Datasets:

WikiQuality

/

unique_character_trigrams_hi

like 0

6975

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti

Ekiti

Jihar Ekiti Jiha ce da take kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, ta haɗa iyaka daga arewa da Jihar Kwara, da arewa maso gabas ta Jihar Kogi, daga kudu maso gabas kuwa da Jihar Ondo, sannan daga yamma da Jihar Osun. Ta kuma samo sunanta daga mutanen Ekiti ɓangare na Ƙabilar Yarbawa waɗanda suka mamaye mafi yawan yankunan Jihar. An ƙirƙiri Jihar Ekiti daga wani sashe na Jihar Ondo a shekarar alif 1996 sannan babban birnin jihar ita ce Ado-Ekiti. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananun jihohi a Nijeriya ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, Ita ce jiha ta 31 a girma a Najeriya, tare da kimanin mutum 3.3 a bisa ƙiyasin shekara ta 2016. Dangane da yanayin ƙasa kuwa, Jihar tana da dazuzzuka masu kwari, a Najeriya a mafi yawancin yankunan Jihar tare da bushashiyar yanayi na Guinea forest Savanna mosaic daga arewacin jihar. A cikin watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Jihar Ekiti ta zamo jiha ta farko da ta fara ƙaddamar da bishiya a matsayin tambarinta na gwamnati. A ranar Tunawa da Dajikan Duniya (World Forest Day) ne, Gwamna Kayode Fayemi ya sanar cewa sun zaɓi Icen Obeche a matsayin bishiyar Jihar dangane da muhimmancinta na muhalli, tattalin arziƙi da sauran amfani na gargajiya. Mazauna Jihar Ekiti ta yau sun kasance tun tsawon lokaci daga Kabilar Ekiti wani sashe na yaren yarbanci, da tsiraru daga sashin yaren Akoko-Yoruba. Mafi akasarin mutanen jihar (80%) mabiya addinin kiristanci ne tare da tsiraru daga musulmai (10%) da kuma mabiya addinan gargajiya (5%). A zamanin da kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, yankin Jihar Ekiti ta yau ta kasance a ƙarƙashin daular Masarautar Oyo, Masarautar Benin sannan daga bisani Jihohin Ekiti wanda suka samar da Masarautar Ekiti a shekarar 1800. A tsakanin shekarun 1877 zuwa 1893, yankin sun kafta Yakin Kirji tare da sauran yarbawa na gabas don yakar Masarautar Ibadan da kuma sauran Kungiyoyin Yarbawa na Yamma; ya ƙin ya ƙare ne bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka shiga tsakani kuma suka haɗe yankin acikin Yankin mulkin Mallaka na Kudancin Najeriya wacce daga bisani ta zamo Najeriya Turawa a alif 1914. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1960, yankin Jihar Ekiti ta yau na daga cikin yankin Yammacin Najeriya kafin zuwa 1967 lokacin da ka raba yankin kuma jihar ta fada karkashin Jihar Yammacin Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 1976 ne aka raba yankin kuma gabashin yankin ta zamo Jihar Ondo. Shekaru ashirin bayan hakan, an raba yankin arewa maso yammacin Ondo (inda ake kira da Ekiti Zone) inda ta zamo Jihar Ekiti. Tattalin arzikin Jihar Ekiti sun ta'allaka ne akan noma, inda suka fi shukan shinkafa, doya, cocoa, da rogo. Muhimman masana'antu sun hada da masana'antun katakai da wuraren bude idanu. Jihar Ekiti itace ta 19 a cikin Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban Jama'a kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin cibiyar mutanen Ekiti. Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’i 6,353 da yawan jama’a milyan biyu da dubu dari uku da tisa'in da takwas ta da dari tara da hamsin da bakwai (ƙidayar yawan jama'ca shekara 2006). Babban birnin jahar ita ce Ado Ekiti. Kayode Fayemi shine gwamna a Jihar ayanzu bayan yasamu nasara a zaben da ya nema a takarar gwamna a Jihar karo na biyu,ya karba a hannun Ayo Fayose Wanda yazama gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2014. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Kolapo Olubunmi Olusola. Dattijan jihar sun hada da: Fatimat Raji-Rasaki, Duro Faseyi da Biodun Olujimi. Jihar Ekiti tana da iyaka da misalin jihohi biyar, su ne: Kogi, Kwara, Ondo kuma da Osun. Tarihi Jihar Ekiti jiha ce mai zaman kanta kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka. Tana daga cikin muhimman garuruwan Yarbawa a Najeriya. Ekiti a matsayin gari kuma alƙaryar ƙabilar yarbawa ta samo asalinta ne daga Oduduwa, wanda shine ya samar da asalin ƙabilar yarbawa duk da cewa akwai labari mai karfi na wanzuwar yarbawa 'yan asalin Ekiti tun kafin kafuwar masarautar Ile Ifẹ. Akwai muhimman labarai guda biyu dangane da tarihin Ekiti. Na farko ya ƙunshi asalin Ekiti daga Ife. Labarin ya nuna cewa Olofin, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Oduduwa na da 'ya'ya 16 wanda suka fito tare da sauran mutanensa don neman sabon muhalli suka ratsa ta Iwo Eleru (Kogon Toka) da ke Isarun kuma suka tsaya a Igbo-Aka da ke kusa da Ile Oluji/Okeigbo. Olofin da 'ya'yansa da kuma sauran jama'a sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da suka isa wani kyakyawan waje mai shimfidadden fili Owa-Obokun (Mausarautar kasar Ijesha) sannan kuma Orangun sannan daga bisani suka yanke shawarar tsayawa a Ijesha da Igbomina na Jihar Osun. A yayin da sauran 'ya'yansa 14 suka cigaba da tafiya har suka iso yankin kasar Ekiti ta yau. Sun lura cewa akwai tsaunuka da dama kuma suka kira ta da yarensu "Ile olokiti" wato kasar tsaunuka. A dalilin haka aka sauya kalmar Okiti zuwa Ekiti. Ta haka Ekiti ta samo asalin sunanta daga tuddai/tsaunuka. Har wayau, ana iya lura da cewa wannna tarihi ta ƙunshi wasu daga cikin masarautun Ekiti amma ba duka kasar Ekiti ba wacce ta kunshi manya manyan birane guda 131, kowacce da masarautar ta da kuma sauran dumbin garuruwan da ke zaman kansu. Labari na biyu ya ta'allaƙa ne a kan tarihin gaske. An zayyano cewa Oduduwa kakan yarbawa ya yi tafiya zuwa garin Ife (Ife Ooyelagbo) inda ya iske mutane da ke rayuwa a wurin. Daga cikin mutanen da ya iske a yankin sun hada da; Agbonniregun [Stetillu], Obatala, Orelure, Obameri, Elesije, Obamirin, Obalejugbe. An sanar cewa tsatson Agbonniregun [Baba Ifa] sun zauna a yankin, misali kuwa shine Alara da Ajero wadanda sun kace 'ya'yan Ifa. A ta dalilin hakan aka samu kalmar ‘Ado ni ile Ifa’ wato [Ado ita ce gida ga Ifa]. Tun daga lokacin mutanen suke zaune a yankin. Babu wanda zai iya bada tsayayyen lokacin da waɗannan abubuwa suka faru saboda rashin rubutaccen hujja, amma mutane sun wanzu a Ekiti na tsawon ƙarnuka da dama. Yana nan a rubuce cewa sarakunan Ekiti sun wanzu tun daga ƙarni na 13. Misalin hakan shine zamanin Ewi Ata na Ado-Ekiti a ƙarni na 1400. Dangane da mutanen Ekiti, Samuel Johnson ya fada cewa: A tarihance, mutanen Ekiti na daga cikin al'amuran asali na Najeriya waɗanda masu kai farmaki daga gabas suka mamaye (Yarbawa daga Ile Ife). Kalmar Ekiti na nufin "laka/taɓo, kuma ya samo asali ne daga hanyoyi marasa dadin bi na gefen tsaunuka na cikin yankunan kasar. Daula ce mai matukar tsari wacce ke da albarkar ruwaye, wanda ke dauke da harsuna da yaruka da dama a daidai iyakar Neja daga gabas. Mutanen na da bambanci da mutanen Ijesa, musamman ta fuskar "harkokin siyasa" (Samuel Johnson, The History of the Yoruba, 1921). An amince da cewa kakanni na farko na Mutanen Ekiti sun taso ne daga yankin Ile Ife, asalin alkaryar yarbawa zuwa yankin Ekiti ta yau. Dangane da labaran baka da rubuce-rubuce akan tarihin Yarabawa, Oduduwa sarkin Yarbawa yayi tafiya zuwa garin Ife [Ife Ooyelagbo] inda ya iske mutane wadanda ke zaune a wajen. Daga cikin tsofaffin da ya iske a lokacin sun haɗa da; Agbonniregun [Stetillu], Obatala, Orelure, Obameri, Elesije, Obamirin, Obalejugbe. An sani cewa jikokin Agbonniregun [Baba Ifa] sun zauna a Ekiti, misali kuwa shine Alara da Ajero waɗanda sun kasance 'ya'yan Ifa ne. Shi kanshi Orunmila [Agbonniregun] ya kwashe mafi akasarin rayuwarsa a Ado. A dalilin haka ake cewa ‘Ado ni ile Ifa’ [Ado gida ne ga Ifa]. Tun daga lokacin mutanen Ekiti basu kara zama a wannan wuri ba na yanzu. Kasar Ekiti ta farko ta kasu zuwa gundumomi 16 (kuma suna nan har zuwa yau), kowacce da sarkinta watau Owa (wanda kalma ne na gama gari ga mutanenta). Wadanda guda hudu sune madaukaka: (1) Owore na Otun, (2) Ajero na Ijero, (3) Ewi na Ado da kuma (4) Elekole na Ikole. Ƙananan sarakunan Ekiti kuma sun haɗa da (5) Alara na Aramoko, (6) Alaye na Efon Alaye, (7) Ajanpanda na Akure, (8) Alagotun na Ogotun, (9) Olojudo na Ido, (10) Attah na Aiyede, (11) Oloja Oke na Igbo Odo, (12) Oloye na Oye, (13) Olomuwo na Omuwo, (14) Onire na Ire, (15) Arinjale na Ise and (16) Onitaji na Itaji. A wasu lokutan akan sanya Orangun na Ila a cikinsu. An cire Jihar Ekiti ta yau daga sashin Jihar Ondo a shekarar 1996. Kafin hakan, ta kasance daga cikin yankin gundumar Ondo na Yankin Yammacin Najeriya. Yanayin ƙasa Mafi akasarin ƙasar jihar na kan tudu ne, mai tsawon mita 250 daga matakin teku. Jihar na yankin dake ƙarƙashin "dutsen metamorphic" Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Ekiti nada Kananan hukumomi guda goma sha shida (16). Sune: Ado-Ekiti Ikere Oye Aiyekire (Gbonyin) Efon Ekiti ta Gabas Ekiti ta Kudu maso Yamma Ekiti ta Yamma Emure Ido-Osi Ijero Ikole Ilejemeje Irepodun/Ifelodun Ise/Orun Moba Hotuna Galerry Manazarta Jihohin

33727

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Kenya%20ta%20Kasa%20da%20Shekaru%2020

Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kenya ta Kasa da Shekaru 20

Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Kenya ta ƙasa da shekaru 20, tana wakiltar ƙasar Kenya a wasan ƙwallon kafa na matakin ƙasa da shekaru 20 na mata kuma hukumar kula da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kenya ce ke kula da ita. Tawagar A cikin shekara ta 2006, 'yan wasan ƙasar na ƙasa da shekaru 19 suna yin atisaye ne sau 2 a mako.Kasar ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 na Afirka a shekara ta 2006. Ya kamata su kara da Congo-Brazzaville a zagaye na 1 amma Congo-Brazzaville ta fice daga gasar. A zagaye na biyu kuma sun kara da Najeriya a ƙasar Najeriya, inda suka yi rashin nasara da ci 0-8. A gidansu a wasan da suka fafata, sun yi rashin nasara da ci 1-2. Ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta fafata ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 a shekara ta 2010/2011. Ba su samu shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na U20 ba.A zagayen farko, sun yi kunnen doki da Lesotho da ci 2-2 a wasan gida da Lesotho. A karawar da suka yi a gida, ta doke Lesotho da ci 2-0. A zagayen farko na neman tikitin shiga gasar, ta sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 2-1 a wasan gida da Zambia. Sun doke Zambia da ci 4-0 a wasan gida. A wasannin share fage, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Tunisia a gida da ci 1-2 a zagaye na biyu.A cikin shekara ta 2012, Martha Kapombo ta horar da ɓangaren Zambia. A gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 na Afirka, Zambiya ta sha kashi a hannun Kenya da jimillar ƙwallaye 5-2 a wasanni biyu da Ƙungiyoyin biyu suka yi a gida da waje. Zambia ta sha kashi a wasa na biyu a filin wasa na Nyayo da ke Nairobi da ci 0-4. A wasan tsakiyar watan Fabrairu, sun doke Kenya 2-1 a filin wasa na Sunset da ke Lusaka Kapombo ya ce game da wasa na biyu, “Ba mu shirya yin rashin nasara a hannun Kenya ba, a gaskiya mun san cewa za mu doke su da ci huɗu kamar yadda suka yi mana. Sun canza yawancin ’yan wasan da muka yi wasa da su a Zambiya kuma hakan ya yi mana wahala a tsakiya wanda ya kasa dannawa”. Kocin Kenya Florence Adhiambo ya ce game da wasan "Mun zo da nisa sosai, mun yi atisaye sosai kuma yanzu mun ga irin kyakkyawan horon da zai iya yi. Mun yi aiki tukuru don kasancewa a nan kuma magoya bayan sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan nasarar." An shirya wanda ya yi nasara a wasan da Tunisia a zagaye na biyu. 'Yan Kenya sun buga wasan Tunisia a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2012 a filin wasa na Nyayo na ƙasar Tunisiya. A cigaba da wasan, Ƙungiyar ta yi atisayen makonni uku. Florence Adhiambo ce ta jagoranci su a wasan. Ksh.700,000 ne Firayim Ministan Kenya ya baiwa tawagar don tallafawa burinsu na gasar cin kofin duniya. Ƙarin tallafi ya fito daga UNICEF, Procter and Gamble, da Coca-Cola Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a nahiyar ya takaita ne yayin da masu mulkin mallaka a yankin suka yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar tunanin iyayen ƙasa da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida waɗanda suke da irin wannan tunani a cikin su. Rashin samun ci gaba daga baya na ƙungiyar ƙasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na alamomin dukkan ƙungiyoyin Afirka ne sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito na asali a cikin al'umma wanda ke ba da izini lokaci-lokaci. ga takamaiman mata na take hakkin ɗan adam. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gabaɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaba daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nan gaba, nasarar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne da ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa waɗannan wuraren. Ƙoƙarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a faɗin nahiyar. Ƙwallon ƙafa na mata ya samu karɓuwa a ƙasar a shekara ta 1990. A cikin shekara ta1993, wannan shaharar ta kai ga kafa hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Kenya, wacce ta shirya ƙungiyar ƙasa da ta wakilci ƙasar sau da yawa a wasannin duniya tsakanin kafa da shekara ta 1996. A cikin shekara ta 1996, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kenya ta shiga cikin matsin lamba daga FIFA kuma Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kenya ta mamaye wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata, tare da wakilcin mata a cikin Ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙaramin kwamiti. Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shine wasa na huɗu mafi shahara ga mata a ƙasar inda ya biyo bayan wasan volley, kwando da hockey na filin wasa. A shekara ta 1999, wata mace alƙalan wasa daga ƙasar Kenya ta jagoranci wasa tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin matan Najeriya da na Afirka ta Kudu a birnin Johannesburg, inda magoya bayanta suka yi mata rashin mutunci a lokacin da ta kasa buga wasan Offside. Wasan ya jinkirta saboda tabbatar da tashin hankali, wanda ya haɗa da bulo da aka jefa mata. A shekara ta 2006, akwai ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata 7,776 da aka yi wa rajista, daga cikinsu 5,418 aka yi wa rajista, ‘yan wasa matasa ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 18, sannan 2,358 sun zama manyan ‘yan wasa. Hakan ya biyo bayan ƙaruwar rajistar ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata a ƙasar tare da ’yan wasa 4,915 a shekara ta 2000, 5,000 a 2001, 5,500 a 2002, 6,000 a 2003, 6,700 a 2004 da 7,100 a 2005. A shekara ta 2006, akwai jimillar Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa 710 a ƙasar inda 690 ke haɗe da Ƙungiyoyin jinsi, 20 kuma mata ne kawai. A shekara ta 2006, an sami 'yan mata sama da 3,000 da ke wasa a wasannin lig-lig guda bakwai na ƙasar. Ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta Afirka ce ta saye haƙƙoƙin watsa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na shekara ta 2011 a ƙasar. An ƙirƙiro hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kenya kuma ta shiga FIFA a shekara ta 1960. Kit ɗin nasu ya haɗa da ja, koren riga da fari, guntun wando da bakin safa. Hukumar ba ta da ma’aikaci mai cikakken lokaci mai aiki a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata. FIFA ta dakatar da Kenya daga dukkan harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa na tsawon watanni uku a shekara ta 2004, saboda tsoma bakin gwamnati a harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa An janye haramcin ne bayan da ƙasar ta amince da ƙirkiro sabbin dokoki. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, shekara ta 2006, an sake dakatar da Kenya daga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa saboda kasa cika yarjejeniyar Janairu shekara ta 2006 da aka ƙulla don warware matsalolin da ke faruwa a hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa tasu. FIFA ta sanar da cewa dakatarwar za ta ci gaba da aiki har sai hukumar ta bi yarjejeniyoyin da aka cimma a baya. Rachel Kamweru ita ce shugabar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Kenya. COSAFA da FIFA sun sake jaddada aniyarsu ta taka rawar gani a wasan ƙwallon Ƙafa na mata a ƙasashen Kenya da Habasha da Uganda da Tanzania a shekara ta 2010

18347

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar%20The

Kalmar The

A /ð ə Labari ne na nahawu a cikin Ingilishi, wanda ke nuna mutane ko abubuwan da aka ambata, ƙarƙashin tattaunawa, ma'ana ko akasin haka waɗanda ake sauraro, masu karatu ko masu magana. Shi ne da tabbataccen labarin in English. Kalmar ita ce kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita a cikin harshen Ingilishi; karatuttukan karatu da nazarin rubuce-rubuce sun samo asusu bakwai cikin ɗari na duka kalmomin Turanci da aka buga. An samo asali ne daga labarai na jinsi a cikin Tsohon Turanci wanda ya haɗu a Ingilishi na Tsakiya kuma yanzu yana da nau'i guda wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da karin magana na kowane jinsi. Ana iya amfani da kalmar tare da sunaye biyu da jam'i kuma tare da suna wanda zai fara da kowane harafi. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran harsuna da yawa waɗanda ke da nau'ikan daban-daban na tabbataccen labarin don jinsi ko lambobi daban-daban. Sanarwa A mafi yaruka, "da" ne da sunan kamar yadda (tare da bayyana hakori fricative bi ta a schwa a lokacin da ya bi ta hanyar mai baƙi sauti, kuma kamar yadda (homophone na wakilin suna kai a lokacin da ya bi ta hanyar wani wasali sauti ko amfani da shi azaman ƙarfafa ƙarfi Ingilishi na Amurka da New Zealand na zamani suna da haɓaka don taƙaita amfani da lafazi da amfani tun kafin wasali. Mai mallaka Tabbatattun labarin ƙa'idodi a cikin Ingilishi an bayyana su a ƙarƙashin Amfani da labarai The, kamar yadda a cikin kalmomi kamar "mafi kyau mafi kyau", yana da asalin asali da asalin halitta kuma kwatsam ya samo asali zuwa tabbataccen labarin. Labari The da cewa su ne na kowa aukuwa daga wannan Old English tsarin. Tsohon Ingilishi yana da tabbataccen labarin se (a cikin jinsi na maza sēo (na mata), da <i id="mwQA">þæt</i> (mara kyau). A Tsakiyar Ingilishi, waɗannan duka sun haɗu zuwa þe, kakan Kalmar Ingilishi na zamani the Yankin da amfani ko rashin amfani da shi a wasu lokuta matsala yake tare da sunayen yanki sanannun wuraren tarihi koguna, teku, tsaunukan tsaunuka, hamada, kungiyoyin tsuburai tsuburai da sauransu ana amfani dasu gaba ɗaya tare da "tabbataccen labarin Rhine, North Sea, the Alps, the Sahara, the Hebrides nahiyoyi, tsibirai daban-daban, sassan gudanarwa da ƙauyuka galibi ba sa ɗaukar labarin Turai, Jura, Austria (amma Jamhuriyar Austria Scandinavia, Yorkshire (amma County na York Madrid farko da na kowa suna bi ta na iya daukar labarin, kamar yadda a cikin tsibiri na Wight ko tsibiri na Portland (kwatanta Kirsimeti Island), wannan ya shafi sunayen cibiyoyin: Cambridge University, amma Jami'ar Cambridge. Wasu sunaye sun haɗa da labarin, kamar Bronx ko The Hague galibi an bayyana sunaye guda ɗaya, Tsibirin Arewa (New Zealand) ko Yammacin Countryasar (Ingila), ɗauki labarin. Kasashe da yankuna yankuna galibi sun haɗu, galibi sun ware "the" amma akwai wasu da ke bin ƙa'idodin sakandare: samo asali daga sunaye gama gari: united union: Amurka, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa cikakken sunaye Jamhuriyar Czech (amma Czechia Tarayyar Rasha (amma Rasha Shugabancin Monaco (amma Monaco Jihar Isra’ila (amma Isra’ila da Commonwealth na Australia (amma Australia "tsibirai", "tsibiri" ko "ƙasar": Netherlands, Tsibirin Falkland, Tsibirin Faroe, Tsibirin Cayman, Philippines da Comoros Abubuwan da aka samo daga "tsibiri" ko "ƙasa" waɗanda ke riƙe da haƙƙin gudanarwa Greenland, Ingila, Tsibirin Kirsimeti da Tsibirin Norfolk kada ku ɗauki "tabbataccen labarin." abubuwanda aka samo daga jerin tsaunuka, koguna, hamada, da sauransu, wasu lokuta ana amfani dasu tare da wata kasida, koda na mufuradi ne, Lebanon, Sudan, Yukon Wannan amfani yayi kasa, Gambiya na nan bada shawarar inda ake amfani da dan Ajantina dan Ajantina tsohon yayi. Tun da Ukraine ta sami 'yanci, mafi yawan jagororin salon suna ba da shawara game da Ukraine A cikin wasu yarukan, waɗanda suka yi amfani ko amfani da rubutun Cyrillic, suna da jagororin salon kamala da gabatarwa. Gajerun kalmomi Tunda "the" yana ɗayan kalmomin da ake amfani dasu a cikin Ingilishi, a lokuta daban-daban an gajerun gajerun kalmomi a gareshi: koraya da aka hana farkon yankewa, ana amfani da shi a rubuce-rubuce a cikin Tsohon Yaren Ingilishi Haruffa þ ne tare da bugun kirji ta hanyar bugun kwance ta sama, kuma tana wakiltar kalmar þæt, ma'anar "the" ko "that" (mai ƙarancin suna da þ tare da rubutun e ko t sun bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen Ingilishi na Tsakiya don "þe" da "þat" bi da bi. da an haɓaka daga da kuma sun bayyana a rubuce-rubucen Zamani na Farko kuma ana buga su (duba <i id="mwyQ">Ye</i> form Mutane na ba da shawarwari lokaci-lokaci don taƙaitawa. A cikin 1916, Legros Grant sun haɗa a cikin littafinsu na gargajiya na ɗab'un bugun ɗabi'un buga takardu, gabatarwa don wasiƙa mai kama da Ħ don wakiltar "Th", don haka a taƙaice "da" zuwa ħe. A Ingilishi na Tsakiya, ana e )e gajarta ta þ tare da ƙaramin e sama da ita, kwatankwacin taƙaitaccen ga wancan, wanda yake þ tare da ƙaramin t sama da shi. A lokacin karshen Ingilishi na Tsakiya da Ingilishi na Zamani na ƙarshe, harafin ƙaya (þ) a rubutunsa na yau da kullun, ko sigar alamomin rubutu, ya zo kama da y siffar. A sakamakon haka, amfani da y tare da e sama da shi kamar yadda raguwa ta zama gama gari. Ana iya ganin wannan a sake bugawa na 1611 na King James Version na Baibul a wurare irin su Romawa 15:29, ko a cikin Mayflower Compact A tarihi, ba a taɓa faɗin labarin da sauti y, koda kuwa an rubuta shi haka. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

24195

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sararin%20Samaniya%20na%20Duniya

Sararin Samaniya na Duniya

Sararin samaniyar duniya, wanda aka fi sani da iska, shi ne iskar gas ɗin dake riƙe da ƙarfin duniya wanda ke kewaye da duniyar kuma ya samar da yanayin ta na duniya Yanayin duniya yana kare rayuwa a doron ƙasa ta hanyar haifar da matsin lamba wanda ke ba da damar ruwa mai ɗorewa ya kasance a farfajiyar duniya, yana ɗaukar hasken rana na ultraviolet, yana dumama farfajiyar, ta hanyar riƙe zafi tasirin greenhouse da rage matsanancin zafin rana, tsakanin dare da rana zafin rana. bambancin). Ta ƙarar, busasshiyar iska ta ƙunshi 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, da ƙananan gas. Har ila yau, iska tana ƙunshe da adadin tururin ruwa, a matsakaita kusan kashi 1% a matakin teku, da 0.4% akan sararin samaniya. Haɗin iska, zafin jiki, da matsin yanayi suna bambanta da tsayi. A cikin yanayi, iska dace da amfani a photosynthesis da terrestrial shuke-shuke da kuma numfashi na nazarin sasannin dabbobi ke samuwa ne kawai a Duniya ta troposphere Farkon yanayin duniya ya ƙunshi iskar gas a cikin nebula na rana, da farko hydrogen. Yanayin ya canza sosai a tsawon lokaci, wanda abubuwa da yawa suka shafa kamar volcanism, rayuwa, da yanayin yanayi. Kwanan nan, ayyukan ɗan adam shima ya ba da gudummawa ga canje -canjen yanayi, kamar dumamar yanayi, raguwar ozone da zubar da acid. Yanayin yana da taro kusan 5.15 kg, kwata -kwata uku yana cikin kusan na farfajiya. Yanayin ya zama siriri tare da kara tsayi, ba tare da takamaiman iyaka tsakanin yanayin da sararin samaniya ba Layin Kármán, a ko 1.57% na radius na Duniya, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman kan iyaka tsakanin sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya. Ana iya lura da tasirin yanayi yayin sake shigar sararin samaniya a sararin sama kusan Ana iya rarrabe yadudduka da yawa a cikin yanayi, dangane da halaye kamar zafin jiki da abun da ke ciki. Nazarin yanayin duniya da hanyoyinsa ana kiranta kimiyyar yanayi (aerology), kuma ya ƙunshi filayen subfields da yawa, kamar canjin yanayi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya Majagaba na farko a fagen sun haɗa da Léon Teisserenc de Bort da Richard Assmann Nazarin yanayi mai tarihi ana kiransa paleoclimatology Abun da ke ciki Manyan abubuwa guda uku na sararin duniya sune nitrogen, oxygen, da argon Tururin ruwa yana lissafin kusan 0.25% na sararin samaniya ta hanyar taro. Haɗin tururin ruwa (iskar gas) ya bambanta sosai daga kusan 10 ppm ta ƙarar a cikin mafi ƙarancin yanayin yanayi zuwa 5% da ƙima a cikin zafi mai zafi, da iska mai yawa, da kuma yawan sauran iskar gas. sharud busasshiyar iska (ba tare da tururin ruwa ba). Sauran iskar gas galibi ana kiran su iskar gas, daga cikinsu akwai iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, da ozone. Bayan argon, wanda aka riga aka ambata, wasu gas masu daraja, neon, helium, krypton, da xenon suma suna nan. Iskar da aka tace ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na sauran sinadarai Abubuwa da yawa na asalin halitta na iya kasancewa a cikin gida da yanayi na canzawa kaɗan kaɗan kamar aerosols a cikin samfurin iska wanda ba a tace ba, gami da ƙura na ma'adinai da abun da ke cikin halitta, pollen da spores, fesa ruwa, da tokar dutsen Hakanan ana iya samun gurɓatattun masana'antu daban -daban azaman gas ko aerosols, kamar chlorine (na asali ko a cikin mahadi), mahaɗan fluorine da ƙaƙƙarfan tururi na mercury. Ana iya samun mahaɗan sulfur kamar hydrogen sulfide da sulfur dioxide (SO 2 daga asalin halitta ko daga gurɓataccen iska na masana'antu. Matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyin busasshiyar iska, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ƙididdige ɗimbin yawa ko don juyawa tsakanin gutsuttsuran ƙwayar cuta da ɗimbin yawa, kusan 28.946 ko 28.96 g/mun. Wannan yana raguwa lokacin da iskar ta yi ɗumi. Matsakaicin yawan iskar gas ya ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa kusan Tsayuwa Gaba ɗaya, matsin lamba da yawa yana raguwa tare da tsayi a cikin yanayi. Koyaya, zazzabi yana da bayanin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa tare da tsayi, kuma yana iya kasancewa mai ɗorewa ko ma ƙaruwa tare da tsayi a wasu yankuna (duba sashin zafin jiki, a ƙasa). Saboda ƙirar gaba ɗaya na bayanin zafin jiki/tsayi, ko ƙima, ya kasance mai ɗorewa kuma ana iya auna ta ta sautin balloon na kayan aiki, halayen zafin jiki yana ba da ma'auni mai amfani don rarrabe yadudduka yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya raba yanayin duniya (wanda ake kira stratification) zuwa manyan yadudduka biyar: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, da exosphere. Tsawon layuka biyar sune kamar haka: Exosphere: 700 zuwa 10,000 kilomita (440 zuwa 6,200 mil) Yanayin yanayi: 80 zuwa 700 km (mil 50 zuwa 440) Mesosphere: 50 zuwa 80 km (31 zuwa 50 mil) Stratosphere: 12 zuwa 50 km (kilomita 7 zuwa 31) Troposphere: 0 zuwa 12 km (0 zuwa mil 7) Sararin Exosphere Exosphere shine saman saman sararin samaniyar duniya (watau iyakar sararin samaniyar). Ya shimfiɗa daga thermopause, a saman yanayin zafi a tsayin kusan 700 km sama da matakin teku, zuwa kusan 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft), inda ta shiga cikin iska mai haskakawa Wannan Layer galibi ya ƙunshi ƙarancin ƙarancin hydrogen, helium da wasu abubuwa masu nauyi da suka haɗa da nitrogen, oxygen da carbon dioxide kusa da exobase. Atoms da molecules sun yi nisa sosai ta yadda za su iya tafiya daruruwan kilomita ba tare da sun yi karo da juna ba. Don haka, exosphere ba ya yin kamar gas, kuma barbashi koyaushe yana tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya. Waɗannan barbashi masu motsi suna bin hanyoyin ballistic kuma suna iya ƙaura zuwa ciki da waje daga magnetosphere ko iskar rana. Sararin exosphere ne da nisan sama Duniya for meteorological mamaki ya zama zai yiwu. Koyaya, auroras na duniya aurora borealis (fitilun arewa) da aurora australis (fitilun kudancin) wani lokacin suna faruwa a cikin ƙananan exosphere, inda suke haɗewa cikin yanayin zafi. Exosphere ya ƙunshi yawancin tauraron dan adam da ke kewaya Duniya. Sararin Thermosphere The thermosphere shine na biyu mafi girma na sararin duniya. Ya zarce daga mesopause (wanda ke raba shi da mesosphere) a tsayin kusan har zuwa thermopause a tsayin tsayin Tsayin thermopause ya bambanta da yawa saboda canje -canje a ayyukan hasken rana. Saboda thermopause ya ta'allaka ne a ƙananan iyakar exosphere, ana kuma kiranta exobase Sashin ƙasa na yanayin zafi, daga sama da saman Duniya, ya ƙunshi ionosphere Yanabgi na yanayin zafi a hankali yana ƙaruwa da tsayi kuma yana iya hawa har zuwa kodayake ƙwayoyin gas ɗin sun yi nisa sosai don yawan zafin jiki a yanayin da aka saba ba shi da ma'ana sosai. Iskar ba ta da ƙima sosai ta yadda kwayoyin halittar mutum ɗaya (na iskar oxygen, alal misali) ke tafiya matsakaicin tsakanin cin karo da wasu kwayoyin. Kodayake yanayin yanayin yana da yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta tare da babban kuzari, ba zai ji zafi ga ɗan adam a cikin hulɗa kai tsaye ba, saboda yawansa ya yi ƙasa sosai don gudanar da babban adadin kuzari zuwa ko daga fata. Wannan Layer gaba ɗaya ba ta da gajimare kuma ba ta da tururin ruwa. Koyaya, abubuwan da ba na hydrometeorological kamar su aurora borealis da aurora australis ana ganin su a wasu lokuta a cikin yanayin zafi. Tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya tana kewaya wannan layin, tsakaniN. Shi wannan Layer inda yawancin tauraron dan adam da ke zagaya duniya suke. Mesosphere Mesosphere shine na uku mafi girman yanayin sararin duniya, yana mamaye yankin sama da stratosphere kuma a ƙasa da yanayin zafi. Yana haɓaka daga madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya a tsayin kusan kilomita 50 (31mi; 160,000 ft) zuwa mesopause a kilomita 80-85 (50-54 mi) sama da matakin teku. Yanayi na wuri yana raguwa tare da ƙara tsayi zuwa mesopause wanda ke nuna saman wannan tsakiyar sararin samaniyar. Shi ne wuri mafi sanyi a Duniya kuma yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki a kusa da -85 C (-120 digris F; 190 K). A ƙasa da madopause, iska tana da sanyi matuqa har ma da ƙarancin ƙarancin tururin ruwa a wannan tsayin za a iya jujjuya shi zuwa gajimare mai kumburin polar-mesospheric noctilucent. Waɗannan su ne mafi girman gizagizai a sararin samaniya kuma ana iya gani da idanu idan hasken rana ya haskaka su kusan awa ɗaya ko biyu bayan faɗuwar rana ko makamancin haka kafin fitowar rana. Suna da sauƙin gani yayin da Rana tana kusa da digiri 4 zuwa 16 a ƙasa da sararin sama. Fuskokin da ke haifar da walƙiya da aka sani da abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan lokaci (TLEs) suna faruwa a wasu lokutan a cikin mesosphere sama da tsawa. Hakanan mesosphere shine Layer inda yawancin meteors ke ƙonewa akan ƙofar yanayi. Ya yi yawa sama da Duniya don isa ga jirage masu amfani da jiragen sama da balloons, kuma ya yi ƙasa sosai don ba da damar sararin samaniya. Ana samun damar shiga mesosphere ne ta hanyar harba rokoki da jiragen sama masu amfani da roka. Sararin Stratosphere Sararin Stratosphere shine na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci na sararin duniya. Yana ta'allaka sama da troposphere kuma an rabu da shi da tropopause Wannan Layer ya zarce daga saman troposphere a wajen sama da saman Duniyar zuwa madaidaiciya a tsayin kusan kilomita Matsalar yanayi a saman stratosphere shine kusan 1/1000 matsin lamba a matakin teku Ya ƙunshi lemar sararin samaniya, wanda shine ɓangaren sararin duniya wanda ke ɗauke da iskar gas mai ɗan yawa. Stratosphere yana bayyana matakin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa tare da ƙara tsayi. Wannan hauhawar zafin jiki yana faruwa ne ta hanyar shan hasken ultraviolet radiation (UV) daga Rana ta hanyar lemar sararin samaniya, wanda ke takaita tashin hankali da cakudawa. Kodayake zazzabi na iya zama -76 dg F a tropopause, saman stratosphere yana da zafi sosai, kuma yana iya kasancewa kusa da 0 C. Bayanin zafin jiki na stratospheric yana haifar da tsayayyen tsarin yanayi, don haka stratosphere ba shi da haɓakar iska da ke samar da yanayi wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin troposphere. Sakamakon haka, stratosphere kusan ba ta da girgije da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Duk da haka, ana iya ganin girgijen pola stratospheric ko nacreous a wani sashi na wannan Layer na yanayi inda iska ta fi sanyi. Stratosphere shine mafi girman matakin da jirgin sama mai amfani da jirgin sama zai iya isa. Sararin Troposphere Sararin samaniya na Troposphere shine mafi ƙasƙancin yanayin sararin duniya. Yana miƙawa daga farfajiyar Duniya zuwa matsakaicin tsayin kusan 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft), kodayake wannan tsayin ya bambanta daga kusan 9 km (5.6 mi; 30,000 ft) a ginshiƙan ƙasa zuwa 17 km (da 11 mi; 56,000 ft) a Equator, tare da wasu bambancin saboda yanayi. Troposphere yana ɗaure a sama ta hanyar tropopause, iyaka wanda aka yiwa alama a yawancin wurare ta jujjuyawar zafin jiki (watau Layer na iska mai ɗumi sama da mai sanyi), a wasu kuma ta wani yanki wanda isothermal tare da tsayi. Kodayake bambance -bambancensu na faruwa, yawan zafin jiki yawanci yana raguwa tare da ƙara tsayi a cikin troposphere saboda mafi yawan abin da ake amfani da shi shine taɓarɓarewar makamashi daga farfajiya. Don haka, mafi ƙasƙancin ɓangaren troposphere (watau Dandalin Duniya) yawanci shine mafi kyawun sashi na troposphere. Wannan yana haɓaka haɗuwa ta tsaye (saboda haka, asalin sunan sa a cikin kalmar Helenanci tropos, ma'ana "juyawa"). Troposphere ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 80% na yawan sararin duniya. Troposphere ya fi kowa ƙarfi fiye da duk yadudduka na sararin samaniyar da ke ciki saboda babban nauyin yanayi yana zaune a saman troposphere kuma yana sa a matse shi sosai. Kashi hamsin cikin ɗari na jimlar iskar tana cikin ƙananan 5.6 km (3.5 mi; 18,000 ft) na sararin samaniyan troposphere. Kusan duk tururin ruwa ko danshi ana samun sa a cikin sararin troposphere, don haka shine Layer inda yawancin yanayin duniya ke faruwa. Yana da asali duk nau'in nau'in halittar girgije mai alaƙa da yanayi wanda ke haifar da yaɗuwar iska mai ƙarfi, kodayake tsayin girgije mai ƙarfi na cumulonimbus na iya shiga cikin tarkon daga ƙasa kuma ya hau cikin ƙananan sashin stratosphere. Yawancin ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yau da kullun suna faruwa a cikin troposphere, kuma ita ce kawai madaidaicin da jirgin da ke tukawa zai iya isa. Wasu jerin sararin sama A cikin manyan sassan biyar da ke sama, waɗanda galibi ana azancinsu da, ana iya rarrabe wasu sararin da yawa ta wasu kaddar: Shimfida na ozone yana kunshe a cikin stratosphere. A cikin wannan ɗanyen ɗanyen iskar ozone kusan kashi 2 zuwa 8 a kowace miliyan, wanda ya fi na ƙasa ƙima amma har yanzu yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Yafi kasancewa a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren stratosphere daga kusan kodayake kauri ya bambanta da yanayi da yanayin ƙasa. Kusan kashi 90% na ozone a cikin sararin duniya yana cikin stratosphere. Yankin ionosphere yanki ne na sararin samaniya wanda ke haifar da ionized ta hanyar hasken rana. Yana da alhakin auroras A lokacin awoyi na rana, yana miƙawa daga kuma ya haɗa da mesosphere, thermosphere, da sassan exosphere. Koyaya, ionization a cikin mesosphere galibi yana ƙarewa cikin dare, don haka ana ganin auroras kawai a cikin yanayin zafi da ƙananan exosphere. Ionosphere shine ke haifar da gefen ciki na magnetosphere Yana da mahimmanci a aikace saboda yana tasiri, alal misali, yaduwar rediyo a Duniya. An bayyana yanayin sararin samaniya da heterosphere ta ko iskar gas ɗin ta haɗu sosai. Haɗin sararin samaniyar ya haɗa da troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, da mafi ƙasƙanci na yanayin zafi, inda tsarin sunadarai na sararin samaniya bai dogara da nauyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba saboda gas ɗin yana haɗuwa da tashin hankali. Wannan Layer mai kama da juna ya ƙare a turbopause da aka samu kusan ainihin sararin sararin samaniya kamar yadda FAI ta karɓa, wanda ya sanya shi kusan sama da mesopause. A saman wannan tsayin hawan akwai heterosphere, wanda ya haɗa da exosphere da mafi yawan yanayin zafi. Anan, tsarin sunadarai ya bambanta da tsayi. Wannan saboda nisan da barbashi zai iya motsawa ba tare da yin karo da juna ba yana da girma idan aka kwatanta da girman motsi da ke haifar da haɗuwa. Wannan yana ba da damar iskar gas ta daidaita da nauyin kwayoyin, tare da masu nauyi, kamar oxygen da nitrogen, waɗanda ke kusa da kasan heterosphere kawai. Babban ɓangaren heterosphere ya ƙunshi kusan gaba ɗaya na hydrogen, mafi sauƙi. Shimfidan iyaka na duniya shine ɓangaren troposphere wanda shine mafi kusa da farfajiyar Duniya kuma abin ya shafe shi kai tsaye, galibi ta hanyar yaɗuwar tashin hankali A cikin rana, galibin iyakokin duniya yana cakuda da kyau, yayin da da dare ya zama yana da daidaituwa tare da rauni ko gauraya. Zurfin faɗin iyakar duniya ya kai kusan a sarari, kwanciyar hankali zuwa ko sama da haka da rana a yankuna busasshe. Matsakaicin zafin da ake samu a sararin samaniyar ƙasa shine ko gwargwadon abin tunani. Abubuwan jiki Matsin da kauri Abmatsakaicin yanayi matsa lamba a teku matakin ne a tsare ta International Standard yanayi kamar yadda A wasu lokuta ana kiran wannan a matsayin naúrar ma'aunin yanayi (atm) Jimlar yawan sararin samaniya shine 5.1480 10 18 kg (1.135 10 19 lb), kusan 2.5% ƙasa da abin da za a iya samu daga matsakaicin matsin matakin teku da yankin Duniya na murabba'in 51007.2, wannan yanki yana ƙaura daga ƙasa mai tsaunuka na Duniya. Matsa lamba na yanayi shine jimlar nauyin iskar da ke sama da yanki a inda ake auna matsa lamba. Don haka matsin lamba ya bambanta da wuri da yanayi Idan duk daukakin sararin samaniya yana da daidaiton daidaituwa daidai da girman matakin teku (kusan 1.2 kg da m 3 daga matakin teku zuwa sama, zai ƙare kwatsam a tsayin A zahiri yana raguwa sosai tare da tsayi, yana raguwa da rabi kowane ko ta hanyar 1/ e kowane matsakaicin girman sikelin sararin samaniya a ƙasa Koyaya, an daidaita yanayin yanayi daidai gwargwado tare da daidaitaccen lissafi don kowane Layer wanda ke ɗaukar gradients na zafin jiki, abun da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta, hasken rana da nauyi a cikin lissafi. A taƙaice, ana rarraba yawan iskar Duniya kamar haka: Kashi 50% yana ƙasa da 90% yana ƙasa da 99.99997% yana ƙasa da layin Kármán Ta babban taron ƙasa da ƙasa, wannan yana nuna farkon sararin samaniya inda ake ɗaukar matafiya 'yan sama jannati Idan aka kwatanta, taron Mt. Everest yana kan Kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasuwanci yawanci suna yin balaguro tsakanin inda siririn iska ke inganta tattalin arzikin mai; balloons yanayi sun kai da sama; kuma jirgin X-15 mafi girma a shekarar 1963 ya kai Ko sama da layin Kármán, manyan tasirin yanayi kamar auroras har yanzu suna faruwa. Meteors na fara haske a wannan yankin, kodayake manyan ba za su ƙone ba har sai sun zurfafa zurfafa. Daban -daban yadudduka na ionosphere na Duniya, masu mahimmanci ga yaduwar rediyon HF, sun fara ƙasa da 100 km kuma ya zarce 500 km da. By kwatanta, da International Space Station da kuma Space Jigila yawanci kewayewa a 350-400 km, a cikin F-Layer na ionosphere inda suke haɗuwa da isasshen jan yanayi don buƙatar sake juyawa kowane monthsan watanni, in ba haka ba, ɓarna na orbital zai faru wanda zai haifar da komawa duniya. Dangane da aikin hasken rana, tauraron dan adam na iya fuskantar jan hankalin da ake gani a sama har zuwa 700-800 km da. Yanayin wuri An tattauna rabuwar sararin samaniya zuwa yadudduka galibi ta hanyar magana da zafin jiki a sama. Zazzabi yana raguwa tare da tsayi daga matakin teku, amma bambancin wannan yanayin yana farawa sama da 11 km, inda zafin jiki ke daidaitawa ta hanyar babban madaidaiciyar tazara ta sauran ragowar sararin samaniyar. A cikin stratosphere, farawa sama da kusan 20 km, yanayin zafi ko sanyi yana ƙaruwa da tsayi, saboda dumama a cikin sashin ozone wanda ya haifar da kama babban hasken ultraviolet daga Rana ta iskar oxygen da iskar gas a wannan yankin. Har ila yau, wani yanki na ƙara yawan zafin jiki tare da tsayi yana faruwa a cikin manyan maɗaukaki, a cikin yanayin da ake kira thermosphere sama da kilomita 90. Gudun sauti Saboda a cikin isasshen iskar gas na abun da ke ciki akai -akai saurin sauti ya dogara ne kawai akan zafin jiki kuma ba akan matsin gas ko yawa ba, saurin sauti a cikin yanayi tare da tsayi yana ɗaukar yanayin yanayin yanayin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa (duba hoto zuwa dama), kuma baya nuna canje -canjen altitudinal a cikin yawa ko matsin lamba. Girma da yawa Yawan iska a matakin teku yana kusan 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 Ba a auna ɗimbin yawa kai tsaye amma akanƙididdige shi daga ma'aunin zafin jiki, matsin lamba da zafi ta amfani da ƙimar jihar don iska (nau'in dokar gas mai kyau Nauyin yanayi yana raguwa yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa. Ana iya daidaita wannan bambancin ta amfani da dabarar barometric Ana amfani da ƙarin samfuran ƙira don hango lalacewar orbital na tauraron dan adam. Matsakaicin yawan sararin samaniya shine kusan quadrillion 5 (5 tan ko 1/1,200,000 yawan Duniya. Bisa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta Amurka, "Jimlar ma'anar sararin samaniya shine 5.1480 kg tare da kewayon shekara -shekara saboda tururin ruwa na 1.2 ko 1.5 kg, dangane da ko ana amfani da matsin lamba ko bayanan tururin ruwa; dan karami fiye da kimantawar da ta gabata. An kiyasta yawan tururin ruwa kamar 1.27 kg da yawan busasshen iska kamar 5.1352 0.0003 kg ku. Kayayyakin gani Solar radiation (ko hasken rana) ne da makamashi Duniya na'am daga Sun. Har ila yau, duniya tana sake fitar da radiation zuwa sararin samaniya, amma a cikin tsawon raƙuman ruwa da ba za mu iya gani ba. Wani sashi na radiation mai shigowa da fitar da shi yana shakar ko nunawa ta yanayin. A watan Mayun 2017, an gano kyallen haske, wanda ake ganin yana walƙiya daga tauraron dan adam mai tazarar mil mil daga nesa, an nuna haske daga kristal kankara a sararin samaniya. Watsawa Lokacin da haske ya ratsa sararin saman duniya, photons suna hulɗa da ita ta hanyar watsawa Idan hasken baya yin mu'amala da yanayin, ana kiransa radiation kai tsaye kuma shine abin da kuke gani idan za ku kalli Rana kai tsaye. Hasken kai tsaye haske ne wanda ya warwatse a sararin samaniya. Alal misali, a kan wani gizagizai rana a lokacin da ba za ka iya ganin your inuwa, babu wani kai tsaye radiation kai ku, shi ya duka aka wãtsa. A matsayin wani misali, saboda wani sabon abu da ake kira watsawa Rayleigh, guntun raƙuman raƙuman ruwa (shuɗi) suna watsewa cikin sauƙi fiye da tsawon raƙuman ruwa (ja). Wannan shine dalilin da yasa sararin sama yayi kama da shuɗi; kuna ganin hasken shuɗi mai warwatse. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da yasa faɗuwar rana take ja. Saboda Rana tana kusa da sararin sama, hasken Rana yana ratsa yanayi fiye da yadda aka saba don isa ga idon ku. Mafi yawa daga cikin shuɗin haske ya warwatse, ya bar jan haske a faɗuwar rana. Shanyewa Kwayoyin halittu daban -daban suna shafan raƙuman radiyo daban -daban. Misali, O 2 da O 3 suna sha kusan duk raƙuman raƙuman ruwa fiye da nanometers 300. Ruwa (H 2 O) yana ɗaukar raƙuman ruwa masu yawa sama da 700 nm. Lokacin da kwayar halitta ta sha foton, yana kara kuzari na kwayar. Wannan yana dumama yanayi, amma kuma yanayin yana sanyaya ta hanyar fitar da radiation, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. Haɗaɗɗen iskar gas ɗin da ake kira absorption spectra "windows" na ƙarancin haske, yana ba da damar watsa wasu madaidaitan haske. Window na gani yana gudana daga kusan 300 nm ultraviolet -C) zuwa cikin kewayon mutane na iya gani, bakan da ake iya gani (wanda ake kira haske), a kusan 400-700 nm kuma yana ci gaba da infrared zuwa kusan 1100 nm. Hakanan akwai tagogin infrared da rediyo waɗanda ke watsa wasu infrared da raƙuman rediyo a tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Misali, taga rediyon yana gudana daga kusan santimita daya zuwa rakuman ruwa kimanin mita goma sha daya. Yaduwa Fitarwa ita ce kishiyar sha, shi ne lokacin da wani abu ya fitar da radiation. Abubuwa sukan yi ta fitar da adadi mai yawa da tsayin raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar dogaro da karkatattun ƙyallen baƙar fata saboda haka abubuwa masu zafi suna yawan fitar da ƙarin radiation, tare da gajerun raƙuman ruwa. Abubuwa masu sanyi suna fitar da ƙarancin radiation, tare da tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Misali, Rana kusan mafi girman haskenta yana kusa da 500 nm, kuma ana iya gani ga idon ɗan adam. Duniya kusan don haka haskensa ya kai kololuwa kusan 10,000 nm, kuma yayi tsayi da yawa don ganin mutane. Saboda yanayin zafi, yanayin yana fitar da hasken infrared. Misali, a cikin dare mai haske sararin samaniyar ƙasa yana hucewa da sauri fiye da daren girgije. Wannan saboda gajimare (H 2 O) suna da ƙarfi masu shayarwa da fitowar hasken infrared. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da yasa yake yin sanyi da daddare a wurare masu bisa. Tasirin greenhouse effect yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da wannan shaye -shaye da tasirin iska. Wasu iskar gas a cikin yanayi suna sha da fitar da hasken infrared, amma basa hulɗa da hasken rana a cikin bakan da ake gani. Misalan gama -gari na waɗannan sune CO </br> CO da H 2 O. Manuniya mai raɗaɗi Ƙididdigar iskar iska tana kusa, amma ya fi 1 girma. Bambance -bambancen da ke cikin tsari mai rikitarwa na iya haifar da lanƙwasa hasken haske a kan dogayen hanyoyin gani. Misali guda ɗaya shine, a wasu yanayi, masu sa ido a cikin jiragen ruwa na iya ganin wasu jiragen ruwa kawai a sararin sama saboda haske yayi yawo a cikin alkibla ɗaya kamar lanƙwasar saman Duniya. Ƙididdigar iskar iska ta dogara da yanayin wuri na sanyi ko zafi. yana haifar da tasirin juyawa lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya yi yawa. Misalin irin wannan tasirin shine ƙaura Da'irar Yaduwa Dairar yaduwar iska a sararin samaniya shine babban motsi na iska ta hanyar troposphere, da hanyoyin (tare da kewayawar teku wanda ake rarraba zafi a kewayen Duniya. Babban tsarin sikelin sararin samaniya ya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara, amma ainihin tsarin yana da tsayayye saboda an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar jujjuyawar duniya da bambanci a cikin hasken rana tsakanin ma'aunin ma'aunai da sanduna. Juyin Halittar Yanayin Duniya Yanayin farko na sararin samaniya Yanayin farko ya ƙunshi iskar gas a cikin nebula na rana, da farko hydrogen Wataƙila akwai ruwa mai sauƙi kamar waɗanda aka samu yanzu a cikin ƙungiyoyin gas Jupiter da Saturn musamman tururin ruwa, methane da ammoniya Sararin samaniya na biyu Fitar iskar wutar volkeno, wanda ke cike da iskar gas da aka samar a lokacin matsanancin bama -bamai na duniya ta manyan taurari, ya samar da yanayi na gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa na nitrogen da carbon dioxide da iskar gas. Wani babban sashi na iskar carbon dioxide ya narke cikin ruwa kuma yayi aiki tare da karafa kamar alli da magnesium yayin yanayin duwatsu masu ƙyalƙyali don ƙirƙirar carbonates waɗanda aka ajiye azaman magudanar ruwa. An gano gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa tun daga farkon shekaru biliyan 3.8 da suka gabata. Kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.4 da suka wuce, sinadarin nitrogen ya zama babban sashi na kwanciyar hankali na yanayi na biyu Dole ne a yi la’akari da tasirin rayuwa ba da daɗewa ba a cikin tarihin yanayi saboda alamun alamun farkon rayuwa sun bayyana tun shekaru biliyan 3.5 da suka gabata. Yadda Duniya a wancan lokacin ta kasance da yanayin dumamar yanayi don isasshen ruwa mai ruwa da rayuwa, idan Rana ta farko ta fitar da ƙarancin hasken rana 30% fiye da na yau, abin wuyar warwarewa ne da aka sani da suma matashin Sun Duk da haka, ajiyayyen record na sararin sama yana nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa yayin cikakken rikodin farkon zafin zafin duniya in ban da wani lokaci mai sanyi na kimanin shekara biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata. A ƙarshen Archean Eon wani yanayi mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen ya fara haɓaka, da alama an samar da shi ta hanyar photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (duba Babban Taron Oxygenation waɗanda aka samo su a matsayin burbushin stromatolite daga shekaru biliyan 2.7 da suka gabata. Farkon isotopy na iskar carbon rabon isotope rabo yana ba da shawarar yanayi mai kama da na yanzu, da kuma cewa an kafa ƙa'idodin keɓaɓɓen tsarin carbon tun farkon shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata. Tsoffin narkakken ruwa a Gabon da ke tsakanin kimanin shekaru biliyan 2.15 zuwa 2.08 da suka gabata suna ba da rikodin na juyin halittar iskar Oxygen ta Duniya. Wataƙila waɗannan canje -canjen a cikin iskar oxygen ana iya motsa su ta balaguron isotope na Lomagundi. Sararin samaniya na uku Sake saken tsara nahiyoyi ta plate tectonics yana tasiri juyin halittar yanayi na dogon lokaci ta hanyar canza carbon dioxide zuwa da daga manyan kantunan carbonate na nahiyar. Free oxygen bai wanzu a cikin sararin samaniya ba sai kusan shekaru biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata yayin Babban Taron Oxygenation kuma ana nuna kamanninsa ta ƙarshen ƙarfe da aka ɗaure Kafin wannan lokacin, duk wani iskar oxygen da photosynthesis ke samarwa ana cinye shi ta hanyar oxyidation na kayan da aka rage, musamman ƙarfe. Molecules na oxygen kyauta bai fara tarawa a cikin sararin samaniya ba har sai yawan samar da iskar oxygen ya fara wuce samuwar rage kayan da suka cire iskar oxygen. Wannan batu yana nuna juyawa daga yanayi mai ragewa zuwa yanayi mai ƙonewa O 2 ya nuna manyan bambance -bambancen har sai ya kai matsayi na sama da 15% a ƙarshen Precambrian. Lokaci mai zuwa daga shekaru miliyan 541 da suka gabata har zuwa yau shine Phanerozoic Eon, a farkon lokacinsa, Cambrian, isasshen iskar oxygen da ke buƙatar tsarin rayuwa na metazoan ya fara bayyana. Adadin iskar oxygen a sararin samaniya ya canza a cikin shekaru miliyan 600 da suka gabata, ya kai kololuwar kusan kashi 30% kusan shekaru miliyan 280 da suka gabata, wanda ya fi na yau kashi 21%. Manyan matakai guda biyu suna sarrafa canje -canje a cikin yanayi: Shuke -shuke da ke amfani da iskar carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya da sakin iskar oxygen, sannan tsire -tsire ta amfani da wasu iskar oxygen da daddare ta hanyar aikin photorespiration tare da sauran iskar oxygen da ake amfani da su don lalata abubuwan da ke kusa da su. Rushewar pyrite da dusar ƙanƙara ta fito da sulfur a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda ke shaye -shaye don haka yana rage adadin iskar oxygen a cikin sararin. Koyaya, fashewar dutsen yana kuma sakin carbon dioxide, wanda tsire -tsire na iya juyawa zuwa oxygen. Ba a san ainihin musabbabin bambancin adadin iskar oxygen a cikin sararin ba. Lokaci tare da iskar oxygen da yawa a cikin yanayin yana da alaƙa da saurin haɓaka dabbobi. Yanayin yau yana dauke da iskar oxygen kashi 21%, wanda ya isa sosai ga wannan saurin ci gaban dabbobi. Gurbatar iska Duba kuma Manazarta Yanayi Mukali Muhalli Numfashi Sararin samaniya Sararin samaniyar Pages with unreviewed

50426

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Kamen

Rebecca Kamen

Articles with hCards Rebecca Kamen (an haife ta a shekara ta 1950)yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Ba’amurke.Aikin fasaha na Kamen yana tasiri da kuma wahayi ta hanyar aikin kimiyya a fagage da yawa,daga rubuce-rubucen alchemical na zamani zuwa tebur na lokaci-lokaci,zuwa ramukan baƙi.Sanin ilimin kimiyya,ayyukanta suna ƙoƙarin haskaka kyawunsa na ɓoye. Kamen farfesa ce a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Arewacin Virginia (NOVA) inda ta koyar sama da shekaru 35.Ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ilimin STEM da tuntuɓar ƙasa.Ta baje koli a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa,kuma ayyukanta suna cikin tarin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a da yawa.Ta samu lambobin yabo da karramawa da dama. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife ta a Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, Kamen ta fuskanci wahala a makaranta da kwaleji saboda dyslexia,wanda ba a gano shi ba sai daga baya a rayuwarta. Dyslexia wani yanayi ne na jijiya wanda ke haifar da matsaloli a karatu da lissafi, amma yana iya haɓaka wasu ƙwarewar sarrafa gani. Kimiyya ta burge Kamen, amma matsalolinta na karatu da lissafi ya sa ta yarda ba za ta ci gaba da aikin kimiyya ba. Masu ba da shawara a kwalejin sun yi tambaya ko tana da hazaka don zuwa kwaleji,kuma an shigar da ita a lokacin gwaji.Ta zaɓi karatun ilimin fasaha a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania a wani ɓangare saboda ba ya buƙatar azuzuwan a cikin lissafi,batun da galibi yana da wahala ga masu dyslexia. Kamen ya sami BS a ilimin fasaha daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania a 1972. Ƙirƙirar zane-zane ya ba Kamen damar yin amfani da basirar haptic,da shagaltar da tunaninta don ganewa da tunawa abubuwa. Kamen ya ci gaba da samun MA a ilimin fasaha daga Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana,pl(1973) da kuma Jagora na Fine Arts digiri a cikin sassaka daga Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island (RISD) a cikin 1978. Koyarwa Tun daga 1978,Kamen ya koyar a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Arewacin Virginia (NOVA). A cikin 1985,Kamen ya yi balaguron farko zuwa China.Bayan ganawa da fitaccen mai sassaka na kasar Sin Zhao Shu Tong, Kamen ta fara aikin musayar al'adu na hadin gwiwa na shekaru shida da koyawa yara kan ilmin kimiyya da fasaha da al'adun Amurka da Sinawa.Yawancin ayyukanta da suka biyo baya sun sami tasiri daga fasaha da lambuna na Sinawa da Japan. Bayan fiye da shekaru 35,ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a hukumance.Ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da shirin STEM zuwa STEAM a Virginia,Maryland,da Gundumar Columbia. Ta shirya Shirin Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (ASSIP) a Jami'ar George Mason,inda masu horar da rani ke aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin ladabtarwa da ke yin aikin bincike na kimiyya,kuma suna fassara binciken su da fasaha.Shirin ya jaddada haɗin kai na aikin ƙirƙira a cikin ilimin kimiyya da fasaha. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara don haɓaka darussan sinadarai ta kan layi ta Ƙungiyar Media Media ta Jami'ar Harvard. Ita ce mai magana a cikin jerin masu magana na Nifty Fifty Festival na Kimiyya da Injiniya na Amurka. Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin 2001 Kamen ya sami lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta Sabbatical Award daga Northern Virginia Community College. Ta kasance mai karɓar Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Fasaha ta Virginia, Fellowship na Gidauniyar Pollack Krasner, Fellowship na Strauss,Mawallafin NIH a Mazauni,Tallafin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun VCCS,da Taimakon Balaguro daga Gidauniyar Kayan Gida. A cikin 2011,Kamen ya sami Farfesa na Commonwealth na Chancellor daga Tsarin Kwalejin Community Community na Virginia.Ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin bincike na ilimi da na kimiyya a duk faɗin Amurka,ciki har da Jami'ar Harvard, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa, da Jami'ar George Mason. A cikin 2012,9Kamen an ba shi haɗin gwiwa daga Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa. A cikin 2017 ta kasance Mawallafin-in-Mazauni a Cibiyar Fasaha ta McColl don Art Innovation. Ayyukan zane-zane Kamen ya yi imanin cewa masu fasaha da masana kimiyya suna da irin wannan manufa,neman alamu masu ma'ana da kuma ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar labaru masu ban sha'awa game da duniya marar ganuwa. Tana sha'awar rawar wahayi na binciken kimiyya.Ga kadan daga cikin ayyukanta: Halin duba: Lambun Gindi Ayyukanta na Divining Nature:Lambun Gishiri ya canza Teburin lokaci zuwa wani lambun sassaka na furanni masu girma dabam 3,wanda aka shirya a cikin Fibonnaci-kamar karkace. Kowanne daga cikin kwayoyin halitta 83 da ke faruwa ta dabi'a ana wakilta ta da fure. Cikakkun bayanai na kowane petals na fure suna isar da bayanai game da kewayen abubuwan.Ƙwararrun ƙorafi na mylar suna tallafawa da sandunan fiberglass don ƙirƙirar pagoda-kamar nau'i 3.Aikin ya girma daga cikin shekaru biyu na binciken da Kamen ya rinjayi ka'idar Mendeleev na asali na lokaci-lokaci,ta tafiye-tafiye a Indiya da Bhutan,ta Buddha mandalas,da kuma litattafan alchemy na tsakiya.Cikakken nuni,tare da The Platonic Solids,ya fara bayyana a Babban Cibiyar Arts Reston,Reston,VA- (2009). Tun daga Sashen Kimiyya na Jami'ar George Mason ya samo shi don shigarwa na dindindin a cikin atrium na ginin kimiyya. Tsarin Platonic Platonic Solids ya samo asali ne daga tunanin Plato na abubuwa na gargajiya guda biyar:ƙasa,iska,wuta,ruwa,da ether.A cikin aikin Plato Timaeus(kamar 350 KZ),nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyar suna da alaƙa da daskararru da siffofi (cube,octahedron,da-tetrahedron, icosahedron,da dodecahedron ).A cikin aikin Kamen waɗannan polyhedra na yau da kullun,waɗanda aka ƙirƙira daga sandunan fiberglass da zanen gado na mylar,ana gudanar da su a kan babban jirgin saman bangon,yana nuna"tashin hankali da matsawa". Aikin ya bayyana a cikin 2011 a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin Abubuwan Abubuwa:Masu zane-zane Yi tunanin Chemistry,a Gidauniyar Halittar Halitta,Philadelphia,PA.An haɗa shi da ɓangaren sauti ta hanyar mawaƙin bio-Susan Alexjander,Abubuwan da ke cikin Tsarin Tsarin Halitta daga Rushewar Taurari.Nunin ya kuma haɗa da hydrogen, Helium,Carbon,Nitrogen,Oxygen,Silicon, Phosphorus,Sulfur na Kamen. Butterflies na Soul A cikin 2012,Kamen ya sami kyautar haɗin gwiwa daga Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa, kuma ya ciyar da ziyarar bazara da magana da masana kimiyya a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwajen su a Bethesda, Maryland.Wannan ilimin ya zama tushen jerin zane-zane,wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga kwakwalwa,wanda aka nuna a Cibiyar Bincike ta Porter Neuroscience. Aikin Kamen,Butterflies of the Soul ya sami wahayi daga masanin kimiyyar neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 1906, don bincikensa na tsarin juyayi na ɗan adam.Cajal ya lura da sel a ƙarƙashin microscope,sabuwar hanyar nazarin kwakwalwa da ayyukanta.A cikin sassaƙaƙen Kamen,zare mai kama da zare na“butterflies”perch akan intertwining kore mylar mylar da acrylic “reshe”.Sakamakon yana tunawa da tsarin jijiyoyi.Hoton Kamen yana yin wahayi ne ta hanyar zane-zane na Cajal na sel Purkinje, waɗanda ke da hannu cikin sarrafa motsi da ayyukan fahimi. nune-nunen Kamen ya halarci babban adadin solo da nunin rukuni.Nunin solo dinta na farko shine a cikin 1980,a Jami'ar Richmond, Virginia. A cikin 2014,ta gudanar da nunin solo na shekaru 20 na baya-bayan nan a Duke Hall Gallery,Jami'ar James Madison. Manufar jama'a,nuna zane-zane da zane tare da Artistan wasan Susan Susan,ya mai da hankali ne a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa zuwa 6 ga Yuli, 2015. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

25526

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN%20Center%20USA

PEN Center USA

PEN Center USA reshe ne na PEN, ƙungiyar adabi da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta duniya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin Cibiyoyin Kasa da Kasa na PEN guda biyu a Amurka, ɗayan kuma shine PEN America a New York City. A ranar 1 ga Maris, shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin laima PEN America a matsayin ofishin PEN America Los Angeles. An kafa Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka a cikin shekara ta1943 kuma an haɗa ta a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya.Yawancin shirye -shiryen Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka suna ci gaba da fitowa daga ofishin PEN America Los Angeles, gami da Fuskokin Muryoyin Fitowa, PEN A cikin Al'umma mazaunin rubuce -rubuce da shirin mai magana da baki, da jerin tattaunawar PEN. Tarihi An kafa kungiyar tun asali a shekara ta 1943. A cikin shekara ta 1952 PEN International ta ba shi 'yancin zama Cibiyar PEN Los Angeles, ta sami damar kafa surorinta. A cikin shekara ta 1981 an haɗa shi azaman ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. A cikin shekara ta 1988 ta nemi canza sunan, kuma a ƙarshe an sake masa suna zuwa PEN USA Center West A ranar 1 ga Maris, shekara ta 2018, Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin tutar Amurka ta PEN. Bayanin manufa Manufar Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka ita ce ta motsa da kula da sha'awar rubutacciyar kalma, don haɓaka al'adun adabi mai mahimmanci, da kare 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki a cikin gida da waje. 'Yancin Rubuta Shiryawa Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka tana ba da 'Yanci don Rubuta shirye -shirye, wanda aka bayyana a cikin tashoshi guda huɗu na ayyuka: FTW Network Advocacy Network, the Emerging Voices Fellowship, PEN in the Community, and the Year Literary Awards. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan shirye -shiryen suna bin maƙasudin mahimmancin 'Yancin Rubuta ra'ayin don tallafawa marubutan' yancin faɗin albarkacin baki da haɓaka samun dama ga rubutunsu a duniya. 'Yancin Rubuta Yada Shawara Freedom to Write Advocacy Network wata ƙungiya ce ta haɗin gwiwa don tallafawa faɗin albarkacin baki da kuma kare marubutan da aka keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da na ɗan adam. A cikin shekara ta 1948, membobin PEN na Duniya sun taimaka wajen ƙera Mataki na ashirin da 19 na Sanarwar Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ke ba da tabbacin cewa "kowa yana da' yancin walwala da ra'ayi na iyakoki. PEN tana rike da matsayi na A a UNESCO da matsayin tuntuba tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A matsayin memba na Marubutan PEN na Duniya a Kwamitin Kurkuku, membobin PEN Center USA suna ziyartar abokan aikinsu a kurkuku a wasu sassan duniya kuma suna isar da taimako ta hanyar wasiƙa da taimakon kuɗi. Kwamitin 'Yancin Rubutu na Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka, wanda ya ƙunshi marubutan sa kai sama da 200, yana bincika matsalolin yanki da na ƙasa. Ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya sun haɗa da Nigeria Initiative, da nufin sanar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin siyasar mai da saɓanin masu adawa a Najeriya, da kuma wani kamfen na haɗin gwiwa don kawo ƙarshen hare -haren da ake kaiwa 'yan jarida a Latin Amurka A matsayinta na memba na Rapid Action Network na PEN International, Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka tana karba da amsa rahotannin kamawa, hare -hare, da barazana ga marubuta sama da 700 a halin yanzu suna cikin haɗari a duniya. PEN a cikin Al'umma Wurin zama a rubuce a cikin Al'umma (PITC) wani bita ne na rubutu wanda ke faruwa a cikin aji, cibiyar al'umma, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mafaka, ko ajiyar wuri. Rubuce -rubucen aikin da aka tattara yayin zama shine PEN Center USA ta buga a cikin tarihin PITC, wanda shine taga cikin rayuwar mahalarta gwagwarmayar su, fatan su, da gogewarsu. An zaɓi masu koyar da PITC daga membobi daban -daban na PEN Center USA don dacewa da bukatun alumma inda zasu koyar. A shirye -shiryen zama na PITC na rubuce -rubuce, masu koyar da PITC da shugabannin alumma suna halartar zaman zama na wajibi a ofishin PEN Center USA. Bayan haka, yin aiki tare da jagoran al'umma, malamin PITC yana haɓaka tsarin karatun, tare da manufar taimaka wa mahalarta kammala aikin ingantaccen rubutun rubuce -rubuce. Wurin zama na rubuce-rubuce na PITC ya ƙunshi tarurrukan rubuce-rubuce guda goma sha biyu, wallafe-wallafen tarihin ɗan takara, da kuma karatun jama'a na ƙarshe. A duk lokacin semester, mai gudanar da shirin PITC yana ziyartar kowace cibiyar al'umma kuma yana sadarwa tare da duk masu koyar da PITC da shugabannin al'umma akai -akai. Ƙungiyoyin Muryoyi Masu tasowa Muryoyin Maɗaukaka zumunci ne na adabi wanda ke da niyyar samar da sabbin marubuta, waɗanda ba su da damar shiga, tare da kayan aikin da za su buƙaci ƙaddamar da ƙwararrun rubuce -rubuce. Hadin gwiwar watanni takwas ya haɗa da: SHAWARWARAR KWAYOYI: Ana zaɓar Mentors a hankali daga membobin PEN Center USA kuma daga ƙwararrun marubutan da ke Los Angeles. Ana sa ran alaƙar Mentor-Fellow za ta ƙalubalanci aikin ɗan'uwan kuma ta tilasta ci gaba mai mahimmanci. A cikin lokacin haɗin gwiwa, Fuskokin Muryar Maɗaukaki da Mentors yakamata su hadu sau uku a cikin mutum, kuma su kasance masu tuntuɓar aƙalla sau ɗaya a wata. A cikin waɗannan tarurruka guda uku, Mentors za su ba da rubutaccen martani game da ayyukan Voan Ƙungiyoyin Muryoyi masu tasowa. Marubutan da suka kasance masu ba da shawara a baya sun haɗa da Ron Carlson, Harryette Mullen, Chris Abani, Ramona Ausubel, Meghan Daum, da Sherman Alexie DARASI A CIKIN SHIRIN MAWALLAFIN KARATUN UCLA: Mahalarta za su halarci kwasa-kwasai guda biyu na kyauta (kwas ɗin rubutu na mako 12 da bitar kwana ɗaya) a UCLA Extension, wanda Shirin Marubuta ya bayar. Manajan Shirin zai taimaka wa san Muryar Ƙungiyoyin Murya Masu tasowa tare da zaɓin hanya. ABUBUWAN MARUBUTA: Kowace Litinin, abokan aiki za su sadu da marubuci mai ziyara, edita ko mai bugawa kuma su yi tambayoyi game da sana'a. 'Yan uwan dole ne su karanta kowane littafin marubucin da ya ziyarta kafin maraice. Za a rarraba jadawalin maraice na Mawallafi a farkon taron daidaiton Muryoyi masu tasowa. Marubutan da suka shiga a baya sun haɗa da Jonathan Lethem, Percival Everett, Maggie Nelson, Cynthia Bond, Aimee Bender, Jerry Stahl, da Bruce Bauman, babban editan mujallar adabi Black Clock MASTER CLASSES: Bayan kammala kwasa -kwasan Shirye -shiryen Marubuta na UCLA, Emeran Fuskokin Ƙungiyoyi za su yi rajista a Babbar Jagora. Babbar Jagora wani bita ne na musamman tare da ƙwararren marubuci wanda ke ba abokan aiki damar musayar ra'ayi kan ayyukansu na ci gaba. Malaman Babbar Jagora a baya sun haɗa da Diana Wagman, Alex Espinoza, da Paul Mandelbaum. AIKIN DAUKI: Ana sa ran dukkan san Ƙungiyoyin Muryoyi Masu tasowa za su kammala aikin sa kai na sa'o'i ishirin da boyar wanda ya dace da al'umman adabi. Kadan daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga sun hada da WriteGirl, 826LA, Asibitin Cedars-Sinai, da STARS-San Diego Youth Services. DARASIN KOYAR DA MURYA: Zumunci zai samar da bitar kwana ɗaya tare da Dave Thomas, ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na murya. Fungiyoyin Muryoyi masu tasowa za su karanta aikin su a ɗakin rikodi kuma su karɓi koyarwa kan karanta aikin su a bainar jama'a. KARATUN JAMA'A: Abokai za su shiga cikin karatun jama'a guda uku, Jam'iyyar Maraba, Harshe Groove Salon, da Karatun Karshe. Abokan karatun sun karanta a wurare daban -daban da abubuwan da suka faru ciki har da Los Angeles Times Festival of Books, Silver Lake Jubilee, Skylight Bookstore, The Standard, Downtown LA. da Hotel Café. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, haɗin gwiwar ya ƙare a cikin Karatun Karshe da aka gudanar a gidan wasan kwaikwayon Billy Wilder na Hammer, yana nuna ci gaban da kowane ɗan'uwansa ya samu a aikinsa. STIPEND: Hadin gwiwar ya hada da ragi na 1,000, wanda aka bayar a cikin kari na 500. Ba a buƙatar buga mahalarta ba, amma zumunci yana fuskantar mawaƙa da marubutan almara da kirkirar labari tare da ingantattun ra'ayoyin abin da suke fatan cimmawa ta hanyar rubutun su. An shirya shirin ne ga sabbin marubutan da ba su da damar samun kuɗi ko keɓancewa da marubuta daga baƙi, marasa rinjaye, da sauran al'ummomin da ba su da galihu. Kyaututtukan adabi da biki Shirin bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara -shekara na Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1982, gasa ce ta musamman, gasa ta yanki wacce ke gane kyawun adabi a cikin fannoni goma sha ɗaya: almara, ƙagaggen labari, ba da labari ba, shayari, adabin yara, adabi mai hoto, fassara, aikin jarida, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, da wasan kwaikwayo. Wadanda suka ci kyautar a baya sun hada da Barbara Kingsolver, Maxine Hong Kingston, TC Boyle, da Paul Thomas Anderson Kowace shekara, Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka tana kira don ƙaddamar da aikin da aka samar ko aka buga a cikin shekarar kalanda ta marubutan da ke zaune a yammacin Kogin Mississippi. Ana nazari da shigar da bayanai a cikin rukunoni goma sha ɗaya kuma ana yin hukunci da su ta bangarori na fitattun marubuta, masu suka, da masu gyara. Ana sanar da masu cin nasara a faɗuwar gaba kuma kowannensu yana karɓar kyautar tsabar kuɗi 1,000, shekara kyauta ta zama memba tare da Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka, da kuma gayyata zuwa Gasar Baje kolin Lissafi na shekara -shekara a Los Angeles. Ana gudanar da Bikin Baje kolin Littattafan ne a Beverly Hills kuma ya haɗa da cin abincin dare, gwanjon shiru ko raffle, da gabatar da Kyautukan Adabi da kyaututtuka na girmamawa. Wannan gala ita ce kawai ta fi girma a Yammacin Tekun Yammacin Duniya kuma fitattun manyan membobin adabi sama da 400 suna halarta. Tsoffin waɗanda suka karɓi Kyautar Daraja da Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa sun haɗa da Ray Bradbury, Elmore Leonard, Norman Lear, Carolyn See, Gore Vidal, da Billy Wilder Hakanan maraice yana gabatar da gabatar da babbar lambar yabo ta Kwaskwarimar Farko, da aka baiwa ɗan takarar da ya yi aiki a cikin gida na Amurka don kare Kwaskwarimar Farko, da kuma Kyautar 'Yancin Rubuta, da aka baiwa ɗan takarar da ya yi gwagwarmayar neman' yanci. na magana a duniya. Duk lambobin yabo suna girmama maza da mata waɗanda suka samar da aiki na musamman yayin fuskantar matsananciyar wahala, waɗanda aka hukunta saboda yin amfani da 'yancin faɗin albarkacin bakinsu, ko waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da ƙuntatawa da kare haƙƙin bugawa da yardar kaina. Membobi Membobin membobin PEN Center USA sun ƙunshi mawallafa sama da 700 da aka buga (ƙwararrun membobi), da kuma magoya bayan al'umman adabi (Patan Makaranta Majiɓinci da Mambobin Majiɓinci), ɗalibai (membobin ɗalibi), da masu siyar da littattafai (membobin Mawallafi). Kudin shekara -shekara na memba, wanda ya bambanta da nau'in, yana ba da tallafin kuɗi mai mahimmanci wanda ke ba membobi damar gudanar da aikin Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka. Littattafan adabi Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka tana samar da shirye-shirye iri-iri da shirye-shirye na asali kowace shekara, gami da ƙaramin karatuttukan da aka shirya, jerin karatun yau da kullun, da manyan abubuwan musamman don lokutan adabi. Duba kuma International PEN PEN Amurka PEN Kanada Sydney PEN Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

47996

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Zimbabwe

Hakkin Dan Adam a Zimbabwe

Akwai rahotanni da yawa game da cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a Zimbabwe a karkashin mulkin Robert Mugabe da jam'iyyarsa, ZANU-PF, tsakanin 1980 da 2017. A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam irin su Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta keta haƙƙin mafaka, abinci, 'yancin motsi da zama,' yancin taro da kariya ga doka. Akwai hare-hare a kan kafofin watsa labarai, 'yan adawa na siyasa, masu gwagwarmayar jama'a, da masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron adawa sau da yawa batun hare-haren da 'yan sanda suka kai, kamar su murkushewa a taron 11 ga Maris 2007 na Movement for Democratic Change (MDC). A cikin abubuwan da suka faru, shugaban jam'iyyar Morgan Tsvangirai da wasu masu fafutukar adawa 49 sun kama su kuma 'yan sanda sun yi musu duka sosai. Edward Chikombo, wani ɗan jarida wanda ya aika hotuna na duka ga kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasashen waje, an sace shi kuma an kashe shi bayan 'yan kwanaki. Bayan an sake shi, Morgan Tsvangirai ya gaya wa BBC cewa ya ji rauni a kai kuma ya yi wa hannunsa, gwiwoyi da baya, kuma ya rasa jini mai yawa. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon, Tarayyar Turai da Amurka sun yi Allah wadai da aikin 'yan sanda. Duk da yake babu wani abu da masu fafutuka suka ji rauni, amma ba tare da ambaton dalilin su ba, jaridar yau da kullun da gwamnatin Zimbabwe ke sarrafawa The Herald ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun shiga tsakani bayan masu zanga-zangar "sun yi fashi da shaguna, sun lalata dukiya, sun yi wa fararen hula fashi, da kuma kai hari kan jami'an 'yan sanda da marasa laifi na jama'a". Jaridar ta kuma yi jayayya cewa 'yan adawa sun kasance "da gangan suna keta haramcin taron siyasa". Rashin amincewar ƴan sanda Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa tsakanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam cewa cin zarafin 'yancin mutum da mutunci yana da yawa a Zimbabwe, musamman ga wadanda ake zargi da' yan adawar siyasa. Masu goyon bayan gwamnati da hukumomin tilasta bin doka ne ke aikata laifuffukan, kuma sun hada da hare-hare, azabtarwa, barazanar kisa, satar mutane da kuma kamawa da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin 1999, Amurkawa uku John Dixon, Gary Blanchard da Joseph Pettijohn sun yi iƙirarin cewa an azabtar da su bayan kama su. Alkalin shari'ar ya yarda da shaidar azabtarwa kuma ya ba su hukunci mai sauƙi bayan da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifin makamai. A cikin wannan shekarar, Robert Mugabe ya yi Allah wadai da alƙalai a Kotun Koli ta Zimbabwe wadanda suka nemi ya yi sharhi game da kamawa da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hanyar jami'an tsaro na jihar, na 'yan jarida biyu, Mark Chavunduka da Ray Choto. Hukumomin tilasta bin doka sune babban tushen cin zarafin bil'adama a Zimbabwe. A cewar Human Rights Watch an sami karuwar shari'o'in da 'yan sanda suka kai hari da azabtar da magoya bayan adawa da masu fafutukar farar hula. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shari'a shine kamawa da kuma duka na ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar kwadago, gami da shugaban kasa da babban sakatare na Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, a ofishin 'yan sanda na Matapi, bayan zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2006. Da farko an hana 'yan kungiyar taimakon likita da na shari'a. Wani irin wannan shari'ar ita ce kama shugaban mai fafutukar dalibai Promise Mkwanazi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2006. An tsare Mkwanazi a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a Bindura na kwanaki biyar ba tare da tuhuma ba. A wannan lokacin 'yan sanda sun cire shi sau da yawa, suka ɗaure shi kuma suka yi masa duka da sanduna, wadanda suka zarge shi da ƙoƙarin hambarar da gwamnati. Ya kasance batun sa ido na 'yan sanda tun daga shekara ta 2000 saboda sa hannu a cikin tarurrukan jam'iyyar MDC da daukar ma'aikata tare da taimakon' yan uwansa da tsoffin' yan gwagwarmayar dalibai Tafadzwa Takawira da Tendai Ndira, wadanda su ma sun sha wahala daga zalunci na' yan sanda, azabtarwa da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin sel waɗanda ke da yanayin rashin tsabta tare da bayan gida da ba mai iska ba a cikin tantanin halitta. Daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa Satumba ta 2006, kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Zimbabwe ta yi rikodin shari'o'i sama da 1200 na keta hakkin dan adam da hukumomin tilasta bin doka suka yi, gami da in azabtarwa 363, shari'o"in kai 516 na hari, shari'o-tafiye 58 na barazanar mutuwa, shari'ar kamawa 399 ba bisa ka'ida ba da shari'ar tsare-tsare 451 ba bisa ka-tsare ba. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da wadanda ke fama da mutane da yawa. Kungiyar ta gano cewa ana ƙarfafa hukumomin tilasta bin doka da su aikata cin zarafi ta hanyar maganganun da manyan mambobin jam'iyyar ZANU-PF da ke mulki suka yi. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ruwaito a cikin sanarwar jama'a mai kwanan wata 12 ga Yuli 2007 cewa halin da ake ciki a Zimbabwe na ci gaba da tabarbarewa yayin da zanga-zangar jama'a game da Mugabe da ZANU-PF ke ƙaruwa. Kwanan nan farashin gwamnati a kan dukkan kayan masarufi na cikin gida ya haifar da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake bukata, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin ƴan ƙasa masu tsananin damuwa da sojojin gwamnati da ke neman aiwatar da ƙuntatawa da kuma murkushe rikice-rikice. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da sake jaddada umarnin ta na kawar da duk wani rashin amincewa ko adawa da manufofinta "ta kowace hanya da ta dace", gami da karfi mai kisa. Ya goyi bayan wannan sanarwa tare da ayyukan bazuwar da ba su nuna bambanci ba na tashin hankali da gwamnati ke tallafawa daga jami'an tsaro daban-daban a kan duk wanda aka ɗauka abokin adawar ne; waɗannan hare-haren galibi suna faruwa ba tare da tayar da hankali ko gargadi ba a matsayin nau'in ta'addanci na jihar. Ƙuntataccen ƴanci na jama'a A Zimbabwe ƴancin taro an hana shi sosai ta hanyar doka. Tsarin shari'a ya kara fadadawa a aikace, tare da tilasta bin doka da ke kula da zanga-zangar adawa da tarurrukan jama'a. Akwai rahotanni da yawa game da kamawa da kuma bugun masu zanga-zangar. A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch "Za a yi ka duka sosai": An yi amfani da dokoki irin su Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Jama'a (POSA) da Dokar Laifuka daban-daban (MOA) don rushe zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da kuma tabbatar da kama masu fafutukar farar hula. A wasu lokuta, ana gudanar da masu gwagwarmaya fiye da iyakar da doka ta ba da izini, sau da yawa ba tare da caji ba. A cikin rahoton Freedom in the World na shekara ta 2006, Freedom House ta gano cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da' yancin yada labarai na Zimbabwe sun kara lalacewa. Dokar Samun Bayanai da Kare Sirriyar Tsaro ta 2002 (AIPPA) tana buƙatar 'yan jarida da kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarai su yi rajista tare da Hukumar Watsa Labarai da Bayanai (MIC) da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati don hana mutane yin aiki a matsayin' yan jarida. Wani gyare-gyare da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005 ya gabatar da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru biyu ga 'yan jarida da ke aiki ba tare da izini ba. Hukumomi sun umarci jaridu masu adawa da masu zaman kansu da su rufe, kuma ana tsoratar da 'yan jarida, ana kama su, kuma ana gurfanar da su, tare da goyon bayan dokokin da ke aikata laifuka game da buga bayanan "maras tabbas". Ana hana ƴan jarida na kasashen waje takardar izini a kai a kai, kuma an hana masu ba da takardun gida don wallafe-wallafen kasashen waje takardun izini kuma an yi barazanar korar su. Jiha tana sarrafa duk kafofin watsa labarai da kuma manyan jaridu irin su The Chronicle da The Herald Rahotanni sun mamaye hotunan Robert Mugabe da jam'iyyar ZANU-PF da hare-hare kan masu sukar gwamnati. A cewar Freedom House, gwamnati kuma tana sa ido kan abubuwan da ke cikin imel. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yankin ta ambaci Ministan Tsaro na Jiha Didymus Mutasa kamar yadda yake bayyana cewa hukumomi ba za su "yi watsi da ƙudurin da suka yi na farautar sauran hanyoyin samar da bayanai a kasar ba." Duk da yake wasu masu lura da zaben Afirka sun yi la'akari da zaben majalisar dokoki na 2005 wanda ya nuna nufin mutane, yarjejeniyar gaba ɗaya ita ce waɗannan da zaɓuɓɓukan da suka gabata a Zimbabwe ba su da 'yanci da adalci, tare da yaduwar zamba. An hana 'yan takara da magoya bayan jam'iyyar adawa, MDC, yin kamfen a bayyane a wasu yankuna, kuma sun fuskanci tsangwama, tashin hankali da tsoratarwa. An ba da kayan abinci na gwamnati ga masu jefa kuri'a don musayar kuri'un su. An nuna bambanci sosai ga kafofin watsa labarai game da ZANU-PF. A ranar zabe, an karkatar da masu jefa kuri'a da yawa, musamman a cikin mazabar da 'yan adawa suka mamaye. Babban dalilin wannan shi ne cewa sun yi ƙoƙari su jefa kuri'a a cikin mazabar da ba daidai ba saboda rashin isasshen jama'a. Masu lura da zabe sun kuma lura da tsoratar da masu jefa kuri'a a wuraren zabe. A wani abin da ya faru, 'yan sanda ba su dauki mataki ba lokacin da wani dan takarar ZANU-PF ya yi barazanar harbe jami'an zabe na MDC. Rahotanni na bayar da rahoton kuri'a da ke nuna goyon baya ga jam'iyyar da ke mulki sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da haraji. Sakamakon yunƙurin juyin mulki na Zimbabwe na 2007 Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta rushe wani juyin mulki da ake zargi a watan Mayu 2007. A cewar gwamnati, sojoji sun shirya cire Shugaba Robert Mugabe daga ofishin kuma sun nemi Ministan Gidajen Karkara Emmerson Mnangagwa ya kafa gwamnati tare da shugabannin sojoji. An kama mutane da yawa, ko dai suna aiki ko kuma sun yi ritaya daga Sojojin Kasa na Zimbabwe, kuma an tuhume su da cin amana tsakanin 29 ga Mayu da farkon Yuni 2007. An ci gaba da kamawa, da kuma kashe-kashen da aka yi. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon, Tarayyar Turai da Amurka da kuma jami'in tsaro na kasashen waje David Miliband sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin kisa. Nuna bambanci Mata ba su da amfani a Zimbabwe, tare da dogaro da tattalin arziki da ka'idojin zamantakewa da ke hana su yaki da nuna bambancin jima'i. Duk da haramtacciyar doka, al'adu kamar auren tilas har yanzu suna nan. Rikicin cikin gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani. Duk da yake dokar aiki ta haramta cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki, irin wannan cin zarafin ya zama ruwan dare kuma ba a gurfanar da shi ba. Duk da yake doka ta amince da haƙƙin mata na dukiya, gado da saki, mata da yawa ba su da masaniya game da hakkinsu. Shugaba Mugabe ya soki masu luwadi, yana mai da hankali ga matsalolin Afirka ga su. Dokar al'ada ta hana maza masu luwadi, kuma zuwa ƙarami mata masu luwadi. A wasu lokuta kuma yana aikata laifuka nuna soyayya tsakanin maza. An yi gyare-gyare na dokar aikata laifuka don bayyana sodomy don haɗawa da "duk wani aikin da ya shafi hulɗa ta jiki tsakanin maza wanda mutum mai ma'ana zai ɗauka ya zama abin kunya". Rashin tashin hankali a lokacin zaben kasa na 2008 A shekara ta 2008, an gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisa da na shugaban kasa. Jam'iyyar adawa ta adawa don Canjin Dimokuradiyya (MDC), karkashin jagorancin Morgan Tsvangirai, ta lashe zaben majalisar dokoki da zagaye na farko na shugaban kasa, wanda ya haifar da raguwa a ƙarshen. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na watanni uku tsakanin zagaye na farko da na biyu na zaben shugaban kasa ya lalace ta hanyar karuwar tashin hankali da aka yi wa magoya bayan MDC. MDC ta bayyana cewa akalla magoya bayanta 86 ciki har da Gibson Nyandoro da Tonderai Ndira an kashe su, kuma wasu 200,000 sun tilasta su fita daga gidajensu ta hanyar 'yan bindiga masu goyon bayan gwamnati. An bayar da rahoton cewa zaben da kansa ya kasance alama ce ta tsoratar da jama'a, tare da tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa yin zabe, kuma ana buƙatar nuna kuri'un su ga wakilan jam'iyyar gwamnati kafin sanya shi a cikin akwatin zabe. Torturewa An yi zargin cewa jami'an tsaro na Zimbabwe suna da sansanin azabtarwa a cikin filayen lu'u-lu'u na Marange; hanyoyin sun haɗa da mummunan duka, cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin kare. A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2020, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton azabtarwa da cin zarafin 'yan gwagwarmayar adawa uku da membobin majalisa, Joana Mamombe, Cecilia Chimbiri da Netsai Marova. An kama su kuma an tilasta su su su ɓace a ranar 13 ga Mayu a babban birnin Zimbabwe, Harare, saboda jagorantar zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati game da martani ga annobar COVID-19 da yunwa mai yawa a kasar. Bayan kwana biyu an same su a cikin mummunan yanayi a Bindura, kilomita 87 daga Harare. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, 'yan sanda sun zargi masu fafutuka da taruwa da niyyar inganta tashin hankali na jama'a da rushe zaman lafiya. Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama An dai samu rahotannin cin zarafin bil adama da gwamnatin Mugabe ta yi tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 2017. Da take rubuta wa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama a kwata kwata, Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann ta yi ikirarin cewa "akwai kwararan hujjoji da ke nuna cewa Mugabe na da laifin cin zarafin bil'adama". A shekara ta 2009, Gregory Stanton, wanda shi ne shugaban kungiyar malamai na kasa da kasa na kisan ƙare dangi, da Helen Fein, a lokacin babban darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Kisan Kisan, sun buga wata wasika a cikin jaridar New York Times da ke nuna cewa akwai isassun shaidu na laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. domin gurfanar da Mugabe a gaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil’adama da dama sun soki ƙasashen yammacin duniya da yin watsi da kisan da gangan aka yi wa akalla mutane 20,000 galibi fararen hula Ndebele, wadanda Brigade ta biyar ta Mugabe ta kashe a tsakanin shekarar 1982 zuwa 1985 a lokacin da ake kwace kasa. Wasu masana da masu fafutuka sun yi imanin ainihin adadin zai iya zama 80,000. gwamnatin Mugabe ta sha suka daga abokan hamayyar siyasa da ƙungiyoyi irin su Amnesty International kan take hakkin dan Adam da jami'an tsaron ƙasar ke yi. An yi kisan kiyashi a gidan yarin Chikurubi da ke birnin Harare, a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1996, inda kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kiyasta cewa an kashe fursunoni sama da 1,200 a cikin sa'o'i kadan. A cikin 2006, Amnesty International ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar da ta faru a gidan yarin Harare mafi girman tsaro yayin kisan kiyashin watan Yuni 1996. Tun daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 2017, a cewar wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama an kiyasta cewa gwamnatin Mugabe ce ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane miliyan 3 zuwa 6 a kai tsaye ko a fakaice, duk da cewa wasu majiyoyi sun banbanta, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta ce dubban daruruwan 'yan kasar Zimbabwe ne. sun mutu sakamakon yunwa da yunwa sakamakon manufofinsa da ayyukansa, an kuma yi ta kashe-kashe a jahohin kasar inda dubban daruruwan 'yan kasar Zimbabwe ma suka yi amanna cewa sun mutu, don haka kai tsaye ko a fakaice Mugabe zai iya daukar nauyin akalla miliyan guda. mutuwa. A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin 2020, Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna damuwa game da kama wani fitaccen ɗan jarida mai bincike da kuma shugaban adawa wanda ya nuna cewa hukumomin Zimbabwe bai kamata su yi amfani da cutar COVID-19 a matsayin uzuri don hana 'yanci na asali ba. A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2020, kamfen ɗin #ZimbabweanLivesMatter ya ja hankalin fitattun mutane da 'yan siyasa na duniya game da cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam a Zimbabwe, yana ƙara matsin lamba ga gwamnatin Emmerson Mnanagwa. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya zo ne bayan kamawa, satar mutane da azabtar da manyan masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da kuma ɗaure ɗan jarida, Hopewell Chin Tianono, da kuma marubucin da aka jera a cikin littafin Booker, Tsitsi Dangarembga. A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2020, bishops na Katolika sun ɗaga muryarsu a karo na farko kan cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam don tallafawa Zimbabweanlivesmatter A karkashin Wasikar Fastocin Bishops na Katolika na Zimbabwe, sun soki Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa saboda cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin iko. Amsar gwamnati Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta mayar da martani ga zarge-zargen keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daga ƙasashen Yamma ta hanyar zarge-carga game da halayen mulkin mallaka da munafunci, suna da'awar cewa ƙasashe kamar Ingila da Amurka suna da irin wannan ko mafi muni, misali a yakin Iraki. A cikin jawabin da aka yi a taron kaddamar da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2006 Ministan Shari'a, Shari'a da Harkokin Majalisar Dokoki na Zimbabwe, Patrick Chinamasa, ya tabbatar da cewa Zimbabwe za ta "yi mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukan mutanenta". Koyaya, ya zargi "kasashe masu tasowa" da tallafawa kungiyoyin ba da agaji na cikin gida tare da burin "ƙazantar da ikon mallakarmu, ƙirƙirar da kuma tallafawa kungiyoyi masu adawa na cikin gida waɗanda ba su da tushen tallafi na cikin gida, da kuma inganta rashin jin daɗi da ƙiyayya tsakanin jama'ar cikin gida game da gwamnatin da aka zaba". Tarihin tarihi Wadannan sune kimantawar Zimbabwe tun 1972 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga a kowace shekara wanda aka kimanta a kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7 (mafi ƙarancin kyauta). Manazarta Haɗin waje Taron NGO na 'Yancin Dan Adam na Zimbabwe Rahoton Kasar Zimbabwe kan Ayyukan 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2008 daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Zimbabwe An adana daga Amnesty International Amurka tare da shekaru goma na rahotanni Zimbabwe: Binciken shekara-shekara na keta haƙƙin ƙungiyar kwadago (2008) daga Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya Rahoton Shekara na 2012 An adana shi ta Amnesty International Freedom in the World 2011 Rahoton An adana shi Agusta 2012 a ta Freedom House Rahoton Duniya na 2012, ta Human Rights Watch Hakki Yanci Zimbabwe Yancin dan Adam a Afrika Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

18587

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou%20Toumani%20Tour%C3%A9

Amadou Toumani Touré

Amadou Toumani Touré (4 Nuwamban 19489 Nuwamban 2020) ɗan siyasan ƙasar Mali ne. Ya jagoranci zaben farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a Mali a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya (1991-1992), sannan ya zama zababben shugaban kasar Mali na biyu bisa tafarkin dimokiradiyya (2002-2012). Shugabanci Touré ya kasance shugaban masu gadin Shugaba Moussa Traoré na sirri (da parachute Rejiment) lokacin da wani mashahurin juyin juya hali ya hambarar da gwamnatin a watan Maris 1991; Kanar Touré ya kama shugaban kuma ya jagoranci juyin juya hali. Ya jagoranci tsarin mika mulki na soja da farar hula na tsawon shekara guda wanda ya samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da zabukan jam'iyyu da yawa, sannan ya mika mulki ga shugaban kasar Mali na farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokradiyya, Alpha Oumar Konaré, a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 1992. Konaré ya haɓaka Touré zuwa matsayi na Janar. Bayan shekaru goma, bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, Touré ya shiga siyasa a matsayin farar hula kuma ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2002 tare da babban kawancen goyon baya. An sake zabe shi cikin sauki a 2007 zuwa wa'adi na biyu kuma na karshe. A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2012, jim kadan kafin tashinsa daga ofis, sojoji da ba su cika ba sun yi juyin mulkin da ya tilasta masa ya buya. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar maido da tsarin mulkin kasar Mali, Touré ya yi murabus daga shugabancin kasar a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, kuma bayan kwanaki goma sha daya ya tafi gudun hijira. Rayuwar farko An haifi Amadou Toumani Touré a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1948, a Mopti, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare. A tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1969, ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Badalabougou da ke Bamako domin zama malami. Daga ƙarshe, ya shiga aikin soja kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Kati Inter-Military College A matsayinsa na memba na Parachute Corps, ya tashi da sauri ta cikin matsayi kuma bayan darussan horo da yawa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da Faransa, ya zama kwamandan kwamandojin parachute a 1984. Aikin siyasa da na soja A watan Maris na 1991, bayan da murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta rikide zuwa wani juyin juya hali na jama'a don nuna adawa da mulkin soja na shekaru 23, sojojin kasar sun ki sake yin luguden wuta kan al'ummar Mali, kuma Touré shugaban masu gadin shugaban kasa ya kama Shugaba Moussa Traoré. Kanar Touré (kamar yadda yake a wancan lokacin) ya zama shugaban kwamitin riƙon ƙwarya na jin daɗin jama'a kuma shugaban riƙon ƙasa a duk ƙoƙarin da kwamitin ke yi na miƙa mulkin ƙasar zuwa dimokuradiyya. Ya jagoranci taron kasa wanda tsakanin 29 ga Yuli zuwa 13 ga Agusta 1991 ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Mali tare da tsara zaben 'yan majalisa da na shugaban kasa na 1992. Bayan bayyana sakamakon zaben, Touré ya mika mulki ga sabon zababben shugaban kasar Alpha Oumar Konaré Bayan tafiyar sa na son rai daga ofis, ya samu lakabin "Sojan Dimokuradiyya." A watan Yunin 2001, Touré ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin manzo na musamman na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, bayan da bai yi nasara ba yunƙurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a can. A cikin Satumba 2001, ya nema kuma aka ba shi ritaya daga aikin soja, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na 2002 A zagaye na farko na zaben, ya zo na daya da kashi 28.71% na kuri'un, yayin da a zagaye na biyu ya samu kashi 64.35% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya doke dan takarar ADEMA, tsohon minista Soumaïla Cissé, wanda ya samu kashi 35.65%. An rantsar da Touré a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2002. Shugabancin nasa ya kasance kamar yadda aka saba, saboda kasancewarsa ba dan kowace jam’iyya ba ne, kuma ya sanya ‘yan jam’iyyun siyasar kasar cikin gwamnatinsa. Bayan zabensa na 2002, ya nada Ahmed Mohamed ag Hamani a matsayin Firayim Minista, amma a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2004, Hamani ya maye gurbin Ousmane Issoufi Maiga wanda Modibo Sidibé ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2007. Touré ya sanar a ranar 27 ga Maris 2007, cewa zai sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu a zaben shugaban kasa na Afrilu 2007. Bisa sakamakon karshe da aka sanar a ranar 12 ga Mayu, Touré ya lashe zaben da kashi 71.20% na kuri'un da aka kada. Babban dan takarar adawa, shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar Ibrahima Boubacar Keïta, ya samu kashi 19.15%; the Front for Democracy and the Republic, wani haɗin gwiwa ciki har da Keïta da wasu 'yan takara uku, sun yi watsi da sakamakon hukuma. Sai dai masu sa ido na kasashen waje sun amince da zaben da aka gudanar a matsayin gaskiya da adalci. An rantsar da Touré a wa'adinsa na biyu a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2007, a wani biki da ya samu halartar wasu shugabannin Afirka bakwai. Baya ga inganta ababen more rayuwa na kasar Mali, Touré ya kafa tsarin inshorar likitancin kasar na farko. Dangane da tsarin mulkin Mali, wanda ke da iyakacin wa'adi biyu na shugaban kasa, Touré ya tabbatar a wani taron manema labarai a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 2011, cewa ba zai tsaya takara ba a zaben shugaban kasa na 2012 Juyin mulki na 2012 A farkon shekarar 2012, wasu sojojin Mali sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yadda gwamnatin Touré ke tafiyar da ayyukan tada kayar baya a arewacin Mali a shekarar 2012 Mummunan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Aguel Hoc (iyakar Nijar) da aka yi wa sojojin Mali sama da 80 ya haifar da tarzoma a cikin sojojin, inda sojoji da matan sojoji suka zargi Shugaba Touré da rashin gudanar da mulki saboda karancin harsasai. A ranar 21 ga Maris, sojoji a wani bariki a Kati, kusa da Bamako, sun kaddamar da tawaye ga ministan tsaron da ya ziyarce shi, kuma tawayen nasu ya rikide zuwa juyin mulki. Wasu gungun saje da kofur sun kwace wasu wurare a birnin Bamako da suka hada da fadar shugaban kasa, hedkwatar gidan talabijin na gwamnati, da wasu barikokin soji. Daga nan ne suka kafa wata hukuma ta wucin gadi, wato National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDRE), karkashin jagorancin Captain Amadou Sanogo, kuma suka bayyana cewa sun hambarar da Touré, suna zargin gwamnatinsa da gazawa. 'Yan tawayen ba su kama shugaba Touré ba. Sama da makonni biyu ba a san inda Touré yake ba kuma CNRDRE bai taba nuna cewa yana hannun ta ba. CNRDRE ta yi, duk da haka, ta bayyana cewa Touré na cikin "lafiya" kuma wata sanarwa daga gwamnatin Najeriya, duk da cewa tana goyon bayan Touré, ta yi ikirarin cewa 'yan ta'addar sun kama shi. A cewar sojoji masu biyayya ga Touré, duk da haka, yana cikin koshin lafiya, kuma dakarun soji masu goyon bayan gwamnati ne suke gadinsa a wani barikin da ke wajen birnin Bamako. A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta sanar da cewa tana nazarin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na cin amanar kasa da kuma rashin da'a a kan Touré. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, Touré ya sake bayyana yin murabus dinsa bisa yarjejeniyar da kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta kulla na maido da kasar Mali kan tsarin mulkin kasar, yana fadawa masu shiga tsakani na ECOWAS cewa, “Fiye da komai, na yi shi. na kaunar da nake yiwa kasata". A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, Touré ya tafi gudun hijira a makwabciyarta Senegal Amadou Toumani Touré ya koma Mali bayan shekaru biyar, a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 2017. Wasu ayyuka A cikin 1993, Touré ya kafa Fondation pour l'enfance, tushen Kula da lafiyar yara. A lokacin shugabancinsa, uwargidan shugaban kasa Toure Lobbo Traore ce ke kula da gidauniyar. Touré mamba yana daya daga cikin mambobi na Hukumar Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya. Rayuwar sa Touré ya auri Touré Lobbo Traoré. Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata uku. Ya rasu a Istanbul, Turkiyya, a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020, mako guda bayan cikarsa shekaru 72. Girmamawa Grand Master Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (2009) Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau (11/2005) Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles (13 February 2012) Premier Prix pour l'Ethique, Fondation Amadou Kéba Mbaye (2010) Manazarta Firsunonin Ma Mutanen Mali na karni 21 Korarrun yansiyasa Mutanen yankin mopti Shuwagabannin da sukayi juyin mulki Yansiyasan Mali Musulman Mali Matattun 2020 Haifaffun 1948 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

31323

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis

Zoonosis

Zoonosis (jam'i zoonoses, ko Cututtukan oonotic cuta ce mai saurin kamuwa maganin kamuwa da cuta, irin su bacterium, virus, parasite ko prion wanda ya yi tsalle daga dabba (yawanci vertebrate zuwa mutum. Yawanci, mutum na farko da ya kamu da cutar yana watsa ƙwayar cutar ga aƙalla mutum ɗaya, wanda, bi da bi, yana cutar da wasu. Manyan cututtuka na zamani kamar cutar Ebola da salmonellosis sune zoonoses. HIV cuta ce ta zoonotic da ake yaɗawa ga mutane a farkon ƙarni na 20, kodayake yanzu ta rikiɗe zuwa wata cuta ta ɗan adam kaɗai. Mafi yawan nau'in mura da ke kamuwa da mutane cututtukan mutane ne, ko da yake yawancin nau'ikan murar tsuntsaye da murar alade sune zoonoses; Wadannan ƙwayoyin cuta lokaci-lokaci suna haɗuwa tare da nau'ikan mura na ɗan adam kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka kamar mura na 1918 na Mutanen Espanya ko mura aladun 2009. Taenia solium kamuwa da cuta yana daya daga cikin cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da aka yi watsi da su tare da lafiyar jama'a da damuwa na dabbobi a yankunan da ke da yawa. Zoonoses na iya haifar da nau'in cututtukan cututtuka kamar ƙwayoyin cuta masu tasowa, kwayoyin cuta, fungi da parasites; na cututtukan cututtuka 1,415 da aka sani suna cutar da mutane, 61% sun kasance zoonotic. Mafi yawan cututtukan mutane sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi; duk da haka, kawai cututtukan da ke haɗawa da waɗanda ba na ɗan adam ba a kai a kai ga ɗan adam, irin su rabies, ana ɗaukar zoonoses kai tsaye. Zoonoses suna da hanyoyin watsa daban-daban. A cikin zoonosis kai tsaye ana kamuwa da cutar daga dabbobi zuwa ga mutane ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kamar iska mura ko ta cizo da miya rabies Ya bambanta, watsa kuma na iya faruwa ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin nau'in (wanda ake magana da shi azaman vector wanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da rashin lafiya ba. Lokacin da mutane ke cutar da dabbobi, ana kiranta reverse zoonosis ko anthroponosis.t Kalmar ta fito daga Girkanci zoon "dabba" da nosos "ciwo". Ƙwayoyin halitta masu masaukin baƙi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance ko wane ƙwayoyin dabbobi za su iya yin kwafin kansu a cikin jikin ɗan adam. Kwayoyin cuta na dabba masu haɗari sune waɗanda ke buƙatar ƴan maye gurbi don fara kwafi kansu a cikin ƙwayoyin ɗan adam. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da haɗari tunda haɗuwar maye gurbi da ake buƙata na iya tasowa ba da gangan a cikin tafki na halitta ba. Dalilai Bayyanar cututtukan zoonotic ya samo asali ne daga cikin gida na dabbobi. Watsawar Zoonotic na iya faruwa a cikin kowane mahallin da akwai hulɗa tare da ko cin dabbobi, samfuran dabbobi, ko abubuwan da suka samo asali na dabba. Wannan na iya faruwa a cikin abokiyar gida (dabbobin gida), tattalin arziki (noma, kasuwanci, yanka, da sauransu), farauta (farauta, yanka ko cin naman daji) ko mahallin bincike. Kwanan nan, an sami ƙaruwar bayyanar sabbin cututtukan zoonotic. "Kimanin ƙwayoyin cuta miliyan 1.67 da ba a bayyana su ba ana tsammanin suna wanzuwa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye, kusan rabinsu an kiyasta cewa za su iya shiga cikin mutane," in ji wani bincike wanda masu bincike a Jami'ar California, Davis suka jagoranta. A cewar wani rahoto daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Duniya, manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun hada da sauyin yanayi, rashin dorewar noma, cin gajiyar namun daji, canjin amfani da ƙasa. Wasu kuma suna da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin al'ummar ɗan adam kamar ƙarin motsi. Ƙungiyoyin sun ba da shawarar matakan da za su dakatar da tashin. Lalacewar abinci ko ruwan sha Mafi mahimmancin cututtukan zoonotic da ke haifar da cututtukan abinci sune O157:H7, Campylobacter, Caliciviridae, da Salmonella. A cikin 2006 wani taro da aka gudanar a Berlin ya mayar da hankali kan batun cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na zoonotic akan amincin abinci, yana mai yin kira ga gwamnati da ta sa baki da kuma lura da jama'a game da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci daga cin abinci na gona zuwa tebur. Yawancin ɓarkewar abinci ana iya danganta su da cututtukan zoonotic. Yawancin nau'ikan abinci daban-daban waɗanda suke da asalin dabba na iya zama gurɓata. Wasu abubuwan abinci na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen zoonotic sun haɗa da ƙwai, abincin teku, nama, kiwo, har ma da wasu kayan lambu. Yakamata a kula da barkewar cutar da ta shafi gurbataccen abinci a cikin shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen hana ɓarkewar annoba da kuma shawo kan barkewar cikin inganci da inganci. Noma, kiwo da kiwo Yin hulɗa da dabbobin gona na iya haifar da cututtuka a cikin manoma ko wasu waɗanda suka yi hulɗa da dabbobin gonaki masu kamuwa da cuta. Glanders da farko yana shafar waɗanda ke aiki tare da dawakai da jakuna. Kusanci cuɗanya da shanu na iya haifar da kamuwa da cutar anthrax, yayin da kamuwa da cutar anthrax ya fi zama ruwan dare ga ma'aikata a mayanka, masana'antar fatu da masana'antar ulu. Kusa da tunkiya da suka haifa kwanan nan zai iya haifar da clamydiosis, ko zubar da ciki na enzootic, a cikin mata masu juna biyu, da kuma ƙara yawan haɗarin Q zazzabi, toxoplasmosis, da listeriosis a cikin ciki ko in ba haka ba immunocompromised. Echinococcosis na faruwa ne ta hanyar tsutsotsi da ake iya yaɗawa daga tumakin da suka kamu da abinci ko ruwan da aka gurɓace da najasa ko ulu. Murar tsuntsaye ta zama ruwan dare a cikin kaji. Duk da yake da wuya a cikin mutane, babban abin da ke damun lafiyar jama'a shine cewa nau'in murar tsuntsaye zai sake haɗuwa da kwayar cutar murar mutum kuma ta haifar da annoba kamar 1918 na Mutanen Espanya. A cikin 2017, an ba da umarnin kajin masu cin abinci a Burtaniya su kasance a ciki na ɗan lokaci saboda barazanar murar tsuntsaye. Shanu wani muhimmin tafki ne na cryptosporidiosis kuma galibi yana shafar marasa lafiya. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Minks na iya kamuwa da cutar. A cikin kasashen yammacin Turai kuma nauyin Hepatitis E ya dogara ne akan bayyanar da kayan dabba, musamman naman alade shine muhimmin tushen kamuwa da cuta ta wannan fanni. Likitocin dabbobi suna fuskantar haɗari na musamman na sana'a da cututtukan zoonotic. A cikin Amurka, bincike ya nuna ƙarin haɗarin rauni ga raunin da kuma rashin sanin ilimin dabbobi game da waɗannan haɗarin. Bincike ya tabbatar da mahimmancin ci gaba da ilimin likitan dabbobi akan haɗarin sana'a da ke da alaƙa da raunin tsoka, cizon dabbobi, sandunan allura, da yanke. Wani rahoto na Yuli na 2020 na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa karuwar cututtukan zoonotic yana da alaƙa kai tsaye ga lalata dabi'ar ɗan adam da ƙaruwar buƙatun nama a duniya, kuma noman masana'antu na aladu da kaji musamman zai zama babban haɗari na farko. don zubar da cututtukan zoonotic a nan gaba. Kasuwancin namun daji ko harin dabbobi Kasuwancin namun daji na iya ƙara haɗarin zubewa saboda kai tsaye yana ƙara yawan hulɗar tsakanin nau'ikan dabbobi, wani lokacin akan ƙananan wurare. Asalin cutar ta COVID-19 da ke gudana tana zuwa kasuwannin rigar a Sin. Rabies Ƙwarin vector Ciwon bacci na Afirka Dirofilariasis Gabas equine encephalitis Jafananci encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis Goge typhus Tularemia Venezuelan equine encephalitis Zazzabin Yammacin Kogi Western equine encephalitis Zazzaɓin Zika Dabbobin gida Dabbobin gida na iya yada cututtuka da dama. Ana yi wa karnuka da kuliyoyi allurar riga-kafin cutar rabies. Dabbobin gida kuma na iya watsa tsutsa da Giardia, waɗanda ke da alaƙa a cikin dabbobi da mutane. Toxoplasmosis cuta ce ta kowa da kuliyoyi; a cikin mutane cuta ce mai sauƙi ko da yake tana iya zama haɗari ga mata masu ciki. Dirofilariasis yana haifar da Dirofilaria immitis ta hanyar sauro da dabbobi masu shayarwa ke kamuwa da su kamar karnuka da kuliyoyi. Cutar katsina tana haifar da Bartonella henselae da Bartonella quintana daga ƙuma waɗanda ke da yawa a cikin kuliyoyi. Toxocariasis shine kamuwa da mutane na kowane nau'in tsutsotsi, ciki har da nau'in nau'i na musamman ga kare Toxocara canis ko cat Toxocara cati Cryptosporidiosis ana iya yadawa ga mutane daga dabbobin dabba, irin su damisa gecko Encephalitozoon cuniculi ƙwayar cuta ce ta microsporidial da yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa ke ɗauke da su, gami da zomaye, kuma shine muhimmin ƙwayar cuta mai fa'ida a cikin mutanen da ke da rigakafi ta HIV/AIDS, dashen gabbai, ko rashi CD4+ T-lymphocyte. Dabbobin dabbobi kuma na iya zama wurin tafki na cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da kasancewar wasu cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri a cikin yawan ɗan adam. Misali, kusan 20 Kashi% na karnuka na gida, kuliyoyi da dawakai suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin rigakafin cutar Hepatitis E don haka wataƙila waɗannan dabbobi suna ba da gudummawa ga nauyin cutar Hepatitis E na ɗan adam. Ga mutanen da ba su da rauni (mutanen da ba su da rigakafi) nauyin cutar da ke haɗe shi ne, duk da haka, ƙananan. nuni An gano barkewar cutar zoonoses zuwa hulɗar ɗan adam tare da fallasa su ga sauran dabbobi a wuraren baje koli, kasuwannin dabbobi masu rai, gidajen dabbobi, da sauran saitunan. A cikin 2005, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) sun ba da sabon jerin shawarwari don hana watsa zoonosis a cikin saitunan jama'a. Shawarwari, waɗanda aka haɓaka tare da Ƙungiyar Likitocin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Ƙasa, sun haɗa da nauyin ilimi na masu gudanar da wurin, iyakance hulɗar dabbobin jama'a, da kula da dabbobi. Farauta da naman daji HIV SARS Sake sare bishiyoyi, asarar rabe-raben halittu da lalata muhalli Kate Jones, shugabar nazarin halittu da bambancin halittu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, ta ce cututtukan zoonotic suna daɗa alaƙa da canjin yanayi da halayen ɗan adam. Rushewar dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ake yi ta hanyar sare itace, hakar ma'adinai, gina tituna ta wurare masu nisa, saurin bunƙasa birane da haɓaka yawan jama'a yana kawo kusanci da nau'in dabbobin da wataƙila ba su taɓa samun kusanci ba. Sakamakon yada cututtuka daga namun daji zuwa ga mutane, in ji ta, yanzu ya zama "boyayyen tsadar ci gaban tattalin arzikin dan Adam". A cikin labarin baƙon da IBES, Peter Daszak da wasu shugabannin uku suka buga na 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Josef Settele, Sandra Díaz da Eduardo Brondizio, sun rubuta cewa "yawan saran gandun daji, rashin kulawa da fadada aikin gona, noma mai zurfi, haƙar ma'adinai da samar da ababen more rayuwa, da kuma yadda ake amfani da namun daji sun haifar da 'cikakkiyar guguwa' don yaduwar cututtuka daga namun daji zuwa ga mutane." Joshua Moon, Clare Wenham da Sophie Harman sun ce akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa raguwar rayayyun halittu na da tasiri a kan bambance-bambancen runduna da yawan hulɗar ɗan adam da dabba tare da yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta. Wani bincike na Afrilu 2020 da aka buga a cikin Proceedings of the Royal Society Part B ya gano cewa ƙaruwar abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayar cutar daga dabbobi zuwa mutane na iya danganta su da asarar rayayyun halittu da lalata muhalli, yayin da mutane ke ci gaba da mamaye filayen daji don shiga aikin noma, farauta da hakar albarkatu. ya zama fallasa ga ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda galibi za su kasance a waɗannan wuraren. Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun ninka sau uku a kowace shekaru goma tun daga 1980. Wani bincike na watan Agusta na 2020 da aka buga a cikin Nature ya kammala da cewa lalata tsarin halittar ɗan adam don manufar faɗaɗa aikin gona da matsugunan ɗan adam yana rage bambancin halittu kuma yana ba da damar ƙananan dabbobi kamar jemagu da beraye, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da matsin ɗan adam kuma suna ɗauke da mafi yawan cututtukan zoonotic., don yaduwa. Wannan kuma na iya haifar da ƙarin annoba. A cikin Oktoba 2020, Tsarin Tsarin Siyasa-Tsarin Tsarin Mulki akan Diversity and Ecosystem Services ya buga rahotonsa game da 'zamanin annoba' da masana 22 suka yi a fagage daban-daban, kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa lalata halittar ɗan adam na samar da hanyar zuwa zamanin annoba, kuma zai iya haifar da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta kusan 850,000 daga dabbobi musamman tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa ga mutane. Ƙarfafa matsin lamba a kan yanayin halittu yana faruwa ne ta hanyar "haɓaka mai girma" na cin abinci da cinikayyar kayayyaki kamar nama, dabino, da karafa, wanda akasarin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suka sauƙaƙe, da kuma karuwar yawan mutane. A cewar Peter Daszak, shugaban kungiyar wanda ya samar da rahoton, "babu wani babban asiri game da musabbabin cutar ta Covid-19, ko kuma wata annoba ta zamani. Ayyukan ɗan adam iri ɗaya waɗanda ke haifar da sauyin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu suma suna haifar da haɗarin annoba ta hanyar tasirin su ga muhallinmu." Canjin yanayi A cewar wani rahoto daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Duniya mai suna: "Hana annoba ta gaba cututtukan Zoonotic da yadda za a karya sarkar yada ƙwayar cutar" sauyin yanayi yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da karuwar mutane 7. na cututtukan zoonotic. Jami'ar Sydney ta ba da a watan Maris 2021 wani binciken da ke yin nazarin abubuwa, yana ƙara yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka da annoba kamar cutar ta COVID-19. Masu binciken sun gano cewa "matsi kan yanayin muhalli, sauyin yanayi da ci gaban tattalin arziki sune muhimman abubuwan" wajen yin hakan. An sami ƙarin cututtukan zoonotic a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin canjin yanayi da watsa COVID-19 ta jemagu. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa canje-canjen yanayi a cikin rarrabawa da wadatar nau'ikan jemagu da ke ɗauke da coronaviruses na iya faruwa a wuraren da ake fama da su a gabashin Asiya (kudancin China, Myanmar da Laos), wanda ya zama direban juyin halitta da yaɗuwar cutar. Watsawa ta biyu Ebola da Marburg misalan cututtukan jini ne. Tarihi A lokacin mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin mafarauta na kafin tarihin ɗan adam ƙila ƙanana ne. Wataƙila irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi hulɗa da wasu irin waɗannan makada da wuya kawai. Irin wannan keɓewar da zai sa a keɓe cututtukan annoba ga kowane yanki na yanki, saboda yaɗawa da faɗaɗa annoba sun dogara da yawan saduwa da wasu mutane waɗanda har yanzu ba su sami isasshen rigakafin rigakafi ba Don dawwama a cikin irin wannan yawan, ƙwayar cuta ko dai dole ne ya zama kamuwa da cuta na yau da kullun, yana kasancewa kuma yana iya kamuwa da cutar a cikin mai cutar na dogon lokaci, ko kuma ya sami wasu ƙarin nau'ikan a matsayin tafki inda zai iya kula da kansa har sai ƙarin masu saurin kamuwa da runduna. da aka tuntube kuma suka kamu da cutar. ga yawancin cututtuka na "mutane", a zahiri an fi kallon ɗan adam a matsayin wanda aka azabtar da shi na bazata ko wanda ya faru da shi kuma mai gida na ƙarshe. Misalai sun haɗa da ciwon huhu, anthrax, tularemia da cutar ta West Nile Don haka, yawancin bayyanar da ɗan adam ga cututtuka sun kasance zoonotic. Yawancin cututtuka na zamani, har ma da cututtuka, sun fara a matsayin cututtukan zoonotic.Yana da wuya a tabbatar cututtuka ne suka yi tsalle daga wasu dabbobi zuwa ga mutane, amma akwai ƙarin shaida daga jerin DNA da RNA, cewa kyanda, ƙwanƙwasa, mura, HIV, da diphtheria sun zo ga mutane ta wannan hanya. -daban na mura da tarin fuka suma suna daidaita nau'ikan iri. ba da shawarar cewa duk cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam asalin zoonotic ne. Zoonoses suna da ban sha'awa saboda yawanci cututtuka ne waɗanda ba a gane su a baya ba ko kuma suna da ƙaruwa a cikin yawan mutanen da ba su da rigakafi. Cutar ta West Nile ta bayyana a Amurka a cikin 1999 a yankin New York City, kuma ta ratsa cikin ƙasar a lokacin rani na 2002, ta haifar da damuwa. ce ta zoonotic, kamar yadda ake kira salmonellosis, Dutsen Rocky zazzaɓi. da cutar Lyme Babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta na zoonotic a cikin yawan ɗan adam shine ƙara cuɗanya tsakanin mutane da namun daji. Ana iya haifar da hakan ko dai ta hanyar kutse ayyukan ɗan adam zuwa yankunan jeji ko kuma ta motsa namun daji zuwa wuraren ayyukan ɗan adam. Misalin wannan shine barkewar kwayar cutar Nipah a cikin ƙasar Malesiya a cikin 1999, lokacin da aka fara noman alade mai tsanani a mazaunin jemagu na ƴaƴan itace masu cutar. ba a tantance ba ya ƙara ƙarfin kamuwa da cutar, inda daga ƙarshe ya yaɗa cutar ga manoma tare da haddasa mutuwar mutane 105. Hakazalika, a cikin ƴan kwanakin nan, cutar mura ta jiragen ruwa da cutar ta West Nile sun yaɗu a cikin jama'a mai yiwuwa saboda hulɗar da ke tsakanin mai ɗaukar hoto da dabbobin gida. da-gidanka masu yawa kamar jemagu da tsuntsaye na iya gabatar da haɗarin watsa zoonotic fiye da sauran dabbobi saboda sauƙin da za su iya ƙaura zuwa wuraren zama na ɗan adam. Domin sun dogara ga ɗan adam na wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu, cututtuka irin su schistosomiasis na Afirka, makanta kogi, da elephantiasis ba a bayyana su a matsayin zoonotic ba, ko da yake suna iya dogara ne akan yaɗa ta ƙwari ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Amfani a alluran rigakafi Alurar riga kafi ta farko da Edward Jenner ya yi a shekara ta 1800 ta hanyar kamuwa da ƙwayar cutar zoonotic bovine ce ta haifar da wata cuta mai suna cowpx. Jenner ya lura cewa masu shayarwa suna da juriya ga ƙanƙara. Milkmaids sun kamu da cutar mafi sauƙi daga shanu masu kamuwa da cuta waɗanda ke ba da rigakafi ga cutar ɗan adam. Jenner ya zayyana wani shiri na 'cowpox' mai kamuwa da cuta kuma daga baya ya yi amfani da shi don yin allurar rigakafin cutar sanƙarau. Sakamakon haka, an kawar da cutar sankara a duniya, kuma an daina yin allurar rigakafin wannan cuta a shekara ta 1981. Jerin cututtuka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarin AVMA: Sabuntawar Zoonosis WHO cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da zoonoses Ganewa da Binciken Farko na Dabbobin Daji da Cututtukan Zoonotic Bugawa a cikin Zoonotics da Cututtukan Dabbobi Saƙo daga yanayi: coronavirus Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

28340

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine%20Bertereau

Martine Bertereau

Martine de Bertereau, wanda kuma aka sani da Baroness de Beausoleil, (c. 1600 bayan 1642) ita ce mace ta farko da aka yi rikodin ma'aikacin ma'adinai da injiniyan ma'adinai tare da mijinta, Jean de Chastelet. Ta zagaya ko'ina a Turai don neman ma'adanan ma'adinai da ruwa mai dadi a karkashin ayyukan manyan mutane da sarakuna daban-daban. A lokacin mulkin Sarkin Faransa, Luis XIII, Martine da mijinta sun yi nazari a kan wuraren da ake iya samun ma'adinai a Faransa. A lokacin wani balaguron hakar ma'adinan da suka yi ana zargin Martine da danginta da maita kuma suka gudu zuwa Hungary. Daga baya, an kama Martine, mijinta da babbar ’yarta kuma a ƙarshe sun mutu a kurkuku bayan shekara ta 1642. A lokacin rayuwarta, ta samar da littattafai da yawa waɗanda aka samo asali daga littafin injiniyan Roman Vitruvius akan gine-gine, De architectura. Rubuce-rubucenta sun bayyana yadda ake amfani da sandunan duba, kama da sadaka, da kuma wasu sanannun ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Martine de Bertereau ba ta fito ba game da yadda ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyin kimiyya daban-daban, kuma ta fi son jama'a su yarda cewa tana amfani da sihiri, ko kuma sanannun tsoffin ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Nasarar da ta samu ya samo asali ne daga ci gabanta a cikin fahimtar yanayin duniyar da ke kewaye da ita. Babu tabbas dalilinta na yanke shawarar yin karya game da ainihin hanyar samun nasara. Littattafanta sun ba da haske na musamman game da fasaha da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don hakowa a ƙarni na sha bakwai. Rayuwa Martine Bertereau ta fito daga dangin Faransanci masu daraja a cikin Touraine. A cikin shekara ta alif 1610 ta auri Jean de Chastelet, Baron de Beausoleil et d'Auffenbach wanda kwararre ne a ma'adinai. Sun haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. 'Yarsu ta fari, wacce ta mutu a gidan yari tare da mahaifiyarta, da kuma babban ɗansu Hercule, wanda ke fassara zuwa Hercules, su ne kawai biyu da ke da bayanai. Daga shekara ta alif 1610 zuwa shekara ta alif 1626 sun yi zamansu a kasashen waje. A lokacin da suke kasashen waje sun tsallaka Tekun Atlantika zuwa Potosi, Bolivia don ziyartar ma'adinai. Sarkin Roma mai tsarki, Rudolph, ya nada Jean babban kwamishina na ma’adanai na kasar Hungary. A cikin wannan damar sun yi balaguro da yawa suna ziyartar ma'adinai a cikin Turai, da yiwuwar Kudancin Amurka na tsawon shekaru 16 don neman arzikin ma'adinai. A shekara ta alif 1626 an sake kiran su zuwa Faransa don fara aikin maido da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Faransa. A cikin shekara ta alif 1627, Hercule ya kamu da rashin lafiya na "zafi mai zafi a cikin hanji" kuma ya murmure bayan 'yan makonni a Garin Chateau Thierry. A wannan lokacin, Martine ya gano wani marmaro na halitta kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da ikon warkarwa. Ta sanar da likitan na gida kuma an tabbatar da gaskiya. Garin ya zama abin sha'awa wanda marasa lafiya da masu hannu da shuni suka ziyarci. A yau, ƙwararriyar tarihin ƙasa Martina Kölbl-Ebert ta tabbatar da cewa wannan wani tsari ne na zamba na kimiyya da aka daɗe. Ba a san dalilin da ya sa ake ƙoƙarin shawo kan mutane ba game da iyawarsu na sufanci da sa'arsu ta zahiri, ko da yake yana iya kasancewa wata hanya ce da suka yi imani cewa abokan ciniki masu wadata za su fi sha'awar. Yayin da suke Chateau Thierry, likitan yankin ya yi shakku game da tunaninta, kuma bai yarda cewa ta sami ruwan bazara ta hanyar amfani da sandar ruwa ba. An yi imanin sandunan duba, wanda kuma aka sani da sihirin ruwa, na taimaka wa mutum gano ruwa a karkashin kasa. Sandunan ƙarfe ne guda biyu lanƙwasa, kuma mai amfani da su. Akwai ƙaramin hujjar kimiyya a bayan hanyar, kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin ra'ayin kimiyya na zamani, kamar allon Ouija, kuma mai amfani ne ke sarrafa shi. Maimakon haka, likitan ya iya gane cewa ta sami ruwan ma'adinan ta hanyar bin jajayen jajayen ƙarfe a cikin dutsen dutse zuwa tushen ruwa. Wannan fahimtar da likitan ya yi ya fara rugujewar sana'o'insu. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari ne mutane suka fara shakku kan hanyoyinsu kuma ayyukansu ya jawo shakku ga malaman lardin. Duk da yake a ma'adinai tushe a Morlaix a Brittany cewa biyu ci gaba, wani firist, da Prevot lardin mai suna, Touche-Grippé da ma'aikacin kotu search su châteaux neman incriminating abu. Bayan gano bincikensu, sigogi, da sauran kayan aikin limaman sun ɗauka cewa hanyoyinsu sun haɗa da sihiri, kuma sun zargi Martine da mijinta da maita. Ba a tuhume su ba amma an tilasta wa ma'auratan barin Faransa suka gudu zuwa Jamus daga shekara ta alif 1628 zuwa shekara ta alif 1629 sannan Hungary. Bayan sun kasa yanke asara, sai suka koma Faransa. Da zarar sun koma Faransa, sai ta rubuta wa Luis na XII da fatan samun izinin tono ma’adinan da ta samu kafin ta gudu. A cikin wasiƙar ta, ta ba da shawarar tsarin kasuwanci wanda za su iya samun ƙarin kayan aiki masu daraja. A cikin rubuce-rubucen ta ta yi magana game da amfani da hanyoyi masu ban mamaki waɗanda ita da mijinta a zahiri ba su yi amfani da su ba. Hanyoyin bogi da aka tattauna, da zarar an cire su daga shawararta, sun bar takardar tare da ingantacciyar hanya mai kyau don neman ma'adinan ma'adinai. Bayan da Sarkin bai ba da amsa ba, Martine ta rubuta wa sakataren sarki Richelieu kuma bai sake samun amsa ba. Shekaru biyu bayan wasiƙar ta zuwa ga Richelieu, an kama ta tare da mijinta da babbar ’yarta. An tsare Martine a gidan yari a Chateau de Vincennes, yayin da aka aika Baron zuwa Bastille, da 'yarsu a Vincennes. An kama su saboda karatun dabino, horoscope, da ilimin taurari. Ko da yake ba su shiga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ba, har yanzu sun mutu a kurkuku. Duk da tatsuniyar Martine da Baron sun ci gaba da wanzuwa, ba su shiga cikin wani abu na tatsuniya ba, amma kawai suna da kyakkyawar fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar asali, ilimin farko a cikin fassarar duwatsu, da ƙasar da ke kewaye da su. Sun shawo kan mutane cewa suna shiga cikin ayyukan tatsuniyoyi, alhalin kawai aikin kimiyya ne kawai. Ba a san ainihin ranar mutuwar ba, ko da yake Martine da babbar 'yarta sun mutu a kurkuku bayan shekara ta alif 1642. Ayyuka Baroness ta rubuta rahotanni guda biyu akan aikinta tare da mijinta. Na farko, mai suna Véritable déclaration de la découverte des mines et minières an buga shi a cikin shekara ta alif 1632 kuma an jera ma'adinan Faransa 150 da ma'auratan suka gano. Buga na farko ya kuma bayyana ma'adinan ma'adinai a Faransa da kuma yadda ake amfani da 'esoteric' na amfani da sanduna don gano ruwa. Har ila yau, wannan takarda ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu amfani da kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke ba mu damar fahimtar yanayin yanayin ruwa na ƙarni na 17. Na biyu ya kasance a cikin nau'i na waƙa, wanda aka yi wa Cardinal de Richelieu La restitution de pluton, (1640) wanda da gaske ne roƙo ga ma'auratan, musamman don a biya Martine kuɗin aikin da suka yi wa sarki. A ciki ta nemi kare matsayinta da ba a saba gani ba a matsayinta na mace a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai. "Amma yaya game da abin da wasu ke cewa game da macen da ta dauki nauyin tono ramuka kuma ta huda tsaunuka: wannan yana da ƙarfin hali, kuma ya zarce karfi da masana'antar wannan jima'i, kuma watakila, akwai karin kalmomi da banza a cikin irin waɗannan alkawuran. (waɗanda ake yawan ambaton ƴaƴan gudun hijira) fiye da bayyanar gaskiya, zan mayar da wannan kafiri, da duk waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da su da makamantansu, zuwa ga tatsuniyoyi na ƙazanta, inda za su tarar cewa, a da, akwai. sun kasance mata waɗanda ba kawai ƙwararrun makamai ba ne, har ma da ƙari, ƙwararrun fasaha da kimiyar hasashe, waɗanda Helenawa suka yi ikirari kamar na Romawa.” Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Wonderful history in modern times, Louis Figuier, Hachette, Paris, 1860 The Veterans mineralogists of the kingdom of France, Nicolas Godet, Ruault, Paris, 1779 Biography universal ancient and modern, Michaud, Paris,

32395

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20tufafi%20na%20Fancy

Bikin tufafi na Fancy

Bikin tufafi na Fancy (wanda aka fi sani da Kakamotobi) wani biki ne na ban mamaki da al'ummar Winneba da ke yankin tsakiyar Ghana suka gudanar a ranar Kirsimeti zuwa ranar farko ta Janairu a kowace shekara. Biki ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ke nuna kidan tagulla. Tarihi ’Yan kasuwan Holland da Birtaniya a tashar ruwa ta Winneba sun fara al’adar bikin a karni na 19. Sanye da abin rufe fuska dabam-dabam, suna rawa da sha a sanduna mallakar fararen fata suna bikin Kirsimeti. Janka Abraham, wanda ya fito daga Saltpond, shi ma a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin mashaya a ɗayan waɗannan mashaya, yayi tunanin haɗa al'adar masquerade da bikin cikin al'adar gida. Ya kafa rundunar da aka fi sani da Nobles tare da abokinsa, Pharmacist A. K. Yamoah, a unguwar Alata Kokwado a wajajen 1923 ko 1924. Mutanen da ke kungiyar kwallon kafa ta A. K. Yamoah da kungiyoyin wasannin cikin gida suka shiga. Kasancewa memba yana buƙatar ikon yin magana da Ingilishi. Kwanakin farko Ma’abota daraja za su taru kafin wayewar gari a ranar Kirsimeti, suna sanye da kayan ado, kamar rigar likitoci, ma’aikatan jinya, malamai, ministoci, fastoci, manoma, masunta, karuwai, fastoci, direbobi, kawaye, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa, mala’iku, ko ma ma. Turawan mulkin mallaka. Manufar ita ce a kwaikwayi sana'o'in gari daban-daban da ɓacin rai na Turawa. Daga nan ne sojojin za su yi fareti a kan titunan Winneba, da kidan adaha, kuma za su ci gaba da yini har zuwa maraice. Canjin suna An yi amfani da sunan “Fancy Dress” ne saboda kungiyar Egyaa, wadda ta kunshi masunta da ba su jin Turanci, sun sha wahala wajen furta kalmar “masquerade”. Maimakon haka, sun yi amfani da kalmar "Fancy Dress", wanda suka furta "fanti dress". Girman ƙungiyoyi Bayan wasu shekaru, an buɗe memba a cikin Nobles ga dukan mazaunan Winneba. Wannan ya haifar da karuwa a cikin membobin. Dangane da ayyukan Sarakuna, a cikin 1926 babban hakimin Winneba, Nana Kow Sackey (Ayirebi Acquah III), da abokansa sun kafa Egyaa, rukuni na biyu, a Aboadze, al'ummar kamun kifi. Mutanen garin suna kiran masu martaba da "Lambar Daya" da Egyaa a matsayin "Laba Biyu". Samuwar Lamba Uku A shekarar 1930, 'yan gidan sarautar Gyateh, wadanda ba su amince da goyon bayan Kow Sackey ga kungiyar Egyaa ba, sun kafa wata kungiya a yankin Gyateh na Donkoyemu. Wanda ake kira Tumbo rusu (lafazi mai suna tumus)—wanda ke fassara a matsayin sautin maƙerin maƙeri— ƙungiyar ta samu jagorancin dangin Gyateh Arkoful, maƙeri, Kweku Akom, da Inkabi. Ya samo membobinta daga matasan Katolika masu karancin ilimi daga al'ummomin kamun kifi na gida, da membobin Cocin Katolika na Winneba na kusa. Limaman Turai sun biya sabbin kayayyaki a kowace shekara da kuma abin rufe fuska na Turai, suna ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyar da kyau har ta zama Kamfani na tufafi mafi daraja. Daya daga cikin mambobin kungiyar ya ji dadin halin Robin Hood, amma da gangan ya harbi dan uwan wani firist a ido da wata kibiya ta bata a ranar Kirsimeti a shekara ta 1930. Mummunan bala'in ya sa kungiyoyin suka hana nuna wannan hali a cikin Fancy. Bikin sutura da duk wanda ya haura shekara bakwai. Samuwar Lamba Hudu Daya daga cikin ’yan’uwan A. K. Yamoah, A. W. Yamoah, ya koma Abasraba, wata unguwar Winneba, a shekara ta 1933. Wani dan kasuwa ne ta hanyar fatauci, ya shigo da abin rufe fuska da kayan aikin tagulla kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna Fancy Dress mai suna Red Cross ko Number Four. Wannan rukunin ya ƙunshi manyan ƴan gari, waɗanda suka haɗa da matasan makarantar sakandare da kwaleji; Masu neman shiga dole ne su ci jarrabawar shiga cikin harshen Ingilishi da nazarin al'adun Ghana. Manyan membobi na biyan kudaden wata-wata, wanda ya ba da gudummawar shigo da kayayyaki da abin rufe fuska na Halloween daga kasashen waje a karshen shekara. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru takwas da iyalai marasa galihu ba su biya ba, kodayake dole ne su karɓi suturar da membobin da ke biyan kuɗi suka zaɓa musu. Kiɗa na Ƙungiyar Brass A cikin shekarunsa na farko, waƙar ga duk ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin bikin kiɗan adaha ne na gargajiya. Ƙungiyoyin mishan na Turai da ƙungiyoyin soja sun gabatar da kiɗan ƙungiyar Brass zuwa yankin a cikin 1880s. A shekara ta 1934, limaman Katolika sun gabatar da kaɗe-kaɗe na kaɗe-kaɗe na tagulla zuwa bikin ta wajen kawo ƙungiyar da suka sami horo daga masu wa’azi na Presbyterian a garin Swedru Bibianiha da ke kusa. Ƙungiyar ba ta ƙware ba kuma ta san waƙa guda ɗaya kawai ("Abaawa Begye Wo Letter Kema Woewuraba"; a Turanci "Bawan Allah, Wannan Wasika ce Ga Madam ɗinki"), wadda ta ke bugawa duk rana. Dangane da bacin ran da aka yi na jin waƙa ɗaya da aka ci gaba da yi, A.W. Yamoah ya shirya ba da horo kan kayan aikin tagulla ga wasu ’yan uwansa. Sakamakon sabon rukunin ya fi ƙware fiye da na Swedru Bibiani. Ƙungiyar Nobles kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar tagulla. Koyaya, saboda yawancin membobin waɗannan makada sun fi son yin wasa a kan yin wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, don bukukuwan bukukuwa yawanci ana ɗaukar su daga wajen ƙungiyoyin gida. Tsarin Dukkanin kungiyoyi suna da matsayi guda daya: mai kula da shi shine uban kungiya, a baya sau da yawa mai daraja amma yanzu ya fi dacewa ya zama namiji mai ilimi, wanda ke kula da harkokin kudi da wurare da kuma jin dadin membobin gaba ɗaya. A ƙarƙashinsa akwai shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda ke tsara gwaje-gwaje da koyar da kiɗa, shugaban Dress na Fancy, wanda ke kula da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin hira da sababbin membobin, da uwar rukuni, wanda ke kula da abinci da sasanta rikice-rikice. 'Yan kungiya kuma suna kula da ita a matsayin uwa ta haihuwa. Cowboys sun dace kuma membobi masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da amsa ga shugaban Dress na Fancy kuma suna kula da membobin gaba ɗaya. Sannan akwai ƴan leƙen asiri, masu yawo, da sauran mambobi a ƙarƙashin ikon kaboyi. Scouts sun ci gaba kuma suna neman kuɗi daga masu kallo don ƙungiyar.

