6,000s BC). Ana yin tukwane ta hanyar samar da yumbu (yawanci yumbu) jiki zuwa abubuwan da ake so da dumama su zuwa yanayin zafi (600-1600). °C) a cikin wuta, rami ko kiln kuma yana haifar da halayen da ke haifar da canje-canje na dindindin ciki har da ƙara ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi na abu. Yawancin tukwane masu amfani ne kawai, amma wasu kuma ana iya ɗaukar su azaman fasahar yumbura. Ana iya yin ado da jikin yumbu kafin ko bayan an gasa shi. Ana iya raba tukwane da aka yi da yumbu zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: yumbu, kayan dutse da alin. Waɗannan suna buƙatar ƙarin takamaiman kayan yumbu, da haɓaka yanayin zafi mafi girma. Dukkanin ukun an yi su ne da nau'in glazed da marasa gilashi, don dalilai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya ƙawata duka ta dabaru daban-daban. A cikin misalai da yawa rukunin da ke cikinsa yana bayyana nan da nan a gani, amma ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. fritware na duniyar Islama ba sa amfani da yumbu, don haka a zahiri faɗuwa waje da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Tukwane na tarihi na ire-iren waɗannan nau'ikan galibi ana haɗa su azaman ko dai kayan ''lafiya'', masu tsada da tsada sosai, kuma suna bin ƙayataccen ɗanɗanon al'adun da abin ya shafa, ko kuma "sanannen", "jama'a" ko "kauye" kayayyaki, galibi ba a yi musu ado ba, ko kuma haka kawai, kuma galibi ba su da kyau. Yin girki a cikin tukwane na yumbu ya na samu ƙasa da farin jini da zarar tukwane na ƙarfe sun samu, amma har yanzu ana amfani da su don yin jita-jita waɗanda suka dogara da halayen dafa abinci, kamar biryani, cassoulet, daube, tagine, jollof rice, kedjenou, cazuela, da gasa. wake . Manyan ire-ire Kayan ƙasa   Siffofin farko na tukwane an yi su ne daga yumbu waɗanda aka gasa a ƙananan zafin jiki, da farko a cikin gobarar rami ko a buɗe wuta. An yi su da hannu kuma ba a yi musu ado ba. Ana iya harba kayan aikin ƙasa ƙasa da 600 °C, kuma yawanci ana yin wuta a ƙasa da 1200 °C. Saboda biscuit earthenware mara glazed yana da ƙura, yana da iyakacin amfani don ajiyar ruwa ko azaman kayan tebur. Koyaya, kayan ƙasa suna da ci gaba da tarihi tun daga lokacin Neolithic zuwa yau. Ana iya yin shi daga nau'ikan yumbu iri-iri, wasu daga cikinsu suna wuta zuwa buff, launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata, tare da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin ma'adinan ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da launin ja-launin ruwan kasa. Ana kiran nau'ikan launin ja-jajayen nau'ikan terracotta, musamman lokacin da ba'a sanya gilashi ko amfani da su don sassaka ba. Ci gaban yumbu glaze sanya yumbu mai yuwuwar yuwuwar yuwuwar yuwuwar yuwuwar yuwuwa, haɓaka shahara da amfani da tasoshin tukwane. Ƙarin kayan ado ya samo asali a cikin tarihinsa. Kayan dutse Kayan dutse tukwane ne da aka harba a cikin kiln a matsanancin zafi, daga kusan 1,100. °C zuwa 1,200 °C, kuma ya fi ƙarfi kuma ba mai ƙura ba ga ruwa. Sinawa, wadanda suka kera kayan dutse da wuri, sun ware wannan tare da alin a matsayin kayan harba masu yawa. Sabanin haka, ana iya samar da kayan aikin dutse ne kawai a Turai. Ya kasance ƙwararren Jamus har zuwa Renaissance. Kayan dutse yana da matukar wahala kuma mai amfani, kuma yawancin sa koyaushe ya kasance mai amfani, don dafa abinci ko ajiya maimakon tebur. Amma "kyakkyawan" dutse yana da mahimmanci a China, Japan da Yamma, kuma ana ci gaba da yin su. Yawancin nau'ikan masu amfani kuma sun zo ana yaba su azaman fasaha. Layin   Ana yin tanda ta kayan dumama, gabaɗaya gami da kaolin, a cikin kiln zuwa yanayin zafi tsakanin . Wannan ya fi yadda ake amfani da shi don sauran nau'ikan, kuma samun waɗannan yanayin zafi ya kasance gwagwarmaya mai tsayi, da kuma fahimtar abubuwan da ake buƙata. Tauri, ƙarfi da translucence na ain, dangane da sauran nau'ikan tukwane, ya taso ne musamman daga vitrification da samuwar mullite ma'adinai a cikin jiki a waɗannan yanayin zafi. Ko da yake an fara yin sinadirai a kasar Sin, al'adar Sinawa ba sa gane shi a matsayin wani nau'i na musamman, suna hada shi da kayan dutse a matsayin "high-fired", sabanin nau'in kasa na "marasa karfi". Wannan ya rikitar da batun lokacin da aka fara yin shi. Daular Tang (AD 618-906) ta sami digiri na nuna haske da fari, kuma ana fitar da adadi mai yawa. Matsayin fari na zamani bai kai ba sai daga baya, a cikin karni na 14. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da Porcelain a Koriya da Japan daga ƙarshen karni na 16, bayan da aka samo kaolin da ya dace a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe. Ba a yi shi sosai a wajen Gabashin Asiya ba har sai karni na 18. Archaeology Nazarin tukwane na iya taimakawa wajen ba da haske game da al'adun da suka gabata. Binciken masana'anta (duba sashe da ke ƙasa), wanda aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin masana'anta na tukwane, muhimmin ɓangare na ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi don fahimtar al'adun archaeological na wurin da aka tono ta hanyar nazarin masana'anta na kayan tarihi, irin su amfani da su, tushen kayan aiki, ƙirar kayan ado, launi. na alamu, da dai sauransu. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar halaye, ƙwarewa, halaye, fasaha, kayan aiki, kasuwanci, da dai sauransu na mutanen da suka yi da kuma amfani da tukwane. Haɗin gwiwar carbon yana bayyana shekaru. Shafukan da ke da irin nau'in tukwane suna da al'adu iri ɗaya, waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon da ke da halaye daban-daban na al'adu amma tare da wasu ruɗewa suna nuni da musayar al'adu kamar kasuwanci ko zama a kusa ko ci gaba da zama, da sauransu. Misalai sune baƙar fata da ja, kayan ja, al'adun Sothi -Siswal da al'adun Grey Ware fentin . Yadudduka shida na Kalibangan misali ne mai kyau na yin amfani da nazarin masana'anta wajen gano al'adun da suka bambanta wanda a baya aka yi tunanin al'adar wayewar Indus Valley (IVC) ce. Tukwane yana da ɗorewa, kuma gutsuttsura, aƙalla, galibi suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci bayan da kayan tarihi da aka yi daga kayan da ba su da ƙarfi sun lalace a baya. Haɗe da wasu shaidu, nazarin kayan aikin tukwane yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka ra'ayoyi kan ƙungiya, yanayin tattalin arziki da haɓaka al'adu na al'ummomin da suka samar ko suka sami tukwane. Har ila yau, nazarin tukwane na iya ba da damar yin tsokaci game da rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ada, addini, zamantakewar zamantakewa, halin maƙwabta, halayen duniyarsu da ma yadda al'ada ta fahimci sararin samaniya. Tarihi akan tukwane galibi suna da mahimmanci don saduwa da al'adun da ba su da rubutu kuma galibi suna taimakawa wajen saduwa da al'adun tarihi. Binciken abubuwan ganowa, galibi ta hanyar kunnawa neutron, yana ba da damar gano tushen yumbu daidai kuma ana iya amfani da gwajin thermoluminescence don samar da kimanta ranar harbe-harbe na ƙarshe. A binciken da aka harba tukwane tun kafin tarihi, masana kimiyya sun koyi cewa a lokacin harbi mai zafi, kayan ƙarfe a cikin yumbu suna rubuta ainihin yanayin filin maganadisu na duniya a daidai lokacin. Tushen abu Binciken masana'anta "Jikin yumbu" kuma ana kiransa "manna" ko "fabric", wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa 2, "matrix na yumbu" - wanda ya ƙunshi hatsi na ƙasa da 0.02. mm hatsi wanda za'a iya gani ta amfani da na'ura mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ko na'urar duban microscope na lantarki (SEM), da kuma "haɗin yumbu" - waɗanda manyan hatsi ne na yumbu kuma ana iya gani da ido tsirara ko ƙaramin ƙaramin iko na binocular. Ga masana ilimin ƙasa, nazarin masana'anta na nufin tsarin sararin samaniya na ma'adanai a cikin dutse. Ga masu binciken Archaeologists, "binciken masana'anta" na tukwane ya ƙunshi nazarin matrix na yumbu da haɗawa a cikin jikin yumbu da zafin wuta da yanayi. Ana yin nazari ne don bincika waɗannan 3 dalla-dalla: yadda aka yi tukwane misali kayan aiki, zane kamar sura da salo, da sauransu. kayan adonta, irin su alamu, launuka na alamu, zamewa (glazing) ko kayan ado mara kyau shaidar irin amfani. Yadudduka shida na Kalibangan misali ne mai kyau na nazarin masana'anta. Jikin yumbu da abubuwan ma'adinai Jiki (ko jikin yumbu) kalma ce don babban nau'in tukwane na yanki, ƙarƙashin kowane kyalli ko kayan ado. Babban sashi na jiki shine yumbu . Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ake kira yumbu. Abubuwan da ke sa su bambanta sun haɗa da: Plasticity, rashin lafiyar jiki; gwargwadon yadda za su sha ruwa bayan harbe-harbe; da raguwa, girman raguwar girman jiki yayin da ake cire ruwa. Jikin yumbu daban-daban kuma sun bambanta ta hanyar da suke amsawa lokacin da aka harbe su a cikin kiln. Ana iya yin ado da jikin yumbu kafin ko bayan harbi. Kafin wasu matakai na siffa, dole ne a shirya yumbu. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yumbu daban-daban sun ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'adanai waɗanda ke ƙayyade halayen tukwane da aka samu. Za a iya samun bambance-bambancen yanki a cikin kaddarorin kayan albarkatun da aka yi amfani da su don samar da tukwane, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke da alaƙa na musamman ga yanki. Ya zama ruwan dare ga yumbu da sauran kayan da za a haɗa su don samar da jikin yumbu wanda ya dace da takamaiman dalilai. Abun gama gari na jikin yumbu shine kaolinite ma'adinai. Sauran ma'adanai a cikin yumbu, irin su feldspar, suna aiki a matsayin sauye -sauye wanda ke rage yawan zafin jiki na jiki. Anan jerin nau'ikan yumbu daban-daban da ake amfani da su don tukwane. Kaolin, wani lokacin ana kiransa yumbu na china saboda an fara amfani da shi a China. An yi amfani da shi don poselin. Yunbun Ball: Ƙaƙƙarfan filastik, yumɓu mai laushi mai kyau, wanda zai iya ƙunsar wasu kwayoyin halitta. Za a iya ƙara ƙananan kuɗi zuwa jikin ain don ƙara yawan filastik. Laka mai Wuta: Laka mai ɗanɗano ƙananan kaso fiye da kaolin, amma yawanci filastik. Yana da nau'i na yumbu mai jure zafi sosai wanda za'a iya haɗa shi tare da sauran yumbu don ƙara yawan zafin jiki kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman sinadari don yin nau'in nau'in dutse. Dutsen dutse: Ya dace da ƙirƙirar kayan dutse. Yana da halaye da yawa tsakanin yumbu na wuta da yumbu, yana da hatsi mafi kyau, kamar yumbu na ball amma ya fi jure zafi kamar yumbun wuta. Jajayen yumbu na yau da kullun da yumɓu na shale suna da kayan lambu da ƙazanta na ferric oxide waɗanda ke sa su amfani da bulo, amma gabaɗaya ba su gamsar da tukwane ba sai ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman na ajiya na musamman. Bentonite: Laka mai mahimmanci na filastik wanda za'a iya ƙarawa a cikin ƙananan yawa zuwa gajeren yumbu don ƙara yawan filastik. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

18267

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgina%20Kidd

Virgina Kidd

Virginia kidd (2 Yuni, 1921 - Janairu 11, 2003) ƴar ƙasar Amurika ce mai wallafe-wallafen wakili, Marubuciya kuma editan, wanda ta yi aiki musamman a almarar kimiyya da kuma waɗanda suka danganci filayen. Ta marubutan tatsuniyoyin Amurika kamar su Ursula K. Le Guin, RA Lafferty, Anne McCaffrey, Judith Merril, da Gene Wolfe . Wolfe tayi kama da Ann Schindler, mai hali a cikin littafinsa na 1990 mai suna Castleview, a babban ɓangare akan Kidd. Rayuwa da Ayyuka An haifi Kidd Mildred Virginia Kidd a cikin gundumar Germantown na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Charles Kidd, mawallafi, da Zetta Daisy Whorley. Tana da cutar shan inna a lokacin 2. Ta rame ta yi shekara guda daga kirji zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da ta girma ta halarci Makarantar Koyar da Harsuna ta Berlitz inda ta sami ci gaba a cikin yaren Spanish, Latin, Italian, Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Kidd ya gano almarar kimiyya tun yana dan shekara 9. Ta zama mai son ƙirƙirarren labarin almara . Ita 'yar Futuriyan ce, a cikin 1941, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa Vanungiyar' Yan Jarida ta Vanguard . Ba ta halarci kwaleji ba, tana cewa "saboda ba zan iya zuwa Jami'ar Chicago ba, kuma ba zan je wani ba." Ta auri mawaƙin opera Jack Emden a 1943. Sun sake su a cikin 1947. Sannan ta auri marubuci James Blish . Sun yi aure har zuwa 1963. Tana da yara hudu: Karen Anne Emden (an haife ta a 1944), Asa Benjamin Blish (an haife shi kuma ya mutu a 1947), Dorothea Elisabeth Blish (an haife shi a 1954), da Charles Benjamin Blish (an haife shi a 1956). Kidd tayi nasarar aiki a matsayin marubuci mai zaman kansa, marubucin fatalwa, kuma mai karanta karatu. Sananniyar sananniya ce ga ayyukanta a cikin harkar adabin adabin baka na ilimin mata. Ta taimaka wa marubutan da ba a san su ba. Ta kasance yar kasuwa mai nasara wacce tayi aiki tare da manyan kamfanoni kamar su Ace Publishing da Parnassus Books. Ita ma mawaƙa ce, kuma ta buga Kinesis, wata ƙaramar mujallar waƙa . Ta taimaka wajen fara aikin marubuta ciki har da Sonya Dorman . Gajerun labaran ta sun haɗa da " Kangaroo Court", wacce aka buga a 1966 a Damon Knight <i id="mwMw">Orbit 1</i> . Ta yi gyare-gyare ko kuma daidaita tare da rubuce-rubucen almara na kimiyya. Ta shirya biyun tare da abokin harka da kuma abokiyarta, Ursula K. LeGuin, Hanyoyi: Tsarin Harshen Tatsuniyoyi (1980) da Edges: Sababbin Tatsuniyoyi goma sha uku daga Borderlands na imagination (1980). Kidd ya lashe lambar yabo ta Locus ta 12 a 1979 na Mata Millennial . Hukumar Ƙididdiga ta Virginia Kidd A cikin 1965, ta kafa Hukumar Ƙididdigar Kiddiya ta Virginia. Hukumar ta kasance a gidanta, Arrowhead, a Milford, Pennsylvania . Ba da daɗewa ba, tana da abokan ciniki da yawa daga ƙungiyar almara ta kimiyya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama wakiliyar adabi a cikin tatsuniyoyi. Abokan cinikin nata sun haɗa da David R. Bunch, Juanita Coulson, George Alec Effinger, Alan Dean Foster, Richard E. Geis, Ursula K. Le Guin, Zach Hughes, Laurence Janifer, RA Lafferty, Anne McCaffrey, Judith Merril, Ward Moore, Christopher Firist, Frank M. Robinson, Joanna Russ, da Gene Wolfe . Ta daina kula da hukumar ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 saboda matsalolin lafiya daga ciwon suga. Ta mutu a 2003, amma har yanzu hukumar tana nan. Hanyar Milford Tare da marubuci Damon Knight da mijinta James Blish, Kidd sun kirkiro hanyar sukar da aka sani a duniya kamar Hanyar Milford. Littattafai Ayyuka “Suburban Harvest.” 1952 “Assignment Christmas Spirit.” 1966 “Happily Ever Once Upon (A Play)” 1990 “Ok, O Che.” Aberrations, 1995 “A King of King.” With All of Love: Selected Poems, 1995 “Kangaroo Court.” Orbit I, 1996 “Argument.” Weird Tales 55, Fall 1998 Litattafan da ta gyara McCaffrey, Anne. Hasken haske New York: Ballantine, 1968. Le Guin, Ursula K. Idon Heron. New York: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1982. Waɗanda ta shirya Ceton Duniya: Aarin Tarihin Kagaggen Labari. New York: Doubleday & Kamfanin, 1973. (An sake bugawa azaman Woungiyar rauni. New York: Littattafan Bantam, 1974. ) Mafi Kyawun Judith Merril. New York: Littattafan Gargaɗi, 1976. Mata Millennium. New York: Delacorte, 1978. Edges: Sababbin Tatsuniyoyi goma sha uku daga Yankin kan iyakantuwa. New York: Littattafan Aljihu, 1980. Mu'amala: Tarihin Tatsuniyoyi. New York: Littattafan Ace, 1980. Fassarorin da tayi "Dodo a Dajin." Gérard Klein (wanda aka fassara daga Faransanci ta Virginia Kidd). Mujallar Fantasy da Almarar Kimiyya , Vol. 21, A'a. 3, 1961 Manazarta Kara karantawa Kidd, Virginia, "Wakilin Farko, Masanin Tarihi Wani lokaci, Marubuci a Cikin Tsage," a cikin Mata Masu hangen nesa, wanda Denise DuPont ya shirya. St Martin's Press: 1988. 'Yan Futurians: Labarin Kagaggen Kimiyyar Kimiyya "Iyali" na 30's Wanda Ya Kawo Manyan Marubutan Sf & Editocin Yau (1977) na Damon Knight . Sauran yanar gizo Virginia Kidd a Cibiyar Pennsylvania don Littafin Virginia Kidd Tarihin Kidd daga gidan yanar gizon SFWA Hukumar Kididdiga ta Virginia Kidd "Game da Virginia Kidd" Archived ta Ursula K. Le Guin, ɗayan marubutanta Mildred "VK" Virginia (Kidd) Mai Blish a Blish Genealogy ( blish.org ) Virginia Kidd a Laburaren ofungiyar Hukumomin Majalisar - tare da takaddun kasidu 5 Marubutan Amurka Marubuta Waɗanda Suka Samu Kyautar Nobel

22776

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Jirgin%20Flydubai

Filin Jirgin Flydubai

Filin Jirgin Flydubai ( ), Da bin doka Dubai sufurin jiragen sama Corporation ( ), jirgin sama ne na kasafin kudi mallakar gwamnati a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tare da babban ofishinta da kuma ayyukan jirgin a Terminal 2 na Filin jirgin saman Dubai . Kamfanin na zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga har sau 95, yana hidimar Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Asiya da Turai daga Dubai . Taken kamfanin shine Get Going. Tarihi A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin Dubai ta kafa kamfanin jirgin sama. Ko da yake flydubai baya cikin kungiyar Emirates, tana tallafawa flydubai yayin farkon kafawar. A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2008 flydubai ta sanya hannu kan wani tsari mai karfi tare da kamfanin kera jiragen Amurka na Boeing a Farnborough Air Show na 50 Boeing 737-800s tare da jimillar dala biliyan 3.74, tare da zabin canza oda zuwa mafi girma da tsawo Boeing 737- 900ER, gwargwadon bukatar kamfanin jirgin. An ba da farkon wannan jirgi a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2009. Jirgi flights fara a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, tare da sabis don Beirut, Lebanon, da kuma Amman, Jordan . Tun daga wannan lokacin, hanyar sadarwa ta faɗaɗa an faɗaɗa ta sosai. A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013, flydubai ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana tattaunawa da Boeing da Airbus don odar jirgi-50. A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2013, kamfanin jirgin saman ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai kara sabis na Kasuwancin Jirgin Sama. Classakin Kasuwancin zai ƙunshi kujeru 12 tsakanin hanya da taga, abinci sau uku, talabijin inci 12, ɗakin shakatawa na kasuwanci, kujerun fata na Italia don bayar da ita don neman biyan matafiya kasuwanci a masarautar, samun dama fiye da Fina-finai 200, da kantunan wuta masu dacewa da matosai daga ƙasashe sama da 170. A watan Maris na 2020, Flydubai ta yi asara babba saboda dakatar da jirgin saman Boeing Max 737 a duniya. Kamfanin mallakar gwamnati ya yi ikirarin cewa lamarin ya shafi tasirin ci gabansa saboda yana da 11 daga cikin jiragen da aka fada, da kuma fiye da 220 a kan tsari. Shugaban Kamfanin Ghaith Al-Ghaith ya ce an yi yarjejeniyar sulhu ta wucin gadi tare da Boeing don wasu kudaden diyya amma bayanan yarjejeniyar sun kasance na sirri. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020, FlyDubai ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fara zirga-zirga kai tsaye tsakanin Tel Aviv da Dubai daga ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, tare da bayar da tikiti kan sayarwa. Wannan zai nuna hanyar jirgin kasuwanci ta farko tsakanin Dubai da Tel Aviv . Harkokin kamfanoni Gudanarwa da mallaka Kamfanin an kafa shi a ranar 19 Maris 2008 a matsayin kamfani na Gwamnatin Dubai . Gwamnatin Dubai ita ma ta mallaki kamfanin jiragen sama na Emirates ; duk da haka, mallakar kowa shine kawai haɗin tsakanin kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu. Ko da yake kamfanin jirgin ya sami wani taimako daga kamfanin jirgin sama na 'yar'uwarta da farko, ana gudanar da shi da kanshi tun. Hakanan, akwai ƙaura na farko na shugabannin gudanarwa, amma babban adadin hayar ya fito ne daga wajen ƙungiyar Emirates . Shugaban kamfanin Ghaith Al-Ghaith, wanda ya kwashe sama da shekaru 22 tare da Emirates. Shugaban kamfanin shi ne Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, wanda kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar ta Emirates. Hedikwata Flydubai tana aiki ne kwata-kwata daga Dubai kuma a halin yanzu tana da ayyukanta na Ayyuka kusa da Terminal 2 a Filin jirgin saman Dubai ban da wasu jiragen da ke tashi daga Terminal 3. Da farko, flydubai yana da niyyar aiki daga sabon Filin jirgin saman Al-Maktoum na Duniya a cikin Dubai World Center a Jebel Ali . Cibiyoyin Cigaban Flydubai ta kafa 'cibiyar bunƙasar Indiya' ta farko (IDC) a cikin birnin Hyderabad. Cibiyar tana jagorantar fasahar flydubai ta IT da kere-kere wanda zai maida hankali kan Tsarin Sabis na Fasinja (PSS). IDC za ta kasance cibiyar haɓaka software, bincike da ayyuka. Yanayin kasuwanci Mabudin yanayin flydubai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an nuna su a ƙasa (kamar yadda yake a ƙarshen shekara ta 31 Disamba): Rahotannin da aka fitar a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2021 sun bayyana cewa Flydubai tayi asarar US $ 194 miliyan a cikin 2020. Kamfanin jirgin ya fuskanci daya daga cikin mawuyacin shekaru a bangaren zirga-zirgar jiragen sama kamar yadda kudaden shiga ya fadi da fiye da 50% don ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 773 a shekarar 2020. A watan Yunin 2020, kamfanin jirgin ya kori ma'aikata da yawa, ya rage albashin wasu sannan kuma ya sanya wasu a kan ganyen da ba a biya ba har tsawon shekara. Makoma Tun daga watan Mayu 2017, flydubai yana sauka sama da wurare 90. A halin yanzu kamfanin jirgin yana da cibiya ɗaya kuma yana aiki daga Terminal 2 na Filin jirgin saman Dubai . Ko yaya, don saukar da jirgin sama mai tasowa da kuma faɗaɗa kamfanin jirgin sama na ƙasa a DXB, flydubai ya fara aiki daga Al-Maktoum International (DWC) daga 25 Oktoba 2015 Kamfanin jirgin ya fara da jirage 70 a kowane mako zuwa Amman, Beirut, Chittagong, Doha, Kathmandu, Kuwait da Muscat daga DWC. Yarjejeniyar Codeshare Flydubai codeshares tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama kamar haka: Rundunar jirage Rundunar Jirgen ruwa na yanzu Lambar abokin cinikin Boeing na Flydubai ita ce KN, wacce ke bayyana a cikin sanya tsoffin jiragen Boeing a matsayin infix, kamar 737-8KN. Ya zuwa watan Mayu 2021, rundunar Flydubai ta ƙunshi jiragen Boeing 737 masu zuwa: Wasu tarihan Boeing 737-800 A gasar Farnborough Air Show na watan Yulin 2008, kamfanin jirgin ya umarci Boeing 737-800s masu darajar kimanin dala biliyan 3.74 tare da damar sauyawa don sauya umarnin 737-800 zuwa 737-900ERs (tsawan zango) a nan gaba. A watan Nuwamba 2010, flydubai ya amince da sayarwa da kwangilar kwangila tare da Avolon akan wasu 737-800s huɗu. Boeing 737 MAX A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba 2013 a Dubai Airshow, Boeing da flydubai sun ba da sanarwar sadaukarwa game da Boeing 737 MAX 8s 100 da 11 Boeing 737-800 Next Generation. An ƙaddamar da wannan alƙawarin kusan dala biliyan 11.4 a farashin farashi, yana mai da shi mafi girma da aka taɓa sayan jirgin saman Boeing a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A ranar 6 ga Janairun 2014, flydubai ta kammala aikin Boeing 737 MAX dinta . An kammala oda tare da oda na jirgi 75 Boeing 737 MAX 8s da 11 Boeing 737-800 Next Generation, tare da hakkin sayan wasu karin jiragen Boeing 737 MAX 25. Wannan oda tana da darajar dala biliyan 8.8 a farashin farashi. A ranar 31 ga Yulin 2017, flydubai ya karɓi jigilar Boeing 737 MAX 8 na farko, yana mai da shi kamfanin jirgin sama na farko a Gabas ta Tsakiya da ke aiki da nau'in. A Nunin Nuwamba 2017 na Dubai Air Show, Flydubai ya sanya hannu kan babbar yarjejeniya don jirgin sama 175 Boeing 737 MAX da haƙƙin sayan 50. Wannan oda don jirgi 225 yana da darajar dala biliyan 27 a farashin jerin yanzu. Fiye da 50 na farko 175 jiragen sama zasu zama sabbin 737 MAX 10, yayin da sauran zasu kasance 737 MAX 9 da ƙarin 737 MAX 8s. Wannan sadaukarwar ta tarihi ita ce mafi girman sayan jirgi guda ɗaya da kamfanin jirgin sama na Gabas ta Tsakiya ya saya. A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2017, flydubai ta kammala siyan jiragen 175 Boeing 737 MAX a cikin mafi girman tsari na jirgin sama daya a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda aka fara sanar da shi a 2017 Dubai Air Sho. Al'amurran cikin-jirgin Ajin masu karamin karfi Ana bayar da cikakken sabis na abinci akan wasu sabis zuwa ƙasashen Turai da Afirka. Ana iya siyan giya da kayan makulashe bayan an gama muhimman ayyuka. A kan sauran jirage tsakanin cibiyar sadarwar, fasinjoji na iya yin rajistar abinci mai zafi, kuma a kan jirage sama da awanni 3 da kuma kan gajeren jirage, akwai cikakken menu na nadewa da sandwiches. Ana iya siyan siye daga ƙungiya ko daga allon taɓawa na sirri a kowane kujera. Ajin kasuwanci A cikin Yunin 2012 an sanar da cewa za a ƙara ajin kasuwanci a zaman sabis. , 85 na wuraren da ake nufi da flydubai suna da sabis na ajin kasuwanci. Kowane rukunin kasuwancin da aka tanada yana dauke da kujeru 12 tare da filin zama na inci 42. Tare da babban wurin zama, a cikin jirgin kamfanin na ba da sabis kamar: zaɓi na kayan ciye-ciye, abinci da abin sha; damar yin amfani da fina-finai sama da 200, da tashar wutar lantarki, da barguna da matashin kai da belun kunne masu amo. Hakanan sabis na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci yana faɗaɗa a zaɓaɓɓun filayen jirgin sama. A zababbun filayen jirgin sama suna ba da fifikon dubawa da hanya mai sauri ta hanyar binciken tsaro. A ranar 6 ga Yulin 2014, flydubai ya ba da sanarwar buɗe zauren kasuwancin su a Filin jirgin saman Dubai . Gidan fal yana cikin Terminal 2 kuma yana da Wi-Fi kyauta, Abubuwan Shaƙatawa da Kayan ciye-ciye. Bidiyon tsaro Bidiyo na kariya na flydubai yana dauke da haruffa daga jerin shirye-shiryen gidan talabijin na emirate mai rai Freej . Babban halayen a cikin bidiyon ma'aikacin jirginne mai suna Maya. Tsarin ƙasa fasinjojin flydubai na iya canja wurin kayansu zuwa haɗa Emirates da jiragen flydubai lokacin shiga. Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru A ranar 26 ga Janairun 2015, wani karamin jirgi mai lamba flydubai Boeing 737-800 mai jigilar Flight 215 daga Dubai zuwa Baghdad, karamar bindiga ta buge shi a kan hanyar zuwa Filin jirgin saman Baghdad dauke da fasinjoji 154. Jirgin ya sauka lami lafiya kuma ba a bukatar kulawa a filin jirgin. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Flydubai Flight 981, wani Boeing 737-800 da ke aiki daga Dubai zuwa Rostov-on-Don a Rasha, ya yi hadari a yayin tafiye-tafiye a cikin yanayi mara kyau a Filin jirgin saman Rostov-on-Don . Dukkan fasinjoji 55 da ma’aikatan jirgin 7 sun mutu a hatsarin. Wannan shine hadari na farko da yayi sanadiyyar mutuwa a tarihin kamfanin jirgin. Dalilin shine gajiyar jirgin. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Filin jirgin Emirates Filin tashan Emirates Filayen Jirage na Dubai Gwamnatin Kasar Dubai Gwamnati Jirage masu matsakaicin tsada Kamfanonin da aka kafa a 1997 Filayen jirgin sama Mukalan Wikipedia masu buqatan tantancewa Pages with unreviewed translations

15620

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwabueze%20Nwokolo

Nwabueze Nwokolo

Nwabueze Jaja Wachuku Nwokolo (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1954), gimbiya sarauta ta Ngwaland, lauya ce daga Nijeriya da ke zaune a United Kingdom kuma memba ce a Law Society of England da Wales ; gami da kasancewa darakta da shugaban kwamitin BSN na Burtaniya: Kamfanin Sadarwar Bakar fata, babbar kungiyar mambobi a Turai. Nwokolo memba ne na Lawungiyar Shari'a ta Ingila da Walesungiyar Kula da Ethananan Yankuna ta Wales. Hakanan, tana zaune akan RAB: Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Shari'a na Kungiyar Lauyoyi. Nwokolo yar agaji ne, al'adu daban-daban kuma mafi kyaun dangi gami da mai da'awar tabbatar da adalci ; kazalika da yin sulhu, taimakon jama'a, ba da riba, shugabancin bayi, ci gaban al'umma, gina zaman lafiya, daidaito, hakuri, hadawa da gwani masani. A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Nwokolo ya ba da gudummawa ga Tsarin Nada Alkalai a cikin House of Lords na Kingdomasar Burtaniya da Ireland ta Arewa. tana daga cikin wa inda suka bada gundumwa a house of loard Nwokolo ne 'yar Jaja Wachuku : Najeriya ' s farko kakakin majalisar wakilai. kazalika da jakadan Nijeriya na farko kuma Dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; da kuma Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya da Harkokin Kasashen Duniya na farko. Ita jika ce ga Sarki Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuu. A watan Mayu shekarar 2013, BRM-Burtaniya an saka Nwokolo a matsayin abin koyi a Burtaniya: Black Role Models United Kingdom kungiyar wacce ke da hedikwata a Landan . an kirata NBA bayan kammala karatun ta. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Nwokolo wanda aka haifa a matsayin Nwambeze ko Nwabueze Jaja Wachuku a Nijeriya a tsakanin shekara ta 1954 zuwa Rhoda da Jaja Wachuku, ya halarci makarantar Queen's ta Enugu da Jami’ar Nijeriya, Nsukka (UNN) daga shekarar 1973 zuwa shekara ta 1977 inda ta kammala da LLB: Bachelor of Law ; da suka hada da doka, aikin farar hula da na laifi, da sauransu. An kira ta zuwa Lauyan Najeriya a matsayin BL: Barrister at Law a shekarar 1978; kuma tayi aikinta na bautar kasa na bautar kasa daga shekarar 1978 zuwa shekara ta 1979. A Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka, ta kasance shugabar zaure, haka kuma memba ce a kungiyar wasan badminton da wasan ninkaya; gami da kasancewa memba na Kandel Klub-nuna haske. Ayyuka Bayan kammala karatu kuma ta cancanta a shekara ta 1977 a matsayin lauya daga Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka, an kira Nwokolo zuwa NBA: Nigerian Bar a shekarar 1978. Daga baya, a shekarar 1995, ta yi rajista a matsayin lauya a Ingila da Wales . Memba na kungiyar Shari'a wacce ke da alhakin kula da kananan kabilu, Nwokolo a yanzu haka itace shugaban kungiyar Black Solicitors Network: kungiyar BSN a Burtaniya ta Burtaniya. Haka kuma, ta wakiltar BSN a kan External aiwatarwa Group (EIG) kafa da Solicitors Regulation Authority : SRA - a mayar da martani ga binciken na m da disproportionate tsari na baki da kuma kananan kabilu Lauyan. A matsayinta na shugaban BSN, Nwokolo ta ba da gudummawa musamman ga tsarin Nada Shawara a Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na Iyayengiji a cikin Nuwamba shekarar 2011. Hanyar Sadarwar Baƙi Tun shekarar 2005, ta kasance darekta na BSN: Black Solicitors Network. Tun da farko, kafin a zabe ta a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2010 a matsayin BSN shugaban kasa, ta jagoranci babin Midlands ; kuma tana da alhakin kula da kiwo bisa dogaro da gogewarta a matsayinta na lauya a matsayinta na mai rikon amana da kuma matsakaiciyar matsakaita. Gidan Iyayengiji Ta wakilci mata, mutane marasa galihu da kabilu marasa rinjaye, a cikin Nuwamba shekarar 2011, a Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na ofan Majalisar Sarki, a cikin hidimarta a matsayin Solungiyar Solungiyoyin Solwararrun Blackan Jaridu, Nwokolo ta fifita sanannen "tudun ƙarfe na cancanta", game da tsarin naɗa Alƙalai a Unitedasar Masarauta. Ta kuma tabbatar da cewa: "Ba ma son bangaren shari'ar da ba shi da kyau… [amma] kana iya barin mutane da yawa wadanda za su amfani al'umma baki daya." Tare da falalar yabo "zaka kalli zamantakewar gabaɗaya kuma ka yarda da cancantar wanzu a wurare daban-daban da kuma gano cancantar inda ba za ka saba kallonta ba." A Gidan Iyayengiji, Nwokolo fitaccen gwarzo ne na: jin daɗin ɗan adam, hangen nesa mai ba da jagoranci mai kyau, jurewa da haƙuri, sadarwar al'adu, koyon zama tare , bayar da ilimin zamani da tabbatar da cewa an ba da horo mai dacewa ga waɗanda ke da hannu a tsarin nadin alkalai. An san ta da cewa: "Akwai bukatar fadada tunani game da nade-naden alkalai, gami da ba da daidaito da horo iri-iri ga mutanen da ke ba da shawarwari kan nadin." Majalisar Shari'a A shekarar 2009, Nwokolo ta fara wa’adin ta na biyu a Majalisar Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ingila da Wales, kuma ta shugabanci Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Banbancin Kungiyar Lauyoyi na tsawon shekaru uku. Sakamakon haka, ta ci gaba da zama memba a Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Shari'a da Manufofi (LAPB) da Blackungiyar Baƙin Blackan Ra'ayi da Minan Yanci (BMEF) na Societyungiyar Shari'a . A watan Afrilu shekarar 2011, ta kasance tare da Shugabancin Taron Lauyoyin Marasa Rinjaye wanda Lawungiyar Shari'a ta shirya. Ba da shawara game da ilimin doka Dangane da wadatar karatun ilimin shari'a a Burtaniya, Nwokolo ya kasance, ya kasance mai ba da shawara mai karfi na nemo hanyoyin da za su bi wajen kawo tsadar ilimin jami'a don kawar da matsalar kudi ga masu neman bakar fata lauyoyi. Tana da cikakkiyar murya kan bukatar shirye-shiryen jagoranci da dabarun karfafa gwiwa ga matasa masu sha'awar karatun aikin lauya. Tabbatar da bayar da shawarwari don kyakkyawar, ingantaccen kuma ingantaccen tsarin ilimin shari'a a Unitedasar Burtaniya a matsayin memba na Societyungiyar Lawungiyar Shari'a ta forwararrun Minan Ra'ayin andan Ruwa Kaya kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Daidaito da andungiyoyin Groupungiyoyin Doka na Law Society, Nwokolo, ya ce a cikin shekarar 2009: Rayuwar mutum Sun auri Chuka Nwokolo, wani likita ne kuma farfesa kan ilimin abinci da abinci a Jami'ar Warwick, suna da ‘ya’ya mata biyu: Munachiso da Idu. Solihull, Kingdomasar Ingila gidansu ne. Hakanan, a asirce, Nwokolo yayi wakilci da aikin adalci na launin fatar cocin Methodist na Biritaniya . Ita darekta ce, amintacciya kuma gwamna a Gidauniyar Sarauniya : Edgbaston : Birmingham: Ingila - kwalejin koyar da ilimin addini. AIMs: Duk Sabis na Sasanci, wanda ke magance rikice-rikice da sasanta rikice rikice tsakanin iyalai da al'ummomi da ita ta kafa. Musamman, Nwokolo yayi yawancin ayyukan sa kai da ba agaji ga dan adam ta hanyar RIOJAWACH: Rhoda Idu Onumonu Jaja Wachuku, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta: Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ta kafa don tunawa da iyayenta Rhoda da Jaja Wachuku . Duba kuma Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku Jaja Wachuku Gidan Iyayengiji Lawungiyar Doka Dokar Burtaniya Dokar Najeriya Chuku Wachuku Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

29878

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar%20da%20makamashi%20ta%20hanyar%20shara

Samar da makamashi ta hanyar shara

Waste-to-makamashi ( WtE ) ko makamashi-daga-sharar gida ( EfW ) shi ne tsarin samar da makamashi ta hanyar wutar lantarki da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na sharar gida, ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi . Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar lantarki da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. Tarihi An gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a Nottingham, UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a New York, New York . An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a Denmark a cikin 1903 a Frederiksberg . Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . . . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfadowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) Hanyoyin Konawa   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da makamashi, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( MSW saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins . Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar karafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da ƙasa . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Wadannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Man fetur daga robobi Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. Sauran Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: Fasahar jiyya na thermal : Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. Fasaha mara zafi: Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) MBT + Anaerobic narkewa MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu Ci gaban duniya A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara – Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. Carbon dioxide watsi A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). Dattin datti na birni (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na na MSW yana samar da kusan na CO . Idan aka cika sharar, na MSW zai samar da kusan methane ta hanyar bazuwar anaerobic na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS 15440 ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da zaɓin hanyar rushewa . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira hanyar daidaitawa ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. Sanannen misalai A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey Wurin Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County, Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( Wien Energie ) Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, Amurka Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, Kanada (1988) Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, New Delhi, Indiya East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India Tsirrai masu samar da mai A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin Edmonton, Alberta, Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ] Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . Ostiraliya Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. Duba wasu abubuwan Ci gaba da karatu Manazarta Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf >. Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. <   > Makamashi Shara Muhalli Kamfani Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19674

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Makama

Aliyu Makama

Aliyu Makama Bida (an haife shi a shekara ta 1905- ya mutu a shekara ta 1980), MHA, CMG, CFR, OBE, CBE, ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne. Shi ne Ministan Ilmi da Walwalar Jama’a na Arewa na farko, sannan daga baya ya zama Ministan Kudi da Ma’ajin NPC. Rayuwar farko An haifi Aliyu Makama Bida a shekara ta 1905 a garin Bida, jihar Neja . Mahaifinsa sanannen malamin Qur'ani ne a Kotun Masu Daraja. Shigarsa cikin makarantar firamare ta hanyar tasirin mahaifinsa ne. Yawanci ga yankin Arewa, Aliyu ya fara karatun sa na farko a Makarantar Al-Qur'ani a cikin Bida, kafin yin rajista a makarantar firamaren wucin gadi ta garin Bida. Kadan galibi, bai ƙare karatunsa ba a wannan matakin. Ya cigaba da zuwa Kwalejin Katsina, inda ya haɗu da yawancin 'yan-Arewa. Yakamata su ɗauki nauyi da ɗaukar nauyin tsara albarkatun siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewar Arewa tare da jagorantar yankin ga mulkin kai. Ayyuka Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Kwalejin Katsina a shekara ta 1927, aka ɗauke shi aiki don koyarwa a Neja Middle School. Daga baya ya zama shugaban makarantar. A shekara ta 1942, hukumar 'yan asalin Bida (NA) ta dauke shi aiki a matsayin Kansilan da ke kula da harkokin ilimi na gundumar. Aliyu ya hau kan aikin sa lokacin da ya tafi kwasa-kwasai a Ƙaramar Hukumar da ke Ingila a shekarar 1945. Daga baya, ya kasance memba na Taron Afirka. A cikin shekarar 1952, ya koma Ingila don taron Cambridge kan Ilimi. Yana daga cikin wasu kalilan da suka halarci tattaunawar Tsarin Mulki ta 1953, tare da wasu manyan ‘yan Arewa daga al’ummar Nijeriya, a Ingila. Yayin da yake aiki a majalisar gargajiya ta Etsu Nupe, Aliyu Mahmud kamar yadda aka san shi sosai an karrama shi da sarautar gargajiya ta Makama Nupe . A shekarar 1955, Aliyu ya yi aikin hajji na farko zuwa Makka tare da rakiyar Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sokoto da sauran Ministoci. Shekara guda kafin waccan aikin hajji, Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka ta ga iyawa, ƙarfin zuciya da juriya na Aliyu, wanda a koyaushe yake duk abin da aka ba shi. A matsayinsa na mutumin da ya nuna babban alkawari, gwamnatin Sherwood Smith ta nada Aliyu a matsayin Wazirin Arewa na Farko na Ilimi da Jin Dadin Jama’a a shekara ta 1952. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Walwalar Jama'a ta buƙaci kulawa da kyau a matsayin wuri na alhakin aza tushe don tsara mai zuwa kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka sanya shi a kan karagar mulki. Harkar siyasa Daga malami har zuwa shugaban makaranta, zuwa kansila na NA da kuma wani Babban Minista da ke da babban mukami a harkar Ilimi, Aliyu Makama ya zama titan a lamuran Arewa kuma a matsayinsa na memba na Northern Peoples Congress (NPC). Ya hau kan matsayin Ma'ajin Jam'iyyar kuma ya dauki nauyin bangarorin kudi na NPC. Ya riƙe muƙamin a duk tsawon lokacin Jam’iyyar. Duk da cewa ya girmi Sardaunan Sokoto, amma ana daukar sa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makusanta da aminan Sardauna. Duk hakan ya faru ne sakamakon nuna amanar da Sardaunan Sakkwato ya yi wa Aliyu Makama Bida. Aliyu ya kan yi aiki a matsayin Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya kowane lokaci Firayim Ministan ya yi tafiya zuwa waje kuma nadin ya kasance daga Sardauna da kansa. Aliyu ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudin Arewa a duk tsawon rayuwar gwamnatin su. Aliyu Makama Nupe shi ma dan kungiyar tsaro ta farar hula ne kafin ya zama Kwamandan Neja. Ya kasance Shugaba Jama'atu Nasrul Islam. Dan siyasa mai taurin kai, mai karewa da amintacce shima dan wasa ne a lokacin karatun sa. Ya bar rikodin shekaru 30 a cikin yadudduka 100. Dattijon ya mutu ne a shekara ta 1980 a matsayin Shugaban farko na Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria (NPN) ta lokacin; jam'iyar da aka ɗauka a matsayin reshen kungiyar Jama'ar Arewa (NPC). Aliyu Mahmud Makama Bida an karrama shi da jami'in Order of British Empire, (OBE) kafin ya mutu. Mutuwa Alhaji Aliyu Makama ya mutu a shekara ta 1980 ba tare da sanadinsa ba. Manazarta Kara karantawa Masu yin Arewacin Najeriya, ta hanyar jam’iyyun siyasa . Aboki ya buga Nijeriya, yankunan Arewacin Nijeriya, 1965. Siyasa da yin a yankin Arewacin Najeriya . Bugun Afirka kuma aka buga, 1960–1999. Prominant [ . Odinka Nigeria, 1900–1999. Arewacin Najeriya masu yin siyasa, Sokoto Nigeria. 1900-1960. Siyasa da al'adu, cigaban al'adu a Arewacin Najeriya . Jami'ar Princetown ta buga. 1942. " Politicalungiyoyin Siyasar Najeriya: inarfi a cikin Yankin Afirka Na Farko. Pp.381-38, Africa World Press, 2004. Mutane daga jihar Neja Haifaffun 1905 Mutuwan 1980