25825

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yota

Yota

Yota wani kamfani ne mai watsa shirye -shiryen wayar hannu ta Rasha kuma mai kera wayoyin hannu. Yota alamar kasuwanci ce ta Skartel LLC. A ranar 9 ga watan Mayu acikin shekara ta 2012, WiMAX na Yota ya maye gurbin ta hanyar sadarwar LTE. A watan Satumba na cikin shekara ta 2012, an ƙaddamar da cibiyoyin sadarwar 4G a biranen Rasha na Novosibirsk, Krasnodar, Moscow, Sochi, Samara, Vladivostok, Ufa, Kazan, da St. Petersburg Garsdale Services Investment Ltd tana da kashi dari 100% na hannun jarin Yota da kashi hamsin 50% na hannun jarin MegaFon. Garsdale kanta 82% ke sarrafawa ta AF Telecom, 13.5% ta Telconet Capital, da 4.5% ta Kamfanin Fasahar Fasaha na Rasha An yi jita -jitar na'urorin Yota suna shirin canza hedikwata daga Rasha zuwa Toronto ko Waterloo, Ontario, Kanada, amma jita -jitar ta tabbata karya ce, tunda kamfanin bai koma Kanada ba, kuma ba ya shirin yin haka. Tarihi A cikin shekara ta 2006 abokin haɗin gwiwar kamfanin St. Petersburg Korus, Denis Sverdlov, da ɗan kasuwan Bulgaria Sergey Adonev sun kafa mai samar da WiMAX na farko, sabuwar fasahar canja wurin bayanai. A cikin shekara ta 2006 an yi amfani da WiMAX a China, Indiya, Indonesia, Taiwan da Amurka. A cikin kaka a shekara ta 2008 Skartel shine kamfani na farko a Rasha da ya tura daidaitaccen hanyar sadarwar WiMAX a Moscow da St. Petersburg a cikin kewayon 2.5-2.7 GHz. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Yota ya sanar da shirye -shiryen ƙaddamar da LTE akan hanyar sadarwar sa. Fara gwajin farko na sabon daidaitaccen hanyar sadarwa ya faru a Kazan a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta acikin shekara ta 2010. Masu biyan kuɗi sun sami damar shiga Intanet a cikin adadin 20zuwa 30 Mbit/s. An kafa kimanin tashoshin tushe guda dari da hamsin 150 a Kazan. Zuba jarin da aka yi a cikin tura cibiyar sadarwar LTE ya kai dala miliyan ashirin 20. LTE network na ƙarni na huɗu, wanda mai ba da sabis na Yota ya gwada a Kazan, kashe kashe gobe. A wancan lokacin, Yota ba shi da sha'awar amfani da madaidaicin hanyar sadarwar 4G a cikin kasuwanci ko yanayin gwaji. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, Yota ya shigar da karar fatarar kudi. Wannan fatarar ta samo asali ne daga karar da kamfanin da ya yi kwangilar Hi-P Singapore ya shigar kan kamfanin. Juyin Halitta Tsawon Lokaci (LTE) A hukumance, Novosibirsk shine birni na farko na Rasha inda aka tura cibiyar sadarwar LTE, wanda aka ƙaddamar da kasuwanci na ranar ashirin da biyu 22 ga watan Disamba acikin shekara ta 2011. Sannan an karɓi wannan sabon tsarin sadarwa a Krasnodar (29 ga watan Afrilu acikin shekara ta 2012), Moscow (10 ga watan Mayu acikin shekara ta 2012), da Sochi (11 ga watan Mayu acikin shekara ta 2012). An haɗa Samara da LTE a ranar ashirin da uku 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2013. Kuma daga baya akan Ufa da Saint Petersburg suma sun shiga wannan sabis ɗin. Cibiyar sadarwar LTE tana aiki tsakanin kewayon 2.5-2.7 GHz, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin jeri, Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta karɓa. A Rasha kuma Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sadarwar Mass na Tarayyar Rasha ta zaɓi waɗannan mitar don hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarni na 4. Matsayin LTE na iya ba da saurin har zuwa 100 Mbit/s, duk da haka Yota yana ba da saurin, iyakance zuwa 20 Mbit/s don hana cibiyar sadarwar wucewa da kuma samar da madaidaicin damar LTE ga duk masu amfani. AF-Telecom Megafon da Skartel (Yota) sun ƙulla kwangilar haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na cibiyoyin sadarwa na LTE (Juyin Juya Halin Juyin Halitta) sadarwar wayar hannu a Rasha dangane da tsarin kasuwanci na Kamfanin Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwa (MVNO). Babban ra'ayin kwangilar shine Megafon yana da damar bayar da sabis na sadarwa na LTE na ƙarni na huɗu, ta amfani da kayan aikin Yota, yayin da Yota zai iya amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar Megafon. Babbar manufar kawancen ita ce baiwa masu biyan kuɗi damar yin amfani da sabbin fasahohi da aiyuka, don sanya su zama masu sauƙin kai da jan hankali ta hanyar haɓaka ingantaccen aiki a cikin kashe kuɗin babban birnin don gina hanyoyin sadarwar LTE da rage farashin aiki. Ta wannan ƙa'idar Yota tana aiki tare da Rostelecom a ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida ɗaya. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, acikin shekara ta 2012, masu hannun jarin Megafon da Skartel sun ba da sanarwar ƙarshen ma'amala, a ƙarƙashin sakamakon wanda za a canza tsarin kadarorin masu aiki biyu. Sabis na Garsdale (wanda aka kafa a Tsibirin Budurwa ta Biritaniya zai kasance mai mallakar 50% da rabon kashi ɗaya na Megafon da 100% na hannun jarin Skartel. Kafa kamfani mai riƙewa ya taimaka hanzarta aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi a Rasha, rage kashe kuɗi don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta LTE tare da farashin aiki, rage farashin sabis na ƙarshe kuma a ƙarshe ya sa su zama masu sauƙi. An yi wa sharuɗɗa ɗaya sharaɗi: don ba da damar yin amfani da hanyar sadarwar LTE don sauran kamfanoni akan ƙirar MVNO-watau, daidai gwargwado. A watan Yulin acikin shekara ta 2011 Yota ya gabatar da sabon dangin na'urorin da suka dace da Yota na 4G WiMAX network. Na'urorin suna da sunaye masu sauki kamar "Yota One" da "Yota Mutane da yawa". Ba kamar samfuran da suka gabata ba, kamfanin da kansa ya tsara su. An tsara shi kamar "akwatin sarari", Yota Mutane da yawa sune na'urar tafi -da -gidanka ta WiFi wacce ke da ƙanƙanta da wanda ta gabace ta. Na'urar farko ta Yota, Modem Yota, tana aiki akan hanyar sadarwar Yota ta 4G LTE kuma tana kama da ƙaramin girma da kauri na Yota One. Aranar shabiyu 12ga watan Disamba acikin shekara ta 2012, Yota na'urorin sanar da farko "YotaPhone" samfur, wani farɗan biyu-nuni smartphone Yana da inci 4.3-inch, HD LCD nuni a gaba da nuni na e-ink a baya. A samfur gudanar version 4.2 na Android tsarin aiki Na'urorin Yota sun fitar da ƙarin bayani a Taron Duniya na Wayar hannu a Barcelona a watan Fabrairu acikin shekara ta 2013. Bikin Sararin Yota Tun daga shekara ta 2010 Yota ya shirya bikin duniya na fasahar dijital Yota Space a Rasha. A wani taron manema labarai, masu shirya bikin da masu fasahar da aka gayyata daga kasashen waje sun jaddada cewa adadin da ingancin fasahar watsa labarai ba a taba ganin irin sa ba a Rasha. Ba wai kawai bikin ya gudanar da baje kolin kayan fasaha masu mahimmanci ba, har ma ya yi nasarar kawo masu fasaha. Har ila yau, Yota Space Festival yana da shirin ilimantarwa wanda ke nuna gabatarwa, taron karawa juna sani, da laccoci ga matasa masu fasahar bidiyo da masu zanen kaya. Duba kuma HTC MAX 4G waya tare da Wayar WiMAX da GSM Egg Yota Yota Space Bikin Fasahar Dijital ta Duniya Jerin cibiyoyin sadarwar WiMAX da aka tura a Rasha Manazarta Hanyoyin waje YotaPhone 2 gidan yanar gizon hukuma YOTA 3 gidan yanar gizon hukuma Pages with unreviewed

13336

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%20Teresa

Mama Teresa

Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (an haifi Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, Albanian: a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1910, zuwa 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin Mother Teresa da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin Saint Teresa na Calcutta, an Albanian Indian Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin Arewacin Makedonia sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi Indiya, inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta. A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunsshekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekarata 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta HIV AIDS, kuturta da tarin fuka Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alƙawarin hudun don ba da "yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta." Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, ciki har da 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize da kuma 1979 Nobel Peace Prize Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif 1992, kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta. Tarihin Rayuwa Farkon rayuwa An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) Bojaxhiu Albanian: Anjezë ne cognate na "Agnes". Gonxhe yana nufin "furebud" ko "karamar fure" a cikin Albanian a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1910 a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin Arewacin Makedoniya Daular Ottoman An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta. Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. Ta kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif 1919, lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga ƙauyen kusa da Gjakova Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini. Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya. Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin ƙananan Himalayas, inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan; saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a gabashin Calcutta. Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a Calcutta Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946 kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu. Mishan cikin Sadaka A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin "kira a cikin kira" lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga Calcutta don komawar ta shekara-shekara. "Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, "Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama Uwar Teresa". Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin. Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa "mafi talauci a cikin matalauta". Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista. Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba. A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif 1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka. A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da "masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday). Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta Kur'ani, 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction "Kyakkyawan mutuwa", in ji Teresa, "don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku suna ƙauna da so." Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya). Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci. Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida. Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar. An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai. An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa. A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120. Sadaka ta kasa da kasa Teresa ta ce, "Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. "Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne." Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali, Albanian, Serbian, Turanci da Hindi ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama. A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya. Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: "Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka." Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988 kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. A 1991, ta koma Albania a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100. Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar "matalautan matalauta" a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na New York City, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar. Karayar lafiya da mutuwa Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar Paparoma John Paul II Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba. A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta kamu da zazzabin cizon sauro da ciwon zuciya Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba. Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123. Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke ɗauke da kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS, kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar. Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe. Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta "mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya". Martabawa da karɓuwa Indiya Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969. Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980. Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin Kolkata, wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta. Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, "Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce "bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen". Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa. Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da "al'adar wahala" da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta. A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce "ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni", ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: "Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta. Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce "aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba", inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly frontline ta sallami zargin a matsayin "patently na ƙarya" kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da "yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta". Wanda ya yaba da "kulawa ta rashin son kai", karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce "maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista". Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da "gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat". Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi. Wani wurin Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, "Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini".A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, Something Beautiful for God, da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin. A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. "don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya". Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996. Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar. Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978) da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania, inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu "kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida", ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a. Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton game da hidimarta ga "matalauta", tare da gaya masu su "yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma". A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize "akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya". Ta ki ta amince da taron tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society that poverty is so hurtable and so much, and I find that very difficult." Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child what is left for me to kill you and you kill me there is nothing between." Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving." A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup, jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. Suuka A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo; a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, "Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye". An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar Hell's Angel (1994) kuma marubucin labarin Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 "Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin talauci Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. Hitchens ya ce "niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba", kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. "Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci", in ji shi, "tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta mai ba da shawarar shaidan wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa. Rayuwar ruhaniya Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart." Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her postulator, Brian Kolodiejchuk, "She felt no presence of God whatsoever, in her heart or in the eucharist". Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba. Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da Yesu, wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: Eli Eli lama sabachthani? ("Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?" Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar Duhun Duhun Jiya Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi "daren rashin kome") sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba. Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga "dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar." Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo. Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan). Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa "mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni ƙasa da Yesu." Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba saurara kuma ban ji ba harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. Ina so ku yi mini addu'a cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. A Deus Caritas Est (farkon encyclical Paparoma Benedict XVI da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: "A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. Ta rubuta, "Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a." Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare. Canonization Mu'ujiza da beatifaication Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta Ko da yake ya ce, "Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263. A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint. A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa jaridar New York Times cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: "Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar Lokaci, kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke. A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce. A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin The Final Verdict, wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da kewar ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999. Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah. An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da "Masu Albarka". Canonization A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican Pope Francis ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu. Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya. An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya. A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata. Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017. A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida, karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese. D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro. Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986. Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu Abun Tunawa Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya Ranar Iya Teresa (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, Arewacin Makidoniya An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa. Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo. Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa, a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya, a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi. Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya. Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da "Mother Express", sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta. Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a Chennai wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta. Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo. Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo. Tarihai da littattafai Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, Abin Kyau ga Allah, wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, Mala'ikan Jahannama, ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala. Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki Shirye-shiryen talabijin Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah, wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997. Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar 2003, Mama Teresa na Calcutta An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din The Letters na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019. Duba kuma Abdul Sattar Edhi Albanians Jerin mutanen Albanians Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel Babban Ba’indiye Addinin Katolika na Albania Addinin Katolika na Kosovo Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

13945

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iretiola%20Doyle

Iretiola Doyle

Iretiola Doyle (an rada mata suna Iretiola Olusola Ayinke yar wasan fim ce na Najeriya. Farkon rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Iretiola a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu a cikin shekarar 1967 a Jihar Ondo, amma ta share shekaru tare da iyalinta a a garin Boston dake Amurka Bayan da ta dawo Najeriya, ta halarci Makarantar School Christ’s Ado Ekiti, kuma ta kammala a Jami’ar Jos tare da digiri a fannin wasan kwaikwayo. Sana'ar fim A wani aiki da ta share tsawon shekaru 20 a masana'antar nishadi ta Najeriya, darajarta ta ragu a matakai, talabijin da fim da kuma bugawa.Iretiola Doyle marubuciya ce, 'yar fim, mai gabatarwa kuma mai gabatarwa. Ta yi kuma ta gabatar da nata salon wasan kwaikwayo da salon rayuwarta mai taken Oge With Iretiola tsawon shekaru goma kuma a lokuta daban-daban sun nishadantar da wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama, kamar Morning Ride, A Yau On STV da Nimasa Wannan Makon a Channels TV. Ita marubuciya ce kuma tana da wasannin kwaikwayo na allo da yawa a gabanta na kyautar Amaka Igwe (Mataki na 1) kasancewa daya daga cikinsu.Iretiola Doyle wani mai sharhi ne game da zamantakewa wanda a lokuta daban-daban ya rubuta kansiloli daban-daban; Otinganƙarar inan iska a cikin Cityan Garin, kuma A Dakin Tattaunawa da ke cikin Gliteratti a cikin wannan Jaridar Wannan Rana da taken Tiola a cikin Asabar ɗin Asabar. An taba zaɓe ta sau ɗaya a cikin Mafi kyawun ressan wasan a cikin Reel Awards a 1998 saboda rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin All About Ere da kuma sau biyu a cikin mafi kyawun ressabilar A cikin Tallafin Rawar Samun Talla a cikin Asibitin AMAA a shekarar 2007 da 2009 saboda rawar da ta taka a Sitanda da Gaba ɗayan Nijar bi da bi kuma an ba da sanarwar ta zama 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin jagorancin jagorancin a lambar yabo ta GIAMA a cikin Houston Texas a cikin 2013, kuma mafi kyawun' yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin rawar jagoranci a bikin Nollywood Movie Award na 2014 don hotonta na Ovo, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Ilimin Jima'i. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Kyaututtukan Ra'ayoyi na Masu sihiri na Afirka don Kyawun Supportwararrun Tallafi a 2015. Kwanan nan aka ba ta lambar yabo a Kyautar Kyautar Koyarwar fina-finai na Afirka na 2016 a cikin Mafi kyawun ressabi'a A cikin Jagoranci Nau'in saboda hotonta na Dakta Elizabeth a Eblop Life Films 'blockbuster 2015 hit; BIYAR. Aikin Cire Iretiola Doyle CV har ila yau ya haɗa da babban mai ban dariya mai suna The Arbitration and The Wedding Party, wanda shine babban fim ɗin Najeriya mafi girma a tarihin silima na Najeriya (kamar na watan Fabrairu 2017). Dukkanin finafinan biyu an nuna su a Gasar Fim ta Duniya ta Toronto a shekara ta 2016 a matsayin wani bangare na gari zuwa hasken gari. Sauran sun hada da Abincin dare da Shugaban Madam. A farkon talata, shea ya kirkiro wasu haruffa wadanda zasu iya tunawa kamar Fuji House Of Commotion, Dowry, da Gidi Up. Iretiola a halin yanzu taurari ne a matsayin gwarzo mai karfi Sheila Ade-Williams a cikin jerin talabijin na MNET Tinsel. IrIretiolaoyle za ta yi tsokaci game da matsayinta na Dokta Elizabeth a jerin shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Biyar. Karancinta na kwanannan sun hada da The Vagina Monologues, Olorounbi The Musical and Listen word and the matan. An baiyana ta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo' ta takwarorinta, an san ta da cikakkiyar halaye. Fina finai Fim Across the Niger Sitanda Torn The Therapist (2015) Fifty (2015) The Arbitration (2016) The Wedding Party (2016) Dinner (2016) The Wedding Party 2 (2017) Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons (2018) Kasanova (2019) Shirin talabijin Tinsel For Coloured Girls (2011) Gidi Up (2014–present). Rayuwarta Tana da aure da Patrick Doyle kuma tana da yara shida

30884

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadarin%20Canjin%20Yanayi

Hadarin Canjin Yanayi

Hadarin Canjin Yanayi Duniyarmu idan ka kalle ta a dunkule yadda take, tamkar halitta guda ce domin Allah ya tsara ta yadda ta ke da tsarin daidaita kanta da kanta, yadda za ta ci gaba da kasancewa mattattara ta halittu masu rai da marasa rai. Wannan tsari na daidaiton duniya ya kan sami nakasau idan wani abu ya yi yawa fiye da yadda ya kamata wanda a sakamakon haka sai ya yi illa ko kawo canji ga sauran tsarin. Tun sanda aka samar da duniya sama da shekaru biliyan hudu da rabi da su ka gabata, tamkar jariri da aka Haifa, haka duniya ta rika habaka sannu a hankali wato daga wani dunkule na wuta har ta huce ta zama kasa sannan ruwa ya samu wanda daga cikinsa kuma Allah ya samar da halittu masu rai. Tun sanda rayuwa ta fara a doron kasa, an sami halittu iri-iri wadanda su ka iya zama su rayu a sassan duniya daban-daban, kama daga doron kasa, karkashin ruwa da cikin iska da ke sararin duniya har ma da can karkashin kasa inda ya ke da tsananin zafi. Tarihi A dogon tarihin duniya an sami canjin yanayi daga zafi mai yawa zuwa ga sanyi mai tsanani, wanda ke samuwa sakamakon abubuwa da dama. Cikin manyan abubuwan da ke kawo canjin yanayi a duniya shine yanayin sanyi ko zafi wanda shi kuma ke samuwa sakamon yadda duniya ke juyawa da zagaya rana, sannan akwai yanayi yadda farantai da ke dauke da nahiyoyin duniya ke motsawa, da kuma shi kansa maganadisun duniya da ke da karfi a dorayen duniya na kudu da arewa. Wadannan abubuwa kan sa dumin duniya ya karu ko ya yi kasa, yayin da ya yi kasa sosai shine ake samun yanayin hunturu mai tsanani a duniya sakamakon kankara da ke mamaye yawancin sassa na duniya. Ko a lokacin ruwan dufana a zamanin Annabi Nuhu irin abinda ya faru kenan sakamakon ruwa ya mamaye duniya sai duminta ya yi kasa sosai yadda wurare da dama su ka daskare su ka zama kankara. A tsawon tarihin duniya an sami yanayi irin wannan sau biyar tun kafin ma zuwan Dan Adam. Wannan canzawar yanayi daga zafi zuwa sanyi, duniya da kanta ke kula da tsarin wajen daidaita shi. Hasashe Yanayin sanyi da zai zo nan gaba sabanin wanda aka saba gani ne a baya, saboda zai samu ne sakamakon yadda Dan Adam ke amfani da wannan gida da Allah ya bashi, ta hanyar dumamar yanayi wanda ayyukanmu ke haifar da shi. Kariya Allah ya tsara duniya yadda akwai wata rumfa da ke kare mu daga zaruruwan hasken rana masu illa wadanda ba domin wannan rumfa ba, rayuwa a doron kasa za ta yi wahala. Wannan rumfa, da iska Allah ya samar mana da ita sakamakon kwayar zarra ta halittar iskar odygen da ke sararin sama wadda idan zaruruwan hasken rana masu illa suka doke ta sai ta canza, sakamakon dahuwa, ta koma wata samfurin iskar wadda ake kira ozone. Ita ozone maimakon zaruruwan haske su dafa ta kamar odygen, sai ta zama kamar wani bango na madubi wanda idan sun dake ta sai su yi tsalle baya su koma sama’u maimakon ratso rumfar su iso doron duniya. Wannan iska ta ozone ta yi cincirindo a kimanin kilomita 20-25 idan ka yi can sama, kuma fadinta ya kai kimanin kilomita 60. Don haka wannan rumfa ta ozone ita ke kare halittu daga gurbatattun abubuwa masu guba da za su iya hallaka halittu a doron kasa. Sakamakon kulafucin dan Adam na tarawa da more abin duniya ta hanyar masana’antu da kone-konen dazuka da sauran hanyoyi na gurbata muhalli, shi ke samar da kwayar iskar Co2 waddaidan ta tashi sama ta cakudu da kwayar iskar ozone sai ta sake maida ta kwayar odygen wadda bata iya bada waccan kariya. A yanzu haka an gano cewa hujewar wannan rumfa a sashen doron duniya na arewa, sakamakon irin wadancan ayyuka, ya kai fadin murabba’in kilomita miliyan 20.7 (wato misalin fadin kasar Nigeria sau ashirin da daya kenan). Wasu matsalolin. Masana'antu Wannan kariya ta samo asali tun daga lokacin da Dan Adam ya gano kirkirar masana’antu kusan shekaru 300 da su ka gabata a turai, kuma a tsawon wannan lokaci dumamar duniya ya karu da kimanin digiri 3 a ma’aunin zafi kuma ya na karuwa sannu a hankali. Wata babbar illar kuma ita ce ta sare dazuka a fadin duniya domin samar da itace ko katako da filayen noma ko aikin tituna da gidaje. Ana kiyasin cewa a duk minta daya ana sare itatuwa daidai da fadin filin kwallon ball a kowanne minti guda a fadin duniya, kuma ba tare da sake dasa wasu itatuwan ba. Wutar daji, wadda yawanci manoma ke haifarwa wajen share filayen gonaki na daya daga cikin abinda ke haifar da karuwar hujewar wannan rumfa da ta zamar mana garkuwa. A yanzu mun fara ganin illar abubuwan sakamakon wayar gari yananyi na ta canzawa da haifar da fari a kasashen afirka, ambaliyar ruwa a kowanne sashe na duniya, wutar daji musamman wadda ba’a taba ganin irinta ba a bana a can kasar Australiya wadda ta lakume halittu kusan biliyan daya da miliyoyin filayen daji. Sannan mu na gani yadda kankara ke ta narkewa a doron duniya na Arewa (Arctic) da na kudu (Antarctica). Kuma narkewar wannan kankara na kara yawan ruwa a tekunan duniya yadda ambaliya ta ke ta karuwa musamman a garuruwan da ke gabar teku. A nan gaba idan wannan narkewa ta kankara ta ci gaba a yadda take faruwa yanzu saboda dumamar yanayi, garuruwa da ke bakin gabar teku irinsu Lagos nan da yan shekaru kadan ruwa zai mamaye su. Ruwan sha da ake samu daga rafuka da koramu sai ja baya ya ke yi yadda ya fara zama gwal a sassa da dama na duniya kuma masana su na hasashen cewa nan da yan shekaru masu zuwa yadda ake yake-yake a yanzu a kan man fetur haka za’a koma yakoki a kan ruwan sha. Kuma mun ga yadda a yanzu ake tada jijiyar wuya tsakanin kasahe irinsu Egypt da Ethiopia game da ikon tare ruwan kogin Nilu da Kasahen Turkiya, Syria da Irak akan koguna Eupharates da Tigris, Afghanistan da Iran kan Kogin Helmand, Turkiya da Armenia, a kasashen Yemen, China, India, Somalia da Bolivia har mu nan a Nigeriya an fara kai ruwa rana da Nijar kan kogin Kwara. Ma`adinai Halayyar dan Adam ta hadama wajen kwakulo ma’adinai daga karkashin kasa irinsu man fetur, kwal, sumunti, kuza da sauransu hakika ya shake wannan duniya tamu tare da wargaza tsarinta na daidaito, abinda idan ba mu gyara ba shi zai jawo hallakarmu gaba daya. Hakika ba zamu iya kaucewa bukatunmu na yau da kullum ba, gami da hayayyafarmu amma dai za mu iya canza yadda mu ke biyan wadannan bukatu ta hanyar bin hanyoyi da zai ci gaba da baiwa duniya damar ci gaba da tsarinta na daidaito. Za mu iya yin haka ta hanyoyin yin amfani da hasken rana da iska da ruwa wajen samar da hasken lantarkin da mu ke bukata da kuma makamashi na masana’antu da ababen hawanmu. Kalubale da mafita Babbar matsalar canjin yanayi shine kasashe matalauta irinsu Nigeriya su ne za su fi dandanawa wajen jin radadin, maimakon manyan kasashe irinsu Amurka da Turai da Chana wadanda su ne ja-gaba wajen kawo gurbacewar yanayi. Wajibi gwamnatoci da mutane su tashi tsaye domin ganin mun canza yadda muke abubuwa a kokarin rage dumamar yanayi da ke ta’azzara canjin yanayi. A Najeriya wajibi ne mu fara tunanin yadda za mu yi wajen tarar wannan annoba da wuri, kafin ta cimmana. Hanya mafi sauki shine mu fara saka kudade wajen samar da lantarki da makamashi ta hanyar hasken rana wanda Allah ya bamu da kuma iska. Sannan dole jihohin arewa su hadu waje guda wajen ganin sun gina bangon-bishiyoyi wanda tun 1999 karkashin Obasanjo aka fara maganar har aka kafa kwamiti karkashin Atiku Abubuakar domin aiwatar da aikin amma zancen ya bi ruwa. Idan aka gina bangon bishiyoyi daga Maiduguri zuwa Sokkwato hakika kwararar Hamada za ta tsaya ciki. Sarakunan mu dole su shigo cikin wannan lamari kamar yadda sarakanmu a baya su ka zama jagorori wajen dashen bishiyoyi. Kwararar Hamada an kiyasta yana kwaranyar tsawon kilomita guda duk shekara, wanda idan ba’a yake shi ba wallahi za’a wayi gari Hamada ta kai teku. A sakawa yaran makaranta cikin sharuddan karbar shaidar kammala karatunsu su dasa bishiya kamar yadda wata kasar gabashin Afirka ta saka. A zamanin tsohon gwamnan Kano Audu Bako ya kirkiri yin irin wannan bango na bishiyoyi a yankin Kazaure da Danbatta abinda ya taimaki yankin wajen yakar Hamada kuma yanzu idan ka shiga wajen zaka tarar ya zama daji. Da ace tun wancan lokaci sauran sassan arewa sun kwaikwayi Audu Bako da yanzu an samar da wannan kariya ga arewacin kasar nan. Wajibi mu farfado da wannan tsari. Maganin dumamar duniya da samuwar canjin yanayi sune canza yadda muke rayuwa tare da juya akalarmu zuwa ga makamashi mai tsafta wanda za’a iya jujjuya shi: irinsu rana, iska da ruwa. Sannan dole a yaki sare bishiyoyi ta hanyar dasa sabbi. Tallafi Kasashen Turai sun ware asusu na Euro miliyan dari domin taimakawa kasashe irin su Nijeriya wajen yaki da canjin yanayi, don haka wajibi daidaikunmu da gwamnatocinmu mu tashi tsaye wajen ganin cewa ko da gangamin dashen bishiyoyi mun fito da shi wanda zai bamu damar samun wadancan kudaden tallafi domin yakar annobar da ke gabanmu. Idan yanayin sanyi gama duniya (Ice Age) ya dawo da wuri, yadda wasu masana ke hasashe, mu sani cewa turawa da kasashen da su ka ci gaba za su iya jurewa su rayu, amma wallahi mu macewa zamu yi gaba dayanmu saboda ba mu da karfin tattalin arziki ko tsari da za mu iya tunkararsa. Canjin yanayi na haifar da kwararowar Hamada kwararowar hamada Wani masanin tsirrai da aikin noma ya bayyana canjin yanayi da cewa daya ne daga abubuwan da ke haifar da kwararowar hamada da fari musamman a kasashe masu zafi. Kamaludden Tijjani Aliyu na cibiyar Samar da amfanin gona na kasashe masu zafi wato IITA ne ya bayyana hakan a yayin zantawa da Freedom Radio a wani bangare na ranar yaki da kwararowar hamada da annobar fari ta duniya da ake gudanarwa a yau. Ya ce, kaso 24 na kwararowar hamada da fari na samo asali da yadda manoma ke yin huda a yayin ayyukan noma, Wanda hakan ke ragewa kasa tasiri. Kwamishinan muhalli na jihar Kano Dakta Kabiru Ibrahim Getso yace, gwamnati zata fara kaddamar da hukuncin doka ga masu sare bishiyu da zarar ta samu sahalewa daga majalisar dokokin jihar Kano.

23640

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuwar%20Shekarar%20Sinawa

Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa

Sabuwar Shekara ta kasar Sin, wacce aka sani a ƙasar Sin da bazaraBikin kuma a Singapore a matsayin LunarSabuwarShekara, hutu ne a kusa da sabon wata a ranar farko ta shekara a kalandar gargajiya ta ƙasar Sin Wannan kalandar ta dogara ne akan canje -canje a cikin wata kuma wani lokacin ana canza shi don dacewa da lokutan shekara bisa la’akari da yadda Duniya ke zagaya rana Saboda wannan, Sabuwar Shekara ta China ba ta taɓa yin Janairu ba. Sabuwar Shekara ta Sin tana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman bukukuwa ga Sinawa a duk faɗin duniya. An yi amfani da ranar sa ta 7 maimakon ranar haihuwa don ƙidaya shekarun mutane a China. Har yanzu ana amfani da hutun don gaya wa mutane wanne “dabba” na zodiac na Sinawa suke ciki. Hutu shine lokacin kyauta ga yara da kuma tarurrukan iyali tare da manyan abinci, kamar Kirsimeti a Turai da sauran yankunan Kiristoci. Ba kamar Kirsimeti, da yara yawanci samun kyautar tsabar kuɗi a cikin ja envelopes hongbao da kuma ba toys ko tufafi Sin Sabuwar Shekara amfani ga karshe 15 kwana har sai da bikin a shekara ta farko da cikakken watã Yanzu, hutu ne na kasa a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, da Indonesia Hakanan ana yin bikin a wasu yankuna na Thailand A wasu wurare, ranar farko ko kwana uku ne kawai ake yin bikin. A cikin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, ana canza ƙarshen ƙarshen mako don ƙirƙirar "Makon Zinariya na kwanaki 7. Sabbin shekarun gargajiya a Vietnam Tet da Koriya Sabuwar Shekara ta Koriya kusan koyaushe suna rana ɗaya da Sabuwar Shekara ta China amma wani lokacin daban. Sabuwar Shekarar Jafananci ta kasance tana yin aiki iri ɗaya amma ya bambanta sosai tunda wasu canje -canje a cikin ƙarni na 19 Losar da Tsagaan Sar sabbin shekarun Tibet da Mongoliya na gargajiya, suna da kusanci da Sabuwar Shekara ta China amma hanyoyi daban -daban na tunani game da sauye -sauyen wata da ƙara watanni na iya sa su faru makonni ban da bikin Sinawa. Suna Sunan Mandarin Sinawa na hutu shine Chūn Jié wanda ke nufin "Bikin bazara". Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi ne sau da yawa ake kira "Spring Festival" ta ƙasar Sin jawabai na Turanci, ko da yake hutu ko da yaushe yakan faru a cikin hunturu watanni na Janairu ko Fabrairu An rubuta cikin gargajiya na Sinanci da a cikin mafi sauƙin rubutu yanzu manyan ƙasashen China da Singapore ke amfani da su Jamhuriyar China ta fara amfani da wannan suna a cikin shekarun 1910, bayan da ta fara amfani da kalandar Turai don yawancin abubuwa. Kafin hakan, galibi ana kiran wannan biki da "SabonShekara Saboda kalandar gargajiya ta ƙasar Sin galibi ta dogara ne kan sauye -sauyen da ke faruwa a cikin wata, ita ma Sabuwar Shekara ta Sin ana kiranta da Ingilishi da "Sabuwar Shekara" ko "Sabuwar Shekarar Lunar Sin". Wannan sunan ya fito ne daga Luna tsohon sunan wata Sunan Indonisiya don hutun shine Imlek, wanda ya fito daga kalmar Hokkien don tsohuwar kalandar China kuma saboda haka shima yana son "Sabuwar Shekara ta Lunar". Wani tsohon sunan bikin shine Lìchūn, ma'ana "farkon bazara". A cikin Sinanci, wannan ma suna ne na musamman don wurin rana daga kusan Fabrairu4 zuwa 19 kowace shekara, lokacin da rana take 45 zuwa 30 gaba da wurin sa a ranar 1 ga wata ranar bazara. Ba a yawan amfani da sunan don yin magana game da Sabuwar Shekarar China. A Taiwan, ana kiran ainihin Lichun Ranar Manomi tun 1941 Shekara tsakanin Sabuwar Shekaru biyu na China ba tare da ita ba ana tsammanin ba sa'ar aure bane. Ranar Sabuwar Shekara Sabuwar Shekarar sin ko da yaushe yana farawa a kan wani sabon wata, a lokacin da wata ne tsakanin Duniya da kuma Rana da shi ya dubi duk duhu a cikin dare sama Domin sabbin watanni suna faruwa kusan kowane kwanaki 29.53 amma shekarar da Paparoma Gregory ya kafa. tsawon kwanaki 365.2425 ne, hutun kasar Sin yana tafiya zuwa kwanaki daban -daban a kowace shekara. Kalandar kasar Sin tana kara wata 13 a kowane lokaci don kiyaye yanayi a wurin da ya dace, don haka ranar farko ta sabuwar shekara koyaushe tana faruwa tsakanin Janairu21 da Fabrairu20 a ranar 2 ko 3 sabon wata bayan ranar 1 na hunturu Ginshiƙi a dama yana ba da ranar kowace Sabuwar Shekara ta China daga AD1996 zuwa 2031 Tarihi Ado Mutane suna rataye kayan ado, musamman nau'i -nau'i na waƙoƙin Sinanci ma'aurata a kowane gefen ƙofofinsu. Wasu suna sanya hotunan allolin Taoist a ƙofar don tsoratar da munanan abubuwa. Tsirrai masu rai suna ba da shawarar ci gaba, kuma furanni suna ba da shawarar 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zuwa. Wuslow na farji ya zama ruwan dare a wasu wurare saboda sunan sa na China yana kama da "kuɗi yana shigowa". Yana da yawa don manyan kayan ado su yi kama da dabba don sabuwar shekara, ta yadda 2017 ta sami hotuna da mutum-mutumin Zakara da Kaza kuma 2018 za ta sami Karnuka Mutane sun kasance suna maraba da Sabuwar Shekara tare da duk abin da ke yin ƙara mai ƙarfi, gami da ganguna, kuge, ko ma aiyuka da tukwane Ainihin al'adun sun bambanta a sassa daban -daban na kasar Sin Wutar wuta da kashe gobara ta zama ruwan dare a ko'ina, amma kwanan nan wurare da yawa sun daina barin yawancin mutane suna amfani da su saboda haɗarin mutane na cutar da kansu, da wuta, da datti a cikin iska wanda zai iya sa mutane rashin lafiya Akwai har yanzu babban aikin wuta aka nuna a mafi manyan birane da yawa na kasar Sin mutane, amma birni gwamnati za ta yi duk abin da kuma sauran mutane kawai suna kallo. Abinci Abincin sake haɗuwa a ranar kafin Sabuwar Shekara ta China galibi ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi tsada a shekara. Wasu iyalai suna amfani da abinci na musamman da tsada don samun fuska wasu suna amfani da abinci mai ma’ana don kawo sa’a Jiaozi (wani nau'in juji ya zama ruwan dare a arewacin China. Mutane suna tunanin suna kama da tsoffin sandunan azurfa na China kuma suna riƙe sa'a a ciki. Rolls kwai da bazara suna birgima kamar lumpia kuma ana iya yin su kamar sandunan zinari, kuma ana tunanin lemu da tangerines suna kama da tsabar zinare. Taliyar yara kamar yīmiàn ko Filipino pansit ana cin su ba a yanke don yin fatan tsawon rai. Ana cin wasu jita-jita saboda sunayen Sinawa suna kama da kalmomi masu sa’a, kamar “kifi” da “wadata”. A cikin Cantonese, kayan lambu yayi daidai da "samun kuɗi choy da albasa sauti iri ɗaya da "ƙidaya-da-tsarawa" suan Saboda wannan mutanen Cantonese a China da wasu ƙasashe suna ƙoƙarin samun wasu yayin bukukuwan Sabuwar Shekara. Niangao, wanda ake kira "tikoy" a Philippines, wani irin waina ne da aka yi da soyayyen shinkafa da sukari Yana da yawa a kudancin China. A cikin Sinanci, sunansa yana kama da nián gão ("shekara ta fi kyau") ko niánnián gāoshēng ("samun ingantacciyar shekara bayan shekara"). Wasu mutane kuma suna tunanin tsarinta kamar manne ne kuma suna amfani da shi azaman burin haɗa danginsu tare. 'Yan Indonesiya suna kiran niangao da "wainar kwandon" saboda suna ƙera nasu a cikin kwandunan bamboo Hakanan suna da wasu abubuwan dandano na musamman ban da vanilla da cakulan kamar pandan, itace mai ganye mai ƙamshi. Wasu mutane suna soya tikoy da ƙwai sau da yawa ana yin burodi da guntun nama na kwakwa. Saboda yawancin mutanen China a Philippines suna magana da Hokkien ba Mandarin Sinawa ba, suma suna son cin abarba A cikin Hokkien, kalmar "abarba" tana kama da kalmar "samun kuɗi mai yawa". Wasu Sinawa kuma sun fitar da Trays of Tare", jita -jita tare da sassa daban -daban guda takwas da nau'ikan nau'ikan abinci iri -iri. Wasu na kowa abubuwa a saka a cikin wadannan trays ne kumquats, longans, guda na kwakwa nama, gujiya, alawa, kuma kankana da latas tsaba Takwas lambobi ne masu sa'a ga Sinawa da yawa, kamar bakwai a Turai da sauran wurare. Waɗannan jita -jita sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin Malaysian da Sinawa na Indonesiya. Don bikin Lantern, abinci na musamman shine yuanxiao, ƙananan ƙwallaye na shinkafa mai tsami a cikin miya mai daɗi Lichun koyaushe yana faruwa kusa da Sabuwar Shekarar China ma. Ana yin bikin ta cin kek na bazara chūnbǐng Manazarta Al'adun Sinawa Al'adun ƙasashen

40468

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glo%20%28kamfani%29

Glo (kamfani)

Globacom Limited, wanda aka fi sani da Glo (Global Communication), kamfani ne na sadarwa na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Mike Adenuga ya kafa a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2003. Tun daga watan Yuni 2018, kamfanin ya ɗauki mutane aiki sama da 3,500 a faɗin duniya. Dubawa GLO yana da masu biyan kuɗi (subscribers) sama da miliyan 45 (Disamba 2018), wanda ya sa ya zama kamfani na biyu mafi girma a cibiyar sadarwa a Najeriya. A shekarar 2011, kamfanin GLO ya zama kamfanin sadarwa na farko da ya ƙera kebul na fiber optic mai karfin dala miliyan 800 wanda aka fi sani da Glo-1, kebul na ƙarƙashin ruwa daga ƙasar Ingila zuwa Najeriya. Ita ce tashar jirgin ruwa ta farko da ta yi nasarar zuwa Najeriya daga Burtaniya ta cikin ƙarƙashin ruwa. Globacom yana da mabanbanta tsarin kasuwanci masu mahimmanci: Glo mobile, Glo Broad Access, Glo Gateway da Glo-1. Mallaka Kamfanin GLO mallakar Mike Adenuga Group ne, wanda kuma mallakin kamfanin ya ƙunshi; (Cobblestone Properties and Estates), kamfanin raya gidaje da kadarori, Conoil PLC, kamfanin sayar da man fetur, da kuma Conoil Producing, kamfanin binciken danyen mai da samar da kayayyaki. Tsarin kasuwancin Kamfanin Glo Mobile Glo Mobile, wani reshe ne daga Globacom Glo Mobile shine hanyar sadarwa na biyu mafi girma a Najeriya. A shekarar farko da kamfanin ya fara aiki, ya sami masu mu'amala dashi (subscribers) miliyan ɗaya a cikin garuruwa sama da 87 na Najeriya, gami da samun kuɗaɗen shiga sama da Naira biliyan 120. A yanzu dai Glo Mobile ya yaɗu zuwa wasu ƙasashen Afirka, wato Benin da Ghana. Kawo ya watan Disamba, 2018 Masu amfani da layin Glo Mobile a Najeriya sun kai sama da miliyan 45. Glo 1 submarine cable GLO-1 kebul ne na farko da aka yi nasara jawowa daga Burtaniya zuwa Najeriya, kuma GLO shi ne kamfani na farko a Afirka da ya fara gudanar da irin wannan aiki. GLO-1 yana da yuwuwar samar da sabis na intanet mai sauri, inganci da sauƙin samun sabis na sadarwa. Glo-1 zai iya sauƙaƙe saka hannun jari na waje da guraben aikin yi musamman ga 'yan Afirka. Kebul ɗin mai nisan tsayin kilomita 9,800 an jawo shi ne daga Bude a Burtaniya har izuwa bakin tekun Alpha da ke birnin Legas, inda nan ne aka gina tashar tsayawar sa. Glo-1 kuma zai inganta (teleconference, distance learning, recovery and telemedicine) da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar zamani d.ss ga ƴan Najeriya da mutanen yammacin Afirka. Ƙasashe Najeriya A watan Agustan 2003, an ƙaddamar da layin Glo Mobile a Najeriya. Kamfanin Glo Mobile ya gabatar da rangwamen farashi, biyan kuɗi da kuma sauran ƙarin ayyuka masu ƙima. Duk da cewa Glo Mobile ne kamfani na huɗu na GSM da aka ƙaddamar a Najeriya, a cikin shekaru bakwai da fara aiki da kamfanin, adadin masu amfani da shi ya karu zuwa sama da miliyan 25. Benin A watan Yunin 2008, an ƙaddamar da Glo Mobile a Benin. Kamfanin Glo Mobile ya nuna ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ta hanyar sayar da katin layukan (SIM) 600,000 a cikin kwanaki goma na farko da fara aiki. Glo Mobile yana ba da (offered Per Second Billing), wanda ke cajin masu biyan kuɗi domin Kira (calling) lokacin da aka yi amfani da kuɗin (airtime) ayayi buga waya ko kira. Sun kuma kawo wasu ƙarin ayyuka masu ƙima a layin nasu su ne; MMS (Sabis na Saƙon Multimedia), labarai da bayanai na Glo Magic Plus, bin diddigin abin hawa, da kuma (musical ring-back tones da mobile banking). Ghana A watan Mayun 2008, kamfanin GLO ya sami lasisin aiki ta hanyar rukunin Glo Mobile a Ghana kuma yana shirin samun kashi 30% na cikin masu mu'amala dashi miliyan 11 a cikin watanni 18 da ƙaddamarwa. Suna shirin cimma wannan buri ta hanyar ƙaddamar da (bundled voice da sabis na Intanet) ga mazauna ƙasar Ghana da kuma faɗaɗa ayyukan kamfanin a wuraren da kasuwancin bai kai a manyan biranen ƙasar Ghana guda biyu, Accra da Kumasi. An tsara assasa kamfanin Glo Mobile a Ghana a watanni uku na farkon shekarar 2010. Duk da haka an ɗage kafawar zuwa tsakkiyar watannin shekara ta 2011, harwayau assasa kamfanin haƙa bata cimma ruwa ba domin kuwa an sake ɗage kafa kamfanin a wannan shekara izuwa shekara ta 2012. A watan Janairun 2012, kamfanin na Glo Ghana ya buɗe kamfen na "Reserve your number", kuma ba tare da bude hanyar sadarwa ba ko assasa kamfanin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2011 GLO ta ƙaddamar da GLO1, wani ɓangare na aikinta na farko a Ghana, don shigar da wani babban jigo a cikin masana'antar sadarwa ta Ghana. A cikin watan Oktoba 2009, GLO ya sami izinin jawo kebul na ƙarƙashin ruwa da Sabis daga International Gateway a ƙasar Cote d'Ivoire. Tarihi A cikin 2005, Glo Mobile ya gabatar da Glo Fleet Manager wanda shine tsarin bin diddigin abin hawa. Tsarin Manajan Fleet na Glo yana taimaka wa masu sufuri/jiragen ruwa sarrafa jiragensu. Har ila yau, sun gabatar da sabis na intanet na Glo Mobile wanda ke ba masu amfani damar shiga yanar gizo waɗanda aka keɓance su don yin browsing ta wayar hannu. A cikin 2006, Glo Mobile ya gabatar da BlackBerry. GLO ta fara ɗaukar nauyin kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka na shekara. Kamfanin ya kuma fara ɗaukar nauyin gasar Half Marathon of Glo Lagos International. A shekara ta 2009, Glo Mobile ya ƙaddamar da sabis na biyan kuɗi na Blackberry wanda ke ba masu biyan kuɗi zaɓi don biyan kuɗin yau da kullun, mako-mako ko kowane wata. Sabis na biya na Blackberry yana ba masu biyan kuɗi damar shiga yahoo mail kyauta da messenger blackberry kyauta. Kamfanin ya kuma ƙaddamar da ayyukan fasahar intanet na 3G mai saurin gaske ta hanyar sayar da modem ɗinsa na 3G. Ana samun hanyar sadarwar Glo Mobile a tsarin 3G a biranen Legas, Abuja, Benin da Fatakwal, (a wancen lokacin). Tallafi Kamfanin GLO na ɗaukar nauyin wasanni. A Najeriya, GLO ya ɗauki nauyin Gasar firimiya ta Najeriya a 2009, Kungiyoyin Kwallon kafa na Najeriya, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF), Glo Lagos International Half Marathon, Glo People Police Marathon, Eyo Festival, Ojude Oba Festival, Eleghe Festival da Hukumar Kula da Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka. A ƙasar Benin, GLO ne ke ɗaukar nauyin bada kyautar FITHEB da CAF na Gwarzon ɗan wasan Afrika. A Ghana, GLO ne ke ɗaukar nauyin gasar Premier ta Glo Ghana, da ƙungiyoyin kwallon kafar Ghana da kuma kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan Afrika na shekara CAF. A cikin Nuwamba 2009, GLO ya zama hukuma ta musamman mai ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United. Tallafin ya kuma haɗa da matasan 'yan wasa daga Benin da Ghana da Najeriya da ke zuwa Manchester domin yin atisaye da kungiyar. Reshen kamfanin na Glo wato Globacom ne kaɗai mai ɗaukar nauyin shirin African Voice (Muryar Afrika) a gidan talabijin na CNN. Manufar shirin ita ce don a inganta wasa a nahiyar Afirka da kuma tallata tambarin 'Globacom' a duk duniya ta dandalin CNN. Nishaɗi GLO ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da MTV akan shirin The Big Friday a cikin shekarar 2012. Wannan ƙawance ya ƙara jawo masu sha'awar wasan kwaikwayon kuma ya ba masu kallo damar fitowa kai tsaye acikin shirin. Akwai fa'ida ga masu biyan kuɗi ko mu'amala da GLO ɗin kan iya samun nasarar lashe kyaututtuka da ake sakawa a kowanne sati/ mako. A cikin Afrilu 2013, GLO ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na, X Factor zuwa Afirka. An gudanar da taron ƙarawa juna sani ne a Najeriya da Ghana, inda babbar kyauta a wajen taron ta kasance kyautar tsabar kudi har dala 150,000 da kuma kulla wata yarjejeniyar da kamfanin Sony Music. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin yanar gizo na Glo Kamfanoni a Najeriya Gine-gine a

32236

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20University%20of%20Technology%2C%20Minna

Federal University of Technology, Minna

Jami'ar Tarayya ta Teknoloji Minna da turanci kuma Federal University of Technology Minna (FUTMINNA) jami'a ce mallakar gwamnatin tarayya dake Minna, Nigeria Ƙwarewa FUT MINNA ta ƙware a fannin ilimin fasaha. Jami'ar cibiyar da aka keɓe ce ta Ƙwarewa a Ilimin Kimiyyar Halittu da Injiniyan Halitta kuma tana da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwarewa wajen haɓaka alluran rigakafi da magunguna. Tarihi Articles using infobox university An kafa FUT MINNA a shekarar 1983, kuma mataimakin shugaban jami'a na farko shi ne Farfesa JO Ndagi wanda ya yi aiki daga 1983 zuwa 1990. Hukumomin gwamnati sune majalisa da majalisar dattawa. Tun da farko, jami'ar ta karbe kayan aikin tsohuwar Kwalejin Malamai ta Gwamnati Bosso, don amfani da su na dindindin. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Bosso Campus na jami'a. Babban harabar Gidan Kwano wanda ke kan kadada 10,650 na fili yana kan hanyar Minna Kataeregi Bida An jera ma'aikata a cikin Jagoran Ilimi mai zurfi a Afirka, Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Afirka da Ƙungiyar Jami'o'i ta Duniya, 1999 Makarantu Kamar yadda na 2018 jami'a na da makarantu 10 (babban jami'o'i): Makarantar Fasahar Noma da Noma. Makarantar Injiniyan Lantarki da Fasaha Makarantar Lantarki, Injiniya Tsari da Fasaha. Makarantar Fasaha ta Innovative. A da, Makarantar Harkokin Kasuwanci da Fasahar Gudanarwa. Makarantar Fasahar Muhalli. Makarantar Kimiyyar Rayuwa. Makarantar Kimiyyar Jiki. Makarantar Watsa Labarai da Fasahar Sadarwa. Makarantar Ilimin Kimiyya da Fasaha. Makarantar Karatun Digiri. Cibiyoyi Cibiyar Nazarin Farko da Ƙarin Mural (CPES) Cibiyar Kwarewa a Gudanar da Haɗarin Bala'i da Nazarin Ci gaba, wanda Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta ƙasa (NEMA) ke gudanarwa. Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da Albarkatun Ruwa, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya, kumburin Cibiyar Binciken Halittu ta Duniya (Jami'ar Rutgers, NJ, Amurka) Cibiyar Matsugunan Dan Adam da Ci gaban Birane (CHSUD) mai alaƙa da shirin Mazaunan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaba (DRID). Cibiyar Injiniyan Halitta da Kimiyyar Halittu (CGEB). Cibiyar Buɗe Nesa da e-Learning (CODeL). Cibiyar Sabis ta Afirka ta Yamma kan Canjin Yanayi da Amfani da Ƙasar Adafta (WASCAL). Cibiyar Nagarta ta Afirka don Mycotoxin da Kariyar Abinci Alaƙa Yin Karatu a Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria. Nishaɗi da wasanni A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na motsa jiki gaba ɗaya, jami'ar ta haɗa da filin wasan motsa jiki mai cike da ruwa a cibiyoyin karatun biyu, waƙoƙin wasan motsa jiki, kotunan cikin gida na badminton, kotunan ƙwallon kwando, wuraren wasan tennis, kotunan wasan volleyball, filayen ƙwallon ƙafa, wurin motsa jiki, manyan hanyoyin tafiya a ƙasa, 9 -ramin wasan golf da wurin shakatawa na ɗalibai. Gidan rediyo Gidan rediyon da ɗalibai ke gudanar da bincike na FM 92.3 Rediyon Campus ya fara watsawa a hukumance a watan Agusta, 2010. Sai dai kash, gobara ta ƙone gidan rediyon a shekarar 2013. A halin yanzu, gidan rediyon yana da sabon gini da kuma cikakken kayan aikin studio wanda aka ba da izini a cikin 2014 ta VC. Mataimakan shugaban jami'ar Prof. Jonathan O. Ndagi (1983-1990) Prof. Suleyman O. Adeyemi (1990-1994) Prof. Ibrahim H. Umar (1994-1997) Prof. Muhammad A. Danyan (1997-2002) Prof. Hamman Sa'ad (2002-2007) Prof. Muhammad S. Audu (2007-2012) Prof. Musbau A. Akanji (2012-2017) Prof. Abdullahi Bala (2017-current) Sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai Daniel Etim Effiong, Jarumi, mai shirya fina-finai Kemi Adesoye, Mawallafin allo Michael Akanji, Mai Ba da Shawarar Lafiyar Jima'i da Haƙƙin Jima'i Manazarta

58938

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20masana%20kimiyyar%20yanayi

Jerin masana kimiyyar yanayi

Wannan jerin masana kimiyya na yanayi sun ƙunshi sanannun mutane waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga nazarin kimiyyar yanayi.An tattara jerin da hannu,don haka ba za su cika ba,har zuwa yau,ko cikakke.Dubi kuma Category:Climatologists. Jerin ya haɗa da masana kimiyya daga ƙwarewa da yawa ko horo. A Waleed Abdalati, Ba'amurke, darektan Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar Bincike a Nazarin Muhalli, tsohon babban masanin kimiyyar NASA Nerilie Abram (1977-), Masanin burbushin halittu na Australiya, a Jami'ar Kasa ta Ostiraliya Ernest Afiesimama, dan Najeriya, tsohon babban jami'in cibiyar kula da ilimin kimiya ta duniya. Myles Allen, shugaban kungiyar Sauyin yanayi a Jami'ar Oxford's Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Department. Jagoran marubuci, IPCC Rahoton Ƙimar Na Uku. Editan bita, Rahoto Na Hudu. Richard Alley (1957-), Kwalejin Duniya da Kimiyyar Ma'adinai ta Jihar Penn, Amurka, Cyosphere na Duniya da canjin yanayi na duniya. Kevin Anderson, Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Yanayi na Tyndall kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya kan sauyin yanayi. James Annan, Masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Burtaniya tare da Binciken Blue Skies, Burtaniya Julie Arblaster, Masanin ilimin yanayi na Ostiraliya a Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Yanayin Ostiraliya a CSIRO David Archer, farfesa a fannin nazarin teku a Jami'ar Chicago Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927), Yaren mutanen Sweden, tasirin greenhouse B Sallie Baliunas, Ba'amurke, masanin ilimin taurari, bambancin hasken rana Elizabeth A. Barnes, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka da ke aiki akan kididdigar kimiyyar duniya Eric J. Barron (1944-), masanin ilmin lissafi na Amurka, Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania Roger G. Barry, (1935-2018), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, Polar climatologist, darektan farko na National Snow and Ice Data Center Robin Bell, Ba'amurke, masanin ilimin lissafi na polar, zababben shugaban Ƙungiyar Geophysical na Amurka Martin Beniston, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Swiss. Lennart Bengtsson (1935-), Masanin yanayi na Sweden da masanin kimiyyar yanayi André Berger, (1942-), Belgium, yin tallan kayan kawa na yanayi canje-canje a geological da kuma a karni lokaci ma'auni. Richard A. Betts, Shugaban Yankin Dabarun Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi a Cibiyar Hadley Met Office John W. Birks, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka kuma mai haɓaka ka'idar hunturu ta nukiliya Yakubu Bjerknes (1897-1975), Masanin yanayi na Norwegian-Amurka Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862-1951), Yaren mutanen Norway, tsinkaya, samfuran lambobi Bert Bolin (1925-2007), Masanin yanayi na Sweden, shugaban farko na IPCC Gerard C. Bond (1940-2005), Ba'amurke masanin ilimin kasa kuma mai binciken burbushin halittu Jason Box, farfesa na glaciology na Amurka a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio Raymond S. Bradley, Ba'amurke, yanayin zafi na tarihi, ilmin nazarin halittu, da sauyin yanayi. Keith Briffa (1952-2017), United Kingdom, dendrochronology, tarihin zafin jiki. Wallace Smith Broecker (1931-2019), Ba'amurke, Pleistocene geochronology, radiocarbon dating, da sinadarai oceanography Harold E. Brooks (1959-), Masanin ilimin meteorologist na Amurka, mahaukaciyar guguwa mai tsanani da yanayin yanayi mai hadari da kuma yanayin yanayi mai kyau. Keith Browning, masanin yanayi na Burtaniya; mesoscale meteorology, sparkles C Robert Cahalan, Ba'amurke, ilimin kimiyyar yanayi, ma'aunin makamashi, canja wurin radiyo, jin nesa, hasken rana Ken Caldeira, Ba'amurke, injiniyan yanayi, acidification na teku, sunadarai na yanayi Guy Stewart Callendar, Turanci, (Fabrairu 1898-Oktoba 1964), injiniyan tururi kuma mai ƙirƙira wanda ya ba da shawarar abin da a ƙarshe ya zama sananne da tasirin Callendar, ka'idar da ta danganta haɓakar haɓakar carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi zuwa yanayin zafin duniya. Mark Cane, Ba'amurke, ƙirar ƙira da tsinkaya na El Niño-Southern Oscillation Anny Cazenave, Faransanci mai nazarin teku ƙwararre a kan altimetry na tauraron dan adam Robert D. Cess, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka, farfesa na farko a Jami'ar Stony Brook Jule G. Charney (1917-1981), masanin yanayi na Amurka, majagaba a cikin ƙirar yanayi na lambobi. John Christy, darektan Cibiyar Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar Alabama a Huntsville Mafi sani (tare da Roy Spencer) don haɓaka sigar farko na rikodin zafin tauraron dan adam John A. Church (1951-), masanin teku na Ostiraliya, shugabar Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya Ralph J. Cicerone (1943-2016), Ba'amurke masanin kimiyyar yanayi, Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Amurka. Danielle Claar, masanin kimiyyar ruwa na Amurka yana nazarin tasirin sauyin yanayi akan coral symbionts da parasites. Allison Crimmins, Ba'amurke, shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Ƙasa Harmon Craig (1926-2003), masanin ilimin kimiya na Amurka majagaba Paul J. Crutzen (1933-2021), Yaren mutanen Holland, stratospheric da tropospheric sunadarai, da rawar da suke takawa a cikin hawan keke da yanayin yanayi. Heidi Cullen, Masanin yanayi na Amurka, babban masanin kimiyya na Climate Central Balfour Currie OC (1902-1981), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Kanada a Jami'ar Saskatchewan Judith Curry Masanin yanayi na Amurka kuma tsohuwar shugabar Makarantar Duniya da Kimiyyar yanayi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia D Willi Dansgaard (1922-2011), Masanin yanayi na Danish Scott Denning, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Colorado Andrew Dessler, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;M PCS Devara, Masanin ilimin yanayi na Indiya kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Amity, Gurgaon Robert E. Dickinson Masanin yanayi na Amurka, farfesa a Jami'ar Texas a Austin Mark Dyurgerov (ya mutu a shekara ta 2009), masanin ilimin glacio na Rasha-Amurka E Sylvia Earle (1935-), masanin ilimin halittun ruwa na Amurka Don Easterbrook (1935-), Ba'amurke, Farfesa Emeritus na Geology a Jami'ar Yammacin Washington Tamsin Edwards, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Burtaniya a Kwalejin King London Arnt Eliassen, masanin ilimin meteorologist Kerry Emanuel (1955-), Ba'amurke, yanayin yanayin da ya kware a guguwa. Matiyu Ingila (1966-), Ostiraliya, masanin teku na jiki da mai jujjuya yanayi Ian G. Enting, Masanin ilmin lissafi na Australiya a Jami'ar Melbourne F Joe Farman, Burtaniya, rami na ozone sama da Antarctica Christopher Field, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka tare da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Carnegie Eunice Newton Foote (1819-1888), masanin kimiya na Amurka, da farko ya nuna cewa karuwar yanayin yanayi na CO 2 zai haifar da dumama yanayi. Piers Forster, Farfesa ɗan Burtaniya na Canjin Yanayi na Jiki a Jami'ar Leeds Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), Faransanci, tasirin greenhouse Jennifer Francis, sauyin yanayi a cikin Arctic Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), da farko ya tsara tsarin kogin Gulf don amfani da shi wajen aika wasiku daga Amurka zuwa Turai. Chris Freeman, farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu Eigil Friis-Christensen (1944-2018), masanin ilimin lissafi dan kasar Denmark Inez Fung, Ba'amurke, ƙirar yanayi, hawan keke, da canjin yanayi Evgraf Evgrafovich Fyodorov (1880-1965), masanin ilimin yanayi na Rasha. G Francis Galton (1822-1911), ya kirkiro kalmar anticyclone Filippo Giorgi (1959-), masanin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi na Italiya, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiya ta Duniya Peter Gleick (1956-), Ba’amurke, masanin ilimin ruwa, tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi, martanin saukar dusar ƙanƙara/ dusar ƙanƙara, dabarun daidaita ruwa, sakamakon tashin matakin teku. Kenneth M. Golden, Ba'amurke ya yi amfani da ilimin lissafin lissafi, ka'idar percolation da tsarin watsawa na kankara, farfesa a Jami'ar Utah Natalya Gomez, Canjin ƙanƙara mai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙirar ƙasa, Kanada, farfesa a Jami'ar McGill Jonathan M. Gregory, mai ƙirar yanayi, ɗan Burtaniya, farfesa a Jami'ar Karatu Jean Grove (1927-2001), Bature, masanin glaciologist; Zaman Kankaramin Kankara H Joanna Haigh, (1954-), Biritaniya, Co-Daraktan Cibiyar Grantham a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, canjin hasken rana Edmund Halley, ya buga taswirar iskar kasuwanci a 1686 bayan tafiya zuwa kudancin kogin. Gordon Hamilton, (1966-2016), Scotland, Mataimakin Farfesa Farfesa, Ƙungiyar Climatology, na Jami'ar Maine James E. Hansen (1941-), Ba'amurke, sararin samaniya, hangen nesa mai nisa, ƙirar ƙira, da ɗumamar duniya. Kenneth Hare OC FRSC (1919-2002), Masanin yanayi na Kanada Klaus Hasselmann, masanin teku na Jamus kuma masanin yanayin yanayi, wanda ya kafa cibiyar Max Planck don nazarin yanayi. Ed Hawkins, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Biritaniya a Jami'ar Karatu, kuma mai tsara zane-zanen bayanan gani Katharine Hayhoe, Kanada, Kimiyyar yanayi, yanayin yanayi na duniya. Gabriele C. Hegerl (1963-), Farfesa na Kimiyyar Tsarin yanayi a Jami'ar Edinburgh School of GeoSciences. Isaac Held, Ba'amurke Ba'amurke masanin kimiyyar yanayi, mai bincike a GFDL Ann Henderson-Sellers (1952-), Ostiraliya, kimanta haɗarin sauyin yanayi Ellie Highwood, Farfesa na Kimiyyar yanayi a Jami'ar Karatu David A. Hodell, (1958-), masanin burbushin halittu na Burtaniya, farfesa a Jami'ar Cambridge Ove Hoegh-Goldberg, Masanin ilimin teku na Australiya a Jami'ar Queensland Greg Holland, mai binciken yanayi na Australiya a NCAR Brian Hoskins, Masanin yanayi na Burtaniya kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Karatu John T. Houghton (1931-2020), Biritaniya, ilimin kimiyyar yanayi, jin nesa Malcolm K. Hughes, masanin ilimin yanayi na Burtaniya, farfesa a Jami'ar Arizona Mike Hulme (1960-), Biritaniya, tasirin yanayi, ƙirar yanayi, yanayi da al'adu. Thomas Sterry Hunt (1826-1892), Ba'amurke, masanin kimiyya na farko don haɗa carbon dioxide zuwa canjin yanayi I Sherwood Idso (1942-), Ba'amurke, tsohon masanin kimiyyar lissafi tare da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka. J Eystein Jansen (1953-), farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Bergen kuma tsohon darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Bjerknes. Phil Jones (1952-), Biritaniya, canjin yanayi na kayan aiki, palaeoclimatology, gano canjin yanayi Jean Jouzel, Bafaranshe, masanin glaciologist da climatologist ƙwararre a cikin manyan canjin yanayi K Peter Kalmus, masanin kimiyyar bayanai na Amurka a NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory da Associated Project Scientist a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles 'Cibiyar haɗin gwiwa don Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya na Yanki Injiniya Daniel Kammen, farfesa na makamashi na Amurka a Jami'ar California, Berkeley Thomas R. Karl (1951-), Ba'amurke, matsananciyar yanayi da sauye-sauye David Karoly, farfesa a fannin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Melbourne Charles David Keeling (1928-2005), Ba'amurke, ma'aunin carbon dioxide na yanayi, Keeling Curve Ralph Keeling (1959-), farfesa Ba'amurke na Atmospheric Chemistry a Scripps Institute of Oceanography David W. Keith, Kanada, Geoengineering da CO 2 kama da bincike na ajiya, Farfesa Jami'ar SEAS da Harvard Kennedy School Wilfrid George Kendrew, (1884-1962), Masanin yanayi na Scotland da Masanin yanayi. Gretchen Keppel-Aleks, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka Joseph B. Klemp, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka a NCAR Thomas Knutson, Ba'amurke samfurin yanayi, mai bincike a GFDL Reto Knutti, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Swiss, farfesa a ETH Zurich Kirill Y. Kondratyev (1920-2006), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Rasha. Bronwen Konecky, masanin burbushin halittu da climatologist Pancheti Koteswaram, masanin yanayi na Indiya kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. Shen Kuo (1031-1095), masanin kimiyyar kasar Sin wanda ya yi tunanin cewa yanayin yanayi ya canza zuwa wani lokaci mai tsawo. M. Levent Kurnaz, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Turkiyya a jami'ar Boğazici, darektan Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da Nazarin Siyasa (iklimBU) John E. Kutzbach (1937-2021), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Amurka a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison L Dmitry Lachinov (1842-1902), Rasha climatologist da injiniya Hubert Lamb (1913-1997), Masanin ilimin yanayi dan Burtaniya, wanda ya kafa Sashin Binciken Yanayi a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia. Kurt Lambeck, Ostiraliya, hulɗar cryosphere-hydrosphere-lithosphere, da hawan teku da tasirinsa a kan yawan mutane. Helmut Landsberg (1906-1985), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, ya haɓaka amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin climatology, wanda ya haifar da juyin halitta zuwa kimiyyar jiki. Christopher Landsea (1965-), Masanin yanayi na Amurka, Jami'in Kimiyya da Ayyuka a Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa. Mojib Latif (1954-), Jamusanci, nazarin yanayi da yanayin teku, ƙirar yanayi Corinne Le Quéré, Faransa Kanada UK, Royal Society farfesa bincike, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia Anders Levermann, farfesa a fannin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Potsdam Richard Lindzen (1940-), Ba'amurke, mai kuzarin yanayi, musamman raƙuman duniya Diana Liverman (1954-), Ba'amurke/Birtaniya, tasirin yanayi, rauni da manufofi Michael Lockwood, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi na Burtaniya a Jami'ar Karatu Michael S. Longuet-Higgins FRS (Oceanographer) (1925-2016), dan Birtaniya, mathematician da oceanographer DAMTP a Jami'ar Cambridge da Scripps Cibiyar UCSD, teku taguwar ruwa da ruwa kuzarin kawo cikas. Edward Norton Lorenz (1917-2008), Ba'amurke, gano baƙon ra'ayi mai jan hankali kuma ya ƙirƙira kalmar tasirin malam buɗe ido Claude Lorius, Masanin ilimin glaciologist na Faransa, darekta Emeritus na CNRS James Lovelock (1919-2022), Biritaniya, Gaia hasashe da ra'ayoyin biotic. Amanda Lynch, Farfesa Ostiraliya a Jami'ar Brown ta haɗu da bincike tsakanin yanayi da kimiyyar canjin yanayi, da manufofin muhalli da ilimin 'yan asalin Peter Lynch, Masanin yanayi na Irish kuma masanin lissafi M Michael MacCracken (1942-),Ba'amurke, babban masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar Yanayi a Washington,DC Gordon JF MacDonald (1929-2002), masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Amurka wanda ya haɓaka ɗaya daga cikin na'urorin lissafin farko na canjin yanayi, kuma ya kasance farkon mai ba da shawara ga matakin gwamnati. Jerry D. Mahlman (1940-2012), Masanin yanayi na Amurka da climatologist kuma majagaba a cikin yin amfani da na'urorin lissafi na yanayi don nazarin hulɗar tsakanin sunadarai na yanayi da kimiyyar lissafi. László Makra (1952-), Masanin yanayi na Hungary. Cikakken farfesa. Babban yankin bincikensa shine climatology na pollen kuma, a cikin wannan, nazarin dangantakar climatological na pollen ragweed, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin raƙuman pollen ragweed da cututtuka na numfashi. Syukuro Manabe (1931-), Ba'amurke, farfesa Jami'ar Princeton, ya fara yin amfani da kwamfutoci don kwatanta canjin yanayi na duniya da bambancin yanayi na yanayi. Gordon Manley (1902-1980), Turanci, Tsakiyar Ingila zafin jiki (CET). Michael E. Mann (1965-), Ba'amurke, farfesa a fannin yanayin yanayi da darekta, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya, Penn State U. David Marshall, Masanin ilimin teku dan Burtaniya a Jami'ar Oxford. Valerie Masson-Delmotte, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Faransa tare da mai da hankali kan ilmin halitta a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyyar yanayi da muhalli (LSCE) Gordon McBean, Kanada, bincike kan iyaka, ilimin kimiyyar ruwa da binciken tasirin muhalli, da hasashen yanayi James J. McCarthy, Farfesa Ba'amurke na Biological Oceanography a Jami'ar Harvard Helen McGregor, Masanin ilimin kasa na Australiya da mai bincike na sauyin yanayi, Aboki tare da Makarantar Bincike na Kimiyyar Duniya a Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australia Christopher McKay, masanin kimiyyar taurari na Amurka a Cibiyar Bincike ta NASA Ames Marcia McNutt, masanin ilimin lissafi na Amurka, shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa Linda Mearns, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka, babban masanin kimiyya a NCAR Carl Mears, Ba'amurke, babban masanin kimiyya a Tsarukan Hankali na Nesa Gerald A. Meehl (1951-), Ba'amurke masanin yanayi a NCAR Katrin Meissner, Bajamushe da Ostiraliya masanin ilimin teku da kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Yanayi a Jami'ar New South Wales Sebastian H. Mernild (1972-), Danish glaciologist da hydrologist, tsohon darektan Nansen Environmental Research Center (NERSC), Bergen, Norway da kuma bincike darektan na Climate Change da Glaciology Laboratory (a CECs Valdivia, Chile. Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Dusar ƙanƙara da Ice Hydrology (a ƙarƙashin IAHS Patrick Michaels (1950-), masanin yanayin yanayi na Amurka Milutin Milanković (1879-1958), Serbian, Milankovitch cycles John FB Mitchell, Biritaniya, ƙirar yanayi da ganowa da halayen canjin yanayi Fritz Möller (1906-1983), Jamusanci, farkon yin samfuri na tasirin greenhouse CO Mario J. Molina (1943-2020), Mexican, yanayi sunadarai da kuma ozone depletion. Nils-Axel Mörner (1938-2020), masanin teku na Sweden kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi. Richard H. Moss, Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari don Ci Gaban Ƙimar Yanayi na Ƙasa Richard A. Muller (1944-), masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Amurka, shugaban aikin Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project, tsohon mai sukar kimiyyar canjin yanayi a halin yanzu. RE Munn FRSC (1919-2013), Masanin yanayi na Kanada N Gerald North (1938-), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka a Texas A&M kuma marubucin Rahoton Arewa O Hans Oeschger (1927-1998), masanin burbushin halittu na Switzerland Atsumu Ohmura (1942-), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Jafananci, farfesa Emeritus a ETH Zurich Cliff Ollier (1931-), British-Australian geologist kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi Abraham H. Oort, Ba'amurke Ba'amurke masanin yanayi Michael Oppenheimer, Farfesa Ba'amurke a fannin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa a Jami'ar Princeton Timothy Osborn, farfesa na Kimiyyar Yanayi na Burtaniya a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia Friederike Otto (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), masanin yanayi na Jamus, mataimakin darekta na Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli. P Tim Palmer CBE FRS (1952-), Masanin ilmin lissafi dan kasar Burtaniya, masanin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Oxford. Garth Paltridge (1940-), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Australiya David E. Parker, Birtaniyya, yanayin yanayin zafi Fyodor Panayev (1856-1933), Masanin yanayi na Rasha Graeme Pearman OA FAAS (1941-), Masanin yanayi na Australiya William Richard Peltier (1943-), Kanada, ƙirar geodynamic ta duniya da sake gina takardar kankara; yanayin yanayi da igiyar ruwa da tashin hankali Jean Robert Petit, masanin burbushin halittu na Faransa, babban darektan bincike a Cibiyar National de la recherche scientifique David Phillips OC (1944-), Masanin yanayi na Kanada kuma masanin yanayi Roger A. Pielke, Sr. (1946-), Ba'amurke, sauyin yanayi, rashin lafiyar muhalli, ƙirar ƙira, da yanayin yanayi Raymond Pierrehumbert, ingantaccen tsarin ƙirar yanayi, Faint young sun paradox Andrew Pitman (1964-), Biritaniya, tsarin tafiyar da ƙasa a cikin samfurin yanayi na duniya da na yanki, kimantawa samfurin da tsarin duniya hanyoyin fahimtar canjin yanayi. Gilbert Plass (1920-2004), Kanada, CO 2 tasirin greenhouse da AGW Henry Pollack, farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar Michigan Vicky Paparoma, Birtaniya, Shugaban Shirin Hasashen Yanayi a Cibiyar Hadley don Hasashen Hasashen Yanayi da Bincike Q Detlef Quadfasel, farfesa na Geophysics na Jamus a Cibiyar Niels Bohr R Stefan Rahmstorf (1960-), Bajamushe, rawar da igiyoyin teku ke cikin canjin yanayi Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Indiyawa, samfuran wurare dabam dabam na gabaɗaya, sunadarai na yanayi, da canja wurin radiyo Michael Raupach (1950-2015), Masanin yanayi na Australiya, tsohon CSIRO kuma shi ne darektan shirin Canjin Yanayi a Jami'ar Kasa ta Ostiraliya. Maureen Raymo, Ba'amurke, masanin burbushin halittu David Reay, Farfesa na Gudanar da Carbon a Jami'ar Edinburgh Martine Rebetez (1961-) masanin ilimin yanayi ne na Swiss, farfesa a Jami'ar Neuchâtel kuma babban masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar Tarayya ta Tarayya ta Swiss forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL. Roger Revelle (1909-1991), Ba'amurke, ɗumamar yanayi da ilimin tekun sinadarai Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953), masanin lissafin Ingilishi kuma masanin yanayi Eric Rignot, Farfesa Ba'amurke na Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar California, Irvine Alan Robock (1941-), masanin ilimin yanayi na Amurka, farfesa a Jami'ar Rutgers Joeri Rogelj (1980-), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Belgium kuma marubucin IPCC Joseph J. Romm (1960-), marubucin Ba'amurke, marubuci, masanin kimiyyar lissafi Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898-1957), Masanin yanayi dan kasar Sweden-Amurka Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927-2012), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka a Jami'ar California, Irvine. Cynthia E. Rosenzweig (c. 1958-), Ba’amurke ƙwararriyar climatologist, ta fara nazarin sauyin yanayi da aikin gona. William Ruddiman, Ba'amurke, masanin ilimin halittu, Farkon Hasashen Anthropogenic Steve Running, masanin ilimin halittu na Amurka a Jami'ar Montana S Murry Salby, masanin kimiyyar yanayi da yanayi na Amurka Jim Salinger, Masanin yanayi na New Zealand Dork Sahagian, Armenian-Amurka, Jami'ar Lehigh Marie Sanderson (1921-2010), ƙwararren masanin ƙasa na Kanada kuma masanin yanayi Ben Santer (1955-), masanin yanayi a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Nicola Scafetta (1975-), masanin astronomer dan Italiya kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi Hans Joachim Schellennheber David Schindler, masanin ilimin muhalli dan Kanada-Amurka, farfesa a fannin ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Alberta Michael Schlesinger, Farfesa Ba'amurke na Kimiyyar yanayi a UIUC William H. Schlesinger (1950-), masanin ilimin halittu na Amurka, tsohon shugaban makarantar Nicholas a Jami'ar Duke. Gavin A. Schmidt, Ba'amurke masanin yanayi kuma mai ƙirar yanayi a Cibiyar Nazarin Sararin Samaniya ta NASA Goddard (GISS) Stephen H. Schneider (1945-2010), Ba'amurke, Farfesa na Halittar Muhalli da Canjin Duniya a Jami'ar Stanford Daniel P. Schrag (1966-), Ba'amurke, Farfesa na Geology a Jami'ar Harvard kuma Daraktan Cibiyar Muhalli na Jami'ar Harvard] Stephen E. Schwartz (1941-), Ba'amurke, sunadarai na gurɓataccen iska, radiative tilasta aerosols a kan sauyin yanayi. Tom Segalstad (1949-), masanin ilimin kimiya na Norway Wolfgang Seiler (1940-), masanin yanayi na Jamus a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Karlsruhe John H. Seinfeld, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California Mark Serreze (1960-), ɗan ƙasar Amurka, masanin ilimin ƙasa/masanin yanayi, darektan Cibiyar Bayanan Dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta ƙasa. Nicholas Shackleton (1937-2006), masanin burbushin halittu na Burtaniya a Jami'ar Cambridge Nir Shaviv (1972-), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke masanin ilimin taurari kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi J. Marshall Shepherd, farfesa a fannin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Jojiya Drew Shindell, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka, farfesa na Kimiyyar yanayi a Jami'ar Duke Keith Shine, Farfesa Regius na Kimiyyar yanayi da Kimiyyar yanayi a Jami'ar Karatu Jagdish Shukla (1944-), Ba’amurke Ba’amurke masanin yanayi a Jami’ar George Mason Joanne Simpson (1923-2010), Masanin yanayi na Amurka Fred Singer (1924-2020), masanin kimiyyar yanayi, shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyya da Tsarin Muhalli, ƙungiyar masu hana canjin yanayi Julia Slingo (1950-), babban masanin kimiyya a ofishin saduwa tun 2009 Joseph Smagorinsky (1924-2005), masanin yanayi na Amurka; Babban darajar NOAA GFDL Susan Solomon (1956-), Ba'amurke, bincike a cikin chlorofluorocarbons da kuma lalatawar ozone Richard CJ Somerville (1941-), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Amurka Scripps Institute of Oceanography Kozma Spassky-Avtonomov (1807-1890), masanin ilimin yanayi na Rasha. Roy Spencer, masanin yanayin yanayi, masanin kimiyyar bincike a Jami'ar Alabama Konrad Steffen (1952-2020), Masanin ilimin glaciologist na Swiss-Amurka a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder Will Steffen (1947-2023), Masanin yanayi na Australiya, mashawarcin kimiyya ga gwamnatin Ostiraliya. David Stephenson (1963-), dan Birtaniya, masanin kimiyyar yanayi da kididdiga a Jami'ar Exeter Thomas Stocker, Swiss, canjin yanayi da yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi da sake ginawa Hans von Storch (1949-), Bajamushe, masanin yanayi na Geesthacht, Jamus Peter A. Stott, dan Birtaniya, masanin kimiyyar yanayi. Hans E. Suess (1909-1993), Austrian, sadarwar rediyo Henrik Svensmark, Farfesa a Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya na Solar System a Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Danish T Kevin Russel Tate (1943-2018), masanin kimiyyar ƙasa na New Zealand, ya yi nazarin keken carbon da keɓancewa a cikin ƙasa. Simon Tett, Biritaniya, ganowa da halayen canjin yanayi, ƙirar ƙira, da inganci Peter Thejll (1956-), Danish, Arewacin Hemisphere ƙasa iska zafin jiki, hasken rana bambancin da kuma greenhouse sakamako Peter Thorne, Masanin yanayi na Burtaniya tare da Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli da Nisa ta Nansen, Bergen, Norway Liz Thomas, Masanin burbushin halittu na Biritaniya, kogon kankara, Binciken Antarctic na Burtaniya Lonnie Thompson (1948-), Ba'amurke, Farfesa na Kimiyyar Duniya, Faleoclimatology na Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, abubuwan kankara Axel Timmermann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Jamus kuma masanin ilimin teku, darektan Cibiyar IBS don Physics Climate Micha Tomkiewicz (1939-), farfesa na canjin yanayi na Amurka a Kwalejin Brooklyn Owen Toon, Farfesa Ba'amurke na Kimiyyar yanayi da Kimiyyar Ruwa a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder Kevin E. Trenberth, Decadal variability, El Niño-Southern Oscillation Susan Trumbore, masanin kimiyyar tsarin tsarin duniya yana mai da hankali kan yanayin carbon da tasirinsa akan yanayi, darekta a Cibiyar Max Planck na Biogeochemistry da Farfesa na Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar California, Irvine. John Tyndall (1820-1893), Bature, auna tasirin radiative na iskar gas, postulated greenhouse sakamako hasashe na sauyin yanayi V Jean-Pascal van Ypersele (1957-), Belgian climatologist, mataimakin shugaban IPCC (2008-2015) David Vaughan, zanen kankara, Binciken Antarctic na Burtaniya Jan Veizer (1941-), dan Slovakia, Babban Farfesa na Jami'ar Kimiyyar Duniya a Jami'ar Ottawa Pier Vellinga (1950-), Masanin ilimin yanayi, Farfesa a Jami'ar Wageningen Ricardo Villalba, masanin burbushin halittu na Argentine Françoise Vimeux, Faransanci climatologist, darektan bincike a Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), yana aiki a Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement (LSCE) da Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM) W Peter Wadhams ScD (1948-), farfesa na Physics Ocean, kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Jami'ar Cambridge An fi saninsa da aikin kankarar teku Warren M. Washington (1936-), Ba'amurke, ƙirar yanayi John Michael Wallace, Arewacin Atlantic oscillation, Arctic oscillation, El Niño-Southern Oscillation Andrew Watson (1952-), British, Marine and atmospheric sciences Sir Robert Watson, masanin kimiyar Burtaniya kuma babban masanin kimiyyar bankin duniya Betsy Weatherhead, Ba'amurke, tsohuwar shugabar kimar yanayi ta ƙasa Andrew J. Weaver, Kanada, ƙirar yanayi da bincike. Harry Wexler (1911-1962), Masanin yanayi na Amurka Penny Whetton, Ostiraliya, hasashen canjin yanayi na yanki don Ostiraliya. Jagoran marubucin rahoton kimantawa na uku da na huɗu na IPCC akan Canjin Yanayi. Tom Wigley, Masanin yanayi na Australiya a Jami'ar Adelaide Josh Willis, masanin binciken teku na Amurka a NASA's JPL David Wratt, New Zealander, babban masanin kimiyya a NIWA Donald Wuebbles, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign Carl Wunsch (1941-), Hotunan Teku na jiki da na'urar daukar hoto na teku. Z Olga Zolina (1975-), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Rasha Eduardo Zorita (1961-), Masanin binciken burbushin halittu na Spain, babban masanin kimiyya a GKSS. Duba kuma List of women climate scientists and activists Women in climate

61021

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim%20Akpata

Ephraim Akpata

Ephraim Omorose Ibukun Akpata (15 Afrilu 1927 8 Janairu 2000) ya kasance mai shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya kuma shugaban hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya (INEC) na farko, wanda ke da alhakin zaben 1998/1999 wanda ya sake dawo da dimokuradiyya. a watan Mayu 1999. Fage An haifi Ephraim Akpata a shekarar 1927 a jihar Edo Ya yi karatun King's College da ke Legas sannan ya karanci fannin shari'a. A cikin littafinsa na 888 Days in Biafra, Samuel Enadeghe Umweni ya tuna yadda sau biyu Lauya Akpata ya yi tafiya mai hatsarin gaske a fagen daga domin ziyarce shi a lokacin da sojojin Biafra suka balle a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970). Akpata became a justice of the Supreme court, retiring in 1993 at the age of 65. Akpata ya zama alkalin kotun koli, ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1993 yana da shekaru 65. An nada shi shugabancin hukumar ta INEC a shekarar 1998 lokacin da gwamnatin Janar Abdulsalam Abubakar ta kafa hukumar zabe ta INEC domin shirya zaben rikon kwarya da ya kawo jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 1999. Samar da jam'iyyu Don kaucewa rarrabuwar kawuna ta kabilanci, Akpata ya tanadi cewa jam’iyyun da ke da babban goyon bayan kasa ne kadai za a ba su damar shiga zaben. Ya yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne jam’iyyun siyasa su lashe kujerun zabukan kananan hukumomi a akalla jihohi goma domin samun cancantar shiga zaben gwamna, da na majalisar jiha, da na ‘yan majalisun tarayya da na shugaban kasa. Daga cikin kungiyoyin siyasa 26, ya ba da rajista na wucin gadi a matsayin jam’iyyun siyasa a zabukan 1998/1999 zuwa tara kacal, inda a karshe jam’iyyu uku ne suka cancanci shiga zaben Jiha da na kasa. Hakan ya haifar da kafa gamayyar kananan kungiyoyi, kamar kungiyar 34 da ta kafa sabuwar jam’iyyar PDP. Dole ne haɗin gwiwa ya zama jam'iyyu na gaske. A watan Janairun 1999 Akpata ya ce kawancen zaben da aka sanar tsakanin jam'iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD) da All People's Party (APP) "ya bayyana ya sabawa dokokin INEC". Ya ce jam’iyyun biyu suna son su “ci gajiyar hadewar ba tare da an yi guda daya ba”. Akpata ya soki tsarin da jam'iyyar PDP ta zabo 'yan takararta, yana mai cewa ta fadi "matsayin gaskiya da ake tsammani daga tsarin dimokuradiyya." Zabe Hukumar INEC ta gudanar da zabuka daban-daban. An gudanar da zaben kananan hukumomin ne a watan Disambar 1998, inda PDP ta samu kashi 59%, APP 25.8% sai AD 13.2% na kujeru. An gudanar da zaben gwamnoni a watan Janairun 1999, inda jam’iyyar PDP ta lashe jihohi 19 cikin 35, jam’iyyar APP ta lashe jihohi 9, ita kuma AD ta lashe jihohi 6. An gudanar da zaben cikin tsari da lumana, kuma Akpata ya ce an gudanar da sahihin zabe. An gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar wakilai da na majalisar dattawa a watan Fabrairun 1999. A Majalisar Dattawa PDP ta samu kujeru 59, APP 29 da AD 20. A majalisar, PDP ta samu kujeru 206, APP 74 da AD 68. An dage zaben saboda dalilai na tsaro a jihohin Akwa Ibom, Delta, Nasarawa da Ribas. Akpata ya shaidawa taron manema labarai cewa duk da cewa an yi adalci, amma an samu wasu kura-kurai a zaben. A zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a ranar 27 ga Fabrairun 1999, jam’iyyun AD da APP sun tsayar da dan takara na hadin gwiwa, Cif Olu Falae, wanda ya sha kaye a hannun dan takarar PDP, tsohon Janar kuma shugaban mulkin soja Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo ya samu kashi 63% na kuri'un da aka kada. Akpata ya karbi masu sa ido kan zaben kasashen waje daga Cibiyar Carter da ke Amurka da Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Kasa, kuma ya goyi bayan bukatarsu ta horar da dubban masu sa ido na cikin gida. Rahotanni daga wadannan kungiyoyi kan zabukan da aka yi a baya sun yi kyau, duk da cewa sun yi nuni da cewa ba a samu fitowar jama'a ba da kuma wasu kura-kurai. Rahotanni kan zabukan da aka yi a baya sun kasance masu matukar muhimmanci, inda suka bayyana rashin bin ka’ida da suka hada da sake dawo da kuri’u, cushe akwatin zabe, da sauya sakamakon zabe, da kuma hana masu kada kuri’a hakkinsu. Bayan kammala zaben, tsohon shugaban kasar Amurka Jimmy Carter ya aike da wasika zuwa ga Akapata cewa, "An samu sabanin ra'ayi sosai tsakanin adadin masu kada kuri'a a rumfunan zabe da kuma sakamakon karshe da aka samu daga jihohi da dama. Don haka abin takaici, ba zai yiwu mu yi cikakken hukunci game da sakamakon zaben shugaban kasa ba.” Daga baya Olu Falae ya yi zargin cewa an tabka magudi a zaben da aka yi a PDP. Mai shari’a Ephraim Akpata ya rasu ne a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2000 yana da shekaru 72. Manazarta Haifaffun

39075

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalemba%20Rockshelter

Kalemba Rockshelter

Kalemba Rockshelter wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake gabashin kasar Zambiya, a daidaitawa 14°7 S da 32°3 E. Al’adar gida tana tunawa da amfani da matsugunin dutse a matsayin mafaka a lokacin harin Ngoni a karni na 19. An san wurin don zane-zanen dutse daban-daban da kuma amfani da microlithic na ci gaba. Tarihin bincike Kalemba rockshelter wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake gabashin Zambiya, wanda RA Hamilton ya gano a shekarar 1955 sannan ya kai rahoto ga tsohon gidan tarihi na Rhodes-Livingstone. Amma sai a shekarar 1971 ne DW Phillipson ya tono wurin. Sama da mita 30 a tsayi, matsugunin dutsen yana samuwa ne ta hanyar ɓangarorin granite gneiss. Fuskantar kwarin Chipwete, a gefen arewa-maso-yamma dutsen yana da tsayin mita 4.5, matsakaicin, kuma ya wuce ta wurin buɗaɗɗen wuri don kariya. Filin lebur yana kusa da gefen arewa maso gabas na dutsen; An rufe ta ta kowane bangare, tana da tudu mai tudu a kan babban tudu. Arewa da kudu maso yamma na dutsen dutsen suna ba da faɗaɗa sararin zama na bene da kuma kyakkyawan wuri wanda ke kallon kwarin Chipwete na sama. Wuri na biyu, ƙarami, ƙarancin kariya yana da bene na da kuma adjoins, a ƙarshen kudu maso yamma na babban masauki. Shiga daga ƙarshen arewa na babban tsari ko kuma daga tsaunuka a kusurwar kudu yana ba da damar shiga cikin sauƙi zuwa matsugunan dutsen biyu. Ana yin zane-zane a matsugunan biyu; tare da nisa na mita 12 wanda yake a bangon baya na babban matsuguni kuma a karkashin kudu maso yamma overhang yana da ƙaramin panel. Hakowa Da farko dai, an keɓe haƙon da aka yi a Kalemba zuwa grid na murabba'i 10, duk da haka, ana buƙatar tsawaitawa don guje wa rugujewar bangon gefen. An raba tonon sililin gida biyu ne sakamakon fadowar wani dutse da ke daidai da bangon babban matsugunin. An gano jimlar sasannin ƙasa goma sha uku. Domin Philipson da membobin wani ɓangare na tono don samun damar zuwa ƙananan matakan, dole ne su ƙara ƙarin ƙari ga tonowar zuwa arewa maso yamma. A ƙarshe, tonowar ya ƙunshi jimillar yanki na An tattara gawayi don saduwa da radiocarbon da kuma samfuran ƙasa don nazarin koyarwa. Duk da haka, bayan wani lokaci, tonowar ya kamata a bar shi a zurfin saboda yanayin rashin lafiya tare da bangon gefe. Don ci gaba da tono, ya zama dole a cire duwatsu masu nauyin kimanin tan 25 tare da yin amfani da toshe da kuma magance. Ana tsammanin cewa mafi yawan ma'auni suna samuwa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan duwatsu. Abin baƙin cikin shine, abubuwan da ake buƙata don magance cikin aminci da nasara tare da halin da ake ciki na duwatsu ba su samuwa ga DW Philipson a 1971, don haka, tilas ne a dakatar da aikin tono. Stratigraphy da dating Kwanan radiyo sun nuna cewa aikin ɗan adam ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 37,000 a Kalemba. Idan hasashe cewa kwanakin GX-2767 da GX-2768 sun fi dacewa da dangantaka ta kusan shekaru 13,000 KZ, to a cewar Phillipson, Phillipson ragowar kwanakin sun kasance daidai kuma suna samar da jerin da ke nuna lokuta da dama na sana'a da suka biyo baya: lokaci na 1., kafin shekaru 35,000 KZ; lokaci 2,c. 25,000 zuwa 21,000 shekaru KZ; Lokaci 3, c. 15,000 zuwa shekaru 11,000 KZ, da kuma tsawon shekaru 4 <6,000 KZ. Ya samo Flakes Dutse Duwatsun guduma, anvils, shafa da nika dutse Kayan tarihi na kashi Shell kayan tarihi Tukwane Karfe abubuwa Jana'izar Ragowar sandar sanda da matsugunan bamboo Flakes Flakes sun dogara ne akan 1243 gabaɗayan flakes tare da samfuran bazuwar da aka ɗauka daga kusan samfurori 100. Don suna kaɗan daga cikin filayen da aka gano, akwai lanƙwasa na baya wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kayan aikin da aka sake kunnawa. Hakanan an gano ma'anar lunates waɗanda ke wakiltar wani yanki mafi girma na nau'in juzu'i mai lankwasa, kashi 59 daidai yake, babu ɗaya daga cikin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki da ke da tsinkayar kunne a ƙarshen, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, tip akan ɗaya ya fi girma. jaddada. Wani nau'in flake da aka gano shine zurfin lunate mai matsakaicin tsayi kuma talatin da uku ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan samfuran ake tattarawa. Goma sha bakwai ne kawai na asymmetrical lunate aka tattara waɗanda ke da matsakaicin tsayin An gano wasu nau'ikan microliths guda biyu, microlith trapezoidal ashirin da bakwai tare da ma'anar da microliths triangular goma sha huɗu tare da matsakaicin tsayin Kayan kayan tarihi na dutsen ƙasa An tattara gatari goma sha daya, tudu biyu, duwatsu hudu da wani abu mai yare guda daya a cewar Phillipson. Abun harshe da kuma dutsen su ne kawai irin wannan nau'in da ake samu a Gabashin Zambiya a mahallin binciken kayan tarihi. Hammerstones. anvils, shafa da nika duwatsu Kimanin guduma talatin da bakwai aka tattara, 32 daga cikinsu ba a karye ba, nauyinsu daga guda. Daga cikin dukkan duwatsun da aka yi amfani da su guda daya ne kawai ma'adini da kuma wani nau'in guduma da aka fi so guntuwar sifar ovoid mara kyau sun bayyana a cikin binciken. An tattara duwatsu masu bugun guda goma sha biyu, tare da matsakaicin girman da kuma An tattara magudanar ruwa huɗu, uku kuma ma'adini ne ɗaya kuma a kan cobble Aka tattara duwatsun shafa guda bakwai sai dutsen niƙa ɗaya kawai. Koyaya, dutsen niƙa ya kasance lokacin farin ciki kuma an kafa shi zuwa zurfin mm goma sha biyu. Amfani na ƙarshe don dutsen niƙa shine don launin ja. Kayan tarihi na kashi An tattara fil masu kai guda uku aka gano ana samar da su daga dogayen kasusuwan babban tsuntsu. An sami madaidaicin bodkins takwas da wasu lanƙwasa biyu waɗanda suka bambanta daga m zuwa madauwari. Ɗaya daga cikin lanƙwan jikin jikin kamar ƙaramin haƙarƙari ne mai kaifi yayin da ɗayan kuma ƙashi ne da ba a tantance ba. An tattara cikakkun maki guda biyu da tsawon; nuna asalin tsaga kashi. An kuma tattara allura, duk da haka, ana ɗauka cewa ba ta halitta ba ce. A karshe, an gano kayan aikin kashi daya sassaka wanda ya samo asali daga dogon kashin tsuntsu yana diamita. Shell kayan tarihi An tattara beads guda goma sha huɗu, lanƙwasa ɗaya da fayafai ɗaya a Kalemba. Hudu daga cikin bead ɗin an yi su ne daga harsashi na achatina, ɗaya kuma an yi su ne daga harsashin katantan ruwa, sauran tara kuma an yi su ne daga katantan ƙasar da ba za a iya tantance su ba. Faifan harsashi, ya karye rabin harsashin katantanwa na ruwa. Kuma harsashi kuma an yi shi ne daga harsashin katantanwa na ruwa, amma ana zaton ya ɓace ko kuma a jefar da shi kafin a gama shi. Tukwane An tattara cikakkun tasoshin ruwa guda uku, amma an kuma gano ragowar tukwane 392. An yi wa 100 daga cikin tarkace ado a bakin baki, amma sauran 292 ba a yi musu ado ba. Karfe abubuwa An gano ƙarfe huɗu na ƙarfe da aka yi aiki. An samu zobe da waya. Ring shine a diamita tare da bandeji na rectangular Wayar ta kasance tsawon da diamita na iyakar. Siffofin Siffofin da aka gano a lokacin tonowar sun hada da: Kaburbura guda hudu (kaburbura) da ragowar sanduna da matsuguni na bamboo da dama. Manazarta Duba kuma Mumbwa Caves Tarihin Zambia Kalemba rockshelter Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25713

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%20Gang

Press Gang

Press Gang shine wasan kwaikwayo na na gidan talabijin na yara na Burtaniya wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa 43 a cikin jerin biyar da aka watsa daga shekarar 1989 zuwa shekara ta 1993. Richmond Film Television don Tsakiya ne ya samar da shi, kuma an nuna shi akan hanyar sadarwa ta ITV a cikin madaidaiciyar sati da rana na yara, ITV na Yara, yawanci a cikin rami na 4:45 na yamma (kwanaki sun bambanta akan lokacin da ake gudana). Anyi shine da niyyan daukan hankalin manyan yara da matasa, shirin ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan jaridar yara, Junior Gazette, wanda ɗalibai daga babban makarantar ƙaramar hukuma ta samar. A cikin jerin daga baya an nuna shi azaman kasuwanci. Nunin ya haɗu da abubuwan ban dariya da ban mamaki. Kazalika da magance alakar mutane (musamman a cikin labarin Lynda-Spike arc), wasan kwaikwayon ya magance batutuwan kamar cin zarafin ƙarfi, cin zarafin yara da sarrafa makamai. Wanda tsohon malami Steven Moffat, ya rubuta fiye da rabin abubuwan da suke kunshe a cikin sun samu daukar nauyi daga Bob Spiers, sanannen darektan wasan barkwanci na Burtaniya wanda ya kasance a baya yayi aiki kan littattafai kamar su Fawlty Towers Tarba mai mahimmanci ta kasance mai inganci, musamman don ingancin rubuce -rubuce, kuma jerin sun jawo hankalin wata ƙungiya mai bi tare da yawan shekaru. Labarun labari Shahararren ɗan jarida mai suna Matt Kerr (Clive Wood) ya iso daga titin Fleet don gyara jaridar gida. Ya kafa ƙaramin sigar takarda, The Junior Gazette, don ɗalibai daga ƙananan makarantun gida su samar da su kafin da bayan lokutan makaranta. Wasu daga cikin yan ƙungiyar "taurarin ɗaliba" ne, amma wasu suna da martaba saboda rashin laifi. Suchaya daga cikin ɗalibin, Spike Thompson Dexter Fletcher an tilasta yin aiki akan takarda maimakon a kore shi daga makaranta. Nan da nan yana jan hankalin editan Lynda Day Julia Sawalha amma suna yin taɗi, suna jifar junansu. Alaƙar su tana haɓaka kuma suna da alaƙar kashewa. Suna tattauna yadda suke ji a kai a kai, musamman a ƙarshen sassan kowane jerin. A kashi na ƙarshe na jerin na uku, "Riƙewa", Spike ba tare da saninsa ba yana bayyana ƙaƙƙarfan jin daɗin sa ga Lynda yayin da ake liƙa shi. Kishin budurwarsa Ba'amurke, Zoe, Lynda ta sanya kaset ɗin a kan sitiriyo na sirri na Zoe, yana lalata alakar su. Ilimin sunadarai akan allo tsakanin jagororin biyu an nuna shi akan allo yayin da suka zama abu na shekaru da yawa. Koda yake tarihin Lynda da Spike yana gudana a cikin jerin, yawancin al'amuran suna ƙunshe da labarai masu ɗauke da labarai da ƙananan makirci. Daga cikin labarai masu sauƙi, kamar ɗaya game da Colin da gangan halartar jana'izar sanye da zomo mai ruwan hoda, wasan kwaikwayon ya magance manyan matsaloli da yawa. Jeff Evans, yana rubutu a cikin Guinness Television Encyclopedia, ya rubuta cewa jerin sun yi amfani da “mafi girman tsarin manya” fiye da “ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya iri ɗaya” kamar A Bunch of Fives Wasu masu sukar sun kuma kwatanta shi da Hill Street Blues, Lou Grant "da sauran wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka masu tunani, godiya ga haƙiƙanin sa da matakin sa na matakan batutuwa masu taɓawa." Jerin farko ya kusanci cin zarafi mai ƙarfi a cikin "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa", kuma NSPCC ta taimaka wajen samar da abubuwan Wani mummunan abu game da cin zarafin yara An yi garkuwa da ƙungiyar ta wani mai sha'awar bindiga a cikin jerin Kalmar Ƙarshe ta uku, yayin da ƙarshen ƙarshe ya kusanci shan miyagun ƙwayoyi Abubuwan da ke jagorantar batun sun yi aiki don haɓaka manyan haruffan, ta yadda "Wani Abu Mai Girma" ya fi "game da fansar Colin [daga 'yan jari hujja mai son kai], maimakon cin zarafin Cindy." Dangane da Cibiyar Fina -Finan Burtaniya, "Gangar Jaridar ta yi nasarar zama wataƙila jerin yara mafi ban dariya da aka taɓa yi kuma a lokaci guda mafi raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi da gaskiya. Sautin zai iya canzawa ba tare da wata wahala ba kuma daga hankali zuwa nesa zuwa bala'i a cikin sarari. Kodayake ana kiran jerin shirye -shiryen wani lokacin wasan barkwanci, Moffat ya nace cewa wasan kwaikwayo ne tare da barkwanci a ciki. Marubucin ya tuna "wata doguwar muhawara tare da Geoff Hogg (editan fim akan Press Gang game da ko Press Gang ya kasance mai ban dariya. Ya dage cewa haka ne kuma na ce ba haka bane abin dariya ne kawai. Wasu ɓarna suna kaiwa Moffat da'awar cewa "tana da barkwanci mafi ƙazanta a tarihi; mun tafi da tarin abubuwa. Mun kusa tsere da wargi game da jima'i ta dubura, amma sun gan ta a minti na ƙarshe. A cikin wani labarin Lynda ta ce za ta shayar da shi kuma, lokacin da aka tambaye shi (yayin da yake kwanan wata a gidan abincin otal) idan yana zama a otal ɗin, Colin ya amsa "Bai kamata in yi tunanin haka ba: shine farkon data. Jeff Evans ya kuma yi sharhi cewa anyi fim ɗin ta hanyar fina-finai, yana taɓarɓarewaa cikin "jerin mafarkai, hasashe, jindadi da kuma, a wani lokaci,a Moonlighting -esque na fim ɗin It's Wonderful Life Nunin yana da fa'ida mai ƙarfi na ci gaba, tare da wasu labarai, abubuwan da suka faru da ƙananan haruffa da aka ambata a cikin jerin. An gayyaci 'yan wasan da suka buga haruffa na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin jerin biyun farko don sake maimaita matsayinsu a cikin shirye-shiryen gaba. David Jefford (Alex Crockett) an tashe shi daga 1989 "Litinin Talata" don fitowa a cikin wasan karshe "Akwai Kalanda", yayin da 'yar wasan guda ɗaya (Aisling Flitton) wacce ta buga lambar da ba daidai ba a cikin "Soyayya da ƙaramar Jarida. an gayyace ta don sake fasalin halinta don jerin shirye -shirye na uku" Chance is a Fine Thing. "Kula da daki -daki" kamar wannan shine, a cewar Paul Cornell, "daya daga cikin hanyoyi masu yawa da jerin ke mutunta basirar masu kallo." Bayan ƙungiyar ta bar makaranta, takarda ta sami 'yancin kuɗi kuma tana gudanar da kasuwanci. Mataimakin edita Kenny Lee Ross ya bar ƙarshen jerin uku don maye gurbin Julie Lucy Benjamin wacce ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane -zane a jerin farko. Halaye Babban Ranar Lynda Julia Sawalha ita ce editan Junior Gazette Tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da ra’ayi, kuma da yawa daga cikin ƙawayenta na tsoron ta. Moffat ya ce halayyar ta ɗan dogara ne akan mai gabatar da wasan "ƙwallon ƙwal", Sandra C. Hastie. Kodayake tana bayyana da taurin kai, amma a wasu lokuta tana fallasa yadda take ji. Ta bar takardar a ƙarshen "Litinin-Talata", kuma a cikin "Mafarkin Rana" Makoki "Me yasa nake samun komai a cikin rayuwata ta wauta duka?" A tsoratar da zamantakewa, ta yi biris da ra'ayin. Tana cikin tashin hankali a wurin shaye -shaye, a cikin "A ƙarshe Dodo", har ta yi ƙoƙarin barin lokuta da yawa. An kwatanta cakuɗɗen gefen hankalin Lynda da ɗabi'arta mai wadatar kai a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen 'Karshen Ƙarshe.' Ta tsawatawa fatalwar Gary (Mark Sayers), wanda ya mutu bayan shan maganin maye, ta ce: Duba, na tuba kun mutu, lafiya? Na yi kulawa. Amma in zama mai gaskiya tare da ku, ban damu sosai ba. Kuna da zabi, kun sha kwayoyi, kun mutu. Shin da gaske kuke da'awar babu wanda yayi muku kashedi yana da haɗari? Ina nufin, kun kalli duniyar kwanan nan? Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kashe ku kuma ba a yi muku gargaɗi kwata -kwata. Don haka manne kan ku cikin kada da aka gaya muku ba a lissafa don samun tausayina. James "Spike" Thomson Dexter Fletcher ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne, wanda aka tilasta yin aiki akan takarda maimakon a cire shi daga makaranta. Nan da nan ya ja hankalin Lynda, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin muhimmin memba na ƙungiyar masu ba da rahoto da ke da alhakin samun labarin jagoran su na farko. Yawancin lokaci yana da kewayon masu layi ɗaya, kodayake ana yawan sukar sa, musamman ta Lynda, saboda yawan wuce gona da iri. Koyaya, Spike sau da yawa yana amfani da abin dariya don sauƙaƙe sautin, kamar a "Litinin-Talata" lokacin da yayi ƙoƙarin farantawa Lynda rai bayan ta ji alhakin kashe David. Da farko an rubuta halayen a matsayin Ingilishi, har sai mai samarwa Hastie ya ji cewa halayyar Amurkawa za ta haɓaka damar siyar da ƙasashen waje. Wannan yana nufin cewa Fletcher haifaffen Ingilishi dole ne yayi aiki cikin lafazin Amurka na tsawon shekaru biyar. Moffat ya ce bai da tabbas [cewa] Dexter na katako da wannan lafazin ya kasance mai hankali. Lafazin Ba'amurke ya sa wasu magoya baya mamaki da sanin Fletcher ainihin Ingilishi ne. Kenny Phillips Lee Ross yana ɗaya daga cikin abokan Lynda (kaɗan) na dogon lokaci kuma shine mataimakiyar edita a cikin jerin ukun farko. Kenny ya fi Lynda kwanciyar hankali, kodayake har yanzu tana mamaye ta. Duk da wannan, yana ɗaya daga cikin fewan mutanen da za su iya tsayawa kan Lynda, a cikin nasa shiru. Kodayake ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai daɗi", amma bai yi sa'ar soyayya ba: Jenny Sadie Frost budurwar da ya sadu da ita a "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa", zubar da shi saboda yana da fahimta sosai. An bayyana sha'awar sirrinsa don rubuta kiɗa a ƙarshen jerin biyu, wanda sha'awar Ross ta rinjayi shi. Colin ya shirya kuma ya tallafa masa kide kide da wake -wake, kuma jerin na biyu ya ƙare tare da Kenny yana yin "Ba ku Ji A Gare Ni" (Ross da kansa ya rubuta). Lee Ross ya sami damar aiwatar da abubuwa shida na farko na jerin shirye-shirye 12 na uku da huɗu na yin fim saboda yana tsammanin rawar fim. Don haka, ta jerin hudu, Kenny ya tafi Australia. Colin Mathews Paul Reynolds shine Thatcherite mai kula da kuɗin takarda da talla. Sau da yawa yana sanye da manyan riguna, kuma dabarunsa daban-daban sun haɗa da tallace-tallace mara kyau na rabin ping-pong (kamar 'pings'), kayan bita na jarrabawa da soda wanda ke barin tabo na fuska. Rosie Marcel da Claire Hearnden sun bayyana a cikin jerin na biyu kamar Sophie da Laura, mataimakan matasa matasa na Colin. Julie Craig Lucy Benjamin ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane -zane a jerin farko. Moffat ya burge aikin Benjamin, kuma ya faɗaɗa halinta don jerin na biyu. Koyaya ta ba da kanta ga ayyuka a cikin sitcom na LWT kusa da Gida da Jupiter Moon, don haka Sam ya maye gurbin halin. Halin ya dawo a farkon shirin jerin huɗu a matsayin mai bincike a ranar Asabar da safe yana nuna Crazy Stuff Ta shirya Lynda da Spike su sake haɗuwa a gidan talabijin na kai tsaye, amma korafe -korafen da suka biyo baya game da tashin hankalin (bugun fuska) yana haifar da harbe -harben Julie. Bayan bai wa Lynda wasu gaskiyar gida, Julie ta maye gurbin Kenny a matsayin mataimakiyar edita don jerin biyu na ƙarshe. Ita 'yar kwarkwasa ce, kuma, a cewar Lynda, ita ce ta "tsoma baki a rikicin na kurkuku na ƙarshe." Sarah Jackson Kelda Holmes ita ce jagorar marubucin. Kodayake tana da hankali tana samun damuwa, kamar lokacin hirarta don editan Jaridar Junior Labarin ta na ƙarshe, "Wuta Mai Kyau", yana nuna ci gaban kawancen ta da Lynda, da kuma yadda ƙarshen ya gan ta a matsayin ƙalubale lokacin da ta isa Norbridge High. Tare suka kafa mujallar makarantar ƙarƙashin ƙasa: Mujallar Damn Yunƙurin farko na barin jaridar don halartar karatun rubuce -rubuce a kwaleji na gida Lynda ta hana ta, amma a ƙarshe ta bar cikin jerin biyar don shiga jami'a (yana nuna dalilin tashin Holmes). Frazer "Frazz" Davis Mmoloki Chrystie yana ɗaya daga cikin masu laifin Spike da aka tilasta yin aiki akan takarda, babban aikinsa na farko shine rubuta horoscopes Da farko an nuna Frazz a matsayin "mai ƙalubalantar ilimi", kamar rashin fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin "rukunin taurari" da horoscopes. Daga baya abubuwan da suka faru, suna nuna masa yaudara, kamar a cikin "Maganar Ƙarshe: Kashi na 2" lokacin da ya murƙushe ɗan bindigar ta amfani da manyan bindigogi Maimaitawa Sam Black Gabrielle Anwar ya maye gurbin Julie a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane a jerin na biyu. Sam tana sane da salon kwalliya sosai kuma tana kwarkwasa, kuma tana mamakin lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙi ci gabanta don fifita Saratu. Anwar ya yi bitar rawar Lynda. (An gayyaci 'yan wasan da yawa waɗanda ba a yi nasarar tantance su ba don manyan haruffa daga baya don matsayin baƙi. Moffat ya faɗaɗa rawar Julie bayan jerin farko, amma Lucy Benjamin bai samu ba don jerin biyu. Sam, saboda haka, ainihin halayyar Julie ce a ƙarƙashin wani suna daban, musamman a cikin abubuwan da ta fara a baya. Danny McColl Charlie Creed-Miles mai daukar hoton takarda. Creed-Miles ya zama abin ƙyama da ƙaramin rawar da ya taka kuma ya bar bayan jerin na biyu. Toni "Tiddler" Tildesley Joanna Dukes ƙaramin memba ne na ƙungiyar, ke da alhakin ƙaramin sashi, Junior Junior Gazette Billy Homer (Andy Crowe) shima hali ne mai maimaitawa. Tetraplegic, yana da ƙwarewa sosai tare da hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, wani lokacin yana yin kutse cikin bayanan makarantar. Labarun labarinsa wasu daga cikin wakilcin Intanet na farko a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya. Moffat ya ji cewa ba zai iya ci gaba da halayen ba, kuma yana bayyana ba zato ba tsammani bayan jerin farko. Manyan manyan sune mataimakiyar shugaban makarantar Bill Sullivan Nick Stringer editan maverick Matt Kerr Clive Wood da gogaggen ɗan jaridar Gazette Chrissie Stewart Angela Bruce Production Farawa Bill Moffat, shugaban makaranta daga Glasgow, yana da ra'ayin shirin talabijin na yara mai suna The Norbridge Files Ya nuna shi ga wani furodusa wanda ya ziyarci makarantarsa, Makarantar Firamare ta Thorn a Johnstone, Renfrewshire, lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita azaman wurin da za a yi wani taron babbar hanyar Harry Secombe Furodusa Sandra C. Hastie ta ji daɗin wannan ra'ayin kuma ta nuna wa mijinta Bill Ward na gaba, abokin aikin kamfanin ta Richmond Films da Talabijin. Lokacin da ta nemi rubutun, Moffat ya ba da shawarar cewa ɗansa mai shekaru 25, Steven, malamin Ingilishi, ya rubuta. Hastie ta ce "mafi kyawun rubutun farko" da ta karanta. Duk shirye -shiryen 43 Steven Moffat ne ya rubuta A lokacin samar da jerin abubuwa biyu, yana samun rayuwa ta rashin jin daɗi bayan rabuwar aurensa na farko. An wakilci sabon masoyin matarsa a cikin shirin "Babban Ƙarshe?" ta halin Brian Magboy Simon Schatzberger sunan da Brian ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi: Yaron Maggie. Moffat ya shigo da halayen don kowane irin abin takaici ya faru da shi, kamar sanya injin bugawa a ƙafa. Wannan lokacin a rayuwar Moffat shima za a nuna a cikin sitcom Joking Apart Gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na tsakiya ya kasance yana da kwarin gwiwa kan aikin, don haka maimakon wasan kwaikwayon da aka harba a ɗakunan su a Nottingham kamar yadda aka tsara, sun ba Richmond kasafin kuɗi na fan miliyan biyu. Wannan ya ba shi damar harbe shi a fim 16 mm maimakon faifan bidiyo na yau da kullun, mai rahusa, kuma a wurin, yana mai tsada sosai idan aka kwatanta da yawancin talabijin na yara. Waɗannan ƙimar kuɗaɗen kusan sun kai ga sokewarsa a ƙarshen jerin na biyu, wanda a lokacin ne babban jami'i na tsakiya Lewis Rudd ya kasa aiwatar da shirye -shirye da kansa. Daraktoci Fiye da rabi na shirye -shiryen Bob Spiers ne ya jagorance su, sanannen darektan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya wanda a baya ya yi aiki a Fawlty Towers tsakanin sauran shirye -shirye da yawa. Zai sake yin aiki tare da Moffat akan sitcom ɗinsa na Joking Apart da Murder Most Horrid, tare da Sawalha akan Kwatankwacin abin mamaki A cewar Moffat, Spiers shine "babban darekta" wanda ke da sha'awar sauran sassan kuma ya kafa salon gani na wasan. Spiers musamman sun yi amfani da harbin bin diddigin, wani lokacin suna buƙatar a rubuta ƙarin tattaunawa don ɗaukar tsawon harbin. Sauran daraktocin za su shigo su yi "Spiers". An ƙarfafa dukkan daraktocin da su halarci harbin sauran domin salon gani ya kasance daidai. Kashi na biyu na farko Colin Nutley ne ya jagoranci Duk da haka, bai ji daɗin gyara na ƙarshe ba kuma ya nemi a cire sunansa daga kuɗin. Lorne Magory ya jagoranci shirye-shirye da yawa, musamman labaran ɓangarori biyu "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa" da "Maganar Ƙarshe." Ofaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Fina -Finan Richmond da Talabijin, Bill Ward, ya ba da umarnin shirye -shirye guda uku, kuma Bren Simson ya jagoranci wasu jerin biyu. Mawallafin fim ɗin James Devis ya ɗauki madaidaicin jagorar don "Windfall", abin da ya faru. Wuri Yayin da aka shirya wasan kwaikwayon a garin almara na Norbridge, galibi an yi fim ɗin a Uxbridge, a yammacin Greater London An harbe yawancin al'amuran a Makarantar Haydon da ke Pinner An yi fim ɗin jerin farko gaba ɗaya akan wurin, amma bayan rushewar ginin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman ofishin jaridar ta asali, an yi fim ɗin cikin gida a cikin Pinewood Studios don jerin na biyu, kuma ba a ganin waje na ginin fiye da wannan jerin. An yi jerin abubuwan da suka biyo baya a Lee International Studios a Shepperton (jerin uku da hudu) da Twickenham Studios (jerin biyar). Jerin kiɗa da take Peter Davis ne ya shirya waƙar taken (wanda bayan jerin na biyu ya haɗa sauran jerin shi kadai a matsayin babban mawaki), John Mealing da John G. Perry. Taken buɗe taken yana nuna manyan haruffan da ke bugun hoto, tare da sunan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin nau'in rubutun rubutu. Steven Moffat da Julia Sawalha ba su burge sosai da taken taken ba lokacin da suke tattaunawa don sharhin DVD a 2004. An sake yin rikodin su don jerin uku, a cikin salo iri ɗaya, don magance shekarun 'yan wasan da canje-canje ga saiti. Yawancin taken rufewa a cikin jerin biyun farko sun kasance tare da tattaunawa daga haruffa biyu. Sassan da suka ƙare akan sautin musamman, kamar "Litinin-Talata" da "Labaran Jiya", yi amfani da waƙar sombre kawai da ta dace don rakiyar ƙimar ƙarshe. Bayan kammalawa mai ƙarfi, "A ƙarshe Dodo" ya yi amfani da ingantacciyar sigar babban jigon tare da ƙarin amfani da gitar lantarki. Moffat ya ji cewa muryoyin muryar sun yi aiki sosai a cikin jerin farko, amma ba su yi kyau a na biyun ba. Hastie ta tuna cewa Moffat ya “yi matukar fushi” cewa Drop the Dead Jakey ya ɗauki salon. An sauke su bayan jerin na biyu. A cewar Moffat, 'yan wasan sun "yi baƙin ciki tare da juyawa zuwa ɗakin rikodi don yin rikodin su." Karɓar baki Tarba mai mahimmanci Halin mai mahimmanci yana da kyau, wasan kwaikwayon ana yaba shi musamman saboda ƙima da ƙwarewar rubutun. The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian da kari na Ilimi na Times ya ba da labarin farko A cikin bita mai ƙarfi, Paul Cornell ya rubuta cewa:Press Gang ya tabbatar da cewa jerin ne wanda zai iya dawo da ku zuwa yadda kuka ji tun yana matashi, ya fi kaifin basira a duniya amma tare da tsananin azanci. Ba za a sake yin wani wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da yin magana da yara ko rubuta musu rashin kunya. Danna Gang, wataƙila mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a duniya. Time Out ya ce "wannan nishaɗin inganci ne: yara suna da kaifi, rubutun suna da wayo kuma barkwanci suna da kyau." Wakilin BBC William Gallagher ya kira shi "kyakkyawa mara aibi", tare da The Guardian a baya yana yaba wa jerin. Wasu, kamar Popmatters, suma sun yi tsokaci kan yadda "wasan kwaikwayon ya shahara don yin wani abin talabijin na yara a lokacin bai yi ba (kuma, ana iya cewa, har yanzu bai yi ba): ya ƙi kula da masu sauraronsa kamar yara Dan wasan barkwanci Richard Herring ya tuna kallon wasan a matsayin wanda ya kammala karatunsa na baya -bayan nan, inda yayi sharhi cewa "dabara ce, mai fa'ida kuma tana da kyau ga yara." A cewar Moffat, Press Gang ya wuce gona da iri sosai a masana'antar kuma ana yi min lakabi da romanced koyaushe." Shirya makirce -makirce da tsari na Gang zai zama alamar aikin Moffat, kamar Joking Apart da Coupling Jerin sun karɓi lambar yabo ta Gidan Talabijin na Royal da BAFTA a cikin 1991 don "Mafi kyawun Shirin Yara (Nishaɗi/Wasan kwaikwayo)". Hakanan an ba ta lambar yabo don lambobin marubutan Guild of Great Britain guda biyu, Prix Jeunesse da 1992 BAFTA don "Mafi kyawun Shirin Yara (Almara)". Julia Sawalha ta lashe lambar yabo ta Gidan Talabijin na Gidan Talabijin na "Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Mace" a 1993. Maimaita nunawa Nunin ya sami ƙarin masu sauraro masu fa'ida a cikin ramin maraice lokacin da aka maimaita ranar Lahadi a kan Channel 4 a 1991. An nuna wannan crossover a cikin bita na BBC don ɗayan DVD lokacin da suka ce Press Gang shine ɗayan mafi kyawun jerin abubuwan da aka taɓa yi wa yara. Ko manya. Nickelodeon ya nuna kusan duk abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sati na mako a cikin 1997. Sassan uku na ƙarshe na jerin na uku, duk da haka, ba a sake maimaita su a tashar yaran ba saboda abubuwan da ke cikin su: "Maganar Ƙarshe" ninki biyu tare da killace bindiga, da "Riƙewa" tare da maimaita kalmar "saki rabuwa. A farkon watsawa na ƙarshen a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1991, mai ba da sanarwar ci gaba Tommy Boyd ya gargadi masu kallo cewa ya ƙunshi ƙarfi fiye da yare da aka saba. A cikin 2007, itv.com ta yi jerin farko, ban da “Shafin Farko”, wanda za a iya kallo a gidan yanar gizon ta kyauta. An watsa shirye -shiryen 2 akan Tashar CITV akan 5 6 Janairu 2013, a zaman wani ɓangare na shirye -shiryen adana kayan tarihi na ƙarshen mako don murnar cika shekaru 30 na CITV. Fan yana bi Press Gang ya ja hankalin wata kungiyar da ke bi. An samar da fanzine, Breakfast a Czars, a cikin 1990s. Edited by Stephen O'Brien, ya ƙunshi tambayoyi iri -iri tare da simintin da ƙungiya (musamman tare da mai samar da Hastie), bita da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma hasashe An haɗa bugu na farko azaman fayil na PDF akan jerin DVD guda biyu, yayin da ukun na gaba suka kasance akan jerin diski biyar. Jerin tattaunawar imel yana aiki tun watan Fabrairu 1997. Masani Miles Booy ya lura cewa kamar yadda Steven Moffat ya kasance mai son Doctor Who, ya sami damar ƙin abubuwan da magoya bayan TV suka yaba, kamar:jerin fina-finai tare da manyan rataya-rataya, ci gaba mai tsauri da kashe barkwanci da nassoshi waɗanda suka biya waɗanda suka kalli kuma suka sake duba rubutun don cire minutia. A ƙarshen jerin na biyu, an lura cewa ƙungiyar labarai sun bi Spike/Lynda romance 'tun shafi na ɗaya', kuma kawai magoya bayan sun tuna ko aka gano akan bita cewa "Page One" shine taken kashi na farko. Booy ya nuna cewa Chris Carter da Joss Whedon za a yaba da waɗannan abubuwan a cikin shekarun 1990 (a cikin nunin The X-Files da Buffy the Vampire Slayer amma "Moffat ya isa can da farko, kuma a cikin gidan talabijin na yara. Ya kasance wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya zo tare da hankalin mai son Burtaniya ga damar yin aiki. An gudanar da babban taro guda biyu a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a Liverpool Abubuwan da suka faru, don taimakon NSPCC, kowannensu mai taken "Duk bangarorin Takardar" kuma Steven Moffat, Sandra Hastie, Dexter Fletcher, Paul Reynolds, Kelda Holmes da Nick Stringer sun halarta. An yi gwajin tsawaita tsaka mai tsaka -tsaki na "Kwata zuwa Tsakar dare" da "Akwai Kurakurai", tare da gwanjon kayan sutura da kayan masarufi. Lokacin da Virgin Publishing ya hana Paul Cornell rubuta wani jagorar labari, Jagorar Shirin Gangar Jarida, wanda Jim Sangster ya shirya, Leomac Publishing ce ta buga shi a 1995. Sangster, O'Brien da Adrian Petford sun haɗu tare da DVD na cibiyar sadarwa akan ƙarin fasali don fitowar DVD. Big Finish Productions, wanda ke samar da wasan kwaikwayo na sauti dangane da kaddarorin ilmin kimiyya, musamman Doctor Who, an sanya masa suna bayan taken wasan karshe na jerin na biyu. Moffat da kansa babban ɗalibin Doctor ne mai son zuciya, kuma ya zama babban marubucin shirin kuma mai gabatar da shirye -shirye a 2009. Moffat ya haɗa nassoshi da yawa zuwa haruffa na sakandare da wurare a cikin Press Gang a cikin aikinsa na baya. Sitcom Chalk nasa na 1997 yana nufin makarantar makwabta kamar Norbridge High, wanda Mr Sullivan ke jagoranta, da kuma haruffan Dr Clipstone ("Ba a tsammani"), Malcolm Bullivant ("Wani Abu Mai Ban tsoro") da David Jefford ("Litinin-Talata"/"Akwai su ne Kawaye almajiri wanda Mr Slatt David Bamber ya tsawatar don al'aurarsa Sunan "Talwinning" ya bayyana a matsayin sunan tituna a cikin "A Quarter to Midnight" da Joking Apart, kuma a matsayin sunan mahaifa a cikin "Dying Live", wani labarin Murder Most Horrid wanda Moffat ya rubuta, kazalika da sunan wani ɗan laburare a cikin Doctor ɗinsa wanda ke ba da ɗan gajeren labari, "Kurakurai Masu Ci gaba", wanda aka buga a cikin 1996 Littafin Tarihi na Budurwowi Decalog 3: Sakamakon Sunan "Inspector Hibbert", daga "Maganar Ƙarshe", an ba shi halin da Nick Stringer ya buga a cikin "Elvis, Jesus and Jack", Moffat na ƙarshe Murder Most Horrid gudummawar. Kwanan nan, a cikin kashin farko na Moffat's Jekyll, Mista Hyde James Nesbitt ya busa sautin irin na Lynda a cikin "Komawa Titin Jasper". Fim ɗin talabijin da aka gabatar An shirya wani fim din talabijin mai suna "Ƙaddara". An saita shi 'yan shekaru bayan jerin kuma yana nufin mafi yawan masu sauraro. A mataki ɗaya a cikin 1992, an yi niyya jerin 4 don zama na ƙarshe, kuma an ba da shawarar fim ɗin a matsayin mai bi. Koyaya, yin fim ɗin ya faɗi lokacin da aka ba da jerin na biyar maimakon. An sake nazarin ra'ayin fim ɗin mai bibiyar sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1990, amma kowane lokaci ya faɗi saboda dalilai daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, The Stage ya ba da rahoton cewa Moffat da Sawalha suna da sha'awar farfado da Yan Jaridu Ya ce: “Zan farfado da hakan kamar harbi. Ina so in yi taron sake haduwa-sigar girma. Na san Julia Sawalha tana da sha’awa duk lokacin da na gan ta sai ta tambaye ni yaushe za mu yi. Wataƙila zai faru Ina son hakan. The Guardian ya ba da shawarar farfaɗo da wasan kwaikwayon, yana mai jayayya da cewa "Gangar Yan Jarida tare da Moffat a helm na iya juyar da wasan daga ƙungiya zuwa cibiyar ƙasa abincin petri ga matasa masu yin aiki da ƙwarewar rubutu don bunƙasa. Yana daga cikin kayan gado na gidan talabijin ɗinmu kuma tabbas ya cancanci farkawa. A bikin Talabijin na Edinburgh na Duniya a watan Agusta na 2008, Moffat ya ba da labarin yadda ya bugu bayan bikin rufewa don Jekyll kuma ya kafa manufar taron 'yan Jarida na musamman ga Shugaban Wasan kwaikwayo a BBC, John Yorke Duk da yardar Yorke, marubucin ya ce ya shagala da aikinsa a kan Doctor Wanda ya bi ra'ayin. Kasuwanci An saki samfura da yawa, musamman litattafai huɗu, bidiyo da cikakken tarin akan DVD. Bill Moffat ne ya rubuta litattafai huɗu kuma Hippo Books/Scholastic ne ya buga su a cikin 1989 da 1990 dangane da jerin biyun farko. Buga na Farko ya dogara ne akan ɓangarori uku na farko, tare da Bayyanar Jama'a ta rufe "Interface" da "Yadda ake Yin Kisa." Littafin na uku, Checkmate, ya rufe "Abincin karin kumallo a Czar's", "Upauke Abubuwa" da "Komawa Titin Jasper", kuma ya bayyana cewa Julie ta bar sashen zane -zane don zuwa kwalejin fasaha. Littafin na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe, The Date, labari ne na "Kudi, Soyayya da Tsuntsaye", "Ƙauna da ƙaramin Gazette" da "A ƙarshe Dodo." Kowane littafin ya ƙunshi hoton hoto mai shafi takwas. Bidiyo na Gida na VCI, tare da Bidiyo na Tsakiya, ya fitar da ƙarar guda ɗaya akan VHS a cikin 1990 wanda ke nuna ɓangarori huɗu na farko: "Shafi Na Farko", "Kammala Hoto", "Darasi Mai Sauƙi "aya" da "Ƙarshe." Cikakken jerin Press Gang yana samuwa akan DVD (Yankin 2, Burtaniya) daga DVD Network da kuma a Ostiraliya (Yankin 4) daga Force Entertainment. Yankuna huɗu na jerin DVD na biyu sun ƙunshi sharhin sauti na Julia Sawalha da Steven Moffat, inda jarumar ta yi ikirarin ba ta tuna kaɗan game da wasan. Rubutun harbi da ƙarin bayanai daga jagorar shirin Jim Sangster (wanda Leomac Publishing ya buga) an haɗa su cikin tsarin PDF daga jerin biyu zuwa gaba. Saitin DVD na biyu kuma ya ƙunshi kwafin da ke akwai kawai, a cikin tsarin gyara layi, na shirin da ba a so ba wanda aka yi fim yayin samarwa na biyu. Nassoshi Littafin tarihin Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed

35322

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otumfuo%20Nana%20Osei%20Tutu%20II

Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

Osei Tutu II (an haife shi Nana Barima Kwaku Duah; 6 May 1950) shine 16th Asantehene, wanda aka kafa a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1999. Da suna, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II yana cikin matsayi kai tsaye ga wanda ya kafa Daular Ashanti na karni na 17, Otumfuo Osei Tutu I. Sannan kuma shi ne Shugaban Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Otumfuo Osei Tutu II shine Babban Majiɓinci na Grand Lodge na Ghana kuma Mai ɗaukar Takobi na United Grand Lodge na Ingila. Tarihin rayuwa Rayuwar farko An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1950 kuma ya sa masa suna Nana Barima Kwaku Duah, ɗa na uku kuma ƙarami cikin yara biyar ('ya'ya maza uku da mata biyu) Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Ampem II, Asantehemaa (Sarauniya-uwar Ashanti). Mahaifinsa Nana Kwame Boakye-Dankwa mutumin Kantinkyere ne a Ashanti kuma shi ne Brehyia Duke na Asante. Nana Kwame Boakye-Dankwa ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2002, a Kumasi, Ashanti. An ba Otumfuo Osei Tutu sunan kakan mahaifinsa, Ohenenana Kwaku Duah (Nana Agari), Brahyiahene, na Kantinkyiren a gundumar Atwima. 'Yan uwansa sun hada da Nana Ama Konadu, (Nana Konadu Yiadom III) wanda shine Asanteheemaa na 14, da kuma marigayi Barima Kwabena Poku, Barima Akwasi Prempeh. A lokacin da yake da kimanin shekara biyar, Otumfuo ya koma gidan sarautar kawunsa, Oheneba Mensah Bonsu, Hiahene, ya kwanta a 1952, a matsayin shiri da wuri don rawar da zai taka a nan gaba. Osei Tutu yana da yara shida. Mahaifinsa yana da wasu 'ya'ya daga wasu aure, ciki har da Yaw Boateng, Kwaku Duah, Kwabena Agyei-Bohyen, Afua Sarpong da Ama Agyemang (Kumasi, Ashanti), Fredua Agyeman Prempeh, Nana Kwasi Agyemang Prempeh da Nana Kwasi Boachie Gyambibi (Kumasi, Ashanti). Sunan Asantehene Osei Tutu II a lokacin haihuwa, Nana Barima Kwaku Duah, shine sunan kakan sarki Asante. Ilimi Ya yi karatun firamare a Kumasi kuma a shekarar 1964, ya wuce makarantar Sakandare ta Sefwi Wiaso inda ya sami ‘O’ Level wanda marigayi Omanhene na Sefwi Wiawso, Nana Kwadwo Aduhene II wanda kani ne ga waliyin Otumfuo. Oheneba Mensah Bonsu, Hiahene. Ya kuma halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Osei Kyeretwie (OKESS). Ya karanci karatun lissafin kudi a tsohuwar Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙwararru, wadda a yau ake kira Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararru a Accra. Daga nan ya shiga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Arewacin Landan (yanzu Jami'ar Metropolitan London), inda ya samu Difloma a fannin Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa. Jami'ar ta ba shi digirin girmamawa a wani biki a Cibiyar Barbican ranar 11 ga Janairu 2006. Sana'ar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1985, ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara a Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company a Toronto, Kanada. Ya koma London a cikin 1985 kuma ya zama Jami'in Ma'aikata a Aikin Garage Bus Garage na HPCC Stonebridge, a cikin gundumar London na Brent. Sannan ya kafa nasa kamfani na kuɗin jinginar gida, Primoda Financial Services Limited, dake kan Kilburn High Road, North West London. Ya koma kasar sa ta Ghana a shekarar 1989 don fara harkar sufuri, Transpomech International (Ghana) Limited. Asantehene (1999-yanzu) Ana girmama Asantehene sosai a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Osei Tutu ya sha yin tsokaci kan ayyukan 'yan siyasar Ghana. Ya samu kulawar kafafen yada labarai na duniya bayan da aka yi zargin an sace wasu kayan kambi na Ashanti a wani otel na Oslo a watan Oktoban 2012 lokacin da yake halartar wani taro a babban birnin Norway. A watan Agusta 2019, ya yi bikin Akwasidae tare da al'ummar Ghana a Burtaniya yayin da ya kai wata gajeriyar ziyara a can. Manyan baki da suka halarci taron sun hada da Paapa Owusu Ankomah, babban kwamishinan Ghana a kasar Birtaniya. A cikin Fabrairu 2020, ya zama mutum na farko da ya karɓi 'Pillar of Peace Award'. Hakan ya biyo bayan kokarin da ya yi na maido da zaman lafiya a Masarautar Dagbon da ta shafe kusan shekaru ashirin. Ya kuma samu lambar yabo ta musamman na shugaban CIMG na 2019. Mazauni Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II na Daular Asante yana zaune a fadar Manhyia da ke Kumasi, babban birnin yankin Ashanti da kuma daular Asante. Gudunmawar da za ta maido da zaman lafiya a Masarautar Dagbon Shugaba John Agyekum Kufuor ya kafa kwamitin manyan sarakuna, karkashin jagorancin Osei Tutu II, don shiga cikin rikicin masarautar Dagbon na 2002. Ayyukan kwamitin sun hada da gudanar da tattaunawa da sasantawa tsakanin iyalan masarautar Andani da Abudu, da kuma zana taswirar zaman lafiya a masarautar Dagbon. Kwamitin ya gabatar da shawarwarin su ga gwamnatin Ghana a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2018. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shawarwarin da suka hada da gudanar da jana'izar Mahamadu IV da Yakubu II daga 14 ga Disamba 2018 zuwa 18 ga Janairu 2019. Daga nan sai aka bi diddigin Bukali II a matsayin babban mai mulki na Masarautar Dagbon. A watan Disambar 2019, Bukali II ya kai ziyarar ban girma ga Otumfuo Osei Tutu a fadar Manhyia, domin nuna jin dadinsa kan rawar da Sarkin Asante ya taka wajen samar da zaman lafiya. Bikin cika shekara 20 An yi bikin cika shekaru 20 na Osei Tutu II a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2019, a Dwabirem na Fadar Manhyia. Wannan ya kasance a babban durbar na Akwasidae Kaise. Manyan mutane kamar Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo da Michael Ashwin Satyandre Adhin mataimakin shugaban Suriname da Torgbui Sri, Awomefia na jihar Anlo ne suka halarci taron. Sauran manyan baki sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya da na sarauta daga Namibia, Kuwait, Jamus, China, Morocco, Latvia, Botswana da Palestine. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, an gudanar da bikin yankan sod don kaddamar da ginin dakunan kwanan dalibai a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Washegari aka yanke sod ɗin don wasu ayyuka kamar GUSS Sports Complex, Park Soccer Park da Park Car Park. Rushewar manyan sarakuna A watan Yunin 2019, Osei Tutu II ya tsige hakimai biyu bisa laifuka daban-daban a kan kujera. An tsige Akyamfou Kwame Akowuah daga kan karagar mulki saboda keta babbar rantsuwar Asanteman. An kuma kori Nana Ahenkro Sei Ababio III saboda watsi da umarni game da sarauta da rikicin filaye. A cikin Afrilu 2018, Asantehene ya lalatar da Atwimahene, Nana Antwi Agyei Brempong II. An same shi da laifin yin amfani da Babban Rantsuwa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, da yin watsi da dokokin da sarki ya bayar game da gudanar da filaye da wasu munanan ayyuka da dama. Daga baya aka yi masa afuwa tare da mayar da shi bakin aiki. A shekara ta 2009, Nana Kofi Agyei Bi III, an tsige shugaban Atwimah bisa laifin sayar da filaye na yaudara. A shekarar 2015, an tsige shugaban Nana Mensah Bonsu na Pakyi Number One saboda ingiza matasa su yi barna a yankin. A cikin 2002 Osei Tutu ya tsige Ohenenana Kwaku Duah, shugaban Bonwire, saboda rashin biyayya da rashin kula da kwastam wajen nadawa da sauke manyan hafsoshinsa. A watan Yulin 2020, an gayyaci Bantamahene a gaban sarki bisa zargin yin amfani da filaye da karkatar da kogin Subin ba tare da izini ba. An yi masa afuwa ne bayan da wasu daga cikin hakiman sashe suka nemi a yi masa afuwa. An umarce shi da ya dawo da duk wani mataki da aka dauka na keta haddin kasa da karkatar da koguna da kuma ci tarar shi. Alƙawarin kare muhalli da kiyayewa A watan Yulin 2019, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II ya ba da sanarwar sadaukarwarsa don kare rafukan ruwa na Masarautar Asante. Wannan zai kunshi dasa itatuwa miliyan 2.5 a kusa da tafkin Bosomtwe kuma zai kai kadada 400. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta yanayin muhalli, kwantar da sauyin yanayi da haɓaka wayar da kan muhalli tsakanin al'ummomin da ke kewayen tafkin. Shirin dashen bishiyar hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin Gidauniyar Oheneba Poku da Fadar Manhyia. Hukumar kula da gandun daji, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA), Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa, Hukumar Kula da Yawon shakatawa ta Ghana, UNESCO, Majalisun gundumomi na Bosome-Freho da Bosumtwe, da kuma Lake Bosomtwe Community Management Areas (CREMA), wanda kungiya ce mai zaman kanta. su ne sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Wasan Lottery na Otumfuo Kungiyar Asantehene ta hada karfi da karfe da hukumar kula da irin caca ta kasa (NLA) kuma tana shirin kaddamar da wasan Otumfuo Lottery. Wannan shiri ne na tara kudade don tallafawa gidauniyar agaji ta Otumfuo. A watan Mayun 2019, kwamitin aiki wanda ya kunshi mambobin Hukumar Kula da Lottery ta Kasa (NLA), Hukumar Kasuwancin Jiha (SEC) da kuma kungiyar gudanarwar jihar Asante, sun gabatar da rahoto ga Sarkin domin amincewa. Kungiyar masu gudanar da ayyukan Lotto masu zaman kansu a Ghana sun bayyana shirinsu na rungumar wasan domin cimma burinsa. Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Foundation (OOTIIF) An kaddamar da gidauniyar agaji ta Otumfuo Osei Tutu II a hukumance a watan Afrilun 2009. An kafa ta ne domin baiwa sarki damar yiwa jama’arsa hidima a bangarorin biyu da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai: ilimi da lafiya. Dangane da haka, an kafa "Asusun Ilimi na Otumfuo" a shekarar 1999 don inganta ilimi ga 'yan Ghana da gidauniyar Serwah Ampem AIDS ga yaran da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau ko kuma abin ya shafa. Asusun Ilimi ya sami zuwa Afrilu 2019, yana tallafawa ɗalibai 301,980 tare da tallafin karatu da sauran nau'ikan tallafi. Wannan lambar ta ƙunshi ɗalibai 25,756 waɗanda suka sami cikakken tallafin karatu da wasu 276,224 waɗanda suka sami nau'i ɗaya na tallafin kuɗi ko ɗayan. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2019, sama da malamai 600 ne aka amince da su a cikin shirin bayar da kyaututtukan malamai na gidauniyar. Hakan ya kasance don nuna godiya ga malaman da ke aiki a yankunan da ke fama da talauci kuma ba su da wutar lantarki, tarho, ruwan sha da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa. Malamai da yawa sun ki yarda a tura su wadannan yankuna saboda halin kuncin rayuwa. Kyautar tana cikin nau'ikan kuɗi, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, firiji da kuma tallafin karatu har zuwa karatun digiri na uku. A cikin Oktoba 2017, Global Communities sun haɗa kai da Gidauniyar don fara aikin Haɓaka Harkokin Kasuwancin Matasa don Aiki (YIEDIE). An dauki wannan shiri na tsawon shekaru biyar da nufin samar da damammaki a harkar gine-gine, domin amfanar matasa masu fama da matsalar tattalin arziki. Global Communities, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta tare da isa ga duniya, tana aiki tare da al'ummomi don ƙirƙirar canje-canje masu dorewa waɗanda ke inganta rayuwa da rayuwar marasa galihu. Aiwatar da wannan aikin ya kasance tare da Gidauniyar Mastercard. Aikin yana aiki a manyan biranen Ghana biyar: Accra, Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ashaiman, da Tema kuma zai samar da damammaki ga matasa akalla 23,700, masu shekaru 17-24, wadanda ke samun kasa da dala $2 a kowace rana. A watan Nuwamba 2017, an ba yara 4,946 daga gundumomi takwas a yankunan Ashanti, Ahafo, Bono da Bono Gabas (Sekyere North, Bekwai Municipality, Atwima Mponua, Bibaini-Anwhiaso-Bekwai, Bosomtwe, Offinso Municipality, New Edubaise da gundumar Goaso) kyauta horon kwamfuta. An yi hakan ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Otumfuo-Agroecom Mobile Library Project (OAMLP), wanda wani reshe ne na Otumfuo Charity Foundation, da Agroecom Ghana Ltd, kamfanin siyan koko. Wannan shiri dai ya yi daidai da manufarsa na cike gibin da ake samu a yanayin koyo tsakanin al'ummomin birane da marasa galihu da sanya karatu da amfani da ICT ga dalibai a matakin farko. A cikin Janairu 2019, Gidauniyar da Gidauniyar Masu Ilimin Matasa wadanda su ne masu shirya gasar ''Spelling Bee'' suka shiga yarjejeniya. Wannan an yi niyya ne don samar da shirye-shiryen adabi na Gidauniyar Masu Ilmantarwa ga al'ummomin da ba su da gata da kuma makarantun gwamnati a yankin Ashanti. Hakan zai baiwa dalibai 100 damar cin gajiyar shirin a duk shekara. A cikin Mayu 2020, ƙananan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a Kumasi sun karɓi littattafai da ƙamus sama da 2000. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin da suka ci gajiyar wannan karimcin sun hada da Bohyen, Aduato, Adumanu, Ampabame da South Suntreso. An yi hakan ne don sanya ɗalibai su kasance masu ƙwazo yayin da aka rufe makarantu don shawo kan yaduwar COVID-19. A watan Yuni na 2020, Gidauniyar ta ba da gudummawar littattafai ga kusan ɗaliban Makarantar Sakandare 750 daga manyan makarantu 11 a yankin Ahafo na Ghana. Hakan ya kasance domin saukaka kyakyawan aikin da daliban ke yi, musamman a jarrabawar kammala karatun boko (BECE). A cikin Yuli 2020, AngloGold Ashanti ya haɗu tare da Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Charity Foundation da Obuasi Municipal and East Educational Directorates don ƙaddamar da Shirin Koyon Radiyo kai tsaye da Nisa a Obuasi. Wannan ya kasance don tabbatar da ci gaba a cikin koyo, kodayake an rufe makarantu don sarrafa COVID-19. Gidauniyar ta sami tallafi daga ma'adinan da adadin Ghana Cedis (GH₵) 150,000 don siye da rarraba kwafin 10,000 na Masu Karatu da Littattafan Aiki ga Daliban Makarantar Sakandare a yankin. A cikin Maris 2021, an canza sunan gidauniyar zuwa Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Foundation (OOTIIF). Wannan dai na zuwa ne a sakamakon hadewar Asusun Ilimi na Otumfuo da gidauniyar Serwaa Ampem Foundation for Children da Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Charity Foundation da aka hade su zuwa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta tare da sabon kwamitin amintattu da gudanarwa. Sabuwar hukumar ta kunshi Nana Prof. Oheneba Boachie-Adjei Woahene II a matsayin shugaba da Sir Samuel Esson Jonah, Dr. Kwaku Mensa-Bonsu, Mrs. Margaret Boateng Sekyere, Dr. Kwame Bawuah-Edusei, Rev. Akua Ofori-Boateng, Mr. Andrew Asamoah, Nana Akuoku Boateng da Mrs. Mariam Agyeman Gyasi Jawhary. Manazarta Rayayyun

15395

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funlola%20Aofiyebi-Raimi

Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi

Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi, Sunan haihuwa Abibat Oluwafunmilola Aofiyebi kuma an san ta da suna FAR, 'yar fim ce ta Nijeriya. Ta kuma daɗe tana nuna rediyo. Ta fito a fim din The Figurine, Tinsel da MTV Shuga. Farkon Rayuwa Funlola Aofiyebi ita ce ta ƙarshe a cikin yara bakwai, wacce mahaifiyarsu ’yar kasuwa kuma mahaifinta ɗan kasuwa ya haifa. Sunan FAR ya zo ne bayan ta yi aure kuma ya zama sa hannun ta. FAR ta fara farawa da wuri akan wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin, tare da kawunta Teni Aofiyebi, gogaggiyar 'yar fim. Ta yi aure ga masanin talla Olayinka Raimi. Ayyuka FAR ta dauki kwas na wasan kwaikwayo na TV a kwalejin Westminster, da kuma a Studioan wasan kwaikwayo Studio a Bunkinghamshire. Tana kuma da BSc a fannin ilimin zamantakewar ɗan adam daga jami'ar Lagos a Najeriya. FAR ta fara fitowa a fim ɗin Amaka Igwe wanda aka keta tare da Joke Silva, Richard Mofe Damijo, Ego Boyo da Kunle Bamtefa An zaɓa ta ne don kyautar kyauta mafi kyau mai zuwa mai suna THEMA a shekarar 1996. FAR an jefa shi a matsayin babban jagora a cikin Riƙon Imani, ta darekta Steve Gukas An zabi FAR ne don lambar yabo ta AMMA mafi kyawun goyan bayan 'yar fim don Figurine wanda Kunle Afolayan ya jagoranta. Kafin ya bayyana a cikin shirin TV na M-net Tinsel, yana wasa Brenda, FAR ya fito a wasu wasannin kwaikwayo kamar Doctors Quarters, Solitaire, da Palace FAR tayi aiki a dandali a cikin Wakar Wancan Tsohuwar Wakar Domin Ni da Babban Gida wanda Rasheed Badamusi ya rubuta, da kuma The Vagina Monologues FAR tayi nasarar wasan kwaikwayo na rawa mai suna Celebrity Takeakes 2 A shekarar 2014, FAR ta kasance tare da fitaccen jarumin fim din Burtaniya da na Najeriya Wale Ojo Tana da shirin rediyo mai suna Touch of Spice na tsawon shekaru 14 (an fara a watan Agusta shekarar 1999). FAR ta kasance cikin MTV Shuga a cikin shekarar 2019 da shekara ta 2020 kuma matsayinta na tallafawa na "Mrs Olutu" an haɗa ta lokacin da ta shiga cikin wani ƙaramin shiri mai taken MTV Shuga Kadai Tare tare da nuna matsalolin Coronavirus a ranar 20 Afrilu 2020. Tunde Aladese ne ya rubuta jerin kuma ake watsawa a kowane mako da dare masu tallafa mata sun hada da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya An tsara jerin ne a Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya da Côte d'Ivoire kuma labarin ya ci gaba ta hanyar amfani da tattaunawa ta kan layi tsakanin mazaunin. Dukkanin fim din ‘yan fim ne suka yi waɗanda suka haɗa da Lerato Walaza, Mamarumo Marokane, Jemima Osunde, Folu Storms da FAR. Finafinai The Figurine (2009) Tinsel (2008–Present) Grey Dawn (2015) Entreat (2016) Kyauta Tayi nasara a gasar Africa Movie Awards Academy (AMAA); Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Figurine) 2010 Tayi nasara a gasar Nigeria Entertainment Awards, New York (NEA); Best Actress in a TV Show (Tinsel) 2010 Tayi nasara a gasar Celebrity Takes 2 (Nigerian Celebrity Dance Competition) 2007 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Funlola Aofiyebi on IMDb Official website Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

22147

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samun%20Ilimi

Samun Ilimi

Universal samun ilimi ne da ikon dukkan mutane zuwa da damar daidaita a ilimi, ko da kuwa su zaman jama'a aji, tseren, jinsi, jima'i, kabilanci bango ko jiki da hankulansu nakasa Ana amfani da kalmar a duka lokacin shigar da kwaleji don azuzuwan aji da ƙananan, da kuma fasahar taimaka wa nakasassu Wasu masu sukar ra'ayi suna ganin cewa wannan aikin a cikin ilimin firamare, akasin tsayayyar cancanta, yana haifar da ƙimar darajar ilimi. Don sauƙaƙa damar ba da ilimi ga kowa, ƙasashe suna da haƙƙin neman ilimi.' Samun damar samun ilimi a duniya yana karfafa hanyoyi da dama na koyar da ilimi don cimma nasarar yada ilimin a fadin bambancin zamantakewar, al'adu, tattalin arziki, kasa da kuma ilimin halittu. Da farko an haɓaka tare da taken samun dama daidai da haɗa ɗalibai masu ilmantarwa ko nakasa jiki da tunani, jigogin da ke jagorantar samun ilimi a duniya yanzu sun faɗaɗa a kan dukkan nau'ikan iko da bambancin ra'ayi Koyaya, kamar yadda ma'anar bambance-bambancen take a cikin kanta hadadden hadadden tsari ne, malamai masu amfani da damar samun damar duniya zasu ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale tare da haɗa canje-canje a cikin tsarin karatunsu don haɓaka jigogi na damar dama ta ilimi daidai. Yayin da ake ci gaba da samun damar shiga cikin tsarin ilimin Amurka, ana buƙatar furofesoshi da malamai a matakin kwaleji (a wasu lokuta bisa doka) su sake yin tunani game da hanyoyin sauƙaƙa samun dama a cikin ajujuwansu. Samun dama ga ilimin kwaleji na iya haɗawa da samar da hanyoyi daban-daban na kimantawa na koyo da riƙewa. Misali, domin sanin yawan kayan da aka koya, farfesa na iya neman hanyoyi da yawa na tantancewa. Hanyoyin kimantawa na iya haɗawa da cikakken jarabawa, gwajin naúrar, manyan ayyuka, takardun bincike, nazarin adabi, gwajin baka ko ayyukan gida. Bayar da hanyoyi daban-daban don kimanta girman ilmantarwa da riƙewa ba kawai zai gano gibin da ke akwai ba ne a cikin duniya amma kuma zai iya haɓaka hanyoyin inganta damar duniya. Rashin nuna wariya da daidaito a harkar ilimi 'Yancin ɗan adam haƙƙin duniya ne, saboda haka ana amfani da shi ga kowa daidai ba tare da nuna bambanci ba Koyaya, adadi mai yawa na mutane sun rasa ilimi saboda wariyar da ke hana damar samun ilimi. Nuna wariyar launin fata ya bayyana a bayyane ta fuskar samun ilimi. Misali, 'yan mata na iya fuskantar matsalolin da suka shafi jinsi kamar auren yara, ciki, da cin zarafin jinsi wadanda galibi kan hana su zuwa makaranta ko bayar da tasu gudunmawar barin makarantar. Mutanen da ke da nakasa galibi suna fuskantar batutuwan amfani da zahiri, kamar ƙarancin tuddai ko jigilar makarantu da suka dace, wanda ke sa wuya zuwa makaranta. 'Yan cirani galibi suna fuskantar shingen gudanarwa wanda ke hana su yin rajista, wanda hakan ke hana su tsarin ilimi. Koyaya, nuna wariya ma yana faruwa a tsakanin tsarin ilimin yayin da wasu kungiyoyin da ke karbar darajar ilimi mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da wasu, misali, ingancin ilimi a makarantun birane da alama ya fi wanda ake samu a karkara. Hakanan wariyar launin fata yana faruwa bayan ilimi inda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane basa iya samun fa'ida ɗaya daga karatun su. Misali, yara maza masu ilimi sukan daina zuwa makaranta da karfin albashi fiye da yara mata masu ilimi. Abubuwan nuna bambanci da daidaito da aka samo a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa (IHRL) sun wanzu don tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da ƙa'idar nan ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rashin nuna bambanci da daidaito ba ra'ayoyi ne da ba a fahimtarsu a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya (IHRL). An fadada haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda aka haɓaka cikin shekaru da yawa don magance wariyar da mutane ke fuskanta a yau da kullun. Musamman ilimi inda ake amfani da haƙƙin nuna wariya da daidaito ga haƙƙin neman ilimi a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da yawa na haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da wanda aka keɓe ga batun, wanda aka sani da UNESCO CADE. Duk da karfin rashin nuna wariya da dokar daidaito, kawar da nuna banbanci da banbanci wani kalubale ne da Jihohi da kasashen duniya ke fuskanta. An yarda da wannan a cikin Shekara ta 2015 lokacin da kasashen duniya suka lashi takobin 'ba kowa a baya'. Yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa da na yanki suna amfani da hakkokin rashin nuna wariya da daidaito ga yancin samun ilimin wasu kebabbun kungiyoyi. Kungiyoyin da aka ware su ne wadanda suka sha wahala na tsawon lokaci da nuna bambanci na tarihi, yawanci, amma ba na musamman ba, bisa asalin asali (jinsi, alal misali), halaye (kabila, launin fata), ko yanayi 'yan gudun hijira, bakin haure,' yan gudun hijira na cikin gida Mai yuwuwa akwai yiwuwar a bijiro da nau'ikan nuna bambanci. Misalan kungiyoyin da aka ware sun hada da: yan mata da mata 'yan tsiraru na kasa, kabila, da yare mutanen da ke da nakasa 'yan asalin ƙasar bakin haure 'yan gudun hijira masu neman mafaka marasa jihar 'yan gudun hijirar (IDPs) mutanen da ke tsare wadanda aka hana wa walwala mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci mutanen da suke zaune a yankunan karkara mutanen da cutar ta HIV ta shafa mutanen da cutar zabiya ta shafa LGBTQI tsofaffi da sauransu Samun ilimi ta hanyar doka A shekara ta 2009 majalisar dokokin Indiya da shugaban kasar Indiya duk sun sanya hannu tare da amincewa da kudurin da zai ba da doka kyauta ta tilasta ilimi ga yara ‘yan shekara shida zuwa goma sha hudu. Ya kasance babban mataki zuwa ga ilimin duniya ga kowa. Muchkund Dubey marubucin labarin "'Yancin' Ya'ya ga Dokar Ilimi da Tilastawa, 2009 Labarin Bacewar Dama "ya tattauna kuma ya nuna batutuwan samun dama, ingancin ilimi, tasirin kudi, da nuna wariya. A Amurka, Brown vs. Hukumar Ilimi ta yanke shawara mai kyau saboda ta gano kuma ta bayyana cewa, "wuraren ilimi daban-daban babu kamarsu". Wannan ya fara aiwatar da yanke hukunci a makarantu da yawa wadanda basu yanke hukunci ba har yanzu. Mahimmancin Brown vs. Kwamitin ya kasance dama ce ga dukkan ɗalibai su halarci cibiyoyin ilimi daidai gwargwadon banbancin launin fatarsu. Jonathan Kozol, marubucin littafin Shame of the Nation, yi magana game da yadda “yanayin jiki a cikin waɗannan sabbin makarantun da aka haɗu sun kasance mafi farin ciki… yanayin hankali tsakanin malamai da yara [sun] kasance masu ɗoki” a cikin abin da ya biyo baya na rarrabuwa. Samun dama ga duniya Samun Ilimi na Duniya yana nufin mutane suna da damar daidai don shiga kowane tsarin ilimi. Koyaya, ba kowane ɗayan mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko kabilu ake ba dama daidai ba. An yaba wa Amurka da tunanin da ake da shi na samun damar shiga duniya a matsayin damuwa ga nakasassu. Hukumomin kasa da kasa guda biyu (Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya da Bankin Duniya) sun kiyasta kimanin mutane biliyan daya a duk fadin duniya nau'ikan nakasa daban-daban. Tsakanin miliyan 93 zuwa 150 daga cikinsu yara ne. Plan International ya bayyana cewa waɗannan yara ba za su iya zuwa makaranta ba kuma idan sun yi rajista za a raba su da ɗalibai na yau da kullun. Partungiyar Kawancen Duniya don Ilimi ta ce kusan kashi 90 na yaran da ke fama da nakasa daga ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci da masu matsakaici ba sa karatu. A tarihi, waɗannan yara ba a saka su cikin tsarin ilimin talakawa kuma ana magana da su makarantun koyo na musamman. Abin takaici ne cewa ilimi har zuwa yau ba ya samun damar miliyoyin yara 'yan makaranta a duniya. Yara miliyan 72 ko fiye da shekarun karatun firamare ba sa zuwa makaranta. Wasu manya miliyan 759 ba su da ilimi. Basu da ilimin da ake buƙata wajen inganta yanayin rayuwar iyalansu. Talauci na haifar da rashin ilimi. A kusan dukkanin kasashe (masu tasowa da ci gaba), an hana yara ilimi sakamakon rashin daidaito wanda ke fitowa daga lafiya, jinsi, da kuma al'adun gargajiya kamar addini, yare, da asalin kabila. Abubuwan da ke tattare da talauci da suka hada da rashin aikin yi, iyayen da ba su iya karatu ba, da kuma rashin lafiya suna ƙara yiwuwar rashin yin makaranta, da kuma yawan faduwa. Ilimin firamare na duniya ya zama babbar matsala ga ƙasashe da yawa. Mafi yawa daga cikin wadannan kasashe masu tasowa basu mallaki isassun kayan kudi don gina makarantu, samar da litattafai da sauran kayan aiki ba, da daukar ma'aikata, horarwa, da kuma biyan malamai. Yankin Afirka da ke Kudu da Sahara shine yankin da abin ya fi shafa domin har yanzu yaran Afirka miliyan 32 ba su da ilimi. Wannan yana biyo baya ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Pacific tare da miliyan 27 ko fiye. Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa damar samun ilimi ta bai-daya ta kasance babbar manufa ce nan da shekarar 2030. Bibliography Babban Gwaji tarihin ci gaban ƙarni na ashirin a Amurka na samun damar shiga kwalejoji a duniya. Duba kuma Ilimi na kyauta Ilimi Ga Kowa Ilimi gaba daya Laptop guda ɗaya ga kowane Yaro Hakkin ilimi Majiya

31836

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simy

Simy

Simeon Tochukwu Nwankwo (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1992), wanda aka fi sani da Simy, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Serie B ta Parma, a matsayin aro daga kulob din Serie A Salernitana Ya kuma buga wa tawagar kasar Najeriya wasa a shekarar 2018. Simy shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka daya tilo da ya kasance mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar kwararru ta Italiya 2019–20 Seria B Tare da kwallaye 66 a duk gasa, shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin Crotone Simy kuma shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka daya tilo, tare da Samuel Eto'o a 2010–11, da suka zura kwallaye 20 a gasar Seria A daya, bayan da suka samu nasara a shekarar 2020–21 Aikin kulob A cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2016, Simy ya sanya hannu don Crotone, sabon haɓaka zuwa Serie A. Ya zira kwallaye bakwai a lokacin yakin 2017-18, an ɗaure tare da Ante Budimir don na biyu mafi girma ga kulob din kuma daya ne kawai a bayan babban dan wasan Marcello Trotta Wannan ya hada da bugun daga kai wanda ba a mantawa da shi ba a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da zakarun Juventus a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2018. Crotone, duk da haka, za a yi watsi da shi a karshen kakar wasa. Ko da yake kulob din ya yi fama da matsayi na goma sha biyu a komawarsa Serie B, Simy ya sami damar samun yanayinsa kuma yana da mafi kyawun kakarsa tun lokacin da ya koma Italiya, inda ya gama na farko a tawagarsa kuma na shida gabaɗaya a raga da sha huɗu. Ya yi nasara a wannan kamfen na 2019-20, inda ya zama saman Seria B da kwallaye ashirin kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa samun ci gaba zuwa babban matakin Italiya. Simy ya sake bazuwa a lokacin kakar 2020-21, inda ya zira kwallaye 20 a raga, amma wannan bai isa ya hana Crotone ficewa ba bayan kakar wasa guda a saman jirgin. A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2021, Simy ya koma sabuwar ƙungiyar Seria A mai haɓaka Salernitana akan lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa. Salernitana A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2022, Salernitana ya sami cikakken haƙƙin Simy akan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 3.50. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2022, an ba da Simy aro ga kulob din Seria B Parma na sauran kakar wasa tare da zabin siye. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2018, koci Gernot Rohr ya kira Simy zuwa sansanin 'yan wasan Najeriya a shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Bayan kwana uku, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da DR Congo A watan Yuni ne aka saka shi cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 23 na karshe da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar da Croatia inda ya shigo wasan a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin na biyu yayin da Najeriya ta tashi 0-2. Haka kuma ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Argentina da ci 1-2 wadda ta fitar da Najeriya daga gasar cin kofin duniya. Rayuwa ta sirri Simy ita ce babba a cikin yara uku. Dan uwansa, likitan physiotherapist, da 'yar uwarsa, ma'aikaciyar jinya, tagwaye ne. Simy da matarsa yan Katolika ne kuma suna da ɗa. Simy ya kasance batun cin zarafi na wariyar launin fata a kafafen sada zumunta a lokacin da yake a Crotone, gami da fatan dansa zai mutu da ciwon daji na pancreatic. Da yake tsayawa kan wariyar launin fata, magajin garin Crotone, Vincenzo Voce, ya ba ɗan Nwankwo matsayin ɗan ƙasa na birni a ranar 27 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2021. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Manazarta 1. "2018 FIFA World Cup: List of players" (PDF). FIFA. 23 June 2018. p. 19. 2. Sport, Sky. "Simy al Parma, l'attaccante nigeriano riparte dalla Serie B: le news di calciomercato Sky Sport" sport.sky.it Retrieved 31 January 2022. 3. "Simy Nwankwo Simeon Tochukwu Nwankwo Crotone" www.calciozz.it (in Italian). Retrieved 14 May 2018. 4. Emanuele Castellucci (1 August 2020). "Simy capocannoniere della Serie B: è il primo africano a riuscirci. E la Lazio..." Lazionews.eu (in Italian). Retrieved 12 March 2021. 5. "Simy come Eto'o: gli unici africani a segnare 20 reti in Serie A" Hibet Social News e curiosità su Sport, Fantacalcio ed E-Sports (in Italian). 22 May 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021. 6. "Nuovo acquisto in casa rossoblù: arriva Simeon Tochukwu Nwankwo ilRossoBlu.it" ilRossoBlu.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2018. 7. "Crotone, Simy dopo la rovesciata: "Io come CR7? C'ho provato. Dimostrato di credere nella salvezza" Mediagol" Mediagol (in Italian). 19 April 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018. 8. "Video Simy, pazzesco gol in rovesciata. Il Crotone pareggia con la Juventus. Bicicletta alla Cristiano Ronaldo" OA Sport (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2018. 9. Football Italia. "Serie A 2017-18 season review" Football Italia. Retrieved 27 March 2021. 10. Staff Reporter, 8 August 2020. "Serie B top scorer Nwankwo eyes Nigeria return" African Football Retrieved 27 March 2021. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Simy Simy a Goalsreplay.com 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun

48519

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Machen

Arthur Machen

Arthur Machen mækən ko mæxən 3 Maris 1863 15 Disamba 1947) shine sunan alkalami na Arthur Llewellyn Jones, marubucin Welsh kuma masanin sufi na 1890s da farkon. Karni na 20. An fi saninsa da tasiri na allahntaka, fantasy, da almara mai ban tsoro Littafin littafinsa The Great God Pan (1890; 1894) ya sami suna a matsayin abin ban tsoro, tare da Stephen King yana kwatanta shi da "Wataƙila mafi kyawun [labari mai ban tsoro] a cikin harshen Ingilishi." Har ila yau, an san shi da "The Bowmen", wani ɗan gajeren labari wanda aka karanta a matsayin gaskiya, ƙirƙirar almara na Mala'iku na Mons Tarihin Rayuwa Shekarun farko An haifi Machen Arthur Llewelyn Jones a Caerleon, Monmouthshire Gidan da aka haife shi, wanda ke gaban Olde Bull Inn a cikin Dandalin a Caerleon, yana kusa da Priory Hotel kuma a yau an yi masa alama da alamar shuɗi na tunawa. Kyakkyawar shimfidar wuri na Monmouthshire (wanda yawanci yakan kira shi da sunan masarautar Welsh na da, Gwent tare da ƙungiyoyin Celtic, Roman, da tarihin na da, sun yi tasiri sosai a kansa, kuma ƙaunarsa ta kasance a cikin zuciyar da yawa daga cikin ayyukansa. Machen ya fito ne daga dogon layin limamai, dangin sun samo asali ne a Carmarthenshire A cikin 1864, lokacin da Machen ke da shekaru biyu, mahaifinsa John Edward Jones, ya zama magajin Ikklesiya na Llanddewi Fach tare da Llandegveth, kusan mil biyar arewa da Caerleon, kuma Machen ya girma a wurin rectory. Jones ya karɓi sunan budurwar matarsa, Machen, don ya gaji gado, a bisa doka ya zama "Jones-Machen"; ɗansa ya yi baftisma a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan kuma daga baya ya yi amfani da gajeriyar fassarar cikakken sunansa, Arthur Machen, a matsayin sunan alƙalami. Masanin tarihi na yankin Fred Hando ya bibiyi sha'awar Machen game da sihiri zuwa adadin Kalmomin Gida a cikin ɗakin karatu na mahaifinsa, wanda a ciki ya karanta, yana ɗan shekara takwas, labari mai jan hankali kan alchemy Hando ya ba da labarin sauran karatun Machen na farko: Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Machen ya shiga Makarantar Cathedral na Hereford, inda ya sami kyakkyawan ilimin gargajiya. Talauci na iyali ya hana zuwa jami'a, kuma an tura Machen zuwa Landan, inda ya yi jarrabawar shiga makarantar likita amma ya kasa shiga. Machen, duk da haka, ya nuna alƙawarin wallafe-wallafen, a cikin 1881 ya buga wani dogon waka "Eleusinia" a kan batun Eleusinian Mysteries Ya koma Landan, ya rayu cikin talauci, yana ƙoƙarin yin aikin jarida, a matsayin magatakardar wallafe-wallafe, kuma a matsayin mai koyar da yara yayin da yake rubutu da yamma kuma yana tafiya cikin dogon zango a London. A cikin 1884 ya buga aikinsa na biyu, pastiche The Anatomy of Tobacco, kuma ya sami aiki tare da mawallafi da mai sayar da littattafai George Redway a matsayin mai ba da labari da editan mujallu. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin aiki a matsayin mai fassara daga Faransanci, fassara Heptameron na Marguerite de Navarre, Le Moyen de Parvenir Fantastic Tales na Béroalde de Verville, da Memoirs na Casanova A cikin 1887, shekarar da mahaifinsa ya mutu, Machen ya auri Amelia (Amy) Hogg, malamin kiɗan da ba na al'ada ba tare da sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke da abokai na adabi a cikin da'irar bohemian na London. Hogg ya gabatar da Machen ga marubuci kuma mai sihiri AE Waite, wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin abokan Machen na kusa. Machen kuma ya sanya sanin wasu ƴan adabi, irin su MP Shiel da Edgar Jepson Ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurensa, Machen ya fara samun jerin abubuwan gado daga dangin Scotland wanda ya ba shi damar ba da lokaci mai yawa don rubutu. Lalacewar adabi a cikin 1890s Around 1890 Machen ya fara bugawa a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe, rubuta labarun da suka shafi ayyukan Robert Louis Stevenson, wasu daga cikinsu sunyi amfani da gothic ko jigogi masu ban mamaki Wannan ya haifar da babbar nasararsa ta farko, The Great God Pan John Lane ne ya buga shi a cikin 1894 a cikin Fitattun Mahimman Bayanai, wanda wani bangare ne na haɓakar motsin ɗabi'a na lokacin. An yi Allah wadai da labarin Machen don jima'i da abubuwan ban tsoro kuma saboda haka an sayar da shi sosai, ya shiga bugu na biyu. Machen na gaba ya samar da The Three Impostors, wani labari wanda ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi masu yawa da aka saka, a cikin 1895. Littafin labari da labaran da ke cikinsa daga ƙarshe za a ɗauke su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan Machen. Duk da haka, bayan abin kunya da ya shafi Oscar Wilde daga baya a wannan shekarar, haɗin gwiwar Machen tare da ayyukan ban tsoro ya sa ya yi masa wuya ya sami mai wallafa don sababbin ayyuka. Don haka, ko da yake zai rubuta wasu manyan ayyukansa a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa, wasu an buga su da yawa daga baya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tudun Mafarki, Hieroglyphics, Rushewar Rayuwa, labarin Farin Mutane da labarun da suka haɗa da Kayan Ado a Jade. Bakin ciki da aiki: 1899-1910 A shekara ta 1899, matar Machen Amy ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji bayan doguwar jinya. Wannan ya yi mummunan tasiri a kan Machen. Sai kawai a hankali ya murmure daga asararsa a cikin shekara mai zuwa, wani bangare ta hanyar abokantakarsa da AE Waite Ta hanyar tasirin Waite ne Machen ya shiga a wannan lokacin Dokar Hermetic na Golden Dawn, kodayake sha'awar Machen ga kungiyar ba ta dawwama ko zurfi sosai. Machen dai ya kara samun murmurewa ne sakamakon canjin sana'a da ya yi ba zato ba tsammani, inda ya zama dan wasa a shekarar 1901 kuma memba a kamfanin Frank Benson na 'yan wasa masu balaguro, sana'ar da ta zagaya kasar. Wannan ya jagoranci a cikin 1903 zuwa aure na biyu, zuwa Dorothie Purefoy Hudleston, wanda ya kawo farin ciki da Machen. Machen ya sami nasarar samun mawallafi a cikin 1902 don aikin da ya rubuta a baya Hieroglyphics, nazarin yanayin wallafe-wallafen, wanda ya kammala cewa wallafe-wallafen gaskiya dole ne su nuna "cstasy". A cikin 1906 aikin adabin Machen ya fara bunƙasa sau ɗaya yayin da littafin The House of Souls ya tattara manyan ayyukansa na 90ties kuma ya kawo su ga sababbin masu sauraro. Ya kuma buga wani aikin satirical, Dr Stiggins: Ra'ayinsa da Ka'idodinsa, gabaɗaya ya ɗauki ɗayan ayyukansa mafi rauni. Machen kuma a wannan lokacin yana binciken Kiristanci na Celtic, Grail mai tsarki da kuma Sarki Arthur Buga ra'ayinsa a cikin The Academy of Lord Alfred Douglas, wanda ya rubuta akai-akai, Machen ya kammala da cewa tatsuniyoyi na Grail a zahiri sun dogara ne akan abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru na Cocin Celtic. Wadannan ra'ayoyin kuma sun fito da karfi a cikin littafin The Secret Glory wanda ya rubuta a wannan lokacin, yana nuna alamar amfani da farko a cikin almara na ra'ayin da Grail ya tsira zuwa zamanin yau a wasu nau'i, ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai tun daga lokacin, kamar yadda Charles Williams ya yi. Yaƙi a Sama Dan Brown The Da Vinci Code da George Lucas Indiana Jones da Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe A cikin 1907, The Hill of Dreams, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mashahuriyar Machen, an buga shi a ƙarshe, kodayake ba a san shi da yawa ba a lokacin.

22600

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Foden

Phil Foden

Philip Walter Foden (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar dubu biyu(2000)), ne a England sana'arsa kwallon kafa yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Premier League a kulob din Manchester City da Ingila tawagar kasarsa. Foden ya sami nasarar shiga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017),lokacin da ya ci kyautar( FIFA U-17), World Cup Golden Ball bayan nasarar da Ingila ta samu a gasar yan kasa da shekara( 17) na Kofin Duniya. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a City a wannan shekarar kuma a watan Disamba ne aka zabi gwarzon dan wasa na BBC na Shekarar. Tun daga lokacin da Foden ya buga wasanni sama da( 100), a kungiyar, inda ya samu nasarar girmamawa har sau takwas ciki har da zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu lambar yabo ta Premier. A cikin shekara ta 2019, ya ci Firimiya karo na biyu kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kuma shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a Ingila da ya fara wasa da zira kwallaye a wasannin zagayen gaba na gasar. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an lasafta shi a matsayin Premier Player of the Young of the Season da kuma PFA Young Player of the Year Foden ya wakilci Ingila a matakan matasa da yawa, inda ya ci kwallaye (19), a wasanni( 51 na matasa. An fara kiran sa zuwa babbar kungiyar a ranar (25), watan Agustan shekara ta (2020), kuma ya buga wasan farko da Iceland (5 Satumbar a shekara ta 2020), a nasarar da aka tashi( 1-0 ),a UEFA Nations League. Klub din Manchester City Farkon aiki An Haife shi a Stockport, Greater Manchester, Foden ya kasance mai goyon bayan ƙuruciya ga Manchester City. Ya shiga kulob din yana da shekara hudu kuma ya sanya hannu a kan karatunsa na Kwalejin a watan Yulin shekara ta (2016), Yayi karatun kansa a Kwalejin St Bede, tare da biyan kuɗin karatunsa daga Manchester City. A ranar 6, ga watan Disambar shekara ta (2016), babban kocin City Pep Guardiola ya sanya Foden a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar zakarun Turai tare da Celtic ya kasance ba a maye gurbinsa ba a cikin wasan gidan( 1-1). Lokacin 2017-18 A watan Yulin shekara ta (2017), Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar Manchester City don ziyarar kulob din a shirye shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa ta Amurka, inda ya yi rawar gani a rashin nasarar( 0-2) da suka samu a hannun Manchester United sannan kuma ya fara wasan da ci (4-1 a kan Real. Madrid Bayan da ya buga wasanni da yawa a kan benci a farkon kakar wasannin( 2017zuwa2018), Foden ya fara buga wa Manchester City wasa a ranar (21 )ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2017) a wasan cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Feyenoord, yana zuwa a minti na (75) don Yaya Touré Ya zama ɗan saurayi ɗan Ingila na huɗu don ya bayyana a Gasar Zakarun Turai (shekaru 17 177). A ranar (6 )ga watan Disamba a shekara ta( 2017), Foden ya karya rikodin da Josh McEachran ya yi a baya don zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan Ingila, yana da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 192, don farawa a wasan UEFA Champions League, yana yin hakan a cikin rashin nasara( 2-1 ga Shakhtar Donetsk Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekara ta (2000 ),don fara wasa a gasar. Ya fara buga wasan farko na Premier a matsayin canji a wasan da suka ci (4-1 ),a kan Tottenham Hotspur a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2017), ya bayyana a minti na 83rd don İlkay Gündoğan. Foden ya fito a matsayin mai maye gurbin Sergio Agüero a gasar cin kofin EFL na Karshe a ranar (25 )ga watan Fabrairu shekara a shekara ta( 2018), yana taimaka wa City tabbatar da nasarar( 3-0 )a kan Arsenal a Wembley Stadium Wadannan watan, sai ya gutsuttsura Kieran Richardson 's rikodin zama ƙarami English player don fara a wani knockout-wasa a gasar zakarun Turai, yin haka yana da shekaru (17) shekaru da( 283 )kwana a wani( 4-0 )nasara a kan Basel A ranar( 13) ga watan Mayu, ya zama ƙarami mafi ƙarancin ɗan wasa don karɓar lambar yabo ta Premier. Guinness World Records ta amince da shi saboda wannan bajinta a cikin fitowar littafin su na( 2020). 2018–19 kakar Foden yana cikin sahun farko na City don Gasar FA Community Shield a ranar( 5 )ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018), yana buga duka minti( 75) tare da taimakawa kwallon farko ta Agüero a wasan da suka doke Chelsea da ci (2-0), a filin wasa na Wembley, wanda ya nuna na uku na Foden lambobin yabo na shekarar kalanda. A ranar (25) ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2018), ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez sannan daga baya ya ci babban burinsa na farko a cikin raunin rauni don tabbatar da nasarar City da ci (3-0) ba tare da Oxford United ba a zagaye na uku na EFL Cup Foden ne ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gida a filin wasa na Etihad, wanda ya ci wa City kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Rotherham United da ci! 7-0) a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA a ranar( 6 )ga watan Janairun shekara ta( 2019), Kwana uku bayan haka, Foden ya sake kasancewa a kan takarda yayin da yake taimaka wa City doke Burton Albion da ci( 9-0 ),a wasan farko na wasan kusa da na karshe na EFL Cup. A ranar (12) ga watan Maris shekara ta 2019), Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai yayin wasa na biyu na zagayen kungiyoyi( 16) da Schalke, yayin da City ta ci( 7-0 )(10-2 a jumulce). A yin haka, ya taimaka wa kulob din daidaita da rikodin don mafi girman rata a cikin matakin buga gasar. Burin nasa ya kuma gan shi ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa Man City kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai da kuma karamin dan wasan da ya ci wa Ingila kwallaye a wasannin fitar da gwani na gasar, yana da shekara (18) da kwana( 288), A farkon watan gobe, ya fara wasan farko a kungiyar a karawar da suka doke Cardiff City da ci (2-0), ya zama dan wasan Ingila mafi karancin shekaru da ya yi hakan tun daga Daniel Sturridge a shekara ta 2008). Bayan kammala wasan, manajan City Pep Guardiola ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana sa ran Foden ya zama muhimmin dan wasan Manchester City "har shekaru goma masu zuwa". Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ranar( 20 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2019), a wasan da suka doke Tottenham( 1-0), Bayan yin hakan, ya zama dan wasa na uku mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallo a Premier League, bayan Micah Richards da Sturridge. Man City ta kammala kaka a lokacin kammala dukkanin kofunan gida tare da Foden wanda ke da babban matsayi a cikin kungiyar. Lokacin 2019-20 Foden ya fara kakar wasannin (2019zuwa2020), ne tare da karrama shi na( 7), inda ya ci Gasar FA Community Shield a kan Liverpool a Wembley Stadium a ranar (4) ga watan Agusta shekara ta( 2019), ya zira kwallaye a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya yanke hukuncin wadanda suka yi nasara. Kwana shida bayan haka ya buga wasan farko a gasar Firimiya a bana yayin da Manchester City ta doke West Ham United da ci (5-0), a filin wasa na London. A ranar (1 ),ga watan Oktoba shekara ta( 2019), Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, inda ya ci kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Dinamo Zagreb da ci( 2-0 a ranar wasan( 2 na rukuni. Foden ya samar da babbar dama ta biyu (6) a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, sai a bayan Lionel Messi (7). Foden ya fara wasan Firimiya na farko a kakar bana, a ranar( 15 )ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2019), inda ya dauki wani taimako a kan Arsenal a filin wasa na Emirates a wasan da ci( 3-0) ga ‘yan kasar. A ranar (1 ga watan Maris shekara ta (2020), Foden ya fara a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin EFL kuma ya nemi babbar girmamawa ta 6th da kuma kofi na 8th na aiki yayin da Man City ta ci (2-1 a kan Aston Villa An kuma kira shi mutumin wasan, don haka ya zama mafi ƙarancin karɓar kyautar Alan Hardaker kwaf A ranar (17 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2020), kwallon kafa na Firimiya ya dawo bayan annobar( COVID-19 ),ta sanya lokacin ci gaba. Foden yana kan raga yayin da City ta doke Arsenal da ci uku da nema a filin wasa na Etihad. Wasan da ya biyo baya Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Premier kuma ya ci kwallaye a jere a jere a karo na farko a matsayin Manchester City ta ci( 5-0 a kan Burnley A ranar( 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta (2020), Manchester City ta yi maraba da sabon zakara Liverpool a Etihad. Foden ya ci kwallo kuma ya taimaka a wasan yayin da City ta ci( 4-0) Gasar Premier ta shekara ta (2019zuwa20 20), ta kare a ranar (26 ga watan Yuli, tare da Foden da aka fara a wasan da ci (5-0 a kan Norwich, yana ganin Manchester City ta kammala kakar a matsayi na( 2), Lokacin, duk da haka, an yi alama tare da tashi daga gunkin Foden David Silva, bayan shekaru (10 tare da kulob din. A cikin shekara ta 2017), Foden ya bayyana "Horarwa ta fi sauri kuma tana da kyau tare da Silva, shi ne abin bautata da gaske. Ina kokarin kallon abin da yake yi kuma na koya daga gare shi kuma na yi kokarin aikata abubuwa iri daya An bai wa Foden damar maye gurbin Silva tare da Pep Guardiola yana cewa Manchester City "ta aminta" Phil Foden ya maye gurbinsa. Foden ya fara buga wasan zagaye na biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar( 7) ga watan Agusta shekara ta (2020), a kan Real Madrid, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara kan (1-1 )(jimillar jimillar 4-2) da kuma ci gaba zuwa zagayen kwata fainal, inda Man City za ta rusuna daga gasar. Ya ƙare kakar tare da wasa (38) da aka buga, rijistar kwallaye (8), da ƙwallaye( 9) a duk gasa. Lokacin 2020-21 Foden ya bude asusun ajiyarsa na kakar wasa a kan Wolves a ranar wasan( 1), na gasar Premier, inda ya ci nasara a kan nasarar (3-1), a ranar( 21) ga watan Satumba ta (2020), Ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar (2020 zuwa20 21), a kan West Ham United a wasan da suka tashi (1-1 a filin wasa na London, a ranar (24), ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2020), Ya rama daidai minti shida bayan da ya maye gurbin Sergio Aguero a rabin lokaci, ya juya da wayo don sauya giciye daga abokin wasansa João Cancelo Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar( 2020 zuwa 2021), a Girka akan Olympiacos, a ranar (25 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta 2020), kammala wayayyen daga cikin akwatin bayan raheem Sterling mai raɗaɗi. Wannan nasarar a gasar zakarun Turai ta tabbatar da ci gaban City har zuwa zagaye na kungiyoyi ?(16 a karo na( 8 )a jere. A ranar! 7 ga watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2021), ya ci kwallo kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da suka doke Liverpool da ci( 4-1 ),a waje, don zama nasarar farko da tawagarsa ta samu a Anfield tun shkara ta( 2003). Foden ya sake zira kwallaye a Merseyside, yayin da Manchester City ta ci( 3-1), a waje a Goodison Park a ranar (17 ga watan Fabrairu, inda ta kara jagora a saman teburin kuma hakan ya sa ta yi nasara sau( 17), a jere a dukkan wasannin. Foden ya kasance a kan dukkanin kwallaye biyu a karawar da City ta doke Borussia Dortmund a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, don tabbatar da ci gaban zuwa zagaye na hudu na gasar. A ranar (21), ga watan Afrilu shekara ta( 2021), Foden ya karbi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa kuma ya zira kwallaye a ragar Aston Villa a Villa Park, wanda ya ba Man City nasara( 2-1), kuma daga baya ta tsawaita jagorancin ta, a saman teburin, da maki( 11). Wannan shi ne burin Foden na( 14), a dukkan gasa, a kakar shekara ta( 2020 zuwa20 21), kuma na(7), a Premier. Bayan kwana hudu kawai, Foden ya ci kofi na( 9), tare da Manchester City yayin da suka doke Tottenham da ci( 1 da 0 )a wasan karshe na cin Kofin EFL, inda Foden ya buga cikakkun mintuna( 90), Foden ya sake kafa tarihi tare da City, yayin da suka isa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a karon farko bayan doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 4-1 jimillar kwallaye biyu, Foden ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez a wasa na biyu. A ranar( 12), ga watan Mayu Foden ya tabbatar da lashe gasar firimiya karo na uku a cikin shekaru hudu yayin da Leicester ta doke Manchester United da ci (2-1), Foden ya fara wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a tarihin kulob din. Man City ta yi rashin nasara a wasan da aka buga da ci (1 0) rashin Foden na farko a wasan karshe a lokacin yana kan karagar aiki. An lasafta shi a cikin UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar kuma ya lashe Premier League Young Player of the Season yayin da aka zaba shi duka PFA Player of the Year da PFA Young Player of the Year, ya lashe kyautar ta ƙarshe. Ayyukan duniya Matasa A watan Mayu shekara ta (2017), Foden ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekara !17 na Uefa yayin da' yan wasan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru (17) suka sha kashi a fanareti a hannun Spain A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Foden ya sami karbuwa sosai daga 'yan jarida bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na Kofin Duniya na( FIFA FIFA U-17 ),na shekara ta 2017), shi ma a kan Spain, yayin da Ingila ta ci gasar. An kira shi a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan. Ya lashe kyautar( FIFA U-17 World Cup na Kwallon Kwallon Kafa a cikin shekara ta (2017), inda ya kuma sami wadatar 'yan jarida da yawa da kuma mahimman labarai. A ranar (27), ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2019), Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa( 23), na Ingila don gasar shekar ta (2019), UEFA European (Under-21), Championship kuma ya zira kwallaye mai ban sha'awa na farko ga U21s a wasan farko da ci( 2-1) a hannun Faransa a Cesena Babban Team Farko da Euro 2020 A( 25), ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2020), Gareth Southgate mai suna Foden a Ingila m tawagar a karon farko. Ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa da Iceland a ranar( 5), ga watan Satumbar a shekara (2020), a wasan da aka tashi( 1-0 ),a waje a gasar UEFA Nations League A ranar (7), ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta( 2020), Foden, tare da takwaransa na Ingila Mason Greenwood, an cire shi daga tawagar Ingila saboda karya ka'idojin keɓewar ƙungiyar ta hanyar kawo aƙalla baƙo ɗaya zuwa otal ɗin otal ɗin su a Iceland. Manchester City ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan Foden. Foden ya ci wa Ingila kwallayensa na farko da na biyu a lokacin wasan UEFA Nations League da Iceland a Wembley Stadium a ranar( 18 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta (2020). A ranar( 1), ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2021), Foden ya kasance cikin sunayen mutane (26), don sabon sake tsarawa UEFA Euro (2020 Ya shiga cikin tawagar a wani lokaci daga baya saboda kasancewarsa a waccan shekarar UEFA Champions League Final A ranar( 8 ga watan Yuni, Foden ya bayyana cewa ya shafa gashin kansa gashi yana kwatanta kwatankwacin tsohon dan wasan Ingila Paul Gascoigne wanda shima yayi irin wannan askin na Euro (96 Foden ya fada a wani taron manema labarai a wannan rana cewa "Cikakken al'ummar kasar sun san abin da yake nufi ga kasar da kuma abin da ya aikata, don haka ba zai zama mara kyau ba idan na yi kokarin kawo kadan daga cikin Gazza zuwa filin wasa." Salon wasa, ci gaba da kwatancen Foden yana da kafar-hagu, kuma yana iya taka leda a bayan-baya, ko kuma dan gefe a gefen dama, duk da cewa Pep Guardiola ya bayyana shi da cewa "ya fi dacewa da dan wasan tsakiya". A shekara ta (2017), Guardiola ya bayyana shi a matsayin "dan wasa na musamman", yana mai cewa: "Yana da hadari idan aka ce kyawawan abubuwa game da matasa 'yan wasa saboda har yanzu suna kanana, kuma dole ne su ci gaba kuma dole ne su koyi abubuwa da yawa. Amma muna da karfin gwiwa da za mu taimaka masa, saboda mun yi imanin cewa shi saurayi ne wanda yake da kwazo, ko da kuwa ba shi da karfi, ba shi da tsayi. A cikin shekara ta (2017), Louise Taylor na jaridar The Guardian ta bayyana Foden a matsayin "mai alfahari da takamaimai, mai mannewa kuma ya sami albarka tare da ƙwarewar ɓatattun abokan hamayya na baya". A cikin shekara ta 2018), gogaggen marubucin wasan kwallon kafa Brian Glanville ya bayyana shi a matsayin "matashi mai hazaka da kwarewa", ya kara da cewa: "Matasan 'yan wasa masu kwarewa da kwarewar kirkira suna da bakin ciki a kasa." Rayuwar mutum Foden yana cikin dangantaka da Rebecca Cooke kuma yana da ɗa, Ronnie, an haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta( 2019), Ma'auratan suna tsammanin ɗansu na biyu, 'ya mace wacce za ta zo ƙarshen lokacin bazara ko farkon kaka a shekara ta (2021). Kididdigar aiki Kulab Na duniya Kamar yadda aka buga wasa( 7) watan Yuli a shekarar 2021). Ingancin Ingila da aka jera a farko, shafi mai maki yana nuna ƙwallaye bayan kowace ƙwallon Foden. Daraja Manchester City Firimiya Lig a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2020zuwa2021) Kofin FA a shekara ta (2018zuwa2019) Kofin EFL a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2019zuwa2020, 2020zuwa2021) Garkuwan Community FA :a shekara ta 2018zuwa 2019) Gasar UEFA Champions League ta biyu: a shekara ta (2020zuwa2021) Ingila U17 FIFA U-17 World Cup a shekara ta (2017) Uefa European European Under-(17) Championship wacce ta zo ta biyu:a shekara ta( 2017) Ingila UEFA ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun Turai :a shekara ta( 2020) Kowane mutum Europeanungiyar UEFA ta Under (17) na Turai na Gasar:a shekara ta 2017) FIFA U-17 Kofin Duniya na Zinare :a shekara ta 2017) Gwarzon Wasannin Matasan BBC na Shekara a shekara ta (2017) Alan Hardaker kwaf :a shekara ta 2020) UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar: (2020zuwa2021) Matashin Firimiya na Premier na kakar (2020zuwa2021) PFA Matashin Dan Wasa na Shekara:( 2020zuwa2021) Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayani a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon kafa 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed

30430

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Mata%20a%20Papua%20New%20Guinea

Haƙƙin Mata a Papua New Guinea

Haƙƙoƙin mata a Papua New Guinea na da matukar tauyewa saboda talauci, tashin hankali, karancin samun ilimi da kula da lafiya, da al'adun uba, musamman farautar mayu An ba da rahoton shari'o'in cin zarafin mata a PNG, saboda yawanci saboda cin zarafin da aka yi da jinsi da aka halatta a cikin jama'a. Akwai kuma rashin hidima ga matan da ke fuskantar tashin hankali. Akwai rahotannin cin zarafin da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi, game da kama su da kuma yayin da suke hannun 'yan sanda. Waɗannan al'amuran ba su da takaddun shaida ko bincike, saboda haka, ba a cika gurfanar da masu laifi a gaban kuliya ko hukunta su ba. Gwamnatin Papua New Guinea (PNG) ta bullo da wata doka don yakar wadannan batutuwa, ko da yake ba a samu nasara ba. PNG ita ce ta biyu mafi girman adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a yankin Asiya Pasifik, tare da 930 cikin Guda 100,000 da ake haifuwa da ke haifar da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu. Babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu shine zubar da ciki. Zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin PNG, sai dai idan rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari, wanda ya kai mata zuwa ɓoye, kuma sau da yawa zubar da ciki mara kyau. Ana bin al'adun gargajiya da yawa a cikin PNG. Waɗannan sun haɗa da auren mata fiye da ɗaya, farashin amarya, da irin aikin da aka ba maza da mata. Wadannan al'adu na al'adu suna nuna zurfafan halayen ubangida wanda ke ƙarfafa rashin daidaiton matsayi na mata a wurare da yawa. Ana ci gaba da waɗannan ayyuka saboda rashin dorewar matakan da gwamnati ta ɗauka. Cin zarafin mata Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i da Cikin Gida An kiyasta cewa kashi 67% na mata a PNG sun fuskanci cin zarafi a gida kuma sama da kashi 50% na mata an yi musu fyade. An ba da rahoton cewa wannan yana ƙaruwa zuwa 100% a cikin Highlands. Wani bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa kashi 86% na mata an yi musu duka a lokacin da suke da juna biyu. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa kashi 60 cikin 100 na maza sun shiga cikin wani gungun fyaɗe. Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2014 ya nuna cewa yayin da ake shiga safarar jama'a fiye da kashi 90% na mata da 'yan mata sun fuskanci wani irin tashin hankali. Ana ba da rahoton shari'o'in cin zarafin mata a PNG. Wannan ya faru ne a wani bangare na cin zarafin jinsi da aka halasta a cikin al'umma da kuma al'adun shiru. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙarancin sabis ga matan da ke fuskantar tashin hankali. Waɗannan sabis ɗin sun haɗa da matsuguni, ba da shawara da gidajen aminci. PNG ta kuma fuskanci rahotannin cin zarafin mata da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi. Waɗannan cin zarafi sun faru a lokacin kamawa da kuma yayin da suke hannun 'yan sanda. An bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an ‘yan sanda da maza da ake tsare da su ne suka kai wadannan hare-hare. Akwai kuma rahotannin fyaden gama-gari. Waɗannan al'amuran ba su da takardu ko bincike. Don haka, ba a gurfanar da masu laifi ko kuma a hukunta su. Rahoton Amnesty International Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana batun cin zarafin jinsi a cikin rahoton kare hakkin bil'adama na shekara ta 2016-2017 a Papua New Guinea. Wannan rahoto ya yi nuni da yawaitar tashe-tashen hankula da mata da kananan yara ke fuskanta. Ba kasafai ake tuhumar laifukan tashin hankali ba. Har ila yau, wannan rahoto ya nuna muhimman ayyukan al'adu waɗanda ake ganin suna ci gaba da tauye haƙƙin mata. Wadannan al'adu sun hada da farashin amarya da auren mata fiye da daya Lafiya Lafiyar uwa Samun dama ga kulawar lafiya mai araha da dacewa shine batun da mata ke fuskanta a PNG, musamman ga matan da ke cikin tsibiran waje. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa tsawon rayuwar mata bai kai na maza ba. Hakan na da nasaba da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. PNG yana da matsayi na biyu mafi girma na mutuwar mata masu juna biyu a yankin Asiya Pacific. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na mata ne ke haihuwa tare da taimakon cibiyar lafiya ko ƙwararrun ma’aikaci. Alkaluman kididdiga sun nuna cewa kashi 930 cikin 100,000 da ake haihuwa suna haifar da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu. Babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu shine zubar da ciki. Zubar da ciki haramun ne a cikin PNG, sai dai idan rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari. Zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba yana da hukuncin daurin shekaru 7 a gidan yari. Laifin zubar da ciki ya sa mata ke neman a boye, kuma galibi zubar da cikin da bai dace ba. Wadannan zubar da ciki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sukan haifar da babbar illa ga lafiya da rayuwar mata. Akwai ƙarancin bayanai kan illar zubar da ciki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kan adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a PNG. Bayanin kula da lafiya Kwamitin CEDAW ya kuma tada damuwa game da bayanan kula da lafiya da ayyukan da ake samu ga mata a cikin PNG. Musamman bayanin kula da lafiya na rigakafi a fagen lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa. PNG kuma yana da ƙananan ƙimar amfani da rigakafin hana haihuwa wanda ke haifar da yawan masu juna biyu na samari da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i. Gwamnatin PNG ce ke ba da tallafi ga duniya baki ɗaya. Duk da haka, an kiyasta cewa kashi uku na mata ne kawai ke samun damar hana haihuwa. Hakanan akwai iyakantaccen sabis da ke mai da hankali kan lafiyar hankali da walwala. Musamman ga matan da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman. Ayyuka na al'ada Ana bin al'adun gargajiya da yawa a cikin PNG. Waɗannan sun haɗa da auren mata fiye da ɗaya, farashin amarya (dava), ayyuka masu ma'ana da aka ba maza da mata, da kuma ci gaba da al'adar cewa biyan diyya na iya haɗawa da mata. Wadannan ayyuka na al'adu suna nuna tushen ra'ayi mai zurfi da dabi'un ubanni. Kwamitin CEDAW ya yi tsokaci cewa, wadannan al'adu na yin barazana ga ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata, saboda suna karfafa rashin daidaiton matsayin mata a ɓangarori da dama. A wannan mataki waɗannan dabi'u masu ma'ana da ayyukan al'adu suna ci gaba da ci gaba saboda rashin ci gaba da aiwatar da tsari na PNG don gyara ko kawar da waɗannan ayyuka. Aure Abubuwan al’adu dangane da aure sun hada da auren mace fiye da daya, farashin amarya da auren wuri. Ana iya yin auren dole ko kuma a shirya su. A yankunan karkara da lungu da sako na al'adun gargajiya sun kasance. Waɗannan ayyuka sun hada da aure, rabuwa, gado da zumunta. Gwamnatin PNG ta sanar a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016 cewa za a gabatar da gyara don sauya dokokin aure da saki na kasar. Kudirin Aure (gyara) na 2015 da na Matrimonial (Clauses) Bill 2015, mai yiyuwa ne su gyara Dokar Ma'aurata (Clauses) 1963 da Dokar Aure 1963. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren za su sanya sabon mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure ga maza da mata. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren za su gabatar da tarar tsakanin K10,000[US$3200] zuwa K20,000 [US$6400] ga masu laifin da suka tilasta wa yara ƙanana aure kafin su kai shekaru 17. Mayya farauta Kisan matsafa wani lamari ne da ke ci gaba da faruwa a PNG, musamman a tsaunuka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa kashe-kashen matsafa 200 na faruwa a duk shekara. Gwamnati ta fahimci duka "farin sihiri", wanda ya shafi warkarwa da haihuwa, da sihiri. Bokanci ko "sihiri baƙar fata" yana da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari. Kashe-kashen bokaye yakan faru ne ta hanyar gungun maza kuma galibi al'umma suna da hannu a ciki. Ana zargin mata da ‘yan mata da aikata maita. Sau da yawa mutanen da aka yi wa hari su ne mata matasa masu rauni, ko kuma gwauraye marasa ’ya’ya maza. A shekara ta 2014, an tuhumi mutane 122 bayan mutuwar fiye da mutane bakwai da ake zargi da yin sihiri. Kwamitin CEDAW ya bayyana yadda ake samun karuwar rahotannin azabtarwa da kashe-kashen mata da ‘yan mata da ake zargi da maita. Wadannan mata da 'yan mata an bayyana su a matsayin wadanda suka kasance masu rauni a cikin al'umma, musamman ma tsofaffin mata ba tare da 'ya'ya maza ba. Kwamitin ya kuma nuna damuwa game da rashin samun bayanai kan wannan al'ada. Don fahimtar wannan lamarin da kyau bincike, ana buƙatar gabatar da kara da hukunce-hukuncen waɗannan lamuran. Leniata Legacy Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin mata Leniata Legacy an kafa ta ne sakamakon kisan gillar da aka yi wa Kepari Leniata a cikin 2013. An azabtar da Leniata a bainar jama'a tare da kona shi har lahira bayan an zarge shi da yin sihiri. Shiga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata PNG ya zama memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 1975. A cikin 1995 PNG ta amince da CEDAW ba tare da ajiyar wuri ba. Duk da amincewa da CEDAW, PNG har yanzu bai sanya shi cikin dokar cikin gida na PNG ba. Don haka, ba ta da matsayin dokar cikin gida a ƙarƙashin waccan Dokar ta Majalisa ko Tsarin Mulki. A cikin shekara ta 2010 kammala lura da kwamitin a kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata mayar da hankali a kan PNG, kwamitin ya bukaci PNG da cikakken shigar da CEDAW a cikin gida doka tsarin. Kwamitin ya kuma damu da wayar da kan mazauna PNG dangane da Yarjejeniyar. Wannan damuwa ta taso saboda ba a fassara Yarjejeniyar zuwa manyan harsunan zamantakewa na PNG ba. Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shirin raya kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) yana aiki tare da tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da jinsi don taimakawa wajen bunkasa manufofin daidaita jinsi da karfafa mata a Papua New Guinea. UNDP tana da muhimman fannoni guda uku: 1) Tallafawa mata ta yadda za su iya shiga da wakilci wajen yanke shawara, a matakin kasa da na kasa; 2) Ba da tallafi ga shirye-shiryen da ke magance cin zarafi na jinsi; 3)Don inganta tattalin arzikin mata. Matan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sakamakon cin zarafi da ake yi wa mata, Tsarin Dabarun Mata na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya mai da hankali kan PNG a matsayin kasa mai fifiko. Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna mai da hankali kan rikice-rikicen da suka danganci jinsi a PNG, rawar da mata za su taka a ci gaban siyasa, hanyoyin daidaita tsakanin hukumomi, karfafa tattalin arzikin mata da ciyar da ajandar daidaiton jinsi. Daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan "PNG National Public Service Male Advocacy Network for Women's Human Rights da Kawar da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata" ita ce Jane Kesno Ilimi Abubuwan al'adu da halayen gargajiya galibi suna zama shinge ga mata da 'yan mata masu kokarin samun ilimi. Ana yawan cin zarafi da cin zarafi da 'yan mata ke fuskanta a wuraren ilimi. Wadanda suka aikata laifin sun hada da malamai maza. Wadannan hare-haren da suka hada da fitar da su saboda juna biyu, sun haifar da raguwar adadin 'yan mata idan aka kwatanta da maza. Hakanan akwai ƙarancin bayanai game da adadin waɗanda suka daina karatu, yawan karatun karatu da ƙimar karatun ilimi. Wannan rashin bayanan yana sa haɗar nazarin kwatanta ƙalubale. A cikin 2002, PNG ta ƙaddamar da daidaiton jinsi a cikin Manufar Ilimi. Manufar wannan manufar ita ce magance tazarar jinsi da ke faruwa a kowane mataki na ilimi. Bayan wannan shine 2005, PNG ta ƙaddamar da shirin ilimi na shekaru 10. Har yanzu akwai rashin gaskiya game da kasafin kudin bangarorin ilimi. Kwamitin CEDAW ya bayyana ilimi a matsayin ginshiki don ci gaban 'yan mata da mata. An gano takaita samun ilimi a matsayin wani shingen cin gajiyar ‘yancin ‘yan mata da mata. Samun damar yin adalci PNG tana aiki da tsarin jam'i na doka. Doka ta al'ada tana ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da ka'idar doka. PNG ba ta da ingantaccen tsari don magance korafe-korafen da suka taso daga tsarin doka. Haka kuma akwai gazawa wajen adana bayanan korafe-korafen da mata suka shigar da sakamakonsu. Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da uzuri na gargajiya a matsayin nau'i na ƙuduri don laifukan da aka aikata. Har yanzu ana yin wannan al'adar a yanayin kotunan ƙauye. Doka A cikin shekara ta 2013 an gabatar da Dokar Kariyar Iyali. Wannan Dokar ta haramta tashin hankalin gida. Rashin karya wannan Dokar na iya haifar da tarar har zuwa k5,000 (US $1,650) da kuma daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari. Tun bayan gabatar da wannan kudiri babu wani mataki da gwamnatin PNG ta dauka, kuma har yanzu yawan tashin hankalin bai canza ba. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kare dangi a shekarar 2013, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da shi ba. A cikin shekara ta 2014 an gabatar da gyara ga PNG Code Criminal Code. Dokar Laifukan (gyara) ta 2014 ta haramta kashe-kashe da tashin hankali masu alaka da sihiri. Manufar wannan doka ita ce kare mata da ake zargi da sihiri. PNG a baya ta shirya Dokar Daidaita da Haɗin Kai. Wannan ƙuduri na nufin ƙara yawan wakilcin mata a majalisar dokokin kasar ta hanyar samun kujeru 22 da aka ware wa mata. Koyaya, wannan Ƙudirin ya gaza zartarwa a cikin shekara ta 2012 kuma har yanzu ba a sake duba shi ba. Duba kuma Hakkin Dan Adam a Papua New Guinea Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Rahoton: PNG Dokokin Aure da za a gyara a zaman wani ɓangare na bundle gyara Human Rights Watch: Rahoton Duniya PNG Ƙarshe abubuwan lura na CEDAW: PNG Shirin Dabarun Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2014-2017 Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Dokar Najeriya Dokoki Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

54063

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Md%20Hashim%20Hussein

Md Hashim Hussein

Janar (Rtd) Tan Sri Md Hashim bin Hussein jami'in Sojojin Malaysia ne mai ritaya, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojojin Malaysia daga 1 ga Janairun 1999 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2002. Tarihi An haifi Md Hashim bin Hussein a Johor Bahru a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1947. Shi ne yaro na biyu daga 'yan uwa tara kuma ya fara karatu a Kwalejin Malay Kuala Kangsar da Kwalejin Soja ta Royal. Ilimi da Ayyuka na Soja Md Hashim ta horar da ita a matsayin cadet a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a 1963. Ilimin yaki yana da mahimmanci a gare shi, yana kuma koyon dabarun soja a Malaysia da ƙasashen waje don kawo Sojojin Malaysia zuwa matsayi mafi girma na lokacin. Wadannan sune jerin sunayen Alma mater: Cibiyar leken asiri ta Sojoji Woodside, Ostiraliya 1971. Makarantar Sojojin Amurka, Fort Benning 1975. Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1979. Makarantar Sojojin Burtaniya, Warminster 1980. Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar, Fort Leavenworth 1985. Kwalejin Tsaro ta Sojojin Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1989 A shekara ta 1991, Md Hashim Hussein ya yi nasarar samun digiri na biyu a karatun yaki a Kwalejin King ta London tare da girmamawa. A lokacin aikin soja, ana amincewa da shi don yin umurni da waɗannan mukamai: Malami a Kwalejin Soja ta Royal (Malaysia), Sungai Besi, Selangor Brigade Major, 9th Infantry Brigade. Kwamandan Jami'in, 11th Royal Malay Regiment. Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa, Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Sojojin Malaysia. Ma'aikatan Gudanar da Musayar Malaysia na farko a Kwalejin Sojojin Australiya da Ma'aikata. Kwamandan, Cibiyar Horar da Sojoji, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan. A cikin 1993-1994, an nada shi a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kwamandan Malaysia (UNPROFOR) wanda ke zaune a Bosnia Herzegovina. Shi ne kuma Kwamandan Jami'in farko ga sabuwar Brigade 10 Paratrooper (Malaysia). A watan Janairun 1999, an zaba shi a matsayin Shugaban 18 na sojojin Malaysia. A shekara ta 2001, an haɗa shi a cikin Induction of International Officer "Hall of Fame", Kwamandan Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Fort Leavenworth, Amurka. Bayan shekaru 36 na hidima a cikin soja, ya yi ritaya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002 tare da matsayin Janar. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, an nada Janar Md Hashim a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Malaysia a Pakistan har zuwa shekara ta 2005. Bayan haka, an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Makamai ta Kasa da ke zaune a Wisma Putra, Putrajaya har zuwa 2008. Siyasa A ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, ya sanar da shiga jam'iyyar Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) na hadin gwiwar adawa ta Pakatan Rakyat (PR). A cikin babban zaben Malaysia na 2013, ya yi takara a mazabar majalisa ta Johor Bahru amma ya sha kashi a hannun mai karfi na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) na Barisan Nasional (BN); Shahrir Abdul Samad Sakamakon zaben Daraja Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (K.M.N.) (1985) Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P.S.M.) Tan Sri (2001) State of Kedah Distinguished Service Star (B.C.K.) Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (D.S.A.P.) Dato' (1995) Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Taming Sari (S.P.T.S.) Dato' Seri Panglima (1999) Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Noble Crown of Kelantan (S.P.K.K.) Dato’ (1999) Malaysian Armed Forces Warrior of the Most Gallant Order of Military Service (P.A.T.) Kwamandan Mai Amincewa na Mafi Girma na Ayyukan Soja (P.S.A.T.) Kwamandan jaruntaka na Mafi Girma na Ayyukan Soja (P.G.A.T.) (1999) Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (D.P.M.J.) Dato’ (1998) Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (S.P.M.J.) Dato" (2000) Knight Commander of the Glorious Order of the Crown of Kedah (D.G.M.K.) Dato’ Wira (2002) Darajar Kasashen Waje Recipient of the Nishan-e-Imtiaz South Korea Recipient of the Order of National Security Merit (Tong-il) 1st Bosnian Golden Medal (Ljiljan) Commander of the Legion of Merit (LOM) (2001) Bintang Kartika Paksi Utama France Officer de I’ Ordre national du Mérite Thailand Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Order of the Crown of Thailand Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57663

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20i20

Hyundai i20

Hyundai i20 babban hatchback ne wanda Hyundai ke samarwa tun shekarar 2008. I20 ta fara halarta ta farko a Nunin Mota na Paris a watan Oktoba 2008, kuma tana zaune tsakanin i10 da i30 I20 ya maye gurbin Getz a kusan dukkanin kasuwannin sa, yayin da kasuwanni da yawa sun sami ɗan ƙaramin ƙararrawa Verna hatchback don maye gurbinsa maimakon. A halin yanzu, manyan kasuwanni na i20 sune Turai da Indiya, tare da haɓaka bambance-bambancen guda biyu don wadatar da kowace kasuwa. Hyundai i20 yana amfani da sabon dandamali wanda aka ƙirƙira a cibiyar fasaha ta Hyundai ta Turai a Rüsselsheim don ba da damar Hyundai ya matsa zuwa cikin babban gasa na ƙungiyar B na Turai. A wheelbase yana taimaka wa i20 tare da ɗakin fasinja mai karimci. Dakatarwa yana biye da ƙa'idar supermini na MacPherson struts a gaba da torsion biam na baya, tare da rak da tuƙi. An ɗan inganta sigar i20, wanda ake kira iGen i20, an ci gaba da siyarwa a Indiya a cikin Maris 2012 gaba tare da tweaked fitilun kai, sabon grille na gaba, fitilun wutsiya da fitilun hazo. Yana bin falsafar ƙira ta "Fluidic Sculpture" tare da injunan da aka sake gyarawa kaɗan. Wani sabon tsari na gaba, wanda aka sani da Elite i20 a Indiya, an ƙaddamar da shi a Indiya a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2014 kuma a cikin Turai a cikin 2014 Paris Motor Show Ba a sayar da i20 a Koriya ta Kudu, Arewacin Amurka da Philippines ba saboda waɗannan kasuwanni suna da Lafazin An dakatar da i20 a kasuwar Indonesiya a cikin 2012 saboda ƙaddamar da Accent hatchback, wanda aka sani a can da Grand Avega. An samar da i20 a Sriperummbudur (kusa da Chennai Indiya don siyarwa a Asiya da Oceania, kuma daga baya kuma an haɗa shi a Turkiyya Izmit shuka) don kasuwar Turai ta kayan CKD daga Indiya. Injin An haɗa su da injunan 1582 cc guda biyu masu dohc iri ɗaya da 16 bawul saman ƙarshen gine-gine, amma suna ba da ko dai da na karfin juyi ko da na juyi. Hyundai ya ce naúrar dizal na iya dawo da ajin da ke jagorantar 115g/km na CO a kowace lita na diesel zuwa (4.3L/100 km) a cikin haɗin gwiwar tuƙi na Turai.Duk injunan dizal da injunan mai mai lita 1.2 da lita 1.4 sun zo tare da isar da saƙo mai akwai zaɓi na saurin gudu huɗu na atomatik don wasu nau'ikan injin mai mai lita 1.4, lita 1.6 an haɗa shi zuwa watsawa mai saurin gudu shida. A cikin kasuwar Indiya, Hyundai i20 yana aiki da injin Kappa mai nauyin lita 1.2 tare da ikon 5200 rpm da karfin juyi a 4,000 rpm. Haka kuma ya zo da man gamma mai lita 1.4 wanda ke da ikon 5500 rpm da karfin juyi a 4200 rpm, amma an haɗa shi da saurin watsawa ta atomatik kawai. Diesel i20 CRDi yana da a 4000 rpm da juzu'i tsakanin 1750 da 2750 rpm, kuma ya zo tare da watsa mai saurin gudu shida. A Ostiraliya, an fara ba da i20 a matsayin mai 1.4 tare da zaɓi na $3500 na injin Gamma II G4FC 1.6. 1.6 yana da 91 KW a 6300rpm da 157Nm a 4200rpm. Koyaya, tare da zuwan sabon lafazin mai ƙarfi na 1.6 a ƙarshen 2011, zaɓin 1.6L akan i20 an jefar dashi. A Afirka ta Kudu, an fara ba da i20 a cikin 2009 tare da ko dai injunan 1.4 (G4FA) ko 1.6 (G4FC), tare da 1.4 yana da zaɓi na 4 na zaɓi ta atomatik watsa. An gabatar da samfurin gyaran fuska a rabi na biyu na 2012 tare da injin gamma 1.4 kawai da aka fara ba da shi (an dakatar da injin 1.6), bayan haka injin kappa 1.2, injin CRDi 1.4 da kuma sabon jagorar sauri 6. watsa don wasu samfura 1.4 an ƙara zuwa kewayon. Tsaro Hyundai i20 ya sami matsakaicin ƙimar aminci ta tauraro biyar daga Yuro NCAP kuma ya ci shida cikin matsakaicin maki bakwai a cikin rukunin "taimakon aminci", yana karɓar manyan alamomi don tunasarwar bel da shirin kwanciyar hankali na lantarki wanda ke rage haɗarin haɗari. tsallake-tsallake ta hanyar birki kowane ƙafafu. An nada i20 daya daga cikin "manyan motoci biyar mafi aminci na 2009" na Euro NCAP, wanda ya dogara ne akan mafi girman lambobin tauraro biyar na Yuro NCAP da makinsu baki daya. Siffofin Hyundai i20 suna farawa da jakunkuna guda shida don direba da fasinja a gaba tare da jakunkuna na gefe da labule don fasinjoji na baya, yayin da Antilock Brake System (ABS) tare da Rarraba Ƙarfin Birki na Lantarki (EBD) wanda ke taimakawa don sarrafawa a saman fasinja. Hyundai i20 yana da sabbin abubuwan haɓakawa a cikin fasalulluka na aminci kamar masu goge ruwan sama da hasken wutar lantarki ta atomatik, kulle tsakiya, tasirin buɗaɗɗen ƙofar mota, shigarwar maɓalli tare da fitilun hazo na gaba da na baya da injin immobilizer na ci gaba. Duk da babban ƙimar aminci daga gwaje-gwajen NCAP da ANCAP i20 ya yi mara kyau a cikin bayanan haɗarin haɗari na duniya. Jami'ar Monash ta yi amfani da Jagoran Kiwon Lafiyar Mota, wanda yayi bincike sama da hadarurruka miliyan 8 ya nuna Hyundai Accent i20 2010–2015 don samun ƙimar kariya ta tauraro 2. https://www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1956514/2019-UCSRs-brochure.pdf Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

31613

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile%20Eboe-Osuji

Chile Eboe-Osuji

Chile Eboe-Osuji (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Satumban 1962). ƙwararren masanin shari'a ne na kasa da kasa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Lincoln Alexander kuma mai ba da shawara ne na musamman ga ofishin shugaban ƙasa a Jami'ar Metropolitan Toronto. A cikin rawar da ya taka a Makarantar Shari'a ta Lincoln Alexander, Dokta Eboe-Osuji yana jagorantar tattaunawa game da tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, tsarin dokokin bil'adama na duniya, rawar da kotunan duniya kotuna, da kuma bin doka. Har ila yau, zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta martabar Lincoln Alexander Law ta duniya ta hanyoyin koyarwa, haɗin gwiwar shirye-shirye, da maganganun jama'a. Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Alkali Eboe-Osuji a garin Anara, Isiala Mbano, Jihar Imo, Najeriya, a ranar 2 ga watan Satumban 1962. Ya sami digirinsa na farko na shari'a a Jami'ar Calabar, Najeriya, digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar McGill, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, da digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Amsterdam, Netherlands. Aiki An kira Eboe-Osuji da ya zama Lauyan Najeriya a shekarar 1986 kuma ya yi aiki a takaice a can. Bayan ya sami digiri na biyu na shari'a daga McGill a 1991, ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Kanada, bayan an kira shi zuwa Bar a Ontario da kuma British Columbia a 1993. Kafin shiga makarantar lauya, Dr. Eboe-Osuji yayi aiki a matsayin shugaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, Hague daga Maris 2018 zuwa Maris 2021. Dokta Eboe-Osuji haifaffen Najeriya shi ma yana aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin babban alkali a sashin daukaka kara na kotun ICC a wannan lokacin. Kafin ya yi aiki da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva. Ya kuma yi aiki a lokuta daban-daban a matsayin babban mai gabatar da kara a kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa na Rwanda da kuma kotun musamman ta Saliyo. Daga shekarar alif 1997 zuwa 2005, Eboe-Osuji ya yi aiki a Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Kasa da Kasa na kasar Ruwanda a matsayin lauyan masu gabatar da kara da kuma babban jami'in shari'a ga alkalan kotun. Daga 2005 zuwa 2007, ya yi aiki a Kanada a matsayin lauya kuma lauya. Yana aiki da Kotun Musamman na Saliyo a matsayin babban lauyan daukaka kara a 2007/08 kuma ya koma ICTR daga 2008 zuwa 2010 a matsayin Shugaban Chambers, ya zama mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga babbar kwamishina ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Navi Pillay a 2010. kuma ya gudanar da wani nadi a matsayin babban mai gabatar da kara a kotun musamman na Saliyo, a shari'ar Charles Taylor, tsohon shugaban Laberiya Ya rubuta littattafai guda biyu da kuma labaran mujallolin doka da yawa a cikin dokokin duniya. Alkalin Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, 2012-2021 A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, 2011, an zaɓi Eboe-Osuji a matsayin alkali na Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na duniya. Ya lashe kujerar ne ta hanyar kuri'u goma sha biyar da ya samu a majalisar wakilan Jihohi (Assembly of States Parties). Ya fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Maris 2012. Tun daga watan Satumban shekara ta 2013, Eboe-Osuji tare da alkalai Olga Venecia Herrera Carbuccia da Robert Fremr suka jagoranci shari’ar da ake yi wa mataimakin shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto, wanda ake zargi da tayar da tarzoma na kisa don neman kujerar siyasa bayan zaben kasar da aka yi a shekara ta 2007. Tun da farko, ya gargadi kafafen yada labarai na Kenya da masu shafukan yanar gizo cewa duk wanda ya bayyana sunan wani mai hujja da ake karewa a shari'ar Ruto zai iya zama da laifin wulakanta kotu; A baya dai babbar mai shigar da kara ta kotun ICC Fatou Bensouda ta yi korafin cewa ana tsoratar da wasu shaidu a Kenya, inda wasu daga cikinsu suka janye daga shari'ar. Bayan bukatar da Eboe-Osuji ya gabatar, fadar shugaban kasa ta ICC ta yanke shawarar sake kafa kotun ta V(b) a shari’ar da ake yi wa Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta tare da maye gurbinsa da alkali Geoffrey Henderson a farkon shekarar 2014. Sai dai Eboe-Osuji ya ci gaba da zama Alkalin Alkalan Kotun V(a) da ke ci gaba da sauraron karar da ake yi wa Ruto da tsohon mai yada labarai na Kass FM Joshua Sang A cikin watan Afrilun 2014, majalisarsa ta ba da sammaci ga shaidun ƙara da yawa da ba sa son ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar. Jim kadan bayan haka, Eboe-Osuji ya shaida wa gwamnatin Kenya cewa ta koma kan ka'idar samun yancin kai "a duk wata dama da ta dace, da nufin tsoratar da alkalai". Sauran ayyukan A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2022, Dokta Eboe-Osuji ya shiga The Right Honourable Kim Campbell, The Right Honourable Beverley McLachlin da kuma Honourable Bob Rae a kan wani panel don tattauna "Wurin Canada a kan Duniya Stage" Distinguished International Jurist, (Lincoln Alexander School of Law a Toronto Metropolitan University) Gasar Cin Kofin Jinsi na Duniya (IGC), Memba Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Tsaffin daliban jami'ar Calabar Haihuwan 1962 Mutane daga jihar Imo Tsaffin daliban jami'ar Amsterdam Manyan alkalan kotunan gurfanar da manyan lafuka na duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

18107

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ala%27%20al-Din%20al-Bukhari

'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari

'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari ya kasance masanin fiqhu na Hanafiyya faqih masanin tauhidi na Maturidi mai sharhin Kur'ani mufassir da kuma sufi Sufi Sa'id Foudah ya ba da shawarar cewa ya bi hanyar Naqshbandi Wataƙila an fi saninsa da bayar da fatawa (hukuncin shari'a) inda duk wanda ya ba Ibn Taimiyya lakabin Shaikh al-Islam kafiri ne, kuma ya rubuta littafi a kansa mai suna "Muljimat al-Mujassima" Magance Anthropomorphists Articles containing Arabic-language text Ibn Nasir al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 846/1438) ya warware wannan fatawar ta hanyar rubuta Al-Radd al-Wafir 'ala man Za'am anna man Samma Ibn Taimiyya Shaykh al-Islam Kafir wanda a ciki ya lissafa duk hukumomin da suka taba rubuta yabo na Ibnu Taimiyya ko suka kira shi da Shaikh al-Islam. An haifeshi a kasar Farisa a shekara ta 779 AH 1377 Miladiyya, kuma ya girma a Bukhara sannan daga baya yayi tafiye tafiye zuwa India, Arabiya, Egypt da Syria Bayan shafe kansa a muhawara a Alkahira tsakanin magoya baya da kuma masu adawa da Ibn 'Arabi, ya koma Damascus inda ya hada da "Fadihat al-Mulhidin wa Nasihat al-Muwahhidin" Wulakancin' Yan Bidi'a da Nasihar 'Yan Kungiya kuma har ila yau sun ci gaba da kaiwa Ibn Taimiyya hari, don fushin Hanbalis na garin Articles containing Arabic-language text Wasu malamai na zamaninsa sun yaba masa, kamar su Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, da Badruddin din-Ayni Rayuwa An haifeshi ne a Bilad al-'Ajam (ana kiran kasar Farisa da suna Bilad al-' Ajam [ƙasar 'Ajam]) kuma ya yi karatu a Bukhara, inda ya yi karatu a gaban Sa'ad al-Din al-Taftazani Daga gareshi ne Bukhari ya gaji tsananin kyamar falsafar zuhudu, wanda yake ganin yayi daidai da Ibn Arabi da mabiyansa. Al-Bukhari ya yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a Iran da Asiya ta Tsakiya don neman ƙwararrun masu addini. Tun yana karami ya yi fice a fannin ilimin gargajiya da na hankali kamar su Alkur'ani, hadisi, lafazi, hankali, waka da yare Ya kuma yi karatun littattafan Sufi na gargajiya kuma mutane da yawa suna ganin shi a matsayin babban masanin Sufi. Mutum ne mai cikakkiyar fahimta tare da hangen nesa na ilimi, al-Bukhari na ɗan wani lokaci yana zaune a Indiya, inda wa'azinsa da laccocinsa suka ba shi farin jini a tsakanin Musulman Indiya. Kasancewar ya yaba da mai mulkin yankin, sai aka gayyaci Bukhari don ya zama mai ba shi jagoranci na addini da kuma mai ba shi shawara. Koyaya, mutum ne mai manufa, ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗo tare da mai bautarsa na Indiya ya bar yankin zuwa Makka, inda ya zauna tsawon shekaru har sai da Sarkin Mamluk Bars Bay (r. 825 1422-841 1438) ya gayyace shi zuwa Bamasaren. babban birni Ba da da ewa bayan da ya dawo, ya aka embroiled a wani wadanda suka jama'a muhawara a kan Ibn 'Arabi ta orthodoxy, a cikin shakka daga abin da ya yi arangama da m Maliki Qadi na Misira, Muhammad al-Bisati (d. 842/1438), wanda ya rika taka tsantsan a wannan al'amari. Bayan wani rikici da ya barke tsakaninsa da abokin hamayyarsa, al-Bukhari ya fusata ya bar birnin Alkahira zuwa babban fushin magoya bayansa na Masar. A Siriya, inda ya zauna bayan tashinsa, Bukhari ya ci gaba da tunanin “wulakancin” da ya yi a hannun al-Bisati kuma ya hada da karyata Ibn Arabi da makarantarsa, mai taken "Fadihat al-Mulhidin wa Nasihat al- Muwahhidin Wulakancin' Yan Bidi'a da Nasihar 'Yan Kungiya Ko kuma, a cikin wani fassarar: Lokaci guda, ya sa kansa cikin wani rikici mai zafi. Abun ban haushi, a wannan karon makasudin sa shine babban makiyin Ibnu Arabi, Ibn Taimiyya, wanda Bukhari ya zarge shi da wasu "bidi'oi" na shari'a. Sukar Al-Bukhari ta haifar da hayaniya a Siriya wacce ta kasance gida ga mabiya Ibn Taimiyya masu yawa. Ba tare da la'akari da yawan adawa da sukarsa a tsakanin abokan aikinsa na Syria ba, al-Bukhari ya yi karfin hali ya bukaci Ibn Taimiya ya yi watsi da takensa na girmamawa na shaykh al-Islam, yana shelanta duk wanda ya ki yin hakan kafiri. Yin Allah wadai da Ibnu Taimiyya ya jawo kakkausar suka kuma daga karshe malamin nan Shafi'i mai suna Ibn Nasir al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 838/1434) 27 ya yi fatali da girman littafi wanda ya aika da ra'ayinsa ga malaman Masar don neman amincewarsa. Kamar yadda mutum ke tsammani, bayan samun wannan aikin, Muhammad al-Bisati ya yi amfani da damar don yin tir da tsohon mai gabatar da kara a matsayin jahili kuma mai tayar da hankali. Rashin jituwa tsakanin Al-Bukhari da masu goyan bayan Siriya na Ibn Taimiyya bai sa shi ya manta da ƙiyayyarsa ga Ibn 'Arabi ba, wanda ya ci gaba da tuhuma da karkatacciyar koyarwa da rashin iya shari'a. Articles containing Arabic-language text Duba kuma Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi Nur al-Din al-Sabuni Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari Jerin Hanafiyya Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis Jerin masana tauhidi na musulmai Jerin Sufaye Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Le Chaykh 'Alâ-ou d-Dîn Al-Boukhâri dit qu'attribuer le corps à Allâh est de la mécréance par unanimité Musulunci

48797

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister

Barrister

Barista, wani nau'in lauya ne a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a. Baristoci galibi sun kware a fagen bayar da shawarwari da shari'a. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da ɗaukar shari'o'i a manyan kotuna da kotuna, rubuta ƙararrakin shari'a, binciken falsafar, hasashe da tarihin doka, da ba da ra'ayoyin doka na ƙwararru. An bambanta Barristers daga duka lauyoyi da masu zartarwa na doka, waɗanda ke da ƙarin damar kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki, kuma suna iya yin aikin shari'a nau'in ciniki. Barristers ne ake nada su a matsayin alkalai, kuma ba kasafai ake daukarsu aiki daga abokan hulda kai tsaye ba. A wasu tsarin shari'a, ciki har da na Scotland, Afirka ta Kudu, Scandinavia, Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, da masu dogaro da Crown Birtaniyya na Jersey, Guernsey da Isle of Man, kalmar barrister kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin take na girmamawa A wasu ƴan hukunce-hukunce, yawanci an haramta wa lauyoyi daga “gudanar da ƙara”, kuma ba za su iya yin aiki da umarnin lauya kawai ba, kuma suna ƙara yin aiki masu gudanar da shari'a waɗanda ke yin hayar, waɗanda ke yin ayyuka kamar dacewa da ƙungiyoyi da kotu, da tsara takaddun kotu. A Ingila da Wales, lauyoyi na iya neman izini daga Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni don gudanar da ƙara. Wannan yana ba wa lauya damar yin aiki a cikin “karfi biyu”, yana cika aikin barrister da lauya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama gari, irin su New Zealand da wasu jahohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, lauyoyi suna da damar yin aiki duka a matsayin barista da lauyoyi, amma ya kasance wani tsarin cancantar yin aiki na musamman a matsayin lauya. A wasu, kamar Amurka, barrister, lauya da rarrabuwa na zartarwa na doka ba su wanzu kwata-kwata. Bambance-bambance tsakanin Barristers da sauran lauyoyi Bambance-bambance Barrister, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin lauya, lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar mai ƙara a matsayin mai ba da shawara a gaban kotun da ta dace. Barrister yayi magana a kotu kuma ya gabatar da karar a gaban alkali ko juri. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, barrister yana samun ƙarin horo a kan shari'ar shaida, ɗa'a, da aikin kotu da tsari. Sabanin haka, lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka gabaɗaya yana saduwa da abokan ciniki, yana yin aikin shiri da gudanarwa kuma yana ba da shawarar doka. A cikin wannan rawar, shi ko ita na iya tsarawa da sake duba takaddun doka, yin hulɗa tare da abokin ciniki idan ya cancanta, shirya shaida, da kuma gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun na ƙara. A Ingila da Wales lauyoyin da kuma wasu, duk da haka ci gaba da samun digiri, masu gudanarwa na shari'a na iya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawar tallafi ga barista lokacin da ke cikin kotu, kamar sarrafa manyan takardu a cikin shari'ar ko ma yin shawarwarin sasantawa a wajen kotun yayin da Ana ci gaba da shari'a a ciki. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci. Barrister yawanci yana da haƙƙin masu sauraro a manyan kotuna, yayin da sauran ƙwararrun shari'a galibi za su sami mafi ƙarancin damar shiga, ko kuma suna buƙatar samun ƙarin cancanta don samun irin wannan damar. Kamar yadda ake yi a kasashen da ke da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ayyukan lauya da lauya, lauyan da ke kula da dokokin farar hula. yana da alhakin bayyana a cikin shari'a ko kararraki a gaban kotuna. Barristers yawanci suna da masaniya ta musamman game da shari'ar shari'a, abin da ya gabata, da basirar "gina" shari'a. Lokacin da lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka a cikin, bi da bi, na gabaɗaya da takamaiman aiki suka fuskanci wata ƙa'ida ta doka, za su iya neman "ra'ayin shawara" kan batun. A yawancin ƙasashe, ƙwararrun lauyoyi suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin masu aiki kuma an hana su yin haɗin gwiwa ko yin aiki a matsayin lauya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfani. (A cikin 2009, Rahoton Clementi ya ba da shawarar soke wannan ƙuntatawa a Ingila da Wales. Duk da haka, lauyoyi sukan haɗa kai cikin ɗakunan lauyoyi don raba ma'aikata (manai) da kuɗin aiki Wasu ɗakuna suna girma don zama manya da haɓaka kuma suna da yanayin haɗin gwiwa. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, ana iya ɗaukar su da kamfanonin lauyoyi da shuwagabannin shari'a, bankuna, ko kamfanoni a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na cikin gida Sabanin haka, lauyoyi, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi suna aiki kai tsaye tare da abokan ciniki kuma suna da alhakin shigar da lauya tare da ƙwarewar da ta dace game da shari'ar. Baristici gabaɗaya ba su da ɗan tuntuɓar abokan cinikinsu ko kaɗan, musamman ba tare da kasancewar ko shigar da lauya da/ko mai zartarwa na doka ba. Duk wasiku, tambayoyi, daftari, da sauransu, za a aika da su zuwa ga lauya ko ga hukumar zartarwa ta doka, wanda ke da alhakin biyan kuɗin lauyoyi. A cikin kotu, galibi ana ganin ƙwararrun lauyoyi daga lauyoyi da sauran masu aikin shari'a ta hanyar tufafinsu. Misali, a Ireland, Ingila, da Wales, barista yakan sa gashin doki, ƙwanƙolin wuya, makada, da riga. Tun daga watan Janairu na shekarar 2008, lauyoyin masu ba da shawara suma sun sami damar sanya wigs, amma sanya riguna daban-daban. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, rarrabuwar kawuna ta al'ada tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi da sauran wakilai na shari'a na lalacewa. Barristers sun taɓa jin daɗin kasancewarsu a gaban manyan kotuna, amma a Biritaniya yanzu an soke wannan, kuma an ba da lauyoyi da Haƙƙin Masu Sauraro shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da izini gabaɗaya na iya bayyana ga abokan ciniki a lokacin gwaji. Ƙwarai, kamfanonin lauyoyi da takwarorinsu masu tasowa da sauri da kuma sanannun takwarorinsu shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da hayar, suna kiyaye ko da mafi girman shawarwari da ƙarar aiki a cikin gida don dalilai na tattalin arziki da abokan ciniki. Hakazalika, haramcin da aka yi wa lauyoyi na daukar umarni kai tsaye daga jama'a shi ma an soke shi sosai. Amma, a aikace, koyarwar kai tsaye har yanzu ba ta da yawa a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, wani bangare saboda lauyoyin da ke da ƙwararru, ko waɗanda kawai aka horar da su don ba da shawara, ba su da shiri don ba da nasiha ga jama'a. A tarihi, Baristoci sun taka rawar gani a shirye-shiryen gwaji, ciki har da rubuta roko da sake duba shaida. A wasu wuraren shari'a, haka lamarin yake. A wasu wuraren, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga lauyan ya karɓi taƙaitaccen bayani daga lauyan da ke ba da umarni don wakiltar abokin ciniki a gaban shari'a kwana ɗaya ko biyu kawai kafin ci gaba. Wani bangare na dalilin hakan shine tsada. Barrister yana da hakkin samun “takaitaccen kuɗi” lokacin da aka kawo taƙaitaccen bayani, kuma wannan yana wakiltar mafi yawan kuɗinta dangane da kowace gwaji. Sannan yawanci suna da damar samun refresher a kowace rana na shari’a bayan na farko, amma idan an yanke hukunci a gaban shari’a, ba a buƙatar lauya kuma za a yi asarar ɗan gajeren kuɗin. Wasu lauyoyin suna guje wa hakan ta hanyar jinkirta isar da taƙaitaccen bayanin har sai an tabbatar da shari'ar za ta kai ga shari'a. Dalili don raba sana'a Wasu fa'idodin kiyaye tsaga sun haɗa da: Samun lauya mai zaman kansa yana bitar hanyar aiki yana ba abokin ciniki sabon ra'ayi mai zaman kansa daga kwararre a fagen daban da lauyoyin da zasu iya ci gaba da dangantaka mai dorewa tare da abokin ciniki. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, ana nada alkalai daga lauyoyi (mambobin sana'ar barrister da ke cikin hurumin da aka bayar). Tunda Barristers ba su da alaƙar abokin ciniki na dogon lokaci kuma ana ƙara cire su daga abokan ciniki fiye da lauyoyi, waɗanda aka nada na shari'a sun fi zaman kansu. Samun duk wani ƙwararrun ƙwararrun lauyoyi a mashaya na iya baiwa ƙananan kamfanoni, waɗanda ba za su iya kula da manyan sassan ƙwararru ba, su yi gogayya da manyan kamfanoni. Barrister yana aiki a matsayin duba lauyoyin da ke gudanar da shari'ar; idan ya bayyana cewa lauyan ba ya gudanar da da'awar ko kariya da kyau kafin a fara shari'a, lauyan zai iya (kuma yawanci yana da alhakin) ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki na wani da'awar daban akan lauyan. Kware a gudanar da gwaji, saboda kasancewar barristers ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara ne. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, dole ne lauyoyi su bi ka'idar taksi, wanda ke tilasta musu karɓar taƙaitaccen bayani idan yana cikin ƙwararrunsu kuma idan akwai su, sauƙaƙe samun damar yin adalci ga waɗanda ba a so. Yawan masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya haifar da ƙarancin inganci da ƙarin farashi, damuwa ga Sir David Clement a cikin nazarinsa na aikin lauya na Ingilishi. Saboda an ƙara cire su daga abokin ciniki, barristers ba za su iya sanin bukatun abokin ciniki ba. Ana iya samun cikakken cikakken nazarin dalilan da ke tabbatar da rabuwar sana'ar shari'a da kuma gardamar da ke ba da haɗin kai a cikin littafin lauyan Ingilishi Peter Reeve na 1986, Shin Sana'o'in Shari'a Biyu Ne Necessary? Ka'ida Barrister yana ƙarƙashin ikon da suke aiki, kuma a wasu ƙasashe, ta Inn of Court wanda suke. A wasu ƙasashe, akwai ƙa'ida ta waje. Inns na Kotun, inda suke, suna tsara shigar da aikin. Inns of Court ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da alhakin horarwa, shigar da (kira), da horo na barristers. Inda suke, ana iya kiran mutum zuwa mashaya ta wurin masauki, wanda dole ne ya fara zama memba. A gaskiya ma, a tarihi, kira zuwa ga nasara a Bar, zuwa babban mataki, ya dogara da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da aka yi a farkon rayuwa. Barista tare da bayyana duk membobi na sana'ar Barrister a cikin hurumin da aka bayar. Duk da yake mafi ƙarancin lauyoyi ƙungiya ce da ke rungumar duk membobinta, yawanci yakan faru, ko dai de facto ko de jure, an saka hannun Barri tare da ikon sarrafa yadda ake aiwatar da lauyoyi. Barristers a duniya A cikin al'adar doka ta gama gari, ayyukan lauya wato a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a kuma mai ba da shawara an raba bisa ƙa'ida zuwa gida biyu daban-daban, ƙayyadaddun ƙananan sana'o'i, ɗayan kuma ofishin lauya ne. A tarihi, bambance-bambancen ya kasance cikakke, amma a zamanin shari'a na zamani, wasu ƙasashe da suka sami rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu suna da sana'ar haɗaka duk wanda ya cancanci aiki a matsayin lauya yana iya zama lauya, kuma akasin haka; kuma a madadin a matsayin mai zartarwa na doka. A aikace, bambancin yana iya zama babu shi, ƙarami, ko alama, ya danganta da hurumi. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamar Ostiraliya, Scotland da Ireland, ba a sami ɗan zobe ba. A cikin jihohin Ostiraliya na New South Wales, Victoria da Queensland, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna. Koyaya, dangane da sharuɗɗa, lauyoyi na iya karɓar aikin samun dama kai tsaye daga abokan ciniki. Kowace Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Jiha tana tsara sana'a kuma da gaske tana da ayyukan Inns na Kotu na Ingilishi. A cikin jihohin Kudancin Ostiraliya da Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma Babban Babban Birnin Australiya, ana haɗa guraben ayyukan lauya da lauya, amma duk da haka akwai mashaya mai zaman kanta, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta jiha ko ƙasa ta tsara. A cikin Tasmania da Arewacin Arewa, sana'ar ta haɗu, kodayake ƙananan adadin masu aikin aiki suna aiki azaman mashaya mai zaman kanta. Gabaɗaya, ba da shawarar yin sutura a cikin al'adar Ingilishi (wig, gown, jaket ɗin bar da jabot a gaban manyan kotuna, kodayake ba a saba yin hakan don aikace-aikacen shiga tsakani. Har yanzu ana sa riga da riguna a Kotun Koli da Kotun Lardi a cikin al'amuran jama'a kuma sun dogara da suturar jami'in shari'a. Ana amfani da riguna da wigs a duk shari'ar laifuka. A Yammacin Ostiraliya, ba a sake sanya wigs a kowace kotu. Kowace shekara, Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi suna nada wasu ƴan lauyoyi masu girma da girma zuwa matsayi na "Senior Counsel" (a mafi yawan Jihohi da Yankuna) ko "Shawarar Sarauniya" (a cikin Yankin Arewa, Queensland, Victoria da South Australia). Irin waɗannan barista suna ɗauke da taken "SC" ko "QC" bayan sunansu. Ana nadin nadin ne bayan wani tsari na tuntubar ma’aikata da kuma bangaren shari’a. Babban Mashawarci yana bayyana a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na musamman ko wahala. Su ne kusan kashi 14 cikin ɗari na mashaya a New South Wales. Bangladesh A Bangladesh, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Ma'aikatan Shari'a ta Bangladesh da Dokar Majalisar Lauyoyi, 1972 (Dokar Shugaban Kasa mai lamba 46) kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima wacce Majalisar Lauyoyin Bangladesh ke gudanarwa da kuma aiwatar da ita. Majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh ita ce babbar hukuma ta doka don tsara guraben ayyukan shari'a a Bangladesh tare da tabbatar da daidaiton ilimi da bin ka'ida ta masu ba da shawara kan tsarin majalisar lauyoyi. Majalisar lauyoyi, tare da taimakon gwamnati, suna tsara dokoki don daidaita wannan sana'a. Duk wanda ya kammala karatun shari'a daga gida ko kuma a waje dole ne ya rubuta kuma ya ci jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi don yin rajista kuma a shigar da shi a matsayin ƙwararrun Lauyoyi don yin aiki da doka duka a matsayin Barristers Lauyoyin. An ba da izinin sabbin masu ba da shawara su fara aiki a ƙananan kotuna (Ƙananan gundumar) bayan shigar da su a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi na gida (District). Bayan shekaru biyu na Kwarewa a ƙaramar kotu, Lauyoyin sun cancanci shiga cikin Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli na Bangladesh. Ta hanyar cin jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi, ana ba masu ba da shawara takardar shaidar yin rajista da izini ta hanyar da aka tsara don yin aiki a Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli kuma. Masu ba da shawara waɗanda suka zama Barrister a Burtaniya ne kawai ke riƙe babban matsayinsu na Barristers. A Bangladesh, akwai wata ƙungiya mai suna Barristers' Association of Bangladesh wadda ke wakiltar irin waɗannan barrister na Burtaniya.[10] Kanada A Kanada (ban da Quebec sana'o'in barrister da lauya sun haɗu, kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna magana da kansu da sunayen biyu, ko da ba su yi aiki a bangarorin biyu ba. A cikin yaren magana a cikin ma'aikatan shari'a na Kanada, lauyoyi galibi suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin "masu ƙararraki" (ko "lauyoyi"), ko kuma a matsayin "lauyoyi", ya danganta da yanayin aikinsu na doka ko da yake wasu na iya yin aiki a matsayin masu shari'a da lauyoyi. Duk da haka, “masu gabatar da kara” gabaɗaya za su yi duk ayyukan ƙarar da lauyoyi da lauyoyi suke yi; akasin haka, waɗanda ke kiran kansu "lauyoyi" gabaɗaya za su iyakance kansu ga aikin shari'a wanda ba ya haɗa da yin aiki a gaban kotuna (ba ma ta hanyar shiri ba kamar yadda lauyoyi ke yi a Ingila), kodayake wasu na iya yin aiki a gaban alkalan kotuna. Kamar yadda ake yi a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Commonwealth irin su Ostiraliya, masu shigar da kara na Kanada suna "share", amma ba tare da wig ba, lokacin da suke bayyana a gaban kotuna na "mafi girman iko". Duk waɗanda suka kammala karatun doka daga makarantun shari'a na Kanada, kuma masu riƙe da takaddun cancantar NCA (lauyoyin da aka horar da su na duniya ko waɗanda suka kammala digiri daga wasu makarantun doka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen gama gari a wajen Kanada) daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a ta Kanada bayan suna iya amfani da hukumar kula da lardin da ta dace. (Ƙungiyoyin doka) don shiga (lura a nan cewa Lardunan Kanada an yi la'akari da su daban-daban na shari'a). Abubuwan da ake buƙata don shigar da su a matsayin memba a cikin ƙungiyar shari'a sun haɗa da kammala digiri na shari'a na Kanada (ko kammala jarrabawa don gane digiri na shari'a na kasashen waje), shekara ta yin magana a matsayin ɗalibi wanda wani ƙwararren lauya ke kulawa, da kuma cin jarrabawar mashaya. wanda lardin ya ba da umarni ɗalibin ya nemi lasisi a ciki. Da zarar waɗannan buƙatun sun cika to ana iya kiran ɗalibin mai yin magana zuwa mashaya bayan bita idan aikace-aikacen su da la'akari da duk wasu batutuwan "kyakkyawan hali" waɗanda aka gabatar da su ga Kotu a cikin bikin kira. Sannan mai nema ya zama memba na jama'ar doka a matsayin "barrister da lauya". Lamarin ya ɗan bambanta a Quebec sakamakon al'adar dokar farar hula Sana'ar lauya, ko avoué, ba ta taɓa kasancewa a cikin Quebec na mulkin mallaka ba, don haka lauyoyi avocats sun kasance al'adar sana'a ce mai ban sha'awa, yin jayayya da shirya shari'o'i a cikin batutuwa masu rikitarwa, yayin da sauran nau'in lauya na Quebec, notaries na doka notaires kula da al'amuran da ba su da alaƙa a waje da kotu. Duk da haka, ba a keɓance wasu fagage masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ta hanyar notaries ta yadda lauyoyi sukan ƙware wajen gudanar da ko dai gwaji, shari'o'i, ba da shawara, ko abubuwan da ba na shari'a ba. Rashin hasara kawai shine cewa lauyoyi ba za su iya zana kayan aikin jama'a waɗanda ke da ƙarfin doka iri ɗaya da ayyukan notarial ba Yawancin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a Quebec suna ba da cikakkiyar sabis na shari'a na kamfanonin doka a lardunan doka. Masu neman lauyoyin Quebec dole ne su sami digiri na farko a cikin shari'ar jama'a, su wuce jarrabawar mashawarcin lardi, kuma su sami nasarar kammala horon doka don shigar da su yin aiki. Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a na Quebec Barreau du Québec ne ke tsara lauyoyi. Faransa A Faransa, avocats, ko lauyoyi, sun kasance, har zuwa karni na 20, daidai da barista. Sana'ar ta haɗa da maki da yawa waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar manyan mutane: avocat-stagiaire (mai horo, wanda ya riga ya cancanta amma yana buƙatar kammala shekaru biyu (ko fiye, dangane da lokacin) na horo tare da ƙwararrun lauyoyi), avocat, da avocat Honouraire (babban barrister) Tun daga karni na 14 da kuma a cikin 19th da 20th musamman, Barritocin Faransa sun yi gasa a fadace-fadacen yankuna a kan fannoni daban-daban na aikin shari'a a kan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (mai ba da shawara kan shari'a, lauyan ma'amala) da avoué lauyan tsari), kuma sun fadada don zama. babban kwararren lauya, tare da sananne ban da notaires (notaries), waɗanda ma'aikatar da aka nada lauyoyi (tare da wani cancantar cancanta) kuma waɗanda ke riƙe keɓancewa kan isar da saƙon da kuma tantancewa. Bayan gyare-gyaren shari'a na 1971 da 1990, an haɗa avocat tare da avoué da juridique na conseil, yana mai da avocat (ko, idan mace, avocate lauya mai cikakken manufa don batutuwan hukunce-hukuncen hukumci, kwatankwacin lauyan Amurka. Lauyoyin Faransa yawanci ba sa (ko da yake suna da haƙƙin) aiki duka biyu a matsayin masu shari'a (lauyoyin gwaji) da masu ba da shawara kan lauyoyi (lauyoyin masu ba da shawara), waɗanda aka sani da suna avocat plaidant da avocat -conseil Wannan bambance-bambancen ba na yau da kullun ba ne kuma bai dace da kowane bambanci na cancanta ko shigar da littafin ba. Duk lauyoyin da ke da niyya dole ne su ci jarrabawar don samun damar yin rajista a ɗayan Cibiyar régional de formation à la professional d'avocat (CRFPA) (Cibiyar horar da lauyoyi). Kwas ɗin CRFPA yana da tsawon shekaru biyu kuma yana haɗuwa tsakanin koyarwar aji da horarwa. Ƙarshensa shine mataki na ƙarshe horo na ƙarshe), inda lauyan da ke shirin ya shafe watanni 6 a cikin kamfanin lauyoyi (gaba ɗaya a fagen aikin da ya fi so da kuma a cikin kamfanin da yake fatan za a dauka daga baya). Daga nan sai lauyan da ke da niyyar wucewa da Certificat d'Aptitude à la Profession d'Avocat (CAPA), wanda shine jarrabawar ƙwararru ta ƙarshe da ke ba shi damar shiga mashaya ta kotu barreau An gane gabaɗaya cewa jarrabawar farko ta fi CAPA wahala kuma yawancin ɗaliban doka suna jin tsoro. Majalisar Bar Ordre du barreau ce ke sarrafa kowace mashaya. Akwai wani rukunin barrister daban da ake kira avocats au Conseil d'Etat et à la Cour de Cassation Ko da yake asalinsu na shari'a, horarwa da matsayinsu iri ɗaya ne da ƴan avocat, amma waɗannan suna da hurumin shari'ar da ake kai ga kotun koli, a cikin al'amuran farar hula, masu laifi ko na gudanarwa. Jamus A Jamus, ba a bambanta tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Lauyoyi na iya yin kara a duk kotuna ban da reshen farar hula na Kotun Tarayya ta Tarayya Bundesgerichtshof wanda aka shigar da kasa da lauyoyi kasa da hamsin. Wadancan lauyoyin, wadanda kusan ke gudanar da shari’a, ba za su iya kara a wasu kotuna ba kuma yawanci lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar wanda ake tuhuma a kananan kotuna ya ba su umarni. Koyaya, waɗannan hane-hane ba su shafi shari'o'in laifuka ba, ko kuma ƙararraki a kotunan sauran tsarin kotuna, waɗanda suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, haraji, kotunan zamantakewa da tsarin kotunan Tarayyar Turai Hong Kong Aikin shari'a a Hong Kong kuma ya kasu kashi biyu: lauyoyi da lauyoyi. A cikin Babban Kotun (ciki har da Kotun farko da Kotun Daukaka Kara) da Kotun Daukaka Kara, a matsayin doka ta gabaɗaya, barristers da lauyoyin masu ba da shawara ne kawai ake ba su damar yin magana a madadin kowane ɓangare a gaban kotun. Wannan yana nufin cewa an hana lauyoyi yin hakan. A cikin wadannan kotuna guda biyu, sai dai a yi tanadin sauraren kararraki a zauren majalisa, lauyoyin lauyoyi suna sanya tufafi irin na turanci na gargajiya, kamar yadda alkalai da sauran lauyoyi suke yi. A Hong Kong, an ba da matsayin mashawarcin Sarauniya kafin mika Hong Kong daga Birtaniya zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1997. Bayan mikawa, babban mai ba da shawara ya maye gurbinsa da haruffa bayan fage SC. Babban mashawarci na iya har yanzu, duk da haka, su sanya kansu a matsayin siliki, kamar takwarorinsu na Biritaniya. Indiya A Indiya, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Masu ba da shawara, 1961 ta gabatar da tunani ta Ashoke Kumar Sen, ministan shari'a na Indiya a lokacin, doka ce da majalisa ta zartar kuma majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ce ke gudanarwa kuma ta aiwatar da ita. A karkashin dokar, majalisar lauyoyin Indiya ita ce babbar hukumar kula da harkokin shari'a a Indiya da kuma tabbatar da bin doka da kiyaye ka'idojin kwararru ta hanyar kwararrun lauya a kasar. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da izini don zartar da dokoki da yin oda a cikin shari'o'in mutum ɗaya da ma gabaɗaya. Kowace Jiha tana da Majalisar lauyoyinta wanda aikinta shi ne yin rajistar Barrister da ke son yin aiki gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin jihar da yin ayyukan Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya a cikin yankin da aka ba su. Don haka, kowane mai digiri na doka dole ne a yi rajista tare da Majalisar Bar na Jiha (guda) don yin aiki a Indiya. Sai dai yin rajista da kowace Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha ba ta hana Barrister zuwa gaban kowace kotu a Indiya ba, duk da cewa ya wuce hurumin Majalisar Lauyoyin Jihar da ya shiga. Fa'idar samun Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha shine cewa za a iya raba aikin Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya zuwa wadannan Majalisun Lauyoyin Jihohi daban-daban da kuma cewa za a iya magance al'amura a cikin gida da kuma cikin sauri. Koyaya, don duk dalilai masu amfani da doka, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana riƙe da ita, ikon ƙarshe don ɗaukar yanke shawara a kowane ɗayan al'amuran da suka shafi aikin shari'a gabaɗaya ko kuma game da kowane tsarin don samun damar yin aiki a cikin Indiya biyu ne. Na farko, mai nema dole ne ya kasance mai riƙe da digiri na doka daga wata ma'aikata da aka sani a Indiya (ko daga ɗayan jami'o'in da aka sani guda huɗu a cikin Burtaniya) kuma na biyu, dole ne su wuce cancantar shiga rajista na Majalisar Bar na jihar inda ya tana neman a saka ta. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da kwamiti na cikin gida wanda aikinsa shine kulawa da bincika cibiyoyi daban-daban da ke ba da digiri na doka da ba da izini ga waɗannan cibiyoyin da zarar sun cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata. Ta wannan hanyar Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya kuma tana tabbatar da daidaiton matakin ilimin da ake buƙata don yin aiki a Indiya. Dangane da cancantar yin rajista tare da Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha, yayin da ainihin ƙa'idodin na iya bambanta daga wannan Jiha zuwa waccan, amma galibi suna tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacen bai kasance mai fatara mai laifi ba kuma ya dace da yin aiki a gaban kotunan Indiya. Shiga tare da majalisar lauyoyi kuma yana nufin cewa wanda ya mallaki digirin doka an san shi a matsayin Barrister kuma ana buƙatar ya kiyaye ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da halayen ƙwararru a kowane lokaci, duka a ciki da wajen sana'a. Majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ta kuma tsara "Dokokin Da'a" da Barristers za su kiyaye a cikin kotuna, yayin da ake hulɗa da abokan ciniki da ma wasu. Ireland A jamhuriyar Ireland, shigar da Babban Mai Shari'a na Ireland ya iyakance ga waɗanda aka fara ba da digiri na Barrister-at-Law (BL). The Honorable Society of King's Inns ita ce kawai kafa ilimi wanda ke gudanar da kwasa-kwasan sana'a ga barristers a cikin Jamhuriya da kuma digiri na Barrister-at-Law ne kawai za a iya ba da shi ta King's Inns. Gidan masaukin King suma sune kawai jiki da ke da ikon kiran mutane zuwa mashaya da kuma hana su. Yawancin lauyoyin Irish sun zaɓi Bar of Ireland, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki, lokacin da za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin Babban Mashawarci ("SC"). Duk baristan da ba a kira su zuwa Barr Ciki ba an san su da Junior Counsel (kuma ana gano su da baƙaƙen baƙaƙen “BL”), ba tare da la’akari da shekaru ko gogewa ba. Shiga cikin Bar na ciki ana yin shi ta hanyar bayyanawa a gaban Kotun Koli, ikon mallakar ikon da gwamnati ta ba da ita. Barristers na Irish ƙwararru ne kawai kuma maiyuwa ba za su samar da ɗakuna ko haɗin gwiwa ba idan suna son ci gaba da kasancewa memba na Laburaren Shari'a na Bar of Ireland. Don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin dokokin Bar of Ireland, sabon ƙwararren barrister ana horar da shi zuwa gogaggen lauya na aƙalla shekaru bakwai na gogewa. Ana kiran wannan koyo da almajiri ko shaidan Iblis wajibi ne ga waɗancan lauyoyin da ke son zama memba na Laburaren Shari'a kuma yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya na shari'a. Ya zama ruwan dare ga shaidan na shekara ta biyu a cikin tsari mara kyau amma wannan ba wajibi ba ne. Ba a yawan biyan aljanu albashin aikinsu a cikin shekar shedarsu. A cikin Isra'ila, babu bambanci tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi, duk da cewa tsarin shari'a a Isra'ila ya dogara ne akan dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, a matsayin ci gaba da Dokar Burtaniya a Falasdinu A zahiri, akwai lauyoyi a Isra'ila waɗanda ba sa zuwa kotu, kuma aikinsu yana kama da na lauya. Japan Japan ta ɗauki tsarin haɗin kai. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nau'o'in ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin aiki a wasu ƙayyadaddun dokoki, irin su masu rubutun shiho shoshi, ƙwararrun yin rajistar rajista, ajiya, da wasu ƙararrakin kotu tare da ƙarin takaddun shaida), masu lissafin haraji zeirishi wanda ya cancanci shirya harajin haraji, ba da shawara game da lissafin haraji da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na haraji na gudanarwa) da kuma wakilai na haƙƙin mallaka "benrishi", wanda ya cancanci yin rajistar rajista da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na gudanarwa). Lauyoyin bengoshi ne kawai za su iya bayyana a gaban kotu kuma sun cancanci yin aiki a kowane fanni na doka, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, wuraren da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun doka da ke sama aka ba su damar yin aiki. Yawancin lauyoyi har yanzu suna mai da hankali kan aikin kotu kuma har yanzu ƙananan lauyoyi suna ba da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shawarwarin shari'a a kowace rana ga manyan kamfanoni. Netherlands Netherlands ta kasance tana da wata sana'ar shari'a mai rabe-raben da ta ƙunshi lauya da mai ba da izini, na ƙarshe ya yi kama da, har zuwa wani lokaci, aikin lauya. A karkashin wannan tsarin, lauyoyin suna da damar wakiltar wadanda suke karewa a shari'a, amma kawai suna iya shigar da kara a gaban kotun da aka yi musu rajista. Shari'ar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon wata kotun dole ne wani ɗan kasuwa da ya yi rajista a waccan kotun ya shigar da kara, a aikace sau da yawa wani lauya yana aiwatar da ayyukan biyu. An tabo tambayoyi kan wajibcin rabuwar, ganin cewa babbar manufarsa kiyaye ingancin aikin shari'a da kiyaye dokokin kotunan kananan hukumomi da kwastam ya zama tsoho. Don haka, an soke mai siyar a matsayin sana'a ta daban kuma ayyukanta sun haɗu da aikin lauya a 2008. A halin yanzu, lauyoyi na iya shigar da kara a gaban kowace kotu, ba tare da la’akari da inda aka yi musu rajista ba. Iyakar abin da aka sani kawai ya shafi shari'o'in farar hula da aka gabatar a gaban Kotun Koli, wanda lauyoyin da suka yi rajista a Kotun Koli dole ne su gudanar da su, don haka suna samun lakabin "lauya a Kotun Koli". New Zealand A cikin New Zealand, ba a haɗa guraben ayyukan a bisa ka'ida ba amma ana yin rajistar masu aikin a Babban Kotun a matsayin "Barristers da Lauyoyi". Za su iya zaɓar, duk da haka, don yin aiki a matsayin barista su kaɗai. Kimanin kashi 15% na yin aiki ne kawai a matsayin barista, galibi a cikin manyan birane kuma yawanci a cikin "ɗakuna" (bayan kalmomin Burtaniya). Suna karɓar "umarni" daga wasu masu aiki, aƙalla na asali. Yawancin lokaci suna gudanar da shari'ar gaba ɗaya. Duk wani lauya na iya neman zama mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QC) don gane gudummawar da ta daɗe a fannin shari'a amma ana ba da wannan matsayin ne kawai ga waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin lauyoyi a cikin yanayi na musamman. Wannan matakin da ake magana da shi a matsayin "ana kiransa zuwa mashaya na ciki" ko "ɗaukar siliki", ana ɗaukarsa mai daraja sosai kuma ya kasance mataki a cikin aikin alkalan New Zealand da yawa. Ba kamar sauran hukunce-hukuncen ba, kalmar “junior barrister” an fi amfani da ita wajen koma wa lauyan da ke da takardar shedar aiki a matsayin barrister, amma wani babban barrister ne ya dauke shi aiki. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan barristers suna cikin shekaru biyar na farko na aikin kuma har yanzu ba su cancanci yin aiki a matsayin barista kaɗai ba. Barristers sole (watau barrister wadanda ba wani barrister suke aiki ba) wadanda ba Lauyan Sarauniya ba ba a taba kiran su da kananan barrister. Najeriya A Najeriya, babu bambanci tsakanin Barrister da lauyoyi. Duk daliban da suka ci jarrabawar mashaya wanda Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya ta ke bayarwa ana kiranta zuwa mashawartan Najeriya, ta Body of Benchers. Lauyoyi na iya yin gardama a kowace kotun tarayya ko kotun daukaka kara da kuma kowacce kotuna a jihohi 36 na Najeriya da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Doka ta ‘Legal Practitioner’s Act’ tana kiran lauyoyin Najeriya a matsayin masu aikin shari’a, kuma bayan kiran da suka yi wa lauyoyin, lauyoyin Najeriya sun shigar da sunayensu a cikin rajista ko Roll of Legal Practitioners da ke a Kotun Koli. Watakila, saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran lauyan Najeriya a matsayin Barrister kuma Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, kuma yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya suna kiran kansu Barista-at-Law cike da baƙaƙen baƙaƙe na "BL" Yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya sun haɗu da aiki mai rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa, ko da yake ana samun haɓaka ga masu sana'a a cikin manyan ayyuka don ƙware a ɗayan ko ɗayan. A cikin harshe na magana a cikin ma'aikatan lauyoyin Najeriya, lauyoyi na iya, saboda wannan dalili, ana iya kiran su "masu kara" ko "lauyoyin". Kamar yadda ake yi a Ingila da sauran wurare a cikin Commonwealth, ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki ta hanyar ba da matsayi na Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN). Pakistan Sana'ar a Pakistan ta haɗu; mai ba da shawara yana aiki duka a matsayin lauya da lauya, tare da samar da haƙƙin masu saurare. Don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a Pakistan, mai digiri na lauya dole ne ya kammala matakai uku: wuce Bar Practice and Training Course (BPTC), a kira shi zuwa Bar ta Inn of Court, kuma ya sami lasisi don yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin kotunan Pakistan daga majalisar lauyoyi masu dacewa, lardi ko tarayya. Poland A Poland, akwai manyan nau'ikan sana'o'in shari'a guda biyu: mai ba da shawara da lauya. Dukansu an kayyade su kuma waɗannan sana'o'in an iyakance su ne kawai ga mutanen da suka kammala karatun shari'a na shekaru biyar, suna da ƙwarewar akalla shekaru uku kuma suka ci jarrabawar ƙasa biyar masu wahala (dokar farar hula, dokar laifuka, dokar kamfani, dokar gudanarwa da ɗa'a) ko kuma suna da likitan digiri. Kafin 2015, kawai bambanci shine masu ba da shawara suna da hakkin su wakilci abokan ciniki a gaban kotu a kowane hali kuma masu ba da shawara na shari'a ba za su iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a gaban kotu ba a cikin laifuka. A halin yanzu, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a cikin shari'o'in laifuka don haka a halin yanzu, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wannan sana'o'in mahimmancin tarihi ne kawai. Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu aiki da aikin masu ba da shawara (kamar yadda aka san barista a Afirka ta Kudu) ya yi daidai da sauran Commonwealth. Masu ba da shawara suna ɗaukar matsayi na ƙarami ko Babban Mashawarci (SC), kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kuma suna biyan su (wanda aka sani da lauyoyi Yawancin lokaci ana aiki da su a manyan kotuna, musamman a Kotunan daukaka kara inda sukan bayyana a matsayin ƙwararrun lauya. Lauyoyin Afirka ta Kudu (lauyoyin) suna bin al'adar mika kararraki ga Lauyan don ra'ayi kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar, lokacin da mai ba da shawara kan ayyukan tambaya a matsayin kwararre a cikin shari'ar da ke kan gaba. Masu neman shawara a halin yanzu suna shafe shekara ɗaya a cikin ɗalibi (tsohon watanni shida kacal) kafin a shigar da su mashaya a yankunansu ko na shari'a. Ana amfani da kalmar "Advocate" wani lokaci a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin take, misali "Mai ba da shawara John Doe, SC" Advokaat a cikin Afrikaans) kamar yadda "Dr. John Doe" ga likitan likita. Koriya ta Kudu A Koriya ta Kudu, babu bambanci tsakanin bangaren shari'a da lauyoyi. A baya, mutumin da ya ci jarrabawar mashawarta ta kasa bayan shekaru biyu na karatun kasa, zai iya zama alkali, mai gabatar da kara, ko “lauya” daidai da maki bayan kammala karatunsa. Sakamakon canje-canje daga aiwatar da tsarin makarantar doka, akwai daidaitattun hanyoyi guda biyu na zama lauya. A karkashin tsarin shari'a na yanzu, don zama alkali ko mai gabatar da kara, lauyoyi suna buƙatar aiwatar da iliminsu na shari'a. “Lauya” ba shi da iyakacin aiki. Spain Spain tana da rarrabuwa amma ba ta yi daidai da rarrabuwar kawuna a Biritaniya tsakanin Barristers/lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Procuradores suna wakiltar masu ƙarar ta hanyar doka a cikin kotu, gabaɗaya ƙarƙashin ikon ikon lauya wanda notary na dokar farar hula ya aiwatar, yayin da abogados ke wakiltar ƙaƙƙarfan iƙirari na mai ƙara ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari. Abogados suna gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci biyu da ba da shawara dangane da shari'ar kotu, kuma suna da cikakken 'yancin sauraro a gaban kotun. Ana gudanar da shari'ar kotu da abogados, ba tare da masu ba da izini ba. A taƙaice, procuradores wakilai ne na kotu waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin umarnin abogado Aikinsu ya ta’allaka ne ga yankin kotun da aka shigar da su. Ƙasar Ingila A karkashin dokar EU, an san lauyoyi, tare da masu ba da shawara, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi, a matsayin lauyoyi. Ingila da Wales Ko da yake tare da wasu dokoki daban-daban, ana ɗaukar Ingila da Wales a cikin Burtaniya ɗaya ɗaya kuma haɗen ikon doka don dalilai na dokar farar hula da na laifuka, tare da Scotland da Ireland ta Arewa, sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'a biyu a cikin Burtaniya. Ingila da Wales suna rufe da mashaya gama gari (kungiyar barristers) da ƙungiyar doka ɗaya (kungiyar lauyoyi). Sana'ar lauya a Ingila da Wales sana'a ce ta daban da ta lauya. Yana da, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a riƙe cancantar duka biyun lauya da lauya, da/ko zartarwar doka da aka yi hayar a lokaci guda. Ba lallai ba ne a bar mashaya don cancanta a matsayin lauya. Barristers ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni, yanki na Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi Dole ne lauya ya kasance memba na ɗaya daga cikin Inns of Court, wanda a al'ada ya karanta da kuma tsara barristers. Akwai Inns guda huɗu na Kotu: The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn, The Honourable Society of Grey's Inn, The Honorable Society of the Middle Temple, da The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple Duk suna a tsakiyar London, kusa da Kotunan Sarauta na Shari'a Suna yin ayyukan ilimi da zamantakewa, kuma a kowane hali, suna ba da taimakon kuɗi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai (wanda ya dace da cancanta) ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Inn ne a zahiri "kira" dalibi zuwa mashaya a wani biki mai kama da kammala karatun. Ayyukan zamantakewa sun haɗa da cin abinci tare da sauran membobin da baƙi da kuma gudanar da wasu abubuwan. Wadanda suka kammala karatun shari'a da ke son yin aiki kuma a san su da Barristers dole ne su ɗauki kwas ɗin horo na ƙwararru (wanda aka sani da "bangaren sana'a") a ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin da Majalisar lauyoyi ta amince. Har zuwa ƙarshen 2020 wannan kwas ɗin ita ce kawai Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, amma tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da tayin horon da aka amince da shi don zama barista ta hanyar darussa daban-daban, irin su sabon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kotun. Bayan kammala karatun sana'o'in cikin nasara, ana kiran 'yan barista dalibai zuwa mashaya ta wurin masaukin nasu kuma ana daga darajarsu zuwa matakin "Barista". Koyaya, kafin su iya yin aikin kansu dole ne su fara ɗaukar watanni 12 na ɗalibi Watanni shida (6)na farkon wannan lokacin ana yin su ne don inuwar ƙarin manyan likitoci, bayan haka ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai za su iya fara gudanar da wasu ayyukan kotu na kansu. Bayan nasarar kammala wannan matakin, yawancin lauyoyi sai su shiga rukunin Chambers, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke raba farashin gidaje da ma'aikatan tallafi yayin da suke zama masu zaman kansu. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 akwai wasu baristoci sama da dubu shabiyar 15,500 a cikin ayyukan zaman kansu, wanda kusan kashi goma daga cikinsu Lauyan Sarauniya ne, sauran kuma ƙananan lauyoyi ne Yawancin lauyoyi (kimanin 2,800) suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni a matsayin shawara na "cikin gida", ko ta karamar hukuma ko ta ƙasa ko a cibiyoyin ilimi. Certain barristers in England and Wales are now instructed directly by members of the public. Members of the public may engage the services of the barrister directly within the framework of the Public Access Scheme; a solicitor is not involved at any stage. Barristers undertaking public access work can provide legal advice and representation in court in almost all areas of law (see the Public Access Information on the Bar Council website) and are entitled to represent clients in any court or tribunal in England and Wales. Once instructions from a client are accepted, it is the barrister (rather than the solicitor) who advises and guides the client through the relevant legal procedure or litigation. Kafin barrister ya gudanar da aikin shiga jama'a, dole ne ya kammala kwas na musamman. A halin yanzu, kusan daya daga cikin 20 barista sun cancanci haka. Har ila yau, akwai wani tsari na daban da ake kira "Lasisi mai lasisi", akwai ga wasu zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan ƙwararrun abokin ciniki; ba a bude ga jama'a. Aikin shigar da jama’a ya yi kaurin suna a mashaya, inda lauyoyi suka yi amfani da sabuwar damar da mashawar ta samu wajen cin riba ta fuskacin yanke tallafin shari’a a wasu wurare na wannan sana’a. Ikon Barristers na karɓar irin waɗannan umarnin ci gaba ne na kwanan nan; ya samo asali ne daga wani canji a cikin dokokin da Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi ya kafa a watan Yulin 2004. An bullo da tsarin shiga jama’a a matsayin wani bangare na budaddiyar tsarin shari’a ga jama’a da kuma saukaka da rahusa wajen samun shawarwarin shari’a. Yana kara rage banbance tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi. Bambancin ya rage saboda akwai wasu sassa na aikin lauya da lauya ba zai iya yi ba. A tarihi, barrister na iya amfani da girmamawa, Esquire Duk da cewa kalmar barrister-at-law wani lokaci ana ganinta, kuma ta kasance ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, ba a taɓa yin daidai ba a Ingila da Wales. Barrister shine kawai daidaitaccen nomenclature. Ana sa ran Barristers su kula da kyawawan halaye na ƙwararru. Makasudin ka'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar shine don guje wa rinjaye ta ko dai lauya ko abokin ciniki da kuma abokin ciniki da aka ba su damar yanke shawara a cikin yanayi mai tallafi kuma, bi da bi, abokin ciniki yana tsammanin (a bayyane da/ko a bayyane) Lauyan da ke kula da ayyukansu, wato ta hanyar yin aiki bisa maslahar abokin ciniki (CD2), yin aiki da gaskiya da gaskiya (CD3), kiyaye al'amuran abokin ciniki sirri (CD6) da yin aiki zuwa ma'auni mai inganci (CD7). Waɗannan mahimman ayyuka (CDs) kaɗan ne, da sauransu, waɗanda ke cikin Littafin Jagora na BSB. Ireland ta Arewa A cikin Afrilu 2003 akwai Barristeri 554 a cikin aiki mai zaman kansa a Ireland ta Arewa 66 sun kasance masu ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QCs), Barristers waɗanda suka sami babban suna kuma Sarauniyar ta nada su bisa shawarar Ubangiji Chancellor a matsayin manyan masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawara. Waɗannan barrister waɗanda ba QCs ba ana kiran su Junior Counsel kuma ana yin su da salon "BL" ko "Barrister-at-Law". Kalmar junior sau da yawa yaudara ce tun da yawancin membobin Junior Bar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai. Benchers sune, kuma sun kasance na ƙarni, hukumomin gudanarwa na Inns na Kotu guda huɗu a London da King's Inns, Dublin. Benchers na Inn na Kotun Arewacin Ireland sun gudanar da Inn har sai an kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Inn a cikin 1983, wanda ya ba da cewa an raba gwamnatin Inn tsakanin Benchers, Majalisar Zartarwa na Inn da membobin Inn. taro a Babban Taro. Majalisar Zartarwa (ta hanyar Kwamitin Ilimi) tana da alhakin yin la'akari da Memorials da masu nema suka gabatar don shigar da su a matsayin ɗaliban Inn da kuma ɗaliban Bar na Inn don shigar da digiri na Barrister-at-Law da ba da shawarwari ga Benchers. Benchers ne ke yanke hukunci na ƙarshe akan waɗannan abubuwan Tunatarwa. Benchers kuma suna da keɓantaccen ikon korar ko dakatar da ɗalibin Bar da kuma hana barista ko dakatar da barrister daga aiki. Bugu da ƙari, wasu kotunan ƙararrakin ƙararrakin jihohi suna buƙatar lauyoyi su sami wata takardar shaidar shigar da ƙara da yin aiki a kotun daukaka kara. Kotunan tarayya na buƙatar takamaiman shigar da ƙarar kotun don yin aiki a gabanta. A matakin daukaka kara na jihohi da kuma a kotunan tarayya, gaba daya babu wani tsarin jarrabawa daban, kodayake wasu kotunan gundumomi na Amurka suna bukatar a yi nazari kan ayyuka da hanyoyin da ake bi a kotunansu. Sai dai idan an buƙaci jarrabawa, yawanci ana ba da izinin shiga a matsayin al'amari ga kowane lauya mai lasisi a jihar da kotu take. Wasu kotunan tarayya za su ba da izinin shiga kowane lauya mai lasisi a kowace ikon Amurka. Popular culture Hong Kong Bar Association (barristers in Hong Kong) Law Society of Hong Kong (solicitors in Hong Kong) at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2006-07-23) Canadian Bar Association Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Australiya (Barristers a cikin Commonwealth of Australia) New South Wales Bar Association Bar Victorian (Ostiraliya) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Queensland (Ostiraliya) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Kudancin Australiya (Ostiraliya) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yammacin Australiya (Ostiraliya) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yankin Arewa (Ostiraliya) The Barrister magazine The Inner Temple Bar Council (barristers in England and Wales) Bar Library of Northern Ireland Faculty of Advocates in Scotland The Bar of Ireland The difference between barristers and solicitors Advice on structure and training for the Bar Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

15289

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Okogua-Apiafi

Betty Okogua-Apiafi

Betty Jocelyne Okagua Apiafi (an haife ta a 19 ga Fabrairu 1962) 'yar Siyasar Najeriya ce, masaniyar tattalin arziki, ma'aikaciyar banki mai ritaya kuma masaniyar ilimi. An zabe Apiafi a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Yamma a 2019. Ta kuma taba zama dan majalisar wakilai a mazabar Abua/Odual-Ahoada ta Tarayya ta Gabas ta Jihar Ribas tun 2007. Ita 'yar jam'iyyar PDP ce. Farkon rayuwa da Ilimi Betty Jocelyne Okagua Apiafi an haife ta ne a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1962. Ta yi digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami’ar Fatakwal sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas. Majalisar Wakilai A lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar Wakilai (2007-2019), Apiafi ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga harkokin mata, ilimi da sake fasalin bangaren banki. Sauran matan da aka zaba sun hada da Folake Olunloyo, Maimunat Adaji, Martha Bodunrin, Suleiman Oba Nimota, Mulikat Adeola Akande, Uche Lilian Ekunife, Beni Lar, Linda Chuba-Ikpeazu, Mercy Almona-Isei, Doris Uboh, Olubimi Etteh. Ta dauki nauyin Kuɗi da yawa kuma ta gudanar da ayyuka da yawa wasu waɗanda aka ambata wasu a ƙasa; Membobin kwamitin Apiafi ta shugabanci kwamitoci da yawa a lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar Wakilai tsakanin shekarun 2007 zuwa 2019. Sun hada da: 1. Shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan kiwon lafiya 2. Mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin kasashen waje 3. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Noma 4. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan kwamitin raya yankin Neja Delta 5. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Banki da Kudin 6. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan lamuran zabe 7. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Tsaron Kasa 8. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin mata 9. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan mata a majalisa 10. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Jirgin Sama Kudaden da aka dauki nauyi 1. HB 837: Hukumar Kula da Bincike da Gudanar da Mutane masu Bukatu Na Musamman (Kafa da dai sauransu) Bill, 2018 2. HB 1496: Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Laboratory Science Science (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2018 3. HB 982: Dokar Horar da Zama na Likita, 2017 4. HB 1095: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2017 5. HB 1157: Dokar Dokar Gudanar da Asibitocin Orthopedic (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2017 6. HB 534: Dokar Dokar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2017 7. HB National Drug Formulary da Essential Drugs List Act (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2016 HB 646: Kwamitin Kula da Magunguna na Nijeriya (Kafa, Etc.) Bill, 2016 9. HB 868: Dokar Asusun Bayar da Ilimin Manyan Ilimi (Kwaskwarimar), 2016 10. HB 172: Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2015 11. HB 191: Dokar likitocin da likitan hakori (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 12. HB 192: Dokar Hukumar Kula da Asibitocin tabin hankali (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 13. HB 194: Tallace-tallace (Canza Madarar Mace) Dokar (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 14. HB 195: Dokar Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 15. HB 196: Dokar Cibiyar Kula da Ido ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 16. HB 197: Dokar Kifi a Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 17. HB 198: Dokar Hukumar Kula da Kawance Masu zaman kansu ta Jama'a, 2015 18: HB 199: Magungunan Abinci da Kayayyaki masu Alaka (Rajista, Da Sauransu) Dokar (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 19: HB 200: Lamuni (Ci gaban Jiha) Dokar (Maimaitawa) Bill, 2015 20. HB 201: Likitocin Kula da Lafiya na Kula da Lafiya (Rajista, Da Sauransu) Bill, 2015 21. HB 203: Binciken Jirgin Kaya na Dokar Fitarwa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 22. HB 204: Dokar Magunguna ta Dokar Dokar Dokar Nijeriya (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015 23. HB 205: Dokar Haraji ta Dokar (Kwaskwarima) Bill, 2015 24. HB 75: Yarjejeniyar Cibiyar Kudi da Kual ta Najeriya (Kafa) Bill, 2015 25. HB 34: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2011 Dokar Bautar Kasa ta Matasa ta Kasa Dokar 1993) 26. HB 35: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Sanarwa) Bill, 2011 27. HB 231: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2009 (National Youth Service Corps Decree 1993) 28. HB 232: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2009 Daga cikin yawan iyawarta a siyasance, ta kuma dauki nauyin Dokar Horar da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya, 2017; Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa Jos Bill, 2017 wanda daga karshe Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya ya sanya hannu a kan Dokar. Ayyukan gida A shekarar 2011, Hon. Betty Apiafi tana daga cikin zababbun 'yan majalisun Najeriya da suka yi nasarar gyara kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1999 wanda shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin ya amince da shi wanda shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Dokta Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ya amince da shi. Ta kuma kasance mamba a majalisar Afirka ta PAN 2007-2015, shugabar majalisar wakilai ta PAN Afirka ta 2011- 2015 Majalisar Dattawa An zabe Betty Apiafi a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta Majalisar 9 a 2019 a karkashin Jam’iyyar PDP. A yanzu haka tana wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Yamma ta Yamma. Ita ce mace ta farko a majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya kuma 'yar majalisar dattijai daga jihar Ribas. Membobin kwamitin 1. Shugaban kwamitin kan harkokin mata 2. Kwamitin Memba a kan Kiwon Lafiya 3. Kwamitin Memba a kan Ka’idojin Dokoki 3. Memba na kwamitin dokoki da kasuwanci 4. Memba na kwamitin man fetur (Na gaba) 5. Memba kwamitin kan harkokin cikin gida 6. Memba a kwamitin muhalli 7. Memba a kwamitin SDG 8. Kwamitin Memba a Banki da Sauran Cibiyoyin Kudi 9. Memba na kwamitin Ferma Bills da aka dauki nauyi A halin yanzu, a matsayinta na fitacciyar 'yar majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta 9, ta gabatar da wadannan kudade a gaban majalisar dattawan kuma sun hada da: 1. SB 94: Cibiyoyin Likitocin Tarayya (Kafa. Etc.) Bill, 2019 2. SB 90: Dokar Dokar Asusun Ilimin Manyan Ilimi (Kwaskwarima), 2019 3. SB 126: Dokar Tsaron Aiki da Kiwan Lafiya, 2019 (HADIN GWIWA SEN. BENJAMIN UWAJUMOGU) 4. SB 91: Dokar Dokar 'Yan Sanda (Gyara) Bill, 2019 5. SB: Hukumar Bincike da Gudanar da Mutane masu Bukatu Na Musamman (Kafa) Bill, 2019 (Jiran Karanta Na 1) 6. SB 92: Dokar Dokar Laifuka (Gyara) Bill, 2019 7. SB 175: Dokar Talla (Canjin Madara-Madara) Dokar (Gyara) Bill, 2019 8. SB: Dokar Banki da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Sake Maimaitawa da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2019 (HADIN GWIWA SEN. UBA SANI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uba_Sani) 9. SB: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, (Halin Tarayya da Abubuwan da suka Shafi 2020) Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayanin Betty Apiafi

13295

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira

Shakira

Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll /ʃ ə k ɪər ə Spanish: ;An haifaita a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar alif 1977), mawakiyya ce yar kasar Kolombiya, mawakiyya, yar rawa, mawallafa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Barranquilla, ta fara wasan ta na farko a karon farko a karkashin Sony mawaki Colombia lokacin tana shekara 13. Hakan ya biyo bayan gazawar kasuwanci ta kundin kaskon farko na Colombia biyu, Magia (1991) da Peligro (1993), ta yi fice a kasashe masu magana da harshen Spanish tare da kundin wakokin ta na gaba, Pies Descalzos (1995) da Dónde Están los Ladrones? (1998). Shakira ta shiga kasuwa da harshen Turanci tare da kundin wakan nata na biyar, Loundry Service (2001). Ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan sha uku (13) sannan kuma ya lalata waƙaƙan na kasa-da-kasa Duk lokacin da, Duk Inda da Yourarbar Aikinku Nasararta ta kasance mai karfafuwa tare da kuma kundin gidan radiyon Spain Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (2005), Sale el Sol (2010), da kuma El Dorado (2017), duk wanda shugaba da <i id="mwMw">Allon tallace-tallace</i> Top Latin Wakokin ginshiki kuma aka bokan Diamante da Rikodi Masana'antu Kungiyoyin kasarAmurka. A halin yanzu, hotan nata na Ingilishi Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 (2005), She Wolf (2009) da Shakira (2014) duk sun kasance tabbataccen zinare, platinum, ko platinum da yawa a cikin kasashe daban-daban na duniya. Wasu wakokinta sun yi jerin gwano a lamba daya a kasashe da yawa, da suka hada da La Tortura Hips Kada Lie BmMasu kyauwun Karya Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci ga Afirka) Loca da Chantaje Shakira ta yi aiki a matsayin koci a lokutan biyu na gasar wakokin talabijin na Amurka mai taken Muryar Amurka daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekarar 2014. Shakira ta samu lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da Grammy Lamban yabo uku, Grammy Latin goma sha uku, Kyautar MTV Video waka Lanbobin yabo bakwai, Kyautar Takaitaccen Tarihi na Burtaniya, Kyautar Miliyan talatin da tara ta Kudin Latin Waka Lanban yabo da tauraruwa akan Hollywood Walk of Fame A shekara ta 2009, Billboard ya jera ta a matsayin Babban Mawakin Latin na Artade na Latinan shekaru. Bayan sayar da fiye da miliyan 75 na rikodin duniya, Shakira ta kasance Diyan manya masu fasahar kidan duniya An zabe ta a matsayin mai zane-zane ta Latin da aka fi sani a kan Spotify kuma ta zama dayan mata masu fasaha uku kawai don samun bidiyo biyu na YouTube da suka wuce dala biliyan biyu Saboda aikinta na kyauta tare da Barefoot Foundation da kuma gudummawar da ta bayar wajen kide-kide, ta sami lambar yabo ta Latin ta Academyan Wasan Kwafi ta Latin shakira ta kasance matar Gerrard Pique wanda yake kasan catalunya dake kasar Spain,wanda yake taka leda kulob din Barcelona dake kasan spain. Farkon rayuwa An haife ta ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar alif 1977, a Barranquilla, Columbia, ita kaɗai ce ɗa William Mebarak Chadid da Nidia Ripoll Torrado. Kakannin kakanta sun yi ƙaura daga Lebanon zuwa New York City, inda aka haife mahaifinta. Sannan mahaifinta ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Colombia yana da shekaru 5. Sunan Shakira Arabic Shi ne Larabci for "m", da mata nau'i na sunan Gumi Arabic Daga mahaifiyarta, tana da Mutanen Espanya da asalin Italiyanci Ta girma Katolika kuma ta halarci makarantun Katolika. Tana da olderan tsofaffin rabin-ɗiyan-miji daga ɗaurin mahaifinta na baya. Shakira ta kwashe yawancin samartakarta a Barranquilla, wani gari da ke bakin gabar arewacin Caribbean a gabar Kolombiya, ta kuma rubuta waka ta farko, wacce ake wa lakabi da "La Rosa De Cristal The Crystal Rose", lokacin tana shekara hudu. Lokacin da take girma, tana sha'awar kallon mahaifinta tana rubuta labarai a kan rubutun keken rubutu, sannan ta nemi daya a matsayin kyautar Kirsimeti. Tun tana da shekaru bakwai, ta sami wannan nau'in buga rubutun, kuma ta ci gaba da rubuta wakoki tun lokacin. Wadannan waƙoƙin ƙarshe sun samo asali zuwa waƙoƙi. Lokacin da Shakira ta kasance shekara biyu, wani ɗan uwan rabin ya mutu a cikin haɗarin babur; Shekaru shida bayan haka, tana da shekara takwas, Shakira ta rubuta waƙarta ta farko, mai taken "Tus gafas oscuras Gilashin duhu mai duhu", wanda mahaifinta ya yi wahayi, wanda tsawon shekaru ya rufe gilashin duhu don ɓoye baƙin cikin. Lokacin da Shakira ta kasance hudu, mahaifinta ya kai ta wani gidan cin abinci na Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda Shakira ta fara jin doumbek, daddaren gargajiyar gargajiya da ake amfani da ita a cikin waƙar Larabci kuma wacce ke tare da raye-rayen ciki Ta fara rawa a kan tebur, kuma kwarewar ta sa ta fahimci cewa tana son zama mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ta ji singing ga makaranta da kuma malamai (har ma da nuns) a ta Katolika makaranta, amma a na biyu aji, ta yi watsi da makaranta mawaka saboda ta vibrato ya yi karfi. Malamin waƙoƙin ya gaya mata cewa ta yi kara "kamar akuya". A makaranta, ta sau da yawa ya aiko daga aji saboda ta Hyperactivity (ADHD). Ta ce an kuma santa da "yarinyar rawa na ciki", kamar yadda za ta nuna kowace Juma'a a makaranta adadin da ta koya. Ta ce "Na gano yadda nake sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayon rayuwa," in ji ta. Don nuna godiya ga Shakira game da tarbiyyar da ta yi, mahaifinta ya kai ta wani wurin shakatawa na gida don ganin marayu da ke zaune. Hotunan sun kasance tare da ita, sannan ta ce wa kanta: "Wata rana zan taimaki waɗannan yaran lokacin da na zama mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo." Tsakanin shekarun 10 zuwa 13, an gayyaci Shakira zuwa wasu al'amuran daban-daban a Barranquilla kuma ya sami yabo a yankin. A wannan lokacin ta sadu da mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na gida Monica Ariza, wanda ya burge ta kuma a sakamakon hakan ya yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa aikinta. A lokacin da yake tashi daga Barranquilla zuwa Bogotá, Ariza ya shawo kan zartarwa mai gabatarwa Sony Kolombiya Ciro Vargas don yin duba ga Shakira a harabar otal. Vargas ya riƙe Shakira cikin girmamawa kuma, yayin da ya dawo ofishin Sony, ya ba kaset ɗin waƙa da daraktan zane-zane. Koyaya, daraktan bai yi matukar farin ciki ba kuma yana tunanin Shakira wani abu ne na "asarar rai". Ba a manta kuma har yanzu ya yarda cewa Shakira yana da baiwa, Vargas ya kafa duba a cikin Bogotá. Ya shirya wa shugabannin zartarwar na Sony Columbia don isa wurin binciken, tare da tunanin mamakinsu da aikin Shakira. Ta yi waƙoƙi uku ga masu zartarwar kuma ta burge su har ta isa a sanya mata hannu don rakodin kundin hotuna uku. Aiki 1990–1995: Farko Wakar Shakira ta farko, Magia, an yi ta ne tare da Sony Music Columb a shekarar alif 1990, lokacin tana 'yar shekara 13 kacal. A songs ne mai tarin sanya ta ta tun ta kasance guda takwas, gauraye pop-rock ballads kuma disco uptempo songs tare da lantarki masu raka. An saki kundin a watan Yuni na shekarar alif 1991, kuma an nuna "Magia" da wasu wayoyi ukun. Kodayake ya yi kyau sosai a rediyo na Colombian kuma ya ba wa Shakira matasa da yawa, kundin bai inganta sosai ba saboda an sayar da kwafin 1,200 kawai a duk duniya. Bayan ƙarancin aikin Magia, alamar Shakira ta bukaci mata ta koma ɗakin karatun don sakin wani abin biyo baya. Duk da cewa ba a san ta sosai ba a wajen kasarta ta asali a lokacin, amma an gayyace ta Shakira da ta halarci Gasar Rauni ta Duniya na Viña del Mar a watan Fabrairun, shekarar alif 1993. Bikin ya baiwa masu son Latin Amurka fatan samun damar yin wakokinsu, sannan kuma kwamitocin mahukunta suka zabi wanda ya lashe gasar. Shakira ta yi wasan siraran "Eres" ("Kuna") kuma ta lashe ganima a matsayi na uku. Ofaya daga cikin alƙalai waɗanda suka zabe ta don cin nasarar shine ɗan shekaru 20 Ricky Martin, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali daga kasancewarsa memba a Menudo Shakira album na biyu na studio, mai taken Peligro, an sake shi a cikin Maris, amma Shakira bai ji daɗin sakamakon ƙarshe ba, galibi yana ɗaukar batun samarwa. An fi karɓar kundin album ɗin fiye da na Magia, kodayake ana ganin cinikayyar kasuwanci saboda ƙin Shakira ya ƙi tallata shi ko inganta shi. Shakira daga nan ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar hiatus daga yin rikodi don ta iya kammala karatun sakandare. A wannan shekarar, Shakira ta tauraro a cikin jerin fina-finai na kasar Columbia mai suna The Oasis, ba tare da dogara da bala'in Armero ba a cikin shekarar alif 1985. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka jawo kundin albums din daga fitarwa kuma ba a dauke su a matsayin kundin tarihin Shakira amma a maimakon hakan Albums na ingantawa. Shakira ta fara rikodin waƙar ó Dónde Estás Corazón? (Daga baya aka sake ta kan kundin nata mai suna Pies Descalzos don kundin shirya fim ɗin Nuestro Rock a shekarar alif 1995, wanda aka fito dashi na musamman a Kolumbia. Hoton Pies Descalzos ya kawo babban shahara a Latin Amurka ta hanyar mawakan "Estoy Aquí", "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" da "Dónde Estás Corazón". Shakira ya kuma yi rikodin waƙoƙi guda uku a cikin harshen Portuguese, mai taken "Estou Aqui", "Um Pouco de Amor", da "Pés Descalços". 1995–2000: Juzuwar Latin Shakira ta dawo zuwa rakodin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin Sony Music tare da Columbia Records a shekarar alif 1995, tare da Luis F. Ochoa, ta yin amfani da tasirin kiɗa daga ƙasashe da dama da kuma Alanis Morissette -oriented mutuma wanda ya shafi kundin kundin wakoki na biyu na gaba. Wadannan rakodin sun lalata kundin shirye-shiryen na ukunsu, da kundin kasida na ta na duniya, mai taken Pies Descalzos Rikodi don kundin ya fara a watan Fabrairu 1995, bayan nasarar ta "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" An saki kundin, Pies Descalzos a watan Fabrairu 1996. Ya kai lamba biyar akan ginshiƙi na Manyan Labarai na Allon Amurka. Kundin ya ba da lambar yabo shida, Estoy Aquí wanda ya kai lamba ta biyu a kan taswirar Latin Amurka, Dónde Estás Corazón? Wanda ya kai lamba biyar akan taswirar Latin Amurka, Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos wanda ya kai lamba 11 akan taswirar Latin ta Amurka, Un Poco de Amor wanda ya kai lamba shida akan ginshiƙi na Amurka, Antología wanda ya kai lamba 15 akan ginshiƙi na Amurka, da Se quiere, Se Mata wanda ya kai lamba ta takwas akan Amurka Tsarin Latin. A watan Agusta 1996, RIAA ta sami tabbacin matsayin kundin platinum. A watan Maris na shekarar 1996, Shakira ta ci gaba da rangadinta na farko na kasa da kasa, wanda aka sanya wa suna kawai Tour Pies Descalzos Yawon shakatawa ya kunshi wasan kwaikwayo 20 kuma ya ƙare a 1997. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, Shakira ta karbi kyaututtuka na Billboard Latin Music na Kyauta don Album na Year don Pies Descalzos, Bidiyo na shekara don "Estoy Aqui", da Mafi kyawun Artist Pies Descalzos daga baya ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 5, haifar da sakin kundin remix, kawai mai taken The Remixes Har ila yau, remixes sun hada da juzu'i na Portuguese na wasu sanannun wakokinta, wadanda aka yi rikodin su saboda nasarar da ta samu a kasuwar ta Brazil, inda Pies Descalzos ta sayar da kwafin kusan miliyan daya. Album ɗinta na hudu mai taken Dónde Están los Ladrones'? Shakira tare da Emilio Estefan, Jr. a matsayin mai gabatarwa na zartarwa an sake shi a watan Satumbar 1998. Kundin, wanda aka yi wahayi da abin da ya faru a filin jirgin sama wanda a ciki an sace akwati mai cike da rubutattun wakoki, ya zama babban abin birgewa fiye da Pies Descalzos Kundin kundi ya kai matsayi mafi girma na lamba 131 akan Billboard 200 kuma ya sami matsayi mafi girma akan ginshiƙi Albums na Amurka na makwanni 11. Tun daga yanzu an sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 7 a duk duniya da 1.5 miliyan kofe a cikin Amurka kadai, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi kyawun sayar da kundin wakokin Spanish a cikin Amurka guda takwas an karɓa daga kundi da suka hada da Ciega, Sordomuda Moscas En La Casa da Babu Creo wanda ya zama ta farko guda zuwa chart a kan Amurka Allon tallace-tallace <i id="mw9A">Allon tallace-tallace</i> Hot 100, Inevitable tu Si Te Vas Octavo Dia da kuma Ojos asi Shakira ita ma ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy Award na farko a 1999 don Mafi kyawun Latin Rock Album Shakira's album's first live, MTV Unplugged, an yi ta a cikin New York City ranar 12 ga Agusta 1999. Amincewa da manyan masu sukar Amurkawa ke yi, an nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wasannin da ta fi yin fice. A watan Maris din 2000, Shakira ta fara ziyarar shakatawar Anfibio, yawon shakatawa na watanni biyu na Kudancin Amurka da Amurka. A watan Agusta, 2000, ta sami kyautar MTV Video Music Award a cikin taken Zaɓaɓɓun Mutane Mashahurin Mawakin Kasa da Kasa na "Ojos Así". A watan Satumbar 2000, Shakira ta yi "Ojos Así" a wajen bikin kaddamar da lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy, inda aka ba ta jerin gwanoni guda biyar: Album of the Year da Mafi kyawun Vaukar hoto ta MTV Unplugged, Mafi kyawun Rockwar Dutse na Mace don "Octavo Día Mafi kyawun Vwafin Tsarin Mace Mai Tsayi da Mafi kyawun Musicaramar Bidiyo na Bidiyo don bidiyon don" Ojos Así 2001 --2004: Canjin Ingilishi tare da Sabis ɗin Laundry Bayan nasarar Dónde Están los Ladrones? da MTV Unplugged, Shakira ya fara aiki a kan kundin kida na Ingilishi. Ta koyi Turanci ne da taimakon Gloria Estefan Ta yi aiki sama da shekara guda kan sabon kayan don kundin. Duk lokacin da, Duk inda da ake kira" Suerte "a cikin ƙasashen masu magana da harshen Spanish, aka fito da shi a matsayin na farko kuma yana jagoranci guda ɗaya daga cikin kundin waƙoƙin Ingilishi na farko da kundin studio na biyar a cikin tsawon tsakanin Agusta 2001 da Fabrairu 2002. Waƙar ta sami tasiri mai ƙarfi daga waƙar Andean, gami da charango da panpipes a cikin kida. Ya zama babban nasarar duniya ta hanyar kai lamba ta farko a yawancin ƙasashe. Wannan kuma shine nasarar ta farko a cikin Amurka, ta hanyar kaiwa lamba ta shida akan Hot 100. Shakira album na biyar na studio da kundin harshen Turanci na farko, mai taken Laundry Service a cikin kasashen da ke magana da Turanci da Servicio De Lavanderia a Latin Amurka da Spain, an sake su a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2001. Kundin album din ya yi karo da lamba uku akan kwalin Billboard 200 na Amurka, yana sayar da sama da adadi 200,000 a satin farko. Daga baya RIAA ta sami ingantaccen kundin platinum sau uku a cikin Yuni 2004. Ya taimaka wurin kafa rawar kidan Shakira a babbar kasuwar Arewacin Amurka. An dauki waƙoƙi guda bakwai daga cikin kundin kamar "Duk lokacin da, Duk Inda" "Suerte", Carƙashin Kayanka ƙin yarda (Tango) Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango) The Daya Te Dejo Madrid Que Me Quedes Tú da" Waka zuwa Doki Saboda an kirkiro kundin ne saboda kasuwar Turanci, sai dutsen da kidan yaddar shakatawa ta kasar Sipaniya ta sami nasarorin mai sauki, tare da wasu masu sukar cewa kwarewar turancin ta ba ta iya rubuta wakoki; Rolling Stone, a ɗayan, ya bayyana cewa "tana jin muryar wauta" ko "sihirin Shakira ya ɓace cikin fassarar". Elizabeth Mendez Berry ta bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin Vibe "Yayin da kundin wayoyinta na harshen Spanish suka haskaka da kyakkyawar kade-kade, wannan rikodin ya cika da kima, cikin kiɗa da na kiɗa. Ga masoyan Anglophone Latin, waƙoƙin Shakira an bar su da hasashe. Duk da wannan gaskiyar, kundin ya zama mafi kyawun sayar da kundin 2002, yana sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 20 a duk duniya. kuma ta zama album mafi nasara na aikinta har yau. Kundin ya sami lakabi a matsayin babbar mai zane ta Latin a duniya. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Shakira kuma ta fitar da waƙoƙi huɗu don Pepsi don haɓakawa a cikin kasuwannin Turanci: "Ka nemi ƙari", "Pide Más", "Knock on Door na", da "Pídeme el Sol". A 2002, a MTV Icon na Aerosmith a watan Afrilun 2002, Shakira ya yi Dude (Yayi kama da Mata) Ta kuma shiga cikin Cher, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Mary J. Blige, Anastacia, da Dixie Chicks don VH1 Divas Live Las Vegas A watan Satumba, ta ci lambar yabo ta Zabi na Masu kallo a Duniya a MTV Video Music Awards tare da "Duk lokacin da, Duk inda". Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy Award don mafi kyawun Musicaukaka Tsarin Kiɗan Kiɗa don fassarar bidiyon Sifen. A watan Oktoba, ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Video Music Awards Latin America don Mafi kyawun Mawakin Mata, Mafi kyawun Mashahuran Art, Mafi Artist Arewa (Yankin), Bidiyo na shekara (don "Suerte"), da kuma Artist of the Year. A watan Nuwamba, ta fara yawon shakatawa na Mongoose tare da nishaɗi 61 waɗanda ke faruwa daga Mayu 2003. Yawon shakatawa kuma ita ce farkon ziyararta ta duniya, kamar yadda aka buga ƙafafu a Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka, Turai da Asiya. Alamar Shakira, Sony BMG, ita ma ta fito da mafi girman rubuce-rubucen Spanish ɗin, Grandes Éxitos Hakanan an fitar da DVD da kundin waƙoƙi 10, mai taken Live &amp; Off Record, kuma an sake shi a cikin 2004, don tunawa da Yawon Mongoose. 2005–2007: Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno da Gyara Oral, Juz'i na biyu Shakira ta shida na studio album, Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno, an saki a watan Yuni 2005. Jagoran guda daya daga kundin kundin, La Tortura ya kai kan 40 a kan Hot 100. Waƙar kuma ta ƙunshi tauraron sararin samaniya Alejandro Sanz Shakira ta zama mawaki na farko da ya yi waƙar yaren Sifen a MTV Video Music Awards a 2005. An karɓi kundin album ɗin sosai. An debi lamba ta hudu a kan kwalin Billboard 200, inda aka sayar da kofi 157,000 a satin farko. Tun daga nan ta sayar da kofi fiye da miliyan biyu a cikin Amurka, ta sami takardar shaida 11 Platinum (filin Latin) daga RIAA. Sakamakon tallace-tallace na sati na farko, kundin ya zama mafi girma na halarta na farko don kundin harshen faransanci. Bayan kawai ranar saki a Latin Amurka, kundi ya sami takaddun shaida. A Venezuela, ta sami takardar shedar Platinum, a Columbia, takardar shaidar Platinum ta sau uku, yayin da a Mexico ke buƙatar karɓar jigilar kayayyaki kuma kundi bai kasance ba bayan kwana ɗaya kawai da aka sake. Har ila yau, an sake fitowar wasu guda huɗu daga cikin kundin: A'a Día de Enero La Pared da Las de La Intuición Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 tun lokacin da aka sayar da kofi sama da miliyan hudu a duk duniya. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2006, Shakira ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy ta biyu tare da cin nasarar Best Latin Rock Alternative Album for Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy guda huɗu a cikin Nuwamba 2006, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo na Rajkodin na shekarar, Song of the Year for "La Tortura", Album of the Year da kuma mafi kyawun Vaukar hoto na Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 Jagora na daya don kundin album na bakwai na Shakira, Oral Fixation, Vol. 2, Kar ku damu ya kasa cimma nasarar ginshiƙi a Amurka ta hanyar rasa manyan 40 akan Hot 100. Amma ya kai ga manyan kasashe 20 a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashe na duniya. Shakira album na biyu na Ingilishi na biyu da kundin studio na bakwai, Gyaran Oral, Vol. 2, an sake shi a ranar 29 Nuwamba 2005. Kundin kundi ya buga a lamba biyar akan Billboard 200, yana sayar da kwafin 128,000 a satin farko. Kundin ya ci gaba da sayar da 1.8 rikodin miliyan a Amurka, da fiye da miliyan takwas kwafin a duk duniya. Duk da gazawar kasuwancin kundin jagora guda a Amurka, ya ci gaba da kawo karin wasu mata biyu. Hips Kada Kuyi Layi wanda ya nuna Wyclef Jean, an sake shi azaman na biyu na kundin a watan Fabrairu 2006. Zai zama lambar farko ta Shakira ta farko a kan Billboard Hot 100, ban da ta kai lamba ta daya a cikin kasashe 55. Shakira da Wyclef Jean suma sun yi rikodin wakokin Bam din don zama wakar bikin rufe gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2006 Daga baya Shakira ta saki na uku kuma na karshe daga kundin, Ba bisa doka ba wanda ya fito da Carlos Santana, a cikin Nuwamba 2006. Daga nan sai ta fara zagayawa cikin yawon shakatawa wanda aka fara a watan Yunin 2006. Yawon shakatawa ya kunshi hotuna 125 tsakanin Yuni 2006 da Yuli 2007 tare da ziyartar nahiyoyi shida. A watan Fabrairu 2007, Shakira yi karo na farko a cikin 49th Grammy Awards kuma aikata da gabatarwa domin Best Pop tare da haɗin gwiwar Vocals for "kwatangwalo kada ka karya" da Wyclef Jean. A ƙarshen 2006, Shakira da Alejandro Sanz sun haɗu don mawak'in Te lo Agradezco, Pero No wanda ke fitowa a cikin kundi na Sanz El Tren de los Momentos Waƙar ta kasance mafi girman goma da aka buga a Latin Amurka, kuma ta karɓi taswirar waƙoƙin Billboard Hot Latin Tracks. Shakira ya kuma yi aiki tare da Miguel Bosé akan mawakan Si Tú Babu Vuše wanda aka saki a cikin kundin gidan Papito na Bosé A farkon 2007, Shakira ya yi aiki tare da mawakiyar R&amp;B Beyoncé Knowles don waƙar Kyawawan Liar wanda aka saki a matsayin na biyu da aka fito daga fitowar kundin wakokin Beyoncé B'Day A watan Afrilun 2007, ɗayan ya tsallake wurare 91, daga 94 zuwa uku, akan ginshiƙi na Billboard Hot 100, yana kafa rikodin don motsi mafi girma a cikin tarihin ginshiƙi a lokacin. Wannan kuma lambar ta farko ce a jerin Yarjejeniyar Singles ta UK Waƙar ta samo musu lambar yabo ta Grammy don Kyautata Haɓakar Popwazo da Vaukaka Shakira ita ma an ba ta a wakar Annie Lennox Sing daga kundin waƙoƙin Mass Destruction, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi sauran mata mawaƙa 23. A ƙarshen 2007, Shakira da Wyclef Jean sun rubuta jigon biyu, "Sarki da Sarauniya". An nuna waƙar a wajan Wyclef Jean ta 2007 Carnival Vol. II: Memoirs na Baƙi Shakira ta rubuta wakoki, tare kuma suka hada kade-kade, don sabbin wakoki guda biyu wadanda suka fito a fim din soyayya a Lokacin Cholera, dangane da littafin da mawaki dan kasar Colombia Gabriel García Márquez ya rubuta García Marquez da kansa ya nemi Shakira don rubuta waƙoƙin. Waƙoƙin da Shakira suka bayar don sautin waƙoƙin sun kasance "Pienso en ti", waƙoƙi daga kundin waƙar Shakira na Pies Descalzos, "Hay Amores", da "Despedida". An zabi "Despedida" don Mafi Kyawun Rawa a Kyauta ta 65 ta Zinare 2008–2010: Ta Wolf A farkon 2008, Forbes mai suna Shakira ta kasance mace ta huɗu da ta sami kuɗi a masana'antar kiɗa. Sannan, a watan Yuli na waccan shekarar, Shakira ya sanya hannu a kan 300 miliyan kwangila tare da Live Nation, wanda zai kasance yana aiki har shekaru goma. Uringungiyar masu yawon shakatawa kuma ta ninka matsayin rakodin rikodi wanda ke inganta, amma ba ya sarrafawa, waƙar da masu fasahar sa ke sakewa. Yarjejeniyar Shakira tare da Epic Records ya kira ƙarin kundin hotuna guda uku kuma daya cikin Ingilishi, ɗayan Spanish, da tarawa, amma an tabbatar da rangadin da sauran haƙƙin yarjejeniyar Live Nation ta fara aiki nan take. A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Shakira ya yi a bikin Lincoln Muna Daya Mu don girmama bikin rantsar da Shugaba Barack Obama Ta yi Mafi Girma ƙasa tare da Stevie Wonder da Usher She Wolf, an sake shi a watan Oktoba na 2009 a cikin gida kuma a ranar 23 Nuwamba 2009 a Amurka Kundin ya karɓi mafi kyawun ra'ayoyi daga masu sukar, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙarshen shekara ta "All Albusic Albums," "umsan Albums na Latin," da kuma jerin sunayen "Abubuwan Aljihunan Pop Albattu". Ita Wolf ta isa lamba ta daya a jerin hotunan Argentina, Ireland, Italiya, Mexico da Switzerland. Hakanan an tsara shi cikin manyan biyun a Spain, Jamus da United Kingdom. An kirga shi da lamba goma sha biyar akan <i id="mwAdg">Billboard</i> 200 Ita Wolf ta sami karbuwa na platinum sau biyu a Columbia da Mexico, da platinum a Italiya da Spain, da zinare a kasashe da dama ciki har da Faransa da Ingila. Kundin ya sayar da 2 miliyan biyu kofe a duk duniya, zama ɗaya daga cikin albuman wasan kwaikwayon Shakira mafi ƙarancin ingancin studio har yau dangane da tallace-tallace. A watan Mayu, Shakira ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu Freshlyground don kirkirar waka ta zahiri a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA a Afirka ta Kudu a 2010 Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci for Afirka) wanda dogara ne a kan wani gargajiya na Kamaru sojoji ta Fang song mai taken Zangalewa da kungiyar Zangalewa ko Golden Sauti Daga baya ya kai ga manyan kasashe 20 a Turai, Kudancin Amurka da Afirka da kuma manyan 40 a Amurka kuma Shakira ce ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya zama mafi girman-sayar da Gasar cin Kofin Duniya na kowane lokaci. 2010-2015: Sale el Sol da Shakira A watan Oktoba na 2010, Shakira ta fito da kundin shirye-shiryenta na tara, mai taken Sale el Sol Kundin ya karɓi yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an haɗa shi a cikin 'All Albusic' Albums na 2010 da aka fi so da jerin sunayen itean Wasannin Latin na 2010 "na ƙarshen shekara. A yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Latin Latin ta 2011, an zabi Sale el Sol don Album of the Year da Mafi kyawun Maballin Var Popaukakar Mace inda ya lashe kyautar a rukunin na ƙarshe. Kasuwanci wannan kundin nasara ce a duk faɗin Turai da Kudancin Amurka, Sale el Sol ya nuna alamun attajirin ƙasashen Belgium, Croatia, Faransa, Mexico, Portugal da Spain. A cikin Amurka, an yi <i id="mwAgM">lissafin</i> lamba 7 a kan <i id="mwAgM">taswirar Billboard na</i> Amurka 200 wanda ke nuna mafi girma na farko ga kundin Latin a shekara kuma shi ne kundin album na biyar da Shakira ya fara a lamba ta farko. A cewar Billboard, kashi 35% na tallace-tallace na makon farko an yaba da su ne don siyayya mai ƙarfi na dijital. Hakanan kundin ya sanya lamba daya a duka manyan kundin kundin Latin, da taswirar Latin Pop Albums, tare da samun babban tallace-tallace na dijital a yankin. Jagoran guda daya, Loca shine lamba daya a cikin kasashe da yawa. Kundin ya sayar da kofi fiye da miliyan 1 a duk duniya cikin makonni 6, kuma sama da miliyan 4 tun lokacin da aka fito da shi. A watan Satumbar, Shakira ta hau kan Sun Sunzo Yawon Duniya, don tallafawa wasu kundin wakoki biyu da ta kwanannan. Ziyarar ta ziyarci kasashe a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, da Afirka tare da nishadi 107 cikin duka. Wadanda suka so yin yawon shakatawa sun nuna shakku kan lamarin, wadanda suka yaba da kasancewar matakin Shakira da kwazonta yayin wasanninta. A 9 Nuwamba 2011, Shakira ya kasance mai daraja a matsayin Latin na Kwalejin Hoto na Latin kuma ya yi murfin waƙar Joe Arroyo "En Barranquilla Me Quedo" a Cibiyar Ayyukan Mandalay Bay a matsayin kyauta ga mawaƙin, wanda ya mutu a baya cewa shekara. A shekara ta 2010 Shakira tare da hadin gwiwar rakumi Pitbull don rera taken Samu Ya Fara wanda aka shirya shi zai zama jagora guda daya daga cikin kundin shirye-shiryen Pitbull mai zuwa, Duniya Warming An sake ɗayan ɗayan ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012. An kuma sanya ta a Roc Nation a karkashin jagorancin gudanar da kundin shirye-shiryenta mai zuwa. A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Shakira da Usher za su maye gurbin Christina Aguilera da CeeLo Green don wasa na huɗu na TV na Amurka Muryar, tare da Adam Levine da Blake Shelton Shakira ta sanar da cewa za ta mai da hankali kan sabon kundin wakinta a cikin bazara kuma daga karshe ta dawo domin wasan ta na shida a watan Fabrairun 2014. Shakira da farko ta yi shirin fito da sabon kundin wakinta a shekarar 2012, amma saboda haihuwarta, an yi jinkiri kan sakin guda da bidiyon. A watan Disambar 2013, an ba da sanarwar cewa sabuwar Shakira ta yi jinkiri har zuwa watan Janairun 2014. Shakira's album mai taken lakabi na goma na fim din aka sake shi daga 25 Maris 2014. Kasuwanci album ɗin sun yi ƙibla a lamba biyu a kan <i id="mwAjw">taswirar Billboard na</i> Amurka 200 tare da tallan tallan farko na kwafin 85,000. Yin hakan, Shakira ta zama mafi girman mawaƙan mawaƙa akan ginshiƙi, kodayake ta sami mafi ƙarancin siyar da aka siyar a sati na farko (don kundin harshen Ingilishi). Kundin katange guda uku. Bayan fitowar mawaƙa guda biyu ta farko daga kundi, Ba za ku iya tunawa ba ku manta da ku da Empire RCA ta zaɓi "Dare (La La La)" a matsayin na uku. An fito da nau'in gasar cin kofin duniya a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Mayu don tasirin tashoshin rediyo, yana da fasalin mawaƙin Brazil Carlinhos Brown A ranar 13 Yuli 2014, Shakira ya yi La La La (Brazil 2014) tare da Carlinhos Brown a wurin bikin rufe gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na 2014 a filin wasa na Maracanã Wannan wasan ya zama bayyanuwa ta uku a jere a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. 2016 yanzu: El Dorado da Super Bowl LIV Shakira tana da rawar murya a cikin Disney animation fim din Zootopia, wanda ya nuna guda ɗaya Gwada Komai wanda aka saki a 10 Fabrairu 2016. Shakira ta fara aiki a kan kundin shirye-shiryenta na goma sha ɗaya a farkon 2016. A watan Mayun 2016, ta yi aiki tare da mawakiyar Kolombiya Carlos Vives akan waƙar La Bicicleta wacce ta je lashe lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy don rakodin shekarar da Song of the Year A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2016, Shakira ta saki Chantaje guda ɗaya tare da mawakiyar Kolombiya Maluma duk da cewa waƙar waka ce daga kundin shirye-shirye na goma sha ɗaya mai zuwa, ba a yi niyyar zama shi kaɗai ba. Waƙar ta zama bidiyon YouTube da aka fi gani a YouTube, sama da 2.1 biliyan biliyan tun daga 1 Yuni 2018. A 7 Afrilu 2017, Shakira ya saki waƙar Me Enamoré a matsayin jami'in hukuma na biyu da aka karɓa daga kundin shirye-shiryenta na goma sha ɗaya El Dorado wanda aka saki a 26 Mayu 2017. Ta kuma fito da waƙar Perro Fiel wanda ke nuna Nicky Jam a matsayin wacce ta inganta don kundin a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2017. Sanarwar hukumarta a matsayin na uku ta faru a 15 Satumba 2017, a wannan ranar bidiyon kiɗan nata, wanda aka yi fim a Barcelona a ranar 27 Yuli 2017, an sake shi. Kafin a sake shi azaman guda, "Perro Fiel" an riga an tabbatar dashi azaman zinare a Spain don siyar da kofen 20,000 akan 30 ga Agusta 2017. An ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na El Dorado a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, ta hanyar asusun Shakira ta hanyar Twitter, kuma Rakuten ya shirya shi. Sauran abokan aikin da aka sanar da rangadin sune Live Nation Entertainment 's's World Toing Division (wacce a baya tayi hadin gwiwa da Shakira akan ita The Sun Comes World Tour da Citi, wacce sanarwar ta fitar mai suna, bi da bi, mai samarwa da kuma katin bashi na wasan Arewacin Amurka na yawon shakatawa. Za a fara rangadin, a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, a Cologne, Jamus. Amma saboda matsalolin muryar da mawakiyar ta samu lokacin karatun ta, an soke ranar wata daya kafin jadawalin balaguro na asali, kuma an sanar da cewa za a sake sabunta ta zuwa wani lokaci mai zuwa. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, saboda wannan dalili, ita ma ta ba da sanarwar jinkirtawa zuwa ranakun da za a sanya a gaba, don tantancewa da sanarwa, ga duka wasannin a Paris, da kuma wadanda ke biye a Antwerp da Amsterdam A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, Shakira ta ba da sanarwar, ta hanyar shafukan sada zumuntarta, inda ta bayyana cewa ta sami jinya a cikin murfin dama na ƙarshenta a ƙarshen Oktoba, a jerin karatunta na ƙarshe, kuma don haka ta buƙaci ta saki muryarta don wani lokaci don murmurewa; wannan ya tilasta jinkiri game da rangadin na balaguron Turai zuwa 2018. Ana sa ran za a sanar da ranakun Latin ta Amurka daga baya, lokacin da yawon shakatawa ya ci gaba. Akwai shirye-shiryen kawo ziyarar, lokacin da ya dawo, zuwa kasashe kamar Jamhuriyar Dominica Bugu da kari, wani dan jarida daga mujallar jaridar Brazil mai suna Destak ya sanar, a shafinsa na Twitter, cewa mawaki dan kasar Columbia zai ziyarci Brazil a watan Maris mai zuwa. Koyaya, a cewar wannan jaridar, saboda yanayin Shakira don ta murmure daga cutar sankarar macen-ta, an kuma sanya ranakun Latin Amurka zuwa rabin na biyu na 2018. Daga qarshe, Shakira ta murmure sosai daga cutarwar jinin da ta sha ta kuma sake komawa ranta, tana yin a Hamburg, Jamus ranar 3 ga Yuni 2018. A watan Janairun 2018 ta sanar da ranakun zagayowar ranar balaguronta ta El Dorado Ta fara farkon tafiyarta a Turai, daga Hamburg, Jamus a ranar 3 Yuni sannan ta ƙare a Barcelona, Spain a 7 Yuli. Daga nan sai ta ɗan dakata a Asiya a ranakun 11 da 13 ga Yuli, bayan haka ta tafi Arewacin Amurka. Ta fara lokacinta a can ranar 3 ga watan Agusta a Chicago kuma ta kare a San Francisco ranar 7 ga Satumba. Ziyarar ta ta zama ta Latin Amurka, an fara ne a Mexico City a ranar 11 ga Oktoba kuma ta ƙare a Bogota, Columbia ranar 3 Nuwamba. A watan Fabrairu na 2020, ita da Jennifer Lopez sun yi wasan share fage na wasan Super Bowl LIV A cewar <i id="mwAqU">Billboard</i>, wasan rabin-lokaci yana da ra'ayin mutane miliyan 103. A YouTube, ya zama mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayon hutun lokaci a wancan lokaci. Game da wakokinta, Shakira ta faɗi cewa, "kiɗan da nake yi, ina tsammanin, haɗuwa ne da abubuwa daban-daban. Kuma koyaushe ina yin gwaji. Don haka na yi kokarin kada in takaita kaina, ko sanya kaina a wani rukuni, ko kasance mai zanen gidan kaso na. Shakira ta faɗi a koyaushe cewa ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙar juyayi da waƙar Indiya, waɗanda suka rinjayi yawancin ayyukanta na baya. Har ila yau, al'adunta na larabawa sun yi tasiri a kansu, wanda hakan babban abin alfahari ne ga nasarar da ta samu a duniya da ta buga Ojos Así Ta gaya wa Talabijin na Portuguese, "Yawancin ƙungiyoyi na sun kasance al'adun Arabiya ne." Ta kuma ambaci iyayenta da cewa sun kasance manyan masu bayar da gudummawa ga salon rawarta. Tana kuma yin tasiri sosai ta kade-kade ta Andean da kade- kaden gargajiya na Kudancin Amurka, ta yin amfani da kayan kida don wakokin Latin-pop-Latin. albunan ta na Spanish na baya, ciki har da Pies Descalzos da Dónde Están los Ladrones? kasance wani mix na jama'a kiɗan da Latin dutsen. Kundin kundin turanci na Girka, Laundry Service da kuma kundin albums daga baya ya rinjayi pop pop da pop Latino "Sabis ɗin wanki" shine farko album na dutsen pop, amma kuma yana jawo tasiri daga nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa. Mawaƙar ta yaba da wannan ga ƙabarta da aka hade ta, tana cewa: "Ni mai rikicewa ne. Wannan na ne. Ni sabani ne tsakanin baƙar fata da fari, tsakanin pop da dutsen, tsakanin al'adu tsakanin mahaifina na Lebanon da kuma mahaifiyar mahaifiyata ta Sifen, wasan gargajiya na Columbia da kidan Arab da nake ƙauna da kidan Amurika. Abubuwan larabawa da na Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai akan Dónde Están los Ladrones? Har ila yau suna nan a cikin Sabis na Laundry, galibi a kan "Eyes like Yours" "Ojos Así". Hanyoyin kiɗa daga ƙasashe Kudancin Amurka sun haɗu akan kundin. Tango, wani salon rawa mai cike da rawa da sauri wanda ya samo asali daga Argentina, ya fito fili a kan "Objection (Tango)", wanda kuma ya hada abubuwan dutsen da kuma zane A uptempo hanya siffofi da wani guitar solo da wata gada a wadda Shakira kai rap -like maher. She Wolf ita ce kundin tsari na electropop wanda ya haɗu da tasiri daga tsarin kide kide na ƙasashe da yankuna daban-daban, kamar Afirka, Kolumbia, Indiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Shakira cinye da album a matsayin "Sonic gwaji tafiya", ya ce cewa ta gudanar da bincike kaden daga kasashe daban-daban domin "hada lantarki da duniya sauti, kuwaru, clarinets, na Gabas kuma Hindu music, Dancehall, da dai sauransu" Kwakwalwar ta 2010, Sale el Sol, dawowa ne ga farkonta wanda ya kunshi balands, waƙoƙin dutsen, da waƙoƙin Latin kamar Loca Lokacin yana yarinya, Shakira ya rinjayi kiɗan kiɗan dutsen, yana sauraron manyan kiɗa kamar Led Zeppelin, Beatles, Nirvana, 'Yan Sanda da U2, yayin da sauran tasirinsa sun haɗa da Gloria Estefan, Madonna, Sheryl Crow, Alanis Morissette, Marc Anthony, Meredith Brooks da The Cure Rawa Shakira sanannu ne saboda rawar da take yi a cikin bidiyon kide-kide iri-iri da kuma kide-kide. Yunkurin da ta yi ya danganta ne da yanayin wasan rawa, wani bangare ne na al'adun Lebanon Kullum tana yin daddare Shakira ta ce ta koyi irin wannan rawar yayin ƙuruciya tun ƙuruciya don shawo kan jin kunya. Ta kuma ambata a cikin wata hira ta MTV cewa ta koyi yadda ake ciki rawar ciki ta ƙoƙarin jefa wani tsabar kudin tare da ita. Sabanin rawar rawar Shakira an ce ta kebanta da ita a masana'antar da ta haɗu da rawar tsakiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya da rawar Latin. An ambaci rawar gwiwa hip a cikin waƙoƙi, kamar Fifth Harmony 's “Brave Honest kyakkyawa kyakkyawa”. HOTO Nasarori Shakira ta sami lambobin yabo da yabo da yawa ga aikinta. Shakira ta sayar da fiye da miliyan 75 na rikodin duniya. Tsarin Kayan Watsa Labarai na Nielsen ya ce Hips Kada Kuyi Layi shine mafi kyawun waƙar da aka fi so a cikin mako guda a tarihin rediyo na Amurka. An buga shi sau 9,637 cikin sati daya. Shakira ta zama mawaki na farko a tarihin zane-zane na Billboard wanda ya sami lambar kwatankwacin lamba ta biyu akan Manyan Maina na 40 da kuma Yarjejeniyar Latin a cikin mako guda tare da yin haka "Hips Kada Kuyi Layi". Ari ga haka, ita kaɗai ce ɗan zane daga Kudancin Amurka da ta isa wurin lamba-aya a jerin Billboard Hot 100 na Amurka, jadawalin ARIA na Australiya, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Singles UK Waƙarta La Tortura a lokaci ɗaya ta riƙe rikodin don ginshiƙi na Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks ginshiƙi, yana fitowa a lamba-daya fiye da kowane guda tare da jimlar makonni 25 ba a jere ba, rakodin da a yanzu Enrique Iglesias ke riƙe da shi Bailando "tare da makonni 41. Nokia ta bayyana a cikin shekarar 2010, cewa akwai karin waƙoƙin Shakira a cikin shekarar da ta gabata fiye da kowane mawakiyar Latino a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, kuma She Wolf ta kasance a cikin manyan abubuwanda aka saukar da 10 Latino. A shekarar 2010, ta kasance lamba 5 a kan Video Video's Mafi Yawancin Kwalliyar Horar da Mazauni na shekarar 2010 'tare da ra'ayoyi 404,118,932. A shekarar 2011, an karrama Shakira a Latin Grammys a matsayin Mutumin Cibiyar Rajista na Latin na shekarar 2011 Hakanan ta sami tauraro akan Hollywood Walk of Fame wacce take a 6270 Hollywood Blvd. Tun da farko, an ba ta tauraruwa ne akan Hollywood Walk of Fame a shekarar 2004, amma ta ki karbar tayin. A shekarar 2012, ta samu karramawar ta Chevalier De L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres A cikin 2014, Shakira ya zama wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na farko da ya yi sau uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. A wannan shekarar, Aleiodes shakirae, an sanya sunan wani sabon nau'in cutar parasitic bayan ta saboda yana sa mai masaukin ya 'girgiza kuma yayi biris' A cikin shekarar 2018, Spotify ta hada Shakira a cikin jerin manyan 10 mata masu zane-zane mata na shekaru goma akan dandamali, wanda ya sanya ta zama mafi girman zane-zane na Latin. Yanzu ta cancanci dala miliyan 300. Monumenti A shekara ta 2006, an sanya wani mutum-mutumi mai tsini shida, tsayin kafa 16 na Shakira wanda mawakiyar Jamusawa Dieter Patt ya kafa a Barranquilla ta mahaifar Shakira a wurin shakatawa kusa da Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez, inda Shakira ta yi yayin Tafiya Gyarawar Oral A watan Yuli na shekarar 2018 Shakira ta ziyarci Tannourine a Lebanon wanda shi ne ƙauyen iyayen kakarta. A yayin ziyarar Shakira ta ziyarci cibiyar ajiyar dabbobi a Tannourine, inda aka sanya mata wani fili a gandun daji, suna riƙe da suna “Shakira Isabelle Mebarak” Legacy Shakira fitacciyar mawakiya ce a waƙar Latin, kuma haɓakarta ga kasuwannin duniya ita ce irin da jaridar New York Times ta kirata da "Titan of Latin Pop" saboda matsayinta na musamman kuma jagorar kida a cikin kidan Latin tana cewa "Shakira ta titan Latin pop ce. Duk da cewa sababbin tsararrun masu fasahar masu magana da harshen Spanish suna tsallaka zuwa fagen wakokin Amurka, fitowar Shakira ita kadai. Haka kuma, Forbes tana daukar Shakira a matsayin “abin mamaki” saboda nasarar da ba ta iya cim ma ta da daya daga cikin Latinas mafi karfi a duniya. Kwakwalwarta wacce ba a taɓa gani ba ta sa wa sauran masu fasaha na Latin Amurka ƙoƙarin hayewa, misali guda ɗaya shine tauraruwar mawakiyar Mexico Paulina Rubio, tana da MTV tana cewa "babu wata tambaya cewa Shakira ta buɗe ƙofofin a wannan ƙasa don masu zane-zane kamar Rubio su yi nasara." Bayan crossover, kasancewarta ta duniya da kuma yadda take kasancewa ta zama babba don <i id="mwA28">mujallar TIME</i> ta kira Shakira a matsayin "tatsuniyar tatsuniya." Yawancin masu zane-zane sun ambaci Shakira a matsayin gumakansu ko kuma wahayi kuma suna shafar ta, kamar Beyoncé, Rihanna, Lauren Jauregui, Rita Ora, Justin Bieber, Maluma, Karol G, Natti Natasha, Lele Pons, Andres Cuervo, da Camila Cabello Sauran hanyoyin Shakira ya shiga cikin sauran kasuwanni da masana'antu da yawa. Ta yi aiki ne a cikin gidan Telebijin na El Columbia a shekarar 1994, tare da halayen Luisa Maria. Shakira ta fara layin nata mai kyau, S ta Shakira tare da kamfanin iyayen Puig, a shekara ta 2010. Daga cikin turare na farko da ta fitar sun hada da "S ta Shakira" da "S ta Shakira Eau Florale", tare da kayan shafawa da feshin jiki. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ta fitar da kamshi guda 30, baya kirga ire-iren gasa. A 17 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2015, an nuna ta a matsayin tsuntsu mai iya samarwa a cikin wasan Angry Birds POP! na karamin lokaci, kuma a cikin gasa ta musamman a wasan Angry Birds abokai bayan makwanni kadan. A 15 Oktoba 2015, Love Rocks wanda aka yiwa wajan Shakira shine wasan bidiyo na farko da ya nuna tauraron pop. A 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, a Disney 's D23 Expo, an ba da sanarwar cewa Shakira za ta taka rawa a cikin fim din Zootopia na Disney Za ta yi wa Gazelle babbar murya a Zootopia. Shakira kuma ta ba da gudummawar waƙa ta asali ga fim ɗin, mai taken Gwada Komai wanda Sia da Stargate suka rubuta kuma suka haɗa shi. Wannan ya buɗe wa ofishin nasara rikodin ofishi a ƙasashe da yawa kuma ya sami ribar sama da 1 a duk duniya biliyan, wanda ya sa ya zama fim na huɗu mafi girma na shekara ta 2016 da fim na 43 mafi girma-na kowane lokaci Aiki agaji da siyasa A shekara ta 1997, Shakira ta kafa gidauniyar Pies Descalzos, wata cibiyar ba da gudummawa ta Colombia tare da makarantu na musamman ga yara matalauta a duk ƙasar Colombia. Shakira da sauran kungiyoyi na duniya da daidaikun mutane sun tallata shi. An dauki sunan kafuwar daga kundin zane-zane na Shakira na uku, Pies Descalzos, wanda ta saki a 1995. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shine tallafawa ta hanyar ilimi, kuma kungiyar tana da makarantu guda biyar a duk fadin Columbia wadanda ke ba da ilimi da abinci ga yara 4,000. A 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2014 Shakira ta sami karimci tare da Gwarzon Hero a Kyautar Rawar Rediyon Sadarwa na Radio Disney saboda aikinta na Fundación Pies Descalzos. Shakira jakadan UNICEF ne na son alheri kuma yana daya daga cikin wakilansu na duniya. Ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2006, Shakira ta sami karbuwa a wajen bikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kirkirar Gidauniyar Pies Descalzos. A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta ba shi lambar yabo don nuna girmamawarsa, kamar yadda Shugaban kwadago na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Juan Somavia ya sanya shi, “jakada na gaskiya ga yara da matasa, don ingantaccen ilimi da adalci na zamantakewa”. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2010, bayan kammala a matsayin lambar yabo ta MTV Turai Music Awards, mawakiyar Columbia ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Free Your Mind saboda ci gaba da kwazo don inganta damar neman ilimi ga dukkan yara a duniya. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011, Gidauniyar FC Barcelona da Pies descalzos sun cimma yarjejeniya game da ilimin yara ta hanyar wasanni. An karrama Shakira a Latin Grammys a matsayin Mawallafin Kwafi na Latin na shekarar a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2011, saboda kyakyawan aikinta da kuma gudummawar da aka bayar a Latin Music. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2010, Shakira ya nuna rashin jituwa da shugaban Faransa Nicolás Sarkozy da kuma manufofinsa na korar mutanen Romani daga kasar A cikin Spanish edition na mujallar GQ, ta kuma umarci 'yan kalmomi ga Sarkozy, "Mu ne duk gypsies A cikin hirar ta bayyana ra'ayinta a fili cewa: "Abin da ke faruwa a yanzu ga su (abubuwan motsa jiki) zai faru da yaranmu da yaranmu. Dole ne mu juyo ga 'yan kasar mu muyi hakkokin bil'adama tare da la'antar duk abin da muke tsammani ba A ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2018, yayin wata ziyara zuwa mahaifarta, Barranquilla, don gina makaranta ta hanyar Barefoot Foundation (Pies Descalzos Foundation), Shakira ya yi magana game da manufofin ilimi na gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Ivan Duque (Shugaban Columbia, 2018–2022). Da take magana a kan manufofin gwamnati na rage kasafin kudin ilimi na kasa daga kashi 13% zuwa 7%, ta ce, "Wannan abu ne da ba za a yarda da shi ba. Ya nuna cewa maimakon ci gaba gaba muna tafiya da baya. Muna bukatar kara saka hannun jari a harkar ilimi kuma muna bukatar gina karin makarantu a wuraren da babu Ta kuma yi magana game da rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa da rashin zuwa makaranta Rayuwar ta Shakira ya fara dangantaka da lauya dan kasar Argentina Antonio de la Rúa a shekara ta 2000. A cikin hirar shekarar 2009, Shakira ya ce dangantakar tasu ta riga ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aurata, kuma "ba sa bukatar takaddar hakan". Bayan shekaru 10 tare, Shakira da de la Rúa sun rabu cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2010 a cikin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "yanke shawara don ɗaukar lokaci ban da dangantakarmu ta soyayya". Ta rubuta cewa ma'auratan "suna kallon wannan lokacin rabuwa a zaman na ɗan lokaci", tare da de la Rúa da ke lura da "sha'anin kasuwanci da aiki kamar yadda ya saba koyaushe". Kamar yadda aka bayar da rahoton farko a watan Satumba shekarar 2012, de la Rúa ya kai kara ga Shakira a watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, yana neman 100 Miliyon da ya yi imanin ya ci bashi bayan Shakira kwatsam ta dakatar da kawancen kasuwanci da shi a watan Oktoba shekarar 2011 Wani alkalin kotun lardi na Los Angeles County ya kori kararsa a watan Agusta shekarar 2013. Shakira ta shiga dangantaka da dan wasan kwallon kafa na Spain Gerard Piqué, wanda ke taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Barcelona da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Sipaniya a shekarar 2011. Piqué, wacce shekarunta sun kai shekaru goma, sun fara haduwa da Shakira a cikin bazarar 2010, lokacin da ya fito a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar Shakira Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci don Afirka) wakar hukuma na 2010 FIFA World Cup Shakira ta haifi ɗa ta fari ta Milan a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2013 a Barcelona, Spain, inda dangin suka koma zama. Shakira ta haifi ɗa na biyu Sasha a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2015. N Magia (1991) Peligro (1993) Pies Descalzos (1995) Dónde Están narayanan? (1998) Sabis ɗin Laundry (2001) Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (2005) Gyaran Oral, Vol. 2 (2005) She Wolf (2009) Sale el Sol (2010) Shakira (2014) El Dorado (2017) Yawon shakatawa AautunZiyarci Pies Descalzos (1996-11997) Yafiya Anfibio (2000) Zagayen Mongoose (2002-2003) Tafiya na Gyara Harafi (2006-2007) Rana Tazo Yawon Duniya (2010-2020) Balaguron Duniya na Do Do (2018) Shakira 2021 Yawon Duniya (2020) Filmography Dubi kuma link=|class=noviewer Portal Portal link=|border|class=noviewer Portal portal link=|class=noviewer Filin kiɗan Latin Jerin lambobin yabo da nadin da Shakira ta bayar Jerin wakoki da Shakira suka rera Jerin masu zane da suka kai lamba ta daya a Amurka Jerin masu fasahar zane waɗanda suka kai lamba ɗaya akan jadawalin wasannin Dancewallon Ruwa na Amurka Artistswararrun masu fasahar kasa da kasa a Brazil Jerin manyan masu fasahar kiɗan Latin Jerin sunayen masu fasahar kiɗan mafi kyawu a cikin Amurka Jerin masu fasahar kiɗan kiɗan Jerin jerin gwanon kiɗa mafi kyau Jerin masu zane-zane na Billboard Social 50 50-daya Jerin manyan masu fasahar kiɗan wakoki a Amurka Mnaazarta Pages with unreviewed

40111

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi

Delhi

Delhi, a hukumamce itace babbar birnin ƙasar (NCT) na Delhi, birni ne kuma yanki ne na ƙungiyar Indiya mai ɗauke da New Delhi, babban birnin Indiya. Kogin Yamuna, musamman yammacinsa ko bankin dama, Delhi tana da iyaka da jihar Uttar Pradesh a gabas da jihar Haryana a sauran kwatance. Hukumar NCT ta Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, yawan mutanen garin Delhi sun haura 11 miliyan, yayin da yawan mutanen NCT ya kai kusan 16.8 miliyan. Haɓaka biranen Delhi, wanda ya haɗa da satellite states Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon da Noida a cikin yankin da ake kira Babban Birnin Kasar (NCR), yana da kiyasin yawan jama'a sama da 28. miliyan, ya mai da shi yanki mafi girma a Indiya kuma na biyu mafi girma a duniya (bayan Tokyo). Hoton hoto na katanga na tsakiya Purana Qila a bakin kogin Yamuna yayi daidai da bayanin wallafe-wallafen kagara Indraprastha a cikin almara na Sanskrit Mahabharata; duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a yankin bai nuna alamun wani tsohon muhalli da aka gina ba. Daga farkon karni na 13 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, Delhi ta kasance babban birnin manyan dauloli guda biyu, Delhi sultanate da daular Mughal, wanda ta mamaye manyan sassan Kudancin Asiya. Duk wuraren tarihi na UNESCO guda uku a cikin birni, Qutub Minar, Kabarin Humayun, da Red Fort, suna cikin wannan lokacin. Delhi ita ce farkon cibiyar Sufanci da kiɗan Qawwali. Sunayen Nizamuddin Auliya da Amir Khusrau sun shahara da shi. Yaren Khariboli na Delhi wani bangare ne na ci gaban harshe wanda ya haifar da adabin yaren Urdu sannan na Modern Standard Hindi. Manyan mawakan Urdu daga Delhi sun hada da Mir Taqi Mir da Mirza Ghalib. Delhi ta kasance babbar cibiyar Tawayen Indiya ta shekarar 1857. A cikin shekarar 1911, New Delhi, yanki na kudu a cikin Delhi, ta zama babban birnin Daular Indiya ta Burtaniya. A lokacin Rarrabuwar Indiya a 1947, Delhi ta canza daga birnin Mughal zuwa Punjabi, ta rasa kashi biyu bisa uku na mazaunanta Musulmi, a wani bangare saboda matsin lamba da aka samu ta hanyar isa 'yan gudun hijirar Hindu daga yammacin Punjab. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1947, New Delhi ta ci gaba da zama babban birnin Indiya, kuma bayan 1950 na Jamhuriyar Indiya. Delhi tana matsayi na biyar a cikin jihohin Indiya da yankunan ƙungiyar a cikin ma'aunin haɓakar ɗan adam. Delhi tana da GDP na biyu mafi girma ga kowane mutum a Indiya (bayan Goa). Duk da cewa yanki ne na ƙungiyar, gwamnatin siyasa ta NCT ta Delhi a yau ta yi kama da na jihar Indiya, tare da nata majalisar dokoki, babban kotu da majalisar zartarwa ta ministocin da babban minista ke jagoranta. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Indiya da karamar hukumar Delhi ne ke gudanar da ita tare da New Delhi, kuma tana aiki a matsayin babban birnin kasar da kuma NCT na Delhi. Delhi kuma ita ce cibiyar yankin babban birnin ƙasar, wanda yanki ne na "tsare-tsare tsakanin jihohi" da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1985. Delhi ta karbi bakuncin wasannin farko na 1951 na Asiya, Wasannin Asiya na shekara ta 1982, taron kolin 1983 da ba sa jituwa, Kofin Duniya na Hockey na maza na shekarar 2010, Wasannin Commonwealth na 2010, da taron BRICS na shekarar 2012 kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen wasan Cricket na 2011. Gasar cin kofin duniya. Toponym Akwai labarai da dama da ke da alaƙa da asalin sunan Delhi. Daya daga cikinsu ya samo asali ne daga Dhillu ko Dilu, wani sarki wanda ya gina birni a wannan wuri a cikin 50. BCE kuma ya sanya masa suna. Wani labari kuma ya ce sunan birnin ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Hindi/Prakrit (sako-sako kuma Tomaras sun yi amfani da shi wajen nufin birnin saboda ginshiƙin ƙarfe na Delhi yana da tushe mai rauni kuma dole ne a motsa shi. A cewar Panjab Notes and Queries, sunan birnin a lokacin sarki Prithviraj kuma cewa da suna yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Hindi ma'ana "fitarwa". Tsohon darektan Binciken Archaeological na Indiya, Alexander Cunningham, ya ambata cewa daga baya ya zama Wasu suna ba da shawarar tsabar kuɗin da ke yawo a cikin yankin da ke ƙarƙashin Tomaras ana kiran su dehliwal. A cewar Bhavishya Purana, Sarki Prithiviraja na Indraprastha ya gina sabon katanga a yankin Purana Qila na zamani don dacewa da dukkanin siminti hudu a masarautarsa. Ya ba da umarnin a gina hanyar shiga katangar daga baya kuma ya sa masa suna dehali. Wasu masana tarihi sunyi imanin cewa Dhilli ko Dhillika shine asalin sunan birnin yayin da wasu suka yi imanin sunan zai iya zama lalata na kalmomin Hindustani dehleez ko dehali-dukansu kalmomin da ke nufin "kofa" ko "ƙofa" kuma alama ce ta birnin a matsayin ƙofa. zuwa Gangetic Plain. Mutanen Delhi ana kiransu Delhiites ko Dilliwalas. Ana ambaton birnin a cikin wasu karin kalmomi na harsunan Indo-Aryan na Arewa. Misalai sun haɗa da: Abhī Dillī dūr hai ko sigar Farisa, Hanuz Dehli dur ast a zahiri ma'anar "Delhi yana da nisa", wanda aka ambata gabaɗaya game da wani aiki ko tafiya da har yanzu ba a kammala ba. a zahiri ma'ana "Yana zube ko'ina, yayin da Delhi". Alamun da aka yi game da yanayin bushewar Delhi wani lokaci, yana nufin yanayi na rashi lokacin da ake kewaye da mutum da yawa. Siffar Delhi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin rubutun Latin kuma baƙon abu tare da h mai bin l, ya samo asali ne a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka kuma lalataccen rubutun kalmomi ne bisa sunan Urdu na birnin Dehli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32479

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Paintsil

Joseph Paintsil

Joseph Paintsil (an haife shi 1 a watan Fabrairu 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Genk ta Belgium, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana. No local image but image on Wikidata Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Matasan Tema Paintsil ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar firimiya ta Ghana tare da matasan Tema a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun 2017 bayan da kungiyar ta samu daukaka daga mataki na daya a kakar data gabata. Ya zura kwallaye 10 a wasanni 22 a kakar wasa daya tilo da ya buga, kafin ya bar Ghana zuwa Turai a lokacin hutun kakar wasanni na wata daya a watan Agusta. Paintsil ya kasance na biyar a gasar tseren takalmin zinare a lokacin da ya tafi, kuma ya kammala kakar wasa tare da matsayi na takwas, wanda ya fi cin kwallo a Tema. Ferencvárosi A ranar 31 Agusta, Paintsil ya sanya hannu tare da babban kulob na Hungarian Ferencváros, yana wasa a babban kulob ɗin kasar, NBI. Da farko an sanya hannu a matsayin aro, Paintsil yana da zaɓi tare da ƙungiyar da za a sanya hannu na dindindin a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Paintsil ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 9 ga Satumba da Vasas, inda ya zira kwallo ta farko a cikin nasara da ci 5-2, inda ya maye gurbin Rui Pedro a cikin jeri. Ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni biyar na farko, kuma ya kasance babban jigo a cikin jeri na manajan Thomas Doll. A ranar 2 ga Disamba, Paintsil ya zira kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Videoton wanda ya nuna tafiyarsa da sarrafa kwallo, kuma daga baya za a zabe shi a matsayin Goal na Gwarzon Shekara ta 2017 ta masu sha'awar kwallon kafar Hungary. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana Paintsil ya zura kwallaye shida sannan kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu, kuma Nemzeti Sport ta ayyana shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa taka leda a gasar. Paintsil ya raba lokacin sa yana farawa daga hagu da tsakiya, a matsayin #10. Ya kammala kakar wasan da kwallaye 10 a wasanni 25, yana da kyau a matsayi na uku a kungiyar kuma na tara a gasar. Ferencváros ta kammala gasar a matsayi na biyu, kuma bayan jita-jita na canja wurin lokacin hunturu da kulob din bai yarda ya shiga ba, Paintsil ya bar kulob din bayan kakar wasa. Genk A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli 2018, Paintsil ya bayyana a matsayin dan wasan kulob na Belgium Genk, 'yan makonni bayan da aka amince da kwangila tare da kulob din. Paintsil ya fara kakar wasa ta bana da rauni, inda bai buga wasanni uku na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ba, da kuma wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa. Wasan sa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 19 ga Agusta a rukunin A na farko da R. Charleroi SC, kuma cikakken wasansa na farko ya zo mako mai zuwa da Waasland-Beveren. Kwallaye na farko sun zo ne lokacin da ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Gent a ranar 7 ga Oktoba. Wasan nasa na farko na nahiyar ya zo ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da Paintsil daga benci na wasan zagaye na biyu da kungiyar Danish Brøndby. Ya fito daga benci a rabin lokaci da Sarpsborg a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya maye gurbin Dieumerci Ndongala. Bayan haka, ya fara sauran wasanni hudu na matakin rukuni, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasanni biyun da suka gabata, yayin da Genk ta lashe rukuninsu. Genk ta zana Slavia Prague a matakin bugun gaba, kuma Paintsil ba ta fara ko wanne kafa ba yayin da aka fitar da Genk 1-4 a jumulla. Paintsil kuma ya fara duk wasanni uku na yakin Genk a gasar cin kofin Belgian, wanda ya ƙare a cikin quarterfinals tare da shan kashi a bugun fanareti wanda Paintsil ya sha zuwa Union SG. Tsarinsa a gasar bai yi karfi ba, kuma kwallayen da ya ci Gent shi ne kawai kwallayen da ya ci a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. Paintsil ya zira kwallo a wasan farko na wasan, nasara da Anderlecht da ci 3-0 a ranar 30 ga Maris 2019. Farasa na farko a cikin watanni uku ya zo ne a ranar ƙarshe ta kakar wasa, bayan da Genk ya riga ya lashe kambin farko a cikin yanayi takwas. A gasar, Paintsil ya buga wasanni 25, inda ya zura kwallaye uku. Paintsil ya kasance a benci nasarar da kulob din ya samu a gasar Super Cup na Belgium, amma bai shiga wasan ba. Bayan sayar da Leandro Trossard zuwa Ingila a cikin kaka-kakar, Paintsil ya sami damar da'awar matsayin reshe na hagu, kuma ya zira kwallo ta farko a ranar 17 ga Agusta a kan Waasland-Beveren. Ya yi wasanni shida a cikin kungiyar don fara kakar wasa har zuwa lokacin da ya bar wasan ranar 13 ga Satumba da Charleroi a farkon rabin lokaci saboda rauni. Paintsil ya dawo bayan shafe kusan watanni biyu yana jinya, inda ya fara karawa da Mouscron ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. Ya buga gasar zakarun Turai karon farko a ranar 2 ga Oktoba da Napoli na Italiya, yana karbar mintuna na ƙarshe daga benci. Ya kara buga wasa sau biyu a matakin rukuni, ciki har da fara wasan karshe da Napoli, domin an riga an cire kungiyar daga ci gaba da wasan nahiyoyi, inda ta taka rawar gani a wasan da aka doke su daci 4-0. Paintsil zai fara wasa biyu ne kawai a sauran kakar wasa, wanda aka dakatar a watan Maris saboda cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 a Belgium, wurin da Théo Bongonda ya fi dauka. Rayuwa ta sirri An haife shi kuma ya girma a Fadama, wani yanki na Accra, Paintsil ya tsara wasansa bayan gunkinsa, Andrés Iniesta. Babban ɗan'uwansa Seth shima ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, a halin yanzu yana wasa a Austria tare da Admira Wacker Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Girmamawa Genk Rukunin Farko na Belgium A 2018-19 Belgian Super Cup 2019 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun

21304

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawu%20Sumaila

Kawu Sumaila

Suleiman AbdulRahaman wanda aka fi sani da Kawu Sumaila OFR (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada( 27 )ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015). Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta( 6) data (7 a Najeriya Ya kasance memba na All Progressive Congress (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar 3 ga Watan Maris a shekara ta 1968 a Kauyen Sumaila da ke Jihar Kano ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad. Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano, inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci,a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK). Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a cikin ilimin addinin Islama kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a Sumaila dake Kano tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) Jami'ar Oxford (UK) Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Laburare ta Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA Harkar siyasa Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira People's Democratic Party (PDP) Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da PDP a shekara ta (1995 da (1999 l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Sumaila Takai Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta 2011 Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin( 2007)zuwa(2011) da( 2011)zuwa(2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 )shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa. A zaɓen shekara ta 2023 Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.<ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-gaya-loses-senatorial-seat-to-nnpps-kawu-sumaila-in-kano/ref/> Nasarorin siyasa Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a Maiduguri da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa. Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan Kano, Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006). Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (OFR) a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2012 Manazarta Mutanen Najeriya Yan siyasa Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Mutanen Afirka Mutane Kano Mutane Jihar kano Pages with unreviewed

34362

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203

Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3

map_captionPlunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 map_typePlunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 Pages using infobox bridge with id Pages using infobox bridge with extra embedded table Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 wata gada ce mai ruguza masonry dutse a kan Plunketts Creek a cikin Garin Plunketts Creek, gundumar Lycoming a jihar Pennsylvania ta Amurka. An gina shi tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1875, mai yiwuwa kusa da 1840, lokacin da aka gina titin da ke kan rafin da ke tsakanin ƙauyukan Barbours da Proctor da ba a haɗa su ba. Tafiya daga baki, gadar ita ce ta uku da ta haye rafin, saboda haka sunanta. Gadar ta kasance tsawo, tare da baka wanda ya kai fadi, da fadin titin Ya ɗauki hanya ɗaya ta zirga-zirga. A cikin karni na 19, katako, fata, da masana'antun kwal da ke aiki tare da rafin sun yi amfani da gadar da hanyarta. A farkon karni na 20, waɗannan masana'antu sun kusan barin gaba ɗaya, kuma ƙauyuka sun ƙi. Yankin da gadar ta yi aiki ya koma mafi yawa zuwa gandun girma na biyu kuma an yi amfani da shi don shiga filayen Wasannin Jihar Pennsylvania da kuma gonar ciyawar jiha. Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 an dauke shi "mahimmanci a matsayin cikakken misali na ginin gada na tsakiyar karni na 19", kuma an ƙara shi zuwa National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1988. Ko da yake an gyara ta bayan wata babbar ambaliyar ruwa a shekara ta 1918, ambaliya mai tarihi a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1996, ta lalata gadar sosai, kuma ta rushe a cikin Maris 1996. Kafin ambaliya ta 1996 kimanin motoci 450 ne ke wucewa a kowace rana. Daga baya waccan shekarar, an gina gada mai maye gurbin kuma an rubuta tsohon tsarin dutse ta Tarihin Injiniya na Amurka An cire shi daga NRHP a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002. Tarihi Mazaunan farko da suna Plunketts Creek yana cikin Kogin Susquehanna na Yammacin Kogin Susquehanna farkon mazaunan da aka yi rikodin su ne Susquehannocks Yawansu ya ragu sosai saboda cututtuka da yaƙe-yaƙe da Al'ummai biyar na Iroquois, kuma a shekara ta 1675 sun mutu, sun ƙaura, ko kuma an haɗa su cikin wasu kabilu. Kwarin Kogin Susquehanna na Yamma ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Iroquois, waɗanda suka gayyaci ƙabilun da suka yi gudun hijira, ciki har da Lenape (Delaware) da Shawnee don zama a cikin ƙasashen da Susquehannocks suka bar. Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya (1754–1763) ya haifar da ƙaura na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da yawa zuwa yamma zuwa rafin Kogin Ohio. Ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1768, Birtaniya sun sami Sabon Sayi daga Iroquois a cikin Yarjejeniyar Fort Stanwix, ciki har da abin da yake yanzu Plunketts Creek. Matsala ta farko tare da rafin da turawan mulkin mallaka ya yi tsakanin 1770 da 1776. Ana kiran Plunketts Creek don Kanar William Plunkett, likita, wanda shine shugaban farko na alƙali na Northumberland County bayan an kafa shi a 1772. A lokacin rikice-rikice da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, ya yi wa mutanen da suka ji rauni ya yi yaƙi da ’yan ƙasar. Plunkett ya jagoranci wani balaguro na Pennsylvania a cikin Yaƙin Pennamite-Yankee don tilastawa ƙaura daga Connecticut, waɗanda suka yi iƙirari kuma suka zauna a filaye a cikin Wyoming Valley kuma Pennsylvania ta yi iƙirarin. Don ayyukansa, an bai wa Plunkett fili fili guda shida wanda ya kai a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1776, kodayake ba a bincika ƙasar ba har sai Satumba 1783. Ƙasar Plunkett ta haɗa da bakin raƙuman ruwa, don haka an ba Plunketts Creek sunansa. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1791, yana da kimanin shekaru 100, kuma an binne shi a Northumberland ba tare da wani alamar kabari ko abin tunawa ba (sai dai rafin da ke ɗauke da sunansa). An kafa gundumar Lycoming daga gundumar Northumberland a cikin 1795. Lokacin da aka kafa garin Plunketts Creek Township a cikin gundumar Lycoming a cikin 1838, asalin sunan da aka gabatar shine "Plunkett Township", amma rashin goyon bayan Plunkett ga juyin juya halin Amurka wasu shekarun baya ya sa wasu suyi imani da amincinsa yana tare da Daular Burtaniya. Zargin da ake yi na nuna juyayinsa na aminci ya sa aka ƙi sunan da aka tsara. Bayar da sunan garin don rafi maimakon sunan sa ana ganin sa a matsayin sulhu mai karbuwa. Kauyuka da hanya A cikin 1832, John Barbour ya gina katako a kan Loyalsock Creek kusa da bakin Plunketts Creek. Wannan ya ci gaba zuwa ƙauyen Barbours Mills, a yau da ake kira Barbours. A cikin karni na 19th, Barbours yana da maƙera da yawa, otal mai zafin rai, ofis ɗin gidan waya, masana'antar katako da yawa, makaranta, kantin sayar da kaya da kera wagon. A cikin 1840, an gina wata hanya daga arewa daga Barbours tare da Plunketts Creek, ta haye ta sau da yawa. Wannan ita ce ranar farko da za a fara aikin ginin gadar, amma tashar titin gundumar da ta tsira a kan ginin ba ta ambaci gadoji ko mashigar ruwa don tsallaka rafin ba. Gadar tana bakin Coal Mine Hollow, kuma hanyar da take kan itacen katako ne da masana'antun kwal waɗanda ke aiki a cikin garin Plunketts Creek Township a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th. Creeks a cikin garin sun ba da wutar lantarki zuwa niƙa 14 a cikin 1861, kuma zuwa 1876 akwai injinan katako 19, injin shingle, masana'antar woolen, da masana'anta A ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, waɗannan masana'antu sun tallafa wa mazauna ƙauyuka biyu a cikin Garin Plunketts Creek. A cikin 1868 an kafa ƙauyen Proctorville a matsayin garin kamfani na masana'antar fata ta Thomas E. Proctor, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1873. Proctor, kamar yadda aka sani yanzu, arewa da Barbours tare da Plunketts Creek, kuma babbar hanyar zuwa gare ta ta haye gada. An yi amfani da bawon bishiyar hemlock na gabas wajen aikin tanning, kuma ƙauyen ya fara zama a tsakiyar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka. Ma'aikatar fatu ta dauki ma'aikata "daruruwan" aiki a kan albashi tsakanin cent 50 zuwa $1.75 a rana. Wadannan ma'aikata sun rayu a cikin 120 gidajen kamfanoni, wanda kowannensu yakan biya dala 2 a wata don yin haya. A cikin 1892, Proctor yana da shagon aski, maƙera biyu, tsayawar cigar, Independent Order of Odd Fellows hall, shagon fata, tashar labarai, gidan waya (wanda aka kafa a 1885), makarantar ɗaki biyu, shaguna biyu, da kantin wagon. Hanyar da ke tsakanin Barbours da Proctor ta ratsa Plunketts Creek sau hudu kuma gadoji hudu an lissafta su cikin tsari, suna farawa daga kudu maso kudu a Barbours kusa da baki kuma suna hawa sama. Yayin da shaidu irin su taswirori ke nuna cewa an gina gada ta uku kusa da 1840, tabbataccen tabbaci na farko na wanzuwarsa shine binciken da aka yi don mayar da hanyar tsakanin gadoji na biyu da na uku a 1875. An maye gurbin gada ta farko akan Plunketts Creek da gada da aka rufe a 1880, kuma gada ta biyu ta maye gurbin a 1886. A wannan shekarar, hanyar da ke tsakanin gadoji ta biyu da ta uku ta sake motsawa, ta koma matsayinta na farko a yammacin rafin. Ƙarshen fata ta tafin kafa an ɗauko ta a kan gada ta keken doki kudu zuwa Little Bear Creek, inda aka musanya shi da "kore" boye da sauran kayayyaki da aka kawo arewa daga Montoursville Daga nan aka kai su arewa gadar zuwa Proctor. Fatukan, waɗanda aka yi wa tangar fata don yin fata, sun fito ne daga Amurka, har zuwa Mexico, Argentina, da China Bawon Hemlock, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen aikin tanning, an ɗauko shi zuwa masana'antar fatu daga har zuwa nesa da lokacin rani da hunturu, ta amfani da keken keke da sleds. Haɓakar katako akan Plunketts Creek ya ƙare lokacin da katakon budurwar ya ƙare. A shekara ta 1898, tsohuwar hemlock na girma ya ƙare kuma an rufe shi kuma an rushe kamfanin Proctor Tannery, wanda ke da kamfanin Elk Tanning. Karni na 20 Ƙananan katako ya ci gaba a cikin magudanar ruwa a cikin karni na 20, amma an yi ta shawagi na ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin gadar Plunketts Creek zuwa Loyalsock Creek a 1905. A cikin 1918, ambaliya a kan rafin ya lalata hanya tsawon a bangarorin biyu na gadar, kuma ya haifar da "tsattsauran ra'ayi da fashe gada kanta". Gadar ta bukaci gyara da sake ginawa. A cikin 1931, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ta zartar da doka wacce ta ba wa jihar alhakin farashin titi da gada don yawancin manyan tituna na kananan hukumomi. Wannan ya fara aiki a cikin 1932, tare da sauke Plunketts Creek Township da Lycoming County na alhakin. Ba tare da katako da masana'antar fatu ba, al'ummar Proctor da Barbours sun ragu, haka kuma zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanya da gadoji a tsakanin su. Ofishin gidan waya na Barbours ya rufe a cikin 1930s kuma ofishin gidan waya na Proctor ya rufe a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1953. Kauyukan biyu kuma sun rasa makarantunsu da kuma kusan dukkanin kasuwancinsu. Proctor ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari a 1968, kuma labarin jarida na 1970 akan taron shekara-shekara na "Proctor Homecoming" karo na 39 ya kira shi "tsohon garin tannery da ke kusa". A cikin 1980s, kantin sayar da na ƙarshe a Barbours ya rufe, kuma tsohon otal (wanda ya zama kulob na farauta) ya tsage don yin hanyar sabuwar gada a kan Loyalsock Creek. Plunketts Creek wuri ne na katako da yawon shakatawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙauyuka, kuma yayin da masana'antu suka ragu, yanayin ya dawo. Dazuzzuka na biyu na girma tun daga lokacin sun mamaye mafi yawan wuraren da aka yanke. Majalisar dokokin jihar Pennsylvania ta ba da izinin mallakar filaye da aka yi watsi da ita don filayen Wasannin Jihar Pennsylvania a cikin 1919, kuma Hukumar Wasannin Pennsylvania (PGC) ta sami dukiya tare da Plunketts Creek don Lamba na Ƙasar Wasan Jiha 134 tsakanin 1937 da 1945. Babban kofar shiga Lands Game Lands 134 tana arewa da wurin gadar, a gefen gabas na rafin. PGC ta kafa Farmakin Wasannin Jiha ta Arewa ta Tsakiya a cikin 1945 a wani yanki na filayen Wasan Jiha 134 don kiwon turkey daji. An canza gonar zuwa samar da pheasant na ringneck a cikin 1981, kuma, tun daga 2007, ɗaya ce daga cikin gonakin wasan wasan Pennsylvania guda huɗu waɗanda ke samar da dabbobi kusan 200,000 kowace shekara don sakin ƙasa a buɗe don farautar jama'a. Farmakin Wasannin Jiha ta Arewa ta Tsakiya yana cikin kwarin Plunketts Creek, kudu da Proctor da arewacin gada. Bude karshen mako na lokacin kamun kifi yana kawo ƙarin mutane zuwa ƙauyen Barbours a bakin Plunketts Creek fiye da kowane lokaci na shekara. A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1988, an ƙara gadar zuwa National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP), a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙididdiga da yawa (MPS) na Babbar Hanya Mallaka ta Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Sashen Sufuri, TR. MPS sun haɗa da gadoji 135 mallakar Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Pennsylvania (PennDOT), 58 daga cikinsu na nau'in baka ne na dutse. Yayin da mutum NRHP form na gada ya kawo rahoton bincike na 1932 (shekarar da jihar ta karɓi kulawar ta), form ɗin MPS cikin kuskure ya ba da ranar ginin gadar a matsayin 1932. Ambaliyar ruwa da halaka A cikin Janairu 1996, an yi babban ambaliyar ruwa a duk faɗin Pennsylvania. Farkon lokacin sanyi na 1995–1996 ya yi sanyi da ba a saba gani ba, kuma ƙanƙara mai yawa da aka samu a cikin rafukan gida. Babban guguwa a ranar 6-8 ga Janairu An samar da har zuwa na dusar ƙanƙara, wanda aka biyo bayan Janairu 19-21 da fiye da ruwan sama tare da yanayin zafi sama da da iska har zuwa Ruwan sama da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara sun haifar da ambaliya a ko'ina cikin Pennsylvania da cunkoson kankara ya sa hakan ya fi muni a koguna da yawa. A wani wurin kuma a gundumar Lycoming, ambaliyar ruwa a Lycoming Creek a ciki da kusa da Williamsport ta kashe mutane shida tare da haddasa asarar miliyoyin daloli. A kan Plunketts Creek, cunkoson kankara ya haifar da rikodin ambaliya, wanda ya haifar da babbar lahani ga gadar dutsen tsakiyar karni na 19. A ƙasa a cikin Barbours, ruwan ya kasance a cikin abin da ake kira "ƙauyen mafi muni a tarihi". Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 daya daga cikin biyu da aka lalata a gundumar Lycoming, kuma a ranar 31 ga Janairu an nuna hoton gadar da ta lalace a shafin farko na Williamsport Sun-Gazette tare da taken "Wannan tsohuwar gadar dutsen da ke kan Plunketts Creek dole ne. canza." A cikin gundumar Sullivan da ke maƙwabta, gadar Sonestown Covered, kuma a kan NRHP, ambaliyar ta lalace sosai har ta kasance a rufe don gyarawa har zuwa ƙarshen Disamba 1996. A duk faɗin Pennsylvania, waɗannan ambaliya sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 da kuma gadoji 69 na birni ko na jihohi ko dai an “lalata ko kuma an rufe su har sai an tabbatar da amincin su”. Lokacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa ba za a iya gyara gadar ba, PennDOT ya ba da kwangilar gaggawa don gadar wucin gadi kafin karshen watan Janairu, yana mai nuni da "motocin gaggawa wadanda ba za su iya tafiya kai tsaye daga Barbours" zuwa Proctor da kuma bayan haka ba. Gadar wucin gadi ta kashe $87,000 kuma ta kasance fadi. Hotunan shigar da gadar a cikin Tarihin Injiniya na Tarihi na Amurka (HAER) an ɗauki su a cikin Janairu, kuma HAER "an shirya fakitin takardu a matsayin raguwa don rushewar gaggawa" na gadar, wacce ta rushe a watan Maris. An kammala gadar maye gurbin dindindin a cikin 1996, kuma an cire tsohuwar gadar daga NRHP a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002. Bayani da gini Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 wata gada ce mai tarkace masonry dutse gada, wacce take fuskantar gabas yamma akan Plunketts Creek. Gabaɗaya tsayinsa ya kasance kuma bakansa na madauwari guda ɗaya ya kai Faɗin benen gadar ya kasance kuma hanyarsa ta kasance fadi, wanda zai iya ɗaukar hanya ɗaya kawai na zirga-zirga. Kafin ambaliyar ruwan da ta kai ga lalata gadar, motoci kusan 450 ne ke tsallaka gadar a kullum. Kusurwoyin waje na bangon reshe sun kasance baya, wanda ya haɗu tare da tsayin tsayin ya jagoranci zuwa jimlar yanki na ana jera su akan NRHP. Gadar ta ta'allaka ne a kan abubuwan da aka yi wa ado da siminti bayan an fara gina ta. An goyan bayan baka ta hanyar voussoirs da aka yi da "dutsen tarkace marasa tsari", ba tare da dutsen maɓalli ba. Har ila yau, babu wani dutse da ya ba da kwanan wata ko wasu bayanan ginin. Hannun hanyoyin sun kasance gefen bangon fuka-fuki da aka gina da duwatsun tsage- tsafe, kuma bangon spandrel ya kasance saman da tarkace da aka yi da “tsararrun duwatsu masu kauri”. Titin titin gadar ya tsaya kai tsaye a saman bakanta. Wannan ya haifar da "ƙunƙuntaccen bango a kambin baka" da kuma "tushen dutse mai fitowa" a saman wannan bangon spandrel na kowane gefe. Yawancin gadoji na dutse suna da ɗorewa masu ƙarfi ba tare da ado ba; wannan gada ta dandali crnellation kasance a ado siffa. Gine-gine da bayyanar da aka yi wa gadar ta zama ta musamman tsakanin gadajen dutse 58 na Pennsylvania wanda aka zaɓe ta don NRHP. Pennsylvania tana da dogon tarihin gadoji na dutse, gami da mafi tsufa irin wannan gada da ake amfani da su a cikin Amurka, gadar 1697 Frankford Avenue akan Pennypack Creek a Philadelphia Irin waɗannan gadoji yawanci suna amfani da dutse na gida, tare da nau'ikan ƙarewa iri uku. Rubble ko ginin gine-gine na aji na uku sun yi amfani da duwatsu kamar yadda suka fito daga dutsen; dutse mai murabba'i ko masonry na aji na biyu sun yi amfani da duwatsun da aka yi wa ado da murabba'i; kuma ashlar ko masonry na farko sun yi amfani da duwatsun da aka yi musu ado da kyau kuma a tsanake. Rubble masonry shine mafi sauri kuma mafi arha don gini, kuma yana da mafi girman juriya Yawancin tsoffin gadoji na dutse a Pennsylvania an gina su ne ta amfani da fasahohin ginin gine-gine. An fara aikin ginin gadar dutse tare da tono harsashin ginin ginin. Sannan wani tsari na wucin gadi da aka sani da cibiya ko tsakiya zai kasance da katako ko ƙarfe. Wannan tsari ya goyi bayan baka na dutse yayin gini. Da zarar an gina baka na dutse, ana iya ƙara ganuwar spandrel da bangon reshe. Sa'an nan kuma aka gina gadon titin, tare da cika (dutse maras kyau ko datti) don tallafawa shi yadda ake bukata. Gabaɗaya an saita bangon bango da duwatsun baka a bushe don tabbatar da dacewa mai kyau, sannan an saita su a turmi Da zarar an gama gadar kuma turmin ya taurare sosai, sai a sauke cibiyar a hankali sannan a cire. A cikin Maris 1996, bayan tsayawa tsakanin shekaru 156 zuwa 121, baka na gada mai lamba 3 ta rushe. Lura Duba kuma Jerin gadoji da Rubutun Injiniya na Tarihi na Amurka ya rubuta a Pennsylvania Jerin gadoji akan Rajista na Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa a Pennsylvania Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

58472

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Wyn-Haris

Percy Wyn-Haris

Sir Percy Wyn-Harris KCMG MBE KStJ (24 ga Agusta 1903 25 ga Fabrairu 1979) ɗan dutsen Ingilishi ne,mai gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kuma ɗan jirgin ruwa .Ya yi aiki a Hukumar Mulki a Afirka kuma ya zama Gwamnan Gambiya daga 1949 zuwa 1958. Rayuwar farko da hawan dutse Wyn-Harris an haife shi a Acton,Middlesex akan 24 Agusta 1903 a matsayin Percy Wynne Harris (ya canza sunansa a hukumance zuwa Percy Wyn-Harris a 1953).Shi ɗan darektan kamfani ne kuma ya sami ilimi a Makarantar Gresham,Holt, da Gonville da Kwalejin Caius,Cambridge .A matsayinsa na dalibin digiri,ya kasance memba na kungiyar Mountaineering University. A cikin 1925, ya yi hawan farko ba tare da jagororin Brouillard Ridge akan Mont Blanc ba. A cikin 1929,ya sadu da ɗan dutse Eric Shipton kuma tare suka haura kololuwar tagwaye na Dutsen Kenya, suna yin hawan farko na Nelion,babban taron koli na biyu.Wani memba na balaguron Dutsen Everest na Hugh Ruttledge na 1933,Wyn-Harris ya kai girman rikodin Edward Norton na 8,573. m (28,126 ƙafa). A kusa da 8,460 m (27,920 ft),ya gano gatari na kankara,wanda kusan shine ragowar yunƙurin rashin lafiyar Mallory da Irvine a hawan farko a 1924. Wyn-Harris ya koma Everest a cikin 1936, a cikin wani balaguro da Hugh Ruttledge ya sake jagoranta. Hidimar Mulkin Mallaka Kenya Wyn-Harris ya shiga Sabis na Mulki a Kenya a cikin 1926. Tun daga shekarar 1939 zuwa 1940 ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in sasantawa na yankin Kikuyu .Ya kasance Hakimin Nyeri daga 1941 zuwa 1943, Jami’in Hulda da Ma’aikata daga 1943 zuwa 1944,da Kwamishinan Kwadago daga 1944 zuwa 1945.Ya zama kwamishinan larduna ta tsakiya a shekarar 1946,ya yi shekara daya,sannan a shekarar 1947 babban kwamishinan ‘yan asalin kasar kuma ministan harkokin Afirka,ya yi wannan aiki har zuwa shekarar 1949.Lewis (2000)ya yi iƙirarin cewa a lokacinsa a Kenya Wyn-Harris yana kallonta a matsayin "mafi yawan jama'a kuma yana buƙatar haɓaka birane,hana haihuwa,da masana'antu na sakandare." Gambiya An nada Wyn-Harris a matsayin Gwamnan Gambiya a watan Disamba 1949.Zamansa a kan karagar mulki ya zo daidai da karuwar kishin kasa a yammacin Afirka.Imaninsa ne cewa bai kamata Gambiya ta ci gaba da mulkin kanta ba; maimakon haka,ya kamata ta ci gaba da kulla alaka ta dindindin tare da Burtaniya kuma a gudanar da ita a cikin gida: abin da ya kira 'Zabin Tsibirin Channel '.Wyn-Harris ya kuma yi adawa da ci gaban jam'iyyun siyasa a Gambia. Kundin tsarin mulkinsa na farko a shekarar 1951 ya kara yawan zababbun mambobin majalisar daga biyu zuwa uku. Bayan zaben 1951,ya kuma sanya adadin wadanda ba na hukuma ba a Majalisar Zartarwa kuma ya sake yin hakan da kundin tsarin mulkinsa na 1953.Biyu daga cikin waɗannan mambobi an ba su takamaiman mukamai kuma an kira su Ministoci. Duk da waɗannan gyare-gyare, Wyn-Harris bai shahara a cikin mutanen Bathurst ba, musamman bayan ya kori PS N'Jie daga Majalisar Zartarwa a cikin Janairu 1956.Duk da haka,ya kasance mafi shahara a cikin Protectorate,bayan da ya yi ƙoƙari na inganta yanayi a can.Wyn-Harris ya bar Gambia ne a watan Afrilun 1958,bayan da ya fusata al’ummar Bathurst har ya tashi ya ratsa kan iyakar kasar Senegal,maimakon ya rusuna a wani biki.Bayan zamansa a Gambiya,ya kasance memba na kwamitin Devlin na binciken tarzomar Nyasaland na 1959 kuma ya kasance mai gudanarwa na Arewacin Kamaru daga Oktoba 1960 zuwa Yuni 1961.Arewacin Kamaru yanki ne na Najeriya wanda ya kasance Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da izini kuma ya zama yankin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Burtaniya ke kulawa.Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan makomar yankin da aka gudanar a lokacin mulkinsa ya sa yankin ya zama wani yanki na Najeriya a karshen watan Mayun 1961. Haifaffun

31882

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafutikar%20Kafa%20Masarautar%20Burumawa

Fafutikar Kafa Masarautar Burumawa

Fafutikar Kafa Masarautar Burumawa, Yunƙurin danne ‘yanci da kuma binnetarihin Burmawa daga ɓangaren sarkin Kanam, Alhaji Muhammadu Ibrahim, shine abinda ya ƙyasta ashanar hura wutar wannan fafutika ta neman kafa masarautar Burum (Masarautar Bogghom), wacce ta fara daga shekarar 1982. An ɗauki tsawon shekaru 35 (1982 –2017), ana ɓarje gumi tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu; sarakunan Kanam da kuma Burmawa, ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji da kuma baje kolin hujjoji da kowane ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ke da su. Wannan fafutika ta riƙa sauya salo daga wannan mataki zuwa wancan tsakanin masu danniya da kuma waɗanda ake son murƙushewa. Ta yadda a wani lokaci har sai da ta kai ga raunata wasu, salwantar da rayuwar wasu, da kuma ɓarnata dukiya. Gwamnan Plateau, Solomon Baƙo Lalong, shi ya samu nasarar kawo ƙarshen wannan balahira tsakanin sarautar Kanam da Burumawa, bayan abin ya faskari gwamnonin da suka gabace shi ciki kuma har da sojoji. Masomi Shirye-shiryen bikin tabbatar da ƙarin girma da Mai Martaba Sarki Burumawa. Muhammadu Ibrahim, OFR ya samu daga sarki mai daraja da biyu zuwa daraja ta ɗaya a shekarar 1982, shi ne masomin wannan fafutika. Shi sarkin na Kanam, Alhaji Muhammadu Ibrahim, ya fito ne daga zuriyar Kh’n Nang, wacce Turawa suka jirkita ta koma Kanam. Wannan zuriya kuwa tushenta shi ne wani mutum mai suna Muhammadu Maki, wanda shi kuma asalinsa mutumin Kano ne. Muhammadu Maki da jama’arsa suka je, suka samu Nimman a Dutsen Nimwang; wanda yanzu ya zama garin Namaran, suka zauna tare da shi. Domin a bambance zuriyar Muhammadu Maki da sauran haulolin da ya taras a gurin, sai aka riƙa kiransu da Kh’n Nang, wacce ke da ma’ana ta “daga arewa ci”, ko kuma mu ce “Mutanen arewa” kasantuwar daga arewa suka fito. Sunan ya jirkice daga Kh’n Nang ya koma Kanam. Da aka zo shirye-shiryen bikin ƙarin girma da sarkin Kanam ya samu, sai ya rubuta cewa dukkan jama’ar Burumawa da ke wannan yanki daga Kano suka je gurin, a jikin ajandar taro. Kasantuwar, daga cikin manyan baƙin da ya gayyata domin halartar wannan biki nasa akwai marigayi mai martaba sarkin Kano, Alhaji Ado Bayero. Sannan kuma ya sauya sunan taken sarautar tasa zuwa Emir, wanda masaratun daular Usmaniya ke amfani da shi. waccar gaɓa ta alaƙanta sauran Burumawa da Kano, ta jirkita tarihin Burumawa baki ɗaya, kasantuwar shi Nimman wanda ya kafa garin Namaran, daga Zinn ya ƙaura zuwa wannan dutse a yawonsa na harbi, ya zauna a gurin, sannu a hankali jama’a suna zuwa suna samunsa har gurin ya zama gari. Saboda haka, ba tare da jinkiri ba, wasu daga cikin mambobin wannan kwamiti na shirye-shirye suka ƙalubalanci mayar da su Kanawa a tarihance. Dole aka sauya wannan ajandar taro da ta kore dukkan sauran haulolin Burmawa da dangantakar tarihi da Kano in banda tsurar su haular Kanam ɗin. Wannan cece-ku-ce ya faru a cikin watan Fabarairu na shekarar 1983. Shi kuma bikin an gudanar a shi a ranar 9 ga watan Afirilu na shekarar. Bayan wasu ‘yan kwanaki da yin wannan biki na naɗi, sai wasu ƙusoshi masu kishin yaren Burma, ciki har da wasu tsofaffin ciyamomin ƙaramar hukumar ta Kanam, suka ziyarci sarki, domin yi masa murna da kuma jin yadda aka yi aka haihu a ragaya dangane da zamowarsu Kanawa da kuma yin amfani da taken sarautar Emir a masarautar Kanam wacce take ta Burmawa ce. Sannan kuma da duba yiwuwar shigar da zuriyar kh’an Bogghom da kh’n Tankwal cikin sarautarKanam. Wannan lamari ya fusata sarki, inda nan-take ya sheda musu cewa, kakaninsa ne suka ci ƙasar da yaƙi. Sannan kuma ya yi fatali da batun shigar da wata haula cikin majalisarsa tare kuma da jan-kunnensu cewa, maganar ta tsaya a iya nan. Bayan fitowar wannan tawaga, sai lamari ya canza salo, inda suka je suka zaburantar da digatan zuriyar Burmawa da na Tankwal, suka haɗa ƙarfi da ƙarfe, suka sake komawa fadar sarki, aka sake yin wani zaman a zauren majalisar fadar sarkin. A wannan zama suka nemi ya yi musu bayanin yadda aka yi, aka ci su da yaƙi. Shi kuma sarki ya shaida musu cewa, kakansa mayaƙi ne, lokacin da ya zo ƙasar, sai ya riƙa ɗinkawa wasu ‘yan rawar gargajiya riguna domin alamta al’adunsu, ta haka ya mamaye ƙasar, ya kafa yankin da a yanzu ake kira Kanam. Nan-take suka ƙaryata shi, suka kuma gaya masa asalin kowace zuriya. Batun taken sarauta kuma ya amsa musu da cewa, zamowarsa musulmi ce ta saka yayi amfani da wannan take na emir. Daga ƙarshe, suka buƙaci cewa, koda ba zai yi wurgi da wancan taken ba, to ya dace ya mutumta sabuwar dokar ƙananan hukumomi da ta buƙaci kowace masarauta a faɗin Najeriya ta kafa majalisar zaɓen sarki. Sannan kuma, kasantuwar su duka; Kanam da sauransu duk Burumawa ne, ya kamata koda basu samu damar gadar wannan kujera ba, to su zama masu zaɓar sarki. Nan ma dai, sarki ya sake fatali da wannan buƙata, ya ƙuma ɗaga yin taro da su har sai baba- ta-gani. Bayan wani lokaci, sai ɗaya daga cikin jajirtattun ‘ya’yan Burumawa ya gayawa sarkin Kanam saƙon baka cewa, “Allah ya ja zamanin sarki, ko ka amince da buƙatarmu, ko kar ka amince, mu ba za mu yi ƙasa a guiwa ba wajen neman adalcin kafa masarautar Burum. Koda kuwa wannan fafutika za ta ɗauke mu tsawon shekaru ɗari”. Wannan jawabi, shi ne tubalin kafa fafutikar neman samun masarautar Burumawa, ‘yantacciya daga Kanam. Turakun Fafutika Kasantuwar yanzu an shata layi tsakanin sarakunan Kanam da Burumawa, an kuma buɗe sabon shafin fafutikar kafuwar masarautar Bogghom ‘yantacciya daga Kanam. To dole wannan fafutika ta samu wasu ginshiƙai masu ƙwari da za ta ɗoru a kansu. Waɗannan turaku na wannan fafutika guda uku ne: 1. Ƙungiyar Cigaban Burumawa(Bogghom Development Association): ƙungiya ce da ta ɓalle daga Ƙungiyar Cigaban Kanam. Wannan ƙungiya ita ta haɗe dukkan Burumawa waje guda ba tare da bambamcin jinsi, shekaru ko matsayi ba. Ita ta fara batun Bikin Raya Al’adun Burumawa, ta kuma jagoranci kafa Masarautar Burum da dukkan abinda zai iya taimakawa a kai ga nasara. 2. Ƙungiyar Matasan Burumawa(Bogghom Youth Movement): Ita kuma wannan ƙungiya ta samu ne sakamakon haramta ayyukan waccar babbar ƙungiya ta cigaban Burumawa. An kafa ta domin a cimma burin da aka saka a gaba na gudanar da bikin raya al’adun Burumawa a shekarar 1986. Bikin da Masarautar Kanam ta yiwa ƙafar ungulu, ta hanyar kai rahoton faruwar rikici ga jahar Plateau idan har aka bari bikin ya gudana. Amma bayan kafa kwamitin bincike da gwamnatin ta yi, daga ƙarshe sai ta bayar da umarni ga ƙaramar hukumar Kanam cewa, a ƙyale Burumawa su gudanar da bikin nasu. Amma duk da haka, sai da Masarautar ta Kanam ta tura zauna-gari-banza suka tarwatsa taron, tun a lokacin da ake kafe-kafen rumfunan manyan baƙi, daga ƙarshe kuma ‘yasanda suka yi awo gaba da wasu muhimman mutane daga cikin Burumawa kuma ja gaba a harkar wannan biki, waɗanda aka kulle su a ofishin ‘yansada na yanki da ke Lantang. Wannan ta faru a ranar 10 ga watan Afirilun 1986. 3. Inuwar Digatan Burumawa (Forum of Bogghom Village Heads): Ƙungiya ce da ta tattara dukkan digatan Burumawa waje guda. Wannan ƙungiya ta bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen fafutikar neman kafuwar Masarautar Bogghom. Shugabanta na farko shi ne digacin Kunkyam, Malam Muhammadu Adamu, bayan rasuwarsa kuma, Alhaji Shehu Suleiman, digacin Namaran a lokacin, yanzu kuma Pankwal Bogghom ya gaje shi. Shelar Bore Biyowa bayan cin zarafin da aka yiwa Burumawa a yunƙurinsu na gudanar da bikin raya al’adunsu, sai suka yi wata ganawa a garin Fyel, cikin matsanancin sirri, a ranar 12 ga watan Afirilu na shekarar 1986, kasantuwar dukkan mahalarta taron, suna cikin hilar jami’an tsaron ƙaramar hukumar Kanam. Taron, ya samu halatar dukkan wani mai faɗa-a-ji ɗan ƙabilar Burum. A wannan taro aka yanke cewa: 1. Dole a ɗauki matakin dakatar da duk wani cin zarafin Burumawa da ake yi, a shara’ance. 2. Al’ummar Burumawa ta yanke dukkan wata dangantakar sarauta da Masarautar Kanam. Sannan kuma dole a sanar da gwamnatin jaha game da wannan cigaba ta hannun shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Kanam. 3. Burumawa su samu wata kafa ta sanar da duniya halin da suke ciki, tare kuma da nuna rashin amincewarsu game da duk wani tsoma baki da masarautar Kanam za ta yi a cikin harkokin Burumawa. Taron ‘Yanjaridu na Duniya A ranar 15 ga watan Afirilu na shekarar 1986, Burumawa suka gudanar da taron ‘yanjaridu a garin Jos, taron da ya samu halartar wakilan jaridu da gidajen radiyo da dama ciki har da na ƙasashen waje. Bayan karanta tarkardar bayan taro da Mista Sallah Dashe ya yi a matsayinsa na shugaban Ƙungiyar Cigaban Burumawa, jawabin nasa ya samu yayatawar ‘yanjaridu sosai ciki har da gidan radiyo mallakar jahar Plateau, gidan talabijin na ƙasa reshen jon (NTA Jos), da sauransu. Bayan faruwar dukkan waɗannan al’amura, sai Masarautar Kanam ta hanzarta mayar da martani game da wancan jawabi na Mr. Sallah, ita kuma gwamnatin Plateau a nata ɓangare ta dakatar da filin Burumwa mai suna Bogghom Magazine da ake gudanarwa a gidan radiyo mallakar jahar da ke garin Jos. Wannan shiri, na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake jin muryar Burumawa. Haka nan ma cin zarafin da jami’an tsaron ƙaramar hukumar Kanam ke yiwa Burumawa ya cigaba. Ƙawancen Burumawa da Jarawa Wannan cin zarafi da ake yiwa Burumawa, ya saka sun samu tausayawa da kuma goyon baya daga wasu yarukan jahar ta Plateau, mafiya muhimmanci daga ciki su ne Jarawa, kasantuwar suma sun fuskaci irin wannan matsin lamba kafin su samu nasarar kafa tasu masarautar a shekarar 1983. Wannan tausayawa ta Jarawa, ta kai har ga an kafa ƙungiyar haɗin guiwa tsakanin Burumawa da Jarawa, wacce ake sassauya shugabancinta a tsakanin ƙabilun biyu tun daga wancan lokacin har zuwa yau ɗin nan. Shigowar Gwamnati Cikin Lamarin Dukkan wannan balahira da ake yiwa Burumawa, ta gudana ne a zamanin gwamnatin kanal M.C. Alli, mutumin da ke da ra’ayin rarraba kan ƙabilun jahar Plateau. Ana tsaka da wannan hali, sai Allah ya kawo sauyin gwamnati, aka ɗauke kanal Alli daga jahar Plateau, aka kawo kanal Lawrance Onoja a cikin watan Agusta na shekarar 1986, wanda shi kuma yake da ra’ayin haɗa kan ƙabilun jahar ta Plateau tare kuma da gudanar da jagorancinsa bisa daidaito tsakanin jama’a. Gwamnatin Onoja, ita ta gayyaci sassan biyu; sarkin Kanam da tawagarsa a ɓangare ɗaya, da kuma Burumawa a ɗaya gefen, zuwa taron sasanto a ofishin kwamishinan ƙananan hukumomi da harkokin masarautu (commissioner for local government and chieftaincy affairs). An fara gudanar da wannan taro a garin Jos, a ofishin kwamishinan, har an saurari jawabin Burumawa, ɗaya ɓangaren ya fara bada nasa jawabin sai musu ya kaure. Hakan na faruwa, jami’an tsaron farin kaya suka gaggauta sanar da gwamna wanda shi kuma nan-take ya yi umarni da cewa taron ya koma ofishinsa. Wanda kuma hakan aka yi, aka wakilta mutane uku daga kowane ɓangare, suka rankaya tare da kwamishinan zuwa ofishin gwamnan. Da isarsu ofishin gwamna, sai ya ji ta bakin sarkin Kanam. Bayan ya gama kora nasa jawabi, sai gwamnan ya ce, gaskiyar lamari, yana zargin sarki da rura wannan wutar rikici, kuma shi gwamna yana ɗora alhakin faruwar wani abu nan gaba a kan sarkin na Kanam. Sannan kuma ya ja wa sarkin kunne da cewa, shi gwamnatinsa ba za ta yarda da irin wannan cin kashin ba. Daga ƙarshe ya sallami tawagar bisa alƙawarin cewa, zai waiwaici maganar a lokacin da ya dace. Tabbas, gwamna Onoja, ya yayyafawa wutar ruwa, kuma ta lafa. Sannan kuma ya mutumta Burumawa, domin ya yiwa ɗansu Baburme muƙamin sakataren din-din-din, daga baya kuma kwamishina, wanda shi ne muƙami mafi girma da Baburme ya riƙe a iya tsawon tarihin jahar ta Plateau, a karon farko, a wancan lokacin. Bayan tafiyar Onoja, sai aka maye gurbinsa da kanal Habibu Shu’aibu (1996–1998), wanda shi kuma Bakano ne. Shima ya ɗora daga inda Onoja ya tsaya, har ta kai shi ga kafa kwamitin da ya waiwaici buƙatar kafa masarautu. Kwamitin da ya bashi rahoton buƙatuwar yin haka, shi kuma ya amince. Shirye- shirye sun yi nisa, ana gab da aiwatar da shirin sai sarkin Kanam ya garzaya Kano, ya kama ƙafa da Alhaji Ado Bayero, sarkin Kano, shi kuma ya tuntuɓi kanal Habibu, inda daga ƙarshe aka yi fatali da maganar kafa masarautar. Yunƙurin Kisa Da abubuwa suka zafafa, sai masarautar ta Kanam ta shirya kisa. Inda ta tsara cewa, za ta kashe wasu idon garin tafiyar, ciki har da Alhaji Shehu Suleiman. Masarautar, ta yi amfani da rigingimun da suka faru a shekarar 2000 wajen kashe Mista J.T. Nimfa, Baburme, a gidan gonarsa na ƙauyen Kyamsangi tare kuma da ƙona masa gidansa da ke Dengi, wanda a cikin wannan gida ake gudanar da tarurrukan fafutikar. Gari na wayewa, ranar Juma’a, Alhaji Shehu Suleiman ya fito daga gidansa domin tafiya Dengi, sai ya yi kiciɓis da makasa, makiyaya, sun tsaya da baburansu a bayan gidansa, suka tare shi, suka sanar da shi saƙon da suke tafe da shi, da kuma wanda ya basu saƙon. Alhaji Shehu ya rantse musu da Allah cewa, bai takawa kowa ba, ballantana ya zubar, saboda haka yana tare da Allah, babu abin da zai faru da shi sai alheri. Nan take waɗannan makasa suka fara harbin Alhaji Shehu. Sai da suka harbe shi har sau uku bindigar taƙi tashi. Suka tsulawa bindiga fitsari, taƙi tashi. Daga ƙarshe sai suka ce, za su binciki gidansa, wai sun samu labari ya ajiye ‘yan ta’adda, sannan kuma babban ɗansa da ke aiki a Legas ya aiko masa da makamai. Ana tsaka da faruwar wannan lamari, sai wani jami’in tsaron farin kaya na ƙaramar hukumar Kanam ya bayyana. Ya kuma gayyaci Alhaji Shehu zuwa ofishinsu. Bayan da suka sallame shi, sai ya tafi fadar Kanam domin bin bahasi, amma fir, suka nuna rashin masaniyarsu da faruwar wannan lamari, sannan kuma suka nuna masa cewa, ya bar abin a hannun Allah. Tun daga wannan rana har zuwa yau ɗin nan, ba amo-ba-labarin Mista Ninfa, ballatan a yi maganar kama waɗanda suka yi aika-aikar. Haƙa ta Cimma Ruwa A ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2002, gwamnan jahar Plateau, Joshua Chibi Dariye ya shelanta kafuwar Masarautar Burum, tare da ƙarin wasu masarautun guda goma. Wannan cigaban da Burumawa suka samu, bai yiwa sarakunan Kanam daɗi ba. Saboda haka suka gudanar da taron ‘yanjaridu, suka soke wannan cigaba da cewa, an ƙirƙiri masarautar ta Burum ne kawai domin a daɗaɗawa wasu ‘yan tsirarun Kiristoci rai. Ba tare da jinkiri ba, Ƙungiyar Cigaban Burumawa ta mayar musu da martani da cewa, digatan Burumawa goma sha huɗu daga cikin goma sha shida da suka zaɓin sabon sarkin sabuwar masarautar ta Burum duka Musulmi ne. Haka nan kuma shi kansa sarkin da aka zaɓa; Pankwal Bogghom, Alhaji Shehu Sueliman shima Musulmi ne. Saboda haka wannan suka ne kawai maras dalili. Daga ƙarshe, bayan dukkan jinkiri da aka samu daga ɓangaren gwamnati, da kuma zagon-ƙasa mai zafi daga ɓangaren masarautar Kanam, babban ɗan sarki Shehu Suleiman ya yiwo takakkiya daga Vienna ta ƙasar Austria, ya samu gwamna Dariye, ya roƙe shi aka tabbatar da kafuwar wannan masarauta tare da kuma da naɗin mahaifinsa Alhaji Shehu Sueliman a matsayin sarkin Masarautar Burumawa na farko, mai daraja ta biyu, haɗe da naɗin jikan sarkin Kanam Alhaji Muhammadu Mu’azu Muhammadu II, a matsayin sabon sarkin Kanam, sakamakon rasuwar kakansa Alhaji Muhammadu Ibrahim, wanda ya shigewa Burumawa hanci da ƙudundune. Tsohon sarkin ya rasu a ranar 24 ga watan Fabarairu na shekarar 2005. An kuma yi waɗannan naɗe-naɗe guda biyu a ranar 9 ga watan Afirilun 2005, zamanin gwamnan jahar Plateau, Joshua Chibi Dariye. Ta-Leƙo-Ta-Koma Bayan ƙarewar wa’adin mulkin Dariye amatsayin gwamnan jahar Plateau, sai aka zaɓi Jona Jang a matsayin sabon gwamna, ya maye gurbin Dariye a ƙarƙashin tutar jama’iyya guda, wato PDP. Shigar Jona Jang ofis ke da wuya, sai ya dakatar da dukkan waɗancan masarautu da Dariye ya ƙirƙira, a shekarar 2007, wanda wannan ya shafi Masarautar Burum, tare da sarkinta Alhaji Shehu Suleiman, Pankwal Bogghom. Shigar da Ƙara Gazawar gwamnatin Jona Jang wajen maido da waɗannan masaratu da ta dakatar, ya wajabtawa Ƙungiyar Cigaban Burumawa tare da haɗin guiwar Alhaji Shehu Suleiman garzayawa kotu, domin neman kotu ta maido da wannan masarauta tare da sarkinta karagar mulki haɗe kuma da biyansa albashinsa tun daga ranar da aka dakatar da masarautar har zuwa ranar da za a mayar da shi. An shigar da wannan ƙara a babbar kotun jahar Plateau. Daga ƙarshe alƙalin wannan kotu, ya yanke shari’ar da cewa, lallai gwamnatin Plateau ta mayar da wannan masarauta ta Burum tare da sarkinta Alhaji Shehu Suleiman kan kujerarsa haɗe kuma da biyansa albashi na tsawon lokacin da yayi a dakace, kamar yadda suka neman a cikin takardar shigar da ƙarar. Amma, fir, gwamna Jang, ya ƙi mutumta wannan umarni na kotu. Maido da Masarautar Burum da Sarkinta Sarki goma, zamani goma. Kafa sabuwar gwamnati a Plateau, ƙarƙashin gwamna Simon Baƙo Lalong, a shekarar 2015, shi ya sake baiwa Masarautar Burum damar komawa gidanta na tsamiya tare da sarkinta, Alhaji Shehu Suleiman. Tun da farko, babban ɗan sarkin Burum, shi ya je yiwa Lalong murnar ɗarewa wannan babbar kujera lambar farko a faɗin wannan jaha ta Plateau. Bayan gama yi masa murna kuma sai ya shigar da buƙatar waiwaitar umarnin da babbar kotun jahar ta baiwa gwamnati mai baring gado amma ta ƙi bi, game da mayar da Masarautar Burum, da kuma sarkinta kan kujerarsa. Bayan ya gama, sai shi sabon gwamnan ya amsa da cewa, zai duba lamarin da idon rahama. Kwanci-tashi, har aka samu shekaru biyu da yin waccar magana, saboda haka sai wannan ɗa na Alhaji Shehu ya sake komawa wajen gwamna, a wannan karon, sai ya tafi masa da takardar koke daga Ƙungiyar Cigaban Burumawa da ta nemi mutumta wacan umarni na babbar kotu, haɗe da kwafin umarnin, takardar da ke ɗauke da kwanan, 2 ga watan Janairu na 2017. Saboda haka nan take gwamnan ya amsa wannan buƙata. Ya mayar da wannan masarauta da sarkinta tare kuma da cika dukkan sharruɗan da kotun ta buƙaci a yi. An sake kafa wannan masarauta da sarkin nata a ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2017. Bayan wannan ma kuma, gwamnan ya samu halartar bikin raya al’adun Burumawa, abin da ya saka dangantarsa da Burumawa ta ƙarafafa, har ta kai ga an bashi sarauta mai taken “Jaroumin Bogghom”. Wannan shi ne abinda ya gudana, sannan kuma ya zama sanadin kashe bakin wutar fafutikar da aka ƙyasta ashanarta ta riƙa ci tsawon shekaru talatin da biya (1982 2017). Duba kuma Hanyoyin waje

33730

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope%20Uzodinma

Hope Uzodinma

Hope Ozodimgba Uzodinma (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke riƙe da muƙamin gwamnan jihar Imo. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020, Kotun Koli a Najeriya ta bayyana Hope Uzodinma na jam'iyyar APC a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo na shekarar 2019 inda ta soke zaɓen Emeka Ihedioha. Asali An haifi Hope Uzodinma ne a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1958 a Omuma ga dangin Katolika na Igbo; mahaifinsa Cif Michael Uzodinma ya riƙe sarautar Igwe na Ozuh Omuma kuma mahaifiyarsa ita ce Ezinne Rose Uzodinma (née Nneoha). Ɗan uwa ne ga dangin Okoro na Etiti-omuma. Uzodinma mai kishin Katolika ne, kuma yana auren Chioma Uzodinma da ‘ya’ya bakwai. Har zuwa karatunsa na sakandare, ya tsaya a aji na biyu, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi Diploma a fannin fasahar sarrafa ruwa, da Higher Diploma a fanni guda, a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Owerri Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa yana da digirin farko a fannin Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Diflomasiya daga Jami’ar Washington da ke St. Louis Kafin shigarsa siyasa, Uzodinma ɗan kasuwa ne mai ɗimbin sha’awar kasuwanci. Farkon sana'ar siyasa Hope Uzodinma ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu ta Najeriya, inda ya koma jam'iyyar NPN mai mulki, inda a shekarar 1983 ya zama shugaban matasan jihar Imo A cikin shekarun 1990, tare da kawo ƙarshen sauya sheƙa zuwa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku, Uzodinma ya yi fice a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party A shekarar 1999 ne, bayan komawar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya, Uzodinma ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP), inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na jam’iyyar ta ƙasa, kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa da kuma kwamitin amintattu, a lokuta daban-daban tsakanin shekarar 1999 zuwa 2017. A matsayinsa na shugaban jam’iyyar a jihar Imo, Uzodinma ya kasance makusancin gwamna Achike Udenwa har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2002, inda kafin zaɓen watan Afrilun shekarar 2003 ya sauya sheƙa zuwa jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD), inda ya zama ɗan takarar jam’iyyar a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo. Bayan ya sha kaye a hannun Udenwa, ya koma PDP a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2004. Daga baya ya tsaya takarar gwamnan PDP a watan Disamba a shekara ta 2006, inda ya zo na biyu bayan Sanata Ifeanyi Araraume. A shekarar a shekara ta 2011, bayan Gwamna mai ci Ikedi Ohakim ya koma PDP, Uzodinma ya amince masa ya sake tsayawa takarar gwamnan jihar Imo a karo na biyu, ya fifita shi a kan Rochas Okorocha wanda daga baya ya yi nasara. A watan Janairun shekarar 2011, Uzodinma ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na Sanatan PDP na yankin Imo West, inda ya samu ƙuri’u 2,147, yayin da Sanata mai ci Osita Izunaso ya zo na biyu da ƙuri’u 891. Daga baya ne dai hukuncin wata babbar kotun tarayya ta kore Uzodinma saboda ba a wanke shi daga kwamitin zaɓe na PDP ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nwafor-orizu ba. A watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2011, wata kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta bayar da umarnin yanke hukuncin kisa a lokacin da ake yanke hukunci, inda aka bar Uzodinma ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe. A ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2011 Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta amince da hukuncin da babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke, Uzodinma ya ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan hukunci a Kotun Ƙoli A zaɓen Afrilun shekarar 2011, Uzodinma ya samu ƙuri’u 85,042, inda tsohon Gwamna Achike Udenwa na jam’iyyar ACN ya samu ƙuri’u 64,228 sai kuma Rajis Okpalan Benedicta na jam’iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance da ƙuri’u 57,110. A watan Mayun shekarar 2011, Kotun Ƙoli ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke a baya tare da bayyana cewa Uzodinma ne ɗan takara mai inganci don haka an zaɓe shi. Majalisar Dattawa (2011-2019) A ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2011 ne aka rantsar da Hope Uzodinma a matsayin Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya, mai wakiltar jihar Imo (West Senatorial District). An sake zaɓe shi a karo na biyu a majalisar dattawa a lokacin zaɓen shekarar 2015 A shekarar 2018 ya fice daga jam’iyyar PDP ya koma jam’iyyar APC mai mulki domin ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Imo a zaɓen shekarar 2019 mai zuwa Gwamnan jihar Imo A watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2019 ne hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta da ke zama a Imo ta sanar da sakamakon zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo: Emeka Ihedioha na jam'iyyar PDP wanda ya yi nasara da ƙuri'u 273,404, Uche Nwosu na jam'iyyar Action Alliance da ƙuri'u 190,364, Ifeanyi Ararume na jam'iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance tare da ƙuri'u 114,676; Sai Uzodinma a matsayi na huɗu da ƙuri’u 96,458. Daga baya Uzodinma ya ƙalubalanci nasarar Ihedioha har zuwa kotun ƙoli A ranar 14 ga Janairu, a shekara ta 2020, Kotun Ƙoli ta bayyana Uzodinma, zaɓaɓɓen gwamnan jihar Imo. Kotun ta ce ba bisa ƙa’ida ba an cire sakamakon zaɓe daga rumfunan zaɓe 388 daga ƙuri’un da aka bai wa Uzodinma da APC a Imo inda ta ƙara da cewa mai shigar da ƙara na farko Uzodinma ne ke da rinjayen ƙuri’un da aka kaɗa. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020 ne aka rantsar da shi da Placid Njoku a matsayin gwamnan jihar Imo da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Imo a jawabinsa na farko, ya umurci akawuntan jihar da ya samar da cikakken matsayin jihar daga watan Mayun shekarar 2010 zuwa Janairun 2020, ya kuma umarci sakatarorin dindindin na dukkan ma'aikatun jihar da su gabatar da matsayin duk kwangilolin da aka bayar, tare da dakatar da biyan duk wasu kwangilolin da ke gudana. Gwamnatin Uzodinma ta ga ɓarkewar rikicin Orlu da kuma farmakin da sojojin Najeriya suka yi domin kawar da masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar Biafra. Cin hanci da rashawa A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2018, kwamitin bincike na musamman ya kama Uzodinma saboda gazawar ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoninsa wajen aiwatar da kwangilar dalar Amurka miliyan 12 na lalata tashar Calabar. Daga baya Uzodinma ya musanta cewa an taɓa kama shi, yana mai cewa yunƙuri ne na hana yaƙin neman zaɓensa na gwamna. Laƙabi Ya sami laƙabin bikin Onwa-Netiri Oha na Omuma a ƙaramar hukumar Oru ta Gabas ta jihar Imo. Duba kuma Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Imo Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Gwamnonin jihar imo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23599

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noman%20Kayan%20Lambu%20%28Horticulture%29

Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)