42870

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moumouni%20Adamou%20Djermakoye

Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye

Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye (Mayu 22, 1939) ɗan siyasar Nijar ne kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP-Zaman Lahiya). Ya kasance minista mai muhimmanci a lokacin mulkin Seyni Kountché sannan ya zama jakadan Nijar a Amurka daga 1988 zuwa 1991; daga baya, bayan kafa jam’iyyar ANDP, ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Nijar daga 1993 zuwa 1994. Shi ne ɗan takarar jam’iyyar ANDP a zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa guda huɗu, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1993; Ya kuma kasance mataimaki a majalisar dokokin ƙasar daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2009 da kuma shugaban babbar kotun shari'a daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Asali Sunayen danginsa, Moumouni Djermakoye, hakan ya nuna cewa shi ɗan dangi ne — amma ba magaji ba — a daular Djerma mai mulki, ta Djermakoy na Dosso : na farko tsakanin sarakunan Djerma kuma gidan da aka fifita a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Djermakoye ya shiga soja ne tun yana matashin hafsa, kuma ya shiga cikin juyin mulkin Seyni Kountché na Afrilu 1974 wanda ya hamɓarar da shugaba Hamani Diori. Ya zama babban memba na majalisa mai mulki, kuma ya haɓaka tushen ikon kansa a Dosso. Hidima a matsayin minista da diflomasiyya a lokacin mulkin soja (1974 – 1991) Bayan juyin mulkin 1974, Djermakoye ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin kai daga Afrilu 22, 1974 zuwa Satumba 10, 1979. A kwanakin baya, an naɗa shi Ministan Matasa, Wasanni, da Al’adu, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi Ministan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a da Harkokin Jama’a a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1981. Ya kasance a matsayi na ƙarshe har zuwa 24 ga Janairu, 1983. A watan Mayu 1988 an naɗa shi jakada a Amurka kuma wakilin dindindin a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya gabatar da takardun shaidarsa a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1988, yana aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa tsakiyar 1991. Takarar shugabancin MNSD, kafa jam’iyyar ANDP, zaɓukan jam’iyyu da yawa (1991 – 1996) A cikin 1991, Tandja Mamadou ya doke Djermakoye a yunƙurinsa na zama shugaban ƙungiyar National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD). Wannan gwagwarmayar ta kasance alamar tambaya ta ƙabilanci: Djermakoye, wanda ɗan ƙabilar da ke da rinjaye a jam'iyyar (Djerma), ya sha kashi a hannun Tandja, wanda ba haka ba. Bayan ya sha kaye, ya kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna Club of Moumouni Adamou Djermokoye's Friends (CAMAD), wadda daga baya ta zama ANDP. A watan Fabrairun 1993, Djermakoye ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a zagayen farko na zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1993 kuma ya zo na huɗu da kashi 15.24% na ƙuri'un i'un da aka kaɗa. A wani ɓangare na ƙawancen da ake kira Alliance of the Forces of Change, Djermakoye ya goyi bayan Mahamane Ousmane na jam'iyyar Democrat da Social Convention (CDS) a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen da Tandja na MNSD ya yi, kuma Ousmane ya yi nasara. A zaɓen 'yan majalisu na watan Fabrairun 1993, jam'iyyar ANDP ta lashe kujeru 11 cikin 83 na majalisar dokokin ƙasar, ta yi kyau a tsakanin Zarma;Djermakoye da kansa an zaɓe shi a majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a mazaɓar Dosso. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1993, aka zaɓi Djermakoye a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar. Jam'iyyar MNSD ta yi adawa da ƙuri'ar da aka zaɓi Djermakoye a cikinta, tana mai cewa hakan bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, kuma ta ƙi shiga cikinta. Bayan ɗaukaka ƙarar da 'yan adawa suka yi, Kotun Ƙoli ta soke zaɓen Djermakoye a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, amma Majalisar ta sake zaɓen Djermakoye a watan Mayu 1993. Ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar har zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 1994, lokacin da majalisar ta rusa gabanin wani sabon zaɓen majalisar. Ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Mainassara da mulkin soja na riƙon ƙwarya (1996 – 1999) Bayan da sojoji ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibrahim Baré Mainassara suka ƙwace mulki a watan Janairun 1996, an gudanar da sabon zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a watan Yulin 1996, inda Djermakoye ya zo na biyar da kashi 4.77% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A rana ta biyu na zaɓen, wanda Mainassara ya lashe, an tsare Djermakoye a gidan kaso tare da wasu 'yan takara uku na 'yan adawa, kuma ya kasance a gidan kaso na tsawon makonni biyu. Bayan nasarar Mainassara, Djermakoye da ANDP sun gane shi kuma suka goyi bayansa, amma a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1998 ya sanar da cewa ANDP ta wargaje da Maïnassara's Rally for Democracy and Progress, yana mai zargin Mainassara ya "ƙasƙantar da shi kuma ya ware" ƙungiyar ANDP. Bayan wani juyin mulki a watan Afrilun 1999, Djermakoye ya zama shugaban majalisar tuntuɓa ta ƙasa a lokacin riƙon ƙwarya kafin sabon zaɓe. A watan Agustan 1999, jam'iyyar ANDP ta zaɓe shi don sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a watan Oktoba na 1999. A zaɓen Djermakoye ya samu matsayi na biyar da kashi 7.73% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga Mahamadou Issoufou, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar dimokuraɗiyya da gurguzu ta Nijar, a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen. Issoufou ya sha kashi a zagaye na biyu a hannun Tandja. An zaɓi Djermakoye a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai na ƙasa a zaɓen ‘yan majalisar dokoki na watan Nuwamba 1999 daga mazaɓar Dosso; ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara huɗu na ANDP da suka lashe kujeru a zaɓen. Ayyuka a lokacin Jamhuriyya ta Biyar (1999 – 2009) A watan Yulin 2002, ANDP ta shiga jam'iyyar Alliance of Democratic Forces ƙarƙashin jagorancin MNSD, gamayyar jam'iyya mai mulki, inda ta fice daga jam'iyyar adawa ta Coordination of Democratic Forces wadda ta kasance a baya. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2002, an nada Djermakoye a matsayin ƙaramin minista na haɗin gwiwar Afirka da sabon ƙawance na shirye-shiryen raya Afirka ; ya yi wannan muƙamin har sai da ya yi murabus daga gwamnati a watan Nuwambar 2004 saboda halartar zaɓukan da ake shirin gudanarwa. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2004, an sake zaben shi a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar ANDP; Ya ce a wannan karon bai yi niyyar sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2009 ba. A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Nuwamba 2004, ya sake zama matsayi na biyar da kashi 6.07% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. Jim kaɗan gabanin zagayen farko na zaɓen, Djermakoye ya ce zai goyi bayan Tandja a zagaye na biyu. A zaɓen 'yan majalisa na Disamba 2004, an sake zaɓar Djermakoye a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai na ƙasa daga mazaɓar ar Dosso. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2005, an zaɓi Djermakoye a matsayin shugaban babbar kotun shari'a, ƙungiyar shari'a ta musamman da ta ƙunshi wakilai na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa. Mahamane Ousmane ya sha kaye Djermakoye a zaɓen shugaban ƙungiyar raya tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2006, inda ya samu ƙuri'u 37 yayin da Ousmane ya samu ƙuri'u 58. Da yake mayar da martani kan yunƙurin shugaba Tandja mai cike da cece-kuce na kiran ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da zai bashi damar sake tsayawa takara — ƙoƙarin da jam'iyyun adawa da mambobin ƙawancen masu rinjaye na shugaban ƙasa suka yi adawa da shi — Djermakoye ya nuna rashin amincewarsa, yana mai cewa al'ummar ƙasar za ta iya. a "raba gida biyu" ta shirye-shiryen zaɓen raba gardama na Tandja. Bayan da kotun tsarin mulkin ƙasar ta yanke hukunci kan Tandja a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2009, nan take Tandja ta rusa majalisar kasa a ranar 26 ga Mayu. Masu lura da al’amura sun lura cewa, a yin hakan ya ƙaucewa yiwuwar gurfanar da shi gaban kotu bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa a babbar kotun shari’a, inda Djermakoye ke shugabanta. Djermakoye ya kamu da rashin lafiya, sakamakon zafin rana, a wani gangamin ranar 14 ga watan Yunin 2009 a Yamai, yana nuna rashin amincewa da kudurin zaben raba gardama na Shugaba Tandja; ya fadi jim kadan kafin a sa ran zai yi jawabi ga masu zanga-zangar. Djermakoye, wanda aka ruwaito a baya yana fama da ciwon zuciya, ya mutu a wani asibitin Yamai bayan mintuna talatin. An gudanar da wani biki a hukumance da karramawar soja ga Djermakoye a Yamai a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, tare da halartar shugaba Tandja. Hakazalika an yi jana'izar sa a Dosso a wannan rana, a cikin dimbin jama'a. Manazarta Mutuwan 2009 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

30067

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amma%20Darko

Amma Darko

Articles with hCards Amma Darko (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Golden Baobab don daya daga cikin litattafanta. Ta buga novels guda bakwai gaba daya. Rayuwa da rubutu An haife ta a Koforidua, Ghana, kuma ta girma a Accra. Ta yi karatu a Kumasi, inda ta sami difloma a shekarar 1980. Sannan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha a Kumasi. A shekarun 1980, ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki na wani lokaci a Jamus. Tun daga yanzu ta koma Accra. Littattafanta sun kwatanta rayuwar yau da kullun a Ghana. Littafinta na farko, Beyond the Horizon, an buga shi ne a Jamus. Littattafanta na baya-bayan nan, Faceless kuma Not without flowers, an buga su a Ghana. An tattauna aikinta a cikin littafin Vincent O. Odamtten Broadening the Horizon: Critical Introductions to Amma Darko, a cikin 2001 digiri na digiri na Louise Allen Zak "Rubuta hanyarta: nazarin marubuci 'yar Ghana Amma Darko", kuma a cikin mujallu na ilimi da yawa. Littafi Mai Tsarki [1991] 1995: Beyond the Horizon (Der verkaufte Traum). Heinemann/Schmetterling-Verl. Littafin Darko na farko yana da tasiri a kan yadda ta ke kallon Jamus, inda ta lura da mu’amalar Jamusawa da baƙi ‘yan Ghana. Littafin yana magana ne game da wata budurwa Mara, wacce ta bi mijinta zuwa Jamus, ba tare da sanin cewa ya auri Bajamushe ba a halin yanzu. Duk da kuma cewa littafin ya yi bayani ne kan batutuwa masu tsanani kamar hijira ta haramtacciyar hanya, auren haram da karuwanci, amma babu wani ɗabi'a mai ɗaci a cikinsa. 1996: Spinnweben ("Cobwebs"; babu Turanci). Schmetterling-Verl. ISBN 978-3-926369-17-8 . Littafinta na biyu shine tunani game da tushen. Akwai tattaunawa tsakanin wata 'yar Ghana da ke zaune a Jamus da abokan Jamus da ke kusa da ita. 2000: Verirrtes Herz ("Stray Heart"; babu Turanci). Schmetterling-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89657-119-9 . Wannan shine littafi na farko da aka tsara gaba daya a Ghana. Matashin jarumi, Kesewa, bata iya karatu ba. Dole ne ta yi aiki tuƙuru don iyayenta da ’yan’uwanta kuma ba ta iya zuwa makaranta akai-akai. A rayuwarta ta balaga, ta zama mai rashin amana da hassada kuma tana haifar da matsala mai yawa. 2003: Faceless ( Die Gesichtslosen ). Mawallafa na Sub-Sahara/Schmetterling-Verl. ISBN 978-9988-550-50-9 . Littafin labari game da wata mata mai matsakaicin matsayi da ke saduwa da yara kan titi da ke zaune a wani yanki na Accra da ake kira "Sodom and Gomorrhah". 2007: Not Without Flowers. Mawallafa na Kudu-Sahara. ISBN 978-9988-647-13-1 . A cikin wannan littafi, mai karatu ya ci karo da wasu adadi da cibiyoyi daga littafin da ya gabata. Ɗaya daga cikin haruffan tsakiya, Aggie, tana aiki ga ƙungiyar NGO MUTE, wanda ke nufin ƙirƙirar rumbun adana bayanai da madadin ɗakin karatu. Mahaifiyar Aggie tana da tabin hankali kuma ana ajiye ta a sansanin addu'a. Idan, mijin Aggie, ya fara al'amari tare da yarinyar Randa. 2015: Between Two Worlds. Mawallafa na Kudu-Sahara. ISBN 978-9988647933 . A cikin wannan labari, duniyoyi biyu sun taru: Wani dan Ghana da wata Bajamushiya sun yi soyayya a Jamus, a cikin 1960s. Bayan shekaru da yawa, 'ya'yansu mata tagwaye sun fuskanci labarin rugujewar auren iyayensu. Mai karatu na ganin lamarin ta bangarori biyu. Ya san yadda mutumin ya girma a yankin Gold Coast na Birtaniya da kuma mace a Jamus bayan yakin. Littafin kuma yana da girma na ruhaniya. Batun tagwaye yana da matukar muhimmanci da kuma addinin dabi'ar mutanen Akan a Ghana tare da limaman 'yan ta'adda da na danginsu, da shaye-shaye da busa. Kamar yadda yake a cikin litattafanta na baya, barkwancin Darko ya haskaka ta cikin babban batu. 2015: The Necklace of Tales. Fassarar Jamusanci: Das Halsband der Geschichten . Littafin matasa masu karatu. elbaol verlag hamburg, Meldorf 2019  Wannan littafi na matasa masu karatu ya kawo fara'a na labaran Kweku Ananse na gargajiya a cikin yanayin duniyarmu ta zamani. Shekaru aru-aru, ana ba da labarun wannan tatsuniya ta Afirka ta baki ta hanyar ba da labari. Labarun sun samo asali ne daga Ashantis, waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na kabilar Akan na Ghana. Kweku shine sunan ranar namiji da aka haifa a ranar Laraba kuma Ananse shine Akan don gizo-gizo. A cikin wannan labari, wanda shi ne na farko na jerin tatsuniyoyi, an ba da labarin tatsuniyar Kweku Ananse ne ta hanyar irin abubuwan da wata yarinya maraya mai suna Obiba ta samu da kuma ta hanyar wani lungu da sako na ban mamaki. "Alace na Tatsuniyoyi", kamar yadda aka san abin wuyan kwalliya, yana da tsufa kamar duniya. A ciki an kama labaran Kweku Ananse. Ya shiga hannun wata marayu Obiba, wacce ke rayuwa cikin tsaka mai wuya tare da goggonta marasa kirki a Accra babban birnin Ghana. Halin Kweku Ananse gizo-gizo ne mai halayen ɗan adam. Ana yawan kwatanta gaɓoɓinsa takwas a matsayin hannu huɗu da ƙafafu huɗu. Dangantakarsa ta musamman da Mahalicci tana komawa ne tun lokacin halitta. Shi mai hikima ne da wayo kuma mai dabara. Kowane tatsuniya ta Kweku Ananse tana ɗauke da nasihohi masu wayo da kalmomi na hikima. Wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su daga kabilar Ashanti sun fada kuma suka sake fada a lokacin cinikin bayi na tekun Atlantika, labaran Kweku Ananse sun bazu zuwa sauran sassan duniya. Sun samo asali ne a wurare kamar sassan kudancin Amurka, yammacin Indiya da Caribbean. Malamai sunyi aiki akan rubuce-rubucen Darko Aiyetoro, Mary B. & Valentine Chimenem Owhorodu. "Sabani, Tasiri, da Maganganun Mata ga Fataucin Amma Darko Bayan Sama'ila . Jaridar Ibadan ta Nazarin Turanci 7 (2018): 185–196. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

24839

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Osborn

Ben Osborn

Benjamin Jarrod Osborn (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1994 ) ne English sana'a kwallon wanda ke taka EFL Championship kulob Sheffield United . A duniya, ya wakilci kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa na Ingila na kasa da kasa, a karkashin 18, karkashin 19, da kuma karkashin 20 . Aikin kulob Nottingham Forest An haife shi a Derby, Ingila, Osborn ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa lokacin da ya shiga Derby County . Samun An saki bayan daya kakar, ya shiga hammayarsu Nottingham Forest 's matasa makarantar a shekara tara. A farkon kakar sa tare da ƙungiyar U18, ana yawan amfani dashi azaman hagu na baya . A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2012, Osborn an zabe shi gwarzon dan wasan Academy na shekara kuma an bashi sabuwar kwangila a watan da ya biyo baya. Bayan raunin da ya samu ga Gonzalo Jara, Osborn ya sami ci gaba zuwa rukunin farko na gandun daji kuma ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a Gasar Championship a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2014, yana wasa a tsakiya na tsawon mintuna 90 na wasan 1-1 da Ipswich. Garin . Kodayake wasansa na farko ya haifar da canjaras, Osborn ya bayyana farin cikin sa na farko a shafin sa na Twitter. Bayan buga wasanni takwas a kungiyar a kakar 2013-14, an sanar a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu cewa Osborn ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kungiyar. Bayan kamfen na pre-season mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya haɗa da kwallaye biyu a kan Ilkeston, Osborn ya zama babban memba na ƙungiyar farko a ƙarƙashin manaja Stuart Pearce a farkon kakar shekarun 2014-15 kuma an ba shi lamba talatin -riga ta takwas. Idan babu 'yan wasan tsakiya na yau da kullun Henri Lansbury da David Vaughan saboda rauni, Osborn ya kasance mai maye gurbinsa a cikin wasanni uku na Forest na farko kuma ya fara wasannin farko da zagaye na biyu a gasar League Cup . Ayyukansa sun sa Pearce ya yi imani cewa Osborn yana da damar zama babban ɗan wasa na kulob. Babban burin Osborn na farko ga Forest shine mai nasara na mintina 92 daga yadi 18 a kan abokan hamayyar gida da kulob din Derby County a filin wasa na Pride Park a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun na shekarar 2015. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015, Osborn ya zira kwallo ta biyu a kakar, kuma ya kafa kwallaye biyun farko, a wasan da suka doke Brighton &amp; Hove Albion da ci kuma burin sa na uku na kakar daga baya ya zo a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015, a cikin nasarar 3 - 0 akan Karatu . Osborn ya gama kakar shekarun 2014-15 bayan ya yi wasanni arba'in kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a duk gasa. An kuma ba Osborn kyautar Goal na kakar, wanda ya zira a ragar Derby County a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015 kuma aka zaɓa don Nottinghamshire Professional Footballer of the Year, amma ya sha kashi a hannun abokin wasan sa na lokacin Andy Reid . A farkon kakar shekara 2015 - 16, Osborn bai fito a ƙarƙashin sabon jagorancin Dougie Freedman ba saboda ƙarancin tsari kuma ya bayyana a wasan sa na farko na kakar, wasan da aka tashi 1-1 da Bolton Wanderers, a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015. A yayin wasan da suka yi da Middlesbrough a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2015, wanda suka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-1, Osborn ya samu rauni a gindi kuma an maye gurbinsa da rabin lokaci. Bayan wata guda a gefe, Osborn ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2015 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Chris Burke a cikin mintuna 59th, a cikin rashin nasara 0-1 da Sheffield Laraba . A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara 2016, Osborn ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa a wasan da aka tashi 1-1 da Charlton Athletic . Don wasan da ya yi da Charlton Athletic, magoya baya sun zaɓi Osborn Man of the Match. A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2016, bayan da ya buga wasanni ashirin da uku kuma ya ci wa Forest gwal guda a kakar wasa ta bana, Osborn ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Kwallon kafa na watan watan Janairu na shekara 2016. Bayan lashe kyautar, Freedman ya yaba Osborn a matsayin "ƙwararriyar baiwa" da "cikakken sadaukarwa da zuciya mai yawa". Osborn daga baya ya ƙara ƙarin kwallaye biyu a cikin kakar 2015 - 16 akan Bristol City da Karatu. A wasan karshe na kakar Osborn ya ba da taimako biyu, yayin da Nottingham Forest ta doke Milton Keynes Dons da ta koma ta biyu 2-1. Osborn ya gama kakar shekarar 2015-16 bayan ya yi wasanni talatin da takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye uku. Lokacin 2016-17 ya ga Osborn ya canza lambobin rigar daga lamba 38 zuwa lamba 11, wanda Andy Reid ya yi ritaya, sannan kuma ya gan shi ya rattaba hannu kan tsawaita kwangilar, yana tsare shi a Forest har zuwa shekarar 2020. Osborn ya fara farkon kakar shekarun 2016 - 17 a wasan farko na kakar, nasarar 4 - 3 akan Burton Albion, wanda kuma shine farkon wasan gasa na Philippe Montanier a matsayin manaja. Burin Osborn na farkon kakar wasa ya zo ne a wasan sa na casa'in da tara ga Forest a lokacin da suka ci Barnsley 5-2 a Oakwell . A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, an danganta Osborn da kungiyoyin Premier League Watford da Swansea City . Ba da daɗewa ba, Osborn ya buga wasansa na 100 a gasar Forest a cikin doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 ranar 2 ga watan Disamba. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2017 Osborn ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City tare da "lokacin sihiri", don kawo ƙarshen nasarar wasanni takwas na Forest wanda a ƙarshe ya kashe Montanier aikinsa. Bayan da Matty Cash ya buga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, Osborn ya bugi kwallon sannan ya jefa ta a ragar golan City Fabian Giefer don kwallo ta biyu a kakar. An zabi wannan burin ne don Mafarkin Mafarkin Watan Janairu, yayin da Osborn da kansa aka zaba a matsayin Gwarzon Dan Wasan Forest. Osborn zai zira kwallaye biyu, tare da kwallaye a kan Sheffield Laraba da Brighton & Hove Albion, don kammala kakar tare da kwallaye hudu cikin wasanni arba'in da tara. Sheffield United A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2019, Osborn ya koma sabuwar kungiyar Premier League da aka inganta Sheffield United kan kwangilar shekaru uku kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Aikin duniya An haife shi a Derby, Ingila, Osborn ya cancanci bugawa Ingila wasa kuma Ingila U18 ce ta fara kiran ta ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2012. Osborn ya fara buga wasan sa na U18 na Ingila washegari, a wasan da suka doke Poland U18 da ci 3-0, wanda ya zama fitowar sa kawai. Ingila U19 ta kira Osborn a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2012 Osborn ya fara buga wasansa na Ingila U19 na farko a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2012, yana wasa mintuna 45, a cikin nasarar 3-0 da Estonia U19 . Osborn ya ci gaba da fitowa sau biyu a kan Tsibirin Faroe U19 da Ukraine U19 . Ingila U20 ta kira Osborn a karon farko a ranar 20 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015 Osborn ya fara buga wa Ingila U20 na farko kwanaki shida bayan haka, yana wasa mintuna 69, a kan Mexico U20 kuma ya ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti bayan wasa 1 - 1. Rayuwar mutum An haife shi a Derby, Ingila, Osborn ya halarci Makarantar West Park a Spondon. Ya girma yana tallafawa County Derby kuma yana da tagwaye mata, Bethan da Holly Osborn. Daraja Nottingham Forest Academy Player of the Year: 2011–12 Burin Nottingham Forest Goal na Lokacin: 2014–15 Matashin Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Kafar Watanni : Janairu 2016 Nottingham Forest Player of the Season: 2017–18 Nassoshi Manazarta Ben Osborn at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed translations

25007

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallon%20%C6%99afa%20a%20Najeriya

Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ya shahara a Najeriya. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya tana gasa akai akai don lashe kambun kasa da kasa kuma 'yan wasan kwallon kafa da dama na Najeriya suna gasa a Turai, musamman a Ingila.Najeriya tana daya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyin kasa a Afirka kuma ta samar da fitattun 'yan kwallon da suka hada da Mudashiru Lawal, Rashidi Yekini, Jay Jay Okocha, Nwankwo Kanu, Vincent Enyeama, Joseph Yobo da Mikel John Obi. Tarihi Baturen Ingila ne ya fara gabatar da kwallon kafa a Najeriya a farkon karni na ashirin.Wasan kwallon kafa na farko da aka yi rikodin a Nijeriya shi ne a shekara ta 1904. Zuwa shekarar ta 1950, kwallon kafa ta zama wasan kasa na kasar. A wannan lokacin a tarihin Afirka, ƙasashe da yawa sun fara shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa inda suka nuna rashin amincewa da ikon mulkin mallaka.A Najeriya, kwallon kafa ta bai wa 'yan kasa abin alfahari na kasa tare da zaburar da su don samun' yancin siyasa. Wani mutum mai suna Nnamdi Azikiwe ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa Najeriya samun 'yanci daga Biritaniya. Peter Alegi, mataimakin farfesa na tarihi a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, ya ce, "Nnamdi Azikiwe ya fito a matsayin babban jigon da ke haɗa wasanni da siyasa a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka" (37). A tsawon rayuwarsa, Azikiwe ya fusata saboda wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata da ke wanzu a cikin wasanni. Akwai abubuwa biyu na musamman a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka motsa shi ya ƙarshe ɗaukar mataki. Taron farko shi ne lokacin da "aka hana shi damar yin gasa a wasan tsere da gudu a Gasar Daular 1934 saboda an hana Najeriya shiga" (Alegi 39). Lamari na biyu shi ne lokacin da aka ki amincewa da bukatar shiga kungiyar kwallon tennis a Legas saboda asalinsa Igbo. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da Azikiwe ya ƙirƙiri Zik's Athletic Club (ZAC) a Legas a watan Afrilu shekara ta 1938. Wannan ƙungiyar wasanni tana da wurare da kayan aiki don wasanni da yawa kamar ƙwallon ƙafa, dambe, da wasan tennis. Kulob din da sauri ya zama wata alama ta cin gashin kan Afirka da kishin kasa a Najeriya. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Azikiwe ya ci gaba da sukar Burtaniya saboda fada a yakin demokaradiyya, amma kuma a lokaci guda, yana zaluntar 'yan Afirka daga cin gashin kansu. Don yada ra'ayoyinsa da yada wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, Azikiwe ya yi yawo da yawa a fadin Najeriya a lokacin yaƙin. Ya kuma kafa jaridar kishin kasa, Pilot ta Yammacin Afirka, a shekara ta 1937. Wannan jarida ta tallata wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya kuma ta mai da shi muhimmin sashi na asalin ƙasar. Ya taimaka wajen samar da kyakkyawar fahimtar al'umma a cikin Najeriya kuma ya haifar da tunanin pan-Afirka. Takardar ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaga hankalin jama'a. Ta hanyar ɗaukar labarin ƙwallon ƙafa, Pilot ya sami damar cimma manufarsa. A karshen yakin, kwallon kafa ta zama ginshikin sanin Najeriya. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1960, Najeriya ta sami 'yencin kanta daga hannun Birtaniya. A bana ma Najeriya ta zama mamba a hukumar kwallon kafa ta duniya. Naamdi Azikiwe ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban Najeriya na farko a shekara ta 1963. Gasar kasa Ƙungiya ta ƙasa Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya da ake yi wa lakabi da Super Eagles, ita ce kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya kuma hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ce ke kula da ita . Dangane da martabar FIFA ta Duniya, Najeriya, a matsayi na 39, a halin yanzu ita ce ta biyar mafi kyau a cikin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka . Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ta buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa da Saliyo a Freetown a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1949. Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 2-0. Babbar nasarar da suka samu shine 16 - 1 akan Benin . Mafi kyawun wasan da Najeriya tayi a gasar cin kofin duniya shine 1994, 1998, da 2014 inda suka kai zagaye na biyu. Matasa Kungiyoyin matasan Najeriya sun lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 1985 haka kuma a shekarar 1993, 2007, 2013, 2015 . An san kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 da Golden Eaglets da kungiyar' yan kasa da shekaru 20 da "Flying Eagles". Tawagar Flying Eagles ta Najeriya ta cancanci shiga gasar a karon farko don wakiltar Afirka a gasar matasa ta duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 1983 a Mexico . Duk da cewa Najeriya ba ta wuce zagayen farko ba, amma ta doke USSR da ta yi fice sosai kuma ta rike Netherlands da ci daya mai ban haushi. A shekarar 1985, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta tafi kasar Sin kuma ta ci duniya a gasar FIFA ta' yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta farko . Nasarar ta kai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasan Najeriya zuwa wani babban matsayi, wanda ya kafa matakin girmama Najeriya a gasa ta duniya. Tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta tafi Saudi Arabiya don gasar matasa ta duniya ta shekarar 1989 kuma ta yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe da Portugal . Tawagar ta janye almara "Miracle of Damman", inda ta goge raunin 4-0 ga Tarayyar Soviet don ta daure sannan ta lashe wasan da bugun fanareti. A shekara ta 2007, 'yan wasan' yan kasa da shekaru 17 sun zama zakarun duniya a Koriya ta Kudu a karo na 3. Najeriya ta karbi bakuncin gasar matasa ta duniya ta shekara 1999 da gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekara 17 na shekarar 2009 . U-23   Kungiyar ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta 1996 ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar wasannin bazara ta 1996 da aka gudanar a Atlanta. Bayan doke Brazil da ci 4-3 a wasan kusa da na karshe, sun ci wasan karshe da Argentina 3-2. Haka kuma Najeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta Unity a karon farko a 2014. Kwallon mata   Kungiyar mata ta kasa (Super Falcons) ta kasance mafi rinjaye a nahiyar Afirka tun kafuwarta. Sun cancanci shiga gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA kuma sun lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF guda bakwai na farko kafin a kare a shekara ta 2008 a kan Equatorial Guinea . Manyan 'yan wasan Falcons sun hada da Mercy Akide, Maureen Mmadu da Perpetua Nkwocha . Duba kuma Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya Gasar Firimiyar Najeriya Kwallon mata a Najeriya Littafin tarihin Nassoshi   Pages with unreviewed translations

53325

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Scelba

Mario Scelba

Mario Scelba (; 5 September 1901 – 29 October 1991) was an Italian politician who served as the 33rd prime minister of Italy from February 1954 to July 1955. A founder of the Christian Democracy, Scelba was one of the longest-serving Minister of the Interior in the history of the republic, having served at the Viminale Palace in three distinct terms from 1947 to 1962. A fervent pro-Europeanist, he was also President of the European Parliament from March 1969 to March 1971. An san shi da dokokinsa da manufofinsa, Scelba ya kasance mai mahimmanci a sake gina Italiya bayan yakin basasa, godiya ga sake tsarinsa na 'yan sandan Italiya, wanda ya fito da rashin tsari daga yakin. Rayuwar farko An haifi Scelba a Caltagirone, Sicily, a cikin shekarar 1901. Mahaifinsa Gaetano Scelba talaka ne mai rabon gado a filin firist Don Luigi Sturzo, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Maria Gambino ta kasance uwar gida . Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar, daya daga cikinsu ya rasu tun yana karami. Scelba ya girma a cikin dangin Katolika masu lura. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 12 kacal, an tilasta masa barin makaranta kuma ya taimaka wa iyalinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin 1914 Don Sturzo ya ɗauki matakai don tabbatar da ilimi ga Scelba, wanda ya fara halartar aji na farko na ƙananan motsa jiki a Caltagirone. Barkewar yakin duniya na daya ya tilasta wa cibiyar dakatar da darussa kuma Scelba ta farfado da shekarun da suka bata ta hanyar yin karatu a matsayin mai zaman kanta da kuma samun difloma na gargajiya a shekara ta 1920. Daga nan ya karanci shari'a kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Rome a shekara ta 1924, tare da yin nazari kan karkatar da yanki. A lokacin jami'a, Sturzo ne ya zabe shi a matsayin mataimakinsa da sakatare. Tun daga shekara ta 1919, Sturzo a haƙiƙa ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya ta Kirista ta Italiya (PPI) kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan siyasa a ƙasar. Lokacin da mai mulkin kama-karya Benito Mussolini ya hau kan karagar mulki, yana murkushe duk wasu jam'iyyu, ciki har da PPI, Sturzo ya yi gudun hijira, yayin da Scelba ya kasance a Roma a matsayin mai ba da labari. A lokacin mulkin, Scelba ya rubuta wa jaridar Il Popolo ("Mutane"), amma lokacin da aka dakatar da ita a shekara ta 1925, ya kafa wata jarida ta sirri ta mako-mako da aka sani da L'idea popolare ("Ra'ayin Jama'a"). A cikin wadannan shekaru, Scelba ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a kamfanin lauyoyi na Filippo Del Giudice, kuma a lokacin da aka tilasta wa na baya ya bar kasar don ceto daga zalunci, Scelba ya gaji abokan cinikinsa. A cikin 1929, ya auri Nerina Palestini, daga San Benedetto del Tronto, daga gare ta yana da 'ya mace Maria Luisa, an haife shi a 1930. Farkon sana'ar siyasa A cikin 1930s, ya zama babban abokin Alcide De Gasperi, tsohon shugaban Jam'iyyar Jama'a bayan gudun hijira Sturzo. Tare da De Gasperi, ya yi aiki tare a cikin tsara ra'ayoyin Reconstructive Dimokuradiyya na Kiristanci, daftarin shirin farko na jam'iyyar gaba, wanda aka buga a watan Yuli 1943. Scelba na cikin kwamitin da ya jagoranci sabuwar jam'iyyar da aka fi sani da Christian Democracy (DC), a lokacin mulkin Jamus. Shi ma 'yan Nazi sun kama shi, amma an sake shi cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan 'yantar da Roma a watan Yuni 1944, ya shiga kwamitin zartarwa na sabuwar jam'iyyar. A cikin majalissar interregional na DC, da aka gudanar a Naples a ranakun 29 da 30 ga Yuli 1944, an zaɓi Scelba ga majalisar jam'iyyar ta ƙasa, wadda ta nada De Gasperi a matsayin sabon sakatare . A maimakon haka aka nada Scelba mataimakin sakatare. A watan Satumba 1943, Scelba a matsayin Kirista dimokuradiyya, ya shiga National Liberation Committee (CLN), laima kungiyar siyasa da kuma babban wakilin Italiya juriya motsi yaki da Jamus mamaya na Italiya a sakamakon armistice na Cassibile . A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1945, Ferruccio Parri, shugaban jam'iyyar Action, ya zama sabon Firayim Minista kuma ya nada Scelba a matsayin Ministan Wasiku da Sadarwa, matsayin da zai rike har zuwa Fabrairu 1947, ko da a karkashin Firayim Minista Alcide De Gasperi. . A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1945, an nada shi a Majalisar Kasa, Majalisar Dokoki da ba a zaba ba da aka kafa a Masarautar Italiya bayan karshen yakin. A cikin babban zaɓe na 1946, an zaɓi Scelba a Majalisar Mazabar Mazabar Catania–Messina–Siracusa–Ragusa–Enna da kusan ƙuri'u 40,000. Ministan cikin gida A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1947, Scelba ya zama Ministan Cikin Gida a gwamnati ta uku ta Alcide de Gasperi, kuma ya ci gaba da zama a ofis har zuwa Yuli 1953. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Scelba ya kasance mafi iko a ƙasar, bayan De Gasperi. Bayan da ya shaida Red Biennium da tashin hankali na farkisanci, wanda ya haifar da rikicin 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma samuwar mulkin kama-karya, Scelba ya gamsu sosai da cewa kula da tsarin jama'a ya zama dole don kare sabuwar tsarin dimokiradiyya da jamhuriya. ; a haƙiƙa, a duk tsawon mulkinsa ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga doka da oda . Rikicinsa mai tsauri ya sa aka masa lakabi da "Iron Sicilian" saboda rashin tausayinsa na murkushe zanga-zangar ma'aikatan bangaren hagu da yajin aikin da ya yi, da kuma gangamin 'yan fascist . Kisan kisa na Portella della Ginestra Bayan watanni uku kacal a ofis a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Scelba ya fuskanci kisan kiyashin na Portella della Ginestra . Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan nasarar zaben na bangaren hagu a zaben yankin Sicilian na shekarar 1947, an kai hari kan faretin kwadago na ranar 1 ga Mayu a Portella della Ginestra, wanda ya kai ga kashe mutane 11 da raunata sama da talatin. An alakanta harin da dan ta'adda kuma jagoran 'yan aware Salvatore Giuliano, manufar ita ce hukunta 'yan adawa na cikin gida saboda sakamakon zaben na baya-bayan nan. Scelba ya kai rahoto ga Majalisar washegari cewa har zuwa yadda ‘yan sanda za su iya tantance, harbin Portella della Ginestra ba na siyasa ba ne. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan bindiga sun yi kaurin suna a cikin kwarin da abin ya faru. Duk da haka, an kalubalanci wannan sigar ta hagu. Mataimakin kwaminisanci Girolamo Li Causi ya jaddada yanayin siyasar kisan kiyashin, yana mai ikirarin cewa Mafia ne suka kai harin, tare da hadin gwiwa da manyan masu mallakar filaye, sarakuna da kuma 'yan rajin kare hakkin jama'a . Ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa sufeto 'yan sanda Ettore Messana - wanda ya kamata ya daidaita batun gurfanar da 'yan fashin - ya kasance tare da Giuliano kuma ya yi tir da Scelba saboda barin Messana ya ci gaba da zama a ofis. Daga baya takardun za su tabbatar da zargin. Li Causi da Scelba za su kasance manyan abokan hamayya bayan kisan kiyashin - kisan da ake zargin Salvatore Giuliano da aka yi, da kuma shari'ar Laftanar Giuliano Gaspare Pisciotta da sauran sauran mambobin kungiyar Giuliano. An gudanar da shari'ar wadanda ke da alhakin a cikin birnin Viterbo, wanda ya fara a lokacin rani na 1950. A lokacin shari'ar, an sake zargin Scelba da hannu a cikin shirin aiwatar da kisan kiyashi, amma zargin ya saba da sabani ko kuma a bayyane. A ƙarshe, alkali ya ƙarasa da cewa babu wata hukuma mafi girma da ta ba da umarnin kisan kiyashin, kuma ƙungiyar Giuliano ta ɗauki kanta. A cikin shari'ar Pisciotta ya ce: "Sau da yawa Scelba ya koma kan maganarsa: Mattarella da Cusumano sun koma Roma don neman a yi mana afuwa gaba daya, amma Scelba ya musanta dukan alkawuransa." Pisciotta ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya kashe Salvatore Giuliano a cikin barcinsa ta hanyar tsarawa da Scelba. Duk da haka, babu wata shaida cewa Scelba yana da dangantaka da Pisciotta. 1948 zabe Babban zaɓen da aka yi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948 ya yi tasiri sosai sakamakon yaƙin cacar baka tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka . Bayan juyin mulkin kwaminisanci a watan Fabrairu na 1948 a cikin Czechoslovakia, Amurka ta firgita game da niyyar Soviet kuma tana tsoron cewa, idan haɗin gwiwar hagu ya ci zabe, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Italiya (PCI) da Tarayyar Soviet za ta jawo Italiya cikin Tarayyar Soviet. fagen tasiri. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a cikin zaɓen baki da tsatsauran ra'ayi a tarihin jamhuriyar Italiya. Farfagandar dimokaradiyya ta Kirista ta shahara wajen iƙirarin cewa a ƙasashen gurguzu “’ya’ya na tura iyaye gidan yari”, “ya’ya mallakar gwamnati ne”, “mutane sun ci nasu ‘ya’yansu” da kuma iƙirarin cewa bala’i zai afka wa Italiya idan masu hannun hagu za su kai hari. iko. A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin cikin gida, Scelba ya sanar da cewa gwamnati na da mutane 330,000 da ke karkashin makamai, ciki har da wata runduna ta musamman ta 150,000 da ke shirin kai wa 'yan gurguzu idan za su yi kokarin kawo matsala a ranar zabe. Sai dai daga karshe an yi nasarar lashe zaben da rata mai dadi daga DC, wanda ya kayar da kawancen jam'iyyar Popular Democratic Front (FDP) mai ra'ayin hagu wanda ya hada da PCI da Italiyanci Socialist Party (PSI). Bayan zaben, De Gasperi ya ci gaba da mulki ba tare da 'yan gurguzu ba, wadanda suka kasance gwamnati tun daga watan Yunin 1944, lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin farko bayan yakin, har zuwa watan Mayun 1947, yayin da Scelba ya rike mukaminsa na ministan harkokin cikin gida. Reorganization of the police A lokacin hidimarsa, Scelba ya sake tsara tsarin 'yan sandan Italiya sosai, inda ya fara da korar tsoffin 'yan jam'iyyar fiye da 8,000, tare da zargin kasancewa 'yan tawayen kwaminisanci. Sa’ad da ya hau ofis, ƙungiyar ’yan sanda ta yi rashin kunya har Scelba ya ce: “Idan na kasance ɗan gurguzu, da gobe zan fara juyin juya hali. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya mayar da ‘yan sandan kasar da suka ruguje zuwa wani runduna ta wasu jami’ai 100,000, sannan ya kafa rundunar tarzoma, dauke da muggan makamai da makamai da motoci masu sulke da jeep na musamman, mai suna Reparto Celere (“Sashen Fast”). Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mutum mai aiwatar da abin da ya dauka na gurguzu. A yin haka, Scelba ya sha suka daga Kiristoci da yawa na demokraɗiyya waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da mugun halinsa. A shekara ta 1952, ya rubuta abin da ake kira "Dokar Scelba", wanda ya gabatar da laifin neman gafarar farkisanci. Scelba yana da ra'ayin mazan jiya game da wasu batutuwa kamar sutsan wanka, sumbatar jama'a da tsiraici. Duk da wannan da kuma damuwarsa guda ɗaya na doka da oda, akan al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki Scelba ya jingina a hagu na tsakiya a cikin DC. Ya fi son ƙarin gyare-gyaren zamantakewa da ayyukan jama'a, yana kai hari ga masu hasashe don haɓaka farashin. "Kusan ba zai yiwu ba," in ji shi, " zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na gwamnatin da ba ta damu ba ko mutane suna aiki ko a'a." Scelba ya jaddada yiwuwar raunana karfin kwaminisanci "ta hanyar ƙaddara matakan inganta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kamar sake fasalin ƙasa na manyan gidaje a Kudancin Italiya, alal misali." Yayin da yake kan mukamin, ya kuma shiga cikin kafa hanyar sadarwa ta Gladio, aikin " tsayawa baya " na NATO a cikin Italiya bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wanda aka yi niyya don tsara juriya bayan mamayewar Warsaw Pact na yammacin Turai. Babban zaɓen na 1953 ya kasance da sauye-sauye a cikin dokar zaɓe. Ko da babban tsarin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da cin hanci ba, gwamnati ta gabatar da wani kaso mai tsoka na kashi biyu bisa uku na kujeru a majalisar na kawancen da zai samu cikakkiyar rinjayen kuri'u. Canjin ya samu kakkausan adawa daga jam'iyyun adawa da kuma kananan abokan kawance na DC, wadanda ba su da wata dama ta hakika ta samun nasara a karkashin wannan tsarin. Masu zaginta sun kira sabuwar dokar da sunan zamba, ciki har da wasu 'yan adawa na kananan jam'iyyun gwamnati wadanda suka kafa kungiyoyin adawa na musamman don musun zaftarewar kasa ta wucin gadi ga Demokradiyyar Kirista. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na masu adawa da "Dokar Zamba" ta cimma burinta. Haɗin gwiwar gwamnati ya sami kashi 49.9% na ƙuri'un ƙasa, ƙuri'u dubu kaɗan ne kawai na ƙofa na babban rinjaye, wanda ya haifar da rabon kujeru na yau da kullun. A fasahance, gwamnati ta lashe zaben, inda ta samu rinjayen kujerun majalisun biyu. Amma takaicin rashin samun nasara a babban rinjaye ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin manyan kawancen. Majalisar ta tilastawa De Gasperi yin murabus a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta. A ranar 17 ga Agusta, Shugaba Einaudi ya nada Pella a matsayin sabon Firayim Minista . Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