Noman Kayan lambu shi ne fasahar noman shuke -shuke a cikin lambuna don samar da abinci dakuma sinadarai na magani, ko don jin daɗi da dalilai na ado. Masu aikin gona sun kasance masu aikin gona waɗanda ke shuka furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kwayoyi, kayan lambu da ganye, da bishiyoyi masu ado. Karatu da aikace -aikacen noman kayan lambu an gano su tun shekaru dubbai. Noman Gona ya ba da gudummawa ga sauyawa daga al'ummomin mutane masu kiwo zuwa mazaunan zama, ko masu zaman kashe wando, al'ummomin noma. An raba kayan lambu zuwa fannoni da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan noma da sarrafa nau'ikan tsirrai da abubuwan abinci don dalilai na musamman. Don adana kimiyyar aikin gona, ƙungiyoyi da yawa a duk duniya suna ilimantarwa, ƙarfafawa, da haɓaka ci gaban aikin gona. Wasu sanannun masu aikin lambu sun haɗa da Luca Ghini, Luther Burbank, da Tony Avent. Ma'ana da iyaka Noma kayan Lambu ya ƙunshi yaɗuwar shuka da nomansa don haɓaka haɓakar shuke -shuke, amfanin ƙasa, inganci, ƙimar abinci, da juriya ga kwari, cututtuka, da matsalolin muhalli. Hakanan ya haɗa da kiyaye tsirrai, maido da shimfidar wuri, sarrafa ƙasa, shimfidar wuri da ƙirar lambun, gini da kiyayewa, da aikin gona Kalmar aikin gona ana yin ta ne bayan aikin gona ya samo asali ne daga kalmomin Latin hortus da cultura, waɗanda ke nufin “lambun” da “noma”, bi da bi. Ya bambanta da aikin gona, noman bai ƙunshi babban amfanin gona ko kiwon dabbobi ba Bugu da ƙari, noman ya mai da hankali kan amfani da ƙananan filaye tare da nau'ikan amfanin gona iri -iri yayin da noma ke mai da hankali kan babban amfanin gona na farko a lokaci guda. Nau'ikan Noman Kayan Lambu Akwai manyan fannoni da yawa da aka mai da hankali a cikin ilimin aikin gona. Sun hada da: Olericulture samar da kayan lambu. Pomology, wanda kuma ake kira fruticulture samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kwayoyi. Kayan lambu samar da inabi (galibi an yi niyya don yin giya). Floriculture samar da furanni da tsire -tsire masu ado. Gudanar da ciyawar ciyawa: samarwa da kiyaye ciyawar ciyawa don wasanni, nishaɗi da amfanin jin daɗi. Arboriculture namo da kulawa da bishiyoyi daban -daban, shrubs, inabi, da sauran tsirrai masu tsufa, musamman don shimfidar wuri da abubuwan more rayuwa. Noman shuke -shuken shimfidar wuri zaɓi, samarwa da kuma kula da tsirran da ake amfani da su a tsarin gine -gine. Kimiyyar ilmin kimiya ta bayan girbi gudanar da girbin amfanin gona na girbi don hana ɓarna yayin adanawa ko jigilar su. Tarihi Karatu da aikace-aikacen aikin gona sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Cyrus Babba na tsohuwar Farisa kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar yau tare da masu aikin lambu na zamani kamar Freeman S. Howlett da Luther Burbank Asalin shuke-shuken ya ta'allaka ne a cikin sauyin al'ummomin ɗan adam daga salon rayuwar makiyaya a matsayin masu farauta zuwa masu zaman kansu, ko masu zaman kashe wando, al'ummomin noma. A cikin gandun daji na Pre-Columbian Amazon, 'yan ƙasa sun yi amfani da biochar don haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙona sharar shuka. Mazauna Turai sun kira wannan ƙasa Terra Preta de Indio A cikin gandun daji, ana yin irin wannan aikin noman a cikin guguwa, ko kuma yankan da ƙona yankuna. A cikin tuntuɓar Arewacin Amurka, al'ummomin gandun daji na Gabas ta Tsakiya, waɗanda suka shuka masara, squash, da sunflower, sun bambanta sosai tare da al'ummomin mafarautan masu farautar mutanen Plains Al’adun Mesoamerican sun mai da hankali kan noman amfanin gona a kan ƙaramin sikeli, kamar milpa ko filin masara, a kusa da gidajensu ko a cikin wasu filaye na musamman waɗanda aka ziyarta lokaci -lokaci yayin ƙaura daga yanki zuwa na gaba. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, aikin gona na Maya ya ƙunshi haɓaka daji tare da bishiyoyi masu amfani kamar gwanda, avocado, cacao, ceiba da sapodilla A gonakin masara, an shuka albarkatu da yawa kamar wake, kabewa, kabewa da barkono barkono, kuma a wasu al'adu, mata ne ke kula da waɗannan amfanin gona musamman ko na musamman. Kungiyoyin Noman Kayan Lambu Akwai ƙungiyoyi daban -daban a duk duniya waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan haɓakawa da ƙarfafa bincike da ilimi a duk rassan kimiyyar noman kayan lambu; irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kimiyyar Al'adu da American Society of Horticultural Science A Burtaniya, akwai manyan kungiyoyi biyu noman kayan lambu. The Ancient Society of York Florists ita ce mafi tsufa al'umma al'adun gargajiyar a duniya kuma an kafa ta a 1768; wannan ƙungiyar tana ci gaba da karɓar baje kolin kayan lambu huɗu a shekara a York, UK. Bugu da ƙari, The Royal Horticultural Society, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1804, sadaka ce a cikin Burtaniya wanda ke jagorantar ƙarfafawa da haɓaka kimiyya, fasaha, da aikin noma a duk rassan sa. Kungiyar tana ba da ilimin aikin gona ta hanyar al'ummarsa, shirye-shiryen koyo, da lambuna da nunin duniya. Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Horticulture (CIoH) ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwararru wacce ke wakiltar masu noman lambu a Burtaniya da Ireland yayin da kuma ke da reshe na duniya ga membobi a wajen waɗannan tsibiran. An kafa Ƙungiyar Ostiraliya ta Kimiyyar Al'adun Gargajiya a cikin 1990 a matsayin ƙwararrun al'umma don haɓakawa da haɓaka kimiyyar kayan lambu na Australiya da masana'antu. A ƙarshe, Cibiyar Noma ta New Zealand ita ce wata sananniyar ƙungiyar kayan lambu. An kafa Ƙungiyar Junior Hulticultural Association (NJHA) a shekarar 1934 kuma ita ce ƙungiya ta farko a duniya da aka sadaukar da ita ga matasa da aikin gona. An tsara shirye-shiryen NJHA don taimakawa matasa samun ainihin fahimtar aikin gona da haɓaka ƙwarewa a cikin wannan fasaha da kimiyya da ke haɓaka. Shirin Global Horticulture Initiative (GlobalHort) yana haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da aiki tare tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar noma. Wannan ƙungiya tana mai da hankali na musamman kan aikin gona don ci gaba (H4D), wanda ya haɗa da amfani da noman don rage talauci da haɓaka abinci mai gina jiki a duk duniya. An tsara GlobalHort a cikin ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke haɗin gwiwa a cikin bincike, horo, da ayyukan samar da fasaha waɗanda aka tsara don cimma manufofin da aka amince da juna. GlobalHort ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai rijista a Belgium. Sanannun masu aikin lambu Luca Ghini (1490-1556) Ulisse Aldrovandi (1502-1605) John Bartram (1699-1777) William Forsyth (1737-1804) James Dickson (1738-1822) Joseph Banks (1743-1820) Richard Anthony Salisbury (1761-1829) Luther Burbank (1849-1926) 'Yanci Hyde Bailey (1858-1954) George Washington Carver (1864-1943) John Caspar Wister (1887-1982) Curt Backeberg (1894-1966) György Bálint (asalin sunan mahaifi Braun; 1919–2020) Tony Avent (1957-) Duba kuma Kara karantawa CR Adams, Ka'idojin Noma Butterworth-Heinemann; Bugu na biyar (11 ga Agusta 2008), Hanyoyin waje Nassoshi Nau'ikan noma Agronomy Noman Kayan Lambu da na wuraren shakatawa Pages with unreviewed

20345

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Efik

Harshen Efik

Efik /ɛ f ɪ k dace. Efik. Usem Efịk suna ne na yaren kabilar Efik ta Nigeria. Shi ne babban yaren da aka fi yi a jihar Cross River a Najeriya. An saka sunan yaren ne bayan mutanen Efik waɗanda suke a cikin jihar ta Cross River da kuma jihar Akwa Ibom. Masu amfani da harshen Efik na iya fahimtar juna tare da masu amfani da sauran ƙananan harsunan Cross River kamar Ibibio, Annang, Oro da Ekid amma matakin fahimtar a fuskar yaren Oro da Ekid na da wahala; a wata fuskar, masu magana da waɗannan yarukan suna iya fahimtar juna watau Efik (da Ibibio) amma ba zasu iya maidawa ba. Habakar kalmomin harshen Efik ya samo asali da tasiri ta hanyar cudanyar Turawan Ingila, na Portugal da sauran al'ummomin da garuruwan dake kewaye da su kamar Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat da Ekoi (Qua). Rarrabuwa Salon amfani da harshen Efik ya samu rarrabuwa zuwa kashi da yawa tun a ƙarni na 19. Dr. Baikie ne mutum na farko da yayi kokarin bayanin rarrabuwar harshen Efik a shekara ta 1854. Dr Baikie ya ce, "Duk yarukan da ke gaɓar teku daga Ɗaya zuwa Tsoho Kalabar, suna da alaƙa na kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, da yaren Igbo, wanda daga baya Dr. Latham ya sanar cewa tana da dangantaka da Kafir-class". Kafir-class kalma ce ta kaskanci da ake amfani da ita don bayyana yarukan Bantu. Don haka, Dr Baikie yayi ƙoƙari don rarraba Harshen Efik kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da harsunan Bantu. Attemptoƙari na gaba don rarraba harshen Efik shine Rev. Hugh Goldie wanda ya sanya Harshen Efik a matsayin ɗayan Harsunan Arewa wanda ya faɗi, "ya samar da mafi yawan ɓangarorin sa kamar yadda rukunin Semitic ke yi, daga tushen fi'ili." Westermann ya sake yin wani ƙoƙari wanda ya sanya harsunan Efik a matsayin na ƙungiyar Yammacin Sudan na harsunan Sudanic. Greenberg ne ya gabatarda rabe-raben harsunan yanzu wanda ya hada Efik a cikin dangin Benuwai-Kongo na dangin Niger-Congo. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin shigar da harshen Efik cikin dangin Niger-Congo shine yanayin fasalin su. A cewar Greenberg, "halayyar halittar Neja-Kwango wacce ke samar da babban abin kwatance shine tsarin sanya sunan suna ta hanyar rataye biyu." Saboda yawan kamanceceniya a cikin kalmomin Efik, masana kamar Der-Houssikian, sun soki rabe-raben harshe na Greenberg yana mai cewa, "Goma daga cikin shigar Efik suna da kamus na Goldie da yawa. Wannan nan da nan ya kawo yiwuwar ma'ana mabambanta da ma'anonin ma'ana. Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba Goldie ne ya bayyana su ba. Waɗannan keɓaɓɓun suna rage adadin abubuwan da ba tuhuma ba daga 51 zuwa 36. Daga baya Faraclass ya yi wani bincike mai wuyar fahimta game da Yarukan Kuros Riba kuma ya rarraba harshen Efik a matsayin memba na ƙaramin rukunin ƙananan ƙungiyar Delta-Cross wanda ƙari ne ga babbar ƙungiyar Kuros Riba wacce ita ce babbar ƙungiyar Benuwai Kwango dangin Kongo. Tarihi Efik Adabi Cif Eyo Nsa ya fara jawo wanzuwar yaren a rubuce a cikin shekara ta 1812 ta wanda aka fi sani da Willy Eyo Honesty. GA Robertson ne ya samo waɗannan kalmomin daga wajen Cif Eyo Nsa. Tun kafin gabatar da kalmomi a harshen Efik wanda Cif Eyo Nsa ya janyo, ƴan kasuwa da yawa daga tsohuwar Calabar sun iya karatu da rubutu a harshen turanci kuma suna adana mujallu don karatu. Wasiƙar farko da aka rubuto daga shugabannin Old Calabar ya fara ne a shekarar 1776. Don haka, an riga an shirya filin rubutu don harshen Efik kafin zuwan turawa masu da'awan kiristanci. Lokacin da Cocin United Church Presbyterian Church of Scotland Mission ta iso Old Calabar a shekarar 1846, Reverend Hope Waddell da Samuel Edgerley tare da taimakon Eikyo ɗan kasuwar Egboyoung (Ekpenyong) suka fara rikodin kalmomin Efik; waɗannan an buga su a cikin lithofis ɗin lithographic ɗin su kuma an shirya su a shekarar 1849. Bayan isar da mishaneri, akwai matsalar samar da ingantaccen salon rubutu ga Harshen Efik. Dokar Lepsius ne ya kirkiro rubutun da mishan suka zaba wanda aka gano tsarinsa da haruffan sautin suna dacewa da yaren Efik a lokacin. Daga baya aka fitar da kamus na farko na Efik a 1862 ta Rev. Hugh Goldie da rubutun kalmomin Efik an kirkiresu a 1874 ta Goldie. Yaren Efik ya bunƙasa cikin rubutaccen adabi wanda mishaneri da Efik bi da bi, suka taka rawar gani. Ayyukan addini na farko waɗanda aka fassara a cikin yaren Efik sun haɗa da Tsohon Alkawari wanda Alexander Robb ya kammala shi a 1868 kuma aka buga shi a 1873; Wasikar Bulus zuwa ga Ibraniyawa wanda William Anderson ya fassara kuma ya buga. Ministocin 'yan asalin ƙasa ɗaya sun ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa adabin addinin Efik. Reverend Esien Esien Ukpabio, wazirin Efik na farko da aka nada a cikin 1872, ya fassara zuwa harshen Efik, na "Bishara da 'ya'yanta" na Dr. JH Wilson. Asuquo Ekanem wanda yayi daidai da wazirin Efik ya fassara yaƙin John Bunyan mai tsarki zuwa Efik. Mutanen Efik daidai sun fara rubuta waƙoƙin waƙoƙi na Coci kuma suna buga su. William Inyang Ndang wanda ya ɗan jima a Biritaniya shine Efik na farko da ya gabatar da mawaƙa a majami'u a Calabar kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga yawancin waƙoƙin Church tare da matarsa, Misis Jane Ndang. Tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950s, an buga Mujallu, Jaridu da na zamani a cikin yaren Efik. Daga farkon shekarun 1930, akwai mujalla mai shafi goma sha biyu-uku a cikin harshen Efik, "Obụkpọn Obio" (Bugle na gari) wanda Reverend James Ballantyne ya shirya. An tsara aikin ne ga mai karatu na gaba daya kuma ya ƙunshi batutuwa da dama, tun daga yar girma ye Uforo Obio (Raguwar da ci gaban gari) zuwa Ufọk Ndọ (gidan aure) da sauran batutuwa makamantan su. Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1940s ta "Uñwana" (haske), na wata-wata mai shafi 32, wanda EN Amaku ya shirya. Daga 1948 zuwa 1950, wata jaridar mai shafi takwas a mako-mako a cikin Efik, "Obodom Edem Usiahautin" (Gabatar da Magana a Gabas), wanda Cif Etim Ekpenyong ya shirya kuma aka buga a Kamfanin Henshaw Press an sayar da shi a 2d kowanne. Yana kawo labaran duniya na yau da kullun (Littafin farko) kuma an karanta shi sosai. Don haka, yaren Efik ya ji daɗin karatun sosai tun daga zuwan mishaneri na Kirista a cikin shekarar 1846. Yaɗa Harshen Efik Saboda yawan kasuwancin mutanen Efik, yaren ya zama yaren da ake amfani da shi a yankin Kuros Riba. A cewar Offiong da Ansa,Harshen Efik a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya haɓaka zuwa matakin da ya mamaye sauran yarukan da ake magana da su a kewayen Jihar Kuros Riba. Harshe kamar yaren Kiong wanda mutanen Okoyong ke magana an rasa shi saboda masu magana da shi sun lalata harshen Efik tsawon shekaru. Hakanan ana magana akan harshen Efut wanda mutanen Efut ke magana dashi a Calabar ta Kudu, Baya ga kasancewa yaren da kashi daya cikin uku na jihar Kuros Riba yake magana dashi a matsayin L1, shine L2 ko L3 na yawancin yan asalin Kuros Riba. Don manufar talla, ana amfani da yare sosai bayan Ingilishi a cikin jihar. Ana watsa tallan Talabijin da Rediyo a kowace rana a fannoni daban-daban, A cikin siyasa ana amfani da yaren duk a cikin sanatocin Kudancin da wasu yankuna na Yankin Sanatan Tsakiya na Jihar. A cikin ilimi, akwai tsarin karatun firamare da sakandare na Efik a makarantu. A fannin cigaban ilimin harsuna, ana karanta shi ne a matakin farko a jami’ar Calabar. Daga cikin Ibibio, harshen Efik ya samu karɓuwa a matsayin yaren adabi saboda fassarar da Baibul na Ikilisiyar Scotland ya yi a cikin Efik. Harshen Efik daidai ya rayu a Yammacin Indiya saboda fitar da bayi daga Yankin Kuros Riba. Ana iya samun kalmomin asalin Efik a cikin kalmomin mutanen Gullah Geechee na Amurka. A cikin 'yan kasashen waje a Cuba, ana amfani da wani nau'i na forman Efik wanda aka kirkira a cikin ƙungiyar ɓoye ta Abakuá, wacce ta samo tushe daga ƙungiyar ɓoye ta Efik Ekpe a Najeriya. Fasaha Bakandamiya Salon Furuci b yana da allophone da yawa. Waɗannan allophones suna dogaro da matsayin b a cikin kalma. A matsayi na ƙarshe yana faruwa azaman dakatar da fito da sautin magana a matsayin kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin aiki masu zuwa. (saurare!), (da sauri!), (dodge!). p a cikin Efik ana samun sa ne kawai a matsayi na ƙarshe kuma ana iya fahimtar su kamar a cikin matsakaiciyar matsayi, misali; [dép] [úfɔk] úfɔk]. Idan kuwa, duk da haka, baƙi ne ke biye da shi nan da nan, yana faruwa ne a matsayin tsayayyar fitarwa da sauti, kamar yadda yake a cikin waɗannan misalan: </br> [i.kop.ke] (bai ji ba)</br> .dɛp.ke] (Ban siya ba)</br> Kamar b t da k ba a sake su ba a matsayi na ƙarshe. Don haka, a tsarin magana muna da abubuwa masu zuwa: </br> (jira)</br> (tono)</br> Tsarin Rubutawa da Rubutun rubutun Efik An rubuta Yaren Efik ta amfani da harafin Latin (wanda aka fi sani da Harrufan Boko). Haruffa da ake aiki yayin rubuta Yaren Efik sun haɗa da: a, b, d, e, f, i, k, m, n o, ọ, s, t, u, w, y, kp, kw, ny, nw, gh. Wadannan Haruffa Har ila yau suna da siffofin babban birnin su: A, B, D, E, F, I, K, M, N, Ñ, O,,, S, T, U, W, Y. Haruffa C, G, J, L da Q, V da Z ba a amfani da su. Don Q, harafin "Kw" da sauti na Turanci 'ng', ana amfani da 'ñ'. Haruffan baƙi na yaren Efik sun kasu kashi biyu Harrufa baƙaƙe da baƙaƙe biyu Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayanin ELAR na waƙoƙin Dirge tsakanin mutanen Birni [Efik da Ibibio] Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun Najeriya Mutanen Afirka Al'ummomi Al'umma Pages with unreviewed

25174

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT

KT

KT, kT ko kt na iya nufin to: Arts da kafofin watsa labarai KT Bush Band, ƙungiyar da mawaƙa Kate Bush ta kafa <i id="mwDg">KT</i> (fim), fim mai ban sha'awa na siyasa na Japan na 2002, dangane da ainihin sace Kim Dae-jung Karlstads-Tidningen KT wata jaridar Sweden da aka saki a Karlstad Knight (chess), yanki wasan jirgi (kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sanarwa) Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi KT Corporation, kamfanin sadarwa ne a Koriya ta Kudu, tsohon Koriya Telecom Kataller Toyama, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Japan Kandy Tuskers, ƙungiyar da ke halartar gasar Premier ta Lanka Haikalin Kensington, cocin Pentecostal ne a yammacin London, UK Koei Tecmo, kamfani mai riƙewa wanda aka kirkira a cikin 2009 ta haɗin kamfanonin wasan bidiyo na Japan Koei da Tecmo Birgenair (IATA code KT), wani tsohon kamfanin jirgin sama na haya na Turkiyya wanda ke da hedikwata a Istanbul, Turkiyya Mutane KT Manu Musliar (an haife shi a 1934), masanin addinin Islama na Indiya, mai magana, kuma marubuci KT McFarland (an haife shi 1951), jami'in gwamnatin Amurka kuma mai sharhin siyasa KT Oslin (1942–2020), mawaƙin mawaƙin ƙasar Amurka kuma mawaƙa KT Sankaran (an haife shi 1954), alƙalin Indiya KT Sullivan, mawaƙin Amurka kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo KT Tunstall (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), mawaƙin Scottish-songwriter Kola Tubosun, marubuci kuma masanin harshe a Najeriya Wurare Yankin lambar lambar KT, UK, ta rufe kudu maso yammacin London da arewacin Surrey a Ingila Tsibirin Kirsimeti [lambar kasa ta NATO: KT], yankin Australiya a Tekun Indiya Kastoria, Girka (lambar farantin abin hawa KT) Katy, Texas, mai suna bayan layin dogo Kansas-Texas-Missouri Kitzingen, Jamus (lambar farantin abin hawa KT) Kuala Terengganu, birni ne a Malaysia Kutina, Croatia (lambar farantin abin hawa KT) Tarnów, Poland (lambar farantin abin hawa KT) Kimiyya da fasaha Physics da sunadarai Kt, karat ko Carat, a cikin nazarin allo na zinare <i id="mwTA">kT</i> (makamashi), a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ana amfani dashi azaman ƙima mai ƙima don ƙimar makamashi a cikin tsarin sikelin ƙwayoyin cuta Kilotesla (kT), naúrar yawan juzu'i na maganadisu Kiloton (kt), ma'aunin kuzari da aka saki a fashewar abubuwa karfin juyi na mota (K T Knot (naúrar), naúrar gudu (kodayake "kn" shine alamar da aka fi so) Kosterlitz Canji mara iyaka a cikin injiniyoyin ƙididdiga Motoci Kriegstransporter, jerin Yaƙin Duniya na II na jiragen ruwan fataken Jamus KT 1 KT 62 kamar KT 3 King Tiger, tankin Jamus da aka ƙera a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II KT don Krylatyj Tank, tankin Antonov A-40, wanda kuma ake yiwa laƙabi da "tankin tashi" ko "tankin fuka-fuki" Magani Cutar Klippel -Trénaunay, wani yanayin rashin lafiya na ɗan lokaci wanda jijiyoyin jini da/ko jijiyoyin jini suka kasa yin kyau. Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Taron KT -Cretaceous-Paleogene taron ƙarewa ko taron K-Pg, wanda aka fi sani da Cretaceous-Tertiary ko KT taron, yawan ɗimbin nau'in kusan shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata Iyakar K -Pg, tsohon iyakar KT, taƙaitaccen yanayin ƙasa don sauyawa tsakanin lokacin Cretaceous da Paleogene Sikelin Kardashev, hanyar auna matakin ci gaban fasaha na wayewa Kotlin (yaren shirye -shirye), yaren shirye -shirye don Injin Virtual Java Lakabi Knight Bachelor (Kt), wanda wasu ke tunanin zama wani ɓangare na tsarin karramawar Burtaniya amma Knight Bachelor a zahiri ba shi da waɗanda aka zaɓa bayan zaɓe. Knight na Thistle (KT), memba na Order of Thistle Knight Templar, babban matakin tsarin York Rite freemansory Sauran amfani "Tsawon Lokaci" kamar yadda yake cikin ATKT An ba da izinin kiyaye sharuddan ana amfani dashi a tsarin ilimin Indiya KT, acronym for Canja wurin Ilimi, canja wurin ilimi daga wani ɓangare na ƙungiya zuwa wani Kaituozhe (dangin roka), wanda ke amfani da kariyar KT Kennitala (kt.), Lambar shaidar Icelandic Duba kuma Kati (disambiguation) Katie Katy (rashin

30027

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafutukar%20ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20kurame

Fafutukar haƙƙin kurame

Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin kurame ta ƙunshi jerin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin haƙƙin nakasassu da ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban waɗanda ke ƙarfafa kurame da masu wuyar ji don tura al'umma su ɗauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da haƙƙin samun abubuwa iri ɗaya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta Ƙaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura. Ilimin kurma Maganar baka Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don sauƙaƙa wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana ɗaukar ƙoƙarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. Makarantun kurame Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta buɗe ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. Wannan cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kuɗin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin ƙasar. Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ta hanyar idanu na kurame, sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. Mutane da yawa kurame sun zaɓi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet Yanzu ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. Alkaluma na tarihi An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu; Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da Helen Keller, wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. Wuraren jama'a Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) motsin al'adun kurame Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. Cochlear implants A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa kurma, a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar gyarawa Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da kurame, ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya ware. Duba wasu abubuwan Al'adar kurame Harshen alamar Ilimin kurma Samfuran kurame Audism Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu motsin haƙƙin nakasa Kurma Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

20460

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Kebbi

Masarautar Kebbi

Masarautar Kebbi, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Argungu, masarauta ce ta gargajiya wadda ta dogara da garin Argungu a cikin jihar Kebbi Najeriya. Magaji ne ga tsohuwar Daular Hausa ta kebbi. Masarautar tana daya daga cikin manyan masarautu hudu a cikin Jihar Kebbi, sauran kuma su ne Masarautar Gwandu, Masarautar Yawuri da Masarautar Zuru. Wuri Masarautar Kebbi tana Arewa Maso Yamma na Jihar Kebbi ta zamani. A lokutan baya sun fadada Kudu da asalin Babban Birninta na Birnin Kebbi, wanda yanzu shi ne babban birnin masarautar Gwandu da kuma ita kanta jihar Kebbi. Yankin shimfidar wuri yawanci Savanna ne na Sudanian, a buɗe dazuzzuka tare da kuma bishiyoyi warwatse. Yankin ya hade da gangaren kogin Rima, wadanda suke cika ruwa lokaci-lokaci. Akwai rani tsakanin watan Mayu da watan Satumba, tare da ɗan ruwan sama a ragowar shekarar. Ruwan sama na shekara yana nufin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi kusan 26 C, jere daga 21 C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 C tsakanin watan Afrilu da watan Yuni. Birnin Kebbi yana da ƙoshin lafiya ta hanyar Kebbawa, ƙaramin rukuni na ƙasar Hausa. Tarihi Asali A al'adance ana daukar Kebbi mallakar Banza bakwai na kasar hausa. Dangane da labarin da aka sani a ƙasar Hausa, masarautar Kebbi na ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("ban iska bakwai") ko "haramtattun" jihohi bakwai. Shugabanni na wadannan jihohi da aka kamata ya gano su jinsi zuwa wani ƙwarƙwarar na Hausa kafa uba, Bayajidda, Saboda haka da gida na kai lokaci Banza "shege"). Nassoshin tarihi na farko sun kasance zuwa lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464–1492). Kanta Kotal, wani Ba’amurke ne dan ci-rani daga Kuyambana a Kudancin Katsina ya zama a zahiri gwamnan soja na yankin Songhay da ke lardin Kebbi, kuma ya ayyana ‘yancin kai a 1516. A wannan lokacin Surame, wanda har yanzu manyan ganuwar ke rayuwa, shi ne babban birnin masarautar. Birnin kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, inda ya bijire wa hare-haren Songhay, ya fadada zuwa kasashen Yauri da Nupe zuwa kudu sannan ya kayar da yunkurin masarautar Bornu na mamayewa da mamayar jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar kanta a shekara ta 1556 sai jihohin Hausawa suka daina ba da tallafi, kuma ɗansa kuma magajinsa Ahmadu bai yi yunƙurin tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ta zama ƙaramar masarauta. Gwagwarmaya da Jihadin Fulani A lokacin jihadin Fulani, a shekarar 1808 Abdullahi dan Fodio (c. 1766-1828), kanin Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin masarautar Gwandu, wadda ta mamaye Arewa Maso Gabas na Khalifancin Sakkwato. An kori Sarkin Kebbi, Muhammadu Hodi daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da wani mai tsana, Usman Masa. Duk da haka, Kebbawa sun cigaba da turjiya, kuma Abdullahi bai sami ikon kammala yakin ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya yi yaki a kwarin Zamfara, da wanda ya gaje shi Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa. Bayan rasuwar Karari a 1831, dansa Yakubu Nabame ya mika wuya, kuma ya yi shekaru 16 yana gudun hijira a Sakkwato har sai da Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai kula da Halifanci. A shekarar 1849 Yakubu ya yi mubaya'a ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Kebbi. Bayan fadace-fadace na gani-gani, gami da wani lokaci da sojojin Sakkwato suka yi wa Argungu kawanya, Sultan Aliyu na Sakkwato ya amince da 'yancin Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Yanzu haka Kebbi ta kulla kawance tsakanin Sakkwato da Gwandu, kuma yaƙin yaƙe-yaƙe ya cigaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A cikin 1859 dan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara an kashe shi a cikin yaƙi a busasshiyar magudanan ruwa na Kogin Rima A 1860 aka kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru a yaƙi a Karakara. A 1867 Fulanin sun amince da 'yancin kan Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya. A shekarar 1875 yaki ya sake barkewa yayin da mutanen Fanna da ke ƙasan Rima suka yanke shawarar canza aminci ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da dama a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu tsauraran matakai, har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa mulkin mallakar Burtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya a karshe ya kawo karshen yakin. Mulkin mallaka A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1890 turawan Ingila da Faransa suka kulla wata yarjejeniya ta raba Afirka ta Yamma tsakanin kasashen biyu masu mulkin mallaka. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniyar, Biritaniya za ta mallaki dukkan yankuna har zuwa na Khalifanci na Sakkwato, yayin da Faransawa za su ci gaba da mallakar yankunan zuwa arewa. Ba a nemi shawarar mutanen yankin ba. An bawa Bafaranshe Parfait-Louis Monteil ragamar balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin halifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sakkwato, duk da cewa za a fatattake ta daga Sakkwato a watan Maris na 1892 kuma a tilasta ta sake zama kasa mai mulkin mallaka. Monteil ya kuma sami ƙaramin shaidar kasancewar kamfanin na Royal Royal Niger da ke da'awar a yankin, ban da wasu rumbunan kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Ingila suka ji labarin Monteil, sannan kuma suka ji cewa Faransawa sun daga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka tura sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekarar 1898, inda ba su sami Faransawa ba. Birtaniyyawan sun kafa runduna ta dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don ba da kariya ga ayarin Faransawan da ke ratsa yankin na Birtaniyya ta hanyar yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyaka tsakanin bangarorin Faransa da Ingila. Da jin labarin cewa Sarkin Musulmi yana tattara rundunoninsa, an tura wannan runduna da sauran su zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fadan sun sami babbar nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi wa Burtaniya maraba saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ya sami damar dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. Zuwa shekara ta 1908, ba a tambayi ikon Burtaniya ba. A wata durbar da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka Frederick Lugard, sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sarkin Musulmi sun fito kwansu da kwarkwata, tare da nuna mahaya da rakuma dubu goma sha biyar. Sarakunan sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma suka yi masa sujada. Birtaniyyawan sun kafa tsari inda aka baiwa masarautu babbar ikon gudanarwa bisa jagorancin Shugabannin Gundumomi. Ba a nemi layin Argungu ba. Sauro ba su da kyau sosai don haka dole DO ta kwana cikin keɓaɓɓiyar keji. Masarautar a yau Bikin Kamun Kifi Bikin Kifi na Argungu na shekara-shekara yana daga cikin manyan al'adun gargajiya a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin na da dadadden tarihi. An fara shi ne lokacin da mai alfarma Sarkin Musulmi, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a shekarar 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi ne don nuna karfin Kabawa da Sarki Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance na gari ne, amma a shekarar 1972 ya samu halartar Shugaban kasar Najeriya, Janar Yakubu Gowon da takwaransa na Nijar, Hamani Diori Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma babu wani biki da aka shirya daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2004. Bikin yanzu ya sake farfadowa kuma ya zama babban wurin jan hankalin 'yan yawon bude ido. Zuwa shekara ta 2009, bikin sake bikin Argungu na Duniya da Al'adu ya hada da wata babbar durbar tare da dawakai 500 da mahayansu, da rakuma 120 da mahayansu, wadanda ke dauke da tutar masarautar Argungu tare da mahalarta daga sauran kabilu da yawa. Babban kifi ya kai nauyin 55 Kg, kuma an bayar da kyaututtukan wannan kamun ludayin a wani bikin da Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua ya halarta, matar sa, gwamnoni shida da sarakunan gargajiya da yawa. Bikin na shekarar 2009 ya kuma hada da wasannin ruwa, gasar harbi da kibiya da kuma gasa cata, taron gangamin mota, wasan kwaikwayon da kungiyoyin raye-raye suka yi daga kasashen Nijar, Mali, Chadi da Benin, wasan kokawa da dambe, da kuma baje kolin kayan gona. Mahimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin ta hanyar hana amfani da gidan sauro da raga. Shirin ban ruwa An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin shekara ta 1969 kuma an daɗe da jinkiri, amma da alama za a fara shi a cikin shekara ta 2009. Aikin zai yi ban ruwa mai girman hekta 10,572 a cikin kogin Rima tsakanin Argungu da Birnin Kebbi Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar su kunun aya, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai dankali da dankalin Irish. Madatsar ruwan kuma za ta amfani masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a cikin jihar. Aikin ya yi alƙawarin fa'idodi masu yawa amma yana da sabani, tunda zai canza fasalin amfani da ƙasa, sanya wasu al'ummomin cikin muhalli da ambaliya a wurin bikin kamun kifin na shekara shekara. An yi wa Sarkin Argungu jifa a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da aikin. Gidan kayan gargajiya A watan Yunin shekara ta 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi don ba wa Surame mai tarihi jerin kayan tarihin Duniya. Surame shi ne babban birni na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata Umaru Abubakar Argungu ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba wai kawai abin tarihi ba har ma da kayan tarihin al'adu na jerin abubuwan tarihi na Duniya. Ginin gidan kayan tarihin, kusa da babbar kasuwa an gina shi ne a shekara ta 1831 wanda Yakubu Nabame ya gina kuma ya kasance a matsayin fadar Sarki har zuwa shekara ta 1942, lokacin da Turawan ingila suka gina sabuwar fadar mulki a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1958, aka buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ke ba da damar fahimtar tarihin rayuwar jihar Kebbi Gidan kayan tarihin yana da tarin makamai, wadanda suka hada da layu, mashi, takuba, itace, duwatsu, bakuna da kibiyoyi, bindigogin cikin gida har ma da ganguna da ake nunawa. Gidan kayan tarihin sanannen wuri ne da ake binne matattun sarakunan karamar hukumar. Sarakuna Sarakunan masarautar Hausawa kafin a sanya su a cikin Khalifanci na Sakkwato sune kamar haka: Rulers of the Hausa Emirate established at Argungu: Kasar da ta gaji kasar Hausa bisa dogaro da Argungu Sarakunan Masarautar Hausawa da aka kafa a Argungu sune kamar haka: Bibliography Harris, PG: Jaridar lardin Sokoto, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. Hogben, SJ da AHM Kirk-Greene Masarautar Arewacin Najeriya, Landan 1966. Johnston, YA, Daular Fulani ta Sakkwato, Oxford 1967 (shafi na. 187–195). Manazarta Sarakunan Fulani Sarakuna Tarihin Najeriya Al'adun Najeriya Masarautu a Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed

6159

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano

Kano

Kano Ajami shi ne babban birnin Jihar Kano, kuma shi ne gari mai Jerin yawan hadakar mutane masu yawa a jahohin Najeriya mafi yawan al'ummar da ke Arewa maso yammacin ƙasar Najeriya dake yammacin Afrika. Garin ya kasance babban wurin da al'umma ke rayuwa na tsawon dubban shekaru da suka wuce. Shi ne birni na biyu mafi yawan jama'a, yana da yawan jama'a a cikin iyakokin Birnin, tare da sama da ƴan ƙasa miliyan huɗu a cikin 5,700km. Yankin gargajiya ne na tsohuwar daular Dabo mai ƙarni biyu wadanda tun a ƙarni na (19) suka kasance sarakunan gargajiya na cikin gari har zuwa yankin Kano lokacin da garin ya mamaye daular Biritaniya wato kasar Ingila. Majalisar Masarautar Kano ita ce cibiyar masarautar yanzu a cikin iyakokin biranen Kano, kuma karkashin ikon Gwamnatin Jihar Kano Garin yana karkashin kudu da Sahara, kuma yana daya daga cikin masarautu bakwai na zamani a cikin kasar Hausa kuma manyan mazauna garin su ne aru-aru kafin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, Kano ta kasance mai cikakkiyar iko da yawan Larabawa, Kanuri, Baburawa da Fulani kuma ta kasance haka tare da harshen Hausa da ake magana da shi a matsayin harshen yare da masu magana da miliyan saba'in a yankin. Addinin Islama ya isa garin a karni na goma sha daya, ko kuma a farkon ta hanyar kasuwancin Sahara kuma sakamakon haka ya zama mai wadata kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ta yankin ta Arewacin Najeriya, kuma har yanzu ana danganta ta a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci a arewacin najeriya. Da lakabin da ake mata, "Kano ko da me kazo An fika". Bayanin Asali Kano ta samo asali ne daga garin Dala, Dutsen Dala/bayan tsauni kuma ana kiran ta haka har zuwa karshen karni na goma sha biyar da farkon karni na goma sha shida ga majiyoyin Borno Tarihi Kafa da daular Bagauda A cikin karni na (7), Dutsen Dala, wani tsauni ne da yake a Kano, ya kasance wurin farauta da tara jama'ar da ke aikin bakin karfe al'adun Nok ba a sani ba ko wadannan Hausawa ne ko kuwa masu magana da yarukan Nijar Congo. Tarihin Kano ya nuna cewa Barbushe, jarumi ne na tsaunin Dala kuma mace mai bautar ruhi da aka sani da suna Tsumburbura, Barbushe ta fito ne daga tsatson gidan mafarautan (maparauta) wadanda suka fara zama a garin Elizabeth Isichei ta lura cewa bayanin Barbushe ya yi kama da juna ga mutanen Sao). Duk da yake a baya akwai kananan sarakuna a yankin, kamar yadda yake a Tarihin Kano, Bagauda dan Bawo da jikan jarumin almara mai suna Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Kano na farko a shekara ta 999, yana mulki har zuwa shekara ta alif da sittin da Uku 1063. Jikansa Gijimasu (1095-1134), sarki na uku, ya fara gina ganuwar garin (badala ganuwa) a kasan Dutsen Dala. Sunansa, Tsaraki (1136–1194), sarki na biyar, ya kammala su a zamanin mulkinsa. Tsakiyar Zamani: yaduwar Musulunci da kasuwanci A karni na goma sha biyu 12 Ali Yaji mai matsayin Sarkin Kano ya yi mubaya'a daga barin tsafin Tsumburbura, ya musulunta kuma ya yi daular Sarauta wanda zai kasance har zuwa faduwarta a karni na 19. Mulkin Yaji ya biyo bayan zamanin faɗaɗawa wanda ya ga Kano ta zama babban birni na daular Habe ta karya. A shekarar alif dari hudu da sittin da uku,1463 Muhammad Rumfa (ya yi zamani a shekara ta 1463, zuwa shekarar ta 1499) ya hau gadon sarauta. A lokacin mulkinsa, matsin lamba daga siyasa da ya tashi daga Daular Songhai ya tilasta shi ya dauki Auwa, diyar Askiyah Mai Girma a matsayin matar sa. Ta kasance daga baya ta zama mace ta farko a garin Kano. Rumfa sarki ne attajiri da ban nishaɗi. Kayan sawa na alfarma da takalmin gashin jimina masu tsada sun kasance ruwan dare tsakanin jami'an gwamnati. An kuma fara amfani da kakaki a lokacin mulkinsa. Dukiyarsa tana bin bashin kasuwancin Kano a wannan lokacin. Babu shakka Kano ta samu daukaka sosai a matsayinta na muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ta kasuwancin Sahara a tsakiyar zamanai a lokacin mulkinsa. Bayanin Leo Africanus game da Kano ya yi amannar na zamanin Rumfa ne. Ya bayyana mazauna yankin a matsayin "attajirai 'yan kasuwa kuma kwararrun masu fasaha" sannan ya yaba da dokin sojojin Sarkin Musulmi. Ya kuma lura da yalwar shinkafa, masara, auduga da 'ya'yan itatuwa (citrus). Rumfa ya gyara birni, ta fadada Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Fadar Sarki), kuma ya taka rawa wajen kara musuluntar da mutanen garin, kamar yadda ya bukaci mashahuran mazauna garin su tuba. Tarihin Kano ya danganta duka "sabbin abubuwa" guda goma sha biyu zuwa Rumfa. A cikin littafin Tarihin Kano, Sarki na talatin da bakwai Sarkin Kano shi ne Mohammed Sharef (1703–1731). Magajinsa, Kumbari dan Sharefa (1731–1743), ya shiga manyan yakukuwa tare da Sakkwato a matsayin hamayya ta dogon lokaci. Mulkin Fulani: karkashin daular Suleiman da Dabo A farkon karni na 19, shugaban Fulani na musulunci Usman dan Fodio ya jagoranci jihadi da ya shafi yawancin yankin tsakiyar Sudan wanda ya rusa masarautar Habe, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar Khalifanci na Sakkwato A shekara ta 1805 Sarkin Yabe na Fulanin ya ci Sarkin Kano na karshe, kuma Kano ta zama Masarautar Khalifanci. Kano ta riga ta kasance mafi girma da ci gaba a daular. Heinrich Barth ya kira Kano babbar masarautar tsakiyar Afirka; ya kasance masanin Bajamushe ne wanda ya kwashe shekaru da dama a arewacin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1850 kuma ya kiyasta yawan bayi a Kano ya kai a kalla 50%, mafi yawansu suna zaune ne a kauyukan bayi. Wannan shine bayan manyan gungiyoyin bayi na ƙarshe, tare da yawan kaso mai yawa na bautar bayi tun bayan da aka yanke cinikin bayi na Atlantika. Garin ya sha fama da fari da yunwa daga 1807 zuwa shekara ya 1810, a cikin 1830s, 1847, 1855, 1863, 1873, 1884, kuma daga shekara ta 1889 zuwa 1890. Daga shekarata 1893 har zuwa 1895, masu neman sarauta biyu sun yi yakin basasa, ko Basasa tarre da taimakon bayin masarauta, Yusufu ya ci nasara a kan dan'uwansa Tukur kuma ya dauki matsayin sarki. Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, mulkin bayan fage, da 'yanci A watan Maris na shekara ta 1903 bayan wata 'yar gwagwarmaya, Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye ganuwar Kano, nan take ta maye gurbin Lokoja a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwar Arewacin Najeriya An maye gurbinsa a matsayin cibiyar gwamnati ta Zungeru sannan daga baya Kaduna kuma kawai ta sake dawo da mahimmancin mulki tare da kirkirar jihar Kano bayan independence ('yancin kai) na kasar Najeriya. Daga shekara ta 1913 zuwa 1914, yayin da kasuwancin gyada ke kara fadada, Kano ta yi fama da babban fari, wanda ya haifar da yunwa. Sauran lokutan yunwa a lokacin mulkin Birtaniyya sun faru a shekara ta 1908, 1920, 1927, 1943, 1951, 1956, da 1958. Zuwa 1922, dan kasuwar gyada Alhassan Dantata ya zama hamshakin attajiri a Masarautar Kano, ya zarta sauran 'yan kasuwa Umaru Sharubutu Koki da Maikano Agogo. A watan Mayun shekara ta 1953, wani fadan kabilanci da ya soma saboda kudancin jaridu na rahin bada rahoto a kan yanayin da bambancin ra'ayi a tsakanin arewaci da kudancin yan siyasa a majalisar wakilai Dubun-dubatar ‘yan Najeriya 'yan asalin kudu sun mutu sakamakon wani rikici da ya haifar da siyasa. Ado Bayero ya zama sarkin Kano a shekaran 1963. Gwamnatin soja ta Tarayya ce ta kirkiro jihar Kano a shekarar 1967 daga Arewacin Najeriya na wancan lokacin. An yabawa kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na soja na farko, Audu Bako da gina kakkarfan tushe don ci gaban zamantakewar zamani. Ya fara ayyukan ci gaba da yawa kamr irin su hanyoyi da ingantaccen ruwan sha na birane. Shi kansa manomi ne mai son tallafi da samar da madatsun ruwa. Godiya ga manufofin sa Kano ta samar da duk nau'ikan da ake samarwa da fitar da shi zuwa jihohin makwabta. Gwamnan farar hula na farko shi ne Abubakar Rimi A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 1980, mai wa’azi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine ya jagoranci tarzoma Jami'an tsaro sun kashe shi, amma daga baya mabiyansa suka fara tayar da kayar baya a wasu biranen arewacin. Bayan gabatar da tsarin shari'ar musulunci a jihar Kano a farkon shekara ta 2000, da yawa Kiristoci sun bar garin. An kashe mutane 100 a cikin tarzoma kan batun shari’a a lokacin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2007, rikicin siyasa ya barke a garin bayan Jam’iyyar Democratic Party (PDP) ta zargi All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) da murde zaben kananan hukumomin da aka yi a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba. (ANPP ta yi nasara a kananan hukumomi 36 daga cikin 44 na jihar. Daruruwan matasa sun fito kan tituna, sama da mutane 300 aka kame aqalla mutane 25 aka kashe. Gine-ginen da aka cinnama wuta sun hada da ofishin ‘yan sanda na sharia, da cibiyar addinin Islama, da sakatariyar karamar hukuma. An girke sojojin tarayya guda 280 a kewayen birnin. A watan Janairun shekarar 2012, wasu jerin hare-haren bam sun kashe mutane 162. An kai hari kan ofisoshin 'yan sanda hudu, hedkwatar Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha, ofisoshin fasfo da cibiyoyin shige da fice. Mayakan Jihadi da ake kira Boko Haram sun dauki alhakin hakan. Bayan tashin bama-bamai, an sanya Kano a cikin dokar hana fita. Rikicin Boko Haram ya ci gaba da kisan mutane a watan Maris din shekarar 2013, Nuwambar 2014 da Fabrairun 2015 A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, Sarki Ado Bayero wanda ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Kano tsawon shekaru fiye da hamsin ya mutu, kuma rikicin sarauta ya barke tsakanin dangin masarautar. A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi jikan tsohon Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi I ya zama sabon Sarkin Kano. Haduwarsa ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai yawa daga magoya bayan Sanusi Ado Bayero na Chiroman Kano (Yariman Masarauta) kuma da ga marigayi Sarki Ado Bayero, tare da zargin cewa Gwamna Rabiu Kwankwaso ya tsoma baki cikin tsarin sarauta. A shekarar 2019, Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya raba masarautar Kano zuwa sabbin masarautu hudu; Bichi, Rano, Gaya da Karaye. Wannan matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ya soki dattawa. A dokar dai, daga cikin kananan hukumomi 44 da ke jihar, Sanusi a matsayin Sarkin Kano zai jagoranci kananan hukumomi 10 kawai; tare da sauran sassan da aka sassaka tsakanin sabbin masarautu. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2020, Gwamna Abdullahi Ganduje ne ya dare karagar mulkin Sanusi. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba aka tasa keyar sarkin zuwa karkashin tsaro mai karfi zuwa wani gida cikin al'ajabi, jihar Nasarawa. Sai da babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta shiga tsakani don ba da umarnin a sake shi daga tsare a Nasarawa. Labarin kasa Wuri Birnin Kano yana kudu da hamadar Sahara a cikin yankin Savanna na Sudan wanda ya fadi kudu da Sahel Garin yana kusa da inda kogunan Kano da Challawa da suke kwararowa daga kudu maso yamma suka hadu suka zama Kogin Hadejia, wanda daga karshe ya malala zuwa Tafkin Chadi zuwa gabas. Yanayi Kano tana da sama da matakin teku Kano tana da yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi Birni yana da kusan kimanin na hazo a kowace shekara, yawancinsu suna faduwa ne daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Kamar mafi yawan Nijeriya, Kano tana da zafi sosai a mafi yawancin shekara, tana yin sama a cikin watan Afrilu. Daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu, garin ba shi da zafi sosai, tare da yanayin daren lokacin watannin Disamba, Janairu da Fabrairu suna da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Gundumomi Kano na da yankuna shida: Tsohon Birni Bompai, Fagge Sabon Gari, Quasar Siriya da Nassarawa Tattalin arziki Tarihin tattalin arzikin Kano ya samo asali ne tun daga zamanin biranen na farko lokacin da garin ya kasance mafi kudu maso kudu na shahararrun hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Sahara Kano tana da kyakkyawar alaka da birane da yawa a Arewacin Afirka da wasu biranen a kudancin Turai. A shekara ta 1851, birnin Kano ya samar da takalmi miliyan 10 da fatun tan miliyan 5 kowace shekara don fitarwa, tare da wasu kayayyaki da suka hada da kayan yadi, fata da hatsi. Kano ta hadu da kasuwancin Trans-Atlantic a cikin shekarar 1911 lokacin da hanyar jirgin kasa ta isa Kano. Kano babbar cibiya ce ta samarwa da kuma fitar da kayayyakin amfanin gona kamar fatu, fata, gyada, da auduga Birnin yana kula da tattalin arzikinsa ta hanyar kasuwancin tun a karni na 21 tare da samar da mutum mafi arziki a Afirka Aliko Dangote wanda babban mahaifin sa Alhassan Dantata shi ne mafi arziki a Yammacin Afirka a tsakiyar karni na 20. Tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, manufofin gwamnati da ba su dace ba da kuma samar da wutar lantarki nan da can ya kawo cikas ga masana'antu da masana'antu, ta yadda tattalin arzikin Kano ya dogara ne kacokam kan kasuwanci, tallace-tallace da aiyuka. Akwai shirye-shiryen kafa filin shakatawa na fasahar bayanai a cikin gari. Al'adu Dawakai A al'adance Kano tana da mahaɗan dawakai kuma ana bayyana wannan yayin bikin Durbar na shekara-shekara don nuni da kuma yin bukukuwa biyu na Musulmai na shekara Eid al Fitr (don nuna ƙarshen Watan Ramadan mai alfarma da Eid al-Adha (don bikin aikin Hajji) Harami Mai Tsarki). Ana fara bikin ne da kwararrun mahaya daga fadar masarauta da masu kishin alfarma tare da mawaƙa, maharba, da da'iran gargajiya a cikin jerin gwanon arziki da launuka masu kayatarwa ta cikin garin akan hanyar zuwa gidan sarki. Da zarar sun taru a kusa da fadar, mahayan dawakan sun shiga kungiyoyinsu, kowane a karkashin tutar shugaban gundumar (hakimai) ko kuma wani mai martaba daga fadar sarki (masarauta), su karba bi da bi su caji sarki, suna tafe da kafa daya a gaban manyan mutane da ke zaune don ba su girmamawa da biyayya. A lokacin bikin, sarki ya yi kyakykyawar bayyana a (https://www.majalisarmu.com/hawan-sallah-a-kano/ launuka daban-daban sanye da ado) da adon sarki. A karon farko cikin shekaru 200, an soke bikin dawaki na durban a shekarar 2012 saboda mummunan yanayin rashin lafiyar sarkin kano. Wasu masu sharhi na nuna cewa sokewar ya hada da kasancewar karuwar munanan hare-haren kungiyar Boko Haram a yankin arewacin Najeriya a wancan lokacin. Gine-gine Gine-ginen kano tsawon shekaru sun sama ga banbance banbance, musamman daga na gargajiya zuwa na zamani. Birnin babban yanki ne na gine-ginen Sudano-Sahelian, yana haɓaka tsarin Tubali na cikin gida wanda ya bayyana a masallatai, bango, mahaɗan gama gari, da ƙofofi. Fassara fasalin gine-gine ya kasance kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin gine-ginen Kano, tare da garin yana dauke da ƙwararrun masu fasaha. Tambarin kasa Tsohon Birni Ganuwa ta mamaye, yawancin ƙofofin zuwa Old City suna rayuwa. Tsohon garin yana dauke da babbar Kasuwar Kurmi, wacce aka san ta da sana'arta, yayin da tsofaffin ramin rini-har yanzu ana amfani da su suna nan kusa. A cikin Tsohon garin akwai Fadar Sarki, Babban Masallaci, da Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Makama. Wuraren Bauta Daga cikin wuraren ibadar, galibi masallatan musulmai ne. Hakanan akwai majami'u na Krista don ɗariku da yawa da suka hada da Cocin na Najeriya Anglican Communion Roman Catholic Diocese na Kano Cocin Katolika Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Nijeriya Baptist World Alliance Cocin Presbyterian na Nijeriya Commungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Ikklisiya ta Duniya Majami’un majami’ar Pentikostal da suka hada da; Majalisun Allah, Cocin Living Faith Church a Duniya Ikilisiyar Krista ta Allah da aka Karɓa Ganuwa An Gina Tsoffin Ganuwan Kano a matsayin katangar kariya tare da gina harsashin da Sarki Gijimasu ya kafa (r. 1095–1134), wato sarki na uku na Masarautar Kano a cikin Tarihin Kano A tsakiyar karni na 14 a zamanin Zamnagawa, an kammala katangar kafin a kara fadada ta a karni na 16. A cewar masana tarihi, Janar-Janar na Mulkin Mallaka da Kariyar Najeriya, Fredrick Lugard, ya rubuta a cikin rahoton 1903 game da Ganuwar Kano cewa "bai taɓa ganin kamarsa a Afirka ba" bayan kama tsohon garin Kano tare Sojojin Burtaniya. Tsoffin gidajen sarauta da wuraren zama Yawancin tsofaffin gidajen masarauta suna rayu har zuwa yau, galibi a cikin tsohon birni da kewaye. Irin wadannan gidaje masu zaman kansu sun hada da Gidan Chiroma, Filin Chiranchi, da sauransu. Manyan fadoji, sun hada da Gidan Rumfa, Gidan Makama, da kuma lokacin sanyi na sarki. Ilimi Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano ita ce tsohuwar jami'a mafi tsufa a garin. Isa Kaita ne ya fara kafa jami'ar a shekarar 1962. Ta zama jami'ar jihar a cikin 1975, kuma har yanzu tana da muhimmiyar cibiyar koyarwa a yau. Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kano an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1975. Kano tana da tashar jirgin kasa mai dauke da jiragen kasa zuwa Legas da aka bi ta Kaduna, yayin da Filin jirgin saman Malam Aminu Kano yake kusa da nan. Challawa Gorge Dam wanda ke kusa da shi ya wadatar da garin, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen tushen wutar lantarki. Kasancewar Kano tana arewacin mahadar jirgin kasa a Kaduna, tana da damar yin daidai da tashar jirgin ruwa a Lagos da Fatakwal Kamfanin jirgin sama Kabo Air yana da babban ofishinsa a cikin birni. Har ila yau, Kano ita ce hedkwatar kamfanin jiragen sama na Azman, da Max Air da kuma wasu kamfanonin tafiye-tafiye marasa daidaito. Bayan hutu na shekaru masu yawa, an gyara layin dogo daga Kano zuwa Legas zuwa a 2013. Jirgin kasa na jirgin kasa zuwa Lagos yana daukar awanni 30 kuma ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka 12, kwata kwata na kwatankwacin kudin bas. A shekarar 2014, ana fara aikin gina sabon layin dogo, layin ma'auni na zamani daga Legas Daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2015, tare da tallafin mai da tsadar mai, manyan titunan mota, gadoji na sama da sauran kayayyakin sufuri gwamnatin jihar ce ta gina su. Mafi shaharar wadannan sune gadar gadar sama ta Jubilee a Kofar Nassarawa, babbar hanyar Kofar Kabuga da kuma manyan tituna-layi 6 a cikin garin. Kwanan nan, Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar Najeriya Yemi Osibanjo ya kasance a Kano domin kaddamar da gadar gadar Alhassan da ke kan titin Murtala Muhammad Way da Tijjani Hashim da ke Kofar Ruwa. A shekarar 2017, Ma’aikatar Ayyukan Gidaje Sufuri ta Jihar Kano ta sanar da hanyar jirgin kasa mai tsawon kilomita 74, mai layi hudu. tare da kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 da aka sanya hannu tare da kamfanin gine-ginen Railway na kasar Sin Sanannun mutane Sani Abacha, tsohon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Pamela Abalu, 'yar kasuwar Ba-Amurke kuma jagorar zane. Lawan Musa Abdullahi, lauya kuma dan siyasa Aliko Dangote, dan kasuwa Alhassan Dantata, dan kasuwa Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, Gwamnan jihar Kano na yanzu Rabiu Kwankwaso, dan siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan jihar Kano Har ila yau Tsohon Ministan Tsaro da Albarkatun Ruwa Engr Murtala Mohammed, Tsohon Shugaban Kasashe, Tarayyar Najeriya Isyaku Rabiu, dan kasuwa Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi tsohon gwamnan jihar Kano. Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, ma’aikacin banki Ibrahim Shekarau, dan siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kano Kuma Tsohon Ministan Ilimi, a halin yanzu Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar Kano ta Tsakiya Abdullah al-Thani, tabbatacce ne na Libya Alhassan Yusuf, dan kwallon kafa, a yanzu haka yana buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta IFK Göteborg ta kasar Sweden Ado Abdullahi Bayero, tsohon Sarkin kano me Rasuwa Duba kuma Majalisar Masarautar Kano Manazarta Biranen Najeriya Wurare masu masu yawan jama'a a jihar Kano Manyan Birane a Najeriya Tsari a Wikidata Mukalai masu dauke da haruffan Larabci Pages with unreviewed

19331

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assizes%20of%20Ariano

Assizes of Ariano

Assizes na Ariano wasu jerin dokoki ne na Masarautar Sicily da aka ƙaddamar a lokacin rani na 1140 a Ariano, kusa da Benevento, na Roger II na Sicily. Bayan kwanciyar hankali a kwanan nan, a cikin tawaye, ya yanke shawarar yin ƙaura zuwa gwamnatin da ke tsakiyar. Assizes sun kafa babban ofisoshin Sicilian kuma sun nemi kiyaye tsarin mulkin a ƙarƙashin tsananin ikon sarauta. Ya ƙunshi maganganu arba'in waɗanda suka shafi dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi damuwar shari'a ta zamani: kadarorin masu zaman kansu, kadarorin jama'a, coci, dokar farar hula, kuɗin masarauta, da sojoji. Aikin ya ci gaba don zamaninsa, yana samun ƙa'idodinsa ba daga Norman da Faransa kaɗai ba, har ma da Muslim da Byzantine (musamman Justinian ra'ayoyin shari'a. Rabin farko na 1140 Roger ya kashe a Palermo yana shirya Assizes. Tabbas an shirya su sosai. Duk da rubuta dokar a babban birninshi, a watan yuli, ya yi tafiya a cikin jihar zuwa Salerno, babban birni na masarautar Apulia, daga nan kuma ya tafi Abruzzi, inda ya bincika cin nasarar ɗiyansa: Roger da Alfonso Waɗannan mutanen, a yanzu duke na Apulia da basaraken Capua bi da bi, sun ƙarfafa mulkin Norman a kan teku kuma sun ba da damar manyan abubuwan da za a yi a wannan shekarar. A Assizes tabbata cewa Sarkin ne kawai lawgiver a Sicily, cewa shi duka biyu hukunci da kuma firist, (kamar yadda ya riqe da legatine iko daga Paparoma da kuma duk Sicilians sun daidaita, kuma a karkashin wannan dokokin, ko Latin, Girkanci, Bayahude, ko Muslim, Norman, Lombard, ko Balarabe. Ya hukunta cin amanar ƙasa tare da kisa. Hakanan an yi cikakken bayani a cikin sauran laifukan tashin hankali: tsoro a yaƙi, ɗora wa jama'a gindi, ko riƙe tallafi daga sarki ko abokan sa. A cocin, mabiya addinin kirista da 'yan ridda sun rasa haƙƙinsu. An ba da izinin bishops daga halartar kotuna, kodayake an ba sarki izini a kan wannan, kamar kowane abu, kuma ba za a iya yin roƙo ba. A hankulan sojoji, an rufe aji na jarumi. Babu wanda zai iya zama jarumi idan ba shi da tsatson jirgin. A ƙarshe, ƙaddamarwar ba ta yi watsi da talakawa ba kuma ta buƙaci a bi da su da adalci kuma a ɗora musu nauyi ba tare da izini daga shugabanninsu ba. Roger ta karshe yi a Ariano ya bayar da wani low quality-coinage misali ga dukan daula, da ducat, shan da sunan da daga duchy na Apulia. Kudin, galibi jan ƙarfe da wasu azurfa, ba zinare kamar yadda yake a bayarwa daga baya ba, ya girma cikin sauri. Assizes sun wanzu a rubuce-rubuce guda biyu, sun ɗan bambanta da juna, kodayake menene rashi da ƙari. Waɗannan an samo su a cikin 1856 a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Vatican da na Monte Cassino. Assizes sune dokokin da Sarki Roger II na Sicily ya gabatar. Da zarar an ƙarfafa mulkinsa sai ya ba da jerin dokoki, kodayake ba a san inda ko lokacin da ya yi hakan ba. Ana tsammanin cewa an bayar da dokokin ne kusan 1140, domin sai bayan wannan kwanan wata ne za a iya samun jami'ai a duk masarautar; kafin lokacin kawai suna bayyana ne kwatsam. A wannan lokacin, Ariano kawai taron bishop ne da mashahurai kuma ba 'babban taro' wanda duk 'yanci ke taka rawa ba. Mahimman batutuwa kamar sojoji, wajibai na fasiƙanci da sanin ƙasashe, kuma an ba da doka. Assizes sun rayu a cikin rubutattun rubuce-rubucen dokoki biyu kawai. Cikakken rubutu shine wanda ke cikin Codice Vaticano Latino 8782, wanda za'a iya yin kwanan wata zuwa ƙarshen karni na goma sha biyu kuma wanda ya ƙunshi assize arba'in da huɗu, da kuma gabatarwa. Na biyu Codex 468 na laburaren Montecassino ya samo asali ne daga farkon rabin karni na sha uku. Yana watsa sigar taƙaitaccen sigar dokokin ne kawai, kodayake kuma ya ƙunshi wasu ƙari da wasu assize bakwai waɗanda ba su da rubutun Vatican. Assizes suna ba da misali na farko na dokokin yankuna bisa dogaro da dokar Roman (Justinaic), kamar yadda "sun rigaye, kuma sun fi mahimmanci a aikace fiye da, sake gano ilimin Rome na ilimi." Maimaitawar Roger ga misalin masarautun Rome yana nuni ne da irin burin da yake da shi. Assizes suna taɓa wasu ɓangarorin doka ne kawai: coci, na jama'a, aure da mai laifi. Tare da su dokar al'ada ta kasance tana aiki, sai dai idan ta saba wa ainihin abin da ke cikin Assizes. Dalilin haka shi ne "saboda ire-iren mutane daban-daban da ke karkashin mulkinmu." Saboda haka, a bayyane yake dan majalisar na da masaniya game da mulki kan kasar da ke da kabilu da yawa; ya girmama halaye daban-daban na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kodayake kawai gwargwadon wannan bai yi karo da babban kulawarsa ba. Majiya Assizes na Ariano a cikin Latin Rubutun asali na duka codices. Ofaddamar da iko: Assizes na Ariano a Norman World ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai Norwich, John Julius Masarauta a Rana 1130-1194 Longman: London, 1970. Pennington, Kenneth. "Haihuwar Ius commune: Dokar Sarki Roger II." Rivista internazionale del diritto comune, 17 (2006).

43139

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymma%20Zyubina

Rymma Zyubina

Articles with hCards Rimma Anatolyevna Zyubina (Ukraine: Rimma Anatolyivna Zyubina; an haife ta a watan Agustan 23, 1971, Uzhhorod) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Yukren kuma yar fim, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Telejin, jigon jama'a. Ana daukar ta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta daya a tsakanin shekarun 2017-2019 dangane da kiyasin "Wasannin da aka dauka a Ukraine". Ta lashe lambobin yabo da dama na wasan kwaikwayo, ta lashe kyautar Kiev Pectoral Prize har sau biyu, da kuma sauran kyaututtuka na kasa da kasa. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Rimma Zyubina a [[Uzhgorod]] aTranscarpathia. Tsakanin shekaru uku zuwa bakwai ta zauna a Hungary saboda mahaifinta soja ne. Ya kasance a garin Hungary ne, bayan ganin wasan kwaikwayo na "Cinderella", inda 'yar'uwarta ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan, inda ta fara mafarkin zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Tun tana yarinya, ta ke nazarin ballet, tayi karatu a makarantar waka, kuma ta shiga bagaren wasan kwaikwayo na yara "Rovesnik", wani studiyo na wasan kwaikwayo a Transcarpathian Drama Theater, inda ta taka rawar a wasanni da daban daban tun tana da shekaru 17. Ta kammala karatu da sakamako daga Uzhgorod Al'adu da ilimi School, bayan haka aka gayyace ta zuwa wasannin sinima da dama amma ta zabi Kiev National University of Culture da Arts. Bayan shekara guda na karatu, ta koma Uzhgorod kuma ta sami aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Sana'a Bayan wani lokaci, ta sake komawa Kiev, inda ta yi aiki a da dama a sinimomi daba daban a kuma lokaci guda: a cikin ƙwararrun gidan wasan kwaikwayo-Studio na Chamber Play, a cikin matasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a gidan wasannin Drama da Barkwanci sannan kuma a gefen hagu na Dnieper. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Golden Gate da kuma a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Constellation. A cikin shekara ta 1992, ta fara fitowa a talabijin a cikin fim ɗin Game da Mad Love, maharbi da ɗan sama jannati. Tun 1992 ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shiryen Eniki-Beniki kuma tun 1994 Lego Express don edition na yara na Farko National Channel na Ukraine. Rayuwarta Ta yi aure da darektan wasan kwaikwayo na Ukraine Stanislav Moiseev, a 1998 sun haifi ɗa, Daniel. Rayuwar Jama'a Itace Jakada na Gidauniyar Crab don Taimakawa Yara masu fama da cutar kansa. Har ila yau, a kan aikin sa kai, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Lugansk Music and Drama Theatre, wanda ya koma Severodonetsk na dan lokaci. Kyaututtuka Kyautar Jihar Ukraine Order of Princess Olga III digiri (2020) Kyauta 1992 Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa na Yara da Matasa Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ("Magic Little Girls") 1994 Bikin Kyiv ƙwararrun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (Yana Sanyi Backstage) 2003 "Kyiv Pectoral" Mafi kyawun Actress ("Uncle Vanya") 2008 "Kyiv Pectoral" Mafi kyawun Actress ("'Yar'uwa ta Hudu") 2008 International Festival "Theater. Chekhov. Yalta Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Mata a cikin samar da Chekhov ("Uncle Vanya") 2016 KiTi Film FestivalBest Actress (Echo) 2016 Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya Mannheim Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman na Heidelberg ("Nest Dove") 2017 Kyautar Jiha. Lesya Ukrainka ("Trumpeter") 2017 "Golden Jiga"Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ("Nest Dove") 2017 Bikin Fim na Duniya "Ƙauna ita ce hauka" Bulgaria, VarnaBest Actress ("Kurciya Nest") 2022 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Fina-finai, Miami, Amurka. Mafi kyawun Jaruma. Fim "Valera" Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwar 1971 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51536

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Tanzaniya

'Yancin Addini a Tanzaniya

'Yancin addini a Tanzaniya na nufin irin yadda mutane a Tanzaniya ke samun damar gudanar da akidarsu cikin 'yanci, la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da halayen al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini. Gwamnatin Tanzaniya da gwamnatin Zanzibar mai cin gashin kanta duk sun amince da 'yancin addini a matsayin ka'ida kuma suna ƙoƙarin kare shi. Gwamnatin Zanzibar ta nada jami'an addinin Musulunci a Zanzibar. Babban tsarin doka a Tanzaniya da Zanzibar ba addini ba ne, amma Musulmai suna da zaɓi na amfani da kotunan addini don shari'o'in da suka shafi iyali. Laifukan daidaikun mutane na tashin hankali na addini sun faru a kan duka Kiristoci da Musulmai. Manufofi da akidun Ujamaa da gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta farko ta amince da su bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarun 1960 sun jaddada hadin kan kasa kan rarrabuwar kawuna na addini ko kabilanci, kuma hakan na nuni da irin kakkausan kalamai na nuna kyama a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tanzaniya, wanda har yanzu yana nan aiki kamar na shekarar 2019. Yayin da aka watsar da Ujamaa a matsayin aikin jiha a cikin 1985, kuma rikicin addini ya ɗan tashi tun daga lokacin, majiyoyin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun yaba wa Ujamaa don ba da gudummawa ga yanayin 'yancin addini da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa a Tanzaniya. Alkaluma Wani bincike na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta kusan kashi 61 na al’ummar kasar Kirista ne, kashi 35 cikin 100 Musulmi, da kuma kashi 4 cikin dari na sauran kungiyoyin addini. Wani rahoto daban na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta fiye da rabin yawan jama'a suna aiwatar da abubuwan addinan gargajiya na Afirka a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Babu wani binciken gida da ya shafi alaƙar addini. A babban yankin, al'ummomin musulmi da yawa sun taru a yankunan bakin teku, tare da wasu tsiraru musulmi da ke cikin kasa a cikin birane. Ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun haɗa da Roman Katolika, Furotesta (ciki har da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na Pentikostal), Masu Adventists na kwana bakwai, Cocin Yesu Kristi na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe, da Shaidun Jehovah. Wasu rukunoni sun haɗa da mabiya addinin Buddha, Hindu, Sikhs, ís, animists, da kuma waɗanda ba sa son addini. Mazauna Zanzibar miliyan 1.3 Musulmai ne kashi 99 bisa 100, a cewar wani kiyasi na gwamnatin Amurka, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na Sunni ne, a cewar rahoton Pew Forum na shekarar 2012. Ragowar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Shi'a da dama, galibi 'yan asalin Asiya. Tarihi Fage Tanzaniya tana kunshe da yankuna biyu, yankin babban kasa a nahiyar Afirka da kuma tsibiran Zanzibar, wadanda suka hade a shekarun 1960. An fara keɓe yankin babban yankin Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na rabuwar Afirka a taron Berlin a shekarar 1884. Akasin haka, tarihin Zanzibar a matsayin yanki na musamman ya koma karni na 13, lokacin da yake gida ga jihohin Swahili. Ba a san takamaiman kwanakin shigar Musulunci zuwa Gabashin Afirka ba, amma shaidar farko da aka rubuta na kasancewar musulmi ta kasance a shekara ta 830 AZ, kuma an kafa wasu manyan biranen Islama a Zanzibar da bakin gabar teku a karni na 11. Waɗannan jahohin birni sun kai kololuwarsu a ƙarni na 14 da 15, bayan haka sai suka tabarbare sakamakon rikici da Portugal a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 17. Ikon Portuguese na Zanzibar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da Daular Omani ta kore su, wanda a ƙarshe zai ƙaura babban birninta zuwa Zanzibar. A farkon karni na 19, Zanzibar ta zama babban kulli a cinikin bayi, wanda ba zai kare ba sai farkon karni na 20. Kiristanci ya isa Tanganyika a cikin karni na 19 a cikin nau'i na ayyukan turawa daban-daban, kuma a lokaci guda masu wa'azin Sufaye za su yada addinin Islama fiye da yankunan bakin teku. Duka ayyukan Kirista da Musulmi a Tanzaniya suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar daidaitawa tare da tsofaffin al'adun addinan Afirka. A lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai, Kiristoci da Musulmai duka sun taka rawar gani a cikin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Tanganyika. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, duk da haka, jawabai sun canza, kuma a wasu lokuta an gabatar da al'ummomin Kirista da Musulmai a matsayin masu adawa da siyasa. Farkon 'yancin kai da juyin juya halin Zanzibar (1961-1964) A shekara ta 1961, mulkin Birtaniyya ya ƙare a Tanganyika, tare da Julius Nyerere ya zama shugabanta na farko a shekarar 1962, yayin da Zanzibar ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai kariyar Burtaniya wanda masarautar Larabawa ke mulka. A shekarar 1964, an hambarar da Sarkin Zanzibar a juyin juya halin Zanzibar. Juyin juya halin ya kasance tare da matsanancin tashin hankali da 'yan juyin juya hali na Afirka suka yi kan Larabawa da Asiya ta Kudu, wadanda akasarinsu musulmi ne ko kuma mabiya addinin Hindu kuma aka alakanta su da rukunin masu mulki na masarautar Zanzibar. An fafata ne da abin da ya gada daga wannan biki, yayin da wasu sassa na al'ummar Zanzibar ke kallon mummunan tashin hankalin da ya shafi kabilanci a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga zalunci da aka sha a karkashin masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadda ta yi cinikin bayi a Afirka. Dakarun da suka tayar da tarzoma sun kasance karkashin jagorancin John Okello, Kirista wanda ya yi imanin cewa aikin sa ne ya 'yantar da Zanzibar daga "Larabawa Musulmi", duk da cewa al'ummar Afirka a Zanzibar da jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi (ASP) na juyin juya hali. galibinsu musulmi kuma. Ayyukan Okello da akidar kiristoci masu tsatsauran ra'ayi sun raba wasu a cikin ASP, kuma ba da jimawa ba aka ware shi, aka cire shi daga mukaminsa kuma daga karshe aka kore shi. Haɗin kai da Ujamaa (1964-1985) Bayan juyin juya hali, Zanzibar ta hade da Tanganyika ta kafa Tanzaniya, tare da Nyerere a matsayin shugaban kasa. Manyan masu mulki a babban yankin, wadanda ke da bambancin addini, sun gwammace mulkin boko, yayin da Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta da kuma aiwatar da kasa mai zaman kanta. Yayin da Musulunci ba addinin kasa ba ne a hukumance, an ba shi matsayi na musamman da gata. A shekara ta 1967, Tanzaniya ta ƙara komawa hagu a siyasance, kuma ta fara haɓaka Ujamaa, akidar gurguzu wacce ta jaddada 'yanci, daidaito da haɗin kai a matsayin ka'idodinta na tsakiya. Kasar ta kuma amince da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kunshi sassa masu kakkausar murya na adawa da wariya, gami da nuna banbancin addini. Human Rights Watch ta yi la'akari da Ujamaa a matsayin ingantaccen abin koyi na haɗin kan ƙasa, yana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na Ujamaa da haɗin kai, tare da faɗar cewa mahimmancin haɗin kai shi ma ya sa yana da wahala a wasu lokuta bincikar cin zarafin ɗan adam. Tanzaniya ita ce kasa daya tilo a gabashin Afirka da ba ta ci gaba da fuskantar tashin hankalin kabilanci, addini ko siyasa ba tun bayan da ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka. Bayan Nyerere (1985-yanzu) Bayan da Nyerere ya yi ritaya daga siyasa bayan wa'adinsa na ƙarshe a shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yi watsi da Ujamaa a matsayin akidarta, ko da yake ya zuwa shekarar 2019 kundin tsarin mulkin 1977 ya ci gaba da aiki. Tun bayan karshen mulkin Ujama’a, an samu takun saka tsakanin Musulmi da gwamnati, da ma kadan a tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista. A shekarun 1993 da 1998, tashin hankali ya karu zuwa matakin tashin hankali tsakanin musulmi da jami'an tsaron kasar, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da dama. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun danganta wannan koma bayan fahimtar addini da rugujewar Ujama’a a ma’anar dukkanin manufofinta na hadin kan kasa da kuma manufofinta na jin dadin jama’a, tasirin yakin duniya na karuwa a fagen gwagwarmayar addini a karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 20. Ranar 21 ga wata, ƙungiyoyin farfaɗowar addini a cikin Tanzaniya, da sake fasalin sansanonin siyasa biyo bayan samun sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arzikin da aka fara a ƙarshen shekarar 1980s. An haramta sihiri a shekarar 2015. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, an ci gaba da samun rahotannin kashe-kashen da ake dangantawa da maita, inda ‘yan sanda suka kama wadanda ake zargi da hannu a ciki. Yayin da tashin hankali na addini ba kasafai ba ne, yana faruwa. A shekarar 2017, an sami alƙawura uku na ɓarna da lalata dukiyoyi, ciki har da kone-kone, akan gine-ginen addini da limamai. Tsarin doka Kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin tarayya na Tanzaniya da kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin wucin gadi a Zanzibar duk sun haramta wariyar addini da kuma ba da yancin yin zaɓi na addini. Dokar ta hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na addini. Har ila yau, dokar ta haramta wa kowane mutum yin wani mataki ko yin magana da nufin cin mutuncin addinin wani. Duk wanda ya aikata irin wannan laifin yana da alhakin daurin shekara guda a gidan yari. Gwamnati ba ta sanya alaƙar addini akan fasfo ko bayanan ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci. Rahoton 'yan sanda dole ne su bayyana alaƙar addini idan za a buƙaci mutum ya ba da shaidar rantsuwa. Aikace-aikacen neman magani dole ne a ƙayyade alaƙar addini don a iya kiyaye kowace takamaiman al'adun addini. Dokar ta bukaci gwamnati da ta rubuta addinin kowane fursuna tare da samar da wuraren ibada ga fursunoni. Jagorancin al'ummar musulmi A babban yankin, Majalisar Musulmi ta Tanzaniya ta zabi mufti. A Zanzibar, Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada mufti, wanda ke aiki a matsayin jagoran al'ummar Musulmi kuma a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati mai taimakawa a harkokin kananan hukumomi. Mufti na Zanzibar a sunansa ya amince da duk ayyukan Musulunci kuma yana kula da duk masallatan Zanzibar. Har ila yau, Muftin ya amince da laccoci na addini ta hanyar ziyartar malaman addinin Musulunci da kuma kula da shigo da littattafan Musulunci daga wajen Zanzibar. Kotunan duniya da na addini A babban yankin, dokokin da ba ruwansu da addini ne ke tafiyar da kiristoci da Musulmai a cikin laifuka da na farar hula. A cikin shari’o’in da suka shafi iyali da suka shafi gado, aure, saki, da riƙon yara ƙanana, dokar kuma ta amince da ayyukan al’ada, waɗanda za su iya haɗa da ayyukan addini. A irin wannan yanayi, wasu musulmi sukan zabi su tuntubi malaman addini maimakon gabatar da kara a kotu. Musulmai a Zanzibar suna da zabin gabatar da kararraki zuwa kotun farar hula ko ta Qadi (kotun Musulunci ko alkali) kan batutuwan da suka shafi kisan aure, tarbiyyar yara, gado, da sauran batutuwan da shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada. Dukkan shari'o'in da aka yi shari'a a kotunan Zanzibar, sai dai wadanda suka shafi al'amuran tsarin mulki na Zanzibari da shari'a, ana iya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayyar Turai da ke babban yankin. Za a iya daukaka karar hukuncin kotunan Qaadi na Zanzibar zuwa wata kotu ta musamman da ta kunshi babban alkalin Zanzibar da wasu shehunai biyar. Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada babban hafsan Qadi, wanda ke kula da kotunan qaddi kuma an san shi a matsayin babban malamin addinin musulunci da ke da alhakin tafsirin Al-Qur'ani. Babu kotunan qadi a kasar. Ilimi Makarantun gwamnati na iya koyar da addini, amma ba ya cikin tsarin koyarwa na ƙasa. Hukumomin makaranta ko ƙungiyoyin iyaye da malamai dole ne su amince da irin waɗannan azuzuwan, waɗanda iyaye ko masu sa kai ke koyarwa a lokaci-lokaci. Dole ne fom ɗin rajista na makarantun gwamnati su ƙayyade addinin yaro don haka masu gudanarwa za su iya sanya ɗalibai zuwa aji addinin da ya dace idan an ba da ɗayan. Dalibai kuma za su iya zaɓar ficewa daga karatun addini. A makarantun gwamnati, an ba wa dalibai damar sanya hijabi amma ba sanya nikabi ba. Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Afirka ta ƙasa Hakkin Dan Adam a Tanzaniya Addini a Tanzaniya Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32111

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef%20En-Nesyri

Youssef En-Nesyri

Youssef En-Nesyri an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sevilla ta Sipaniya da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar morocco. En-Nesyri ya shafe tsawon aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a sipaniya, yana wakiltar Malaga, Leganés da Sevilla. Ya buga wasanni sama da 150 a gasar La Liga kuma ya zura kwallaye sama da 40. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekarar 2016, yana da shekaru 18, bayan da a baya kungiyoyin matasa na kasa da kasa a matakin kasa da shekara 20 da kasa da 23 suka buga wasa. An zabe shi a cikin tawagar Morocco don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2018, da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2017, 2019 da 2021. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Malaga Bayan ya fara aikinsa na matashi a Mohammed VI Football Academy, En-Nesyri ya shiga Malaga CF akan kudi na €125,000 a shekara ta 2015. Da farko an sanya shi cikin tawagar Juvenil, ya buga babban wasansa na farko a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016, inda ya zira kwallo ta karshe a wasan da Tercera División ta doke Guadix CF da ci 3 1. Ya zira kwallaye baya-baya a wasanni uku da CD Huétor Tájar, River Melilla CF da FC Vilafranca kuma ya cigaba da zama dan wasa mai mahimmanci ga bangaren ajiyar wanda ya kasa samun cigaba zuwa Segunda División B. A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2016, an haɗa En-Nesyri a cikin tawagar farko na kocin kungiyar Juande Ramos, kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Algeciras CF kwanaki takwas bayan haka. A ranar 23 watan Agusta shekara ta 2016, bayan ya zira kwallaye shida a raga a lokacin pre-season, En-Nesyri ya amince da tsawaita kwangilar har zuwa shekarar 2020. Kwanaki uku bayan haka ya sanya gwaninsa da La Liga halarta a karon, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Keko a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da RCD Espanyol. En-Nesyri ya zira kwallayensa na farko na ƙwararrun a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2016, wanda ya ci nasara a nasarar gida 2-1 da SD Eibar, bayan ya zo a madadin Charles. Ya ba da gudummawa da kwallaye hudu a cikin wasanni 25 na gasar yayin kamfen na shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, yayin da kungiyarsa ta sha fama da koma baya. Leganes A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2018, biyo bayan ficewar Malaga daga gasar La Liga, En-Nesyri ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da CD Leganés a cikin babban rukuni. Ya zura kwallayen sa na farko a wasansa na tara, inda ya samu kunnen doki 2-2 gida da Rayo Vallecano kusa da shi a wasan farko na 32 na karshe na Copa del Rey a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba, kuma a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba ya ci kwallonsa ta farko. kwallon kafa, wacce ita ce daya tilo na nasara kuma a Estadio Municipal de Butarque da kungiyar Deportivo Alavés da ke kalubalantar samun matsayi na daya. A karshen watan Janairu zuwa Fabrairu shekara ta 2019, En-Nesyri ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni uku yayin da Leganés ta kaucewa shan kashi: 2-2 da Eibar, wanda ya yi nasara a Rayo sannan duk kwallaye ukun da suka ci Real Betis; wannan sakamako na karshe ya sanya shi Pepinero na farko da ya ci hat-trick a gasar La Liga. Sevilla A ranar 16 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2020, Sevilla FC ta sanya hannu kan En-Nesyri daga Leganés akan rahoton Yuro 20. miliyan, akan kwangilar da za ta dore har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta 2025; 'Yan Andalus sun sayar da 'yan wasan su Mu'nas Dabbur da Javier Hernández. Ya yi karo bayan kwana biyu a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 a Real Madrid, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Munir El Haddadi na mintuna na 65, kuma a farkonsa na farko a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu ya bude zira kwallo a tafiya zuwa RC Celta de Vigo. sakamako guda. En-Nesyri ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin Turai a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2020, a gasar zakarun nahiyar Turai ta UEFA Europa League zagaye na 32 na karshe da CFR kulub a Romania. Ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1, wanda hakan ya sanya kungiyarsa ta tsallake rijiya da baya. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2020, ya zira kwallo a ragar Roma da ci 2–0 a zagaye na 16. Sevilla ta ci gaba da lashe gasar UEFA Europa League a shekara ta 2020. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2020, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke FC Krasnodar da ci 3-2 a gasar zakarun nahiyar Turai ta shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021, don zama burinsa na farko a gasar. A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, ya sake zira kwallo a wani bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 3–1 a waje da Rennes. A cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2021, En-Nesyri ya zira kwallaye 3 hat-trick a nasarar gida akan Real Sociedad (3-2) da Cádiz CF (3-0). A ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2021, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Borussia Dortmund a wasa na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na 16; duk da haka, an kawar da Sevilla yayin da suka yi rashin nasara da ci 4-5 a jimillar. A ranar 14 ga watan Maris, ya zura kwallo a ragar Real Betis da ci 1-0 a gasar Seville. A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2021, En-Nesyri ya yi alamar wasansa na ɗari da ya buga wa ƙungiyar da Barcelona.. Ayyukan kasa Bayan wakilcin Maroko a matakin kasa da shekaru 20, Manajan Hervé Renard ya kira En-Nesyri zuwa cikakkiyar tawagar a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2016, a wasan sada zumunci da Albania da São Tomé da Principe. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da tsohon kwanaki tara bayan haka, inda ya fara wasan 0-0 a filin wasa na Loro Boriçi a Shkodër. An kira En-Nesyri ne a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2017, a Gabon, kuma ya zira kwallo a wasan rukuni na biyu a wasan da suka doke Togo 3-1. Ya kasance ga tawagar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha, a kan kudi na mai tsaron gida Badr Banoun. A wasan rukuni na karshe da sipaniya a filin wasa na Kaliningrad, ya ba wa tawagar damar kaiwa gaci a wasan da suka tashi 2-2. A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019, da aka yi a Masar, En-Nesyri ya zura kwallo daya tilo da ta doke Ivory Coast inda ta fitar da Atlas Lions zuwa wasan karshe na 16. A can ne ya Rama wa Benin wasan da bugun fenareti, inda Saturnin Allagbé ya cece shi daga hannun Moroccan. An kuma gayyaci En-Nesyri a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2021, a Kamaru. A wasansa na farko da ya dawo bayan doguwar jinya, ya shigo cikin minti na 65 da wasa Ayoub El Kaabi kuma ya kasa bugun fanareti a wasan da suka doke Comoros 2-0. Ya zura kwallon a ragar Malawi a wasan da suka doke Malawi da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na 16. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Morocco na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowane burin En-Nesyri Girmamawa Sevilla UEFA Europa League 2019 zuwa 2020, Gasar cin Kofin UEFA Super Cup 2020, Mutum Gwarzon Dan wasan Leganés: 2018 zuwa 2019, Gwarzon dan wasan La Liga na watan Janairu 2021 Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa CAF: 2021, Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Youssef En-Nesyri at BDFutbol Youssef En-Nesyri at LaPreferente.com (in Spanish) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

10284

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolibiya

Bolibiya

Bolibiya ko Bolivia (furucci Hausa (ha) |bōlíbíyä|; da |l|ɪ|v|i|ə, furucci ja|; ɾiʋja|; da-qu|Puliwya da-qu|pʊlɪwja|; da-ay|Wuliwya}} da-ay|wʊlɪwja|), officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia (hrshn-es|Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia; taðo nal de ja|) kasa ce dake a yammacin tsakiyar nahiyar Amurka ta Kudu, kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashen da ake kira da landlocked. Babban birnin ta itace Sucre amma fadar gwamnati da cibiyar hada-hadar kudin kasar na a birnin La Paz ne. Birnin mafi yawan alumma kuma cibiyar masana'antun kasar itace Santa Cruz de la Sierra, wanda take a Llanos Orientales (tropical lowlands) yankin da yawan cin sa a shinfide take a gabashin Bolibiya. sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state, divided into nine departments. Yanayin kasar ya banbanta tundaga tsaunin Andes dake yammaci, zuwa gabashin Lowlands, wanda ke a yankin Amazon Basin. Tana da iyakanta daga arewaci da yamman ta tareda kasar Brazil, daga bangaren kudu maso gabas kuma kasar Paraguay, daga kudu kasar Argentina, sannan kasar Chile a kudu maso yamma, a karshe kuma Peru daga Arewa maso yamma. Kashi Daya cikin uku na alummar kasar na zaune ne a Andean mountain range. dake da na fadin kasa, Bolibiya itace kasa ta biyar mafi yawan alumma a nahiyar Amurka ta Kudu kuma na 27th a duniya. Yawan alummar kasar an kiyasta sun kai 11 million, takasance multiethnic, dauke da Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians da Africans. Babbancin jinsi racial dana social segregation da yafaru daga mulkin mallakar da sapniya tayi, ya cigaba har zuwa yanzu. Harshen Spanish itace harshen kasar, kuma harshen da akafi amfani dashi, dukda akawi 36 na harsunan indigenous language da gwamnatin kasar ta yadda dasu kuma wadanda akafi amfani dasu bayan Spaniya sun hada da Guarani, Aymara and Quechua languages. Kafin mulkin mallakar kasar Spaniya, yankin Andea na Bolivia ayanzu yakasance ne a bangaren Inca Empire, inda arewaci da gabashin lowlands din wadanda ke zaune a wuraren kabilu ne masu cin gashin kansu. Spaniya conquistadors da suka zo daga Cuzco da kuma Asunción suka kwace mulkin yankin a karni na 16th. Lokacin Spanish colonial period Bolivia na karkashin Royal Audiencia of Charcas. Spainiya ta gina daular ta a bangare babba a inda ake hakar azurfa Bolivia's mines. Bayan neman yancin kai na farko a 1809, sai yaki ya barke wanda ya kwashe shekaru 16 Kafin aka kafa jamhoriyar Bolivia wanda sunan Simón Bolívar aka sa. Fiye da lokutan karni na 19th da farkon karni na 20th, Bolivia ta rasa kananan territories dinta wadanda ke a wajen garin ga kasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita da kuma seizure kwace gabar tekunta da kasar Chile tayi a 1879. Bolivia ta dawo akan gudanar da mulki batare da matsaloli ba har zuwa shekara ta 1971, sanda Hugo Banzer yajagoranci coup d'état din da ya canja gwamnatin Juan José Torres da military dictatorship ta Banzer; an kashe Torres a Buenos Aires, Argentina by a right-wing death squad in 1976. Banzer's regime cracked down on leftist and socialist opposition and other forms of dissent, resulting in the torture and deaths of a number of Bolivian citizens. Banzer was ousted in 1978 and later returned as the democratically elected president of Bolivia from 1997 to 2001. Bolibiya ta wannan zamanin mamba ce a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da Bankin bada lamuni na duniya, Kungiyar kasashen Amurika, ACTO, Bankunan Kudanci wato ALBA, Kungiyar kasashen kudancin Amurika. Bolibiya nada tattalin arziki mai saurin hauhawa, amma kuma itace kasa ta biyu Mafia talauci a yankin Nahiyar Amurika. It is a developing country, with a medium ranking in the Human Development Index, a poverty level of 38.6%, and it has one of the lowest crime rates in Latin America. Its main economic activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and manufacturing goods such as textiles, clothing, refined metals, and refined petroleum. Bolivia is very rich in minerals, including tin, silver, and lithium.

14120

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluran%20rigakafi

Alluran rigakafi

Allurar rigakafi shiri ne na ƙirar halitta wanda ke ba da cikakkiyar damar samun rigakafi ga wani kamuwa da cuta. Allurar rigakafi yawanci tana dauke da wakili wanda yayi kama da cutar microorganism. Ana yinsa sau da yawa daga nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da gubobi, ko ɗayan na sunadarai na Wakilin yana karfafa tsarin garkuwar jiki don sanin wakili a matsayin barazana, rusa shi, kuma don kara ganewa da kuma lalata duk wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke hade tare da shi a nan gaba. Ba da wani magani ana kiranta alurar riga kafi. Allurar riga kafi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta hana kamuwa da cuta; Allurar riga kafi galibi alhakin kawar da kịtịfe da kuma raguwar cututtuka kamar su, Polio, da tetanus. Allurar riga kafi wanda ke da ingantaccen tasiri ya hada da allurar rigakafin, maganin HPV, da kaji, maganin allurar riga kafi. Sharuɗɗan rigakafin da allurar rigakafi an samo su ne daga kungiyoyin jeji na Variolae (furucin saniya), ajalin da Edward Jenner ya kirkiro.. Tasiri Allurar rigakafi wata hanya ce mai aminci da ingantacciyar hanyar yaƙi da kawar da cututtuka. Koyaya, iyakancewar tasirin su yana wanzuwa. Ingancin tasiri ko aikin maganin ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: Cutar kanta (ga wasu cututtuka allurar riga kafi fiye da sauran) The irin allurar rigakafi (wasu allurar riga kafi takamaiman ne ko ingantacce a kan musamman nau'in cutar). Whether ko an kiyaye jadawalin rigakafin yadda yakamata. Ba da amsa ga maganin rigakafi; wasu mutane ba su amsa da kyau ga waɗansu magungunan rigakafi. Abubuwa masu rarrabuwa kamar ƙabila, shekara, ko kuma abubuwan gado. Idan mutum da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi ya ci gaba da cutar da ke rigakafin cutar kansa watakila cutar ba ta da kazanta sosai fiye da mutanen da ba a yi wa rigakafin ba. Abubuwan da suke da kyau suna la'akari da tasiri a cikin shirin tsarin rigakafi: Yin hankali da hankali don hango tasirin da kamfen ɗin rigakafi zai yi matsakaici zuwa lokaci mai tsawo. ci gaba da sa ido kan cutar da ta dace. tsadar matakan rigakafi, koda kuwa wata cuta ta zama da wuya. Allurar rigakafi ta haifar da kawar da kịtịfe, ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da ke yaduwa da cututtuka masu yaduwa a cikin mutane. Sauran cututtukan kamar su rubella, polio, kyanda, kumburi, da kuma cutar sanƙarau ce ba kamar yadda aka saba ba kamar shekara ɗari da suka gabata saboda allurar rigakafi. Idan mafi yawan mutane suna allurar riga kafi, yana da matukar wahala ga barkewar cutar zuwa faruwa ko yaduwa. Wannan shi ake kira rigakafin garken. Magungunan rigakafin kuma suna taimakawa hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Misali, ta hanyar ragewa abin da ya faru da ciwon huhu wanda ya haifar da ƙwayar huhun ciki, shirye-shiryen allurar rigakafi sunada rage yawan kamuwa da cuta wadanda ke tsayayya da maganin penicillin ko wasu maganin rigakafi. An kiyasta allurar rigakafin cutar kyanda ta hana mutum mutuwa miliyan 1 a duk shekara.. Tasirin sakamako Alurar riga kafi wanda aka bayar yayin ƙuruciya bashi da wata matsala. Sakamakon illa, idan akwai, gabaɗaya m. Sakamakon sakamako na yau da kullun sun haɗa da zazzabi, jin zafi a kusa da wurin allura, da ciwon gwiwa. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mutane na iya zama rashin lafiyan kayan abinci a cikin allurar. Cututtukan da ke tattare da mummunan sakamako suna da mutuƙar wahala. Nau'in Alurar rigakafi sun ƙunshi matattun abubuwa ko ƙwayoyin rai ko kayan tsarkakakke waɗanda aka samo daga gare su. Akwai nau'ikan alluran rigakafin da ake amfani da su.. Ba a kunnawa Wasu alluran rigakafin suna dauke da kwayoyin halittar da aka lalata tare da sunadarai, zafi, ko radadi. Misalai sun hada da rigakafin cutar shan inna, rigakafin cutar hepatitis A, alurar rigakafi da wasu alurar rigakafi.. Attenuated Wasu magungunan rigakafi suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin rai, waɗanda aka rage ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan yawanci suna tsoratar da mafi dorewa immunological immage, amma maiyuwa ba amintaccen amfani a cikin immunocompromised mutane. Toxoid Magungunan Toxoid ana yin su ne daga ƙwayoyin guba masu guba waɗanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya maimakon hakan kwayoyin. Subinit Magungunan ƙananan kwayoyi suna amfani da guntu na ƙwayoyin cuta don ƙirƙirar amsawar rigakafi. Sanda Wasu kwayoyin cuta suna da polysaccharide suttura na waje wadanda ke da rauni immunogenic. Ta hanyar cudanya Wadannan riguna na waje don sunadarai, tsarin na rigakafi na iya gane polysaccharide kamar maganin sunadarai ne na jiki. Gwaji Yawancin sababbin rigakafin rigakafin suma a yanzu haka suna cikin ci gaba kuma ana amfani da su. Yawancin allurar rigakafin ana ƙirƙirar su ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa ƙarfi ko abubuwan ɓoyewa daga kwayoyin. Magungunan roba na rigakafi an haɗa su ne ko gaba ɗaya na abubuwan roba. Rikici Alurar rigakafi na iya zama abu mai ma'ana ko taɓarɓarewa. An tsara allurar rigakafin rigakafi a kan kwayoyi ko ƙwayoyin cuta ɗaya. An tsara allurar rigakafi don yi rigakafin cutar iri biyu ko sama da wannan ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya, ko akasin biyu ko fiye microorganisms.. Heterotypic Waɗannan rigakafin ne da ke amfani da cuta na wasu dabbobi waɗanda ko dai ba sa haifar da cuta ko haifar da cuta mai laushi cikin kwayoyin da ake bi. Inganta rigakafi Tsarin rigakafi yana ɗaukar masu ba da maganin alurar rigakafi azaman ƙasashen waje, yana lalata su, kuma "ya tuna"su. Lokacin da aka sami nau'in virulent na wakili, jiki yana gane kwayar cutar kuma an shirya ya amsa: ta hanyar cire wakilin da aka yi niyya kafin ya shiga sel; ta hanyar ganewa da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kafin waccan wakilin ta iya ƙaruwa. Adjuvants da abubuwan kiyayewa Alurar riga kafi yawanci suna ɗauke da adjuvants ɗaya ko fiye, waɗanda ke haɓakawa da hanzarta mayar da martani na rigakafi. Kuma alurar riga kafi na iya samun abubuwan kiyayewa don hana cuta tare da kwayoyin cuta ko fungi. Jadawalin Don samar da kariya mafi kyau, an bada shawarar yara don karɓar rigakafin kamar da zaran an inganta tsarin rigakafinsu ta yadda ya dace da takamaiman maganin.Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarin "booster" Shots don cimma "cikakkiyar rigakafi". Wannan ya haifar da da ci gaba na hadaddun alurar jadawalin.Yawancin allurar rigakafin ana bada shawarar don wasu tsararraki ko don maimaita allura cikin rayuwa. Don Misali, game da kyanda, tetanus, mura, da ciwon huhu. Shawarwarin alurar don tsofaffi sun mai da hankali kan cutar huhu da mura. Tarihi Kafin gabatarwar alurar rigakafin cuta tare da abu daga abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin mahaifa, za a iya kasancewa da katun an hana shi ta hanyar lalata kwayoyin cuta da gangan. Da farko farkon alamu na A cikin ƙarni na 10, inoculation ba game da fulawa a cikin kasar Sin ya zo ba. A ƙarshen 1760s Edward Jenner ya sami labarin cewa ma'aikatan kiwo ba su taɓa samun fitsari ba domin suna ya rigaya ya samarda maganin cutar sankara. A cikin 1796, Jenner ya ɗauki kwari daga hannun madara da Cutar fata, ta sanya shi a cikin wani yaro mai shekaru 8, kuma makonni shida bayan haka sun kamu da yaron tare da fulawa. Bai kama karamar fulawa ba. Jenner ya kara karatunsa kuma a cikin 1798 bayar da rahoton cewa maganin shi bashi da lafiya ga yara da manya. Na biyu na alluran rigakafin an gabatar dashi a cikin 1880s daga Louis Pasteur. Karnin nan na ashirin ya ga bullar sabbin magunguna masu nasara, gami da wadancan da cututtukan fata, kyanda, da daskararru, da kuma daskararru. Manyan nasarorin sun hada da ci gaba na rigakafin cutar Polio a cikin shekarun 1950 da kuma kawar da fitsari a shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. Maurice Hilleman ya kasance mafi yawan masu haɓaka alluran rigakafin a karni na ashirin. Yawancin ci gaban allurar rigakafin har zuwa yau sun dogara da tallafi daga gwamnati, jami'o'i da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Yawancin magungunan rigakafi sun kasance masu tsada matuƙar tasiri da amfani ga lafiyar jama'a. Yawan alluran rigakafin da aka gudanar ya karu sosai a kwanan nan shekarun da suka gabata. Ari ga haka, ana yin amfani da rigakafin dabbobi don su hana cututtukan su da kuma hana yada cutar ga mutane.. Batun mallaka Saka bayanan kwastomomi kan hanyoyin inganta alurar riga kafi na iya zama cikas ga ci gaban sababbin alurar rigakafi. Saboda ƙarancin kariya da aka bayar ta ha patentso ,in mallaka, kariyar sabon abu ne sau da yawa ana yin ta hanyar haƙƙin ci gaba kamar yadda ya kamata kariya ta sirri. A cewar Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, babbar matsala ce ta hana samar da maganin alurar riga kafi a ciki ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba shine mahimmancin kuɗi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da ƙwarewar ma'aikata bukatun da ake buƙata don shigar da kasuwa. Tsarin isarwa Haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin isar da saƙo na tasar da begen alluran rigakafin lafiya da ƙari ingantacce don sadar da gudanarwa. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci game da fasahar isar da rigakafi sun haɗa da allurar rigakafi. Cutar shan inna rigakafi ya tabbatar da inganci lokacin da masu aikin sa kai ke gudanar da su ba tare da horo na yau da kullun ba. Wata gwaji mara-amfani ana yin gwajin dabbobi. Wani facin tambari mai kama da bandeji mai ɗaure ciki ya ƙunshi tsinkayar ƙirar 20,000 a kowace murabba'in cm.. Yanayi Ci gaban alurar riga-kafi yana da yanayi da yawa: Until Har zuwa kwanan nan, yawancin rigakafin an yi niyya ne ga jarirai da yara, amma matasa kuma Ana ƙara yin niyya da manya. Com vaccin es vaccin Haɗi na rigakafi ya zama gama gari. Ana kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin bayar da rigakafi. Ana yin allurar rigakafi don taɓar da martanin rigakafin halittu, da mai daidaitawa. Ana yin gwaji don samar da alluran rigakafin cututtukan cututtukan daji. Ana yin allurar rigakafi don kare kai daga harin dabbobi. Now Masana kimiyya yanzu suna ƙoƙarin kirkirar allurar rigakafi ta hanyar sake ginawa waje tsarin kwayar cuta. Wannan zai taimaka wajen magance juriya.

22139

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler%20Perry

Tyler Perry

Tyler Perry (an haife shi da sunan Emmitt Perry Jr sha uku (13) ga watan Satumba, a shekarar 1969) ɗan fim ɗin Amurka ne, darekta, furodusa, kuma marubucin allo. A cikin 2011, Forbes ya lissafa shi a matsayin mutumin da aka fi biya kuɗi a cikin nishaɗi, yana samun dalar Amurka miliyan130 tsakanin Mayu 2010 da Mayu 2011. Perry ya kirkira kuma ya kasance yayi a matsayin Media, Fina-Finan Perry sun bambanta da salo daga dabarun yin fim na gargajiya don samfuran fim na wasan kwaikwayo. Yawancin fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo na Perry an daidaita su daga baya a zaman fina-finai masu fasali. Perry ya rubuta kuma ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a lokacin 1990s da kuma farkon 2000s. Perry ya haɓaka jerin shirye-shiryen telebijin da yawa, musamman gidan Tyler Perry na Payne, wanda ya yi tsayi na tsawon shekaru takwas a TBS daga Yuni 21, 2006 zuwa 10 ga Agusta, 2012. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2012, Perry ya kulla kawance da Oprah Winfrey Network Haɗin gwiwar ya kasance galibi don kawo takaddun talabijin zuwa OWN, dangane da nasarar da Perry ya samu a wannan yankin. Perry ya kirkiro jerin rubutattun abubuwa da yawa don hanyar sadarwar, The Haves da kuma Have Nots sun kasance gagarumar nasara. The Haves da kuma Have Nots ya bawa OWN mafi girman kididdiga zuwa yau kamar yadda na 2014, tare da jerin kuma akai ma taken "daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin labarai na OWN tare da yawan mako-mako na nishaɗin sabulu, cike da cin amana na yau da kullun, al'amuran da magudi. Perry ya kuma yi aiki a fina-finan da ba shi ya bayar da umarni ba ko kuma ya samar da kansa, ciki har da Admiral Barnett a cikin Star Trek (2009), dan wasan da a kai ma lakabi a cikin Alex Cross (2012), Tanner Bolt a Gone Girl (2014), Baxter Stockman a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Out of the Shadows (2016) da Colin Powell a Vice (2018). Perry yana cikin mutane 100 da sukafi tasiri wanda aka wallafa a mujallar Time a shekarar 2020. A cikin 2020, an ba Perry lambar yabo ta Gwamnoni daga kyaututtukan Emily Primetime, kuma a shekara mai zuwa, ya karɓi kyautar Jean Hersholt ta jin kai daga lambar yabo ta Academy. Rayuwar farko An haifi Perry Emmitt Perry Jr. a New Orleans, Louisiana, ɗan Willie Maxine Perry née Campbell) da Emmitt Perry Sr., wanda ya kasance masassaƙi ne. Yana da yan uwa guda uku. Perry ya taba fada sau ɗaya cewa amsar mahaifinsa ga komai ita ce "ka doko shi daga cikinka". Yayinda yake yaro, Perry ya taba yin ƙoƙari ya kashe kansa don ƙoƙarin tserewa azabtarwan mahaifinsa. Sa banin mahaifinsa, mahaifiyarsa tana kai shi coci kowane mako, inda yake jin wata mafaka da gamsuwa. A lokacin yana dan shekara 16, yasa an canza sunansa na farko bisa doka daga Emmitt zuwa Tyler a ƙoƙarin nisantar da kansa da mahaifinsa. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, bayan ganin fim din Precious, an motsa Perry inda ya bayyana a karon farko cewa mahaifiyar abokinsa ta taba yin lalata dashi yana dan shekara 10; wasu mutane uku sun taba yin lalata dashi tun kafin wannan kuma daga baya ya fahimci cewa mahaifinsa yayi lalata da abokinsa. Wani gwajin DNA da Perry yayi ya nuna cewa Emmitt Sr. ba shine cikakken mahaifin Perry na asalin jini ba. Duk da yake Perry bai kammala makarantar sakandare ba, ya sami GED A farkon shekarunsa na 20, yana kallon wani shiri na The Oprah Winfrey Show, ya ji wani yana bayanin tasirin da rubutu zai iya yi a wasu lokuta, wanda zai ba marubucin damar magance nasa matsalolin. Wannan sharhi ya ba shi damar yin amfani da kansa ga aikin rubutu. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara rubuta wasu wasiƙu zuwa ga kansa, wanda ya zama tushen waƙar kiɗan I Know I've Been Changed Ayyuka Mataki A wajajen 1990, Perry ya koma Atlanta, inda shekaru biyu daga baya I Know I've Been Changed aka fara yin shi ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gari, wanda dan shekara ashirin da biyu (22) wato Perry ya biya da kudinsa $12,000 wanda ya tara a matsayin kudin ceton rai. Wasan ya hada da jigogin kirista na yafiya, mutunci, da kimar kai, yayin magance matsaloli kamar cin zarafin yara da iyalai marasa karfi. Da farko waƙar ta karɓi liyafar "less than stellar" kuma ta kasance an samu gazawar kuɗi. Perry ya nace, kuma a cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa ya sake rubuta waƙar maimaitawa, kodayake ra'ayoyin rashin ci gaba sun ci gaba. A 1998, yana da shekaru 28, ya sami nasarar sake sanya wasan sannan ya sake sanya shi a Atlanta, da farko a House of Blues, sannan a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Fox Perry ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar sabbin wasannin kwaikwayo, yana zagayawa tare da su akan abin da ake kira Chitlin 'Circuit (wanda yanzu ake kira da "kewayen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni") da haɓaka manyan ɗimbin mutane, masu ba da gaskiya tsakanin Ba'amurken Baƙin Amurka masu sauraro. A 2005, Forbes ta ruwaito cewa ya sayar "fiye da 100 miliyan a tikiti, 30 miliyan a bidiyo nashi da kimanin dala 20 miliyan a cikin kayan kasuwa da kuma" nunin 300 da yake gabatarwa kowace shekara suna samun kusan mutane 35,000 a mako Aikin fim Perry ya ɗaga dalar Amurka miliyan 5.5 a wani ɓangare daga tallan tikitin wasan kwaikwayon da aka gabatar don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko, Diary of Mad Black Woman, wanda ya ci gaba zuwa dala miliyan 50.6 a cikin gida, yayin da ya sami ƙimar amincewa 16% a fim ɗin sake duba shafin yanar gizo Rataccen Tumatiri. Perry ya fara fitowa a matsayin mai bada umarni a fim din sa na gaba, wanda ya dace da haduwar dangin Madea, kuma ya jagoranci duk wasu fina-finai na Madea da zasu biyo baya. A karshen makon da ya gabata, 24 zuwa 26 ga Fabrairu, 2006, Taron dangin Madea ya buɗe a lamba ta ɗaya a ofishin akwatin da dala miliyan 30.3. Daga karshe fim din ya samu dala miliyan 65. Perry da abokan aikin sa sun tallata fim din ne a Oprah Winfrey Show. Kamar yadda yake tare da Diary, kusan duk kuɗin da aka samu na Madea an samar da su a cikin Amurka. Aikin Perry na gaba shine Aikin Lionsgate, Daddy's Little Girls, ya samu gabatarwan taurari irin su Gabrielle Union da Idris Elba kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2007. Ya samu kusan dalar Amurka 31 miliyan. Perry ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya shirya kuma ya fito a fim din sa na gaba, Why Did I Get Married?, wanda aka fitar a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2007. Ya buɗe a lamba ta ɗaya, ya kai dalar Amurka 21.4 miliyan wancan karshen mako. Ya kasance sassauƙa dangane da wasan sa na wannan sunan. An fara daukar fim din a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2007, a Whistler, British Columbia, wani wurin shakatawa da ke arewacin Vancouver, sannan ya koma Atlanta, inda Perry ya bude nasa gidan wasan. Janet Jackson, Sharon Leal, Jill Scott, da Tasha Smith sun fito a fim din. Fim din Perry na 2008, Meet the Browns, wanda aka saki a ranar 21 ga Maris, an buɗe shi a wuri mai numba 2 tare da dalar Amurka 20.1 miliyan karshen mako babban. The Family That Preys a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2008, kuma ya sami ribar dalar Amurka 37.1 miliyan. An bude Madea Goes to Jail a lamba ta daya a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2009, wanda ya sami dalar Amurka miliyan 41 kuma ya zama buɗewa mafi girma har zuwa yau. Wannan shine fim na bakwai na Perry tare da Lionsgate Entertainment. Dangane da bukatar darekta JJ Abrams, kuma a cikin 2009, Perry yana da ƙaramin matsayi a matsayin babban kwamandan Starfleet Academy Admiral Barnett a cikin Star Trek, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 8 ga Mayu. Wannan shine fim din sa na farko a wajan ayyukan nasa. Perry na gaba ya rubuta, ya bada umarni, kuma yayi tauraro a cikin I Can Bad Bad All By Myself (2009), fim ɗin da aka tsara game da halayensa na Madea. Wannan shine fim na takwas na Perry kuma shima ya zama na ɗaya a ofishin akwatin. A cikin 2009, Perry ya haɗu tare da Oprah Winfrey don gabatar da Precious, fim ɗin da ke kan littafin Tura na Sapphire Me Ya Sa Na Yi Aure Kuma?, cigaban littafin Me Yasa Nayi Aure?, an buɗe shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2010. Ya fito da Janet Jackson, Cicely Tyson, Louis Gossett Jr., Jill Scott, da Malik Yoba Fim din ya samu 60 miliyan a cikin gida, tare da dalar Amurka 29 miliyan suka yi a ƙarshen mako. Perry ya jagoranci fim din Ntozake Shange na choreopoem na 1975 Don 'Yan Mata Masu Launi Wadanda Suka Yi La'akari da Kashe Kansu Lokacin da Bakan Gizo Yake Enuf, wanda aka fito da shi a sinimomi 5 ga Nuwamba, 2010. Ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon na Man Farin Ciki, wanda ya zagaya Amurka a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kuma aka sake shi azaman fim a cikin 2011, wanda aka rubuta, ya jagoranta kuma ya jagoranci Perry. Fim ɗin fim ɗin Madea's Big Happy Family raked a cikin 25.8 na Amurka miliyan a ofishin akwatin, suna daukar matsayi na biyu. Fim din Perry na gaba tare da Lionsgate ya kasance Ayyuka Masu Kyawu, wanda a ciki Perry ke taka rawar gani Wesley Deeds. Kyawawan Ayyuka fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya da aka rubuta, wanda aka shirya shi, kuma yayi fim ɗin Perry. An saki fim din a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2012. Shi ne fim na goma na goma sha ɗaya waɗanda Perry ya shirya kuma ya fito a ciki. Fim ɗin ya sami darajar kashi 29% ta mai tattara abubuwan tumatir da aka ottenauke da shi kuma aka buɗe shi tare da ofishin akwatin dalar Amurka miliyan 15.5. Fim din kuma ya hada da Thandie Newton, Rebecca Romijn, Gabrielle Union, Eddie Cibrian, Jamie Kennedy, Phylicia Rashad, da sauransu. Perry's films had grossed over US$500 million worldwide. Perry's Madea's Witness Protection, his seventh film within the Madea franchise, was released on June 29, 2012. Perry ya karbi matsayin James Patterson na Alex Cross daga Morgan Freeman don wani sabon fim a cikin jerin, mai taken Alex Cross An bude fim din a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2012, kuma ya samu yabo daga masu suka da kuma masu kallo kan rawar da ya taka. Ayyukansa sun sami hankalin darekta David Fincher, wanda daga baya ya saka Perry a cikin fim ɗin 2014 mai ban sha'awa Gone Girl, tare da Ben Affleck, Rosamund Pike, da Neil Patrick Harris Perry ya fitar da fim dinsa na goma sha uku, Gwaji: Ikirari na Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Auren (dangane da wasansa na 2008 mai suna ɗaya) a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2013. Fim din ya kunshi Lance Gross, Jurnee Smollett, Brandy Norwood, Robbie Jones, Vanessa L. Williams, da Kim Kardashian Ya samar da Tyler Perry Presents Peeples, wanda aka fitar a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2013. Ya koma babban allo tare da A Madea Kirsimeti, wanda aka fitar a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2013. Perry ne ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin The Single Moms Club, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2014. Fim dinsa mai rai na farko mai suna Madea's Tough Love an sake shi akan DVD Janairu 20, 2015. A cikin 2016, Perry ya taka rawa masanin kimiyyar Baxter Stockman a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Daga cikin Inuwa A tsakiyar Janairu 2016, Perry ya fara yin fim dinsa na goma sha bakwai, kuma na tara a cikin ƙididdigar Madea, Boo! A Madea Halloween An saki fim din a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2016. A ci gaba, Boo 2! An fito da Halloween na Madea, a watan Oktoba 2017. Perry, tare da Oprah Winfrey, sun ba da muryarsa a fim dinsa na farko mai dauke da kwamfuta, mai suna The Star, wanda ya danganci haihuwar Yesu Picturesaddamar da Hoton Hotuna na Sony, an fitar da fim ɗin a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2017. Hadin gwiwar fina-finai da rarrabawa Fim din Perry an haɗa shi tare kuma an rarraba shi ta Lions Gate Entertainment yana riƙe da cikakken ikon mallakar haƙƙin mallaka a ƙarƙashin sunan kamfanoni Tyler Perry Films, kuma yana sanya sunan a gaban duk taken. Fim ɗin Perry sun ga iyakantaccen sakewa a wajen Arewacin Amurka, amma a cikin Mayu 2010, Lionsgate ya ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen fara sakin fim ɗinsa a Ingila. Shirye-shiryen talabijin Perry ya samar da sitcom din Tyler Perry's House of Payne, wanda ya kwashe yanayi 8 daga 21 ga Yuni, 2006, zuwa 10 ga Agusta 2012 Jerin sun biyo bayan gidan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ne mai tsara kakanni uku. Nunin ya nuna yadda 'yan uwa suka yi gwagwarmaya, gwagwarmaya ta gaskiya tare da imani da soyayya. Nunin ya gudana a cikin bazarar 2006 a matsayin mai nuna matuƙin jirgin sama 10. Bayan nasarar matukin jirgin sama, Perry ya sanya hannu kan dalar Amurka 200 miliyan, yarjejeniyar kashi 100 tare da TBS A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2007, aukuwa biyu na farko na Gidan Payne na Tyler Perry sun gudana a TBS. Bayan karɓar manyan ƙimomi, Gidan Payne ya shiga ƙungiyar watsa shirye-shirye An buga Reruns har zuwa Disamba 2007 kafin fara kakar wasa ta biyu. Perry ya kuma rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da sitcom Gana da Browns, wanda aka fara shi a TBS a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2009 kuma ya ƙare a Nuwamba 18, 2011. Mallaka da haɗin gwiwa tare da Oprah On October 2, 2012, Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). The partnership was largely for the purposes of bringing scripted television to OWN, Perry having had previous success in this department. Tyler Perry's Zai Fi Kyau ko Mafi Muni, dangane da fina-finansa Me Ya Sa Na Yi Aure? kuma Me yasa Na Yi Aure kuma?, wanda aka fara akan TBS a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2011. TBS ta soke jerin ne a watan Fabrairun 2013 amma kamfanin ta OWN ya sake farfado da shi a karo na uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2013. Perry kuma yana da wasu sabbin jerin talabijin guda biyu wadanda aka nuna akan KASAN: wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu mai tsawon awa wasan kwaikwayo The Haves da waɗanda basu da lada da sitcom Taunar Maƙwabcinku Haves da wadanda basu da labari sun fara ne a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, 2013, yayin da maƙwabcin Loveaunar ku ya fara a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2013. An bayar da rahoto a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2013 cewa The Haves da Ba su da setaƙa sun kafa sabon rikodin don OWN, inda suka ci mafi girman ƙima a jere don jerin farko a kan hanyar sadarwa. Taunar Maƙwabcinku ta zira kwallaye na biyu mafi girma na kyauta don jerin shirye-shirye a kan KASHE, a bayan The Haves da Ba su da Labaru; duk da haka, Taunar Maƙwabcin ku ta ragu sosai a cikin ƙididdiga yayin da 'Have the and Have Nots''' ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa da ƙimantawa. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2014, The Haves da basu da Nots sun shigo a matsayin shirin da aka fi kallo a duk gidan talabijin na dare. A ranar 11 ga Maris, 2014, wani yanayi na 2 na Haves da Ba su da Baƙi sun kafa rikodin ABU lokacin da ya ci ƙima mafi girma a tarihin hanyar sadarwa. Rikodin rikodin ya kawo masu kallo miliyan 3.6, wanda ya zarce miliyan 3.5 da suka saurara don tattaunawar Next Oprah tare da Bobbi Kristina wanda shine mafi kyawun kallo na hanyar sadarwa. A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa na Perry tare da OWN, cibiyar sadarwar ta ba da umarnin jerin rubutattun rubuce-rubuce na huɗu (da na huɗu na Perry) dangane da fim ɗin fasalin, Singleungiyar Iyaye Maɗaukaki, da ake kira Idan vingaunar Ku Ba Ta da Laifi Jerin wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon awa daya ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Satumbar, 2014. Tyler Perry Studios A cikin 2015, Perry ya sami tsohon sansanin sojan mai suna acre 330 wanda ke Fort McPherson wanda ke Atlanta, wanda ya canza shi zuwa situdiyo. An yi amfani da dakunan daukar hoto don yin fim din HBO Films OWN fim na Rayuwar Mutuwa na Henrietta Rashin, kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da shi don jerin talabijin The Walking Dead murabba'in kafa dubu hamsin na shafin an sadaukar da shi ne ga tsayayyun saituna, gami da kwatankwacin zauren otal, irin na Fadar White House, gida mai girman murabba'in kafa dubu 16,000, otal mai arha mai arha, filin shakatawa, da kuma ainihin abincin dare na 1950s wanda aka sake ƙaura daga wani gari mai nisan mil 100 nesa; Hakanan yana ɗaukar matakan sauti 12 waɗanda aka ambata bayan ƙwararrun Ba'amurke-Amurkawa a masana'antar nishaɗi. Babban fim din Marvel, Black Panther, shine na farko da aka fara yin fim a daya daga cikin sabbin matakai a Tyler Perry Studios kamar yadda Tyler Perry ya sanar da kansa ta shafinsa na Instagram a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2018. Tyler Perry Studios ɗayan ɗayan manyan fina-finai ne a cikin ƙasar kuma ya kafa Tyler Perry a matsayin Ba'amurken Ba'amurke na farko da ya mallaki babban ɗakin fim. ViacomCBS A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2017, Perry ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci tare da Viacom (yanzu ViacomCBS don aukuwa 90 shekara na wasan kwaikwayo na asali da jerin ban dariya. Hakanan Viacom zai kasance yana da haƙƙoƙin rarrabawa ga gajeren abun cikin bidiyo da kallo na farko game da ra'ayoyin fim (fim na farko daga wannan yarjejeniyar shine Wawancin Kowa Yarjejeniyar TV ta fara faduwar 2019 tare da Oval, Sistas da BET (sabon sabis ne mai gudana) wanda aka gabatar dashi tare da ƙimanta ƙarfi don BET Littattafai Littafin farko na Perry, Kada Ka sanya Mace Baƙin Cire Earan Kunnenta: Sharhin Bayanai na Madea akan Loveauna da Rayuwa, ya bayyana a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2006. Littafin ya sayar da kwafi 30,000. Hardcover ya kai lamba ta daya akan jerin masu Sayarwa Mafi Kyawu <i id="mwAac">na New York Times</i> kuma ya kasance cikin jerin makonni 12. An zabe shi a matsayin Littafin Shekara, Mafi Kyawun Littãfi a 2006 Quill Awards Littafinsa na biyu, Mafi Girma Yana jira, an buga shi a ranar Nuwamba 14, 2017. Ya fara aiki a lamba 5 akan jerin mafi kyawun mai siyarwa na New York Times. Ayyuka na doka Kungiyoyin Marubuta na Amurka, Yamma Ildungiyar Marubuta ta Amurka, Yamma ta gabatar da tuhumar ba da aikin kwadago ga Hukumar Kula da Laboran kwadago ta Kasa (NLRB), suna zargin cewa kamfanin samar da Perry, Tyler Perry Studios, ya kori marubuta huɗu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin Oktoba 2008 don ramuwar gayya don su da ke ƙoƙarin samun kwangilar ƙungiyar. An sasanta rikicin bayan wata ɗaya daga baya, lokacin da Tyler Perry Studios ya yarda ya zama mai sanya hannu a WGA. Harajin Kuɗi na Mo A farkon 2009, Perry ya yi barazanar ɗaukar doka a kan Mo 'Money Taxes, wani kamfanin shirya haraji wanda ke zaune a Memphis, Tennessee, don gudanar da gidan Talabijin wanda ya ji cewa ya ɓata aikinsa, musamman Madea Goes zuwa Kurkuku Tallan yana dauke da wani babban Caucasian namiji (John Cowan) a cikin jan hankali, mai suna "Ma'Madea". An bar tallan da ke yin laifi daga yawo. Yanayin aiki Sukar Duk da yabon Perry a 2006, darekta Spike Lee ya soki aikinsa a 2009, yana mai cewa "Ya kamata a bar kowane mai zane ya ci gaba da ayyukansu na fasaha amma har yanzu ina tunanin akwai abubuwa da yawa a yau wanda shine 'coonery buffoonery'." Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko nasarar da Perry ta samu a tsakanin bakar fata ya samo asali ne daga bai wa bakar fatar Amurka abin da suke so, Lee ya amsa, "Hoton yana da damuwa." A wata budaddiyar wasika da ya aika wa Perry a Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa, 'yar jaridar Jamilah Lemieux, yayin da take gode wa Perry saboda "bai wa bakar fata aiki a gaban kyamara da bayanta," ya kuma soki abubuwan da yake nunawa na haduwa da Browns da Gidan Payne A cikin wasikarta, ta bayyana cewa "duka nune-nunenku suna dauke da tsofaffin ra'ayoyi na buffoonish, baƙar fata maza da ke da hankali, da baƙar fata mata." Duk da yake ta lura da aikinsa saboda abin dariya da kuma "kyawawan sakonni masu nuna kimar kai, kauna da girmamawa," daga baya ta nuna takaicin cewa Ba'amurkan Ba'amurke "an ciyar da su iri iri na kanmu a kai a kai saboda suna sayarwa." Lemieux ya yi watsi da sanannen halayensa na Madea, yana mai cewa "Ta wurinta, ƙasar ta yi wa ɗayan mahimman membobin baƙar fata dariya: Uwar Masoyi, ƙaunataccen sarki. Iyayenmu mata da kakanninmu sun cancanci fiye da haka. Yayin da ta nuna godiya ga Perry saboda watsi da maganganun masu sukar, Lemieux ya yi iƙirarin cewa "yawancin bakaken fata sun nuna wasu halaye iri ɗaya game da aikinku waɗanda fararen farar fata suke da shi," kuma ta bukace shi da "ya daina watsar da masu sukar a matsayin masu ƙiyayya da fahimta cewa baƙar fata na buƙatar sabbin labarai da sabbin masu ba da labari. A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2020, Perry ya sanya bidiyo a Instagram inda ya bayyana cewa baya amfani da dakin marubuta don fina-finai da shirye-shiryen TV kuma ya fi son rubuta aikin nasa da kansa. Perry ya sami suka daga wurare daban-daban da kuma adadi a cikin nishaɗi saboda ƙin ba da dama ga marubutan baƙi masu zuwa. Daga baya a waccan watan, Perry ya amsa a cikin wata hira ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya fuskanci matsaloli yayin aiki tare da duka marubutan WGA da marubuta marasa kungiya. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa marubutan WGA za su gabatar da "rubutun da ke buƙatar sake rubutawa domin a biya su sau da yawa." Ya kuma ce marubutan da ba na kungiya ba sun yi gwagwarmaya don cimma mizanai na inganci kuma ya ce "bai ji dadin kowane irin rubutu da suka rubuta ba" saboda "ba sa magana da murya." Amsa A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, yayin wata hira ta Mintuna 60, an karanta Perry a cikin maganganun Spike Lee game da aikinsa kuma ya ba da amsa, "Ina so in karanta wannan [suka] ga mai sona. Wannan abin yana bani haushi. Abun wulakanci ne. Hali ne irin wannan wanda ke sa Hollywood tunanin cewa wadannan mutanen ba su wanzu, kuma shi ya sa babu wani abu da yake magana da su, yana magana da mu. Perry ya kuma bayyana cewa "duk waɗannan haruffa baƙi ne kwance damara, da fara'a, ba da dariya. Zan iya mari Madea a kan wani abu kuma in yi magana game da Allah, soyayya, imani, gafara, dangi, kowane daga wadannan. A cikin hira da Hip Hollywood, Perry ya amsa maganganun Spike Lee ta hanyar gaya masa cewa "ka shiga lahira." Amincewa Aikin Perry ya sami yabo daga Oprah Winfrey, wacce ta haɗu da Perry wajen inganta fim ɗin Lee Daniels Precious (2009). Ta gaya wa mai tambayoyin, "Ina tsammanin [Perry] ta girma ne da ƙarfi, baƙar fata mata. Kuma da yawa daga abin da yayi yana da gaske a bikin wannan. Ina tsammanin abin da Madea yake da gaske shine: tattara dukkanin waɗannan baƙar fata mata masu ƙarfi waɗanda na sani kuma wataƙila ku ma haka? Don haka abin da ya sa yake aiki shi ne saboda mutane suna ganin kansu Goldie Taylor, na The Grio da MSNBC, sun bayyana a cikin 21 ga Afrilu, 2011 NPR Duk Abubuwan Da Aka Yi Hira da su game da masu sauraren niyyar Perry: "Ba na tsammanin Tyler Perry yana magana da Touré Ba na tsammanin yana magana da ni, amma na san yana magana ne kai tsaye da mahaifiyata, da kanwata, da kawuna kuma yana ganawa da su a lokacin da suke bukata, kuma hakan shi ne abin da zane-zane da shirya fim suke. A cikin editansa na Huffington Post, masanin zamantakewar al'umma Shayne Lee ya lissafa Perry daga cikin fitattun jaruman fina-finai na zamani. Kyaututtuka da izgili A cikin Ba'amurke Uba! fim din Fassara Kudan zuma Baby na da gangan Steve Smith ya yi kuskuren rubuta kalmominsa a cikin kudan zuma don nuna soyayyarsa ga Akiko (wanda shi ma yake takara), maimakon haka ya rubuta bazuwar Tyler Perry da fim din Madea. Perry ya kasance tauraron Kudu ta Kudu a cikin Sa'a kashi na goma sha biyar Funnybot An ba shi lambar yabo ne saboda "Mai wasan barkwanci Mai yuwuwa ya je ya karbi lambar yabo ta barkwanci" kuma bakake a cikin lamarin, Token Black da Shugaba Obama, sun nuna rashin yardarsu cewa ba za su iya daina kallon fiminsa ba da ba shi kuɗi A ƙarshen labarin, Perry, kamar yadda Madea, aka binne shi kuma an saka shi cikin ƙarfe tare da sanarwar Obama, "Ina mai farin cikin sanar da cewa mafi girma barazana ga 'yan adam yanzu ta tafi har abada. An yi adalci. Tyler Perry kamar yadda Madea aka sanya a cikin parodied a cikin The Boondocks episode Dakata a cikin abin da wani siririn ɓarnataccen sigar Perry mai suna Winston Jerome ta taka rawa irin ta Madea da ake wa lakabi da "Ma Dukes." Waƙar tana da halin "Ma Duke" wanda ke tafiyar da al'adun ɗan luwaɗi. Tyler Perry shima an kashe shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 'Cleveland Show "Gurasar godiya ta ruwan goro" wanda Auntie Momma da gaske shine Donna Tubbs Uncle Kevin. A wani labarin kuma, Donna ta karɓi kwalbar giya da ake kira "Tyler Perry Presents Wine", wasa a kan taken fim ɗinsa. Rayuwar mutum Perry Kirista ne Ya zama abokan kirki tare da Janet Jackson, Will Smith da Oprah Winfrey Yawancin batutuwan da ke cikin aikin nasa suna nuna tiyoloji da halayyar zamantakewar da ke nuna al'adar cocin baƙar fata, kamar abubuwan da suka faru a duka matakansa da aikin allo waɗanda ke nuna saitunan coci da salon bautar da aka saba samu a majami'un Amurkawa galibi na Afirka, gami da baje kolin kiɗan bishara da masu fasaha. A 2007, Perry ya sayi kadada 17 a cikin unguwannin Paces na Buckhead, Atlanta A watan Mayun 2016, ya sayar da gidan kan dala miliyan 17.5, ya kuma rufe babbar yarjejeniya da aka taba yi don gida mai zaman kansa a babban birnin Georgia. A cikin 2013, kamfaninsa, ETPC LLC, an saya kusan a cikin New Manchester, yankin Georgia na Douglas County, Georgia A ranar 20 ga Yulin 2009, Perry ya dauki nauyin yara 65 daga wani sansanin kwana na Philadelphia don ziyartar Walt Disney World, bayan ya karanta cewa wani gidan wasan ninkaya na kewayen birni, Kwalejin Swim Club da ke Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, ya guje su. Ya rubuta a shafinsa na yanar gizo, "Ina so su sani cewa duk wani aikin mugunta da wasu mutane za su jefa maka, akwai wasu miliyoyin da za su yi musu wani abu na alheri." A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2009, mahaifiyar Perry, Willie Maxine Perry, ta mutu tana da shekara 64, bayan rashin lafiya. Yana zaune kuma yana aiki a kudu maso yammacin Atlanta inda yake aiki da fim din Tyler Perry da kuma gidan talabijin. A watan Agusta 2010, an bayar da rahoton cewa ya sayi Dean Gardens, wani yanki mai girman kadada 58 a yankin Atlanta na Johns Creek Ya warwatsar da ke da katafaren gida da shirya, amma ba a gina shi ba, sabon, gida mai mahalli akan dukiyar. A Nuwamba 30, 2014, abokin aikin Perry Gelila Bekele ya haifi ɗansu. A Disamba 2020, Perry ya sanar da cewa shi ya kasance wani guda turuzu A watan Satumba na 2017, Perry ya sayi gida a cikin Mulholland Estates, ƙofar gari a cikin Los Angeles. Perry yana da kayan hutu a cikin Wyoming da Bahamas. A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2021, Yarima Harry, Duke na Sussex da Meghan, Duchess na Sussex a bainar jama'a sun bayyana a cikin hirar talabijin Oprah tare da Meghan da Harry'' cewa Perry ta samar da tsaro da tsaro na farko har tsawon watanni uku wanda ya ba ma'auratan damar yin ƙaura daga Kanada zuwa California cikin aminci a cikin Maris 2020, biyo bayan janyewar kariya daga masarautar Burtaniya. Filmography Aikin talabijin Aikin mataki Amincewa Duba kuma Tyler Perry Studios Bacewar Terrance Williams da Felipe Santos Tyler Perry ya bayar da tukuicin 200,000 ga duk wanda ya samu labarin lamarin kuma ya yi aiki don ganin an tallata lamarin. Bayani External links Pages with unreviewed

20670

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Toubou

Mutanen Toubou

Toubou, ko Tubu (daga Old Tebu, ma'anar "mutanen dutse"), ƙabilu ne da ke zaune a arewacin Chadi, kudancin Libya, arewa maso gabashin Niger da arewa maso yammacin Sudan. Suna rayuwa ko dai a matsayin makiyaya ko kuma kamar manoma kusa da dausayi. Al’ummarsu ta dangi ne, tare da kuma kowace dangi suna da wasu alamomi, wuraren kiwo da rijiyoyi. Toubou gabaɗaya sun kasu kashi biyu ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa: Teda (ko Téda, Toda) da Dazagra (ko Dazaga, Dazagara, Daza). An yi imanin cewa suna da asali ɗaya kuma suna magana da yarukan Tebu, waɗanda suke daga reshen Sahara na dangin harshen Nilo-Sahara. Tebu ya kasu kashi biyu zuwa yare masu alaƙa da juna, ana kiransu Tedaga (Téda Toubou) da Dazaga (Dazaga Gouran). Teda na Toubou na zaune ne a can arewacin arewacin Chadi, a kewayen iyakokin Libya da Niger da kuma tsaunukan Tibesti Ana kuma samun mutanen Dazagra a arewacin Chadi da wani yanki na gabashin Nijar da arewa maso yammacin Sudan. Daga cikin kungiyoyin biyu, Dazagra, wanda aka samu a kudancin Teda, sun fi yawa da yawan mutane 1,500,000, yayin da Teda ke da lamba 750,000 kawai. Ana kiran mutanen Toubou da mutanen Tabu, Tebu, Tebou, Tibu, Tibbu, Toda, Todga, Todaga, Tubu, Tuda, Tudaga, da Umbararo A wasu lokuta ana kiran Dazaga a matsayin Gouran (ko Gorane, Goran, Gourane), baƙon Larabawa. Yawancin shugabannin Chadi sun kasance Toubou (Gouran), ciki har da shugaban ƙasa Goukouni Oueddei da Hissène Habré. Rarrabuwa Mutanen Toubou a tarihi sun rayu a arewacin Chadi, arewa maso gabashin Nijar, da kudancin Libya. A wasu lokuta akan kira su da "baƙin makiyaya na Sahara". An rarraba su a faɗin babban yanki a tsakiyar Sahara, da kuma arewa maso tsakiyar Sahel Ana samun su musamman a arewacin tsaunukan Tibesti, wanda a Old Tebu ke nufin "Dutsen Rocky." Sunansu ya samo asali ne daga wannan. Ana samun Teda a farko a yankunan Sahara kusa da kan iyakar kudu maso gabashin Libya, arewa maso gabashin Niger da arewacin Chadi Suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin mayaƙa. Dazagra suna rayuwa zuwa yankin Sahel kuma sun bazu a yawancin yankin tsakiyar tsakiyar Chadi. Dazagra ya kunshi dangi da yawa. Wasu manyan dangi na Dazagara, ko Gouran, sun haɗa da Anakaza, Dazza, Donza, Gaida, Kamaya, Karra, Kokorda, Mourdia, Wanja, Yierah, da Choraga. Dazagra ya rufe yankunan arewacin Bourkou, da Ennedi Plateau, da tsaunukan Tibesti da kuma Bahr el Gazel a kudu. Akwai al'ummar Dazaga da ke zaune a Omdurman, Sudan da dubun dubatan da ke aiki a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. <ref name="FageOliver1975p287a"/ Tarihi Tsohon tarihin mutanen Toubou bai tabbata ba. Wataƙila suna da alaƙa da 'Habashawan' da Herodotus ya ambata a cikin 430 KZ, a matsayin mutanen da Garamantes ke farautar su, amma wannan zato ne, kamar yadda Jean Chapelle ke jayayya. A cikin wallafe-wallafen addinin Islama, ambaton farko kamar mutanen Tubu shine watakila tare da mutanen Zaghawa a cikin rubutun karni na 8 da masanin Larabci Ibn Qutaybah ya yi Ƙarni na 9 al-Khwarizmi ya ambaci mutanen Daza (kudancin Toubou). <ref name="FageOliver1975p287a" Suna wakiltar kashi 2.9% na yawan jama'ar Chadi Al'umma Toubou na rayuwa a cibiyoyin kiwon da kuma wurin kiwon su da dabbobi, ko a kan noma da warwatse fadamu inda suka noma kwanakin da hatsi da kuma legumes Shanunsu sun hada da dromedaries, awaki, shanu, jakuna da tumaki. Dabbobin babban bangare ne na dukiyoyinsu, kuma suna kasuwancin dabbobin. Hakanan ana amfani da dabbobin a matsayin wani bangare na biyan sadaki yayin aure, ko dai a matsayin ɗaya inda dangin ango suka amince su biya dangin amarya a madadin amaryar, ko kuma, in ji Catherine Baroin, dangin amaryar ne suke bayarwa don samarwa da ma'auratan hanyoyin tattalin arziki domin fara iyali. A wasu 'yan wurare, Toubou din ma gishiri ne da natron, abu mai kama da gishiri wanda yake da mahimmanci a kusan dukkanin abubuwan rayuwar ta Toubou daga dalilan magani, a matsayin cakuda tauna taba, adanawa, tanning, sabulu samarwa, kayan masaku da na dabbobi. Yawan karance-karance tsakanin Toubou yayi kaɗan. Iyali da dangi Yawancin mutanen Toubou har yanzu suna bin salon makiyaya. Waɗanda suka fi son zaman lafiya galibi suna rayuwa ne a cikin tafin dabino, mai kusurwa huɗu ko silinda. Toubou 'yan uwan juna ne, tare da wani dattijo namiji da ke jagorantar zuriyar. Umurnin na biyu na dangin Toubou shine na dangi A cewar Jean Chapelle, farfesa a fannin Tarihi da ya kware kan ƙabilun Chadi, tsarin dangin ya bunkasa ne ta hanyar larura. Rayuwar makiyaya na nufin watsewa ko'ina cikin yanki; sabili da haka, kasancewa cikin dangi yana nufin cewa mutum na iya samun mutanen dangi masu karɓar baƙi a yawancin ƙauyuka ko sansanonin kowane irin yanayi. Abu na biyu shine kiyaye alaƙa da dangin uwa. Kodayake dangin uwa ba su mamaye tsakiyar gidan iyayensu ba, amma suna ba da alaƙa. Abu na uku shine alaƙar kariya a gidan farko. Duk da rabe-raben yare daban-daban, ƙananan hukumomi a cikin Toubou suna haifar da mahimmancin ra'ayi na ainihi fiye da dangi. Akwai rarrabuwa na yanki, kodayake. A lokacin mulkin mallaka (kuma tun bayan samun 'yanci a 1960), gwamnatocin Chadi sun ba da doka da halalci a kan wadannan rukuni na yanki ta hanyar rarraba yankunan Toubou da Daza a cikin yankuna masu dacewa da ake kira kantuna da nada sarakuna don gudanar da su. Tsare-tsaren shari'a na Toubou gabaɗaya sun dogara ne da shari'ar Musulunci, wanda ke ba da damar ramawa da ramuwar gayya. Misali, kisan kai ana daidaita shi kai tsaye tsakanin dangin wanda aka kashe da wanda ya yi kisan. Girmamawa ta Toubou na bukatar wani daga dangin wanda aka kashe yayi kokarin kashe mai kisan kai ko danginsa; irin wannan kokarin a ƙarshe ya kare da tattaunawa don sasanta lamarin. Sulhu ya biyo bayan biyan Goroga (tsarin addinin Islama na Diyya ko kuɗin jini Daga cikin dangin Tomagra na mutanen Teda a cikin yankin Tibesti, akwai wata tsiya (shugaban ruhaniya) wanda aka yarda da shi a matsayin alkalin dangi, kuma yana sasanta rikici da sanya takunkumi. Tsarin zaman jama'a Jama'ar Toubou, in ji Jean Chapelle, an daidaita su ta hanyar zamantakewar al'umma tare da tsarin saka katun. Ƙungiyoyin uku sun ƙunshi masu 'yanci tare da haƙƙin mallaka na mallaka, ƙwararrun masu fasaha da bayi. Ƙungiyoyin Azza (ko Aza a cikin Toubou suna da sana'o'in hannu, kamar su aikin ƙarfe, aikin fata, haƙar gishiri, haƙa rijiya, noman dabino, tukwane da ɗinki, kuma a al'adance an raina su kuma an ware su daga wasu bangarorin na. Toubou, yayi kama da hadahadin Hadahid a kudu maso gabashin Chadi a tsakanin mutanen Zaghawa A cewar Paul Lovejoy farfesa a Tarihin Afirka, bayanan na karni na 19 sun nuna cewa waɗannan keɓaɓɓun mawaƙa na Toubou sun bi al'adu da al'adu iri ɗaya kamar na sauran 'yan Toubou, amma suna da' yanci a cikin siyasarsu da imaninsu, kamar yadda masu fasahar kere kere suka samo a cikin kabilu da yawa na gabashin Chadi kamar su Kanembu, Yedina, Arab, Kouri da Danawa. Aure tsakanin memba na Azza da memba daga wani yanki daban na mutanen Toubou ya kasance abin yarda da al'adu. Yaren da mutanen Azza suke amfani da shi ya bambanta na yaren Tebu. Ƙananan socialan zamantakewar al'umma sune bayi (Kamaja). Bayi sun shiga cikin garin Toubou daga hare-hare da yaƙe-yaƙe a kan wasu ƙabilun a ƙasashe zuwa kudu. Duk bayi dukiyar iyayengijinsu ce, asalinsu ya kasance abin birgewa ne, kuma an gaji matsayinsu ta hanyar haihuwa. Aure Al'adar Toubou ta hana aure tsakanin 'yan uwan juna, al'adar da ta zama ruwan dare tsakanin ƙabilun Musulmai da yawa a Afirka. Namiji na iya yin aure kuma yana da mata da yawa bisa ka'idojin Islama, amma, wannan aikin ya zama sananne a cikin al'ummar Toubou. Mallakar ƙasa, dabbobi, da albarkatu ya ɗauki nau'uka da yawa. A cikin wani yanki ko yanki da aka mallaka na dangi, ƙasar, bishiyoyi (yawanci itacen dabino), kuma rijiyoyin da ke kusa na iya samun masu daban. Haƙƙin kowane dangi game da amfani da yanki na musamman wasu mambobin dangi ne suka yarda dashi. Hakanan iyalai na iya samun dama ta musamman zuwa wasu rijiyoyi da haƙƙin ɓangaren girbi daga gonakin da aka shayar da su. A cikin dangin dangi da na dangi, mutane na iya samun da'awar kansu ga dabino da dabbobi. Yanayin zamani Mafi yawan ajin siyasa na Chadi an samo su ne daga Dazagra. A lokacin yaƙin basasar farko na kasar Chadi (1966-1979), yaƙin neman zaɓe ya sami matsayi mafi mahimmanci. A cikin 1965 gwamnatin Chadi ta karɓi iko kai tsaye kan tsaunukan Tibesti, ta aika da ayarin sojoji da masu gudanarwa zuwa Bardaï, babban birnin yankin Tibesti. A cikin shekara guda, cin zarafin hukuma ya haifar da adawa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Toubou. Derde, Oueddei Kichidemi, an san shi amma ba a girmama shi ba har zuwa wannan lokacin, ya nuna rashin amincewa da wuce gona da iri, ya yi hijira zuwa Libya, kuma, tare da goyon bayan ɗaliban Toubou a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Bayda, ya zama alama ta adawa ga gwamnatin Chadi. Wannan rawar ta haɓaka matsayin wasan tsere tsakanin Toubou. Bayan shekarar 1967 da derde fatan haduwa da Toubou da National Liberation Front na Chadi (FROLINAT). Moa'idodin ɗabi'a sun zama ikon soja jim kaɗan bayan haka lokacin da ɗansa, Goukouni Oueddei, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƴan tawayen neman Ƴanci na biyu na FROLINAT. Goukouni ya zama ɗan ƙasa; ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin N'Djamena a 1979 da 1980 kuma ya yi shugaban kasa na wani lokaci. Wani dan arewa, Hissène Habré na Dazagra, ya maye gurbin Goukouni na Teda a 1982, kuma ya rasa iko a ƙarshe ga Zaghawa Idriss Déby bayan shekaru 8. Libya 'Yan tsirarun' yan kabilar Toubou a Libya sun gamu da abin da aka bayyana da "nuna wariya mai yawa" duka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muammar Gaddafi da ma bayan yakin basasar Libya A cikin wani rahoto da UNHCR ta fitar, ƙungiyar da ke fuskantar barazanar mutane (STP) ta ba da rahoton "nuna bambanci sosai" ga 'yan tsirarun Toubou, wadanda ke zaune a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin kasar a kusa da garin Kufra A watan Disambar 2007, gwamnatin Gaddafi ta kwace wa Toubou Libya 'yan ƙasar ta, ta hanyar da'awar cewa su ba' yan Libya ba ne, a'a 'yan Chadi ne. Bugu da kari, hukumomin yankin sun hana mutanen Toubou damar samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya. A martanin da ta mayar, wata kungiya mai dauke da makamai da ake kira Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya (TFSL) ta tayar da wani tawaye a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2008 wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki biyar kuma ya yi sanadiyyar rayukan mutane 33 kafin jami’an tsaron gwamnati su murƙushe su. Duk da turjiya da la'antar jama'a, gwamnatin Gaddafi ta ci gaba da gallazawa tsirarun 'yan ƙabilar Toubou a Libya. Tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2009, gwamnati ta fara shirin korar tilastawa da rusa gidajen Toubou, wanda ya mayar da Toubou da yawa gidajensu. Da yawa da suka yi zanga-zangar halakar an kame, kuma an yi wa dangin da suka ƙi barin gidajensu duka. A yaƙin basasar Libya, mutanen ƙabilar Toubou a Libya sun goyi bayan 'yan tawaye masu adawa da Gaddafi kuma suka halarci kamfen din Fezzan kan sojojin da ke biyayya ga Mu'ammar Gaddafi, suka kame garin Qatrun a takaice kuma suka ce sun kama Murzuk saboda kungiyar' yan tawayen a watan daga baya. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, rikici ya barke tsakanin Toubou da kabilun Larabawa a kudancin garin Sabha, Libya A martanin da ya mayar, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, shugaban kabilar Toubou a Libya ya yi barazanar neman ballewa, inda ya yi tir da abin da ya gani a matsayin "tsabtace kabilanci" a kan Toubou kuma ya ce "Muna sanar da sake kunnawa kungiyar Toubou don Ceton Libya don karewa mutanen Toubou daga tsarkake kabilanci. TFSL ita ce kungiyar adawa da ke aiki a rikice-rikicen 2007-2008 wanda gwamnatin Gaddafi ta “tsananta wa rashin tausayi”. Manazarta Al'ada Al'ummomi Al'umma Mutanen Afirka Mutanen Chadi Mutanen Libya Mutanen Nijar Larabawa Pages with unreviewed

51110

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaye%20Donkor

Menaye Donkor

Menaye Donkor (an Haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981) ƴar kasuwa ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Kanada, Entrepreneur ce, kuma mai ba da agaji, kuma tsohuwar sarauniya kyau wacce aka yiwa lakabi da Miss Universe Ghana 2004, kuma ta wakilci Ghana a Miss Universe 2004. Donkor matar ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana Sulley Muntari. Ƙuruciya da ilimi Menaye Donkor iyayenta ne suka rene ta a Accra, Ghana, kuma ita ce auta a cikin 'yan'uwan ta bakwai tare da kanne hudu da mata biyu. Tana da shekaru bakwai, ta gaji mukamin aiki na "Royal Stool Bearer" daga kakar mahaifinta, wacce ita ce uwar Sarauniyar Agona Asafo. Donkor ta yi karatun kuruciyarta a Ghana, ta zauna kuma ta yi karatu a Boston, Massachusetts, Amurka, a lokacin da take karatun sakandare, sannan ta koma wurin haifuwarta a Toronto don yin karatun kasuwanci da kasuwanci a Jami'ar York, inda ta kammala karatun digiri. A lokacin rani na 2011, ta yi karatun fim a The Studio (tsohon The Sally Johnson Studio) a birnin New York sannan ta kammala karatun fim tare da Brian Deacon a Kwalejin Fim, Watsa Labarai da Talabijin na London. Sana'a A cikin farkon shekarunta ashirin, Donkor ta lashe taken Miss Universe Ghana, kuma ta kwashe ƴan shekaru tana aiki a matsayin abar koyi. Ta bayyana a bangon mujallu da yawa a Ghana, Afirka ta Kudu, da Italiya irin su Sabuwar Matar Afirka, Pompey Life, WasanninWeek (La Gazetta dello sport), Mujallar Canoe, da Maxim Italiya. Ta wakilci Chopard a Cannes Films Festival a shekarun 2012 da 2013 bi da bi. Ta gudanar da kasuwanci tare da tallata alamar saurayinta a lokacin Sulley Muntari daga shekarun 2006 har zuwa 2009. A cikin 2012, ta zama face of Printex, masana'anta da masana'antar textile a Ghana. Melaye ta kasance jakadiyar Afirka Fashion Week London a cikin 2012 da 2013. Har ila yau, ta mallaki tare da kula da wani kamfani a Ghana. SHE-Y by Menaye Menaye ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta ƙaddamar da alamar alatu na Italiyanci SHE-Y. A farkon shekarar 2016, kamfanin ya fitar da kayan sa na farko na halitta, wadanda aka yi su ta hanyar amfani da man Shea da aka samo daga Ghana. Alamar ta na ba da gudummawa ga ayyukanta na agaji ta hanyar haɓaka damar aiki a samar da Shea Butter. Ana ba da gudummawar wani kaso na kudaden tallace-tallace na SHE-Y ga kungiyar agaji ta Menaye don taimakawa wajen ilimantar da yara marasa galihu. Tallafawa Menaye ta kafa kungiyar agaji ta Menaye a shekara ta 2004 don taimakawa yara matalauta a Ghana ta hanyar ba da ingantaccen ilimi kyauta. Donkor ta kwashe sama da shekaru goma tana aiki tukuru don inganta rayuwar mata da yara a kasarta ta Ghana ta kungiyar agaji ta Menaye. Kungiyar tana ba da ilimin asali kyauta da tallafin karatu ga yara marasa galihu a Ghana, da kuma kula da lafiya da ci gaban yara mata. Ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tara gudunmawar agaji. A shekarar 2021, kamfaninta na sincerëly Ghana Limited, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da aikin BRAVE don samar da kayan tsafta ga mata matasa a Keta a yankin Volta. Kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da shirin Sister-2-Sister don samar da kayan tsabta ga mata a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da galihu a Ghana. Makarantar Menaye Hope An kafa makarantar a ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar 2000 a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Menaye Donkor ta karbi makarantar ne a shekara ta 2004 bayan ta lashe Miss Universe Ghana don taimakawa wajen gina ingantacciyar muhalli ga yaran saboda asalin makarantar ba ta da kayan masarufi. Makarantar tana Agona Asafo, wanda ake ganin yana daya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi fama da talauci a kasar, inda ake fama da talauci da jahilci. Bayan da aka fara da dalibai 78 suna raba shingen makaranta daya, yanzu makarantar tana da yara sama da 400 da bulogi uku, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa dalibai su samu sakamako mai kyau a jarabawar BECE (gaba da sakandare). Kungiyar agaji ta Menaye ta dauki nauyin komai na makarantar, tun daga gine-gine da kayan aiki har zuwa albashin malamai, da riguna, littattafai da kayan rubutu. Daraja da karramawa A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2012, Hakimai da dattawan Agona Asafo a yankin tsakiyar Ghana sun karrama Menaye kuma suka zaɓi ta zama 'Nkosuohemaa' ko 'Queen Development Queen' na Agona Asafo. Sunanta na hukuma shine Nanahemaa Menaye Afumade Afrakoma I. Yana nuna alhakinta na duniya ga jama'arta da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa ga al'umma. A shekarar 2013 ta cikin jerin sunayen 'yan Afirka 15 Mafi Tasiri a Kanada, wanda ke bikin mutanen da suka ci gaba da zaburar da wasu ta hanyar manyan nasarori. A shekarar 2015, Menaye ta sami lambar yabo ta "Woman of the Year" lambar yabo ta Infant Charity Award a Milan. Kyautar Jarirai Ƙungiya ce da ta amince da ayyukan mutane da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke tallafawa inganta rayuwar yara marasa lafiya. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Game da Menaye Donkor abin koyi/yar wasa ce, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon jama'a www.menaye.com. An dawo da Afrilu 1, 2014 Kungiyar agaji ta Menaye ta gabatar da Makarantar Hope GALA. 'Tare don Bege www.modernghanna.com. An dawo da Afrilu 1, 2014 Menye Donkor An dawo dashi 1 ga Afrilu 2014 Menaye Donkor a Vogue Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

55232

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Ballinger

Adam Ballinger

Adam Ballinger (an haife shi a cikin watan Yuni 12, 1979) ɗan Ba'amurke-Australian tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne wanda ya kwashe tsawon rayuwarsa a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Australiya, yana wasa lokutan 12 don ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar Victoria Giants, Wollongong Hawks, Adelaide 36ers da Melbourne Tigers. Ya kuma shafe lokaci a Puerto Rico, New Zealand da Isra'ila a lokacin hutun NBL na Australiya. Aikin koleji Ballinger ya himmatu ga Spartans na Jihar Michigan bayan babban aikin shiri a makarantar sakandaren Bluffton a Indiana, inda ya sami Honorable Mention All-American ya girmama babbar shekararsa. Shekararsa ta farko, ya yi jan riga bayan ya karya fibula. Ya koma buga wasanni 37 don zakaran Spartans na shekarar 2000 NCAA, gami da Wasan Gasar Zakarun Turai wanda ya zira ƙwallaye a ƙoƙarinsa na burin filin wasa. Ballinger ya buga wasanni 25 a cikin jajayen rigarsa ta biyu yayin da Spartans suka je Gasar Ƙarshe. Ballinger's ƙaramar shekarar ita ce yaƙin neman zaɓen da ya fi samun nasara yayin da ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar All-Big Ten kafofin watsa labarai da lambar yabo ta Mafi Ingantattun Playeran Wasan Jahar Michigan yayin da ya gama na uku a taron a sake dawowa. A cikin babban kakarsa ta shekarar 2002–02003, ya sami maki 5.5 a kowane wasa. Hakanan yana matsayi na 10 a tarihin MSU tare da tubalan aiki 53. A lokacin babban shekararsa a Jihar Michigan, Ballinger ya taka leda a wasan da za su ziyarci ƙungiyar NBL ta Australiya Canberra Cannons. Farawa daga Power gaba, yayin wasan abokin gaba kai tsaye na Ballinger shi ne sau da yawa mafi girman ɗan wasa a Jihar Michigan, NBA labari tare da Los Angeles Lakers da shekarar 2002 inductee a cikin Gidan Kwando na Fame (kuma ɗan asalin Lansing inda makarantar take), Earvin Magic" Johnson wanda ya shiga Cannons don wasan su a Cibiyar Breslin Cannons kuma sun nuna tsohon abokin wasan Spartan Mike Chappell wanda Canberra ta ɗauka a shekarar 2002. Ƙwarewar aiki Ballinger ya kasance ba a kwance shi ba a cikin daftarin NBA na 2003 A cikin watan Agustan 2003, Ballinger ya sanya hannu tare da Giants Victoria na NBL na Ostiraliya don lokacin 2003–2004. Ya yi tasiri kai tsaye a farkon lokacin NBL na matsakaicin maki 15.7 a kowane wasa. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa ta 2007, ya buga wa Wollongong Hawks, yana ci gaba da taka leda a 2005 NBL Grand Final a waccan kakar tare da tawagar. Abin takaici, Hawks sun gangara zuwa ga abokan hamayyarsu kuma suna kare zakaran gasar Sydney Kings ba tare da cin nasara ba. Bayan lokacin 2006 2007 NBL, ya shiga Gigantes de Carolina na Puerto Rico don lokacin 2007 BSN. Ballinger ya rattaba hannu tare da Adelaide 36ers don lokacin 2007 2008 NBL inda ya sami lambar yabo ta MVP na kulob guda huɗu a jere. Ya kare na hudu a NBL a shekarar 2008 da maki 22.5 a kowane wasa kuma ya kare na hudu a zaben MVP na gasar. Haɗin kai tare da kyaftin ɗin Adelaide na dogon lokaci Brett Maher da tsohon ɗan wasan NBA Luke Schenscher, Ballinger ya taimaka wa 2008 2009 36ers komawa wasan NBL a karon farko tun 2005 06 inda aka fitar da su a Gasar Ƙarshe ta New Zealand Breakers 101– 131 a Auckland. Ballinger an nada shi kyaftin ɗin kulob na Adelaide 36ers daga lokacin 2009 10 NBL. A cikin abin da ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin lokacin 36ers a rikodin yayin da kulob din ya lashe cokali na farko na katako ta hanyar kammalawa na karshe tare da rikodin nasara-10-18 wanda ya haifar da koci da tsohon dan wasan zakarun 36ers Scott Ninnis. Ballinger da kansa ya yi kakar wasa mai kyau, inda ya jagoranci 36ers wajen zura kwallo a raga, an hana harbe-harbe, ya kare a matsayi na biyu a wasan da kungiyar ta sake dawowa kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta MVP kulob din na uku a jere. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2010, ya rattaba hannu tare da Ironi Nahariya na Isra'ila don sauran lokutan 2009–10 Ligat HaAl Lokacin 2010–11 NBL ya kasance kusan kwafin kakar da ta gabata tare da Ballinger yana jagorantar ƙungiyar a kusan kowane nau'in m duk da 36ers sun ƙare da rikodin 9–19. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 15.3, 6.0 rebounds, 1.9 blocks da harbi 54.1% a kowane wasa kuma shi ne ya jagoranci 36ers kafin ya ji rauni a kafarsa a wasan karshe na gida na kakar wasa. Tare da tubalan sa na 1.9 a kowane wasa, Ballinger shine babban mai hana harbi a cikin NBL yayin 2010 11, bayan ya ƙi harbi 50 a cikin wasannin 26 da aka buga. Ballinger ya kasance babban dan wasan Adelaide a cikin 2010-11 kuma tsarinsa ya sa ya gama na uku a cikin 2011 NBL MVP zabe duk da 36ers sun kammala da 9-19 rikodin, lokaci guda a tarihin su kulob din ya kasa samun nasara a kalla wasanni 10. a lokacin NBL. Saboda ƙananan girman 2010-11 36ers squad, 205 An yi amfani da Ballinger mai tsayi cm a matsayin cibiyar farawa ta qungiyoyin har zuwa lokacin da ya kawo karshen raunin idon sawu a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2011. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya koma ga mafi yanayin ikonsa na gaba lokacin (212) cm) doguwar abokin aikin Daniel Johnson yana kotu. Ballinger ya murmure daga raunin idon sawun sa ya kasance a hankali kuma ya buga mafi yawan lokacin 2011-12 NBL daga benci don 36ers waɗanda suka gama da mafi munin rikodi na 8–20 kuma suka ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe kawai a karo na biyu a tarihin su. A ƙarshen 2011 12, Ballinger wakili ne na kyauta kuma a cikin Mayu 2012, ya sanya hannu tare da Melbourne Tigers don lokacin 2012 13 NBL A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2013, Ballinger ya sake sanya hannu tare da Tigers kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2014, ƙungiyar ta sake shi. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, 2014, Ballinger ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da Wollongong Hawks, yana komawa kulob din na biyu. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2015, ya ba da sanarwar yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon kwando sakamakon ƙarshen lokacin 2014 15 NBL A wasansa na karshe na NBL a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, ya fara ne a madadin Larry Davidson don yin rikodin maki 9 da sake dawowa 5 a cikin mintuna 33 na aiki, kamar yadda Hawks suka yi rashin nasara a hannun tsohon kulob din Ballinger, Adelaide 36ers. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 2015, Ballinger ya sanya hannu tare da Nunawading Specters don sauran lokacin 2015 SEABL a matsayin maye gurbin Simon Conn. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A cikin watan Yuli 2009, Ballinger ya zama ɗan Ostiraliya. An nada shi a cikin tawagar Boomers a shekarar 2009 kuma an yi masa gwaji don tawagar gasar Olympics ta London a shekarar 2012. Na sirri Ballinger da matarsa, Bianca, 'ya'ya uku tare; Kia, Leon da Fletcher. Farashin NBL Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na NBL Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Eurobasket.com bayanin martaba Ballinger zai yi ritaya a karshen kakar wasa NBL ƙididdiga Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1979 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

41231

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobarar%20Daji

Gobarar Daji

Gobarar Daji (kuma kalmar lamuni na Jamusanci) yanayi ne da yake faruwa a cikin bishiyoyi ko tsire-tsire masu fitowa waɗanda ake kashe sassan gefe, ko dai ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, wuta ko yanayi kamar ruwan acid, fari, da sauransu. Waɗannan al'amuran na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako kamar rage juriya na yanayin muhalli, bacewar mahimman alaƙar dabi'a da ƙofa. Wasu wuraren da za'a iya kaiwa ga manyan hasashen canjin yanayi a ƙarni na gaba suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwar gandun daji. Ma'ana Gobarar dajin yana nufin al'amarin tsayawar bishiyu da ke rasa lafiya da mutuwa ba tare da wani dalili na zahiri ba. Wannan yanayin kuma ana kiransa da raguwar gandun daji, lalacewar gandun daji, matakin mutuwa baya, da tsayawa matakin mutuwa. Wannan yawanci yana shafar nau'ikan bishiyoyi guda ɗaya, amma kuma yana iya shafar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. Gobarar Dajilamari ne na al'ada kuma yana iya ɗaukar wurare da siffofi da yawa. Yana iya kasancewa tare da kewaye, a takamaiman tsayi, ko kuma ya tarwatse a cikin yanayin dajin. Direwar daji yana ba da kansa ta hanyoyi da yawa: fadowa daga ganye da allura, canza launin ganye da allura, raƙuman rawanin bishiyu, matattun bishiyoyin wasu shekaru, da canje-canje a tushen bishiyar. Hakanan yana da nau'i-nau'i masu ƙarfi da yawa. Tsayin bishiyu na iya nuna ƙananan alamu, matsananciyar alamomi, ko ma mutuwa. Ana iya kallon raguwar gandun daji sakamakon ci gaba, yaɗuwa, da kuma mummunan mutuwa na nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa a cikin gandun daji. Ana iya bayyana raguwar gandun daji na yanzu ta: saurin ci gaba akan bishiyu ɗaya, faruwa a nau'ikan gandun daji daban-daban, abin da ya faru na tsawon lokaci (sama da shekaru 10), da kuma faruwa a cikin yanayin yanayi na nau'ikan da abin ya shafa. Tarihi An yi bincike da yawa a cikin 1980s lokacin da wani mummunan mutuwa ya faru a Jamus da Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka. Abubuwan da aka kashe a baya sun iyakance a yanki, duk da haka, tun daga ƙarshen 1970s, raguwar dazuzzukan Turai ta Tsakiya da sassan Arewacin Amurka. Lalacewar gandun daji a Jamus, musamman, ya bambanta saboda raguwar ya yi tsanani: lalacewar ta yadu a cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban. Yawan itatuwan da abin ya shafa ya karu daga kashi 8% a 1982 zuwa 50% a 1984 kuma ya tsaya a 50% zuwa 1987. An gabatar da hasashe da yawa don wannan mutuwa, duba ƙasa. A cikin karni na 20, Arewacin Amurka an buge shi da fitattun katako guda biyar. Sun faru ne bayan balaga dajin kuma kowane lamari ya kai kimanin shekaru goma sha daya. Mafi tsananin zafin dajin dajin ya yi niyya ga fararen birch da bishiyar birch rawaya Sun fuskanci wani lamari wanda ya fara tsakanin 1934 zuwa 1937 kuma ya ƙare tsakanin 1953 zuwa 1954. Wannan ya biyo bayan tsarin igiyar ruwa wanda ya fara bayyana a yankunan Kudu kuma ya koma yankunan Arewa, inda aka yi tashin gwauron zabi tsakanin 1957 zuwa 1965 a Arewacin Quebec. Dieback kuma na iya shafar wasu nau'ikan kamar toka, itacen oak, da maple Sugar Maple, musamman, ya fuskanci guguwar mutuwa a sassan Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960. An samu guguwar ruwa ta biyu a Kanada a cikin shekarun 1980, amma kuma ta yi nasarar isa Amurka. An yi nazarin waɗannan abubuwan da suka mutu ta ƙididdigewa don keɓance mace-macen bishiyu Ana hasashen cewa dajin da ya balaga ya fi saurin kamuwa da matsananciyar matsalolin muhalli Abubuwan da za su iya haifar da mutuwar daji ko gobarar daji Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin yanayin gandun daji suna da sarƙaƙiya kuma gano takamaiman dalili-tasirin alaƙa tsakanin mutuwa da muhalli tsari ne mai wahala. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an gudanar da bincike da yawa kuma an yi ittifaqi a kan wasu hasashe kamar: Bark beetle Bark beetle suna amfani da laushin kyallen bishiya don matsuguni, rayuwa da kuma gida. Zuwansu yakan hada da wasu kwayoyin halitta kamar fungi da kwayoyin cuta. Tare, suna samar da alaƙar dabi'a inda yanayin bishiyar ke ƙara tsananta. Yanayin rayuwarsu ya dogara ne da kasancewar bishiya yayin da suke sa qwai a cikinsu. Da zarar tsutsa ta kyankyashe, za ta iya ƙulla dangantaka da bishiyar, inda take rayuwa daga cikinta kuma ta yanke zagayawa da ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki daga tushen zuwa ga harbe. Yanayi na karkashin kasa: Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Ostiraliya ya gano cewa yanayi irin su zurfin da gishiri na iya taimakawa wajen hasashen mutuwa kafin su faru. A cikin wani yanki na halitta, lokacin da zurfin zurfafa da gishiri ya karu, tsayawar dazuzzuka ya karu. Duk da haka, a wani yanki na yanki a cikin wannan yanki na binciken, lokacin da zurfin ya ƙaru amma ruwan yana da ƙarancin gishiri (watau ruwa mai laushi), raguwa ya karu. Fari da damuwa mai zafi: Fari da damuwa zafi ana hasashen su haifar da mutuwa. Dalilinsu na fili ya fito ne daga hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, gazawar hydraulic, yana haifar da gazawar sufuri na ruwa daga tushen zuwa harben bishiya. Wannan na iya haifar da rashin ruwa da yiwuwar mutuwa. Na biyu, yunwar carbon, yana faruwa ne a matsayin martanin shuka ga zafi shine rufe stomata. Wannan al'amari yana yanke shigar da carbon dioxide, don haka ya sa shuka ta dogara da abubuwan da aka adana kamar sukari. Idan yanayin zafi ya yi tsayi kuma idan shuka ya ƙare da sukari, zai ji yunwa kuma ya mutu. Kwayoyin cuta suna da alhakin mutuwa da yawa. Yana da wuya a ware da kuma gano ainihin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alhakin da kuma yadda suke hulɗa da bishiyoyi. Misali Phomopsis azadirachtae shine naman gwari na nau'in Phomopsis wanda aka gano yana da alhakin mutuwa a Azadiachta indica (Neem) a cikin yankuna na Indiya. Wasu ƙwararru suna ɗaukar mutuwa a matsayin rukuni na cututtuka waɗanda ba su da cikakkiyar fahimtar asalin abin da ke tasiri ta hanyar abubuwan da ke ba da damar bishiyoyi a ƙarƙashin damuwa zuwa mamayewa. Wasu hasashe na iya yin bayanin musabbabi da illolin mutuwa. Kamar yadda aka amince tsakanin mu’amalar kimiyyar Jamus da Amurka a cikin 1988: Ƙasa acidification aluminum toxicity Yayin da ƙasa ta zama mafi acidic, aluminum yana samun saki, yana lalata tushen bishiyar. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka lura sune: raguwar ɗauka da jigilar wasu cations, raguwa a cikin tushen numfashi, lalata tushen ciyarwa mai kyau da tushen tsarin halittar jiki, da raguwa a cikin elasticity na bangon tantanin halitta Farfesa Bernhard Ulrich ne ya gabatar da wannan a cikin 1979. Complex High-levation Cuta Haɗuwa da manyan matakan ozone, ajiyar acid da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a tsayi mai tsayi yana kashe bishiyoyi. Matsakaicin adadin ozone yana lalata ganye da alluran bishiyu da kuma abubuwan gina jiki da ke tsirowa daga ganyen. Silsilar al'amura na karuwa akan lokaci. Ƙungiyar farfesa: Bernhard Prinz, Karl Rehfuess, da Heinz Zöttl ne suka gabatar da wannan. Cutar jajayen allura na spruce Wannan cuta yana haifar da digon allura da kambi. Allura suna juya launin tsatsa kuma su faɗi. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar fungi na foliar, waɗanda sune ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu waɗanda ke kai hari kan bishiyoyi da suka riga sun raunana. Farfesa Karl Rehfuess ne ya gabatar da hakan. Gurbacewa Ƙarfafa matakan da ake samu na gurɓataccen yanayi yana cutar da tushen tsarin kuma yana haifar da tarawa na guba a cikin sababbin ganye. Masu gurɓatawa na iya canza girma, rage ayyukan photosynthesis, da rage samuwar metabolites na biyu. An yi imani da cewa ƙananan matakan za a iya la'akari da su masu guba ne. Kungiyar malamai karkashin jagorancin Peter Schütt ce ta gabatar da wannan. Abubuwan gurɓataccen iska wannan sashin yana mai da hankali kan mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan da aka tattauna sosai sune ethylene, aniline, da dinitrophenol Ko da a ƙananan matakan, waɗannan mahadi na sinadarai sun haifar da: zubar da ganye mara kyau, karkatattun ganye, da kashe tsire-tsire. Fritz Führ ne ya gabatar da wannan. Rage yawan Nitrogen Deposition: Ƙara matakin nitrogen da ammonium, duka biyun da ake samu a cikin taki, na iya samun sakamako masu zuwa: zai iya hana fungi masu amfani, jinkirta halayen sinadarai, dagula ma'auni na al'ada tsakanin girma girma da tushen girma, da kuma ƙara yawan leaching ƙasa Duk da haka, babu wata hujja ta gwaji. Carl Olaf Tamm ne ya gabatar da wannan. Duba kuma: gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki Sakamakon mutuwar daji Ana iya haifar da mutuwar daji ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, duk da haka, da zarar sun faru, suna iya samun wasu sakamako. Al'ummar Fungal Ectomycorrhizal fungi suna samar da alakar alama da bishiyoyi. Bayan fashewar ƙwayar ƙwaro, mutuwa na iya faruwa. Wannan tsari na iya rage photosynthesis, wadatar abinci mai gina jiki da ƙimar lalacewa da tafiyar matakai. Da zarar wannan ya faru, dangantakar symbiotic, da aka ambata a baya, ta sami mummunan tasiri: ƙungiyar ectomycorrhizal fungi yana raguwa sannan dangantakar ta ɓace gaba ɗaya. Wannan yana da matsala saboda wasu tsire-tsire sun dogara da kasancewar su don rayuwa. Chemistry na ƙasa Kimiyyar ƙasa na iya canzawa bayan wani lamari na mutuwa. Yana iya haifar da haɓaka jikewa na tushe yayin da biomass da aka bari a baya ya sa wasu ions kyauta kamar calcium, magnesium da potassium Ana iya la'akari da wannan sakamako mai kyau saboda jikewar tushe yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka tsiro da haɓakar ƙasa. Don haka, wannan yana nuna cewa ilimin sunadarai na ƙasa yana biye da mutuwa ko da zai iya taimakawa wajen dawo da ƙasa acidic. Canjin yanayi Canje-canje a matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara da fari sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar gandun daji. Yayin da ake fitar da karin carbon daga matattun bishiyoyi, musamman a cikin dazuzzukan Amazon da Boreal, ana fitar da karin iskar gas a sararin samaniya. Ƙara yawan matakan iskar gas na ƙara yawan zafin jiki. Hasashen mutuƙar ya bambanta, amma barazanar sauyin yanayi na duniya yana tsayawa ne kawai don ƙara yawan mutuwa. Rage ƙarfin ƙarfi: Bishiyoyi na iya jurewa. Duk da haka, ana iya canza wannan lokacin da yanayin yanayin ya sami matsala ta fari. Wannan yana haifar da bishiyun su zama masu saurin kamuwa da kamuwa da kwari, ta yadda hakan ke haifar da abin da ya faru na mutuwa. Wannan dai matsala ce yayin da ake hasashen sauyin yanayi zai kara yawan fari a wasu yankuna na duniya. Ƙofa: Ƙofa da dama sun wanzu dangane da mutuwar gandun daji kamar "diversity yanayin muhalli da aikin muhalli." Kamar yadda canjin yanayi ke da ikon haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar matakai da yawa, waɗannan ƙofofin suna ƙara samun ci gaba inda, a wasu lokuta, suna da ikon haifar da ingantaccen tsarin amsawa: lokacin da yankin basal a cikin yanayin yanayin ya ragu ta hanyar. 50%, nau'in wadatar fungi na ectomycorrhizal yana biye. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ectomycorrhizal fungi suna da mahimmanci don rayuwar wasu tsire-tsire, juya mutuwa zuwa hanyar amsawa mai kyau. Mahimman bayanai Masana kimiyya ba su san ainihin maƙasudin sauyin yanayi ba kuma suna iya ƙididdige ma'auni kawai. Lokacin da aka kai madaidaici, ƙaramin canji a ayyukan ɗan adam na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci akan muhalli Biyu daga cikin maki tara don manyan hasashen canjin yanayi na ƙarni na gaba suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwar gandun daji. Masana kimiyya sun damu cewa dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dajin Amazon da kuma dajin Boreal Evergreen za su haifar da wani buri a cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa. Duba kuma Bakin ƙwaro Birch ya mutu Ciwon daji Kalaman zafi Hymenoscyphus fraxineus dalilin mutuwar ash Kauri mutuback Matsakaicin jujjuyawa na dindindin Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23545

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Ifeanyichukwu%20Ekwueme

Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme

Alexander Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme GCON (21 ga Oktoba 1932 19 Nuwamba 2017) shi ne zababben Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya na farko daga 1979 zuwa 1983 a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Najeriya da ke aiki karkashin Shugaba Shehu Shagari a matsayin memba na Jam’iyyar Jama’a ta Kasa (NPN) Rayuwar mutum An haifi Alex Ekwueme ga iyayen Igbo a Garin Oko, a jihar Anambra a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1932. Ya rasu da karfe 10:00 na daren Lahadi 19 ga Nuwamba 2017 a wani asibitin Landan. Dole ne a kai shi can bayan ya koma cikin suma wanda ya fada cikinsa sakamakon faduwarsa a gidansa na Enugu. Ilimi Ekwueme ya fara makarantar firamare a St John's Anglican Central School, a Ekwulobia, sannan ya zarce zuwa Kwalejin King, Legas A matsayinsa na mai ba da kyautar Fulbright Scholarship a Amurka (kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Najeriya na farko da suka sami lambar yabo), Ya halarci Jami'ar Washington inda ya sami digiri na farko a Tsarin gine -gine da tsara birni. Ya samu digirinsa na biyu a fannin tsara birane. Dakta Ekwueme ya kuma sami digirin digirin digirgir a fannin zamantakewa, tarihi, falsafa da shari'a daga Jami'ar London Daga baya ya ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir. a Gine -gine daga Jami'ar Strathclyde, kafin samun digiri na BL (girmamawa) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya Farkon aiki Ekwueme fitaccen masanin gine -gine ne. Ya fara sana'a aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Architect tare da Seattle-tushen m, Leo A. Daly da Associates, kuma ma da London tushen m Nickson kuma abũbuwan shirkinsu. Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, ya shiga ESSO ta Yammacin Afirka, Legas, inda ya ke kula da sashin gine -gine da gyare -gyare. Daga nan ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar kasuwanci mai zaman kansa mai nasara tare da kamfaninsa Ekwueme Associates, Architects and Town Planners, kamfanin gine -gine na farko a Najeriya. Ayyukansa sun bunƙasa tare da ofisoshi 16 da aka bazu a duk faɗin Najeriya kuma an raunata su a cikin shirye -shiryen Dakta Ekwueme ya zama mukamin mataimakin shugaban Najeriya na farko. Dakta Ekwueme ya shugabanci cibiyar gine -gine ta Najeriya da kuma kwamitin rijistar gine -gine na Najeriya. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Cibiyar gine -gine ta Najeriya. Kafin Dokta Ekwueme ya samu babban matsayi na ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya a 1979, ya kasance mai himma sosai a cikin ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arzikin al'ummarsa. Baya ga dimbin ayyukan hidimarsa na jama'a a cikin al'ummarsa, Dr. Ekwueme ya ƙaddamar da Asusun Tallafawa Ilimi wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar nauyin karatun ɗari da yawa zuwa jami'o'i a Najeriya da kasashen waje. Dakta Ekwueme ya kasance memba na karamin kwamiti na gidaje na kwamitin duba albashi da albashi na Adebo. Ya kuma yi aiki na shekaru da dama a hukumar hukumar raya gidaje ta jihar Anambra A bangaren kasa. Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya Ekwueme shi ne zababben mataimakin shugaban Najeriya na farko daga 1979 zuwa 1983 a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Najeriya da ta yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba Shehu Shagari a matsayin memba na Jam’iyyar Jama’a ta Kasa (NPN) Sana'a daga baya Ekwueme ya halarci Babban Taron Tsarin Mulki na Kasa (NCC) na 1995 a Abuja, inda ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Tsarin da Tsarin Tsarin Mulki. Shahararrun shawarwarin da ya bayar a hukumar NCC na raba madafun iko da adalci a Najeriya bisa la’akari da shiyyoyin yanki shida yanzu an yarda da cewa ya zama dole don tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin Najeriya. Dr Ekwueme ya tara gungun manyan fitattun 'yan Najeriya 34 da suka sadaukar da rayuwarsu don tashi tsaye don yakar mulkin kama -karya na Janar Sani Abacha a lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya. Shi ne Shugaban Jam'iyyar da ke mulki a Najeriya kuma shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na Jam'iyyar na farko. Dakta Ekwueme mutum ne mai son taimakawa jama'a, ma'aikacin gwamnati, kuma mutum ne mai son zaman lafiya. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kanada -tushen Forum of Federations. Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawan Kungiyar Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS). Dokta Ekwueme shi ne jagoran tawagar da National Democratic Institute (NDI) ta tattara domin sa ido kafin zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki a Zimbabwe a 2000 Shi ne jagoran tawagar masu sa ido na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) a zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisun Tanzania a 2000. Dakta Ekwueme ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 28 ta NDI/Carter Center ta ɗauki nauyin tawagar masu sa ido zuwa zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Laberiya Kwanan nan ne jam’iyya mai mulki a Najeriya ta kira Dr Ekwueme da ya jagoranci kwamitin sulhu sakamakon rikicin cikin gida da kuma bayan zaben shugaban kasa na baya-bayan nan. Lakabi da karramawa Ekwueme shi ne Ra'ayin masarautar Oko a jihar Anambra, inda kanin sa, Farfesa Lazarus Ekwueme, ke sarautar sarautar gargajiya. Haka kuma majalisar sarakunan gargajiya a tsohuwar Aguata ta karrama shi a matsayin Akidar karamar hukumar Aguata na jihar Anambra wanda ya ƙunshi garuruwa arba'in da huɗu (44). An karrama shi da umurnin Jamhuriyar Guinea da Najeriya, lambar girma ta biyu mafi girma ta kasa ta Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger (GCON). Dakta Ekwueme shi ne ya kasance mai taimakawa da kuma taimakon "Gidauniyar Alex Ekwueme". Jami'ar Alex Ekwueme, Abakaliki, jihar Ebonyi an sanya masa suna bayan rasuwarsa Mataimakin shugaban kasa Farfesa Yemi Osinbajo ya bayyana marigayi tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Alex Ekwueme a matsayin mara tsoro kuma jigon mutunci “A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, ya kafa kyakkyawan misali na biyayya, tarbiyya, ruhin ƙungiya da riƙon amana ga al’umma. Ba shi da tsoro kuma da ƙarfin hali na abin da ya yarda da shi, ya jagoranci G-34, ƙungiyar fitattun 'yan Najeriya waɗanda suka fuskanci mulkin kama-karya na soja a cikin mafi duhu kuma mafi tsoran kwanaki a tarihin Najeriya. Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga dawowar dimokuradiyya a 1999, in ji Osinbajo. Manazarta 2017 deaths Pages with unreviewed

29242

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalilan%20Ciwon%20Daji

Dalilan Ciwon Daji

Ciwon daji yana faruwa ne ta hanyar canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da hadakar kwayoyin cuta marasa tsari da samuwar kari Babban dalilin ciwon daji (wanda ba na iyali ba) shine lalacewar DNA da rashin zaman lafiya Kadan daga cikin cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi na gado. Yawancin cututtukan daji suna da alaƙa da muhalli, salon rayuwa, ko fallasa ɗabi'a. Ciwon daji gabaɗaya baya yaɗuwa a cikin ɗan adam, kodayake ana iya haifar dashi ta hanyar oncoviruses da kwayoyin cutar kansa Kalmar muhalli kamar yadda masu binciken ciwon daji ke amfani da ita, tana nufin duk wani abu da ke waje da jiki wanda ke hulda da mutane. Yanayin bai iyakance ga yanayin yanayin halitta ba (misali fallasa abubuwa kamar gurɓatacciyar iska ko hasken rana), to amma kuma ya haɗa da yanayin rayuwa da halayen dabi'a. Fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na mutuwar ciwon daji a duk duniya (kuma kusan kashi 75-80 a cikin Amurka) ana kuma iya kaucewa ta hanyar rage fallasa ga abubuwan da aka sani. Abubuwan muhalli na yau da kullun wadanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar kansa sun hada da fallasa ga sinadarai daban-daban da wakilai na jiki (amfani da taba yana da lissafin 25-30% na mutuwar cutar kansa), gurbataccen muhalli, abinci da kiba (30-35%), cututtuka (15-20%), da kuma radiation (duka ionizing da rashin ionizing, har zuwa 10%). Wadannan abubuwan suna aiki, aqalla wani bangare, ta hanyar canza aikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel. Yawanci yawancin irin waɗannan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta ana buƙatar kafin ciwon daji ya taso. An yi ta maimaita tsufa kuma akai-akai a matsayin muhimmin al'amari da za a yi la'akari da shi lokacin da ake kimanta abubuwan hadari don ci gaban ciwon daji na musamman. Yawancin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da na salula wadanda ke da hannu wajen hadaka ciwon daji suna taruwa yayin tsarin tsufa kuma a karshe suna bayyana kamar ciwon daji. Genetics Ko da yake akwai fiye da 50 nau'in ciwon daji da za a iya gane su, ƙasa da 0.3% na yawan jama'a sune masu dauke da maye gurbi mai alaka da cutar kansa kuma wadannan ba su wuce 3-10% na duk cututtukan daji ba. Mafi yawan ciwon daji ba na gado bane ("ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci"). Ciwon daji na gado yana haifar da asali ne ta hanyar lahani na gado. Ciwon daji ko ciwon daji na iyali cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta wanda gadadden maye gurbi a cikin daya ko fiye da kwayoyin halitta ke sa wadanda abin ya shafa su kamu da cutar kansa kuma yana iya haifar da farkon farkon wadannan cututtukan. Ko da yake ciwon daji yana nuna hasarin ciwon daji, hadarin ya bambanta. Ga wasu daga cikin wadannan cututtuka, ciwon daji ba shine farkon sifa ba kuma ba kasafai ake samun sakamako ba. Yawancin cututtukan ciwon daji suna haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cuta masu hana ɗari wadanda ke daidaita hadakar kwayoyin cuta. Sauran maye gurbi na yau da kullun suna canza aikin kwayoyin halittar DNA, oncogenes da kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen samar da hanyoyin jini Wasu maye gurbi da aka gada a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA1 da BRCA2 tare da fiye da kashi 75 cikin dari na hadarin kansar nono da kansar kwai Wasu daga cikin cututtukan da aka gada wadanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na launin fata sun hada da familial adenomatous polyposis da na gado maras polyposis colon cancer duk da haka, wadannan suna wakiltar kasa da kashi 5% na cututtukan daji na hanji. A lokuta da yawa, ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don gano maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ko chromosomes da ke wucewa ta cikin tsararraki. Halin maye gurbi ana rarraba su azaman germline ko somatic dangane da nau'in tantanin halitta inda suke bayyana kwayoyin kwayoyin cuta sun hada da kwai da maniyyi da kwayoyin somatic su ne wadanda ke samar da jiki). Ana kuma aiwatar da maye gurbin kwayoyin cuta ta cikin tsararraki kuma suna kara hadarin cutar kansa. Ciwon daji Ataxia telangiectasia Bloom ciwo BRCA1 BRCA2 Fanconi anemia Familial adenomatous polyposis Gadon nono da ciwon daji na kwai Gadon ciwon daji mara polyposis Li-Fraumeni ciwo Basal cell carcinoma ciwo Von Hippel-Lindau cuta Werner ciwo Xeroderma pigmentosum Ma'aikatan jiki da sunadarai Musamman abubuwa, da aka sani da carcinogens, an danganta su da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji. Misalai na yau da kullun na carcinogens marasa radiyo ana shakar asbestos, wasu dioxins, da hayakin taba. Ko da yake jama'a gabadaya suna danganta cutar sankarau da sinadarai na roba, yana iya yiwuwa ya taso a cikin abubuwan halitta da na roba. An kiyasta cewa kusan mutuwar cutar kansa 20,000 da sabbin cututtukan daji 40,000 kowace shekara a Amurka suna da alaqa da zama. A kowace shekara, aƙalla mutane 200,000 ne ke mutuwa a duniya sakamakon cutar kansa da ke da alaqa da wuraren aikinsu. Miliyoyin ma'aikata suna fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar kansa kamar su kansar huhu da mesothelioma daga shakar asbestos fibers da hayakin taba, ko cutar sankarar bargo daga kamuwa da benzene a wuraren aikinsu. An yi imanin ciwon daji da ke da alaƙa da sana'ar mutum yana wakiltar tsakanin 2-20% na duk lokuta. Yawancin mutuwar kansar da ke haifar da hadarin sana'a na faruwa a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Damuwar aiki baya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci akalla a cikin huhu, launin fata, nono da kuma prostate cancer. Shiga Operation Ranchhand a Vietnam a lokacin yakin Vietnam, ko zama kusa da filin wasan golf, ko zama a gona zai kara haɗarin ƙwayoyin lymphoma wadanda ba Hodgkins ba saboda fallasa ga sinadaran 2,4-D. Lokacin da aka haxa 2,4-D tare da wani magungunan kashe qwari ko herbicide, 2,4-T, a wani rabo na 50:50, an san su tare da Agent Orange. Shan taba Shan taba yana da alaqa da nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa, kuma yana haifar da 80% na kansar huhu Shekaru da yawa na bincike ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin shan taba da ciwon daji a cikin huhu, makogwaro, kai, wuya, ciki, mafitsara, koda, esophagus da pancreas. Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna ƙaramar hadarin kamuwa da cutar sankarar jini ta myeloid, squamous cell sinonasal cancer, ciwon hanta, ciwon daji, ciwon daji na gallbladder, glandar adrenal, kananan hanji, da cututtuka na yara daban-daban. Hayakin taba ya kunshi fiye da hamsin sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da nitrosamines da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Taba yana da alhakin kusan daya cikin uku na duk mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma kusan ɗaya cikin biyar a duniya. Yawan mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a Amurka ya yi kama da tsarin shan taba, tare da karuwar shan taba tare da karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin adadin mutuwar cutar kansar huhu kuma, kwanan nan, raguwar yawan shan taba tun shekarun 1950 ya biyo bayan raguwar mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a cikin maza tun 1990. Duk da haka, adadin masu shan taba a duniya yana karuwa, wanda ya haifar da abin da wasu kungiyoyi suka bayyana a matsayin cutar ta taba Sigari na lantarki ko e-cigare na'urorin lantarki ne na hannu wadanda ke kwaikwayi jin shan taba. Yin amfani da dogon lokaci na yau da kullun na babban karfin lantarki (5.0V) sigari na lantarki na iya haifar da sinadarai masu kirkirar formaldehyde a mafi girman matakin fiye da shan taba, wanda aka kaddara zai zama haɗarin kansa na rayuwa na kusan sau 5 zuwa 15 fiye da shan taba. Koyaya, gabaɗayan aminci da tasirin lafiyar sigari na dogon lokaci har yanzu ba a tabbata ba. Kayayyaki Wasu abubuwa suna haifar da ciwon daji da farko ta hanyar jiki, maimakon sinadarai, illa ga sel. Babban misali na wannan shine tsawaita bayyanar da asbestos, filayen ma'adinai da ke faruwa a zahiri wadanda sune babban dalilin mesothelioma, wanda shine ciwon daji na membrane serous, yawanci serous membrane kewaye da huhu. Sauran abubuwa a cikin wannan nau'in, ciki har da abubuwan da ke faruwa na halitta da kuma kayan aikin asbestos na roba kamar su wollastonite, attapulgite, gilashin ulu, da ulun dutse, an yi imanin suna da irin wannan tasiri. Abubuwan da ba su da fibrous wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji sun haɗa da cobalt na karfe da nickel, da silica crystalline quartz, cristobalite, da tridymite Yawancin lokaci, carcinogens na jiki dole ne su shiga cikin jiki (kamar ta hanyar shakar kananan guntu) kuma suna bukatar tsawon shekaru don hadaka ciwon daji. Kwayoyin cutar sankara na sana'a sun haɗa da: arsenic asbestos benzene beryllium cadmium chromium ethylene oxide nickel Plutonium salon rayuwa Yawancin abubuwan rayuwa daban-daban suna ba da gudummawa ga hadaka hadarin kansa. Tare, abinci da kiba suna da alaqa da kusan 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun hada da girmamawa ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabadaya, da kifi, da kuma nisantar nama da aka sarrafa, jan nama, kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen carbohydrates. Shaidar don tallafawa wadannan canje-canjen abinci ba tabbatacce ba ne. Barasa Barasa misali ne na sinadari na carcinogen. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ware barasa a matsayin rukuni na 1 carcinogen A Yammacin Turai kashi 10% na ciwon daji na maza da kashi 3% na ciwon daji na mata ana danganta su da barasa. A duk duniya, kashi 3.6% na duk cututtukan daji da kashi 3.5% na mutuwar ciwon daji ana danganta su da barasa. Musamman, an nuna amfani da barasa yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na baki, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, ciki, hanta, ovaries, da hanji. Babban tsarin ci gaban ciwon daji ya hada da kara yawan bayyanar da acetaldehyde, carcinogen da rushewar samfurin ethanol. An ba da shawarar wasu hanyoyin, ciki har da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki da ke da alaƙa da barasa, canje-canje a cikin DNA methylation, da shigar da damuwa na oxidative a cikin kyallen takarda. Abinci An danganta wasu takamaiman abinci da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke cin ja ko naman da aka sarrafa suna da hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ciwon prostate, da kansar pancreatic. Ana iya bayyana wannan a wani bangare ta kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogen a cikin abincin da aka dafa a yanayin zafi. Abubuwan haɗari da yawa don haɓakar ciwon daji na launi sun haɗa da yawan cin mai, barasa, ja da naman da aka sarrafa, kiba, da rashin motsa jiki. Abincin gishiri mai yawa yana da alaqa da ciwon daji na ciki. Aflatoxin B1, gurɓataccen abinci akai-akai, yana da alaƙa da ciwon hanta. An nuna taunan goro na haifar da ciwon daji na baki. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin abinci da ci gaban wasu cututtukan daji na iya yin bayanin bambance-bambance a cikin kamuwa da cutar kansa a kasashe daban-daban. Misali, ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan cin abinci mai yawan gishiri da kuma ciwon daji na hanji ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka saboda yawan cin naman da aka sarrafa da kuma jan nama. Al'ummomin bakin haure sun kasance suna hadaka yanayin haɗarin cutar kansa na sabuwar kasarsu, galibi a cikin tsararraki ɗaya zuwa biyu, suna ba da shawarar alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin abinci da kansa. Kiba A cikin Amurka, yawan nauyin jiki yana da alaqa da hadakar nau'in ciwon daji da yawa kuma shine kashi 14-20% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Kowace shekara, kusan sabbin cututtukan daji 85,000 a Amurka suna da alaƙa da kiba. Mutanen da aka yi wa tiyatar bariatric don asarar nauyi sun rage kamuwa da cutar kansa da mace-mace. Akwai dangantaka tsakanin kiba da ciwon hanji, ciwon nono bayan al'ada, ciwon daji na endometrial, ciwon koda, da ciwon daji na esophageal. An kuma danganta kiba da kamuwa da cutar sankarar hanta. Fahimtar yanzu game da tsarin ci gaban ciwon daji a cikin kiba yana da alaƙa da karancin matakan furotin na rayuwa (ciki har da abubuwan hadakar insulin-kamar abubuwan habakawa) da hormones na jima'i estrogens, androgens da progestogens Nama na adipose kuma yana haifar da yanayi mai kumburi wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji. An yi imanin rashin aiki na jiki yana ba da gudummawa ga hadarin ciwon daji ba kawai ta hanyar tasirinsa akan nauyin jiki ba har ma ta hanyar mummunan tasiri akan tsarin rigakafi da tsarin endocrine Fiye da rabin sakamako daga abinci shine saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki maimakon cin abinci mai kyau. Hormones Wasu hormones suna taka rawa wajen haɓakar ciwon daji ta hanyar haɓaka yaduwar kwayar halitta Abubuwan haɓaka masu kama da insulin da sunadaran da ke ɗaure su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, bambance-bambance da apoptosis, suna nuna yiwuwar shiga cikin carcinogenesis. Hormones sune mahimman abubuwa a cikin cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da jima'i kamar kansar nono, endometrium, prostate, ovary, da testis, da kuma ciwon daji na thyroid da kansar kashi Misali, 'ya'yan mata masu fama da ciwon nono suna da adadin isrogen da progesterone da yawa fiye da 'yan matan mata masu ciwon nono. Wadannan matakan hormone masu girma na iya yin bayanin dalilin da yasa wadannan mata ke da hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ko da idan babu kwayar cutar kansar nono. Hakazalika, mazan zuriyar Afirka suna da matakan testosterone mafi girma fiye da mazan zuriyar Turai, kuma suna da daidai da matakin cutar kansar prostate Maza na asalin Asiya, tare da kananan matakan testosterone-activating androstanediol glucuronide, suna da kananan matakan ciwon daji na prostate. Sauran abubuwan kuma sun dace: mutane masu kiba suna da matakan girma na wasu hormones masu alaqa da ciwon daji da kuma mafi girman adadin wadannan cututtukan. Matan da suke shan maganin maye gurbin hormone suna da hadari mafi girma na tasowa ciwon daji da ke hade da waɗannan hormones. A gefe guda kuma, mutanen da ke motsa jiki fiye da matsakaici suna da ƙananan matakan wadannan hormones, kuma ƙananan haɗarin ciwon daji. Osteosarcoma na iya haɓaka ta hanyar hormones girma Wasu jiyya da hanyoyin rigakafin suna yin amfani da wannan dalili ta hanyar rage matakan hormone ta hanyar wucin gadi, kuma don haka yana hana cututtukan daji masu saurin kamuwa da hormone. Saboda hormones na steroids suna da karfi masu haifar da bayyanar cututtuka a cikin wasu kwayoyin cutar kansa, canza matakan ko aiki na wasu kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da wasu ciwon daji su daina girma ko kuma su fuskanci mutuwar kwayar halitta. Watakila mafi yawan sanannun misali na maganin hormonal a cikin ilimin oncology shine amfani da zabi na estrogen-receptor modulator tamoxifen don maganin ciwon nono. Wani nau'i na ma'aikatan hormonal, masu hana aromatase, yanzu suna da rawar fadadawa a cikin maganin ciwon nono. Kamuwa da kumburi A duk duniya, kusan kashi 18% na cututtukan daji suna da alaƙa da cututtuka masu yaduwa Wannan rabo ya bambanta a yankuna daban-daban na duniya daga babban kashi 25% a Afirka zuwa kasa da 10% a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Kwayoyin cuta sune cututtuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ke haifar da ciwon daji amma kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suma suna taimakawa. Kwayoyin cututtuka waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji akai-akai sune tushen lalacewar DNA ko rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta. Kamuwa da cuta shine babban haɗari ga cutar sankarar mahaifa da hanta. Kwayar cutar da ke haifar da ciwon daji ana kiranta oncovirus Wadannan sun hada da papillomavirus ɗan adam ciwon mahaifa cutar Epstein-Barr cututtukan lymphoproliferative B-cell da nasopharyngeal carcinoma Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma da primary effusion lymphomas hepatitis B da hepatitis C ƙwayoyin cuta hepatocellular carcinoma da Human T. Kwayar cutar sankarar bargo-1 (T-cell leukemias). A kasashen da suka ci gaba na Yamma, cutar papillomavirus (HPV) da cutar hanta ta B (HBV) da kuma cutar hanta ta C (HCV) su ne cutar kanjamau. A Amurka, HPV yana haifar da mafi yawan ciwon daji na mahaifa, da kuma wasu ciwon daji na farji, farji, azzakari, dubura, dubura, makogwaro, harshe da tonsils. Daga cikin kwayoyin cuta na HPV masu haɗari, HPV E6 da E7 oncoproteins suna hana ƙwayoyin kwayoyin cuta suppressor lokacin kamuwa da kwayoyin cuta. Bugu da ƙari, oncoproteins da kansa suna haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta na al'ada, wanda ke haifar da haɗarin ci gaban ciwon daji. Mutanen da ke da ciwon hanta na ciwon hanta B sun fi sau 200 suna iya kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta fiye da waɗanda ba su kamu da cutar ba. Ciwon hanta, ko daga kamuwa da cutar ciwon hanta na kullum ko kuma cin zarafi na barasa, yana da alaƙa da kansa tare da ci gaban ciwon hanta, amma haɗuwa da cirrhosis da ciwon hanta na ƙwayar cuta yana nuna mafi girman hadarin ciwon hanta. Bacteria da parasites Wasu cututtuka na kwayoyin cuta kuma suna ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Helicobacter pylori wanda ya haifar da ciwon ciki Hanyar da H. pylori ke haifar da ciwon daji na iya haɗawa da kumburi na yau da kullum ko aikin kai tsaye na wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta Kwayoyin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji sun haɗa da Schistosoma haematobium squamous cell carcinoma na mafitsara da kuma hanta flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini da Clonorchis sinensis cholangiocarcinoma Kumburi da ƙwan tsutsa ke haifarwa ya bayyana shine hanyar da ke haifar da ciwon daji. Wasu cututtukan cututtuka na parasitic kuma na iya ƙara kasancewar mahadi na carcinogenic a cikin jiki, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar ciwon daji. Cutar tarin fuka, wanda mycobacterium M. tarin fuka ya haifar, an kuma danganta shi da ci gaban ciwon huhu. Kumburi Akwai shaidar cewa kumburi kanta yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hadakawa da ci gaban ciwon daji. Kumburi na yau da kullum zai iya haifar da lalacewar DNA a kan lokaci da kuma tarin sauye-sauye na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa. Kumburi na iya taimakawa wajen yaduwa, rayuwa, angiogensis da ƙaura na kwayoyin ciwon daji ta hanyar tasiri microenvironment tumor Mutanen da ke da cututtukan hanji mai kumburi suna cikin hadarin hadaka cututtukan daji na launi. Radiation Har zuwa kashi 10 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji masu barna suna da alaqa da fallasa hasken rana, gami da duka radiation marasa ionizing da radiation ionizing Ba kamar abubuwan da ke haifar da sinadarai ko jiki don ciwon daji ba, ionizing radiation yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel ba da gangan ba. Idan ya faru ya bugi chromosome, zai iya karya chromosome, ya haifar da adadi mara kyau na chromosomes, rashin kunna ɗaya ko fiye da kwayoyin halitta a cikin bangaren chromosome da ya buga, share sassan jerin DNA, haifar da fassarar chromosome, ko haifar da chromosomes. sauran nau'ikan rashin daidaituwa na chromosome Babban lalacewa yakan haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta, amma ƙananan lalacewa na iya barin barga, wani ɓangaren tantanin halitta mai aiki wanda zai iya yaduwa da haɓaka zuwa kansa, musamman idan kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari sun lalace ta hanyar radiation. Matakai uku masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna da hannu a cikin ƙirƙirar ciwon daji tare da radiation ionizing: sauye-sauyen yanayin halitta zuwa tantanin halitta, samun rashin mutuwa ta salula (rasa al'ada, tsarin tafiyar da rayuwa mai iyaka), da daidaitawa waɗanda ke ba da izinin samuwar kwayar cuta. Ko da kwayar cutar ba ta bugi DNA kai tsaye ba, yana haifar da martani daga sel waɗanda ke ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi a kaikaice. Radiation marasa ionizing Ba kowane nau'in radiation na lantarki ba ne carcinogenic. Rawanin makamashi mara karfi akan bakan na'urar lantarki da suka hada da rakuman radiyo, microwaves, infrared radiation da hasken da ake iya gani ba ana tsammanin ba saboda basu da isasshen kuzari don karya haɗin sinadarai Rashin ionizing mitar rediyo daga wayar hannu, watsa wutar lantarki, da sauran makamantansu an bayyana su a matsayin yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankara ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don Bincike kan Ciwon daji Koyaya, binciken bai sami daidaiton alaƙa tsakanin hasken wayar salula da haɗarin kansa ba. Hasken makamashi mai ƙarfi, gami da hasken ultraviolet (wanda yake a cikin hasken rana), hasken x-ray, da radiation na gamma, gabaɗaya carcinogenic ne, idan an karɓa cikin isassun allurai. Tsawon tsawaitawa zuwa hasken ultraviolet daga rana zai iya haifar da melanoma da sauran cututtukan fata. Yawancin cututtukan da ba su da haɗari ba su ne cututtukan fata waɗanda ba melanoma ba waɗanda ba su haifar da radiation ultraviolet ba. Shaida bayyananniya ta kafa radiation ultraviolet, musamman ma matsakaicin raƙuman raguman ionizing UVB, a matsayin sanadin mafi yawan cututtukan cututtukan fata waɗanda ba melanoma ba, waɗanda sune mafi yawan nau'ikan ciwon daji a duniya. Ionizing radiation Tushen ionizing radiation sun haɗa da hoton likita, da radon gas. Ionizing radiation ba mutagen mai karfi bane musamman. Amfani da likitanci na ionizing radiation shine tushen hadakar cututtukan daji da ke haifar da radiation. Ana iya amfani da radiation ionizing don magance wasu cututtuka, amma wannan yana iya, a wasu lokuta, haifar da nau'i na biyu na ciwon daji. Radiation na iya haifar da ciwon daji a mafi yawan sassan jiki, a cikin dukan dabbobi, da kuma kowane shekaru, duk da cewa radiation-induced tabarbarewar ciwace-ciwacen daji yakan dauki shekaru 10-15, kuma zai iya ɗaukar shekaru 40, ya bayyana a asibiti, kuma radiation-jawowa. cutar sankarar bargo yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru 2-10 don bayyana. Radiation-induced meningiomas wani baƙon abu ne mai rikitarwa na kumburin hanji. Wasu mutane, irin su waɗanda ke da ciwon basal cell carcinoma ko retinoblastoma, sun fi sauƙi fiye da matsakaici don bunkasa ciwon daji daga bayyanar radiation. Yara da matasa suna da yuwuwar haɓaka cutar sankarar bargo da ke haifar da radiation sau biyu kamar manya; Fitar da radiation kafin haihuwa yana da tasirin sau goma. Hakanan ana amfani da ionizing radiation a wasu nau'ikan hoton likita A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, hoton likitanci yana ba da gudummawar kusan adadin radiation ga jama'a kamar na baya-bayan nan. Dabarun magungunan nukiliya sun haɗa da allurar magungunan rediyo kai tsaye zuwa cikin jini. Maganin rediyo da gangan yana isar da allurai masu yawa na radiation zuwa ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da ke kewaye da shi azaman nau'in maganin cuta. An kiyasta cewa 0.4% na ciwon daji a cikin 2007 a Amurka sun kasance saboda CTs da aka yi a baya kuma wannan na iya karuwa zuwa 1.5-2% tare da ƙimar amfani da CT a wannan lokaci guda. Bayyanar mazaunin ga radon gas yana da irin wannan haɗarin kansa kamar shan taba Ƙananan bayyanar cututtuka, kamar rayuwa kusa da tashar makamashin nukiliya, an yi imanin cewa ba su da wani tasiri ko kadan akan ci gaban ciwon daji. Radiation shine tushen ciwon daji mafi karfi idan aka haɗa shi da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa, irin su radon iskar gas tare da shan taba. Dalilan da ba kasafai ba Dashen gabobi Ci gaban ciwace-ciwacen da ake samu daga masu ba da taimako daga dashen sassan jiki yana da wuyar gaske. Babban abin da ke haifar da ciwace-ciwacen gabobi da ke da alaƙa da alama yana da cutar melanoma, wanda ba a gano shi ba a lokacin girbi na gabbai. Haka kuma an sami rahotannin sarcoma na Kaposi na faruwa bayan dasawa saboda ficewar ƙwayoyin masu ba da taimako da kwayoyin cuta suka kamu da cutar. Tashin hankali Raunin jiki da ke haifar da ciwon daji ba kasafai ba ne. Da'awar cewa karya kasusuwa ya haifar da ciwon daji na kashi, alal misali, ba a taɓa tabbatar da hakan ba. Hakazalika, ba a yarda da raunin jiki a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar mahaifa, ciwon nono, ko kansar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da aka yarda shine akai-akai, aikace-aikacen dogon lokaci na abubuwa masu zafi zuwa jiki. Mai yiyuwa ne konewar da ake ta yi a wani bangare na jiki, irin wadanda ake samar da su daga kangare da na’urorin dumama na kairo (masu dumin hannun gawayi), na iya haifar da cutar kansar fata, musamman ma idan akwai sinadarai masu cutar kansa. Yawan shan shayi mai zafi mai zafi na iya haifar da ciwon daji na esophageal. Gabaɗaya, an yi imanin cewa ciwon daji ya taso, ko kuma ana karfafa ciwon daji da ya rigaya ya kasance, a lokacin aikin gyaran raunin da ya faru, maimakon ciwon daji wanda ya haifar da ciwon kai tsaye. Koyaya, raunin raunin da aka samu ga kyallen takarda iri ɗaya na iya haɓaka haɓakar kwayoyin sel da yawa, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi. Watsawar uwa- tayi A {asar Amirka, kusan mata masu juna biyu 3,500 suna fama da rashin lafiya a kowace shekara, kuma an lura da watsa cutar sankarar bargo mai tsanani, lymphoma, melanoma da carcinoma daga uwa zuwa tayin. Ban da cututtukan da ba kasafai ake yadawa ba da ke faruwa tare da masu juna biyu da masu ba da gudummawar gabbai kaɗan kawai, ciwon daji gabadaya ba cuta ce mai yaduwa ba Babban dalilin wannan shine kin amincewa da ƙwayar nama wanda rashin daidaituwa na MHC ya haifar. A cikin mutane da sauran kasusuwa, tsarin rigakafi yana amfani da antigens na MHC don bambanta tsakanin "kai" da "wadanda ba na kai ba" saboda wadannan antigens sun bambanta da mutum zuwa mutum. Lokacin da aka ci karo da antigens wadanda ba na kansu ba, tsarin rigakafi yana amsawa da tantanin halitta da ya dace. Irin wadannan halayen na iya karewa daga kwayar kwayar cuta ta hanyar kawar da kwayoyin da aka dasa. Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

6520

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Balogun

Leon Balogun

Leon Aderemi Balogun (an haife shi ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, 1988). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga zakarun gasar Premier ta Scotland Rangers da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Ya buga wasansa na farko na Bundesliga a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009 a Hannover 96 a wasan da suka yi da Hamburger SV. Bayan kwangilarsa da 2. Bundesliga kungiyar Fortuna Düsseldorf ya kare a lokacin rani na 2014, ya kasance ba tare da kulob ba tsawon watanni uku har sai da ya koma Darmstadt 98. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2014 zuwa 2015. Brighton Hove Albion A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018, Balogun ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kulob din Premier League Brighton &amp; Hove Albion. Balogun ya fara taka leda a kulob din Sussex yana zuwa a matsayin farkon wanda zai maye gurbinsa da Manchester United ya maye gurbin Lewis Dunk da ya ji rauni. Seagulls ta ci United 3–2 a filin wasa na Falmer. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Albion inda ta tashi 2-0 da abokan hamayyarta Crystal Palace a filin wasa na Falmer inda ya zura kwallo a cikin dakika 25 bayan da aka yi kasa a gwiwa a kan maye gurbin Pascal Groß sakamakon jan kati da Shane Duffy ya yi masa na bugun kai. Wasan ya ƙare 3-1 ga Albion don neman haƙƙin fahariya a cikin M23 derby. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2019, Balogun ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin Kofin EFL a wasan da suka doke Bristol Rovers da ci 2–1. Wigan Athletic Balogun ya kulla yarjejeniya da Wigan Athletic a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2020 kan yarjejeniyar aro ta watanni shida. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ɗan gajeren lokaci na dindindin tare da Latics har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2019-20. Rangers Balogun ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Rangers na Scotland a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2020 kan kwantiragin shekara guda, tare da zabin da kulob din ke da shi na tsawaita tsawon shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko ga Rangers mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga Agusta, a wasan Premier na Scotland da Aberdeen inda ya burge shi yayin cin nasara da ci 1-0. A cikin watan Fabrairu 2021, ya maye gurbinsa a dama bayan rauni ga kyaftin din kulob din James Tavernier da kuma dakatar da dan wasan ajiyar Nathan Patterson. Balogun ya taba taka leda a baya tun da farko a rayuwarsa lokacin yana Jamus. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2021, Balogun ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekara guda tare da Rangers. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan rukuni na gasar Europa League da Brøndby IDAN. Ayyukan kasa An haifi Balogun a Germany, mahaifinsa ɗan Najeriya ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Jamus ce, Najeriya ta kira Balogun don buga wasan sada zumunta da Mexico a watan Maris shekarar 2014 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Joseph Yobo. Balogun dai ya shigo ne a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci, amma ya samu rauni bayan mintuna 20 a wani karo da aka yi da alamar da ke kan layi. Ya karye a ƙafarsa kuma an saita shi ba zai wuce watanni 2-3 ba bayan tiyata. Sai dai daga baya ya tabbatar wa manema labarai cewa raunin da ya samu bai bukaci a yi masa tiyata ba. A ranar 25 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015, ya buga wa Najeriya wasa na biyu a ci 1-0 da Uganda. Ya buga wa kasar wasansa na uku a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2015 lokacin da ya buga wasan da suka doke kasar Chadi da ci 2-0 a wasan farko na neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2017. A watan Yunin shekarar 2018, an saka shi cikin ‘yan wasa 23 na karshe da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Balogun dai ya buga wasan ne a kowane minti daya cikin wasanni uku da Najeriya ta buga ciki har da ci 2-0 da Iceland, amma an fitar da su ne bayan da suka kare a mataki na 3 a rukuninsu. An saka Balogun a cikin tawagar Najeriya da za ta buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2019. Fitowar sa na farko a gasar ya zo ne a wasa na biyu na rukuni na biyu da Najeriya ta buga da Guinea inda Najeriya ta samu nasara da ci 1-0 inda ta kai ga tsallakewa zuwa zagayen gaba. Balogun dai ya buga wasanni 4 a gasar inda Super Eagles ta kare a matsayin wadanda suka lashe kyautar tagulla. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Balogun ne a Berlin, Jamus ta Yamma mahaifinsa ɗan Najeriya Bafarawa kuma Mahaifiyarsa Bajamushiyace. Balogun ya girma Roman Katolika kuma an tura shi makarantar Katolika tun yana ƙarami, amma ya ji haushin tarbiyarsa mai tsanani kuma ya zama wanda bai yarda da Allah a shekarunsa na girma ba. Duk da haka, a lokacin wahalhalu na farkon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Balogun ya sake yin imani da Allah kuma yanzu Kirista ne mai ibada. Balogun yana jin Turanci da Jamusanci sosai, amma ba ya jin Yarbanci, yaren mahaifinsa yayin da iyayensa suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗa shi cikin al'adun Jamus. A watan Nuwamba 2019 Balogun ya ce akwai bukatar a ba da amsa baki daya daga 'yan wasa game da wariyar launin fata a kwallon kafa. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne suka jera kwallayen da Najeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowace kwallon Balogun. Girmamawa Rangers Gasar Firimiya ta Scotland: 2020-21 Najeriya Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Matsayi na uku: 2019 Manazarta 1. "2018/19 Premier League squads confirmed" Premier League. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. 2. "Leon Balogun: Overview" ESPN. Retrieved 25 July 2020. 3. "Leon Balogun: Overview" Premier League. Retrieved 25 July 2020. 4. "Petric als Blitzarbeiter" (in German). kicker.de. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2010. 5. "Lilien verstärken sich mit Leon Balogun" [Lilien strengthens with Leon Balogun] (in German). SV Darmstadt 98. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2015. 6. "Leon Balogun: Brighton sign Nigeria international on free transfer" BBC Sport 22 May 2018. 7. "Brighton 3–2 Man Utd: Brighton score three first- half goals to stun visitors BBC Sport" BBC Sport 19 August 2018. 8. "Brighton 3–1 Crystal Palace: Ten-man Seagulls sweep Eagles aside BBC Sport" BBC Sport 4 December 2018. 9. "Bristol Rovers v Brighton Hove Albion BBC Sport" BBC Sport. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019. 10. "LATICS COMPLETE LOAN SIGNING OF BRIGHTON HOVE ALBION DEFENDER LEON BALOGUN" Wigan Athletic FC. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Leon Balogun at Soccerbase Leon Balogun at fussballdaten.de (in German) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40161

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeseye%20Ogunlewe

Adeseye Ogunlewe

Kingsley Adeseye Ogunlewe saurari ɗan Najeriya ne daga gidan sarautar Igbogbo kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka zaɓe shi Sanata a dandalin Alliance for Democracy (AD) 1999 a mazaɓar Legas ta Gabas, kafin ya koma PDP. Daga baya ya zama Ministan Ayyuka (Yuli 2003 zuwa Maris 2006). Lokacin da shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya kore shi daga wannan mukamin, an ce ya faru ne saboda takun-saka da tsohon ubangidansa, Bode George, mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na ƙasa. Fage Ogunlewe ya fito ne daga wata daular Igbogbo, al’ummar karamar hukumar Ikorodu a jihar Legas Kanensa, Dokta Akin Ogunlewe, ya kasance babban sakatare a ma’aikatar kasuwanci da masana’antu ta tarayya, wanda aka sauke shi daga mukaminsa jim kadan bayan ya koma PDP. Ogunlewe tsohon tsohon jami'ar Ibadan ne A lokacin zamansa a Jami'ar Firimiya ya zauna a Mellanby Hall kuma ya taka rawar gani a fagen siyasa. Lauya ne, kuma a wani lokaci ya kasance sakataren dindindin na jihar Legas. Sanata A watan Yulin 2002, Sanata Wahab Dosunmu da Adeseye Ogunlewe sun zargi gwamnan jihar Legas, Bola Ahmed Tinubu da cin amanar dukiyar al’umma ta hanyar ba abokansa kwangila. Ya sake tsayawa takara a 2003 a kan tikitin PDP, amma Olorunnimbe Mamora na Alliance for Democracy (AD) ya doke shi. Ministan ayyuka A watan Yulin 2003, Ogunlewe ya sanar da cewa, gwamnatin tarayya za ta zuba jarin kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 2.85 wajen gyara da kuma inganta hanyoyin sadarwa na kasar nan, kuma ya yi shirin samar da dukkan hanyoyin Kasar nan zuwa karshen shekara. A watan Janairun 2004, Ogunlewe ya ce gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da karin Naira miliyan 900 domin gyaran tituna a yankin Kudu maso Gabas. A cikin Afrilu 2004, Ogunlewe ya lashe lambar yabo ta Dokta Kwame Nkrumah na Shugabancin Afirka a Accra, Ghana A watan Mayun 2004, Ogunlewe ya buga lambar wayarsa kuma ya gaya wa mutane su yi amfani da ita idan sun ga ramukan tukwane ko kuma suka sami hatsarin mota. Ya ce ya cika da kiraye-kirayen, amma kuma ya ce game da hanyoyin "Yanzu suna da kyau." Ya yi ikirarin cewa 12,600 km na tituna an gyara su cikin watanni shida da suka gabata. A cikin watan Yunin 2004, an yi arangama a jihar Legas tsakanin wakilan ma’aikatar ayyuka ta tarayya da jami’an hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta jihar Legas. Rikicin dai ya shafi kula da hanyoyin gwamnatin tarayya ne, kuma bisa dukkan alamu yana da nasaba da rigingimun da ke faruwa tsakanin Ogunlewe da gwamnan jihar Bola Ahmed Tinubu na jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy. A watan Agustan 2004, Ogunlewe ya sanar da cewa Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Afirka sun shirya hada gwiwa da Najeriya don gina babbar hanyar da ta tashi zuwa yammacin Afirka daga Legas zuwa babban birnin Mauritania Nouakchott A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2004, Ogunlewe ya bayyana cewa, shekarar 2005 za ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri wajen gyaran hanyoyi da gine-gine. A watan Maris na 2006, bayan an kore shi daga mukamin Ministan Ayyuka, Ogunlewe ya bukaci Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo da ya sake neman wa’adi na uku a kan karagar mulki. Daga baya aiki A watan Yulin 2006, an samu wani ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Legas, Funsho Williams da aka kashe a gidansa. An kama Ogunlewe, wanda ya kasance dan takarar jam’iyyar PDP ne da laifin kisan kai. Daga baya aka sake shi, amma a watan Fabrairun 2007, an sake kama shi. A watan Nuwambar 2009, kwamitin wucin gadi na majalisar dattijai kan harkokin sufuri karkashin jagorancin Heineken Lokpobiri, ya gabatar da rahoto ga majalisar dattijai, wanda ya bayyana "zargin da ake zarginsa da aikata laifuka" a cikin kwangilar hanya na tsawon shekaru goma, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa tsofaffin ministocin ayyuka Anthony Anenih Adeseye Ogunlewe, Obafemi Anibaba, Cornelius Adebayo da sauran su za a gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin hanci da rashawa. Tattaunawar majalisar dattijai kan rahoton ya jinkirta. Sanata Ogunlewe ya yi murabus daga muƙaminsa na Shugaban Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya da ke Abeokuta a shekarar 2016. A 2019, Sanata Ogunlewe ya bar jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party zuwa All Progressives Congress Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

61421

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wansbrough

John Wansbrough

John Edward Wansbrough (Fabrairu 19, 1928 Yuni 10, 2002) ɗan tarihi ne Ba'amurke kuma farfesa wanda ya koyar a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka ta Jami'ar London (SOAS), inda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban gwamnati daga 1985 zuwa 1992. Wansbrough an yaba da kafa wata makarantar da ake kira Revisionist School of Islamic Studies ta hanyar sukar da ya yi kan ingancin tarihi na kur'ani da sauran matani na Musulunci na farko, musamman dangane da labaran Musulunci na gargajiya da suka shafi tarihin farko na Musulunci da kuma yunkurinsa na samar da wata hanya ta daban., a tarihi mafi ingantaccen sigar Musulunci na farkonsa. Ya yi gardama a gabaɗaya game da shakku game da marubucin tushen Musulunci na farko, kuma mafi shaharar cewa an rubuta Kur'ani kuma an tattara shi a cikin shekaru 200, kuma bai kamata a rubuta shi ba daga Hijaz na 1st karni, Yammacin Larabawa, amma daga karni na 2/3 bayan hijira a kasar Abbasiyawa Rayuwa An haifi Wansbrough a Peoria, Illinois Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Harvard, kuma ya yi sauran karatunsa na ilimi a SOAS. Ya mutu a Montaigu-de-Quercy, Faransa Daga cikin dalibansa akwai Andrew Rippin, Norman Calder, Gerald R. Hawting, Patricia Crone da Michael Cook. Bincike da nazari Aikin Wansbrough ya jaddada abubuwa biyu—cewa adabin musulmi ya makara, wanda ya shafe sama da karni daya da rabi bayan mutuwar Muhammadu, kuma Musulunci wani lamari ne mai sarkakiya wanda tabbas ya dauki al’ummomi da dama don ci gaba. Lokacin da Wansbrough ya fara nazarin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na farko na Islama da kur'ani, ya fahimci cewa nassosin Islama na farko sun yi magana da masu sauraro waɗanda suka saba da rubutun Yahudawa da na Kirista, kuma an tattauna matsalolin tauhidin Yahudawa da Kirista. Sukar “kafirai” a cikin wannan wallafe-wallafen da ya yi tsokaci ba a yi magana da su ba ga masu bautar gumaka da arna ba ne, amma ga masu tauhidi wadanda ba su yi tauhidi ba “tsallaka”.[ lura ba su dace da ruwayoyin Musulunci kan farkon Musulunci ba, wadanda suka nuna Musulunci ya zo a cikin al'ummar mushrikai. Wansbrough ya kuma gano cewa hujjojin shari'a na farko na musulmi ba su yi nuni da Kur'ani ba, tare da wasu alamun cewa babu "tsayayyen nassi" a zamanin Rashidun da Umayyawa, wanda ke nuni da cewa Kur'ani a matsayin tushen shari'a ya kasance baya baya. Wansbrough ya yi nazari ne kan labaran Musulunci na gargajiya wadanda aka rubuta shekaru 150 zuwa 200 bayan rasuwar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da hanyar tarihi mai mahimmanci musamman sukar adabi Don haka, ya yi da’awar hujjoji marasa adadi cewa nassosin ba lissafin tarihi ba ne amma daga baya gine-ginen adabi a ma’anar “tarihin ceto” Heilsgeschichte na Tsohon Alkawari, wanda ainihin ainihin ainihin tarihinsa kaɗan ne kuma ba za a iya gano shi ba. A kan haka, Wansbrough ya kirkiro sassan ka'idar da ya cancanta a matsayin "conjectural "na wucin gadi" da kuma "na wucin gadi kuma mai mahimmanci", kamar yadda yake nunawa (a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Herbert Berg. cewa “Al-Qur’ani ko Musulunci ba na Muhammad ba ne ko ma Larabawa”, haka nan Larabawa na asali wadanda ci daular Banu Umayya ba su kasance Musulmi ba. amma an samo shi daga rikice-rikice na ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa da Kiristanci daban-daban da kuma buƙatun nassi mai tsarki (kafafi) wanda zai dogara da ka'idar dokokin Abbasiyawa: "Aikin shawahid na nassi a cikin gardama na halak yana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun nassi mara ma'ana. wahayi... sakamakon haka shi ne kur'ani mai tsarki. An rubuta Alqur'ani kuma an tattara shi cikin dogon lokaci sama da shekaru 200 don haka ba za a iya jingina shi ga Muhammadu ba, kasancewar kwanan baya fiye da tarihin gargajiya. Mutumin Muhammadu zai zama sabon ƙirƙira daga baya, ko aƙalla, Muhammadu ba zai iya dangantaka da Alƙur'ani ba. A zamanin baya, Muhammadu yana da aikin samar da ainihin kansa ga sabon motsin addini bisa ga abin koyi na Annabin Tsohon Alkawari. Tarba da suka Ka'idodin Wansbrough ba a "karɓi sosai" ba kuma ba a ƙi su ba, a cewar Gabriel Said Reynolds Ta hanyar sukar da ya yi na sahihancin tarihi na kididdigar Musulunci na gargajiya game da farkon Musulunci da kuma kokarinsa na samar da wani madadin, mafi inganci a tarihi na farkon Musulunci, Wansbrough ya kafa makarantar da ake kira "mai bita" na Nazarin Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Andrew Rippin da malamin addini Herbert Berg rashin sha'awar malaman da ba musulmi ba a ra'ayin Wansbrough za a iya gano shi da cewa Wansbrough ya kauce daga tafarkin mafi karancin kokari da tsayin daka wajen neman ilimi ta hanyar tambayar mafi girman kungiyar Musulunci. adabi akan tarihin Musulunci, Alqur'ani, da Muhammadu; “Rusa” abubuwan da suka kasance abubuwan tarihi ba tare da maye gurbinsu da sababbi ba; kira don amfani da dabarun zargi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, yana buƙatar cancanta a cikin wasu harsuna fiye da Larabci, sanin "tsarin addini" wanin Musulunci, da wurare dabam dabam "ban da Larabawa a jajibirin Islama". da kuma taka kasa mai tsarki a Musulunci. Ka'idar Wansbrough game da dogon tsari (sama da shekaru 200) na rubuce-rubuce da tarin Alqur'ani a yau ana ɗaukarsa da yawa ba za su iya jurewa ba saboda binciken da aka yi na rubuce-rubucen kur'ani na Farko da yawa daga cikinsu an gwada su da bincike na radiocarbon (a kusa da 2010- 2014) kuma an yi kwanan wata zuwa karni na bakwai CE.

20518

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Airways%20Flight%202120

Nigeria Airways Flight 2120

Jirgin saman Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 jirgin fasinja ne daga Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, zuwa Sokoto, Najeriya a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1991, wanda ya kama da wuta jim kadan bayan tashinsa daga Filin jirgin saman King Abdulaziz ya fadi a yayin da yake kokarin dawowa don saukar gaggawa, ya kashe fasinjoji mutum 247 duka. da ma’aikatan jirgin guda 14. Jirgin na Douglas DC-8 ne wanda kamfanin Nationair Canada ke aiki da shi na Nigeria Airways Jirgin shekara ta 2120 shine hadari mafi muni da ya shafi DC-8 kuma har yanzu shine mafi munin bala'in jirgin sama da ya shafi kamfanin jirgin saman Kanada. Jirgin sama da ma'aikata Jirgin da ya yi hatsarin shi ne Douglas DC-8-61, na shekara ta 1968, C-GMXQ, mallakar kamfanin Kanada na Nolisair, wanda yawanci kamfanin Nationair Canada ke aiki. A lokacin da hatsarin ya faru, ana kuma ba da haya ne ga kamfanin jirgin na Nigeria Airways, wanda shi kuma ya bayar da hayar ta ga kamfanin Holdtrade Services don jigilar alhazan Nijeriya zuwa Makka da dawowa DC-8, shine nau'in jirgin sama na farko da kamfanin jirgin ke amfani dashi. William Allan, kyaftin din mai shekaru 47, tsohon matukin jirgin saman Sojan Sama na Kanada, ya yi tafiyar awanni guda 10,700 na jirgin sama da kuma awanni 1,000. Kent Davidge, jami'in na farko mai shekaru 36, ya yi tafiyar awanni 8,000 na zirga-zirga, wanda awanni 550, ke ciki, kuma shi ne matukin jirgin da ke tashi a cikin hatsarin. Victor Fehr, Injiniyan jirgin mai shekaru 46, ya yi tafiyar awanni 7,500 na zirga-zirga, wanda a ciki sa’o’i 1,000 ke ciki. Hadari Jirgin ya tashi daga filin jirgin saman King Abdulaziz zuwa filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa na Sadiq Abubakar III da ke Sokoto, amma an bayar da rahoton matsaloli ba da jimawa ba bayan tashinsa Ba a sani ba game da jirgin, jirgin ya tashi da wuta a lokacin tashinsa, kuma ko da yake wutar kanta ba a bayyane take ba tun lokacin da ta fara a wani yanki ba tare da tsarin gargadi na gobara ba, illolin suna da yawa. Matsa lamba ba ta yi nasara ba da sauri, kuma ma'aikatan sun kasance cikin damuwa da gargaɗi marasa ma'ana sakamakon gazawar kewayen wuta. Dangane da gazawar matsin lamba, Allan ya yanke shawarar kasancewa a amma an tsayar da jirgin zuwa a sakamakon mai kula da yin kuskuren Flight a shekara ta 2120 na jirgin Saudia wanda shi ma yake bayar da rahoton matsalolin matsin lamba saboda Kyaftin Allan ya yi kuskuren bayyana shi da "Nationair Canada a shekara ta 2120" maimakon "Nigerian a shekara ta 2120," cakuda da aka kwashe mintuna uku, amma daga ƙarshe an gano ba shi da wani tasiri a kan sakamakon. A tsakanin wannan, Jami'in Farko Davidge, wanda ya tashi C-GMXQ daga waje, ya ba da rahoton cewa ya rasa lantarki. Sai kawai ma'aikatan jirgin suka fahimci gobarar lokacin da wani ma'aikacin jirgin ya garzaya cikin matattarar jirgin yana ba da rahoton "hayaki a baya haƙiƙanin gaske." Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Davidge ya ba da rahoton cewa ya rasa lamuran wahala, ya tilasta Allan ya karɓi ragamar mulki; yayin da Allan ya karɓi ragamar, rikodin muryar jirgin ya faɗi. A wannan lokacin, mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya fahimci cewa Flight a shekara ta 2120, ba jirgin Saudiya bane kuma yana cikin matsala, kuma ya jagorance su zuwa filin jirgin. Daga baya Allan ya tuntubi kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sau da yawa, daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwar sa gabannin mutuwa shi ne neman motocin gaggawa. Lokacin da jirgin yayi kusan daga tashar jirgin sama da zuwa hawa wurin da za'a iya saukar da kayan saukar jirgin, ta fara hango fashewar wasu fadoji kuma gawarwaki da dama sun fado daga gareta, wanda ke nuni da cewa wutar a wancan lokacin ta cinye, a kalla a wani bangare, gidan dakin. Kawai takaice daga titin saukar jirgin, jirgin da ke narkewa daga karshe ya zama ba a iya shawo kansa ya fadi, kashe duk wani bangare na mutane 261, da ke cikin jirgin gami da fasinjoji 247 wadanda ba su riga sun shanye ko sun fado daga cikin jirgin ba. An gano tara daga cikin ma'aikata goma sha hudu, amma "ba a yi kokarin tantance fasinjojin ba". the accident remains the deadliest crash involving a Douglas DC-8, as well as the second-deadliest accident taking place on Saudi Arabian soil, after Saudia Flight 163. after Saudia Flight 163. Dalilin Kafin tashi, babban makanike ya lura cewa 2 da 4, tayoyin taya sun kasance kasa da mafi karancin aika jirgin," kuma sun yi yunƙurin kumbura su, amma ba a sami iskar gas mai sauƙi ba. Manajan aikin, ba da son karɓar jinkiri ba, ya yi watsi da matsalar kuma ya karanta jirgin don aikawa. Yayin da jirgin yake tasi, canja wurin kaya daga taya mai lamba 2, ta taya zuwa na 1, a kan layin tashar jiragen ruwa daya ya haifar da "cikin wuce gona da iri, dumama dumama da kuma rage karfin fasali na lamba 1." "Taya ta 1 ta gaza sosai da wuri lokacin da za a tashi," kusan nan da nan ya bi ta lamba 2. Latterarshen ya daina juyawa “saboda dalilan da ba a kafa su ba,” kuma rikice-rikicen da aka yi a gaban motar motar tare da titin sauka da tashin jiragen sama ya samar da isasshen zafin wuta don kunna wuta mai cin gashin kanta. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun fahimci cewa akwai matsala, amma ba yanayi ko mahimmancin ta ba. Ba a tanadar da jirgin sama da na'urori masu auna wuta ko na zafi a cikin motar ba. An yi rikodin jami'in na farko yana mai faɗi yana cewa, "Za mu iya yin taya, ya kai?" Dangane da Kwamitin Tsaro na Sufuri na mambobin Kanada da aka yi hira da su a wani labarin ranar Mayday game da hatsarin, hanyoyin da suka dace game da gazawar taya yayin tashin jirgin a kan jirgin DC-8 ba su hada da kin amincewa da tashi don tayar ko tayar da keken ba, don haka kyaftin din ya ci gaba tare da takeoff. Dangane da ƙirar jirgin sama na gama-gari, haɗarin ya zama ba makawa a daidai lokacin da aka janye kayan saukar jirgin, 'yan daƙiƙa bayan tashin jirgin da daɗewa kafin gaggawa ta bayyana. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, "an kawo roba mai ƙonewa kusa da kayan haɗin lantarki da kayan haɗin lantarki," wanda ya haifar da gazawar tsarin hydraulic da na matsi wanda ya haifar da lalacewar tsarin da asarar sarrafa jirgin. Daga baya Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta kammala, "da ma'aikatan sun bar kayan saukar jirgin, da an kau da hatsarin." Fuel, "mai yiwuwa an gabatar da shi ne sakamakon 'ƙonewa ta cikin' tankin tankin mai," ƙara wutar, wanda a ƙarshe ya cinye bene na gidan. Mutane sun fara fadowa daga jirgin lokacin da kayan aikin mazaunin su suka kone. "Duk da irin barnar da jirgin ya yi, jirgin ya bayyana da cewa ana iya sarrafa shi har zuwa gab da faduwarsa." An gano yayin binciken cewa masu kanikanci sun san game da tayoyin da ba su da kumburi tun daga ranar 7, ga watan Yuli amma manajan aikin, da rashin horon da ya dace don yanke shawara, ya hana gyaran tayoyin saboda jirgin ya kasance a kan kari, yana bukatar su rikodin karatun matsa lamba na ƙarya a cikin katako don sanya jirgin sama ya zama mai iska. Wannan yana nufin cewa shuwagabannin Nationair Canada sun matsawa takwarorinsu ma'aikatan matukin jirgin don su hana bayanan da suke da tasirin gaske. Bayan haka Ba da daɗewa ba bayan hatsarin, ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jirgin saman Nationair Canada da ke Toronto suka tattara kuɗi don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa, wanda aka rubuta da sunayen waɗanda abin ya shafa. Tunawa, wanda aka kammala shi da bishiyar cherry da aka dasa don tunawa da abokan aikinsu da suka mutu a Jeddah, an ba shi gida na dindindin a babban ofishin Babban Ofishin Jiragen Sama na Toronto Jirgin saman, haɗe tare da mummunan suna na Nationair Kanada don sabis akan lokaci da matsalolin injina, ya haifar da manyan matsaloli tare da martabar jama'a da amincin tsakanin masu yawon buɗe ido. Wadannan matsalolin sun tabarbare lokacin da Nationair Canada ta kulle ma'aikatanta na jirgin sama masu hadaka kuma suka ci gaba da maye gurbinsu da masu buga doka a ranar 19, ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1991. Kulle-kullen ya ɗauki tsawon watanni 15, kuma a lokacin da ya ƙare a farkon shekara ta 1993, Nationair Kanada ta sami kanta cikin mawuyacin halin rashin kuɗi. A lokacin, Nationair Canada na bin gwamnatin Kanada bashin miliyoyin daloli na saukar jirgi. Masu ba da bashi sun fara kwace jirgin sama kuma suna neman tsabar kudi a gaba don ayyuka. An bayyana kamfanin fatarar ne a cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 1993, saboda CDN 75 miliyan. A shekara ta 1997, Robert Obadia, mamallakin Nationair Canada da mahaifinta Nolisair, sun amsa laifuka takwas na zamba dangane da ayyukan kamfanin. A cikin sanannun al'adu Wani labari na Mayday a cikin shekara ta 2012, mai taken "Underarfafa Matsala" ya rufe wannan hatsarin. Duba kuma Jirgin Sama na Air France 4590Wani hatsarin jirgin sama a shekara ta 2000, wanda ya faru sanadiyyar gobara da ta tashi sakamakon fashewar taya Tsaro na jirgin sama Jerin hadurra da lamuran da suka shafi jiragen sama ta wuri Jerin hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru da suka shafi jirgin kasuwanci Jirgin Mexicana 940Wani hadari da ya faru a shekara ta 1986, wanda ya shafi gobarar saukowa Jirgin Swissair Flight 306Wani hadari a shekara ta 1963, da ya faru sanadiyyar gobara da ta tashi sakamakon gazawar kayan sauka a jirgin Jirgin Jirgin Sama na ValuJet 592Wani hadari a shekara ta 1996, wanda ya faru sanadiyyar gobarar wuta a cikin kayan masarufi Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rukunin Rikodi na Rikodi na Coppit Shafin tarihin Nationair Accident history for King Abdulaziz International Airport Filayen jirgin sama Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya Hadaddiyar Daular Larabwa Sararin sama Pages with unreviewed

53247

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emha%20Ainun%20Nadjib

Emha Ainun Nadjib

Articles with hCards Muhammad Ainun Nadjib (an haife shi 27 ga Mayu 1953), wanda aka fi sani da Emha Ainun Nadjib ko Cak Nun Mbah Nun, mawaƙi ne na Indonesiya, marubuci kuma ɗan adam. An haife shi a Jombang, Gabashin Java, Nadjib ya fara rubuta waƙa yayin da yake zaune a Yogyakarta, yana buga tarinsa na farko a shekarar 1976. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan birnin a karshen shekarun 1980, sannan kuma ya fara rubuta kasidu. Shi ne shugaban kungiyar Kiai Kanjeng, mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kade-kade a kan batutuwan addini. Waqoqin farko na Nadjib suna da abubuwa na sukar zamantakewa. Koyaya, mafi shaharar dabi'un Musulunci ne, wanda aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin santri ko Sufi Shi ma Musulunci abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin rubutunsa. Rubuce-rubucensa sun dau salo iri-iri, wadanda suka hada da wakoki, kasidu, litattafai, da gajerun labarai. Rayuwar farko An haifi Nadjib Muhammad Ainun Nadjib a Jombang, Gabashin Java a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1953. Na hudu cikin yara goma sha biyar, ya fara karatunsa a Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, pesantren (makarantar allo ta Islama) a Ponorogo A cikin shekara ta uku, an kori Nadjib saboda jagorantar zanga-zangar adawa da tsaron makaranta. Daga baya ya koma Yogyakarta, inda ya yi karatu a Muhammadiyyah I Senior High School. Ya halarci shirin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Gadjah Mada amma bai kammala karatunsa ba, ya tafi bayan semester daya. Sana'a Nadjib ya rayu a Yogyakarta shekaru da yawa, yana aiki a matsayin editan mujallar Masa Kini tsakanin 1973 da 1976. A cikin 1976 ya buga tarin waƙarsa na farko, "M" Frustrasi dan Sajak Sajak Cinta Kundin wakokinsa na 1978 Sajak-Sajak Sepanjang Jalan ya lashe gasar rubutun wakoki ta Tifa Sastra Ya fi mayar da hankali kan wakokinsa a wannan lokacin, inda ya yi karatu daga mawaƙin Sufanci Umbu Landu Paranggi, kodayake ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo Teater Dinasti. A ƙarshen 1980s, Nadjib, tare da Iman Budhi Santosa, an ɗauke shi ɗayan manyan mawaƙa na Yogyakarta. Kamar yadda ayyukansa, gami da kasidunsa, wani lokaci suka yi wa tsarin mulkin Suharto, a ƙarshe ya buƙaci tawagar tsaro. Shekaru biyu, daga 1984 zuwa 1986, Nadjib ya zauna a Amsterdam da Hague, Netherlands, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu yana taimakawa da bita kan addini, al'adu da ci gaba. Daga baya ya bayyana abin da ya faru a matsayin wani muhimmin lokaci a rayuwarsa. Nadjib ya koma Indonesia, kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 1988, Lautan Jilbab Tekun Labura ya karya rikodin Indonesiya don girman masu sauraro; Aprinus Salam na Jami'ar Gadjah Mada ya rubuta cewa ana iya danganta hakan ga yadda jama'a ke kara sha'awar kayan addini. A cikin 1991, Nadjib ya haifar da tashin hankali lokacin da ya bar kungiyar Indonesiya ta Indonesiya na Ingantattun Hankali, yana mai nuni da bambancin hangen nesa da kungiyar da kuma sha'awar zama "mai zaman kansa". A cikin 1998 Nadjib yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman musulmi waɗanda suka yi magana da Soeharto kafin ya yi murabus Nadjib yana jagorantar ƙungiyar Kiai Kanjeng, wacce ke tsara wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗe-kaɗe a kan jigogi na bambancin addini A cikin 2001 ƙungiyar, wacce aka fi sani da Kiai Kanjeng Sepuh, ta fitar da rikodin kiɗan Islama da waƙoƙi mai suna Bermusik kepada Allah, untuk Indonesia, Maiyah, Tanah Air Ƙungiyar ta zagaya cikin Indonesia, da kuma na duniya zuwa irin waɗannan ƙasashe kamar Finland, Italiya da Jamus a 2006, da kuma Netherlands a 2008. Nadjib ya dauki kungiyar a matsayin mai samar da zaman lafiya, saboda rangadin da ta yi a kasashen duniya ya biyo bayan cece-kucen zane-zane na <i id="mwTw">Jyllands-Posten</i> Muhammad na 2005 da kuma cece-kuce kan fim din Fitna na Geert Wilders na 2008, bi da bi. Nadjib ya sha tafiya cikin kasar Indonesiya don yin magana game da dabi'un Musulunci da ruhi, inda ya jawo dubban mutane daga addinai daban-daban. A cikin 2012 yana karbar bakuncin tattaunawa na wata-wata guda biyar: Padhang Mbulan (a Jombang), Mocopat Syafaat (a Yogyakarta), Kenduri Cinta (a Jakarta Gambang Syafaat (a Semarang da Obor Ilahi (a Malang A 2005 Nadjib ya sami lambar yabo ta Muslim News Award of Islamic Excellence. A cikin 2006 an ba shi suna Seputar Indonesiya Mutum na Shekara a fagen al'adu. A cikin 2010 Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon shakatawa ta Indonesia ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Satyalencana Kebudayaan. Nadjib, wanda aka fi sani da lakabin Cak Nun, yana zaune ne a yankin Kadipiro na Yogyakarta. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Novia Kolopaking. Yana da 'ya'ya hudu: Sabrang, Hayya, Jembar, da Rampak. Sabrang, wanda aka sani da sunan mataki Noe, shine mawaƙin ƙungiyar Indonesiya Letto, Jembar (Senior 2017-2018) da Rampak (Junior 2018-2019) shine Shugaban Majalisar Dalibai ta Makarantar Makarantar Islamiyya ta Cahaya Rancamaya. Salo da ra'ayoyi Kamar sauran marubutan Yogyakarta irin su Kuntowijoyo da Mustofa W. Hasyim, wakokin Nadjib suna da tasiri sosai daga addinin Musulunci. An fi bayyana tasirinsa na Musulunci a matsayin santri ko orthodox, ko da yake Salam ya nuna cewa akwai tasirin Sufanci kuma. Nadjib ya siffanta wakarsa da cewa "mai zurfin addini da falsafa amma kyakkyawa". Ra'ayin Nadjib game da Musulunci ra'ayi ne na hakuri. Ya yi Allah wadai da fatawar Majalisar Malamai ta Indonesiya ta 2007 wadda ta haramta jam'in addini, da kuma dokokin shari'ar matakin yanki. Ya goyi bayan haƙƙin Ahmadis na yin aiki a Indonesiya, kuma ya inganta tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a matsayin hanyar rage tasirinsu. Yawancin ayyukan Nadjib na farko sun shafi sukar zamantakewa Zaɓaɓɓen littafin littafi A shekara ta 2004 Nadjib ya buga tarin wakoki 25. Wannan zaɓaɓɓen littafin tarihin ya dogara ne akan waɗanda Rampan (2000 da Nadjib (2012 Tarin wakoki Kasidu da aka tattara Nassoshi Ayyukan da aka ambata Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1953 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25820

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeah%20Yeah%20Yeahs

Yeah Yeah Yeahs

The Yeah Yeah Yeahs American indie rock band ne da aka kafa a New York City a 2000. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi mawaƙa da kaɗe -kaɗe Karen O (wanda aka Haifa Karen Lee Orzolek), mawaƙa da mawaƙa Nick Zinner, da mai buga Brian Chase Mawaƙa na biyu David Pajo (tsohon Slint da Tortoise wanda ya haɗu a matsayin memba na yawon shakatawa a 2009 ya maye gurbin su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa kuma ya maye gurbin Imaad Wasif, wanda a baya ya riƙe matsayin. Dangane da hirar da aka watsa yayin ABC's Live daga Central Park SummerStage jerin, an ɗauki sunan ƙungiyar daga yaren New York City na zamani Ƙungiyar ta yi rikodin album ɗin studio guda huɗu; na farko, Fever to Tell, an sake shi a 2003. Na biyu, Nuna Kasusuwa, an sake shi a cikin 2006 kuma NME ta ba shi suna mafi kyawun kundi na shekara. Kundin studio na uku, Blitz ne!, an sake shi a cikin Maris 2009. Duk waƙoƙin guda uku sun sami lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Waƙar Kiɗa. Kundin su na hudu, Sauro, an sake shi a watan Afrilu nat 2013. Tarihi Tsara da Zazzabi don Fada (1990s -2004) Karen O da Brian Chase sun fara haduwa a matsayin ɗalibai a Kwalejin Oberlin da ke Ohio a ƙarshen 1990s, inda Chase ya kasance ɗalibin jazz a ɗakin karatu. Daga nan Karen ya koma Jami'ar New York kuma ya sadu da Zinner a cikin mashaya ta gida, inda suka kafa "haɗin kai tsaye." A wannan lokacin, sun kuma raba bene tare da membobin ƙungiyar Metric na gaba Orzolek da Zinner sun kirkiro duo mai suna Unitard amma ba da daɗewa ba suka yanke shawarar "girgiza abubuwa kaɗan" ta hanyar ƙirƙirar "trashy, punky, grimy" band wanda aka tsara bayan ɗalibin fasaha, avant-punk band Karen O da aka fallasa a Oberlin. Bayan mawaƙin da suka fara ɗauka ya durƙusa, Chase ya shiga layi. Ƙungiyar ta rubuta kashe -kashen waƙoƙi a farkon gwajin su kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka sami rauni suna tallafawa The Strokes da The White Stripes, suna samun babban fa'ida don yanayin fasahar su da wurin wasan garaje. A ƙarshen 2001, Yeah Yeah Yeahs sun fito da EP na farko mai taken kansu, wanda suka yi rikodin tare da Boss Hog 's Jerry Teel, a kan nasu Shifty lakabin. A farkon shekara mai zuwa, sun shiga cikin hasashen duniya, suna fitowa a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma, suna yawon Amurka tare da 'Yan mata kan Boys, da Turai tare da Fashewar Jon Spencer Blues, da kuma jagorantar balaguron nasu na Burtaniya. Rikodin Wichita sun rarraba EP na ƙungiyar a Burtaniya kuma Touch and Go sun sake buga shi a cikin Jihohi. In 2003, the band released their debut album, Fever to Tell, which received several strong critical reviews and sold more than 750,000 copies worldwide. The album's third single, "Maps", received significant airplay on alternative radio. In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked "Maps" as 386th in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The video for their 2004 single "Y Control" was directed by Spike Jonze. In October 2004, the band released their first DVD, Tell Me What Rockers to Swallow. The DVD included a concert filmed at The Fillmore in San Francisco, all of the band's music videos to date, and various interviews. Later the same year, they were featured in Scott Crary's documentary Kill Your Idols. Nuna Kasusuwanku kuma shine EP (2005 2007) Kundin kundi na biyu na Yeah Yeah, Show Your Kasusuwa, an sake shi a ranar 27 28 ga Maris 2006. Karen O ya gaya wa zine ta kan layi da ta nutse cikin Sauti, Nuna Ƙashin Ƙashin ku shine abin da ke faruwa lokacin da kuka sanya yatsan ku a cikin soket mai haske", yana ba da lada "Drake Barrett mai shekaru 9 da haihuwa. An fitar da waƙa ta farko daga kundi, Zinariya Zinare a ranar 20 ga Maris 2006, wanda ya kai lamba 18 a cikin Shafin Farko na Singles UK Leah Greenblatt ta lura cewa sautin "Zinare na Zinare yana da kama da "Babu Sabon Labarin da Za a Fada" daga 1980s madaidaicin ƙungiyar Love and Rockets Bandungiyar ta zagaya ko'ina cikin Turai da Amurka yayin yawancin 2006, kuma sun taimaka wajen daidaita bugun Burtaniya Duk Gobe A watan Disamba na 2006, mujallar NME ta sanya wa album suna mafi kyawun album na shekara, kuma an zaɓi "Cheated Hearts" na 10 mafi kyawun waƙa. Mujallar Rolling Stone mai suna Nuna Kasusuwa ku mafi kyawun kundi na 44 a cikin shekara ta 2006, yayin da mujallar Spin ta sanya lamba 31 a cikin mafi kyawun faifan su na na shekara ta 2006. Yeah Yeah Yeahs 'EP na uku, mai taken Is Is, an sake shi a ranar 24 ga Yuli a cikin shekara ta 2007. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 5 da ba a sake su ba a baya da kuma ɗan gajeren fim, wanda aka yi rikodin kuma aka yi fim ɗinsa a Glasslands Gallery a Brooklyn, NY. An rubuta waƙoƙin a cikin shekara ta 2004, yayin yawon shakatawa na Fever To Tell, kuma ana yin su kai tsaye. Uku daga cikin waƙoƙin guda biyar an nuna su a cikin Faɗa mini Abin da Rockers don Haɗa DVD. Blitz ne! (2008-2009) An fito da kundi na gaba na Yeah Yeah Yeah a cikin Maris shekara ta 2009 kuma mai taken Yana da Blitz! Bandungiyar ta ce kundin yana da banbanci da waɗanda suka gabata amma "har yanzu [sauti] kamar Yeah Yeah Yeahs". Tun da farko an shirya za a sake shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, amma biyo bayan ɓarkewar intanet a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu,a cikin shekara ta 2010 lakabin ƙungiyar, Interscope, ya ja kwanan fitowar kusa don rage tasirin ruwan. Kundin ya haifar da wakoki guda uku: Zero Heads Will Roll da Skeletons Blitz ne! An ba shi suna mafi kyawun kundi na 2009 ta Spin Magazine kuma ta uku mafi kyau ta NME, tare da Zero daga kundin da aka jera a matsayin mafi kyawun waƙar shekara ta duka biyun. Sauro da jinkiri (2011–2016) A ranar 9 ga Disamba a cikin shekara ta 2011, Karen O ta ba da rahoto ga NME cewa ta kasance tana aiki kan sabon kiɗa tare da ƙungiyar, tana mai nuna alamar wata sabuwar faifai na iya kasancewa. A ranar 14 ga Janairun a cikin shekara ta 2013, an sanar ta shafin su na Facebook cewa za a yiwa sabon kundin taken sauro An sake shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu nap wannan shekarar. Kundin yana nuna samarwa ta TV akan Dave Sitek na Rediyo, Nick Launay, da James Murphy na LCD Soundsystem. An saki na farko, Sacrilege ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a cikin shekara ta 2013. An fitar da "Raunin zuciya" a matsayin na biyu a ranar 23 ga Yuli a cikin shekara ta 2013. A watan Disamba a cikin shekara ta 2014, Yeah Yeah Yeahs sun tafi hutu. A cikin shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar ta karɓi lambobin rubutu a kan Beyonce single Riƙe Komawa a 2017 A ranar 20 ga Yuni a cikin shekara ta 2017, Yeah Yeah Yeahs sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su jagoranci taken Austin "Sauti akan Sauti" a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, tare da ƙara da cewa: "Duba don ƙarin labarai masu zuwa nan ba da jimawa ba" Daga baya an soke Sautin kan Sauti. A ranar 26 ga Mayu a cikin shekara ta 2018, Yeah Yeah Yeahs ya taka leda a All Points Festival a Victoria Park, London. Sake Zazzabi don Fada The Yeah Yeah Yeahs sun fitar da wani sabon salo na sake fasalin kundin su na farko Fever to Tell a ranar 20 ga Oktoba a cikin shekara ta 2017 ta Interscope UMe. Yana fasalta demos ɗin da ba a saki ba a baya, B-bangarorin, da sauran abubuwan taimako daga zamanin. A cikin sanarwar manema labarai, kungiyar ta sanar, "Abokin aboki ya ci gaba da tambaya ko za mu taba sanya Zazzabi don Bayyanawa akan vinyl kamar yadda bai kasance akan vinyl ba cikin shekaru 10. Wannan ba daidai bane. Don haka a nan yana kan vinyl a karon farko cikin shekaru 10 tare da ɗaukar hoto na lokaci, demos (1st da aka taɓa yin rikodin,) ƙaramin fim ɗin da ke yin bayanin faduwarmu kusa da sauran abubuwan nishaɗi, daga farkon karni na NYC, wanda aka yi da ƙauna jinin da aka saba, gumi hawaye na Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Don murnar sake fitowa, ƙungiyar ta yi ƙaramin jerin nunin a cikin Oktoba da Nuwamba a Fonda Theatre a Los Angeles, California, Fox Oakland Theatre a Oakland, California, da Theatre Kings a Brooklyn, New York. An bayyana salon Yeah Yeahs a matsayin "zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo na dutse wanda ya yi raunin post-punk, raket-friendly raket wanda ya cakuda Blondie tare da Siouxsie da Banshees Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Antville Music Video Awards BMI London Awards'D&AD Awards|- 2005 "Y Control" Direction style="background:#FFBF00"| Yellow Pencil rowspan=2|2014 rowspan=2|"Sacrilege" Cinematography style="background:#BF8040"| Wood Pencil Editing style="background:#8a8b89"| Graphite PencilGrammy Awards|- style="text-align:center;"| 2004 Fever to Tell rowspan="3"| Best Alternative Music Album style="text-align:center;"| 2007 Show Your Bones style="text-align:center;"| 2010 It's Blitz! |-Kyaututtukan Kiɗa na DuniyaMTV Video Music AwardsBabban darajar MVPAmtvU Woodie AwardsKyautar NME'New York Music Awards 2011 "Heads Will Roll" (A-Trak Remix) Best Dance Remix Rober Awards Music Poll rowspan=4|2009 rowspan=2|Themselves Best Rock Artist Band of the Year "Zero" Song of the Year "Heads Will Roll" (A-Trak Remix) Best Remix Kyautar Waƙoƙin Waƙoƙi BŽebřík Music Awards !Ref. rowspan=2|2009 Karen O Best International Female rowspan=2| Themselves Best International Discovery Binciken hoto Albums ɗin Studio Zazzabi ya faɗi (2003) Nuna Ƙashinku (2006) Blitz ne! (2009) Sauro (2013) Pages with unreviewed

57647

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Kona

Hyundai Kona

Ana sayar da motar a Portugal a matsayin Hyundai Kauai, saboda Kona yayi kama da cona, kalmar laƙabi ga al'aurar mace a cikin Portuguese Portuguese Ana kuma sayar da shi a Iceland inda kalmar kona ke nufin mace a Icelandic. Kamar Kona, Kauai wuri ne a Hawaii Har ila yau, na Hawa'u ne ga mace A kasar Sin, ana sayar da motar a matsayin Hyundai Encino ƙarni na farko (OS; 2017) An bayyana Kona a watan Yuni 2017 a Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu. Matsayin da ke ƙasa da Tucson, shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta SUV a cikin layin duniya na Hyundai har sai da wurin ya ɗauki wannan matsayi a cikin 2019. An gina Kona akan sabon tsarin SUV na B-segment wanda aka samo daga dandalin Hyundai i30 wanda aka ƙera shi don ɗaukar nau'ikan wutar lantarki, gami da bambance-bambancen mai da lantarki. Duk da yake an haɓaka shi azaman SUV-daidaitacce na birni, Kona yana samuwa a cikin motar gaba-dabaran-drive da bambance-bambancen-dabaran-drive; dakatarwar ta baya itace torsion katako don tsohon da kuma tsarin haɗin haɗin gwiwa da yawa mai hannu biyu don na ƙarshe. Ga kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, an ƙaddamar da Kona a Los Angeles Auto Show a watan Nuwamba 2017 kuma yana samuwa a dillalan Hyundai a farkon kwata na 2018 don shekarar ƙirar 2018. Zaɓuɓɓukan injin da aka bayar sune 2.0-lita 4-cylinder Atkinson cycle engine mai iya 147 hp (149 PS; 110 kW) da 132 lb⋅ft (179 N⋅m; 18.2 kg⋅m), haɗe tare da watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri 6. An yi amfani da mafi girma datti tare da injin Gamma turbo mai lita 1.6 wanda aka haɗa tare da watsa mai saurin 7-dual-clutch yana samar da 175 hp (177 PS; 130 kW) da 195 lb⋅ft (264 N⋅m; 27.0 kgm) Ba a sayar da Kona ko kuma kawai ana siyar da shi a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga a kasuwanni inda aka ba da mafi girma amma mafi sauƙi Creta, kamar Latin Amurka, Indiya, da Rasha. Kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya irin su Indonesiya, Vietnam da Philippines su ne 'yan kasashen da suka sayar da Kona mai amfani da mai a takaice kafin a kaikaice ta maye gurbinsa da Creta da Indonesia ta gina a 2022. Kasuwar kasar Sin tana da duka Kona da Creta, wadanda ake kira Encino da ix25 bi da bi. Kona Electric Kona Electric sigar lantarki ce ta Kona. Ita ce motar lantarki ta biyu daga Hyundai bayan Ioniq An fara tallace-tallace a Koriya da Turai a cikin 2018, tare da fara kasuwa a Amurka a cikin 2019. Ana samun Kona Electric a cikin ƙarfin baturi biyu: 39.2 kWh da 64 kWh. Datsa na 'mafi dacewa' yana da ikon sarrafa jirgin ruwa mai daidaitawa kuma tare da hanyar tsakiya yana nufin abin hawa ya dace da ma'aunin SAE na matakin 2 maras direba Kona EV yana da kewayon 415 km (258 mi) tare da baturin 64 kWh. Gwaje-gwajen kewayon duniya na gaske wanda What Car ya gudanar a farkon 2019 ya gano cewa Kona EV yana da mafi girman kewayon duniya tsakanin motocin lantarki da ake siyarwa a Burtaniya. A cikin Maris 2019, Hyundai ya ƙaddamar da Kona Electric a Thailand. A cikin Yuli 2019, Hyundai ya ƙaddamar da sigar Electric Lite azaman Kona Electric a Indiya. A cikin 2020, Hyundai ya fara kera wutar lantarki ta Kona a masana'antarta ta Turai a Jamhuriyar Czech, inda ake shirin kera motoci 30,000 kowace shekara. Kona Electric ya kai 100,000 tallace-tallace na duniya a cikin Yuni 2020. An ƙaddamar da Hyundai Encino EV akan kasuwar motocin China a watan Nuwamba 2019. Motar lantarki na Encino EV yana da fitarwa na 201 hp (204 PS; 150 kW) da 310 ⋅m (31.6 kgm; 229 lb ft) Motar tana aiki da baturi 64.2 kWh tare da kewayon NEDC na A cikin Nuwamba 2021, an ƙaddamar da Hyundai Kona Electric da aka gyara fuska a Malaysia. Tare da bambance-bambancen guda uku, fakitin baturi biyu suna kan tayin 39.2 kWh da 64 kWh tare da kewayon baturi daga 303 km a cikin ƙaramin fakitin kuma yana zuwa 484 km a cikin babban fakitin. A cikin 2021, Hyundai Kona Electric ita ce ta 6th mafi kyawun siyar da motocin lantarki a Burtaniya bayan da ta sami jimillar rajista 7,199 a duk shekara. Gyaran fuska A cikin Satumba 2020, Hyundai ya buɗe nau'in gyaran fuska na Kona, don ainihin SUV da samfuran Kona Electric da N Line. Gyaran fuska da farko yana da sauye-sauye na ado na waje, tare da ƙarin ƙarfin kaya da ƙafar kujerar baya. Kona N An sake shi a ranar Hyundai N a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2021, Kona N shine babban ƙwararren SUV na farko na Hyundai a ƙarƙashin sashin Hyundai N. Injin GDI mai turbocharged mai lita 2.0 yana fasalta wutar lantarki wanda ke kiyaye matsakaicin fitarwa daga kusan 5,500 rpm. Injin yana iya fitarwa har zuwa 280 PS (276 hp; 206 kW) kuma matsakaicin karfin juyi yana kusan 289 lb⋅ft (392 N⋅m; 40.0 kgm) Fitowar na iya kaiwa zuwa 290 na ɗan lokaci lokacin da yake cikin yanayin N Grin Shift. A gaba, an makala tambarin N da tambarin Hyundai mai launin chrome mai duhu zuwa ga grille. A gefe da na baya, mai ɓarna leɓe na gaba, mai ɓarna mai fiffike biyu da gyare-gyaren gefen gefe yana ba da ƙarfi, haɓaka ƙarfin riko da kwanciyar hankali mai sauri. Hasken birki na uku na N-keɓaɓɓe yana ba da kyan gani. A ciki, kujeru, sitiyari, kullin kaya da birki na hannu an yi musu tinted tare da Performance Blue yayin da kujerun fata suka zo tare da goyan bayan gefe. An ƙara wani launi mai sadaukarwa Sonic Blue da N Grin Shift, N Power Shift, N Track Sense Shift da Variable Exhaust Valve System ya zo a matsayin daidaitaccen tsari. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

22193

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Martha%20Baker

Sarah Martha Baker

Sarah Martha Baker D.Sc. FLS (an haife ta a shekara ta 1887-ta mutu a shekara ta 1917) ta kasance ƙwararren masanin ilmin tsirrai na Ingilishi kuma masanin yanayin ƙasa wanda aka tuna da ita game da karatunta na ruwan ciyawar ruwan kasa da tsarin yanki a gabar teku. Rayuwar farko An haife ta a Landan ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1887, ta kasance 'yar Martha Braithwaite Baker da George Samuel Baker kuma ta girma a cikin dangin Quaker tare da kanne biyu, George da Bevan. Kazalika kuma babban gidansu na London dangin suna da gidan ƙasa a Tsibirin Mersea inda Baker ya fara sha'awar tsiren ruwan teku An ce tana da sha'awar shuke-shuke da furanni tun tana ƙarama. Wani sha'awar shine fasaha kuma tayi karatun taƙaice a Slade School of Art kafin ta koma kimiyya. Wannan horarwar fasaha ta haifar da samar da kwatancin kimiyya mai inganci. Ilimi da aiki Baker ta fara karatu a kwalejin jami'a ta Landan a shekara ta 1906, inda daya daga cikin malamanta shine mai ilmin kimiyar magani Sir William Ramsay, kuma ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya tare da karramawa ta farko a shekara ta 1909. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci a Munich a shekara ta 1910, sai ta koma bincike a fannin ilimin kimiya a London. An bayyana ta gaba ɗaya a matsayin mai kuzari da aiki tuƙuru. A shekara ta 1912 aka zaba ta don ɗaliban Quain a Botany tare da lacca a Kwalejin Jami'ar. Wannan ya sanya ta cikin yanayin wayewa ta hanyar ƙa'idodin farkon karni na 20. Ba wai kawai Kwalejin Jami'a ta kasance cibiyar farko ta ilimi a cikin Burtaniya da za ta karbi dalibai mata ba, amma daga shekara ta 1890 sashenta na Botany karkashin Farfesa FWOliver ya kasance mai matukar ci gaba. Ya ba mata digirin-digirgir da yawa a fannin ilimin tsirrai, sun ba da adadin mata masu dacewa kuma sun ba da babbar kyautar Quain ga mata kamar ta maza. A cikin shekara ta 1913 Baker ta karɓi digirin digirgir don aiki a kan tasirin formaldehyde akan tsire-tsire masu rai, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1914 an zaɓi ɗan'uwan ƙungiyar Linnaean A cikin shekara ta 1916 an zabe ta a cikin Majalisar Eungiyar Ilimin Easa ta Biritaniya Bincike Baker ya kasance daga zamanin da ya fara shiga cikin ilmin halittu lokacin da masu bincike suka fara amfani da gwaji don daukar ilmin halittun fiye da yadda ake bayani kawai. Ba ita kaɗai ba ce za ta yi tunanin bakin teku ya ba da dama mai kyau don nazarin yanayin muhalli. Aikin Baker kan sashin yanki na tsiron teku ya binciko halin da nau'ikan daban daban zasu bunkasa a nesa mai nisa daga alamar igiyar ruwa. Ta yanke shawarar gwadawa ne ko "juriya ta banbanci ga matsi daga matse jiki shine ke tabbatar da yanki a cikin algae Ta yi aiki tuƙuru na auna nisan ƙasa a gabar teku, ta tattara samfuran, ta saka su a cikin tuluna da yawa kuma ta "shayar da su ga bushewa". Concarshen nata ya ba da shawarar cewa gasa tsakanin fucaceae daban-daban na da mahimmanci. Wannan ra'ayin ya fita daga yanayin zamani zuwa wani lokaci amma yanzu an yarda dashi a matsayin wani ɓangare na bayanin yankin karba-karba. Wani marubuci ma ya kira ta "annabci". Lokacin da ta fara duba illolin formaldehyde a kan shuke-shuke masu rai hanyoyin gwaji nata sun zama masu rikitarwa da wayewa. Ta ci gaba da nazarin hotunan hotuna kuma tana da niyyar yin ƙarin a wannan fagen da ba ta mutu da ƙuruciya ba. Sa kai A gefen aikinta na kimiyya ta yi aikin son rai ga Society of Friends (Quakers) kuma ana yaba mata da wani zance na ishara da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kwamitin 'Botanists' na Quaker tapestry wanda ya fito daga rahoton mutuwa na makarantar ta Lahadi tunanin dalibai game da ita. Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na beganaya ya fara sai ta shiga Detungiyar Ba da Tallafi na Kwalejin Jami'a. Karshen rayuwa Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1917 kafin ta cika shekaru 30 da haihuwa. Jaridar Times ta yi ikirarin cewa "mutuwar ta kasance saboda aiki fiye da kima". An kafa lambar girmamawa ta tunawa da Sarah M. Baker a Jami'ar Kwalejin Landan a shekara ta 1919 kuma har yanzu ana bayar da ita har wa yau. Labarai da aka buga The standard author abbreviation S.M.Baker is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[12] 1909 Ka'ida game da daidaiton wasu mahaukatan unsaturated; da kuma amfani da shi zuwa ga amminin ƙarfe da sinadarin cinnamic. Journal of the Chemical Society, Ma'amaloli, Juzu'i na 95 1909 "A kan musabbabin Rarraba Ruwan Tekun Ruwan Kasa a gabar Tekun." Sabon Likitan Jiki, Vol 8, 196 1910 "Game da musabbabin Rarraba Ruwan Tekun Ruwan Kasa a gabar Tekun." Pt. 2. Sakamakon Baje kolin lokaci-lokaci kan Fitar da Gametes da kuma Germination na Oospore. Sabon Likitan Fasaha Vol 9, 54 1911 "Akan Ruwan Tekun Kawa na Gishirin Marsh." Jaridar Linnean Society na London, Botany 1911-12, Vol 40, p. 276. 1913 "Lura kan sabon magani don cutar Leaf ta Azurfa a cikin Itatuwan ita Fruan itace." Annals of Botany, 27, 172. 1913 "Gwaje-gwajen Adadi kan Tasirin Formaldehyde akan Tsire-tsire Masu Rayuwa" Annals of Botany, 27, 410. 1915 "Ka'idar Matsalar Liquid ta Hawan Sap a Shuke-shuke." Britishungiyar Burtaniya. Manchester, 1916 A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Maude H. Bohling. "A kan Ruwan Ruwa na Ruwan Tekun Gishiri. Kashi na II. Dangantakarsu ta din-din-din, ilimin halittar jikin mutum, da Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa. Jaridar Linnean Society of London, Botany Vol. 43, 325. Babi na 1917 akan "Dyes na kayan lambu" a cikin Amfani da Shuke-shuke daga FW Oliver, Dent and Sons Yan Uwa A ɓangaren mahaifiyar Braithwaite na Sara Baker, akwai kyakkyawar al'adar shigar Quaker da hidima ciki har da kakanta, da inna. Mahaifinta haifaffen Kanada da dangi da yawa sun shiga aikin injiniya da masana'antu. Uba, George Samuel, ɗan'uwana, George Ralph, da kasuwancin iyali Dan uwa, Bevan Braithwaite Baker Goggo, Anna Lloyd Braithwaite Thomas Kakan uba, Joseph Allen Baker Kakan uwa, Joseph Bevan Braithwaite Kakar-kaka, Anna Braithwaite Hewan wa, John Bevan Baker Manazarta Haifaffun 1887 Mutuwan 1917 Yanayi Muhalli Ƴancin muhalli Pages with unreviewed

21698

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim%20Raisi

Ebrahim Raisi

Sayyid Ebrahim Raisol-Sadati Persian an haife shi ranar 14 ga Watan Disamba, a shekarar alif 1960), wanda aka sani a matsayin Ebrahim Raisi Persian lafazi Shi ne wani ɗan siyasar Iran ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma tsauri a kan ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma Musulmi ne masanin (kiristanci) kuma zaɓaɓɓen shugaban kasar Iran, bayan da aka yi zaɓe a shekara 2021 zaɓen shugaban kasar Iran. Raisi ya yi aiki a wurare da dama a tsarin shari'ar Iran, kamar Mataimakin Babban Jojin kotu daga (2004 2014), Babban Atoni Janar (2014-2016), da Babban Jojin (2019-present). Ya kuma kasance mai gabatar da ƙara kuma Mataimakin mai gabatar da ƙara na Tehran a cikin ƙarni na 1980s da 1990s, a lokacin da yake lura da kisan dubban masu adawa da siyasa da fursunoni. Ya kasance wakili kuma Shugaban Astan Quds Razavi, wanda aka fi sani da bonyad, daga shekarar 2016 har zuwa 2019. Shi ma memba ne na Majalisar Masana daga Lardin Khorasan ta Kudu, an zaɓe shi a karon farko a zaɓen shekarar 2006, Shi surukin limamin Juma’a ne na Mashhad kuma Babban Limamin masallacin Imam Reza, Ahmad Alamolhoda Raisi ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2017, a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta (Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces), ya kayar da shugaban mai ci mai ci Hassan Rouhani da kashi 57% zuwa 38.3%. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane hudu da ke cikin kwamitin gurfanar da karar, wanda ya ɗauki nauyin aiwatar da kisan dubban fursunonin siyasa a Iran a shekarar alif 1988, wanda kungiyar adawa ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, da wasu kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi wa lakabi da kwamitin Mutuwa. Ofishin kula da kadarorin kasashen waje na Amurka ya sanya masa takunkumi daidai da Dokar Zartarwa ta 13876 Kungiyoyin kare hakkin Bil Adama na kasa da kasa da wasu masu ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun zarge shi da cin zarafin ɗan Adam. Raisi ya yi nasarar sake tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2021, inda ya gaji Hassan Rouhani, wanda aka iyakance wa’adi wato (term-limited). Rayuwar farko-farko An haifi Ebrahim Raisi a ranar 14 ga watan Disambar shekarar alif 1960, ga dangin malamin Fasiya a gundumar Noghan na Mashhad Mahaifinsa, Seyed Haji, ya mutu yana da shekara 5. Tsangaya da kuma neman ilimi Babu wata majiya ingantacciya da ta tabbatar da rikodin Makarantar gargajiya ta Raisi. Shafin tarihin yakin neman zaɓensa ya ambaci karatun Firamare ne kawai amma ba ko ya kammala Makarantar sakandare ba. Yayi ikirarin cewa ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a mai zaman kansa daga Jami'ar Motahari duk da haka, wannan an yi sabani. Takaddun shaida na malamai Ya fara karatu a makarantar hauza ta Qom yana dan shekara 15. Sannan ya yanke shawarar ilimantarwa a makarantar Navvab na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayan haka, ya tafi makarantar Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Mousavi Nezhad kuma karatunsa ya yi daidai da koyar da sauran ɗalibai. A shekarar alif 1976, ya tafi Kum don ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Ayatollah Borujerdi. Shi dalibin Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Morteza Motahhari, Abolghasem Khazali, Hossein Noori Hamedani, Ali Meshkini da Morteza Pasandideh. A cewar Alex Vatanka na Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya, "ainihin cancantar addini" na Raisi "matsala ce". "Na wani lokaci" kafin kafofin yada labaran Iran su gudanar da bincike, ya "ambaci kansa" a mat tosayin "Ayatollah" a shafinsa na sirri. Koyaya, a cewar Vatanka, kafofin watsa labarai "sun ba da sanarwar rashin ilimin addini na yau da kullun" da takardun shaidarka, bayan haka Raisi ya daina da'awar riƙe matsayin da aka ambata. Bayan wannan binciken da sukarsa sai ya "gabatar da [ed] ga kansa a matsayin hojat-ol-eslam mukamin malami nan da nan a karkashin Ayatollah. Daga baya Raisi ya sake bayyana kansa Ayatollah jim kadan kafin zaben shugaban kasa na 2021 Ayyukan shari'a Shekarun farko A cikin shekara ta alif 1981, an naɗa shi mai gabatar da kara na Karaj Daga baya kuma, an kuma nada shi a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na Hamadan kuma ya yi aiki tare. Ya kasance yana aiki tare a cikin birane biyu fiye da 300 km nesa da juna. Bayan watanni hudu, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na Lardin Hamadan Mataimakin mai gabatar da ƙara na Tehran An naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin mai gabatar da ƙara na Tehran a shekarar 1985 sannan ya koma babban birnin kasar. Bayan shekaru uku da farkon 1988, an sanya shi a cikin ruhollah Khomeini kuma ya karɓi tanadi na musamman (mai zaman kansa daga ɓangaren shari'a) daga gare shi don magance matsalolin shari'a a wasu larduna kamar Lorestan, Semnan da Kermanshah Kashe-kashen 1988 Hussein-Ali Montazeri ya ambaci Raisi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane hudu da ke da hannu a kisan gillar fursunonin siyasar Iran na 1988. Sauran mutanen sun haɗa da Morteza Eshraghi (mai gabatar da kara a Tehran), Hossein-Ali Nayeri (Alkali) da Mostafa Pourmohammadi (wakilin MOI a Evin An ambaci sunayen mutane biyu na farko a cikin umarnin Khomeini. Pourmohammadi ya musanta rawar da yake takawa amma Raisi bai ce komai ba game da batun har yanzu. Hukuncin kisa na fursunonin siyasa na Iran a 1988 ya kasance jerin waɗanda gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyin zartar da fursunonin siyasa a duk faɗin Iran, wanda ya fara daga 19 ga watan Yulin 1988 kuma yakai kimanin watanni biyar. Yawancin wadanda aka kashe magoya bayan Mujahedin na Iran ne, kodayake magoya bayan sauran bangarorin hagu, ciki har da Fedaian da Tudeh Party of Iran (Jam'iyyar Kwaminis), suma an kashe su. A cewar Amnesty International, "dubun-dubatar 'yan adawa na siyasa an tsara su ta hanyar da ta dace ta hanyar bacewa a wuraren da ake tsare da Iran a duk faɗin kasar kuma an aiwatar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba bisa umarnin da Jagoran na Iran ya bayar kuma aka aiwatar da shi a duk gidajen yarin kasar. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda aka kashe a wannan lokacin sun sha azaba da azaba, azabtarwa a cikin aikin. An bayyana kashe-kashen a matsayin tsarkake siyasa ba tare da wani tarihi a tarihin Iran na zamani ba, ta fuskar faɗi da rufewa. Koyaya, ainihin adadin fursunonin da aka kashe ya kasance batun mahawara. Amnesty International, bayan ta yi hira da dangi da yawa, ta sanya adadin a dubbai; sannan- Mataimakin Shugaban Ruhollah Khomeini Hussein-Ali Montazeri ya sanya lambar tsakanin 2,800 da 3,800 a cikin abubuwan da ya rubuta, amma wani kiyasi na daban ya nuna cewa adadin ya wuce 30,000. Saboda yawan mutanen, an loda fursunoni cikin manyan motocin daukar kaya a rukuni-rukuni shida kuma an rataye su daga kankara a tsakanin rabin awa. Manyan muƙamai Bayan mutuwar Khomeini da kuma zaben Ali Khamenei a matsayin sabon Jagora, an naɗa Raisi a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na Tehran ta sabon Alkalin Alkalai Mohammad Yazdi da aka naɗa. Ya riƙe ofishin tsawon shekaru biyar daga 1989 zuwa 1994. A cikin shekarar 1994, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban Babban Ofishin Binciken Daga shekarar 2004 har zuwa 2014, Raisi ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Alƙalin Iran na Farko, wanda Babban Mai Shari'a Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi ya naɗa Ya kiyaye matsayinsa a cikin Sadeq Larijani 's farko lokaci kamar yadda babban mai shari'a. Daga baya aka naɗa shi a matsayin Babban Lauyan Iran a 2014, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 2016, lokacin da ya yi murabus ya zama Shugaban Astan Quds Razavi Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na Kotu na Musamman. Shugabancin Astan Quds Ya zama Shugaban Astan Quds Razavi a ranar 7 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2016, bayan rasuwar magabacinsa Abbas Vaez-Tabasi Shi ne mutum na biyu da ya yi wannan ofishin daga shekarar 1979. Jagoran Ali Khamenei ya lissafa yi wa mahajjatan wurin ibada mai tsarki hidima, musamman talakawa sannan kuma yana aiki a kusa, musamman talakawa da waɗanda aka fatattaka a matsayin wasu manyan ayyuka biyu na Raisi a cikin naɗin nasa. Zaɓen shugaban kasa a shekarar 2017n An ambaci Raisi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘Yan takarar Shugabancin juyin juya halin Musulunci (JAMNA) a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017. Haka kuma an samu goyon bayan 'Yan tawayen Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci A hukumance ya sanar da naɗin nasa a cikin wata sanarwa da aka wallafa a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, kuma ya kira shi "nauyin da ya hau kansa na addini da juyin juya hali", yana mai nuni da bukatar "canji na asali a bangaren gudanarwar kasar" da kuma gwamnatin da ke "faɗa da talauci da rashawa. Ya yi rajista a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2017, a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida tare da cewa lokaci ya yi da za a yi haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, ba wai kawai rubuce-rubuce ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2017, dan takarar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf ya janye takararsa inda ya goyi bayan Raisi. An yi ta raɗe-raɗin cewa Ghalibaf zai kasance mataimakin shugaban Raisi na farko idan aka zaɓe shi. Sun kuma shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe a Tehran da juna. An bayyana Raisi a matsayin "masoyi kuma mai yuwuwar maye gurbin babban shugaban Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, ta kafofi da yawa, (aƙalla kafin kayar da shi a zaɓe). Bayan an bayyana sakamakon zaɓe, Raisi ya samu 15,786,449 daga cikin 42,382,390 (38.30% na kuri'un). Ya sha kaye a hannun Shugaba mai ci Rouhani kuma ya zo na biyu. Bai taya Rouhani murnar sake zabarsa a matsayin shugaban kasa ba, sannan ya nemi Majalisar Guardian da ta duba "karya doka" kafin da lokacin zaɓen, tare da shafuka 100 na takardun da aka makala. Shugabancin ƙasa Zaɓen shugaban kasa na 2021 A shekarar 2021, Raisi ya sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa, kuma ya ci zaɓen. Zaɓen ya samu kaso 48.8% na masu jefa ƙuri'a, kuma kashi 62% sun tafi Raisi. Ba a kidaya miliyan 3.7 na miliyan 28.9 ba, wataƙila saboda ba su da komai ko kuma akasin haka ƙuri'ar rashin amincewa. Kusan 'yan takara 600, 40 daga cikinsu mata ne, suka yi rajista a zaɓen, daga cikinsu maza 7 sun amince da wata ɗaya gabanin zaɓen ta hanyar masanan 12 da masana tauhidi a Majalisar Guardian (kungiyar da ba a zaɓa ba wacce ke da hukunci na ƙarshe kan ingancin ɗan takarar bisa ƙarfin 'cancantar' ƴan takara Uku daga cikin wadannan 'ƴan takarar bakwai an ciresu daga baya kafin ranar kada kuri'a. Kafin ya janye, dan takarar mai neman kawo canji Mohsen Mehralizadeh ya yi ishara da cewa kuri’ar za ta zama abin da za a yi hasashe, yana mai cewa yayin muhawarar ‘yan takarar a talabijin cewa malaman addini masu mulki sun hada kai“ rana, wata da sammai don sanya mutum na musamman a matsayin shugaban kasa, ”a cewar The Masanin tattalin arziki. Tsohon shugaban kasar, Mahmud Ahmadinejad, daga cikin wadanda aka hana tsayawa takara, ya fada a cikin sakon bidiyo cewa ba zai yi zabe ba, yana mai cewa: "Ba na son shiga wani bangare a cikin wannan zunubin." Mai yuwuwa yayi nasara a matsayin Jagora A cikin shekarar 2019, Saeid Golkar na Al Jazeera ya kira Raisi "mafi yuwuwar maye gurbin Ayatollah Ali Khamenei a matsayin Babban Jagoran Iran A cikin shekarar 2020, Dexter Filkins ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda aka ambata akai-akai" a matsayin magajin Khamenei. Ra'ayin Siyasa Raisi yana goyan bayan rarrabuwar jima'i Ya ce a cikin hirar da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2014, game da batun wariya a cikin karamar Hukumar Tehran ya ce "Ina ganin wannan kyakkyawar tafiya ce saboda yawancin mata suna yin aiki mafi kyau a cikin yanayi mai annashuwa gaba daya kuma ana bukatar dacewa." Ya kuma kasance mai goyon bayan musuluntar da jami’o’i, yin kwaskwarima kan Intanet da takunkumi ga al’adun Yammaci. Raisi ya ce yana ganin takunkumin tattalin arziki a matsayin dama. Tattalin arziki A cikin shekarar 2017, Raisi ya ruwaito "Ina ganin kunna tattalin arziƙin a matsayin hanya ɗaya tilo da za ta kawo ƙarshen talauci da fatara a cikin ƙasar." Yana tallafawa ci gaban ɓangaren noma a kan kasuwanci, wanda “zai amfanar da alamun ƙasashen waje”. A shekara ta 2017, ya yi wa'adi ga sau uku da wata-wata jiha amfanin, a halin yanzu 450,000 rials da jama'a, domin magance cin hanci da rashawa da kuma ƙirƙirar aiki miliyan shida. Manufofin waje Da yake amsa tambayoyin manema labarai game da manufofinsa na kasashen waje, ya ce "zai kasance ne da kulla alaka da kowace ƙasa in ban da Isra'ila Tarihin zabe Rayuwar mutum Raisi ya auri Jamileh Alamolhoda, diyar Limamin Masallacin Juma'a na Mashhad, Ahmad Alamolhoda Mataimakiyar farfesa ce a Jami'ar Shahid Beheshti ta Tehran sannan kuma shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Asali ta Kimiyya da Fasaha. Suna da yara mata biyu da jikoki biyu. Daya daga cikin ‘ya’yansu mata ta yi karatu a jami’ar Sharif, dayar kuma a jami’ar Tehran Takunkumi Raisi daya ne daga cikin jami’an Iran tara da aka sakawa takunkumi a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019 wanda Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya takunkumi saboda zargin take hakkin bil adama. Hakanan, Raisi ma Tarayyar Turai ce ta sanya takunkumi. Pages with unreviewed

35389

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiragen%20saman%20Amurka

Jiragen saman Amurka

Jiragen saman Amurka, Inc. girma AA ko AAL babban jirgin sama ne na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Fort Worth, Texas, a cikin metroplex Dallas–Fort Worth Shi ne jirgin sama mafi girma a duniya idan aka auna ta da girman jiragen ruwa, fasinjojin da aka tsara ɗauka, da mil fasinja na kudaden shiga. Ba'amurke, tare da abokan haɗin gwiwarsa na yanki da masu haɗin gwiwa, suna aiki da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kusan jirage 6,800 a kowace rana zuwa kusan wurare 350 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 50. Jiragen saman amurka memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Oneworld, kawancen jiragen sama na uku mafi girma a duniya. Ana gudanar da sabis na yankin ta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin alamar sunan Amurka Eagle. Jiragen saman amurka da American Eagle suna aiki ne daga cibiyoyi 10, tare da Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) shine mafi girma. Kamfanin jirgin na ɗaukar fasinjoji sama da miliyan 200 a duk shekara tare da matsakaita sama da fasinjoji 500,000 a kullum. Tun daga 2019, kamfanin yana ɗaukar mutane kusan 130,000. Tarihi An Kafa kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka a shekarar 1930 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙananan kamfanonin jiragen sama sama da tamanin. Ƙungiyoyin biyu da aka samo asali daga kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka sune Robertson Aircraft Corporation da Colonial Air Transport An fara ƙirƙirar tsohon a Missouri a cikin 1921, tare da haɗa su duka a cikin 1929 zuwa kamfani mai riƙe da Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Wannan, bi da bi, an yi shi a cikin 1930 ya zama kamfani mai aiki kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin "American Airways". A cikin 1934, lokacin da sababbin dokoki da ƙaddamar da kwangilar wasiku suka tilasta yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama su sake tsarawa, kamfanin ya sake yin hanyoyinsa zuwa tsarin da aka haɗa kuma aka sake masa suna "American Airlines". Tsakanin 1970 da 2000, kamfanin ya girma ya zama mai jigilar kayayyaki na duniya, yana siyan jirgin saman Trans World Airlines a 2001. Ba'amurke yana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin haɓaka DC-3, wanda ya samo asali daga kiran wayar marathon daga shugaban kamfanin jirgin saman Amurka CR Smith zuwa Douglas Aircraft Company wanda ya kafa Donald Wills Douglas Sr. a kan DC-2 don maye gurbin jirgin saman Curtiss Condor II na Amurka. (Gidan DC-2 na yanzu shine fadi, kunkuntar don wuraren kwana na gefe-da-gefe. Douglas ya yarda ya ci gaba da ci gaba ne kawai bayan Smith ya sanar da shi niyyar Amurkawa na siyan jiragen sama 20. Samfurin DST Douglas Sleeper Transport ya fara tashi ne a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1935, (bikin cika shekaru 32 na jirgin Wright Brothers a Kitty Hawk). Gidansa ya kasance inci fadi, kuma sigar da ke da kujeru 21 maimakon wuraren kwana 14-16 na DST an ba da suna DC-3. Babu samfurin DC-3; na farko da aka gina DC-3 ya biyo bayan DST guda bakwai daga layin samarwa kuma an kai shi ga Jirgin Saman Amurka. Jirgin saman amurka ya ƙaddamar da sabis na fasinja a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1936, tare da jirage guda ɗaya daga Newark, New Jersey, da Chicago, Illinois. Har ila yau, Amurka tana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin ci gaban DC-10, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙayyadaddun bayanai daga Jiragen saman amurka zuwa masana'antun a 1966 don bayar da wani jirgin sama mai fadi wanda ya kasance karami fiye da Boeing 747, amma yana iya tashi irin wannan hanyoyi masu tsawo daga filayen jiragen sama masu guntun titin jirgin sama. McDonnell Douglas ya amsa da DC-10 trijet jim kadan bayan hadewar kamfanonin biyu. A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1968, shugaban kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka, George A. Spater, da James S. McDonnell na McDonnell Douglas sun sanar da aniyar Amirkawa na sayen DC-10. jiragen saman amurka ya ba da umarnin 25 DC-10s a cikin tsari na farko. DC-10 ya yi tashinsa na farko a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1970, kuma ya karɓi irin takardar shaidarsa daga FAA a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1971. Ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1971, DC-10 ya shiga sabis na kasuwanci tare da jiragen saman amurka a kan tafiya mai tafiya tsakanin Los Angeles da Chicago. A cikin 2011, saboda koma baya a masana'antar jirgin sama, iyayen kamfanin jiragen sama na American Airlines AMR Corporation sun shigar da karar kariya ta fatarar kudi. A cikin 2013, Jiragen saman akurka ya haɗu da US Airways amma ya kiyaye sunan "American Airlines", saboda shi ne mafi kyawun sananne a duniya; Haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu ya haifar da samar da jirgin sama mafi girma a Amurka, kuma a ƙarshe na duniya. Wuraren da wuraren zama Wuraren Tun daga watan Yulin 2022, Jirgin saman Amurka ya tashi zuwa wurare 269 na cikin gida da kuma wurare 81 na duniya a cikin kasashe 48 (tun daga Janairu 2022) a cikin nahiyoyi biyar. A halin yanzu Amurka tana aiki da cibiyoyi goma. Charlotte Cibiyar Ba'amurke ta kudu maso gabashin Amurka da kuma babbar hanyar Caribbean. Ayyukansa a cikin Concourse E sune mafi girman aikin jirgin yanki a duniya. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 91% na hannun jari a CLT, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Tsohuwar tashar jirgin saman US Airways Chicago-O'Hare Cibiyar Amurka don Midwest. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 35% na kason kasuwa a O'Hare, wanda ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan United. Dallas/Fort Worth Cibiyar Amurka ta Kudancin Amurka kuma babbar cibiya gabaɗaya. A halin yanzu Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 87% na kason kasuwa a DFW, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Hedikwatar kamfanonin Amurka kuma tana cikin Fort daraja kusa da filin jirgin sama. DFW tana aiki azaman ƙofa ta farko ta Amurka zuwa Mexico, da kuma ƙofar sakandare zuwa Latin Amurka. Los Angeles Cibiyar Amurka don Yammacin Tekun Yamma da ƙofa mai buɗe ido. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 19% na hannun jari a LAX, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama, kodayake Amurkawa, Delta da United kowannensu yana da zirga-zirgar fasinja iri ɗaya. Miami cibiyar farko ta Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 68% na kasuwa a "Miami International", wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama a filin jirgin sama. New York–JFK Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Galibi yana hidimar wuraren zuwa tare da yawan zirga-zirgar kasuwanci. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 12% na hannun jari a JFK, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya na uku mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan Delta da JetBlue. New York–LaGuardia Cibiyar New York ta biyu ta Amurka. Filin jirgin saman amurka kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 27% na kason kasuwa a LGA, kuma shine na biyu mafi girma a bayan Delta. Philadelphia Cibiyar gida ta farko ta Arewa maso Gabas ta Amurka da cibiyar transatlantic ta farko, da farko don wuraren shakatawa. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 70% na kason kasuwa a PHL, wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama na filin jirgin sama. Phoenix-Sky Harbor Dutsen Rocky na Amurka. A halin yanzu Amurka tana da kusan kashi 33% na kason kasuwa a PHX, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin. Washington–Reagan Cibiyar amurkawa ta babban birnin Amurka. Filin jirgin saman kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 49% na kasuwar kasuwa a DCA, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Yarjejeniyar kungiya da codeshare Jiragen saman amurka memba ne na kawancen Oneworld kuma yana da codeshares tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa: Harkokin haɗin gwiwa Bugu da kari ga codeshares na sama, Jiragen saman amurka ya shiga cikin kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa: Jirgin ruwa Tun daga Afrilu 2022, Jiragen saman amurka yana aiki da manyan jiragen kasuwanci mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi jirage 911 daga duka Boeing da Airbus, tare da ƙarin 161 da aka tsara ko kan tsari. Sama da kashi 80% na jiragen Amurka kunkuntar jiki ne, galibi jerin Airbus A320 da Boeing 737-800 Shi ne mafi girma A320 mai gudanar da jirgin sama a duniya, da kuma mafi girma aiki na bambance-bambancen A319 da A321. Shine mai aiki na huɗu mafi girma na jirgin sama na iyali 737 kuma mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na bambance-bambancen 737-800. Jiragen saman Amurkan duk jiragen Boeing ne. Shi ne na uku mafi girma na ma'aikata na jerin Boeing 787 kuma mafi girma na shida na jerin Boeing 777. Ba'amurke ke ba da odar jirgin Boeing na musamman a cikin 2000s. Wannan dabarar ta canza ne a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2011, lokacin da Amurka ta ba da sanarwar haɗe-haɗen odar jiragen sama mafi girma a tarihi don jiragen kunkuntar jiki 460 ciki har da jiragen sama 260 daga jerin Airbus A320. Ƙarin jirgin sama na Airbus ya shiga cikin rundunar a cikin 2013 yayin haɗin gwiwar jiragen saman US Airways, wanda ke gudanar da kusan dukkanin jiragen Airbus. VA ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2022, Ba'amurke ya ba da sanarwar cewa an tabbatar da yarjejeniya tare da "Boom Supersonic" don siyan aƙalla 20 daga cikin manyan jiragen sama na su na "Overture" mai yuwuwa har zuwa 60 gabaɗaya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka yana gudanar da gyaran jiragen sama da sansanonin gyarawa a Charlotte, Dallas–Fort daraja, Pittsburgh (inda ake kula da dukkan jiragen saman kunkuntar Airbus), da filayen jirgin saman Tulsa. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25478

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/R

R

R, ko r shine harafi na goma sha takwas na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da haruffan Latin na asali na ISO Its sunan Turanci ne <i id="mwGg">ar</i> (pronounced r jam'i ARS, ko a Ireland ko r Tarihi Tsofaffi Harafin asalin Semitic na iya yin wahayi daga wani hieroglyph na Masar don tp, "kai". An yi amfani da shi don ta Semites saboda a cikin yaren su, kalmar "kai" rêš (shima sunan harafin) Ya bunƙasa zuwa Girkanci rhô da Latin R. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a "P" and a "D" shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write r using the "P" shape of the letter. The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing shape of the p and the shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish. The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter P would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by R. Tsinuwa I Ƙananan minuscule (ƙaramin harafi) r ya haɓaka ta hanyoyi da yawa akan fom ɗin babban birnin. Tare da rubuce -rubucen minuscule na Latin gabaɗaya, ya ci gaba daga ƙarshe daga laƙabin Romawa ta hanyar rubutun banbanci na Late Antiquity zuwa ƙaramin Carolingian na ƙarni 9. A rubutun hannu, ya zama gama gari ba a rufe kasan madauki ba amma a ci gaba da shiga kafa, yana adana ƙarin bugun alkalami. Ƙunƙarar madaidaiciya-ƙafar ƙafa ta gajarta cikin madaidaicin arc da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin Carolingian kuma har zuwa yau. An yi amfani da ƙaramin kiraigraphic minuscule r, wanda aka fi sani da r rotunda (ꝛ) a jere ko, lanƙwasa siffar r don ɗaukar nauyin o (kamar a cikin oꝛ sabanin ko Daga baya, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bambancin inda r ya bi wasu ƙananan haruffa tare da madaidaicin madaidaiciya zuwa dama (kamar b, h, p da kuma rubuta geminate rr (as ꝛꝛ Amfann da r rotunda galibi an daura shi ne da nau'ikan baƙaƙen haruffa, kuma glyph ɗin ya faɗi rashin amfani tare da haruffan haruffa a cikin mahallin Ingilishi galibi zuwa ƙarni na 18. Rubutun insular ya yi amfani da ƙaramin abu wanda ke riƙe da bugun ƙasa biyu, amma wanda bai rufe madauki ba ("Insular r ꞃ) wannan bambance-bambancen yana rayuwa a cikin nau'in Gaelic da aka shahara a Ireland har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 (amma yanzu galibi an iyakance shi don dalilai na ado) Suna Sunan harafin a Latin ya kasance bin tsarin wasu haruffan da ke wakiltar ci gaba, kamar F, L, M, N da S. An adana wannan sunan a Faransanci da sauran yaruka da yawa. A cikin Ingilishi na Tsakiya, sunan harafin ya canza daga zuwa bin tsarin da aka nuna a cikin wasu kalmomi da yawa kamar gona (kwatanta ferme na Faransa) da tauraro (kwatanta Stern na Jamus) A cikin Hiberno-Turanci ana kiran harafin ko ɗan kama da doki, tama, orr Wani lokaci ana kiran harafin R (a zahiri 'harafin canine', galibi ana fassara shi cikin Ingilishi azaman wasiƙar kare Wannan kalmar Latin tana magana akan Latin R wanda aka ƙaddara don yin sauti kamar ƙaramin kare, salon magana da ake kira ('muryar kare') Kyakkyawan misali na R wanda aka ƙera yana cikin kalmar Mutanen Espanya don kare, perro A cikin Romeo da Juliet na William Shakespeare, nas ɗin Juliet ne ya yi irin wannan bayanin a Dokar 2, yanayin 4, lokacin da ta kira harafin R "sunan kare". Hakanan ana samun bayanin a cikin Nahawun Ingilishi na Ben Jonson Furuci da amfani Turanci Harafin ne na takwas ya fi na kowa wasika a Turanci da huɗu-fi na kowa baƙi (bayan kuma Harafin ake amfani da su samar da kawo karshen "-re", wanda aka yi amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar cibiyar a wasu irin English kuskure, kamar British Turanci Ingilishi na Kanada shima yana amfani da ƙarshen "-re", sabanin Ingilishi na Amurka, inda galibi ana maye gurbin ƙarshen ta "-er" tsakiya Wannan baya shafar furtawa. Wasu harsuna ⟨r⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below. Wasu harsuna iya amfani da harafin a cikin harafi (ko Latin transliterations makircinsu) su wakilci rhotic baƙaƙe daban-daban daga alveolar trill. A Haiti Creole, shi wakiltar wani sauti haka rauni da cewa shi ne sau da yawa da aka rubuta interchangeably da misali 'Kweyol' don 'Kreyol'. Brazil Portuguese yana da babban yawan allophones na /ʁ kamar h ɦ x ɣ ɹ da r da karshen uku wadanda za a iya amfani kawai a wasu riƙa ɣ da r kamar yadda ɹ a syllable coda, kamar yadda wani allophone na /ɾ bisa ga Turai Portuguese kullum da kuma /ʁ bisa ga Brazilian Portuguese na kullum) Yawanci aƙalla biyu daga cikinsu suna cikin yare ɗaya, kamar Rio de Janeiro ʁ ɦ kuma, ga speakersan masu magana, ɣ Sauran tsarin Haruffan Sautin na Ƙasa yana amfani da saɓani da yawa na harafin don wakiltar baƙaƙe daban -daban; wakiltar alveolar trill Haruffa masu alaƙa Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin R tare da diacritics Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř Ř ř Ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ ṛ ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ ɽ ᵲ ꭨ ᵳ ᶉ International karin lafazi Alphabet -specific alamomin alaka R: ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ʴ Tsofaffin alamomin da ba a saba da su ba a cikin Harafin Sauti na Duniya: ɿ ɿ Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da R: Bambance -bambancen Calligraphic a cikin haruffan Latin Ꝛ R rotunda Ꞃ "Insular" R nau'in Gaelic Kakannin kakanni da lingsan uwan juna a wasu haruffa Ƙari Harafin Semitic Resh, wanda haruffa masu zuwa ke fitowa daga ciki Harafin Helenanci Rho, wanda daga baya haruffa ke fitowa Ƙari Tsohuwar harafin R, kakan Latin na zamani R Ƙari Harafin Runic Raido Harafin Cyrillic Er Ƙari Harafin Gothic Reda Ragewa, alamomi da alamomi Alama don amsa a cikin liturgy Ƙari Likitan likita Rx Ƙari Ruble alama Ƙari Alamar alamar kasuwanci mai rijista Physics Kimiyya A cikin dabarun sunadarai, ana amfani da su don nuna wani mai maye, wanda kuma aka sani da "rukunin R". Misali, "Na (KO) A cikin sunan IUPAC da aka fi so don sunadarai ana amfani da su don nuna takamaiman enantiomer Misali (R) -2- (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propanoic acid" yana daya daga cikin enantiomers na mecoprop Encoding 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings. Sauran wakilci Duba kuma Gutural R Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed

30396

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20wasan%20Ivan%20Franko%20National%20Academic%20Drama%20Theater

Gidan wasan Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ivan Franko National Academy Drama Theatre da ke birnin Kiev an kafa shi a cikin 1920. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin al'adun mutanen Ukraine. Fitattun kwararru na gaske sun yi aiki a nan gida kuma suna ci gaba da faranta wa magoya bayan su rai: 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu gudanarwa, mawaƙa, masu zane-zane. Ayyukansu sun dangane ne akan al'adun gargajiya na ƙasa da na duniya. Ana iya kallon wasan kwaikwayo duka a kan babban mataki kuma a cikin ɗakin. Kowace wasan kwaikwayon duniya ce daban, hanyoyi daban-daban na mafita na fasaha, da Samfuran da ba a saba gani ba. Bohdan Benyuk, Anatoly Khostikoev, Ostap Stupka, Natalia Sumskaya aiki a kan mataki na wannan wasan kwaikwayo. Gabaɗaya bayanai da tarihi An kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ivan Franko a Vinnytsia a cikin shekarar 1920 da wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Matasan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, karkashin jagorancin Hnat Yura, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na New Lviv Theater, jagorancin Ambrosiy Buchma. Mawaka sun haɗu kuma suka kirkiro ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Ivan Franko New Drama Theatre, wanda Hnat Yura ke jagoranta. An bude gidan wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayon "The Sin" na Volodymyr Vynnychenko a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1920, kuma an yi wasanni 23 a lokacin kakar. Tushen ayyukan farko shine wasan kwaikwayo na Matashin gidan wasan kwaikwayo: "Flooded Bell" na Gerhart Hauptmann, "Molodist" na M. Galbe, Oedipus Rex na Sophocles Volodymyr Vynnychenko, da ya kalli wasan kwaikwayo na Hnat Yura a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa, ya kawo masa wasan kwaikwayo "Zunubi" don samarwa. Yura ne ya samar da wasan a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa, kuma daga baya shi ne wasan farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ivan Franko. Af, a farkon kakar wasan kwaikwayo na wanzuwar, yawancin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon V. Vynnychenko ya rubuta. A lokaci guda kuma, an shirya ɗayan sabbin abubuwan samarwa, Pierre Beaumarchais 's Aure na Figaro A wannan yanayin, Yura ya kasance mai fassara, darekta kuma jagora. Tun daga farkon ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1920, wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance koyaushe a cikin repertoire na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko har tsawon shekaru goma sha uku. Tunawa da wadanda suka kafa Ivan Franko Theater, wani lokacin sun manta cewa wannan wasan kwaikwayo ya samo asali ne daga matasa mawaka: Hnat Yura yana da shekaru 32, matarsa Olha Rubchakivna 17, Ambrosiy Buchma, Oleksiy Vatulya 29, Feodosia Barvinska 22. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya shafe shekarunsa na farko na kasancewarsa ta hanyar kayatar da mutanen birane da ƙauyuka na tsakiyar Ukraine. Wani tabbataccen hujja a cikin gwagwarmayar rayuwa shine wasan kwaikwayon Hnat Yura a farkon "Aure na Figaro" a Vinnytsia, wanda ya samu halartar wakilan gwamnatin UPR. Ya bayyana cewa babu gidan wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya da zai iya kasancewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka ƙirƙira don gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko, kuma kawai sha'awar aiki da sadaukarwa mai ban mamaki ga wurin ya ceci gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A wannan lokacin, duk da kowa da kowa, Gnat Yura yana aiki akan "Lorenzacchio" na de Musset, farkon "Rijin Tumaki" na Lope de Vega ya faru, sun ci gaba da yin maimaita "Waƙar daji" na Lesya Ukrainka, kuma har yanzu suna nan. yawon shakatawa. A wani lokaci gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya koma Donbass. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, mai zane Matthew Drak ya taimaka da yawa kamar yadda ba a taɓa gani ba. Daga 1920 zuwa 1949, Gnat Yura da Matthew sun yi wasanni da yawa. Hazakarsa na mai zane-zane, zurfin ilimi da ma'anar filin wasan kwaikwayo musamman ya zama mai amfani a cikin matsanancin yanayi na shekaru goma na farko na kasancewar haɗin gwiwa. Mutum zai iya tunanin yadda da kuma inda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ke tafiya ta cikin ma'adinai, masana'antu da ma'aikata tare da wani reshe wanda ya ƙunshi "Waƙar daji", "Rijiyar Tumaki", "A kasa", "Haydamaky" da "Auren Figaro". na tsawon watanni shida a kan waƙoƙi, har ma da ƙafa. Daya daga cikin wasanni na play "Forest song" a Gorlovka ya wajen na musamman. An yi wasan kwaikwayon a cikin wani katon wurin shakatawa, a rana mai tsananin zafi, ba tare da wani yanayi ba, ’yan wasan kwaikwayo na sanye da kayan wasan kwaikwayo ne kawai da Matthew Drake ya kirkira. Koyaya, yawon shakatawa na Donbass shine ƙwarin gwiwa don yin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jiha na SSR na Ukrainian kuma ya koma babban birnin Ukraine, Kharkiv, a 1923. Lesia Ukrainka 's "Forest song", Mykola Gogol 's "Government Inspector", Anatoliy Lunacharsky 's "The Flames", George Bernard Shaw 's Saint Joan Mykola Kulish "97" suna daga cikin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. na wadancan shekarun. A lokacin rani na 1926, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya koma Kyiv a dalilin shawarar da gwamnati ta yanke, yayin da Berezil gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya tashi daga Kyiv zuwa Kharkiv. Tun 1926, gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana aiki a cikin ginin tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Solovtsov. A cikin 1920-1930s, muhimman jaruman gidan wasan kwaikwayon sun kasance kamar haka: Ambrosiy Buchma, Natalia Uzhvy, Yuri Shumsky, Anna Borysoglebska, Dmytro Milyuttenko, Viktor Dobrovolsky, Polina Njatko, Kateryna Osmylovska, Yevhen Ponomarenko, Petrola, Mykola, Mykola, Milyuttenko. Bratersky, Oleksandr Romanenko da sauransu. An samar da wadannan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun al'adun gargajiya na ƙasa da na duniya: "Aure na Figaro" na Beaumarchais, Kasadar Sojan Bright Schweik na Jaroslav Hašek, "Bauta" na I. Karpenko-Kariy, Don Carlos na Friedrich Schiller, Boris Godunov na Alexander Pushkin Daga farkon tsakiyar 1930s, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kamar sauran kungiyoyi, kusan gaba ɗaya ya canza zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na farfagandar jigogi na Soviet. Akwai wasa na gargajiya guda ɗaya kawai a tsakanin samarwa 13 da aka shirya a cikin 1930–34. Jin cewa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na iya rasa abin da aka bunkasa tsawon shekaru, a cikin 1933 Hnat Yura ya juya zuwa daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi so wanda ya ceci gidan wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin wahala, "Aure na Figaro". Ya taka rawar Figaro. Sau da yawa, watsi da nasa sha'awa da sha'awar a matsayin darektan, kokarin fadada m kewayon wasan kwaikwayo, Yura gayyace sauran darektoci don samar da plays: a 1937 Boris Sushkevich ya samar da bala'i "Boris Godunov" Pushkin; a 1939, V. Vilner ya shirya "The Last Victim" na Alexander Ostrovsky A cikin lokacin bikin cika shekaru 20 na kafuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Yura ya samar da almara "Farin Ciki" na I. Franko. A 1946, Konstantin Khokhlov ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayo na Anton Chekhov zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ukrainian, inda ya nuna The Cherry Orchard a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko. Shirye-shiryen gargajiya sun ci gaba da ceto gidan wasan kwaikwayon daga lalacewa: Yura yana aiki akan sabbin nau'ikan "Martin Borulli", "Auditor", "Shvejk", wanda ya kasance mascot tun 1928. Abin tunawa a wurin shakatawa kusa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana dawwama ga Gnat Yura's Svejk. 1940 gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya sami lakabi na ilimi. 1941-1944 kamfanin ya yi aiki, yayin da aka maida ta zuwa Semipalatinsk da Tashkent B. Nord, B. Tyagn, B. Balaban, V. Vasiliev, M. Kruchelnytsky, V. Ivchenko, V. Gakkebusch ya yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin yakin basasa; V. Ogloblin, V. Krainichenko, V. Kharchenko tun daga 1950s; D. Aleksidze, V. Sklyarenko, D. Lyzogub, B. Meshkis, O. Barseghyan, D. Tchaikovsky, P. Morozenko, S. Korkoshko tun daga 1960s, S. Smiyan da sauransu tun daga 1970s. Hotunan faifai da hanyoyin kida na wasan kwaikwayo sun kasance a al'adance kuma sun kasance ƙwaƙƙwaran aikin ƙirƙirar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko. Waɗannan su ne ayyukan masu fasaha: M. Drak, V. Mellear, A. Petrytsky, D. Jagora, A. Aleksandrovich-Dochevsky (babban artist na wasan kwaikwayo), kazalika da waka daga mawaka kamar: N. Pruslin, Y. Mateus, I. Shamo, I. Post, L. Revutsky, O. Bilash, M. Skoryk da sauransu. A cikin 1978-2001, Serhiy Danchenko ke jagorantan gidan wasan kwaikwayon. A wannan lokacin, Bohdan Stupka, Bohdan Benyuk, Anatoliy Khostikoyev, Natalya Sumska, Larysa Kadyrova, Les Zadneprovsky, Alexei Bogdanovich, Iryna Doroshenko Vasiliy Mazur, Lyudmila Smorodina, Stanislav Stankevich, Mikhater Krauk, da dai sauransu. "Tsoron haɗari yana haifar da matsakaicin fasaha, wannan haɗari ne, gidan wasan kwaikwayo rayayye ne, kuma babu abin da za a iya ceto ta hanyar bugun daji. Ba a buƙatar bayyanar cututtuka, ya kamata a yi wasan kwaikwayo. Su ne kawai manufa da hanyoyin ci gaba." Serhiy Danchenko yayi biyayya ga waɗannan kalmomi kuma ya sami sakamako mai mahimmanci. Abubuwan da aka yi na farko sun sa mutane suyi magana game da farfadowa na Farkon Scene na Ukraine. A nan ya gabatar da mataki na Ukrainian zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na Friedrich Dürrenmatt, G. Ibsen, ya gabatar da ɗabi'a da kyau na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ukrainian A. Chekhov (a cikin 1980, wasan kwaikwayon Uncle Vanya ya sami lambar yabo ta Tarayyar Soviet akai-akai ya yi kira ga wasan kwaikwayo na William Shakespeare, ya sami daidai, cikin tsoro shigar da nau'i na karatun karatun na Mykola Khvylovy Ya kama mutane da na kasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo kashi na Ivan Kotliarevsky ta "Eneida". Labarin Tevye da Milkman, wanda duk duniya ya saba da shi, ya sami matsayi na labarun duniya game da neman jituwa na kasancewa (Tevye-Tevel ta Sholem Aleichem 1993 Taras Shevchenko National Prize na Ukraine Tun daga farkon 1990s, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance suna daukan shirye-shiryensu a yanayin al'adun Turai sunyi aiki a kasashen kamar Jamus, Austria, Girka, Italiya, Poland, Amurka, inda aikin mawallafin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko ya yi godiya kamar yadda ya kamata. kasance. Tun 1992 Myhailo Zakharevich ya zama Shugaba na gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Dokar da shugaban kasar Ukraine ya bayar a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1994, ya maida matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayon na kasa. Daga karshen 2001 zuwa 2012 gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci Jarumin Jama'a na Ukraine Bogdan Stupka Ci gaba da haɓaka al'adun da aka tsara ta magabata masu daraja wanda ya kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo G. Yura da kuma ɗan'uwan m S. Danchenko Bohdan Stupka ya gabatar da sunayen, wanda ya kasance sabon abu ga Ukraine, zuwa ga repertoire, ciki har da litattafan gargajiya na Littattafan Ukrainian na G. Skovoroda ("Firmiya na Duniya"), G. Konysky ("Tagedo Comedy game da Tashin Matattu"); gabatar da tsohuwar al'adun Indiyawa ("Shyakundala" ta Kalidasa aikin gargajiya na Yaren mutanen Poland na karni na 20 S. Vitkevich ("Mama, ko Halittar da Ba a bayyana ba Ya kawo Sophocles da Fyodor Dostoevsky Oedipus Rex Brothers Karamazov a kan mataki. A ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa palette na zane-zane na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko, Stupka ya gayyace shi zuwa daraktoci masu gaba dayan ƙa'idodin fasaha. Daraktoci daga Rasha, Poland, Jojiya, da Kanada sun haɗa kai da gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya zama cikakken memba na Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasa da kasa, don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar al'adun wasan kwaikwayo ta Ukrainian a duniya. “Kuma a yau ba mu da wani haƙƙin ɗabi’a da za mu tsallaka, mu shafe duk wani abu da masana wannan fage suka yi, amma akasin haka, dole ne mu cim ma abin da ba su yi ba. Makomar gidan wasan kwaikwayon mu a cikin shekaru 40, 50, 100 ya dogara akan mu, akan kowa da kowa. Yadda za a tuna da mu a wurin masu zuwa." B. Stupka A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2012, an buɗe Scene Chamber, mai suna Sergyi Danchenko. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekara ta 2013, an gina gunkin tunawa da mawaki (Volodymyr da Andriy Chepeliki su ne sculptors), kusa da Scene Chamber. A lokacin daga 2012 zuwa 2017, darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayon shine Stanislav Moiseyev. Ayau, babban darektan da kuma darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo Myhailo Zakharevich (tun 2018), babban darektan Dmutro Bogomazov (tun 2017). Daraktan Petro Ilchenko, Yuriy Odinoky, Andriy Prykhodko, Dmitry Chiropyuk, David Petrosyan suna aiki na cikakken lokaci a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Tun shekara ta 2004, an gudanar da bikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa na wasan kwaikwayo na mata "Maria" a kowace shekara a cikin filin wasan kwaikwayo. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana kusa da wurin shakatawa daura da titin Bankova Repertoire da aka zaɓa 1920 "Sin" na V. Vinnichenko; G. Yura ya jagoranta. Wasan farko na wasan kwaikwayo a Vinnytsia a cikin 1926 "Viy" na N. Gogol. Na farko wasan kwaikwayo a kan mataki na tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Solovtsov" (Kiev) 1934 "Platon Krechet" na A. Korneychuk; Daraktan K. Koshevsky 1940 "In the Steppes of Ukraine" na A. Korneychuk; G. Yura ya jagoranta 1942 "Nazar Stodolya" na T. Shevchenko; Daraktan A. Buchma. Farkon samar da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Semipalatinsk a lokacin yaki da kuma ƙaura 1942 "Natalka-Poltavka" na I. Kotlyarevsky; Daraktan A. Buchma. Stad a Semipalatinsk a lokacin yakin da kuma ƙaura daga 1946 "The Cherry Orchard" na A. Chekhov; Daraktan K. Khokhlov 1961 "The Pharaohs" na A. Kolomiyets; directed by I. Kaznadiy. An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon sau 2000 tare da cikakkun gidaje 1965 "Antigone" na Sophocles; Daraktan D. Alexidze 1978 "Macbeth" na W. Shakespeare; director S. Smeyan 1979 "Stolen Happiness" na I. Franko; director S. Danchenko 1989 "Tevye-Tevel" na G. Gorin; Daraktan S. Danchenko, D. Chiripyuk 1999 "Schweik" na J. Hasek; Daraktan Miroslav Grinishin, A. Zholdak-Tobilevich 1999 "Kin IV" na G. Gorin; Daraktan A. Hostikoyev 2003 Sophocles 'Oedipus Rex; R. Sturua ya jagoranta 2004 "The Brothers Karamazov" na F. Dostoevsky; wanda Yu. Kadai ya bada umurni 2007 "Iyalin Kaidashev" na I. Nechuy-Levitsky; Daraktan P. Ilchenko 2007 -"The Lion and the Lioness" na Irena Koval; Daraktan S. Moiseev 2010 "The Greek Zorba" na N. Kazantzakis; darekta V. Malakhov 2014 "The Living Corpse" na L. Tolstoy; darekta Roman Marholia Daraktocin fasaha Hnat Yura 1920-1964 Marian Kruchelnitsky 1954-1956 Vasyl Kharchenko 1956-1957 Volodymyr Sklyarenko 1962 Yevhen Ponomarenko Shugaban Hukumar Edita 1965-1966 Dmitry Aleksidze 1966-1969 Sergey Smiyan 1970-1978 Serhiy Danchenko 1978-2001 Bohdan Stupka 2001-2012 Stanislav Moiseyev 2012-2017 Myhailo Zakharevich 2018-19 Roza Sarkisyan 2019. Ayyuka da tsari Kowane gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana da wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zama katin kasuwancinsa. A gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franco, waɗannan su ne Ivan Kotlyarevsky's "Aeneid", Ivan Franko's "Farin Cikin Sata", da Friedrich Dürrenmatt's "Ziyarci Tsohuwar Lady". Idan ba tare da su ba, yana da wuya a yi la'akari da tarihin zamani na cibiyar. Gaba ɗaya, daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko shine yin aiki tare da ayyukan gargajiya: Taras Shevchenko "Gaydamaki"), Ivan Kotlyarevsky "Natalka-Poltavka", "Moskal-charivnik"), Lesya Ukrainka ("Stone"). Jagora", "Forest Song") da sauransu. Duk da haka, daga matakin sa ne aka gabatar da masu kallo na Ukraine zuwa Classics na Duniya: "King Lear", "Alot of Noise in Vain" da "Macbeth" na William Shakespeare, "Boris Godunov" na Alexander Pushkin, "Bafiliste mai daraja" ta Molière, "Oedipus Tsar" na Sophocles, "Uncle Vanya" da "The Cherry Orchard" na Anton Chekhov. Wasannin da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sune kamar haka: "Kaidash’s family" na I.Nechoyu-Levytsky, "A ranar Lahadi da safe, potion yana digging", "Duniya" ta O.Kobilyanska da "Crossroads" na I.Franko, "Idiot" ta hanyar. F. Dostoevsky, "Coriolan", "The Taming of the Stomach" da "Richard III" na William Shakespeare, "Frederick ko Boulevard na Laifuka" na E. Shmitt, "Greek Zorba" na N. Kazandzakis, Beaumarchais "The Aure na Figaro", "The Anthem of Democratic Youth" S. Zadana, A. Chekhov's "Seagull", "Morituri te salutant" bisa ga litattafan Stefanik, Peter Kwilter's "The incomparable", da Gregory Horin's" Kean IV A halin yanzu, ayyukansu na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Franko ya ƙunshi wasanni kusan 40. Ƙungiyoyin ƙirƙira na gidan wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da kamfanin ballet, ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar marubuta. Ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo itace ake dauka a matsayin mafi mahimmanci a Ukraine, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo su ne masu fasaha kamar Vasily Basha, Bohdan Benyuk, Alexey Bogdanovich, Anatoly Gnatyuk, Irina Doroshenko, Alexander Zadneprovsky, Vladimir Kolyada, Polina Lazova, Vasily Mazur, Peter Panchuk, Alexey Petukhov, Dmitry Rybalevsky, Lyudmila Smorodina, Ostap Stupka, Natalia Sumskaya, Anatoly Khostikoev, Galina Yablonskaya. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Gidajen wasan kwaikwayon Kyiv Gine-ginen 1926 a Ukraine\ Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29919

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magudanar%20ruwa

Magudanar ruwa

Magudanar ruwa shi ne wurin wucewar ruwa ko na wucin gadi cire ruwan saman da ruwan da ke ƙasa daga wurin da ke da ruwa. Magudanar ruwa na cikin gida na mafi yawan ƙasar noma yana da kyau don hana ruwa mai tsanani (yanayin anaerobic da ke cutar da ci gaban tushen), amma yawancin ƙasa suna buƙatar magudanar ruwa na wucin gadi don inganta samarwa ko sarrafa kayan ruwa. Tarihi Tarihin farko Wayewar Kwarin Indus tana da tsarin magudanar ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kuma Dukkan gidaje a manyan biranen Harappa da Mohenjo-daro sun sami damar samun ruwa da wuraren magudanar ruwa. An kai ruwan sharar gida zuwa magudanar ruwa da aka rufe, wanda ke kan manyan tituna. Karni na 18 da 19 Ƙirƙirar magudanar ruwan bututun da aka ƙirƙira ga Sir Hugh Dalrymple, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1753. Ayyuka na yanzu Geotextiles Sabbin tsarin magudanar ruwa sun haɗa da tacewa na geotextile waɗanda ke riƙe da hana kyawawan hatsi na ƙasa shiga da toshe magudanar. Geotextiles su ne yadudduka na roba da aka kera musamman don aikace-aikacen injiniyan farar hula da muhalli Geotextiles an ƙera su don riƙe kyakkyawan barbashi na ƙasa yayin barin ruwa ya wuce. A cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na yau da kullun, za a shimfiɗa su tare da rami wanda za'a cika su da ƙaƙƙarfan kayan granular tsakuwa, harsashi na teku, dutse ko dutse Sannan Daga nan sai a naɗe geotextile a saman dutsen sannan a rufe ramin da ƙasa. Ruwan cikin ƙasa yana ratsa ta cikin geotextile kuma yana gudana ta cikin dutsen zuwa fashewa. Kuma A cikin babban yanayin ruwa na ƙasa an shimfiɗa bututu mai raɗaɗi PVC ko PE tare da gindin magudanar don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake ɗauka a cikin magudanar ruwa. A madadin, ana iya yin la'akari da tsarin magudanar ruwa na filastik da aka riga aka yi da HDPE, galibi yana haɗa geotextile, fiber na koko ko fil fil Kuma Amfani da waɗannan kayan ya ƙara zama ruwan dare saboda sauƙin amfani da su wanda ke kawar da buƙatun jigilar kaya da shimfidar magudanar ruwa wanda a koyaushe ya fi tsada fiye da magudanar ruwa da siminti. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata geotextile, masu tace PVC da masu tace HDPE sun zama mafi yawan amfani da kafofin tace ƙasa. Suna da arha don samarwa da sauƙin kwanciya, tare da kaddarorin sarrafa masana'anta waɗanda ke tabbatar da aikin tacewa na dogon lokaci ko da a cikin yanayin ƙasa mara kyau. Madadin karni na 21 Ayyukan Jama'a na Seattle sun ƙirƙiri shirin matukin jirgi mai suna Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project. Aikin yana mai da hankali kan zayyana tsarin "don samar da magudanar ruwa wanda yafi kwaikwayi yanayin yanayin kasa kafin a ci gaba fiye da tsarin bututun gargajiya". Titunan suna da ramuka a gefen titin, tare da ƙera shuke-shuken a duk faɗin yankin. Ƙaddamar da matakan da ba a tare da su ba yana ba da damar ruwa ya ɓullo da yardar rai zuwa wuraren da ba za a iya jurewa a gefen tituna ba. Saboda dashen shuka, ruwan da ke gudu daga cikin birni ba ya shiga cikin ƙasa kai tsaye, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin yanayin da ke kewaye. To Amman Kuma Sa ido da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Seattle ta yi rahoton raguwar kashi 99 na ruwan guguwa da ke barin aikin magudanar ruwa Magudanar ruwa ya yi wani babban nazari na muhalli a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan a Burtaniya. Tsarukan Magudanar Ruwa na Birane (SUDS) an ƙera su don ƙarfafa ƴan kwangila don shigar da tsarin magudanar ruwa wanda ya fi kwaikwayi yanayin kwararar ruwa a yanayi. Tun da shekarata 2010 na gida da na yanki a Burtaniya ana buƙatar doka don sanya SUDS cikin kowane ayyukan ci gaba da suke da alhakinsa. Magudanar ruwan ramuka ya tabbatar da mafi kyawun samfuri a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata azaman zaɓin magudanar ruwa. Kuma A matsayin tsarin magudanar ruwa ta tashar an tsara shi don kawar da buƙatar ƙarin tsarin aikin bututun da za a girka daidai da magudanar ruwa, rage tasirin muhalli na samarwa tare da inganta tarin ruwa. Bakin karfe, tashar kankare, PVC da HDPE duk kayan da ake samu don magudanar ruwa waɗanda suka zama matsayin masana'antu akan ayyukan gini. Magudanar ruwa a cikin masana'antar gini Injiniyan farar hula ne ke da alhakin magudanar ruwa a ayyukan gine-gine. Daga cikin tsare-tsaren sun zayyana dukkan hanyoyin, magudanan titi, magudanun ruwa, magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa da ke aikin gine-gine Yayin aikin ginin zai tsara duk matakan da ake bukata don kowane abubuwan da aka ambata a baya. Injiniyoyin farar hula da manajojin gine-gine suna aiki tare da masu gine-gine da masu kulawa, masu tsarawa, masu binciken adadi, ma'aikata gabaɗaya, da kuma ƴan kwangila. Yawanci, sannan yawancin hukunce-hukuncen suna da wasu dokoki na magudanar ruwa don yin hukunci gwargwadon matakin mai mallakar ƙasa zai iya canza magudanar ruwa daga fakitinsa. Zaɓuɓɓukan magudanar ruwa don masana'antar gini sun haɗa da: Magudanar ruwa, wanda ke katse ruwa a gullies (maki). Gullies suna haɗawa da bututun magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ana buƙatar haƙa mai zurfi don sauƙaƙe wannan tsarin. Ana buƙatar goyon bayan ramuka masu zurfi a cikin siffar katako, strutting ko shoring. Magudanar ruwa ta tashar, wanda ke hana ruwa tare da duk hanyar tashar. Magudanar ruwa yawanci ana kera ta ne daga siminti, karfe, polymer ko abubuwan da aka haɗa. Matsakaicin tsaka-tsakin magudanar ruwa ya fi girma fiye da magudanar ruwa kuma aikin tono da ake buƙata yawanci ba shi da zurfi sosai. Fuskar buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa yawanci yana zuwa ne ta hanyar gratings (polymer, filastik, ƙarfe ko ƙarfe) ko rami ɗaya (magudanar ruwa) wanda ke tafiya tare da saman ƙasa (wanda aka kera daga karfe ko ƙarfe). Tsarin bita Magudanar ruwa a cikin ganuwar riƙewa Tsarin riƙon ƙasa kamar riƙon bango shima yana buƙatar yin la'akari da magudanar ruwa na ƙasa. Dan haka Ganuwar rikowa na yau da kullun ana gina su ne da kayan da ba za a iya jurewa ba wanda zai iya toshe hanyar ruwan ƙasa. Lokacin da ruwan karkashin kasa ya toshe, matsa lamba na ruwa na hydrostatic yana tasowa a bango kuma yana iya haifar da babbar lalacewa. Idan ba a zubar da matsa lamba na ruwa yadda ya kamata ba, ganuwar da ke riƙewa na iya yin ruku'u, motsawa, karaya da raguwa. Matsin ruwa kuma yana iya lalata ɓangarorin ƙasa waɗanda ke kaiwa ga ɓata bayan bango da ramukan nutse a cikin ƙasan da ke sama. Sannan Tsarin magudanar magudanar ruwa na gargajiya na iya haɗawa da, Magudanar ruwa na Faransa, magudanar ruwa ko ramukan kuka. Don hana zaizayar ƙasa, ana shigar da yadudduka tace geotextile tare da tsarin magudanar ruwa. Dalilan magudanar ruwa na wucin gadi Ƙasa mai dausayi na iya buƙatar magudanar ruwa don a yi amfani da su wajen noma A Arewacin Amurka da Turai, glaciation ya haifar da ƙananan tafkuna masu yawa waɗanda a hankali suka cika da humus don yin marshes Wasu daga cikinsu an zubar da su ta hanyar amfani da buɗaɗɗen ramuka da ramuka don yin ciyayi, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don amfanin gona masu daraja kamar kayan lambu Mafi girman aikin wannan nau'in a cikin duniya yana gudana tsawon ƙarni a cikin Netherlands Yankin da ke tsakanin Amsterdam, Haarlem da Leiden ya kasance, a zamanin da kafin tarihin fadama da kananan tafkuna. Yanke Turf (Haka ma'adinan Peat rangwame da zaizayar ruwa a hankali ya haifar da samuwar babban tabki guda, Haarlemmermeer, ko tafkin Haarlem. Ƙirƙirar injunan bututun iska a ƙarni na 15 ya ba da izinin magudanar ruwa daga wasu yankunan bakin teku, amma magudanar ruwa na ƙarshe na tafkin dole ne ya jira ƙirar manyan famfunan tururi da yarjejeniya tsakanin hukumomin yankin. Kawar da tafkin ya faru tsakanin shekarar 1849 zuwa shekarata 1852, wanda ya haifar da dubban kilomita 2 na sabuwar ƙasa. Filayen bakin teku da ɓangarorin kogin na iya samun ruwan tebur na lokaci ko na dindindin kuma dole ne su sami ingantaccen magudanar ruwa idan za a yi amfani da su don aikin gona. Misali shine yankin citrus na citrus na Florida Bayan an sami ruwan sama mai yawa, ana amfani da famfunan magudanar ruwa don hana lalacewa ga tsire-tsire na citrus daga ƙasa mai jika sosai. Noman shinkafa yana buƙatar cikakken sarrafa ruwa, saboda filayen suna buƙatar ambaliyar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar amfanin gona. Har ila yau, Netherlands ta jagoranci hanya a cikin irin wannan magudanar ruwa, ba wai kawai don zubar da ƙasa a bakin teku ba, to amma a zahiri tana tura tekun har sai an ƙara yawan al'ummar asali. A cikin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, ƙasa na iya zama isasshiyar noman noma in ban da cewa takan zama ruwa na ɗan lokaci kowace shekara, daga narke dusar ƙanƙara ko kuma daga ruwan sama mai yawa. Ƙasar da aka fi sani da yumbu za ta wuce ruwa a hankali a hankali, yayin da tushen tsiron ya shaƙa saboda yawan ruwan da ke kewaye da tushen yana kawar da motsin iska a cikin ƙasa gaba data.</br> Sauran ƙasan na iya samun ƙasa mara nauyi na ƙasa mai ma'adinai, wanda ake kira da ƙarfi ko ɗumbin dutsen da ba ya da ƙarfi zai iya ƙarƙashin ƙasa mara zurfi. Magudanar ruwa yana da mahimmanci musamman wajen samar da 'ya'yan itace Ƙasar da ba ta da kyau ba za ta iya shayar da ruwa ba har tsawon mako guda na shekara, wanda ya isa ya kashe itatuwan 'ya'yan itace da kuma tsadar amfanin ƙasa har sai an sami maye gurbin. A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan yanayin magudanar ruwa da ya dace yana ɗaukar zubar da ruwa na ɗan lokaci don hana lalacewa ga amfanin gona na shekara ko na shekara. Wurare masu bushewa galibi ana noma su ta hanyar ban ruwa, kuma mutum ba zai ɗauki magudanar ruwa ya zama dole ba. Duk da haka, ruwan ban ruwa ko da yaushe yana dauke da ma'adanai da gishiri, wanda za'a iya tattara shi zuwa matakan mai guba ta hanyar evapotranspiration Sannan Ƙasar da ke da ban ruwa na iya buƙatar ɗigon ruwa na lokaci-lokaci tare da yawan ruwan ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa don sarrafa gishirin ƙasa Duba wasu abubuwan Hanyoyin haɗin waje Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21980

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Cuando

Kogin Cuando

Kogin Cuando kogi ne a kudu maso tsakiyar Afirka wanda ya ratsa ta Angola da Caprivi Strip na Namibia kuma ya shiga Linyanti Swamp da ke iyakar Botswana a arewacin. A kasan fadamar, ana kiran kogin Kogin Linyanti kuma, can gabas sosai, Kogin Chobe, kafin ya kwarara zuwa Kogin Zambezi. Hanya Cuando yana hawa a tsakiyar tsaunukan Angola a gangaren Dutsen Tembo, can daga can yana kwararo kudu maso gabas kan iyakar Zambiya. A wannan isa yana gudana a cikin wasu tashoshi a cikin babban layin fadama mai tsawon kilomita 5-10 (taswira ta 1: iyaka da Zambiya ita ce gabar gabas na wannan ambaliyar, ba tashar kogi ba). Kamar yadda yake da dukkan koguna a kudu maso tsakiyar Afirka, yawan kwararar da yake yi ya banbanta sosai tsakanin lokacin damina lokacin da zai yi ambaliya kuma zai iya zama kilomita da yawa a fadi, da kuma lokacin rani lokacin da zai iya bacewa zuwa fadama. Cuando tana ci gaba a tasharta ta fadama a wuyan Caprivi Strip na Namibia (taswira, 2) sannan ta samar da iyaka tsakanin Namibia da Botswana yayin da ta ci gaba kudu maso gabas. Kimanin shekaru 10,014 da suka wuce, Cuando ya haɗu da Kogin Okavango kuma suka kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa tafkin Makgadikgadi (wanda yake shi ne wani yanki mai dausayi a lokutan yanzu), amma ƙasar da ke wannan yankin ta sami daukaka. Sakamakon haka Cuando yanzu ya haɗu da ƙasa mafi tsayi (taswira, 4) kuma ya ratse zuwa tashoshi da yawa da guguwa (da ake kira Linyanti Swamp) waɗanda ke cike da tsibiran alluvial, kusan sun ɓace a cikin yashi Kalahari kamar Okavango (taswira, 5). Amma maimakon haka sai ya karkata zuwa gabas kuma Zambezi ya kama shi. Gudun yana juyawa sosai gabas, har yanzu yana kan iyaka da Botswana. A lokacin rani akwai ƙananan hanyoyin buɗewa ta hanyar fadama da fadama. Farawa daga wannan lokacin an san shi da Linyanti (taswira, 6), kuma bayan ya gudana ta cikin wani tafki na zamani, Lake Liambesi (map, 7), ana kiransa Chobe (taswira, 8). Daga nan sai kogin ya kwarara zuwa cikin Zambezi wanda yake saman jirgin Kazungula (taswira, 9). A cikin shekaru lokacin da Okavango ya sami kyakkyawan ambaliya sai wasu ruwa ya tsere zuwa gabas tare da busasshiyar hanyar Magwekwana River (wanda aka fi sani da Selinda Spillway) zuwa Linyanti Swamp, don haka ya shiga tafkin Zambezi. Hanyar Selinda Spillway da Kogin Boteti su ne kawai mashigar jirgin ruwan Okavango. A gefen arewacin Kogin Chobe akwai Caprivi Swamps, a gefen gefen hagu babban birni ne na mutanen Kololo waɗanda suka ci Barotseland a ƙarni na 19. Yawancin ruwa na Cuando, Linyanti da Chobe sun ɓace saboda rashin ruwa a cikin gulbin ruwa daban-daban saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa ga kwararar Zambezi ba ta da yawa sai dai a wasu lokutan da ambaliyar take wuce gona da iri. Bifurcation na shekara-shekara na Selinda Spillway (ko Kogin Magweggana), a kan Kogin Cuando, ya haɗu da Kalahari Basin da Zambezi Basin. Dabbobin daji Tsarin Cuando na lura dashi don namun daji kuma mafi yawan tsawonsa ana kiyaye ƙasa ko wanne ɓangare azaman ajiyar wasa ko wuraren kula da namun daji. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun sha wahala a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice a Namibia da Angola, amma da zaman lafiya ya dawo cikin waɗannan ƙasashen suna da damar komawa tsohuwar jihar su. Filin shakatawa na ƙasa ta inda yake ratsawa ko kuma kan iyakarta sune: Coutada Publica do Luiana (Angola) Sioma Ngwezi National Park (Zambia) Bwabwata National Park (Namibia) Mudumu National Park (Namibia) Nkasa Rupara National Park (Namibia) Chobe National Park (Botswana) Manazarta Majiya "Afrique Centre et Sud", Carte Routiere et Touristique Michelin, Paris (1996) C. Michael Hogan (2008) Makgadikgadi, ed. A. Burnham, Makgadikgadi Ancient Village or Settlement, The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, G. M. Bernacsek (1992) A Directory of African Wetlands, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 820

25592

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakunan%20Gargajiya%20na%20Najeriya

Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya

Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya galibi sun samo asalin muƙamansu ne tun daga masarautu masu zaman kansu ko kuma al'ummomi da suka wanzu kafin samar da Najeriya kasaramu ta yau. Duk da cewa waɗannan sarakunan basu da cikakke iko a yanzu, amma duk da haka mutanensu na girmama su kuma suna da tasiri sosai acikin al'umma. Duk da cewa masu waɗannan matsayi suna gudanar da harkokin su na sarauta acikin salo irin na iyayen su da kakannisu, ɗaukakin hulɗoɗinsu da dangantakarsu da gwamnatocin yankunan su da na yankunan Najeriya baki ɗaya na da alaƙa da irin matsayin manyan Mutanen Nahiyar Turai fiye da kuma irin na sarakunan asali. Tarihi Kafin zuwan Turawa Najeriya ta yau ta ƙunshi ƙasashe waɗanda kabilu da al'adu daban-daban na gargajiya suka mamaye tare da harsunan su da kuma al'adunsu. A taƙaice dai, Inyamurai (Igbo) ne suka mamaye yankunan kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, yankin Neja Delta kuwa ta Ƙabilar Edo ce da sauran masu alaƙa da Inyamuranci, kudu maso yamma kuwa ta Yarabawa (Yoruna) ce da mutanen da ke da alaka sannan yankunan arewa mallakin Hausa da Fulani ne, tare da ƙungiyoyin kabilu daban-daban a cakuɗe a Tsakiyar ƙasar a tsakanin arewa da kudancin ƙasar. Gaba ɗaya akwai ƙabilu fiye da guda 200 a Najeriya. Kafin zuwan Turawan Ingila a ƙarshen karni na 19, tarihin yankin ya kasance mai cike da rudani, tare da lokutan da masarautu irin su Oyo, Benin, Kanem-Bornu da kuma Sokoto suka sami iko akan manyan yankuna, da sauran lokutan da jihohin suka kasance mafi rarrabuwa. Duk da cewa tsarin mulki ya sha bamban a tsakanin ƙabilu daban -daban, ya zama abu na gama gari ga kowane gari ko tarin garuruwa da su tsayar da shugaba guda ɗaya don ya jagorance su, wanda shima ta iya yiwuwa yana mulki ne a ƙarƙashin wani babban sarki. Don haka aka raba khalifancin Sakkwato zuwa masarautu, inda sarakuna ke zama masu biyayya ga Sarkin Musulmi, duk da cewa a wasu lokutan suna yin sarauta da ikonsu. Zamanin mulkin mallaka Turawa sun dade suna kasuwanci da jihohin da ke gabar teku, musamman suna musayar auduga da sauran kayayyakin da aka sarrafa don bayi da kayayyakin dabino a cibiyoyi irin su Calabar, Bonny da Lagos An kafa Tsaron Tekun Neja a shekara 1891 sannan akwai wani ƙaramin yanki a bakin tekun. A tsakanin shekarun 1879–1900 Kamfanin Royal Niger ya yi wani yunƙuri na ƙwace ikon cikin gida, ta amfani da horo na sojoji masu ɗauke da bindigar Maxim, da yin yarjejeniyoyin “kariya” tare da sarakunan yankin. An sayar da yankin kamfanin ga gwamnatin Burtaniya a shekarar 1900, inda yankin kudancin ya hade da yankin Niger Coast Protectorate don zama Kudancin Najeriya Mai Tsaro da Tsaron Arewacin Najeriya da ya rage. A shekara ta 1914 an hade biyun zuwa cikin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, tare da iyakokinsu daidai da na Najeriya ta zamani. Babban Kwamishinan Burtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya, Lord Frederick Lugard, ya yi ƙoƙarin yin sarauta ta hannun sarakunan gargajiya, kuma daga baya aka fadada wannan hanyar zuwa kudu. Wanda ya maye gurbin Lugard Hugh Clifford ya bar wannan tsarin a arewa, inda tsarin masarautar yake da al'adun gargajiya, amma ya gabatar da majalisar dokoki tare da wasu zababbun membobi a kudanci, yana mai da sarakunan gargajiya zuwa manyan ayyuka na alama. Bayan lokaci, dangantaka tsakanin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da sarakunan gargajiya ta bunƙasa. Misali, 'yan kabilar Tiv, a lokacin ƙabila ta huɗu mafi girma a ƙasar, koyaushe sun kasance masu rarrabuwar kawuna saboda haka ba su da babban mai mulki. Najeriya mai zaman kanta Tare da samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta alif 1960, sai kuma sauye -sauyen gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya da na soji, matsayin sarakunan gargajiya ya ci gaba. A arewa, daga baya sarakunan sun rasa madafun iko ga gwamnatin gwamnati, duk da cewa ana yawan gudanar da ayyukan ta manyan mutane. Inda a baya masu mulki suka sami mukami sosai ta hanyar gado ko ta hanyar nadin majalisar dattawa, yanzu gwamnati na ƙara shiga cikin maye. Don haka, a watan Mayun 1994, mulkin soja Janar Sani Abacha ya sauke Awwal Ibrahim, Sarkin Suleja, duk da cewa daga baya aka dawo da shi aiki a watan Janairun 2000. A wasu lokuta, gwamnati ta haɗu ko ta raba yankunan gargajiya. Misali, akwai sarakuna biyu na mutanen Efik a yankin da ke kusa da Calabar, amma a watan Disambar shekara ta alif 1970 an amince a haɗa ofishin zuwa guda ɗaya wanda wani mai sarauta da ake kira Obong zai riƙe. Lokacin da aka kirkiri jihar Yobe masarautu guda hudu ne kacal, amma a watan Janairun shekara ta 2000 gwamnan jihar Bukar Abba Ibrahim ya sake fasalin jihar zuwa 13. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da rabe -raben mulkin mallaka. Kamar wancan lokacin Jihar Kwara gwamnan Bukola Saraki nada uku sabon wadanada a watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, sabon Sarkin Kaiama aka kaddamarda wani farko aji basaraken yayin da Onigosun na Igosun da Alaran na Aran-Orin aka kaddamarda uku aji wadanada. Sarakunan gargajiya a yau har yanzu ana girmama su sosai a cikin al'ummomi da yawa, kuma suna da tasirin siyasa da tattalin arziƙi. Kodayake ba su da wani matsayi a cikin tsarin dimokiraɗiyya, akwai gasa mai ƙarfi don kujerun sarauta a tsakanin madaidaitan sarakunan da suka cancanta. Sarakuna kuma za su iya ba da laƙabin gargajiya ko na girmamawa a cikin tsarin sarautun Najeriya Wadannan lakabi zo da ex officio matsayi a cikin "gwamnatocin", kuma ma yan kasuwa da 'yan siyasa sau da yawa sun sanya girma darajar a nemowa irin wannan lakabi. Masu mulki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin sulhu tsakanin mutane da jihar, haɓaka asalin ƙasa, warware ƙananan rikice-rikice da samar da isasshen tsaro na ma'aikata don galibi rashin isassun ofisoshin gwamnati. Dalili ɗaya na tasirin su na iya kasancewa mutanen ƙabilu da yawa ba su da iyawar sadarwa a cikin harshen Ingilishi na hukuma, don haka basaraken gargajiya ya zama mai fassara da mai magana da yawun. Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekara ta alif 2010, jihar Akwa Ibom tana da sarakunan gargajiya guda 116 tare da takaddun shaida daga jihar. Sun karɓi sabbin motoci akan nadin nasu, da sauran fa'idodi. Shugaban Akwa Ibom majalisa na mashãwarta ce cewa a cikin sama, da gargajiya ubanninsu sun kasance alhakin hana sace-sacen mutane a cikin yankuna. Laƙabi Kasancewar akwai yaruka guda 521 daban -daban na asalin Najeriya, akwai laƙabi da yawa na sarakunan gargajiya. A arewacin Musulmi jihohi, Emir ne fiye da amfani a cikin harshen Turanci, amma sunayen a cikin gida harsuna hada da Sarki, Shehu, Mai, Etsu da Lamido. A yankin tsakiyar Najeriya, ana rike mukamai daban -daban. Misali shine Aku Uka na masarautar Kwararafa, sarkin gargajiya na Jukun, wanda kujerar sa ke Wukari, jihar Taraba Ana amfani da Agwam a tsakanin mutanen Atyap, Kpop tsakanin Ham Agwom tsakanin Adara, Afizere, Bakulu da Gbong Gwom ta Berom a kudancin jihar Kaduna da jihar Filato Tiv da Oche na Idoma na jihar Benue suna amfani da Tor. Long da kuma Ngolong ana amfani da Goemai da Ngas, bi da bi, da kuma Ponzhi aka yi amfani da Tarok, duk a Jihar Filato. Ohinoyi da Ohimegye aka yi amfani da Ebira a Kogi da kuma Nasarawa Amirka. Koro Wachi ne ke amfani da ere; Aren Shin ta Eggon, Etum da Tum ana amfani da su ta Numana, Ninzam, Nikyob-Nindem; Chun da Chu ta Mada da Kuma yaren Buh Wamba da na duk kudancin Kaduna da jihohin Nasarawa da Oriye Rindre inji mawallafi Tarihi Danladi Makpa Jibrin.Attah ko Onu ana amfani da Igala na jihar Kogi kuma Nupe na Kogi, Niger, Kwara da Abuja da Dibo, Kakanda, BassaNge da Gbagyi ke amfani da Etsu a tsakiyar bel na ƙasar. Oba shine babban masarautar Benin a jihar Edo Enogie (jam'in enigie) da Okao (jam'i ikao) an danganta su ga sarakunansa da mataimakansa a masarautar Benin, yayin da Odionwere ya danganta ga gwamnoninsa ko manyan dattawa. A aikace, ba a shigar da enigie a cikin al'ummomi tare da ikao, saboda duka sarakunan gargajiya ne da wakilan Oba, waɗanda ake tuhuma da gudanar da ayyukan al'ummomin su. Onojie aka yi amfani da Esan al'umma da su koma zuwa ga daban-daban shugabanni a Jihar Edo, yayin da Afamai mutane amfani da Otaru da Okwokpellagbe. Ana kuma amfani da wasu laƙabi. Daga cikin Urhobos da Isokos na jihar Delta, babban taken da ake amfani da shi shine Ovie. Wasu dangi suna amfani da laƙabi masu alaƙa duk da haka, kamar Orodje, Orosuen, Ohworode, Odion-Ologbo, da Odio r'Ode. Hakanan mutanen Efik, Ibibio da Annang na Jihohin Cross River da Akwa Ibom suna amfani da Obong. Haka kuma Yarbawa suna amfani da Oba wajen ambaton sarakunansu daban -daban, duk da cewa wasu laƙabi irin su Ooni, Alake, Alaafin, Awujale, Olomu, Akarigbo, Orangun, Olu'wo, Eleko, Olumushin da Eburu su ma ana amfani da su, musamman ga mutane da/ko wurin sarauta. Gallery Duba kuma Tarihin Najeriya Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya Masarautar Najeriya Jaridar Najeriya Royal regalia a Najeriya Manazarta Siyasar Najeriya Ƙabilun Nijar Mutanan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

15835

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majiya

Majiya

Subscript text Majiya na nufin madogara ta bayani ko labari wato inda aka jiyo labari. Majiya itace take nuna gaskiyar labari ko batu. Ana saka majiya ne a cikin rubutu kamar na Littafi, Jarida ko Maƙala domin gamsar da mai karatu ya nutsu da abin da aka faɗa ko gaskiya ne. A Gabaɗaya haɗuwar duka rubutun da ke cikin jiki da kuma rubutun litattafan ya zama abin da yawancin mutane ake ɗauka a zaman ƙira (alhali kuwa shigar da bibliographic da kansu ba). Abubuwan da aka ambata game da maganganu guda ɗaya, wanda za'a iya karantawa a cikin labaran kimiyya na lantarki ana kiran su non publications, wani nau'i na rarraba microattribution. A Kididdiga suna da mahimman dalilai masu yawa gaske: don tabbatar da gaskiya ta ilimi (ko guje wa satar fasaha don danganta aiki na farko daya samo asali da ra'ayoyi zuwa ingantattun tushe, don bawa mai karatu damar yanke hukunci da kansa ko bayan da aka ambata suna tallafawa ra'ayin marubuci a cikin da'awar hanya, kuma don taimaka wa mai karatu ya auna ƙarfi da ingancin abin da marubucin ya yi amfani da shi. Abubuwan da aka ambata a gaba ɗaya suna biyan kuɗi ne ga ɗayan tsarin ambaton da aka yarda da su gaba ɗaya, kamar su Oxford, Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), da sauran tsarin ambaton, saboda taronsu na haɗin gwiwa sanannen abu ne kuma mai sauƙin fassarawa daga masu karatu. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan tsarin lissafin yana da fa'ida da amfani. ga Editoci galibi suna ayyana tsarin amfani da su. Bindiddiki, da sauran jerin abubuwa kwatankwacin nassoshi, galibi ba a daukar ambaton saboda ba su cika hakikanin kalmar ba: ba a yardaba da gangan kadau ko rahoto daga wasu mawallafa game da fifikon ra'ayin mutum. Ra'ayi A Bididdigar kundin tarihi na nufin littafi, ko labarin, shafin yanar gizo, ko wani abu da aka buga. yakamata subi daki-daki don gano abu musamman. Ana amfani da tsarin gudanar da salona daban a cikin ambaton kimiyya, ambaton shari'a, fasaha ta farko, zane-zane, da kuma yan Adam Abun ciki A Abubuwan da aka ambata na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in tushe kuma suna iya haɗawa da: Littafin: marubuta (s), taken littafi, wurin bugawa, mai bugawa, ranar fitowar sa, da lambar shafi (idan) ya dace. Jarida: marubuci (s), taken labarin, taken jarida, ranar da aka buga shi, da lambar shafi (s). Jarida: marubuta (s), taken labari, sunan jarida, taken yanki da lambar shafin take (idan) da kuma, ranar da aka buga. Shafin yanar gizo: marubuta (s), Labari da taken bugawa a inda ya dace, kazalika da URL,da kwanan wata lokacin da aka saka shafin. Kunna: ambaton layi da suna ba da ɓangare, na yanayi, da lambobin layi,ba na biyun an raba shi da lokaci: 4.452 yana nufin yanayi na 4, layi na 452. Misali, "A cikin Eugene Onegin, Onegin cire Tanya lokacin da ta sami 'yanci ya zama nasa, kuma sai kawai ya yanke shawarar yana son ta lokacin da ta riga ta yi aure" (Pushkin 4.452-53). Waka: ana amfani da irin wannan don nuna layi daban na waƙa, kuma ƙididdigar zance yawanci sun haɗa da lambar layi (s). Misali: "Don dole ne in yi soyayya saboda ina raye Kuma rayuwa a cikina abin da kuka bayar ne. (Brennan, layi 15-16). Ganawa: sunan mai tambaya, mai ba da labari (tsohon hirar sirri) da ranar hira. Musamman masu ganowa A Tare da bayanai kamar marubuta (s), ranar da aka buga, take da lambobin shafi, ƙididdigar na iya haɗawa da masu ganowa na musamman dangane da nau'in aikin da ake magana a kai. KIdiddigar littattafai na iya haɗawa da Lambar Littafi Na Duniya wato (ISBN).hakan na nufun (International Standard Book Number Takamaiman juzu'i, kasidu ko wasu sassan da za'a iya gano su na wani lokaci, na iya kasancewa yana da wani abu da yake nufin Serial Item and Contribution Identifier wato (SICI)da kuma Lambar Serial Ta Duniya dake nufin International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). Takaddun lantarki suna da digital object identifier wanda ata kaice ake cewa (DOI). Abubuwan bincike na ilimin kimiyar halittu na iya samun Mai Bayyanar PubMed (PMID). Tsarin A maganar gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan tsarin faɗakarwa iri biyu, tsarin Vancouver da ambaton manazartaMajalisar Editocin Kimiyya wato (CSE)dake nufin Council of Science Editors tana saka ma kididdigar, na tsarin sunan-ambato Tsarin Na Vanco Tsarin Vanco yana nufin amfani da lambobi daki daki a cikin rubutu, ko kuma mai sakaci acikin duka biyun Lambobin suna nufin ko dai bayanan rubutu (bayanan kula a ƙarshen shafin) ko bayanan ƙarshe (bayanan kula a shafi a ƙarshen takardar) waɗanda ke ba da cikakken Bayani. A Tsarin bayanan kula na iya buƙatan cikakken littafin tarihin ba, ya danganta da ko marubucin yayi amfani da fom na cikakken bayanin kula ko kuma taƙaitaccen bayanin kula. Misali, wani yanki na takarda na amfani da tsarin bayanin kula ba tare da cikakken littafin tarihi ba zai iya zama kamar: "Matakai guda biyar na bakin ciki sune musantawa, fushi, sasantawa, damuwa, da kuma yarda." 1 Bayanin cewa, wanda yake a ƙasan shafin (ƙarancin rubutu) ko a ƙarshen takardar (ƙarshen rubutun) zai yi kamar wannan: 1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Akan Mutuwa da Mutuwa (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45-60. A cikin takarda tare da cikakken littafin tarihin, a gajeren bayanin kula na iya zama kamar: 1. Kübler-Ross, Kan Mutuwa da Mutuwa 45-60. Shigar da littafin, wanda ake buƙata tare da taƙaitaccen bayanin kula, zai yi kamar wannan: Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. Akan yana mutuwa da kuma mutuwa New York: Macmillan, 1969. A cikin ɗabi'un ɗan adam, marubuta da yawa suna amfani da bayanan ƙafa ko mahimman bayanai don samar da wani labari na ɗan lokaci. Ta wannan hanyar, abin da yayi kama da takaddama shine ainihin ƙarin kayan aiki, ko shawarwari don ƙarin karatu. Rubutun iyaye Nunawa ga iyaye, wanda aka fi sani da Harvard nakaltowa, yana da cikakke ko na juzu'i, a cikin rubutu, bayanan ambaton da ke kunshe a cikin madafan madauwari kuma an saka su a sakin layi. Misali na bayanin iyaye: "Matakai guda biyar na baƙin ciki sune ƙi, fushi, ciniki, damuwa, da yarda" (K acceptancebler-Ross, 1969, shafi na 45-60). Dogaro da zaɓin salon, nassoshi masu mahimmancin kalmomi na iya buƙatar sashin ƙarshe. Sauran salo sun haɗa da jerin amsoshin, tare da cikakkun bayanan nassoshi, a cikin ɓangaren ƙarshe, wanda marubucin ya tsara su bisa haruffa. Galibi ana kiran wannan ɓangaren "Bayani", "Bibliography", "Ayyukan da aka ambata" ko "An nemi shawarwari". Nassoshi a cikin rubutu don wallafe-wallafen kan layi na iya bambanta da kuma nusar da Cikakken bayani akan abu, kawai za a iya nuna shi lokacin da mai karatu ke so, a cikin sifofin kayan aiki Wannan salon yana sa ambaton ya zama da sauƙi kuma yana inganta ƙwarewar mai karatu. Tsarin sunan-ambato An saka wasu manyan lambobi a wurin magana, kamar dai yadda yake a cikin tsarin jerin sunayen, amma an kirga ambaton gwargwadon tsarin ayyukan da aka kawo a karshen takarda ko littafin; wannan jerin galibi ana tsara shi ta jerin haruffa ta hanyar marubuci. Salo Salon kididdiga za'a iya rarraba shi zuwa salon da ya dace da Ilimin ɗan Adam yafa idantu, kodayake akwai ɗan abin da zai daidaita. Wasu jagororin salo, kamar su the Chicago Manual of Style, suna da sauƙin canzawa kuma suna rufe tsarin magana da rubutu. Sauran, kamar salon kuma sun hada da MLA da kuma APA, suna ayyana fasali a cikin tsarin rubutu guda ɗaya. Wadannan ana iya kiran su tsarin tsaruka da kuma salon kira.Hakanan jagororin daban-daban suna ƙayyade tsarin bayyana, misali, kwanan watan fitarwa, take, da lambobin shafi na bin sunan marubucin, da tarun alamomina rubutu, amfani da rubutun, girmama, zance, alamun ambato, da sauransu, musamman ga salo.kungiyoyi da yawa sun ƙirƙiri salona dacewa da buƙatun su; saboda haka, akwai jagororin da yawa. Masu wallafa kowane ɗayansu suna da nasu bambancin a cikin gida kuma, kuma wasu ayyukan suna da daɗewa don suna da nasu hanyoyin ambaton kuma: Stephanus pagination ko Plato; Bekker numbers ko kuma Aristotle; saka Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta hanyar littafi, babi da aya; ko Shakespeare da kuma wasa. Harshena Salon Maganan Citation Style Language wato (CSL) yaren budewa ne na XML don bayyana tsarin yadda ake kawo ƙira da litattafan tarihi. 'Yan Adam Tsarin salona Chicago Style (CMOS) an kirkireshi kuma jagorar sa shine Chicago Manual of Style Anfi amfani dashi sosai a tarihi da tattalin arziki harma da wasu ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Salon alaƙar Turabiya mai alaƙa da juna wanda ya samo asali daga gare ta don nassoshin ɗalibai ne, kuma an bambanta ta daga CMOS ta hanyar ƙin ambaton alamomi a cikin jerin bayanai, da kuma faɗakarwar samun damar dole. Tsarin Columbia an kirkireshi ne Janice R. Walker da Todd Taylor don bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da ambaton hanyoyin intanet. Yanayin Columbia yana ba da samfuran samfuran ɗan Adam da na kimiyya. Bayanin: Bayyana Tushen Tarihi daga Abubuwan Tarihi zuwa Gidan yanar gizo na Elizabeth Shown Mills sun hada da manyan hanyoyin da ba a haɗa su a cikin CMOS ba, kamar ƙidaya, kotu, ƙasa, gwamnati, kasuwanci, da kuma bayanan coci. Ya haɗa da tushe cikin tsarin lantarki. Masana tarihi da tarihi suka yi amfani da shi. Rubutun Harvard (ko tsarin kwanan wata) wani nau'i ne na takamaiman magana na iyaye .British Standards Institution da kumaModern Language Association sukan yi amfani da su wajen shawarar yin nuni ga iyaye. Nuna fassarar Harvard ya ƙunshi ɗan gajeren lokacin kwanan wata, misali, "(Smith, 2000)", ana saka shi bayan rubutun da aka ambata a cikin maganan da kuma cikakken bayanin tushen da aka jera a ƙarshen labarin. Salona MLA style ya haɓaka ta Modern Language Association Harshe ta Zamani kuma ana amfani dashi mafi yawa a cikin zane-zane da ɗabi'un ɗan adam, musamman a cikin karatun Ingilishi, sauran karatun adabi, gami da adabin kwatanta da sukar adabi a cikin yaren Ingilishi harsunan waje kuma wasu karatun bambance-bambance, kamar karatun al'adu, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, fim, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai, gami da talabijin Wannan salon ambaton da tsarin rubutun yana amfani da rubutacciyar magana tare da shafi na marubuci (Smith 395) ko kuma wani shafi mai suna [short] (Smith, Contingencies 42) Acikin wannan aikin na mawallafin nan yake a tsakanin magana cikin rubutuna. The MLA Style Manual zuwa jerin haruffa na tushe a shafi na "The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers" a ƙarshen Citation and bibliography format.da kuma bayanan kula (alamomi ko ƙarin bayani).Littafin Jagora na MLA don Marubuta na Takardun Bincike, musamman Tsarin Magana da tsarin littafin tarihi MHRA Style Guide an buga shi ne ta Modern Humanities Research Association(MHRA) kuma mafi yawan amfani da shi a cikin zane-zane da ɗabi'un ɗan adam A MHRA. Ana iya samun abun siyarwa a Birtaniya dana Amurka. Ya yi daidai da salona MLA style, amma yana da wasu bambance-bambance. Misali, salon MHRA yana amfani da bayanan ƙasa wanda ke nuni da cikakkun bayanai yayin kuma samar da kundin tarihin rayuwa. Wasu masu karatu suna ganin yana da fa'ida ga cewa bayanan suna bukatan cikakkun bayanai, maimakon takaitaccen nassoshi, don haka ba sa bukatar yin nazarin tarihin yayin karatun sauran bayanan da aka buga. A wasu yankuna na 'Yan Adam, ana amfani da bayanan ƙafa don kawai nassoshi, kuma an guji amfani da su don bayanan kafa na yau da kullun (bayani ko misalai). Awa Innan yankuna, ana amfani da kalmar "alamar ƙafa" a matsayin ma'anar "tunani", kuma dole ne editoci da masu rubuta abubuwa su kula sosai don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci yadda marubutan suke amfani da kalmar. Doka Bluebook tsari ne na ambaton gargajiya da ake amfani da shi a rubuce-rubuce na ilimin Amurka, kuma kotuna da yawa suna amfani da Bluebook (ko makamancin tsari da aka samo shi). A halin yanzu, labaran doka na ilimi koyaushe suna da tushe, amma motsin da ake gabatarwa ga kotuna da ra'ayoyin kotu a al'adance suna amfani da ambaton layi, waɗanda maƙalar jumla ce daban ko ɓangarori daban.na Bayanan da ke acikin layi suna ba masu karatu damar tantance karfin tushe ta hanzari, misali, kotun da aka yanke hukunci a ciki da shekarar da aka yanke hukunci. Salon ambaton doka da aka yi amfani da shi kusan a ko'ina cikin Kanada ya dogara ne da Jagoran Kanada don Bayyana Dokar Kaya (AKA McGill Guide wanda aka wallafa ta McGill Law Journal Bayyanar da doka ta Burtaniya kusan ta duniya gaba ɗaya tana bin a Tsarina. Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) Kimiyya, lissafi, injiniyanci, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, da magani Salon Kamfanin American Chemical Society, ko kuma salo na ACS style, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin Chemistry da wasu kimiyyar jiki A cikin salon salon ACS an ƙidaya su a cikin rubutu da jerin abubuwan tunani, kuma ana maimaita lambobi a cikin rubutun yadda ake buƙata. A cikin salon American Institute of Physicsa(salon AIP), ana kuma ƙididdige nassoshi a cikin rubutu da cikin jerin bayanai, tare da lambobin da aka maimaita a cikin rubutun kamar yadda ake buƙata. Salon da aka kirkira wato American Mathematical Society (AMS), ko kuma nau'ikan AMS, irin su AMS-LaTeX, ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin BibTeX a cikin tsarina LaTeX .Ana saka shi tare da alamun rubutu na farko da shekara a cikin rubutun da farkon ambaton. Ana lissafin ƙididdiga na al'ada cikin layi tare da tsarin lakabin harafi, misali [AB90]. Wannan nau'in salone ake kiran sa da Tasirin marubuta. Tsarin Vancouver system, wanda Majalisar Editocin Kimiyya wato Council of Science Editors (CSE) ta ba da shawara, ana amfani da shi a cikin likitanci da takardun kimiyya da bincike. A cikin wani babban bambance-bambance, wanda wata kungiya da Ake cema American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ta Amurka ke amfani da shi, an haɗa lambobin faɗakarwa a cikin rubutun a cikin madafun iko ba kamar na babban rubutun ba. Duk bayanan kundin tarihi an hada su ne a cikin jerin nassoshi a karshen takaddar, kusa da lambar ambaton su. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) ita ce asalin kwayar wannan salon ƙirar, wanda ya samo asali daga taron editocina Vancouver 1978. Bayanan MEDLINE/PubMed yana amfani da wannan salon faɗakarwa na National Library of Medicine providesasa yana ba da Kaya wato (ICMJE) nanufin Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals -Samfuran Misali". Salon AMA. Salon Cibiyar Injin wato Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE), ko salona IEEE style, ya ƙunshi lambobin ambato a cikin manyan kusoshin murabba'i da lambobi a jere, tare da maimaita lambobi a cikin rubutun yadda ake buƙata. A bangarorin ilimina kimiyyar halittu wadanda suka fada a cikin ICNafp (wanda shi kansa yake amfani da wannan salon ambaton a ko'ina), wani nau'I daban-daban na ambaton taken marubuci shi ne hanya ta farko da ake amfani da ita yayin yin ambaton kuma wasu lokuta an ambace su gaba daya (misali a cikin shawarwarin da suka shafi lambar da aka buga a Taxon tare da ayyukan da ake magana a kansu waɗanda ba a ambata a cikin littafin tarihin ba sai dai idan an ambace su a cikin rubutun. Take suna amfani da daidaitattun taƙaitattun kalmomi masu zuwa bayan Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum don abubuwan zamani da Littattafan Haraji 2 (daga baya IPNI don littattafai. Salon Kiran Pechenik wani salo ne wanda aka bayyana a cikin A Short Guide to Writing about Biology, 6th ed. (2007), na Jan A. Pechenik A cikin 1955, Eugene Garfield ya gabatar da tsarin kundin tarihi don adabin kimiyya wato bibliographic system for scientific literature, don inganta mutuncin scientific publications Kimiyyar zaman jama'a Salona American Psychological Association, ko salon APA style, wanda aka buga a cikin Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin ilimin zamantakewar jama'a wato social sciences. Salon ambaton APA yayi kama da rubutun Harvard referencing, yana lissafa sunan marubucin da shekarar da aka buga shi, kodayake waɗannan na iya ɗaukar nau'i biyu: ambaton suna wanda sunayen marubutan suka bayyana a cikin rubutun kuma shekarar da aka buga sannan ta bayyana a cikin iyaye, kuma marubucin kwanan wata, wanda sunan mahaifin marubuta da shekarar wallafawa duk suna bayyana a cikin iyayen yara A kowane yanayi, ambaton cikin rubutu yana nuni zuwa jerin haruffa na tushe a ƙarshen takarda a cikin Sashin Nassoshi. American Political Science Associationwallafa takaddar jagora da salon jagora don wallafe-wallafe a wannan fagen. Salon yana kusa da CMOS. American Anthropological Association tana amfani da wani sabon juzu'i na salo na Chicago Style wanda aka shimfida a cikin Jagoran Salo na Bugawa. Salona ASA style da American Sociological Association yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan salo da ake amfani da su a cikin wallafe-wallafen zamantakewar jama'a Batutuwa A cikin binciken da suka yi a kan bayanan kafa a cikin mujallu na ilimi a fagen sadarwa, Michael Bugeja da Daniela V. Dimitrova sun gano cewa ambato ga kafofin yanar gizo suna da saurin lalacewa (kamar yadda aka saukar da shafukan da aka ambata), wanda suke kira "rabin-rai wanda ke samar da bayanan kaɗan a waɗancan mujallu marasa amfani ga ƙwarewar karatu a kan lokaci. Sauran masana sun gano cewa abubuwan da aka buga ba su da alamun ambato kamar ɗabi'un asali. Wani mahimmin batun shine kuskuren lafazi, wanda yawanci ke faruwa saboda rashin kulawa kan ɓangaren mai binciken ko editan jarida a cikin hanyar bugawa. Masana sun gano cewa kariya mai sauƙi, kamar tuntuɓar marubucin wata hanyar da aka ambata game da ambaton da ya dace, yana rage yiwuwar kuskuren faɗakarwa kuma hakan yana ƙara ingancin bincike. Bincike yana nuna tasirin labarin na iya zama, a wani ɓangare, ya bayyana ta abubuwan da ke sama kuma ba wai kawai cancantar ilimin labarin ba. Abubuwan da suka dogara da filin galibi ana lasafta su azaman batun da za a magance ba kawai lokacin da aka kwatanta kwatankwacin fannoni daban-daban da, har ma yayin da ake kwatanta bangarori daban-daban na bincike na horo ɗaya.Misali, a likitanci, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, yawan marubuta, yawan nassoshi, tsayin labarin, da kasantuwar babban a cikin taken suna tasiri tasirin; yayin fadita hanyar ilimin halayyar dan adam yawan nassoshi, tsayin labarin, da tsawon take suna daga cikin abubuwan. Yanayin fahimtar cewa ambaton suna zama masu rikitarwa kuma amma masu mahimmanci ma'auni ga masana. Sun bayar da rahoton hanyoyi guda biyar don haɓaka ƙididdigar ambato: (1) kalli tsawon take da alamun rubutu; (2) fitar da sakamako da wuri azaman masu gabatarwa;(3) guji ambaton wata ƙasa a cikin take, aciki ko kuma abudin hariffa; (4) danganta labarin zuwa bayanan tallafi a cikin ma'aji; da (5) guji ɓarna a cikin taken abubuwan bincike. Hakanan sanannun alamu ne waɗanda halayen marubuta da ma'aikatan jarida ke shafar su. Irin wannan halayyan. ana kiranta tasirin haɓaka, kuma an bayar da rahoton ya ƙunshi har ma da manyan mujallu. Musamman ma manyan mujallu na kimiyyar likitanci, gami da ,The Lancet, JAMA, da ,The New England Journal of Medicine, ana tsammanin suna da alaƙa da irin wannan ɗabi'ar, har zuwa kusan kashi 30% na alamomin waɗannan mujallu ana samar da su ne ta hanyar tallan ra'ayi. A gefe guda, lamarin da ke nuna alamun kira yana tashi. yana Kwatanta. bayyana su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin marubuta waɗanda ke ambaton juna ba daidai ba fiye da sauran rukunin marubutan da ke aiki a kan wannan batun. Duba kuma Acknowledgment (creative arts) Bible citation Case citation Citation analysis Citation creator Citation signal Citationality Coercive citation Credit (creative arts) Cross-reference San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment Scholarly method Source evaluation Style guide Bayanan kula Manazarta Kara karantawa Armstrong, J Scott (July 1996). "The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such". Interfaces. 26 (4): 28–42. doi:10.1287/inte.26.4.25. OCLC 210941768. Pechenik, Jan A (2004). A Short Guide to Writing About Biology (5th ed.). New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-15981-6. OCLC 52166026. "Why Are There Different Citation Styles?". Yale.edu. 2008. Retrieved 2015-09-28. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

13245

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A

نزيهة الدليمي

Naziha Jawdet Ashgah al-Dulaimi (ta rayu daga 1923, Baghda zuwa 9 Oktoban 2007, Herdecke ta kasance itace farkon a gwagwarmayar mata na kasar Iraqi. Ta kafa kuma shugabar farko ta Kungiyar Mata ta Iraqi a 10-3-1952, itace mace ta farko minista a tarihin Iraki, kuma mace ta farko a majalisar Larabawa., kuma itace minista mace ta farko a zamanin yanzu na tarihin Iraqi, kuma minista mace ta farko a yankin kasashen Larabawa. Tarihin Rayuwa Al-Dulaimi an haife ta s shekarar 1923, wanda kakanta yabar al-Mahmudia (tsakanin Baghdad da Babylon) kuma ya zauna a Baghdad karshen karni na 19th. Ta karanta ilimin magani a Royal College of Medicine (wanda ayanzu bangare ne na Jami'ar Baghdad). Ta kasance daya daga cikin mata dalibai kaɗan dake a Medical College ɗin a wancan lokaci. A wannan lokaci ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar "Women's Society for Combating Fascism da Nazism" kuma ta shiga cikin gudanar da ayyukan ƙungiyar tukuru. Bayan nan, sanda ƙungiyar ta canja suna zuwa "Gamayyar matan Iraqi," ta zama mamba na komitin zartaswan ƙungiyar. A 1941 ta kammala karatu amatsayin likitan magani. Daga nan, Aka dauke a asibitin Royal Hospital a Baghdad, daga nan aka mata canji zuwa Karkh Hospital. Suk a tsawon wancan lokaci, ta Fuskanci cin zarafi da dama daga jami'an sarakunan dake mulki a kasar, duk a saboda tausayin da take nuna was talakawa ne da bayar da gudunmuwar kiwon lafiya ga marasa karfi wanda take bada wa dakin maganin ta dake a yankin Shawakah. Ta koma Sulaimaniyah (dake Kurdistan) bayan mata canjin aiki, dakin maganin ta ya koma kamar wani gidan masu rauni wadanda take basu taimako da kula a kyauta. Daga Sulaiminiyah ta kara samun canje canje zuwa wasu birane da yankuna na (Kerbala, Umarah). A shekarar 1948, ta zamanto cikakkiyar mamba na Jam'iyyar Komusancin Iraqi wato Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), wanda a lokacin me hamayya da mulkin sarakunan wancan lokaci. A Janairun 1948, Dr Naziha ta kasance cikin juyayin data shahara na "al-Wathbah" akan tunkarar yarjejeniyar colonialist Portsmouth Treaty, da kuma shiga cikin wasu gwagwaayar so da kishin ƙasa. A shekarar 1952 ta rubuta littafi mai suna The Iraqi Woman. Inda tayi rubutu akan rukunin mata da ake kira (al-fallahin), wadanda aka hana masu yancin su da suka hada da danniya da cutarwa akansu. Ta kuma yi rubutu akan mata dake rukunnai mafifita waɗanda suka mallaki abun duniya, amma kuma maza ke tafiyar dasu kamar wasu ababen mallaka bawai amatsayin su na cikakkun halittar ƴan'adam ba. Tayi kokarin farfardo da ƙungiyar Gamayyar matan Iraqi da kuma, samun taimako daga mata yan gwagwarmaya da dama, haka yasa hukuma kafa tasu ƙungiyar "Women's Liberation Society". Said bai samu karbuwa ba. A maida martani, wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka sa hannu daya hada da Dr Naziha, sai suka dauki niyyar cigaba da gudanar da ƙungiyar ko tayaya, haka, bayan canjin sunan ƙungiyar zuwa League for Defending Iraqi Woman's Rights. Sai dai ƙungiyar ta fara aiki ne a 10 March 1952. Daga cikin ƙudurorin ƙungiyar sune: Gwagwarmaya akan Ƴancin ƙasa da zaman lafiyar duniya; Kare hakkin matan Iraqi; Kariya ga yaran ƙasar Iraqi. A ƙarƙashin jagoranci da shiga gudanarwar ƙungiyar da Dr Naziha tayi (sunan ƙungiyar ya canja zuwa Iraqi Women's League) wanda aka samar a shekaru masu zuwa kuma ya juya ya zama babban ƙungiya bayan 14 July 1958 Revolution. Tare da samun mambobi 42,000 (a cikin adadin mutane 8 million) na yawan yankasar a wancan lokaci, sun samu nasarori da dama ga matan Iraqi, musamman samun cigaban doka mai lamba Law No. 188 (1959). A nuna jinjina ga matakai da nasarori, ƙungiyar Iraqi Women's League ta zamanto mamba na dindin-din Secretariat na International Women's Federation. An kuma zaɓe Dr Naziha zuwa Federation's assembly and executive, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugaba ƙungiyar ta duniya. Ta kuma zama shahararriyar mace ga mata a matakin duniya, da yankin Larabawa. A shekarun 1950s, Dr Naziha ta shiga gudanarwar ayyukan Iraqi Peace Movement, Kuma mamba ce na komitin Peace Partisans conference wanda ya gudana a Baghdad a ranar 25 Yuli 1954. Itace mamba ce a World Peace Council. Ta karar da lokacin a shekarun 1950s akan aiwatar da bincike da Neman kaudar da cutar Bejel bacteria wacce ta bulla a kudancin Iraq. Bayan tunbuke mulkin sarakuna, an zabe ta daga shugaba Abd al-Karim Qasim amatsayin Minista na Municipalities a 1959 cabinet Kuma itace wacce ta wakilci jam'iyyar kumusanci wadda aka fi sani da ICP a gwamnatin republican din lokacin. Ta Kuma kasance mace minister ta farko a tarihin kasar Iraq a yanzu, Kuma mace ta farko minista a yankin kasashen Larabawa. Daga nan ta zama karamar minista a bayan samun canje-canje a gwamnatin. A lokacin aikin ta da gwamnatin, al-Dulaimi ta taka muhimmin rawa wurin canja fasalin garuruwan dake kudancin Baghdad zuwa manyan ayyukan gidaje da ayyukan cigaba wanda akai wa lakabi da suna Thawra (Revolution) Birni—yanzu Birnin Sadr. Kuma ta taimaka don samar da dokar zamani na 1959 Civil Affairs Law, wanda ya wuce lokacin wurin canja fasalin aure da samun gado ga mata, don ya bada fifiko sosai ga matan Iraqi. A sakamakon ayyukanta mabanbanta a cikin jam'iyyar kumusancin kasar da ayyukan kishin kasa da cigaba, Dr Naziha ta fuskanci cin zarafi sosai a lokuta da dama. An tursasa mata barin kasar ta zuwa kasar waje Neman mafaka a lokuta da dama. Amma hakan bai sa ta daina shiga ayyukan neman hakkinda kishin kasa ba, da ayyukan yan'uwanta mata, a cikin fafutukan mata da yancin dimokaradiyya. Dr. Naziha ta kasance cikakkiyar yar gwagwarmaya ce a jam'iyyar komusanci, Kuma ta bada lokacin ta ga ayyukan jam'iyyar sosai. Ind ta rike manyan matsayi a jam'iyyar da Kuma zama mamba na babban komiti din. A karshen shekara ta 1970s, sanda ake mulkin kama karya take neman aiwatar da kisa akan jam'iyyar Iraqi Communist Party, ta kasance mamba ce a Secretariat na Central Committee. A dukkanin lokacin da take a kasar waje dan neman mafaka, takan kasance mai yawan tunani akan mutanen kasarta da kasar da irin halin da suke ciki. Akan haka ne yasa ta taka rawa sosai a jagorantar Committee for the Defense of the Iraqi People, wanda aka kafa bayan kuu na 8 February 1963. Komitin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin mawaki Muhammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri. Har a zuwa 1990s, sanda ta tsufa da rauni, bata daina ayyuka dan cigaban mata ba, musamman a kungiyar Iraqi Women's League. Muhimmin taro data samu halarta a rayuwarta shine wani seminar akan yanayin da matan Iraqi ke ciki, wanda ya gudana a 1999 a Cologne, Germany. Kuma ta shiga gudanar da taro na 5th Congress na Iraqi Women's League, amma kafin a gudanar (a Maris 2002) ta kamu da stroke wanda yasa ta paralyzed (shanyewar wasu sassan jiki). Ta Kuma rasu a ranr 9 Oktoba 2007 a Herdecke tana da shekaru 84, bayan kare yaki da cutar na tsawon lokci. Ta bar kaninta Hisham al-Delaimi a raye wanda ayanzu ke zama a Tarayyar Amurka, ta Kuma bar yan'uwa da dama wadanda ke waste a kasar Iraq, Lebanon, Germany, England da kuma USA, babban su shine Dr. Layth al-Delaimy. Mahadar waje Manazarta Haifaffun 1923 matattun 2007 Ministocin gwamnatin Iraq Yan'siyasan komusancin Iraqi Mata ministocin gwamnatin Iraq Yan'siyasa mata na karni na

29835

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtem%20Seitablayev

Akhtem Seitablayev

Articles with hCards Akhtem Shevketovich Seitablayev, Crimean Tatar dan kasar Ukraine, an haife shi 11 Disamba 1972) ɗan wasan Tatar na Crimean ne, marubucin allo kuma darektan fina-finai da ke zaune a Ukraine. Shi ne darektan manyan fina-finai da dama, ciki har da Haytarma a cikin 2013 da Addu'ar Wani a 2017 Ya bayyana rashin amincewarsa da mamaye yankin Crimea da Tarayyar Rasha ta yi, sannan kuma fina-finansa na kan makomar wasu fitattun 'yan Tatar na Crimea sun sha yabawa a duk cikin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet amma masu ra'ayin kishin Rasha masu tsaurin ra'ayi suna suka. Kurucya An haifi Seitablaiev a shekara ta 1972 a Yangiyo'l, sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na Uzbek SSR A lokacin Stalinism, hukumomin Soviet sun kori iyayensa zuwa Uzbekistan a cikin Sürgün tun lokacin da 'yan Tatar na Crimea na ɗaya daga cikin kabilu da dama da suka fuskanci gudun hijira a duniya a zamanin Stalin. Ya halarci makaranta a Uzbekistan kuma ya kasance a can tare da iyalinsa har sai da suka koma Crimea a lokacin Perestroika a 1989, inda ya fara aikin fim a 1992 bayan ya kammala makarantar Cultural Cultural Enlightenment School. Sana'a Daga 1992 zuwa 2004 ya yi aiki a Jihar Simferopol Crimean Tatar Theater, inda ya jagoranci wasanni da dama ciki har da ayyukan Alexander Pushkin A 2005 ya fara aiki a Kyiv Academic Theatre of Drama and Comedy a gefen hagu na Dnieper A cikin 2009 ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko, Quartet for Two. A cikin 2013 ya jagoranci fim din Haytarma (Turanci: Komawa) dangane da ainihin rayuwar Amet-khan Sultan, dan Tatar Crimean da ke tashi sama kuma sau biyu Hero na Tarayyar Soviet wanda ya shaida Sürgün amma ya yi nasarar kauce wa kora saboda zuriyar mahaifinsa Lak da kuma tsoma bakin Timofey Khryukin kwamandan sojojin sama na 8 Jaridar Kyiv Post ta yaba da fim din da cewa "dole ne a gani ga masu sha'awar tarihi" kuma Komsomolskaya Pravda ya soki fim din saboda yadda jami'an NKVD suka yi tashe-tashen hankula yayin da suke nuna mata da yara da aka kora a cikin wani yanayi mai tausayi. Jakadan kasar Rasha a Crimea Vladimir Andreev ya ce fim din ya “karkace daga gaskiya”, ya kuma kai hari kan fim din saboda ‘yan Tatar na Crimea ne suka shirya shi, wadanda ya ce sun cancanci a kore shi daga kasar, amma ya yarda cewa a zahiri shi bai kalli fim din ba, kuma ya kafa nasa fim din. ra'ayin cewa fim din ba daidai ba ne kawai saboda Crimean Tatars ne suka yi shi. Sai dai kuma umarnin da Andreev ya bayar na gaya wa ‘yan Rashan da aka gayyata zuwa fim din cewa kada su halarta, ya sa wasu janar-janar na Rasha da dama da aka gayyata a farkon fim din aka soke, ko da yake wasu na ganinsa. Kalaman Andreev sun haifar da kakkausar suka da suka kai ga yin murabus, yayin da Seitablayev cikin raha ya gode wa Andreev da ya ba fim din talla kyauta. A cikin shekara ta 2015, dangin Seitablayev da fim ɗin an nuna su a cikin wani shirin da ba a ba da rahoto ba game da mamaye yankin Crimea na Rasha. Daga 2016 zuwa 2017 ya jagoranci shirin Another's Prayer, bisa ga ainihin rayuwar Saide Arifova, darektan kindergarten wanda ya ceci yara Yahudawa fiye da 80 a lokacin Holocaust ta hanyar sauya jerin sunayen kabilanci da koya musu su yi koyi da al'adun Tatar na Crimean da harshe don ɓoye su daga Gestapo Daga karshe ‘yan Nazi sun yi zargin cewa tana da hannu wajen boye yaran Yahudawa tare da azabtar da ita, amma ta ki cin amana ko wane suna. Bayan da sojojin Red Army suka sake karbe ikon Crimea ta sake kubutar da su ta hanyar bayyana wa NKVD cewa yaran Yahudawa ne, ba Tatar na Crimea ba, don haka an bar su su zauna a Crimea maimakon a kai su jeji. Fim ɗin ya fara halarta a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2017, ranar tunawa da Sürgün. Tun da farko ya kamata a dauki fim din a Crimea, amma bayan mamaye Crimea da Tarayyar Rasha ta yi a shekara ta 2014 an yanke shawarar cewa za a yi fim din a yankin Ukraine da Georgia. Rayuwa ta sirri A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2018, ya fitar da wata sanarwa don nuna goyon baya ga Oleg Sentsov, wani darektan fina-finai da aka kama a Crimea karkashin Rasha. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ivanna Diadiura, kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. Babban 'yarsa Nazly 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, mai rawa, kuma abin koyi wanda kuma ta taka rawa a cikin shirin Haytarma. Kyaututtuka ewa da tattalin arziki, kimiyya da fasaha, al'adu da ilimi ci gaban Ukraine, gagarumin aiki nasarori da kuma high gwaninta (Agusta 24, 2017) Laureate na Jiha Prize na Crimea domin rawar da Macbeth a cikin play "McDuff" "McDuff" sunan Shakespeare ta play "Macbeth" a cikin Crimean Tatar version). Wanda ya ci kyautar Kyiv Pectoral Theatre Award don rawar Romeo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Romeo da Juliet. Fim ɗin Nariman Aliyev na Ukrainian "Home" an amince da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun fim ɗin waje na 7th International Bosphorus Film Festival, kuma Akhtem Seitablayev, wanda ya taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin, ya sami lambar yabo don mafi kyawun rawar namiji. Wanda ya ci kyautar Vasyl Stus 2020. Fina-finai Jarumin fim Darakta Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1972 Darektocin fim 'yan kasar Ukraine Jaruman fim

30872

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie%20Byanyima

Winnie Byanyima

Winifred Byanyima (an haifeta ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 1959) injiniyan jirgin sama ce na Uganda, 'yar siyasa, mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam, ɗan mata kuma jami'in diflomasiyya.Ita ce babbar darektan UNAIDS, mai tasiri daga Nuwamba 2019. Kafin haka, daga Mayu 2013 har zuwa Nuwamba 2019, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan Oxfam International. Ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan kungiyar jinsi a ofishin manufofin raya kasa a shirin raya kasashe na MDD (UNDP) daga 2006. Fage An haifi Byanyima a Gundumar Mbarara a Yankin Yamma na Yuganda, wata mamaya ta Burtaniya a lokacin.Iyayenta sune Marigayi Boniface Byanyima, shugaban jam'iyyar Democratic Party na kasa a Uganda, da marigayi Gertrude Byanyima, tsohon malamin makaranta wanda ya rasu a watan Nuwamba 2008.Winnie Byanyima ta halarci Makarantar Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga a gundumar Mukono.Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan jiragen sama daga Jami'ar Manchester, inda ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Uganda da ta zama injiniyan jiragen sama.Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a injiniyan injiniya, wanda ya kware a fannin kiyaye makamashi daga Jami'ar Cranfield. Kwararren aiki Bayan kammala horon ta a matsayin injiniyan jiragen sama, Byanyima ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan jirgin sama na Uganda Airlines. Lokacin da Yoweri Museveni ya fara yakin Bush na Ugandan 1981-1986, Byanyima ta bar aikinta ta shiga cikin tawaye masu dauke da makamai. Museveni da Byanyima sun girma tare a gidan Byanyima tun suna yara, tare da dangin Byanyima suna biyan duk wani ilimi na Museveni da bukatun ilimi. Museveni, Byanyima, da mijinta Kizza Besigye ƴan gwagwarmaya ne a cikin National Resistance Army (NRA) a lokacin wannan yaƙin. Tuni dai Byanyima da mijinta suka yi takun-saka da shugaban na Uganda saboda danniya da mulkinsa na rashin bin tafarkin demokradiyya duk da hukuncin da aka yanke masa a baya. Bayan da NRA ta ci wannan yaki, Byanyima ta zama jakadan Uganda a Faransa daga 1989 zuwa 1994. Daga nan ta koma gida ta zama mai taka rawar gani a siyasar Uganda. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Zartarwa wanda ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda na 1995. Sannan ta yi wa'adi biyu a jere a matsayin 'yar majalisa, wacce ke wakiltar Mbarara Municipality daga 1994 zuwa 2004. Daga nan aka nada ta shugabar hukumar kula da harkokin mata, jinsi da ci gaba a hedkwatar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ke Addis Ababa, kasar Habasha. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi har sai da aka nada ta a matsayin darektan kungiyar mata a ofishin raya manufofin raya kasa a UNDP a watan Nuwamba 2006. Babban Darakta na Oxfam, 2013-2019 A cikin Janairu 2013, an sanar da Byanyima a matsayin babban darektan Oxfam International na gaba, ta maye gurbin Jeremy Hobbs.Byanyima ta fara shugabancinta na shekaru biyar a Oxfam a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2013. A cikin Disamba 2017, ta sanar da amincewa da tayin daga Hukumar Kula da Oxfam don yin wa'adi na biyu na shekaru biyar a matsayin Babban Darakta na Oxfam International. A watan Janairun 2015, Byanyima ta jagoranci taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Davos. Ta yi amfani da dandalin wajen matsa lamba don ganin an takaita tazarar da ke tsakanin masu hannu da shuni. Binciken da kungiyar agajin ta gudanar ya yi ikirarin cewa kaso 1 cikin 100 na masu hannu da shuni na duniya mallakar dukiyar duniya ya karu zuwa kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 a shekarar 2014, yayin da kashi 99 cikin 100 ke da sauran rabin. Alkaluman Oxfam suna da karfi sosai daga masana tattalin arziki da yawa. A watan Nuwambar 2016, Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon ya nada Byanyima a cikin Babban Kwamitin Samar da Magunguna, wanda Ruth Dreifuss, tsohon shugaban kasar Switzerland, da Festus Mogae, tsohon shugaban kasar Botswana ke jagoranta. Babban Daraktan UNAIDS, 2019 yanzu An nada Byanyima a matsayin babban darektan hukumar UNAIDS a watan Agustan 2019, ta hannun Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, António Guterres, biyo bayan cikakken tsarin zaɓe wanda ya ƙunshi kwamitin bincike wanda membobin Hukumar Gudanar da Shirin UNAIDS suka kafa. A sabon matsayinta kuma tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Sakatare-Janar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Baya ga rawar da ta taka a UNAIDS, Byanyima ta kuma yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari ta Rukunin Bankin Duniya (WBG) kan Jinsi da Ci gaba. Sauran ayyukan Asusun Duniya don Yaki da AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro, Memba na Hukumar Equity Now, Memba na Hukumar Shawara Gasar Cin Kofin Jinsi na Duniya (IGC), Memba Rayuwa ta sirri A ranar 7 ga Yuli 1999, Byanyima ya auri Kizza Besigye a Nsambya, Kampala. Besigye shi ne tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar siyasa ta Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) a Uganda.Iyayen ɗa guda ne mai suna Anselm. Byanyima mamba ce a jam'iyyar FDC, ko da yake ta rage yawan shiga harkokin siyasar Uganda tun lokacin da ta zama jami'ar diflomasiyyar Uganda a 2004. Tana da 'yan'uwa biyar: Edith, Anthony, Martha, Abraham, da Olivia. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

43108

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins%20Mbesuma

Collins Mbesuma

Collins Mbesuma (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun 1984), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Zambiya wanda ke taka leda a kulob ɗin Pretoria Callies na Afirka ta Kudu. Ana yi masa laƙabi da Guguwa ko Ntofontofo Aikin kulob An haifi Mbesuma a Luanshya Mahaifinsa, Francis Kajiya, shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyoyin Zambiya; Green Buffaloes FC da Ndola United FC da kuma tawagar kasar daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarar 1980s. Sunan "Mbesuma" ya samo asali ne daga mahaifinsa wanda ya raine shi saboda ba mahaifinsa Kajiya ya raine shi ba. Mbesuma ya fara buga wa Zambiya wasa ne a shekara ta 2003, kuma ya lashe wasanni huɗu a ƙarshen wannan shekarar, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma ya kasance babban memba a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 23 ta Zambiya da ta kusa samun tikitin shiga gasar Olympics ta Athens. Ƙwallon da ya yi a gasar Olympics ya dauki hankalin Kaizer Chiefs wanda ya saye shi a watan Janairu daga Roan United da ke Zambiya, inda ya ci a kowane wasa. Ya zura ƙwallo a wasansa na farko a gasar firimiya ta Afrika ta Kudu a shekara ta 2004 a karawar da suka yi da Black Leopards amma ya ji wa kansa rauni a yayin wasan kuma ya shafe makonni da dama yana jinya. Mbesuma an nada shi PSL Player of the Season a cikin shekarar 2005 bayan ya zira ƙwallaye 35 masu ban sha'awa a kakar wasa ɗaya tare da Kaizer Chiefs Bayan irin wannan nasarar da aka samu an tabbatar da komawa ga gasar lig mafi daraja, kuma hakika ya isa ya kama ido Sam Allardyce, manajan Bolton Wanderers Le Mans UC72 ya nemi ya rattaba hannu a kansa amma matsalolin gudanarwa ba su bari Mbesuma ya shiga Faransa ba. Duk da haka, Mbesuma ya yi jinkirin yin gwaji a kulob ɗin, yana jin cewa an riga an tabbatar da ingancinsa, don haka wannan ya ba kocin Portsmouth Alain Perrin damar kulla yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku a lokacin rani na 2005. Matsalolin izinin aiki saboda ƙarancin ƙima na ƙasarsa ya sa ba a ba shi izinin shiga ƙungiyar ba har sai lokacin da za a fara kakar wasa ta farko. An lura cewa ya bayyana ƙiba a farkon kakar wasa lokacin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar ajiyar. Mbesuma bai fara wasa da Portsmouth ba; ya zo ne kawai don jimlar gajeriyar bayyanar wasanni huɗu, duk a farkon rabin kakar 2005–2006. A cikin watan Yulin 2006, ya fara lamuni mai tsawo na kakar wasa tare da CS Marítimo inda ya bayyana cewa yana sake dawo da tsarinsa jefa ƙwallo a raga a farkon kakar wasa kuma yana karbar Swan d'Or, kyautar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal na wata-wata. Sai dai kuma ba da jimawa ba siffarsa ta zube kuma burinsa ya kare a jimlar kwallaye bakwai kawai. Ya koma Portsmouth a watan Yunin 2007 bayan ya buga wasanni 23 ga tawagar Portugal. Canja wurinsa daga Kaizer Chiefs zuwa Portsmouth a watan Agusta 2005 yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda rahoton binciken Stevens a watan Yunin 2007 ya nuna damuwa, saboda sa hannun wakili Willie McKay A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan 2007, an sanar da cewa Bursaspor ya sanya hannu kan Mbesuma akan adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar 2007, Bursaspor ta ci tarar Mbesuma Yuro 5000 saboda rashin komawa kan lokaci zuwa sansaninsa na Turkiyya bayan ya taimakawa Zambiya ta doke Afirka ta Kudu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika Irin wannan hali na Mbesuma an yi Allah wadai da shi kuma Hukumar FAZ ta Zambiya ta bayyana shi a matsayin rashin alhaki. Mbesuma yana da dogon suna na rashin kula da lokaci. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne tun lokacin da ya ke taka leda a kasar Zambiya Roan United A cikin watan Janairun 2008, an bar Mbesuma daga cikin tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Zambiya a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2008 bayan an bayyana shi ba ya cancanta. A ranar 23 ga Mayun 2008, Mbesuma tare ya ƙare kwangilarsa da Bursaspor kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Mamelodi Sundowns Bayan wani yanayi mai ban sha'awa a Mamelodi Sundowns sannan Moroka Swallows FC ya kare kwantiraginsa a ƙarshen watan Yunin 2010. Bayan ya yi rashin kulob na tsawon watanni da yawa ya koma Golden Arrows a ranar 20 ga Disambar 2010 don yarjejeniyar watanni shida. Ya zura ƙwallayen sa na farko a ragar Amazulu a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2011. A ranar 16 Agustan 2012, Mbesuma ya shiga Orlando Pirates akan kwangilar shekaru uku, amma a cikin Yulin 2014 ya koma Mpumalanga Black Aces A cikin Satumbar 2016, ya zama ɗan wasa na biyar kawai a cikin zamanin PSL don zira ƙwallaye 100 na gasar. Kididdigar Aiki Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Zambia ta ci. MaPSL Player of the Season 2005 Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot 2005, 2016 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Collins Mbesuma at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1984 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30050

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Mallakar%20filaye

Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye

Manorialism, wanda kuma aka sani da tsarin manor ko tsarin manorial, shine hanyar mallakar filaye (ko lokaci a sassan Turai, musamman Ingila, a lokacin Tsakiyar birni Siffofinsa sun haɗa da katafaren gida mai da kuma ƙaƙƙarfan katafaren gida a wasu lokutan wanda ubangidan mazauna da waɗanda suka dogara da shi ke zaune tare da gudanar da ƙauye, da yawan ma’aikatan da ke aikin a ƙasar da ke kewaye da su don tallafa wa kansu da iyayen gidan su, Waɗannan ma'aikatan sun cika aikinsu tare da lokacin aiki ko kayan amfanin gona da farko, kuma daga baya ta hanyar biyan kuɗi yayin da ayyukan kasuwanci ke ƙaruwa. Manorialism wani lokaci ana haɗa shi cikin ma'anar feudalism. Manorialism ya samo asali ne a cikin tsarin ƙauyen Roman na Marigayi Roman Empire, kuma an yi shi sosai a yammacin tsakiyar tsakiyar Turai da sassan tsakiyar Turai. Wani muhimmin abu na al'ummar feudal, an maye gurbinsa a hankali ta hanyar zuwan tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai tushen kuɗi da sabbin hanyoyin kwangilar aikin noma A cikin nazarin asalin ma'auni na sufi, Walter Horn ya gano cewa "a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci, gidan sufi na Carolingian ba su da ɗan bambanci da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan kadarori, sai dai ƙungiyoyin jama’ar maza waɗanda sune wannan ƙungiya ta ci gaba da ciyar da su sun ƙunshi sufaye waɗanda suke bauta wa Allah cikin waƙa kuma suna kashe lokaci mai yawa a karatu da rubutu.” Manorialism ya mutu sannu a hankali kuma a ɗan ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da mafi kyawun fasalinsa a cikin shimfidar wuri, tsarin filin budewa Kuma Ya wuce zarcewa a ma'anar cewa ya ci gaba da ma'aikata masu zaman kansu. A matsayin tsarin tattalin arziki, ya wuce feudalism, a cewar Andrew Jones, saboda "zai iya rike jarumi, amma kuma yana iya kula da mai mallakar jari-hujja Yana iya zama mai dogaro da kansa, samar da amfanin gona ga kasuwa, ko kuma yana iya samar da hayar kuɗi." Ƙarshen hukunce-hukunce na ƙarshe a Faransa an soke su a juyin juya halin Faransa Yo A wasu sassan gabashin Jamus, gidajen Rittergut na Junkers sun kasance har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu A Quebec, an biya hayar feudal na ƙarshe a cikin shekarar 1970 a ƙarƙashin gyare-gyaren tanadi na Dokar Kawar da Hulɗa ta Seigniorial na shekarata 1935. Rarraba tarihi da yanki An fi amfani da kalmar tare da la'akari da tsakiyar yammacin Turai. Abubuwan da suka gabata na tsarin za a iya gano su zuwa tattalin arzikin karkara na Daular Rome daga baya Mallaka Tare da raguwar yawan haihuwa da yawan jama'a, aiki shine babban abin da ake samarwa Gwamnonin da suka biyo baya sun yi ƙoƙarin daidaita tattalin arziƙin daular ta hanyar daskarewa tsarin zamantakewa: ’ya’ya maza ne za su gaji ubanninsu a kasuwancinsu, an hana kansiloli yin murabus, kuma ’yan mulkin mallaka, masu noman ƙasa, ba za su ƙaura daga ƙasar da aka haɗa su ba. kuma Ma'aikatan ƙasar suna kan hanyarsu ta zama masu aikin safa. Abubuwa da yawa sun haɗa kai don haɗa matsayin tsoffin bayi da tsoffin manoma masu 'yanci zuwa rukunin dogaro na irin wannan mulkin mallaka yana yiwuwa a kwatanta shi da servus et colonus, "duka bawa da colonus Dokokin Constantine I a kusa da kashi 325 duka sun ƙarfafa matsayin masu zaman kansu na mulkin mallaka kuma sun iyakance haƙƙinsu na yin ƙara a cikin kotuna; Codex Theodosianus da aka yi shelar ƙarƙashin Theodosius II ya tsawaita waɗannan hane-hane. Matsayin doka na adscripti, "daure zuwa ƙasa", ya bambanta da foederati na barbarian, waɗanda aka ba su izinin zama a cikin iyakokin daular, suna ƙarƙashin nasu dokar gargajiya. Yayin da masarautun Jamus suka gaji ikon mulkin Romawa a yammacin karni na biyar, masu mallakar gidaje na Romawa sau da yawa kawai an maye gurbinsu da na Jamusanci, ba tare da wani canji ba ga yanayin da ke cikin ƙasa ko ƙaura daga jama'a. Tsarin dogaro da kai ya samu karbuwa ba zato ba tsammani a karni na takwas (8), sa’ad da kasuwancin da aka saba yi a tekun Mediterrenean ya lalace. Rubutun da masanin tarihin Belgian Henri Pirenne ya gabatar yana tsammanin cewa mamayar Larabawa ta tilastawa tattalin arzikin tsakiyar zamanai ya zama mafi girman kauye, kuma ya haifar da yanayin kabilanci na feudal na mabambantan ma'aikata masu zaman kansu da ke a karkashin tsarin cibiyoyin iko. Bayani Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sassa na gargajiya da aka gada na karkara, an sake sanya su a matsayin hukunce-hukuncen gida da aka sani da manors ko seigneuries Kuma kowane manor yana ƙarƙashin ubangiji (Faransa seigneur yawanci yana riƙe da matsayinsa don mayar da ayyukan da aka miƙa wa ubangiji mafi girma (duba Feudalism Ubangiji ya gudanar da <b id="mwdw">wani kotun manorial</b>, karkashin dokar jama'a da na gida al'ada. Sannan Ba duk ƴan ƙasa ba ne na duniya; Bishops da abbats kuma suna riƙe da filaye waɗanda suka haɗa da wajibai iri ɗaya. A tsawo, kalmar manor wani lokaci ana amfani da ita a cikin Ingila don nufin kowane yanki na gida ko yanki da ke da iko a cikinsa, sau da yawa a cikin 'yan sanda ko mahallin laifi. A cikin tsarin jeri-jeri na babban gidan sarauta na tsakiya daga Shepherd's Historical Atlas, sassan ƙasar da aka yi aiki daban-daban a cikin tsarin fili suna bayyana nan da nan. Kuma A cikin wannan shirin, da manor gidan an saita dan kadan baya daga ƙauyen, amma daidai sau da yawa ƙauyen girma a kusa da forecourt na manor, tsohon bango, yayin da manor asashe miƙa waje, kamar yadda har yanzu ana iya gani a Petworth House Kamar yadda damuwa don keɓantawa ya karu a cikin karni na 18, gidaje masu nisa daga ƙauyen. Misali, lokacin da sabon mai gidan Harlaxton Manor, Lincolnshire ya buƙaci sabon gida a cikin shekarata 1830s, an watsar da wurin da gidan da yake da shi a gefen ƙauyensa don wani sabo, keɓe a wurin shakatawa, tare da Kauyen daga gani. A cikin al'ummar noma, yanayin zaman ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin duk abubuwan zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. Kuma Akwai tsarin shari'a guda biyu na mallakar filaye kafin a yi mulki. Ɗayan, wanda aka fi sani da shi, shine tsarin riƙe ƙasa a cikin cikakken ikon mallaka. Sauran shine amfani da precaria ko fa'idodin, wanda ƙasar ke riƙe da sharadi (tushen kalmar Ingilishi "precarious"). A cikin waɗannan tsarin guda biyu, sarakunan Carolingian sun ƙara na uku, aprisio, wanda ya danganta manorialism tare da feudalism Aprisio ya fara bayyanarsa a lardin Charlemagne na Septimania a kudancin Faransa, lokacin da Charlemagne ya zaunar da 'yan gudun hijirar Visigothic da suka gudu tare da sojojinsa masu ja da baya bayan gazawar da ya yi a Zaragoza na kimanin 778. Ya magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar raba filayen da ba a yi noma ba na “Hamada” mallakar gwamnatin fisc karkashin jagorancin sarki kai tsaye. Waɗannan abubuwan mallakar aprisio sun ƙunshi takamaiman yanayi. Takaitaccen tallafin aprisio na farko wanda aka gano yana a Fontjoncouse, kusa da Narbonne (duba Lewis, hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa). Kuma A cikin tsoffin ƙauyuka na Romawa, tsarin ƙauyuka, wanda ya samo asali daga Late Antiquity, ya gaji duniya ta tsakiya. Mai kamawa Wanda ya mallaki wani magidanci yana da lakabin Ubangiji Zai iya zama mutum, a mafi yawan lokuta ɗan ƙasa na manyan mutane ko na Bourgeoisie, amma kuma mutum mai shari'a galibi ma'aikaci ne na majami'a kamar abbey, babban coci ko canonical babi ko tsarin soja. To An yi amfani da ikon Ubangiji ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki daban-daban, mafi mahimmancin abin da shi ne ma'aikacin kotu Mai mulki kuma na iya zama ubangiji; Seigeuries da ya mallaka sun zama yankin sarauta. Hakanan ana ba da laƙabin Ubangiji, musamman a wannan zamani, ga daidaikun mutane masu riƙe da filaye masu daraja waɗanda ba na duk wani yunƙurin ba. Waɗannan ubangiji wani lokaci ana kiran su sieurs, daidai da kalmomin a zamanin da. Mulkin ƙasa Ubangiji shi ne kai tsaye ko fitaccen mai mallakar kadarorin kasa na ubangijinsa. Ba za a iya amfani da ra'ayin cikakken ikon mallaka a kan wata maslaha ta gama gari ba, Dan haka saboda akwai kuma wasu fiye da babban mai amfani waɗanda ke da haƙƙi akan waɗannan kayayyaki. Mu rarrabe a cikin mulkin ƙasar saiti biyu saiti wanda shine saitin kayan da ubangijin ke tanadin yin amfani da shi kai tsaye da kuma babban mai haya, dukiyar da aka danka wa mai hayar cin amanar dukiyarsa ba tare da biyan kuɗin sarauta ba, galibi ana kiranta cens da ayyuka kamar Corvée Rarraba tsakanin ajiyar da wa'adin ya bambanta dangane da lokaci da yanki. Abubuwan gama gari Manors kowanne ya ƙunshi har zuwa nau'ikan filaye guda uku: Demesne, sashin da Ubangiji ke sarrafa kai tsaye kuma yana amfani da shi don amfanin gidansa da masu dogara; Dogara serf ko villein hannun jari masu ɗauke da wajibcin cewa magidanta na baƙauye suna ba wa Ubangiji ƙayyadadden sabis na aiki ko wani ɓangare na abin da yake samarwa (ko tsabar kuɗi a madadinsa), dangane da al'adar da aka haɗa; kuma Ƙasar baƙar fata kyauta, ba tare da irin wannan wajibci ba amma in ba haka ba ƙarƙashin ikon manorial da al'ada, da kuma biyan hayar kuɗi da aka gyara a lokacin haya. Ƙarin hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga ga Ubangiji sun haɗa da cajin yin amfani da injinsa, gidan burodi ko matse ruwan inabi, ko hakkin farauta ko barin aladu su ci abinci a cikin gandun daji, da kudaden shiga na kotu da kuma biyan kuɗi guda ɗaya akan kowane canji na dan haya. A cikin wani gefen asusun, gudanar da manorial ya haɗa da kashe kuɗi mai yawa, watakila dalilin da yasa ƙananan manors ke son dogaro da ƙasa akan zaman villein Abubuwan da aka dogara da su ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar tsarin ubangiji da ɗan haya, amma zaman ya zama a aikace kusan na gadon duniya, tare da biyan kuɗi ga ubangiji akan kowane gado na wani ɗan gida. Ba za a iya watsi da ƙasar Villein ba, Kuma aƙalla har sai yanayin alƙaluma da tattalin arziƙi ya sa jirgin ya zama kyakkyawan shawara; kuma ba za a iya ba da su ga wani ɓangare na uku ba tare da izinin Ubangiji ba, da biyan kuɗi na al'ada. Ko da yake ba 'yanci ba, vilins ba su kasance cikin matsayi ɗaya da bayi ba: suna jin daɗin haƙƙin doka, bisa al'adar gida, kuma suna bin doka da ake tuhumar kotu, duk wanda shine ƙarin tushen samun kudin shiga. Bayar da hannun jarin villein ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma ana iya mayar da aiki a kan kuɗin zuwa ƙarin biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ya faru tun daga ƙarni na 13. Ƙasar da ba a bar ta ga masu haya ba ko kuma an kafa wani yanki na ƙasa na demesne da ake kira "sharar gida"; yawanci, wannan ya haɗa da shinge, verges, da dai sauransu. Ƙasar gama gari inda duk membobin al'umma ke da haƙƙin wucewa an san shi da "sharar iyayen gidan su". Kuma Wani ɓangare na ƙasa mai ƙazanta na manor wanda ba a noma shi ana kiransa sharar Ubangiji kuma yana hidima ga hanyoyin jama'a da kiwo na gama gari ga Ubangiji da masu haya. A cikin ƙauyuka da yawa a lokacin farkon zamani, an yi gine-gine ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin sharar gida ta Ubangiji ta hanyar squatters waɗanda za su nemi hujjar su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tallafin gida. Misali na sharar gida na ubangiji, inda manyan cibiyoyin suka girma ta wannan hanyar, shine ƙauyen Bredfield a Suffolk Alaren Ubangiji yana ci gaba da zama tushen hakkoki da al'amuran hakki a wurare kamar henley-in-arden, Warwickshire Mazauna wani manor Ubangijin manor (wanda zai iya zama ba a nan Serfs Mugaye Cottas Borders Masu kyauta Masu yin kwafi Masu haya Masu haya sun mallaki filaye a kan manor ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin doka da yawa: ikon mallaka, mallakan mallaka, na al'ada na al'ada da hayar hayar Bambanci tsakanin manors Kamar feudalism wanda, tare da manorialism, sun kafa tsarin shari'a da tsari na al'ummar feudal, Kuma tsarin manorial ba su kasance iri ɗaya ko haɗin kai ba. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar baya, yankunan da ba su cika ba ko kuma babu su sun ci gaba yayin da tattalin arzikin manomi ya sami ci gaba mai ma'ana tare da canza yanayin tattalin arziki. Ba duk gidajen gonaki ne suka ƙunshi dukkan nau'ikan filaye guda uku ba. Yawanci, demesne ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin noma, da kuma mallakar villein fiye da haka; to amma wasu gidajen gonaki sun kunshi na demesne kawai, wasu kuma mallakar manoma kawai. Matsakaicin adadin wa'adin da ba'a kyauta ba zai iya bambanta sosai, sannan tare da dogaro da yawa ko žasa ga aikin albashi don aikin noma akan lalata. Yawan yankin da aka noma a cikin demesne ya kasance mafi girma a cikin ƙananan gidaje, yayin da rabon ƙasar villein ya fi girma a cikin manyan manors, yana samar da ubangiji na karshen tare da samar da kayan aiki na wajibi don aikin demesne. Matsakaicin adadin abubuwan kyauta gabaɗaya ya kasance ƙasa da canji, to amma yana da ɗan girma a kan ƙananan manors. Manors sun bambanta a cikin tsarinsu na yanki: yawancin ba su zo daidai da ƙauye ɗaya ba, a'a sun ƙunshi sassan ƙauyuka biyu ko fiye, yawancin na ƙarshe sun ƙunshi sassan aƙalla ɗaya. Wannan yanayin wani lokaci yakan haifar da maye gurbinsu ta hanyar biyan kuɗi ko makamancinsu a cikin nau'ikan wajibcin ƙwaƙƙwaran waɗancan manoma da ke zaune nesa da kadarorin Ubangiji. Kamar yadda yake tare da filaye na ƙauye, demesne ba yanki ɗaya ba ne, amma ya ƙunshi gidan tsakiya mai maƙwabtaka da gine-ginen gidaje, tare da tarkace da aka tarwatsa ta cikin gidan tare da masu 'yanci da villein: Bugu da ƙari, iyaye gidan su na iya ba da hayar abubuwan mallakar kyauta. zuwa maƙwabtan maƙwabta, da kuma riƙe wasu matsuguni ɗan nesa don samar da mafi yawan kayan amfanin gona. Haka kuma ba lallai ba ne a gudanar da manors ta hanyar manyan iyayengiji masu yin aikin soja (ko kuma, tsabar kuɗi a madadin) ga mafi girman su: babban kaso (ƙimar da aka kiyasta a 17% a Ingila a shekarata 1086 ya kasance na sarki kai tsaye, kuma mafi girman rabo (maimakon haka). fiye da kwata) an gudanar da bishop da gidajen ibada Mazaunan coci sun kasance sun fi girma, tare da babban yankin villein fiye da maƙwabtan maƙwabta. Tasirin yanayi a kan tattalin arzikin gida yana da sarkakiya kuma a wasu lokuta ya sabawa: yanayin sama yana son kiyaye yancin manoma (kiwon kiwo musamman kasancewar rashin aikin yi, sabili da haka rashin bukatar sabis na villein); a daya hannun, wasu yankunan tuddai na Turai sun nuna wasu yanayi na zalunci, yayin da yankin Gabashin Ingila ke lamuni da wani babban makiyaya mai 'yanci na musamman, a wani bangare na gadon Scandinavia. Hakazalika, yaɗuwar tattalin arziƙin kuɗi ya haifar da maye gurbin ayyukan ƙwadago ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, amma bunƙasar samar da kuɗin da sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya bayan shekarata 1170 da farko ya sa manyan ma'aikata su dawo da kadarorin da aka ba da hayar tare da sake shigar da kudaden ma'aikata a matsayin ƙimar tsayayyen tsabar kudi. an ƙi biyan kuɗi a zahiri. Duba wasu abubuwan Gabaɗaya Allodial take Littafin Ranar Gida Glebe Hakkin Banal Gentry Irin wannan tsarin mallakar filaye a sauran sassan duniya Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Encyclopedia Tarihin Duniya Manorialism Rajista na Feudal Lords da Barons na Burtaniya na Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland Archibald R. Lewis, Ci gaban Kudancin Faransanci da Catalan Society, 718-1050 Estoniya Manors Portal Harshen Ingilishi yana ba da bayyani na 438 mafi kyawun gidajen tarihi a Estonia Manors na tsakiya da bayanansu na Musamman ga Tsibirin Biritaniya. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32498

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansila

Kansila

Kansila memba ne na majalisar Ƙaramar hukuma a wasu ƙasashe. Kanada Saboda ikon da lardunan ke da shi a kan gwamnatocin gundumominsu, sharuɗɗan da kansilolin ke yi ya bambanta daga lardi zuwa lardi. Ba kamar yawancin zaɓen larduna ba, ana gudanar da zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi akan ƙayyadadden kwanan wata na shekaru 4. Finland Wannan game da matsayi na girmamawa ne, ba zaɓaɓɓu ba. A Finland ɗan majalisa neuvos shine mafi girman laƙabi na girmamawa wanda shugaban ƙasar Finland zai iya ba shi Akwai muƙamai da yawa na kansiloli kuma sun wanzu tun zamanin mulkin Rasha. Wasu misalan kansiloli daban-daban a Finland sune kamar haka: Kansila na Jiha babban aji na mukaman girmamawa; aka ba wa 'yan jiha masu nasara Kansilan Ma'adinai /Majalisar Kasuwanci/Majalisar Masana'antu/Majalisar Tattalin Arziki An ba wa manyan masana'antu a fagage daban-daban na tattalin arziki. Kansilan Majalisa an ba wa masu jihadi masu nasara Kansila na ofis an ba da shi ga manyan jami'a Kansilan Al'adu/ Kansilan gidan wasan kwaikwayo/Majalisar Fim an ba da shi ga manyan masu al'adu Chamber Councillor an ba wa jami'an da suka yi nasara a fannin kananan hukumomi Philippines A ƙarƙashin dokar jamhuriyar Philippine mai lamba 7160 (in ba haka ba ana kiranta da ƙa'idar ƙananan hukumomi ta 1991), ɗan majalisa memba ne na ƙaramar majalisa wanda shine majalisar dokokin ƙaramar hukumar. Ana kiran su da sunan "Memba na Sanggunian" saboda sunan hukuma na gundumomi, birni da larduna shine daidai lokacin a cikin Filipino (ana amfani da shi koda lokacin magana ko rubutu cikin Ingilishi): Sanggunian Bayan, Sanggunian Panglunsod da Sanggunian Panlalawigan, bi da bi. Ƙasar Ingila Zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli ne ke kula da dukkan ƙananan hukumomi a Burtaniya Waɗannan sun haɗa da: hukumomin unitary ƙananan hukumomi da gundumomi Ikklesiya, gari da majalisar al'umma Majalisar gama gari ta birnin Landan (wanda ake san kansila da aldermen da majalisa) A cewar Debrett's Correct Form taken Ingilishi "Majalisa" (sau da yawa an rage shi zuwa 'Cllr') yana aiki ne kawai ga zaɓaɓɓun membobin birni, gundumomi. Duk da haka, babu wani dalili na doka game da wannan ƙuntatawa kuma a aikace ana amfani da laƙabi ga duk kansiloli a kowane mataki na ƙananan hukumomi. Inda ya cancanta, Ikklesiya da kansilolin gundumomi suna bambanta ta hanyar amfani da cikakken suna kamar "kansilan gari" ko "kansilan gunduma". Laƙabin yana gaba da matsayi ko wani matsayi, kamar yadda yake a cikin Cllr Dr Jenny Smith ko Cllr Sir Ricky Taing, kuma ga mata yana gaba da laƙabin matsayin aure, kamar yadda yake a cikin Cllr Mrs Joan Smith. Kansiloli galibi ana zaɓar su ne a matsayin membobin jam’iyyun siyasa ko kuma a madadin masu zaman kansu. Haka nan majalissar za ta iya zabar kansilolin da ba a zabe su ba domin cike gurbi a majalisar da ba a samu isasshen ƴan takara ba, duk da cewa a aikace wannan ba kasafai ba ne a wajen majalisun Ikklesiya. Da zarar an zaɓe su, ana son su wakilci dukkan mazaunan da ke ƙarƙashin hukumar baki ɗaya, ba wai waɗanda suka zaɓe su kaɗai ba ko kuma na gunduma ko unguwa da aka zaɓe su. An ɗaure su da ƙa'idar ɗabi'a da aka aiwatar da allunan ƙa'idodi. A cikin 2007 Dokar Gudanar da Zaɓe ta 2006 ta rage yawan shekarun kansiloli zuwa 18, wanda ya kai ga matasa tsayawa. Kansilolin matasa Ƙungiyoyin da ke zama memba na Majalisar Matasan Biritaniya, kamar Salford Youth Council ana zaɓen kansilolin matasa a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Ladan kuɗi Yawancin 'yan majalisa ba ƙwararru ba ne na cikakken lokaci. A Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland mafi girman gundumomi, ikon yanki ko majalisun gundumomi suna biyan su alawus da kuma kuɗaɗen aljihu Bugu da ƙari, ana biyan alawus-alawus na alhaki na musamman ga kansilolin da ke gudanar da manyan ayyuka. Abubuwan alawus-alawus na musamman ana biyan su bisa ƙa'ida don ramawa kansiloli na lokacin da aka kashe a kan ayyukan kansila kuma ana sanya su a matsayin albashi don dalilai na haraji. Ikklesiya, gari ko kansilolin al'umma na iya, tun daga Dokar Ƙaramar Hukuma ta 2000, a biya su don ayyukansu, amma yawancin suna yin ta ne da son rai. A Scotland, tun daga 2007, 'yan majalisa sun karɓi albashin 15,000, saɓanin jerin alawus. Yawancin lokaci ana cika waɗannan da alawus na alhaki na musamman. Gwamnatin yanki Majalisar Landan ana ɗaukarta, ba a matsayin ƙaramar hukuma ba, amma a matsayin majalisa mai rabe- raben yanki kuma ana kiran mambobinta a matsayin membobin Majalisar, ba kansiloli ba. Amurka Memba na majalisa, kansila ƴar majalisa, kansila, ko kansila laƙabi ne ga memba na majalisa da ake amfani da shi a Amurka. Musamman, ana amfani da taken shi a cikin waɗannan lokuta: Majalisun gari ko na gari waɗanda ba sa amfani da taken alderman Majalisar gundumar Columbia Sauran kasashe A Ostiraliya, Bahamas, Kanada, New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Trinidad da Tobago da sauran sassan Commonwealth, da kuma a Jamhuriyar Ireland, dan majalisa ko kansila shine zababben wakili a majalisar ƙaramar hukuma A cikin Netherlands, ana kiran memba na majalisar gundumomi gemeenteraadslid ko raadslid Wani daga cikin wannan rukunin da aka zaɓa ya zama shugaban zartarwa na birni ana kiransa wethouder, wanda galibi ana fassara shi da 'alderman' ko 'majalisa'. Kalmar Holland don magajin gari shine burgemeester Ana bayyana wannan a Turanci a matsayin "mai gari" ko burgomaster Babban jami'in gundumar ana kiransa gaba ɗaya azaman Kwalejin van Burgemeester en Wethouders A Belgium, ana kiran memba na majalisar gundumomi gemeenteraadslid a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, da Conseiller Communal a cikin Faransanci. Wani daga cikin wannan rukunin da aka zaɓa don yin aiki a kan zartarwa na birni ana kiransa schepen a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland ko échevin a Faransanci. Yawancin lokaci ana fassara wannan a matsayin "alderman" ko "councillor" a cikin Ingilishi. Babban jami'in gundumar ana kiransa gaba ɗaya azaman Kwalejin van Burgemeester en Schepenen ou Collège du Bourgmestre et Echevins A Luxembourg, an échevin Luxembourgish German memba ne na gudanarwar al'ummar Luxembourgian A Norway, memba na gundumar majalisa, kommunestyret, ana kiransa kommunestyrerepresentant a Yaren mutanen Norway. Kalmar Norwegian don magajin gari ita ce ordfører A Hong Kong, ana kuma kiran mambobin majalisar gundumomi a matsayin kansila. Kafin 1999 an san majalissar gundumomi da allunan gundumomi, bayan da aka soke majalisun gundumomi UrbCo da RegCo a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Bugu da kari, ana kuma kiran mambobin majalisar a matsayin kansiloli. Daga 1996 zuwa 1998 an san Majalisar Dokoki da sunan "Majalisar Dokoki ta wucin gadi", bayan da aka soke majalisar wucin gadi a watan Yuli 1998. Ana zaɓen kansiloli iri biyu a zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi da ake gudanarwa duk shekara biyar a Turkiyya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kansilolin larduna 1,251 da kansilolin ƙaramar hukuma 20,500. Kansilolin gundumomi suna aiki ne a majalisar gundumomi 1,351 da manyan gundumomi 30 na Turkiyya, yayin da ‘yan majalisar larduna ke zama babban majalissar lardi (İl Genel Meclisi) Manazarta Siyasa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25510

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20notation

Mathematical notation

Duba Kuma Lissafin lissafi shine tsarin wakilcin alamomin abubuwan lissafi da ra'ayoyi. Ana amfani da alamar ilimin lissafi a cikin lissafi, kimiyyar jiki, injiniya, da tattalin arziki Bayanan ilimin lissafi sun haɗa da wakilci mai sauƙi mai sauƙi, kamar lambobi 0, 1 da 2.masu canji kamar x, y da z .masu ƙuntatawa kamar "("da ;"|")alamomin aiki sin alamomin aiki kamar alamomin alaƙa kamar alamomin ra'ayi kamar lim da <i id="mwFw">dy/dx</i> lissafi da hadaddun alamomin zane kamar Bayanin hoto na Penrose da zane -zanen Coxeter -Dynkin Ma'ana Lissafin lissafi shine tsarin rubutu da ake amfani da shi don yin rikodin tunani a cikin lissafi. Sanarwar tana amfani da alamomi ko maganganun alama waɗanda aka yi niyya don samun madaidaicin ma’anar kalma. A cikin tarihin lissafi, waɗannan alamomin sun nuna lambobi, sifofi, alamu da canji. Sanarwar na iya haɗawa da alamomi don ɓangarorin maganganun al'ada tsakanin masu ilimin lissafi, lokacin kallon lissafi azaman yare. An ba da labarin kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da su don yin rubutu a ƙasa, amma kayan yau da kullun sun haɗa da takarda da fensir, allo da alli (ko alamar bushewa), da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Riko da tsare -tsare ga dabarun ilmin lissafi shine ainihin mahimmancin ilimin lissafi. Don ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa, duba muhawara mai ma'ana, dabaru na lissafi, da ka'idar ƙira. Magana Maganar lissafi shine jerin alamomin da za a iya kimantawa. Misali, idan alamomin suna wakiltar lambobi, to ana kimanta maganganun gwargwadon tsarin aiki na yau da kullun wanda ke ba da lissafi, idan ya yiwu, na kowane maganganu a cikin rakodin, kowane mai ba da labari da tushen sa ya biyo baya, sannan ninkawa da rarrabuwa, a ƙarshe kowane kari ko ragi, duk an yi daga hagu zuwa dama. A cikin harshen kwamfuta, waɗannan ƙa'idodin ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar masu tarawa Don ƙarin bayani kan kimanta magana, duba batutuwan kimiyyar kwamfuta ƙima mai ɗimuwa, ƙima mara ƙima, ƙimar gajeriyar hanya, da mai aikin tantancewa. Ma'anar ma'anar kalma daidai Ilimin lissafi na zamani yana buƙatar zama daidai, saboda ƙididdiga masu rikitarwa ba su ba da izinin hujjoji na yau da kullun ba. Yi tsammani cewa muna da kalamai, denoted da wasu m jerin daga alamomin, game da wasu abubuwa (misali, lambobi, siffofi, alamu). Har sai an nuna cewa maganganun suna da inganci, har yanzu ba a warware ma'anar su ba. Yayin aiwatar da tunani, za mu iya bari alamomin su koma ga waɗancan abubuwan da aka nuna, wataƙila a cikin samfuri. Mahimmancin abubuwan abu yana da gefen heuristic da gefen cirewa. A kowane hali, muna iya son sanin kaddarorin wannan abin, wanda zamu iya jera su cikin mahimmin ma'ana. Waɗannan kadarorin za a iya bayyana su ta wasu sanannun alamomin da aka yarda da su daga tebur na alamomin lissafi. Wannan bayanin lissafin na iya haɗa da annotations kamar "All x", "A'a x", "Akwai wani x" (ko da kamarsa, "Wasu x"), "A sa "A yi aiki "Taswira daga ainihin lambobi zuwa lambobi masu rikitarwa A cikin mahallin daban -daban, ana iya amfani da alama ɗaya ko alama don wakiltar ra'ayoyi daban -daban (kamar yadda za a iya amfani da alamomi da yawa don wakiltar ra'ayi ɗaya). Sabili da haka, don cikakken fahimtar wani yanki na lissafin lissafi, yana da mahimmanci a fara duba ma'anar bayanan da marubucin ya bayar. Wannan na iya zama matsala, alal misali, idan marubucin ya ɗauka mai karatu ya riga ya saba da bayanin da ake amfani da shi. Tarihi Asalin Ƙidaya Anyi imanin cewa lissafin lissafi don wakiltar ƙidaya an fara haɓaka shi aƙalla shekaru ta 50,000 da suka gabata ra'ayoyin lissafi na farko kamar ƙidaya yatsa suma an wakilta su ta tarin duwatsu, sanduna, kashi, yumɓu, dutse, dutse, itace sassaƙa, da igiyoyi masu ƙulli. Tally stick shine hanyar ƙidaya tun daga Upper Paleolithic Wataƙila tsoffin sanannun matanin ilimin lissafi sune na tsohuwar Sumerr. A Census Quipu na Andes da Ishango Kashi daga Afirka biyu amfani da Tally lamba Hanyar lissafin kudi don na lamba Concepts. Haɓaka sifili a matsayin lamba yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ci gaba a farkon ilimin lissafi. Babiloniyawa da Masarawa na Girka sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai riƙe da wurin, sannan a matsayin mai lamba ta Mayan, Indiyawa da Larabawa (duba tarihin sifiri don ƙarin bayani). Geometry ya zama mai nazari Hanyoyin ilmin lissafi na farko a lissafin lissafi ba su ba da kansu da kyau don ƙidaya ba. Lambobi na halitta, alaƙar su da ɓangarori, da kuma gano adadin ci gaba a zahiri ya ɗauki millennia don ɗaukar tsari, har ma ya fi tsayi don ba da damar haɓaka sanarwa. A zahiri, ba har sai ƙirƙirar ƙirar lissafi ta René Descartes ne geometry ya zama ƙarƙashin batun adadi. An yi amfani da wasu gajerun hanyoyin alamomi don dabarun ilmin lissafi a cikin buga hujjojin geometric. Haka kuma, iko da ikon ka'idar geometry da tsarin hujja sun yi tasiri sosai ga rubuce-rubucen da ba na lissafi ba, kamar su Principia Mathematica ta Isaac Newton misali. Sanarwar zamani Karni na 18 da 19 sun ga ƙirƙirar da daidaita daidaiton ilimin lissafi kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yau. Leonhard Euler shine ke da alhakin yawancin sanarwar da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu: amfani da a, b, c don madaidaiciya da x, y, z don abubuwan da ba a sani ba, e don tushen logarithm na halitta, sigma don taƙaitawa, i don sashin hasashe, da bayanin aikin f x Ya kuma ba da sanarwar amfani da don Archimedes na dindindin (saboda shawarar William Jones don amfani da ta wannan hanyar dangane da farkon bayanin William Oughtred Bugu da kari, da yawa filayen lissafi kai da bugu na halittawa domin tsarin rubutu: da bambanci sadarwarka na Leibniz, da manyan infinities na Georg Cantor (a Bugu da kari ga lemniscate na John Wallis da congruence alama ce Gauss, da sauransu. Bayanan kwamfuta Harsunan alamar lissafin lissafi kamar TeX, LaTeX kuma, kwanan nan, MathML, suna da ƙarfin isa don bayyana fa'idodin lissafi da yawa. Software na tabbatar da ka’idar yana zuwa da bayanin kansa na lissafi. aikin OMDoc yana neman samar da buɗaɗɗen wuri don irin waɗannan sanarwa. kuma yaren MMT yana ba da tushe don ma'amala tsakanin sauran alamun. Bayanan lissafin lissafi ba na Latin ba Ƙididdigar lissafin larabci na zamani ya dogara ne akan haruffan Larabci kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa, musamman a makarantun gaba da sakandare. (Sanarwar Yammacin Turai tana amfani da adadi na Larabci, amma alamar Larabci kuma tana maye gurbin haruffan Latin da alamomin alaƙa da rubutun Larabci.) Baya ga rubutun Larabci, lissafi kuma yana amfani da haruffan Girkanci don nuna abubuwa iri -iri na lissafi da masu canji. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da wasu haruffan Ibrananci (kamar a cikin mahallin kadina marasa iyaka Wasu ƙididdigar lissafin lissafi galibi zane -zane ne, don haka kusan rubuce -rubuce ne masu zaman kansu. Misalai sune ƙirar hoto na Penrose da zane -zanen Coxeter -Dynkin Bayanan lissafin Braille da makafi ke amfani da su sun haɗa da Nemeth Braille da GS8 Braille Encoding Lambobi don alamar lissafi a cikin ma'aunin sunayen rubutun ISO 15924 sune Zmth da 995 Duba kuma Cin zarafin sanarwa Begriffsschrift Ƙamus na alamomin lissafi Bourbaki alamar lanƙwasa mai haɗari Tarihin lissafin lissafi ISO 31-11 ISO 80000-2 Sanarwar kibiya ta Knuth Alamomin Alphanumeric Alamu Bayanin a yiwuwa da kididdiga Harshen lissafi Bayanan kimiyya Semasiography Teburin alamomin lissafi Taron haruffa a cikin dabarun lissafi Bayanin Vector Ƙididdigar lissafin larabci na zamani Bayanan kula Nassoshi Florian Cajori, Tarihin Lissafin Lissafi (1929), kundin 2. ISBN 0-486-67766-4 0-471-39340-1. David Bellos, EF Harding, Sophie Wood da Ian Monk ne suka Fassara daga Faransanci. Ifrah ta goyi bayan tafsirinsa ta hanyar faɗar kalmomin jumla daga harsuna a duk faɗin duniya. Mazur, Joseph (2014), Alamomin Haskakawa: Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Lissafin Lissafi da Ƙarfinsa na Boye Princeton, New Jersey: Jami'ar Princeton Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15463-3 Hanyoyin waje Farkon Amfani da Alamu iri -iri na Lissafi Lissafin ilimin lissafi ASCII yadda ake rubuta alamar lissafi a cikin kowane editan rubutu. Lissafi a matsayin Harshe a yanke-da-kulli Stephen Wolfram Lissafin Lissafi: Tsohuwa da Gaba Oktoba 2000. Rubutun babban adireshin da aka gabatar a MathML da Math akan Yanar gizo: MathML International Conference. Pages with unreviewed

19475

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azikiwe%20Peter%20Onwualu

Azikiwe Peter Onwualu

Azikiwe Peter Onwualu (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilun, shekara ta 1959) ne a Nijeriya farfesa aikin gona aikin injiniya da kuma Darakta Janar da kuma Cif Babban Jami'in na Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) na Najeriya daga shekara ta 2010 zuwa ritaya a shekara ta 2014. Rayuwa da aiki An haifeshi ne a jihar Anambara, gabashin kasar Najeriya cikin dangin marigayi Mr. John Onwualu. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. George kafin ya zarce zuwa makarantar 'Merchants of Light' a cikin jihar Anambra inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (WASC) a shekara ta (1977) Sannan ya halarci Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyan Noma a shekara ta (1982) Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannin Injiniyan Noma daga Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka da Dalhousie University bi da bi. Ya shiga aikin Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a matsayin malami na 1 inda ya zama farfesa a fannin Injiniyan Noma a shekara ta (1994) Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga injiniyan Noma a Nijeriya tare da sha'awa ta musamman kan Fasahar sarrafa kayan gona da ikon Noma. Farfesa Onwualu ya kasance Mataimakin Digiri a shekara ta (1983) a UNN, kuma ya samu daukaka zuwa matsayin Farfesa a shekara ta (1999) Ya kasance Shugaban, Sashen Injiniyan Noma, UNN a shekara ta (2000 zuwa 2003), Darakta, Injiniyan Hukumar Kula da Kimiyya da Injiniya ta kasa, NASENI, Abuja a shekara ta (2003 zuwa 2005) da Darakta Janar, Majalisar Bincike da Raya Kayayyaki (RMRDC), Abuja a shekara ta (2005 zuwa 2013). Ya kasance Farfesan Ziyara a Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa, Abuja kuma a yanzu haka Ko'odinetan, Kimiyyar Kayan Kimiyya da Injiniya, a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka (AUST), Abuja. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Cibiyar Noma ta Kasa (NCAM), Ilorin, Kungiyar Abinci da Noma (FAO), Kungiyar Ci gaban Masana'antu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNIDO), kungiyar Raya masana'ntu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), Asusun Amintaccen Man Fetur (PTF), da sauransu. Ya kasance Mai Gudanarwa, Kimiyyar kere-kere da Innovation (STI) na rukuni na hangen nesa na shekara ta (20 zuwa 2020) Shugaban, Kwamitin Daraktocin Cibiyar Nazarin Nijeriya (CODRI) a shekara ta (2010 zuwa 2013) da kuma Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Africanungiyar Gasar Afirka ta Pan (PACF), Fasalin Najeriya (2008 zuwa 2013) da Focal Point (Afirka), Worldungiyar Duniya ta Associationungiyoyin Masana'antu da Kimiyyar Fasaha (WAITRO) a shekara ta (2010 zuwa 2013) Kwararren Injiniyan Noma (COREN Reg), Prof. Manyan fannoni na musamman na Onwualu sune: Iko da Aikin Noma; Abubuwan Injiniya; Sarrafa kayan Noma da Abinci; Fasaha, Innovation, Gasa da Masana'antu Masana'antu da Sabunta Aikace-aikacen Tsarin Makamashi. Shima gwani ne a cikin ƙwarewar mashin ɗin ƙasa inda ya haɓaka kayan bincike na zamani Wurin Gwajin Sosa na Kwamfuta mai sarrafawa don nazarin ƙarfi da buƙatun wutar lantarki na kayan aikin noma da na'urori na gogewa. Ya ƙaddamar da ƙirar kwamfuta ta ƙira don ƙarfin injina na ƙasa. Sauran ayyukan masana’antu da aka kammala a karkashin kulawarsa sun hada da zane da bunkasa masu shuka, ciyawa, masu yada taki, masu feshi da injina don sarrafa rogo, shinkafa, masara, dankalin turawa, ‘ya’yan itace, waken soya, cashew, ginger, biofuel, busassun, mai mai mai, kayan yaji na itace kiln, man shanu, Zogale Olifera, man kayan lambu, gishiri, talc, kaolin, dutse mai daraja, dutse da sauran ma'adanai. SMEs suna amfani da wasu sakamakon waɗannan ayyukan a halin yanzu don samar da kasuwanci. Shi ne mai kirkiro kuma tsohon Mai Gudanarwa na Ward Cluster Project na Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya. An tsara aikin ne don amfani da theabi'ar Triple Helix don ƙaddamar da Compwarewa a cikin SMEs ta hanyar kafa Kungiyoyin Kirkira a kowane yanki a Najeriya. Dole ne ya yaba wa wallafe-wallafen kimiyya guda ɗari biyu 200 gami da littattafai guda ashirin 20.Ya kasance Babban Edita a shekara ta (2003 zuwa 2014) na Jaridar Injiniyan Noma da Fasaha ta Najeriya, wanda Cibiyar Injiniyan Noma ta Najeriya (NIAE) ta buga. Farfesa Onwualu ya samu lambar yabo ta Tarayya, a shekara ta (1978 zuwa 1982) da Engr. (Prof. EU Odigboh ta ba da lambar yabo ga ɗalibin farko na Injiniyan Noma don samun Daraja ta Farko da Kungiyar Ci Gaban ta Kanada (CIDA) PhD Sama da kungiyoyi guda 60 ne suka karrama shi da lambobin yabo da suka hada da: lambar yabo ta cancantar Shugaban Kasa, Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Nijeriya (NSE); Lambar girmamawa ta mutum, Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Nijeriya, reshen Abuja; Kyautar ta Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyyar lissafi ta Najeriya, Mafi Ingantaccen Injiniyan Noma na Shekarar ta NIAE da lambar yabo ta Kwararru ta Rotary Club ta Gwarimpa. A karkashin jagorancinsa, RMRDC ya sami lambar yabo ta lambar yabo ta kasa a shekara ta (2009) da kuma Mafificin Kwarewar Cibiyoyin Gwamnati a Bayar da Hidima, a shekara ta (2012) ta wata Kungiyar Sa Ido mai zaman kanta. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyi masu sana'a 12, waɗanda suka haɗa da, Cibiyar Polymer ta Nijeriya, Agricungiyar Noma ta Nijeriya, Kungiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Nijeriya, Kungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Nijeriya, Kwalejin Injiniya ta Nijeriya, Cibiyar Gudanar da Nijeriya da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya. Ya auri Mrs. Blessing Onwualu kuma suna da yara hudu, Zimuzor, Chimobi, Chimdalu da Onyedika. A halin yanzu, ya zama shugaban sashen Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Injiniya kuma Daraktan Ilimi a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka (AUST), Abuja Nijeriya. Manazarta Duba kuma Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka Injiniyoyin Najeriya Jami'o'in Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1959 Pages with unreviewed

22389

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadin%20Gwiwa%20Don%20Taimakawa%20A%20Ko%20Ina

Hadin Gwiwa Don Taimakawa A Ko Ina

C.A.R.E Hadin gwiwa don Taimakawa da Taimakawa a Koina, a baya ta kasance Hadin gwiwar Turawa Amurkawa zuwa Turai babbar hukuma ce ta kungiyoyin agaji na kasa da kasa da ke sadar da agajin gaggawa da ayyukan ci gaban kasa da kasa na dogon lokaci. An kafa ta a shekarar 1945, CARE ba ta da tsattsauran ra'ayi, ba ta nuna bambanci, kuma ba ta gwamnati ba.Ita ce ɗayan mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa ƙungiyoyin agaji da ke ba da agaji don yaƙar talauci a duniya. A cikin shekarar 2019,CARE ta ba da rahoton aiki a cikin ƙasashe 104, suna tallafawa ayyukan talauci na 1,349 da ayyukan agaji,da kai sama da mutane miliyan 92.3 kai tsaye da mutane miliyan 433.3 kai tsaye. Shirye-shiryen CARE a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa suna magance batutuwa da dama waɗanda suka haɗa da amsawar gaggawa, wadatar abinci, ruwa da tsafta, haɓaka tattalin arziki, canjin yanayi, aikin gona, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya CARE tana kuma ba da shawarwari a matakan gida, na kasa, da na duniya don sauya manufofi da kuma hakkin talakawa. A cikin kowane daga cikin yankunan da dake da su CARE tana mai da hankali kan ƙarfafawa da biyan buƙatun mata da girlsan mata da kuma inganta daidaito tsakanin maza da mata CARE International ƙungiya ce tana da membobin CARE na ƙasa guda goma sha huɗu, kowannensu an yi masa rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a kasar da mambobin membobi hutu. Tarihi 1945–1949: Asali da Kunshin Kulawa CARE, sannan Hadin gwiwar Amurkan Amurkawa zuwa Turai, an kafa ta bisa hukuma a ranar 27 ga Nuwamban shekarata 1945, kuma da farko an yi niyyar zama kungiyar ta ɗan lokaci. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ƙare a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar. Bayan matsin lamba daga jama'a da Majalisa, Shugaba Harry S. Truman ya yarda ya bar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu su ba da agaji ga waɗanda ke fama da yunwa saboda yaƙin. CARE ta kasance kungiyar ta farko a kasar amruka domin hada kan jama'a, addini, haɗin kai, gonaki, da ƙungiyoyin kwadago tare da manufar isar da taimakon abinci zuwa Turai bayan Yakin Duniya na II Kungiyar ta gabatar da kayan abinci na farko a cikin 1946. Taimakon kayan abinci na CARE ya ɗauki nau'ikan CARE Packages, waɗanda aka fara isar da su ga takamaiman mutane: mutanen Amurka sun biya 10 don aikawa da Kayan CARE na ƙaura zuwa ƙaunataccen a Turai, galibi dan uwa. Shugaba Truman ya sayi kayan haɗin CARE na farko. KYAUTA ta ba da tabbacin bayarwa cikin watanni huɗu ga kowa a Turai, koda kuwa sun bar adireshin su na ƙarshe, kuma sun dawo da takardar isar da sa hannu ga mai aikawa. Saboda aiyukan gidan waya na Turai ba abin dogaro bane a lokacin wadannan takaddun da aka sa hannu a wasu lokuta sun bada tabbaci na farko ne na cewa wanda ya karba ya tsira daga yakin. Farkon CARE ya kasance a gaskiya ragi “Goma-a-Daya” fakitin kayan abincin sojojin Amurka (wanda aka tsara don ƙunsar abincin yini ɗaya na mutane goma). A farkon 1946 CARE ta sayi miliyan 2.8 na waɗannan fakitin kayan abinci, waɗanda aka tsara da farko don mamaye Japan, kuma suka fara talla a Amurka. A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1946, watanni shida bayan shigar da hukumar, an kawo kunshin CARE na farko a Le Havre, Faransa Waɗannan fakitin sun ƙunshi kayan abinci irin su naman gwangwani madarar foda, busassun drieda fruitsan itace, da kitse tare da itemsan kayan jin daɗi kamar su cakulan, kofi, da sigari (Da yawa a kan Hukumar Daraktocin CARE sun so cire sigarin, amma ya zama ba shi da kyau a buɗe kuma a sake akwatinan miliyan 2.8.) 1946 kuma ya nuna alamar fadada CARE ta farko daga Amurka tare da kafa ofishi a Kanada A farkon 1947 wadatar kayan abinci "Goma-a-Daya" ta kare kuma kamfanin CARE ya fara hada kayan aikinsa. An tsara waɗannan sababbin fakitin ne tare da taimakon mai ilimin abinci mai gina jiki. Ba su haɗa da sigari ba kuma an tsara su ta ɗan yadda za su tafi: An inganta fakitin Kosher, kuma misali fakiti na forasar Ingila sun haɗa da shayi maimakon kofi, kuma fakitin Italiya sun haɗa da taliya Zuwa 1949 CARE ya bayar kuma ya shigo da fakitoci daban daban goma sha biyu. Kodayake ƙungiyar ta yi niyyar isar da fakitin ga wasu mutane da aka ayyana kawai, a cikin shekara guda CARE ta fara isar da fakitin da aka gabatar misali "ga malami" ko kuma kawai "ga mai yunwa a Turai." Wadannan gudummawar da ba a bayyana su ba sun ci gaba kuma a farkon 1948 CARE's Board sun kada kuri'a don matsawa bisa hukuma zuwa ga gudummawar da ba a bayyana ta ba kuma fadada cikin karin taimako na gaba daya. Domin a samu sauyi Wasu daga cikin hukumomin membobin da ba su yarda da wannan sauyin ba, suna masu cewa karin taimako gaba daya zai zama kwafi ne na aikin wasu hukumomin, amma masu bayar da gudummawa sun karba da kyau, gudummawa sun karu, kuma wannan shawarar za ta nuna farkon sauyawar CARE zuwa umarni mai fadi. Tsakanin isarwar farko na 1946 da na Turai na ƙarshe na 1956, an rarraba miliyoyin CARE Packages ko'ina cikin Turai, sama da 50% daga cikin su na zuwa Jamus gami da da yawa da aka isar a matsayin wani ɓangare na jirgin sama na Berlin sakamakon martani ga toshewar Soviet na 1948 na Berlin Dokar Noma ta Amurka ta 1949 ta samar da wadatattun kayayyakin amfanin gonar Amurka don fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje a matsayin tallafi kai tsaye daga gwamnatin Amurka ko ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ciki har da CARE. A cikin 1954 Dokar Jama'a 480, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Abinci don Zaman Lafiya, ya ƙara faɗaɗa wadatar rarar abincin Amurka a matsayin taimako. Wannan harka yarda CARE fadada da ciyar tsakanin shekarar 1949 da kuma 2009 CARE amfani da daruruwan miliyoyin daloli 'darajar da ragi kayayyaki a agaji da kuma shirye-shirye kamar makaranta abincin rana arziki. 1949–1966: Canji daga Turai Koda yake tun da farko kungiyar ta mayar da hankali ne kan Turai, a watan Yulin 1948 CARE ta bude aikinta na farko da ba na Turai ba, a Japan Isar da kayayyaki zuwa China da Koriya sun biyo baya, wanda CARE ta bayyana a matsayin taimako ga yankunan "da matsalar WWII". A cikin 1949 CARE ya shiga ƙasashe masu tasowa a karo na farko, yana ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye a cikin Philippines Ayyuka a Indiya, Pakistan, da Mexico sun fara jim kaɗan bayan haka. 1949 kuma ya ba da alama fadadawar CARE ta farko zuwa taimakon ba abinci tare da haɓaka kunshin "taimakon kai" wanda ya ƙunshi kayan aikin noma, kafinta, da sauran sana'oi da kwn taimaka. A cikin shekarata 1953, saboda fadada shi zuwa ayyukan da ke wajen Turai, CARE ta canza ma'anar gajeriyar kalma zuwa "Hadin gwiwa don Amurkan Amurkawa zuwa Koina". Yayinda Turai ta farfaɗo da tattalin arziki, CARE ta fuskanci buƙatar sake kimanta aikinta: a cikin 1955 membobin kwamitin da yawa suna jayayya cewa tare da dawo da Turai dokar CARE ta ƙare kuma ƙungiyar ya kamata ta narke. Sauran membobin kwamitin duk da haka suna ganin cewa aikin CARE ya kamata ya ci gaba duk da cewa yana da sabon ci gaba ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. A watan Yulin 1955 Hukumar Daraktocin sun zabi don ci gaba da fadada ayyukan CARE a wajen Turai. Paul French, babban darakta a lokacin, ya yi murabus kan muhawarar. Sabon darakta Richard W. Reuter ya hau mulki a cikin 1955 kuma ya taimaka jagorantar kungiyar zuwa wata sabuwar alkibla. Ofishin Jakadancin guda 22 da CARE sun rufe ayyuka arba'in da biyu, galibi a kasashen Turai, an Kuma daga martaba da inganta sashen A cikin 1956 CARE ta rarraba abinci ga 'yan gudun hijirar juyin juya halin Hungary na 1956, kuma wannan zai kasance daga cikin ayyukan CARE na ƙarshe a cikin Turai tsawon shekaru. 1957–1975: Canji zuwa fadada aikin ci gaba Tare da fadada yanayin wuri ya sami fadada hanya yayin da CARE ta fara faɗaɗa fiye da ainihin shirinta na rarraba abinci. Domin tuno da wadannan sabbin manufofin, a shekarar 1959 CARE ta canza ma'anar gajeruwar kalmar a karo na biyu, ta zama "Hadin gwiwa don Bayar da Agaji na Amurka a Koina". Da yake nuna wannan fa'idar, CARE ta shiga cikin 1961 tare da kafa Shugaba John F. Kennedy na Peace Corps An caji CARE da zaɓa da horar da rukunin farko na masu sa kai, waɗanda daga baya za a tura su zuwa ayyukan ci gaba a Colombia Peaceungiyar Peace Corps ta karɓi iko sosai kan horar da Volan Agaji na Peace Corps a cikin manufa na gaba, amma CARE ta ci gaba da ba da daraktocin ƙasa zuwa Peace Corps har sai ayyukan haɗin gwiwar CARE-Peace Corps sun ƙare a 1967. A cikin 1962 CARE ta haɗu tare da shugabar da ƙungiyar ba da agajin likita ta MEDICO, wacce ta kasance tana aiki tare da shi na shekaru da yawa a baya. Haɗin kan ya haɓaka ƙarfin CARE sosai don sadar da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya ciki har da ƙwararrun likitocin kiwon lafiya da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya. A lokacin wannan canji an cire Kunshin CARE na asali. An kawo kunshin abinci na ƙarshe a cikin 1967 kuma kayan aiki na ƙarshe a cikin 1968. Fiye da Kayan Gudun CARE miliyan 100 aka kawo a duk duniya tun farkon jigilar su zuwa Faransa. Kodayake 1968 ta nuna alamar "ritaya" a hukumance na CARE Package za a sake amfani da tsarin lokaci-lokaci, misali a cikin sassaucin CARE ga jamhuriyoyin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da waɗanda suka tsira daga Yaƙin Bosniya Hakanan an sake farfado da manufar a cikin 2011 azaman kamfen kan layi na ƙarfafa masu ba da gudummawa don cika "virtualunshin CARE mai kama da juna" tare da taimakon abinci da ayyuka kamar ilimi da kiwon lafiya da tsaftar lafiya. 1967 kuma ya sanya alama kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa ta farko da CARE tare da gwamnati: don gina makarantu a Honduras Yarjejeniyar kawance da gwamnatoci ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen zama cikin kasar gaba daya maimakon 'yan tsirarun al'ummomi. Shirye-shiryen CARE a wannan zamanin sun fi mai da hankali kan gina makarantu da cibiyoyin abinci mai gina jiki, da ci gaba da rarraba abinci. Cibiyoyin abinci mai gina jiki musamman zasu zama ɗayan manyan wuraren kulawa na CARE, haɗuwa da shirye-shiryen ciyar da makaranta da ilimin abinci mai gina jiki da aka tsara akan sabbin uwaye. A cikin 1975 CARE ta aiwatar da tsarin tsara shekaru da yawa, kuma sake ba da damar shirye-shirye su zama masu faɗaɗa da zurfin fage. Ayyuka sun zama da yawa ta fuskoki daban-daban, suna ba da misali ba kawai ilimin kiwon lafiya ba har ma da samun ruwa mai tsafta da shirin noma don inganta abinci mai gina jiki. Tsarin tsare-tsaren shekaru da yawa ya kuma kara girman ayyukan kasa baki daya da kawance da kananan hukumomi. Aikin 1977 misali an samar dashi don gina makarantun gaba da sakandare sama da 200 a duk ƙasar Chile tsawon shekaru, wanda CARE da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Chile suka ba da kuɗi tare. 1975–1990: Daga CARE zuwa CARE International Kodayake CARE ta buɗe ofishi a Kanada a cikin 1946, amma har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1970s da gaske ƙungiyar ta fara zama ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa. Kula Kanada (da farko Kulawa na Kanada) ya zama jiki mai cin gashin kansa a cikin 1973. A cikin 1976 CARE Turai aka kafa a Bonn biyo bayan nasarar kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi "Dank an CARE" (Godiya ga CARE). A cikin 1981 aka ƙirƙiri CARE Jamus kuma CARE Turai ta ƙaura da hedkwatarta zuwa Paris An kirkiro CARE Norway a cikin 1980, kuma an kafa CAREs a cikin Italiya da Burtaniya. Shaharar ofisoshin CARE a Turai an danganta ta ne da cewa yawancin Turawa sun tuna da karɓar taimakon CARE da kansu tsakanin 1945 da 1955. A shekara ta 1979 aka fara shirin kafa kungiyar laima don daidaitawa da hana kwafi a tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban na CARE. Wannan sabon jikin an sa masa suna CARE International kuma sun hadu a karon farko a ranar 29 ga Janairun 1982, tare da CARE Canada, CARE Germany, CARE Norway, da CARE USA (wanda a da kawai ake kira CARE). CARE International zata fadada sosai yayin shekarun 1980, tare da ƙari na CARE Faransa a 1983; CARE International UK a cikin 1985; Kula da Austria a 1986; da CARE Australia, CARE Denmark, da CARE Japan a 1987. 1990 yanzu: Tarihin kwanan nan Tare da faɗaɗa ayyukan ci gaban ayyukan CARE a cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s sun mai da hankali musamman kan dabarun ƙera gonaki kamar sake dasa bishiyoyi da kiyaye ƙasa a gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka CARE kuma ta ba da amsa ga manyan matsaloli na gaggawa a wannan lokacin, musamman ma matsalar yunwar da ta faru a shekarar 1983-1985 a Habasha da kuma yunwar 1991 1991 a Somaliya 1990s kuma sun ga juyin halitta a cikin tsarin CARE na talauci. Asali CARE ta kalli talauci da farko kamar rashin kayan masarufi da sabis kamar abinci, ruwa mai tsafta, da kiwon lafiya. Kamar yadda ikon CARE ya fadada duka geographically da kuma a saman wannan hanyar an fadada ta yadda ya hada da ra'ayi cewa talauci ya kasance a lokuta da yawa sanadiyyar wariyar al'umma, banbanci, da wariya A farkon 1990s CARE ta ɗauki tsarin tsaro na rayuwar rayuwar iyali wanda ya haɗa da ra'ayi mai yawa na talauci kamar ya ƙunshi ba kawai albarkatun jiki ba har ma da matsayin zamantakewar jama'a da ƙarfin ɗan adam. A sakamakon wannan, a shekara ta 2000, CARE ta ƙaddamar da tsarin tushen haƙƙoƙi don ci gaba An kai hari kan daya daga cikin gine-ginensu, kuma mutane sun mutu da jikkata, yayin hare-haren Kabul na watan Satumbar 2016. Microfinance A farkon 1990s CARE kuma ta haɓaka abin da zai zama muhimmin abin koyi don ƙarancin kuɗi Wannan samfurin ana kiransa ingsungiyoyin Kuɗi da Lamuni na geauye kuma an fara shi a cikin 1991 azaman aikin gwaji na Ofishin Casar CARE a Nijar An gabatar da aikin gwajin Mata Masu Dubara sannan kamfanin CARE Niger ya kirkiro wannan samfurin ta hanyar daidaita tsarin Kamfanin Tarawa da kuma Bashi Samfurin ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi kimanin mutane 15-30 waɗanda ke adanawa koyaushe kuma suna yin aro ta amfani da asusun ƙungiyar. Savingsarin kuɗaɗen da ka yada za'a ingata su memba yana ƙirƙirar kuɗaɗe da za a iya amfani da shi don lamuni na ɗan gajeren lokaci da babban birni kuma an raba riba tsakanin ƙungiyar a ƙarshen lokacin da aka bayar (yawanci kusan shekara guda), a wannan lokacin ƙungiyoyi sukan sake yin tsari don fara sabon zagaye Saboda ajiyar litattafan da ake buƙata don gudanar da Savungiyar Ajiye Loungiyoyi da Lamuni mai sauƙi ne kuma yawancin ƙungiyoyi sun sami nasarar zama masu cin gashin kansu a cikin shekara ɗaya kuma suna jin daɗin rayuwa mai ƙarfi na tsawon lokaci. CARE ta kirkiro sama da kungiyoyi dubu 40 na Ajiye Kungiyoyi da Kungiyoyi (sama da membobi miliyan 1) a duk fadin Afirka, Asiya, da Latin Amurka sannan a shekara ta 2008 sun ƙaddamar da Access Africa wanda ke da niyyar faɗaɗa horar da ingsungiyar Ba da Lamuni da ansungiyar Lamuni ga ƙasashe 39 na Afirka kafin 2018 Hakanan an maimaita samfurin a cikin Afirka da Asiya da kuma wasu manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ciki har da Oxfam, Plan International, da Katolika Relief Services CARE UK daga baya kaddamar lendwithcare.org, wanda damar jama'a su yi microloans, ciki har da kore rance, to, 'yan kasuwa a Afrika da Asiya. Ya guji yawancin sukar da ake yi a Kiva.org Sanarwa da ma'anar kalmomi da cika shekaru 50 A cikin 1993 CARE, don yin tunaninta tsarin ƙungiya na ƙasa da ƙasa, ya canza ma'anar ƙarancin sunansa a karo na uku, inda ya ɗauki sunan da yake yanzu "perativeungiyar Taimakawa da Taimakawa a Koina". CARE ta kuma sanya bikin cika shekaru 50 a 1994. CARE ta faɗaɗa ƙungiyar zuwa mambobi goma sha biyu a farkon 2000s, tare da CARE Netherlands (tsohuwar Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Bala'i) wasu yarjejeniyar da tsare tsare ta shiga cikin 2001 da CARE Thailand (da ake kira Raks Thai Foundation) suka shiga 2003, suka zama memba na Cungiyar CARE ta farko a cikin ƙasa mai tasowa. Sanannen kamfen ɗin "I am Powerful" wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin USA a watan Satumban 2006 kuma an shirya shi ne don ya jawo hankalin jama'a ga ƙungiyar da ta daɗe tana mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa mata CARE ta bayyana cewa shirye-shiryenta suna maida hankali ne akan mata da 'yan mata duk saboda talakan duniya mata ne wadanda basu dace ba kuma saboda ana ganin karfafa mata ya zama muhimmiyar hanyar kawo ci gaba da nasarori sosai. CARE ta kuma jaddada cewa tana daukar yin aiki tare da samari da maza wani muhimmin bangare na karfafawa mata, kuma karfafawa mata yana amfanar maza da mata. A cikin 2007 CARE ta sanar da cewa nan da shekara ta 2009 ba za ta ƙara karɓar wasu nau'ikan taimakon abinci na Amurka na kimanin dala miliyan 45 a shekara ba, suna masu jayayya cewa waɗannan nau'ikan taimakon abinci ba su da inganci kuma suna cutarwa ga kasuwannin cikin gida. Musamman, CARE ta sanar da cewa zata yi watsi da duk taimakon abinci (rarar abincin Amurka da ake turawa ga kungiyoyin agaji a kasashe masu tasowa wadanda kuma suke siyar da abincin a kasuwannin karkara dan tallafawa ayyukan ci gaba) da duk taimakon abinci da nufin samar da fa'idar kasuwanci. ga mai bayarwa da taimakawa, kuma zai kara sadaukar da kai ga sayen taimakon abinci a cikin gida. CARE kuma ta sanar da cewa ba za ta sake karɓar abincin USDA ba ta hanyar Title 1 (tallace-tallace na ba da izini) ko Sashe na 416 (rarar kuɗi) saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen an yi niyya ne musamman don samar da fa'idar kasuwanci ga Noman Amurka. A cikin 2011 CARE ta ƙara memba na farko, CARE India, kuma a cikin 2012 kwamitin CI ya karɓi CARE Peru a matsayin memba na biyu na CARE. CARE Indiya ta zama cikakkiyar memba a watan Nuwamba 2013. Hukumar ta CI ta karɓi CARE Peru a matsayin cikakken memba na ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2015. CARE a halin yanzu manyan Mafi yawan su masu zaman kansu ne kawai don yin adana bayanan kimantawar aikin su a bainar jama'a, da kuma gudanar da bincike na yau da kullun na hanyoyin kimantawa da tasirin ƙungiya gabaɗaya. Tsarin CARE CARE International ƙungiya ce ta AREungiyoyin AREungiyoyin AREungiyoyin AREasa goma sha huɗu, waɗanda ke kula da sakatariyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta CARE. Sakatariyar tana da gindin zaune ne a Geneva, Switzerland, tare da ofisoshi a New York da Brussels don yin hulɗa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da cibiyoyin Turai bi da bi. Kowane Nationalungiyar AREasa ta Nationalasa ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a cikin ƙasa, kuma kowane memba yana gudanar da shirye-shirye, tattara kuɗi, da ayyukan sadarwa a cikin ƙasarsa da kuma a ƙasashe masu tasowa inda CARE ke aiki dama inda yake Sanya ido. Akwai Membobin Nationalasa goma sha huɗu. Membobin CARE goma sha huɗu da mambobin membobi huɗu sune: Ana yiwa mambobin haɗin gwiwa alama tare da alama Tsarin shirye-shirye A cikin 2016 CARE tana aiki a cikin ƙasashe masu zuwa (har ma a cikin membobin da ƙasashe masu alaƙa): An gudanar da ayyukan ci gaba da taimakon jin kai 962 a wadannan kasashen, inda kai tsaye aka kai mutane miliyan 80,120,323. Rushewar yanki ya kasance kamar haka: A cikin shekarar kasafin kudi ta 2016, CARE ta ba da rahoton kasafin kuɗi sama da Euro miliyan 574 da ma'aikatan 9,175 (94% daga cikin su 'yan asalin ƙasar da suke aiki). Amsar gaggawa CARE tana tallafawa taimakon gaggawa gami da rigakafi, shirye-shirye, da shirye-shiryen dawowa. A cikin 2016, CARE a gwargwadon rahoto ya kai sama da mutane miliyan 7.2 ta hanyar taimakon agaji. Babban mahimman sassan CARE don amsar gaggawa sune Tsaron Abinci, Mahalli, WASH da Lafiyar Jima'i da Haihuwa. CARE shine mai sanya hannu kan manyan ƙa'idodin agaji na duniya da ƙa'idodin gudanarwa ciki har da Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief, the Sphere standards, and the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP) ƙa'idodi da Kima. Hanyoyin sadarwa da kawance CARE mai sa hannu ne ga ƙa'idodi masu zuwa na shiga tsakani: Code of Conduct for The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief, Sphere standards, and the Core Humanitarian Standard As da kyau, CARE memba ne na wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa da nufin inganta inganci da daidaito na taimakon agaji: Tsarin Ginin Gaggawar Gaggawa, Consortium na Britishungiyoyin Agaji na Biritaniya, Learningungiyar Koyon Aiki don Kula da Aiki Ayyukan Jin Kai, Kwamitin Gudanarwa don Amincewa da Jin Kai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Hukumomin Agaji, da Yarjejeniyar Kula da InGO. Hakanan CARE tana shiga cikin kamfen neman tallafi tare da wasu manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Gangamin Duniya na Canjin Yanayi misali guda ne. Bayani Hanyoyin haɗin

51721

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%20Akamanzi

Claire Akamanzi

Clare Akamanzi lauya ce dan kasar Rwanda, 'yar kasuwa kuma 'yar siyasa, wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar darekta kuma babbar jami'in gudanarwa na Hukumar Raya Ruwanda, tun daga watan 4 Fabrairu 2017. Mukamin nadi ne a matakin majalisar ministocin shugaban kasar Rwanda. A cikin sake fasalin majalisar ministocin na 31 ga watan Agusta 2017, Akamanzi ta kasance a cikin majalisar ministocin kuma ta ci gaba da rike mukaminta. Tarihi da ilimi Akamanzi an haife ta a Uganda iyayenta 'yan gudun hijirar Ruwanda a shekarar 1979. Ita ce ta hudu a cikin iyali guda shida. Ta yi karatun share fagen shiga jami'a a sassa daban-daban na Uganda. Iyalin sun ƙaura sosai, domin iyayenta 'yan gudun hijira ne a Uganda. Tana da aure kuma uwa ga ɗa daya. Ta yi digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, wanda Jami'ar Makerere ta bayar a Kampala, babban birnin Uganda. Har ila yau, tana da Difloma a Ayyukan Shari'a, wanda ta samu daga Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a, kuma a Kampala. Tana da Masters of Law a fannin Dokokin kasuwanci da zuba jari ta samu ne daga Jami'ar Pretoria da ke Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma yi Masters a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a, wanda ta samu daga Jami'ar Harvard, a Cambridge, Massachusetts, a Amurka. Ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Laws daga Jami'ar Concordia a watan Yuni 2018. Sana'a Ta fara aikinta ne a shekara ta 2004 a birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland a hedikwatar kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya (WTO). Gwamnatin Ruwanda ta nada ta a matsayin jami'ar diflomasiya/masu shawarwarin kasuwanci ta musamman a WTO. Daga baya, ta koma ofishin jakadancin Ruwanda a London, United Kingdom a matsayin jami'ar diflomasiyya ta kasuwanci haɗe-haɗe na kasuwanci). Ta koma Rwanda a shekara ta 2006 kuma an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Zuba Jari da Kayayyakin Ruwa ta Ruwanda (RIEPA) "kafin a hade RDB da sauran cibiyoyi a shekarar 2008". A shekara ta 2008, Akamanzi ta zama Mataimakiyar babban jami'in gudanarwa da ke da alhakin Ayyukan Kasuwanci da Ayyuka, a RDB. Daga baya ta kuma zama babbar jami'ar gudanarwa na hukumar raya kasar Rwanda. Daga nan ta dauki hutun karatu don ci gaba da karatun digiri a kasar Amurka. Lokacin da ta dawo, ta yi aiki a matsayin "Shugabar Dabarun da Manufofin" a Ofishin Shugaban Kasa. A cikin 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta sanar da cewa Akamanzi tana daya daga cikin mambobin kwamitin da suka kafa gidauniyar ta WHO. Sauran ayyukan Gidauniyar Afirka ta Turai (AEF), Memba na Babban Rukunin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a akan dangantakar Afirka da Turai (tun 2020) Wallafe-wallafe In the Trenches: Open for Business RWANDA'S PUSH FOR FIVE-STAR DEVELOPMENT: AN INTERVIEW WITH THE CEO OF THE RWANDA DEVELOPMENT BOARD ON THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF RWANDAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT AT CROSSROADS: THE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS WITH EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICAN COUNTRIES ON TRADE IN SERVICES. Duba kuma Valentine Rugwabiza Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na Hukumar Raya Ruwanda https://twitter.com/cakamanzi?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor https://www.linkedin.com/in/clare-akamanzi-6a46a783?originalSubdomain=rw Haifaffun 1979 Rayayyun

25750

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Jaruman%20Finafinan%20Najeriya

Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya

Wannan ne jerin sanannun jaruman fim a Sinimar Najeriya Jarumai Maza Sylvester Madu Ramsey Nouah Richard Mofe Damijo Osita Iheme O. C. Ukeje Jim Iyke Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Bovi Olu Jacobs Tope Tedela Mike Bamiloye Pete Edochie Chiwetel Ejiofor Saint Obi John Boyega Femi Branch Wasiu Alabi Pasuma Femi Adebayo Francis Odega Odunlade Adekola Muyiwa Ademola Yemi Ajibade Jimoh Aliu Fred Amata Chet Anekwe Okey Bakassi Saheed Balogun Joseph Benjamin Yul Edochie Alex Ekubo Deyemi Okanlawon Ken Erics Mike Ezuruonye Sola Fosudo Chinedu Ikedieze Hakeem Kae-Kazim Jide Kosoko Ayo Makun Chuma Mmeka Zack Orji Ali Nuhu Dele Odule Dede One Day Clem Ohameze John Okafor Dayo Okeniyi Babatunde Omidina Emeka Ossai Nkem Owoh David Oyelowo Afeez Oyetoro Kola Oyewo Adebayo Salami Sunday Omobolanle Yemi Shodimu Ime Bishop Umoh Nonso Diobi Charles Inojie Desmond Elliot Kanayo O. Kanayo Segun Arinze Emeka Ike Sam Dede Kenneth Okonkwo Chidi Mokeme Jarumai mata Liz Da-Silva Genevieve Nnaji Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Sola Sobowale Funke Akindele Joke Silva Rita Dominic Mercy Johnson Ini Edo Nse Ikpe Etim Yvonne Jegede Caroline Danjuma (maiden name: Caroline Ekanem) Lilian Esoro Adesua Etomi Bimbo Ademoye Efe Irele Mary Lazarus Uzo Aduba Tonto Dikeh Liz Benson Kehinde Bankole Fathia Balogun Tomi Odunsi Stephanie Okereke Nafisa Abdullahi Adunni Ade Ayo Adesanya Taiwo Ajai Lycett Nikki Amuka-Bird Rosaline Meurer Regina Askia Monalisa Chinda Chioma Chukwuka Abiodun Duro-Ladipo Megalyn Echikunwoke Adesua Etomi-Wellington Carmen Ejogo Tamara Eteimo Hadiza Gabon Regina Daniels Rahama Sadau Muma Gee Shan George Kate Henshaw Chika Ike Carol King Bisi Komolafe Annie Macaulay–Idibia Lola Margaret Iyabo Ojo Sophie Okonedo Chioma Okoye Oge Okoye Moji Olaiya Kiki Omeili Racheal Oniga Bimbo Oshin Patience Ozokwor Helen Paul Idowu Philips Toni Tones Mary Uranta Bukky Wright Folake Olowofoyeku Sharon Ooja Ngozi Ezeonu Beverly Naya Beverly Osu Abimbola Craig Ruth Kadiri Weruche Opia Yvonne Orji Toyin Abraham Mercy Aigbe Duba kuma Sinima a Najeriya References Actors Nigerian Nigerian entertainment-related

38622

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Akaagerger

Joseph Akaagerger

Lt. Colonel Joseph Iorshagher Akaagerger (An haifeshi ranar 5 ga Mayu 1956), ya kasance shugaban mulkin soja na jihar Katsina, Nijeriya daga watan Agustan shekarar 1998 zuwa 29 ga Mayu 1999. Bayan komowar dimokuradiyya, a watan Afrilun shekarata 2007 an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Benuwe arewa maso gabas. Farkon rayuwa da Karatu Akaagerger an haife shi ne a ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1956 a ƙaramar hukumar Konshisha ta jihar Benue, asalin kabilar Tiv ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Gboko (1969-1973). Ya shiga aikin soja, ya halarci makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya, Kaduna (1976-1977), Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, United Kingdom (1977-79). Ya kuma sami digiri na LLB da LLM a Jami'ar Jos sannan ya sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'ar tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya. Yana riƙe da sarautar gargajiya ta Ambe u Konshisha (Kwanshisha Kada). Dan uwan tsohon Atoni-Janar ne kuma ministan shari'a Michael Aondoakaa. Aikin soja Akaagerger ya riƙe muƙamin daban-daban a aikin soja, inda ya kai matakin muƙamin Laftanar Kanar. Ya kuma kasance Darakta a Kwalejin Kwamanda da Ma’aikata ta Zariya a lokacin da aka nada shi Shugaban Soja a Jihar Katsina a lokacin mulkin Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar na rikon kwarya a watan Agustan shekarar 1998. An ce shi ne ya bayar da tallafin kudi a jihar Katsina domin yakin neman zaben Umaru Musa Yar’adua (daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa), wanda ya hau mulki a farkon jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu a watan Mayun shekarata 1999. Bayan mika mulki, an gano cewa jihar na da alhakin Naira miliyan 35 daga ma’aikatun, Naira miliyan 174 daga ma’aikatun gwamnati da kuma wani sama da fadi da aka samu daga Bankin Arewa a yankin na Naira miliyan 75, da kuma wasu basussuka. Bayan komawar mulkin dimokuradiyya, a matsayinsa na tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, an bukaci ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. Sanata Akaagerger ya koma jam'iyyar United Nigeria Peoples Party (UNPP). A zaɓen 2003, ya kasance dan takarar majalisar dattawa a jihar Benue a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar UNPP, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. A watan Yunin 2004 ya zarce zuwa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP). A zaɓen shekarar 2007 ya sake tsayawa takara a Benue NE, a wannan karon a dandalin PDP. A zaben fidda gwanin da aka yi, bai samu kuri’u 2/3 da ake bukata ba, amma an zabe shi a matsayin dan takara da gagarumin rinjaye, kamar yadda Sanata David Mark ya kuma samu a shiyyar Benuwe ta Kudu. Unongo ya ba shi goyon bayansa, kuma aka zabe shi, ya hau mulki a watan Mayun shekarata 2007. A watan Janairun shekarar 2008, wata kotun sauraren kararrakin zabe da ke Makurdi ta soke zaɓensa bisa ga cewa an yi kason kuri’u masu dimbin yawa, sabanin zaɓen da aka yi na hakika, ta kuma ba da umarnin sake gudanar da sabon zaɓe. Ya ɗaukaka ƙara akan hukuncin. A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 2008, Akaagerger ya zama Sakataren Yada Labarai na Dandalin Sanatocin Arewa. Akaagerger ya sanya samar da kiwon lafiya fifiko. A watan Disamban shekarar 2008, ya bayyana cewa shirinsa na jinya kyauta a jihar, wanda ake aiwatar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyar likitocin Grassroots, ya kashe Naira miliyan 50 kuma ya amfana da mutane 23,000. A cikin Oktoban shekarata 2009, ya tayar da ƙararrawa a kan madatsar ruwa ta Lake Nyos, da ke cikin Kamaru, wanda ke shiga cikin kogin Benue. Tafkin yana zaune a ɗakin magma kuma yana cike da CO 2, wanda ya barke a baya. Katangar madatsar ruwan na dada yin rauni, kuma lamarin girgizar kasa zai iya haifar da bala'i a mashigin Najeriya. Akaagerger ya yi kira da a yi taka-tsan-tsan da ya hada da gaggauta aikin dam na Kashimbilla buffer. A watan Mayun shekarar 2009, Akaagerger da wasu Sanatoci tara aka mika su ga kwamitin da'a, gata da kuma kararrakin jama'a don bincike dangane da wata takaddama da aka biya ta tafiya Ghana. A watan Yulin shekarar 2009, wani kwamitin majalisar dattijai ya bayyana sunayen tsoffin daraktocin bankuna 13 da suka gaza a matsayin suna da hannu wajen cin zarafi da basussuka wanda ya kai ga gazawar bankunan. Akaagerger dai ya yi adawa da bayyana sunayen a bainar jama’a, tunda sun hada da shugabannin hukumomin wasu hukumomin gwamnatin tarayya. A cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 2009 da Babban Bankin Najeriya ya fitar na rancen da ba a biya ba a bankuna biyar da sai da aka yi belinsa ya nuna cewa Akaagerger na ciwo bashin Naira miliyan 534 ga bankin Spring Bank Plc. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Maris na 2010 Akaagerger ya bayyana fatansa cewa za a warware sauye-sauyen zaben da ake shirin yi kafin zaɓen 2011. Wasu ayyukan baya A watan Janairun shekarar 2011 tsohon shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na ƙasa Barnabas Gemade ya doke Akaagerger da sauran su inda ya zama dan takarar jam’iyyar PDP a majalisar dattawa a jihar Benuwe arewa maso gabas. A cikin Maris din shekarar 2011, Akaagerger ya ce canji ya zama dole. Idan jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) ta hau mulki, Audu Ogbeh zai bunkasa Benue kuma zai daƙile ɓarnar da PDP ta yi a shekaru hudu da suka wuce. A watan Oktoban 2014, Akaagerger yana cikin dattawan PDP na yankin Benuwe arewa maso gabas da suka goyi bayan Gwamna Gabriel Suswam a takarar Sanata a 2015. A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, Akaagerger na cikin shugabannin jahohi shida na shiyyar arewa ta tsakiya da suka yi yunkurin neman George Akume a matsayin shugaban majalisar dattawa. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1956 Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina Mutane daga Jihar

34262

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20Amato

Chuck Amato

Charles Michael Amato (an haife shi a watan Yuni 26, 1946) tsohon kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. Ya kasance kwanan nan mai kula da tsaro na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Akron Zips Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina daga 2000 zuwa 2006, yana tattara rikodin 49 37. A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2007, Amato ya koma Jihar Florida, inda ya horar da shi a matsayin mataimaki na kusan shekaru ashirin kafin ya koma Jihar NC, a matsayin babban kocin babban kocin da kuma kocin linebackers, matsayin da ya rike har tsawon shekaru uku. Rayuwar farko da aikin wasa An haifi Amato a Easton, a yankin Lehigh Valley na Pennsylvania, kuma ya kammala makarantar sakandare ta yankin Easton Dan dambe Larry Holmes abokin karatunsu ne na Amato a Easton. Amato ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a 1969 kuma ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi a 1973. A Jihar North Carolina, Amato ya kasance mai nasara na wasiƙa na shekaru uku a duka ƙwallon ƙafa da kokawa Ya taka leda a kan tawagar 1965 wanda ya ci gasar cin kofin tekun Atlantika kuma ya buga wasanni biyu da ba a ci nasara ba a matsayin dan kokawa, yana samun taken ACC guda biyu, a nauyi a cikin 1966 da a cikin a 1968. Aikin koyarwa Easton High School Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jihar North Carolina, Amato ya shafe shekaru biyu a matsayin mataimakin koci a makarantar sakandarensa, Easton High School Mataimakin a Jihar NC A cikin 1971, Amato ya fara aiki na shekaru tara a matsayin mataimakin kocin tare da Jihar North Carolina, yana aiki a karkashin Al Michaels, Lou Holtz, da Bo Rein Arizona da Jihar Florida Sannan ya shafe lokuta biyu a Jami'ar Arizona (1980 da 1981), inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan. Daga nan ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Florida, inda ya shafe shekaru 18 a fagen horar da kwallon kafa daban-daban, gami da na mataimakin koci na tsawon shekaru 14. A Jihar Florida, ya kasance mai horar da layin tsaro na tsawon shekaru 14 kuma ya shafe shekaru hudu a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan. Gasar ACC Amato ya kasance wani ɓangare na gasar zakarun ACC 11, ɗaya a matsayin ɗan wasa a Jihar North Carolina (1965), biyu a matsayin mataimakin koci na Jihar North Carolina (1973 da 1979), da yanayi takwas a jere a Jihar Florida (1992 zuwa 1999). Babban koci a NC State A cikin 2002, an zaɓi Amato a cikin Kwamitin Amintattu na Ƙungiyar Kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka. Amato ya tara rikodin gabaɗaya na 49 37, gami da rikodin 34 17 a cikin shekaru huɗu daga 2000 zuwa 2003 yayin da Philip Rivers ya kasance farkon kwata-kwata. Lokacin mafi nasara Amato shine a cikin 2002 lokacin da Wolfpack ya doke Notre Dame a Gator Bowl don lashe gasar 11– nasara wanda ƙungiyarsa ta kare lamba 12 a cikin AP Poll. Bayan kammala karatun Ribas, ƙungiyoyin Jihar NC na Amato sun ƙare da ci 5–6 a 2004, 7–5 a 2005, da 3–9 a 2006. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2006, darektan wasannin motsa jiki na jihar NC Lee Fowler ya kori Amato bayan rashin nasarar wasanni bakwai da ya yi rashin nasara a kakar wasa ta 2006. Asarar da aka sani sun haɗa da fushi ta Akron Zips (5-7), asara ta uku kai tsaye zuwa Arewacin Carolina Tar Heels (3-9), da kuma asarar gida ga Pirates na Gabashin Carolina (7-5). Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a kakar 2006 sun haɗa da nasara a kan Kwalejin Eagles ta Boston da Seminoles na Jihar Florida A cikin wata sanarwa, Fowler ya amince da "jin dadi da sha'awar Amato." Wannan sha'awar ta haifar da gyara dala miliyan 87 zuwa filin wasa na Carter–Finley Duk da haka, mediocre 2005 da 2006 yanayi sun kai ga yanke shawarar cire Amato kuma "don ɗaukar shirin a cikin sabon shugabanci." Komawa Jihar Florida A cikin 2007, Amato ya koma Jami'ar Jihar Florida a matsayin babban kocin babban kocin kuma kocin layin baya. A cikin Disamba 2009 tare da ritaya na Bobby Bowden, sabon Shugaban Kocin Jihar Florida Jimbo Fisher ya sanar da Amato cewa ba za a ci gaba da rike shi a ma'aikata ba. Amato ya horar da wasan Gator Bowl na 2010 kuma daga baya aka sake shi daga shirin Jihar Florida. A cikin Disamba 2009, Amato ya kamu da ciwon daji a wuyansa da makogwaro. Bayan nasarar jinyar makonni shida, ya sha alwashin komawa aikin horarwa a 2011. Mataimaki a Akron Amato ya koma koyawa don kakar 2012 a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kocin da Mai Gudanar da Tsaro a ƙarƙashin Terry Bowden Amato ya yi ritaya daga Akron a watan Fabrairun 2018. Rikodin koyawa shugaban Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Akron profile Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1946 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33219

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Aja

Mutanen Aja

Aja kuma sun rubuta Adja ƙabila ce daga kudu maso yammacin Benin da kuma kudu maso gabashin Togo. Bisa ga al'adar baka, Aja sun yi hijira zuwa kudancin Benin a karni na 12 ko na 13 daga Tado a kan kogin Mono, kuma c. 1600, 'yan'uwa uku, Kokpon, Do-Aklin, da Te-Agbanlin, sun raba mulkin yankin sa'an nan Aja suka mamaye a tsakaninsu: Kokpon ya dauki babban birnin Great Ardra, yana sarauta a kan masarautar Allada; Do-Aklin ya kafa Abomey, wanda zai zama babban birnin Masarautar Dahomey; da Te-Agbanlin ya kafa Little Ardra, wanda aka fi sani da Ajatche, daga baya ana kiransa Porto Novo (a zahiri, "New Port") ta 'yan kasuwan Portugal da babban birnin Benin na yanzu. Tarihi Waɗanda Aja da ke zaune a Abomey sun yi cudanya da jama’ar yankin, ta haka suka haifar da sabuwar al’umma da aka fi sani da Fon, ko kuma “Dahomey” ƙabilar. Yanzu wannan kungiya ita ce mafi girma a kasar Benin. Wata majiya ta ce Aja sune sarakunan Dahomey (Benin) har zuwa 1893, lokacin da Faransawa suka ci su. A halin yanzu, akwai kimanin Ajas 500,000 a wani yanki da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Benin da Togo, mai tsawon kilomita 50 (mil 30) da faɗinsa kilomita 30. Aja na magana da yaren da aka sani da Aja-Gbe, ko kuma kawai 'Aja'; kashi 1-5% ne kawai suka iya karatu a yarensu na asali. A cewar wata majiya, voodoo ta samo asali ne daga Aja. Yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Gbe musamman Ewe da Fon sun samo asali ne daga Adja Tado (wanda aka fi sani da Azame) kuma suna ɗaukar Adja a matsayin ƙabilar mahaifiyarsu. Mutanen Gbe sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun haɗu da Alu, Za tare da wasu ɗorewa masu launin fata masu madaidaiciya gashi watakila pygmies ko ragowar daji (San) a kusa da su daga kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ta Ketou. Karancin albarkatun kasa, yawan jama'a da rigingimun sarauta sun ba da gudummawa ga rarrabuwar kawuna da tarwatsa Ewe da kuma Fon daga Adja. Awormezi (babban kujera) na Anlo a yankin Volta na Ghana ana kyautata zaton shine asalin stool na Adja Tado kuma Torgbui Sri (basarake) ya tafi da shi zuwa Notsie lokacin da rikici ya taso tsakanin masu da'awar kujerar bayan mutuwar wanda ke zaune. Barkewar cutar sankarau ta halaka mutanen Adja a zamanin dā, kuma hakan ya rage yawansu idan aka kwatanta da zuriyar Ewe ko Fon. Akwai yaruka uku: Tàgóbé (a Togo kaɗai), Dògóbè (a Benin kaɗai), da Hwègbè (a ƙasashen biyu). Yawancin harsuna uku ne, kuma suna jin Faransanci da Fongbe, yare na kudancin Benin, yayin da Aja da ke zaune a Togo da Ghana ke magana a matsayin yare na biyu. Saboda tsananin karancin filaye a yankin iyakar Togo da Beninois mai yawan jama'a da aka ambata a sama, Aja da yawa sun yi hijira a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, suna neman filayen noma don noma ko aiki a cikin birane. Akwai adadi mai yawa na Aja da ke zaune a cikin yankunan bakin teku na Benin da Togo, kudancin Najeriya da Gabon. Cibiyoyin biranen Cotonou, Lome, Legas da Libreville duk suna da yawan ƙaura na Aja. Aja, Fon, Ewe, Ga-Adangbe sun dauki yawancin mutanen da aka kwashe zuwa Amurka daga Bight of Benin, Togo da Ghana a cinikin bayi na transatlantic kafin karshen karni na sha takwas (lokacin da Yarabawa suka zama fursunoni na yau da kullum daga yankin). Etymology Yaren Yarbanci- Ata: ado: mi Yanzu ƙauyen zai girma kuma ya ci gaba Asalin Adja Tado ana kiransa da Azame. A zamanin da, an sami bullar cutar sankarau mai rauni a Adja Tado wanda ya yi sanadin asarar rayuka da dama. Wani limamin gargajiya na kabilar Yarabawa ya tsarkake garin tare da dakile yaduwar cutar. Ya tabbatar wa waɗanda suka tsira a ƙasarsa ta Yarbawa da waɗannan kalaman kuma da shigewar lokaci, Azame ya zama mai suna Atado. Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu In the context of slavery: Fighting the slave trade: West African strategies. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1517-4. Kabilu a Togo Kabilu a

40576

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20gilla%20a%20Nimbo

Kisan gilla a Nimbo

A birnin Nimbo ne mai iyaka a yankin Uzo-Uwani na jihar Enugu, Najeriya, aka mamaye ƙauyuka bakwai Ekwuru, Nimbo-Ngwoko, Ugwuijoro, Ebor, Enugu-Nimbo, Umuome da Ugwuachara, kuma Fulani makiyaya sama da 500 dauke da makamai sun kashe mutane da dama. An saka ƙungiyar ta'addancin a matsayi ta huɗu mafi muni a duniya, a farkon sa'o'in Afrilu 25, 2016. Uzo Uwani yana da iyaka da Jihohin Kudancin Ebonyi da Anambra, da Jihohin Benue da Kogi ta Tsakiya, inda wadannan hare-hare suka ƙaru a baya-bayan nan. Kai hari Makiyayan, waɗanda rahotanni suka ce sun dukufa wajen mamaye wani kaso na filayen noma domin kiwo, sun shirya kai hari, kuma sun ci gaba da sanar da ‘yan asalin yankin game da mamayar da suka yi a ranar 23 ga Afrilun shekarar 2016. Nan take aka kai rahoton bayanan sirrin ga jami’an tsaro waɗanda suka gana akan hakan. Sai dai kuma da misalin karfe 5 da minti 15, na safiyar ranar 25 ga Afrilun shekarar 2016, yan ta'ada makiyaya ɗauke da makamai da yawansu ya kai 500, sun kashe mutane 40. Washegari, 26 ga Afrilu, 2016, an sake gano wasu gawarwaki shida, sannan 14 da abin ya shafa suna kwance a asibiti Royal Cross, Nsukka, Babban Asibitin Nsukka da Asibitin Shanahan, Nsukka. A yayin farmakin, wasu ɓarayin sun kona wata coci mai suna Christ Holy Church International (AKA Odozi-Obodo), dake Onu-Eke, da kuma gidaje 11. Sakamakon rashin tsaro, ‘yan asalin yankin da suka rasa matsugunansu sun gudu zuwa makwabtan garuruwan Nkpologu da Uvuru, Uvuru-Agada duk da cewa ‘yan asalin wadannan al’ummomin suma sun gudu zuwa Nsukka saboda fargabar sake kai hari. Mamaye al'ummar Ukpabi-Nimbo, wanda aka fi sani da "Kisan Enugu", na Fulani makiyaya ya biyo bayan kisan kiyashin da wasu makiyaya suka yi wa ɗaruruwan 'yan kasar a wata unguwar manoma, Agatu, jihar Benue da makiyayan suka yi, haka kawai. Ƙasa da wata guda. An kai hari a maƙwabtan Abbi, wata unguwar Uzo Uwani, inda aka ce an kashe wani ɗan uwa da ‘yar’uwa ga Fidelis da Mercy Okeja nan take a watan Fabrairun 2016. An bayyana bacewar mutane 19 yayin da aka kone gidaje bakwai da babura. An bayyana cewa ƴan ta'adan fulani makiyaya 30 ne suka kai farmakin. Rashin Tsaro A cewar gwamnan jihar Enugu, Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi, ta’addancin a Nimbo na iya faruwa ne saboda gazawar jami’an tsaro wajen samun nasarar aiwatar da rahoton leken asiri game da ƙungiyar makiyaya a makwabciyarta Odolu a jihar Kogi a shirin kai hari. Ƙungiyar al’adun ƙabilar Igbo, Ohanaeze Ndigbo a yayin da ta ke nuna rashin jin daɗin ta kan yadda ake ganin taɓarɓarewa tsaro da ta kai ga harin ta’addanci da kuma yiwuwar sake kai wani hari, ta buƙaci gwamnati da ta gudanar da cikakken bincike domin gurfanar da waɗanda ke da hannu a gaban kuliya domin daƙile afkuwar irin haka a gaba. Ƙungiyar ta kuma ce "Ra'ayi na Imeobi yana da matukar damuwa kuma babu shakka, ya yi Allah wadai da kisan gillar da wasu yan ta'ada Fulani makiyaya suka yi wa 'yan uwanmu a Nimbo, karamar hukumar Uzo-Uwani ta jihar Enugu.” Makiyaya da Al'umma Rahotanni sun ce yan ta'addan makiyayan da ke yawo sun yi; ta’addanci, mamaye filaye, fyaɗe, garkuwa da mutane, tare da kashe ɗaruruwan mutane a faɗin yankunan noman jihohin kudu da arewa ta tsakiya a shekarar 2016, a rikicin da ya ɓarke a Najeriya. Ministan yaɗa labarai, Lai Mohammed ya ce gwamnati na aiki a bayan fage domin warware matsalar. Baya ga hasarar rayukan mutane, an yi kiyasin cewa tashe-tashen hankulan da ke zubar da jini sun yi sanadin asarar biliyoyin kuɗaɗen shiga a ƙasar ta yammacin Afirka. Wasu daga cikin manyan laifukan garkuwa da mutane da ake alaƙantawa da yan ta'addan makiyaya sun haɗa da na Chief Olu Falae, wanda aka gano shi, an yi garkuwa da shi a gonarsa da ke Ilado, jihar Ondo, da kuma sace basaraken gargajiya da aka kashe a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2016 na Ubulu-Uku community, Obi Agbogidi Akaeze Ofulue a Aniocha South, Delta State, 'yan bindiga da kuma neman kuɗin fansa. “Ko da yake an yi amfani da lambar wayata wajen tattaunawa kan kudin fansa, kuma an samu makudan kudin da aka karba a kaina. Abin da ya faru shi ne, ɗaya daga cikin abokaina da aka fi sani da Idris, wanda na haɗu da shi watanni biyu da suka wuce ya zo gidana kwanaki kaɗan kafin bikin Sallah ya dauki daya daga cikin katin SIM dina,” ya amsa wa Dojijo wanda aka bayyana a matsayin shugaban Cif Olu Falae. Jimillar asarar rayuka da ake dangantawa da makiyayan Fulani da ke yawo, saboda rashin son saka hannun jari a wuraren kiwon shanu ko kuma mallakar noma, da inganta zamantakewar al’umma, ya kai 1,229 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya ƙaru daga 63 kacal a shekarar 2013, a cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Zaman Lafiya a Ƙididdigar Ta'addanci na Duniya 2015 kuma ya haɓaka tun farkon 2016. "Wajibi ne a kira waɗannan makiyayan domin suyi bayanin, wadannan barna na rashin gaskiya, kai hare-hare a wasu yankuna ba za su ci gaba da dadewa ba," in ji gwamnan jihar Ondo, Dr. Olusegun Mimiko. Hasashen Jama'a Ana ci gaba da hasashe a yankunan kudu da arewa ta tsakiya na Najeriya, cewa shiru da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi, kan kashe-kashen da ake yi wa ’yan kasa da manoma a gonakinsu, da ci gaba da kiwo a fili da makiyaya keyi suna da tashin hankali., da kuma rade-radin da ake ta yadawa na bullo da hanyoyin kiwo domin karfafa wa makiyaya karin yawo a fadin Najeriya, alamu ne na gazawa, mulkin mallaka da kuma nuna son kai da shugaban kasa, Muhammadu Buhari ke yi wa ƙabilar sa, Fulani, a kan sauran ƙabilun ƙasar. Najeriya. Mutane da yawa sun yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa Shugaban ƙasa da jami’an tsaro ke ɗaukar kakkausar murya kan masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra da masu fafutukar mai a “bayan fage” kan rikicin makiyaya da manoma da al’umma a fadin Najeriya. A cewar ƙungiyar al’adun ƙabilar Yarbawa, Afenifere, ta damu matuka ganin yadda jami’an tsaron sirri na Najeriya DSS, suka garzaya ga manema labarai suka ce sun gano wani kabari a Gabashin Najeriya inda suka ce sun gano gawarwakin Fulanin ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Kuma, an cigaba da yin shiru kan kashe-kashen da wasu ƙabilu ke yi a faɗin ƙasar. “Ina jin haushi, ina jin bacin rai. Ina baƙin cikin cewa gwamnatin APC ba za ta iya kare mu ba. Muna kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da ta kafa dokar ta-baci a ƙasar Igbo kan yan ta'adda Fulani makiyaya da ke barazana ga tsaro a shiyyar idan ba haka ba za mu ƙaddamar da yaki da Fulani makiyaya,” inji Archbishop na Anglican Communion, lardin Enugu, Most Rev. Dr. Emmanuel Chukwuma. Rabaran ɗin ya yi gargadin cewa, idan ba a yi wani abu da aka yi wa ƴan ta'addan Fulani makiyaya ba, da kansa zai bukaci ƙungiyoyin da ke fafutukar kafa ƙasar Biafra da su ƙaddamar da yaki a kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na hakkokinsu na kare kai. Masu fafutukar kafa ƙasar Biafra sun ce ƙaruwar hare-haren na taimaka wa cikar burin shugabanta da ke daure, Nnamdi Kanu da yake muradi, wanda farin jininsa ya ƙaru bayan iƙirarin sa na anaso a bawa Hausa-fulani ƙarfin iko da musuluntar da yankin gabashin Najeriya. “Makiyayan da suke kan hanya Fulani ne. Suna kashe mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba. Shirun da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta yi yana da ban tsoro. Ina fata babu wani tsarin mulki da yarda a kan wannan,” in ji Ijaw Council for Human Rights, ICHR, yayin da take karyata ra’ayin Gwamnonin Arewa na cewa kada a kira Fulani makiyaya da laifin aikata laifuffuka duk da wadannan munanan ayyuka, marasa bin doka da oda. Adawa da Kiwo Martanin Audu Ogbe "Na ji akwai ƙudirin doka a Majalisar Dattawa da ke neman a samar da hanyoyin kiwo, a ina suke kiwo, zuwa gonar wani." Samar da hanyoyin kiwo ba shine mafita ba kamar yadda aka sani a duniya cewa shanun da ake ajiyewa a kiwo sun fi ƙargo akan na kiwo.” In ji Audu Ogbe, Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara na Najeriya. Martanin Obi Nwakanma A cewar Obi Nwakanma, "Bai kamata a bar ƙiyayya mai tsaurin ra'ayi ya zama hanyar faɗaɗa kabilanci da mamaye ƴan ƙasa da kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya ya kare ba". Martanin Ohanaeze Ndigbo Ohanaeze Ndigbo, yayin da yake adawa da samar da hanyoyin kiwo da wuraren kiwo, ya ce kiwo sana’a ce mai zaman kanta, don haka bai kamata a yi ta, ta hanyar da ake tauye hakkin mutum ko al’umma ba. Martanin Jihar Oyo Da take sake jaddada matsayin ƴan Najeriya da dama, jihar Oyo ta bakin gwamnanta, Abiola Ajimobi, ta yi gargaɗi kan duk wani ƙudiri na kwace ko raba fili a faɗin Najeriya domin amfani da shi a matsayin wurin kiwo na gwamnatin tarayya.” Ya saɓawa dokar amfani da filaye; kwace filayen mutane don kiwon shanun wani ya saɓawa shari’ar adalci Martanin CAN Kungiyar Kiristocin Najeriya, CAN yayin da take kallon wuraren kiwo, a matsayin wata hanya mai dabara ta Musuluntar da Najeriya, kamar wasu 'yan Najeriya, ta ce mafi kyawun mafita ita ce mallakar wuraren kiwon shanu na zamani tare da samun damar aiwatar da ayyukan kiwon dabbobi, makarantu, ban ruwa/ samar da ruwa da sauran ababen more rayuwa. Martanin Ike Ekweremadu Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, Ike Ekweremadu, ya sake tabbatar wa jama’a cewa Majalisar ba za ta goyi bayan samar da wuraren kiwo a ko’ina a ƙasar nan ba. Sabbin Hare-hare a shekarar 2021 Duk da taro da ƙudurorin da Gwamnonin Kudu suka yi kwanan nan kan lamarin a Asaba, Delta, an sake samun sabbin hare-hare da ba za a amince da su ba a wasu wuraren a shekarar 2021 wanda ya sake tabbatar da kafa cibiyar tsaro ta Gabas, da aka fi sani da rundunar ESN (Eastern Security Network), don samar da gadi da tsaro ga ɗaukacin tsohon yankin Gabas da kuma tsohon yankin Midwest wanda aka fi sani da Kudu maso Gabas da Kudu maso Kudu a Najeriya, (ko yankin Masarautar Biafra) wanda ya mamaye babban yankin Igbo. A halin da ake ciki dai, bayan da jama’a suka gudanar da bikin ranar 30 ga watan Mayu da kungiyar IPOB ta yi na a zauna a gida domin tunawa da fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra, gwamnonin Kudu maso Gabas ne suka fara amincewa da ranar 30 ga watan Mayu a matsayin ranar Biyafara. Hakazalika, a farkon watan Maris din 2021, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da mafaka ga masu fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra Waɗanda ke neman a kaɗa kuri'ar raba gardama a matsayin wani ɓangare na 'yancin cin kashin kansu. Jihar Ebonyi dai ta sha mamaye tare da yin amfani da muggan makamai wajen ci gaba da raunata mutane, da kashe mutane a baya-bayan nan, wanda mutanen da aka kashen basu kai 52 ba a jihar. Nassoshi 2016 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya Jihar

19712

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Akindele

Bola Akindele

Adebola Ismail Akindele wanda aka sani da Bola Akindele (An haife shine a 25 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar,1963) a Ibadan babban birnin jahar Oyo (birni). ɗan kasuwa ne a Najeriya, masanin Kasuwanci, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Shi ne Manajan darakta na kamfanin Kasuwancin courtville, Kungiyar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka (EABN).Mujallar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta karrama shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Shugabannin fasahar kere-kere 21 na Najeriya da ke kan sharafin su." Tarihin Rayuwa da Karatu Bola Akindele an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1963 a garin Ibadan, na Jihar Oyo. Ya girma a Legas, Nijeriya. Kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Ansar-Ud-deen, Isolo, Legas daga 1974–1979. Tsohon dalibi ne na Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife inda ya kammala karatun digirinsane na farko a fannin Aikin Noma. Ya yi digiri na biyu ne a harkar banki da hada-hadar kudi a jami'ar Lagos a 1993 sannan ya kuma mallaki digirin digirgir na harkokin kasuwanci (DBA) daga makarantar International Management of Paris, Paris. Hakana shi tsohon ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Kasuwancin Landan da Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas. Ayyuka Bola Akindele shi ne Manajan Daraktan Rukunin Kamfanin Courteville Business Solutions Plc., Mai ba da shawara kan Fasahar Sadarwa, da kuma kamfanin ba da izinin kasuwanci. Yayinda yake matashi mai sana'a, ya shiga KPMG, Peat, Marwick, Ani, Ogunde Co. wanda yanzu ake kira KPMG Nigeria, kamar Audit Trainee. Akindele ya shiga Babban Bankin Najeriya ne a shekarar 1989, inda ya zama Babban Ma'aji Mai Kula da Kudi na Tsarin Garanti na Karancin Noma (ACGS). Yayin da yake a CBN, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mai Binciken Banki a kan ayyukan duba kudi daban-daban. Ya ci gaba da aiki a bankin Oceanic a 1993, kuma ya zama Shugaban Kungiya, Bankin Kasuwanci. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da babban bankin Fountain Trust Bank, na Najeriya a yanzu a matsayin Shugaban Bangare, Kasuwanni. A 2004, ya zama Babban Jami'in Kamfanin Courteville Investment Limited. Bayan haka, Courteville Investment Limited ya zama kamfani mai iyakance na jama'a, kuma an sake sanya shi a matsayin Courteville Business Solutions Plc a cikin 2011, kuma daga baya Bola Akindele ya zama Babban Manajan Darakta. An yaba masa tare da fadada kamfanin zuwa aiki a jihohi 20 a Najeriya da kuma aiwatar da kamfani sama da 200. Akindele shine Shugaba, Virtuality Consulting Limited, Bolbis Ventures, Shugabannin Yan Kasuwa, Dajayaal Limited da Asibitin Regis Reinas. Ya kuma zauna a kan Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwar Babban Birni da Shawara Mai iyaka. Membersungiyoyin andungiyoyi da Haɗa kai Bola Akindele yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ci gaban yankuna da na ƙasa da ƙasa na ci gaban kasuwanci. Shi kadai ne ɗan Afirka a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na ofungiyar Kasuwanci da Tattaunawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (EPDI), ƙungiyar da ke da rijista ta Burtaniya, mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kafa gada ta fahimtar juna tsakanin ’yan majalisa da kamfanoni. Memba, Kwamitin Shawara na Kungiyar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka (EABN). Kyautututuka da Ganowa Bola Akindele ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa ciki har da girmamawa ta girmamawa daga Kwalejin Ravensbourne, Burtaniya saboda tasirin sa na musamman kan tsarin ilimi a Afirka. An kuma bashi lambar yabon ne a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Nijeriya 21 da ke ciyar da bangaren Fasaha, kuma a matsayin sa na daya daga cikin manyan Daraktoci 25 a Nijeriya. Kyautar Fasaha ta Najeriya Halin Fasaha na Shekara, 2015. Kyautar Babban Taron Titan na Najeriya Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ga Ci gaban Masana'antu ta ICT ta Najeriya, 2016. Kyautar Nite-Out na Media na Najeriya Fitaccen Shugaba na shekara, 2015. Kyautar Fellowship Award Ravensbourne College, Burtaniya Tasiri mai Tasiri kan Tsarin Ilimi a Afirka. Rayuwar sa Bola Akindele ya rike sarautun gargajiya na Otunba Tayese na Ogijo Land a jihar Legas, da Otunba Bobaselu na Ejirin Land a Epe, Legas. An kuma ba shi sarautar Balogun Adinni na Babban Masallacin Olorun Gbebe da ke Mushin, Legas. Ya auri Olabisi Sidiquat Akindele. Suna da yara hudu, kuma membobin Ikoyi Club Lagos ne. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

13794

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyeka%20Onwenu

Onyeka Onwenu

Onyeka Onwenu (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1952 mawakiya ce mawaƙiyar Najeriya, yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar haƙƙin ɗan Adam, yar' gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, yar' jarida, yar' siyasa, kuma tsohon alkalin wasan X Factor. Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, itace shugabar kwamitin kula da al'adu da al'adu ta jihar Imo ce kuma a yanzu haka Darakta ce Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa. Farkon rayuwa Onwenu ta fito ce daga Arondizuogu, wani karamin gari a Ideato ta Arewa, jihar Imo, kuma ta girma ne a Fatakwal Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar ƙwararren masanin ilimin Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa DK Onwenu wacce ta mutu tun tana da shekara huɗu a autocrash mako guda kafin nadinsa a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, bar bazawararsa ta haife yara biyar kaɗai. bayan dangin mijinta sun hana ta samun damar mallakarsa (Waƙar "Matar Afirka" daga waƙoƙi na huɗu na Onwenu Oneaya daga cikin ƙauna ne mahaifiyarta ta yi wahayi). Karatu Onwenu ta mallaki BA a dangantakar kasa da kasa da kuma sadarwa daga Kwalejin Wellesley, Massachusetts, kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Media daga Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Zaman Lafiyar Jama'a, New York Ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai jagorantar yawon shakatawa kafin ta dawo Najeriya a 1980 don kammala aikinta na kasa na shekara daya tare da NTA inda ta yi tasiri a matsayin mai yada labaran labarai, da kuma mai ba da labari mai ba da tsoro. Watsa shirye-shirye A cikin 1984, Onwenu ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da shirin kariyar duniya na BBC NTA Nigeria, A Squandering of Riches wanda ya zama ingantaccen fim game da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da kuma matsananciyar wahala game da yankin Neja Delta don sarrafa albarkatu da yakin neman lalata lalata muhalli a yankin mai arzikin mai. na Najeriya. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar NTA, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tana karbar bakuncin wakilinmu na (1988) da Wanene Ke? (1993) duka a NTA Network. Waka Tun da farko mawakiya ce na rayuwar duniya, Onwenu ta yi sauyi zuwa kiɗan kiɗa bishara a cikin shekarun 90s, kuma yawancin wakokinta sun yi rubutu da kansu. Ta ci gaba da yin rubuce-rubuce da rera wakoki game da batutuwa kamar su cutar kanjamau (HIV AIDS), zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, girmama haƙƙin mata, da kuma wahalar da yara. Ta fara aikin kade-kade ne a shekarar 1981 yayin da take ci gaba da aiki a NTA, yayin da take sakin kundin wakoki Don Soyayyar Ku, wani sabon kundi wanda ya kunshi murfin mawaki na Johnny Nash na "Hold Me Tight", kuma kundin ta na biyu mai suna Endless Life Sonny Okosuns Dukkan bayanan an sake su a kan alamar EMI Sunan Onwenu na farko tare da Polygram, In The Morning Light, an fitar dashi a 1984. An yi rikodin ta a London, ta nuna waƙar "Masterplan" wanda babban aboki Tyna Onwudiwe ya rubuta wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga shirin Onwenu na BBC sannan kuma ya rera waƙoƙi na baya. Bayan ta huɗu ta saki, 1986 ta Daya love wanda dauke da wani updated version na song "(A) Morning Light, ta hada kai tare da tsohon soja <i id="mwUg">jùjú</i> artist Sunny Ade a kan hanya" Madawolohun (su ce): "wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1988 ta Dancing A The Rana Wannan shi ne na farko cikin waƙoƙin uku da ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare; Sauran biyun "Zaɓi" da "Jira Ni" sun danganci tsarin iyali ne, kuma endungiyar Kula da Iyaye na ofan Nijeriyar da suka ba da goyan baya ga tallace-tallacen su. Bayanin karshe na Onwenu akan Polygram an sadaukar dashi ne ga Winnie Mandela, batun wakar sunanta ne wanda Onwenu yayi a raye lokacin da Nelson Mandela da matarsa suka ziyarci Najeriya a 1990 bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. Onwenu ta juya zuwa Benson da Hedges Music a 1992 kuma ta sake waka mai taken Onyeka!, kundin kide kide tare da lakabin, daga baya wanda ta canza sheka zuwa waƙar Christian gospel. Takaddun sabon nata mai taken, "Inspiration for Change", sun maida hankali ne akan bukatar canji mai inganci a Najeriya. Tana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da La Cave Musik na Paris, wanda dan kasuwan Najeriya ne, Onyeka Nwelue da kuma Jungle Entertainment Ventures na kasar Burtaniya, wanda kwararren masanin kidan David Evans-Uhegbu ke jagoranta. An kafa La Cave Musik don sakin tarin nata mai taken Sake haihuwa na wani labari A fitarwa na ta bayar da gudunmawar music kuma zane-zane a Najeriya, ta yi bikin cika da kwararru kamar Mahmood Ali-Balogun, Laolu irin ku, Charles O'Tudor, da kuma tsohon PMAN shugaba Tony Okoroji da sauransu a cikin zane-zane masana'antu a Najeriya. A cikin 2013, Onwenu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku da ke X Factor Nigeria Siyasa Onyeka Onwenu memba ce na Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama’a (PDP). Ta yi takara sau biyu don zama shugabar karamar hukumar ta karamar hukuma, karamar hukumar Ideato ta Arewa a jihar Imo, kuma ta yi asara a dukkan kokarin biyu. amma tsohon gwamna Ikedi Ohakim ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar ta Arts and Culture. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2013, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya nada mata Darakta Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Kasa. Gwagwarmaya A shekarar 2000, Onwenu ta nuna rashin amincewa da ta tsohon m NTA a kan su ƙi biya kamasho a kan ta songs (NTA 2 Channel 5 ya yi amfani da "Iyogogo", a hanya daga Onyeka! Album, a tashar idents ba tare da tambayar ta izni), da kuma bayan nan -Anshasha Janar Ben Murray-Bruce yayi jerin gwano daga watsa inda ta shiga yajin aikin gama gari a harabar ofishin. Lokacin da aka tambayi Onwenu, wanda ta yi wasan kwaikwayon Murray-Bruce na Yara na Afirka a 1991, ya ce "Mun gano cewa masana'antar nishaɗi tana wahala. Yawancin masu zane-zane ba su da fensho, suna matsananciyar yunwa. Wadannan mutane ne da suka shahara, mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban masana'antar a Najeriya kuma muna jin wannan ya zo ga karshe. Yunkurin Onwenu ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da Charly Boy, wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da biyan bukatun 'yan Najeriya yayin da ake yada wakoki a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar NTA ta yanke shawarar sasanta batun cikin natsuwa, amma ta hana Onwenu damar fitowa ta tashoshinsu. An dakatar da zanga-zangar ne bayan kwanaki shida lokacin da Onwenu da NTA suka shiga wani shiri don biyan basukan sarauta. Aiki Fitowar a fim na farko na Onwenu ta kasance kamar Jumoke, macen da ba ta da ɗa wanda ta auri jariri da aka watsar a cikin Daren dare na Zik Zulu Okafor. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina -finai da yawa na Nollywood, kuma a 2006 ta ci lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Aiki a Matsayi na Tallafi, A 2014. Ta kasance cikin fim din Rabin Rana na Yellow tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandie Newton, da Zuciyar Zaki Rayuwar mutum Onwenu ta kasance mai boye bayanan dangane da rayuwarsa ta asirri, kuma sau da yawa takan ki ambatan mijinta a cikin tambayoyin. Ita ce mahaifiyar ’ya’ya biyu. Fina-finai Duba kuma Jerin mawakan bishara na Najeriya Manazarta Haɗin waje Onyeka Onwenu on IMDb Pages with unreviewed

1657

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa

Isa

Isah Almasihu, Mai ceto |transl=Iesous); |Annabi Isah) an sansa da Isah na Nazareth da Isah Mai ceto, (Akwai sunaye da dama da ake wa Isah laƙabi da su a cikin littafi mai tsarki na sabon alƙawari. Ya kasance malami ne na Nasara kuma shugaban addini mai da'awa da ya kasance tun a karni na daya. Shi ne mafi darajar dan-Adam a addinin Kiristanci. Yawancin Kirista sun yi imanin cewa shi ne sura na ɗan Adam na Ubangiji da ya zo duniya kuma mai ceto da zai dawo a karshen duniya kamar yadda littafi mai tsarki na tsohon alƙawari ya tabbatar da Alqur'ani. Yawancin Malamai sun yarda da cewar tarihin rayuwar Isah da tarihin sa, kamar yadda Richard A. Burridge yace: "Akwai wadanda suke fadin cewar Isah kawai wani kirkira ne da Coci siffanta shi, suna ganin ba wani Isah a zahirin rayuwa. Amma zance ban san wani malami da nake girmamawa ba dana sani, Wanda yake fadin haka a halin yanzu". Robert M. Price bai yarda da cewar an taba yin Isah ba, amma kuma ya yarda da cewar ba Malamai dayawa ba ne suke ganin hakan. James D. G. Dunn yana kiran da'awar cewar ba'a taba yin Isah a rayuwa ba, a matsayin "da'awa data mutu" aka bar yin ta a yanzu. Michael Grant (a classicist) ya rubuta a 1977, "A shekarun nan, 'babu wani malami mai hankali da zai fara cewa babu tarihin samun Isah' ko at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary". Robert E. Van Voorst yafadi cewa Malaman baibul da kwararrun ýan tarihi suna ganin da'awar da muna cewa ba Isah a matsayin wata da'awa da aka ƙaryata ta. duk da cewar Nemansu akan Isah na Tarihi yayi sanadiyar samun karancin yarda akan Tarihan Dogaro Da Baibul da kuma yadda akayi kokarin zanen Isahn acikin baibul dayayi kama da Isah na Tarihi. Ehrman ya rubuta: "The notion that the Gospel accounts are not completely accurate but still important for the religious truths they try to convey is widely shared in the scholarly world, even though it's not so widely known or believed outside of it." efn|Sanders writes: "The earliest Christians did not write a narrative of Jesus' life, but rather made use of, and thus preserved, individual units—short passages about his words and deeds. These units were later moved and arranged by authors and editors. Some material has been revised and some created by early Christians." Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was baptized by John the Baptist and subsequently began his own ministry, preaching his message orally and often being referred to as "rabbi". Jesus debated with fellow Jews on how to best follow God, engaged in healings, taught in parables and gathered followers. He was arrested and tried by the Jewish authorities, turned over to the Roman government, and was subsequently crucified on the order of Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect. After his death, his followers believed he rose from the dead, and the community they formed eventually became the early Church. Koyarwar kirista ta tabbatar da imani da yarda da haihuwar Isah sanadiyar ruhine da aka cusa a cikin Mahaifiyarsa ta hannun Holy Spirit, was born of a virgin named Mary, yana nuna miracles, yasamar da coci, yarasu sanadiyar gicciye shi da akayi, a matsayin sadaukar dashi dan cimma atonement, yatashi bayan yamutu, sannan ascended zuwa Heaven, daga nan ne will return. yawancin Christians believe Jesus enables people to be reconciled to God. The Nicene Creed asserts that Jesus will judge the living and the dead either before or after their bodily resurrection, an event tied to the Second Coming of Jesus in Christian eschatology. The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three persons of the Trinity. A minority of Christian denominations reject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly, as non-scriptural. Jesus also figures in non-Christian religions and new religious movements. In Islam, Jesus (commonly transliterated as (transl|ar|ISO|[[Isa (name)|Isa])) is considered one of God's important prophets and the Messiah. Muslims believe Jesus was a bringer of scripture and was born of a virgin, but was not the Son of God. The Quran states that Jesus himself never claimed divinity. Most Muslims do not believe that he was crucified, but believe that he was physically raised into Heaven by God. In contrast, Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill Messianic prophecies, and was neither divine nor resurrected. wanda kiristoci masu amfani da harshen Hausa suke kira Yesu Kristi Annabi ne daga cikin annabawan Allah. Uwarsa Maryama ta haife shi ba tare da tayi aure ba. Shi Almasihu ruhin Allah ne. Amma a wani gefen kiristoci masu amfani da harshen Hausa sun dauki Almasihu a matsayin dan Allah. Ga al'ummar Hausawa Musulmi, Yesu shine Annabi Isa (Alaihissalam). Sai dai su Musulmi ba su yarda a suranïta annabawa ba don haka Kiristoci masu amfani da Harshen Hausa ne kawai suke gane wannan suna Annabi isah shine wanda Allah.Yabashi littafin (Ingila)Wanda kiristoci suke kiranta da(Bible).A addinin musulunci an bada tarihi a karshen zamani annabi isah zai dawo duniya domin yakashe .[Dajjal]. Manazarta Addini.

30755

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela%20Sowande

Fela Sowande

Chief Olufela Obafunmilayo "Fela" Sowande MBE (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun sheara ta 1905 13 Maris 1987) mawakin Najeriya ne kuma mawaki. An yi la'akari da mahaifin kiɗan fasaha na zamani na Najeriya, Sowande shine watakila mafi yawan sanannun mawallafin Afirka na ayyuka a cikin kalmar "classical" na Turai. Rayuwar farko Sowande (mai suna 'shoh-WAHN-daye') an haife shi a garin Abeokuta, kusa da Legas, ɗan Emmanuel Sowande, firist kuma majagaba na kiɗan cocin Najeriya. Tun yana yaro ya rera waka a cikin mawaƙa na Cocin Cathedral na Kristi. Ya yi karatu a CMS Grammar School da kuma King's College, Legas Tasirin mahaifinsa da Dokta TK Ekundayo Phillips (mawaƙi, organist da choirmaster) ya kasance muhimmin al'amari a farkon shekarunsa. A lokacin, Sowande mawaƙa ne kuma an gabatar da shi ga sababbin ayyukan Yarbawa da ake shigar da su cikin majami'u. A wannan lokacin, ya karanci sashin jiki a karkashin Phillips (ciki har da ayyukan Bach da mashahuran gargajiya na Turai), kuma ya sami Diploma na Fellowship (FRCO) daga Royal College of Organists A lokacin, shi ma ɗan bandeji ne, yana buga jazz da kuma mashahurin kiɗan kiɗa. Duk waɗannan suna da tasiri sosai a cikin aikinsa. London A cikin shekara ta 1934, Sowande ya tafi Landan don nazarin kiɗan gargajiya da shahararriyar turawa. A cikin 1936, ya kasance ɗan wasan pian solo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na George Gershwin 's Rhapsody in Blue Ya kuma taka leda a matsayin dan wasan piano tare da Fats Waller, shi ne mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo na BBC, Choirmaster a Kingway Hall da pianist a cikin samar da Blackbirds na 1936. A cikin shekara ta 1939, ya buga gaɓoɓin a kan rikodin ta mashahuran mawaƙa Adelaide Hall da Vera Lynn Daga baya, ya yi karatun sashin jiki a asirce a karkashin Edmund Rubbra, George Oldroyd, da George Cunningham kuma ya zama Fellow of the Royal College of Organists a 1943, ya lashe Limpus, Harding da Read Prizes. Ya kuma ci kyaututtuka da dama kuma ya samu digirin digirgir na Kida a Jami'ar Landan kuma ya zama Fellow of Trinity College of Music Har ila yau, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na kiɗa na Ƙungiyar Fina-Finan Mallaka na Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yana ba da kiɗa na asali don fina-finai na ilimi. Daga 1945, ya kasance mashahurin mai tsara tsari kuma mawaƙa a Ofishin Jakadancin Yammacin London na Cocin Methodist har zuwa 1952, kuma adadin kidan gabobi da yawa daga wannan lokacin. Waɗannan suna dogara ne akan waƙoƙin Najeriya waɗanda suka ba da jan hankali na musamman ga baƙi na ikilisiyarsa a farkon shekarun ƙaura daga nahiyar Afirka da Caribbean. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma zama sananne a matsayin mai wasan pianist, bandleader, da Hammond organist, yana yin shahararrun waƙoƙin rana. Tunanin Yamma da na Afirka sun yi nasara a cikin waƙarsa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyukan gabobi irin su Yorùbá Lament, Obangiji, Kyrie, Gloria, Jesu Olugbala, da Oba Aba Ke Pe Yawancin waɗannan suna nuna tasiri mai ƙarfi daga kiɗan Cocin Anglican, haɗe da waƙoƙin pentatonic na Yarbawa. Ayyukansa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa sun haɗa da Six Sketches for Full Orchestra, A Folk Symphony, Da kuma African Suite for string orchestra, da kuma nuna halayen rhythmic na Afirka da jituwa. Ƙarshen motsi na African Suite ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron Kanada a matsayin jigon shahararren shirin kiɗa na CBC Gilmour's Albums, kuma yanzu ya zama ma'auni na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Kanada. Ya kuma rubuta kidan kide-kide na duniya da tsarki, musamman cappella. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ayyuka an yi su ne a lokacin da ya ke aiki da Sashen Afirka na BBC Ya koma Najeriya inda ya yi aiki a fannin ilimi da gidan rediyon Najeriya daga baya kuma ya yi aiki a jami'ar Ibadan An nada shi MBE a cikin 1955 Queen's Birthday Honors saboda aikinsa a Sashen Watsa Labarai na Najeriya A 1968 ya koma Jami'ar Howard a Washington, DC, sannan Jami'ar Pittsburgh Daga baya rayuwa A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa Sowande ya koyar a Sashen Nazarin Pan-African a Jami'ar Jihar Kent, kuma ya zauna a kusa da Ravenna, Ohio tare da matarsa, Eleanor McKinney, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa gidan rediyon Pacifica Ya mutu a Ravenna kuma an binne shi a Randolph Township, Ohio. Baya ga mukaminsa na farfesa, Sowande ya kuma rike mukamin sarauta na Bariyo na Legas A halin yanzu akwai wani yunƙuri na kafa wata cibiya da za ta gudanar da bincike da kuma tallata ayyukansa, kasancewar da yawa ba a buga su ba ko kuma ba a buga su ba. Abubuwan da aka zaɓa Gaba 1945 Ka Mura, Chappell, London 1952 Pastourelle (na gabobin jiki), Chappell, London 1955 Jesu Olugbala, Chappell, London 1955 Joshua Fit de Yaƙin Jericho, Chappell, London 1955 Kyrie, Chappell, London 1955 Obangiji, Chappell, London 1955 Yorùbá Lament, Chappell, London 1958 Oyigiyigi, Ricordi, New York 1958 Gloria, Ricordi, New York 1958 'Addu'a Ricordi, New York 1959 Amsoshi a cikin 'A''' KÕa Mo Rokoso Oba Aba Ke Pe Choral "Ranar Bikin aure" don SSA tare da piano, 1957, RDH "Wani lokaci nakan ji kamar yaro mara uwa" don SATB a cappella, 1955, Chappell, London "My Way's Cloudy" don SATB tare da piano, 1955, Chappell, London "De Ol' Ark's a-Moverin" na SATBB wani cappella tare da tenor solo, 1955, Chappell, London "Tsarin Jirgin Kasa" don SATBB a cappella, 1955, Chappell, London Roll de Ol' Chariot don SATBB tare da piano da rhythm combo, 1955, Chappell, London "Abin da na d"o na SATBB tare da piano da rhythm combo, 1961, Ricordi, New York "Goin' to Set Down" don SATB cappella tare da soprano solo, 1961, Ricordi, New York "Ba Ya Iya Ji Babu Wanda Yayi Addu'a" don SATB cappella tare da soprano solo, 1958, Ricordi, New York "De Angels Are Watchin" don SATB cappella tare da soprano da tenor solo, 1958, Ricordi, New York "Babu wanda ya san matsalar da nake gani" don SATB. Kapella, 1958, Ricordi, New York "Wheel, Oh Wheel" don SATB a cappella, 1961, Ricordi, New York "Wid a Sword in Ma Hand" don SATBB a cappella, 1958, Ricordi, New York "Sit Down Servant" na TTBB cappella da tenor solo, 1961, Ricordi, New York "Daga Sihiyona" don SATB tare da sashin jiki, 1955 "Amsar St. Jude" ga SATB tare da gabobin "Oh Render Godiya" (waƙar waƙa) don SATB tare da sashin jiki, 1960 Waƙar Ƙasa ta Najeriya (tsari) don SATB tare da sashin jiki, 1960 Wakokin Solo Wakoki Uku na Tunani don tenor da piano, 1950, Chappell, London Saboda ku don murya da piano, 1950, Chappell, London Wakokin Yarbanci guda uku don murya da piano, 1954, Ibadan Orchestral Zane-zane huɗu don cikakken ƙungiyar makaɗa, 1953 African Suite for string orchestra, 1955, Chappell, London Folk Symphony don cikakken ƙungiyar makaɗa, 1960 Littattafai (1964). Ifa: Jagora, Mashawarci, Abokin Kakanninmu Ibadan. (1966). Hankalin Kasa: Yaron Yarbawa Ibadan: Jami'ar Ibadan. (1968). Zo Yanzu Najeriya, Sashe na 1: Kishin kasa da kasidu kan batutuwan da suka dace. Ibadan: Sketch Pub. Co.; masu rarrabawa kawai: Masu ba da littattafan Najeriya. (Dukkan abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin wannan littafi sun fara fitowa ne a cikin nau'ikan labarai a cikin shafukan Daily Sketch, Ibadan. (1975). Ƙarfafa Afirka na Nazarin Baƙar fata Kent, Ohio: Cibiyar Jami'ar Jihar Kent don Harkokin Amirka. Jerin Al'amuran Ba'amurkan Afirka Monograph, v. 2, No. 1. Labarai (1971). "Black Folklore", Baƙaƙe Lines: Jarida na Nazarin Baƙar fata (fitila na musamman: Baƙar fata), v. 2, a'a. 1 (Fadar 1971), shafi. 5-21. Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Kole, Bill (1976). John Coltrane Littattafan Schirmer. ISBN 0-306-80530-8 Da Capo Press ya sake bugawa (1993, 2001). ISBN 0-306-81062-X Sadoh, Godwin (2007). Ayyukan gabobi na Fela Sowande: Ra'ayin Al'adu iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-47317-2 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cikakken bayanin rayuwarsa Wani Fela Sowande bio Val Wilmer (a kan dangantakar Sowande da mai wasan pianist Rita Cann), "Rita Cann Hazakar kiɗa ta kai ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙi na farko da ake gani a cikin al'ummar London" (bituary), The Guardian'', 10 Mayu 2001. Takardun Fela Sowande a Makarantar Kolejin Dartmouth Mutanen

43376

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Kwallon%20Kwando%20ta%20Najeriya

Hukumar Kwallon Kwando ta Najeriya

Hukumar kula da wasan ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya (NBBF), ita ce hukumar da ke kula da wasan ƙwallon kwando na maza da mata a Najeriya NBBF ta kasance reshen FIBA Africa tun a shekarar 1963, kuma ofisoshinta suna Abuja da Legas Gasar FIBA Manyan ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na maza na Nijeriya sun halarci wasannin FIBI na Fiba a Gasar Wasanni Sau 17, a shekarun: 1972, 1978, 1980 ,1985, 1987, 1992, 1995 1997 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007,2009, 2007, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015 Samun zinari ɗaya, azurfa uku da tagulla uku, kuma ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya na FIBA sau biyu, a cikin shekarar 1998 da shekarar 2006, inda suka sanya na 13 da na 14 bi da bi. Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta ƙarshe ta ga ‘yan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Najeriya sun lashe lambar zinare bayan da suka doke ƙungiyar Angola da ke da rinjaye. Wannan wasan dai ya sanya ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta maza ta Najeriya ta zama ta ɗaya a nahiyar Afirka kuma ta 16 a duniya yayin da tawagar mata ta kasa ke matsayi na 6 a nahiyar Afirka kuma ta 42 a duniya. Hakan ya samu ne ta hanyar jajircewa da tsare-tsare da Tijjani Umar ke jagoranta. Kwanan nan, ƙungiyar ta samu nasara, saboda wani shiri na ɗaukar jami’o’in Amurka da ƙwararrun ‘yan wasa ‘yan asalin Najeriya. Tawagar da 'yan Najeriya-Amurka suka mamaye ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA a shekara ta 2006, wanda hakan ya zama karo na biyu a tarihin ƙasar da ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA Ƴan wasa takwas a tawagar da suka wakilci Najeriya a gasar FIBA AfroBasket a shekarar 2009 a Amurka Najeriya ta kuma samu gurbin shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 2012, inda tawagarsu ta ƙunshi 'yan Najeriya-Amurka 10, 10 daga cikinsu haifaffen Amurka ne. Sauran gasa Najeriya ta samu lambobin yabo da dama a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika, kuma ta zo ta 4 a gasar Commonwealth ta shekarar 2006, inda ta gaza zuwa matsayi na 3 a Ingila Tawagar ƙwallon kwandon maza ta Najeriya D'tigers sun halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta Gold Coast na shekarar 2018 kuma sun yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasannin da suka buga. Zakarun Gasar Afrobasket na 2015 Manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon kwando na Najeriya, aka D'Tigers, a karshe ita ce ta zama zakara a nahiyar Afirka bayan zabukan da ta yi a gasar maza ta Afrobasket da aka gudanar kwanan nan a Tunisia daga 19-30 ga Agusta, shekarar 2015. Nasarar da muke yi a yau ba ta zo da sauki ba domin hukumar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya karkashin jagorancin Tijjani Umar ta fuskanci matsaloli daban-daban a kan hanyar zuwa wannan matakin da sauran Hukumomin da suka yi yunkurin kai wa. Hanyar samun nasara a yau ta fara ne a shekarar 2013 bayan wa'adi na biyu na Tijjani Umar a matsayin shugaban NBBF. Duk da matsalolin da aka yi a kan hanyarta, Hukumar ta fara aiki da gaske kuma ta je neman ƙwararrun ƴan wasan da ƙasar ke da su a ciki da wajen ƙasar. A Afrobasket a Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire a shekarar 2013, masu kishin ƙwallon kwando da dama sun yi tir da Najeriya don ganin ta karya kashin da Angola ke da shi a wasan ƙwallon kwando na nahiyar, amma raunin da wasu dalilai na fasaha suka karya wannan mafarkin. Ba wanda ya dauki rashin nasara da wasa, Umar da tawagarsa tare da gudunmawar ’yan wasa, sun yi wani kima da kai, inda suka yanke shawarar cewa, kungiyar tare da jiga-jigan ’yan wasanta na duniya, tana bukatar hidimomin ƙwararrun ’yan wasan da za su iya sauya fasalin wasan. kungiyar cikin zakarun da gaske suke. Ta haka ne aka zabi Ba’amurke William Voigt daga cikin sunayen da suka nemi tinker tawagar Najeriya. Shi ma yana jin yunwar samun nasara a aikinsa na farko a Afirka, ya zo ne tare da ma’aikatansa domin su karama mataimakan Najeriya da Hukumar NBBF ta samar. 'Yan wasa uku daga gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya wato DSTV Men's Basketball League na daga cikin 'yan wasan share fage da aka zaɓa don fara zango a Abuja ranar 15 ga Yulin 2015, amma matsalar biza ta hana su shiga atisayen da ƙungiyar ta yi a Faransa da Italiya inda ƙungiyar ya halarci gasar gayyata da kuma wasannin sada zumunci. Abin raɗaɗi, a daidai lokacin da kungiyar ke kammala atisaye a Italiya, jigon kungiyar, Ike Diogu ya samu rauni a tsokar maraƙi wanda a karshe ya hana shi shiga gasar. Yayin da wasu masana harkar wasan ƙwallon kwando ke ganin hakan a matsayin koma baya kuma a zahiri sun kammala cewa burin Najeriya na zama zakaran nahiyar Afrika ya wargaje, Diogu da kansa ya ji ba daɗi, ya shaida wa abokan wasansa cewa mutum daya ne kawai a cikin sojoji 12 da za su je yaki, yana mai matsa musu lamba. a kan su cewa suna iya doke duk wani mai neman kambun. Wani abin da ya sauya kungiyar shi ne rashin nasara a hannun kasar mai masaukin baki wato Tunisia a matakin rukuni. Shugaban NBBF, Umar ya shaida wa ’yan wasan da ke dakin kabad cewa sun yi rashin wani farkewa ne a kan su daure gindi su yi wasan kwallon kwando mafi kyau a rayuwarsu. Daga nan ba su sake waiwaya ba yayin da suke daukar kowane wasa a cikin tafiyarsu har sai da suka hadu da ’yan uwansu na 2013, Senegal wacce suka aike da karin lokaci bayan wani wasa mai ban tsoro wanda ya sanya yawan jama’a a gefen kujerunsu. Yanzu a wasan ƙarshe, 'yan wasan sun ƙara kora domin kawo karshen mulkin Angola, waɗanda tun da farko, a kan hanyar zuwa wasan ƙarshe, suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Senegal a matakin rukuni. Da aka je wasan ƙarshe, Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Wasanni ta kasa (NSC), Mallam Al-Hassan Yakmut, ya tabbatar wa Shugaban NBBF, cewa Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, a madadin Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya zai sanya kira zuwa ga tawagar don yi mata fatan alheri a madadin al'umma mai jiran gado. Mintuna kaɗan kafin wasan tsalle-tsalle a wasan ƙarshe, kungiyar ta samu kira daga mataimakin shugaban kasa, Farfesa. Yemi Osinbajo, wanda ya shaida wa ‘yan wasan da su yi imani cewa za su iya hana Angola samun nasara a jere kuma su zama zakaran Afirka. Da wannan sakon a bayan zuciyarsu, kamar damisa da gaske suke, suka shiga wasan, jajircewarsu na farko da 'yan Angolan suka yi, duk da haka, suka ja da baya, suna nuna maki bayan daya, wanda hakan ya sa zakarun da suka daɗe suna zama kamar na yau da kullun a cikin wasan har sai da Daga ƙarshe an sauke su da ci tara da ci 74–65 da Najeriya ta samu. Na farko a tarihin gasar zakarun Turai da tikitin Olympics a cikin kitty. Sun yi babban aiki, inda suka doke 'yan Angolan da suka firgita tare da samun tikitin bayan gasar Olympics. Sauran jama’a da gwamnatin Nijeriya su yaba tare da ba da ladan wannan gagarumin abin tarihi. Yarjejeniyar Tallafawa Hukumar Ƙwallon Kwando ta Najeriya (NBBF), ta bayyana Econnetmedia, mai kamfanin wasannin Kwese a matsayin sabon kambun ɗaukar nauyin gasar ƙwallon kwando ta maza. Tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar a hukumance tare da bayyana masu daukar nauyin gasar, kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Men Premier wadda a da aka fi sani da DStv Premier Basketball League, za a kira kuma a san ta da 'Kwese Premier Basketball League, Tsohon shugaban NBBF, Tijjani Umar ne ya bayyana haka a wani taron manema labarai a Abuja domin bayyana sunan sabon mai ɗaukar nauyin gasar. Umar ya ce yarjejeniyar ɗaukar nauyin dala miliyan 12 na tsawon shekaru biyar (2017-2021) akan kuɗin lasisin dala miliyan 2.2 a duk kakar wasannin NBBF da suka hada da gasar ƙwallon kwando ta maza. Yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 2.2 a kowace kakar tana girma fiye da yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu da ta gabata da DSTV wanda ya kai dala miliyan 1.5 kacal na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar ya ƙara da cewa hakkin yada labarai na musamman na ƙungiyar kwallon kwando ta Kwese, ciki har da gasar shekarar 2017 da ta tashi a Legas mallakin tashar wasanni ta Kwese. A watan Afrilun 2018, Ahmadu Musa Kida ya jagoranci NBBF ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar daukar nauyin Naira miliyan 60 a gasar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Najeriya Division 1 da 2 tare da Total Nigeria Limited. Zakarun Gasar Mata na Afrobasket 2017 Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya ta D'tigress ta samu lambar yabo ta FIBA 2017 ta Afrobasket bayan ta doke Senegal a wasan karshe. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nigeria AfricaBasket.com FIBA.com Gidan Yanar Gizon Kwando na AUN Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52100

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbadebo%20Rhodes-Vivour

Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour

Articles with hCards Gbadebo Chinedu Patrick Rhodes-Vivour, wanda kuma aka fi sani da GRV, (an haife shi a ranar 8 watan Maris shekarar 1983) ɗan Najeriya ne mai zane-zane, mai fafutuka kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar Labour a jihar Legas a zaben gwamna na shekarar 2023 wanda ya zo na biyu, inda ya sha kaye a hannun gundumar gwamna mai ci, Babajide Sanwo-Olu Ya kasance dan takarar sanata na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party a Legas ta yamma a zaben majalisar dattawan 2019 Tarihi da ilimi An haifi Rhodes-Vivour a tsibirin Legas Ya girma a Ikeja Ya halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na Chrisland har zuwa JSS3, sannan ya wuce Paris don halartar École Active Bilingue, inda ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare. Yana da digiri na farko a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Nottingham sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Ya shiga aikin yi wa kasa hidima (NYSC) a shekarar 2008 bayan kammala digirinsa na farko kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2009. Daga nan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin bincike da manufofin jama'a daga Jami'ar Legas (UNILAG). Rhodes-Vivour daga dangin lauyoyi ne. Shi da ne ga Barista Olawale da Mrs. Nkechi Rhodes-Vivour. Gunduman Tsohon alkalin kotun kolin Najeriya, Bode Rhodes-Vivour, kawunsa ne, yayin da marigayi Alkali Akinwunmi Rhodes-Vivour kakansa ne. Shi ne jikan Steven Bankole Rhodes, alkali na biyu da aka taba nada a Najeriya. Ayyukan aiki Rhodes-Vivour ita ce mai kiran ƙungiyoyin farar hula, makarantar Nigerians Against GMO, wata ƙungiya mai fafutukar yaƙi da yaduwar abinci ta Genetically Modified a Najeriya. Zanga-zangar tasu ta karu a shekarar 2016, biyo bayan ikirarin da Monsanto ya yi na cewa GMOs ba su da gundumar lafiya, inda suke tunkarar Ministan Noma na Najeriya, Akinwumi Adesina, da kuma kamfanin na kasa da kasa. A cikin shekara ta 2017, shi tare da Nnimmo Bassey, ya jagoranci wani tattaki na mutum 2,000 zuwa Majalisar Dattawa don ba da murya kan yaki da lalata muhalli Yana kuma fafutukar ganin an shigar da tarihi a gwagwalada matsayin darasi a cikin manhajar karatu a makarantun Najeriya. A shekarar 2022, Rhodes-Vivour ta hada kai da WellaHealth don samar da duba lafiya da inshora kyauta ga mutane miliyan 1 a Legas ogodowo wadanda ke da katin zabe, domin tunawa da ranar zazzabin cizon sauro ta duniya da kuma karfafa gwiwar mutane su samu katin zabe domin su kada kuri'a a zabe mai zuwa. Sana'a Ya yi aiki tare da Franklin Ellis Architects lokacin da yake gundumar Burtaniya. Da ya dawo Najeriya, ya yi aiki da SISA, Cliff Consulting da ake kira Building Partnership CCP da Patrick Wayi, kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa. Sana'ar siyasa Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara cin gajiyar dokar Not Too Young to Run Law. A shekarar 2017, Rhodes-Vivour ya tsaya yangarin takarar shugaban karamar hukumar Ikeja a karkashin jam’iyyar KOWA. Da yake nuni da cewa rashin bin ubangida a jam’iyyar ne ya sanya ya tsaya takara a karkashin dandalin. Ya sha kaye a hannun dan takarar jam’iyyar APC mai mulki. A shekarar 2019, ya tsaya takarar sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta yamma a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP. Abubuwan yakin neman zabensa sun hada da gyara ababen more rayuwa a cikin gundumar tare da fitar da dan takarar da ya kira "Sanata da ba ya nan yana kashe makudan kudade wane neman takarar gwamna a jihar Ogun, maimakon mayar da hankali kan Legas ta yamma da ta riga ta ba shi. wajibcin su". Ya zo na biyu a zaben karshe, inda ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata mai ci kuma dan takara a tsohuwar jam’iyyar APC mai mulki, Solomon Adeola, da kuri’u 243,516 inda Adeola ya samu 323,817. Adeola ya samu kashi 41.38% na kuri'un, yayin da Rhodes-Vivour ya samu kashi 39.40%. Ya fafata da sakamakon a gaban kotu, inda ya bayyana tashe-tashen gamaiyar hankula da tashe-tashen hankula a zaben a matsayin dalilan da suka sa sakamakon bai dace ba. Sai dai kotun ta ga hakan bai wadatar ba kuma ta amince da zaben abokin hamayyarsa. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar Labour a zaben gwamnan jihar Legas a 2023, inda ya sha kaye a hannun gwamna mai ci, Babajide Sanwo-Olu Tun da farko dai yana daya daga cikin wadanda aka zaba da ke shirin tsayawa takara a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP, amma ya janye tun kafin a gudanar da zaben fidda gwani Ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar Labour, inda ya fafata a lokacin zaben maye gurbin da za a zabi dan takarar jam’iyyar, kuma ya yi nasara, ya samu kuri’u 111, inda ya doke tsohon shugaban jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) Moshood Salvador, wanda ya samu kuri’u 102. Rayuwa ta sirri Ya auri Dr. Ify Rhodes-Vivour (née Aniebo), masanin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sana'a, 'yar tsohon shugaban mulkin soja a jihohin Kogi da Borno, Augustine Aniebo Manazarta Haihuwan 1983 Rayayyun mutane Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32266

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Apoo

Bikin Apoo

Bikin Apoo biki ne da ake yi duk shekara a yammacin Ghana (musamman garuruwan Techiman da Wenchi), ana yin mako guda a watan Maris da Afrilu. Bikin na da nufin tsarkake mutane daga munanan dabi'u, tare da hada kan jama'a da iyalai, wanda ya hada da sauran al'adun gargajiya iri-iri. Kalmar 'apoo' ta fito ne daga tushen kalmar 'po', ma'ana 'ƙi.' Bikin yana da alaƙa sosai da mutanen Bono. Ba wai kawai an gudanar da shi ne a Techiman, daya daga cikin muhimman biranen da al'ummar Bono da masarautu suke ba, ana musayar zagi, karin magana, maxim, wake-wake, da kuma tarihin masarautar Bono a lokacin jerin gwano na Apoo; da yawa daga cikin wadannan zagi, karin magana, da wakoki ana yin su ne ga Ashanti, wadanda suka ci daular Bono. Tarihi Al’adar baka ta nuna cewa an fara bikin ne a zamanin mulkin Nana Kwakye Ameyaw; ya kasance shugaba mai mulki, kuma mutanen Techniman daga baya sun kasa bayyana ra'ayoyinsu cikin 'yanci. Tun da yake ba za su iya hukunta hukuma ba, sai suka tuntubi gumaka na gida. Sannan An kuma bukaci su ware wasu daga cikin kwanakin su domin su fito su bayyana ra’ayoyinsu musamman ga hukuma. A cikin wannan lokacin, an yarda cewa ba za a iya ɗaukar alhakin abin da ya faɗa ko da kuwa matsayinsa ba. Mutanen za su ce “Mereko po me haw”, wanda a zahiri yana nufin “Zan faɗi abin da ke cikin ƙirjina,” kuma haka bikin “Apoo” ya kasance. Hadisai An yi imani da cewa ta hanyar isar koke-koke da bacin rai, ana tsarkake mutane da rayukan su a al'ada daga mugunta. A shirye-shiryen bikin Apoo da wannan tsarkakewa, mata za su tsaftace gidaje, kayan aiki, da hanyoyi don guje wa irin wannan mugunyar dawowa. Har ila yau, firistoci a yankin za su yi faretin tituna kafin bikin don lalata laya masu lalata da mugayen ruhohi ke ɓoye; Ana kiran wannan tsari Nnusin-tuo.' Wani muhimmin al'adar farko ita ce Hyereko', a zahiri ma'anar 'tarin farin yumbu.' Mata suna tattara farin yumbu daga kogin Aponkosu kuma ana amfani da su don yin ado da wuraren ibada kafin a fara bikin Apoo. Firistoci da firistoci kuma za su yi amfani da yumbu a jikinsu lokacin da ake samun su ta/sadarwa tare da ruhohi. Ana buga ganguna domin fadakar da mutane yadda aka fara bikin. Babban hakimin gari, da dattawan kauye, manyan sakandire, da kotu ne ke jagorantar muzaharar Apoo. A yayin muzaharar '''Apoo', ana ta yada korafe-korafe tare da yin kalaman batanci ga wasu mutane. Hatta shugaba ba a kebe daga wannan wulakanci. Ana ƙarfafa mutane su sasanta rikicin dangi a wannan lokacin, kuma lokaci ne na sulhu. A farkon bikin, jerin gwano ya tafi kabarin Bonohene na karshe, shugaban gargajiya na mutanen Bono. Babban Hakimai da dattawan ƙauye sun taru a kusa da kabari yayin da shugaban ya ba da tumaki da kuma shayarwa. Sauran muzaharar na nan a waje har sai an kammala shagulgulan. 'Banmuhene', mai kula da Kabari na Sarauta, yana shirya kusoshi na dawa mai mai, wanda aka daɗe, da kayan yaji ana kiransa eto'; wannan tasa sai a miƙa wa ruhohin kakanni. Shuwagabannin Sakandare suna kara zubawa a kan stools din da ke kan kabari yayin da banmuhene ke rokon ruhin kakanni don wadata da zaman lafiya. Sai a yanka tunkiya kuma a zubar da jinin a cikin kwano. Ana ajiye cikin tumakin a kabari, bayi kuma suna shirya da dafa sauran tumakin ga dattawa. Mutanen garin a waje kuma ana ba da su eto. Sauran sarakunan kuma sun ci gaba da zuba liyafar, suna gode wa ruhohin kakanni, suna kuma sanyawa suna daya bayan daya; suna neman a ci gaba da neman albarka tare da tsinewa masu yi musu fatan rashin lafiya. Bayan haka, firistoci da limamai za su yi ganga da rawa a cikin makabarta yayin da taron ke rera waƙa. Ana cika kwanaki masu zuwa da bukukuwa tun daga faɗuwar rana har zuwa wayewar gari. Iyalai kuma za su ciyar da bikin Apoo don karbar bakuncin danginsu da baƙi, suna ciyar da abinci da nishaɗi ga baƙi. Rawa wani muhimmin bangare ne na bikin Apoo. Firistoci da limamai za su yi ado cikin siket ɗin raffia da ake kira 'doso', an yi musu ado da ƙwalƙwalwa da laya, kuma an yi wa jikinsu fenti da farar yumbu da aka tattara a baya. Kafin rawa, firistoci da firistoci za su yi roƙo don korar mugayen ruhohi. Wasu suna rawa rike da takuba a hannayensu, wasu kuma suna yin al'ada ta hanyar sadarwa da ruhohi yayin da suke rawa. A ranar Juma'a mai girma, tsofaffin mata za su tashi da safe, su yi birgima a kan tituna yayin da suke girgiza raye-raye da rera waƙoƙin gargajiya na Apoo; Ana yi wa wannan waƙa lakabi da akokobonee' ko 'zara-kara.' A wannan rana, jama'a daga dukkan garuruwan da ke kusa za su zo garin don halartar bukukuwan. Maza da mata suna yin ado da kowane irin tufa, tare da nuna sha'awar bikin saboda kyawawan kayayyaki da ba a saba gani ba. Ana kuma shafa wa ‘yan muzaharar da gawayi da farar yumbu da jan yumbu. Ana buga ganguna, gong, da raye-raye a yayin muzaharar. Bayan an zagaya ko'ina cikin garin, 'yan kallo a ƙarshe sun taru a gaban '''ahenfie', ko fada. Shugaban kasa zai hau kujerarsa, sai kuma manyan sakandire, da sauran kotuna da hadiman sa. Bayan sun zagaya, ana yin musabaha tare da shayar da kowa. Babban Babban Jami'in zai ba da jawabi game da mahimmancin bikin Apoo kuma yana godiya ga ruhohin kakanni. A ƙarshen bikin, Babban Firist ya jagoranci jerin gwanon zuwa ahenfie kuma ya ba da jawabi a ƙa'ida don kammala bikin. Daga nan sai a kai muzaharar zuwa bakin kogi, inda firistoci da dattawa za su gudanar da ayyukan ibada. Ana hada ruwan kogin da farin yumbu da ganyen adwera, kuma ana yayyafa wannan ruwan a wuraren ibada da kuma mutane masu amfani da ganyen somme. Wuraren sun koma gunkinsu na alfarma, mutanen kuma suka koma garin suna rera waƙoƙin