36909

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27amarin%20Dikko

Al'amarin Dikko

Al'amarin Dikko dai wani yunkuri ne na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Isra'ila na sato Umaru Dikko, tsohon ministan gwamnatin farar hula na Najeriya dake zaune a kasar Ingila a shekarar 1984, tare da maido shi zuwa Najeriya a cikin akwatin diflomasiyya a asirce. An yi nasarar sato shi din, amma ba'a yi nasarar maido shi ba. Bayan da shirin ya rushe, hakan ya janyo tabarbarewar dangantakar siyasa da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da Birtaniya na tsawon shekaru. Asalin Labari Dikko ya kasance ministan sufuri mai tasiri a gwamnatin farar hula ta tsohon shugaban kasar Nijeriya Shehu Shagari, watau surukinsa. Anyi watsi da gwamnatin ta farar hula a wani ku' da Jenar Muhammadu Buhari ya jagoranta, sannan an kafa sabuwar gwamnatin ak karkashin mulkin shugaba Muhammadu Buhari. A rana ta biyu na mulkin shugaba Buhari ya zayyano jerin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ake zargi da laifuka. Dikko, wanda yake a saman jadawalin wanda ake zargi da barnar biliyoyin kudade na dalar Amurka (wasu sunce dala biliyan shida) daga rarar man fetur da aka samu daga asusun gwamnati. Dikko yayi hijira zuwa Burtaniya, inda ya zauna a London kuma ya zamo asalin dan adawar gwamnatin mai ci. Duk da cewa Izra'ila bata da dangantaka ta siyasa da Najeriya, akwai dan dangantaka da baza'a rasa ba a tsakanin kasashen. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen samar da man fetur ga Izra'ila, sannan kuma Kasar Izra'ila na taka muhimmin rawa wajen samar da kayany yaki ga Najeriya. An buƙaci hukumar leƙen asiri ta Izra'ila Mossad da ta nemo maɓuyar Dikko kuma ta maido shi gida Najeriya don ya fuskanci hukunci. Hijira A shekarar 1983 ne aka hambarar da gwamnatin Najeriya a juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi karkashin jagorancin Manjo-Janar Muhammadu Buhari, aka kafa sabuwar gwamnatin soja karkashin jagorancin Buhari. A rana ta biyu a kan karagar mulki, Buhari ya fitar da jerin sunayen tsoffin jami’an gwamnatin da ake zargi da aikata laifuka daban-daban. Dikko, wanda shi ne kan gaba a jerin sunayen, ana zarginsa da yin almubazzaranci da wasu makudan kuɗaɗe da suka kai dalar Amurka biliyan 6 (majiyoyin sun ce adadin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 6) na ribar man fetur daga baitul malin kasar. Dikko ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya, ya zauna a birnin Landan, kuma ya zama mai sukar tsarin mulkin a sa inda yake gudun hijira. Duk da cewa a wancan lokacin Isra'ila ba ta da huldar diflomasiyya da Najeriya, amma ba a samu alakar da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu ba. Musamman Najeriya ta kasance wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da man fetur ga Isra’ila, kuma Isra’ila ta kasance babbar mai samar da makamai ga Najeriya. Hukumar leken asirin Isra’ila Mossad ce ta dora alhakin gano Dikko tare da dawo da shi Najeriya domin gurfanar da shi gaban kuliya. Satar mutane Majiyar (Mossad across Europe) ta kasa gano a ina Dikko yake. Sai dai Darakta-Janar na Mossad Nahum Admoni ya yanke shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa Dikko yana Landan, wanda ya zauna a mafakar ‘yan gudun hijirar Najeriya da ke sukar sabon tsarin mulki. Jami’an Mossad ( katsas ), tare da rakiyar jami’an tsaron Najeriya karkashin jagorancin tsohon sojan Najeriya Manjo Mohammed Yusufu, sun yi tattaki zuwa Landan. Tawagar ta Najeriya ta yi hayar wani gida a kan titin Cromwell kuma ta nuna a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daga sabuwar gwamnatin. Ma'aikatan Mossad sun yi hayar dakuna a otal-otal da ke kula da masu yawon buɗe ido daga Afirka, kuma sun nuna a matsayin masu adawa da wariyar launin fata. Aiki daban-daban, ƙungiyoyin biyu sun koma cikin al'ummar Najeriya da ke London, a hankali sun taƙaita binciken su zuwa Yammacin London, zuwa yankin da ke kusa da Hyde Park, inda yawancin attajiran Najeriya da ke gudun hijira ke zaune. Sun yi tsegumin rajistar zaben da ake da su a cikin dakunan garin, amma ba su ga alamar Dikko ba. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 1984, wani wakilin Mossad yana tuki a Queensway, a Bayswater, ya hango Dikko. Ya ajiye motarsa sannan yaje wajen Dikko a kafa zuwa gidansa da ke Porchester Terrace. Nan take aka sanar da Admoni, kuma ya ba da umarnin sanya ido a gidan. Tun daga wannan lokacin, gidan ya kasance ana sa ido a kai, yayin da ’yan Najeriya suka yi amfani da babban hukumarsu ta Landan a matsayin sansaninsu, suka shirya wani aikin garkuwa da mutane. A halin da ake ciki, Mossad ta dauki Levi-Arie Shapiro, likita dan Isra'ila wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara kuma mai kula da sashin kulawa a Asibitin HaSharon. Zai tashi zuwa London kuma ya shiga cikin aikin. Aikin Shapiro zai kasance ya saka bututun endotracheal don hana shi Dikkon shakewa da kan sa yayin da ake jigilar shi a cikin akwati. Faruwar Lamarin Da yammacin ranar 3 ga Yulin 1984, jirgin Nigeria Airways Boeing 707 ya isa filin jirgin saman Stansted daga Legas. Jirgin dai ya iso babu kowa, kuma matukin jirgin ya sanar da hukuma cewa jirgin ya iso ne domin karɓar kayan diflomasiyya daga babbar hukumar Najeriya. A cikin jirgin akwai jami’an tsaron Najeriya da dama, wadanda suka bayyana kansu a fili tare da bayyana cewa sun je ne domin kare kayan. An bayar da rahoton kasancewarsu ga reshe na musamman na Scotland Yard. Washegari aka yi garkuwa da Dikko a kofar gidansa a lokacin da yake fita domin yawo, aka tafi da shi a cikin motar Yusufu. Daga nan sai Shapiro ya yi masa maganin maye. However, the abduction was witnessed by Dikko's secretary, Elizabeth Hayes, who quickly notified the authorities. Sai dai kuma sakatariyar Dikko Elizabeth Hayes ta shaida lamarin inda ta sanar da hukuma cikin gaggawa. An sanya Dikko da Shapiro a cikin akwati daya mai girman mita 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.6, yayin da wakilan Mossad Alexander Barak da Felix Abithol suka mamaye na biyu. However, proper documentation that would have ensured that the cargo could not be inspected was not provided. The crates were also not labeled as diplomatic bags, as required by Article 27(4) of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. As a result, customs officials who had received an all-ports warning alerting them to the kidnapping while the crates were being processed at the airport Duk da haka, ba a ba da cikakkun takardun da za su tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya duba kayan ba. Har ila yau, ba a sanya akwatunan a matsayin jaka na diflomasiyya ba, kamar yadda doka ta 27(4) ta yarjejeniyar Vienna ta 1961 kan huldar diflomasiyya ta bukata. Hakan ya sa jami’an kwastam da suka soma gargadin dukkan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke sanar da su yadda aka yi garkuwa da su a lokacin da ake sarrafa akwatunan a filin jirgin sama sun sami damar buɗe akwatunan ba tare da saba wa yarjejeniyar ba tare da dakile garkuwar. An kai Dikko asibiti; bai samu rauni ba. Bayan nan An kama maza goma sha bakwai; four were convicted and sentenced to prison terms of 10 to 14 years: Shapiro, Barak, Abithol, and Yusufu. huɗu an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 10 zuwa 14: Shapiro, Barak, Abithol, da Yusufu. An saki dukkan mutanen huɗun bayan sun yi aiki tsakanin shekaru shida zuwa takwas da rabi, kuma an kore su cikin nutsuwa. Ramuwar gayya A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, an kama wasu injiniyoyin Birtaniya biyu a Najeriya tare da yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru goma sha hudu bisa zargin satar wani jirgin sama mai zaman kansa. The two British engineers had their charges overturned and were released after serving 25 months. Injiniyoyi biyu na Burtaniya an soke tuhumar da ake musu kuma an sake su bayan sun shafe watanni 25 suna aiki. Sakamakon Gwamnatin Najeriya da Isra'ila ba su taba amincewa da wata alaka da lamarin ba. Duk da haka, nan da nan gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kori wasu mambobi biyu na Babban Hukumar Najeriya a Landan, ciki har da Babban Kwamishinan. An yanke huldar jakadanci da Najeriya tsawon shekaru biyu. An kusa kama shugaban kamfanin jiragen sama na Nigeria Airways a wani lokaci da ‘yan sandan Birtaniyya suka kama. Bayan al’amarin, Najeriya ta kai karar Dikko a hukumance, amma ta ki. Yakin da gwamnatin Najeriya ke yi da cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnatin da ta shuɗe ya yi, ya kuma yi rauni, domin ita ma gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi watsi da bukatar Najeriya na mika wasu ‘yan siyasa da ake nema ruwa a jallo a Najeriya bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma zaman gudun hijira a Birtaniya. Daga karshe aka bukaci Dikko ya dawo Najeriya. Ya amsa gayyatar da aka yi masa ya kafa jam’iyyar siyasa mai suna Solidarity Group of Nigeria (SGN). Manazarta Hanyoyin hadin waje eDiplomat.com: Glossary of Diplomatic Terms article with extensive detailed references. Bags Cryptography Diplomatic documents Diplomatic immunity and protection

23610

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiuzhen%20Tu

Xiuzhen Tu

Xiuzhen tu zane ne na Daoist na jikin ɗan adam wanda ke nuna ƙa'idodin Neidan內丹 "Ciwon ciki na ciki ", astrology na China, da sararin samaniya . Take Laƙabin Xiuzhen tu ya haɗa kalmomin Sinanci guda uku: xiu修"yi ado, yi ado; gyara, gyarawa; karatu, noma; gina, gina, datse, datse; rubuta, tattara" Zhen真"gaskiya. real. gaske" ko (Daoist) "asali, unspoiled hali na wani mutum. matuƙar gaskiya; a Xian tushensu". tu圖"hoto; zane; ginshiƙi; taswira; shirin" Misalai na yau da kullun na wannan mahimmancin Daoist zhen "ainihin gaskiya" ma'ana sun haɗa da Zhenren真人 "mutum na gaskiya; Jagora na Ruhaniya" da Quanzhen全 真 "cikakkiyar gaskiya; Makarantar Quanzhen". An fassara Xiuzhen tu zuwa Hausa kamar haka: "Illustration of Developing Trueness" (Alphen and Aris 1995:170) "Chart of the Cultivation of Perfection" (Kohn 2000:487) "Diagram of Cultivating Perfection" (Komjathy 2004:53) "Chart for the Cultivation of Perfection" (Despeux 2008:767) Xiuzhen kalma ce da ba a saba da ita ba wacce ke da alaƙa da Daoism. Yana da farko da ya bayyana a Ge Hong 's (4th arni) Baopuzi抱朴子(行品sura), wadda ta ce xiuzhen ayyuka faye hali mai daoren道人"Daoist". Xiushen修身 da xiudao修道 sun fi na kowa ma'anar xiuzhen wanda ya faru shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata a cikin rubutun gargajiya na zamanin da . Xiushen ( Chinese ) wata ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ce ta falsafar China . A cikin Confucianism, xiushen shine tushen ɗabi'a don tsarin zamantakewa. Babban Ilmi (tr. Legge 1893: 266) ya ce tsoffin sarakuna sun yi amfani da “noman kai”: “Ana noma mutanensu, an tsara iyalansu. Iyalinsu ana tsara su, jihohinsu an yi su bisa gaskiya. Jihohin su ana mulkin su da gaskiya, duk masarautar ta sami kwanciyar hankali da farin ciki. " A cikin Daoism, xiushen yana nufin allahntaka "noman kai". A Zhuangzi (tr. Mair 1994: 96) ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai iya haifar da tsawon rai: “Ku kula da jikinku da kyau, kuma ku bar wasu abubuwa don cin nasara da kansu. Ina tsare wanda zai zauna lafiya. Don haka na noma mutuncina tsawon shekara dubu ɗaya da ɗari biyu kuma har yanzu yanayin jikina bai lalace ba. ” Xiudao ( Chinese ) yana nufin "aiwatar da tsarin addini; bi dokokin addini; shiga gidan sufi". Jumla ta farko a cikin rukunan Confucian na Ma'ana (tr. Legge 1893: 124) abokan haɗin gwiwa xiudao tare da jiao "koyarwa; koyarwa": "Abin da sama ta bayar shine ake kira Yanayi; daidai da wannan yanayin ana kiransa Tafarkin aiki; ƙa'idar wannan hanyar ana kiranta Umarni." Tarihi Rubutun Xiuzhen tu mai yiwuwa ya kasance "daga farkon karni na 19" (Komjathy 2004: 53) kuma yana wanzuwa cikin juyi iri -iri, wasu da take daban -daban kamar Xiuzhen quantu修真 全 圖 "Noma na Cikakken Zane". Duk bugu suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ' Longmen ' ƙofar Dragon 'na makarantar Daoism ta Quanzhen. Catherine Despeux (2008: 770) ya lissafa manyan juzu'i guda biyar: sitiya a Sanyuan Gong 宮 宮 "Fadar Firai Uku" a Guangzhou (ranar 1812); bugu da aka buga daga tsaunin Wudang (sake buga 1924 na 1888), Shanghai (1920), da Chengdu (1922); da sigar a Haikalin Farin Hadari a Beijing (ba a cika ba). Xiuzhen Tu yayi kama da sanannen sanannen Neijing Tu圖 經 圖 "Inner Pathways Diagram". Dukansu waɗannan sigogin anatomical tare da alamar Daoist Neidan sun samo asali daga farkon zane -zanen da aka danganta da Yanluozi 煙 蘿 子 ( fl. Ƙarni na 10) kuma an kiyaye shi a cikin 1250 CE Xiuzhen shishu修真 十 書 “Koyar da Littattafai Goma Kammala” (Kohn 2000: 521). Abubuwan da ke ciki Idan aka kwatanta da Neijing tu, Xiuzhen tu yana hoton jikin mai yin zuzzurfan tunani a gaban gaba maimakon gefe, kuma ya haɗa da wani ɓangaren rubutu mafi tsayi, wanda ke bayyana ayyukan Neidan , matakai na wata, da Leifa Thunder Thunder "Thunder Rites" masu alaƙa da motsi na Zhengyi Dao. na Tianshi Dao "Hanyar Malaman Sama". Despeux ya taƙaita bambance -bambancen Xiuzhen tu.Abubuwan da ke rarrabe wannan jadawalin daga Neijing tu suna da alaƙa da Thunder Rites ( leifa ) - musamman, karkace a matakin kodan, tara "madaidaicin jahannama" a gindin kashin baya, da uku curls a saman kai wanda ke wakiltar numfashi na farko guda uku bisa ga al'adar Tianxin zhengfa . Har ila yau ginshiƙi yana wakiltar manyan sassan jiki, gami da Cinnabar Filayen ( dantian ), Ƙetare Uku (sanguan, waɗanda ke wakiltar kekuna uku) na baya, makogwaro, aljannar firdausi da duniyoyin mahaifa, da alloli na jiki bisa ga Huangting jing, kuma yana nuna tsarin harbe -harben (huohou). Gabaɗaya yana tunatar da talisman da ke kwatanta jikin allahntaka wanda ke haɗawa da duniya mai tsarki. (2008: 770)A lokaci guda, Xiuzhen tu yana jaddada abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Musamman, siffar ɗan adam tana kewaye da da'irar baƙi da fari talatin waɗanda ke wakiltar kwanakin watan wata, ɗayan samfuran Neidan "matakan wuta". Abubuwan da aka shirya a kusa da adadi (Zhen ☳, Dui ☱, Qian ☰, Xun ☴, Gen ☶, da Kun ☷) suna wakiltar matakai shida na zagayowar wata, kowanne daga cikinsu an yi shi ne da kwanaki biyar. Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje 修真 圖, Wani rubutun Bilingual (Chinese-English) na Xiuzhen tu 彩色 修真 图 , sigar launi Xiuzhen tu 武當 丹 脈 密 傳 修真 圖, sigar Wudangquan Xiuzhen tu 修真 图, hoton GIF Xiuzhen tu 氣功 與 修真 圖, Qigong da Xiuzhen tu, Cibiyar Al'adu da Bayani ta Taoist Xiuzhen tu (Chart for the cultivation of Reality) , daga gidan yanar gizon Golden Elixir Sin Pages with unreviewed translations

42716

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Atsu

Christian Atsu

Christian Atsu Twasam (10 Janairu 1992 – ; An tabbatar da mutuwarsa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda da farko ya taka leda a matsayin winger, ko da yake an tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma na hagu . Atsu ya fara aikinsa tare da Porto, kuma yana ba da lamuni na tsawon lokaci a Rio Ave . A cikin shekarar 2013, Chelsea ta sanya hannu kan £3.5 miliyan, wanda daga baya ya aro shi zuwa Vitesse Arnhem, Everton, AFC Bournemouth da kuma Malaga . Bayan ya shafe kakar wasa ta shekarar 2016-2017 akan aro a Newcastle United, ya kammala komawa kungiyar ta dindindin a watan Mayun 2017. Bayan kammala kwantiraginsa na shekaru hudu ya buga wasa a kungiyar Al Raed da ke Saudiyya da kuma Hatayspor a kasar Turkiyya, inda ya mutu a girgizar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya a shekarar 2023 yana da shekaru 31. Cikakken dan wasan kasa da kasa wanda ya buga wasanni 65 daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2019, Atsu ya wakilci Ghana a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014 da kuma gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika hudu. Ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta zo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2015, inda ya kuma lashe gasar zakarun Turai da kuma Goal na gasar. Rayuwar farko An haifi Atsu a Ada Foah, Babban yankin Accra. Ya girma cikin matsanancin talauci. Yana daya daga cikin ’yan’uwa goma, ciki har da kanwarsa tagwaye, yayin da mahaifinsa mai kamun kifi ne kuma manomi a bakin kogin Volta . Atsu ya yi wani kaso na karatunsa a makarantar horar da kwallon kafa ta Feyenoord da ke Gomoa Fetteh, a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana, daga nan kuma ya halarci makarantar koyar da wasan kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Yamma a Sogakope, a yankin Volta na Ghana. Daga baya ya koma zuwa Cheetah FC, kulob da ke Kasoa. Aikin kulob Porto Atsu ya isa Porto yana da shekaru 17. A ranar 14 ga watan Mayun 2011, kocin kungiyar farko André Villas-Boas ya kira shi don wasan Primeira Liga da Marítimo, amma bai bar benci ba . Kamar yadda yake tare da abokin wasan Kelvin, An aika Atsu a matsayin aro zuwa ga ƙungiyar ta Rio Ave don kakar 2011-2012 . Ya fara halarta a gasar a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2011, a cikin rashin gida 0-1 da Olhanense . A ranar 16 ga watan Disambar 2011, Atsu ya bude ci a Estádio da Luz da Benfica a minti na 24, amma a karshe masu masaukin baki sun ci 5-1. Ya koma Porto don kamfen na 2012 –2013, yana farawa a cikin wasanni tara na gasar sa yayin da suka ci gasar zakarun kasa a karo na uku a jere. Chelsea A ranar 1 ga watan Satumbar 2013, Atsu ya amince ya shiga Chelsea kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, akan rahoton £3.5. miliyan, ana ba da shi nan da nan zuwa kulob din Dutch Vitesse Arnhem, don sauran kakar 2013-2014. Lamuni ga Vitesse A ranar 6 ga watan Oktobar 2013, Atsu ya fara buga wasansa da Feyenoord a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Kazaishvili a minti na 77. Ya ci gaba da ba da taimako ga Mike Havenaar, amma bai isa ya hana asarar 2-1 ga Vitesse ba. A kan 19 Oktoba, Atsu ya fara farawa na farko da SC Heerenveen, wanda ya ƙare a nasarar 3-2 ga Vitesse. A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, ya canza fanareti don burinsa na farko tare da Vitesse, da FC Utrecht ; wasan ya kare ne da ci 3-1 a hannun Vitesse. A cikin duka, Atsu ya buga wasanni 30 kuma ya zira kwallaye 5 a raga a bangaren Dutch yayin da suka gama matsayi na 6 a gasar kuma suka cancanci zuwa wasan . Haya zuwa Everton A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2014, Atsu ya shiga ƙungiyar Premier League ta Everton a kan aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2014-2015 . Ya yi bayyanarsa ta farko a kulob din kwanaki 10 bayan haka, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kevin Mirallas na mintuna na 85 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Arsenal a Goodison Park . Atsu ya fara farawa na farko a gasar a ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar 2014 da Crystal Palace, wanda ya ƙare a cikin asarar gida 2-3. Bayan rashin zuwa gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika, ya koma kan layi a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun 2015 a gasar cin kofin Europa da BSC Young Boys, ya buga minti biyar na karshe bayan ya maye gurbin Romelu Lukaku mai cin hat-trick . kuma ya fito daga benci bayan kwana uku don saita daidaitawar marigayi a wasan 2-2 a gida da Leicester City . A ranar 15 ga watan Maris ɗin 2015, a wasan da Newcastle United, ya fito daga benci saura minti biyar, kuma ya ba da taimako ga dan wasan da ya maye gurbin Ross Barkley a ragar Everton na uku da ci 3-0 gida. Bayan tasirin Atsu a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin a wasannin da ke sama, an zabo shi don fara wasa na biyu na zagaye na 16 na gasar Europa a waje da Dynamo Kyiv a ranar 19 ga watan Maris tare da dan wasan dama Aaron Lennon na yau da kullun, tare da Everton ta jagoranci 2– 1 daga kafar farko. An kawar da tawagarsa bayan rashin nasara da ci 5-2 a daren, an cire shi a cikin minti na 65, kuma wannan shine wasansa na karshe na kungiyar Everton. Lamuni ga Bournemouth A ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 2015, an ba Atsu aro ga sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Bournemouth da ta ci gaba a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da Shugaban kulob din Neill Blake ya kira yarjejeniyar "babban juyin mulki". Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin League, inda ya fara nasara da ci 4-0 a Hartlepool United . Atsu kawai sauran bayyanar shine a cikin nasarar zagaye na gaba a Preston North End ; Bai shiga cikin tawagar Bournemouth ba a gasar kuma Chelsea ta dawo da shi daga aronsa a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 2016. Loan zuwa Malaga A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2016, Atsu ya ba da wata hira da BBC World Service a cikin abin da ya yi magana game da barin Chelsea da kuma kusancinsa zuwa Levante . Washegari, an tabbatar da cewa zai koma Malaga a matsayin aro. A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun 2016, Atsu ya fara halarta a farkon goma sha ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 3-0 akan Getafe CF. Newcastle United A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2016, Atsu ya shiga Newcastle United kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na shekara guda tare da zaɓi don siyan magana a cikin kwangilar. A ranar 13 ga watan Satumba, wasansa na farko a kulob din ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Yoan Gouffran a cikin minti na 61st a cikin 6-0 nasara a waje da Queens Park Rangers a Loftus Road, inda ya ba da taimako ga Aleksandar Mitrović don samun burin su na biyar. Atsu ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Rotherham United da ci 1-0 a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, ya biyo bayan karin kwallaye da Cardiff City da Wigan Athletic . A watan Mayun 2017, Atsu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu don shiga Newcastle na dindindin akan £6.2 miliyan daga Chelsea. An sake shi a ƙarshe. Al-Raed A ranar 17 ga watan Yuli 2021, Atsu ya shiga Al-Raed . Iyakance da rauni, ya buga wasanni takwas kawai a cikin Saudi Professional League . Hatayspor A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2022, Atsu ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Süper Lig Hatayspor akan kwantiragin shekara guda tare da zabin na tsawon shekara guda. Ya buga wasanni uku da daya a gasar cin kofin Turkiyya, kuma ya zura kwallo daya tilo a gida a hannun Kasımpaşa a cikin mintuna na bakwai na karin lokaci a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2023, kwana daya kafin girgizar kasar da ta kashe shi. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Atsu ya ci wa tawagar Ghana tamaula a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2012 da Lesotho, inda ya ci kwallo a wasan. BBC ta bayyana shi a matsayin "kyakkyawan zato", yayin da ESPN ya kara da cewa "yana da sauri kuma mai ban sha'awa", kuma mai yuwuwar tauraro a nan gaba ga tawagar kasarsa. A shekara mai zuwa, ya kasance a cikin tawagar Ghana da za ta buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2013 a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya fara wasan farko, inda suka tashi 2-2 da DR Congo, kuma ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Mali da ci 1-0 . Ya dawo fagen daga a wasan karshe na rukuni da Nijar a Port Elizabeth, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyu da ci 3-0 wanda ya sa kasarsa ta tsallake zuwa matakin daf da na kusa da na karshe a rukunin. Atsu ya taka rawar gani a sauran wasannin Ghana yayin da suka zo na hudu, inda Burkina Faso ta fitar da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. An zabi Atsu don tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014, da aka fara a duk wasannin yayin da aka fitar da Ghana a matakin rukuni. A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2015, Atsu ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Guinea da ci 3-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe. Ya taimaka wa tawagar zuwa wasan karshe, inda suka yi rashin nasara a bugun fanariti da Ivory Coast . A karshen gasar, an ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa, da kuma kyautar Goal of the Tournament saboda yajin aikin da ya yi da Guinea. An kuma saka Atsu a cikin tawagar gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2017 a Gabon, inda Ghana ta zo ta hudu. An kira shi don bugu na 2019 a Masar. Rayuwa ta sirri Atsu Kirista ne mai ibada wanda ya yada ayoyin Littafi Mai Tsarki a shafukan sada zumunta. Marubuciyar labarin mutuwar The Guardian Louise Taylor ta bayyana a matsayin "Kirista na gaskiya a kowace ma'ana ta kalmar", ya kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin sadaka, kasancewarsa jakada na Arms Around the Child, ƙungiyar da ke tallafawa yara marasa galihu; ya kuma biya dubban fam na kudin belin ‘yan Ghana da aka daure saboda satar abinci. Atsu ya auri marubuci Marie-Claire Rupio wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace. Manazarta Haihuwan 1992 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

23760

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Kasar%20Sin

Tarihin Kasar Sin

Tarihin Kasar Sin ya kunshi dubban shekaru Aru Aru. Litattafan farko sun kasance daga kusan shekaru 1250 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa amma an san wasu abubuwa game da lokutan baya. Tarihin kasar Sin ya kunshi lokuta da dauloli da dama. Ana iya raba shi zuwa sassa masu kamar haka: . Tarihi Tarihi yana nufin tarihin wani lokaci kafin kowane rubutaccen rikodin. A irin wannan yanayi, yana da matukar wahala a faɗi wani abu tabbatacce game da tarihin China ko wata ƙasa. Ko da a lokacin, masana tarihi sun yi imani da wasu bayanai game da China na wancan lokacin. Kimanin shekaru miliyan da suka wuce Homo erectus, wani nau'in ɗan Adam na farko, ya rayu a China. Daga baya, kimanin shekaru 65,000 da suka gabata, 'yan Adam na zamani Homo sapiens sun isa China daga Afirka. Don neman abinci, suna farautar namun daji. Sun kuma fara karba da tattara 'ya'yan itatuwa, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da koyon Sinanci don yin noma a shekara ta 5000 K.Z. Sun fara noman shinkafa da wataƙila wasu nau'ukan hatsi. A shekara ta 2500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, zamanin Tagulla ya zo China. Ajin masu mulki tare da sarakuna sun shigo cikin al'umma. Tsohon Tarihi Daular Xia Wasu masana suna tunanin cewa kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata, daular Xia ta yi mulkin ƙasar Sin. Yu (Da Yu) shi ne farkon mai mulkin wannan daular. Akwai wasu sahihan labarai masu aminci game da Yu (wanda zai iya zama almara), lokacin sa, da sauran sarakunan daular Xia. Daular Shang Daga lokacin daular Shang, akwai wasu rubutattun tarihi. An yi rubuce-rubuce a kan Ƙasoshin Oracle. An samu irin wannan kasusuwa da harsashi da yawa. Masana sun kuma yi imanin cewa a yau Henan shi ne babban birni na tara kuma na ƙarshe na sarakunan daular Shang. Yawancin masana tarihi na ƙasar Sin na wancan lokacin suna tunanin cewa daulolin daya na bin daya ce. Amma kuma yana iya yiwuwa dauloli biyu suna mulki a sassa daban -daban na ƙasar Sin a lokaci guda. Don haka, wasu masana suna tunanin cewa daular Xia da daular Shang na iya yin mulki a lokaci guda, amma a yankuna daban-daban na kasar Sin. Daular Zhou Game da shekara ta 1046 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, daular Zhou ta ci sarkin ƙarshe na daular Shang da yaki kuma ta hau mulki. Sun canza babban birnin daga Henan zuwa wani wuri kusa da Xi'an na yanzu, kusa da Kogin Yellow. Daular Zhou kuma ta kawo sabuwar ka'ida ga kasar Sin (duba Dokar Sama). Kusan dukkan daulolin sarakunan China sun ci gaba da maimaita wannan ka'idar. Sarakunan wannan daular sun ci sabbin yankuna da yawa. A karon farko a tarihin kasar Sin, adadi mai yawa na mutane kuma sun tashi daga wannan yanki zuwa wani yanki don yin sulhu. Lokacin bazara da kaka Lokacin bazara da kaka ya kusan ƙarni na 8 BC. Daular Zhou ta cigaba, amma karfin ta ya ragu yayinda ubangiji ya samu filaye da mabiya. Sarakuna da yawa sun yi mulki a sassa daban-daban na kasar Sin. China ta zama jahohi masu rarrabuwar kawuna, kowanne sarki daban ke mulkin sa. A wasu lokuta, wani Sarki yana mulkin ƙauyen da ke da ƙaramin sansanin soja. A wannan lokacin na China, sabbin layin tunani da yawa sun tashi. Wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna cigaba da zama masu mahimmanci. Su ne Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism da Mohism . Lokacin jahohi Lokacin bazara da kaka ya cigaba kusan shekaru 300. Ya zuwa ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sauran manyan china guda bakwai ne suka rage. Sun kwace dukkan ƙananan wurare. Wadannan jihohi sun cigaba da yakar juna. Masana tarihi sun kira wannan lokacin lokacin Yaƙin Jihohi saboda yaƙe -yaƙe da faɗa tsakanin waɗannan jihohin. A shekara ta 221BC, Ying Zheng, Sarkin jihar Qin, ya haɗe dukkanin jihohi bakwai. Ya mai da kansa Sarkin China kuma ya kafa daular Qin. Masarautar China Daular Qin Daular Qin sarauta ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci a tarihin ƙasar Sin. Sun bi falsafar Legalism. Babban birninsu yana Xianyang. A karkashin Sarkin wannan daular, China ta zama kasa mai ƙarfi. An yi sabbin abubuwa da yawa a karon farko. An bi tsarin doka mai tsauri. An bunƙasa harshe da aka rubuta. An yi amfani da kuɗin gama gari. An fara gina babbar ganuwar China. Daular Han Liu Bang ne ya kafa daular Han bayan daular Qin ta kare. A lokacin daular Han, yankin ƙasar Sin ya fadada, kuma an samu cigaba da yawa a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. An ɗauke shi a zaman zinare a tarihin ƙasar Sin. Masarautu Uku Lokacin Masarautu Uku (Sinawa na gargajiya: 三國; Sinawa da aka sauƙaƙe: 三国; pinyin: Sānguó) lokaci ne na tarihi inda aka raba China zuwa jihohin Cao Wei, Shu Han, da Wu Wu ta Gabas. Daular Han ta Gabas ta rasa duk wani iko. Daga ƙarshe, sarkin daular Han ya yi murabus. Daular Jin Daular Sui Daular Sui (隋朝 朝 Suí cháo; 581-618) Sarkin Wen, ko Yang Jian ne ya kafa shi. Babban birninta shi ne Chang'an ( Xi'an na yanzu ). Daular tana da mahimmanci saboda ta sake haɗa kan Kudanci da Arewacin China kuma an gina Babban Canal a wancan lokacin. Daular Tang Gidan Li (李) ne ya kafa daular Tang, wanda ya hau mulki a lokacin faɗuwar Daular Sui. A zamanin daular aka katse wani ɗan gajeren lokaci da biyu Zhou daular (16 Oktoba 690-3 Maris 705) a lokacin da Empress Wu Zetian ke gudanar da da'awar da kursiyin, zama na farko da kawai Sin Empress . Babban birnin Tang, Chang'an (Xi'an na yau), shi ne birni mafi girma a duniya a lokacin. Yawancin masana tarihi suna ganin daular Tang a matsayin babban matsayi a cikin wayewar ƙasar Sin kuma a matsayin zamanin zinare na al'adun duniya. Dauloli Biyar da Masarautu Goma Daular Song Daular Yuan Daular Yuan ta fara mulkin Genghis Khan, shugaban Mongoliya wanda ya karɓe iko daga daular Song. An dauke shi bare ne ba wayewa ba. Jikansa, Kublai Khan, na ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran sarakunan daular Yuan. Ya buɗe ƙasar Sin ga sauran al'adu da yawa kuma ya kyautata rayuwar Sinawa sosai. Daular Ming A shekara ta 1368, tawayen da Zhu Yuanzhang ke jagoranta ya ɓarke a Kudancin kasar Sin, daga karshe ya kifar da daular Yuan. Daga nan Zhu Yuanzhang ya kafa daular Ming a Nanjing, babban birninta har sai da Sarki Yongle ya canza babban birnin zuwa Beijing. A karni na 15, wani mutum mai suna Zheng He ya dauki mafi yawan sojojin ruwa na Ming ya kuma bincika tekun Indiya, ya kawo dukiya da iko ga Daular Ming. Masarautar ta sami lokacin wadata har zuwa 1449, lokacin da Yakin Tumu ya ɓarke. A cikin yaƙin 'yan kabilar Mongol na Yuan sun kame Sarkin kuma sun kewaye babban birnin. Bayan yakin da Mongols, Ming ya fara raguwa. A wannan lokacin, daular ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe biyu tare da Jafananci (na farko kan masu fashin teku na Japan ya faru a Kudu Maso Gabashin China; na biyu a kan sojojin Toyotomi Hideyoshi wadanda suka mamaye Koriya), da yaki kaya tare da Fotigal na Macao. Wadannan yaƙe -yaƙe a ƙarshe sun raunana daular da ke raguwa. A cikin 1616, tawaye ya ɓarke a Manchuria da Shanxi. Shekaru ashirin da takwas bayan haka, Manchus ya ƙetare Babban Ganuwar, ya mamaye babban birnin, ya lalata 'yan tawayen Shanxi. Daular Qing Zamani Jamhuriyar China Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Mao Zedong shi ne shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga 1949 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1976. A ƙarni na 21 ƙasar Sin ta zama ƙasa mafi arziki a duniya ta fuskar GDP . Hotuna Sauran shafukan yanar gizo Tarihin China: Teburin Abun ciki - Ƙungiyar Hargitsi a Jami'ar Maryland Database na kasar Sin ta Academia Sinica Rubuce -rubucen Rubuce -rubuce da Database na Academia Sinica China Chronology Duniya Tarihi Database Archived Archived Tsohon Duniyar Asiya ta Asiya Tarihi, al'adu da ilimin kimiya na tsohuwar nahiyar Asiya. Labarai da hotuna da yawa Jagorar duniya don nazarin China Archived Dandalin Tarihin Kasar Sin Tarihi Forum - Tattauna tarihin kasar Sin a tarihi Forum ta Asian Tarihi sashe Sin Siege Yin yãƙi - Mechanical harbi da Siege Makamai tsufa - An kwatanta Tarihi sayi zuwa gare ku daga Tarihi Forum Tarihin Saukaka na China Yin Yu Tang: Gidan Sinawa Ya bincika abubuwan da ke cikin kayan gine -gine na cikin gida a lokacin daular Qing da kuma alaƙar sa da al'adun gargajiyar Sinawa da al'adun tarihi. Farkon na da China Archived jarida ce da aka sadaukar da ita ga malanta na ilimi wanda ya shafi lokacin kusan tsakanin ƙarshen Han da farkon zamanin Tang. Hoton Fagen Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu Kasar Sin ta sake gano Tarihin da ta mallaka na tsawon minti 100 kan tarihin kasar Sin wanda mashahurin masani/marubuci Yu Ying-shih, Farfesa Emeritus na Nazarin Asiya ta Gabas da Tarihi a Jami'ar Princeton ya bayar. Abubuwan albarkatu ga ɗaliban Makarantar Tsakiya Ana iya karanta albarkatun da ake iya karantawa ga ɗalibai a aji 5-9 - fiye da hanyoyin haɗi 250. China, tarihi -Citizendium Sin Pages with unreviewed translations

53177

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi%20Supardi

Yogi Supardi

Ignatius Yogi Supardi (25 Yuli 1929 - 15 Satumba 2019) wani jami'in sojan Indonesiya ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya wanda ya zama Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Jakadan Indonesia a Japan . Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Yogi a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1929 a Klaten . Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Hollandsch-Inlandsche (makarantun Dutch don ƴan ƙasar), inda ya kammala a 1942, kuma ya sauke karatu a ƙaramar sakandare a 1945. Bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na Indonesiya, Yogi ya shiga Makarantar Soja ta Yogya da ke Jogjakarta . A wancan lokacin, kwanan nan aka kafa makarantar a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1945. Yogi, tare da wasu 'yan wasa 441, an karɓi su cikin makarantar. A lokacin karatunsa na soja a makarantar, Yogi ya kwace bindigogi daga sojojin Japan a 1945 kuma an sanya shi a matsayin mai kula da Arewa Bandung Front a 1946. Yogi ya sauke karatu tare da mukamin laftanar na biyu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1948 a wani biki a Istana Negara . Daga 'yan wasan 442 da aka yarda da su a makarantar, 196 kawai - ciki har da Yogi - sun sauke karatu daga makarantar. Aikin soja Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar, Yogi ya zama wani ɓangare na sashin Yarima Diponegoro a Magelang kuma an ajiye shi don murkushe Al'amarin Madiun . Bayan rikicin ya ƙare, an ƙaura zuwa Yogyakarta, inda ya yi yaƙi da sojojin Holland. An sake mayar da shi zuwa Sumatra ta Kudu a cikin 1949 kuma ya zama jami'in hulda tsakanin sojojin Indonesia da na Holland. Ya zauna a Kudancin Sumatra na tsawon shekara guda a matsayin babban hafsa har sai da aka umarce shi da ya halarci Makarantar Makarantu a Indiya . Ya sauke karatu daga makarantar a shekara ta 1952 kuma an ba shi mukamin laftanar farko. Bayan haɓakarsa, Yogi ya koyar a cikin Ilimin Makamai na Tsakiya a matsayin malami na tsawon shekaru huɗu. An tura shi zuwa ketare jim kadan kuma ya zama mataimaki ga hafsan soji a Landan Laftanar Kanar Sutojo a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1956. An canza shi shekaru da yawa bayan haka don gudanar da wannan matsayi a Manila . Ya koma Indonesia a 1960 kuma ya zama Kwamandan Ilimin Makamai na Tsakiya. Ya bar mukamin ne a shekarar 1963 kuma ya zama Kwamandan runduna ta 1st Army Strategic Command Artillery Brigade. Ya samu karin girma ta hanyar tsarin dabarun rundunar soji sannan ya zama mataimaki na 3 ga kwamandan dabarun soji Umar Wirahadikusumah . Sannan ya yi karatu a National Resilience institute daga 1968 zuwa 1969. An koma Yogi zuwa tsarin Hafsan Hafsoshin Soja kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimaki na Biyar (Bincike da Ci gaba) zuwa Babban Hafsan Soja har zuwa 1972. A taƙaice ya zama Mataimakin Mataimakin na Biyar na tsawon watanni a 1971, ya maye gurbin Manjo Janar Mardanus mai barin gado. A ƙarshen aikinsa a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin na Biyar, An zaɓi Yogi ta Generation na 1945 - sunan laƙabi ga hafsoshin soja waɗanda suka yi yaƙi a cikin juyin juya halin Indonesiya - don tsara shirin yin sauyi cikin tsari tsakanin tsarar 1945 hafsoshi da hafsoshin soja bayan yakin. Shirin Yogi bai yi la'akari da gibin zuriyar da ke tsakanin tsarar 1945 da kuma na baya-bayan nan na yaki (daga baya aka yi wa lakabi da ginshikin gadar) a matsayin wani tsara na daban kuma ya hada tsarar da za ta shiga cikin tsarar bayan yakin. Babban shirinsa shi ne kula da tsararrakin jami'an 1945 da suka yi ritaya (wanda aka tsara za su yi ritaya a cikin 1980s) a Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Tsaro, inda ya yi imanin cewa "manufofin akida na gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai za su iya ci gaba da jagorancin mutanen da suka ci nasarar hakan. 'yancin kai". An aika Yogi zuwa Rundunar Soja ta 9/Udayana a Bali, inda ya zama kwamandan ta a ranar 25 ga Maris 1972. An maye gurbinsa da Ignatius Pranoto a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1974. Daga Bali, an juya Yogi zuwa Rundunar Sojojin Indonesiya da Kwalejin Janar na Ma'aikata a Bandung kuma ya zama kwamandan kwalejin daga 20 Maris 1974. Ya bar mukamin a ranar 3 ga Maris 1976. A ranar 21 ga Janairun 1976, an yi Yogi a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Siyasa, Dabaru da Tsare-tsare Gabaɗaya ga Babban Kwamandan Sojoji . Sabon ofishin Yogi ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa kuma yana matsayi mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da duk sauran mataimaka. Dangane da shirinsa na sabuntawa, Yogi ya rike wani mukami da ake kira Babban Hafsan Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Tsaro a cikin 1980. Sabon matsayi na Yogi yana daidaita ayyukan mataimaka don Ci gaban Ma'aikata da Ma'aikata; Dabaru, Ci gaban Kayayyaki, da Shigarwa; Kudi; da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa. An sake tsara ofishin shugaban ma’aikatan gwamnati zuwa Sakatare Janar. Yogi har yanzu ya ci gaba da zama a Ma'aikatar Tsaro kuma ya zama Sakatare Janar a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1983. Duk da haka, ikon Babban Sakatare ya ragu sosai daga magabacinsa. An canza ikon sarrafa ma'aikata, dabaru, ko kuɗi daga Yogi Supardi zuwa Benny Moerdani, Babban Kwamandan Sojoji a wancan lokacin. Yogi ya yi murabus daga ofishinsa a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1987 kuma Ida Bagus Sudjana ya maye gurbinsa. Daga baya rayuwa Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, Yogi ya zama jakadan Indonesia a Japan a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1987. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 16 ga Mayu 1991 Poedji Koentarso ya maye gurbinsa. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, Yogi ya zama jakadan Indonesia a Japan a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1987. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 16 ga Mayu 1991 Poedji Koentarso ya maye gurbinsa. Mutuwan 2019 Haifaffun 1929 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

57464

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Fit

Honda Fit

Gabatarwa Honda Fit ( Jafananci : ホンダ・フィット, Hepburn : Honda Fitto ) ko Honda Jazz karamar mota ce da Honda ke ƙera kuma ta sayar da ita tun 2001 sama da ƙarni huɗu. Yana da salon jikin ƙyanƙyashe kofa biyar kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin supermini a Burtaniya, motar da ba ta da ƙarfi a Amurka, da mota mai haske a Ostiraliya. An sayar da shi a duk duniya kuma aka kera shi a tsirrai goma a cikin ƙasashe takwas, tallace-tallace ya kai kusan miliyan 5 a tsakiyar 2013. Honda yana amfani da farantin sunan "Jazz" a Turai, Oceania, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Hong Kong, Macau, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Indiya; da "Fit" a Japan, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan da Amurka. Rarraba Honda ta duniya kananan mota dandamali tare da City, Airwave, na farko-ƙarni Mobilio, Freed da kuma HR-V / Vezel, da Fit da aka lura da daya-akwatin ko monospace zane; Tankin mai da ke gaba; kujeru masu daidaitawa waɗanda ke ninka ta hanyoyi da yawa don ɗaukar kaya cikin sifofi daban-daban da girma dabam — da ƙarar kaya gasa ga manyan motoci. Honda ya fito da nau'ikan nau'ikan wutar lantarki na Fit a Japan a cikin Oktoba 2010 da kuma a Turai a farkon 2011. A cikin 2012, Honda ya fito da Fit EV, ƙayyadaddun samfurin duk wani nau'in wutar lantarki wanda ya dogara da samfurin ƙarni na biyu a Amurka da Japan, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin mota mai dacewa . Samfurin ƙarni na huɗu da aka saki a cikin 2019 a halin yanzu ana siyar dashi a Japan, Turai, China, Taiwan, Afirka ta Kudu, Brunei da Singapore. An fara daga 2020, samfurin ya ƙare a yawancin ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Latin Amurka don maye gurbin shi da babban City Hatchback, yayin da aka janye shi gaba ɗaya daga kasuwar Arewacin Amurka saboda faɗuwar buƙatu a cikin ɓangaren ƙaramin yanki. ƙarni na farko (GD/GE; 2001) An fara halarta na farko Fit a cikin Yuni 2001 a Japan kuma daga baya an gabatar da shi a Turai (farkon 2002), Australia (karshen 2002), Kudancin Amurka (farkon 2003), Afirka ta Kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya (2003), Sin (Satumba 2004), da Mexico (karshen 2005). Abin mamaki, a Turai ana kiran wannan Jazz da Mark II Jazz, musamman ta hanyar masu samar da motoci, Mark I Jazz shine 1981-86 Honda City, mai suna 'Jazz' a Turai a lokacin. Samfurin samarwa na Amurka da Kanada da aka yi muhawara a cikin Janairu 2006 a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka a Detroit . An saki motar a Kanada da Amurka a cikin Afrilu 2006 a matsayin shekara ta 2007. Fit-tsarin ƙarni na farko yana amfani da dandamalin ƙananan ƙananan motoci na Honda, wanda kuma Fit Aria/City (wani nau'in Fit) ke amfani da shi, Airwave (nau'in wagon tasha na Fit Aria/City), Mobilio, da Mobilio Spike. . Dangane da yankin, Fit yana samuwa tare da 1.2-, 1.3- (a Turai ana kiranta 1.4 L model), 1.5-lita i-DSI engine, ko 1.5-lita VTEC engine. Dukkanin injunan guda huɗu sun dogara ne akan dangin injin L-jerin na Honda. Zamani na biyu (GE/GG; 2007) Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na biyu ya yi muhawara a kan 17 Oktoba 2007 a 40th Tokyo Motor Show . A gabatarwar ta a cikin 2007, ta sami lambar yabo ta Motar Japan a karo na biyu. Motar ta ba da kafa mai tsayi fiye da wanda ya gabace ta kuma ta fi fadi da tsayi gaba daya. An ba da injuna biyu a cikin Fit na ƙarni na biyu. A 1.3-lita i-VTEC samar 100 PS (99 hp; 74 kW) da 6,000 rpm da 127 ⋅m (13.0 kgm; 93.7 lb⋅ft) a 4,800 rpm. An kuma ba da injin i-VTEC mai lita 1.5 kuma yana samar da mafi girman fitarwa na 120 PS (118 hp; 88 kW) a 6,600 rpm da 145 ⋅m (14.8 kgm; 107 lb⋅ft) a 4,800 rpm. An ƙaddamar da sigar matasan a watan Oktoban 2010 a Japan. Fit Hybrid ya ƙunshi injin mai lita 1.3 da injin lantarki, tare da kiyasin tattalin arzikin mai na an auna daidai da zagaye na 10-15 na Jafananci. Honda ya kuma nuna wani ra'ayi na motar lantarki bisa ga ƙarni na biyu Fit a cikin 2010. An samar da shi da yawa azaman Fit EV a cikin 2013-2015. An gabatar da 2013 samfurin shekara samar Fit EV a Nuwamba 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show . A karo na farko, an kuma samo shi a cikin salon motar motar tasha mai suna Fit Shuttle . Bambancin yana samuwa ne kawai a kasuwannin gida na Japan. Tsari na uku (GK/GH/GP; 2013) Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na uku yana riƙe da ra'ayin ƙira gabaɗaya na al'ummomin da suka gabata, musamman madaidaicin wurin tankin mai da ra'ayi mai daidaitawa da yawa, wanda aka tallata shi azaman "Magic Seat". Samfurin ya kuma yi muhawara da sabunta harshe na Honda wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Exciting H Design". Sabon Tsarin Motar Mota na Duniya na Honda yana ɗaukar ƙarfi mai ƙarfi 780 MPa yana samar da ƙarfe don kashi 27 cikin ɗari na aikin jiki kuma yana da ɗan gajeren tsayi gaba ɗaya ta 4 cm (1.6 in), 3 cm (1.2 in) tsayin ƙafafu, haɓaka ƙafar baya ta 12.2 cm (4.8 in) kuma yawan fasinja ya karu da 136 L (4.8 ku ft) idan aka kwatanta da na baya. Bangarorin jiki duka suna welded kuma an kulle su zuwa firam a cikin wani nau'i na monocoque da kuma sararin sararin samaniya — kuma dakatarwar torsion na baya ya fi ƙanƙanta, ba a ƙara yin amfani da mashaya mai hana ruwa gudu don haɓaka sararin ciki da kaya. HR-V na ƙarni na biyu yana raba dandamali tare da Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na uku. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

53414

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Koome

Martha Koome

Martha Karambu Koome (an haife ta 3 Yuni 1960) wata mai ba da shawara ce ta ƙasar Kenya wacce a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Kenya, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta hau kan mukamin. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Koome a ranar 3 ga Yuni 1960 a ƙauyen Kithiu, gundumar Meru . Ta rike LL. B. daga Jami'ar Nairobi, wanda ta samu a 1986. Koome ya yi rajista a Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya a shekara mai zuwa. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na biyu (LL. M) a cikin Public International Law a Jami'ar London a 2010. Sana'a Koome ta fara aikinta na shari'a a matsayin abokiyar shari'a a Mathenge da Muchemi Advocates, sannan ta fara aikin lauya, tana aiki a matsayin abokiyar gudanarwa har zuwa 2003. An zaɓe ta a matsayin mamba na majalisar dokoki ta Kenya (LSK) a 1993-1996. A lokacin da take aiki a kungiyar lauyoyi ta Kenya, ta dauki babban matsayi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki da gyare-gyaren shari'a kuma ta kasance wani bangare na tsarin sake duba kundin tsarin mulki a matsayin wakili a Bomas na Kenya inda ta jagoranci wani bangare na jigo a kan kudirin doka. Koome ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin farko na kungiyar shari'a ta Gabashin Afirka tsakanin 1994-1996. Ta kuma taba zama shugabar FIDA, daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar. Koome ta bambanta kanta a matsayin mai kare hakkin Ɗan Adam da Jinsi. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin da suka taka rawar gani wajen yunƙurin soke sashe na 2A na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Kenya da kuma 'yancin kai na bangaren shari'a. Kwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar doka ce kuma tana sha'awar jin daɗin yara. Ta kasance ta biyu a cikin 2020 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A shekarar 1995, taron shugabannin kasashen Afirka ya nada ta a matsayin kwamishina a kwamitin kare hakkin yara da jin dadin yara na Afirka. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin kula da shari’a na kasa na musamman kan al’amuran yara inda ta taimaka wajen duba dokar yara. An naɗa Koome Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara a watan Janairun 2012. Kafin nada ta a kotun daukaka kara, ta yi aiki a matsayin alkalin babbar kotun Kenya sama da shekaru takwas. A wannan shekarar ne aka naɗa ta a matsayin alkalin kotun daukaka kara, aka zabe ta shugabar kungiyar majistare da alkalai ta Kenya . A cikin 2016 ta kasance cikin 'yan takara 13 mata 13 da Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta tantance a matsayin mataimakiyar alkalin alkalai, wanda daga baya mai shari'a Philomena Mwilu za ta mamaye shi. Koome yana cikin ƴan takara 13 da suka nemi naɗin maye gurbin David Maraga lokacin da ya yi ritaya a cikin Janairu 2021. An zaɓe ta don matsayin, kuma ta halarci hirar da ta yi da jama'a a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2021. Koome sanannen mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ne kuma mai bayar da shawarar jinsi. Ta shiga yakin neman soke sashe na 2A na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Kenya wanda ya mayar da Kenya kasa mai jam'iyyu da yawa. Wannan muhimmin sokewar ya gabatar da iyakokin wa'adi akan Fadar Shugaban kasa. Koome kuma mai kare hakkin mata da yara ne. Ita ce kwamishiniyar Tarayyar Afirka a kwamitin kare hakkin yara da walwala na Afirka. Lokacin da JSC ta gayyace bayanan cancantar takararta, shugabar kungiyar lauyoyin Kenya ta gabatar da kara tana zarginta da kasancewa mai sasantawa da ba ta dace ba, ta hanyar yanke hukuncin wasu takamaiman shari'o'in kotu bisa son zuciya, son zuciya da kuma dalili mara kyau ta hanyar yanke hukunci a goyon bayan bangaren zartaswa na gwamnatin Kenya bisa ga dalili mara kyau kuma wani lokacin bisa kabilanci. Bayan haka, ta umurci lauyoyinta da su gabatar da bukatar shugaban LSK da ya janye zargin da kungiyar ta yi mata a cikin kwanaki 7, inda ta yi barazanar gurfanar da shi a kan zargin bata masa suna sakamakon korafin da ya mika wa JSC. A watan Mayun 2021, shugaban LSK, Nelson Havi ya gaya wa Koome kuma ya bukace ta ta kasance mai gaskiya da kuma yin alhaki kan ayyukanta a cikin abubuwan da aka ambata, ta hanyar yin alƙawarin ba za ta nemi afuwa ba game da bayanan da aka samu. Shi ma Khelef Khalifa ya kalubalanci cancantar Koome wanda ya nuna shakku kan yadda ta shiga zaman kotun daukaka kara da ya sauya hukuncin da babbar kotun ta yanke na cewa duk jami'an da suka dawo da su da hukumar ta IEBC ta ajiye don gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa da aka maimaita. zaben ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2017 an nada shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Da aka kammala cece-kuce a kan karar, babbar kotun ta sanya ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2017, da za a yanke hukuncin, a jajibirin sake zaben shugaban kasa. A jajibirin wannan hukunci, gwamnati ta ayyana ranar 25 ga Oktoba a matsayin ranar hutu, ma’ana kotuna ba za su fara aiki ba, kuma alkalai ba za su iya yanke wani hukunci ba. Babban mai shari'a David Maraga ya ba da izini na musamman ga Sashen nazarin shari'a na babbar kotun da ke Nairobi da ta zauna a lokacin hutun jama'a domin Alkalan su samu damar yanke hukuncin da aka tsara. Ba a ba da irin wannan ikon ga Kotun daukaka kara ba, wanda rajistarsa ya kasance a rufe. Da babbar kotun ta zartar da hukuncin da ke nuna cewa jami’an da suka dawo suna aiki ba bisa ka’ida ba, ko ta yaya IEBC ta yi nasarar shigar da kara a kotun daukaka kara da aka rufe saboda hutun jama’a, kuma Koome ya bayyana tare da wasu alkalai biyu na kotun. Kira don magance lamarin. Dukkan Alkalai uku ba sa aiki a Kotun daukaka kara da ke Nairobi a lokacin, kuma Alkalin Alkalan bai bai wa Kotun damar zama ranar hutu ba. Alkalan ukun da alama shugaban kotun daukaka kara na lokacin, Mai shari’a Paul Kihara Kariuki ne ya kira su da su zauna. Alkalan sun dakatar da hukuncin da babbar kotun kasar ta yanke, wanda hakan ya baiwa hukumar ta IEBC damar gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa da aka maimaita washegari. Da aka tambaye ta game da rawar da ta taka a wannan harka a yayin hirar, ta nuna cewa dole ne ta bi umarnin shugaban kotun daukaka kara da ya gayyace ta ta zauna, kuma zaman na da muhimmanci domin ya ceci kasar daga tsarin mulki. rikicin, yana nuni da rashin wani tanadi a cikin dokokin Kenya na tsawaita wa'adin shugaban kasa inda ba a sake gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa cikin kwanaki 60 kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bukata. A karshen hirar da aka yi, hukumar ta JSC ta sanar da tsayawa takararta a matsayin mace ta daya, mai shari’a ta 15, da kuma babbar mai shari’a ta uku bayan kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 2010 . Daga baya an aika sunanta zuwa ga Shugaban kasa wanda ya aika zuwa Majalisa don tantancewa da amincewa kafin nadin ta na yau da kullun. Kwamitin shari'a da shari'a na majalisar ya gudanar da zaman tantance ta a ranar 13 ga Mayu tare da ba da shawarar cewa cikakken majalisar ya amince da nadin nata. An gabatar da rahoton kwamitin a gaban cikakken zauren majalisar a ranar 19 ga Mayu don tattaunawa. Cikakkiyar majalisar ta kada kuri'a don amincewa da nadin nata a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2021 wanda ya share fagen nada ta a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai. A cikin sa'o'i bayan da majalisar dokokin kasar ta kada kuri'ar amincewa, shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta ya nada ta a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2021, a matsayin babbar mai shari'a ta kasar Kenya . Ta yi rantsuwar kama aiki a gidan gwamnati, Nairobi, a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2021. Ta fara aiki ne a ranar Litinin, 24 ga Mayu, 2021, a wani bikin zagayowar ofis a ginin kotun koli inda mataimakiyar babban mai shari'a Philomena Mwilu ta mika kayan aikin ga sabon Alkalin Alkalai. Rayuwa ta sirri Koome ta auri Koome Kiragu kuma tana da ‘ya’ya uku. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1960 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

40765

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel%20Kant

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (UK: /kænt/, US: /kɑː nt/, German: [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant] ; a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1724  zuwa 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1804) masanin falsafar Jamus ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na wayewa na tsakiya. (Central enlightenment thinkers) An kuma haife shi a Königsberg, ayyukan Kant na gama-gari da nagartaccen ayyuka a fannin ilimin zamani, metaphysics, ɗabi'a, da ƙayatarwa sun sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a falsafar Yammacin zamani. A cikin rukunansa na ra'ayin transcendental, Kant yayi jayayya cewa sararin samaniya da lokaci ne kawai "nau'i na hankali" wanda ke tsara duk kwarewa, sabili da haka, yayin da "abubuwa-cikin kansu" sun wanzu kuma suna taimakawa wajen kwarewa, duk da haka sun bambanta da ababubua na kwarewa. Daga wannan ya biyo baya cewa abubuwan da aka sani sune kawai "bayyanar", ku ma cewa yanayin abubuwa kamar yadda suke a cikin kansu ba shi da masaniya a gare mu. A yunƙurin yaƙi da shakkun da ya samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen masanin falsafa David Hume, ya rubuta Critique of Pure Reason a shekara ta (1781 zuwa 1787), ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa. A ciki, ya haɓaka ka'idarsa ta gwaninta don amsa tambayar ko ilimin halitta na farko zai yiwu, wanda hakan zai iya ba da damar tantance iyakokin binciken metaphysical. Kant ya zana daidaici da juyin juya halin Copernican a cikin shawararsa dan yin tunanin abubuwan da suka dace da abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin sararin samaniya da na zahiri na zahirinmu, dan mu sami fifikon sanin waɗannan abubuwan. Kant ya yi imani da cewa hankali kuma shine tushen ɗabi'a, kuma kyawawan dabi'u sun fito ne daga ikon yanke hukunci. Ra'ayoyin Kant na ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan falsafar zamani, musamman ma fannonin ilimin zamani, ɗabi'a, ka'idar siyasa, da ƙayatarwa na zamani. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin hankali da ƙwarewar ɗan adam da kuma wuce abin da ya yi imani da shi na gazawar falsafar gargajiya da metaphysics. Ya so ya kawo ƙarshen abin da ya gani a matsayin zamanin banza da hasashe na tunanin ɗan adam, tare da tsayayya da shakku na masu tunani irin su Hume. Ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin yana nuna hanyar da ta wuce rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ra'ayin tunani da empiriricists, kuma ana ɗauka a ko'ina dan haɗa labarai biyu a cikin tunaninsa. Kant ya kasance mafarin ra'ayin cewa za a iya tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta duniya da hadin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma watakila wannan zai iya zama matakin karshe na tarihin duniya. Halin ra'ayoyin addini na Kant ya ci gaba da zama batun muhawarar masana, tare da ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga ra'ayi cewa ya canza daga farkon kare hujja na mahallin Allah zuwa agnosticism mai ka'ida, zuwa ƙarin jiyya mai mahimmanci wanda Schopenhauer ya kwatanta wanda ya soki tsarin da'a na Kantian mai mahimmanci a matsayin "ɗabi'un tauhidi" da "Decalogue na Musa a ɓarna", da Nietzsche, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kant yana da "jinin tauhidi" kuma ya kasance kawai sophisticated uzuri ga addinin Kirista na gargajiya. Bayan ra'ayinsa na addini, Kant kuma ya sha suka game da wariyar launin fata da aka gabatar a wasu ƙananan takardunsa, kamar "Akan Amfani da Ka'idodin Watsa Labarai a Falsafa" da "Akan Daban-daban Races na Mutum". Kodayake ya kasance mai goyon bayan wariyar launin fata na kimiyya don yawancin aikinsa, ra'ayin Kant game da launin fata ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarsa, kuma ya ƙi amincewa da tsarin launin fata da mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin Aminci na dindindin: A Falsafa Sketch (1795). Kant ya wallafa wasu muhimman ayyuka akan ɗa'a, addini, shari'a, da'a, ilmin taurari, da tarihi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Duniya (1755), Ƙididdigar Dalili mai Aiki (1788), Ƙididdigar Shari'a (1790), Addini a cikin Iyakokin Bare Dalili (1793), da Metaphysics of Morals (1797). Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta (1724) a cikin dangin Prussian Jamus na bangaskiyar Lutheran Protestant a Königsberg, Gabashin Prussia tun a shekara ta (1946) birnin Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Rasha). Mahaifiyarsa, Anna Regina Reuter (1697 zuwa 1737), an haife shi a Königsberg ubansa a Nuremberg yake. Sunanta wani lokacin kuskure ana ba shi azaman Porter. Mahaifin Kant, Johann Georg Kant (1682 zuwa 1746), ɗan Jamus ne mai kera kayan aiki daga Memel, a lokacin birni mafi arewa maso gabashin Prussia (yanzu Klaipėda, Lithuania). Kant ya yi imanin cewa kakan mahaifinsa Hans Kant dan asalin Scotland ne. Yayin da masana rayuwar Kant suka daɗe suna yarda da wannan iƙirari, ƙwarewar zamani ta ƙalubalanci shi. Yana yiwuwa Kants sun sami suna daga ƙauyen Kantvainiai (Jamus: Kantwaggen-a yau wani ɓangare na Priekulė) kuma sun fito ne daga asalin Kursenieki. Kant shi ne na hudu a cikin yara tara (shida daga cikinsu sun girma). Ya yi Baftisma Emanuel, daga baya ya canza harafin sunansa zuwa Immanuel bayan ya koyi Ibrananci. An rene shi a gidan ’ yan Bidi’a da suka nanata ibada, tawali’u, da fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na zahiri. mai tsauri, hukunci da ladabtarwa, kuma ya mai da hankali kan koyarwar Latin da addini akan lissafi da kimiyya. A cikin Groundwork na Metaphysic of Morals, ya bayyana imani ga rashin mutuwa a matsayin yanayin da ya dace na tsarin ɗan adam zuwa mafi girman halin kirki mai yiwuwa. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Kant ya kasance mai shakka game da wasu hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su a gabaninsa don kare ilimin tauhidi kuma ya ci gaba da cewa fahimtar mutum yana da iyaka kuma ba zai iya samun ilimi game da Allah ko rai ba, masu sharhi daban-daban sun lakafta shi a matsayin agnostic na falsafa, ko da yake an kuma ba da shawarar cewa Kant yana nufin wasu mutane su yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mai tunani mai tsabta", wanda Kant da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya gane wahayi amma ya tabbatar. cewa saninsa da kuma yarda da shi a matsayin gaske ba wajibi ne ga addini ba. Ga alama Kant ya yi rayuwa mai tsauri da tarbiyya; an ce makwabci za su saita agogon su ta hanyar tafiya ta yau da kullun. Bai taɓa yin aure ba, amma da alama yana da rayuwar zamantakewa mai lada— shi mashahurin malami ne, haka kuma marubuci mai cike da kunya tun ma kafin ya fara kan manyan ayyukansa na falsafa. Yana da da'irar abokai waɗanda yake yawan saduwa da su—daga cikinsu akwai Joseph Green, ɗan kasuwa ɗan Ingila a Königsberg, wanda aka ruwaito ya fara magana da shi a cikin jayayya a cikin 1763 ko kafin. Kamar yadda labarin ya nuna, Kant yana yawo a cikin Dänhofscher Garten, sai ya ga daya daga cikin abokansa yana magana da wasu mutanen da bai sani ba. Ya shiga tattaunawar, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya juya zuwa abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba a duniya. Batun rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin Birtaniya da Amurka ya taso. Kant ya ɗauki gefen Amirkawa, kuma wannan ya tayar da Green. Ya kalubalanci Kant da fada. An ruwaito Kant ya bayyana cewa kishin kasa bai shiga cikin ra'ayinsa ba, kuma duk wani dan kasa na duniya zai iya daukar matsayinsa idan ya rike ka'idojin siyasar Kant, wanda Kant ya bayyana wa Green. Green ya yi mamakin yadda Kant ya iya bayyana ra'ayinsa, har Green ya ba da damar yin abota da Kant, kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa gidansa da yamma. Tsakanin shekarar (1750 da kuma 1754) Kant ya yi aiki a matsayin malami (Hauslehrer) a ƙauyen Lithuania na Jučiai (Jamus: Judtschen; kusan 20 km gabas da Königsberg, kuma a cikin Groß-Arnsdorf (yanzu Jarnołtowo kusa da Morąg (Jamus: Mohrungen), Poland), kusan 145 km gabas da Königsberg. Tatsuniyoyi da yawa sun taso game da halin Kant na sirri; an jera waɗannan, an bayyana, kuma an karyata su a cikin gabatarwar Goldthwait zuwa fassararsa na Abubuwan Lura akan Jin Kyawun Kyakkyawa da ɗaukaka. Manazarta 'Yan falsafan Jamus Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: archived copy as title Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

21657

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl%20Bangoura

Ismaël Bangoura

Ismaël Bangoura (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1985). ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Guinea da ke bugawa kungiyar Al-Taraji wasa. Koda yake matsayinsa na farko shi ne dan wasan gaba, Bangoura shi ma ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare-haren neman zira kwallo a raga. Kulub Fara Kwallo Bangoura ya fara aikin sa ne a Athlético Coléah na cikin gida, kafin yan wasan faransa Gazélec Ajaccio suka hango shi. Ya shiga cikin Harshen Kosikan gefe, ya jefa kwallaye 15 a wasanni 44 ga sabon kulob din, kafin ya koma Faransa Ligue 1 gefen Le Mans a shekara ta 2005. Ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2005 a karawar da suka yi da Marseille ta Faransa, inda ya fara wasansa na farko da kwallaye a ragar abokan karawarsa da ci 3-0. Ya kammala kakarsa ta farko bayan ya buga wasanni 23, inda ya ci kwallaye shida. Shine ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a Le Mans a kakar shekarun 2006 - 2007, inda ya ci kwallaye 12 cikin wasanni 33 sannan kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar Lig 1. Dynamo Kyiv A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2007, Bangoura ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da Dynamo Kyiv . An kiyasta kudin canja wurin kusan € 5 miliyan. Bangoura da sauri ya zama mai son masoya, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai burin zira kwallaye. An san shi da yin biki tare da takwaransa kuma mai tsaron baya na kasar Senegal Pape Diakhaté, kama da rawar Afirka. Yin wasa a Kyiv ya ba Bangoura damar nuna kwarewarsa a gasar Turai, tare da ƙungiyar da ke wasa a kakar shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2008 . Dan wasan gaban ya yi amfani da damar sosai, inda ya ci kwallaye uku a wasanni uku ga Yukren, ciki har da bugun yadi 25 a kan Manchester United a karawar da suka sha kashi 4-2 a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2007. Bangoura ya kuma zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Shakhtar Donetsk a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007, wanda ya kare da ci 2-1. Bangoura ya ci kwallo a karawa ta biyu a gasar cin kofin UEFA a karawar da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 3 da nema, inda ya aika Dynamo Kyiv zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, inda Shakhtar Donetsk ta buge ta bayan ta sha kashi ci 2-3 a jumulla. Stade Rennais A ranar 2 ga watan yulin shekarar 2009, Bangoura ya sanya hannu tare da Rennes kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu daga Dynamo Kyiv akan Yuro miliyan 11. Bangoura ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2009, inda ya zira kwallaye a raga a wasan da suka doke Boulogne da ci 3 da 0. Al Nasr SC A ranar 2 watan Satumba shekarar 2010, Bangoura ya sanya hannu kan Al Nasr SC Dubai akan kwangilar shekaru huɗu akan ƙididdigar kuɗin da aka yi imanin be 8 miliyan. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 16 ga Satumbar 2010 a wasan da suka doke Al-Ahli Dubai da ci 3-1. A lokacin kakar 2010–11, ya zura kwallaye 10 daga wasanni 17 a gasar laliga kuma Al Nasr da sauran kulaflikan Emirati sun yaba masa. A farkon kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2011 zuwa shekara ta 12, ya yanke shawarar barin kungiyar na wani dan lokaci domin buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka a watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, wanda hakan zai sa bai samu kusan watanni biyu ba. Al Nasr ya yarda da shawarar sa, amma bai jira shi ba. Bangoura ya maye gurbinsa da wasu yan wasan Brazil Careca da dan Ivory Coast Amara Diané. Manajan kungiyar Khalid Obaid ya bayyana cewa an yanke shawarar zai dade ba ya nan kuma wannan ba zai amfani kungiyar ba. Nantes Bangoura ya koma FC Nantes a gasar Lig 2 ta Faransa a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2012 kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu da rabi. Al Nasr SC daga baya ya tuhumi Bangoura saboda keta yarjejeniyar kwangila. Kwamitin sasanta rikicin FIFA ya tabbatar da ikirarin daga kungiyar ta UAE tare da umartar Bangoura da Nantes da su hada baki su biya fan miliyan 4.5 a matsayin diyya. An kuma dakatar da Bangoura na tsawon watanni huɗu kuma an hana Nantes yin canjin a cikin tagogin sau biyu a jere (bazara da hunturu ko kuma kaka ɗaya). Duk bangarorin biyu sun daukaka kara zuwa Kotun sasanta rikicin wasanni. Kafin FIFA DRC ta kammala, a ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2012, Bangoura ta bi Ummu Salal a kungiyar Qatar Stars League kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na wani lokaci. Yayi aiki da hanin tare da Qatar na kimanin watanni 2. Ayyukan duniya Rayuwar mutum A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018 kotun Faransa ta same shi da laifin zamba tare da cin tarar sa € 130,000; an kuma kwace gidansa. A karshen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020 Ismaël ya yi hira ta musamman da kamfanin dillacin labarai na kwallon kafa na Ukraine "FootballHub" tare da yabo na yabo ga 'yan wasan Yukren da dama da kuma Dynamo Kyiv gaba daya. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Pages with unreviewed translations

26647

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd%20ibn%20Harithah

Zayd ibn Harithah

Zayd ibn Harithah (Larabci: زَيْد ٱبْن حَارِثَة, Zayd ibn Ḥārithah) (c. 588-629 AZ), shi ne farkon Musulmin, sahabah kuma dan Annabin Musulunci, Muhammad. An yi masa kallon mutum na hudu da ya karbi Musulunci, bayan matar Muhammad Khadija, dan'uwan ​​Muhammad Ali, da kuma na kusa da Muhammad Abu Bakr, Zaid ya kasance bawa a gidan Khadija na tsawon shekaru da dama, amma daga baya Muhammad ya 'yanta kuma ya dauki Zayd a matsayin nasa bisa doka dan kansa. Zayd kwamanda ne a farkon sojojin musulmi kuma ya jagoranci balaguron farko na soja a zamanin Muhammad. Zayd ya jagoranci balaguronsa na ƙarshe a watan Satumba na shekara ta 629 A.Z., kuma ya tashi ya kai hari birnin Bosra na Rumawa. Sai dai sojojin Rumawa sun tare sojojin musulmi sannan aka kashe Zaid a yakin Mu'tah. Zaid ya auri wasu fitattun mata guda biyu na gidan Muhammad, ciki har da kawunsa Zainab da kuyangar mahaifiyarsa Ummu Ayman. Yarantaka An ce Zayd ya girmi Muhammad da shekaru goma, yana nuna shekarar haihuwar c. 581. An kuma ce yana da shekara 55 (watau) a wafatinsa a shekara ta 629, wanda ke nuni da ranar haihuwarsa 576. An haife shi a cikin reshen Udhra na kabilar Kalb a Najd, tsakiyar Larabawa. Ya yi da'awar zuriya ta goma sha biyu daga Udhra bn Zaid al-Lat bn Rufayda bn Thawr bn Kalb ibn Wabara. Mahaifiyar Zayd, Suda bint Thaalaba, ta fito ne daga reshen Maan na kabilar Tayy. Lokacin da Zaid ya kasance "Yaro karami na shekarun da zai iya zama bawa":  ya raka mahaifiyarsa ziyarar danginta. Yayinda suke zaune tare da kabilar Ma’an, mahaya dawakai daga kabilar Qayn suka far wa tantunansu suka yi garkuwa da Zaidu. Suka kai shi kasuwa a Ukkaz suka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa a kan dinari 400. Iyalan Zayd sun neme shi, amma ba su yi nasara ba. Ana jingina makoki ga mahaifinsa Harithah bn Sharahil (BaSharahil):Ina yi wa Zayd kuka, ban san me ya same shi ba. Shin yana raye, ana tsammaninsa, ko kuwa Mutuwa ta riske shi?. "Wallahi na roke ka har yanzu ban gane ba." Tuni ne ko dutse ne ya kawo karshen ku? "Da ma na sani: Shin za ku dawo?" A duniyar nan sai da dawowar ku nake buri. "Rana ta tuna da shi lokacin da gari ya waye, yana tayar da tunaninsa yayinda magriba ta fadi." Lokacin da iska ke kadawa, sai su tada tunani kamar kura. Ya kai tsawon raina da tsoro gareshi! Bauta a Makka Wani dan kasuwan Makka, Hakim bn Hizam ne ya siyo Zaidu, wanda ya ba yaron a matsayin kyauta ga innarsa Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. Ya kasance a hannunta har ranar da ta auri Muhammad, lokacin da ta ba wa angonta kyautar kuyanga. Muhammad ya shaku da Zayd sosai, wanda ya kira al-Ḥabīb (Larabci: ٱلْحَبِيْب, lit. 'Masoyi'). Bayan wasu shekaru, wasu 'yan kabilar Zayd ya faru sun isa Makka a kan aikin hajji. Suka ci karo da Zaidu suka gane juna, ya ce su kai sako gida.Ga sakon daga gare ni zuwa ga mutane na, cewa na yi nisa, ina kusa da dakin Allah inda ake zuwa aikin hajji kuma zan zauna nan. Bakin cikin da ya yi matukar damunku ya kwaranye, kada ku yi ta karakainar nema na a bayan kasa. Ina zaune tare da mafificiyar zuriya; ba a yi zurya da ta kai ya ta su tun daga iyayensu da 'ya'yansu. Da samun wannan sakon, nan da nan mahaifin Zaidu da kawunsa suka tashi zuwa Makka. Sun sami Muhammad a dakin Ka'aba, suka yi masa alkawarin duk wani fansa idan zai mayar musu da Zaidu. Muhammad ya amsa da cewa a bar Zayd ya zabi makomarsa, amma idan yana son komawa ga iyalansa, Muhammad zai bayar da shi, ba tare da karbar fansa a madadinsa ba. Sai suka kira Zayd, wanda cikin sauki ya gane mahaifinsa da kawunsa, amma ya gaya musu cewa ba ya son barin Muhammad, “domin na ga wani abu a cikin wannan mutumi, kuma ni ba irin mutumin da zan iya zabar kowa ba ne sabaninsa." A nan ne Muhammadu ya kai Zayd ga matakalar Ka'aba, inda aka amince da wannan yarjejeniyar a bisa shari'a kuma aka shaida, ya kuma yi wa jama'a bushara da cewa: "Ku shaida cewa Zaid ya zama dana, tare da hakkokin juna na gado." Da ganin haka, mahaifin Zayd da kawunsa “sun gamsu,” suka koma gida ba tare da shi ba. A daidai da al'adar Larabci na tallafi a lokacin, Zayd daga baya aka san shi da "Zayd ibn Muhammad" kuma ya kasance 'yantacce, dauke a cikin zamantakewa da kuma shari'a a matsayin dan Muhammad. Musulunta A wani kwanan wata da ba a sani ba kafin 610, Zayd ya raka Muhammad zuwa Ta'if, inda ya kasance al'adar sadaukar da nama ga gumaka. Kusa da Baldah a hanyarsu ta komawa Makka, sai suka gamu da Zaidu bn Amr, suka miqa masa wani dafaffen naman da Zaidu yake xauke da su a cikin jakarsu. Zaid bn Amr, mai tauhidi mai faxi, ya ce:  “Ba ni cin wani abu da kuke yanka da sunan gumakanku na dutse, ba ni cin kome sai abubuwan da aka ambaci sunan Allah a kansu a lokacin yanka. Bayan wannan haduwar, in ji Muhammad, “Ban taba shafa wani gunki nasu ba, ban kuma yi musu yanka ba, har sai da Allah ya girmama ni da manzancinsa." Lokacin da Muhammadu ya ba da labari a shekara ta 610 cewa ya sami wahayi daga mala'ika Jibril, Zayd na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara musulunta. Yayinda Khadijah ta kasance Musulma ta farko a cikin al'ummar Muhammadu, Makwabciyarta Lubaba bint al-Harith ce ta bi ta,  'ya'yanta mata hudu, da farkon wadanda suka musulunta, Ali, Zayd. da Abubakar. Hijira A shekara ta 622, Zaid ya shiga cikin sauran musulmi a Hijira zuwa Madina. Da zarar ya sauka a sabon garin, Muhammadu ya bukaci kowane musulmi da ya "dauki dan'uwa a cikin Addini" domin kowanne ya samu abokin tarayya a cikin al'umma. Zayd ya kasance tare da kawun Muhammad Hamza. Don haka, Hamza ya aminta da wa’adinsa na ƙarshe ga Zayd kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 625. Bayan 'yan watanni, Muhammad da Abubakar sun aika da Zaid ya koma Makka don ya raka iyalansu zuwa Madina. Taron dawowar ya kumshi matar Muhammad Sawda, da ‘ya’yansa mata Ummu Kulthum da Fatimah, da bawansa Abu Rafi, da matar Zaidu, Baraka da dansu Usama, da matar Abubakar Ummu Rumman, da ‘ya’yansa Asma, Abdullahi da Aisha, da jagora mai suna Abdullahi bn Urayqit, kuma dan'uwan ​​Abubakar Talhah shi ma ya yanke shawarar ya raka su. Aure da Yara Zaid ya yi aure akalla sau shida. Durrah (Fakhita) bint Abi Lahab, 'yar' uwan ​​Muhammadu. Sun rabu; Ba a san kwanakin ba, amma ’yan’uwan Durrah biyu sun rabu da ’ya’yan Muhammadu mata biyu a shekara ta 613. Ummu Ayman (Barakah), 'yar Muhammadu 'yantacce kuma mahaifiyar Ayman ibn Ubayd. Sun yi aure “bayan Musulunci” kuma an haifi ɗansu a shekara ta 612. Hind bint Al-Awwam, 'yar yayar Khadijah. Humayma bint Sayfi (Umm Mubashshir), matar Al-Baraa ibn Maarur, shugaba a Madina. Al-Baraa ya mutu a watan Agusta ko Satumba 622, don haka, auren Zaid ya kasance a cikin ko bayan 623. Zainab bint Jahsh, kani ga Muhammad. Sun yi aure a cikin 625 kuma sun sake su a ƙarshen 626. Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba ‘yar uwar halifa Usman ce ta wajen uwa. Muhammadu ne ya ba da umarnin auren a shekara ta 628, amma daga baya sun rabu. Zaid ya haifi 'ya'ya uku. Usama, ɗan Barakah, wanda yake da zuriyarsa, amma adadinsu bai wuce ashirin ba a kowane tsara. Zayd bin Ummu Kulthum, wanda ya rasu yana karami. Ruqayya diyar Ummu Kulthum, wadda ta rasu a karkashin kulawar Uthman. Auren Zainab bint Jahsh A wajajen 625 Muhammad ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yar'uwarsa, Zaynab bint Jahsh, ta auri Zayd. Da farko ta ki a kan cewa ita Baquraisha ce.  An yi nuni da cewa bambance-bambancen zamantakewar Zainab da na Zaidu ne ya sa Muhammadu ya so a daura auren. Annabi yana sane da cewa tsayuwar mutum ce a gaban Allah take da muhimmanci, maimakon matsayinsa a wajen mutane... aurensu zai nuna cewa ba su ne kakanninsu ba, a a. Tsayuwarsu a wurin Allah abin ya kasance. Akasin haka, Montgomery Watt ya yi nuni da cewa Zayd na da daraja a wurin Muhammadu. Da kyar ta yi tunanin bai isa ba. Ita mace ce mai buri, duk da haka, mai yiwuwa ta riga ta yi fatan auren Muhammad, ko kuma ta so ta auri wanda Muhammadu ba ya son danginsa su kasance da kusanci da juna. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya sanar da wata sabuwar ayar Kur'ani,33:36, Zainab ta yarda ta auri Zaid. Saki daga Zainab Auren bai wuce shekara biyu ba. A cewar masana tarihi na karni na 9 Ibn Sa'd da al-Tabari, Muhammad ya kai ziyara gidan Zaid. Labulen fatar gashin da ke a Kofar gidan Zaid ya fice a gefe, da gangan zainab ta fito sanye da kayan aikinta kawai. Zaynab ta tashi ta yi kwalliya, tana yi wa Muhammad nasiha cewa zaid baya gida amma yabar gidan. Sai dai bai shiga ba. Ya ce a ransa: “Godiya ta tabbata ga Allah wanda Yake juya zukata”. sannan ya fita.  Zaid ya dawo gida, Zainab ta ba shi labarin abinda ya faru. Zaid ya je wurin Muhammad, yana cewa: “Annabi, na ji labarin ziyararka. Watakila kana sha'awar Zainab, don haka zan sake ta." Muhammad ya amsa masa da cewa, a a ka ji tsoron Allah ka rike matarka. Bayan haka ne aka samu rikici tsakanin ma'auratan, kuma Zainab ta rufe Zaid daga dakin. Zaid ya saki Zainab a watan Disamba 626. Sai dai mafi yawan malaman musulmi sun yi watsi da wannan labari musamman saboda rashin samun wani isnadi na ruwaya da rashinsa gaba daya daga wani ingantaccen hadisi. Wasu masu tafsiri sun ga cewa ba zato ba tsammani Muhammad zai fahimci kyawun Zainab wata rana bayan ya san ta tsawon rayuwarta; da kyawunta ne ya sa Muhammad ya aure ta, da da kansa ya aurar da ita tun farko maimakon ya shirya aurenta da Zaidu. A cewar mai fassara Fishbein Zaynab, wanda dan'uwan ​​Muhammadu ne, ya yi aure ta tsarin Muhammadu ga bawa Muhammad da 'ya'yanta Zayd b. Harithah, wanda ya rayu a gidan Muhammadu kuma ya zo a matsayin ɗan renonsa - don haka a kai a kai ana kiransa da Zayd, ɗan Muhammad. Ko auren zaid da zainab ya kasance azzalumi tun farko hasashe ne, duk da cewa labarin ya tabbatar da cewa Zaidu bai hakura ba ya saki matarsa ​​ya bar ta ta auri Muhammad. An bayyana Muhammad a matsayin wanda ba ya son cigaba da daurin auren saboda kura-kuran da ake yi game da ko auren tsohuwar matar ɗan da aka ɗauke shi ya keta haddi na aure. Al'adar Larabawa sun gane dangantakar dangi ba bisa ga alaƙar jini ba: reno (jinin mace ɗaya) ɗaya ce irin wannan dangantakar; Tambayar ko reno ya shiga cikin wannan nau'in dole ne ya kasance babu tabbas a tsakanin musulmi. Ba a yi auren ba sai bayan an saukar da Alkur’ani mai girma, wanda ya ba wa muminai izinin auren matan ‘ya’yansu da suka saki. Canja dokokin riko a Musulunci Bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, an daina gane tsarin karbe Larabawa na gargajiya a Musulunci; aka maye gurbinsa da kafala. An rubuta ayoyi uku na Alkur'ani game da haka. Al-Tabari ya ce, an saukar da Q33:40 ne saboda “Munafukai sun sanya wannan batu na zancensu, kuma suka zargi Annabi, suka ce: “Muhammad ya hana [aure] da [tsohon] matan ‘ya’yansa, amma ya auri [tsohon] matar dansa Zayd." Zaid ya koma zama sananne da asalin sunansa na Zayd ibn Harithah kuma yanzu ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan Muhammad na shari'a ba bayan wahayin Q33:5. Ibn Saad ya nuna cewa Q33:37 wani umarni ne na musamman ga Muhammadu da Zainab da su yi aure kuma ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aurensu ya wajaba. Balaguron soji Zaid ya kasance “daya daga cikin mashahuran maharba daga cikin Sahabban Annabi.” Ya yi yaki a Uhud, Trench da Khaibar, kuma ya kasance a wajen yakin Hudaibiyya. Lokacin da Muhammad ya kai hari Al-Muraysi, ya bar Zayd a baya a matsayin gwamna a Madina. Zaid ya jagoranci balaguron soji guda bakwai. Al-Qarada a watan Nuwamba 624. Ya kama ayarin kayayyaki, amma mafi yawan ‘yan kasuwar Makka suka tsere. Juma'a a watan Satumba 627. Al-'Is a Oktoba 627. At-Taraf, wani hari a yankin Nakhl "a kan hanyar zuwa Iraki":  Wadi al-Qura. Zayd ya kai hari a yankin a watan Nuwamba 627, amma kabilar Fazara sun kai hari, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikin musulmi, yayinda aka dauke Zayd daga filin wasa. Zaid ya lashi takobin daukar fansa kuma, bayan ya warke daga raunin da ya samu a watan Janairun 628, ya koma Wadi al-Qura da wata babbar runduna. Wannan karon ya ci Fazari. Hisma, ko Khushayn, a kan kabilar Judham  a watan Oktoba 628. Yakin Mu'uta a watan Satumba 629, inda aka kashe Zaid. A’isha ta ce: “Manzon Allah bai taba tura Zaidu bn Haritha cikin runduna ba tare da ya nada shi a matsayin shugabanta ba, ko da kuwa ya zauna bayan ya nada shi”. Rasuwa a Yakin Mu'uta da bayansa Zaid ibn Harithah ya jagoranci ziyararsa ta ƙarshe a watan Satumba na shekara ta 629 M.Z. Rundunar musulmi mai mutane 3,000 ta tashi don kai farmaki a birnin Basra na Rumawa. Duk da haka, sojojin Rumawa na "Girkawa 100,000 tare da mutane 100,000 daga Lakhm da Judham da Al-Qayn da Bahra' da Bali"  suka tare su a wani kauye mai suna 'Mu'tah'. Zaid ya riqe ma’auni a wajen yaqin, har sai da mashi ya buge shi sai ya zubar da jini har ya mutu. Sauran shugabannin biyu, Ja’afar bn Abi Talib da ‘Abd Allāh bn Rawahah, su ma an kashe su, aka tarwatsa sojojin musulmi. Da jin labarin mutuwar Zayd, Muhammad ya tafi wurin iyali. ‘Yar Zaidu ta yi kuka a gaban Manzon Allah, sai Manzon Allah ya yi kuka, Sa’ad bn Ubada ya ce: “Manzon Allah mene ne wannan? Sai ya amsa da cewa, wannan ita ce kwadayin masoyi ga masoyi. Manazarta Kara karantawa Powers, David, Zayd, the little-known story of Muhammad's adopted son, Pennsylvania University Press, 2014 Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford University Press, 1953 Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956 Lings, Martin. The life of Muhammad from the earliest sources.

25529

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Holland

André Holland

André Holland (an haife shi a watan Disamba 28, 1979) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Amurka, wanda aka san shi sosai don wasan kwaikwayonsa na 2016 a matsayin Kevin a cikin Fim ɗin Kyautar Kyautar Moonlight. A duk aikinsa, Holland ya yi aiki a fim, talabijin, da shirye -shiryen wasan kwaikwayo. A talabijin, ya yi tauraro a matsayin Dr. Algernon Edwards a cikin jerin Cinemax The Knick (2014 - 2015) kuma a matsayin Matt Miller a cikin jerin FX na Labarin Horror na Amurka: Roanoke (2016). Ya nuna ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Andrew Young a cikin fim ɗin 2014 Selma da marubucin wasanni Wendell Smith a cikin fim na 2013 na 42 . A kan mataki, ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan Wilson Wilson na <i id="mwGw">Jitney</i> akan Broadway a 2017. A cikin 2020, yana taka rawa a kan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Netflix The Eddy, wanda Damien Chazelle ya jagoranta. Rayuwar farko An haife Holland kuma ya girma a Bessemer, Alabama . Ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Katolika ta John Carroll . Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin samar da Oliver! a Birmingham Summerfest Theatre, yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Florida kuma ya yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a cibiyar nazarin FSU London lokacin da yake can. Ya kuma samu wani Master of Fine Arts digiri daga New York University a shekarar 2006. Sana'a 2006–2015: Aikin farko Wasan Holland na farko akan allon ya kasance a cikin wani labari na Doka &amp; Umarni a 2006. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Holland ta fara yin wasanni akai -akai akan mataki. A cikin 2006, ya nuna haruffa uku a cikin wasan Blue Door . Charles Isherwood na The New York Times ya ba da aikinsa kyakkyawan bita. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya buga Eric a wasan Wig Out! kuma ya ɗauki matsayinsa na farko na fim a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na <i id="mwQA">Sugar</i> . A shekara mai zuwa, ya nuna Elegba da Marcus a cikin The Brother/Sister Plays . A cikin shekara ta 2010, an jefa shi cikin wasan Matthew Lopez The The Whipping Man, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Vivian Robinson/Audelco don Mafi Tallafin Mai wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekara ta 2011, ya yi tauraro a matsayin Julian "Fitz" Fitzgerald a cikin ɓangarori da yawa na NBC sitcom Abokai tare da Amfana . A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya nuna Wendell Smith a cikin fim na 42 . A cikin shekara ta 2014, ya nuna Andrew Young a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Ava DuVernay Selma . Don rawar da ya taka, an ba shi lambar yabo don lambar yabo ta NAACP don Babban Jarumin Tallafawa a cikin Hoto . Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2015, ya yi tauraro a cikin rawar tallafawa gaban Clive Owen a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Cinemax The Knick . 2016 -yanzu: Hasken wata da bayan A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shashida, ya sami sanarwa mai yawa don aikinsa kamar Kevin a fim ɗin Barry Jenkins na fim ɗin <i id="mwaw">Moonlight</i>, wanda ya sami babban yabo da yabo da yawa . Fim ɗin ya lashe lambobin yabo na Academy da yawa, gami da Mafi kyawun Hoto, a bikin shekara na 89th . Wasu masu sukar fim sun nuna wasan Holland, gami da waɗanda ke Rolling Stone da GQ, waɗanda suka yi masa lakabi da "fitacce" a cikin fim ɗin. A matsayin memba na fim ta gungu simintin, ya samu wani gabatarwa domin yi fice a wasan da wani Cast a Motion Picture a 23rd Screen Actors Kungiya Awards . Ya kuma karɓi nade -nade na Mafi kyawun Mai Tallafi daga Fim ɗin Filastik na Florida da Fitaccen Mai Tallafawa a Kyautar Black Reel Awards . Bayan nasarar Moonlight, a cikin shekara ta 2017, Holland ta nuna Youngblood a wasan Wilson Wilson na <i id="mwjg">Jitney</i> akan Broadway. Daga baya ya fito a cikin fim ɗin DuVernay na almara mai ban sha'awa A Wrinkle in Time, wanda aka saki a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 2018. Fim din ya samu gamsuwa daga masu suka. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya nuna babban halayen Henry Matthew Deaver akan jerin Hulu <i id="mwmQ">Castle Castle</i> ; juyawarsa a cikin jerin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu suka, ciki har da Amy Woolsey na Vulture, wanda ya yaba aikinsa a matsayin "mai rubutu." Tun daga watan Yuli na shekara 2018, ya yi tauraro a cikin samar da Othello a Shakespeare's Globe, mai tsada tare da Mark Rylance . A cikin shekara ta 2018, ya kuma yi wasansa na farko na Off Off Broadway tare da samar da Greg Keller's Dutch Masters . Filmography Fim Talabijin Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed translations

50190

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVerne%20Krause

LaVerne Krause

LaVerne Erickson Krause (1924-1987) Yar wasan Amurka ce.Ta kafa shirin buga littattafai na Jami'ar Oregon kuma ta koyar a wurin har tsawon shekaru ashirin,ta samar da zane-zane asama da dubu goma a rayuwarta.It mai ba da shawara ce ga yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki na masu fasaha, ta taka rawar gani wajen kafa babin Oregon na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa.An "san tane saboda fitattun gudunmawar da ta bayar a matsayin ta na malama, mai zane-zane,sannan mai fafutukar fasaha". Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi LaVerne Krause a Portland, Oregon . An ɗauke ta tana da shekara shida da haihuwa kuma ta girma a wata gona a wajen Portland tare da Mayan kawunenta maza da mata,james Martin da Hannah (Wrolstad) Erickson. Ta halarci Jami'ar Oregon da ke Eugene a kan tallafin karatu na fasaha, tana aiki a lokacin bazara a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Commercial Iron Works a Portland a matsayin ma'aunin sikeli da ke lalata tarkacen jiragen ruwa don cire tsatsa,kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin ma'aikaciyar injin zane a wani aikin ƙarfe na jirgin ruwa,poole McGonigle. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1946. Yayin da take Jami'ar Oregon,ta yi karatu a karkashin Jack Wilkinson, wanda ta daukeshi a matsayin babban malaminta. A Portland,ta halarci azuzuwa kuma daga ƙarshe ta fara koyarwa a Makarantar Art Museum . Bayan kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Oregon a 1946,ta auri Labrecht Gerhard Krause,b alokacin taking sojojin duniya na biyu wanda ta san tun daga makarantar firamare.Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. A cikin 1949 ma'auratan sun koma Portland,inda ya ci gaba da aiki da Kamfanin Biscuit na kasa. Sana'a Nunin farko na Krause a cikin nunin fasaha mai juried ya kasance a gidan kayan gargajiya na Portland a cikin sheka ta 1949. A shekara ta 1951,ta fara daukar darasi a Makarantar Fasaha ta kayan tarihi, wanda gidan kayan tarihi na Portland ke daukar nauyinta, kuma hotonta na farko da aka nuna ya kasance a Louis Bunce's Kharouba Gallery a Portland. A shekara ta 1952,ta gudanar da baje kolin solo na farko a Portland Art Museum. A 1954,aikin mijinta ya mayar da iyali zuwa Eugene kuma Krause ya zama mai aiki a cikin gida Artists Equity. Sun koma Portland shekaru biyu bayan haka, inda Krause ya zama mai sha'awar yankan itace da etching ta 1956,da bugawa ta 1958,a matsayin dalibi na rabin lokaci a Makarantar Art Museum. An sake ta a shekar ta 1960, Krause ta koyar da azuzuwan yara a Makarantar Art Museum, kuma ta halarci wurin a rabin a way na lokaci a matsayin ɗaliba. Ta baje kolin zane-zanenta na siyarwa a wani dakin shakatawa da kuma a harabar gidan cin abinci na Gay Nineties a kudu maso yammacin Portland. A cikin shekara ta 1965, Jack Wilkinson ya gayyaci Krause don ba da lacca a Eugene a kan "Long Life of the woodcut", kuma daga baya ya gayyace ta shiga ciki dan baiwa don koyar da etching. Ta fara shirin bugawa a Jami'ar Oregon a matsayin mace daya tilo a cikin Sashen Fine da Aiyuka Arts (yanzu Sashen Fasaha). Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimin Jami'a akan Matsayin Mata, kuma Gov. Mark Hatfield ya nada ta a Majalisar Tsare-tsare don Fasaha, wanda ya kai ga kafa Hukumar Fasaha ta Oregon . A cikin 1981 ta taimaka wajen kafa Majalisar Bugawa na Arewa maso Yamma. Krause ta koyar a Jami'ar Oregon daga 1966 zuwa 1986,inda aka san ta da "tasiri mai karfi akan daliban fasaha da matasa masu fasaha". Ta ƙirƙiro da zane sama da dubu goma a rayuwarta. Krause ya ba da shawara ga yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki na masu fasaha, kuma ya zama memba mai kafa na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu fasaha ta Oregon.Ta zama shugabar ta daga 1954 zuwa 1955 da 1966–1968; ta kasance shugaban kasa na Ma'aikatar Masu Mahimmanci daga 1969 zuwa 1970. A cewar Arlene Schnitzer, "Hanyar baya kafin ta kasance gaye, ta kasance mai gwagwarmaya madadin mata da masu fasaha." "Ta koyar dani Abu da yawa," in ji Schnitzer . Krause ta mutu a Babban Asibitin Zuciya a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1987,a shekaru 62, bayan ta yi fama da cutar kansa tsawon shekaru hudu. Salon fasaha Gidan kayan gargajiya na Portland sun ajiye kayan tarihin rayuwar Krause da aka buga a cikin Oregon Painters: Shekaru Ɗari na Farko (1859-1959), lura da cewa a cikin 1959 salonta ya koma ga rashin fahimta:palette dinta ya bambanta daga zazzafan purple, ja, da turquoise zuwa pastels masu sanyi, tare da launi mai maimaitawa. Ta yi imani haske da launi sune tsakiyar isar da yanayin abin da aka samu. . . Hotunanta na farko sun nuna gadoji, birane, da gine-gine - waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don halayen tsarin su da kuma ikonsu na motsa jiki. Yayin da zanenta ya girma, sai ta sauke su zuwa mafi sauƙi, ta yin amfani da launi da haske don haɓaka hangen nesa. Kyaututtuka da gado Krause ta sami lambar yabo ta Ford Foundation a 1964 a Seattle. Ta kasance sananniya a cikin 1980 tare da mafi girman girmamawar da Oregon ya ba wa mai fasaha, lambar yabo ta Gwamnan Oregon. A cikin 1991, Jami'ar Oregon ta ƙirƙira LaVerne Krause Gallery a Lawrence Hall don girmama ta. Gidan hoton yana ɗaukar baje kolin zane-zane na ɗalibai a duk shekara ta ilimi. Duba kuma Jami'ar Oregon School of Architecture da Allied Arts Nassoshi Bayanan kula a. Majiyoyin sun yi karo da ranar mutuwar ta. Eugene Register-Guard a ranar Alhamis, 7 ga Mayu, 1987, antabbatar da rahoton mutuwarta a ranar Laraba (Mayu 6, 1987) . Madogara na biyu, duk da haka, rikodin "Oregon Death Index, 1898-2008" akan Ancestry.com, ya ba da rahoton mutuwar daban-daban: Mayu 5, 1987 . (ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi don samun damar yin rekodin akan Ancestry.com. ) b. ^  Majiyoyin sun yi karo da yadda aka rubuta sunan mijinta. Tattaunawar tarihin baka na LaVerne Krause a cikin Smithsonian Archives of American Art ya rubuta sunansa da "a" a farkon syllable, a matsayin "Labrecht". USMarine Muster Rolls da aka lissafta akan Ancestry.com jera sunansa a matsayin Lebrecht tare da "e" a farkon syllable. Fihirisar Aure na Oregon da Laburaren Jihar Oregon ke kula da shi kuma ya lissafa sunansa a matsayin "Lebrecht" . (ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi don samun damar yin rikodin akan Ancestry.com.)

49240

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Maria%20Neves

José Maria Neves

José Maria Pereira Neves ( Portuguese: [ʒuˈzɛ mɐˈɾiɐ pɨˈɾejɾɐ ˈnɛvɨʃ] ; an haife shi 28 Maris 1960) ɗan siyasan Cape Verde ne wanda a halin yanzu shine shugaban Cape Verde, wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Cape Verde daga 2001 zuwa 2016. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Afirka don Independence na Cape Verde(PAICV). A zaben shugaban kasa na 2021, an zabe shi da kashi 51.7% na kuri'u, inda ya doke abokin hamayyarsa Carlos Veiga wanda ya samu kashi 42.4% na jimillar kuri'un. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Neves a tsibirin Santiago a shekara ta 1960. Ya fara sha'awar siyasar Cape Verde tun yana matashi, kuma shi ne jagoran wata kungiyar matasa masu kishin kasa a lokacin da kasar ta sauya sheka daga mulkin Portugal zuwa'yancin kai da dimokradiyya a 1975. Wani ɓangare na karatunsa na gaba shine a Makarantar Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta São Paulo na Gidauniyar Getúlio Vargas a Brazil . Ya koma Cape Verde a cikin 1980s kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a cibiyoyin jihohi daban-daban. Daga 1987 zuwa 1989, ya kasance kodineta na Ayyukan Gudanarwa da Gyara da Zamantakewa. Daga 1988 zuwa 1988, ya kasance daraktan cibiyar horar da jama'a ta kasa. Daga shekarar 1989 zuwa 1998, ya kasance mai ba da shawara a fannin horar da jama’a da ci gaban ayyukan al’umma. Sana'ar siyasa A cikin 1989, ya zama memba na jam'iyyar PAICV. A matsayin dan takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar a taron PAICV na Satumba 1997, ya fuskanci Pedro Pires ; Pires ya doke Neves a zaben shugabancin, inda ya lashe kashi 68% na kuri'un. A watan Mayun 2000, Neves — sannan ya zama shugaban majalisar Santa Catarina Town Council — ya sanar da cewa zai sake neman shugabancin PAICV a taron jam'iyyar Yuni 2000; Pires ya bar shugabancin PAICV ne da sa ran tsayawa takararsa a zaben shugaban kasa na shekara mai zuwa. Bayan da ya zama firaministan kasar Sin, ya kulla huldar diplomasiyya da jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin . A cikin 2002, ya sanya hannu kan "yarjejeniya ta musamman" tare da Tarayyar Turai, an tattauna ta a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2005. A cikin 2007, ya yi kira ga dangantaka ta musamman da Tarayyar Turai saboda kusancin tsibiran da sauran tsibiran Macaronesia, waɗanda yankuna ne na Spain da Portugal. An gudanar da taro tare da CPLP (Ƙasashen Masu Magana na Portuguese) a cikin Nuwamba 2002. Ya kuma gana da Alamara Nhassé, firaministan Guinea-Bissau . Ya rike karin fayil din Ministan Kudi daga 2003 zuwa 2004. A watan Agustan 2005, ya ziyarci Brazil, inda ya zagaya jihohi shida kuma ya sami masu sauraro tare da Shugaba Lula da Silva . Wani batu na tattaunawa shine zuba jari a Cape Verde, ciki har da Jami'ar Cape Verde, jami'ar farko ta jama'a a cikin tsibirin. Ya lashe zaben ' yan majalisar dokoki na 2006 a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu da kashi 52.28% na kuri'un da aka kada kuma ya samu kujeru 41. kuma a ranar 7 ga Maris, ya yi wa'adi na biyu a matsayin Firayim Minista. Bankin Duniya da IMF sun yanke hukunci mai kyau kan manufofin tattalin arziki da na kudi. Yayin da yake amincewa da illolin da bauta da mulkin mallaka ke haifarwa a Afirka, Neves ya ce a cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 cewa shugabannin Afirka su ne ke da alhakin matsalolin da nahiyar ke fuskanta a yau, kuma "dole ne su dauki nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu na samar da wata dabara mai kyau ga makomar Afirka da za ta ci moriya. daga dukkan karfinsa na dan Adam da albarkatun kasa." A ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2007, ya so ya ba Cape Verde matsayi na musamman tare da ECOWAS . An sanar da sabuwar gwamnati a karkashin Neves a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2008, tare da ministoci shida da suka shiga gwamnati yayin da ministoci hudu suka bar ta. Uku daga cikin sabbin ministocin mata ne, wanda ya zama gwamnati ta farko a Cape Verde da ke da rinjayen mata (takwas cikin 15 na mukamai). A ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 2011, yawancin masu jefa ƙuri'a na Cape Verde suka zaɓe shi a wa'adi na uku da kashi 52.68 bisa MPD da 38 daga cikin kujeru 72, wanda hakan ya ƙara ƙarfafa tasirin jam'iyyarsa a majalisar dokokin Cape Verde. Ya ziyarci taron ciniki, na 4th Global Review of Aid for Trade in daga 8 zuwa 10 Yuli 2013. A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014, ya sanar da wata gwamnati . Janira Hopffer Almada ya gaji Neves a matsayin shugabar bangaren majalisa na jam'iyyar PAICV. Bayan zaben ' yan majalisa na 2016 a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, Ulisses Correia e Silva ya gaje shi a matsayin Firayim Minista. A cikin Oktoba 2021, José Maria Neves, ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a zagayen farko na 17 ga Oktoba. Bisa sakamakon farko da aka buga a shafin yanar gizon hukuma, ya samu kashi 51.5% na kuri'un da aka kada, wanda ya zama cikakkiyar rinjaye da ya zama dole a zabe shi a zagayen farko. A matsayin marubuci Neves kuma marubucin littattafai ne da wasu labaran labarai. An buga wasu daga cikin waɗannan a wasu ƙasashen Afirka da wasu sassan Turai da Brazil. Ya rubuta: Ensaios sobre la Administrativa de la Ciência Política A Teória de la Administração Pública em Cabo Verde ( Ka'idar Gudanar da Jama'a a Cape Verde ) Principios sobre a Administração Pública em Cabo Verde no Século XXI O Estado ea Administração Pública em Cabo Verde ( Jiha da Hukumar Mulki a Cape Verde ) Administração Pública no Concelho do Santa Catarina ( Hukumar Gudanarwa a cikin Municipality na Santa Catarina ) Ya Estado na Era da Modernização no Cabo Verde. ( Jihar a cikin Zaman Zamantakewa a Cape Verde ) Uma Agenda de Transformação para Cabo Verde ( Ajandar Canji na Cape Verde ) Cabo Verde - Gestão das Impossibilidades ( Cape Verde - Gudanar da abubuwan da ba za a iya yiwuwa ) Um Futuro a Construir, em co-autoria com Francisco Pinto Balsemão. ( Makomar Gina ), tare da Francisco Pinto Balsemão a matsayin marubucin haɗin gwiwa manazarta Kara karantawa Richard A. Lobban Jr et Paul Khalil Saucier, "José Maria Neves Pereira", Kamus na Tarihi na Jamhuriyar Cape Verde, Scarecrow Press, 2007, p. 167. ISBN 978-0-8108-4906-8   Tarihin Rayuwa, Jami'ar Boston, Oktoba 9, 2003 |- Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1960 Jose maria neves

27935

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemi%20Ajibade

Yemi Ajibade

Articles with hCards Yemi Ajibade (28 Yulin shekarar 1929 - 24 Janairu 2013 ), yawanci yaba kamar yadda Yemi Ajibade, Yemi Goodman Ajibade ko Ade-Yemi Ajibade, wani danNijeriya marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, actor kuma darekta wanda, bayan ya magance a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1950s, sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya da kuma kundin wasan kwaikwayo na Black. A cikin sana'ar da ta dauki tsawon rabin karni, ya bayar da umarni da rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da dama da suka samu nasara, da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo da dama na talabijin, da mataki, da rediyo da kuma fina-finai. Asali da kuma ilimi An haifi Adeyemi Olanrewaju Goodman Ajibade a gidan sarauta na Ọràngún daga Ìlá Òràngún, Jihar Osun, a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Abeokuta, sannan ya yi karatu a Landan, a Kwalejin Shari'a da Kasuwanci ta Kennington (1955), a The Actors' Workshop (1960), sannan daga 1966 zuwa 1968 a Makarantar Fasaha ta Fina-Fina ta London (yanzu fim ɗin London. Makaranta ), inda ya kasance tare da mai shirya fina-finai Horace Ové (wanda ya tuna cewa su ne kawai dalibai biyu baƙar fata a makarantar a lokacin). Ayyuka Tun farkon zamansa a Burtaniya, Ajibade ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na wasannin gidan rediyo na Sashen Afirka na BBC . Kamar yadda furodusa Fiona Ledger ta tuna a shekara ta 2007: “A shekarar 1960 ne shugaban Sashen Afirka ya nemi Marigayi furodusan BBC John Stockbridge ya tsara wani irin wasan kwaikwayo ga masu sauraron Afirka. Ya fito da jerin shirye-shirye, wasan opera na sabulu da aka saita a Landan. Babu kwafin da ya tsira, amma" Yemi Ajibade "ya ɗauki matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa, yana zagawa Ingila da sasanta rigima." A ci gaba da bunkasa aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo, an yaba masa a shekarar 1963 a matsayin "daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi fice a Afirka ta Yamma". Tare da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka haɗa da Yulisa Amadu Maddy, Leslie Palmer, Eddie Tagoe, Karene Wallace, Basil Wanzira, da Elvania Zirimu, da sauransu, Ajibade ya fito a cikin wani shiri na Lindsay Barrett 's Blackblast! wanda aka yi fim a 1973 don bugu na musamman na BBC Biyu na shirin fasaha da nishadi Cikakken Gida wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga ayyukan marubuta, masu fasaha, mawaƙa da masu shirya fina-finai na Yammacin Indiya. Kundin wasanninsa ya ƙunshi ayyuka a cikin jerin wasannin talabijin kamar Armchair Theater (wanda ya yi tauraro a cikin 1963 a cikin "Bishiyar Chocolate" na Andrew Sinclair, tare da Earl Cameron da Peter McEnery ), Mutumin Haɗari (1965), Dixon na Dock Green. (1968), Douglas Botting 's The Black Safari (1972), The Fosters (1976), Fursunonin Conscience (1981), da Silent Witness (1996), da kuma aiki a kan mataki - misali, a cikin "Plays Umbrella", kakar sabbin wasannin kwaikwayo guda biyar da aka ba da izini na musamman, a Riverside Studios (a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Drum Arts Center, London) a cikin watan Agusta 1980, da Nicholas Wright 's suna wasa Day Fine Day (1980 a Riverside Studios) da The Custom na Ƙasar (1983 a The Pit, Cibiyar Barbican ), da kuma a cikin Lorraine Hansberry 's Les Blancs ( Royal Exchange Theatre, 2001) - da kuma bayyanar fina-finai ciki har da a cikin Terence Fisher 's The Devil Rides Out (1968), Monte Hellman 's Shatter (1974), Hanif Kureshi 's London Kills Ni (1991), Skin (1995, wr) itten ta Sarah Kane ), Dirty Pretty Things (2002), Exorcist: The Beginning (2004) da Flawless tare da Demi Moore da Michael Caine (2007). A cikin shekara ta 1966 Ajibade ya jagoranci tawagar 'yan Burtaniya, Indiya ta Yamma da Afirka zuwa bikin Baƙar fata ta Duniya a Dakar, Senegal, inda ya jagoranci shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Obi Egbuna na Wind Versus Polygamy ; a Bikin Bakar Fata na Duniya karo na biyu da aka yi a Legas a shekarar 1977 Ajibade ya kasance mai kula da al’amuran wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1975 Hukumar Ilimi ta London ta nada shi a matsayin mai koyarwa, kuma ya zama daraktan fasaha na Cibiyar Keskidee da ke arewacin Landan, inda ya ba da umarnin shirya fim ɗin Wole Soyinka 's The Swamp Dwellers (13-23 Maris). 1975). Daga cikin sanannun aikin Ajibade a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shine Parcel Post, wanda anyi amfani dasu wajen wasanni 29 na Kamfanin Turanci na Stage Company a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Court a 1976-77, wanda Donald Howarth ya jagoranta, tare da simintin gyare-gyaren da ke nuna irin su Rudolph Walker, Christopher. Asante, da Taiwo Ajai (wanda ta ce nata aikin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne kwatsam "lokacin da ta yi tuntuɓe a kan Yemi Ajibade akan wani shiri"). Wasan kwaikwayo na Ajibade na baya sun haɗa da Fingers Only (asali mai suna Lagos, Yes Lagos lokacin da BBC ta watsa shi a cikin 1971 kuma aka buga shi a cikin Nine African Plays for Radio a 1973), wanda a cikin 1982 ya shirya don Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kwando ta Black Theater ( Yanzu NitroBeat ) Mustapha Matura ne ya jagoranci shi a The Factory Theatre, Battersea Arts Center, da Albany Empire . Ana jiran Hannibal ya buɗe a watan Yuni 1986 a Drill Hall, sannan kuma yawon shakatawa na ƙasa ya biyo baya, tare da Burt Caesar da Ajibade suna jagorantar simintin gyare-gyare wanda ya haɗa da Judith Jacobs, Wilbert Johnson da sauransu; da Dogon Hanya Daga Gida Nicolas Kent ne ya samar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle a 1991, tare da Ajibade da kansa ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo. Ajibade ya kuma yi aiki a Ibadan a karshen shekarun 1970, a matsayin marubuci kuma mai bada umurni tsakanin (1976 – 79) tare da Masallatan Unibadan, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Jami’ar Ibadan . A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta 2008, a All-Star Gala da aka gudanar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo Royal Stratford East a kan bikin 10th na Tiata Fahodzi, Ajibade an karrama shi a matsayin jagoran gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya da Afirka, tare da Taiwo Ajai-Lycett, Dotun Adebayo, Dona Croll, Femi Oguns, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Hugh Quarshie da sauransu. Yemi Ajibade ya rasu a kasar Birtaniya a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2013 a lokacin yana da shekaru 83. Wasanni Kyauta (ba a samar da shi ba) Bayan Dutsen – wanda aka fara samar da shi: Masallatan Unibadan, 1977 Fingers Only – wanda aka fara samar da shi: The Factory, Battersea Arts, London (Black Theater Co-operative, wanda Mustapha Matura ya jagoranta), 1982. Kamar Legas, Ee Legas, Rediyon BBC, 1971. Hanya mai tsayi daga Gida - wanda aka fara samarwa: Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle, London (Nicolas Kent ne ya jagoranci), 1991 Mokai – wanda aka fara samarwa: Masallatan Unibadan, 1979 Parcel Post - wanda aka fara samarwa: Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Court, London, 16 Maris 1976 Jiran Hannibal - wanda aka fara samarwa: Drill Hall, London (Haɗin gwiwar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Black, wanda Ajibade ya jagoranta tare da Burt Caesar), 1986 Para Ginto (baƙin sigar Peer Gynt ) - Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle, 1995 Nassoshi Yatsu Kawai Kuma Wani Mutum Yayi Suna Mokai . Ibadan: Y-Book Drama series, 2001, 142 pp.  Rubutun Parcel da Bayan Dutsen . Ibadan: Y-Book Drama series, 2001, 147 pp. ISBN 978-2659-89-4 Gwyneth Henderson da Cosmo Pieterse (eds), Wasan Afirka Tara don Rediyo (ya haɗa da "Lagos, Yes Lagos" na Yemi Ajibade), Littattafan Ilimi na Heinemann, AWS, 127, 1973. Fina-finai Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yemi Ajibade a Dollee.com DuniyaCat. Records na Black Theater Co-operative - Nitro Theatre Company, The National Archives. "Yemi Ajibade", Black Plays Archive, National Theatre. Yemi Ajibade jarumin ya yaba, Filmography at Cineplex. Manazarta Yarimomi a Najeriya Marubutan kasar turai a karni na 20 Yan Najeriya da sukai hijira zuwa Burtaniya Yan Najeriya masu bada umurni shiri Yan wasan kwaikwayo Burtaniya a karni na 20 Yan wasan kwakwayo da drama na kasar Burtaniya Daliban jami'ar Ibadan Tsaffin daliban London Film School\ Yarimomi yarbawa 'Yan Najeriya masu jinin sarauta Yan wasan fim maza yan Najeriya Jaruman fim maza na Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

24128

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-58%20%28Michigan%20county%20highway%29

H-58 (Michigan county highway)

H-58 babbar hanya ce da aka ƙaddara a cikin jihar Michigan ta Amurka wacce ke tafiya gabas da yamma na kusan tsakanin al'ummomin Munising da Deer Park a Babban Tsibiran . Yankin yamma ana ratsa shi ta hanyar Hotunan Rocks National Lakeshore, a gefen kudancin Lake Superior, da kuma kusa da gandun dajin Lake Superior a gundumar Alger yayin haɗa Munising zuwa al'ummomin Van Meer da Melstrand . A Grand Marais, H-58 yana fita daga yankin tabkin ƙasa kuma yana bi ta cikin gari. Sashin da ke gabas da Grand Marais zuwa Deer Park a cikin gundumar Luce ita ce hanyar tsakuwa wacce ta haɗu da H-37 a Muskallonge Lake State Park . Wata hanya ta kasance tare da sassan H-58 na yau zuwa ƙarshen 1920s; da farko, wannan hanyar gundumar ta kasance tsakuwa ce ko ƙasa tsakanin Munising da Kingston Corners kuma an haɗa ta da wasu hanyoyi zuwa Grand Marais. A cikin shekarun 1930, an gina wani sashi don haɗawa da Deer Park kuma don cike gibi tsakanin Kingston Corners da Grand Marais. Bangaren kudu maso yamma tsakanin Munising da Van Meer sun kafa wani ɓangare na M-94 daga 1929 har zuwa lokacin da aka mayar da ita zuwa ikon gundumar a farkon shekarun 1960. An kirkiro sunan H-58 bayan da aka kafa tsarin babban gundumar da kansa a cikin 1970. Da farko, sashe ne kawai daga Grand Marais zuwa Deer Park aka ba lambar; an kara saura a shekarar 1972. Sassan karshe da za a shimfida a karni na 20 an kammala su a 1974. An buƙaci Sabis ɗin Gandun dajin su gina hanyar samun damar kansu don Hoto Rocks National Lakeshore a cikin dokar farko da ta ƙirƙira wurin shakatawa. Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta soke wannan buƙatun a cikin 1998, kuma an ba da izinin sabis na wurin shakatawa don ba da gudummawa ga H-58 a maimakon haka. An kammala ayyukan shimfida shinge tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2010 domin a yanzu an shimfida dukkan tsawon H-58 a gundumar Alger; sashin a gundumar Luce har yanzu hanya ce ta tsakuwa. Bayanin hanya H-58 yana farawa a Munising a wata mahada tare da M-28. Babbar hanyar ta biyo bayan ƙarshen titin Munising Street ta gefen gabashin birnin ta Neenah Paper Mill, sannan ta juya zuwa arewa maso gabas. Titin yana tafiya a waje da, kuma a layi daya da, iyakar kudancin Dutsen Hoto na National Lakeshore . Cibiyar baƙi ta shakatawa, wacce ke buɗe kowace shekara, tana kan H-58 akan Titin Sand Point a ƙarshen wurin shakatawa. Babbar hanyar tana juyawa zuwa gabas kuma tana bi ta hanyar mahada tare da H-13 (Hanyar Connors). Barin gari, H-58 ya zama Munising-Van Meer-Titin Shingleton kuma ya shiga filin shakatawa na ƙasa. Gabas ta tsallaka tare da Titin Carmody, hanyar gundumar ta wuce zuwa kudu na Hotunan Rocks Golf da Club Club kafin haduwa da H-11 (Miners Castle Road). Wannan hanyar ta ƙarshe tana ba da damar zuwa Masarautar Miner, ƙirar dutsen halitta da ke kan Tekun Superior, da Miners Falls. Gaba gabas, H-58 ya sadu da H-15 a Van Meer, rukunin Bear Trap Inn da Bar. Munising – Van Meer –Shingleton Road ya juya kudu tare da H-15, kuma H-58 ya juya arewa maso gabas tare da Titin Melstrand zuwa yankin Melstrand . Melstrand yana waje da bakin tafkin ƙasa a cikin Babban Dajin Jihar . H-58 ya ci gaba ta hanyar "ƙonewa da yanke yankuna, gandun daji, girma na biyu, da sautin shiru na shiru" a cikin gandun dajin jihar. H-58 ya sake komawa bakin tekun na ƙasa kuma ya kusanci ƙarin kayan aikin Rocks Pictures kamar sansanin Kogin Hurricane. Daga nan titin yana tafiya arewa zuwa Buck Hill, wanda ke kusa da mahada tare da Adams Truck Trail; a wancan mahadar, akwai filin ajiye motoci don keken dusar ƙanƙara . Ya wuce wannan batu, ana rufe hanya ga ababen hawa a lokacin damuna a kowace shekara; garkuwar dusar ƙanƙara ba ta share dusar ƙanƙara daga kan hanya, ta ba da damar amfani da ita azaman hanyar dusar ƙanƙara. Yankin akan kowane ƙarshen filin shakatawa yana da kusan na dusar ƙanƙara a kowace shekara, yayin da Sabis na Gandun Dajin ya ce wannan sashin tsakiyar ya fi girma. Hanyar tana nufin ƙasa ta cikin daji da filayen yayin da take ci gaba zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa hanyar Slide Log. Wannan wurin yana ba masu motoci damar hawa zuwa bakin tekun don ganin Hasken Haske na Au Sable Point yana leƙa sama da bishiyoyin gabas da Grand Sable Dunes zuwa yamma. Associationungiyar Masu Babura ta Amurka ta ce game da wannan ɓangaren hanyar cewa tana "kusa da bakin teku da tafkin da [mutum] zai iya jin warinsa lokacin da [ya] hau." An jera fitilar haskakawa a kan Rijistar Tarihin Wuraren Tarihi kuma ana iya samun damar shiga daga sansanin Kogin Hurricane. Titin ya haye Kogin Hurricane kuma ya juya daga kudu daga Lake Superior . H-58 ya juya zuwa gabas kusa da Grand Sable Lake, yana gudana tsakanin tekun arewacin tafkin da Grand Sable Dunes a gefen kudu na Lake Superior. A tsaka-tsaki tare da hanyoyin William Hill da Newburg, H-58 tana yin lanƙwasa 90 ° kuma tana tafiya arewa zuwa kusan kashi uku na mil (1.2 km). Hanyar ta juya zuwa gabas kusa da filin ajiye motoci na Sable Falls. Wannan ƙuri'ar kuma tana nuna ƙarshen ƙarshen ɓangaren H-58 wanda ma'aikatan hanya ba sa noma. Titin ya fice daga filin shakatawa na kasa kuma ya gudu zuwa yankin Grand Marais . A gefen gari akwai filin shakatawa na Woodland Township inda masu tafiya za su iya tafiya tare da rairayin bakin teku zuwa gindin Grand Sable Dunes wanda ya kasance ƙarshen gabas na Rocks National Lakeshore. Waɗannan dunes ɗin sun kai tsayi har zuwa a matakin 35 °. An shawarci masu yawo da su yi amfani da wuraren shiga tare da H-58 don isa dunes maimakon ƙoƙarin hawa saman. H-58 ya hadu da M-77 a Grand Marais. Wannan garin shine wurin ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa wanda ya taɓa zama gidan tashar jigilar kaya na katako. H-58 ya juya kudu don tafiya tare tare da M-77 na kusan tubalan biyu kafin ya koma gabas. Hanyar gundumar tana tafiya a gefen kudancin tashar jiragen ruwa ta wuce makarantar garin da kuma bayan gari. Matakin ya ƙare lokacin da hanya ta bar gundumar Algeriya zuwa gundumar Luce . H-58 ya bi hanyar tsakuwa ta cikin gandun daji da ke arewa maso yammacin gundumar Luce. Titin ya juya zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma yana tafiya kusa da Lake Superior yayin da yake gabatowa Deer Park. Har ila yau hanyar tana ɗauke da Titin Gundumar 407 (KIR 407) ƙira da sunan Babbar Babbar Mota. Kusa da Ruwan Ruwan Makaho, tafki da mutum ya yi, hanyar motar ta juya kudu don tsallaka Titin Deer Park. H-58 ya juya gabas akan titin Deer Park kuma yana gudana tsakanin tafkin Rainy da Reedy zuwa kudu da Lake Superior zuwa arewa. Ƙarshen gabas na H-58 yana tare da H-37 kusa da Muskallonge Lake State Park a Deer Park, arewacin Newberry . Deer Park wuri ne na wuraren shakatawa uku da ragowar al'umman da suka haɗa da injin katako, otal da shago. Gidan shakatawa na jihar yana bakin Tekun Muskallonge kuma kusan 71,000 ne ke ziyartar sa mutane a kowace shekara. Tarihi Tushen hanya Titin gundumar tare da wani ɓangare na hanyar H-58 ya kasance aƙalla aƙalla 1927; hanyar ta yi gabas da arewa maso gabas daga Munising zuwa Kingston Corners inda ta bi abin da ake kira Adams Trail gabas zuwa M-77. Hanyar gundumar ta biyu ta gudu zuwa yamma daga Grand Marais. A 1929, an sake dawo da M-94 ta gundumar Alger don bin Munising – Van Meer –Shingleton Road gabas daga Munising zuwa Van Meer sannan kuma kudu zuwa Shingleton; waccan hanyar ta bi abin da ake kira H-58 da H-15 yanzu. Sashin titin gundumar tsakanin Van Meer da Melstrand an fallasa shi a cikin tsakuwa ta 1936 tare da ragowar hanya ce ta ƙasa. Zuwa ƙarshen shekara, an gina hanyar ƙasa a gabas da Grand Marais zuwa Deer Park. Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, an ƙara ɓangaren tsakuwa a arewacin Melstrand zuwa yankin Buck Hill, kuma an ƙara hanyar ƙasa tsakanin Adams Trail da Grand Marais ta hanyar Au Sable Point. Gabashin Grand Marais, an inganta hanyar tare da tsakuwa zuwa layin gundumar. A ƙarshen 1946 ko farkon 1947, gabas na Grand Marais; an inganta ƙarin sassan a gundumar Luce zuwa tsakuwa. Duk sassan sassan ƙasa na abin da ake kira H-58 yanzu an inganta su zuwa hanyar tsakuwa a tsakiyar 1958; sashi tsakanin Van Meer da Melstrand da kuma wani sashi a gabas na Grand Marais. A farkon shekarun 1960, an motsa M-94 don bin M-28 tsakanin Munising da Shingleton . Sashen Munising – Van Meer –Shingleton Road gabas da haɗin gwiwa tare da Titin Connors an mayar da shi ƙarƙashin ikon gundumar a tsakiyar 1960, kuma ragowar yamma zuwa Munising an juye shi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1963. A ƙarshen 1961, kusan an shimfida shi zuwa yammacin Grand Marais. An ƙirƙiri tsarin babban titin gundumar a kusa da Oktoba 5, 1970, kuma an nuna sashin H-58 akan taswirar jihohi a karon farko a 1971. Da farko, sashin tsakanin Grand Marais da Deer Park kawai aka yiwa alama a matsayin wani ɓangare na H-58. A cikin shekaru biyu, an yiwa sauran alama H-58 daga Munising arewa maso gabas zuwa Grand Marais; tsakanin hanyoyin Connors da Miners Castle, an kuma yi masa alama a matsayin wani ɓangare na H-13 inda sunayen biyu suka gudana lokaci guda tare. A cikin 1974, an buɗe hanyar daga Melstrand arewa zuwa yankin Buck Hill. An cire daidaiton H-13 a cikin 2004 lokacin da aka sake tsara sashin arewacin H-13 tare da Miners Castle Road H-11 . Sabis na shakatawa ya shiga An ba da izini ga Hotunan Rocks National Lakeshore a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1966, lokacin da Shugaba Lyndon Johnson ya sanya hannu kan dokar ba da damar aiwatar da doka. An ƙaddamar da wurin shakatawa a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972, a cikin bukukuwa a Munising. Dokar asali wacce ta ƙirƙira wurin shakatawa ta haɗa da umarni don gina hanyar shiga tare da Lake Superior. Lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Gandun Dajin ta gudanar da nazarin muhalli akan irin wannan hanya a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, sun yanke shawara kan hanyar da ake kira Beaver Basin Rim Road tsakanin Twelvemile Beach da Legion Lake. Mazauna yankin sun yi adawa da shirin, sun gwammace gwamanatin tarayya ta inganta H-58 da ke akwai. Wakilin Bart Stupak ya soki abokan aikinsa a Majalisa a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida 1996, yana mai cewa gina sabuwar hanyar zai ci ninki biyu fiye da yadda ake inganta H-58 da ke akwai; Stupak ya kuma gabatar da doka don cire umarnin ginin daga wurin shakatawa. Saboda H-58 yana ƙarƙashin ikon gundumar, kuma ba wurin shakatawa ba, bai cancanci tallafin sabis na shakatawa ba. Dokokin kasaftawa da Majalisa ta zartar a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998 sun ba da izinin sabis na wurin shakatawa don ba da gudummawar haɓaka hanya a cikin Rocks National Lakeshore don hanyoyin kiyaye gundumar. An kuma zartar da ƙarin dokokin da Stupak ya sake gabatarwa da tallafawa, tare da cire ainihin aikin ginin titin daga wurin shakatawa. A ranar sha uku 12 ga Nuwamban shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya rattaba hannu kan dokar da ta warware matsaloli na karshe; An hana sabis na wurin shakatawa gina wannan hanyar kuma a maimakon haka an ba shi izini don taimakawa Hukumar Kula da Titin Aljeriya (ACRC) ta inganta H-58. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, Dokar Amintacciya, Mai Lissafi, Mai sassauƙa, Ingantacciyar Dokar Daidaita Sufuri: Gadon Masu Amfani ya yi kasafin $ 13.3 miliyan (kwatankwacin $ 17.1 miliyan a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 [35] ) don aikin shimfidawa da sake ginawa. ACRC ta aiwatar da wani shiri mai matakai biyar don shimfida ragowar sassan hanyar tsakanin yankin Melstrand da Grand Marais ta amfani da tallafin Sabis na Kasa. An tsara tsare -tsaren kafin Yuli 2006 don daidaita wasu madaukai masu lanƙwasa da daidaita hanyar a wurare. Hukumar ta tsara sabuwar hanyar don saurin tafiya na arba'in "don kula da yanayin hanya da wurin shakatawa." An raba kashi ɗaya zuwa ƙananan sassa don ɗaukar gada a ƙetaren Kogin Hurricane . An gudanar da ayyukan kashe gobara tsakanin Buck Hill da kan iyakar tekun kasa, har zuwa lokacin da majalisar dattawan Amurka za ta zartar da dokar gyara fasaha. Ba da izinin asali na asali ya ƙayyade cewa ana gyara sassan; a maimakon haka an yi musu shimfida a karon farko ko kuma an daidaita su. Dokar gyaran fasaha ta warware matsalolin da shari'a ta ƙunsa. Hukumar hanya ta yi amfani da tallafin da ya dace da jihar daga Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Michigan don kammala kuɗin da ake buƙata don buɗe hanyar. Jami’an yankin sun karɓi cak ɗin don biyan kuɗin ayyukan a wani biki a watan Agusta na 2008. Yayin da gundumar ta kammala wani yanki da kansu a cikin 2006, ayyukan 2008 sun buɗe sassan hanyar a waje da iyakokin tekun ƙasa daga Buck Hill arewa. Gina a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da tara zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da goma 2009 da 2010 ya kammala hanyar cikin iyakokin wurin shakatawa, gami da sabon gada akan Kogin Hurricane. An sadaukar da sashe na ƙarshe a bikin yanke kintinkiri a ranar sha biyar 15 ga watan Oktoba, dubu biyu da goma 2010, wanda ke nuna buɗe hanyar zirga-zirga a hukumance. An ci gaba da aikin ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshen wannan watan don kammala gadar Kogin Hurricane. Tun lokacin da aka kammala hanyar, zirga -zirgar ta karu. Bayan shimfidawa, sabuwar hanyar ta rage lokutan tafiya tsakanin Munising da Grand Marais daga casa'in 90 zuwa arba'in da biyar 45 mintuna. Ba duk mazauna yankin ne suka yi farin ciki da sabuntawar H-58 ba; dubban kusoshi sun tarwatse a kan hanya, kuma sun kai ga tayoyin da ke kan motoci da yawa. 'Yan sanda sun ce a lokacin sun yi imani da gangan ne, amma ba su da wani dalilin yin barna. Tun lokacin da aka sake buɗe babbar hanyar, yanzu masu kera babur suna yawan hawa babbar hanya, kuma wata ƙungiya ta yankin ta sanya wa suna H-58 "ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin babur guda biyar a Upper Michigan", kuma Ƙungiyar Masu Babura ta Amurka ta inganta ta a cikin litattafansu na jagora; mahaya suna jin daɗin 198 masu lanƙwasa da abubuwan ban sha'awa a gefen hanya. Manyan tsibiran Duba kuma Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje H-58 a manyan hanyoyin Michigan Pages with unreviewed translations

50594

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena%20Bonner

Yelena Bonner

Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner ( 15 Fabrairu 1923 - 18 Yuni 2011) mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ce a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet kuma matar masanin kimiyyar lissafi Andrei Sakharov . A cikin shekarun da ta yi a matsayin mai adawa, Bonner an santa da halinta na gaskiya da jaruntaka. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Bonner Lusik Georgiyevna Alikhanova a Merv, Turkmen SSR, Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu Mary, Turkmenistan ). Mahaifinta, Georgy Alikhanov (sunan Armen Gevork Alikhanyan), Armeniya ne wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ya kasance memba mai girma na Comintern ; mahaifiyarta, Ruf ( Ruth Bonner ), yar gwagwarmayar Kwaminisanci Bayahudiya ce. Tana da ƙane, Igor, wanda ya zama jami'in sojan ruwa. Iyalinta suna da dacha lokacin rani a Sestroretsk kuma Bonner suna da abubuwan tunawa a wurin. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, NKVD ta kama mahaifin Bonner kuma aka kashe shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Tsabtace Stalin ; An kama mahaifiyarta bayan 'yan kwanaki a matsayin matar maƙiyin mutane, kuma ta yi shekaru goma a Gulag kusa da Karaganda, Kazakhstan, bayan shekaru tara na gudun hijira na cikin gida. An kashe kawun Bonner mai shekaru 41, Matvei Bonner, yayin da ake tsarkakewa, kuma matarsa ta yi gudun hijira. An wanke su hudu (gyaran) bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekarar 1953. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya 1941, ta ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Red Army lokacin da aka mamaye Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ta zama babban ma'aikaciyar jinya. Yayin da take aiki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Bonner ta ji rauni sau biyu, kuma a cikin 1946, an sake shi da mutunci a matsayin nakasassu tsohon soja. A shekarar 1947, Bonner aka yarda da matsayin ɗaliba a Leningrad cibiyar. Bayan yakin ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin yara daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta First Leningrad, a halin yanzu Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Pavlov ta St. Peterburg . Aure da yara A makarantar likita ta sadu da mijinta na farko, Ivan Semyonov. Suna da 'ya mace, Tatiana, a 1950, da ɗa, Alexey, a 1956. 'Ya'yanta sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1977 da 1978, bi da bi. Bonner da Semyonov sun rabu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da biyar , kuma a ƙarshe sun sake aure. A cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970 , yayin da suke halartar shari'ar 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama Revol't (Ivanovich) Pimenov da Boris Vail a Kaluga, Bonner ya sadu da Andrei Sakharov, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya da mai kare hakkin bil'adama; sun yi aure a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bitu. A shekara kafin su hadu, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da tara 1969, Sakharov aka takaba daga matarsa, Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa. Ayyukan aiki Tun daga farkon shekarun 1940, Bonner ta taimaka wa fursunonin siyasa da danginsu. Ko da yake Bonner ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Soviet a 1964 yayin da take aiki a matsayin likita, kawai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka ta kasance mai aiki a cikin yunkurin kare hakkin dan Adam na Soviet. A watan Agustan shekarar 1968, an karfafa yunƙurinta na rashin amincewa bayan da sojojin Tarayyar Soviet suka yi birgima zuwa cikin Czechoslovakia don murkushe ƙungiyar Prague . Wannan lamarin ya ƙarfafa imaninta cewa ba za a iya gyara tsarin daga ciki ba. A shari'ar Kaluga a 1970, Bonner da Sakharov sun sadu da Natan Sharansky kuma suka fara aiki tare don kare Yahudawa da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda yunkurin tserewa daga USSR a cikin jirgin da aka sace . A karkashin matsin lamba daga Sakharov, gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da izinin Yelena Bonner ta yi tafiya zuwa Yamma a 1975, 1977 da 1979 don magance raunin da ta samu a lokacin yakin. Lokacin da Sakharov, wanda aka ba da kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1975, hukumomin Soviet sun hana shi tafiya, Bonner, a Italiya don jinya, ya wakilce shi a bikin a Oslo . Bonner ta zama memba na kungiyar Moscow Helsinki a shekarar 1976. Lokacin da a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 1980, aka kai Sakharov gudun hijira zuwa Gorky, wani birni da aka rufe ga baƙi, Bonner wanda aka azabtar da shi a fili ya zama rayuwarsa, yana tafiya tsakanin Gorky da Moscow don fitar da rubuce-rubucensa. Kame ta a watan Afrilu shekarar 1984, saboda " tashin hankali da farfaganda " da kuma hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na shekaru biyar a Gorky ya sake rushe rayuwarsu. Yajin yunwa da yawa na Sakharov ya tilasta wa sabuwar shugaban Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev barin ta tafiya zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1985, don sextuple ta hanyar tiyatar zuciya . Kafin wannan, a cikin shekarar 1981, Bonner da Sakharov sun ci gaba da yajin cin abinci mai haɗari amma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara don samun jami'an Soviet don ba da izinin surukarsu, Yelizaveta Konstantinovna ("Lisa") Alexeyeva, takardar izinin fita don shiga mijinta, Bonner's. dan Alexei Semyonov, a Amurka. A watan Disamban shekarar 1986, Gorbachev yarda Sakharov da Bonner su koma Moscow. Bayan mutuwar Sakharov a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, acikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara, ta kafa gidauniyar Andrei Sakharov, da Archives a Moscow. A cikin shekarar 1993, ta ba da gudummawar takaddun Sakharov a Yamma ga Jami'ar Brandeis a Amurka; a shekarar 2004, an mayar da su zuwa Jami'ar Harvard . Bonner ya ci gaba da magana kan dimokiradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam a Rasha da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ta shiga cikin masu kare majalisar dokokin Rasha a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Agusta kuma ta goyi bayan Boris Yeltsin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a farkon shekarar 1993. Shekarun baya da mutuwa Daga shekarar 2006, Bonner ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Moscow da Amurka, gida ga 'ya'yanta biyu, jikoki biyar, jikoki daya, da kuma daya. Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2011, na ciwon zuciya a Boston, Massachusetts, tana da shekaru 88, a cewar 'yarta, Tatiana Yankelevich. An kwantar da ita a asibiti tun ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu. Mutuwan 2011 Haifaffun 1923

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20Ghana

Sare dazuzzuka a Ghana

Dazuzzuka sun mamaye kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ɗaukacin ƙasar Ghana, tare da gandun daji na kasuwanci a kudancin Ghana. Tarihi Bangaren gandun daji na Ghana ya kai kashi 4.2 na GDP a shekarar 1990; katako ya kasance kasa ta uku wajen samun kudin waje. Tun daga shekarata 1983 gandun daji ya ci moriyar fiye da dalar Amurka miliyan 120 a cikin saka hannun jari kuma ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa, wanda ya haifar da riba biyu tsakanin shekarun 1985 da 1990. A cikin 1993 kayan katako da kayan itace sun kai dalar Amurka miliyan 140 akan matakin da aka yi niyya na dalar Amurka miliyan 130. Tsakanin Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 1994, fitar da kayayyaki ya kai ton 919,000 kuma ya sami dalar Amurka miliyan 212. Har zuwa shekarun 1980, noman gandun daji ya sha wahala saboda cedi mai kima da tabarbarewar kayayyakin sufuri. Samar da gandun daji ya ragu da kashi 66 cikin 100 a tsakanin shekarun 1970-81 da katakon katako da kashi 47 cikin dari. Fitar da kayayyaki ya ragu daga dalar Amurka miliyan 130 a shekarar 1973 zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 15 a shekarar 1983, kuma kamfanoni hudu da ke cikin kasa sun yi fatara a wannan lokacin. An ba fannin gandun daji girma a cikin shekarata 1986, tare da dala miliyan 24 na gyaran katako, wanda ke ba da kuɗin shigo da kayan aikin katako. Sakamakon haka, samar da katako ya karu da kashi 65 cikin 100 a 1984-87, kuma kudaden shiga na fitar da kayayyaki ya karu da kashi 665 cikin shekarun 1983-88. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rushe tsohuwar Hukumar Tallace-tallacen katako ta Ghana kuma an maye gurbinsu da wasu hukumomi biyu, Hukumar Bunkasa Fitar da katako—mai alhakin tallace-tallace da farashi, da kuma Hukumar Binciken Kayayyakin Gandun Daji—wanda ke da alhakin lura da kwangiloli, kula da inganci, samfuran ƙima, da kuma yin aiki kamar yadda ya kamata. mai sa ido kan hada-hadar haram. Wasu daga cikin kuɗaɗen waje sun sami waɗannan sauye-sauyen cibiyoyi, yayin da yawancin sauran sun ba da kuɗin sarrafa gandun daji da bincike gami da kayan aikin katako, niƙa, da masana'antu. Sashin dai ya fuskanci matsaloli da dama. Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne sare itatuwa mai tsanani . Karni da suka wuce, gandun dajin Ghana na dazuzzukan dazuzzukan ya fara ne daga kusan tsakiyar kasar zuwa kudu zuwa teku. Haka kuma, kusan rabin kasar na cike da dazuzzuka, wadanda suka hada da nau'in itatuwa 680 da nau'in mahoganies da dama. Yawancin wannan itacen an yanke shi. A farkon shekarun 1990, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar ne har yanzu ake dazuzzuka, sannan kuma ba duk wannan yana da darajar kasuwanci ba. Wannan lamarin ya tilastawa gwamnati yin zaɓe mai wahala tsakanin samun kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake buƙata da kuma kiyayewa. Aikin kula da albarkatun gandun daji, wani bangare na shirin farfado da tattalin arziki (ERP), an fara shi ne a shekarar 1988, kuma a shekarar 1989 gwamnati ta hana fitar da nau'in katako na nau'i goma sha takwas zuwa kasashen waje. Sannan Daga baya gwamnati ta tsawaita jerin sunayen kuma ta sanya manyan ayyuka a kan sauran nau'ikan, tana shirin kawar da fitar da katako da busassun katako gaba daya nan da shekarata 1994. Maimakon haka, gwamnati ta yi fatan ƙara yawan sayar da kayan itace don maye gurbin abin da ake samu daga gundumomi. Kuma Alkaluman gwamnati sun nuna cewa tsayin daka mai kubik daya na katako da katako sun ninka adadin katakon katako sau biyu; veneers da aka samu sau biyar; da sauran kayayyakin, kamar kayan daki da benaye, sun sami sau shida farashin kwatankwacin adadin katako. Ingantattun masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki ya sa kayayyakin itace (ban da katako) ya kai kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na abin da ake samu na fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a shekarar 1991, wanda ya kai kashi 6.9 na yawan fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje. Ta hanyar kwatanta, samfuran itace suna wakiltar kashi 11 cikin ɗari na samun kuɗi da kashi 5.5 na ƙara a cikin shakarar 1985. Faduwar adadin tallace-tallacen da aka ƙididdige ta rajistan ayyukan ya kasance tare da faɗuwar ban mamaki a cikin rabon da suke samu, daga kashi 50-60 cikin ɗari a tsakiyar shekarata 1980 zuwa kashi 23 cikin ɗari a 1990. Bayanin A farkon shekarun 1990, akwai kusan na'urorin sarrafa katako 220 a Ghana, amma masana'antar tana aiki a ƙarƙashin wasu matsaloli. Yawancin buƙatun ƙetare shine busasshen kayayyakin kiln, kuma masana'antun Ghana ba su da isassun kiln ɗin da za su iya biyan wannan bukata. Hanyar sarrafa busasshen iska mai arha ba ta gamsar ba saboda busasshen itacen da iska yakan haifar da lalacewa cikin lokaci. Ƙwararrun saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ba su da kyau sosai a wannan fannin kamar yadda a wasu, misali, hakar ma'adinai . Bugu da ƙari, ababen more rayuwa a Yankin Yamma inda ake sarrafa katako na cigaba da yin watsi da su idan aka kwatanta da yankunan haƙar ma'adinai da koko . Sauran matsalolin sun haɗa da rashin ƙwarewa a matakan fasaha da gudanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1986 aka samu rahoton badakalar a masana'antar gandun daji ta Ghana, kuma ta sake barkewa a farkon shekarar 1992. Shahararriyar al'amarin ya shafi katako na Afirka da Plywood, wanda ya kasance mafi yawan masu fitar da gundumomi a Ghana. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara aikin farfado da dalar Amurka miliyan 36 domin bunkasa noman kamfanin. Kuma A shekara ta 1992 an yi zargin an sace kudi dalar Amurka miliyan 2.3 daga aikin ta hanyar munanan ayyuka, kuma an kama wasu jami’ai., ƙungiyar kare muhalli, Abokan Duniya, sun yi zargin cewa an sami ƙarin sata daga kamfanoni na waje wanda ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 50 a cikin tsabar kudi a cikin 1980s. A shekarar 1992 gwamnati ta fara bincike kan ayyukan daruruwan kamfanoni, na kasashen waje da na cikin gida, wadanda ake zargi da yin mu’amalar da ba bisa ka’ida ba da suka hada da fasa- kwauri, da zamba, da karya ka’idojin kudin gida, cin hanci da rashawa, cin hanci da kuma rashin biyan kudaden masarautu . . Sai dai kuma cin hanci da rashawa ya yadu, ta yadda za a duba ko hukumomin Ghana za su daina aikata laifukan da suka shafi katako nan ba da jimawa ba. Duba kuma Noma a Indiya Tattalin arzikin Ghana Magana Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (sau da yawa ana takaita sunan zuwa chemo kuma wani lokacin CTX ko CTx ) ya kasance wani nau'in maganin ciwon daji ne wanda ke amfani da magungunan cutar kansa ( magungunan chemotherapeutic ) Sun Kasan ce a matsayin daidaitaccen tsari na chemotherapy . Ana iya kuma ba da ilimin chemotherapy tare da niyyar mai warkarwa (wanda kusan koyaushe ya ƙunshi haɗaɗɗun magunguna), ko yana iya nufin tsawaita rayuwa ko rage alamun bayyanar cututtuka ( palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'o'in ilimin likitanci musamman wanda aka keɓe don maganin pharmacotherapy don ciwon daji, wanda ake kira. Kalmar chemotherapy ta zo ne don nuna rashin takamaiman amfani da guba na cikin salula don hana mitosis (rarrabuwar tantanin halitta) ko haifar da lalacewar DNA, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa hana gyaran DNA na iya ƙara ilimin chemotherapy. Ma'anar kalmar chemotherapy ta ƙunshi ƙarin zaɓaɓɓun wakilai waɗanda ke toshe siginar siginar salula ( sigina ). Haɓaka hanyoyin kwantar da hankali tare da takamaiman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke hana sigina masu haɓaka haɓakawa daga ingantattun ƙwayoyin cuta na endocrin (musamman estrogens don ciwon nono da androgens don kansar prostate) yanzu ana kiran su hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na hormonal. Sabanin haka, sauran hanawa na siginonin girma kamar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tyrosine kinases mai karɓa ana kiran su azaman maganin da aka yi niyya. Mahimmanci, yin amfani da kwayoyi (ko chemotherapy, maganin hormonal ko maganin da aka yi niyya) ya ƙunshi tsarin tsarin jiyya don ciwon daji a cikin cewa an shigar da su a cikin jini kuma saboda haka suna iya magance ciwon daji a kowane wuri na jiki a cikin jiki. Ana amfani da tsarin jiyya sau da yawa tare da wasu hanyoyin da suka ƙunshi jiyya na gida (watau jiyya waɗanda ingancinsu ya iyakance ga yankin anatomic inda ake amfani da su) don ciwon daji kamar radiation far, tiyata ko hyperthermia far . Magungunan chemotherapeutic sun kasan ce kuma sune cytotoxic ta hanyar rarrabawar tantanin halitta (mitosis) amma ƙwayoyin cutar kansa sun bambanta sosai a cikin raunin su ga waɗannan wakilai. Mafi yawa, ana iya tunanin chemotherapy a matsayin hanyar lalacewa ko ƙwayoyin damuwa, wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta idan an fara apoptosis . Yawancin sakamako masu illa na ilimin chemotherapy za a iya gano su zuwa lalacewa ga kwayoyin halitta na al'ada waɗanda ke rarraba da sauri kuma suna da hankali ga magungunan anti-mitotic: sel a cikin kasusuwan kasusuwa, tsarin narkewa da gashin gashi . Wannan yana haifar da mafi yawan sakamako masu illa na chemotherapy: myelosuppression (raguwar samar da kwayoyin jini, saboda haka kuma rigakafi ), mucositis (ƙumburi na suturar ƙwayar cuta), da alopecia (rashin gashi). Saboda tasiri akan ƙwayoyin rigakafi (musamman lymphocytes), magungunan chemotherapy sau da yawa suna samun amfani a cikin tarin cututtuka waɗanda ke haifar da cutarwa ga tsarin rigakafi da kai (wanda ake kira autoimmunity ). Wadannan sun hada da rheumatoid amosanin gabbai, tsarin lupus erythematosus, sclerosis mai yawa, vasculitis da sauran su. Dabarun magani Akwai dabaru da yawa a cikin sarrafa magungunan chemotherapeutic da ake amfani da su a yau. Ana iya ba da ilimin chemotherapy tare da manufar warkewa ko kuma yana iya nufin tsawaita rayuwa ko kuma kawar da alamu . Induction chemotherapy shine layin farko na maganin kansa tare da maganin chemotherapeutic. Ana amfani da irin wannan nau'in chemotherapy don manufar warkarwa. Haɗaɗɗen yanayin chemotherapy shine amfani da magunguna tare da wasu magungunan ciwon daji, kamar su tiyata, maganin radiation, ko maganin hyperthermia . Ana ba da haɗin gwiwar chemotherapy bayan gafara don tsawaita lokacin gabaɗayan rashin cutar da inganta rayuwa gabaɗaya. Maganin da aka yi amfani da shi daidai yake da maganin da ya sami gafara. Intensification chemotherapy yayi kama da ƙarfafa chemotherapy amma ana amfani da wani magani daban da na shigar da chemotherapy. Haɗin chemotherapy ya haɗa da jinyar mutum tare da adadin magunguna daban-daban a lokaci guda. Magungunan sun bambanta a tsarinsu da illolinsu. Babban fa'idar ita ce rage yuwuwar haɓaka juriya ga kowane wakili ɗaya. Har ila yau, ana iya amfani da magungunan sau da yawa a ƙananan allurai, rage yawan guba. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy ana ba da shi kafin magani na gida kamar tiyata, kuma an ƙera shi don rage ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Hakanan ana ba da shi don ciwon daji tare da babban haɗarin cutar micromestatic. Ana ba da chemotherapy adjuvant bayan magani na gida (radiotherapy ko tiyata). Ana iya amfani da shi lokacin da akwai ƙananan shaidar ciwon daji, amma akwai haɗarin sake dawowa. Hakanan yana da amfani wajen kashe duk wani nau'in ciwon daji da ya yadu zuwa sassan jiki. Wadannan micrometastases za a iya bi da su tare da adjuvant chemotherapy kuma zai iya rage yawan koma bayan da waɗannan sel da aka yaɗa suka haifar. Kulawa da cutar sankara shine maimaita ƙarancin magani don tsawaita gafara. Ana ba da maganin chemotherapy ko maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta ba tare da aniyar warkewa ba, amma kawai don rage nauyin ƙari da ƙara tsawon rai. Ga waɗannan ka'idoji, gabaɗaya, ana sa ran ingantaccen bayanin mai guba. Duk tsarin magani na chemotherapy yana buƙatar cewa mai karɓa ya sami damar jurewa magani. Ana amfani da matsayin aiki sau da yawa azaman ma'auni don sanin ko mutum zai iya karɓar chemotherapy, ko ana buƙatar rage kashi. Domin kawai juzu'in sel a cikin ƙwayar cuta suna mutuwa tare da kowane magani ( kashe- kashe ), dole ne a ba da maimaita allurai don ci gaba da rage girman ƙwayar cutar. Tsarin chemotherapy na yanzu yana amfani da maganin ƙwayoyi a cikin hawan keke, tare da mitar da tsawon jiyya ta iyakance ta hanyar guba. inganci Ingancin ilimin chemotherapy ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da mataki. Babban tasiri ya bambanta daga kasancewa mai warkarwa ga wasu cututtuka, irin su wasu cutar sankarar bargo, zuwa rashin tasiri, kamar a wasu ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa, zuwa rashin buƙata a wasu, kamar yawancin cututtukan fata marasa melanoma . Sashi Sashi na chemotherapy na iya zama da wahala: Idan adadin ya yi ƙasa sosai, zai zama mara amfani a kan ƙwayar cuta, yayin da, a yawan allurai, mai guba ( sakamakon sakamako ) ba zai iya jurewa ga mutumin da ya karɓa ba. Madaidaicin hanyar ƙayyade adadin chemotherapy ya dogara ne akan ƙididdige yankin saman jiki (BSA). Yawanci ana ƙididdige BSA tare da dabarar lissafi ko nomogram, ta yin amfani da nauyin mai karɓa da tsayinsa, maimakon ta hanyar auna yankin jiki kai tsaye. An samo wannan dabarar asali a cikin binciken 1916 kuma an yi ƙoƙarin fassara allurai na magani da aka kafa tare da dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa daidai allurai ga mutane. Binciken ya haɗa da batutuwa tara kawai. Lokacin da aka gabatar da ilimin chemotherapy a cikin 1950s, an karɓi tsarin BSA a matsayin ma'auni na hukuma don maganin chemotherapy don rashin zaɓi mafi kyau. An yi tambaya kan ingancin wannan hanyar wajen ƙididdige allurai na bai ɗaya saboda dabarar tana la'akari da nauyi da tsayin mutum kawai. Shaye-shayen kwayoyi da sharewa suna da tasiri da abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da shekaru, jima'i, metabolism, yanayin cuta, aikin gabobin jiki, hulɗar miyagun ƙwayoyi zuwa magunguna, kwayoyin halitta, da kiba, waɗanda ke da babban tasiri akan ainihin tattara magungunan a cikin jinin mutum. A sakamakon haka, akwai babban bambanci a cikin tsarin tsarin maganin chemotherapy a cikin mutanen da BSA ta yi amfani da su, kuma an nuna wannan bambancin ya zama fiye da sau goma ga magunguna da yawa. A wasu kalmomi, idan mutane biyu sun karɓi kashi ɗaya na maganin da aka ba su bisa ga BSA, ƙaddamar da wannan maganin a cikin jinin mutum ɗaya na iya zama sau 10 mafi girma ko ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da na ɗayan. Wannan sauye-sauye yana da kama da yawancin magungunan chemotherapy da BSA ke yi, kuma, kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa, an nuna shi a cikin nazarin magungunan 14 na yau da kullum na chemotherapy. Ya kasan ce a cikin sakamakon wannan canji na pharmacokinetic tsakanin mutane shine cewa mutane da yawa ba sa karɓar daidaitaccen kashi don cimma ingantaccen tasirin jiyya tare da ƙarancin sakamako masu illa. Wasu mutane sun yi yawa yayin da wasu kuma ba su da yawa. Misali, a cikin gwaji na asibiti bazuwar, masu binciken sun gano kashi 85% na marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar kansar metastatic da aka yi musu magani tare da 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) ba su sami mafi kyawun maganin warkewa ba lokacin da aka yi amfani da su ta daidaitattun BSA-68% an yi amfani da su kuma 17% wuce gona da iri. An kuma sami cece-kuce game da amfani da BSA don ƙididdige allurai na chemotherapy ga mutanen da ke da kiba . Saboda mafi girman BSA, likitoci sukan rage yawan adadin da tsarin BSA ya tsara ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda tsoron wuce gona da iri A yawancin lokuta, wannan na iya haifar da mafi kyawun magani. Yawancin karatu na asibiti sun nuna cewa lokacin da maganin chemotherapy ya keɓance mutum ɗaya don cimma mafi kyawun bayyanar cututtuka na tsarin, ana inganta sakamakon magani kuma an rage tasirin sakamako mai guba.Ya kasan ce kuma a cikin binciken asibiti na 5-FU da aka ambata a sama, mutanen da aka daidaita kashinsu don cimma burin da aka riga aka ƙaddara sun fahimci haɓakar 84% a cikin ƙimar amsawar jiyya da haɓakar watanni shida a cikin rayuwa gabaɗaya (OS) idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda BSA ta yi. A cikin binciken guda ɗaya, masu binciken sun kwatanta abubuwan da suka faru na gama gari na 5-FU-abokan haɗin gwiwa na 3/4 tsakanin masu daidaita kashi da mutanen da aka ba su ta BSA. Abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar ma'auni na gudawa an rage su daga 18% a cikin rukunin BSA da aka yi amfani da su zuwa 4% a cikin rukunin da aka daidaita kashi kuma an kawar da mummunan sakamako na hematologic. Saboda rage yawan guba, marasa lafiya da aka daidaita kashi sun sami damar yin magani na tsawon lokaci. An yi wa mutanen da aka yi amfani da BSA magani na tsawon watanni 680 yayin da aka yi wa mutanen da ke cikin rukunin daidaita kashi na jimlar watanni 791. Kammala tsarin jiyya shine muhimmin abu don samun ingantacciyar sakamakon magani. An samo irin wannan sakamakon a cikin binciken da ya shafi mutanen da ke da ciwon daji na launin fata waɗanda aka yi musu magani tare da sanannen tsarin FOLFOX . An rage yawan kamuwa da zawo mai tsanani daga 12% a cikin rukunin marasa lafiya na BSA zuwa kashi 1.7% a cikin rukunin da aka daidaita kashi, kuma an rage yawan mucositis mai tsanani daga 15% zuwa 0.8%. Nazarin FOLFOX kuma ya nuna ci gaba a cikin sakamakon jiyya. Amsa mai kyau ya karu daga 46% a cikin rukunin da aka yi amfani da BSA zuwa 70% a cikin rukunin da aka daidaita kashi. Matsakaicin ci gaba na rayuwa kyauta (PFS) da rayuwa gabaɗaya (OS) duka sun inganta da watanni shida a cikin rukunin da aka daidaita kashi. Hanya ɗaya da za ta iya taimaka wa likitocin su keɓance maganin chemotherapy shine don auna matakan miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin jini na jini a kan lokaci da daidaita kashi bisa ga tsari ko algorithm don cimma mafi kyawun bayyanar. Tare da kafaffen bayyanar da manufa don ingantaccen ingancin jiyya tare da ƙarancin guba, ana iya keɓance allurai don cimma buƙatuwar manufa da sakamako mafi kyau ga kowane mutum. Anyi amfani da irin wannan algorithm a cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti da aka ambata a sama kuma ya haifar da ingantaccen sakamako mai mahimmanci. Likitocin Oncologists sun riga sun keɓance adadin wasu magungunan cutar kansa dangane da fallasa. Carboplatin da busulfan allurai sun dogara da sakamakon gwajin jini don ƙididdige mafi kyawun kashi ga kowane mutum. Hakanan ana samun gwajin jini mai sauƙi don haɓaka kashi na methotrexate, 5-FU, paclitaxel, da docetaxel . Matsakaicin matakin albumin nan da nan kafin gudanar da aikin chemotherapy shine mai hasashen mai zaman kansa na rayuwa a cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban. Nau'ukan Alkylating jamiái Ma'aikatan Alkylating sune mafi tsufa rukuni na chemotherapeutics da ake amfani da su a yau. Asalin da aka samu daga iskar mustard da aka yi amfani da shi a yakin duniya na daya, yanzu ana amfani da nau'ikan abubuwan alkylating iri-iri. Suna haka ne saboda iyawarsu na alkylate da yawa kwayoyin halitta, gami da sunadaran, RNA da DNA . Wannan ikon ɗaure covally ga DNA ta hanyar rukunin alkyl shine babban dalilin maganin cutar kansa. DNA an yi shi ne da igiyoyi biyu kuma ƙwayoyin na iya ɗaure sau biyu zuwa madaidaicin DNA guda ɗaya (intrastrand crosslink) ko kuma suna iya ɗaure sau ɗaya zuwa duka igiyoyin biyu (interstrand crosslink). Idan tantanin halitta yayi ƙoƙarin yin kwafin DNA mai haɗe-haɗe yayin rarraba tantanin halitta, ko yayi ƙoƙarin gyara shi, igiyoyin DNA na iya karye. Wannan yana haifar da wani nau'i na tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta wanda ake kira apoptosis . Alkylating jamiái za su yi aiki a kowane lokaci a cikin tantanin halitta sake zagayowar kuma don haka aka sani da cell sake zagayowar-m kwayoyi masu zaman kansu. Saboda wannan dalili, tasirin akan tantanin halitta ya dogara da kashi; juzu'in sel da suka mutu yana daidai da adadin ƙwayoyi. Nau'in nau'ikan abubuwan alkylating sune nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, tetrazines, aziridines, cisplatins da abubuwan da suka samo asali, da kuma abubuwan da ba na gargajiya ba. Nitrogen mustards sun hada da mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, ifosfamide da busulfan . Nitrosoureas sun hada da N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU) da semustine (MeCCNU), fotemustine da streptozotocin . Tetrazines sun hada da dacarbazine, mitozolomide da temozolomide . Aziridines sun hada da thiotepa, mytomycin da diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin da abubuwan da aka samo sun haɗa da cisplatin, carboplatin da oxaliplatin . Suna lalata aikin tantanin halitta ta hanyar samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da RukuninAmino, Rukunin carboxyl, sulfhydryl, da Rukunin Phosphate a cikin mahimman ƙwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan da ba na gargajiya ba sun haɗa da procarbazine da hexamethylmelamine. Antimetabolites Anti-metabolites rukuni ne na kwayoyin da ke hana DNA da kira na RNA. Yawancinsu suna da tsari iri ɗaya ga tubalan ginin DNA da RNA. Tubalan ginin sune nucleotides ; kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi nucleobase, sukari da ƙungiyar phosphate . An raba nucleobases zuwa purines ( guanine dan adenine ) da pyrimidine ( cytosine, timin dan uracil ). Anti-metabolites suna kama da ko dai nucleobases ko nucleosides (wani nucleotide ba tare da rukunin phosphate ba), amma sun canza ƙungiyoyin sinadarai . Waɗannan magungunan suna yin tasirin su ta hanyar toshe enzymes ɗin da ake buƙata don haɗin DNA ko zama cikin DNA ko RNA. Ta hanyar hana enzymes da ke cikin haɗin DNA, suna hana mitosis saboda DNA ba zai iya kwafin kanta ba. Har ila yau, bayan ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA, lalacewar DNA na iya faruwa kuma an haifar da mutuwar kwayar halitta ( apoptosis ) . Ba kamar magungunan alkylating ba, anti-metabolites sun dogara da sake zagayowar tantanin halitta. Wannan yana nufin cewa suna aiki ne kawai a lokacin takamaiman yanki na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta, a cikin wannan yanayin S-phase (lokacin haɗin DNA). Saboda wannan dalili, a wani ƙayyadadden sashi, tasirin plateaus kuma daidai gwargwado babu sauran mutuwar tantanin halitta tare da ƙarin allurai. Subtypes na anti-metabolites sune anti-folates, fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues da thiopurines . Anti-folates sun haɗa da methotrexate da pemetrexed . Methotrexate yana hana dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), wani enzyme wanda ke sake farfado da tetrahydrofolate daga dihydrofolate . Lokacin da methotrexate ya hana enzyme, matakan salula na folate coenzymes suna raguwa. Ana buƙatar waɗannan don samar da thymidylate da purine, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga haɗin DNA da rarrabawar tantanin halitta. Pemetrexed wani anti-metabolite ne wanda ke shafar samar da purine da pyrimidine, sabili da haka kuma yana hana DNA kira. Da farko yana hana enzyme thymidylate synthase, amma kuma yana da tasiri akan DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase da glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase . Magungunan fluoropyrimidine sun hada da fluorouracil da capecitabine . Fluorouracil shine analog na nucleobase wanda ke narkewa a cikin sel don samar da aƙalla samfuran aiki guda biyu; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) da 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP). FUMP ya zama cikin RNA kuma fdUMP yana hana enzyme thymidylate synthase; duka biyun suna haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta. Capecitabine shine prodrug na 5-fluorouracil wanda aka rushe a cikin sel don samar da magani mai aiki. Analogues na deoxynucleoside sun hada da cytarabine, gemcitabine, decitabine, azacitidine, fludarabine, nelarabine, cladribine, clofarabine, da pentostatin . thiopurines sun hada da thioguanine da mercaptopurine . Anti-microtubule agents Magungunan anti-microtubule sune sinadarai da aka samo daga tsire-tsire waɗanda ke toshe rarraba tantanin halitta ta hanyar hana aikin microtubule . Microtubules wani muhimmin tsarin salula ne wanda ya ƙunshi sunadarai guda biyu, α-tubulin da β-tubulin . Suna da sarari, sifofi masu siffar sanda waɗanda ake buƙata don rarraba tantanin halitta, a tsakanin sauran ayyukan salula. Microtubules sune tsarukan tsauri, wanda ke nufin cewa sun kasance na dindindin a cikin yanayin taro da rarrabawa. Vinca alkaloids da taxes sune manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ko da yake waɗannan rukunin magungunan biyu suna haifar da tabarbarewar microtubule, tsarin aikin su gaba ɗaya ya sabawa: Vinca alkaloids suna hana haɗuwar microtubules, yayin da haraji ke hana rushewar su. Ta yin haka, suna hana ƙwayoyin cutar kansa kammala mitosis. Bayan wannan, kamawar kwayar halitta yana faruwa, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar kwayar halitta ( apoptosis ). Hakanan waɗannan kwayoyi na iya shafar haɓakar jini, wani muhimmin tsari wanda ciwace-ciwacen daji ke amfani da su don girma da metastasis. Vinca alkaloids an samo su ne daga Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, wanda aka fi sani da Vinca rosea . Suna ɗaure ga takamaiman shafuka akan tubulin, suna hana haɗuwar tubulin cikin microtubules. Asalin alkaloids na vinca samfuran halitta ne waɗanda suka haɗa da vincristine da vinblastine . Bayan nasarar wadannan kwayoyi, an samar da alkaloids na semi-synthetic vinca alkaloids: vinorelbine (wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen maganin ciwon huhu mara ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ), vindesine, da vinflunine . Waɗannan magungunan suna da ƙayyadaddun tantanin halitta . Suna ɗaure ga ƙwayoyin tubulin a cikin S-phase kuma suna hana ingantaccen tsarin microtubule da ake buƙata don M-phase . Taxanes ne na halitta da Semi-Synthetic kwayoyi. Magungunan farko na ajin su, paclitaxel, an samo asali ne daga Taxus brevifolia, Pacific yew. Yanzu wannan magani da kuma wani a cikin wannan ajin, docetaxel, ana samar da su ta hanyar sinadarai na wucin gadi daga wani sinadari da aka samu a cikin bawon wata bishiyar yew, Taxus baccata . Podophyllotoxin shine lignan antineoplastic wanda aka samo asali daga mayapple na Amurka ( Podophyllum peltatum ) da Himalayan mayapple ( Sinopodophyllum hexandrum ). Yana da aikin anti-microtubule, kuma tsarinsa yana kama da na vinca alkaloids a cikin abin da suke ɗaure da tubulin, yana hana ƙwayar microtubule. Ana amfani da Podophyllotoxin don samar da wasu magunguna guda biyu tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban: etoposide da teniposide . Topoisomerase inhibitors Masu hana Topoisomerase kwayoyi ne da ke shafar ayyukan enzymes guda biyu: topoisomerase I da topoisomerase II . Lokacin da helix ɗin DNA mai igiya biyu ba a yi rauni ba, yayin yin DNA ko rubutawa, alal misali, iskar DNA ɗin da ba a buɗe ba tana da ƙarfi (supercoils), kamar buɗe tsakiyar igiya murɗaɗi. Damuwar da ke haifar da wannan tasirin yana cikin wani ɓangare na taimakon enzymes topoisomerase. Suna haifar da ɓarna guda ɗaya ko biyu cikin DNA, suna rage tashin hankali a cikin madaidaicin DNA. Wannan yana ba da damar kwancen DNA na yau da kullun ya faru yayin kwafi ko kwafi. Hana topoisomerase I ko II yana tsoma baki tare da waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu. Biyu na topoisomerase I inhibitors, irinotecan da topotecan, an samo asali ne daga camptothecin, wanda aka samo daga itacen ado na kasar Sin Camptotheca acuminata . Ana iya raba magungunan da ke kaiwa topoisomerase II zuwa rukuni biyu. Topoisomerase II guba yana haifar da ƙara yawan matakan enzymes da ke ɗaure zuwa DNA. Wannan yana hana kwafin DNA da kwafi, yana haifar da karyewar layin DNA, kuma yana haifar da mutuwar kwayar halitta ( apoptosis ). Wadannan sun hada da etoposide, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone da teniposide . Ƙungiya ta biyu, masu hana catalytic, kwayoyi ne waɗanda ke toshe ayyukan topoisomerase II, don haka suna hana haɗin DNA da fassarar saboda DNA ba zai iya jurewa da kyau ba. Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da novobiocin, merbarone, da aclarubicin, waɗanda kuma suna da wasu mahimman hanyoyin aiwatarwa. Magungunan rigakafi na cytotoxic Magungunan rigakafi na cytotoxic rukuni ne daban-daban na magunguna waɗanda ke da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban. Jigon gama gari da suke rabawa a cikin nunin chemotherapy shine suna katse rarrabawar tantanin halitta . Mafi mahimmancin rukuni shine anthracyclines da bleomycins ; wasu fitattun misalan sun haɗa da mitomycin C da actinomycin . Daga cikin anthracyclines, doxorubicin da daunorubicin sune na farko, kuma an samo su daga kwayoyin Streptomyces peucetius . Abubuwan da aka samo daga waɗannan mahadi sun haɗa da epirubicin da idarubicin . Sauran magungunan da ake amfani da su na asibiti a cikin rukunin anthracycline sune pirarubicin, aclarubicin, da mitoxantrone . Hanyoyin anthracyclines sun haɗa da DNA intercalation (kwayoyin sakawa tsakanin igiyoyin DNA guda biyu), tsarar radicals masu amsawa sosai waɗanda ke lalata ƙwayoyin intercellular da topoisomerase hanawa. Actinomycin wani hadadden kwayoyin halitta ne wanda ke tsaka da DNA kuma yana hana RNA kira . Bleomycin, glycopeptide keɓe daga Streptomyces verticillus, kuma yana tsaka-tsakin DNA, amma yana samar da radicals kyauta waɗanda ke lalata DNA. Wannan yana faruwa lokacin da bleomycin ya ɗaure zuwa ƙarfe ion, ya zama mai raguwa a cikin sinadarai kuma yana amsawa da iskar oxygen. Mitomycin wani maganin rigakafi ne na cytotoxic tare da ikon alkylate DNA. Bayarwa Yawancin chemotherapy ana isar da su ta cikin jini, kodayake ana iya gudanar da adadin wakilai ta baki (misali, melphalan, busulfan, capecitabine ). Bisa ga sake dubawa na kwanan nan (2016) na yau da kullum, hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na baka suna ba da ƙarin ƙalubale ga marasa lafiya da ƙungiyoyin kulawa don kiyayewa da tallafawa bin tsarin kulawa. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na isar da magunguna ta cikin jijiya, waɗanda aka sani da na'urorin samun damar jijiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da na'urar jiko mai fuka -fuki, catheter na gefe, catheter na tsakiya, catheter na tsakiya (PICC), catheter na tsakiya da tashar tashar da za a iya shukawa . Na'urorin suna da aikace-aikace daban-daban dangane da tsawon lokacin jiyya na chemotherapy, hanyar bayarwa da nau'ikan wakili na chemotherapeutic. Dangane da mutum, ciwon daji, matakin ciwon daji, nau'in chemotherapy, da sashi, ana iya ba da chemotherapy ta cikin jijiya akan ko dai a asibiti ko na waje . Don ci gaba da gudanar da aikin chemotherapy na jijiya akai-akai ko kuma na tsawon lokaci, ana iya shigar da tsarin daban-daban ta hanyar tiyata a cikin vasculature don kiyaye shiga. Tsarukan da aka fi amfani da su sune layin Hickman, da Port-a-Cath, da kuma layin PICC . Waɗannan suna da ƙananan haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, suna da ƙarancin kamuwa da phlebitis ko ƙari, kuma suna kawar da buƙatar maimaita shigar da cannulae na gefe. Keɓewar gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓi (sau da yawa ana amfani da shi a cikin melanoma ), ko keɓaɓɓen jiko na chemotherapy a cikin hanta ko huhu an yi amfani da su don magance wasu ciwace-ciwace. Babban manufar waɗannan hanyoyin shine a sadar da babban adadin chemotherapy zuwa wuraren ciwon daji ba tare da haifar da lahani mai yawa na tsarin ba. Wadannan hanyoyin za su iya taimakawa wajen sarrafa keɓaɓɓen ko ƙayyadaddun metastases, amma ta hanyar ma'anar ba tsari ba ne, kuma, sabili da haka, kada ku bi da rarraba metastases ko micrometastases . Ana amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, irin su 5-fluorouracil, don magance wasu lokuta na ciwon daji na fata wanda ba melanoma ba . Idan ciwon daji yana da sa hannun tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, ko tare da cutar sankarau, ana iya gudanar da chemotherapy na ciki. Tasiri mara kyau Dabarun ilimin chemotherapeutic suna da kewayon illolin da suka dogara da nau'in magungunan da ake amfani da su. Magungunan da aka fi sani suna shafar ƙwayoyin sel masu saurin rarrabuwa na jiki, kamar ƙwayoyin jini da ƙwayoyin da ke rufe baki, ciki, da hanji. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ilimin chemotherapy na iya faruwa sosai bayan gudanarwa, cikin sa'o'i ko kwanaki, ko na yau da kullun, daga makonni zuwa shekaru. A lokuta da yawa, karuwa a cikin haƙuri / raguwa a cikin sakamako masu illa da kuma inganta ingantaccen maganin warkewa ta hanyar azumi na gajeren lokaci a cikin kwanakin jiyya an lura da su a cikin mutum da kuma gwaje-gwajen dabba. Immunosuppression da myelosuppression Kusan duk tsarin maganin chemotherapeutic na iya haifar da baƙin ciki na tsarin garkuwar jiki, sau da yawa ta hanyar gurɓata bargon ƙashi kuma yana haifar da raguwar fararen jini, jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, da platelets . Anemia da thrombocytopenia na iya buƙatar ƙarin jini . Neutropenia (raguwa na neutrophil granulocyte count a kasa 0.5 x 10 9 / lita ) za a iya inganta tare da roba G-CSF ( granulocyte -colony-stimulating factor, misali, filgrastim, lenograstim ). A cikin mummunan myelosuppression, wanda ke faruwa a cikin wasu tsarin, kusan dukkanin kwayoyin halitta na kasusuwa (kwayoyin da ke samar da farin jini da jajayen jini ) an lalata su, ma'ana allogenic ko autologous kasusuwan kasusuwan kasusuwa ya zama dole. (A cikin BMTs na autologous, ana cire sel daga mutum kafin magani, ninka sannan a sake yin allura daga baya; a cikin BMTs na allogenic, tushen mai bayarwa ne. ) Duk da haka, wasu mutane har yanzu suna fama da cututtuka saboda wannan tsangwama tare da kasusuwa. Ko da yake ana shawartar mutanen da ke karbar maganin chemotherapy da su wanke hannayensu, su guje wa marasa lafiya, da kuma daukar wasu matakai na rage kamuwa da cuta, kusan kashi 85% na cututtuka na faruwa ne sakamakon wasu kwayoyin cuta da ke faruwa a jikin jikin mutum (ciki har da cavity na baki ) da kuma fata. Wannan na iya bayyana a matsayin cututtuka na tsarin, irin su sepsis, ko a matsayin annoba ta gida, irin su Herpes simplex, shingles, ko wasu mambobi na Herpesviridea . Ana iya rage haɗarin rashin lafiya da mutuwa ta hanyar shan maganin rigakafi na yau da kullun kamar quinolones ko trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole kafin wani zazzabi ko alamar kamuwa da cuta ya bayyana. Quinolones yana nuna ingantaccen rigakafi musamman tare da ciwon daji na hematological. Duk da haka, a gaba ɗaya, ga kowane mutum biyar da aka hana rigakafi bayan maganin chemotherapy da suka sha maganin rigakafi, za a iya hana zazzabi daya; ga kowane mutum 34 da ya sha maganin rigakafi, ana iya hana mutuwa daya. Wani lokaci, ana jinkirta jiyya na chemotherapy saboda an danne tsarin garkuwar jiki zuwa ƙananan matakin. A Japan, gwamnati ta amince da yin amfani da wasu namomin kaza na magani kamar Trametes versicolor'', don magance damuwa na tsarin rigakafi a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar sankara. Trilaciclib shine mai hana cyclin-dogara kinase 4/6 wanda aka amince da shi don rigakafin myelosuppression wanda chemotherapy ya haifar. Ana ba da miyagun ƙwayoyi kafin chemotherapy don kare aikin ƙwayar kasusuwa. Neutropenic enterocolitis Saboda damun tsarin rigakafi, neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) shine "rikitaccen ƙwayar gastrointestinal mai barazanar rai na chemotherapy." Typhlitis cuta ce ta hanji wanda zai iya bayyana kansa ta hanyar bayyanar cututtuka da suka haɗa da tashin zuciya, amai, gudawa, ciwon ciki, zazzabi, sanyi, ko ciwon ciki da taushi. Typhlitis na gaggawa ne na likita . Yana da mummunan tsinkaya kuma sau da yawa yana da mutuwa sai dai idan an gane shi da sauri kuma an yi masa mugun nufi. Nasarar jiyya ya dogara ne akan ganewar asali da wuri da aka bayar ta babban ginshiƙi na zato da kuma yin amfani da sikanin CT, magani mara aiki don lokuta marasa rikitarwa, da kuma wani lokacin zaɓin hemicolectomy na dama don hana sake dawowa. Ciwon ciki Tashin zuciya, amai, anorexia, gudawa, ciwon ciki, da maƙarƙashiya ne na gama gari-sakamakon magungunan chemotherapeutic wanda ke kashe sel masu rarraba cikin sauri. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin ruwa na iya haifarwa lokacin da mai karɓa bai ci ko sha ba, ko kuma lokacin da mutum ya yi amai akai-akai, saboda lahani na ciki. Wannan na iya haifar da saurin raguwar kiba, ko kuma a samu kiba lokaci-lokaci, idan mutum ya ci abinci da yawa a kokarinsa na kawar da tashin zuciya ko ƙwannafi. Hakanan ana iya haifar da karuwar nauyi ta wasu magungunan steroid. Ana iya rage waɗannan lahani akai-akai ko kuma a kawar da su tare da magungunan hana kumburi . Shaida maras tabbas ta kuma nuna cewa probiotics na iya samun rigakafin rigakafi da tasirin maganin gudawa dangane da chemotherapy kadai kuma tare da aikin rediyo. Duk da haka, babban ƙididdiga na zato ya dace, tun da zawo da kumburi suma alamun alamun cutar typhlitis ne, gaggawar gaggawa mai tsanani da kuma yiwuwar rayuwa wanda ke buƙatar magani na gaggawa . Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Cutar daji

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani%20Abubakar%20Lugga

Sani Abubakar Lugga

Tarihi Wazirin Katsina, Professor Sani Abubakar lugga an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Augusta a shekara ta 1950 a grin katsina, Jahar katsina dake Arewacin Najeriya. Da ne ga Alhaji Abubakar lugga ya rayu a shekarar (1912-1988) shine Sarkin Dawan katsina, wato mai kula da Dazuka da Ma'adanai na Masarautar katsina, Sarkin Dawan Katsina Alhaji Abubakar Lugga shine da na farko ga Wazirin Katsina Sheikh Haruna ya rayu a shekera (1857-1937) Don haka Wazirin katsina Prof. Sani Abubakar Lugga jika ne ga Wazirin Katsina na farko Sheikh Haruna. A tasawowar Prof. Sani Abubakar Lugga an kai Shi yaye wurin 'yar uwar kakarshi wadda takansance mai sani game da ilimin addinin Islama ana kiranta da Malama Aisha Sodai. Prof Sani an dauke shi an maida shi wurin iyayensa yana da shekaru bakwai 7 bayan yayi karatu na wajibi na Al-qur'ani, sai mahaifinsa ya sa shi a makarantar Firamare, amma ya cigaba da karatun Addini hade da karatun boko . Mahaifin sa Alhaji Abubakar lugga da ne ga Wazirin Katsina na farko Sheikh Haruna (1857-1937) wanda jika ne ga Sarkin Kanem Bakashe Mallam Haido (1899-1919) da ga Sarki Son Allah (1854-1882) Dan Sarki Iro (1824-1830), Dan Sarki Alu (1819-1822) Dan Sarki Ali (1802-1807) Dan Sarki E-E (1758-1779), Dan Sarki Remi (1744-1758), Dan Sarki Namauli 1706-1718), Dan Sarki Salifu (1661-1679), Dan Sarki Damisa (1634-1661), Dan Sarki Tanni (1579-1605), Wanda shine ya kafa daular Kanuri (Bare-Bari) masu mulki a Kanem Bakashe, Iyalan Sheikh Haruna asalinsu tsatso ne Kanuri wanda suke mulkin kanem Bakashe tun 1579 AD. Suna daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiri Daular Kanuri na Kanem Barno karkashin Mai Idris Alooma. Mai yayi mulki tsakanin 1571 da 1603 sannan yayi kanem-Barno tayi kaimi ta fadada har zuwa Katsina, Zamfara, Kano da wasu bangarori wanda yanzu suna cikin kasar Nijar wanda suka hada da; kanem Bakashe, Tasawa da Damagram. Bakashe Bincike ya nuna shine sunan shugaban na al'ummar farko na yankin, Kanem kuma kalmar kanuri ce wadda take nufin Birni, Kanem Bakashe yana nufin Birnin Bakashe a yaren Kanuri kenan. Yankin yanzu ya kasance a cikin masarautun Maradi dake Jamhuriyyar Nijar. Sarkin Kanem Bakashe, Alhaji Sani, da babmahaifinshi Marigayi Sarki Daouda, sun kasance yan uwa ne na jin i ga Mai girma Wazirin Katsina na farko Sheikh Haruna kuma sun kasance suna zumunci na kwarai tsakanin ahalin waziri Haruna dake Najeriya. Haka kuma suma Ahalin Waziri haruna suna zumunci da su cikin Girmamawa da kaunar juna. Misali Marigayi Sarkin Kanem Bakashe Sarki Daouda ya hallarci Bikin Nadin Sarautar Wazirin Katsina, Prof.Sani Abubakar Lugga, kuma Sarki Sani na yanzu da ga Sarki Daouda yana kawo Ziyarar sada zumunci a kai a kai, Haka zalika Waziri Sani Lugga ya kasance ya hallarci Daurin Auren diyar Sarki Daouda a Kanem Bakashe kuma iyalan Waziri suma suna hallarta duk wani taro a Kanem Bakashe. Sheikh Haruna ya kasance Malamin Addinin Musulunci ne kuma kakkanin sa sun taimakawa Sheikh Usman Dan Fodiyo wajen yin Jihadi a 1804, Waziri ya yanke shawarar da ziyarci Katsina domin neman Ilimi da bincike, kamar yadda ya saba ziyartar sauran sassan Duniya domin neman Ilimi da yada shi kamar Mali, Senegal, da garuruwa na kusa kamar Dosso, Damagaram, da Kance. Katsina a wannnan lokacin ta kasance mafi shaharar Cibiyar Addinin Musulunci a kasar Hausa kuma bugu da kari tana dauke da Malamai kwarai da gaske. Sheikh Haruna ya iso Katsina a shekara ta 1897 kuma ya shaku da Durbin katsina Muhammadu Dikko da Sarki Abubakar, A wannan lokacin anyi gaggawar shaida shi a matsayin Babban Malami kuma shaharare A bangaren Addinin Musulunci a wannan lokacin wanda bai bukatar wani horo na musamman, hakan ya sa aka sakashi cikin jerin Sarakunan Katsina.Akwai manyan Masallatai guda Ukku a katsina a lokacin. Daya shine Babban Masalaci wanda yake a hedikwatar Jama'atul Nasrul Islam kusa da Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda babban limamin Masarauta yake jagoranta. Na biyu yana kofar kaura wanda Mallam Barmo yake jagoranta, shi kuwa na Ukku yana Kofar Samri inda aka nada Sheikh Haruna a matsayin Liman Haruna. Liman Haruna da Durbi Muhammadu Dikko sun kasance sun shaku sosae da Sarkin Katsina Abubakar wanda lokacin da Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka zo domin jan ragamar Shugabanci na yankin a 1903 karkashin Jagorancin Lord Lugard. Sarki Abubakar ya nada Durbi Dikko a matsayin mai kula da dukannin al'amurra shi kuma Liman Haruna a matsayin Babban Liman. ya kamata a sani cewa idan aka cire tura wa guda biyu dukkan sauran sojojin turawan sun kasance Musulmai ne yan Najeriya wanda aka dauke aiki karkashin Shedikwatar Sojoji dake karkashin turawa a Lojoja da Zungeru a yanzu jahohin Kogi da Niger. A lokacin Muhammadu Dikko ya zama Sarkin Katsina a 1906, Mutun na farko daya fara nadawa Sarauta shine Aminintaccen Abokinsa Sheikh Haruna a matsayin Wazirin Katsina na Farko, Wannan shi ya haifar da farko Daular Sarki Dikko da Waziri Haruna a katsina. Waziri Haruna ya kasance makusanci kuma mataimaki wajen kawo ci-gaba a mulki Sarki Dikko, haka zalika Sarkin Dawa Abubakar (Dan Waziri Haruna, Mahaifin Waziri Abubakar) shima ya aksance makusanci kuma mataimaki ga Sarki Usman Nagogo (Dan Sarki Dikko), Sarki Muhammadu Kabir (Jikan Sarki Dikko) shima ya kulla alaka mai karfi ta mutuntaka da aminci tsakaninsa da Waziri Sani Lugga (Jikan Waziri Haruna). Mahaifiyar Prof. Sani Lugga itace Hajiya Aisha, diyar Mallam Zubair, wanda da ne ga Kwamandan Baraden Jihadi, Uban dawakin Katsina Muhammadu Sani, wanda yayi aiki karkashin Sarkin Katsina Abubakar. Karatu Bayan karatun Adinin Musulunci na Wajibi a kananan Shekaru, Wazirin katsina Prof. Sani Abubakar Lugga an saka shi makarantar Firamare inda ya cigaba da karatun addinin Musulunci tare da Ilimin boko. Ya samu nasarar samun shaidar jarabawa ta (West African School Certificate), da sakamako mai daraja ta daya a dukkan darussa daga Makarantar (Provincial Secondary School, Katsina a yanzu Government College Katsina) a 1968. Inda yake da zabi domin zuwa Babbar Makaranta inda zai samu kwallin zuwa Jami'a don yin digiri ko Dipiloma, Ya zabi kuma an dauke shi a Kwalejin Harkar Noma a Jami'a daya tilo kuma mai daraja a yankin arewacin Najeriya a wancan lokaci Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zariya, inda ya kammala karatun dipiloma a bangaren Harkokin Noma a 1970. Saboda sha'awarsa da Ilimi, Prof lugga ya sake shiga Makarantar Polythecnic MAi daraja kuma ita kadai a yankin arewa a wancan lokacin watau Kaduna Polythecnic, in da ya samu shaidar National Diploma a bangaren Kasuwanci da sakamako mai daraja a dukkan Darussa a 1975. Ya cigaba da karatunsa inda ya kara samun Diiloma daga Kabelmetal Electro Training, Hanover dake kasar Jamus, a 1985. Kaunar Ilimi ga Prof. Lugga wannan ya bashi dama samun shiga Jami'ar Illorin domin yin karatun Digiri na Biyu wato Masaters a Bangaren Gudanarwar Kasuwanci (Business Administration Executive Program) a ka kar karatu ta 1998/1999. Sannan ya samu dama ta musamman dayin rijista ta hanyar yin karatu mai dogon zango domin yayi karatu na digiri na biyu dana Ukku a hade a lokaci daya wato (Masters Degree da Doctorate Degree) a Jami'ar St. Clements, a British West Indies. Ya zabi yayi karatukan a hade tare da Jami'ar St. Clement dake Ingila wadda ta kasance tana da rijista da yarjewar da hadin gwiwar Kungiyoyin Turai domin Karatun mai Nisan Zango (British Association of Open Learning) a Landan. da kuma Kungiyar Jami'oi da Kwaleji ta Duniya, dake Washinton DC a Amuruka. Bayan kammala karatun cikin Nasara, Bincike da Byar da takardun nazari, ya samu shaidar kararun Digiri na Biyu a bangaren Gudanarwar Kasuwanci (Master of Business Administration Degree) a 2002 da kuma shaidar Digiri na Ukku a bangare Gudanarwa wato (Doctorate Degree in MAnagement) a 2003 daga Jami'ar St. Clement. Bayan kamar Shekaru Sha biyu (12) a shekara ta 2015, ya samu shaidar Digirin digir gir a bangaren FAlsafar Kwantar da Tarzoma wato ( Doctor of philosophy Degree in Conflict Management) daga Jami'ar Suan Juan, dake Costa Rica a kasar Amuruka. Ya hallaci tarukam karawa juna sani Aiki Sarauta Litttafai Kyaututtuka da Lambobin Yabo Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aikatar%20albarkatun%20man%20fetur%20ta%20%28Najeriya%29

Ma'aikatar albarkatun man fetur ta (Najeriya)

Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur wani bangare ne na Ma’aikatun Tarayyar Najeriya waɗanda ke jagorantar albarkatun man fetur da ayyukanta a Najeriya . Tana nan a Block D, Towers na NNPC, Herbert Macaulay way, CBD, Abuja . Tarihi A farkon lamarin, sashen kula da harkokin (Hydrocarbon) na ma'aikatar harkokin Legas ne ya gudanar da al'amuran man fetur, wanda ya gabatar da rahoto kai tsaye ga Gwamna-janar. Ƙungiyar haɗin kai ta ba da nauyi kamar: adana bayanai game da al'amuran bincike, da shigo da kayayyakin man fetur; aiwatar da aminci da sauran ƙa'idodi kan al'amuran waɗanda galibi suka shigo da kayayyaki da rarraba su, da sauransu Ƙungiyar ta haɓaka zuwa sashen Man Fetur a cikin Ma’aikatar Ma’adanai da Wuta, tare da faɗaɗa ayyukan masana'antar mai. A cikin shekarar 1971, an kuma kirkiro Kamfanin Mai na Ƙasa (NNOC) don gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci kai tsaye a cikin masana'antar mai a madadin Gwamnatin Tarayya. Koyaya, Sashin Albarkatun Man Fetur (Department of Petroleum Resources) a Ma’aikatar Ma’adanai da Wuta ta Tarayya ta ci gaba da aiwatar da doka da oda a kan masana'antar. A shekarar 1975, aka daga darajar sashen zuwa ma’aikatar mai suna, ma’aikatar mai da makamashi wanda daga baya aka sauya sunan zuwa ma’aikatar albarkatun man fetur. Sannan a shekarar 1985, an sake kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur. Tsarin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ƙungiya ce ta gwamnati wacce tsarin aikinta ya kunshi Minista wanda aka naɗa shi ta hanyar shugaban siyasa, Babban Sakatare wanda jami'in aiki ne kuma Babban Jami'in Akanta na Ma'aikatar. Babban Sakatare yana ba da rahoton duk lamuran na Ma’aikatar ga Ministan, yayin da Daraktoci a ma’aikatar ke gabatar da rahoto ga Babban Sakatare. Ma'aikatar tana da Daraktoci goma sha biyu, kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin Darakta, wato: Ma'aikatar Kula da Albarkatun Dan Adam, Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare, Bincike da Kididdiga, Ma'aikatar 'Yan Jarida da hulda da jama'a, Ma'aikatar Kudi da Lissafi, Sashin Shari'a, Ma'aikatar Siyarwa, Gas, Ma'aikatar aiyukan mai, sake fasalin Co-ord, Janar aiyuka, binciken ciki, Sashin Ayyuka na Musamman, da sauransu Kowane ɓangare yana da ɓangarori daban-daban a cikin tsarin matsayi / dala wanda Mataimakin Daraktoci ke jagoranta, da ƙaramin sashe / mahaɗa. Daraktocin suna bayar da rahoto kai tsaye ga Babban Sakatare, yayin da Mataimakin Daraktoci ke ba da rahoto ga Daraktoci da Mataimakin Daraktoci suna ba da rahoto ga Mataimakin Daraktoci bi da bi. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur tana gudanar da ayyukanta a matakin tsari tun daga kan manyan shuwagabannin gudanarwa har zuwa na tsakiya / karamin mai zartarwa. Jagoranci da Daraktoci Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Dr. Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu a matsayin ƙaramin ministan albarkatun man fetur a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2015. An maye gurbinsa da Timipre Sylva wanda ya karɓi mukamin Minista a watan Agusta 2019. Ma’aikatar tana da babban sakatare guda ɗaya, daraktoci tara, mataimakan darektoci biyu da kuma mataimakin darakta da ke shugabantar da sassan su. Daraktoci, matsayi da Sashensu: Manufa Tabbatar da yanayi mai ba da damar inganta sarkar mai da Gas, ta hanyar fasahar zamani, masana'antu, kyawawan halaye, shigar masu ruwa da tsaki da sabbin abubuwa a madadin makamashi. Gani/Hangen nesa Don isar da Masana'antar mai da Gas (Makamashi) don Najeriya. Ayyuka Addamarwa da tsara tsarin manufofi da shirye-shirye na ci gaban ɓangaren Man Fetur (Mai da Gas) gaba ɗaya; Duk manufofin suna da mahimmanci game da tallan ɗanyen mai, gas, albarkatun Man Fetur da dangoginsu; Duk manufofin rangwame a bangarorin mai da iskar gas na bangaren makamashi na tattalin arziki; Kirkirar manufofi don karfafa saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da shiga cikin bangarorin mai da gas; Gudanar da bukatun hadin gwiwa na gwamnati a bangaren Man Fetur domin kara cikakken amfanin tattalin arzikin da ake samu daga albarkatun mai da iskar gas na Najeriyar da kuma tabbatar da inganta sha'awar gwamnati a dukkan tsare-tsaren mai da gas; Lasisin duk ayyukan mai da iskar gas; Manufofin siyasa dangane da bincike da haɓakawa a ɓangarorin Man Fetur da Gas na masana'antar Man Fetur; Developmentaddamar da masana'antun hydro-carbon ciki har da iskar gas, sarrafawa, matatun mai da masana'antun Petrochemical ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu zaman kansu; Kirkirar manufofi don tabbatar da karuwar albarkatun mai da iskar gas da kuma karuwar fasahar kere kere a Najeriya daidai da tsarin da ya dace da kuma kasafta kason samarwa ga kamfanonin da ke samarwa bisa lamuran OPEC da kuma kara yawan kudaden shiga daga man fetur da iskar gas ga kasar; Kulawa da kulawa da dukkan alakar da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu da suka shafi bangaren makamashi (Mai da Gas); Gabaɗaya kulawa da daidaita ayyukan ayyukan majalissun masu zuwa da rassanta: Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC) Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur (DPR) Asusun Bunƙasa Fasahar Man Fetur (PTDF) Asusun Daidaita Man Fetur (PEF) Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur (PTI) Hukumar Kula da Farashin Kayan Man Fetur (PPPRA) Sassan Sassan, Shugabanci da Ayyukansu: Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation Department of Petroleum Resources Petroleum Training Institute Nigeria Nuclear Regulatory Authority Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency Nigerian Content Development Monitoring Board Petroleum Technology Development Fund Daidaita kuɗaɗen fetur P & ID harka A shekarar 2010, an ce Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwangila a madadin gwamnatin Najeriya a lokacin, karkashin jagorancin shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan don ginawa da kuma gudanar da wani sabon wurin sarrafa iskar gas tare da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na kasar waje da Ci gaban Masana'antu da aka sani da P&ID, kamfani ne wanda aka kafa a cikin Tsibirin British Virgin Islands. Kwangilar da aka kulla tare da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ita ce samar da iskar gas (“jika gas”) ba tare da an biya kudin kamfanin ba. A nata ɓangaren, kamfanin zai gina tare da gudanar da aikin har tsawon lokacin da aka amince da shi tare da sarrafa gas din don cire ruwan gas din da kamfanin zai biya yayin da za a dawo da shi gas din ba tare da tsada ba wanda hakan zai dace da shi. gida. Ma'aikatar a karkashin jagorancin minista na wancan lokacin, Diezani Alison-Madueke ta kula da kammala kwangilar wacce daga baya ta zama datti cikin rikice-rikice da ƙararraki. Duk kwangilar da yanayin da suka shafi kammalawarsa ba sabon abu bane. Na ɗaya, kwangilar ta dogara ne akan shawarar da ba a nema ba da kamfanin P&ID ya gabatar wa gwamnatin Najeriya. Ba a gudanar da wata yarjejeniya ba. Bugu da ƙari, P&ID bai bayyana yana da gogewa ba a fannin gas wanda za a tsammata daga kamfani da ke da alhakin aikin biliyoyin daloli - ya kasance wani yanki ne da ke cikin teku ba tare da “ba shi da dukiya, ƙalilan ma’aikata ne, kuma ba shi da rukunin yanar gizo ko wani wurin. ” Rahoton wani dan jaridar Najeriya, Reuben Abati ya bayar da cikakken bayani game da shari'ar kamar haka; "Maganar ta tafi gaban kotun sasantawa, a karkashin Dokar da sasantawa a shekarar 2004, tare da London, Ingila a matsayin wurin sasantawa. Bayan tabbatar da ikonta a cikin lamarin, Kotun ta fara sauraron kararta don tantance ko babu wata karya kwangila. A wannan lokacin, akwai ƙoƙarin da Ma'aikatar Man Fetur ta yi don cimma yarjejeniya tare da P&ID har na dala miliyan $ 850, wanda za a biya kashi ɗaya. An gabatar da wannan ne don neman amincewar Shugaban Ƙasa mako guda zuwa tafiyar Shugaba Jonathan daga mukaminsa. Da ma za a iya ɗaure hannayen gwamnati mai shigowa don ba da izinin biyan wannan kuɗin. A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Sauraren kararraki ta raba shari'ar kuma a watan Yulin 2015, ta tabbatar da cewa haƙiƙa Najeriya ta gaza aiwatar da ayyukanta a karkashin GSPA sannan kuma ta yanke hukunci baki daya cewa P&ID na da hakkin a biya shi diyya. Sabuwar gwamnatin Najeriya ta kwashe sama da watanni 4 kafin ta maida martani. Uzurin da aka bayar na jinkirin, daga Misis Folakemi Adelore, mai bayar da shaida ga Najeriya, shi ne cewa an samu canjin mulki a Najeriya kuma Ministocin, ciki har da Babban Lauyan nan ne kawai aka nada. Najeriya ta nemi a kara mata lokaci domin ta yi aiki da sakamakon kotun da ke sasantawa ". Lissafin masana'antar man fetur Najeriya a matsayinta na ƙasa mai dogaro da mai ta nemi hanyoyi daban-daban na bunƙasa ɓangaren mai da iskar gas daidai da matsayin duniya wanda ke nuna buƙatar ƙarrfafa ƙarfi da ingantaccen tsari na ɓangaren don bunƙasa cikakkiyar gasa ta hanyar shirin zuwa ƙudirin Masana'antar Man Fetur. Wata majiyar labarai ta cikin gida ta ba da rahoton cewa "an fara aika ƙudirin ne ga Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya a watan Disambar shekara ta 2008 daga Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'Adua na lokacin . Wani kwamiti na shugaban ƙasa da aka kafa a 2007 don duba ɓangaren mai da iskar gas ne suka ƙirƙiro da ƙudirin wannan kudirin, wanda ke da nufin ƙara nuna gaskiya a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) da kuma ƙara wa Najeriya kaso daga kuɗaɗen shigar mai. Dokar ba ta taɓa zama doka ba saboda adawa daga kamfanonin mai na ƙasa da ƙasa (IOCs) da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) kan wasu abubuwan da ke cikin daftarin. A shekarar 2015, karamin Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur na wancan lokacin, Dokta Ibe Kachikwu ya ce ya kamata a yi wa PIB kwaskwarima don saurin wucewa. Sakamakon haka, Dokar ta kasu kashi daban-daban, don magance ɓangarori daban-daban na masana'antar mai. A shekarar 2016, majalisar dattijai ta nuna alamun shirye shirye don fara tattaunawa kan ƙudirin, wanda shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijan kan man fetur (Sama), Sanata Omotayo Alasoadura ya tura don karatu na biyu. Gabanin muhawarar kan ƙudirin, Sanatocin daga yankin Neja Delta, wadanda suka nemi a dakatar da dokar a 'yan watannin baya, saboda sun yi imanin cewa rashin shigar da buƙatun al'umma a matakin farko na iya kara tayar da hankali a cikin yankunan da ke samar da mai, sun kammala shirye-shiryen haduwa don yin tunani a kan sake farfado da kudirin da kuma tabbatar da cewa aikin a kan tafiyarsa ya ci gaba cikin sauri. Tsarin tabbatar da an zartar dashi kafin karshen zaman majalisa, na 2016, bai zama gaskiya ba. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar 2018, an gabatar da kudirin dokar, Dokar Gudanar da Masana'antar Man Fetur (PIGB), ta Majalisar Dokoki ta 8, amma, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya ki amincewa da shi. Sabuwar PIB 2020 Duk da ƙoƙarin da majalisun da suka gabata suka yi na rashin nasara, zartar da ƙudirin dokar Masana’antar Man Fetur na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Majalisar Tarayya ta tara ta lissafa a cikin ƙudirin dokar. Mambobin majalisar dattijai da na wakilai, da suka dawo bakin aiki bayan rantsar da su a ranar 11 ga Yuni, a shekara ta 2019, sun yi alkawarin karya “jinx” da ke kusa da Dokar Masana’antar Man Fetur (PIB) tare da kawo gyara a ɓangaren man. Shugaban majalisar dattijai, Dr Ahmed Lawan da takwaransa na majalisar wakilai, Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila ya tabbatar da cewa majalisar dokoki ta 9 za ta zartar da ƙudirin. Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari a ranar 29 ga Satumba, shekara ta 2020 ya aika da sabon PIB ga ‘ƴan majalisar. Ƙudirin ya wuce karatu na farko da na biyu ba tare da bambancin ra'ayoyi daga 'ƴan majalisar ba, saboda haka majalisar ta kafa kwamitin wucin gadi don sauraren ra'ayoyin jama'a, yayin da kwamitocin majalisar dattijai kan man fetur na sama, na ƙasa da iskar gas ke kula da na majalisar dattawa. Sabon PIB mai taken: "Ƙudirin doka don samar da doka, shugabanci, tsarin mulki da kuma tsarin Fiíscal na masana'antar man fetur na Najeriya, Ci gaban Al'umma mai masaukin baƙi da kuma lamuran da suka shafi hakan," a tsakanin wasu kuma suna ƙoƙarin soke Asusun Daidaita Man Fetur (PEF) da Hukumar Kula da Farashin Kayayyakin Man Fetur (PPPRA) da maye gurbinsu da wata sabuwar hukuma da za a sani da Nigerian Midstream da Downstream Regulatory Authority (NMDRA) wacce za ta kasance da alhakin fasahohin ƙere-ƙere da kasuwanci na zirga-zirga da ayyukan mai a cikin masana'antar. Ƙudirin ya gabatar da ƙudirin kafa Hukumar Kula da Manyan Tace ta Najeriyar don ta kasance mai daukar nauyin fasahohi da kasuwanci na ayyukan hakar mai. Ta ƙara neman kasuwancin Kamfanin Mai na Ƙasa (NNPC) don zama Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya don a sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kamfanoni da Al’amuran Matsalar da Ministan mai ya sanya. Masu ruwa da tsaki suna adawa da wasu tanade-tanade a cikin ƙudirin a wurin Jin ra'ayoyin Jama'a Dukkanin majalisun dokokin kasar sun gudanar da taron jin ra’ayoyin jama’a na kwanaki biyu kan ƙudirin don baiwa masu ruwa da tsaki damar yin abubuwan da suke gabatarwa kafin zartarwar ta ƙarshe. Yayin da Majalisar Dattawa ta gudanar da nasu a ranar 25 zuwa 26 ga watan Janairu, majalisar a nata ɓangaren ta gudanar da su a ranar 27 zuwa 28 ga watan Janairu. A taron sauraren ƙarar da kwamitin haɗin gwiwa na majalisar dattijai kan harkar Man Fetur, Ruwa da Gas, wasu manyan kamfanoni masu haƙar mai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar sun nuna damuwa kan wasu tanade-tanaden sabon Ƙudirin. Shugaban Sashin Cinikin Mai (OPTS), Mike Sangster wanda ya gabatar da bayanan a madadin kamfanonin Total, Chevron, Exxon Mobil da Shell ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da wasu tanade tanaden. Manyan damuwar da suka gabatar sun haɗa da ci gaban zurfin ruwa, wanda ya ce sun taimaka matuƙa wajen kula da matakan samar da mai a Najeriya ta hanyar rage koma baya a harkar haɗin gwiwa. Ƙungiyar ta koka kan cewa PIB ɗin ya nuna cewa tanade-tanaden na (Deepwater) basa samar da yanayi mai kyau na saka hannun jari a gaba da kuma ƙaddamar da sabbin ayyuka. Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa PIB ya cire Harajin Hydrocarbon la'akari da cewa har yanzu kamfanoni za su kasance ƙarƙashin CIT. Ƙungiyar ta ce don tabbatar da karfafa gwiwar masu saka jari su samar da kudaden gudanar da ayyukan Deepwater, ya kamata PIB ta baiwa ayyukan mai na Deepwater cikakken tallafi a lokacin biyan shekaru biyar na farkon samarwa ko kuma shirin masarauta da ya kammala kamar yadda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin miƙa su. Sun ci gaba da cewa ƙudirin ba zai magance manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar ci gaban iskar gas a Najeriya ba, kamar rashin wadatattun hanyoyin samar da ruwa, tsadar farashin iskar gas, ɗimbin basussuka masu tsawo, da dai sauransu, wanda hakan na iya kawo cikas ga cimma burin gwamnati na ɓangaren gas na cikin gida. Sun ba da shawarar cewa PIB ta samar da hanya madaidaiciya don sauyawa zuwa farashi mai tushen kasuwa, ba kara wasu ka'idoji na biyan bukatun isar da iskar gas na cikin gida a matsayin wani sharaɗin samar da iskar gas zuwa ƙasashen waje da kuma ba da kwangila da yarjejeniyoyin da suka gabata suka gudana ba. Har ila yau, Shugaban HOSTCOM na Kasa, Mista Benjamin Style Tams, a cikin gabatarwar sa, ya ce zai zama wauta da rashin tunani a hana “HostCom” damar rabon hannun jari a duka kafa kamfanin NNPC Limited, hukumar, hukuma da allon Sanarwar ta ce: “Wannan neman mallake dukkan iko da dukiyarmu ta wasu tsirarun masu kishin kasa dole ne ya tsaya. Dangane da kuɗin azabtarwa na iskar gas, al'ummomin da ke karɓar bakuncin, waɗanda su ne kai tsaye ke karɓar mummunan tasirin, su ne waɗanda za su karɓi hukuncin wutar. "Game da kula da muhalli da kuma ci gaba mai dorewa na al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin, ya zama wajibi duk dokokin da manufofin da za su fara aiwatar da duk wani aiki dole ne su yi daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa da ake da su a yayin gabatar da mu." A wata gabatarwar, Kungiyar Injin Injin Mata (WIEN) ta kuma nuna damuwa game da shawarar a cikin PIB, wanda ya ce "kowane mazaunin, inda ya dace ta hanyar mai ba da sabis, ya ba da gudummawar da ta yi daidai da kashi 2.5 cikin 100 na ainihin aikin aiki dangane da duk aikin mai. ” Shugabar WIEN kuma Manajan Darakta na Zigma Limited, Mrs. Funmi Ogbue, ya ce kashi 2.5 din ya yi tsada sosai. Sun kawo Sashe na 3, 14, 15, 18, 22, 26, 37, 41 da 71, da sauransu yayin da suke neman 'yan majalisar su canza kalmomi kamar' shi ',' nasa 'da' shi 'ga' su ',' su ', da' su '. A zaman da aka yi a majalisar wakilai, masu ruwa da tsaki da suka hada da masu samar da mai, jihohin da ke samar da mai, kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyi masu ruwa da tsaki sun yi adawa da wasu tanade-tanade a cikin dokar wadanda suke ganin ba su dace da gasa ba, saka hannun jari da sauran ayyukan a cikin harkar man fetur. A nasa bayanin, Shugaban ƙungiyar kwadagon Najeriya, (NLC) Kwamared Ayuba Wabba ya musanta wasu tanade-tanade na PIB da kuma shawarar yin kwaskwarima don shigar da kwadago da bunkasa samar da mai a bangaren mai. A cewarsa: “Sashe na 53 wanda ke kirkirar Kamfanin Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Najeriya ya dauka cewa ya kamata ya kasance tare da NNPC a matsayin kamfani. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin rikicewa tsakanin mahaɗan biyu. Don haka, ya zama dole a bayyana abubuwan biyu. A takaice, bangaren aiki ko kamfanin riƙe kamfani na iya fa'ida daga guje wa rikicewar nomenclature. “Sashe na 53 (1) ya bayar da cewa Ministan zai kasance cikin watanni shida daga fara wannan Dokar, ya sanya a sanya shi a karkashin Kamfanoni da Dokar Allied Matters, wani karamin kamfanin abin alhaki, wanda za a kira shi da Kamfanin National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPC Limited) ). “Kwadago ba su yarda da wannan tanadin ba. Akwai wadatattun dalilai don damuwa a cikin wannan tanadin. Tabbas, haɗawa a ƙarƙashin CAMA na NNPC Ltd yana da tasiri mai tasiri ga tasirin kasuwancin kasuwanci, gami da haɗakar kamfanin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar koke. Sabili da haka, masu ba da bashi, abokan gaba suna karɓar ƙididdigar har ma da masu hannun jari kaɗan na iya tsara sabbin dokokin don cutar da mutanen Najeriya. “Muna ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a sanya kamfanin NNPC Ltd. ta hanyar da ta fi karfin da zai ba ta damar yin aiki tare da mafi karancin cikas, ba tare da samun takunkumin da ke iya haifar da rikici ba sannan a gudanar da shi cikin riba. Wannan karfin da aka samu wajen kafa kamfanin na NNPC Ltd. ya kamata a kalla, ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani mutum, wasu zababbu ko kungiyoyin adawa da za su iya kawo cikas ga ayyukanta ta hanyar koke-koke da kuma karbar madafun iko. ” A cikin bayanin da ta gabatar, Kungiyar Man Fetur da Gas ta Kasa, (NUPENG) da Manyan Manyan Ma'aikatan Man Fetur da Gas na Najeriya, (PENGASSAN) sun yunkuro don neman Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur da Gas. Yayin da yake gabatar da matsayinsu na hadin gwiwa, Shugaban PENGASSAN, Festus Osifo ya ce ba zai haifar da da mai ido ba wajen yin kwafin kwamitocin. Ya kuma yi kira ga mai kula da NNPC mai zaman kansa ya roki 'yan majalisar su tabbatar da cewa PIB lokacin da aka zartar dole ne ya jawo hankalin masu saka jari. Jin ra'ayoyin jama'a duk da haka ya ɗauki wani yanayi daban a Rana ta Biyu. Kafin farawa, membobin al'ummomin da ke karɓar bakuncin sun shiga rikici. Yaƙin ya ɓarke ne lokacin da aka kira theungiyoyin Hostungiyoyin Hostan Nijeriya masu samar da Mai da Gas (HOSTCOM) a kan dakalin gabatar da jawabai ta hanyar Shugaban Kwamitin Ad-hoc kan PIB, Hon. Mohammed Monguno, amma an samu rashin jituwa a tsakaninsu wanda ya kai ga musayar duka har sai da jami'an tsaro suka shiga tsakani. Don wannan, 'yan majalisa da sauran mahalarta taron sun yi sumame don aminci, kuma sun sake zama bayan kura ta lafa. Daya daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin fadan, wanda ya bayyana kansa, a matsayin Babban Cif Benjamin Tamaranebi, kuma Shugaban HOSTCOM, da yake zantawa da manema labarai daga baya ya ce yakin ya shafi batun neman kaso 10 cikin 100 na daidaito daga al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin. Za a tuna cewa gwamnati ta sanya a cikin PIB da aka gabatar 2.5. kashi ɗari a matsayin masarauta ga al'ummomin da suka karɓi baƙuncin. Amma Tamaranebi ya ce bai isa ga mutane ba saboda haka ya nemi karin kashi 10 cikin 100. Shima da yake magana akan ci gaban, Barr. Gouha Ukhorumah wanda ya wakilci Gbaramatu da ke gabar teku da kuma Hostungiyoyin masu karɓar bakin teku a ƙaramar hukumar Warri ta Kudu na Jihar Delta ya ce rikicin ya samo asali ne tsakanin ɓangarori biyu na ƙungiyar waɗanda ke kiran kansu Hostungiyoyin Masu karɓar ba tare da takamaiman masarauta ko Localaramar Hukumar a matsayin yankin da ke ɗaukar hoto. Matsayin Gwamnatocin Jihohi Hakazalika, a jawabansu daban-daban, wasu jihohin da ake haƙo mai kamar Delta, Ribas, Bayelsa, Akwa Ibom sun matsa kaimi wajen shigar da su cikin shuwagabannin hukumomin gudanarwa daban-daban. Jihar Ribas ta ba da shawarar cewa bisa la’akari da dabarun da jihar Ribas ke da shi a fannin samar da man fetur da iskar gas, ya kamata a ba da misali da hedkwatar hukumar da duk kamfanonin da ke hako mai a jihar Rivers bisa ga umarnin shugaban kasa. Dangane da jihar Delta, sashe na 238 na kudirin dokar da ya karanta “Rashin hada da Man Fetur Communities Development Trust”, ya kamata a sake gyara shi don karanta “Rashin nasara daga duk wani mai lasisi ko hayar da wannan doka ta tanada don yin aiki da wajibcinsa a karkashin wannan babin na iya zama doka. zama dalilin soke lasisin da ya dace ko haya." Jihar wanda babban mashawarcin gwamna Ifeanyi Okowa, Dr. Kingsley Emu ya wakilta ya kuma bukaci a sake gyara sashe na 238 na kudirin don karantawa: “Sashe na 238’ duk wanda ke da lasisi ko hayar da doka ta zartar na shigar da dokar. Amintattun ci gaban al'ummomin mai masaukin baki a cikin tsarin lokaci a cikin sashe na 236 zai sanya mai riƙe ko lasisi ya zama abin alhakin hukuncin $250,000 da za a biya ga amintaccen a duk lokacin da aka haɗa asusun amana. Bugu da kari, ƙarin $50,000 na kowane wata mai zuwa amintaccen ya kasance ba a haɗa shi ba. Wannan hukuncin zai kasance ƙari ga adadin kuɗin da aka amince da shi a ƙarƙashin sashe na 240." Gwamnatin ta kuma bukaci ‘yan majalisar da su kirkiro wani sabon sashe na 240 (5) don samar da kashi 50 na hukuncin da ya taso kan iskar gas a wani yanki na musamman na lasisi ko hayar da aka kafa kamfanin mai na Host Community Development Trust kamar yadda ita ma ta nemi a samar da ita. na wani sabon Sashe na 240(6) don karanta "Taimakon cirewa kwatankwacin kashi 20 na kuɗin lasisin da aka biya akan sabon lasisi ko farashin tallace-tallace inda aka sake siyar da haya ko lasisi." Maido da PIB Sake Bayan da aka yi ta cece-ku-ce a ranar karshe ta zaman da aka yi a zauren majalisar, gamayyar kungiyoyin farar hula (CSOs) da al’ummomin da ke hako mai a yankin Neja Delta sun yi watsi da kudirin dokar masana’antar man fetur ta shekarar 2020. Da yake magana, mai magana da yawun kungiyoyin CSOs da masu masaukin baki a yankin Neja Delta, Botti Isaac ya zargi kwamitin wucin gadi na majalisar wakilai kan PIB da yin watsi da muradun al’ummomin da suka karbi bakuncinsu. Ya kuma zargi majalisar dokokin kasar da kin bayar da dama ga masu ruwa da tsaki a yankin su ba da dama ga masu ruwa da tsaki a yankin su yi ta bakinsu a kan matakan da za a bi na zartar da PIB, saboda duka majalisun biyu sun hana mambobinsu shiga zauren taron. Ya bayyana cewa, yadda majalisar ta tafiyar da al’ummomin da suka karbi bakuncin taron da kuma gudunmawar kungiyoyin farar hula a zaman da aka yi, an yi shi ne da gangan don ganin ba a jin muryoyin da ba su dace ba. Ya ce PIB na yanzu ba zai kare al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin ba saboda ya bar su cikin tausayin kamfanonin mai. Isaac ya kuma ce kudirin dokar idan aka amince da shi aka kuma sanya hannu kan dokar zai haifar da rudani a yankin Neja-Delta da kuma kara jefa al’ummar yankin ga gurbacewar muhalli da wahalhalun da ba a taba gani ba, kuma al’ummomin yankin Neja Delta ba za su amince da irin wannan doka ba. Ya kara da cewa sanya kariyar kariyar man fetur a kan wasu al’ummomin da ba su dauke da makami ba gaskiya ba ne kamar yadda “binciken da Social Action ta gudanar a baya ya nuna cewa satar mai wanda shi ne babban dalilin huda bututun mai ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai wadanda a mafi yawan lokuta ba ma ma. jama'a." Matsayin gwamnatin tarayya A yayin da yake gabatar da nasa jawabin a zaman, Shugaban Hukumar Tattara Haraji, Allocation da Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) Elias Mbam ya shaida wa ‘yan majalisar cewa kudirin na iya rage yawan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tarayya. Ya ce, “Hukumar tana goyon bayan manufofi da makasudin wannan kudiri. Koyaya, akwai wasu wuraren da muke jayayya sosai. Kudirin bai yi tanadi mai ma'ana ba kan shigar da kudaden shiga ga tarayya. Idan muna da NNPC Limited da ke magana game da ribar da za ta iya zuwa sau ɗaya a shekara, ta yaya za mu tabbatar da ci gaba da samun bayanan kuɗin shiga kowane wata zuwa Asusun Tarayya? “Na biyu, muna sane da cewa duk kudaden shiga daga Hydrocarbons abu ne na kudaden shiga na Asusun Tarayya amma inda ake cire haraji daga kudaden shiga na Hydrocarbon, abu daya ne da kutse a asusun tarayya. Don haka muna sa ran cewa kudirin bai kamata ya zama nakasu ga kudaden shiga na wata-wata ga Asusun Tarayya ba. “A kan kudaden al’umma da ke karbar bakuncin, Hukumar tana goyon bayan kafa kudaden al’umma gaba daya. Damuwar mu ita ce tushen asusun. Akwai dokar da ta ba da kashi 13% don magance matsalolin da suka shafi tallafin al'umma. Muna jin cewa tushen asusun ya kamata ya kasance daga wannan kashi 13%. " Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda ke goyon bayan ƙudirin Duk da kin amincewa da al'ummomin da suka karɓi bakuncinsu da sauran 'yan wasa a masana'antar, wasu masu ruwa da tsaki a fannin man fetur da iskar gas na tattalin arzikin Najeriya a wurin taron sun yi bi-bi-bi-da-kulli inda suka bayyana gagarumin kyakyawan da ke tattare da kudirin dokar masana'antar mai. Masu ruwa da tsaki da suka hada da Karamin Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur, Cif Timipre Silva, Manajan Daraktan Rukunin GMD, na Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya NNPC, Mele Kyari da Shugaban Hukumar Harajin Harajin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya, FIRS, Mohammed Nami ya bayyana cewa. daftarin doka idan aka gabatar da shi ya zama doka zai inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki tare da samar da kuzari da kuma nuna gaskiya da ake bukata wanda zai haifar da samar da albarkatu a masana'antar man fetur. Majalisar Dokokin Kasar Har yanzu Tana Da Hakuri A Kan Ƙudirin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, Ahmad Lawan da Kakakin Majalisar, Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila a jawabansu daban-daban a taron jin ra’ayin jama’a da aka gudanar a zaurukan biyu, sun ba da tabbacin cewa za a amince da amincewa da PIB kafin karshen watan Mayu, 2021. A yayin da yake bayyana bude taron jin ra’ayin jama’a a zauren majalisar dattawa, Lawan ya yi gargadin a daina jinkiri wajen zartar da kudurin dokar masana’antar man fetur (PIB) domin zai haifar da babbar asara ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya. A cewarsa, “Majalisar dokokin kasar za ta zartar da kudirin nan da watan Afrilu kuma ina da tabbacin za ta samu amincewar shugaban kasa a watan Mayun wannan shekara. Majalisar dattijai ta tara a cikin hikimar ta, ta sanya amincewa da kudurin dokar a matsayin fifiko a ajandarta na majalisar kuma tun daga lokacin da masu ruwa da tsaki masu ruwa da tsaki suka dukufa wajen ganin an zartar da kudurin a bana. “Wataƙila, masana’antar mai da iskar gas ta Najeriya ta fuskanci matsaloli da ƙalubale da yawa a cikin dogon lokaci sakamakon tsofaffin dokoki. Wadannan kalubalen sun hada da wadanda al’amuran duniya suka tsara, kiraye-kirayen da ake ta yi na ganin an dakile ayyukan da ake yi a kasa, da tada hankalin al’ummomin da ke hako mai da kuma kwance damarar NNPC, duk wadannan suna nuna bukatar yin garambawul ga majalisar dokoki. “A saninka ne cewa rashin shigowar PIB ya kasance babban abin da ya jawowa masana’antar a tsawon shekaru da suka wuce, wanda hakan ya kawo cikas wajen janyo hankalin masu zuba jari na cikin gida da na waje a daidai lokacin da wasu kasashe da dama ke fafutukar cin gajiyar mai. da albarkatun gas. Sanin cewa har yanzu ana tafiyar da harkokin kasuwancin man fetur na kasa bisa dokokin da aka kafa sama da shekaru 50 da suka gabata, abin dariya ne da ban takaici matuka. “A matsayinmu na ’yan majalisa, za mu yi kokarin samar da kudirin doka da zai bunkasa ci gaban masana’antar man fetur da iskar gas, da zamanantar da tsarin kasafin kudinmu da kuma kara yin takara, tare da samar da daidaito ga masu ruwa da tsaki. Wannan alkawari ne da muka yi kuma za mu cimma. Dole ne Najeriya ta sami masana'antar mai da iskar gas da ke amfanar al'ummarta. Hakazalika, masana'antar mai da iskar gas ɗinmu dole ne su kasance masu gasa. Dole ne mu samar da yanayin zuba jari mai dorewa, inda kasuwanci a fannin zai bunkasa." A nasa bangaren, Mista Gbajabiamila, ya ce duk da matsayar da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki suka dauka, majalisar wakilai za ta tabbatar da cewa ta kare muradun Najeriya da ‘yan Najeriya a cikin kudirin. Ya ce duk da cewa yarjejeniya ce ta kasa cewa ya kamata a yi cikakken garambawul ga masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya koka da halin da ake ciki inda "wannan mahimmin masana'antar ta kasa ba ta cika karfinta da kuma fatanmu na kasa." Shugaban majalisar ya ce, “ba mu manta da gaskiyar al’amura da dama da ake ta fama da su a wannan fanni ba. Wadannan sabani ba sa bukatar haifar da rikici, musamman idan mun san manufar ci gaban kasa ta amfanar da mu baki daya. Sabili da haka, tsarin yin hulɗa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki zai ci gaba fiye da wannan sauraron jama'a don daidaita bambancin bukatun da kuma tabbatar da duk ra'ayi mai mahimmanci ya zama wani ɓangare na shawarwarin da ke sanar da doka ta ƙarshe. “Wannan kudiri ya dade yana zuwa kamar yadda shugaban ya ce. Yana zuwa a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Saboda rigima da son zuciya, ba mu iya cimma sakamakon da ake so ba tsawon shekaru. “Ayyuka da yawa sun shiga cikin shirye-shiryen wannan kudiri, amma ba a daure ba. Manufar taron jin ra’ayin jama’a shi ne a sami bukatu da watakila ba a amince da su ba kafin gabatar da kudirin don a ba da murya da kuma fahimtar watakila mafi girman muhallin da suka fito.” Menene na gaba akan PIB? Da yake sake haɗuwa bayan musayar da al’ummar da suka karbi bakuncin taron a zauren taron, Shugaban Kwamitin Ad-hoc kan PIB, Hon. Mohammed Monguno, ya ba da tabbacin cewa kwamitin zai ziyarci al'ummomi daban-daban a yankin tekun don gudanar da su yadda ya kamata. Yayin da yake yin Allah wadai da rikicin da ya barke tsakanin al’ummar yankin, Kakakin Majalisar, Hon. Benjamin Kalu ya ce majalisar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanyar da za ta amince da PIB nan da Afrilu 2021, tare da lura cewa dokar za ta sake karfafa masana'antar man fetur da kuma bunkasa tattalin arziki a cikin al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin da kuma kasa baki daya." Manazarta   Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Kwayoyin%20Halitta

Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta

Ciwon kwayoyin halitta matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya ta hanyar daya ko fiye da rashin daidaituwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta . Ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta guda daya (monogenic) ko wasu kwayoyin halitta masu yawa (polygenic) ko ta rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal . Ko da yake cututtukan polygenic sun fi na kowa, ana amfani da kalmar mafi yawa lokacin da ake magana da cuta tare da dalili guda ɗaya, ko dai a cikin kwayar halitta ko chromosome . Maye gurbin da ke da alhakin zai iya faruwa ba da jimawa ba kafin haɓakar amfrayo (a de novo maye gurbi), ko kuma ana iya gadonsa daga iyaye biyu waɗanda suke ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta mara kyau ( autosomal recessive inheritance ) ko kuma daga iyaye masu fama da cuta ( autosomal rinjaye gado). Lokacin da cutar ta gado ta gado ɗaya ko duka biyun, ana kuma rarraba ta azaman cuta ta gado. Wasu cututtuka ana haifar da su ta hanyar maye gurbi a kan X chromosome kuma suna da gado mai alaƙa da X. Cututtuka kaɗan ne ake gado akan Y-chromosome ko DNA mitochondrial (saboda girmansu). Akwai sanannun cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 6,000, kuma ana bayyana sabbin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta koyaushe a cikin littattafan likitanci. Fiye da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta 600 ana iya magance su. Kusan 1 a cikin 50 mutane suna fama da sanannen rashin lafiya-kwayoyin halitta, yayin da kusan 1 cikin 263 ke fama da cutar chromosomal . Kusan kashi 65% na mutane suna da wata irin matsalar lafiya sakamakon maye gurbi na haihuwa. Saboda babban adadin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, kusan 1 cikin mutane 21 suna fama da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta da aka rarraba a matsayin " rauni " (wanda aka fi sani da yana shafar ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 2,000). Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta ba su da yawa a kansu. Ciwon kwayoyin halitta yana samuwa kafin haihuwa, kuma wasu cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta suna haifar da lahani na haihuwa, amma kuma nakasa na iya zama ci gaba maimakon gado . Kishiyar cuta ta gado cuta ce da aka samu . Yawancin ciwon daji, ko da yake sun haɗa da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta zuwa ƙaramin adadin sel a cikin jiki, an samu cututtuka. Wasu cututtukan ciwon daji, duk da haka, irin su maye gurbi na BRCA cututtukan gado ne na gado. Single-gene Ciwon kwayar halitta guda daya (ko rashin lafiya na monoogenic ) shine sakamakon maye gurbi guda daya. Za'a iya yada cutar ta kwayar halitta guda ɗaya zuwa tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Bugawa na al'ada da rashin aikin yi, duk da haka, na iya shafar tsarin gado. Rabe-raben da ke tsakanin nau'ikan koma-baya da masu rinjaye ba "masu wahala ba ne", ko da yake rarrabuwa tsakanin nau'ikan autosomal da nau'ikan X sun kasance (tunda nau'ikan na ƙarshe an bambanta su zalla bisa ga yanayin chromosomal na kwayar halitta). Alal misali, nau'i na dwarfism na kowa, achondroplasia, yawanci ana la'akari da rashin lafiya mai mahimmanci, amma yara masu kwayoyin halitta guda biyu don achondroplasia suna da mummunar cuta mai tsanani kuma yawanci mai kisa, wanda achondroplasics za a iya la'akari da masu ɗaukar hoto. Sickle cell anemia kuma ana la'akari da yanayin koma baya, amma masu ɗaukar heterozygous sun ƙara juriya ga zazzabin cizon sauro a farkon ƙuruciya, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin yanayin da ya fi girma. Lokacin da ma'auratan da ɗaya ko duka biyu ke fama da cutar ko kuma masu ɗauke da kwayar cutar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya suna son haifuwa, za su iya yin hakan ta hanyar hadi a cikin vitro, wanda ke ba da damar tantance ƙwayoyin halittar preimplantation don bincika ko tayin yana da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta. Yawancin rikice-rikice na rayuwa na haihuwa da aka sani da kurakuran haifuwa na metabolism suna haifar da lahani guda ɗaya. Yawancin irin waɗannan lahani guda ɗaya na iya rage dacewar mutanen da abin ya shafa kuma saboda haka suna cikin yawan jama'a a ƙananan mitoci idan aka kwatanta da abin da za a sa ran bisa ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu sauƙi. Autosomal rinjaye Kwafi guda daya kawai da aka canza na kwayar halitta zai zama dole don mutum ya shafe shi ta hanyar rashin lafiyar da ta mamaye. Kowane mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci yana da iyaye ɗaya da abin ya shafa. Damar da yaro zai gaji maye gurbi shine kashi 50%. Yawancin yanayi na autosomal wasu lokuta sun rage shiga cikin jiki, wanda ke nufin ko da yake ana buƙatar kwafi ɗaya kawai, ba duk mutanen da suka gaji wannan maye gurbin suna ci gaba da haɓaka cutar ba. Misalan irin wannan cuta sune cutar Huntington, neurofibromatosis nau'in 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, Marfan ciwo, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal ciwon daji, hereditary mahara exostoses (wani sosai shiga autosomal rinjaye cuta), tuberous sclerosis, Von Willebrand cuta, da kuma m intermittent porphyria . Ana kuma kiran lahanin haihuwa. Autosomal recessive Dole ne a canza kwafi biyu na kwayar halitta don mutum ya shafa ta hanyar rashin bacci. Mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci yana da iyayen da ba su shafa ba waɗanda kowannensu ke ɗauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da ta canza kuma ana kiranta da masu ɗaukar kwayoyin halitta . Kowane iyaye da ke da lahani na kwayoyin halitta yawanci ba su da alamun cutar. Mutane biyu da ba su kamu da cutar ba wadanda kowannensu ke dauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza suna da hadarin kashi 25% tare da kowane ciki na haihuwa da cutar ta shafa. Misalan irin wannan cuta sune albinism, matsakaicin sarkar acyl-CoA dehydrogenase rashi, cystic fibrosis, sikila cell cuta, Tay-Sachs cuta, Niemann-Pick cuta, spinal muscular atrophy, da kuma Roberts ciwo . Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan dabi'u, kamar rigar da bushewar kunun kunne, ana kuma ƙaddara ta cikin yanayin koma baya na autosomal. Wasu cututtuka na autosomal recessive sun zama ruwan dare gama gari saboda, a da, ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin kuskuren kwayoyin halitta ya haifar da ɗan kariya daga cututtuka masu yaduwa ko guba kamar tarin fuka ko zazzabin cizon sauro . Irin waɗannan cututtuka sun haɗa da cystic fibrosis, cutar sikila, phenylketonuria da thalassaemia . X mai alaƙa da rinjaye Rikicin da ke da alaƙa da X yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta akan X chromosome . 'Yan cuta kaɗan ne kawai ke da wannan tsarin gado, tare da babban misali shine rickets hypophosphatemic mai alaƙa da X. Maza da mata duka suna fama da wannan cuta, yayin da maza suka fi fama da cutar fiye da mata. Wasu yanayi masu rinjaye na X-linked, irin su Rett syndrome, incontinentia pigmenti type 2, da Aicardi syndrome, yawanci suna mutuwa a cikin maza ko dai a cikin mahaifa ko jim kadan bayan haihuwa, sabili da haka ana ganin su a cikin mata. Keɓancewa ga wannan binciken sune lokuta masu wuyar gaske waɗanda yara maza masu fama da cutar Klinefelter (44+xxy) suma suka gaji yanayin da ke da alaƙa da X kuma suna nuna alamun kama da na mace dangane da tsananin cutar. Damar kamuwa da cuta mai alaƙa da X ta bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. 'Ya'yan mutumin da ke da cutar da ke da alaka da X, duk ba za su sami matsala ba (tun da sun karbi chromosome na mahaifinsu na Y), amma 'ya'yansa mata duk za su gaji yanayin. Matar da ke da babbar cuta mai alaƙa da X tana da damar kashi 50% na samun ɗan tayin da ya shafa tare da kowane ciki, kodayake a lokuta irin su incontinentia pigmenti, zuri'ar mata ne kawai ke iya yiwuwa. Recessive mai alaƙa da X Halin koma bayan da ke da alaƙa da X shima yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta akan X chromosome. Maza sun fi mata yawa akai-akai, saboda kawai suna da X chromosome da ake bukata don yanayin ya bayyana. Damar kamuwa da cutar ta bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. 'Ya'yan mutumin da ke da matsalar koma baya mai alaka da X ba za a shafa ba (tun da sun karɓi chromosome na mahaifinsu na Y), amma 'ya'yansa mata za su kasance masu ɗaukar kwafi ɗaya na kwayar halittar da ta canza. Matar da ke dauke da cutar ta koma baya (X R X r ) tana da kashi 50% na samun 'ya'ya maza da abin ya shafa da kuma damar samun 50% na 'ya'ya mata masu dauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza. Halin da ke da alaƙa da X sun haɗa da cututtuka masu tsanani na hemophilia A, Duchenne Muscular dystrophy, da Lesch-Nyhan ciwo, da kuma yanayi na yau da kullum da marasa mahimmanci kamar gashin gashi na namiji da kuma ja-kore launi makanta . Halin rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da X na iya bayyana a wasu lokuta a cikin mata saboda skewed X-inactivation ko monosomy X ( Turner syndrome ). Raunin da ke da alaƙa da Y yana faruwa ne ta hanyar maye gurbi akan Y chromosome. Ana iya yada waɗannan sharuɗɗan ne kawai daga jima'i na heterogametic (misali maza) zuwa zuriyar jinsi ɗaya. Mafi sauƙaƙa, wannan yana nufin cewa cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da Y a cikin ɗan adam ba za a iya yada su kawai daga maza zuwa 'ya'yansu ba; Mata ba za su taɓa yin tasiri ba saboda ba su mallaki Y-allosomes ba. Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da Y suna da wuya sosai amma sanannun misalan yawanci suna haifar da rashin haihuwa. Haihuwa a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi yana yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar hana haihuwa ta hanyar taimakon likita. Mitochondrial Wannan nau'in gadon, wanda kuma aka sani da gadon uwa, shine mafi ƙarancin kuma ya shafi kwayoyin halitta 13 da DNA mitochondrial ke ɓoye. Domin ƙwayoyin ƙwai ne kaɗai ke ba da gudummawar mitochondria ga amfrayo masu tasowa, uwaye (waɗanda abin ya shafa) kaɗai za su iya ba da yanayin DNA na mitochondrial ga 'ya'yansu. Misalin irin wannan rashin lafiya shine Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy . Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa mafi yawan cututtukan mitochondrial (musamman lokacin da alamun bayyanar cututtuka suka tasowa a farkon rayuwa) suna haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda mitochondria ya fi girma ta DNA wanda ba mitochondrial ba. Wadannan cututtuka galibi suna bin gadon gado na autosomal. Multifactorial cuta Cututtukan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama hadaddun, multifactorial, ko polygenic, ma'ana ana iya danganta su da tasirin kwayoyin halitta da yawa a hade tare da salon rayuwa da abubuwan muhalli. Cututtuka masu yawa sun haɗa da cututtukan zuciya da ciwon sukari . Kodayake rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa sukan taru a cikin iyalai, ba su da tsayayyen tsarin gado. Wannan yana da wahala a iya tantance haɗarin da mutum ke da shi na gado ko kuma kamuwa da wannan cuta. Cututtuka masu rikitarwa suma suna da wahalar nazari da kuma magance su domin har yanzu ba a gano takamaiman abubuwan da ke haifar da mafi yawan wadannan cututtuka ba. Nazarin da ke nufin gano dalilin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa na iya amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don ƙayyade ƙungiyoyin genotype - phenotype . Hanya ɗaya, tsarin genotype-farko, yana farawa ta hanyar gano bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin marasa lafiya sannan kuma ƙayyade alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Wannan ya saba wa mafi al'ada phenotype-farko hanya, kuma zai iya gano dalilan haddasawa da a baya an rufe su da asibiti iri -iri, shiga, da kuma bayyanawa. A kan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun cututtuka, cututtuka na polygenic sun kasance suna "gudu a cikin iyalai", amma gadon bai dace da tsari mai sauƙi ba kamar cututtukan Mendelian . Wannan baya nufin cewa kwayoyin halitta ba za a iya gano su a ƙarshe kuma su yi nazari ba. Hakanan akwai wani bangaren muhalli mai ƙarfi ga yawancin su (misali, hawan jini ). Sauran abubuwan sun haɗa da: asma cututtuka na autoimmune irin su sclerosis ciwon daji ciliopathies tsinke baki ciwon sukari cututtukan zuciya hauhawar jini cutar kumburin hanji rashin hankali rashin lafiyan yanayi kiba Kuskure mai karɓuwa rashin haihuwa Cutar chromosomal Rashin lafiyar chromosomal wani yanki ne na chromosomal ɓatacce, ƙari, ko mara daidaituwa na DNA. Yana iya kasancewa daga adadi mai ƙima na chromosomes ko rashin daidaituwar tsari a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da chromosomes. Misalin waɗannan cututtuka shine trisomy 21 ( Down syndrome ), wanda a ciki akwai ƙarin kwafin chromosome 21. Bincike Saboda nau'ikan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka sani, ganewar asali ya bambanta kuma ya dogara da cutar. Yawancin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ana gano su kafin haihuwa, a lokacin haihuwa, ko kuma lokacin ƙuruciyar yara duk da haka wasu, irin su cutar Huntington, na iya tserewa ganowa har sai majiyyaci ya fara girma. Abubuwan asali na rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta sun dogara ne akan gadon kayan gado. Tare da zurfin tarihin iyali, yana yiwuwa a hango yiwuwar rashin lafiya a cikin yara wanda ke jagorantar ƙwararrun likitocin zuwa takamaiman gwaje-gwaje dangane da rashin lafiya da ba da damar iyaye su shirya don canje-canjen salon rayuwa, tsammanin yiwuwar haihuwa, ko tunanin ƙarewa . Ciwon ciki na iya gano alamun rashin daidaituwa a cikin ci gaban tayin ta hanyar duban dan tayi, ko gano kasancewar sifofin halayen ta hanyoyin ɓarke waɗanda suka haɗa da shigar da bincike ko allura a cikin mahaifa kamar na amniocentesis . Hasashen Ba duk cututtukan kwayoyin halitta ba ne kai tsaye ke haifar da mutuwa; duk da haka, babu wasu sanannun magunguna na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta suna shafar matakan ci gaba, irin su Down syndrome, yayin da wasu ke haifar da bayyanar cututtuka na jiki kawai kamar dystrophy na muscular . Sauran cututtuka, irin su cutar Huntington, ba su nuna alamun ba har sai sun girma. A lokacin aiki na rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, marasa lafiya galibi suna dogara ne akan kiyayewa ko rage jinkirin lalacewar ingancin rayuwa da kiyaye ikon kai na haƙuri. Wannan ya haɗa da jiyya na jiki, kula da ciwo, kuma yana iya haɗawa da zaɓi na madadin shirye-shiryen magani . Magani Maganin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta yaƙi ne da ke gudana, tare da fiye da 1,800 na gwajin asibiti da aka kammala, ana ci gaba, ko kuma an amince da su a duk duniya. Duk da haka, yawancin zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da magance alamun rashin lafiya a ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar marasa lafiya. Maganin kwayoyin halitta yana nufin wani nau'i na magani inda aka gabatar da kwayar halitta mai lafiya ga majiyyaci. Wannan ya kamata ya rage lahani da ke haifar da kuskuren ƙwayar cuta ko rage ci gaban cutar. Babban cikas shine isar da kwayoyin halitta zuwa ga tantanin halitta, nama, da gabobin da cutar ta shafa. Masu bincike sun bincika yadda za su iya shigar da kwayar halitta a cikin yuwuwar triliyoyin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen kwafin. Samun amsar wannan ya kasance shingen hanya tsakanin fahimtar cutar kwayar halitta da kuma gyara matsalar kwayoyin halitta. Epidemiology Kusan 1 a cikin 50 mutane suna fama da sanannen rashin lafiya-kwayoyin halitta, yayin da kusan 1 cikin 263 ke fama da cutar chromosomal . Kusan kashi 65% na mutane suna da wata irin matsalar lafiya sakamakon maye gurbi na haihuwa. Saboda babban adadin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, kusan 1 cikin mutane 21 suna fama da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta da aka rarraba a matsayin " rauni " (wanda aka fi sani da yana shafar ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 2,000). Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta ba su da yawa a kansu. Akwai sanannun cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 6,000, kuma ana bayyana sabbin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta koyaushe a cikin littattafan likitanci. Tarihi Sanannen yanayin kwayoyin halitta na farko a cikin hominid yana cikin nau'in burbushin halittu Paranthropus robustus , tare da sama da kashi uku na mutane suna nuna amelogenesis imperfecta . Duba kuma FINDbase (Mai yawan bayanai na cuta na gado) Kwayoyin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta Jerin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta Ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin kwayoyin halitta Kuskuren Mendelian Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Tarihi%20ta%20Lima

Cibiyar Tarihi ta Lima

Kasancewa a cikin tsakiyar gari ko yankunan Cercado de Lima da Rímac, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Lima tana cikin mahimman wuraren yawon buɗe ido a Peru. Tushe Birnin Lima, babban birnin kasar Peru, Francisco Pizarro ne ya kafa shi a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1535 kuma aka ba shi sunan birnin Sarakuna. Duk da haka, bayan lokaci sunansa na asali ya ci gaba, wanda zai iya fitowa daga ɗaya daga cikin tushe guda biyu: Ko dai yaren Aymara lima-limaq (ma'anar "furan rawaya"), ko kuma lafazin Mutanen Espanya na kalmar Quechuan rimaq (ma'ana "mai magana", kuma a zahiri. rubuta da kuma furta limaq a cikin harsunan Quechua I na kusa). Ba kome ba ne cewa kalmar Quechuan guda ɗaya ita ce tushen sunan da aka ba kogin da ke ciyar da birnin, kogin Rímac (wanda ake magana da shi a cikin harsunan Quechua II masu rinjaye na siyasa, tare da "r" maimakon "l"). Taswirorin farko na Peru suna nuna sunaye biyu da aka nuna tare. A cikin 1988, UNESCO ta ayyana cibiyar tarihi ta Lima a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya saboda asalinta da babban tarin abubuwan tarihi da aka gina a lokacin kasancewar Mutanen Espanya. Baranda na Lima Daga cikin gine-ginen da ke tsakiyar cibiyar tarihi ta Lima, akwai baranda sama da 1,600 da aka gina a zamanin mataimaka da kuma a cikin jamhuriyar. Don ci gaba da kiyayewa, gundumar Lima ta gayyaci mutane da kamfanoni don ɗaukar baranda don kula da su kamar sababbi ne. Yawancin waɗannan baranda yana ƙara daidaituwa da asali ga wannan yanki na birni. Almubazzaranci na mulkin mallaka A lokacin Mataimakin Shugabancin Peru, an ƙirƙiri aikin fasaha, ɗaukaka, girma da almara rayuwar sarauta. Ikon mataimakin, kamar wakilin masarautar Spain yana da mahimmanci musamman, tunda nadin nasa yana da mahimmanci hawa da kuma nasarar nasarar tseren a cikin mulkin mallaka. Ƙofofin shiga Lima na sababbin mataimakan sun kasance masu kayatarwa na musamman. Domin bikin, an shimfida tituna da sandunan azurfa daga kofofin birnin Lima zuwa fadar mataimakinsa. Babban abubuwan tunawa Fadar Archbishop Fadar Archbishop ita ce gidan Archbishop na Lima. Shahararriyar wurin shakatawa ce a cibiyar Tarihi ta Lima, Peru. Babban coci na farko ya fara gini a shekara ta 1535. Paparoma Paul III ya mai da ita wurin zama na bishop a shekara ta 1541. A 1547, Lima ya zama babban coci, wanda ya mai da shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci, a cikin mafi girman kabila na majami'u na duniya. Majiɓincin wurin zama na bishop shine Saint Rosa na Lima. Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar Italiyanci Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar Italiyanci shine kawai gidan kayan gargajiya na Turai na Peru. Yana da tarin zane-zane, sassaka, zane-zane, kwafi da tukwane na masu fasahar Italiya tun farkon karni na 20, da kuma tarin zane-zane na Italiyanci 35 na zamani. Gidan Aliaga An gina wannan gidan a shekara ta 1535 akan wani wuri mai tsarki na pre-Columbian. An gina shi a ranar, wanda aka raba tare da na kafuwar birni, zuriyar mai mallakar farko, Jerónimo de Aliaga, mai ɗaukar ma'auni kuma mai ba da izini ga Francisco Pizarro ne ya zauna ta dindindin. Wannan gida shi ne mafi tsufa a cikin birnin kuma yana fuskantar fadar gwamnati, tsohuwar kujerar mulkin Pizarro, a wani titin gefe. Majami'un su, masu yawa da kayan marmari da kuma patio na ciki, suna da dukkan halaye na manyan gidajen tarihi na cibiyar tarihi na Lima na lokacin mataimaka. Ganin cikakkiyar yanayin kiyayewa, a cikin yanayi na musamman, wannan gidan sau da yawa yana ɗaukar wasu al'amuran al'adu. Gidan, wanda har yanzu gida ne mai zaman kansa, ana iya ziyartan shi ta hanyar shiryawa tare da kuɗin shiga kusan $11 US. Gidan Oidor A cikin wannan gida, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin birni, ya rayu da Oidor, wanda masarautar Spain ta sanya wa suna don yin aiki a cikin mulkin mallaka. Oidor yana da ta ayyuka don ketare yankin da ake gudanarwa don sarrafa gwamnatinsa. A wannan ma'ana, ya shawarci mataimakin a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Gidan Pilatos Wannan ɗayan tsoffin gidajen Lima ne, wanda wani limamin Jesuit mai suna Ruiz Portillo ya gina a cikin 1590. Mutanen Espanya sun ba da sunan wannan babban gidan da suka isa kuma suka bayyana kamancen gidan da daya a Seville. Gidan Goyeneche Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun gidaje na cibiyar tarihi, wanda aka gina a tsakiyar karni na 18 tare da tasirin Faransanci. Ɗayan yana cikin asalin yanayinsa tare da baranda na musamman na Lima na mulkin mallaka. Gidan Riva Agüero Iyalin Riva Agüero ne suka gina wannan gidan a ƙarni na 18, wanda memba na ƙarshe, haziƙi José de la Riva-Agüero, ya ba da gudummawar ga Jami’ar Katolika ta Fafaroma ta Peru. A halin yanzu ana amfani da Agüero kamar hedkwatar Cibiyar Riva, yana adana fayil ɗin tarihi mai ban sha'awa da ɗakin karatu da ake amfani da shi a lokaci guda ta wurin Gidan Tarihi na Mashahurin Art na PUCP. Cathedral na Basílica An fara ginin Cathedral na Lima a shekara ta 1535—a wannan shekarar ne aka kafa birnin. Cathedral na Lima yana nuna gine-gine na zamanin mulkin mallaka na Spain. Pews na babban coci da benci na ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna da inganci mafi kyau. Babban bagadi yana da zinari kuma yana da hotunan zamanin mulkin mallaka. A cikin babban coci akwai toka na Francisco Pizarro, wanda ya kafa Lima. A kowace shekara, a cikin watan kishin kasa, ana bikin taron Te Deum don nuna godiya ta samun 'yancin kai daga Spain. Wani al'ada da Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani ya sake ɗauka, shine ya ba da taron jama'a duk ranar Lahadi da ƙarfe 11:00 a.m. A cikin 2005 magajin garin Lima ya ƙirƙiro aikin haskaka wajen babban cocin da sabbin fitulu. Basílica na Uwargidanmu na Rosary da Convent na Santo Domingo An ɗauki jinkiri fiye da shekaru 50 don gina majami'a da Convent na Santo Domingo, saboda an fara aikin a daidai lokacin da kafuwar Lima da ƙarshen karni na 16 da aka yi alama a ƙarshensa. Ikklisiya tana da naves guda uku tare da sassaƙaƙƙun mason ashlar a itacen al'ul. Ikklisiya tana da rawanin babban kofi. Cikin ciki yana nuna hotuna daga farkon shekarun birnin da kuma hoton Uwargidanmu Budurwar Rosary, wacce ta fara isa kwarin Rímac, Majiɓincin birnin, yana da alaƙa mai zurfi tare da tsarkakan Peruvian kuma ta hanyar sadaukarwarta ta ban mamaki. an nada sarautar ne a shekara ta 1927 a wani lamari na musamman a tarihin addini na kasar. A gefe guda, gidan zuhudu, kamar duk, yana da claustros mai ban sha'awa kuma a cikin wannan yanayin, tare da salon Sevillian patios fale-falen fale-falen su na yau da kullun. Babban dakinsa na salon baroque ne. A nan ne, a cikin 1551, aka kafa Jami'ar Ƙasa ta San Marcos, ta farko a cikin Amurka. Haikalin Our Lady of the Rosary (ainihin sunan cocin Santo Domingo) an ɗaukaka shi zuwa nau'in basilica a cikin 1930, kuma a cikinsa akwai bagadin tsarkaka na Peruvian, wanda dubban mazauna Peru ke ziyarta kowace shekara. kuma da yawa daga kasashen waje. Basílica da Convent na San Francisco An gina wannan rukunin gine-gine a ƙarni na 17 kuma coci da majami'u na San Francisco ne suka gina shi, da kuma wuraren ibada na kaɗaici da Mu'ujiza. A lokacin ziyarar ku za a iya godiya da claustros, patios ɗin su da aka ƙawata da tayal Sevillian da ɗakin karatu. Anan shine hedkwatar Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar addini da Dakin Zurbarán. A karkashin wannan katafaren akwai hanyar sadarwa na gidajen tarihi na karkashin kasa da catacombs wadanda suka kasance makabarta a lokacin mulkin mallaka wadanda kuma ake ziyarta sosai. Basílica La Merced An gina Cocin Merced a karni na 18 tare da salon churrigueresco; godiya da shi kamar na waje kamar na ciki, baƙo yana faruwa da ra'ayi na ƙawa na gine-gine na lokacin. A cikin wannan cocin, cike da ayyukan fasaha ana ba da fifiko kan babban bagadi don girmama Budurwar Mercedes da sacristía guda ɗaya tare da fale-falen Arabiya. Anan yana yiwuwa a ga ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan tarin zane-zane da masu mulkin mallaka na birnin. Budurwar Mercedes ita ce majiɓincin Arms na al'umma. Wuri Mai Tsarki da Monastery na Las Nazarena Wuri Mai Tsarki inda ake girmama babban ibadar Katolika na Peruvian Ubangijin Al'ajibai, Señor de los Milagros, wanda shine Majiɓincin birnin. An gina shi tare da gidan sufi na Nazarenas a cikin karni na 18, bayan girgizar kasa ta Lima-Callao ta 1746. Basílica na San Pedro Babban cocin Society of Jesus a Peru, an gina shi a cikin 1638 azaman Cocin San Pablo Apóstol. A 1767 an kira shi San Pedro. Fadar Gwamnati Fadar gwamnati gidan shugaban kasar ne. Asalin sunansa shine House of Pizarro amma ba bisa ka'ida ba an sanya masa suna kamar Fadar Gwamnati. Fadar Torre Tagle Fadar Torre Tagle mai yiwuwa ita ce babban gidan da aka gina a farkon karni na 18. Da farko na Don Bernardine Jose na Tagle Portocarrero, na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe Marquess na Torre Tagle. Ƙasar Peruvian ta sami shi a cikin 1918 kuma daga 1919 ita ce babban hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Peru. An yi shi da gine-gine na Limean na fasaha wanda ke bayyana asalinsa kuma yana nuna gudummawar kabilanci na Mataimakin Shugabancin Peru, yana daidaita su cikin jituwa. Yana da murfin dutse da aka sassaƙa da baranda guda biyu, waɗanda ingantattun kayan ado ne na Birnin Sarakuna. Daya yana cikin cikakkiyar yanayin kiyayewa. Jami'ar San Marcos "Casona" da wurin shakatawa na jami'a An gina wannan wurin shakatawa a shekara ta 1870. A cikin 1921 wurin shakatawa yana cikin inda Cibiyar al'adu ta Jami'ar Kasa ta San Marcos take yanzu. A yayin cika shekaru dari da samun 'yancin kai na al'ummar kasar, gwamnatin kasar Jamus ta shirya gina Hasumiyar Agogo mai tsawon mita 30. Da tsakar rana, ƙararrawarsu ta taɓa bayanin taken taken ƙasar. Plaza Mayor Plaza Major yana wurin da Francisco Pizarro ya kafa Lima. Da farko, akwai ƙananan shaguna da kasuwanci. Hakanan, wurin da bijimai suka wuce gona da iri kuma yayi aiki kamar wurin da aka yanke hukuncin kisa har sai da Kotun Santa Inquisición ta mutu. A cikin 1651, an sanya baturin tagulla a tsakiyar wurin zama wanda ya kasance har zuwa yau. Ya kasance a cikin Magajin Plaza inda aka yi shelarsa, a cikin 1821, Dokar Independence na Peru. Gwamnati, Municipality na Lima, Cathedral da Fadar Archbishop sun kewaye fadar. Plaza San Martín An kaddamar da wannan filin wasa a shekara ta 1921 a daidai lokacin da ake cika shekaru dari da samun 'yancin kai na Peru. A tsakiyar ɓangaren, akwai abin tunawa don girmama Janar José de San Martín. Wani sculptor na Catalan Mariano Benlliure ne ya gina shi. A cikin wannan filin na muhimman gine-gine, tsohon Hotel Bolívar yana tsaye, wanda har zuwa sabon karni, ya kasance mafi kyawun Lima, da kuma Club Nacional, ramin ruwa ga manyan al'ummar Lima. Dandalin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin alamomin Lima da yawa. Plaza Dos de Mayo Plaza dos de Mayo wani fili ne da gwamnatin Peru ta gina a shekara ta 1874 don tunawa da yakin Callao wanda ya faru a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1866. Kotun Santo Oficio An kafa kotun ta Santo Oficio a shekara ta 1569 da manufar sanya takunkumin karya addini da sauran laifuffuka ga addinin Katolika. An shafe shi daga 1820. A gefen waje na wannan abin tunawa yana yiwuwa a ga wani shinge mai ban sha'awa na neoclassic kuma, a cikin babban zauren, babban ɗakin katako da aka sassaka, wanda aka dauke shi mafi kyau a cikin birni. Hotuna Manazarta

26283

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-Gall

In-Gall

In-Gall (var. Gall, In-Gall, In-Gal, Ingal, Ingall ) birni ne da ke a yankin Agadez, sashen Tchirozerine na arewa maso gabashin Nijar, wanda ke da yawan jama'a a duk shekara wanda bai wuce 500 ba. An kuma san shi da wuraren damina da gishiri, In-Gall ita ce wurin da ake taruwa don bikin Cure Salee na Buzaye da makiyayan Wodaabe don murnar ƙarshen damina kowane Satumba. A yayin bikin, yawan mutanen In-Gall ya karu zuwa dubunnan makiyaya, jami'ai, da masu yawon bude ido. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, yankin yana da jimillar mutane 47,170. In-Gall ta kasance tasha a manyan titunan da ke tsakanin Yamai babban birnin Nijar (kilometa 600 zuwa kudu maso yamma), da garin Arlit mai hakar ma'adinai (kilomita 200 zuwa arewa maso gabas, kilomota 150 daga iyakar Aljeriya) ko kuma babban birnin lardin Agadez (kilomita 100 zuwa gabas). A cikin 1970s, an gyara babban titin don jigilar uranium daga ma'adinan Faransa na Arlit, amma sabuwar hanyar ta wuce In-Gall, wanda ya kawo karshen amfani da shi a matsayin hanya . Tun daga lokacin, yawan jama'arta ya ragu daga kusan 5,000 zuwa kasa da 500. A lokacin buzaye Abzinawa na shekarun 1990, In-Gall ya kasance babban sansanin sojojin Nijar, kuma lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen zaman lafiya a shekara ta 2000 an yi watsi da tsohuwar katanga. Bayani " InGall, wani gari mai bakin teku a cikin yankin hamada mai ratsa jiki wanda ke samar da hanyar zuwa Sahara. InGall wani taro ne na gidajen laka, wanda lambunansu, sabanin yanayin bakarare da aka kafa garin, suna cike da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace da facin kayan lambu. " Tarihi An yi nazari sosai kan tarihi, ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, da al'adun yankin In-Gall, musamman ma'auratan Faransanci na ɗan adam da ma'aurata, Suzanne da Edmond Bernus. In-Gall ba kawai sanannen cibiyar yanayi na buzaye ba ne, wanda wasu dangi ke komawa kowace shekara, amma tana da tarihi a matsayin tasha a cikin cinikin Trans-Sahara, wani yanki ne na gabas na daular Songhay a karni na 16, ya kasance wani yanki ne na gabas. muhimmiyar cibiyar masarautar Aïr Sultanate bayan haka, kuma ta zama sansanin turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a yankin da ake yawan samun sabani a farkon karni na 20. Kafin-Tarihi Shaidun archaeological sun nuna yankin a matsayin cibiyar al'umma kafin tarihi tun kimanin shekaru dubu daga zuwa lokacin da yake zaune a tsakiyar kwarin kogin Azawagh busasshen yanzu, wanda kogin Aïr Massif ke ciyar da shi kuma yana kwarara kudu zuwa kogin Niger . Wani abin lura na musamman shi ne dubban tudun dutse da aka binne kafin zamanin da wanda ke ba da shawarar al'adun gama gari a yankin. Masu binciken kayan tarihi sun kuma gano a yankin In-Gall da yawa daga cikin masallatai na farko a Nijar, tun daga farkon ayyukan Berber kafin 1000 CE. Cirewa gishiri In-Gall yana da kusanci da masana'antar gishiri a Teguidda-n-Tessoumt, kusan kilomita 15 zuwa arewa. Teguidda, a wurin wani tsohon tafkin tafkin, ambaliya yayin da ruwa ke tashi daga Aïr Massif zuwa gabas kowace shekara, yana samar da tafkunan gishiri na halitta. Yawan jama'ar In-Gall suna kula da girbi daga tafkunan da ake ƙafewa a nan, suna tura ma'aikata daga dangin gida don yin aikin gishiri kuma su mayar da shi zuwa In-Gall a ƙarshen kakar wasa. In-Gall ya yi kusa da cewa, ba kamar garin Fachi na oasis ba inda filaye mallakar dangin Abzinawa na Agadez ne kuma yawan jama'a na dindindin ke aiki, ma'aikata a Teguidda suna komawa In-Gall na sauran shekara. Har ila yau, Teguidda ba ta da tsayayye mai tsauri, wanda ke samar wa In-Gall lambunan kasuwa da noman dabino a duk shekara. Kafin komawarsa a cikin karni na 20 - saboda karancin kasuwannin gishiri na In-Gall da kuma saukin shiga ta hanya - In-Gall ta kasance wurin da ayarin gishiri na Azalai ke tafiya, inda 'yan kasuwar buzaye ke jigilar gishiri daga. Kasuwanni a nan fadin Sahel don amfanin noma da magunguna. Ma'adinin Uranium A cikin shekarar 2004, wani kamfani na Kanada ya sami lasisin gwamnati don haƙa ma'adinin uranium a yankin. An bai wa Ma'adinan Ma'adinai na Arewa maso Yamma kyautar an ba su kyautar Irhazer da Ingall, kowace murabba in kilometa 2,000 (sq mi) girman. An bayar da rahoton cewa ma'adanai za su zama nakiyoyin "bude rami". An ba da lasisin binciken uranium fiye da 100 a yankin Azawagh tun daga 2004 ga kamfanonin waje daga China (sama da kashi 40%), Kanada, da Indiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, wata ƙungiyar ma'adinai ta kasar Sin, wadda lasisin ta ya shafi wani yanki dake arewacin In-Gall, ta gudanar da ayyukan samar da ababen kara rayuwa na sabon ma'adinin uranium a Azelik, kimanin kilomita 85 daga arewa In-Gall, wanda ya haɗa da shimfida hanyoyi daga In-Gall zuwa wurin. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da muhalli da kuma buzaye na Jamhuriyar Nijar sun yi zargin cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a wannan yanki na barazana ga karancin albarkatun ruwa, wanda makiyayan suka dogara da shi. Tsakanin lokacin damina a yankin Azawagh da ke arewa da yammacin In-Gall ya sa yankin ya zama yankin arewa na makiyayan dabbobi da raƙuma, wanda ke ganin al'ummomi suna tafiya zuwa kudu har zuwa Burkina Faso a lokacin rani. Dinosaur Har ila yau, In-Gall ya shahara ga ’yan waje saboda tonowar ilmin nazarin halittu, musamman Jobaria tiguidensis, da kuma ragowar dazuzzukan da suka lalace tun shekaru miliyan 135. Magana Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

60755

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Butler

Joseph Butler

Joseph Butler; (18 Mayu 1692- 16 Yuni 1752) bishop na Anglican ne, masanin tauhidi, mai neman gafara, kuma masanin falsafa, an haife shi a Wantage acikin lardin Berkshire na Ingilishi (yanzu a Oxfordshire). An san shi da sukar Deism, son kai na Thomas Hobbes, da ƙa'idar John Locke na ainihin mutum. Yawancin masana falsafa da masu tunani na addini, Butler ya rinjaye su, sun haɗada David Hume, Thomas Reid, Adam Smith, Henry Sidgwick, John Henry Newman, da CD Broad, kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ilimin halin Ingilishi na farko." Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, idan ba'ayi la'akari da rawar da ya taka ba wajen bunƙasa maganganun tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 18, yana tasiri Dean of Gloucester da masanin tattalin arziki Josiah Tucker. Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Butler a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1692. Ɗan wani ɗan littafiPresbyterian lilin draper, Butler an ƙaddara don hidimar wannan cocin, kuma tareda babban Bishop Thomas Secker na gaba, ya shiga makarantar rashin amincewa da Samuel Jones a Gloucester (daga baya Tewkesbury) don manufar. A nan ya fara rubuta wasiƙun asiri tare da masanin tauhidin Anglican kuma masanin falsafa Samuel Clarke. Acikin 1714, ya yanke shawarar shiga Cocin Ingila kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, yana samun digiri na farko na Arts a 1718 kuma ya sanya masa suna Doctor of Civil Law a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1733. Aikin coci William Talbot, Bishop na Salisbury, ya naɗa Butler a matsayin diacon a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1718 ta William Talbot, Bishop na Salisbury, acikin fadarsa na Bishop, Salisbury, dakin ibadarsa da firist a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1718 ta Talbot a Cocin St James, Piccadilly. Bayan ya rike wasu manyan mukamai daban-daban, ya zama shugaban masu arziki na Stanhope, County Durham. A 1736 Butler ya zama shugaban limamin matar George II Caroline, bisa shawarar Lancelot Blackburne. An naɗa shi Bishop na Bristol a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1738 kuma ya keɓe bishop a ranar 3 Disamba 1738 a ɗakin sujada na Lambeth Palace. Ragowar Bishop na Bristol, Butler an naɗa shi Dean na St Paul a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1740, yana rike ofis har zuwa fassararsa zuwa Durham. An ce yaƙi yarda da tayin zama Archbishop na Canterbury a 1747, amma yayi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na Kusa da Sarki a 1746-1752. An fassara shi zuwa Durham ta hanyar tabbatar da zaɓensa a watan Oktoba 1750; Daga nan sai aka naɗa shi ta hanyar wakili a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1750. An binne shi acikin Cathedral na Bristol. Mutuwa da gado Butler ya mutu a 1752 a Rosewell House, Kingsmead Square a Bath, Somerset. Masu sha'awar sa sun yaba masa a matsayin mutumin kirki kuma mai himma da sanin yakamata. Koda yake baya sha'awar wallafe-wallafe, yana da ɗanɗano a cikin fasahar fasaha, musamman gine-gine. Ana tunawa da Yusufu acikin Cocin Ingila, tareda tunawa da ranar 16 ga Yuni. Yana da tarin nasa na rubuce-rubucen (misali Lectionary 189). Falsafa Kai hari kan deism A lokacin rayuwarsa da kuma shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Butler ya fi saninsa da Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed (1736), wanda a cewar masanin tarihi Will Durant "ya kasance har tsawon karni daya babban jigon hujjar Kirista game da rashin bangaskiya." Turawan Ingilishi irin su John Toland da Matthew Tindal sunyi jayayya cewa yanayi yana ba da tabbataccen shaida na haziƙi mai zane da fasaha, amma sunƙi kiristanci na al'ada saboda girman abin al'ajabi da zalunci da sabani da aka rubuta acikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Butler's Analogy yana ɗaya daga cikin yawancin amsoshin tsawon littafin ga masu lalata, kuma an daɗe ana jin shine mafi inganci. Butler yayi gardama cewa yanayin kanta cike take da asirai da zalunci don haka suna da lahani iri ɗaya da ake zargin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Da yake gardama akan dalilan empiriricism cewa duk ilimin yanayi da halayen ɗan adam abu ne mai yuwuwa kawai, Butler ya yi kira ga jerin alamu ("analogies") waɗanda ake iya lura da su acikin yanayi da al'amuran ɗan adam, waɗanda a ra'ayinsa yasa babban koyarwar Kiristanci mai yiwuwa. Butler ya ce "saboda yanayi rikici ne na ka-cici-ka-cici, baza mu iya tsammanin wahayi ya zama mafi bayyane ba" A yau, Butler's Analogy shine "yanzu mafi yawan abubuwan tarihi," tare da kawai sashin da ake karantawa shine sashin wanda ke karantawa. yayi magana da sukar sa na ka'idar John Locke na ainihin mutum. Da'a da ilimin halin kirki Wani masanin Butler, Stephen Darwall, ya rubuta: "Wataƙila babu wani adadi da ya fi Butler tasiri a falsafar ɗabi'a ta Biritaniya ta ƙarni na sha tara." Babban makasudin Butler a cikin Wa'azin shine Thomas Hobbes da ra'ayin girman kai game da yanayin ɗan adam da ya kare acikin Leviathan (1651). Hobbes ɗan jari-hujja ne wanda yayi imani cewa kimiyya tana bayyana duniyar da a cikinta aka ƙaddara dukan abubuwan da suka faru kuma acikinta ne duk zaɓin ɗan adam ke gudana ba tare da kauracewa daga duk abin da sha'awar ke da ƙarfi acikin mutum a wani lokaci. Hobbes ya ga ’yan Adam a matsayin masu tashin hankali, masu son kai, da masu son mulki. Irin wannan ra'ayi ba shi da wani wuri don sadaukarwa na gaske, alheri ko ra'ayi na ɗabi'a kamar yadda aka yi tunani a al'ada. Acikin Wa'azin, Butler yayi jayayya cewa ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan adam ba shi da son kai kuma ya fi rikitarwa fiye da da'awar Hobbes. Ya ci gaba da cewa tunanin ɗan adam tsari ne mai tsari na ɗimbin sha'awa da ƙa'idodi daban-daban, waɗanda yawancinsu ba su da son kai. Ƙasar ƙasa, don yin magana, tana ɗaukar nau'ikan ƙayyadaddun motsin rai, ci da sha'awa, kamar yunwa, fushi, tsoro da tausayi. Su, acikin tsararrun tunani, ana sarrafa su da ƙa'idodi guda biyu mafi girma: son kai (sha'awar haɓaka farin ciki na dogon lokaci) da kyautatawa (sha'awar haɓaka farin ciki gabaɗaya). Yawancin sha'awa na gaba ɗaya suna ƙarƙashin iko mafi girma acikin tunanin ɗan adam: lamiri na ɗabi'a. Lamiri, Butler ya yi iƙirari, ji ne na gaskiya da kuskure, haske na ciki da saka idanu, wanda aka karɓa daga wurin Allah. Lamiri yana gaya wa mutum don haɓɓaka farin ciki na gaba ɗaya da farin ciki na mutum. Kwarewa ta sanar da cewa burin biyun sun yi daidai da rayuwa ta yanzu. Don dalilai da yawa, Butler ya yi jayayya, mutane marasa da'a da son kai waɗanda ba su damu da komai don amfanin jama'a ba yawanci ba sa farin ciki sosai. Akwai, duk da haka, lokuta da ba kasafai ba inda miyagu ke neman lokaci don ci gaba. Cikakken jituwa na nagarta da son kai, Butler ya yi iƙirari, Allah mai adalci ne kaɗai ya tabbatar da shi, wanda a lahira yake ba da lada kuma yana azabtar da mutane kamar yadda suka cancanta. Sukar Locke A cikin Shafi na 1 na Analogy, Butler yana ba da sanannen sukar ka'idar John Locke mai tasiri na "zamanin sirri", bayanin abinda ya sa wani ya zama "mutum ɗaya" daga lokaci guda zuwa gaba, duk da canje-canje na jiki da na tunani. gogayya a tsawon wancan lokacin. Locke yayi iƙirarin cewa ainihin mutum ba daga samun jiki ɗaya ko rai ɗaya ba ne amma daga samun sani da ƙwaƙwalwa iri ɗaya. A cewar Locke, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ita ce "manne" wanda ke haɗa matakai daban-daban na rayuwarmu tare kuma ya zama kamancen mutum. Wannan sashe na Analogy shine kawai ɓangaren karantawa a yau. Daidai daidai, Locke yayi iƙirarin, Mutum A mutum ɗaya ne da Mutum B kawai a yanayin da A da B ke raba aƙalla wasu abubuwan tunawa iri ɗaya. Butler yace hanyar da za'a iya bambanta tunanin "hakikanin" da na ƙarya shine mutanen da suka sami abubuwan da ake tunawa da gaske. Don haka, Butler yayi iƙirari, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana ƙaddamar da ainihin mutum don hakaba zai iya zama ta ba. Girmamawa An girmama Butler akan kalandar liturgical na Cocin Episcopal (Amurka) a ranar 16 ga Yuni. Salo da lakabi 1692-1718: Joseph Butler Esq. 1718-1733: Reverend Joseph Butler 1733-1738: Dokta Joseph Butler 1738-1752: Dokta Joseph Butler na Dama Labarai Haruffa da yawa zuwa ga Reverend Dr. Clarke, 1716, 1719, 1725 - an sake buga su a Juzu'i na 1 na bugun Gladstone na ayyukan Butler An yi wa'azi goma sha biyar a Rolls Chapel, 1726, 1729, 1736, 1749, 1759, 1765, 1769, 1774, 1792 Misalin Addini, Halitta da Bayyanawa, ga Tsarin Mulki da Tsarin Halitta, 1736, 1740, 1750, 1754, 1764, 1765, 1771, 1775, 1785, 1788, 17931, 1793, 1793 Wa'azin da aka yi wa'azi a gaban Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Yaɗa Bishara a Sassan Waje, 1739 Wa'azin da aka yi a gaban Mai Girma Mai Girma Ubangiji-Majojin, 1740 Wa'azin da aka yi a gaban House of Lords, 1741, 1747 Wa’azin da aka yi a coci-coci na Christ-Church, London, 1745 Wa'azi, yayi wa'azi a gaban Grace Charles Duke na Richmond, Lenox, da Aubigny, shugaba, 1748, 1751 Wa'azi shida da aka yi wa'azi a lokutan jama'a, 1749 Kataloji na ɗakunan karatu [...], 1753 Wani cajin da aka bayar ga limaman coci a ziyarar farko ta diocese na Durham, 1751, 1786 - an sake buga shi a Juzu'i na 2 na bugun Gladstone na ayyukan Butler Duba kuma Altruism Falsafar Kirista Deism Bayanan kula Manazarta  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: <span class="mw-reference-text" id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ODNB-1">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</span>Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource. William Lucas Collins, Butler, Philosophical Classics for English Readers, Blackwood, 1881 David E. White, "Joseph Butler," Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser & B. Dowden (eds.), 2006 Aaron Garrett Joseph Butler's Moral Philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2012 Kara karantawa Austin Duncan-Jones Butler's Moral Falsafa, Penguin 1952 Bernard Ramm, "Joseph Butler," Iri-iri na Neman gafarar Kirista: Gabatarwa ga Falsafar Addinin Kirista, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1962, shafi. 107-124 James Rurak, " Analogy na Butler: Har yanzu Mahimman Bayani na Dalili da Wahayi," Anglican Theological Review 62 (Oktoba), 1980, shafi. 365-381 Colin Brown, Mu'ujiza da Hankali Mai Mahimmanci, Paternoster, Exeter UK/William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1984 William Lane Craig Hujjar Tarihi don Tashin Yesu Matattu A Lokacin Rigimar Deist, Nassi da Nazari a cikin Addini, Vol. 23. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York & Queenston, Ontario, 1985 Penelhum, Terence, Butler, New York: Routledge, 1985 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Works by or about Joseph Butler at Wikisource Contains Correspondence with Clarke, three episodes from Analogy of Religion, and five of the Fifteen Sermons, all lightly edited for easier reading   Works by Joseph Butler at Project Gutenberg Works by Joseph Butler at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by or about Joseph Butler at Internet Archive Haihuwa 1692 Mutuwa 1752 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba