id
stringlengths 4
5
| url
stringlengths 31
140
| title
stringlengths 1
79
| text
stringlengths 2.09k
110k
|
|---|---|---|---|
16146 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monicazation | Monicazation | Monica Omorodion Swaida (an haifeta ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, wanda aka fi sani da Monicazation, mawaƙiya ce ’yar Najeriya/Amurka,’ yar fim, furodusa kuma shugabar kamfanin inshora.
Rayuwar Farko An haifi Swaida a Ingila kuma ya tashi a Warri, Nigeria Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Nana, Warri, da makarantar sakandare a Mount Wachusett Community College a Gardner, Massachusetts. Ta fara waka tun tana budurwa kuma, tun tana ‘yar shekara 14, ta lashe gasar rubuta waka tare da Jaridun Punch, wanda ya dauke ta zuwa Legas inda sana’ar waka ta fara. Yayinda take a Jami'ar Massachusetts Lowell, Monica ita ce jagorar rawa a ƙungiyar Alumni. Ta jagoranci rukuninta kuma suka yi wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye a jami'a kuma ta rubuta waka a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da aka buga. Ta saurara kuma ta koya daga masu koya mata irin su Majek Fashek don inganta waƙarta.
Ayyuka
Mawaƙa Omrorodion ya fara waka ne tun yana saurayi kuma Sam Morris na Otto ya gabatar da shi a dakin kide kide kuma wannan ya kai ta zuwa Aibtonia studio, inda ta hadu da mambobinta na farko Sound on Sound kuma sanya hannun Poligram. Ta kuma sadu da Majek Fashek da sauran ma'aikata da yawa kuma ta kasance a cikin ɗakunan motsa jiki yayin hutun makaranta. Ta buɗe wa Majek Fashek, Onyenka, Christie Essien da sauran masu fasaha da yawa, kuma ta ci gaba da yawon buɗe ido tare da Majek Fashek. Monicazation ta fitar da cikakken kundin wakenta mai taken Monicazation a watan Satumbar 2014 kuma ta ci gaba da rangadi tare da masu fasaha daban-daban. Yayinda take budurwa, ta hadu da Majek Fashek a Aibitonia Studios a Anthony a Legas. A waccan lokacin, tana cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira 'Sound on Sound' tare da Ba'amurke mai suna Scratch da wasu mawaƙa guda uku waɗanda suka saki kundi na farko da Poligram Records. Majek Fashek ya koya mata abubuwa da yawa game da rubutun waƙa kuma ya kawar da tsoranta. Ta hadu da Sunny Okosun yayin yawon shakatawa na 'MAMSER' tare da Majek kuma ta zama abokai tare da mawaƙan da ke ajiye shi. Lokacin da Majek ke hutu daga doguwar tafiya, sai ta yanke shawarar tafiya tare da Sunny Okosun Kowane lokaci tana kan hutu tare da Majek, tana tafiya tare da Okosun kuma ta koya daga wurinsa.
'Yar wasa Omorodion ya yi fina-finai daban-daban da suka hada da, Harkokin Zuciya tare da Joseph Benjamin, Stella Damasus a shekarar 2014, sannan kuma ya buga fim a wani fim da darakta Obed Joe ya rubuta mai taken Kone Kauna a 2014. Daga baya ta shirya fim dinta wanda ya samu lambar yabo mai taken Fuskokin soyayya tare da Robert Peters wanda Razaaq Adoti, Syr Law, John Dumelo da sauran su suka fito. Swaida, mai kasuwancin inshora, ta koma asalin nishaɗinta bayan shekaru huɗu. Fuskokin isauna fim ne na biyu da ta shirya kuma ta farko da ta fara samun lambar yabo. Ta kuma yi aiki tare a matsayin babban mai gabatarwa kuma ta rubuta waƙar. Ta yanke shawarar daukar nauyin inganta fasaha wanda zai iya isar da "gaskiya" hotunan mutanen Afirka.
Rayuwar Mutum Monica ta fara rubuta wakoki da kiɗa tun tana saurayi. Yayinda take cikin makarantar firamare ta Nana Warri, Monica tana rubuta waƙoƙi tare da ƙanwarta. Sun kasance suna raira waƙa da fyade tun kafin ta san komai game da fyade. Ta fara soyayya da wasan kwaikwayo ne yayin da take Hussey College Warri Ta shiga kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Silver Line Productions tare da Felix Okwelum a matsayin daraktan wasan kwaikwayo a Warri. Ta yi rawar gani a fagen waka tana ba da waka kamar Abiku da sauransu. Ta kuma taka rawa a wasannin kwaikwayo kamar The Gods Are not To Lame, House Asunder da sauran su. Ta yi rangadi tare da samar da Layin Azurfa na shekaru kafin ta mai da hankali kan kiɗa. Ta yi waƙa ta bango don taurari ciki har da: Majek Fashek, Sunny Okosun da Evi Edna. Ta kuma yi jingles da yawa da aikin murya-kan aiki. Ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai tare da ƙungiyar Majek Fashek a duk faɗin Nijeriya da Afirka kuma abin da ta fi so shi ne lokacin da suka yi wasa a Fadar Oba a Benin. Monica Omorodion Swaida sananniya ce a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da irin su Evi Edna, Majek Fashek da marigayi Sunny Okosun.
Kyauta da gabatarwa
Lambobin yabo ACADEMIA MUSIC AWARD CALIFORNIA 2015,
KYAUTATA KARATUN KARATUN FINA-FINAI FILM
LANFA FILM DA WAKAR WAKA
ZABAR JIKIN MUTANE TARE DA NAFCA, 2015 (FASOKIN KAUNA)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Official website
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun |
27989 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e | Gorée | Île de Gorée (lafazin Faransanci: [ildəɡoʁe]; "Gorée Island"; Wolof: Beer Dun) ɗaya ne daga cikin 19 communes d'arrondissement (watau gundumomi) na birnin Dakar, Senegal. Tsibiri ne mai girman hekta 18.2 (acre 45) mai nisan kilomita 2 (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) a teku daga babban tashar jiragen ruwa na Dakar 14°40′N 17°24′W), sanannen wuri ga masu sha'awar. a cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantic ko da yake ainihin rawar da yake takawa a tarihin cinikin bayi shine batun takaddama.
Yawanta na ƙidayar 2013 ya kasance mazauna 1,680, yana ba da yawan mazaunan 5,802 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (15,030/sq mi), wanda shine rabin matsakaicin yawan birnin Dakar. Gorée ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a a communes d'arrondissement 19 na Dakar.
Wasu muhimman cibiyoyi na cinikin bayi daga Senegal sun kasance a arewa, a Saint-Louis, Senegal, ko kuma kudu a cikin Gambiya, a bakin manyan koguna don kasuwanci. Wuri ne na Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare 12 na farko a duniya da aka sanya su a cikin 1978.
Sunan cin hanci da rashawa ne na asalin sunan sa na Dutch Goedereede, ma'ana "kyakkyawan hanya".
Tarihi da cinikin bayi Gorée ƙaramin tsibiri ne mai tsayin mita 900 (ft 3,000 ft) kuma tsayinsa mita 350 (1,150 ft) a faɗin yankin Cap-Vert. Yanzu wani yanki na birnin Dakar, ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa ne kuma wurin zama na Turai a bakin teku. Kasancewar kusan babu ruwan sha, tsibirin bai zauna ba kafin zuwan Turawa. Fotigal sune farkon waɗanda suka kafa kasancewar Gorée c. 1450, inda suka gina wani karamin dutse chapel da kuma amfani da kasa a matsayin makabarta.
An san Gorée da wurin da Gidan Bayi (Faransanci: Maison des esclaves), wanda dangin Afro-Faransa Métis suka gina kusan 1780-1784. Gidan bayi yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin gidaje a tsibirin. Yanzu ana amfani da shi azaman wurin yawon buɗe ido don nuna ta'addancin cinikin bayi a duk faɗin duniyar Atlantic.
Bayan koma bayan cinikin bayi daga kasar Senegal a shekarun 1770 zuwa 1780, garin ya zama wata muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar gyada, man gyada, danko larabci, hauren giwa, da sauran kayayyakin cinikayyar ''halal'''. Wataƙila dangane da wannan ciniki ne aka gina abin da ake kira Maison des Esclaves. Kamar yadda ɗan tarihi Ana Lucia Araujo ya tattauna, ginin ya fara samun suna a matsayin wurin ajiyar bayi musamman saboda aikin mai kula da shi Boubacar Joseph Ndiaye, wanda ya iya motsa masu sauraron da suka ziyarci gidan tare da wasan kwaikwayonsa. Yawancin jama'a suna ziyartar gidan bayi, wanda ke taka rawar wurin tunawa da bauta. A watan Yunin 2013, shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya ziyarci gidan bayi.
Tsibirin Gorée na ɗaya daga cikin wurare na farko a Afirka da Turawa suka yi zama, kamar yadda Portuguese suka zauna a tsibirin a 1444. Ƙasar Netherlands ta sake kama shi a 1588, sannan Portuguese sake, kuma Dutch. Sun ba shi sunan tsibirin Goeree na Holland, kafin Ingila ta karbe shi karkashin Robert Holmes a 1664.
Mulkin mallaka na Faransa Bayan mamayar Faransa a shekara ta 1677, a lokacin yakin Franco-Dutch, tsibirin ya kasance mafi yawan Faransanci har zuwa shekara ta 1960. An sami ɗan gajeren lokaci na mamayar Birtaniyya a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban da Faransa da Birtaniyya suka yi. Ƙasar Ingila ta mamaye tsibirin musamman a tsakanin 1758 da 1763 bayan kama Gorée da kuma mamaye Senegal a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai kafin a mayar da shi Faransa a Yarjejeniyar Paris (1763). A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin 1779 zuwa 1783, Gorée ya sake kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya, har sai an sake ba da shi ga Faransa a 1783 a Yarjejeniyar Paris (1783). A wannan lokacin, sanannen Joseph Wall ya yi aiki a matsayin Laftanar-Gwamna a can, wanda ya sa aka yi wa wasu mutanensa bulala ba bisa ka'ida ba har suka mutu a shekara ta 1782; saboda wadannan laifuka, an kashe Wall daga baya a Ingila.
Gorée ya kasance babban wurin ciniki, wanda aka haɗa shi zuwa Saint-Louis, babban birnin Masarautar Senegal. Baya ga bayi, an kuma sayar da kakin zuma, fatu da hatsi. Yawan jama'ar tsibirin ya bambanta bisa ga yanayi, daga 'yan Afirka 'yan ɗari kaɗan da Creoles zuwa kusan 1,500. Da an sami 'yan mazauna Turai kaɗan a kowane lokaci.
A cikin karni na 18 da na 19, Gorée ya kasance gida ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Franco-African Creole, ko Métis, al'ummar 'yan kasuwa masu alaƙa da al'ummomi iri ɗaya a Saint-Louis da Gambiya, da kuma ƙetaren Tekun Atlantika zuwa yankunan Faransanci a Amurka. Matan Métis, waɗanda ake kira sa hannu daga zuriyar senhora na Portugal na matan Afirka da 'yan kasuwa na Turai, suna da mahimmanci musamman ga rayuwar kasuwancin birni. Alamun sun mallaki jiragen ruwa da kadarori kuma sun umarci magatakarda maza. Sun kuma shahara wajen noman kayan sawa da nishaɗi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan alamar, Anne Rossignol, ta zauna a Saint-Domingue (Haiti na zamani) a cikin 1780s kafin juyin juya halin Haiti.
A watan Fabrairun 1794 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, Faransa ta kawar da bauta, kuma an ce cinikin bayi daga Senegal ya daina. Wani zanen Faransanci na kimanin 1797 (hoton) ya nuna har yanzu yana ci gaba, amma wannan yana iya zama anachronism. A cikin Afrilu 1801, Birtaniya ta sake kama Gorée.
A cikin Janairu 1804 wani ƙaramin Faransanci daga Curacao ya kama Gorée, amma Birtaniyya ta sake kama shi a cikin Maris.
A cikin Maris 1815, a lokacin dawowar siyasarsa da aka sani da Kwanaki ɗari, Napoleon ya kawar da cinikin bayi don gina dangantaka da Birtaniya. A wannan karon, an ci gaba da shafewa.
Kamar yadda cinikin bayi ya ragu a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas, Gorée ya koma kasuwanci na halal. Karamin birni da tashar jiragen ruwa ba su da matsala don jigilar kayan gyada masu yawa na masana'antu, waɗanda suka fara isa da yawa daga babban yankin. Saboda haka, 'yan kasuwa sun kafa gaban kai tsaye a cikin babban yankin, na farko a Rufisque (1840) sannan a Dakar (1857). Yawancin iyalai da aka kafa sun fara barin tsibirin.
An kafa ikon mallakar ikon mallakar jama'a na jama'ar Gorée a cikin 1872, lokacin da ta zama haɗin Faransa tare da zaɓaɓɓen magajin gari da majalisar gunduma. Blaise Diagne, mataimakin dan Afirka na farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Faransa (wanda ya yi aiki daga 1914 zuwa 1934), an haife shi a Gorée. Daga kololuwar kusan 4,500 a cikin 1845, yawan jama'a ya ragu zuwa 1,500 a 1904. A cikin 1940 an haɗa Gorée zuwa gundumar Dakar.
Daga 1913 zuwa 1938, Gorée ya kasance gida ga École normale supérieure William Ponty, kwalejin malamai na gwamnati wanda Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka ta Faransa ke gudanarwa. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka yaye makarantar wata rana za su jagoranci gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai daga Faransa. A cikin 1925, masanin tarihi, masanin zamantakewa, da Pan-African WEB Du Bois ya rubuta game da makaranta a cikin 1925 "A kan tsibirin Goree mai ban sha'awa wanda tsohuwar ginshiƙi ya fuskanci Dakar na zamani da kasuwanci na ga yara maza masu kyau biyu ko uku na makarantar sakandare sun taru a ciki. daga duk Senegal ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen gasa kuma ƙwararrun malamai na Faransa sun koyar da su daidai da tsarin karatu wanda, gwargwadon abin da ya gabata, ya yi daidai da na kowace makarantar Turai, "yayin da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka kan yadda ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin ilimin jama'a ke cikin kasar gaba daya da kuma bayyana rashin bege game da kara zuba jari.
An haɗa Gorée zuwa babban yankin ta hanyar sabis na jirgin ruwa na tsawon mintuna 30 na yau da kullun, don masu tafiya a ƙasa kawai; babu motoci a tsibirin. Babban wurin yawon bude ido na Senegal, tsibirin an jera shi a matsayin wurin tarihi na UNESCO a shekarar 1978. Yanzu ya kasance mafi yawan abin tunawa ga cinikin bayi. Yawancin gine-ginen kasuwanci da na zama na tarihi an mai da su gidajen abinci da otal don tallafawa zirga-zirgar yawon buɗe ido.
Gudanarwa Tare da kafuwar Dakar a 1857, Goré a hankali ya rasa mahimmancinsa. A shekara ta 1872, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun ƙirƙira ƙauyuka biyu na Saint-Louis da Gorée, gundumomi na farko na yammacin Afirka a yammacin Afirka, tare da matsayi iri ɗaya da kowace ƙungiya a Faransa. Dakar, a babban yankin, yana cikin gundumar Gorée, wanda gwamnatinsa ke a tsibirin. Duk da haka, a farkon 1887, Dakar ya rabu da gundumar Gorée kuma an mai da shi ta hanyar jama'a a kansa. Don haka, yankin Gorée ya zama iyaka ga ƙaramin tsibiri.
A cikin 1891, Gorée yana da mazauna 2,100, yayin da Dakar ke da mazauna 8,737 kawai. Koyaya, ya zuwa 1926 yawan mutanen Gorée ya ragu zuwa mazauna 700 kawai, yayin da yawan mutanen Dakar ya ƙaru zuwa mazauna 33,679. Don haka, a cikin 1929 an haɗa ƙungiyar Gorée tare da Dakar. Ƙungiyar Gorée ta ɓace, kuma Gorée yanzu ƙaramin tsibiri ne na gundumar Dakar.
A shekara ta 1996, majalisar dokokin Senegal ta kada kuri'a a wani gagarumin garambawul na bangaren gudanarwa da na siyasa na kasar Senegal. An raba al’ummar Dakar, wanda ake ganin babba ce kuma mai yawan jama’a ba za ta iya gudanar da shi yadda ya kamata ba daga karamar hukuma, an raba shi zuwa 19 da aka ba da iko mai yawa. An kiyaye gundumar Dakar sama da waɗannan yankuna 19 na Yana daidaita ayyukan gundumomi d'arrondissement, kamar yadda Greater London ke daidaita ayyukan gundumomin London.
Don haka, a cikin 1996 an ta da Gorée daga matattu, ko da yake yanzu ta zama ne kawai (amma a zahiri tare da iko mai kama da na gama gari). Sabuwar na Gorée (a hukumance, ta mallaki tsohuwar mairie (zauren gari) a tsakiyar tsibirin. Anyi amfani da wannan azaman mairie na tsohuwar gundumar Gorée tsakanin 1872 zuwa 1929.
Majalisar ce ke mulkin gundumar Gorée ta dimokuradiyya a kowace shekara 5, kuma ta shugaban karamar hukuma da mambobin majalisar karamar hukuma suka zaba.
Magajin garin Gorée na yanzu shine Augustin Senghor, wanda aka zaba a 2002.
Archaeology na tsibirin Gorée Tsibirin ita ce Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO, tun daga Satumba 1978. Yawancin manyan gine-gine a Gorée an gina su a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na sha takwas. Babban gine-gine shine gidan bayi, 1786; Makarantar William Ponty, 1770; Musée de la mer (Maritime Museum), 1835; Fort d'Estrées, asalin baturin arewa, wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi Gidan Tarihi na Senegal, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1852-65; Palais du Government (Fadar Gwamnati), 1864, wanda gwamna-janar na farko na Senegal ya mamaye daga 1902-07. Gidan sarauta na Gorée da ofishin 'yan sanda na Gorée na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, wanda a da ya kasance wurin rarrabawa, an yi imanin shi ne wurin da aka gina ɗakin sujada na farko da Portuguese ta gina a karni na sha biyar, kuma bakin tekun yana da sha'awar masu yawon bude ido.
Wannan wurin tarihi ba kasafai misali ne na mulkin mallaka na Turai ba inda muke ganin 'yan Afirka masu 'yanci da bautar (wanda ke da rabin yawan mutanen Gorée), Turawa da Afro-Turai suna zaune tare da juna, kamar yadda tsibirin ya kasance sanannen cibiya a cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Archaeology akan tsibirin Gorée yana haifar da sakamako masu karo da juna da yawa. A gefe ɗaya na bakan, bayin da aka yi a Gorée an yi musu rashin kyau, kamar dabbobi, a daya bangaren kuma akwai shaidar mutanen bayi da ake maraba da su a matsayin ɓangare na iyalai. An rubuta ('yan matan Afirka ko Afro-Turai) sun fi son cin abinci a ƙasa tare da cokali da kwano na gama gari, a matsayin bayi na gida, amma mazan Turai sun kiyaye al'ada kuma suna amfani da tebur.
Dokta Ibrahima Thiaw (Mataimakin Farfesa na Archaeology a Cibiyar Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN); da Cheikh Anta Diop na Dakar, Senegal ne suka gudanar da binciken archaeological kan Gorée. Dr Susan Keech McIntosh (Farfesa na Archaeology, Jami'ar Rice, Houston, Texas); da Raina Croff (Dan takarar PhD a Jami'ar Yale, New Haven, Connecticut). Dokta Shawn Murray (Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison) kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga binciken archaeological a Gorée ta hanyar nazarin gida da gabatar da bishiyoyi da shrubs, wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano tsohuwar tsiron da aka samu a cikin tono. Hakazalika binciken da aka yi a Gorée ya gano abubuwan da aka shigo da su Turai da yawa: bulo, ƙusoshi, kwalabe na abubuwan giya kamar giya, giya da sauran barasa, beads, yumbura da gunflints.
Gorée Archaeological Project Aikin Gorée Archaeological Project, ko GAP, ya fara gudanar da ayyukansa (bincike, gwaji, taswira, da kuma hakowa) a cikin 2001. Aikin, wanda ya tsawaita tsawon shekaru da yawa, yana da nufin tattara kayan tarihi da suka shafi lokutan tarihi na kafin- da bayan zaman Turai, da kuma gano amfani da sassa daban-daban a tsibirin ta hanyar amfani da al'adun kayan da aka tono daga wuraren. A sakamakonsa na farko, Ibrahima Thiaw ya kuma tattauna matsalolin hakowa a tsibirin yawon bude ido.
Fage Manjo Kyaftin Lançarote na Portugal da ma’aikatansa ne suka fara kulla dangantakar Afro-Turai da tsibirin Gorée a shekara ta 1445. Bayan da suka ga Gorée mai tazarar kilomita uku daga gabar tekun Dakar na kasar Senegal a zamanin yau, Lançarote da jami’ansa suka aika zuwa bakin teku. jami'ai su bar hadayun zaman lafiya ga 'yan asalin tsibirin. Sun ajiye biredi, madubi da takarda da aka zana giciye a kan ƙasar Gorée, waɗanda duk an yi nufin su zama alamomin ayyukan lumana. Duk da haka, 'yan Afirka ba su amsa yadda ake so ba kuma suka yayyage takarda tare da farfasa biredi da madubi, don haka ya kafa yanayin dangantakar da ke gaba tsakanin Portuguese da 'yan Afirka na tsibirin Gorée. Duk da haka, tarihi ya nuna ko da ’yan Afirka sun karɓi hadayun da za a ci gaba da yanka su da bautar da su.
Tun daga farkon karni na 18, an raba matsugunan Gorée zuwa bariki: kwata na Bambara (bayi), gourmettes ('yan Afirka na Kirista), da kwata ga mazaunan Gorée, gami da 'yan Afirka masu 'yanci. A ƙarshen rabin karni na 18, rarrabuwa ya kasance tsakanin signares da danginsu da sauran tsibirin da kuma wuraren da aka kafa a baya.
Matsala kafin Turai Dangane da sakamakon farko na Ibrahim Thiaw, matakan da ke tsakanin adibas ɗin tuntuɓar Turai kafin da kuma bayan sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ɓarna a fili na tururuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar wannan ita ce yuwuwar cewa waɗannan tsutsotsin tsummoki sun zama sanadin watsi da Gorée kafin zuwan Holland.
Adadin da aka yi a zamanin kafin Turawa suna da yawa tare da tukwane da aka yi wa ado da igiyoyi da kifayen kashin bayan gida kuma ana iya samun su a cikin mahallin matsugunin cikin gida, a ƙarƙashin ko a daidai matakan benaye da wuraren murhu. Tukwane da ke kusa da ƙauyuka na nuna cewa waɗannan ƙauyuka sun kasance na dindindin ko na dindindin. Kayan aikin kamun kifi da na'urori ba safai ba ne duk da cewa adadin kifin ya yi yawa. Hakanan babu alamar ƙarfe ko amfani da shi kafin karni na sha takwas.
Saboda ɗimbin fasalulluka da ke ɗauke da tukwane na al'ada da aka samu a cikin tsakiyar ƙawancen Turai, Thiaw ya kammala cewa watakila an yi amfani da tsibirin ne da farko don ayyukan al'ada da ayyuka. Duk da haka, watsi yana bayyana a ilimin kimiya na tarihi a tsakiyar karni na sha biyar, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wani gagarumin mamayewa. Babu wata shaida ta archaeological ko ta zahiri na gwagwarmaya ko rikici tsakanin Turawa na ƙarshe ko wata ƙungiyar al'adu. Hasashen Thiaw yana nuna yiwuwar cewa lokacin da Portuguese suka yi amfani da tsibirin don binne matattu, tsibirin, a idanun 'yan asalin, ya zama abin ƙyama ko kuma mummunan ikon ruhohin teku ya yi tasiri.
Mazaunin Turawa Akwai wasu hasashe na yadda Gorée ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Turawa ko Yaren mutanen Holland. Akwai wasu shaidun rubutu da ke nuna cewa mutanen Holland sun sayi tsibirin daga hannun shugaban Dakar ko kuma daga masunta na cikin gida a tsibirin. Duk da yake akwai ƙananan shaidar archaeological na wannan ma'amala, duk ajiyar Turai suna da yawa. A kan Gorée akwai mabambantan adibas guda huɗu da aka samo ta hanyar tonowa da gwaji. Nau'o'in ajiya na farko suna arewa maso yamma da yammacin tsibirin, kuma yawanci mita uku ne na tarkacen gida da harsashi. Kewaye da yankin da ya kasance Fort Nassau, an ƙaddara waɗannan bayanan daidai da ayyukan Fort Nassau, wanda ake ganin ba ya da ɗanɗano.
An sami wani wurin ajiya da ba kasafai ba a kusa da Castel a G18, wurin da aka tono kawai a yankin. Abubuwan da aka ajiye a wannan yanki yawanci ba su da zurfi kuma a saman wani katafaren dutse. Duk da haka, wannan wuri guda ya samar da binnewa guda uku, duk an tona su a cikin tudun dutse.
G13, wani wurin da ke gefen gabashin tsibirin, ya samar da tarkacen al'adu daga daya daga cikin ramukan shara. Wannan tarkace ya haɗa da ƙusoshi, kayan marmari na ƙarshen Turai da farar farar fata masu kama da juna daga 1810 zuwa 1849, gwangwani na sardine, da gilashin taga, da sauran kayan tarihi. Da yake kusa da barikin sojoji daga mamayar sojoji a ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin, nazarin waɗannan yumbu ya nuna cewa da yawa daga cikinsu maye ne wanda ya yi daidai da mamayar. Ba a cika samun ajiya irin wannan ba a kusa da tsibirin.
Kamar yadda yake da yawancin wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na duniya, tasirin zamani da ayyuka suna shafar rukunin yanar gizon kuma suna haifar da hargitsi a cikin rikodin kayan tarihi ko lalata wuraren da ba da gangan ba. Gwamnatin Turai ta sanya tsauraran dokoki game da amfani da sararin samaniya da ci gaban matsuguni gaba daya a tsibirin. Archaeology yana nuna wannan ci gaba a cikin ƙasa; gine-gine, daidaitawa, sake ginawa, wasu daga cikinsu ana iya danganta su da sauyin da aka samu a cikin masu mulkin Turai a lokacin. Duk da haka, wannan shaidar ci gaba kuma tana nuna sakamakon sakamakon ayyukan yau da kullun, don haka yana da wuyar warwarewa don tantance hadaddun abubuwan zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyi, kamar bawa ko 'yanci ko ɗan Afirka ko Afirka-Turai. Ana iya cire gabaɗaya gabaɗaya: Cinikin Atlantika yana tasiri sosai ga rayuwar waɗanda ke kan Gorée, waɗanda aka gani a cikin kwararar ra'ayoyi, ƙayyadaddun ƙira da tsarin daidaitawa.
Har ila yau, cinikayyar Atlantika ta yi tasiri a fannin ilimin halittar jiki na al'ummar Gorean. Ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ya gano ɗimbin shaidu na yawan shigo da barasa a tsibirin. Yawan shigo da barasa a zahiri yana nuna yawan sha wanda aka rubuta tasirinsa a matsayin rikice-rikicen maye, yawanci tsakanin mazaunan sojoji. Dr Ibrahima Thiaw wanda aka ambata a baya shine kuma marubucin Digging on Contested Grounds: Archaeology and the Commemoration of Slavery on Gorée Island. A cikin wannan labarin, Thiaw ya tattauna bambanci tsakanin labaran tarihi da ke cike da bautar da sarƙoƙi da kuma rashin shaidar archaeological don tallafawa waɗannan asusun. Raina Croff, daya daga cikin abokan aikin Thiaw, ta bayyana cewa ita da kanta ba ta taba samun wata shaida ta bauta a tsibirin Gorée ba, duk da haka ta kuma hada da cewa ba za a sami shaidun archaeological kamar sarƙoƙi da sarƙoƙi a tsibirin ba, saboda babu buƙata.
Maison des Esclaves Maison des Esclaves, ko Gidan Bayi, an gina shi a cikin 1780-1784 ta Nicolas Pépin. Ko da yake gidan sanannen "Kofar Babu Komawa", wanda aka ce shi ne wuri na ƙarshe da bayin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje suka taɓa ƙasan Afirka har tsawon rayuwarsu, akwai ƙaramin shaida a Maison des Esclaves don ba da shawarar "babban sikelin". Kasuwancin bayi na trans-Atlantic" tattalin arzikin. Bisa kididdigar kididdigar da aka samu daga karni na 18, akasarin bayin Allah sun fada karkashin tsarin bayi na gida, maimakon bayi da za a fitar da su kasashen waje. Wataƙila Pépin da magajinsa sun kasance bayi a cikin gida, amma kuma akwai ƴan abubuwan da ke nuna cewa suna da hannu a duk wata sana’ar fitar da bayi. Duk da wannan rashin shaida, Maison des Esclaves ya zama wurin aikin hajji don tunawa da korar ƴan Afirka daga ƙasarsu ta haihuwa, wanda kuma aka fi sani da ƴan Afirka. Wannan ya bambanta da rawar rukunin Rue des Dongeons akan Gorée. A Rue des Dongeons, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, akwai kasancewar gidajen kurkuku, waɗanda za a iya danganta su a fili tare da tsare bayin da za a fitar da su. Masanin tarihi Ana Lucia Araujo ta ce "ba ainihin wurin da mutane na gaske suka bari a cikin adadin da suke faɗi ba." Akasin haka, UNESCO ta yi iƙirarin cewa "daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 19, Goree ita ce cibiyar kasuwancin bayi mafi girma a gabar tekun Afirka."
Bambara Quartier A kudu ta tsakiya na Gorée, a cikin kwata na Bambara, ko da yake ba su da yawa a cikin kayan tarihi, ajiyar kuɗi daga wannan yanki ya bambanta da abubuwan da aka haɗa daga sauran tsibirin. Abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar dutsen farar ƙasa, bulo mai ja, harsashi, ko duwatsu a cikin waɗannan ɗimbin mita biyu zuwa uku ba su girme ƙarni na sha takwas ba kuma suna nuna haɓakawa da rushewa akai-akai. Ana iya danganta wannan da ɗimbin matsugunin wannan yanki watakila ta bayin gida da aka fara a ƙarni na sha takwas. Quartier Bambara wani yanki ne na keɓancewa, wanda ke nuna bautar cikin gida maimakon fitarwa. Taswirorin wannan matsugunin sun ware layin iyaka wanda a ƙarshe, a tsakiyar karni na sha takwas, an nuna an rage su. An samo shi a tsakiyar tsibirin, Bambara 'yan Bambara ne ke zaune. Mutanen Bambara suna da ra'ayi mara kyau; da aka samu a babban yankin Senegal da Mali, Bambara an san su da kasancewa nagartattun bayi. Faransawa ne suka kawo Goré, mutanen Bambara sun shirya gina hanyoyi, garu da gidaje.
Wadannan gine-gine (Maison des Esclaves, Quartier Bambara, da Rue des Dungeons), da aka yi da dutse ko bulo, sun bambanta da tsarin da mutanen Afirka suka yi da bambaro da laka. Wannan bambanci ya taimaka wajen rarrabuwar kawuna da matsayi tsakanin ’yan Afirka da mazauna Turai kuma ya bi ƙungiyar gama gari cewa masonry ya kasance tasirin Turai. Duk da haka, gina waɗannan gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka fi sani da su bayi ne suka gina su, kuma ba tare da tsare-tsare na bene ba, kamar yadda tsarin birni mai haɗari da kuma kusurwoyi marasa daidaituwa a cikin ɗakunan ya nuna. Binciken sasantawa ya nuna yiwuwar cewa tare da lokaci, matsayin masters' da bayin bayi sun isa su yi aiki da rayuwa tare da juna a tsibirin a rabin na biyu na karni na sha takwas.
Rikici Gorée a matsayin babban wurin ciniki don bayi A cikin 1990s an tafka muhawara kan sahihancin cinikin bayi na Gorée kamar yadda mai rajin kare Boubacar Joseph Ndiaye ya fada. A cikin wata kasida, da aka buga a cikin jaridar Faransa Le Monde, Emmanuel de Roux ya kalubalanci ikirari na Ndiaye da aka maimaita cewa Gorée, a wurin da ake kira "Maison des Esclaves", wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar bayi ne (wanda ya dogara ne akan fassarar ƙarya na baƙi Faransanci. a cikin karni na 18-19 da kuma bayan haka). De Roux ya dogara ne akan ayyukan masu binciken Abdoulaye Camara da Father Joseph-Roger de Benoist. A cewar kididdigar tarihi, ba a sayar da bayi sama da 500 a kowace shekara a can ba, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da ma'aunin cinikin bayi a gabar tekun Benin, Guinee da Angola na zamani: jimillar kashi 4-5% (ko kusan 500). 000) na bayi an jigilar su daga Senegal zuwa Amurka, yayin da sauran 11.5 miliyan bayi na Afirka suka fito daga sauran (Yamma) gaɓar Afirka. Bayanin hoto na Ndiaye game da yanayin bayin da ake zargin an ajiye su a “Maison des Esclaves” ba su da goyan bayan kowane takaddun tarihi kuma a cewar De Roux, ƙila sun yi aiki don gudanar da kasuwanci, musamman daga masu yawon buɗe ido Ba-Amurke. Dangane da wadannan zarge-zargen, wasu masu bincike na Senegal da na Turai sun gudanar da wani taron tattaunawa a Sorbonne a cikin Afrilu 1997, mai taken "Gorée dans la traite atlantique mythes et réalités", wanda aka buga bayanan bayan haka.
Kwanan nan, Hamady Bocoum et Bernard Toulier sun buga labarin “The Fabrication of Heritage: the case of Gorée (Senegal)” (a cikin Faransanci: La ƙirƙira du Patrimoine l'exemple de Gorée (Sénégal)») yana tattara bayanan girman Gorée zuwa wani abin tunawa da tunani na cinikin bayi na transatlantic saboda dalilai na yawon bude ido. Gwamnatin Senegal ce ta jagoranta, wanda aka fara a karkashin shugaba Léopold Sédar Senghor, wanda ya dora wa nadin nasa na musamman Ndiaye alhakin wannan burin. A cikin 2013, ɗan jarida Jean Luc Angrand ya ba da labarin yadda Ndiaye ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe a tsakanin al'ummomin Amurkawa na Afirka a cikin Amurka, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin yin amfani da sha'awar su na neman nasu gado a Afirka wanda ya taso a cikin 1970s. Wannan sha'awar ta karu bayan tasirin jerin shirye-shiryen TV Roots, wanda aka fi ji a tsakanin masu kallo Ba-Amurke. Don haka Ndiaye ya yi karin gishiri game da mahimmancin Senegal, musamman Gorée, ta hanyar da'awar cewa ba a kai 'yan Afirka da aka bautar da su kasa da miliyan 20 daga can ba.
Ko da yake wasu kafofin watsa labaru da aka rubuta a Turanci sun ba da rahoto game da ƙirƙira tarihin Gorée, musamman John Murphy a cikin Seattle Times da Max Fischer a cikin Washington Post, wasu majiyoyin labarai na Ingilishi, irin su BBC, har yanzu suna manne da labarin da aka ƙirƙira na Gorée kamar yadda yake. babbar cibiyar cinikin bayi.
Sanannen mazauna Latyr Sy, mawaƙin djembe
France Gall, mawaƙin Faransa, ya mallaki gida a can
Léa Seydoux, an girma a wani yanki a tsibirin
A cikin shahararrun al'adu Tsibirin Gorée shine Ramin Tsayawa don Kafa na 4 na The Amazing Race 6, kuma Gidan Bawan da kansa ya ziyarci yayin Kafa 5.
Tsibirin Gorée ya yi fice a cikin wakoki da dama, saboda tarihinsa da ya shafi cinikin bayi. Waƙoƙi masu zuwa suna da mahimmiyar magana game da tsibirin Gorée:
Steel Pulse "Kofar Babu Komawa" akan African Holocaust (2004)
Doug E. Fresh- "Afirka"
Akon "Senegal"
Burnng Spear "One Africa" akan Jah Is Real (2008)
Alpha Blondy Solar System "Goree (Senegal)" akan Dieu (1994)
Nuru Kane "Goree"
Sinsemilia "De l'histoire"
Gilberto Gil "La Lune de Goree", wanda Gilberto Gil da José Carlos Capinam suka hada
Mahaifin rap na Faransa Booba (an haife shi Elie Yaffa) ɗan Gorée ne. A cikin waƙarsa "Garde la pêche" ya ambaci tsibirin, yana cewa "Gorée c'est ma terre" (Gorée shine ƙasara/gari na). Har ila yau, a cikin waƙarsa mai suna "0.9", ya ce "À dix ans j'ai vu Gorée, depuis mes larmes sont eternelles" (Lokacin da nake ɗan shekara 10 na ga Gorée, tun lokacin hawaye na ya kasance na har abada."
Marcus Miller "Gorée (Go-ray)"
A cikin 2007 darektan Swiss Pierre-Yves Borgeaud ya yi wani shirin gaskiya mai suna Retour à Gorée (Komawa Gorée).
Mawaƙin gargajiya na Girka avantgarde Iannis Xenakis ya rubuta wani yanki don garaya da gungu mai suna A l`ile de Gorée (1986).
Gallery
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Camara, Abdoulaye Joseph Roger de Benoïst. Histoire de Gorée, Paris: Maisonneuve Larose, |
22063 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Fa%C9%97ar%20Albarkacin%20Baki | Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki | 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ƙa'ida ce da ke tallafawa ƴancin mutum ko al'umma don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba, ko takunkumin doka. Kalmar 'yanci faɗar albarkacin baki galibi ana amfani da ita dai-dai amma, a ma'anar doka, ya haɗa da kowane aiki na neman, karɓar, da kuma ba da bayani ko ra'ayoyi, ba tare da la'akari da matsakaicin da ake amfani da shi ba.
A dama zuwa yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da aka gane a matsayin wani mutum dama a karkashin labarin 19 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) da kuma gane a duniya kare hakkin dan adam dokar a cikin International Wa'adi on Civil da kuma siyasa Rights (ICCPR). Mataki na 19 na dokar ta (UDHR) ta ce "kowa na da 'yancin gudanar da ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba" kuma "kowa na da' yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa; wannan 'yancin na kunshe da' yancin neman, karba da kuma bayar da bayanai da ra'ayoyi iri daban-daban, ba tare da la'akari ba na iyakoki, ko dai a baki, a rubuce ko a buga, a cikin hanyar fasaha, ko kuma ta kowace hanyar sadarwa da ya zaba Sigar Mataki na 19 a cikin (ICCPR) daga baya ya gyara wannan ta hanyar bayyana cewa aiwatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana ɗauke da "ayyuka na musamman da nauyi" kuma mai yiwuwa "saboda haka ya kasance cikin wasu ƙuntatawa" idan ya zama dole ko mutunta haƙƙoƙi ko suna na wasu "ko" ko kariyar tsaron ƙasa ko oda ta jama'a (ba da umarnin jama'a), ko lafiyar jama'a ko ɗabi'a 'Yancin magana, saboda haka, ba za a gane yadda ake cikakkar, kuma kowa gazawa ko iyakoki zuwa' yancin magana da labari a yi ɓatanci, ƙarya, batsa, da fitina, zunubi shũshũtãwa, yaki da kalmomi, da bayanai na musamman, hakkin mallaka, take hakkin, cinikayya asirin, lakabin abinci, yarjejeniyar ba da bayyanawa, haƙƙin sirri, mutunci, haƙƙin mantawa, tsaron jama'a, da shaidar zur Hujjoji na irin wannan sun hada da ka'idar cutarwa, wanda John Stuart Mill ya gabatar a cikin On Liberty, wanda ke nuna cewa "makasudin kawai da za a yi amfani da iko dai-dai bisa kowane memba na wata al'umma mai wayewa, ba da son ransa ba, shi ne hana cutar da wasu. Hakanan ana amfani da ra'ayin "ƙa'idar laifi" a cikin dalilin ƙayyade maganganu, yana kwatanta ƙuntatawa kan nau'ikan maganganu waɗanda ake ganin sun ɓata wa al'umma rai, la'akari da dalilai kamar iyaka, tsawon lokaci, muradin mai magana, da sauƙin abin da zai iya zama kauce masa. Tare da canjin zamanin zamani, kuma amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya zama mafi sabani yayin da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa da takurawa suka taso, misali aikin Garkuwa na Garkuwa, wani shiri ne daga Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jama'a ta gwamnatin China wanda ke tace bayanai marasa kyau daga kasashen waje.
Asali 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da faɗar albarkacin baki yana da tarihi mai tsawo wanda ya gabaci kayan aikin ɗan adam na duniya na zamani. Ana tunanin cewa tsohuwar ƙa'idar dimokiradiyya ta Atheniya ta 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na iya fitowa a ƙarshen karni na 6 ko farkon karni na 5 BC. Ka'idodin Jamhuriyar Rum sun haɗa da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma yancin yin addini 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a harabar kwaleji A watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, Jami'ar Chicago ta fitar da "Bayanin Chicago," wata sanarwa game da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da aka tsara don yaƙi da takunkumi a harabar. Wannan sanarwa daga baya wasu manyan jami'oi da suka hada da Princeton University, Washington University a St. Louis, Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, da Jami'ar Columbia sun karba Suma daga baya. Masu sharhi kamar su Vox 's Zack Beauchamp da Chris Quintana, suna rubuce-rubuce a littafin 'Chronicle of Higher Education''', sun yi sabani game da zaton cewa makarantun kwaleji na fuskantar "matsalar magana kyauta." Duba kuma Manazarta Kara karantawa Shaw, Caroline. "'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da fahariyar' yanci na Biritaniya, 1650-2000: Rubutun sake dubawa" Kamfanonin Tarihi'' (Oktoba 2020) akan layi
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Article19.org, Gangamin Duniya don Faɗar albarkacin baki.
Muhawara game da Magana kyauta, aikin bincike ne na shirin Dahrendorf don Nazarin 'Yanci a Kwalejin St Antony a Jami'ar Oxford.
Fihirisa kan takunkumi, ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke haɓaka da kare haƙƙin faɗin albarkacin baki.
Mai Neman 'Yancin Kafafen Yada Labarai: An Lura da' Yancin Yada Labaran a Duba, Deutsche Welle Akademie
Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman don 'Yancin Faɗar albarkacin baki, ofungiyar Kasashen Amurka.
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Pages with unreviewed |
10211 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Duniya%20na%20I | Yaƙin Duniya na I | Yaƙin Duniya na I da turanci World War I (ana kintse sunan WWI ko WW1), kuma ana ƙiran shi da First World War da turanci wato Yaƙin Duniya na Farko kuma Great War wato Babban Yaƙi, wani yaƙin Duniya ne da ya faro daga nahiyar Turai wanda aka fara tun daga 28 ga watan Juli na shekara ta alif ɗari 1914 har zuwa 11 ga watan Nuwanban shekarar 1918. Wanda ayanzu ake dangata shi da suna "the war to end all wars" wato Yaƙin da zai tsaida Yaƙoƙi, ya kai ga hada fiye da miliyan 70 million na ma'aikatan soja, da miliyan 60 na Turawa, wanda yasa yazama ɗaya daga cikin babban yaƙi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙin da aka rasa rayuka da dama a tarihi, an ƙiyasta kusan mutane miliyan 9 Mayaƙa aka rasa da miliyan 7 na farin hula wadanda suka mutu sanadiyar yaƙin, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi da kuma cutar da kuma rasa rayukan Mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a duniya baki ɗaya.
A 28 ga Yunin shekarar 1914, Gavrilo Princip, wani ɗan ƙasar Yugoslavia, ya kashr Archduke Franz Ferdinand wanda shine magajin Archduke Franz Ferdinand a garin Sarajevo, hakan ya haifar da rikkicin watan Yuli. akan mayar da martani, a 23 Yuli Wanda amsar da ƙasar Serbia ta bayar bai gamsar da Austriya ba, yasa suka shiga yaƙi tsakanin su.
Haɗakar ƙawance ya faɗaɗa rikicin akan wani ɗan tattaunawa tsakanin mutum biyu a Balkans zuwa ga babban rikici da ya game yawancin nahiyar Turai. A July na shekarar 1914, great powers dake Turai sun rabu zuwa haɗaka daban-daban: akwai Triple Entente—wanda ta haɗa da France, Russia da Britain aciki— da kuma Triple Alliance na Germany, Austria-Hungary da kuma Italy (wanda Triple Alliance sun kasance masu kariya ne, sun bar ƙasar Italiya ta fita daga yaƙin a shekara ta 1914). Rasha ta kasa abunda yakama ce ta na kare Serbia da, bayan Austria-Hungary shelled the babban birnin Serbiya Belgrade a 28th, an yarda da haɗaka. Babban haɗakar da Rasha tayi ta bayyana shi ne a yammacin 30 July; a 31st, Austria-Hungary da Germany suma suka yi haka, sai ita kuma Germany ta nema Rasha data rushe haɗakarta acikin awanni goma sha biyu (12 hours). batan Russia taƙi bi, sai Germany ta ƙaddamar da yaƙi a farkon (1) watan Augusta domin taimakon Austria-Hungary, a tareda Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; sai ƙasar Faransa ta umurce cikakkiyar haɗaka domin taimakawa Russia a 2 August.
Dabarun ƙasar Jamus na gabza yaƙi akan Faransa da Rasha shine ta tattara sojoji a yamma waɗanda zasu yi galaba akan France cikin makonni huɗu, sannan kuma ta aika da sojojin Gabas dan gabzawa da Rasha kafin ta gama shiryawa; wanan dabarar ce akasa was suna Schlieffen Plan. A 2 ga watan August, Germany ta nemi hanya da zata riƙa wucewa ta kasar Belgium, itace muhimmin samun nasara akan Faransa. bayan kin hakan, sai domin Jamus ta farwa kasar Belgium da safiyar 3 Augusta kuma suka kaddamar da yaki a Faransa a wannan rana; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing German possessions in China and the Pacific. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Alliance, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai Peninsula. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917 (the Eastern Front, by contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory). In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and opened a front in the Alps. The Kingdom of Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in 1915 and the Kingdom of Greece joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the war in the Balkans. The United States initially remained neutral, though it was an important supplier of war material to the Allies. However, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, and the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces would not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but ultimately the American Expeditionary Force would reach some two million troops.
Though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 only to be defeated in 1917, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. This allowed the transfer of large numbers of German troops from the East to the Western Front, resulting in the German March 1918 Offensive. This offensive was initially successful, but the Allies rallied and drove the Germans back in their Hundred Days Offensive. Bulgaria was the first Central Power to sign an armistice—the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the Armistice of Mudros. On 4 November, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti. With its allies defeated, revolution at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an armistice on 11 November 1918.
World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous revolutions and uprisings. The Big Four (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the most well known being the German peace treaty—the Treaty of Versailles. Ultimately, as a result of the war the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, with numerous new states created from their remains. However, despite the conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the League of Nations during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent future wars), a Second World War would follow just over twenty years later.
|
34209 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20bounty%20program | Russian bounty program | Shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha wani shiri ne da ake zargin jami'an leken asirin sojan Rasha na biyan tukwicin ga mayakan da ke da alaka da Taliban saboda kashe Amurkawa da sauran dakarun kawance a lokacin yakin Afghanistan Kasancewar shirin da ake zargin an ruwaito shi a kafafen yada labarai a cikin shekarata 2020 kuma ya zama batu a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2020 A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2020, The Washington Post ta ba da rahoton cewa bayanan sirri da ke ba da shawarar kasancewar wani aiki na kyauta wanda aka kwanan watan a farkon 2018. The Washington Post da Associated Press duk sun ba da rahoton cewa an sanar da jami'an gwamnatin Trump game da rahoton leken asirin a farkon shekara ta 2019. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2020, jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin leken asirin Amurka sun tantance, watanni da dama da suka gabata, cewa Unit 29155 na hukumar leken asirin sojan Rasha GRU ta yi tayin baiwa mayakan Taliban lamuni a asirce don kashe sojojin Amurka da sauran jami’an hadin gwiwa a Afghanistan, ciki har da yayin tattaunawar sulhu da Taliban Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa "Jami'ai sun ce an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin jami'an leken asirin game da karfin shaidun da ake zargin na Rasha ne." Jami'an ma'aikatar tsaro sun bayar da rahoton cewa leken asirin sojojin Amurka sun kasa tabbatar da shirin da aka ruwaito. A cikin Afrilu 2021, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa ƙungiyar leƙen asirin Amurka tana da "ƙananan amana zuwa matsakaici" a cikin zarge-zargen shirin kyauta.
Fage A cikin shekarar 2010, an bayar da rahoton cewa Iran ta biya wa mayakan Taliban dala 1,000 ga kowane sojan Amurka da suka kashe a Afghanistan equivalent to $1,240 a 2021 Jami'an Amurka da Birtaniyya sun zargi Iran da bayar da tallafi da makamai ga mayakan Taliban a Afganistan. A watan Agustan 2019, jaridar Washington Post ta ba da rahoton cewa "dangantakar Iran da Taliban a yanzu ta shafi tattalin arziki, tsaro da siyasa kuma mai yiwuwa ta bunkasa kamar yadda Taliban ta sake jaddada kanta." Ana kuma zargin Pakistan da Saudiyya da goyon bayan Taliban. Da farko dai Rasha ta goyi bayan yakin da Amurka ke yi da ta'addanci tare da amincewa da bayar da tallafin dabaru ga sojojin Amurka a Afganistan A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, Rasha ta rufe wata babbar hanyar safarar sojoji wacce ta baiwa NATO damar isar da kayayyakin soji zuwa Afghanistan ta cikin yankin Rasha. Hukumar leken asiri ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Rasha tana ba wa yan Taliban makamai na tsawon shekaru da dama tare da tuntuɓar juna a Arewacin Afghanistan tun daga 2015. A baya dai jami'an tsaro daga Amurka da Afganistan sun ayyana cewa kasar Rasha na bayar da tallafin kudi da makamai ga kungiyar Taliban da shugabanninta. Jami'an gwamnatin Rasha dai sun bayyana zargin mara tushe. Carter Malkasian, tsohon mai ba da shawara ga kwamandojin sojojin Amurka a Afganistan, ya ce Rasha ta fara kulla alaka da "wasu 'yan Taliban" a arewacin Afganistan a shekara ta 2015, mai yiwuwa a matsayin mayar da martani ga ayyukan IS A cewar BBC, Rasha "ta damu matuka game da karuwar masu tsatstsauran ra'ayin Islama a yankin da ke yaduwa a cikin ta. Kuma tana kallon ’yan Taliban a matsayin wata katafariyar katangar da za ta iya magance wannan.” A watan Fabrairu da kuma a cikin Mayu 2019, wata tawaga ta jami'an Taliban da manyan 'yan siyasar Afghanistan sun gana a Moscow don gudanar da wani sabon zagaye na tattaunawar zaman lafiya na Afghanistan Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayar da rahoton cewa "Jami'an Rasha da shugabannin addinai da dattawa sun nemi a tsagaita wuta." Unit 29155 rukunin sirri ne na GRU wanda ke da alhakin kashe-kashen waje da sauran ayyukan ɓoye. An dai alakanta sashin da yunkurin juyin mulkin kasar Montenegrin na shekarar 2016, da gubar da aka yiwa kamfanin kera makamai na Bulgaria Emilian Gebrev, da kuma gubar Sergei da Yulia Skripal A cikin shekarar 2019, an kashe jami'an Amurka 23 a wani aiki a Afghanistan. Ma'aikatan sabis na Amurka goma sun mutu sakamakon harbin bindiga ko fashewar abubuwa a cikin 2018 da 16 a cikin 2019. An kuma kashe wasu biyu a cikin 2020 kafin tsagaita bude wuta a watan Fabrairu da farkon cutar ta COVID-19 An kashe da yawa daga cikin sojojin a hare-haren kore-da-blue (harin da jami'an tsaron Afganistan suka kai kan dakarun hadin gwiwa). A watan Disamba na 2019, takardun Afghanistan sun bayyana cewa manyan sojoji da jami'an gwamnati gabaɗaya suna da ra'ayin cewa yaƙin Afghanistan ba shi da nasara, amma sun ɓoye hakan ga jama'a. A cewar karar, wanda aka shigar a watan Disamban shekarar 2019 a Kotun Gundumar DC a madadin iyalan Gold Star, manyan yan kwangilar tsaro na Amurka da na kasa da kasa da ke da hannu a Afganistan sun ba da "kudaden kariya" ga Taliban ba bisa ka'ida ba, tare da ba da tallafin "Ta'addancin da Taliban ke jagoranta" kashe ko jikkata dubban Amurkawa a Afghanistan. Wata shari'ar da ke da alaka da ita ta zargi gwamnatin Iran. A shekara ta 2009, Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a lokacin Hillary Clinton ta ce "kudin kariya" yana daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kudade ga Taliban. A ranar 29 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Trump ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Taliban, wanda ke yin kira da a janye sojojin kasashen waje a cikin watanni 14 idan Taliban ta kiyaye sharuddan yarjejeniyar. A watan Mayun 2020, Shugaba Trump ya ce "lokaci ya yi" da za a dawo da sojojin Amurka gida daga Afghanistan.
Tarin hankali A farkon shekarar 2019 ne aka fara sanar da jami'an fadar White House rahotannin sirri game da shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha. Rahotannin da ke fitowa daga dakarun Amurka na musamman da kuma jami’an leken asiri da ke da hedkwata a Afganistan na cewa an biya ‘yan ta’addar tukwici a shekarar 2019 saboda harin da suka kai wa sojojin Amurka a shekarar 2019 da 2020. Rahotannin sun dogara ne kan tambayoyin mayakan da aka kama (ciki har da tambayoyin da sojojin Amurka suka yi), tambayoyin wadanda aka kama; da bayanan sa ido. Bayanan da aka samu daga mayakan Taliban "daga bangarori daban-daban na kasar da kuma na kabilu daban-daban" sun kasance iri daya. Tun da farko dai hukumomin leken asiri da manazarta sun samu sabani kan amincin binciken da aka yi kan tambayoyin da ake tsare da su. Bayanai na lantarki da aka kama sun nuna babban musayar banki zuwa asusun da ke da alaƙa da Taliban daga asusun da GRU ke sarrafawa. Jami'an Afganistan sun ce 'yan kasuwa da dama da suka aika kudi ta hanyar hawala ana zargin su ne masu shiga tsakani na shirin bayar da lamuni kuma an kama su a wani samame. A cikin watan Janairun 2020, wani farmakin hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da Hukumar Tsaro ta Afganistan, sun kai farmaki kan sansanin Taliban a Kunduz An kama mutane 13. Daya ya tsere zuwa Tajikistan yayin da ake tunanin wani dan kasar Afganistan mai safarar miyagun kwayoyi Rahmatullah Azizi ya tsere zuwa kasar Rasha. Jami'an tsaro sun kwato kusan dalar Amurka 500,000 daga gidan Azizi a Kabul A cewar jaridar New York Times, jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun bayyana Azizi a matsayin babban dan tsakani, inda ya karbi makudan kudade na dubban daruruwan daloli daga kasar Rasha tare da raba su ga mayakan da ke da alaka da Taliban. Wannan farmakin dai ya kara tsananta zargin da leken asirin Amurka ke da shi na alaka ta kudi da Rasha da kungiyar Taliban da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa masu alaka. An ba da bayanai kan shirin bayar da lamuni a cikin rahotannin leken asiri kuma jami'ai biyu sun ce babban jami'in hukumar CIA na yankin ne ya san shirin da kuma sojojin da ke da alhakin shigar da kungiyar Taliban. CIA ta samar da kima na leken asiri, bita da kuma tabbatar da binciken. Kiyasin ya kammala da cewa, jami'an sojan Rasha sun bayar da tukuicin tuhume-tuhume kan nasarar da aka samu kan dakarun hadin gwiwa a shekarar 2019. Ana kyautata zaton mayakan Islama ne ko kuma abokan huldar su da suka yi mugun laifi suka tattara tukuicin da aka bayar daga shirin. Jami'an soji sun kuma yi nazari kan wadanda aka kashe a fadan da suka yi a baya domin tantance ko za a iya alakanta wani daga cikin wadanda suka mutu da shirin bayar da kyautar. Masu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan hare-hare guda biyu kan sojojin Amurka, daya daga cikinsu shi ne harin bam a wajen filin jirgin saman Bagram a watan Afrilun 2019 wanda ya kashe sojojin ruwa Robert A. Hendriks, Benjamin S. Hines, da Christopher Slutman. Jami’ai ba su bayyana yadda aka zabo wuraren da sojoji suka kai wa hari ba ko kuma yadda ake biyan mayakan. Jami'an Afganistan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba sun yi ikirarin cewa shirin bayar da ladan ya yi tayin bayar da dala 100,000 ga kowane sojan Amurka ko na kawancen da aka kashe.
Ƙimar hankali Kasancewar shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha zai nuna ci gaban yakin cacar baki na biyu da ke gudana kuma a karon farko da aka san GRU da kitsa kai hare-hare kan jami'an soji na Yamma. A cewar wani rahoto na New York Times a watan Yuli 2020, gwamnatin Trump ta nemi haifar da shakku game da wanzuwar shirin lamuni na Rasha. Hukumar Leken Asiri ta kasa, wacce ta ba da rahoto ga daraktan leken asirin kasa na Trump, John Ratcliffe, ta samar da wata takarda mai shafi biyu da rabi da ke nuna cewa CIA da Cibiyar Yaki da Ta'addanci ta kasa sun tantance da "matsakaicin amincewa" (watau, "da gaske an samo asali kuma a bayyane yake)., amma faduwa kusa da tabbas") cewa GRU ya ba da kyauta, amma Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSA) da sauran sassan Al'umman Leken asiri sun ce "ba su da bayanan da za su goyi bayan wannan matakin a matakin guda" don haka suna da ƙasa. amincewa a ƙarshe. Wani rahoton Wall Street Journal na daban ya ce hukumar ta NSA ta "ba da ra'ayi sosai" daga kimantawar CIA da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro cewa makircin ladar gaskiya ne kuma na gaske. Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DOD), a cikin shaida a cikin Yuli 2020 ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar ta Janar Mark Milley, shugaban hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin soja da sakataren tsaro Mark Esper, ya ce hukumomin leken asirin Amurka ba su da wani bayani don tabbatar da rahotanni. na shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha a Afganistan kuma ba shi da wata shaida na "sabani da tasiri dangane da shirin lamuni na Rasha wanda ke haddasa asarar sojojin Amurka." Da hawansa mulki, Biden ya umurci gwamnatinsa da ta gudanar da cikakken nazari kan manufofin Amurka game da Rasha. An haɗa rahotannin kyauta a cikin bita, tare da wasu batutuwa (kamar guba da ɗaurin kurkuku na Alexei Navalny, ƙoƙarin Rasha don tsoma baki tare da zaɓen Amurka, da SolarWinds cyberespionage harin A cikin 2021, Sanata Tammy Duckworth (Democrat na Illinois) ya nemi Daraktan Leken Avril Haines da ya fito fili ya fitar da wani kima na Al'ummar Leken Asiri na Amurka game da leken asirin Rasha don nuna gaskiya. Wani mai magana da yawun Hukumar Tsaron Kasa ta Amurka (NSC) ya fada a cikin sanarwar Afrilu 2021 cewa Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka tana da "kyakkyawan amincewa da matsakaici" kan wanzuwar shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha. A cikin leken asirin Amurka, "madaidaicin kwarin gwiwa" yana nufin cewa bayanan sirri sun tantance bayanan a matsayin "masu inganci kuma an samo su cikin aminci, amma ba a tabbatar da su sosai don cancantar ƙima mafi girma" da "ƙananan ƙarfin gwiwa" yana nufin ƙarshen ya kasance "dangane da bayanan da ake tambaya ko rashin fahimta ko kuma bayanin da ya tarwatse ko kuma ba a tabbatar da shi ba don yin tsattsauran ra'ayi". Jami'ai sun ce "ƙananan amincewa da matsakaici" yana da nasaba da tushen bayanan falala ('yan fursunonin Afghanistan, bayanan kuɗi da aka kama yayin wani hari, da "bayanai da shaidar alaƙa da masu aikata laifuka a Afghanistan da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin gwamnatin Rasha" wanda ba za a iya ɗauka da ƙima ba, da kuma yanayin aiki a Afghanistan wanda ke sa tattara bayanan sirri (don tabbatar da hasashe) da wahala. Sai dai wannan sanarwar ta kuma ce hukumar leken asirin Amurka tana da "kwarin gwiwa" kan wani bincike na daban na cewa leken asirin sojan Rasha na gudanar da "mu'amala da daidaikun mutane a cikin kungiyoyin masu aikata laifukan Afganistan" ta hanyar "daidai da hare-haren karfafa gwiwar da Rasha ke kai wa Amurka da ma'aikatan hadin gwiwa a Afghanistan. Kwararru a fannin leken asiri sun ce abu ne na al'ada don hankali ya yi duhu.
Rahoto Da yake ambaton majiyoyin da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba, a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2020, jaridar New York Times ta ba da rahoto game da wani shirin soja na Rasha na biyan tukwici ga mayakan da ke da alaka da Taliban saboda kashe sojojin Amurka a Afghanistan Bayan kwanaki biyu, jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa shirin bayar da kyautar ya yi sanadin mutuwar akalla sojan Amurka daya. Jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa, "Mutane da dama da ke da masaniya kan lamarin sun ce ba a san takamaimai nawa Amurkawa ko sojojin hadin gwiwa na wasu kasashe aka kashe ko aka kai musu hari a karkashin shirin ba" da kuma bayanan sirrin da aka samu daga tambayoyi da sojojin Amurka suka yi wa 'yan Taliban da suka kama. 'Yan ta'addar da ke da alaka, an "gare su daga sojojin Amurka na musamman da ke Afganistan kuma sun kai ga wani taƙaitaccen taron fadar White House" a ƙarshen Maris 2020. Jaridar The Times ta ruwaito cewa masu binciken na Amurka sun gano akalla hari guda daya da suke zargin an karfafa musu gwiwa: wani harin bam da aka kai a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019 a wajen filin jirgin saman Bagram wanda ya kashe sojojin ruwa uku tare da raunata wasu uku, tare da jikkata akalla ‘yan kasar Afghanistan shida. A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2020, Sakataren Tsaro Mark Esper ya ce Marine Gen. Kenneth McKenzie Jr. da hukumomin leken asiri na DOD ba su sami wata alaƙa tsakanin tuhume-tuhumen da ake zargin Rasha da kai harin ba.
Martani
Afghanistan Shugaban kasar Afganistan Ashraf Ghani ya ce kasar ba za ta iya zama wurin da ake gudanar da manyan wasannin motsa jiki ba tsakanin shugabannin kasashen duniya, yana mai cewa hakan ya kawo bala'i a kasar a karni na 19 da kuma karshen karni na 20.
Rasha Rasha ta musanta cewa akwai shirin bayar da lamuni, tana ba da musantawa ta hannun mai magana da yawun Putin Dmitry Peskov, Sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Rasha Nikolai Patrushev, Wakilin Rasha a Afghanistan, Zamir Kabulov, da kuma dan majalisar Rasha Frants Klintsevich. memba na kwamitin tsaro da tsaro na Majalisar Tarayya. Jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha sun zargi jaridar New York Times da yada labaran karya kuma sun ce labarin ya haifar da barazana ga jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Rasha ta ce labarin ya nuna "karancin basirar masu yada bayanan leken asirin Amurka." Wasu ƙwararrun Rasha sun ce "Leƙen asirin Amurka game da Rasha sun rabu da gaskiya gaba ɗaya" kuma rahotanni game da falala "sun yi aiki kawai don rura wutar yakin basasa na siyasa tsakanin Shugaba Donald Trump da abokan hamayyarsa a Washington"; darektan majalisar kula da harkokin kasa da kasa ta kasar Rasha, mai alaka da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar, ya bayyana cewa, biyan kudade ga kungiyar Taliban zai cutar da muradun kasar Rasha, ta hanyar gaggauta janyewar Amurka daga yankin, da kuma kara barazanar da masu kishin Islama za su shiga kan karagar mulki. a Afghanistan, yana haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da tayar da zaune tsaye a cikin tsoffin jihohin Soviet na tsakiyar Asiya. Sai dai kuma a cewar wata hira da aka yi da jami'an Afghanistan, da jami'an Amurka, da jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje da suka yi aiki a Kabul, 'yan Taliban, Rasha da Iran, duk da cewa abokan gaba ne na tarihi, suna da sha'awar ficewar Amurka daga Afganistan, inda Rashawa ke kallon kasancewar Amurka. a tsakiyar Asiya a matsayin barazanar dabara. Jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun ce a shekara ta 2012 ne Rasha ta fara gina hanyar diflomasiyya ga kungiyar Taliban Lokacin da Rasha ta fahimci cewa Amurka na da niyyar barin Afghanistan, sai ta fara aiki don taimakawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ƙungiyoyin Taliban masu kishin ƙasa su yi galaba a kan fikafikan da suka fi muni. Yana da nufin matsar da tsarin zaman lafiya zuwa matsakaiciyar hanya ta hanyar kai tsaye tare da Taliban kuma, a cewar masana na Rasha, watakila sun ƙirƙiri ƙarin alaƙar sirri.
Taliban Taliban ta musanta cewa akwai shirin bayar da kyautar, tare da mai magana da yawun Taliban Zabiullah Mujahid yana mai cewa "kashe-kashen mu da kashe-kashen mu sun ci gaba da faruwa a shekarun da suka gabata, kuma mun yi hakan ne da kanmu" ba tare da taimakon hukumomin leken asiri ba.
Amurka
Gwamnatin Trump Ƙididdigar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa (NSC) a Fadar White House ta Trump a ƙarshen Maris 2020. Jami’an gwamnati sun ce an yi wa manyan jami’an fadar White House bayani kan shirin bayar da kyauta kuma an sanya shirin a cikin Takaitaccen Takaice na Shugaban Kasa a karshen watan Fabrairu. An tattauna batutuwa daban-daban ga Rasha a taron, ciki har da yin rajistar koken diflomasiyya da jerin takunkumi, amma gwamnatin Donald Trump ba ta ba da izini ba. Yayin da wakilin Amurka na musamman kan sasanta Afganistan Zalmay Khalilzad ya ba da shawarar yin tir da Rasha kai tsaye, jami'ai tare da NSC "sun yi watsi da daukar matakin gaggawa". A cikin watannin da suka biyo baya, jami'ai sun ce "an kula da shirin bayar da kyautar a matsayin sirrin sirri". A cikin makon da ya gabata na watan Yuni, an faɗaɗa taƙaitaccen bayani kuma an yiwa gwamnatin Birtaniyya bayani. Su ne kawai memba na haɗin gwiwar da aka sanar da su a hukumance game da bayanan sirri. Trump da mukarrabansa sun ce ba a yi masa bayani kan bayanan sirrin ba. Darektan leken asiri na kasa (DNI) John Ratcliffe da sakataren yada labarai na fadar White House Kayleigh McEnany sun ce Trump bai samu wani takaitaccen bayani kan shirin bayar da kyautar ba. Richard Grenell, wanda ke rike da mukamin DNI har zuwa Mayu 2020, ya ce ba a sanar da shi game da shirin kyautar ba. Trump ya kira shirin bayar da kyautar "Labaran karya" da kuma yaudara, ya kuma rubuta a shafin Twitter cewa jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun ba shi shawarar cewa ba su kai rahoto gare shi ko Mike Pence ba saboda ba su samu sahihanci ba. Jaridar New York Times ta ce "a cikin musun cewa an yi wa Mista Trump bayani, jami'an gudanarwar sun nuna rashin jin dadinsu game da yadda ake ayyana wannan ra'ayi da kuma ko ya hada da bayanan baki da kuma takaitaccen bayanin shugaban kasa." Wasu jami'ai biyu da ke da masaniya kan lamarin sun ce Trump ya samu rubutaccen bayani a cikin takaitaccen bayani na Daily Daily ta shugaban kasar kan leken asirin Rasha a karshen watan Fabrairu; McEnany ya ce Trump "ba a yi masa bayani da kansa kan lamarin ba." An ba da rahoton cewa Trump sau da yawa ba ya karanta Takaitattun Labaran Shugaban Kasa, a maimakon haka yana karbar bayanan baka na lokaci-lokaci. Jami'an leken asiri na yanzu da na tsoffin jami'an leken asiri sun ce ko da a yayin ganawar sirri, Trump "yana da matukar wahala a yi takaitaccen bayani kan lamuran tsaron kasa" kuma "sau da yawa yana dogara a maimakon kafofin yada labarai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da abokai don samun bayanai." Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro Robert O'Brien ya ce "Ma'aikacin CIA na Trump ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi masa bayani saboda bayanan sirri ne da ba a tantance ba" kuma ya lura cewa Amurka na samun bayanan sirri da yawa a kowane mako. McEnany ya ce "Babu wata yarjejeniya tsakanin jami'an leken asirin kan wadannan zarge-zargen kuma a sakamakon haka akwai ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba daga wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin leken asirin dangane da sahihancin abin da ake yadawa." Kakakin hukumar ta NSC John Ullyot ya ce "ana ci gaba da tantance sahihancin zarge-zargen." Duk da haka, jaridar New York Times, ta ambato jami'ai biyu, ta ruwaito a ranar 29 ga Yuni cewa "bayanin kima na leken asirin cewa sashin na Rasha ya aiwatar da makircin falala kuma ana ganin yana da mahimmanci kuma mai ƙarfi sosai don yaɗa shi gabaɗaya a cikin al'ummomin leken asirin. wani labarin Mayu 4 a cikin Binciken Leken asirin Duniya na CIA." 'Yar majalisar wakilai ta Democrat Elissa Slotkin 'yar Michigan tsohuwar manazarci ta CIA, ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Tsaro ta kasa, kuma mai ba da bayanan leken asiri ta ce a cikin kwarewarta a Fadar White House George W. Bush da Obama, wani bayanan sirri kamar yadda aka ruwaito tukuicin da Rasha ke yiwa sojojin Amurka. za a yi la'akari da cewa yana da matukar mahimmanci a raba shi da shugaban ko da akwai sabanin ra'ayi tsakanin leken asirin Amurka. Slotkin ya ce zai zama "damuwa sosai" idan manyan ma'aikata suka kasa kai irin wannan bayanin ga Trump duk da kiran waya biyar da ya yi da Putin kwanan nan. Robert Cardillo, tsohon babban jami'in leken asirin Amurka, da David Priess, tsohon mai ba da bayanai na hukumar leken asiri ta CIA na yau da kullun, kuma marubucin wani littafi kan bayanan bayanan sirri na shugaban kasa, dukkansu sun ce a gwamnatocin da suka gabata, shugabannin "sun sami tantancewa kan batutuwa masu mahimmancin mahimmanci ko da idan suna da ra'ayi daga wasu manazarta ko hukumomi," da kuma cewa irin wannan rashin amincewa an kai ga shugabannin "don taimaka musu fahimtar rashin tabbas da tsarin nazari." Priess ya lura cewa rashin tabbas yana tattare da yanayin hankali. Shugaban ma'aikatan fadar White House Mark Meadows ya ce mutane za su "daure" saboda rahotannin da ke cewa Rasha ta yi tayin tuhume-tuhume ga mayakan Taliban. Meadows ya ce "Mun san an aikata laifi. Duk wanda ya leka wannanBa su ma fitar da labarin duka ba. Mun kuduri aniyar kaiwa ga gaci, ba mu da wani hankali da zai taimaka wajen bayar da rahoto." Rudy Giuliani, memba na kungiyar lauyoyin Trump, ya kira mai ba da labarin a matsayin "mai zurfin tunani wanda ya aikata babban laifi. Ba zan iya tunanin wani laifi mafi muni ba. Ba cin amana ba ne amma ya zo kusa." A watan Yunin 2020, Mark Milley, shugaban hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin sojojin, ya shaida wa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar cewa, duk da cewa ba a sami wata alaka da irin wannan shirin ga Amurkawa da aka kashe ba, Amurka na ci gaba da bincike kuma za ta “dau mataki” idan shirin falala ya tabbata gaskiya ne. Sakataren tsaro Mark Esper ya ce Janar Kenneth McKenzie, kwamandan rundunar Amurka ta tsakiya, da Janar Scott Miller, babban kwamandan sojojin Amurka a Afganistan, ba su yi tunanin "rahotanni sun tabbata ba yayin da aka tona su." McKenzie ya ce bai sami wani "hankali mai haddasawa" a tsakanin bayar da rahoton bayar da rahoton mutuwar sojojin Amurka ba, amma ya ce rahotannin suna da matukar damuwa kuma ya ce rashin hujja "sau da yawa gaskiya ne a leken asirin fagen fama." A watan Satumba na 2020, McKenzie ya ce wanzuwar wata baiwa ta Rasha "ba a tabbatar da matakin da ya gamsar da ni ba" amma sojoji sun ci gaba da neman shaida tare da daukar lamarin "ba batun rufe ba."
Majalisa Trump bai taba tayar da tuhume-tuhume ba a cikin tattaunawarsa da shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin, yana haifar da suka daga 'yan Democrat da wasu 'yan Republican. Masana harkokin ketare da dama sun ce kamata ya yi gwamnatin Amurka ta gabatar da batun ga gwamnatin Rasha, ko da kuwa babu tabbatacciyar hujja. Shugabar majalisar Nancy Pelosi ta soki Trump, tana mai cewa: "Wannan mummunan abu ne kamar yadda ake samu, kuma duk da haka shugaban ba zai fuskanci Rashawa kan wannan maki ba, ya musanta cewa an yi musu bayani." Pelosi ya yi ishara da shawarwarin da Trump ya bayar na mayar da Rasha cikin G8, inda aka kori Rasha daga cikinta bayan mamaye Crimea a ranar 24 ga Maris, 2014. Pelosi da shugaban marasa rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa Chuck Schumer sun yi kira da a yi wa dukkan ‘yan majalisar bayani kan lamarin. Fadar White House ta ba da bayani game da matsayinta a watan Yuni 2020 ga gungun 'yan Republican House takwas da ke kawance da gwamnatin. Daga cikin 'yan jam'iyyar Republican, Sanata Lindsey Graham da Wakilai Liz Cheney da Dan Crenshaw sun nuna bacin ransu game da labarin tare da neman bayani, yayin da Wakilin Adam Kinzinger ya yi kira ga Trump da ya dakatar da zargin "yakin inuwa" da Rasha ke yi. Sauran 'yan jam'iyyar Republican sun kare Trump, ciki har da shugaban marasa rinjaye Kevin McCarthy A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, Kwamitin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Majalisar ya kada kuri'a da gagarumin rinjaye don amincewa da wani gyara don takaita ikon Trump na janye sojojin Amurka daga Afghanistan Rep. Seth Moulton ya ce: "Yanzu mun sami labarin cewa [Trump] yana yin [yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya da Taliban] a daidai lokacin da ake samun alheri a kan sojojin Amurka, 'ya'yan Amurka maza da mata. A fili muna bukatar karin sa ido kan abin da shugaban kasar ke yi a Afghanistan."
Gudanar da Biden A cikin 2020, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Joe Biden, yayin da yake yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa, ya soki Trump da kasa "kakaba takunkumi ko dorawa Rasha kowane irin sakamako kan wannan mummunar take hakkin dokokin kasa da kasa" kuma ya ce Trump ya ci gaba da yakin neman zabensa na nuna kunya. da kuma wulakanta kansa a gaban Vladimir Putin." Biden ya ci gaba da bayyana rashin mayar da martanin Trump a matsayin hujjar cewa "dukkanin shugabancin Trump kyauta ce ga Putin" kuma ya yi alkawarin idan aka zabe shi, "Putin zai fuskanci kalubale kuma za mu dora wa Rasha tsada." A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2021, kwanaki hudu bayan Biden ya hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya fara samun cikakkun bayanan sirri, ya canza kalaman nasa, yana nufin "rahotanni na alheri." A cikin Afrilu 2021, gwamnatin ta fitar da wata takarda ta gaskiya tana mai cewa manazarta CIA suna da "ƙananan amincewa da matsakaici" game da wanzuwar shirin kyauta amma suna da "kwarin gwiwa" cewa leken asirin sojan Rasha ya yi aiki tare da cibiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na Afghanistan wanda "ya yi daidai da ƙarfafawar Rasha. hare-haren da ake kaiwa Amurka da dakarun hadin gwiwa a Afghanistan." Leken asirin ya dogara ne akan "bayar da rahoton da aka tsare". Takardar ta ce: "Gwamnatin tana mayar da martani ne kan rahotannin da ke cewa Rasha ta karfafa hare-haren Taliban a kan Amurka da jami'an kawance a Afganistan bisa la'akari mafi kyawu daga Hukumar Leken Asiri. Idan aka yi la’akari da hazakar wannan al’amari, wanda ya shafi tsaro da jin dadin dakarunmu, ana gudanar da shi ta hanyoyin diflomasiyya, da soja da kuma bayanan sirri.” Sakatariyar yada labaran fadar White House, Jen Psaki, ta yi kira ga Rasha da gwamnatin Rasha da su yi bayanin yadda suka kulla a nan. A cikin Afrilu 2021, gwamnatin Biden ta sanya takunkumi a kan hukumomi da daidaikun jama'a na Rasha saboda "cika kokarin da gwamnatin Rasha ta yi na yin tasiri a zaben shugaban Amurka na 2020, da sauran ayyukan rashin fahimta da tsoma baki"; don ayyukan Rasha a cikin Crimea, da kuma harin yanar gizo na SolarWinds, amma gwamnati ta yi taka tsantsan don fayyace cewa ba a sanya takunkumin ba don falala.
Wasu David B. Rivkin ya rubuta cewa "irin wannan farautar fatar kai zai zama wani abu da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Ko a lokacin yakin cacar baka, Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka sun kaurace wa irin wannan aiki, duk da shagaltuwa da shiga cikin yakin neman zabe a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a duniya." Tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Colin Powell ya bayar da hujjar cewa kafafen yada labarai sun yi matukar kaduwa da rahotannin, yana mai cewa "Abin da na sani shi ne kwamandojin sojojinmu da ke kasa ba su yi tunanin cewa hakan babbar matsala ce kamar yadda jaridu ke yadawa ba".
Ra'ayin jama'a na Amurka Wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayi na Reuters/Ipsos da aka gudanar a watan Yuli 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 60% na Amurkawa sun ce sun gano shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha ya kasance "sosai" ko "dan" abin gaskatawa. Kashi 54% na wadanda suka yi zabe sun so sanya karin takunkumi kan Rasha, yayin da kashi 9% ke goyan bayan hare-haren soji a kan Sojojin Rasha, 29% ba su sani ba, kuma "9% na son ci gaba da kokarin inganta dangantaka da Rasha".
Ƙasar Ingila An yi wa Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Boris Johnson bayani game da shirin bayar da lamuni. Bai fitar da rahoton kwamitin leken asiri da tsaro na majalisar dokokin kasar ba kan tsoma bakin Rasha a siyasar Burtaniya Tobias Ellwood, Shugaban Kwamitin Zaɓar Tsaro na Majalisar Wakilai, ya nemi ya gabatar da wata tambaya ta gaggawa a cikin majalisar dokokin game da lamarin, don samun bayani daga wani ministan gwamnati.
Sauran rahotannin shirye-shiryen kyauta An kuma zargi Iran da bayar da lamuni ga sojojin Amurka daga baya a cikin 2020. Jami’an leken asirin Amurka sun kiyasta cewa Iran (wadda ke yawan amfani da ‘yan amshin shata wajen kai hare-hare a Gabas ta Tsakiya) ta biya wa kungiyar Haqqani kudade da ke da alaka da akalla hare-hare shida na cibiyar sadarwa a shekarar 2019 ciki har da wani sabon harin da aka kai a Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, Disamba 11, 2019 Jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun yi nuni da cewa, mai yiwuwa kungiyar Haqqani za ta kai hari kan sojojin Amurka ko da ba tare da biya ba, amma kudaden da ke da alaka da harin na Bagram "watakila ya kara zaburar da manyan hare-hare a nan gaba kan sojojin Amurka da na hadin gwiwa." A cewar CNN, gwamnatin Trump "ba ta taba ambaton alakar Iran da harin bam ba, watsi na yanzu da tsoffin jami'ai da aka ce yana da alaka da babban fifiko" na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Amurka da Taliban da kuma ficewa daga Afghanistan An ambaci alakar da ake zargin Iran da Taliban a matsayin wani bangare na hujjar kisan Qasem Soleimani A gefe guda kuma, an samu rahotannin da ba su da tabbas na cewa gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi tayin bayar da tukuicin biyan kudaden da aka kai wa sojojin Amurka a Afganistan. Ba a fayyace ko wata leken asiri da ta nuna cewa an biya wata kyauta da gaske ko kuma an yi yunkurin kai harin. An ba da rahoton cewa an yi wa shugaban Amurka Donald Trump bayani game da bayanan sirrin da ba a tantance ba, duk da watsi da rahotanni (wanda kwararrun tsaron kasa suka yi la’akari da su) game da tuhume-tuhumen da Rasha ta bayar.
Duba kuma An kashe sojojin Amurka a yakin Afghanistan
Takardun Afganistan
Takardun yakin Afghanistan sun leka
Operation Cyclone
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53241 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhaimi%20Kamaruddin | Suhaimi Kamaruddin | Dato 'Haji Suhaimi bin Kamaruddin ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne kuma lauya ne ta hanyar sana'a. Ya kasance tsohon shugaban kungiyar matasa ta UMNO kuma tsohon Mataimakin Minista a gwamnatin tarayya. Shi memba ne na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a cikin tsohon hadin gwiwar Barisan Nasional (BN). Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Sepang a Selangor na wa'adi uku daga 1974 zuwa 1986 yana wakiltar BN.
Ya kuma kasance tsohon shugaban kungiyar matasa ta Gerakan Belia 4B Malaysia.
Rayuwa ta farko da aiki An haifi Suhaimi a matsayin ɗan tsohon Menteri Besar na Terrenganu, Dato 'Perdana Menteri Di Raja Dato' Seri Setia Raja Kamaruddin Idris Bayan ya halarci makarantar firamare ta gida, daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Malay Kuala Kangsar don karatun sakandare. Ya ci gaba da samun LL.B. daga Jami'ar Birmingham a Shari'a, kuma ya sami Bar.
Shigar da shi cikin siyasa ya kawo masa yabo mai yawa a matsayin dan siyasa, kuma da sauri ya tashi a cikin UMNO don samun jagorancin ƙungiyar matasa ta UMNO. Ra'ayoyinsa sun kasance masu goyon bayan Malay, kuma ya ba da shawarar sau da yawa a majalisa don NEP ya yi niyyar kashi 30% na aikin tattalin arziki ya kai kashi 40%-50% don amfanin Malays. Duk da yake ya yi ikirarin cewa manufarsa ita ce ta goyi bayan Malays waɗanda galibi sun fi talauci, ra'ayoyinsa ba su da kyau a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma nasararsa ta kasance a wani bangare, idan ba da gangan ba, saboda jin dadi game da asalin Malay. A shekara ta 1982, Suhaimi ya rasa shugabancin Matasan UMNO bayan dan siyasa mai suna Anwar Ibrahim ya karɓi iko da motsi daga gare shi da ƙarancin kuri'u 10 a cikin gwagwarmayar da aka yi. Anwar ya samu 183, idan aka kwatanta da Suhaimi's 173, tare da Hang Tuah Arshad yana karɓar kuri'u 3 kawai. A shekara ta 1984, kuri'un sun fi dacewa da Anwar, 226 ba tare da Suhaimi 137. Koyaya, ganin shi a matsayin barazana ga aikinsa na siyasa, Anwar ya cire Suhaimi daga motsi duk da ci gaba da lalata kafofin watsa labarai game da dalilin Anwar da kuma zargin cewa Anwar ya shiga cikin 'politik wang' (siyasar kuɗi).
Duk da wannan koma baya, Suhaimi har yanzu ya sami nasarar zama Mataimakin Ministan Ilimi. A cikin 1981, ya ba da shawarar haɗa tsarin ilimi (a lokacin, ya rabu zuwa makarantun ƙasa, makarantun Sinanci da makarantun Tamil) don yara Malay, Sinanci le Indiya su koyi haɗuwa, wanda ya haifar da jituwa ta launin fata. Lim Kit Siang na Jam'iyyar Democratic Action Party (DAP) ya yi masa ba'a saboda irin wannan shawarar, wanda ya yi tir da irin wannan ra'ayi a matsayin "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da chauvinistic". Suhaimi ya kare ra'ayoyinsa, yana mai cewa haɗin kai na launin fata ya fi muhimmanci fiye da ciyar da makarantu ga wani tseren, yana gargadi kowa game da bambancin launin fata a nan gaba. An tsawata masa, kuma an ambaci Dokar Tawaye a matsayin barazana idan ya ci gaba da irin wannan tayin.
Ayyukan siyasa na baya A shekara ta 1987, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah ya kalubalanci Firayim Minista na lokacin Dr. Mahathir Mohamad A cikin zaben, Dokta Mahathir ya sami nasarar riƙe matsayinsa. Koyaya, an raba UMNO zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban yayin da Tengku Razaleigh bai gamsu da sakamakon ba. Ya bar jam'iyyar kuma ya ci gaba da kansa, ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa da ake kira Parti Melayu Semangat 46 a shekarar 1989. Adadin 46 yana nufin shekarar da aka kafa UMNO. Suhaimi ya zama babban sakatare na jam'iyyar, tare da wasu manyan sunayen siyasa daga kungiyar B da aka lakafta da kafofin watsa labarai kamar Datuk Rais Yatim, Datuk Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad, Datuk Zainal Abidin Zin, Datuk Manan Othman, Datuk Ibrahim Ali, Datin Paduka Rahmah Othman da Marina Yusof, sun sauya sheka zuwa Semangat 46. Koyaya, wasu mahimman membobin Team B musamman Tun Musa Hitam, Datuk Shahrir Samad da tsohon Firayim Minista Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi sun yanke shawarar kasancewa a Umno, amma a hankali sun goyi bayan Semangat 46 daga baya don kauce wa hankalin kafofin watsa labarai.
Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, Tengku Razaleigh ya rushe Semangat 46 kuma ya koma UMNO, ya tilasta Suhaimi da sauran abokansa na siyasa su koma UMNO ko kuma su yi ritaya daga siyasa har abada. Suhaimi ya koma UMNO kuma ya kasance mai aiki a siyasa har zuwa yau.
Ayyukan kwanan nan A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, kamfanin Jamus GUNT, wanda Datuk Suhaimi Kamaruddin, Marisa Regina Mohd Aris Rizal da Saidatun Nasihah suka wakilta, sun ci nasara a kan kamfanin Cheras, MS Instruments Sdn Bhd. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi samar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da kayayyakin kwaikwayon a karkashin ainihin labarin Jamusanci.
Sakamakon zaben
Daraja Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1972)
Companion of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SMS)
Kwamandan Knight na Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS) Dato' (1981)
Duba kuma Sepang (mazabar tarayya)
Bayani da Manazarta Rayayyun |
42584 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Marufi | Ibrahim Marufi | Ibrahim Maaroufi an haife shi 18 ga watan Janairun, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989) miladiyya, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya Ya wakilci Morocco U-23 da Belgium U-21 a matakin kasa da kasa. A cikin watan Oktobar shekarar 2007 Maaroufi ya ayyana kansa ga Maroko maimakon Belgium Aiki Maaroufi ya fara aikinsa tare da tawagar Belgium Anderlecht kafin ya koma PSV Eindhoven na Holland Na ƙasashen duniya An kira shi zuwa tawagar farko sau da yawa ta hanyar Roberto Mancini, amma a ƙarshe ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko da Serie A ta farko da Livorno, 25 ga watan Oktobar shekarar 2006, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dejan Stanković a cikin minti na 82nd, ya zama dan wasa na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin tarihi. na Inter, ya girmi Goran Slavkovski amma ƙarami fiye da Giuseppe Bergomi Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar cin kofin Italiya a matsayin dan wasan FC Internazionale Milano a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwambar 2006, da FC Messina Peloro Ya kuma buga wasan dawowa. Gabaɗaya Maaroufi ya buga wa Internazionale wasanni 6 tare da 1 ya zo a Seria A da kuma wasanni 5 ya zo a Coppa Italia.
FC Twente aro A farkon kakar 2008-2009 an ba shi aro zuwa FC Twente don samun ƙarin ƙwarewa lokacin da Fred Rutten ya sanya hannu wanda ya taba horar da Maaroufi a PSV Rutten ya bar kulob din ya koma FC Schalke kuma Steve McLaren ya maye gurbinsa ba da daɗewa ba.
Vicenza A cikin watan Fabrairun 2009, ranar ƙarshe ta taga canja wuri, an sayar da shi ga Vicenza a cikin tayin mallakar haɗin gwiwa. Ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa wanda hakan ya hana shi buga wasu wasanni. Koyaya, Vicenza ya sake shi bisa yardar juna a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2009.
AC Bellinzona A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2009, Maaroufi ya amince da kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kaya na Super League na Switzerland AC Bellinzona Farashin MVV Maastricht A cikin watan Fabrairun 2010 Maaroufi ya amince ya koma Netherlands, tare da Eerste Divisie kulob din MVV Maastricht a kan canja wuri kyauta, kawai ya bar shi a karshen kakar wasa; Dukkanin gogewa sun ƙare ba tare da buga wasan farko ba kwata-kwata.
Wydad Casablanca A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2010, Maaroufi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da zakarun Morocco Wydad Casablanca Sai dai an sake shi daga baya a watan Disamba, bayan ya bayyana a wasanni biyu kacal.
Eupen A cikin watan Janairun 2011, Belgian Pro League club Eupen ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Maaroufi akan canja wuri kyauta. A watan Yulin 2011 Eupen ta sake shi, bayan ya buga wasan farko na farko. Daga nan Maaroufi ya koma kungiyar AS Eupen ta Belgium, yana taka leda a gasar Belgium, duk da haka bayyanarsa tilo ta zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan da suka doke Standard Liège da ci 1-0 a watan Fabrairu. Ya kuma kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba sau hudu kafin Eupen ta sake shi a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
Racing Mechelen A watan Agusta 2011, ya shiga Leeds United kan gwaji. Ya buga wa Leeds reserves da Farsley Celtic a ranar 6 ga Agusta.
Parseh Tehran
Maguzawa A kan 27 Oktoba 2014, Maaroufi ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Lega Pro ta Italiya a kan canja wuri kyauta.
Renaissance Schaerbeek Tsakanin 2015 da 2017, Maaroufi ya buga wa Renaissance Schaerbeek a Lardin Belgian 1.
Toulouse Rodéo da gwaji A cikin Maris 2017, Maaroufi ya shiga ƙungiyar Faransa Toulouse Rodéo a cikin rukuni na biyar Championnat National 3 Bayan barin kulob din a cikin 2018, ya yi gwaji tare da kulob din Dutch Eerste Divisie FC Eindhoven, ba tare da nasara ba.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Maaroufi ya buga wa Belgium da Morocco a matakin matasa. Tare da tawagar 'yan wasan Olympics ta Morocco a watan Disamba 2006, amma ya buga wasansa na farko na tawagar U-21 a Belgium da Sint-Truiden a watan Fabrairun 2007. An kuma kira shi don karawa da Serbia a watan Maris na 2007. Ya buga wasansa na karshe na Belgian U-21 da Austria U-21, a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2007. Maaroufi ya ce da farko zai amince da kiran da ake yi wa Moroccon ‘yan kasa da shekara 23 ne kawai idan aka nada shi kyaftin. Daga nan sai ya sake karbar kiran da tawagar 'yan wasan Olympics ta Morocco ta yi masa, don gasar cin kofin maza ta CAF ta 2008 a watan Oktoban 2007, a Kamaru. A cikin Oktoba 2007 Maaroufi ya ayyana kansa ga Maroko maimakon Belgium Rayuwa ta sirri A watan Maris na 2016, an bayyana cewa Khalid El Bakraoui, daya daga cikin 'yan kunar bakin wake na harin bam a Brussels na 2016, ya yi amfani da sunan Maaroufi don samun damar shiga Belgium da kuma hayar gidan da aka kai hari a Brussels da kuma tare da shi. An shirya harin da aka kai birnin Paris a watan Nuwamban 2015 Girmamawa
Kulob Inter Milan
Serie A 2006–07, 2007–08
Supercoppa Italiyanci 2005–06
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba a Internazionale
Profile a Swiss Football League Ibrahim Maaroufi Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
61059 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Ilimi%20ta%20Jami%27ar%20Pennsylvania | Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania | Jami'ar Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education; wanda akafi sani da Penn GSE, babbar makarantar bincike ce ta Ivy League a Amurka. An kafa shi a matsayin sashe a 1893 da makaranta a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1915, Penn GSE a tarihi yana da ƙarfin bincike acikin koyarwa da koyo, yanayin al'adu na ilimi, ilimin harshe, hanyoyin bincike, ƙididdiga, da kuma tambayar mai aiki. Pam Grossman shine shugaban Penn GSE na yanzu; ta gaji Andrew C. Porter a shekarar 2015.
Articles using infobox university
Tarihi Tun daga farko, Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta shirya malaman da zasu jagoranci makarantun kasar. Wannan ita ce babbar manufar Cibiyar Jama'a ta Benjamin Franklin ta Philadelphia, kuma ta cigaba da yin tasiri a aikin Jami'ar a tsawon tarihinta. An fara gudanar da azuzuwan ilimi a Penn a 1893, kuma an ƙirƙiri farfesa a fannin ilimi shekaru biyu bayan haka a 1895. An kafa cikakkiyar makarantar ilimi a matsayin makarantar daban acikin jami'a acikin 1914, da farko tana bada Bachelor of Science kawai acikin digiri na ilimi. Makarantar ilimi ta ba da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Ilimi acikin 1915 akan maza uku da mata uku. Makarantar cikin sauri ta rungumi wajibcin bincike kan ayyukan ilimi, kuma ta kafa Jagoran Kimiyya a Ilimi da Digiri na Digiri na Ilimi acikin 1930 da 1943, bi da bi. Tun daga nan, Penn GSE ya girma ya haɗada Jagoran Falsafa a Ilimi, Doctor of Education, da Doctor of Philosophy acikin shirye-shiryen ilimi da gidaje da yawa sassan, cibiyoyi, da manufofi.
Kayayyakin aiki Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar, ofisoshinta da azuzuwa suna cikin Hall Hall, ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen farko na harabar Penn's West Philadelphia. Laburarenta yana cikin Fisher-Bennett Hall amma ba da daɗewa ba aka haɗa shi zuwa ɗakin karatu na Van Pelt. Acikin 1940, GSE ya ƙaura zuwa Eisenlohr Hall, wanda ke da ƴan shinge a yamma akan titin Walnut. Penn ya sami ƙarin sarari acikin gidan layi na gaba, wanda aka sani da Ginin Annex Eisenlohr. Penn GSE ya koma cikin Ginin Ilimi, inda yake har yanzu, acikin 1966. A halin yanzu, Eisenlohr Hall yana aiki a matsayin gidan shugaban ƙasa kuma Eisenlohr Annex gida ne ga cibiyar rubutun ƙirƙira ta Penn.
Malamai Penn GSE yana bada digiri na masters guda 20 daban-daban acikin shirye-shiryen da suka kama daga Babban Ilimi zuwa Nasiha da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiyar Hankali. Hakanan yana bada digiri na digiri 15, a duka ilimi da falsafa.
Bincike Penn GSE yana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri iri-iri a cikin binciken ilimi da aiki. Dalibai suna shirin zama shugabannin ilimi, masu burin samun sana'o'i a cikin birane da ilimi na duniya, jagoranci makaranta, binciken ilimi, gudanarwar ilimi mai zurfi, ilimin halin makaranta, da ƙari. A halin yanzu akwai sassan ilimi guda shida a Penn GSE: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Hanyoyi masu ƙima; Karatu, Al'adu, da Ilimin Duniya; Manufar Ilimi; Ilimin Harsuna; Babban Ilimi; da Koyarwa, Koyo, da Jagoranci.
Ilimin birni ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan bincike na tsakiya na Penn GSE. GSE tana haɗin gwiwa tare da makarantu da yawa a cikin unguwarta ta Yammacin Philadelphia, gami da Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander Penn Partnership School da sauransu. Suna kuma shiga cikin haɓɓaka ƙwararru don malamai na gida da kuma cikin bincike mai amfani, haɓaka shirye-shirye kamar KIDS da EPIC.
Acikin 2001, Penn GSE ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen digiri na zartarwa don ƙwararrun ilimi da ayyukan kasuwanci waɗanda ke hidima ga ɗaliban da ba na gargajiya ba. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun girma har sun haɗada Shirin Gudanarwa a cikin Kasuwancin Ilimi; Shirin Gudanarwa a Makaranta da Bada Shawarar Lafiyar Hankali; Babban Doctorate acikin Gudanar da Ilimi mafi girma; Shirin Jagorancin Makaranta (Babban Takaddun shaida); Shirin Babban Jami'in Ilmantarwa na Penn; Shirin Ilimin Likita; Shirin Doctoral na Tsakanin Sana'a acikin Jagorancin Ilimi da Shirin Koyarwar Mazauna Birni. Acikin 2010, Penn GSE ta ƙaddamar da Gasar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwancin Ilimi na Milken-Penn GSE, gasar da ke ƙarfafa kasuwanci da ƙirƙira acikin ilimi.
Penn GSE kuma yana aiki a duniya, yana shiga cikin ayyukan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa, haɗin gwiwa, nazarin shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, da ayyukan shawarwari.
Sanannen malamai da ma'aikata John Fantuzzo
Yasmin Kafai
Andrew Porter
Robert Zemsky
Jonathan Zimmerman
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Penn GSE Newsroom
Penn GSE in the Penn Archives
Penn GSE on YouTube
Penn GSE on |
26260 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamena | Wamena | Wamena wani babban birni ne na Jayawijaya Regency na Indonesia Babban birni ne a cikin tsaunukan Papua na Indonesiya, a cikin kwarin Baliem kuma yana da yawan jama'a kimanin mutane 31,724 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2010 da 64,967 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2020. Wamena ita ce cibiyar birane na yankunan karkara wanda ke da yawan jama'a mafi girma a yammacin Papua, tare da mutane sama da guda 300,000 da ke zaune a kwarin Baliem da kewayenta. Waɗannan mutanen suna cikin wasu kabilun da ke da alaƙa, waɗanda aka fi sani da su sune Dani, Lani da Yali Garin kuma gida ne ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Persiwa Wamena, waɗanda ke wasa a gasar firimiya ta Indonesia Tarihi Dangane da duniyar waje, gano kwarin Baliem, inda Wamena yake, da kasancewar ba a zata ba da yawan masu aikin gona da Richard Archbold ya yi balaguro na uku zuwa New Guinea a shekara ta 1938. A ranar 21 ga Yuni wani jirgin leken asirin jirgin sama zuwa kudu daga Hollandia (yanzu Jayapura ya gano abin da balaguron ya kira 'Grand Valley'. Tunda kusan an yanke shi gaba ɗaya daga duniyar waje, yaƙin ya kare yankin don yaƙin New Guinea a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II Turawan Holland ne suka kafa garin da kansa a shekara ta 1956, a matsayin ɗayan birni na ƙarshe da aka kafa yayin kasancewar su a Yammacin New Guinea Tun daga wannan lokacin a hankali aka buɗe kwarin har zuwa iyakance yawan yawon buɗe ido.
A shekara ta 2003, a lokacin da abin da za a kira nan da Wamena faru, an san ko su wanene yan zanga-zanga ƙarƙashin jagorancin Free Papua Movement kai hari a Indonesian Army 's ma'ajiyar makamai daga garin, inda suka kashe biyu Indonesia sojoji da sata da dama bindigogi. An mayar da martani mai zafi, wanda ya shafi mazauna ƙauyuka guda 25, ya raba mazauna ƙauyen mutane 7,000 da kashe guda 50 a cikin lamarin, an kuma ba da rahoton azabtarwa da lalata kadarori da sojojin Indonesiya. A yayin zanga -zangar Papua ta 2019, fusatattun mutane sun lalata gine -ginen gwamnati da yawa, 'yan sanda da sojoji sun mayar da martani, inda fararen hula 16 suka mutu yayin da 65 suka jikkata. A cewar mahukuntan yankin, zanga -zangar ta musamman ta samo asali ne sakamakon wani abin daban na wariyar launin fata a cikin birnin. Wakilin Kompas a Wamena ya ba da rahoton cewa harbe -harben bindigogi sun tashi a fadin birnin kuma fararen hula na samun mafaka a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da sansanonin sojoji. Daga cikin fararen hula 16 da aka kashe, 13 sun fito ne daga wajen lardin, kuma mafi yawan mutuwar sun faru ne yayin da suka makale a cikin gine -ginen da fusatattun mutane suka kona. Da yake mayar da martani kan zanga -zangar, Ma’aikatar Sadarwa da Fasahar Watsa Labarai ta sake kunna katsewar intanet a Wamena. Sakamakon tarzomar da tashin hankalin, kusan fararen hula 15,000 ne aka kwashe daga Wamena, yayin da wasu 1,726 suka yi gudun hijira a cikin garin a farkon watan Oktoba. Koma sabanin haka, kusan ɗaliban Papuan 2,000 sun dawo daga wasu biranen a duk faɗin Indonesia zuwa garuruwansu da biranen su, suna ba da rahoton jin tsoro da haɗari.
Yanayi Wamena yana da yanayin yanayin gandun daji na daji Köppen Af duk da cewa yana da sauƙi saboda yanayin sa.
Tattalin Arziki Wamena ta yi iƙirarin yawancin sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari fiye da sauran yankuna a Papua. A farkon 6 ga Yuni shekara ta 2013, an gina kasuwa ta zamani a tsakiyar gari don baiwa manoman gargajiya damar siyar da girbinsu akan farashi mai kyau.
Sufuri Saboda wurin da ya keɓe, babban hanyar samun damar zuwa yankin shine zirga -zirgar jiragen sama. Filin jirgin saman Wamena ne kawai ke ba da garin da kwarin da ke kusa da shi, wanda zai iya saukar da jiragen Hercules na TNI Dimonim Air, Trigana Air, Aviastar Mandiri, Susi Air, Merpati da Wings Air suna hidimar filin jirgin. An kona tashar jirgin sama da wuta a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2011; duk gine -gine da suka hada da tashar tashi da isowa sun ci wuta. Sassan babbar hanyar Trans-Papua tana wucewa Wamena, tana haɗa garin ta hanya tare da birane a fadin Papua kamar Jayapura.
Lafiya Galibin garin Papuan ya zauna sosai kuma yana da matsanancin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, tare da da'awar kararraki 5,100 da Antara ya rubuta. A ranar 16 ga Yunin 2015, sakataren yankin Jayawijaya Yohanis Walilo ya gyara jimlar masu cutar HIV zuwa 4,521 masu cutar HIV.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Gine-gine
Garuruwa
Pages with unreviewed |
53631 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20US%20Open%20Cup%20Final | 2014 US Open Cup Final | 2014 Lamar Hunt US Final Cup wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da aka buga ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2014, a filin shakatawa na PPL a Chester, Pennsylvania Wasan ya tabbatar da wanda ya lashe gasar Buɗaɗɗiyar Amurka ta 2014, gasar da ke buɗe ga masu son ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka Wannan shi ne bugu na 101 mafi dadewa a gasar kwallon kafa ta Amurka Seattle Sounders FC ta lashe wasan, inda ta doke Philadelphia Union Taro na 15,256 sun ga kungiyoyin sun shiga matakin karin lokaci a 1 1 kafin Sounders sun kara zira kwallaye biyu don kawo karshen wasan 3–1.
Philadelphia da Seattle duk suna wasa a saman matakin ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, Major League Soccer (MLS), kuma ya ketare matakan farko na gasar tare da shiga zagaye na hudu na wasa. Masu Sauti sun kasance a tsakiyar Garkuwar Magoya bayanta nasara na yau da kullun, yayin da kungiyar ta fara rashin kyau har aka maye gurbin kocinsu mako guda kafin wasansu na farko a gasar. Philadelphia ta sami damar zuwa wasan karshe ta hanyar doke 'yan tsibirin Harrisburg City, New York Cosmos, juyin juya halin New England, da FC Dallas Hanyar Seattle zuwa wasan karshe ya hada da nasara akan PSA Elite, San Jose Earthquakes, Portland Timbers, da kuma Wutar Chicago Masu horar da 'yan wasan biyu sun zabi 'yan wasa masu karfi a kokarinsu na lashe kofin, kodayake Sounders gaba Kenny Cooper, wanda aka zaba a matsayin dan wasan gasar, bai bayyana a karshe ba. Maurice Edu na kungiyar ne ya baiwa kungiyarsa tamaula da kwallo a farkon rabin lokaci, amma Sounders sun rama kwallon da Chad Barrett ya buga na biyu, kuma wasan ya tafi cikin karin lokaci. Ko da yake Philadelphia ta sarrafa lokutan wasan tare da damammaki a ko'ina, Clint Dempsey ya jagoranci Seattle a farkon karin lokacin, kuma Obafemi Martins ya hatimi nasara a Seattle tare da makara kwallo. Seattle ta sami kyautar tsabar kuɗi $250,000, haka kuma ta sami damar shiga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2015–16 CONCACAF Philadelphia ta sami kyautar tsabar kudi dala 60,000 a matsayin wacce ta zo ta biyu a gasar.
Hanyar zuwa wasan karshe Kofin US Open gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka ce ta shekara-shekara buɗe ga duk ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, daga ƙungiyoyin manya masu son zuwa ga ƙwararrun kulab ɗin Major League Soccer (MLS). Gasar ta 2014 ita ce bugu na 101 na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa mafi dadewa a Amurka. A karo na uku a jere, duk kungiyoyin MLS na Amurka sun sami cancanta ta atomatik zuwa zagaye na uku daidai. A baya, ƙungiyoyi takwas ne kawai daga MLS za su iya cancantar shiga gasar: shida kai tsaye dangane da sakamakon gasar ta shekarar da ta gabata, da ƙari biyu ta hanyar gasa-in.
Philadelphia Union Ƙungiyoyi daga Philadelphia da yankin da ke kewaye sun sami tarihin nasara a gasar cin kofin Budaddiyar: Bethlehem Steel FC ta lashe kofuna biyar tsakanin 1915 zuwa 1926, Uhrik Truckers ya lashe a 1936, kuma 'yan Ukrain Philadelphia sun lashe sau hudu a cikin 1960s. Madadin rigar Ƙungiyar, wanda aka sawa a duk gasar, ya ƙunshi babban harafi "B" a cikin ƙananan kusurwar hagu don girmama Baitalami. Kungiyar ta fara gasar MLS ta yau da kullun tare da nasara 3 kawai a cikin wasanni 16. An kori babban kocinsu John Hackworth, kuma an nada Jim Curtin a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa na wucin gadi, mako guda kafin wasan farko na gasar cin kofin gasar da suka fafata da takwararta ta Harrisburg City Islanders a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni. Nasarar da aka yi a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na da damar ceto kakar wasanni, kuma Curtin ya ce kungiyar na daukar wasan gida da muhimmanci. Harrisburg yana wasa a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun USL kashi na uku na ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka amma Philadelphia har yanzu tana wasa da yawa daga cikin masu farawa na yau da kullum, kuma ba ta yarda Harrisburg ta yi amfani da 'yan wasan Union guda biyu da aka ba da aro ba. An kusa kawar da Philadelphia, amma Maurice Edu ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 89 da fara wasa, sannan Andrew Wenger ya kara zura kwallaye biyu a karin lokacin da suka ci gaba da ci 3-1. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, Philadelphia ta yi wasa a gida da New York Cosmos na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Amurka a cikin abin da kawai Curtin ya buga a matsayin koci. An sake buƙatar karin lokaci yayin da ƙungiyoyin suka ƙare ƙa'ida da ɗari ɗaya kafin Sébastien Le Toux ya ci wasan a minti na 115. Jim kadan bayan cin kwallo ne aka barke tsakanin kungiyoyin wanda ya yi sanadin korar ‘yan wasan Cosmos guda biyu da dan wasan Union daya saboda turawa da kora. An kuma kori biyu daga cikin mataimakan kociyan New York saboda raunin da suka samu. Kungiyar ta kasance a gida da New England Revolution na MLS a zagaye na biyar, a ranar 8 ga Yuli. Cikin sauki sun samu nasara da kwallayen da Conor Casey da Le Toux suka ci. Yajin aikin na karshen ya sanya shi zama jagoran zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin Budaddigar na zamani tare da zura kwallaye 14 a rayuwarsa. Le Toux yana da tarihi mai ƙarfi tare da Seattle da gasar kafin ya koma Ƙungiyar a 2009; A baya ya taka leda don shiga cikin rukuni na biyu na Sounders kuma ya lashe Kofin Bude na 2009 tare da bangaren MLS. Daga baya za a ba shi sunan wanda ya zo na biyu a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa daraja a gasar. Guguwar kura tare da tsawa da walƙiya ta dakatar da wasan na tsawon sa'a guda bayan minti na 61, amma juyin juya halin Musulunci ya kasa murmurewa daga ci biyu da nema. A ranar 12 ga Agusta, Philadelphia ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙungiyar MLS FC Dallas don wasan kusa da na karshe. Amobi Okugo ne ya zura kwallo a ragar Dallas a zagayen farko. Wasan dai ya tashi ne kamar yadda ka'ida da karin lokaci suka haifar da rashin jituwa. Mai tsaron gida Zac MacMath ya yi ceto na nutsewa na yunkurin Dallas guda biyu a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida-mafi kusa da kungiyar ita ce ta lashe kofi a tarihinta na shekaru biyar.
Seattle Sounders FC Seattle Sounders sun lashe Kofin Bude a 2009, 2010, da 2011 Har ila yau, sun kai wasan karshe a 2012 amma an kawar da su ta hanyar ƙananan matakin a farkon 2013 A cikin 2014, sun zana kulob mai son PSA Elite, ƙungiyar haɓaka ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda tuni suka yi nasara a zagaye uku na farko na gasar. Seattle tana karbar bakuncin mafi yawan wasannin gasar cin Kofin gida a filin wasanni na Starfire na Tukwila. Ƙasar tana ɗaukar kusan 4,000, wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta da filin wasan gidansu na yau da kullun, Filin CenturyLink An jiyo kociyan Sigi Schmid yana cewa "Ina ganin mutanenmu suna samun bunkasuwa a kan kusancin taron. Yana taimaka musu su ci gaba da yin ayyuka masu kyau.” Seattle ce ke jagorantar MLS shiga zagayen a ranar 18 ga Yuni, kuma cikin sauƙi ta ci 5-0. Kenny Cooper ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan. The Sounders sun karbi bakuncin San Jose Earthquakes a Starfire a ranar 24 ga Yuni kuma kungiyoyin biyu sun zira kwallaye a farkon rabin. Girgizar kasa ta biyu mai tsaron raga, David Bingham, ya ajiye tawagarsa a wasan ta hanyar dakatar da harbi uku daga Chad Barrett a ƙarshen rabi na biyu. Babu wata kungiya da ta zura kwallo a karin lokacin wasan kuma an tashi daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Bayan an tashi wasan da ci 4–1, mai tsaron gida Marcus Hahnemann ya yi murna da shan giya a gaban lambun giyar da magoya bayan gida. A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Seattle ta fafata da abokin hamayyarta, Portland Timbers, a Starfire don wasan kwata-kwata. Sounders sun ci gaba da cin kwallo Osvaldo Alonso, amma tsohon Sounder Steve Zakuani ya taimaka wa Darlington Nagbe ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Timbers a minti na 93. An samu karin lokacin da aka kori Diego Chara na Portland yayin da Cooper da Marco Pappa duka suka zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar da ci 3-1. Wasan da kungiyar ta buga a gida da Chicago Fire a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta. Wuta ta kasance ba tare da 2013's MLS Mafi Daraja Player, Mike Magee, saboda dakatarwa. Cooper da Andy Rose kowanne ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga yayin da Obafemi Martins da Pappa suka zura kwallo daya. Seattle ta kammala wasan ne da kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna hudu da rabi na karshe a nasarar da ta yi da ci 6-0. Kwallon farko na wasan ita ce ta karshe ta Cooper a gasar saboda bai buga wasan karshe ba. Ya kawo karshen gasar da jimillar kwallaye 13 na gasar cin kofin kalubale, daya daga cikin jin kunya na Le Toux na zamani na 14. Cooper ya ci kwallaye shida a cikin 2014 shi kadai, kuma za a ci gaba da ba shi suna dan wasan gasar 2014.
Kafin wasan
Zaɓin wurin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka ta tantance mai masaukin baki a wasan karshe da tsabar kudi a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2014. Wanda ya yi nasara a wasan shi ne duk wanda ya yi nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe na FC Dallas/Philadelphia Union, yana nufin cewa wasan zai gudana ne a filin shakatawa na PPL a Chester, Pennsylvania Wannan ne karo na goma sha ɗaya mafi girma-Philadelphia yankin ya karbi bakuncin wasan karshe kuma na farko tun 1994 Kungiyar ta tallata wasan ta hanyar nuna kofin a bainar jama'a a gidajen cin abinci na gida, wuraren tarihi, da abubuwan da suka faru.
Bincike Ba a gudanar da gasar Bude gasar cin kofin MLS ba, amma har yanzu muhimmiyar nasara ce. Ga Philadelphia, ta wakilci damarsu ta farko a ganima, yayin da Seattle ta kai wasan karshe sau biyar a tarihin kungiyar na shekaru shida. Tare da nasara, Sounders za su ɗaure Wuta tare da nasara gabaɗaya guda huɗu ta ƙungiyar MLS. Rikodin koyaushe tsakanin kulab ɗin ya tsaya a 3-2 don goyon bayan Seattle. The Sounders sun doke kungiyar a farkon shekara yayin wasan lig, amma Philadelphia ya inganta tun daga lokacin. A lokacin wasan karshe, kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni 10 a jere a gida. Kwanan nan Seattle ta sha kashi uku cikin biyar na MLS amma har yanzu tana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kungiyoyi a gasar. Seattle ita ce wacce aka fi so, tare da masanin kimiyya guda ɗaya wanda ya kwatanta Philadelphia zuwa ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙasa Rocky Balboa na jerin fina-finai Rocky Zaɓin ɗan wasa a lokacin matakan da suka gabata na gasar cin kofin Open ya kasance ƙalubale saboda manyan ma'aikatan da ke karɓar kira don gasar cin kofin duniya Masu Sauti suna da zurfin da zai iya jure wa 'yan wasan da suka rasa, kuma ba su huta da masu farawa ba a cikin jagorar zuwa wasan karshe. Kungiyar ta huta da masu farawa da yawa yayin wasan gasar karshen mako da ya gabata. Philadelphia's Casey, Le Toux, da Cristian Maidana sun kasance manyan barazanar kai hari, yayin da Seattle ke da manyan Martins da Clint Dempsey Kare, Edu shine ɗan wasa mafi ƙarfi na Philadelphia. Seattle kuma yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da matashin ɗan wasan ƙasa DeAndre Yedlin, da mai kare MLS na shekara Chad Marshall Daidaita An shirya za a tashi da karfe 7:30 na safe pm gida lokaci. Armando Villarreal shi ne alkalin wasa sai kuma mataimakansa Peter Manikowski da Corey Parker. Alkalin wasa na hudu shi ne Jose Carlos Rivero. Babu dakatarwa ko raunin bayanin kula. Yanayin ya kasance hadari tare da zafin jiki Rabin farko Kocin Sounders Schmid ya yi gyare-gyare ga farawar sa da ya saba. Pappa bai fara ba saboda dawowar kwanan nan daga aikin kasa da kasa tare da Guatemala, yayin da dan wasan star Martins ya kasance a benci kuma. Ko da yake ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare don mafi yawan kwallayen da aka zura a raga, Cooper ya kasance dan wasan benci a duk shekara kuma bai fara wasan ba. Ko da yake ba su da waɗannan 'yan wasan, Sounders sun fito suna kai hari, kuma babbar dama ta farko ta zo ne a cikin minti na 10 lokacin da Rose ya yi wa Dempsey bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Kungiyar ta kara takunta tare da Andrew Wenger yana taka leda a gefen hagu inda akai-akai ya wuce Yedlin don isa bakin layi ko kuma ya yanke harbi. Maidana da Le Toux sun ƙarfafa matsayin Philadelphia ta hanyar haɗawa a daya gefen filin don shiga cikin tsaron Seattle. Wenger ya yi alaka da Le Toux wanda ya yi harbi, amma golan Seattle Stefan Frei ya yi gaggawar tsayawa. A minti na 38 ne Leonardo González ya farke Maidana ta hannun dama ta bugun fanareti. Kwallon da Maidana ya samu ya karkata zuwa bayan gida inda Brad Evans ya rasa kafarsa sannan Edu ya kalli kwallon da goshinsa ya saka ta a raga. 'Yan wasan gida sun ci gaba da jan ragamar wasan kuma suka ci gaba da samar da damar zura kwallo a raga.
Rabin na biyu mmjh
Babu wata kungiya da ta yi canji a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci. Masu Sounders sun fito kan harin kuma an ba su bugun kusurwa ne kawai mintuna uku da fara wasan. Carlos Valdes ya yi yunkurin fitar da kwallon amma Marshall ya kai ta zuwa ragar MacMath ya farke. Barrett ya zura kwallo a kusa da filin wasan kuma wasan ya kasance 1-1. Seattle ta ci gaba da samun nasara inda Yedlin ya fara cin galaba akan Wenger yayin da Martins ya maye gurbin Barrett a minti na 60. Dan wasan tsakiya na Philadelphia daga nan kuma ya fara nuna rinjaye kuma Maidana ya samu warwas a minti na 72. Yedlin ya zura kwallo a raga don kawo karshen harin a cikin abin da MLS za ta kira "wasan kare dangi". Dempsey ya samu damar jefa kwallo a ragar Pappa a minti na 76 da fara wasa amma ya kasa samun kafar kwallo. Martins sannan ya sami wata dama wacce ta wuce gaba kafin sarrafawa ya sake komawa Philadelphia. Seattle ta maye gurbin Lamar Neagle da Pappa a minti na 74 a wani yunƙuri na haifar da fa'ida. Philadelphia ta amsa da karin damar biyu da suka kusan lashe wasan. Casey ya karbi katin rawaya a minti na 57 kuma Pedro Ribeiro ya maye gurbinsa. A minti na 88 ne Raymon Gaddis ya ci kwallon kuma ya zura kwallo a raga. Ribeiro ya yi harbi amma ba shi da iko. A karin lokacin ne kuma Vincent Nogueira ya sake zura kwallo a raga wanda ya buge bindigu sannan kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar kwallon kafin a cire shi. Martins ya bude karin lokaci da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida yayin da Sounders ke kara karawa a filin wasa. Seattle ce ta fara cin kwallo a minti na 101 a lokacin da Dempsey da Martins suka hadu a wasan da ya sa Dempsey ya yi kasa da kasa. Martins, Dempsey, da Pappa sun yi nasarar shawo kan hare-haren Philadelphia a cikin rabin na biyu na karin lokaci kuma Pappa ya bugi giciye a kan yunkurin harbi. Valdes ya samu kyakkyawar dama ta daure wasan a minti na 111 da fara wasa lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Sounders, amma harbin ya yi rauni kuma cikin sauki. Ko da yake Philadelphia na danna harin, Martins ya zira kwallo a minti na 114th don sanya Sounders 3-1.
Cikakkun bayanai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19940 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99i%20da%20cin-hanci%20na%20gwamnatin%20Buhari | Yaƙi da cin-hanci na gwamnatin Buhari | Hukumar Buhari ta yaƙi da cin hanci yaki ne da wani anti-dasa yaki bayyana ta Muhammadu Buhari, 4th mulkin demokradiya shugaban kasar Najeriya Wannan yaki ne da dukkan nau'o'in cin hanci da rashawa a kasar Najeriya. A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2015, ya sha alwashin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro idan aka zabe shi. Tun lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, yaƙin cin hanci da rashawa ya kasance ɗayan manyan abubuwan fifiko. A anti-dasa yaki da aka amince da shugaban kasar na Amurka Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, John Kerry a taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya wanda aka gudanar a Davos a kasar Switzerland ya yaba da yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa na Buhari. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2015, kasar Ingila ta yi alkawarin marawa Buhari baya na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. A cewar Grant Shapps, ministan ci gaban duniya, "Burtaniya ta dukufa wajen taimakawa Najeriya ta kara tsaro, kwanciyar hankali da ci gaba. "Za mu ci gaba da samar da ƙarfin iko, fasaha da bincike ga Najeriya don magance cin hanci da rashawa. Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya kuma ya shafi Ingila kai tsaye. Inda muke da shaidu, zamu ci gaba da ɗaukar mataki don kare mutuncin tsarin kundi na Burtaniya da hanawa. Wasu 'yan Najeriya sun bayyana yakin a matsayin "cikakke" yayin da wasu suka bayyana shi da "zaba". William Kumuyi, wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai kula da Deeper Christian Life Ministry ya bayyana yaƙin da Buhari ke yi da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin wani mataki na tafiya zuwa tafarki madaidaici. Sai dai an soki shugaban tare da zarginsa da jagorantar yakin neman zabe da cin hanci da rashawa. Mutane da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa yaƙin da yake yi da cin hanci da rashawa ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga mambobin jam'iyyar adawa, People's Democratic Party (PDP) A watan Mayu a shekara ta 2018, Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arziki Tu'annati da Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (EFCC) ta sanar cewa an yanke wa alkaluman 'yan Najeriya 603 hukunci kan tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa tun lokacin da Buhari ya hau mulki a shekara ta 2015. Hukumar ta EFCC ta kuma sanar da cewa a karon farko a tarihin Najeriya, ana shari’ar alkalai da manyan hafsoshin soja ciki har da shugabannin hafsoshin ritaya kan rashawa. Har ila yau, an yaba wa wadanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifuka ga shugaban EFCC Ibrahim Magu A karkashin Buhari, Alkalin Kotun Najeriya Walter Onnoghen ya samu hukuncin Kotun Code of Conduct Tribune a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun, shekara ta 2019 saboda bayyana kadarorin karya. da ake zargi Alkalin Babbar Kotun Tarayya Adeniyi Ademola ya yi murabus ba tare da son rai ba a watan Disambar shekara ta 2017 A cikin watan Disambar shekara ta 2019, tsohon Babban Mai Shari’a na kasa Mohammed Adoke, wanda aka zarga da cin hanci da rashawa don ba da lasisin mai ga Shell, an mika shi don ya dawo Najeriya daga Dubai kuma nan take aka kamashi. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2020, ya bayyana cewa an kame ‘yan kasuwar nan na kasar Sin masu aikin gine-gine,Meng Wei Kun da Xu Koi a jihar Sakkwato kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa da suka hada da cin hanci da rashawa ga tsofaffin jami’an gwamnatin jihar ta Zamfara. Haka kuma za a kama Magu a watan Yulin shekara ta 2020 kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa shi ma. A watan Disambar shekarar 2020, tsohon shugaban Taskforce Reform Taskforce Abdulrasheed Maina, wanda aka kama a makwabciyar kasar ta Nijar bayan tsallake belin, ya bayyana a gaban wata kotun Abuja kan tuhume-tuhume 12 na zamba da halatta kudaden haram. An kama wani Ali Ndume, sanata mai wakiltar Borno ta Kudu, bayan ya tsallake belin shima. Sukar A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Cif Olu Falae, wani fitaccen dan siyasa a Najeriya kuma tsohon sakataren gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ya ce "Yakin da Buhari ke yi na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa zabi ne kuma yana yin sama da fadi" An bayyana sunan Olu falae a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka ci gajiyar wannan cinikin makamai na dala biliyan biyu, zargin da ya karyata a wata hira ta musamman da ya yi da jaridar The Punch A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa, wani tsohon gwamnan jihar Kaduna ya kalubalanci Shugaba Muhammadu da ya binciki tsarin mulkinsa na soja tsakanin shekara ta 1983 da shekara ta 1985, idan da gaske yake game da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya zargi shugaban kasar da keta dokar halaye ta tarayya A ranar 8 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, Ezenwo Nyesom Wike, gwamnan jihar Ribas kuma tsohon karamin ministan ilimi a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya zargi shugaban da nuna son kai a yakin da yake yi na yaki da rashawa. Ya ce ya gwammace ya yaki cin hanci da rashawa ta yadda yake so maimakon ya goyi bayan yaki da rashawa na Muhammadu Buhari. A ranar 27 ga watan Satumbar 2015, Dokta Frederick Fasehun, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Oodua Peoples Congress ya shawarci shugaban kasar da ya guji zabar masu adalci ya mai da hankali kan kyakkyawan shugabanci. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Fasheun ya bukaci shugaban da ya sassauta a yakin da yake yi da cin hanci da rashawa yana mai cewa gwamnati na iya shiga cikin matsaloli ta yadda shugaban kasar ke tafiyar da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya yi tir da Allah wadai da sakar hannu da aka yi wa Cif Olisa Metuh, Sakataren Yada Labarai na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a. Ya bayyana hakan a matsayin mara lafiya ga Najeriya. A cikin wani rahoto mai taken "Dubu-Dabo Masu Guba Don Yaki Da Rashawa Buhari" wanda Sahara Reporters ta wallafa a ranar 31 ga Oktoban, shekara ta 2015, Debo Adeniran, Shugaban zartarwa na Hadin Kan Shugabannin Masu Cin Hanci da Rashawa ya yi ikirarin cewa a lokuta da dama, ya roki shugaban da hukumomin yaki da rashawa, Hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma almubazzaranci da kudaden a kan Babatunde Fashola, wani tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas da kuma Ministan wutar lantarki, ayyuka da gidaje a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari Ya kuma ambaci cewa zarge-zarge da yawa na cin hanci da rashawa da karkatar da kudade sun yi wa Kayode Fayemi, tsohon gwamnan jihar Ekiti, Kemi Adeosun, ministan kudi mai ci, Rotimi Amaechi, wani tsohon gwamnan jihar Ribas kuma ministan sufuri na yanzu. Ya nuna damuwa kan dalilin da ya sa ba a gayyaci wadannan mutane ba daga hukumomin da ke yaki da cin hanci da rashawa don amsa tambayoyi. Ya ce "Ba mu gamsu da yadda ake yaki da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ba kuma muna tsoron kada mu cimma wani abin da ya fi wanda muke samu kafin Buhari ya hau mulki." A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Bishop Hyacinth Oroko Egbebo na Apostolic Vicariate na Bomadi, yayin bikin tsarkake wani malamin Katolika a karkashin wanda ya yi nasara, ya nuna damuwa kan abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "babban mataki na rashin hukunci da cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a yakin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari Ya zargi Buhari da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya nuna damuwa kan yadda Buhari ya ki bin umarnin kotu a yakin da yake yi da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya ce "Kamar yadda za mu so mu yaba wa Shugaba Buhari kan yadda ya yi hakuri da cin hanci da rashawa, yana da matukar damuwa da kuma hadari ga dimokuradiyyarmu cewa Shugaban zai samu damar yin watsi da umarnin kotu ta hanyar fakewa da sunansa yakin rashawa A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Carol Ajie, wata lauya a tsarin mulki ta kai karar Shugaba Barack Obama da Majalisar Shari’a ta Kasa kan rashin bin umarnin kotu da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi a yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ta yi kira ga Buhari ya yi murabus ko kuma fuskantar shari’ar tsige shi. Lauyoyin sama da guda 200 ne suka sanya hannu a takardar neman izinin a kasar. Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi karanci a tsarin fahimtar cin hanci da rashawa na Transparency International, inda ta kai matsayin 146 daga cikin kasashe 180 da aka yi binciken a kansu.
Cases sun ruwaito
A ranar 3 ga Yunin shekara ta 2015, Sanata Ali Modu Sheriff, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno da hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, EFCC ta kama kan zargin karkatar da naira biliyan 300 da aka karba daga asusun tarayya a lokacin da yake gwamnan jihar Borno, tsakanin shekara ta 2003 da shekara ta 2011. Kodayake binciken ya fara ne a shekarar 2012 amma ya tsananta a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2015. Jaridar Premium Times ta ruwaito cewa Sheriff ya mika kansa ga hukumar EFCC don yi masa tambayoyi sannan an bayar da belinsa a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2015 kamar yadda Wilson Uwujaren, mai magana da yawun hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Sheriff ya musanta rahotanni a kafafen yada labarai cewa an bayyana cewa ana neman sa, EFCC ta kama shi kuma ta tsare shi. A cewar Daily Post, wata jaridar Najeriya, Sheriff ya ce "Ba a taba gayyata ni ba, EFCC ba ta taba cewa suna bayyana ni na ke nema ba. Rahotannin da kafafen yada labarai ne suka ja hankalina kuma na kai wa EFCC ziyara. Babu wani abu game da Naira biliyan 300. Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Sarkin Kano kuma tsohon gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya ya fallasa wani bangare na cinikin mai ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin gwamnatin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan Ya nuna damuwa kan gazawar kamfanin man fetur na kasa na Najeriya na sanya adadin dala biliyan 20 na kudaden mai a cikin asusun tarayya. Diezani Alison-Madueke, tsohuwar ministar albarkatun mai ta ambaci sunayen duk mutanen da ke cikin yarjejeniyar da kuma wasu da ke cikin yarjejeniyar rijiyoyin mai da ake takaddama a kansu, Jide Omokore da Kola Aluko. Jide Omokore ya ba da kansa don dawo da dala miliyan 500 zuwa asusun tarayya. A watan Yunin 2015, manyan jami’an Babban Bankin Nijeriya da wasu ma’aikatan bankunan kasuwanci 16, hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, EFCC ta kame sama da Naira biliyan 8. An kori su kuma an gurfanar da su a gaban Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke zaune a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, daga Talata, 2 ga Yuni, 2015 zuwa Alhamis, 4 ga Yuni, 2015. An kori su kuma an saka su a kurkuku. A watan Yunin 2015, Shugaba Buhari ya ba EFCC umarnin sake bude shari’ar cin hancin dala 182m Halliburton bayan bukatar da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Amurka ta gabatar Gwamnatin Amurka ta ce za a dawo da kimanin dala miliyan 140 da gwamnatin ta kwato zuwa Najeriya idan aka kame wadanda ke da hannu a cikin badakalar kuma aka gurfanar da su a gaban kotu.
An fallasa cinikin makamai na dala biliyan biyu bayan rahoton wucin gadi na kwamitin binciken Buhari kan sayen makamai a karkashin gwamnatin Goodluck Jonathan. Rahoton kwamitin ya nuna karin kashe-kashen na kasafin kudi har na naira biliyan 643.8 da karin kashe kusan dala biliyan 2.2 a bangaren kudaden kasashen waje a karkashin kulawar Goodluck Jonathan. Binciken farko ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa an bayar da kimanin dala biliyan 2 don siyan makamai don yaki da kungiyar Boko Haram a Najeriya Rahoton binciken ya nuna cewa an fitar da jimlar dala biliyan 2.2 ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa ofishin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na kasa wajen sayen makamai don yaki da tayar da kayar baya, amma ba a kashe su ba don abin da ya sa aka fitar da kudin. Bincike kan wannan haramtacciyar yarjejeniyar ta haifar da cafke Sambo Dasuki, tsohon mai ba da Shawara kan Harkokin Tsaro wanda daga baya ya ambaci wasu fitattun 'yan Najeriya da ke cikin yarjejeniyar. Wadanda aka ambata kuma an kama su sun hada da Raymond Dokpesi, Shugaban Kungiyar DAAR Communications Plc, Attahiru Bafarawa, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato, da Bashir Yuguda, tsohon karamin Ministan Kudi, Azubuike Ihejirika, Shugaban Sojojin, Adesola Nunayon Amosu, da tsohon shugaban hafsan sojojin sama, Alex Badeh da wasu ‘yan siyasa da dama an ambaci su. A karo na karshe, Gwamnatin shugaba Muhammadu Buhari tayi kokarin chanjin kudin kasar wanda da aka tambayeshi dalili yayi bayani cewa sunyi haka ne saboda su hana yan siyasa yin amfani da kudi saboda sayen kuria da kuma raayi na talakawa.
Manazarta Muhammadu Buhari
Masu Laifi a Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
32688 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbwana%20Samatta | Mbwana Samatta | Mbwana Ally Samatta (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Tanzaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar rukunin farko ta Belgium A Antwerp, a matsayin aro daga Fenerbahçe, da kuma tawagar ƙasar Tanzaniya.
Samatta ya fara taka leda a matsayin matashin dan wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lyon da Tanzania a shekara ta 2008. Ya zama mai sana'a a cikin shekarar 2010 tare da Simba Sports Club, inda ya taka leda kawai rabin kakar kafin ya koma TP Mazembe, ya yi shekaru biyar tare da su, da farko ya zama na farko na yau da kullum. An sanya shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na shekarar 2015 kuma ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afirka ta CAF, yayin da ya taimaka wa TP Mazembe ta lashe kambun.
A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2016, Samatta ya rattaba hannu kan KRC Genk na Belgium, ya taimaka musu sun cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League kuma su ka lashe Gasar Jupiler Belgian a shekarar 2019. Bayan kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Jupiler League, ya kuma lashe kyautar Ebony Shoe a Belgium saboda fitaccen kakarsa tare da Genk.
A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2020, ya koma Aston Villa, ya zama dan wasa na farko da aka haifa a kasar Tanzaniya da ya taka leda kuma ya ci a gasar Premier.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Samatta ya kasance babban jigo a lokacin da TP Mazembe ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afrika ta CAF 2015, inda ya zura kwallaye bakwai a cikin wannan tsari kuma ya kare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. A wasan da suka buga da Moghreb Tétouan a matakin rukuni Samatta ya yi hat-trick da ba za a manta da shi ba don samun tikitin zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe inda suka tashi da kungiyar Al-Merrikh SC ta Sudan.Mazembe za ta ci gaba da daukar kofin ne bayan ta doke takwararta ta USM Alger ta Aljeriya a wasan karshe da ci 4-1, inda Samatta ya zura kwallo a raga a wasanni biyu. A bikin karramawar Glo- CAF da aka yi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2016 a Cibiyar Taro na Duniya da ke Abuja, Nigeria, ya zama dan wasa na farko daga Gabashin Afirka da ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na CAF. Mbwana ya samu jimillar maki 127, a gaban abokin wasansa na TP Mazembe da mai tsaron gidan DR Congo, Robert Kidiaba, wanda ya samu maki 88, sai Baghdad Bounedjah na Aljeriya a matsayi na uku da maki 63.
Genk A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2016, bayan da ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun dan wasan Afirka a nahiyar, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu da rabi tare da KRC Genk. An zabe shi a matsayin Matashin Tanzaniya Mafi Tasiri a shekarar 2017 a cikin wani babban zaɓe ta Avance Media A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Samatta ya yi hat-trick a kan Brøndby IF a gasar Europa da cin nasara 5–2. A lokacin kakar 2018 zuwa 2019, ya jagoranci rukunin farko na Belgium A wajen zira kwallaye tare da kwallaye 20, yayin da Genk ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wadanda suka lashe gasar. A watan Mayun shekarar 2019 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ebony Shoe saboda abubuwan da ya yi a lokacin yakin neman zabe.
Aston Villa A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2020, Samatta ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi tare da kulob din Premier League Aston Villa. A yin haka, ya zama dan Tanzaniya na farko da ya rattaba hannu a wata kungiya ta Premier, kuma shi ne na 117 na kasashe daban-daban da ya taka leda a gasar. An bayar da rahoton kudin canja wurin da aka biya wa Genk a matsayin fam miliyan 8.5. Samatta ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa kwanaki 8 a wasan da Villa ta doke Leicester City da ci 2-1 a gasar cin kofin EFL a gasar cin kofin EFL da ci 2-1 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin EFL da ci 2 da 1, sakamakon da ya ba kulob din damar zuwa wasan karshe na gasar. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2020, Samatta ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko na gasar Aston Villa, a ci 2-1 a hannun Bournemouth. Hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa na farko daga Tanzaniya da ya taka leda, kuma daga baya ya ci kwallo a gasar Premier.
Fenerbahce A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Samatta ya koma kulob din Süper Lig Fenerbahçe SK kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta farko har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar, Samatta ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a karshen zaman aronsa a watan Yulin shekarar 2021. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2021, Samatta ya shiga ƙungiyar Royal Antwerp ta Belgium kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci.
Rayuwa ta sirri Samatta musulma ne. Ya yi umrah zuwa Makka a 2018 tare da abokin wasansa na Genk Omar Colley.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako sun jera ƙwallayen Tanzania na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Samatta Girmamawa TP Mazembe Linafoot 2011, 2012, 2013, 2013-14
DR Congo Super Cup 2013, 2014
CAF Champions League 2015 Genk
Belgian Pro League 2018-19 Belgian Super Cup 2019 Aston Villa
Gasar cin Kofin EFL 2019-20 Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka 2015
Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2015 CAF Champions League wanda ya fi zura kwallaye: 2015 Ebony Shoe 2019 Rukunin Farko na Belgium A Takalmin Zinare: 2018-19
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mbwana Samatta at WorldFootball.net Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50096 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus%20%28film%29 | Spartacus (film) | Spartacus wani
Fim ne, na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na 1960 na Amurka Spartacus Stanley Kubrick ne ya kirkiro, [3] Dalton Trumbo ne ya rubuta shi, kuma an daidaita shi daga littafin Howard Fast na 1951 mai suna iri ɗaya. Ya dogara ne akan rayuwar Spartacus, wanda ya jagoranci boren bawa a zamanin da, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Bauta na Uku. Tony Curtis ya buga Antoninus, Laurence Olivier ya nuna babban janar na Roman kuma ɗan majalisa Marcus Licinius Crassus, Peter Ustinov yana wasa dillalin bawa Lentulus Batiatus, John Gavin yana wasa Julius Kaisar, Jean Simmons yana wasa Varinia, Charles Laughton yana buga Sempronius Gracchus, Kirk Douglas kuma yana taka leda.
Anthony Mann, darektan farko, an maye gurbinsa bayan makon farko na yin fim da Douglas, wanda kasuwancin Bryna Productions ke kula da samarwa. Don ɗaukar ayyukan jagoranci, Kubrick, wanda a baya ya yi aiki tare da Douglas akan Hanyoyi na ɗaukaka (1957), an kawo shi cikin jirgin. Shi ne fim ɗin farko da Kubrick ya ba da umarni wanda ba shi da cikakken ikon ƙirƙirar abubuwa. A matsayinsa na memba na Hollywood Goma a lokacin, Dalton Trumbo marubucin allo ya kasance baƙar fata. Shugaba John F. Kennedy ya kalli Spartacus a kan layin tsinke na Legion na Amurka bayan Douglas ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa Trumbo ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya taimaka wajen dakatar da baƙar fata; -An buga saboda shima an saka shi baƙar fata.
Ustinov ya lashe mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, Mafi kyawun Hoto, da Babban Darakta a Kwalejin Kwalejin.
Makirci
Yin wasan kwaikwayo
Kirk Douglas a matsayin Spartacus
Laurence Olivier a matsayin Crassus
Jean Simmons a matsayin Varinia
Charles Laughton a matsayin Gracchus
Peter Ustinov a matsayin Batiatus
Tony Curtis a matsayin Antoninus
John Gavin a matsayin Julius Caesar
John Dall kamar Marcus Glabrus
Nina Foch kamar Helena Glabrus
John Ireland a matsayin Crixus
Herbert Lom a matsayin Tigranes Levantus (Wakilin fashin teku)
Charles McGraw a matsayin Marcellus
Joanna Barnes kamar Claudia Marius
Harold J. Stone a matsayin David
Woody Strode a matsayin Draba
Peter Brocco a matsayin Ramon
Paul Lambert a matsayin Gannicus
Robert J. Wilke a matsayin Kyaftin Guard
Nicholas Dennis a matsayin Dionysius
John Hoyt a matsayin Caius
Frederic Worlock a matsayin Laelius
Gil Perkins a matsayin Jagoran bawa (ba a yarda ba)
Cliff Lyons a matsayin Soja (marasa daraja)
Production
Rashin iyawar Kirk Douglas ya kai ga matsayin jagora a cikin Ben-Hur na William Wyler ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar Spartacus. Douglas ya ji takaicin cewa Wyler ya zabo Charlton Heston a kansa saboda a baya sun hada kai a kan fim din Gano Labari. Ba da daɗewa ba, littafin Spartacus na Howard Fast, wanda ke da irin wannan jigo-mutumin da ke ƙalubalantar ikon daular Romawa-wanda Edward (Eddie) Lewis, mataimakin shugaba ne a kamfanin fim na Douglas, Bryna Productions (mai suna bayan Douglas's) ya ba Douglas shawarar. ina). Douglas ya gamsu sosai don amfani da kuɗin kansa don siyan zaɓi akan littafin daga Fast. Bayan Douglas ya shawo kan Olivier, Laughton, da Ustinov don shiga cikin fim din, Universal Studios a karshe ya amince da samar da kudade don shi. Daraktan fim din kuma zai kasance Olivier.[10][11] Lewis ya fara samarwa lokacin.
Saki
Bayan kwanaki hudu na ganin gayyata-kawai, fim ɗin ya fara nunawa ga jama'a a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1960, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na DeMille a birnin New York. Ya yi wasa a DeMille fiye da shekara guda kafin ya koma gidan RKO da kuma yin muhawara a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York a kusa da Thanksgiving 1961. A cikin shekararsa ta farko, kawai ya buga wasan kwaikwayo 188 a Amurka da Kanada. A cikin 1967, fim din. an sake fitar da shi, amma tare da sauran mintuna 23 da aka yanke. Mintuna 23 guda ɗaya, tare da ƙarin ƙarin mintuna biyar waɗanda aka yanke daga fim ɗin kafin sakinsa na farko, Robert A. Harris ne ya mayar da su don sakin 1991.
Manazarta
|
31354 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20muhalli%20na%20gargajiya | Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya | Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya (TEK), yana bayyana ilimin mutanen asalin gari da sauran ilimin gargajiya na albarkatun kasa. A matsayin fannin nazari a cikin ilimin ɗan adam na Arewacin Amurka, Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana nufin "ɗaɗɗen ilimin ilimi, imani, da aiki, haɓakawa ta hanyar tarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya kuma ana ba da su ta cikin tsararraki ta hanyar waƙoƙin gargajiya, labarai da imani. Ya shafi alakar rayayyun halittu (ciki har da mutum) da kungiyoyin su na al’ada da muhallinsu.” Yana da kyau a lura cewa ilimin asali ba ra'ayi ba ne na duniya a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban, amma ana magana da shi ga tsarin al'adu ko ayyuka na ilimi waɗanda suka dogara ga "wuri. Ana amfani da irin wannan ilimin a cikin sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa a madadin tushen bayanan muhalli a lokuta inda babu ƙaramin bayanan kimiyya da aka yi rikodin, ko kuma yana iya nufin hanyoyin kimiyyar Yammacin Turai na sarrafa muhalli.
Aiwatar da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a fagen kula da muhalli da kimiyya har yanzu yana da rigima, kamar yadda hanyoyin samun da kuma tattara ilimi-ko da yake sau da yawa ya haɗa da nau'ikan bincike da gwaje-gwaje ya bambanta da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙira da tabbatar da ilimin muhalli na kimiyya daga hangen nesa na yamma. Hukumomin gwamnati da ba na kabilanci ba, irin su US EPA, sun kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin kai tare da wasu gwamnatocin kabilanci don haɗa Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin tsare-tsaren muhalli da bin diddigin sauyin yanayi.
Akwai muhawara ko ƴan asalin ƙasar suna riƙe da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha akan ilimin gargajiya da kuma ko amfani da wannan ilimin yana buƙatar izini da lasisi kafin aiki da shi. Wannan yana da rikitarwa musamman saboda ana kiyaye TEK akai-akai azaman al'adar baka kuma don haka na iya rasa ingantattun takaddun takaddun. Don haka, hanyoyin da za su iya warware batun takardun shaida don biyan bukatun yammacin Turai na iya yin illa ga yanayin ilimin gargajiya.
Ana amfani da ilimin gargajiya don kula da albarkatun kasa wadanda ake bukata don rayuwa. Yayin da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ita kanta, da kuma al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da al'adar baka, na iya zama cikin barazana saboda saurin sauyin yanayi ko lalacewar muhalli, TEK yana nuna mahimmanci don fahimtar tasirin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli.
Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya na iya komawa zuwa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wanda ke jaddada sassa daban-daban da mu'amalar muhalli.
Ci gaban fannin ilimin An gudanar da karatun farko na tsarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin nazarin ɗan adam. An yi nazarin ilimin halittu ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ethnoecology, "hanyar da ke mai da hankali kan tunanin dangantakar muhalli da mutane ko al'adu ke gudanarwa," a fahimtar yadda tsarin ilimi ya samo asali ta hanyar al'ada. Harold Colyer Conklin, wani Ba’amurke ƙwararren ɗan adam wanda ya fara nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci, ya jagoranci tattara bayanan ƴan asali hanyoyin fahimtar duniyar halitta. Conklin da sauransu sun rubuta yadda al'ummomin gargajiya, irin su masu sana'ar noma na Philippine, suka nuna na ban mamaki da cikakken cikakken sani game da tarihin yanayin wuraren da suka zauna. Shiga kai tsaye cikin tarawa, kera kayayyaki daga, da amfani da tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida ya haifar da wani tsari wanda duniyar halittu da duniyar al'adu ke da alaƙa da juna. Kodayake filin Tek ya fara da takardun jerin nau'ikan halittun da kungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma "biyan haraji daga cikin ƙasa don la'akari da la'akari da dangantakar dangantaka da hanyoyin da aka bayar tashi zuwa filin kamar yadda ake gane shi a yau. A cikin ƙarfafa nazarin hanyoyin daidaitawa, wanda ke ba da hujjar cewa ƙungiyar zamantakewa kanta amsa ce ta daidaita yanayin muhalli ta ƙungiyar zuwa yanayin gida, dangantakar ɗan adam da dabarun aiki waɗanda waɗannan alaƙa da al'adu suka dogara, filin TEK na iya yin nazari kan Tambayoyi masu yawa da suka shafi yanayin al'adu da ilimin halin ɗan adam. A tsakiyar 1980s, an rubuta ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen da ke haɓaka ilimin muhalli na gargajiya duka ilimin muhalli da ƴan asali daban-daban suke da shi da kuma dangantakarsu ta muhalli. Nazarin ya haɗa da nazarin "nama da kiyaye halittu masu rai a cikin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, da ilimin gargajiya da tsarin gudanarwa a cikin kamun kifi na bakin teku da lagoons, yankunan da ba su da ruwa, da kuma Arctic." Abin da waɗannan binciken ya kwatanta shi ne cewa "al'ummar gargajiya iri-iri suna da nasu fahimtar dangantakar muhalli da al'adun sarrafa albarkatun." Haɓaka ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a wannan lokacin ya haifar da fahimtar duniya game da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa a cikin ayyukan sarrafa albarkatun da ci gaba mai dorewa. Rahoton na 1987 na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya ya nuna yarjejeniya a lokacin. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa nasarorin da aka samu a karni na 20 (raguwar mace-macen jarirai, da karuwa a tsawon rayuwa, da karuwar karatu, da samar da abinci a duniya) sun haifar da al’amuran da suka haifar da gurbacewar muhalli “a cikin duniya da ta fi gurbace a tsakanin abada. rage albarkatun." Fata, duk da haka, ya wanzu don salon rayuwa na gargajiya. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin kabilu da na asali suna da salon rayuwa da za su iya samar wa al'ummomin zamani darussa kan sarrafa albarkatun da ke cikin dazuzzuka masu sarkakiya, da tsaunuka, da kuma juji.
Bambance-bambance daga kimiyya Fulvio Mazzocchi na Cibiyar Italian National Research Council na ma'aikatar kula da gurbacear yanayi ya bambanta ilimin gargajiya daga ilimin kimiyya kamar haka:
Abubuwan suka shafi ilimin muhalli na gargajiya Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya suna ba da nau'o'i daban-daban ta yadda ake amfani da su da fahimtarsa. Waɗannan alamu ne masu kyau game da yadda ake amfani da shi ta fuskoki daban-daban da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da juna, suna ba da ƙarin fifiko kan "Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa don mafi kyawun gano wuraren da ke da bambanci da haɗuwa yayin ƙoƙarin kawo hanyoyin tunani da sanin juna biyu."
Binciken gaskiya Houde ya gano fuskoki shida na ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Bangaren farko na ilimin ilimin halitta na gargajiya ya haɗa da ainihin, takamaiman abubuwan lura da aka samar ta hanyar tantancewa, suna, da rarrabuwa na sassa daban-daban na muhalli. Wannan al'amari shine game da fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da kuma kewaye da su. Har ila yau, saiti ne na duka abubuwan lura da bayanai da ke jaddada al'amuran dabbobi da dabi'unsu, da muhallinsu, da sifofin zahiri na nau'in, da yawan dabbobi. Wannan ya fi amfani don kimanta haɗarin haɗari da gudanarwa wanda ke ba ƙasashe damar yin tasiri akan sarrafa albarkatun. To sai dai idan al'umma ba ta yi aiki ba, to kasa za ta iya aiwatar da muradun kanta. Irin wannan "ilimin ƙwaƙƙwara ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan lura da aka gudanar na dogon lokaci kuma an ƙarfafa su ta hanyar asusun wasu masu riƙe TEK."
Tsarin gudanarwa Fuska ta biyu tana nufin yin amfani da albarkatu cikin ɗa'a da dorewa dangane da tsarin gudanarwa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar dabarun tsare-tsare don tabbatar da kiyaye albarkatu. Musamman ma wannan fuskar ta ƙunshi ma'amala da sarrafa kwari, sauya albarkatu, tsarin noman noma da yawa, da hanyoyin ƙididdige yanayin albarkatun. Hakanan yana mai da hankali kan sarrafa albarkatu da yadda ya dace da yanayin gida.
Amfani na baya da na yanzu Fuska ta uku tana nufin girman lokaci na Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, yana mai da hankali kan amfani da muhallin da ake yadawa ta hanyar tarihin baka, kamar amfani da ƙasa, zama, zama, da matakan girbi. Musamman tsire-tsire na magani da wuraren tarihi suna da matukar damuwa. Ana amfani da tarihin baka don isar da al'adun gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar dangi da al'umma.
Da'a da dabi'u Fuska ta huɗu tana nufin maganganun ƙima da alaƙa tsakanin tsarin gaskatawa da kuma tsara gaskiya. Game da Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli yana nufin xa'a na muhalli wanda ke kiyaye ikon amfani da bincike. Har ila yau, wannan fuska tana nufin bayyanar da dabi'u game da dangantaka da wuraren zama na nau'i da kuma kewaye da su yanayin dangantakar mutum.
Al'adu da asali Fuska ta biyar tana nufin rawar da harshe da hotunan da suka gabata ke bunkasa ga al'adu. Dangantaka tsakanin Aboriginal (mazaunan asali) da muhallinsu na da mahimmanci don dorewar abubuwan al'adu da ke ayyana su. Wannan fuskar tana nuna labaru, dabi'u, da alakar zamantakewa da ke zaune a wuraren da ke ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa, haifuwa, da haɓakar al'adun ƴan asalin, da kuma ganewa. Hakanan ya jaddada "fa'idodin maidowa na shimfidar al'adu a matsayin wuraren sabuntawa"
Ilimin sararin samaniya Fuska ta shida ita ce ilmin sararin samaniya ta al'ada wacce ita ce ginshikin sauran bangarorin. Ilimin sararin samaniya wato Cosmology shine ra'ayi na yadda duniya ke aiki don al'adu da yawa. Wannan na iya bambanta sosai daga al'ada ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Misali a Amurka, akwai sama da kabilu 577 da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da su tare da nasu al'adu, harsuna da tsarin imani. Yawancin waɗannan kabilun sun fahimci kansu a matsayin haɗin gwiwa da ƙasar. Kalmar 'cosmology' tana da alaƙa da zato da imani game da yadda al'amura ke gudana, kuma yana bayyana hanyar da abubuwa ke haɗuwa, kuma yana ba da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke daidaita dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma matsayin ɗan adam a duniya. Daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam, ilmin sararin samaniya yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma yadda waɗannan ke tasiri kai tsaye alaƙar zamantakewa, wajibai ga membobin al'umma, da ayyukan gudanarwa.
A cikin A Yupiaq Worldview: Hanya zuwa Ilimin Halittu da Ruhi na Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan asalin ƙasar, ya ce "Ma'auni na yanayi, ko hangen nesa na muhalli, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Yupiaq. Tarihi da binciken archaeological na kabila daban-daban a duniya yana da alama suna nuni da zaren falsafa ko muhalli guda ɗaya a tsakanin dukkan mutane, kuma wannan haɗin kai da ke bayyana yana haifar da tunanin haɗin kai na kowane abu na sararin samaniya. Mutanen Yupiaq sun kasance, kuma har yanzu, masu goyon bayan wannan ra'ayi na duniya ne, duk da raunin yanayin da ake samu ta hanyar kutse na zamani." Kawagley yayi karin bayani akan Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli a cikin mahallin duniya na Yupiaq da cewa, “Hanyoyin mutum na Yupiaq sun hada da lura, gogewa, hulɗar zamantakewa, da sauraron tattaunawa da tambayoyi na duniyar halitta da ta ruhaniya tare da hankali. Mutum ko da yaushe mai halarta-mai kallo ne."
Gudanar da yanayin muhalli Kula da yanayin muhalli hanya ce mai fuskoki da dama kuma cikakke hanya na sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Ya ƙunshi duka ilimin kimiyya da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya don tattara bayanai daga matakan dogon lokaci waɗanda kimiyya ba za su iya ba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar masana kimiyya da masu bincike tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yanke shawara tare da biyan bukatun zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu na zamani da na gaba. Ilimin 'yan asali ya samar da hanyar da za ta magance sarkakiya yayin da kimiyyar yamma ke da dabaru da kayan aiki. Wannan dangantaka ce mai kyau don samun wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ga ɓangarorin biyu da muhalli. Hatsarin da ke tattare da yin aiki tare shi ne, kasashe ba sa cin moriyar adalci ko kwata-kwata. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da ilimin ɗan asalin waje a wajen al'umma ba tare da izini ba al'adar al'adu amincewa, ko ramuwa. Ilimin ƴan asali na iya kiyaye muhalli, duk da haka yana iya zama ilimi mai tsarki.
Maido da ingancin muhalli Maido da ingancin muhalli shine al'adar maido da gurbataccen muhalli ta hanyar sa hannun ɗan adam. Akwai haɗe-haɗe da yawa tsakanin maido da muhalli da ayyukan sarrafa yanayin muhalli da suka shafi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, duk da haka sarrafa yanayin muhallin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ya fi zurfi ta hanyar alakar tarihi da wurin. Saboda rashin daidaiton iko da aka ambata a baya tsakanin ƴan asali da kuma waɗanda ba na asali ba, yana da mahimmanci cewa haɗin gwiwa ya daidaita don dawo da rashin adalci na zamantakewa kuma wannan ya tabbatar da samun nasara lokacin da ƴan asalin ƙasar suka jagoranci ayyukan maido da muhalli.
Ilimin gargajiya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta kasance daya daga cikin hukumomin tarayya na farko da suka samar da tsare-tsare na yau da kullun da ke bayanin yadda za ta hada kai da gwamnatocin kabilu da kuma amincewa da muradun kabilanci wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta "don kare lafiyar dan adam da muhalli." A cikin fahimtar alaƙar ƙabilanci da mahalli, EPA ta nemi haɓaka shirye-shiryen muhalli waɗanda ke haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin "kimiyyar muhalli, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara." Ko da yake a halin yanzu ba a san Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a matsayin muhimmin sashi na yanke shawarar muhalli na yau da kullun ba, masana kimiyya suna aiki kan haɓaka shirye-shiryen ƙwarewar kimiyya waɗanda suka dace da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya da haɓaka wadatar kai da azama. Rashin sanin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wajen tantance hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli shine wakilcin ɗabi'ar ƙabilanci don ƙima kimiyya akan ƙirar gargajiya. Don haka, hukumomin da ke haɗa kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya dole ne su amince da ƙimar hanyoyin koyarwa na musamman don yin cikakken amfani da fa'idodin kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Misali, dole ne hukumomin Amurka su koyi game da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ta hanyar yin aiki kafada da kafada da dattawan 'yan asalin, tattara bayanai na hannu daga takamaiman wurin da ake tambaya, da haɗa ƙimar 'yan asalin cikin ƙimar su ta kimiya. A cikin Nuwamban 2000, Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya ba da umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 13175, wanda ke buƙatar sassan tarayya da hukumomin tarayya su tuntuɓi gwamnatocin ƙabilun Indiya don haɓaka manufofin da za su sami tasirin kabilanci. Tasirin kabilanci ana bayyana ta EPA da cewa yana da "tasirin kai tsaye ga ɗaya ko fiye da kabilun Indiya, akan dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya, ko kuma akan rabon iko da nauyi tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya." A matsayin hukumar tarayya ta gwamnatin Amurka, an buƙaci EPA ta kafa ƙa'idodin tsarin tuntuɓar. A matsayin martaninta na farko, hukumar ta samar da wasu ka’idoji da za su ba da damar yin sadarwa mai ma’ana da daidaitawa tsakanin hukumar da jami’an kabilanci kafin hukumar ta dauki matakai ko aiwatar da shawarwarin da ka iya shafan kabilu. Ka'idojin sun kuma tsara lambobin tuntuɓar EPA don haɓaka daidaito da daidaita tsarin tuntuɓar, da kafa kulawar gudanarwa da bayar da rahoto don tabbatar da gaskiya da gaskiya.
Wani nau'i na tuntuɓar Majalisar Ƙabila ta EPA. A cikin 2000, Ofishin Bincike da Ci gaba na EPA ya kafa Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA. Majalisar, wadda ta kunshi wakilai daga kabilu a fadin kasar, ana nufin samar da tsari don shigar da kabilu cikin kokarin kimiyya na EPA, da kuma zama abin hawa wanda ta hanyar EPA za ta iya samun fahimtar batutuwan kimiyya wadanda suka fi fifiko ga kabilu. a matakin kasa. Majalisar kuma tana ba wa kabilu dama don yin tasiri akan ajandar kimiyya ta EPA ta hanyar ɗaga waɗannan batutuwan da suka fi fifiko ga ƙungiyar EPA mai fa'ida. Muhimmanci ga membobin kabilanci a farkon taron Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA shine bambance-bambancen da ke cikin al'adun gargajiya na kabilanci da kuma kimiyyar yamma. Waɗannan hanyoyin rayuwa sun haɗa da "haɗin ruhi, tunani, jiki, da tunani da mahalli; alaƙa waɗanda suka dogara akan ƙima mai ƙima da ƙima"; da kuma fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don cigaban rayuwar ɗan adam. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, ana nufin yin aiki a matsayin wurin taro inda ƙungiyoyin biyu za su iya "raba bayanan da za su iya ba da gudummawa ga kare muhalli ga duk al'ummomin da ba al'adar da ke barin asalinta ba." A ƙoƙari na kare TTL Majalisar ta gano zama a matsayin yanki mai mahimmanci don bincike. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta ayyana rayuwa a matsayin: “dangantaka tsakanin mutane da muhallinsu, hanyar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta ƙunshi haɗin kai na ruhaniya da ƙasa, kuma ya haɗa da fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don rayuwar ɗan adam. Mutanen da suke rayuwa daga tushen albarkatun ƙasa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da waɗannan albarkatun, suna rayuwa a cikin da'irar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta kasance game da rayuwa a hanyar da za ta tabbatar da amincin albarkatun ƙasa don amfanin tsararraki masu zuwa." Saboda TTL ko TEK ya keɓanta da wuri kuma ya haɗa da alaƙa tsakanin tsire-tsire da dabbobi, da alaƙar rayayyun halittu da muhalli, amincewa da rayuwa a matsayin fifiko yana ba da damar ilimi da ayyukan TTL su sami kariya. Misali, a wani bangare na shawarwarin da suka yi game da abin da za su ci, Majalisar ta amince da gano gurbacewar albarkatu a matsayin "batun kimiyyar kabilanci mafi mahimmanci a wannan lokacin." Domin mutanen ƙabilun da ke da salon rayuwa sun dogara da muhalli don dabarun gargajiya na noma, farauta. kamun kifi, gandun daji, da magunguna, da bukukuwa, gurɓatattun abubuwa suna yin tasiri daidai gwargwado kuma suna jefa TTL ɗinsu cikin haɗari. Kamar yadda Majalisar EPA ta bayyana, "Yawan cin abinci na kabilanci ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da na yawan jama'a, yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen albarkatun ƙasa ya fi damuwa nan da nan." Yayin da ‘yan asalin kasar ke kokawa da gurbacewar albarkatu, majalisar ta samu ci gaba wajen binciken illolinta.
Duk da irin wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, har yanzu akwai shingaye don ci gaba a cikin Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA. Misali, daya cikas shine yanayin hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya. Hanyoyin Rayuwa na Gargajiya na kabilanci ana ba da su ta hanyar labari, daga zamani zuwa zamani, tsara zuwa tsara, yayin da kimiyyar yammacin duniya ta dogara da rubutacciyar kalma, sadarwa ta hanyar ilimi da ilimi. Ƙoƙarin tattara masana kimiyya na yammacin duniya da mutanen ƙabilanci su ma sun sami cikas ta hanyar fahimtar ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka cewa ana sanya nazarin kimiyya a cikin "baƙar akwatin" na misalta wanda ke hana shigar da kabilanci. Ko da kuwa, EPA ta fahimci ikon ilimin ɗan asalin don haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya da samar da sabbin bayanai da ra'ayoyi waɗanda za su iya amfanar yanayi da lafiyar ɗan adam.
Inganta hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya cikin tsarin kimanta haɗarin EPA misali ɗaya ne na yadda Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta sami damar aiwatar da canji a al'adun EPA. Tsarin tantance haɗarin haɗari shine "tsarin tsara don nazarin kimiyya na yuwuwar tasirin cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli sakamakon kamuwa da gurɓatawa ko wasu matsalolin muhalli." EPA ta yi amfani da kimar haɗari don kafa "matakan tsaftacewa a wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari, ingancin ruwa da ka'idojin iska, shawarwarin kifi, da hana ko ƙuntata amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran sinadarai masu guba." Mutanen ƙabilanci sun damu, duk da haka, hanyoyin tantance haɗarin na yanzu ba su da cikakkiyar ƙima ga al'adun kabilanci, dabi'u, da/ko hanyoyin rayuwa. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci tana neman haɗa TTL cikin tunanin fallasa wanzuwa a cikin tsarin tantance haɗarin EPA. Maƙasudin dogon lokaci don Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, cikakken canji ne a kimanta yanke shawara daga haɗari zuwa kiyaye mutane da muhalli masu lafiya. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen kabilanci ba sa yarda da rabuwa da yanayin ɗan adam da muhalli lokacin da suka nuna haɗari. Ta hanyar EPA da aka ƙaddamar da taron karawa juna sani, tarurrukan bita, da ayyuka, ƙabilun sun sami damar yin tattaunawa game da haɗa hanyoyin rayuwa ta al'ada ta kabilanci cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA da yanke shawara. Wannan ya faru ta hanyoyi da yawa: haɗa ayyukan al'adu na musamman na ƙabilanci kamar kwando na asali, mahimmancin kifin kifi da sauran kifaye, magungunan tsire-tsire na gida, cin kifi da nama mai yawa, da wuraren gumi a matsayin fallasa don ƙididdige haɗarin haɗari. ga mutane ko ga al'umma. Kodayake ana iya haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan takamaiman ayyuka na ƙabilanci a cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA, babu tabbacin cewa za a haɗa su kuma babu daidaito kan yadda za a iya amfani da su a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar. A cikin Yulin 2014, Kungiyar EPA ta ba da sanarwar "Manufa kan Adalci na Muhalli don Yin Aiki tare da Ƙabilun Ƙabilu da 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar Tarayya," suna gabatar da ka'idodinta don shirye-shiryen da suka danganci kabilu da 'yan asalin tarayya da aka amince da su don "goyi bayan aiwatar da gaskiya da inganci na tarayya. dokokin muhalli, da kuma ba da kariya daga tasirin da bai dace ba da kuma manyan haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli." Daga cikin ka'idoji 17 akwai 3 ("EPA tana aiki don fahimtar ma'anar lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli daga mahangar ƙabilun da aka amince da tarayya, 'yan asali a duk faɗin Amurka, da sauran waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasar Indiya"); #6 ("EPA tana ƙarfafa, kamar yadda ya dace kuma gwargwadon iya aiki kuma doka ta ba da izini, haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin ilimin muhalli na hukumar, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara, don fahimta da magance matsalolin adalci na muhalli da sauƙaƙe shirin. aiwatarwa"); da kuma #7 ("EPA tana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi sirri game da bayanai akan wurare masu tsarki, albarkatun al'adu, da sauran ilimin gargajiya, kamar yadda doka ta yarda." Yayin da wannan manufar ke gano jagorori da matakai na EPA dangane da ka'idodin adalci na muhalli kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da ƙabilu da ƴan asalin ƙasar, hukumar ta lura cewa ba su da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da su azaman dokoki ko ƙa'idodi Ba za a iya amfani da su ga wani yanayi na musamman ba ko canza ko musanya kowace doka, ƙa'ida, ko duk wani abin da ake buƙata na doka kuma ba a aiwatar da doka ba.
Illolin lalacewar muhalli dangane da ilimin gargajiya A wasu yankuna, gurɓacewar muhalli ya haifar da raguwar ilimin halittu na gargajiya. Misali, a al'ummar Aamjiwnaang na Anishnaabe First Nations mutane a Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, mazauna suna fama da "nasarawar raguwar yawan haihuwar namiji wanda mazauna ke danganta su ga kusancinsu ga tsire-tsire masu guba":
Canjin yanayi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana ba da bayanai game da sauyin yanayi a cikin tsararraki da labarin ƙasa na ainihin mazauna yankin. Ilimin muhalli na al'ada yana jaddada kuma ya sanya bayanai game da lafiya da hulɗar muhalli su zama cibiyar bayanan da yake ɗauka. Canjin yanayi yana shafar ilimin ilimin halittu na gargajiya ta nau'ikan asalin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yadda suke rayuwa. Ilimin al'ada yana yada daga tsara zuwa tsara kuma yana ci gaba a yau. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara da waɗannan al’adu don rayuwarsu. Don lokutan girbi da yawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun canza ayyukansu watannin kadan saboda tasirin sauyin yanayi.
Haɓakar yanayin zafi yana kara zama barazana ga yanayin halittu saboda yana cutar da rayuwar wasu bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Haɗin haɓakar yanayin zafi da canjin yanayin hazo yana shafar wuraren tsiro.
Hakanan ɗumamar yanayi na shafar kwari da dabbobi. Canjin yanayin zafi zai iya shafar abubuwa da yawa tun daga lokacin da kwari ke fitowa a cikin shekara zuwa canje-canjen mazaunin dabbobi a cikin canje-canjen yanayi. Yayin da zafin yanayi ke ƙara zafi, gobarar daji ta zama mai yiwuwa. Wata al'umma ta asali a Ostiraliya kwanan nan an ba su ƙasa kuma suna dawo da al'adarsu ta al'ada na sarrafa konewa. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar bambancin halittu da kuma rage tsananin gobarar daji.
Ba wai kawai nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayin ya shafa ba, amma tare, lafiyar muhalli na shafar sauyin yanayi don haka albarkatun muhalli da ke samuwa ga 'yan asali na iya canzawa a cikin adadin da ake da su da kuma ingancin albarkatun. Yayin da matakan kankarar teku ke raguwa, mutanen Alaska na fuskantar canje-canje a rayuwarsu na yau da kullun; kamun kifi, sufuri, zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin rayuwarsu sun zama marasa aminci. Daskarewar ƙasa ya haifar da lahani ga gine-gine da hanyoyin titi. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana ƙara tsananta yayin da albarkatun ruwa mai tsabta ke raguwa. Canjin yanayi na lalata rayuwar yau da kullun na 'yan asalin ƙasar a matakai da yawa. Canjin yanayi da ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da alaƙa daban-daban dangane da yankin yanki wanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa daban-daban da ayyukan ragewa. Misali, don tunkarar waɗannan yanayi nan da nan, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun daidaita lokacin girbi da abin da suka girbe sannan kuma su daidaita amfani da albarkatun su. Canjin yanayi na iya canza daidaiton bayanan ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun dogara sosai kan alamu na yanayi don tsara ayyuka har ma da hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sakamakon karuwar rashin jin daɗi, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna ƙaura don nemo wasu hanyoyin tsira. A sakamakon haka, an yi asarar alakar al'adu da kasashen da suka taba zama a kai, haka kuma an yi hasarar ilmin ilmin muhalli na gargajiya da suka yi da kasar a can. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da ba a tsara su yadda ya kamata ko aiwatar da su ba na iya cutar da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kungiyar EPA ta ambaci cewa za ta ɗauki ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin la'akari wajen tsara daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi. Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Kasa ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta yi amfani da hanyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar wajen yaƙar yanayin sauyin yanayi.
Nazarin bincike: Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska A wani bincike, mazauna kauyukan Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska, sun ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce na rayuwarsu, yanayi ya yi wuya a iya hasashensa, lokacin sanyi ya ragu, ana samun matsala wajen hasashen yawan shuke-shuken da za a girbi., akwai bambance-bambance a cikin hijirar dabbobi, an sami ƙarin ganin sabbin nau'in halittu, wanda ake gani fiye da baya, kuma ayyukan farauta da tarawa ba su zama abin da ake iya gani ba kuma ba su faru ba sau da yawa saboda ƙarancin samun damar yin hakan. Mazauna garin sun ga wani sauyi a yanayinsu wanda kuma ya shafi rayuwarsu. Tsirrai da dabbobin ba su yi daidai da samuwarsu ba wanda ya shafi farauta da tara jama’a saboda babu abin da za a yi farauta ko tarawa. Bayyanar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi kuma abin damuwa ne na lafiyar jiki da abinci mai gina jiki saboda ba a al'adance suke cikin ƙasa ba.
Kungiyar harsunanTEK
Karuk da Yurok Burning a matsayin TEK A cewar masanin zamantakewar muhalli Kirsten Vinyeta da mai binciken canjin yanayi na kabila Kathy Lynn, "Karuk Tribe na California sun mamaye ƙasar ƴan asali a tsakiyar tsakiyar Klamath da Salmon Rivers a Arewacin California. Yankin ƙabilar ta ƙabilar ta ƙunshi kimanin eka miliyan 1.38 a cikin Kogin Klamath. Ayyukan ƙonawa na al'ada sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Karuk tun a tarihi. Ga Kabila, wuta tana aiki azaman kayan aikin sarrafa ƙasa mai mahimmanci da kuma aikin ruhaniya." A cewar farfesa nazarin muhalli Tony Marks-Block, mai bincike kan muhalli Frank K. Lake da ƙwararrun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Lisa M. Curran, "kafin manufofin keɓancewar wuta, Indiyawan Amurka sun yi amfani da watsar da gobarar da ba ta da tushe ko konewar al'adu don haɓaka albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don rayuwarsu da al'adunsu. ayyuka. Don dawo da albarkatun al'adun da suka lalace daga shekarun da suka gabata na keɓe gobara da kuma rage haɗarin gobarar daji, ƙabilar Karuk da Yurok na Arewa maso yammacin California suna jagorantar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na yanki don faɗaɗa gobarar watsa shirye-shirye da rage yawan man fetur a kan jama'a, masu zaman kansu, da ƙasashen kabilanci a cikin yankunan kakanninsu. Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake da Lisa M. Curran suma sun bayyana cewa "a yankin Karuk, gwamnatin tarayya ba ta kafa wani wurin kebabbe ba, inda ta bar murabba'in kilomita 3.83 na Karuk a cikin yankin kakanninsu, saura kuma ya kasance karkashin kasa. ikon dazuzzukan Klamath da koguna shida na ƙasa da kuma watsewar gidaje masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon haka, membobin kabilar Karuk da hukumomin gudanarwa dole ne su kewaya da'awar sabis ɗin gandun daji na USDA akan yankin kakanninsu kuma suna da iyakataccen zaɓi don faɗaɗa tushen ƙasarsu ta hanyar mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. A cikin yankin Yurok, hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da juna sun faru ciki har da gandun daji na Redwood da gandun daji na Kogin shida a wajen ajiyar da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa. Ajiye yana ƙarƙashin mallakar kamfanin katako mai zaman kansa. Saboda haka, kabilar Yurok dole ne ko dai su daidaita ko yin hulɗa tare da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin yankin kakanninsu, amma a halin yanzu suna da zaɓi mafi girma don samun kadarori masu zaman kansu fiye da kabilar Karuk." A cewar farfesa a fannin zamantakewar zamantakewa Kari Norgaard da dan kabilar Karuk William Tripp, "wannan tsari za a iya maimaita shi kuma a fadada shi zuwa sauran al'ummomi a yammacin Klamath Mountains da kuma bayansa. Hoopa da Yurok tanoak sun tsaya cewa gogaggun gobarar da aka maimaita sun fi jure wa cutar kan lokaci. Wasu bincike sun nuna bambance-bambancen ban mamaki game da kamuwa da cututtuka nan da nan bayan gobarar daji (sau 72 ba a iya samunta a konewa ba tare da wuraren da ba a kone ba a wuri guda), kodayake an nuna cewa tana ci gaba da warkewa idan ba a sake samun gobara ba, domin cutar na iya rayuwa. a cikin rundunonin da wuta ba ta kashe su ba.”
Kiyaye Muhalli na Anishinabe a matsayin TEK A cewar mawallafa Bobbie Kalman da Niki Walker, "'yan asalin wuri, ko 'yan ƙasa, mutane sun zauna a yankin Great Lakes na dubban shekaru. Mutanen al'ummar Anishinabe (Anishinabe) sun zauna a yankuna a yankin Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Bisa ga al'adar baka, mutanen Anishinabe sun taɓa rayuwa ta wurin wani katon ruwan gishiri, wanda watakila ya kasance Tekun Atlantika ko Hudson's Bay. Mutanen sun sami annabci, ko annabci cewa idan sun yi tafiya cikin ƙasa, za su sami wurin da abinci ke tsiro a kan ruwa. Wasu sun tafi yamma, suna bin hangen nesa na megis, ko harsashi na cowrie, wanda ya jagorance su zuwa Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Mutanen sun rabu gida biyu suka zauna a wurare daban-daban wadanda suka hada da al'ummar Anishinabe. Anishinabe yana da dangantaka ta kud da kut da wasu al'ummomi biyu a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na yamma kasancewar Odawa (Ottawa) da Potawatomi. Mutanen waɗannan al’ummai uku sukan auri juna, suna fatauci, kuma su yi aiki tare don sasanta rigingimu. Sun kuma taru a majalisu, inda suka yanke shawara tare.” A cewar masanin falsafar ɗan asalin ƙasashe kuma masanin shari'a na yanayi muhalli Kyle Powys Whyte, "Mutanen Anishinabe a ko'ina cikin yankin Great Lakes sune kan gaba wajen kiyaye nau'in asali na asali da kuma maido da muhalli. Nmé shine mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa kifaye mai rai a cikin Babban Tekuna, wani lokacin yana wuce shekaru 100. Nmé ya yi hidima ga mutanen Asnishinabe a matsayin tushen abinci mai mahimmanci, nau'in nuna alama don sa ido kan muhalli, da kuma lachlan, yana taka rawa a cikin bukukuwa da labarai. Kenny Pheasant, wani dattijo ya ce, “Rashin sturgeon ya yi daidai da raguwar dangin sturgeon. Iyalan dangin sturgeon kaɗan ne kawai aka san su a nan" (Little River Band). Sashen Albarkatun Halitta na Indiyawan Ottawa sun fara rukunin mahallin al'adu, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƴan kabilu da masana ilimin halitta, waɗanda suka haɓaka maƙasudai da manufofin maidowa. Manufar ita ce a dawo da jituwa da haɗin kai tsakanin Nmé da mutanen Anishinabe kuma a dawo da su duka zuwa kogin. Daga ƙarshe, sashen ya ƙirƙiri wurin renon farko na rafi don kare matasa sturgeon kafin a sake su a kowace faɗuwa don kiyaye asalin mahaifarsu. Shinkafar daji, ko manoomin, tana tsirowa a cikin magudanan ruwa, bayyanannu, da tafiyar hawainiya kuma ana iya girbe su a farkon kaka. Bayan girbi, ana sarrafa manoomin ta hanyar ayyuka kamar bushewa, bushewa, ƙwanƙwasa, bushewa, da tsaftacewa. Bayan Anishinabe ya yi hijira daga Gabas kuma ya isa yankin Great Lakes inda za su iya noman amfanin gona a kan ruwa, ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta na Amurka da Kanada da kamfanoni suna gudanar da ayyuka kamar hakar ma'adinai, damming, noma na kasuwanci da motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Waɗannan ayyukan suna shafar manoomin kai tsaye da wurin zama. A yau al’ummar Anishinabe sune jagororin kula da noman shinkafar daji. Taron Nibi (ruwa) da Manoomin Symposium, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara biyu, yana kawo masu girbin shinkafa na kabilanci a cikin manyan tabkuna, masana na asali, masu noman shinkafa na paddy, wakilai daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da hukumomin jihohi, da masu binciken jami'o'i da ke sha'awar canjin kwayoyin halittar shinkafa. tare. Dattawa suna ba da labarunsu game da manoomin kuma matasa suna raba ra'ayinsu kan yadda manoomin ya dace da makomarsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar da ke aiki a matsayin masana kimiyya a cikin ƙabilunsu suna ba da gogewar aiki tare da dattawa don fahimtar zurfin abubuwan tarihi na aikin da suke yi don nazari da adana manoomin. Ana gayyatar sauran ’yan asalin ƙasar don ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na maidowa da kiyaye sauran nau’in ’yan asali, irin su taro da masara.”
Kiyaye Killer Whales dake kudancin Ƙasar Lummi ta Jihar Washington a matsayin matakinTEK A cewar masana ilimin muhalli Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler da kuma mamban Lummi Jeremiah Julius, “Al’ummar Lummi ta Jihar Washington, ƙabilar Amurka ce ta Tekun Salish. A cikin 2018, Ƙasar Lummi ta sadaukar da kanta ga Tafiya ta Totem Pole a duk faɗin Amurka suna kira ga dawowar 'yan uwansu "Lolita" (wani mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale) zuwa ruwan gida. A cikin yaren Salish, ana kiran killer whales da qwe 'lhol mechen, ma'ana 'dangantakar mu a ƙarƙashin raƙuman ruwa', amma Lummi ba wai kawai 'dangantaka' ne da kifin kifin a cikin wani nau'i na nau'in kifin ba, kifayen suna da alaƙa a ma'ana. cewa danginsu ne. Lokacin da NOAA ta fara sanya Killer Whale na Kudancin Kudancin wani yanki mai hatsarin gaske (DPS) a cikin 2005, bisa doka sun kawar da "Lolita" a matsayin dan uwa. Shawarar ta karanta, "Mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale DPS bai haɗa da kifayen kifaye daga J, K ko L kwaf ɗin da aka sanya su cikin bauta kafin a jera su ba, kuma baya haɗa da 'ya'yan da aka haifa a fursuna" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi suna neman NOAA don hada kai wajen ciyar da kifin har sai chinook na sautin Puget zai iya kiyaye su. Lummi sun fara ciyar da danginsu biki, amma NOAA ta gaya musu cewa babban yunƙuri na buƙatar izinin tarayya da haɗin gwiwa. Ko da yake ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kiyayewa na ƙungiyar shine tabbatar da 'isasshen adadi, inganci da samun damar nau'in ganima', NOAA ta fahimci wannan manufar sosai a matsayin batun wurin zama. Sun bayyana karara cewa yanzu ba lokacin jin dadi ba ne saboda 'karancin bayanai' ko rashin tabbas. Lummi na ci gaba da Tafiya na Totem Pole na shekara-shekara don kare ƴan'uwansu mazan, kifin baki, da kuma kiyaye gawayi, mai da sauran barazana daga cikin Tekun Salish. An tsara waɗannan ayyukan warkaswa don magance abin da Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart da Lemyra M. DeBruyn suka kira "bakin ciki na tarihi wanda ba a warware ba har yau".
Duba kuma Agroecology
Braiding Sweetgrass
Samfurin gandun daji ba na katako ba
Ilimin gargajiya
Afirka Insect TEK
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Ci gaba da karatu Robin Wall Kimmerer (2013) Braiding Sweetgrass: Hikimar 'Yan Asalin Kasa, Ilimin Kimiyya, da Koyarwar Tsirrai (Bugu na Milkweed) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ilimin Muhalli na Gargajiya: Kula da Tsare-Tsare na Uwar Duniya, Sabis na Kula da Wuta na Ƙasa
Cibiyar Jama'ar Ƙasa da Muhalli, a Jami'ar Jihar New York, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Muhalli da Gandun daji
Restoration Network (IPRN)
Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve da Haida Heritage Site
Teburin Fuskoki Shida na TEK
Muha
Ilimin gargajiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
2887 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto | Esperanto | Esperanto "lingvo internacia"
Jubilea simbolo
Sunayen karatuttukan Fasfutan Esperanto Akasin hankali masu daban a cikin amfani. Daya daga cikin su ya sanya haruffan sirkumfleksa da digraphs na h. Akwai damuwa na grafiki kamar hanyoyi masu fito-kashi mai sirkumfleksa tare da carets.
H-takardar Idan an gano a kan teburajin babu mai iya koma rubutu da lambobbin karatun da za a iya sa lambobbin rubutu da lambobbin na "h" da lambobbin duk da haka ba ya yi amfani. Amma a mafita na wannan karatun, to zai iya yi alama: "ch=ĉ; gh=ĝ; hh=ĥ; jh=ĵ; sh=ŝ". Idan mutane suke buɗe rubutun masu bayarwa za su iya yi amfani, domin al'amura ba su sa su suƙe da waje An yi amfani da lambobbin zai iya sa suƙe ko Misali: sign,et,o sign'et'o sig-net-o.}}</ref> Sunayen karaɗin asalin kuma dukan abubuwa da digraphs ta ɓangare da mutum da aka ɓangaraka, wato L. L. Zamenhof. Ya ba muɗewa ya ce ya yi amfani da a cikin tsohon da kuma digraphs da ga lambobbin saukin sirkumfleksa. Misali, ya sauya da kamar yadda a don (chance). Inda suke tsohon abubuwan an bayar da suna buƙatar taƙaitaccen kwarewa ko da ɗakin hyphen, kamar su (shida-kuɗi) ko (bandar fashewa).
Ƙin kuma, tsarin ASCII na asalinsu da ake rubuta rubutu baya ya shigo da kyamar kyamar lokaci yana da amfani a rubutu masu saukar h-digraphs, saboda abubuwan da suka hada da rubutu za su yi ta adireshin cikin dukan rubutu ta da kuma ƙofa ta adireshin cikin dukan rubutu ta Rubutun za su yi ta bayar da amma za a iya saurara a cikin h-takardar, za su zaɓa a baya da X-takardar Tsarin mai nauyi na bude ta kuma rubutu a Fasfutan Esperanto tare da sunan "x-takardar", wato ya sa amfani da daga sunan a rubutu masu saukar h-digraphs, kuma don Misali, ta bamu da kamar yadda aka ba su don da kuma don X-digraphs suna buƙatar taimakawa a cikin h-takardar:
x bai ƙunshi haruffa a haruffa na asalin Fasfutan Esperanto, domin amfani da shi ba zai yi damuwa ba.
Rubutun digraphs yana buɗe ɗaya ɗaya yayin rubutun abuɗayi masu bayarwa; misali, (don za su zaɓa a baya da haruffa ta h-takardar za ta zaɓa a baya da ita. Bayani ya yawaita a cikin abuɗayi masu haɗa ko abuɗayi masu zauna da 'z' a cikin harsunan ko rubutun da ba a yi nasara da suna sakamako ba
misali, harsunan da ba suka haɗa da rubutu ("sake haɗa") za su zaɓa a baya da (don "rheumatism").
X-takardar ya samu lokacin kuma h-takardar, amma yana da turo da ba zai fahimta yanzu a kan Fundamento de Esperanto. Haka kuma, a cikin gasarwa 2007, Akademio de Esperanto ta bayyana karshe don amfani da tsarin yau da kullum ta rubutu lambobbin Fasfutan Esperanto, a cikin wurin cewa wannan zai yi amfani ba "gare kuɗin da mutane ba su iya amfani da lambobbin kasashen a yi, kuma a wurin da lambar suna taimakawa na h-takardar da ya bayyana a Fundamento bai ɗauko da shi ko kuma ba da damuwa ba." Wannan babu sabon aini ko da irin alama ko da asali masu saukar tsarin Unicode ga mutumin da ya bayyana.
Wani matsalar abuɗayi mai haɗa na substituti na x-takardar yana da ƙarfi a rubutu da rubutu biyar, da ya kuma tsere da rubutun kamar don ya bamu da damuwa ne idan aka amfani da rubutun Faransa, saboda wani abuɗayi masu haɗa na Faransa, domin an kirkira rubutu da za suka tafi a waje ko 'Aux,' misali, wata abuɗayi a dukan harsunan a Fasfutan Esperanto). Kowace kula da za a sake amfani da sakamako na rubutu zai kirkira rubutu da za suka tafi a waje da Fasfutan Esperanto. Watau abuɗayin Turanci kamar "auxiliary" da "Euxine" za suka kula duka game da hanyoyin yanzu. Wani tsarin da mutane kusan suka koyi, kamar yadda aka yi a bayyane na Wikipedia na rubutu MediaWiki daga gasar 2002, wani don Brion Vibber, shi ne ya amfani da don haifar da sakamako na zuwa sakamako, misali zai yi "aux". Wani mutum kusan ya yi bayanin amfani da a matsayin amfani da don don kawo la'akari wannan matsalar, amma wannan tsauni na tsarin ba da damuwa ne.
Y-takardar sunayi Y-takardar
noma Alphabat
wani_kanawa Y-takardar, ipsilono-kodo ipa-note babu
Ĉ Cy
Ĝ Gy
Ĥ X
Ĵ Jy
Ŝ Sy
Ŭ W
Misali: eĥoŝanĝoj ĉiuĵaŭde ("echo-change every Thursday") zai iya yi "exosyangyo cyiujyawde".
Sarari na asali: Ĉiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laŭ digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu al alia en spirito de frateco.
Ĉiuj rajtoj kaj liberecoj difinitaj en tiu ĉi Deklaracio validas same por ĉiuj homoj, sen kia ajn diferencigo, ĉu laŭ raso, haŭtkoloro, sekso, lingvo, religio, politika aŭ alia opinio, nacia aŭ socia deveno, posedaĵoj, naskiĝo aŭ alia stato. Plie, nenia diferencigo estu farata surbaze de la politika, jurisdikcia aŭ internacia pozicio de la lando aŭ teritorio, al kiu apartenas la koncerna persono, senkonsidere ĉu ĝi estas sendependa, sub kuratoreco, ne-sinreganta aŭ sub kia ajn alia limigo de la suvereneco.
Y-sistemo: Cyiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj law digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu al alia en spirito de frateco.
Cyiuj rajtoj kaj liberecoj difinitaj en tiu cyi Deklaracio validas same por cyiuj homoj, sen kia ajn diferencigo, cyu law raso, hawtkoloro, sekso, lingvo, religio, politika aw alia opinio, nacia aw socia deveno, posedajyoj, naskigyo aw alia stato. Plie, nenia diferencigo estu farata surbaze de la politika, jurisdikcia aw internacia pozicio de la lando aw teritorio, al kiu apartenas la koncerna persono, senkonsidere cyu gyi estas sendependa, sub kuratoreco, ne-sinreganta aw sub kia ajn alia limigo de la suvereneco.
Anazarci Esperanto, a, b, c Kurso Saluton! Audiovisual koyo yanayin
Alfabeto de Esperanto
Wikipedia
Bildvortaro esperanto-afriko.org esperanto.net Esperanto 62 lingvoj
Esperanto.net (angle) ĉinia radio internacia esperanta retpaĝo "uea-radikoj-685"
reta-vortaro.de)
"Esperanto"; FUNDAMENTO DE ESPERANTO Antaŭparolo; Gramatiko: GRAMMAIRE (Gramatiko Franca); GRAMMAR Angla); GRAMMATIK Germana); Rusa); GRAMATYKA Pola);Ekzercaro, Universala Vortaro
Esperanto), PIV Plena Ilustrita Vortaro Eldono 2005 (Afrika fulfulde)
Benson-Esperanto-Edmonton
|
10354 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Fatah%20el-Sisi | Abdul Fatah el-Sisi | Abdul Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil El-Sisi (da Abdel-Fattāḥ īd Ḥesēn Khalīl es-Sīsi ħ d n l si|: an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar ta alif 1954) dan siyasar kasar Misra ne, wanda shi ne shugaban ƙasar Misra na shida ya kama aiki tun a shekara ta, 2014. Ya kuma fara shugabanci a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2019,<ref. name=afpyahoo>cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/kagame-steps-down-egypt-takes-helm-african-union-043943631.html|title=Kagame steps down, Egypt's Sisi takes helm at African Union|author=Nicolas Delauney, AFP|publisher=Yahoo News|date=February 10, 2019|accessdate=February 10, 2019</ref><ref. name=nationspeaks>cite news|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Kagame-hands-over-AU-chair-Sisi/1066-4975658-125x86/index.html|title=As Kagame steps down, Egypt takes helm at African Union|author=Charles Omondi|publisher=Daily Nation|date=February 10, 2019|accessdate=February 10, 2019</ref> na Shugaban Kungiyar Afirka.
Field Marshal Sisi an haife shi ne a birnin Cairo, sannan bayan ya shiga aikin soja, ya rike mukami a kasar Saudiya kafin ya shiga makarantar Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College. A shekarar alif 1992, Sisi ya samu horo a Joint Services Command and Staff College a Watchfield, Oxfordshire, a United Kingdom, sannan a shekarar, 2006, ya kara samun horo a United States Army War College dake Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Sisi ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamanda na mechanized infantry sannan kuma ya zama darekta na military intelligence. Bayan Juyin-juya halin Misra na shekarar 2011 da zaben Mohamed Morsi a matsayin shugaban kasar Misra, ya nada Sisi Ministan tsaro a ranar 12 ga watan Augusta, shekarar, 2012, da sake fasalin Mubarak-era Hussein Tantawi.
A matsayinsa na Ministan tsaro, kuma shugaban kwamandoji na Egyptian Armed Forces, Sisi ya shiga cikin juyin mulkin da aka tunbuke Morsi daga shugabanci a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, shekarar, 2013, don mayar da martani a kan zanga-zangar Misra a watan Yuni shekara ta, 2013, wanda ya kira a matsayin juyin gwamnati daga 'yan cikinta. Ya rushe Kundin Dokar Misra na shekarar 2012, sannan ya sabunta, tare da wasu manyan 'yan adawa da malaman addini, wata sabuwar dokar gudanar da siyasar kasar, wadda ya hada da yin zabe game da sabon kundin kasar, da zaben 'yan majalisa da gwamnoni. An maye Morsi da shugaba Adly Mansour, wanda ya zabi sabbin kabinet. Gwamnatin ta afkawa Muslim Brotherhood da mabiyansu a watan da ya biyo baya, sannan kuma da wasu yan'adawa a kan tunbuke gwamnatin Morsi. A ranar 14 ga watan Augusta, shekarar, 2013, yan'sanda sun gudanar da August 2013 Kisan Rabaa, da kashe da ruruwan fararen hula da jikkata dubbai, wanda ya janyo suka daga kasashen duniya.
A ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekarar, 2014, don amsa wa masu son ya nemi shugabancin kasar, sai Sisi ya yi ritaya daga aikin soji, kuma ya bayyana cewar zai yi takarar shugabancin kasar a shekarar, 2014. Zaben, ya gudana daga ranar 26 zuwa ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, da Dan hamayya daya, Hamdeen Sabahi, inda aka samu kashi arba'in da bakwai daga cikin dari (47%) na masu kada kuri'u, wanda Sisi ya yi nasara da fiye da kashi 97% na kuri'un da aka kada. An rantsar da Sisi amatsayin Shugaban kasan Misra a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni, shekarar, 2014. Gwamnatin Sisi ta baiwa hukumar sojin Misra karfin da bata bincike, hakan yasa wasu jaridu suka kira shi da dictator kuma mai karfa-karfa, da danganta shi da tsoffin dictators din kasar.
A zaben shugaban kasar Misra na shekarar, 2018, Sisi yayi hamayya ne kawai a wurin tsaida dan'takara (wanda tare suka kafa gwamnati dashi, wato Moussa Mostafa Moussa) bayan sojoji sun kama Sami Anan da kuma guduwarsa bayan nan, da tsoratar da Ahmed Shafik da tsohon tuhumarsa da akayi masa na cin-hanci da kuma sex tape, da kuma janyewar Khaled Ali da Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat a dalilin karuwar matsaloli da kinbin tsari da masu gudanar da zaben kasar sukayi..
Manazarta Shugabannin ƙasar_Misra
Shugabannin_Afirka
Rayayyun mutane
'Yan siyasan ƙasar Misra
Shugabanni |
31717 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleshiya | Maleshiya | Maleshiya ƙasa ce, da ke a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Tarayya ce wacce ke da jihohi guda 13. An raba ta zuwa gida biyu ta Tekun Kudancin China. Mainungiyar ta tana kan Tekun Malay. Tana fuskantar mashigar Malacca a gabar yamma da Tekun Kudancin Sin a gaɓar gabashinta. Ɗaya bangaren kasar nan, wani lokaci ana kiransa da gabashin Maleziya, yana yankin arewacin tsibirin Borneo a Tekun Kudancin China. Kuala Lumpur babban birni ne a tsibirin Malay. Ba da daɗewa ba an maida da babban birnin tarayya zuwa Putrajaya, wani sabon birni da aka ƙera don keɓewa.
Kasar tana da kabilu da al'adu daban-daban, tare da yawancin mutane ƴan ƙabilar Malay ne, amma kuma akwai Sinawa da Indiyawa. Harshen hukuma shine Malay da kuma aka rubuta a cikin haruffan Latin. Ingilishi yare ne sananne sannan kuma harshen hukuma a cikin jihar Sarawak tare da Malay. Ana amfani da Tamil da Sinanci sau da yawa. Akwai fiye da wasu harsuna 130 da ake magana da su a cikin Malaysia, tare da 94 a cikin harshen Borneo na Malaysia da kuma 40 a yankin teku. Addinin Islama shine addini na hukuma, amma waɗanda ba harshen Malay ba suna da ƴancin yin wasu addinai.
Tarihi Tsakanin ƙasar China da ƙasar Indiya, Malaysia ta kasance tsohuwar wurin ciniki. Lokacin da Turawa suka zo wannan yanki, garin Malacca ta zama tashar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci.
Daular Birtaniyya ce ta yima Maleziya mulkin mallaka wanda ya fara daga Penang a shekarar 1786. Yankin zirin ya sami 'yencin kai a 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1957 a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1963, Malaya, Singapore da ɓangaren Borneo suka haɗu suka zama Malesiya. A cikin shekara ta 1965, an kori Singapore daga tarayya kuma ta ayyana independenceancin kai.
Jihohi Malaysia tana da jihohi 13, waɗanda su ne Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Penang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor da Terengganu, da kuma yankuna uku na tarayya, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya da Labuan. Adadin maki na tauraron da ke jikin tutar yana wakiltar adadin jihohin Malaysia, amma tana da 14 saboda Singapore tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohin Malaysia a lokacin ƙirƙirar ta. Matsayi na 14 a yanzu yana wakiltar yankunan tarayya, da ake kira Wilayah Persekutuan. Ana kiran shugaban ƙasar Malaysia da Yang di-Pertuan Agong, in ba haka ba ana kiransa "Sarkin Malaysia". Sultan Abdullah na Pahang ke rike da wannan take a halin yanzu. Shugaban gwamnatin Malaysia shine Firayim Minista. Firayim Minista na yanzu shi ne Mahathir Mohamad, lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a watan Mayu 2018 yana da shekara 92. Hakanan yana da majalisar dokoki da tsarin kotu. Memba ne na ASEAN. Tattalin arzikinta yana ci gaba da haɓaka kuma ƙasa ce mai wadata a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.
Garuruwa
Mai zuwa jerin wurare a Malaysia. Suna cikin tsari har zuwa ranar da aka basu matsayin birni.
George Town (1 Janairu 1957)
Kuala Lumpur (1 ga Fabrairu 1972)
Ipoh (27 ga Mayu 1988)
Kuching (1 Agusta 1988)
Johor Bahru (1 Janairu 1994)
Kota Kinabalu (2 ga Fabrairu 2000)
Shah Alam (10 ga Oktoba 2000)
Melaka (15 Afrilu 2003)
Alor Setar (21 Disamba 2003)
Miri (20 Mayu 2005)
Petaling Jaya (20 Yuni 2006)
Kuala Terengganu (1 Janairu 2008)
Iskandar Puteri (22 Nuwamba 2017)
Addini Kasar Malesiya tana da al'umma mai bin addinai da yawa, kuma addinin Islama shine mafi girma.
Al'adu
Malesiya tana da yawan kabilu, al'adu da harsuna da yawa, wanda ya kunshi 65% na Malesiya da sauran kabilu 'yan asalin, 25% Sinawa, 7% Indiyawa. 'Yan Malesiya, waɗanda suka fi kowace al'umma girma, dukkansu Musulmai ne tunda mutum ya kasance Musulmi ne don ya zama Malay bisa doka a karkashin dokar Malaysia. 'Yan Malay suna da rawar taka rawa a siyasance kuma suna cikin kungiyar da aka gano da suna bumiputera.
Manazarta
Wasu shafukan yanar gizo Malaysian Government Portal Malaysian maps
Malaysia Travel Guide Most comprehensive travel guide to Malaysia attractions
Ƙasashen |
33742 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasheed%20Ladoja | Rasheed Ladoja | Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja (an haife shi 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1944) ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya zama gwamnan jihar Oyo a Najeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar PDP. An tsige shi a watan Janairun a shekara ta 2006, amma a watan Disambar a shekara ta 2006 aka dawo da shi bakin aiki. Wa’adinsa ya kare a shekarar 2007. Ladoja ya zama memba na Zenith Labour Party (ZLP) a cikin watan Disamba a shekara ta 2018.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Ladoja a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1944 a kauyen Gambari kusa da Ibadan Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta maza ta Ibadan a shekara ta (1958 zuwa shekara ta 1963) da makarantar Olivet Baptist High School a shekara ta (1964 zuwa shekara ta 1965). Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Liège, Belgium a shekara ta (1966 zuwa shekara ta 1972) inda ya sami digiri a fannin Injiniya. Ya samu aiki a kamfanin mai na Total Nigeria, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 13 a mukamai daban-daban kafin ya shiga kasuwanci na zaman kansa a shekarar 1985. Abubuwan da ya shafi kasuwancinsa sun hada da sufuri, masana'antu, banki, noma da sufuri. An zabe shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya a shekarar 1993 a lokacin jamhuriya ta uku ta Najeriya a kankanin lokaci, ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) a lokacin mulkin Abacha. A shekara ta 2000, Ladoja ya zama darakta na bankin Standard Trust Limited.
Gwamnan jihar Oyo An zabi Ladoja a matsayin gwamnan jihar Oyo a watan Afrilun a shekara ta 2003 a tutar XDAjam’iyyar PDP, kuma ya karbi mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2003. Ya samu goyon bayan Alhaji Lamidi Adedibu, masu fada aji na PDP a jihar oyo. A watan Agustan shekarar 2004, Ladoja da Adedibu sun shiga tsaka mai wuya game da rabon wadanda gwamnati ta nada. Ladoja bai samu goyon bayan jam’iyyar ba a wannan rigimar. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a karshen shekarar 2005, shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na kasa, Ahmadu Ali, ya ce Ladoja ya kamata ya karbi umarni daga Lamidi Adedibu. A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta 2006 ne ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo suka tsige Ladoja tare da tilasta musu barin aiki. An rantsar da mataimakinsa, Christopher Adebayo Alao-Akala a matsayin sabon gwamna. A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta 2006, Kotun Daukaka Kara da ke babban birnin jihar, Ibadan, ta bayyana tsigewar ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma ta ba da shawarar jiran tabbatar da wannan hukunci daga Kotun Koli. Kotun koli ta amince da hukuncin a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta 2009, kuma Ladajo ya koma ofishin a hukumance a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2006. An girke jami’an ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma a kan manyan titunan manyan ofisoshin gwamnati domin dakile tashin hankalin magoya bayan Adebayo Alao-Akala da Lamidi Adedibu a lokacin da aka mayar da shi bakin aiki. Ladoja ya kasa lashe zaben fitar da gwani na PDP a matsayin dan takara karo na biyu. Ya zabi ya goyi bayan ‘yan takarar Action Congress na zaben shugabannin kananan hukumomi 33. PDP ta ki shiga zaben. Hakan ya sa jam'iyyar Action Congress (AC) ta lashe kujeru 26 sannan jam'iyyar ANPP ta lashe kujeru bakwai. Sai dai magajinsa a matsayin gwamna, tsohon mataimakinsa kuma tsohon mukaddashin gwamna Christopher Adebayo Akala, ya kori shugabannin kansilolin jim kadan da hawansa mulki tare da maye gurbinsu da magoya bayan PDP.
Bayan ajeye aiki A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2008, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati (EFCC) ta kama Ladoja bisa zargin rashin fitar da kudaden da aka sayar da hannun jarin gwamnati da ya kai N1.9. biliyan a lokacin gwamnatinsa. Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Legas ta tsare shi na dan wani lokaci a gidan yari a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2008. An bayar da belinsa ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a kan kudi naira miliyan 100 tare da masu tsaya masa guda biyu kan kudi daya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2009, wani tsohon mataimaki ya ba da shaida kan yadda aka raba kudaden rabon tsakanin iyalan Ladoja, mai gadin sa, manyan ‘yan siyasa da lauyoyi. Ladoja ya kasance dan takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar Accord a jihar Oyo a zaben watan Afrilun shekara 2011 da kuma shekara ta 2015, ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata Abiola Ajimobi Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyarsa ta Accord Party zuwa PDP a shekarar 2017. Rigimar PDP ta sanya shi da sauran abokansa (daga Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC da sauransu) suka koma Jam'iyyar A
African Democratic Congress (ADC) a shekara ta 2018. Bayan ɗan gajeren zaman da aka yi a ADC wanda ya tabbathaduwarsu waje dayan gado, Ladoja tare da mabiyansa sun koma Zenith Labour Party (ZLP) a cikin Disamba a shekara ta 2018.
Manazarta Gwamnonin jihar Oyo
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
7474 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awka | Awka | Awka (Harshen Igbo: Ọka) birni ne, da ke a jihar Anambra, a ƙasar Nijeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Anambra. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, jimilar mutane 301,657 (dubu dari uku da ɗaya da dari shida da hamsin da bakwai). An ayyana yawan jama'a a 2018 akalla mutum miliyan 2.5. An gina birnin Awka a karni na 19. Birnin na da nisan kilomita 199.1 (123.7 mi) ta titi kai tsaye har zuwa arewacin Portharcourt.
Babban titin West-East Federal highway ta hade Birnin Awka da garuruwa kamar Lagos, Benin City, Asaba da Enugu, sannan wasu kananan hanyoyi sun hada birnin da garuruwa da dama kamar Oko ,Ekwulobia, Agulu, Enugwu-Ukwu, Abagana da kuma Nnewi. A tsarence, Awka na nan a tsakiyar muhimman garuruwan Inyamurai guda biya na arewacin kasar Igbo, watau Onitsha da Enugu, wanda suka taka muhimmin rawa a zabenta a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa na lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma a yanzu a matsayin babban birnin jihar Anambara.
Tarihi Awka tana daya daga cikin tsaffin garuruwan inyamurai, wacce aka samar zamanin ganiyar Nri, wacce ta zamo daya daga cikin yankunan farko na harkokin hake-haken tagulla a nahiyar Afurka, a tsakanin shekara ta 800AD., kuma tana daya daga cikin ginshikan garuruwan Inyamurai.
Asalin mutanen da suka fara zama a birnin Awka sune mutanen Ifiteana, sun kasance shahararrun manoma ne, mafarauta kuma makera wanda suke zaune a gabar rafin Ogwugwu, wanda aka fi sani da yankin Nkwelle a yau (wato Awka a rubuce).
Abun bautar Ifiteana wanda aka fi sani da Ọkịka-na-ube ko kuma ubangiji mai kibiya, su kuma mutanen ana kiransu da Ụmụ-Ọkanube wato "mabiya Ọkanube,” wanda daga baya aka hade su Ụmụ-Ọka A zamunan baya, Awka cike take da giwaye, wanda ake kiran yankin da Ama-enyi, sannan kuma akwai tafki "Iyi-Enyi" inda giwaye ke taruwa don shan ruwa. Ana farautar giwayen saboda kahunansu masu tsada wanda ake ajiyewa a gidaje a matsayin tambarin abun bauta Ọkanube a kowanne gida a Awka, ana ajiye magungunan farauta a cikin kahunan giwayen.
Garin tayi fice a fannin sarrafa karafuna kuma makeranta na samun yabo iri-iri a yankin ta fannin samar da kayan aikin noma, bindigun gargajiya da kuma sandunan Oji da Ngwuagilija (sandan mutanen Ozo).
Kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, Ọka ta zamo wajen jin surkullen Agbala (oracle), wacce aka fi sani a matsayin ubangijiya diyar wurin bautar juju na Arochukwu (bokanyar da Chinua Achebe yayi amfani da ita a littafinsa na "Things Fall apart").
Ana tuntubar ta a duk lokacin da rikici ya faru har zuwa rusa ta a lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka.
Kafin mulkin turawa, masu mulkin Ọka sun kasance mutane da akafi sani da "Ozo" da "Ndichie" wanda mutane ne masu daraja a yankin. Suna riqe zama da ake kira Izu-Ọka, kodai a gidan wanda yafi kowa tsufa acikinsu (Otochal Ọka) ko kuma a wani waje da suka zaba tsakaninsu.
A yanzu, Awka ta fara shigar da tsarin mulkin republica a cikin harkokin siyasarta tare da Awka South a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa. Duk da haka basu yada salonsu na gargajiya ba, da dattijan Ozo wanda ake tuntuba akan lamuran gari da sauran al'amurran yau da kullum.
Birnin Awka ba daya bace da Awka-Etiti, saboda akan samu mushkilan bambanta su.
Mutane Awka na dauke da kungiyoyin yaren Igbo guda bakwai wanda suka samo asali daga tsatso guda, wanda aka rarrabasu zuwa sassa biyu; sashin Ifite da kuma sashin manya. Sa'annan sun kasu kashi hudu: Ayom-na-Okpala, Nkwelle, Amachalla da kuma Ifite-Oka. Sashin Ezinator sun kasu kashi uku; wanda suka hada da Amikwo, Ezi-Oka da kuma Agulu. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan birane suna da kaso uku wanda suka hada adadin kauyuka 33 a Awka.
Sashin Ifite
Sashin Ezinator
A yau, za'a iya samun mutanen Awka a sassa daban-daban na duniya mafi akasarinsu suna ayyuka a matsayin kwararru a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Hakan ya sa, akwai kungiyoyin mutanen Awka da dama a kasashen Turai da kuma Amurka USA. Sun kafa kungiyoyin sadarwa na mutanen Awka a can kamar "Awka Union USA and Canada", "Awka Town Social Community UK" da kuma "Ireland and other community associations". An samar da wadannan kungiyoyi ne don tallafawa juna da kuma samun damar wanzar da al'adunsu na gargajiya.
Acikin 'yan shekarun nan, Birnin Awka ta samu bakuncin mutane daga sassa daban daban na Najeriya wanda a yanzu sun zama asalin 'yan gari.
Labarin Kasa Awka tana kan bisa na mita 300m daga saman teku akan yankin rafin "Mamu River".
Awka na da kasa mai kyau na noma wanda daga bisani ta rasa dazukanta na "rainforest" a dalilin share wuraren noma.
Yanayi Awka na daga cikin yankin "tropical rainforest" a Najeriya sannan tana da yanayi iri biyu southwestern monsoon winds daga "tekun Atlantika" da kuma northeastern winds daga sahara.
Shi iskar monsoon shi yake samar da ruwan sama mai karfi na watannin shida, wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin watannin April da July, wanda ke biye da gajeren yanayin na karancin ruwan sama na sati biyu zuwa uku acikin watan Augusta sai ruwan sama ya dawo a watan Satumba da October. Sai kuma lokacin zafi wanda ke kwashe tsawon watanni biyar (November–March) tare da guguwar Harmattan mai zuwa a bushe da kura da ke iya rage gani da kuma hasken wanda ke shigowa Najeriya cikin watan December wanda ake kira Ugulu da inyamuranci.
Wannan iska na jawo zafi a watanni dake gaba kamar Febreru da March.
Yanayin zafi/sanyi na Awka kan kai 27–30°C a tsakanin watannin June da December, sannan yakan karu zuwa 32–34 °C tsakanin watannin Juneru da Aprelu.
Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Awka ya ta'allaka ne mafi akasari kan ayyukan gwamnati tunda ma'aikatun gwamnatin jiha da na tarayya da dama na cikin birnin. Akwai gidan hutawan gwamnatin jiha a Awka, majalisar dokoki na jiha, ministiri na lafiya, hedikwatan shari'a na jiha, masana'antun ilimi, kasa da ruwa.
Akwai gidajen telabijin da rediyo a birnin kamar Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS), da babban banki Najeriya "Central Bank of Nigeria" da rassan Federal Inland Revenue Service da Federal Road Safety Commission, Nigerian Immigration Service, da kuma Corporate Affairs Commission duk suna nan acikin birnin.
An samu sabbin gine-gine na wuraren kasuwanci sun samu bunkasa kuma sun canza sifar fuskar birni.
Manya-manyan bankunan Najeriya wanda suka hada da Access Bank, Bank PHB, Diamond Bank, Ecobank, FCMB, Fidelity Bank, First Bank, GTB, Intercontinental, Oceanic Bank, UBA, Union Bank da kuma Zenith Bank duk suna nan a cikin birnin.
Tsarin Birane Kafin yakin basasan Najeriya, mutanen Awka ke kula da tsaftar garin. 'Yan kasuwa ke share harabar shagunansu da sauransu. Mutanen gari ke kula da kwatocin garin.
Gwamnatin Peter Obi ta fara yunkurin kula da harkokin tsaftar birnin wanda ya rattaba yarjejeniyar kulawa da garin da kungiyar UN-HABITAT a shekara ta 2007. Tsarin Awka Capital Territory (2009–2028) an kaddamar dashi da kula da yankunan Awka, Amawbia and Umuokpu a matsayin yankuna masu bukatar muhimmin kula da kuma yankunan Adazi-Nnukwu, Agulu, ABBA, Abagana, Agukwu-Nri, Amansea, Enugwu-Ukwu, Enugwu-Agidi, Isiagu, Isu-Aniocha, Mgbakwu, Nawfia, Nawgu, Nibo, Nimo, Nise, Okpuno da kuma Umuawulu.
Midiya Akwai kungiyoyin yada labarai da dama wanda suka hada da gidajen jaridu biyu masu zaman kansu na duk rana, akwai gidan rediyon gwamnatin tarayya wato "Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria" na ofisoshin watsa labarai na jihar Anambara, gidan telebijin na Najeriya wato (NTA).
Gidajen Jaridu Fides Communications
National Light
Orient Daily
Gidajen Rediyon FM
88.5 ABS(Anambra Broadcasting Service)
94.1 UNIZIK FM (Nnamdi Azikiwe University)
95.7 Rhythm FM (Silverbird)
102.5 Purity FM (Radio Nigeria)
Gidajen Telebijin Channel 5 NTA Awka Channel 27 ABS (Anambra Broadcasting Service)
Channel 39 Silverbird TV Awka
Cinikayya
Kasuwannin Gargajiya Awka kamar kowacce gari tana da kasuwanninta na gargajiya inda ake samun kusan komai kaman kayan abinci, kayan sakawa, kayan kwalliya da makamantan su.
Manazarta Biranen |
13344 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samira%20Ahmed | Samira Ahmed | Samira Ahmed (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1968) 'Yar Jarida ce, Marubuciya kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye a BBC, inda ta gabatar da Radio 3's Night Waves da PM 4's PM, Labaran Duniya, Lahadi da kuma Front Row kuma sun gabatar da alkawuran BBC Radio 4.
Rubutunta ya bayyana a cikin The Guardian, The Independent da kuma ga Spectator na mujallar Arts Blog. Ta kasance mai ba da rahoto da kuma mai gabatarwa daga annel 4 News daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekarar 2011. Ta gabatar da Lahadi Morning Live, babban shirin tattaunawa kan BBC One dazuwa shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarata 2013.
Farkon rayuwa An haifi samira Ahmed ne a Wandsworth zuwa Athar da Lalita (née Chatterjee, an haife ta a 1939, LuVE Mahaifiyar Samira ita ma m ai gaba darshin a TV ce, shugaba kuma maci a i a kan gidan dafa abinci na Indiya, wanda a baya ta yi aiki a hidimar Hindi a cikin Sashin Duniya na BBC a Gidan Buh Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Wimbledon, makarantar kwana mai zaman kanta ga 'yan mata, kuma ta shirya mujallar makarantar. Ahmed ta karanta Turanci a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, wanda ya sanya ta zama mai daraja a shekara ta 2019. Yayinda take karatun digiri ta rubutu a Isis da mujallu na Union, duka wallafe-wallafen daliban Jami'ar Oxford ne, kuma ta sami kyautar Philip Geddes Journalism Prize a kan aikinta na jaridun dalibai. Bayan kammala karatun ta sai ta kuma kammala Digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida a Jami’ar City, Londan. Ta tuna cewa Lucy Mathen, 'itace farko ta' yar Asiya data zama mai rehoto na gidan talabijin ta BBC, wacce ta yi aiki a John Craven's Newsround, abin alfaharin mata ce, kamar yadda itama mai watsa shirye-shirye Shyama Perera, wacce ke aiki a Fleet Street a wannan lokaci guda. Aikin jarida Ahmed ta zama mai horar da labarai na BBC ce a 1990. Bayan shekaru biyu amatsayin wacce aka kara, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto game da rediyo na cibiyar sadarwa a 1992 akan shirye-shiryen kamar Yau, Tsoron takaitacciyar kwantiraginta na BBC ba za ta sabunta ba bayan rashin jituwa a cikin mawuyacin hali, Ahmed ta nemi, kuma ta ci gaba, ta BBC World don gabatar da mai gabatarwa, wanda ya sa ta zama mai ba da rahoto ga Newsnight. Ita ce wakilin BBC a Los Angeles a tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 1994 kuma ta gabatar da rahoto game da shari’ar OJ Simpson.. Ahmed a takaice ta yi aiki da Deutsche Welle a Berlin a matsayin marubuciya kuma marubuciyar siyasa, amma daga baya ta dawo dan gajeriyar zam tare da BBC World amatsayin mai gabatarwa da dare a shirin BBC News 24 kafin ta tafi hutu. Ahmed ta koma Channel 4 News a watan Afrilun na shekara ta 2000, kuma ta zama mai gabatarwa a watan Yulin 2002. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2011 Ahmed ta bar Channel 4, ta tafi aikin zaman kai (freelance).
A shekara ta 2009 ta ci nasarar samun kyautar Broadcaster of the Year a yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo na Stonewall Awards shekara-shekara saboda rahotonta na musamman game da "gyara" fyade da matan 'yan madigo a Afirka ta Kudu. An yi wannan rahoton ne bayan ActionAid ya tuntube ta game da kamfen dinsu na aikata laifukan wariyar launin fata. Ta ci lambar yabo ta BBC ce a cikin Celebrity Mastermind, tare da wani kwararre kan batun Laura Ingalls Wilder, marubucin Little House kan littattafan Prairie, a cikin Disamba 2010. Bugu da kari, a shekarar 2019 Ahmed ta lashe zakaran gwajin dafi na Celebrity Mastermind, ta sanya suttura ta Space 1999. Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, ta kasance mai nazarin jaridar ta yau da kullun akan Lorraine Daga watan Yuni na shekarar 2012 zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013 ta gabatar da jerin na uku da na hudu na Morning Live a kan BBC One A cikin Oktoba 2012, Ahmed ya maye gurbin Ray Snoddy a matsayin mai gabatar da Newswatch a tashar Tashoshi na BBC. Ita Farfesa mai ziyara na ilimin aikin Jarida a Jami'ar Kingston kuma mai ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga The Big Issue A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019 ta yi hira da Margaret Atwood game da sabon littafin mawallafin The Testaments a National Theater, wanda ke misalta fina-finai sama da 1,000 a duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na National Theater Live.
Sauraron Dai-daita biya Ahmed ta shigar da karar a kan BBC a karkashin dokar Equal Pay Act a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. Kotun Ma'aikata na Tsakiyar Landan ta tabbatar da goyon bayan karar ta a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2020. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2020 an sanar da cewa an cimma matsaya tare da BBC, amma ba a fitar da adadi game da hakan ba.
Rayuwar mutum Ahmed ta auri Brian Millar. Kuma ma'auratan na zaune ne a London suna da yaro daya da yarinya.
Manazarta
Hadin waje Newswatch (BBC News Channel)
Front Row (BBC Radio 4)
Ahmed articles from The Guardian
Ahmed articles from |
17795 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine%20na%20Hippo | Augustine na Hippo | Augustine na Hippo (354 430) ya kasance masanin addinin kirista kuma masanin ilimin tauhidi.
Littattafai Akan Koyarwar Kirista 397-426
Ikirari 397-398
The City of Allah fara ca. 413, gama 426
Akan Triniti, 400-416
Enchiridion
Retraction: A ƙarshen rayuwarsa (kusan 426-428) Augustine ya sake duba ayyukan da ya gabata a tsarin tsari kuma ya ba da shawarar abin da zai faɗa daban a cikin wani aikin da aka yi wa lakabi da Retractions, yana ba mai karatu wani hoto mai ban mamaki na ci gaban marubuci da kuma tunaninsa na karshe.
Ma'anar Farawa ta zahiri
Akan Zaɓin Kyauta Na Son
Wasuƙu
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Labarin tunani, DK Publishing, Bryan Magee, London, 1998, aka Labarin Falsafa, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 2001, (wanda aka fassara a kan murfin: Babban Jagora ga Tarihin Falsafar Yammacin Turai g Saint Augustine, shafuffuka 30, 144; Garin Allah 51, 52, 53 da Ikirarin 50, 51, 52
ƙarin a Dictionary na Tarihin Ideas for Saint Augustine da Neo-Platonism Archived
A cikin zane-zane Eungiyar Indie rock Band na Dawakai suna da waƙa da ake kira "St. Augustine". Da alama waƙar tana magana ne game da sha'awar wani don shahara da sananne, maimakon sha'awar su ta gaskiya.
Rockungiyar mawaka ta Kirista Petra ta sadaukar da waƙa ga St. Augustine mai suna "St. Augustine's Pears". Ya dogara ne akan daya daga rubuce-rubucen Augustine a cikin littafinsa "Confessions" inda yake ba da labarin yadda ya saci pears ɗin wasu maƙwabta ba tare da yunwa ba, kuma yadda ƙaramar satar ta addabe shi a rayuwarsa. Archived Jon Foreman, jagoran mawaƙi kuma marubucin waƙoƙi na madadin dutsen band Switchfoot ya rubuta waƙa mai suna "Wani abu Moreari (furcin Augustine)", wanda aka tsara bayan rayuwa da littafi, "Confessions", na Augustine.
Saboda kundin wakokinsa na 1993 mai taken "Tatsuniyoyin Mai kira na Goma Sting ya rubuta wata waƙa mai taken "Saint Augustine a cikin Jahannama", tare da kalmomin 'Ka sanya ni tsarkakakke, amma ba wai kawai tana ishara ga sanannen addu'ar Augustine ba,' Ka ba ni ladabi da kamewa, amma har yanzu Bob Dylan, don kundin waƙarsa ta 1967 John Wesley Harding ya rubuta waƙa mai taken "Na yi Mafarkin Na Ga St Augustine" (wanda Thea Gilmore ta rufe a cikin kundin wakokinta na 2002 daga Gutter. Layin buɗe waƙar ("Na yi mafarkin na ga Saint Augustine Rayayye kamar ku ko ni") wataƙila sun dogara ne da layukan buɗe "Na Yi Mafarkin Na Ga Joe Hill Daren Jiya", waƙar da aka tsara a cikin 1936 ta Earl Robinson wanda ke ba da labarin mutuwar. na shahararren ɗan gwagwarmayar nan na Ba-Amurke wanda, shi kansa, ya kasance mai rubutun waƙa.
Roberto Rossellini ne ya ba da fim din "Agostino d'Ippona" (Augustine na Hippo) don RAI-TV ta Italiya a 1972.
Kundin madadin dutsen band din Sherwood "Ku rera, Amma Ku ci gaba" nassoshi sanannen zance ne wanda aka danganta ga St. Augustine akan murfin ciki.
Bayan da Ned Flanders ya yi masa baftisma ba da gangan ba a cikin '3F01' "Gida Mai Dadi Diddily-Dum-Doodily", Homer Simpson ya ce, "Oh, Bartholomew, Ina jin kamar St. Augustine na Hippo bayan da Ambrose na Milan ya musulunta. Bibiyar Tarihi Brown, Bitrus Augustine na Hippo Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press, 1967. ISBN 0-520-00186-9
Gareth B. Matthews. Augustine Blackwell, 2005. ISBN 0-631-23348-2
O'Donnell, James J. Augustine: Wani Sabon Tarihi New York: HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-053537-7
Ruickbie, Leo Maita Daga Cikin Inuwar London: Robert Hale, 2004. ISBN 0-7090-7567-7, shafi na. 57–8.
Tanquerey, Adolphe Rayuwar Ruhaniya: Yarjejeniyar kan Tauhidin Ascetical da Mystical Sake bugawa Ed. (asali na 1930). Rockford, IL: Littattafan Tan, 2000. ISBN 0-89555-659-6, shafi. 37.
von Heyking, John Augustine da Siyasa a Matsayin Dadewa a Duniya Columbia: Jami'ar Missouri Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8262-1349-9
Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum O. Erem. SA chorographica da kuma topographica descriptio Archived Augustino Lubin, Paris, 1659, 1671, 1672.
Regle de St. Augustin zu da addini! et Tsarin mulki de la Congregation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarne et du Saint-Sacrament (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp. 28–29. Cf. wanda aka buga a gaba a Lyon (Chez Briday, Laburare, 1962), shafi na. 22–24. Bugun Turanci, Dokar Saint Augustine da Tsarin Mulki na Dokar Kalmar Mutum da Sacrament Mai Albarka (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, da Fauss, 1893), shafi na. 33–35.
René Pottier. Saint Augustin le Berbère Fernand Lanore, 2006. ISBN 2-85157-282-2
Gabatarwa daga Google
Sauran yanar gizo Janar:
A UPenn: Rubutu, fassara, gabatarwa, sharhi. Archived EarlyChurch.org.uk Littattafai masu faɗi da kuma labarai kan layi.
Rayuwar St. Augustine na Hippo, daga Katolika Encyclopedia
Augstine na Hippo ya Archived a Centropian
Rubutun ta Augustine:
Works by Augustine of Hippo A cikin Latin, a Latin Library littattafai da wasiƙu daga Augustine
A "Kundin Tarihi na Kirista Ethereal Library" Fassarorin ayyuka da yawa da Augustine, incl. gabatarwa
Enchiridion ta Augustine
Cikakken rubutun Latin da Italiyanci
A "IntraText Digital Library": Yana aiki ne da Augustine a cikin harsuna da yawa, tare da jituwa da jerin mitar
St. Augustine's Multilingual Opera Omnia
Rubutu akan Augustine:
St. Augustine: Tsakanin Duniya biyu
Augustine da 'sauran Katolika' Archived Stanford Encyclopedia na Falsafa shigarwa
"Augustine ta Concept of Freedom: The Dynamic Zunubi da Grace" daga Grace Jiki (1989) Archived Augustine's Heaven City da Western Mind Pgs 22-24
Akan Kiɗa
Augustine a kan waka Archived Akan Zunubin Asali ka tambayi Dan Santos
Augustine da Pelagius
Augustine da kuma Thomas Aquinas a kan Asalin Zunubi Archived Asali na asali: jayayya
Abokin Cambridge ɗin zuwa Augustine; 3 Augustine akan sharri da asalin zunubi Archived Hanyoyin haɗi zuwa Tsarin Augustiniya
Rubuce-rubucen Augustine sun Archived Littattafan kaset
Birnin Allah, Ikirari, Enchiridion, Rukunan Augustine da Orthodoxy
Albarkacin Augustine na Hippo: Matsayinsa a Cocin Orthodox
St. Augustine a cikin Hadisin Girkanci na Girka St Augustine Bishop na Hippo Orthodox icon da synaxarion
'Yan falsafa
Kiristoci
|
30358 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20wasan%20Upera%20na%20kasar%20Ukraine | Gidan wasan Upera na kasar Ukraine | An kafa kungiyar Kyiv Opera bisa ka'ida a lokacin ranin shekarar 1867, kuma ita ce opera ta uku a tsufa a Ukraine, bayan Odessa Opera da Lviv Opera. A yau, Kamfanin Kyiv Opera yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a National Opera House na Ukraine mai suna Taras Shevchenko a Kyiv
Tarihi
Tarihin farko: 1867 20th karni An kafa shi a lokacin rani na 1867 wanda Ferdinand Berger 1875) ya jagoranta kafawar. Berger ya yi nasarar gayyato hazikan mawaƙa, da masu gudanarwa, kuma majalisar birnin (duma) ta ba da sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka ƙirƙira don yin amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni (wanda aka gina a 1856, architect I. Shtrom) don wasan kwaikwayo. A hukumance, ana kiran gidan wasan kwaikwayon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni amma an fi kiransa da Opera na Rasha. Ranar wasan farko, Nuwamba 8 (Oktoba 27 tsohon salon), 1867 an sanya shi hutun birni. Ayyukan opera Askold's Tomb na Alexey Verstovsky shine farkon farkon ƙungiyar. Nasarar farko tana da nasaba da basirar murya na wancan lokacin O. Satagano-Garchakova, F. L'vov, M. Agramov amma kuma makircin da ya ɗauka daga wasu manyan shafuka na tsohon tarihin birnin.
Wasannin kwaikwayo na farko sun kasance mafi yawan wasannin opera na Russia ne, ciki har da Ruslan da Ludmila na Mikhail Glinka, Rusalka na Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Maccabees na Anton Rubinstein da The Power of the Fiend ta A. Serov, da kuma fassarar Turai operas ciki har da Barber na Seville ta Rossini, The Barber of Seville ta Rossini Auren Figaro na Mozart, Der Freischütz na Weber, Lucia di Lammermoor na Donizetti, da operas ta Giuseppe Verdi, wanda ya zama mafi so na Kyivites.
Ranar Fabrairu 4, 1896, bayan wasan kwaikwayo na safe na Eugene Onegin ta Tchaikovsky, wuta ta tashi daga kyandir da ba a kashe a gidan wasan kwaikwayon ba. Gobarar ta cinye ginin gaba daya cikin sa'o'i da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu na kiɗa a Turai tare da kayayyaki masu yawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun ɓace yayin gobara. Bayan gobarar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birnin, ƙungiyar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasu matakai na shekaru da yawa, ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bergonie (yanzu gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Rasha mai suna Lesya Ukrainka Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Solovtsov (yanzu Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai suna Ivan Franko har ma a kan. filin wasa na sanannen Circus na Krutikov.
Farkon karni na 20 Bayan gobarar, majalisar birnin ta sanar da gasar kasa da kasa don tsara wani sabon gini ga gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Opera a Kyiv. Victor Schröter ya bada shawaran hakan. An tsara na waje a cikin salon Neo-Renaissance kuma ya ba da lissafin bukatun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu kallo. An sake fasalin ciki a cikin salon gargajiya kuma ana kiransa Viennese Modern Duk da haka, ana daukar babban nasararsa a matsayin mataki daya daga cikin mafi girma a Turai da aka tsara zuwa sababbin matakan injiniya.
A ranar 29 ga Satumba, an gudanar da bikin buɗe sabon filin wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo na cantata Kyiv na mawaki Wilhelm Hartweld (1859 1927) da kuma gabatar da wasan opera Life for the Tsar na M. Glinka.
A ranar 14 September O.S, akwai wasan kwaikwayo na Rimsky-Korsakov 's <i id="mwTA">The Tale of Tsar Saltan</i> a Kyiv Opera House a gaban Tsar da 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Grand Duchesses Olga da Tatiana Maza 90 ne suka mamaye gidan wasan kwaikwayon. A lokacin da ake tsaka da aikin an kashe Firayim Minista Pyotr Stolypin A cewar Alexander Spiridovich, bayan aiki na biyu "Stolypin yana tsaye a gaban ramp yana raba parterre daga ƙungiyar makaɗa, baya zuwa mataki. A gefen damansa akwai Baron Freedericks da Gen. Suhkomlinov Mai tsaron lafiyarsa ya tafi shan taba. An harbe Stolypin sau biyu, sau ɗaya a hannu kuma sau ɗaya a cikin kirji Dmitry Bogrov, wani juyin juya hali na hagu, yana ƙoƙari ya gyara kansa. Bogrov ya gudu zuwa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka shigar kuma aka kama shi. "Ya [Stolypin] ya juya wajen Akwatin Imperial, sannan ya ga Tsar da ya shiga akwatin, sai ya yi nuni da hannaye biyu ya ce wa Tsar ya koma." Mawakan sun fara wasa "Allah Ya Tsare Tsar." Likitocin sun yi fatan Stolypin zai murmure, amma duk da cewa bai haihu ba, yanayinsa ya tabarbare. Washegari, Tsar da ke cikin damuwa ya durƙusa a gefen gadon asibitin Stolypin ya ci gaba da maimaita kalmar "Ka gafarta mini". Stolypin ya mutu bayan kwana uku.
A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv Opera ya jawo hankalin hazikan mawaƙa na Ukrainian da Rasha, ciki har da O. Petlyash, P. Tsevich, K. Voronets, M. Medvedev, K. Brun, O. Mosin da O. Kamionsky. kuma shahararrun taurarin opera daga Yamma sukan zo yawon bude ido. Da yawa sabon abu don wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci ya faru a kan mataki: Die Walkure ta Wagner, Sadko ta Rimsky-Korsakov da Mefistofele ta Arrigo Boito Jihar Ukraine A cikin shekarar 1917, an yi amfani da gidan wasan opera ba kawai don fasaha ba har ma da majalisa. Musamman ma, a cikin 1917, an gudanar da taron Soja na Biyu na Sojoji na Biyu a cikin Opera House wanda aka fi sani da shela ta farko na Majalisar Tsakiyar Ukraine A lokacin Jihar Ukraine, Kyiv Opera ake kira Ukrainian Drama da Opera gidan wasan kwaikwayo An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fassarar Yukren, musamman a cikin 1918: "Faust", "La Traviata", "Bohemia", "Madame Butterfly" da sauransu. An rubuta a cikin 'yan jaridu na Ukrainian cewa Opera na Jihar Ukrainian yana da kowane dalili da kuma yiwuwar zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na lokacinsa, yayin da yake gargadin cewa "Opera na Ukraine kada ya sake maimaita tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Petrograd, wanda ya ba da al'adun kasashen waje da al'adun 'yan kasa. da kuma jaddada cewa wajibi ne a "tsara aikin opera mai karfi, kasa da al'adu".
lokacin Soviet Bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Ukraine, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya zama ƙasa kuma an sanya masa suna K. Liebknecht Opera House. A 1926 an sake masa suna Kyiv State Academic Ukrainian Opera, kuma a 1934, lokacin da Kyiv aka mayar da babban birnin kasar matsayi Academic Opera da Ballet gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tarayyar Soviet A 1936 gidan wasan kwaikwayo aka bayar da Order of Lenin, kuma a 1939 aka mai suna bayan Taras Shevchenko Bisa ga Dokar Kwamishinonin Jama'a na 1926, an yi duk wasan operas a harshen Ukraine. Wannan wahayi zuwa ga kafa cikakken darajar Ukrainian al'adu da Ukrainian harshe. Al'adar yin wasan opera a cikin fassarorin Ukrainian ta yi nasara har zuwa farkon 1990s. A shekara ta 1981, an yi bikin ballet na duniya a kan rayuwar Olga na Kiev don tunawa da ranar 1500th na birnin.
1990-2010 A tsakanin shekarun 1991-1999, Anatoliy Mokrenko ya jagoranci Opera ta kasa. A wannan lokacin, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara watsar da fassarori na yaren Ukrainian a hankali, wanda matsalolin tattalin arziki ya bayyana da kuma buƙatar ayyukan yawon shakatawa don tsira ga masu fasaha.
Manazarta Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kyiv.ua: Ziyarar gani da ido na Gidan Opera na Kasa
Worldwalk.info: Shevchenko National Opera House na Ukraine (Kyiv)
Gidajen wasan kwakwayo da aka kammala a 1901
Wakar Ukraine
Gine-ginen karni na 19
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39786 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkafa%20da%20wake | Shinkafa da wake | Shinkafa da wake, ko wake da shinkafa, wani nau'in abinci ne daga al'adu da yawa a faɗin duniya, inda ake haɗa abinci mai mahimmanci na shinkafa da wake ta wata hanya. Haɗin hatsi da kuma legumes suna ba da abinci mai mahimmanci da yawa da kuzari, kuma duka abinci sun wadata ko'ina. Ana iya caƙuɗa su tare, ko a dafa daban-daban, haka ma lokacin da za'a ci.
Bayani Abincin ya ƙunshi farar shinkafa ko wani launin tare da dafaffen launin ruwan kasa, ja ko busassun wake (yawanci Phaseolus vulgaris ko Vigna unguiculata kuma an dafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hakanan wurin dahuwar akan yi amfani da wannan abinci tare da ɓangarorin kajin da aka daka, naman alade, naman sa, salatin dankalin turawa, dafaffen dankali, da sauran ɓangarori da yawa daga al'adu daban-daban (nama ko wani nau'i abinda aka aka haɗa wurin dahuwar shinkafar yana iya zama kowane kalar nama, amman daidai da yadda al'ada ko addini ya tsara akan kowanne kaɓilu). A wurare da yawa, wake da shinkafa ana cakuɗasu tare wurin dahuwar maimakon a haɗa su Ana sanya nama ko wasu kayan abinci a wasu lokuta a saman wake da shinkafar ko, idan an cakuɗasu wato dafa duka.
Yankuna daban-daban suna da fifiko daban-daban. A Brazil, alal misali, baƙar fata sun fi shahara a Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul da Santa Catarina, yayin da a yawancin sauran sassan ƙasar ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin feijoadas Kwarewar New Orleans da aka fi sani da jajayen wake da shinkafa galibi ana ci da tsiran naman alade mai kyafaffen ko soyayyen naman alade Tarihi
Amurka Binciken kwayoyin halitta na wake na Phaseolus ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Mesoamerica, kuma daga baya ya yaɗu zuwa kudu, tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya. An gabatar da shinkafar Asiya ga Mexico da Brazil a lokacin mulkin mallaka da Mutanen Espanya da Fotigal suka yi. Duk da haka, an gano kwanan nan cewa ’yan asalin yankin Amazon sun riga sun noma dangin shinkafa na Asiya mai suna Oryza kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce, kuma suna noman ta tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya na wake., waɗanda kuma a wancan lokacin suke a Kudancin Amurka. Wasu guraben karatu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ’yan Afirka da aka bautar su ma sun taka rawar gani wajen kafa shinkafa a Sabuwar Duniya. Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin abinci na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe masu magana da harshen Espanya.
Muhimmancin abinci mai gina jiki Wake da shinkafa suna gina jiki sosai. Shinkafa tana da wadatar (albarkatun) starch, tushen kuzari mafi inganci. Shinkafa kuma tana da sinadaran iron da furotin. Wake kuma ya ƙunshi adadi mai kyau na iron da adadin furotin fiye da na shinkafa. Tare suna bada cikakken furotin, wanda ke fitar da dukkan amino acid Wanda jiki ba zai iya fitarwa da kansa wannan sinadarin ba.
Al'adu A wasu jahohi da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, ana yawan cin wake da shinkafa a matsayin abincin rana, tare da nama da kayan lambu iri-iri. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare don shirya abincin dare ta amfani da ragowar abincin rana. Wake da shinkafa sun shahara musamman a Brazil, wacce ita ce ƙasa ta uku a duniya wajen noman busasshen wake kuma mafi yawan masu amfani da shinkafa a Amurka.
Rabe-raben Abincin a duniya A duk duniya, akwai jita-jita da yawa game da tushen wake da shinkafa, waɗanda suka bambanta a dafa abinci da ƙarin kayan abinci. Bambance-bambancen suna wanzu a yanki, yayin da al'adu suka tsara zuwa abubuwan da suke so. A cikin ƙasashe masu maƙoftaka ko a Caribbean, waɗannan abinci ana kiran su kawai shinkafa da wake, wanda aka dafa. bambancin abincin:
Brazil feijoada
Chile arroz con porotos.
Caribbean shinkafa da wake
Colombia calento
Archipelago na San Andrés, Providencia da Santa Catalina shinkafa da wake
Bandeja paisa, abincin gargajiya da ake yi da wake kodin da shinkafa
Costa Rica gallo pinto kuma a cikin Caribbean Puerto Limón da Puerto Viejo akwai shinkafa da wake wanda ake dafa shinkafa da wake tare da madarar kwakwa da habanero chili (wanda aka sani da Panamanian chile).
Cuba Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu:
Moros y cristianos kuma aka sani da kawai moros, an yi shi da baki wake. Idan an yi shi da jan wake, za a yi la'akari da congris Congris: an yi shi da jan wake, ana fara dafa waken da albasa, kore chili, tafarnuwa, tumatir, leaf bay, taɓa cumin da oregano, gishiri, da busassun giya; kafin su yi laushi gaba daya, sai a zuba danyar shinkafar, a bar su su dahu tare, har sai sun sha romon, shinkafar ta bushe ta yi laushi. Ana kuma shirya wake a cikin broth ɗinsu tare da shinkafa daban.
Jamhuriyar Dominican Moro de guandules, shinkafa da pigeon Peas, kama da Panama da Puerto Rico.
El Salvador Casamiento duk da cewa ba shi da bakin tekun Caribbean, wannan tasa tana da kyau sosai a El Salvador
Ghana Waakye, waken Ghana da tasa shinkafa
Guatemala casado wanda ake kira gallo pinto da shinkafa da wake
A gabar tekun Caribbean da sassan gabas ko gabashin Guatemala Izabal ana kiranta shinkafa da wake kuma ta hada da madarar kwakwa.
Honduras Casamiento a gabar tekun Caribbean an san shi da shinkafa da wake kuma ya hada da madarar kwakwa da flakes na chilli
Indiya Rajma, Abincin wake na Indiya da aka saba yi da shinkafa
Isra'ila Orez shu'it, wake na gargajiya na Isra'ila da tasa shinkafa
Caribbean Coast: shinkafa da wake
Japan: Okowa, musamman sekihan, azuki wake da kuma glutinous shinkafa. A cikin jan wake mochi, ana sarrafa shinkafar a cikin nau'in bunƙasa.
Jamaica shinkafa da wake
Koriya, Kongbap (shinkafar wake), patbap (shinkafar jan wake)
Mexico pispiote, shinkafa da wake
Nicaragua gallo pinto, kuma a cikin Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, kamar yadda a wasu ƙasashe, ana kiranta "shinkafa da wake" kuma an yi shi da madarar kwakwa.
Panama gallopinto
Caribbean Coast Colón, Bocas del Toro da aka sani da shinkafa da wake, kuma an shirya shi da madarar kwakwa, kamar a Jamhuriyar Dominican.
Peru Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu:
calentado
taku-tacu
Puerto Rico arroz junto a yi shi da jajayen wake ko wake na tattabara, sannan a yi shi da nama duk a tukunya daya.
arroz con gandules wani ɓangare na abinci na ƙasar Puerto Rico wanda shine shinkafa tare da peas pigeon.
Spain Paella
Suriname bruine bonen met rijst, tukunyar tukunya daya tare da gaurayawar nama da wake na koda, tare da shinkafa.
Trinidad da Tobago shinkafa da wake
Amurka Hoppin 'John, wani baƙar fata mai ido daga kudancin Amurka
Jan wake da shinkafa, waken da aka fi sani da shinkafa a cikin abincin Louisiana Creole
Venezuela Waɗannan jita-jita na iya haɗawa da soyayyen plantain da ake kira "tajadas" kamar yadda aka saba samu a yawancin jita-jita na Venezuelan:
Pabellón criollo An yi shi da shinkafa, wake ko soyayyen wake da naman sa da aka yanka sosai. Sai a zagaye shi da yankan soyayyen plantain. Plantain ya ba da sunan "Pabellon con barandas".
Arroz con caraotas Lokacin da Pabellón Criollo ya bar soyayyen ciyayi, yana da suna daban. An san shi da sunan “abincin abincin matalauci” tunda ya fi zama ruwan dare a iyalai masu karamin karfi. Duk da haka, ana iya yin shi da jin dadin kowa. Soyayyen qwai kuma za a iya haɗa su.
Palo A pique llanero Anyi shi da shinkafa, wake mai launin ruwan kasa da shredded naman sa mai kyau, kaza da naman alade. An kewaye ta da yankan faffadan plantain da guntun dankali. Wasu wurare kamar Barinas, Apure ko Bolivar suna ƙara koren plantains.
Laberiya A galibin yankunan yammacin Afirka, ana dafa wake dabam da shinkafa. Za a iya cin waken koda mai ɗanɗano a matsayin miya a saman shinkafa a lokuta na musamman.
Ire-iren sunan Abincin Ire-iren sunayen abincin a mabanbantan yarurruka sun haɗa da;
Ana kiran shinkafa da wake arroz y habas, arroz con habichuelas, arroz con frijoles, gallo pinto, recalentao ko makamancin haka a cikin Mutanen Espanya, arroz e feijão, arroz com feijão ko feijão com arroz a cikin Portuguese, risi e bisi a cikin harshen Venetian ak pwa in Haitian Creole, avas kon arroz ko avikas kon arroz a cikin Yahudanci-Spanish Duba kuma Haitian cuisine Culinary traditions of Haiti
List of legume dishes
List of rice dishes
Manazarta
Bibliography Embrapa, Origem da História do Arroz da Origem e História do Feijão Arroz e Feijão: Uma dupla infalível, Camaquã Alimentos
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Embrapa Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Sanannun |
35703 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology | Oncology | Oncology wani reshe ne na likitanci wanda ke hulɗar nazarin, jiyya, ganewar asali da rigakafin ciwon daji Kwararren likita wanda ke yin aikin oncologist oncology shine likitan ciwon daji Asalin asalin sunan sunan shine kalmar Helenanci ónkos ma'ana "tumor", "girma" ko "taro". Oncology yana damuwa da:
Fahimtar kowane ciwon daji a cikin mutum (pathology)
Therapy (misali tiyata, chemotherapy, radiotherapy da sauran sauran hanyoyin)
Bibiyar marasa lafiya da ciwon daji bayan nasarar magani
Kula da marasa lafiya tare tare da malignancies na ƙarshe
Tambayoyin ɗabi'a game da kula da ciwon daji wato cancer
Ƙoƙarin dubawa na yawan jama'a, ko
na dangin marasa lafiya (a cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji waɗanda ake ttunanin suna da tushen gado, kamar ciwon nono Bincike Tarihinn likita ya kasance kayan aiki mai mahimmanci: yanayinn gunaguni da alamun bayyanar cututtuka (irin su gajiya, asarar nauyi, anemia maras kyau, zazzabi na asalin da ba a sani ba, abubuwan ban mamaki na paraneoplastic da sauran alamun) na iya ba da garantin ƙarin bincike don malignancy. Wani lokaci, jarrabawar jiki na iya gano wurin da rashin lafiya ya kasance.
Diagnostic methods include:
Biopsy ko resection Waɗannan su ne hanyoyin da za a iya cire ci gaban neoplastic da aake tuhuma a wani I ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya, kuma a kimantawa da likitan ilimin cututtuka don sanin malignancy. Wannan a halin yanzu shine ma'aunin zinare don gano cutar kansa kuma yana da kuma mahimmanci wajen jagorantar mataki na gaba a cikin cikin gudanarwa (bincike mai aiki, tiyata, maganin radiation, chemotherapy ko haɗin waɗannan)
Endoscopy, ko dai babba ko ƙananan ciki, cystoscopy, bronchoscopy, ko nasendoscopy; don gano wuraren da ake tuhuma ga malignancy da biopsy idan ya cancanta.
X-haskoki, CT scanning, MRI scanning, duban dan tayi da sauran fasahar rediyoo don ganowa da jagoranci biopsy.
Scintigraphy, guda photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET) da sauran hanyoyin maganin nukiliya don gano gano wuraren da ake zargi da rashin lafiya.
Gwajin jini, ciki har da alamomin ƙari, wanda zai iya karar yawan zato na wasu nau'in ciwon daji.
Baya ga tantancewa, ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin nin (musamman hoto ta hanyar CT scanning don tantance aiki, watau ko za a iya cire ƙari gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tiyata.
A halin yanzu, ganewar asali na nama (daga biopsy ta hanyar likitancin jiki yana da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen nau'in ciwon daji da kuma jagorantarr mataki na gaba na jiyya. A lokuta masu wuyar gaske lokacin da hakan ba zai yiwu ba, ana iya yin la'akari da "maganin gwaji" (ba tare da ainihin ganewar asali ba), dangane da shaidar da ake da su (misali tarihi, x-ray da kuma dubawa). A lokatai da ba kasafai ba, ba ana samun dunƙulewar ƙwayar cuta ko kumburin ƙwayar cuta (yawanci a cikin wuyansa) wanda ba za a iya samun ƙari na farko ba. Duk da haka, alamomin immunohistochemical sukan ba da alama mai ƙarfi na rashin lafiya na farko. Ana kiran wannan yanayin a matsayin maganin farko wanda ba a san shi ba kuma kuma, jiyya yana da ƙarfi bisa gogewar da ta gabata na mafi kusantar asali.
Jiyya Dangane da ciwon daji da aka gano, za a gudanar da bibiya da kula da lafiyar jiki a lokacin. Wasu cututtuka (kamar ALL ko AML zasu buƙacii shigar da su nan da nan da chemotherapy, yayin da wasu kuma za a bi su da gwajin jiki akai-akai da gwajin jini Sau da yawa, ana ƙoƙarin yin tiyata don cire ƙwayar cuta gaba ɗaya. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan aka samu sami ɗan tabbaci cewa a zahiri za a iya cire ƙari. Lokacin da ya tabbata cewa sassan za su kasance, tiyatar warkewa sau da yawa ba zai yiwu ba, misali lokacin da akwai metastases a wani wuri ko lokacin da ƙari ya mamaye tsarin da ba za a iya yin aiki da shi ba tare da haɗarin rayuwar majiyyaci ba. Wani lokaci tiyata na iya gc inganta rayuwa ko da ba a cire duk ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ba; Ana kiran hanyar da "debulking" (watau rage yawan adadin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta). Hakanan ana amfani da tiyata don magance wasu cututtukan daji, don kawar da toshewar biliary, ko kuma magance matsalolin da ke tattare da wasu ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa. Dole ne a auna haɗarin tiyata da fa'idodin.
Chemotherapy da radiotherapy ana amfani da su azaman jiyya na farko-farko a cikin wasu cututtuka masu yawa. Ana kuma amfani da su don maganin adjuvant, watau lokacin da aka riga an an cire ƙwayar macroscopic gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tiyata amma akwai haɗarin ƙididdiga mai ma'ana cewa zai sake dawowa. Chemotherapy da radiotherapy yawanci ana amfani da su don jin daɗi, inda cutar ba ta iya warkewa a fili: a cikin wannan yanayin manufar ita ce inganta yanayin rayuwa da tsawaita ta.
Hormone manipulation an kafa shi da kyau, musamman a maganin ciwon nono da prostate.
A halin yanzu akwai saurinb haɓakawa a cikin amfani da magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na monoclonal, musamman ga lymphoma Rituximab da ciwon nono Trastuzumab Alurar riga kafi da sauran magungunan rigakafi sune batun bincike mai zurfi.
Kulawa mai jin daɗi Kusan kashi 50 a cikin 100 na duk cututtukan da suka kamu da cutar daji a yammacin duniya ana iya bi da su zuwa ga gafara da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ga marasa lafiya na yara, wannan lambar ya fi girma. Yawancin masu fama da ciwon daji za su mutu daga cutar, kuma yawancin marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon daji ba za su mutu ba saboda wasu dalilai. Ana iya samun batutuwa masu gudana tare da kula da alamun da ke hade da ciwon daji na ci gaba, da kuma tare da maganin cutar. Wadannan matsalolin na iya haɗawa da ciwo, tashin zuciya, rashin jin daɗi, gajiya, rashin motsi, da damuwa Ba duk batutuwa ba ne ta zahiri ta zahiri: ana iya shafar mutuncin mutum. Al’amura na ɗabi’a da na ruhaniya su ma suna da muhimmanci.
Duk da yake yawancin waɗannan matsalolin sun faɗi a cikin ƙwararrun likitan ilimin likitancin mutum, kulawar jinya ta balaga zuwa wani ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru don magance matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da ci-gaba cuta. Kulawa da jin daɗi wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar kula da kansar da yawa. Ayyukan kula da jin daɗi na iya zama ƙasa da da tushen asibiti fiye da ilimin oncology, tare da ma'aikatan jinya da likitoci waɗanda ke iya ziyartar majiyyaci a gida.
Batutuwan da'a Akwai tambayoyi da yawa na ɗabi'a da yawa da rikice-rikice a cikin aikin oncology. Waɗannan sun sun haɗa da:
Menene bayanin da za a ba majiyyaci game da girman cutar ci gaba tsinkaya Shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti, musamman ma a fuskar rashin lafiya mai ƙarewa Janye jiyya mai aiki.
Kada a sake farfadowa umarni da sauran batutuwawan ƙarshen rayuwa.
Waɗannan batutuwan suna da alaƙa ta kut da kut da halayen marasa lafiya, addini, al'adu, da rayuwar iyali. Ko da yake waɗannan batutuwan batutuwan suna da sarƙaƙiya kuma suna da motsin rai, majiyyaci suna samun amsoshin sau da yawa ta wurin neman shawara daga amintattun abokai da masu ba da shawara. Yana buƙatar digiri na hankali da kyakkyawar sadarwa daga ɓangaren ƙungiyar oncology don magance waɗannan matsalolin da kyau kyau.
Ci gaba da bincike Akwai ɗimbin bincike da ake gudanarwa akan duk iyakokin ilimin cututtukan daji, kama daga ilmin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta, maganin radiation zuwa tsarin maganin chemotherapy da mafi kyawun kulawa da jin zafi A cikin shekaru goma 10 da suka gabata, zuwan tsararrun tsararraki na gaba da tsarin tsarin halittar gabaɗaya ya canza gaba ɗaya fahimtar mu game da ciwon daji. Gano sabbin alamomin kwayoyin halitta kwayoyin halitta zai canza sosai yadda muke gano cutar kansa Kansa da kuma magance cutar kansa, wanda zai ba da hanyar samun magani na musamman.
Gwajin warkewa yakan haɗa da marasa lafiya daga asibitoci daban-daban a wani yanki. A cikin Burtaniya, sau da yawa ana yin rajistar marasa lafiya a cikin manyan binciken da aka haɗa ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta UK (CRUK), Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya (MRC), Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Ciwon daji ta Turai (EORTC) ko Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Kankara ta Kasa (NCRN).
Musamman Manyan sassa guda hudu:
Likita Oncology: mayar da hankali kan maganin ciwon daji tare da chemotherapy, maganin da aka yi niyya, immunotherapy, da maganin hormonal Surgical Oncology mayar da hankali kan maganin ciwon daji tare da tiyata. Radiation Oncology mayar da hankali kan maganin ciwon daji tare da radiation. Clinical Oncology: yana mai da hankali kan maganin ciwon daji tare da duka hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da radiation. Sub-Specialities in Oncology:
Neuro-oncology yana mai da hankali kan ciwon daji na kwakwalwa.
Ocular Oncology yana mai da hankali kan ciwon daji na ido. Head Neck Oncology yana mai da hankali kan ciwon daji na kogon baka, kogon hanci, oropharynx, hypopharyx da larynx. Thoracic Oncology: yana mai da hankali kan ciwon daji na huhu, mediastinum, esophagus da pleura. Oncology na nono yana mai da hankali kan ciwon daji na nono
Gastrointestinal Oncology yana mai da hankali kan ciwon daji na ciki, hanji, dubura, canal canal, hanta, gallbladder, pancreas. Kashi Musculoskeletal Oncology: mayar da hankali kan ciwon daji na kasusuwa da nama mai laushi. dermatological Oncology yana mai da hankali kan likitanci da aikin tiyata na fata, gashi, glandon gumi, da kansar ƙusa.
Genitourinary oncology: yana mai da hankali kan cututtukan daji na al'aura da tsarin urinary. Gynecologic Oncology yana mai da hankali kan cututtukan daji na tsarin haihuwa na mata. Pediatric Oncology damuwa da maganin ciwon daji a cikin yara. Matasa da matasa (AYA) Oncology Hemato Oncology yana mai da hankali kan ciwon daji na jini da dashen kwayar halitta
Preventive Oncology yana mai da hankali kan ilimin cututtuka rigakafin cutar kansa. Geriatric Oncology yana mai da hankali kan ciwon daji a cikin tsofaffi. Pain Palliative Oncology: mayar da hankali kan maganin ciwon daji na ƙarshen mataki don taimakawa rage zafi da wahala. Molecular Oncology yana mai da hankali kan hanyoyin gano ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin Oncology. Magungunan Nuclear Oncology: yana mai da hankali kan ganewar asali da maganin ciwon daji tare da radiopharmaceuticals.
Psycho-oncology yana mai da hankali kan al'amurran da suka shafi psychosocial akan ganewar asali da kuma kula da marasa lafiya na ciwon daji.
Veterinary Oncology yana mai da hankali kan maganin ciwon daji a cikin dabbobi. Ƙwarewa masu tasowa:
Cardiooncology wani reshe ne na ilimin zuciya wanda ke magance tasirin cututtukan zuciya na ciwon daji da magungunansa
Duba kuma Ƙungiyoyi
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26137 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Bundy | Ted Bundy | Theodore Robert Bundy (an haifi Cowell a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1946; ya mutu a Janairu 24, 1989) Ba'amurke ne dan ta'adda da ya aikata manyan laifukan da suka shafi kisan kai, yin garkuwa, yi wa fyade, da kashe mata da 'yan mata da yawa a cikin shekarar 1970. Bayan sama da shekaru goma na takadda, ya furta kisan kai talatin 30, wanda aka yi a jihohi bakwai tsakanin shekara1974 zuwa shekara ta 1978. Ba a san adadin wanda aka kashe na gaskiya ba, kuma yana iya zama mafi girma. An dauki Bundy a matsayin kyakkyawa da kwarjini, halayen da ya yi amfani da su don samun amincewar wadanda abin ya shafa da al'umma. Ya kan kusanci waɗanda abin ya shafa a wuraren taruwar jama'a, da nuna rauni ko naƙasa, ko yin kama da wani mutum mai iko, kafin ya buga su a sume ya kai su wurare na biyu don yi musu fyaɗe da wuƙaƙe. Wani lokaci yana sake ziyartar waɗanda abin ya shafa, yana yin ado da yin lalata da gawarwakin da suka ruɓe har sai ɓacin rai da lalata dabbobin daji ya sa duk wani ƙarin hulɗa ba zai yiwu ba. Ya decapitated akalla 12 wadanda kuma kiyaye wasu daga cikin warware shugabannin matsayin mementos a cikin Apartment. A 'yan lokuta, ya shiga cikin gidaje da dare kuma ya ruɓe waɗanda abin ya shafa yayin da suke barci.
A cikin shekara ta 1975, an kama Bundy kuma aka daure shi a Utah saboda tsananin satar mutane da ƙoƙarin kai hari. Daga nan ya zama wanda ake tuhuma a cikin jerin ci gaba mai tsawo da ba a warware ba a jihohi da dama. Yana fuskantar tuhumar kisan kai a Colorado, ya ƙera tsere masu ban mamaki guda biyu kuma ya ci gaba da kai hare -hare a Florida, gami da kisan kai uku, kafin a sake kama shi a shekara1978. Ga kisan na Florida, ya sami hukuncin kisa guda uku a gwaji biyu. An kashe shi a gidan yari na jihar Florida a Raiford a ranar Ashirindahudu 24 ga Janairu, shekara ta 1989.
Marubucin tarihin rayuwar Ann Rule ya bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan adam sociopath wanda ya ji daɗi daga zafin wani ɗan adam da ikon da yake da shi akan waɗanda abin ya shafa, har zuwa mutuwa, har ma bayan." Ya taba bayyana kansa a matsayin "ɗan sanyi mafi ƙanƙanta na ɗan iska da za ku taɓa haɗuwa da shi". Lauyan Polly Nelson, memba na ƙungiyar tsaro ta ƙarshe, ya yarda. Ta rubuta, "Ted, shine ainihin ma'anar muguntar zuciya".
Rayuwar farko
Yara An haifi Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Cowell a ranar ashirindahudu24 ga Nuwamba, shekara1946, ga Eleanor Louise Cowell (1924 2012; wanda aka sani da suna Louise) a Gidan Elizabeth Lund don Uwayen Uwa marasa aure a Burlington, Vermont Ba a taba tabbatar da asalin mahaifinsa ba. Ta wasu asusun, takardar haihuwarsa ta ba da uba ga mai siyarwa da tsohon sojan sama mai suna Lloyd Marshall, kodayake a cewar wasu an jera uban a matsayin wanda ba a sani ba. Louise ta yi iƙirarin cewa wani mayaƙin yaƙi mai suna Jack Worthington, wanda ya watsar da ita jim kaɗan bayan ta ɗauki ciki da Ted. Wasu membobin dangi sun nuna shakkun cewa wataƙila mahaifin Louise, Samuel Cowell ne ya haifi Bundy. A cikin shekaru ukun farko na rayuwarsa, Bundy ya zauna a cikin gidan Philadelphia na kakannin mahaifiyarsa, Samuel (1898 1983) da Eleanor Cowell (1895 1971), waɗanda suka tashe shi a matsayin ɗansu don gujewa kyamar zamantakewa da ke tare da haihuwa a waje. na aure. An gaya wa dangi, abokai, har ma da matashi Ted cewa kakanninsa iyayensa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa babbar yayarsa ce. Daga ƙarshe ya gano gaskiya, duk da tunaninsa na yanayi ya bambanta. Ya gaya wa budurwar cewa wani dan uwansa ya nuna masa kwafin takardar haihuwarsa bayan ya kira shi da "dan iska", amma ya gaya wa masanin tarihin Stephen Michaud da Hugh Aynesworth cewa ya sami takardar shaidar da kansa. Tarihin rayuwa da marubucin laifi na gaskiya Ann Rule, wanda ya san Bundy da kansa, ya yi imanin cewa bai gano ba har zuwashekara 1969, lokacin da ya sami asalin asalin haihuwarsa a Vermont. Bundy ya nuna bacin ransa ga mahaifiyarsa na rashin yi masa magana game da ainihin mahaifinsa, da kuma barinsa don gano ainihin iyayensa ga kansa. A wasu hirarraki, Bundy ya yi magana da kakanninsa kuma ya gaya wa Dokar cewa ya "san da", "girmama", kuma "ya manne" kakansa. A cikin shekara1987, duk da haka, shi da sauran membobin dangi sun gaya wa lauyoyi cewa Samuel Cowell ya kasance mai zaluntar danniya kuma babban mutum wanda ya ƙi baƙar fata, Italiyanci, Katolika, da Yahudawa, ya bugi matarsa da karen dangi, kuma ya karkatar da kyanwa. wutsiyoyi. Ya taɓa jefa ƙanwar Louise Julia ƙasa a kan matakala don yin bacci. Wani lokaci ya yi magana da ƙarfi ga abubuwan da ba a gani ba, kuma aƙalla sau ɗaya ya tashi cikin tashin hankali lokacin da aka taso batun mahaifin Bundy. Bundy ya bayyana kakarsa a matsayin mace mai jin kunya da biyayya wacce a lokuta -lokaci ake yin amfani da wutar lantarki don baƙin ciki kuma tana tsoron barin gidansu har ƙarshen rayuwarta. Bundy lokaci -lokaci yana nuna halin damuwa tun yana ƙarami. Julia ta tuno farkawa daga bacci don ta tsinci kanta da wuƙaƙe daga kicin, kuma Ted ɗan shekara uku yana tsaye kusa da gado yana murmushi. Waɗannan bayanin bayanin kakannin Bundy an yi musu tambayoyi a cikin ƙarin binciken kwanan nan.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1946
Pages with unreviewed |
29815 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitar%20gurbataccen%20hayakin%20gas | Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas | Gas mai fitar da hayaki ko hayaki yana fitowa ne sakamakon konewar mai kamar iskar gas man fetur (man fetur), man dizal, man fetur, gaurayawan biodiesel, ko kwal Dangane da nau'in injin, ana fitar da shi zuwa sararin samaniya ta hanyar bututun shaye-shaye, bututun hayaƙi, ko bututun ƙarfe Sau da yawa yana watsar da iska a cikin tsarin da ake kira sharar ruwa.
Babban sashi ne na hayakin abin hawa (kuma daga injunan konewa na ciki a tsaye), wanda kuma yana iya haɗawa da busa-baki da ƙafewar mai da ba a yi amfani da Shi ba.
Fitar da ababen hawa na taimakawa wajen gurbacewar iska kuma wani babban sinadari ne wajen samar da hayaki a wasu manyan biranen kasar. Wani bincike na shekarar 2013 da MIT ya yi ya nuna cewa kimanin 53,000 na mutuwa da wuri a kowace shekara a Amurka kadai saboda hayakin abin hawa. A cewar wani bincike da aka yi daga wannan jami’a, hayakin motoci kadai ke haddasa mutuwar mutane 5,000 a duk shekara a kasar Birtaniya.
Abun ciki Mafi girman sashi na mafi yawan iskar gas shi ne nitrogen (N 2 tururin ruwa (H 2 O) (sai dai tare da man fetur mai tsabta), da carbon dioxide (CO 2 (sai dai man fetur ba tare da carbon); waɗannan ba masu guba ba ne ko masu lahani (ko da yake tururin ruwa da carbon dioxide iskar gas ne da ke haifar da canjin yanayi Wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na iskar gas ɗin da ba a so, mara kyau, ko abubuwa masu guba, kamar carbon monoxide (CO) daga konewar da ba ta cika ba, hydrocarbons (wanda aka nuna daidai kamar C x H y, amma yawanci ana nuna shi azaman “HC” akan iskar gwaji-gwajin. daga man fetur da ba a ƙone ba, nitrogen oxides (NO x daga yanayin zafi mai yawa, da kuma kwayoyin halitta (mafi yawa soot Fitar da zafin gas Zazzagewar iskar gas (EGT) yana da mahimmanci ga aiki na mai jujjuyawar injin konewa na ciki Ana iya auna shi da ma'aunin zafin jiki na iskar gas EGT kuma ma'auni ne na lafiyar injin a cikin injin turbin gas (duba ƙasa).
Injin sanyi A cikin mintuna biyu (2) na farko bayan fara injin motar da ba a sarrafa ta tsawon sa'o'i da yawa ba, yawan hayakin na iya yin yawa sosai. Wannan yana faruwa saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu:
Abubuwan da ake buƙata na rabon iskar da man fetur a cikin injunan sanyi Lokacin da injin sanyi ya fara, man ba ya yin vapor gabaɗaya, yana haifar da hayaki mafi girma na hydrocarbons da carbon monoxide, wanda ke raguwa kawai yayin da injin ya kai zafin aiki. An rage tsawon lokacin wannan lokacin farawa ta hanyar ci gaba a cikin kayan aiki da fasaha, gami da allurar mai sarrafa kwamfuta, gajeriyar tsawon lokacin sha, da zafin mai da ko iskar da aka shigar.
Mai jujjuyawar catalytic mara inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin sanyi Masu juyawa na catalytic ba su da inganci sosai har sai sun dumama zuwa zafin aikins u. Wannan lokacin ya ragu sosai ta hanyar matsar da mai canzawa kusa da ma'aunin shaye-shaye har ma da sanya ƙaramin mai jujjuya mai saurin zafi kai tsaye a mashin ɗin. Ƙaramin mai jujjuyawar yana ɗaukar hayakin farawa, wanda ke ba da damar isasshen lokaci don babban mai jujjuyawar don yin zafi. Ana iya samun ƙarin haɓakawa ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da dumama wutar lantarki, baturi mai zafi, preheating na sinadarai, dumama harshen wuta da superinulation.
Takaitaccen bayanin fitar da fasinja Kwatanta da ƙa'idodin fitarwa na Turai EURO III kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a watan Oktoba shekarata 2000
A cikin shekarata 2000, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta fara aiwatar da ƙarin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri don abubuwan hawa masu haske. An fara aiwatar da buƙatun tun da farko da motocin 2004 kuma ana buƙatar duk sabbin motoci da manyan motoci don cika ƙa'idodin da aka sabunta a ƙarshen shekarar 2007.
Nau'ukan
Injin konewa na ciki
Wutar lantarki da injunan Diesel A cikin injunan kunna walƙiya ana kiran iskar gas da ke fitowa daga konewar mai da iskan iska. Haɗin ya bambanta daga man fetur zuwa injin dizal, amma yana kusa da waɗannan matakan:
Oxygen 10% na "dizal" mai yiyuwa ne idan injin yana aiki, misali a cikin injin gwaji. Ya ragu sosai idan injin yana aiki a ƙarƙashin kaya, kodayake injunan diesel koyaushe suna aiki tare da wuce gona da iri akan mai.Abubuwan da ke injunan mai ya bambanta daga 15 ppm don ingin ingantaccen injin tare da allurar mai da mai canzawa zuwa kimanin 100,000 ppm (10%) don ingin carburetor mai ɗorewa, kamar yawanci ana samuwa akan ƙananan janareta da lambun. kayan aiki.
Nitromethane ƙari Gas da ke fitowa daga injin konewa na ciki wanda man ya ƙunshi [nitromethane] zai ƙunshi tururi [nitric acid] mai lalata, kuma idan an shaka yana haifar da motsin tsoka yana sa ba za a iya numfashi ba. Mutanen da za su iya kamuwa da shi ya kamata su sanya abin rufe fuska na gas.
Injin dizal
Injin turbin gas A cikin injunan injin turbine na jirgin sama, "zazzaɓin iskar gas" (EGT) shine ma'auni na farko na lafiyar injin. Yawanci ana kwatanta EGT tare da alamar wutar lantarki ta farko da ake kira "injin matsin lamba" (EPR). Misali: a cikakken iko EPR za a sami matsakaicin izini EGT iyaka. Da zarar injin ya kai wani mataki a rayuwarsa inda ya kai wannan iyaka na EGT, injin din zai bukaci kulawa ta musamman domin gyara matsalar. Adadin EGT da ke ƙasa da iyakar EGT ana kiransa gefen EGT. Gefen EGT na injin zai kasance mafi girma lokacin da injin ya zama sabo, ko kuma an yi masa overhauled. Ga yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama, ana kuma lura da wannan bayanin daga nesa ta sashen kula da jiragen sama ta hanyar ACARS Injin jet da injunan roka A cikin injunan jet da injunan roka, shaye-shaye daga nozzles wanda a wasu aikace-aikacen ke nuna lu'ulu'u masu girgiza Sauran nau'ikan
Daga kona kwal Gas mai guba
Turar iskar gas daga konewar mai
Injin tururi A cikin kalmomin injin tururi shaye-shaye shi ne tururi wanda yanzu ya ragu sosai wanda ba zai iya yin aiki mai amfani ba.
Babban hayakin abin hawa
BA x Mono- nitrogen oxides NO da NO 2 NOx (ko an samar da wannan hanya ko ta hanyar walƙiya suna amsawa tare da ammonia, danshi, da sauran mahadi don samar da tururi na nitric acid da abubuwan da suka danganci. Ƙananan barbashi na iya shiga zurfi cikin ƙwayar huhu mai mahimmanci kuma su lalata shi, haifar da mutuwa da wuri a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Shakar NO nau'in yana ƙara haɗarin kansar huhu da kansar launin fata. da shakar irin wannan barbashi na iya haifar ko dagula cututtuka na numfashi kamar su emphysema da mashako da cututtukan zuciya. A cikin shekarata 2005 US EPA binciken mafi girman hayaƙin sun zo ne daga motocin da ke kan hanya, wanda na biyu mafi girma ya ba da gudummawar shi ne kayan aikin da ba na titi ba ne wadanda galibi gidajen mai da dizal ne. Sakamakon nitric acid ana iya wanke shi cikin ƙasa, inda ya zama nitrate, wanda ke da amfani ga shuka shuka.
Mahalli maras tabbas Lokacin da oxides na nitrogen (NOx) da mahaɗaɗɗen kwayoyin halitta (VOCs) suka amsa a gaban hasken rana, an samar da matakin ozone na ƙasa, wani abu na farko a cikin smog Rahoton EPA na Amurkan shekarata 2005 ya ba da motocin tituna a matsayin tushe na biyu mafi girma na VOCs a Amurka a kashi 26% da 19% daga kayan aikin da ba na hanya ba ne waɗanda galibi gidajen mai da dizal ne. Kashi 27% na fitar da VOC daga abubuwan kaushi ne waɗanda ake amfani da su a masana'antar fenti da fenti da sauran abubuwan amfani.
Ozone Ozone yana da amfani a sararin sama, amma a matakin ƙasa ozone yana fusata tsarin numfashi, yana haifar da tari, shaƙa, da rage ƙarfin huhu. Har ila yau, yana da mummunan tasiri a ko'ina cikin yanayin halittu.
Carbon monoxide (CO) Guba monoxide shi ne mafi yawan nau'in gubar iska mai saurin kisa a ƙasashe da yawa. Carbon monoxide ba shi da launi, mara wari kuma marar ɗanɗano, amma mai guba sosai. Ya haɗu da haemoglobin don samar da carboxyhemoglobin, wanda ke toshe jigilar iskar oxygen. A mafi yawan abubuwan da ke sama da 1000ppm ana ɗaukarsa nan da nan yana da haɗari kuma shine mafi haɗarin lafiya nan take daga injuna aiki a cikin sarari mara kyau. A cikin shekarata 2011, 52% na iskar carbon monoxide an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar motocin hannu a cikin Amurka
Gurbatacciyar iska (masu guba) Tsawon lokaci (dogon lokaci) bayyanar benzene C <sub id="mwAWQ">6</sub> H <sub id="mwAWU">6</sub> yana lalata bargon kashi Hakanan zai iya haifar da zubar da jini mai yawa da kuma rage karfin garkuwar jiki, yana kara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta Benzene yana haifar da cutar sankarar bargo kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji na jini da pre-ciwon daji na jini.
Matsalolin musamman (PM 10 da PM 2.5 An yi nazari sosai kan illolin shakar iska a cikin mutane da dabbobi kuma sun haɗa da asma, ciwon huhu, al'amuran zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, mutuwa da wuri. Saboda girman ɓangarorin, za su iya shiga cikin mafi zurfin ɓangaren huhu. Wani bincike na Burtaniya na shekarar 2011 ya kiyasta mutuwar mutane 90 a kowace shekara saboda motar fasinja PM. A cikin littafin 2006, Hukumar Kula da manyan tituna ta Amurka (FHWA) ta bayyana cewa a cikin shekarata 2002 kusan kashi 1 cikin 100 na duk PM 10 da kashi 2 cikin ɗari na duk hayaƙin PM 2.5 sun fito ne daga hayakin motocin da ke kan hanya (mafi yawa daga dizal injuna Carbon dioxide (CO 2 Carbon dioxide iskar gas ce. Fitar da motocin CO 2 wani ɓangare ne na gudummawar ɗan adam don haɓaka yawan CO 2 a cikin yanayi wanda bisa ga yawancin al'ummomin kimiyya ke haifar da canjin yanayi Ana ƙididdige motocin motoci don samar da kusan kashi 20% na hayaƙin CO 2 na Tarayyar Turai da mutum ya yi, tare da motocin fasinja suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 12%. Matsayin fitar da hayaki na Turai yana iyakance fitar da CO 2 sabbin motocin fasinja da motocin haske. Matsakaicin adadin sabbin motocin CO 2 na Tarayyar Turai ya ragu da kashi 5.4% a cikin shekara zuwa kwata na farko na shekarar 2010, zuwa 145.6 g/km Turin ruwa Shaye-shayen abin hawa ya ƙunshi tururin ruwa da yawa Farfadowar ruwa An gudanar da bincike kan hanyoyin da sojoji a cikin hamada za su iya kwato ruwan sha daga iskar hayakin motocinsu.
Rage gurbatar yanayi Matsayin fitar da iska yana mai da hankali kan rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iskar gas ɗin da ke fitar da hayaki daga ababen hawa da kuma tarin iskar gas na masana'antu da sauran wuraren shayewar iska a manyan wuraren masana'antu daban-daban kamar matatun mai, masana'antar sarrafa iskar gas, masana'antar mai da masana'antar samar da sinadarai Duk da haka, ana kiran waɗannan sau da yawa a matsayin iskar hayaƙi Masu juyawa a cikin motoci suna da niyya don lalata gurɓataccen iskar gas ta amfani da mai kara kuzari. Masu gogewa a cikin jiragen ruwa sun yi niyya don cire sulfur dioxide (SO 2 na iskar hayakin ruwa. Dokokin game da hayakin sulfur dioxide na ruwa suna daɗa ƙarfi, duk da haka kaɗan ne kawai na wurare na musamman a duniya aka tsara don ƙarancin amfani da man dizal sulfur kawai, domin kawo saukin gurɓatar yanayi.
Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin da ake da'awa ga injunan fasahar tururi na ci gaba shine cewa suna samar da ƙananan gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba (misali oxides na nitrogen) fiye da injinan man dizal masu ƙarfi iri ɗaya. mafi girman adadin carbon dioxide amma ƙasa da carbon monoxide saboda ingantaccen konewa.
Karatun lafiya Masu bincike daga Jami'ar California, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Los Angeles sun ce sakamakon farko na binciken kididdiga na yara da aka jera a cikin rajistar cutar daji ta California da aka haifa tsakanin shekarun 1998 da 2007 sun gano cewa gurɓacewar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na iya haɗuwa da haɓakar 5% zuwa 15%. yiyuwar wasu ciwon daji. Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta gudanar ya gano cewa hayakin diesel na haifar da karuwar cutar kansar huhu.
Tasirin gida Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California ta gano a cikin binciken cewa kimanin 50% ko fiye na gurɓataccen iska smog a Kudancin California yana faruwa ne saboda hayakin mota. ke fitowa daga injunan konewa na iya yin girma musamman a kusa da tsaka-tsakin sigina saboda raguwa da hanzari. Samfuran kwamfuta sau da yawa suna rasa irin wannan dalla-dalla.
Duba sauran abunuwa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Buga Kiwon Lafiya da Iska na Hukumar Albarkatun Jiragen Sama na California
Game da sharar dizal:
Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka Tsaron Sana'a Gudanar da Lafiya: Tsaro da Batutuwan Lafiya: Diesel Exhaust
Jerin Abubuwan Sinadarai Masu Haɗewa Tare da Sharar Diesel
Dizal Exhaust Ya Rarraba: A Haƙiƙa Ana Tsammanin Zama Cutar Carcinogen ɗan Adam
Nazarin Kimiyya na Mummunan Illolin Dizal: Mummunan Amsoshi Masu Kumburi a cikin Jiragen Sama da Jini Na Gaggawa Bayan Gaggawar Gaggawar Gaggawar Ƙarfin Diesel a cikin Masu Sa kai na Dan Adam Lafiya
Diesel shaye: abin da kuke bukatar ku sani
Yanayi
Gas
Muhalli
Gurɓatar yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29824 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Majalisar%20Dinkin%20Duniya%20kan%20Dokar%20Teku | Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku | Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku UNCLOS wanda kuma ake kira Dokar Yarjejeniyar Teku ko Dokar Kula da Teku, yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ta kafa tsarin doka don duk ayyukan ruwa da na teku. A watan Yunin 2016 aƙalla ƙasashe 167 da kuma gamayyar ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai suka ƙulla wannan yarjejeniya.
Yarjejeniyar ta samo asali ne daga taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na uku kan dokar teku UNCLOS III), wanda ya gudana tsakanin 1973 da 1982. UNCLOS ya maye gurbin yarjejeniyoyin 1958 akan manyan Tekuna UNCLOS ta fara aiki a shekara ta 1994, shekara guda bayan Guyana ta zama kasa ta 60 da ta amince da yarjejeniyar. Ba shi da tabbas game da har zuwa mene ne Yarjejeniyar ta tsara dokar al'ada ta duniya Yayin da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke karbar na'urorin tabbatarwa da shigarwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da goyon baya ga tarukan ƙasashen da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar, Sakateriya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta da wani iko na kai tsaye wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da ƙasa ta Halittun ruwa na Duniya, duk sun taka rawa, tare da, sauran hukumomi irin su Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya (ISA), wanda aka kafa ta a yayin taron na Yarjejeniyar da kansa.
Salsala UNCLOS ya maye gurbin tsohon abinda aka kira da suna 'yancin teku', wanda yake akwai tun daga karni na 17. Wanda a bisa ga shi wannan tsohon wannan ra'ayin, haƙƙoƙin ƙasa sun iyakance ne ga ƙayyadadden gaɓar ruwa wanda ya fito daga bakin teku na ƙasar da ya wanzu, yawanci bisa tazara ta kilomita 5.6 (iyakar mil uku bisa ga ka'idar harbin bindiga' wanda masanin shari'a dan kasar Holland Cornelius van Bynkershoek ya kirkira. Duk ruwan da ya wuce iyakokin ƙasa an ɗauke shi ruwan ƙasa da ƙasa kyauta ga dukkan al'ummomi, amma ba na ɗayansu ba (ka'idar mare liberum da Hugo Grotius ya gabatar).
A farkon ƙarni na 20, wasu al'ummomi sun nuna sha'awarsu ta tsawaita da'awar ƙasa: haɗa da albarkatun ma'adinai, don kare tsibin kifaye, da kuma samar da hanyoyin tilasta hana gurbatar yanayi (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya ta kira taron 1930 a Hague, amma ba a cimma yarjejeniya ba. Ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar dokokin kasa da kasa ta al'ada ta 'yancin al'umma na kare albarkatun kasa, Shugaba Harry S. Truman a shekara ta 1945 ya mika ikon Amurka ga duk albarkatun kasa na nahiyar ta Sauran al'ummai sun yi gaggawar yin koyi. Tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1950, Chile, Peru, da Ecuador sun tsawaita haƙƙinsu zuwa don rufe wuraren kamun kifi na Humboldt na yanzu Sauran al'ummomi sun tsawaita iyakar teku zuwa A shekara ta 1967, kasashe 25 ne kawai suka yi amfani da tsohuwar iyakar mil uku, yayin da kasashe 66 suka kafa iyakar yanki da takwas sun kafa iyaka. Kasashe biyu ne kawai ke amfani da iyaka: Jordan da Palau. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan iyaka a wasu tsibiran Ostiraliya, wani yanki na Belize, wasu magudanan Jafananci, wasu yankuna na Papua New Guinea, da wasu ƴan yankunan ƙasashen waje na Biritaniya, kamar Gibraltar UNCLOS baya magana da batutuwan rikice-rikice na yanki ko warware batutuwan da suka shafi ikon mallakar ƙasa, saboda wannan filin yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin dokokin duniya na al'ada game da mallaka da asarar ƙasa.
UNCLOS I A cikin 1956, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da taronta na farko kan Dokar Teku (UNCLOS I) a Geneva, Switzerland. UNCLOS I ya haifar da yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla a cikin 1958:
Yarjejeniya kan Tekun Teku da Yanki mai Mahimmanci, shigowar aiki: 10 Satumba 1964
Yarjejeniyar Kan Tsarin Nahiyar, Shigarwa: 10 Yuni 1964
Yarjejeniyar kan manyan Tekuna, shiga aiki: 30 Satumba 1962
Yarjejeniyar Kan Kamun Kifi da Kula da Albarkatun Rayuwa na Manyan Tekuna, Shigarwa: 20 Maris 1966
Ko da yake an dauki UNCLOS I a matsayin nasara, ya buɗe muhimmin batu na faɗin ruwan yanki.
UNCLOS II A shekara ta 1960, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da taro na biyu kan dokar teku ("UNCLOS II"); duk da haka, taron Geneva na makonni shida bai haifar da wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ba. Gabaɗaya magana, ƙasashe masu tasowa da ƙasashe na duniya na uku sun shiga a matsayin abokan ciniki, ƙawaye, ko masu dogaro da Amurka ko Tarayyar Soviet, ba tare da wata babbar murya ta nasu ba.
UNCLOS III Batun ikirari iri-iri na yankunan ruwa ya fito ne a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 1967 ta hannun Arvid Pardo na Malta, kuma a cikin 1973 an yi taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na uku kan dokar teku a New York. A wani yunƙuri na rage yuwuwar ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe su mamaye tattaunawar, taron ya yi amfani da tsarin bai ɗaya maimakon kuri'u mafi rinjaye. Tare da kasashe fiye da 160 da suka halarci taron, taron ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1982. Sakamakon taron ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1994, shekara guda bayan jaha ta 60, Guyana, ta amince da yarjejeniyar.
Taron ya gabatar da tanadi da yawa. Mahimman batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da saita iyaka, kewayawa, matsayin tsibiri da tsarin zirga-zirga, yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman (EEZs), ikon shiryayye na nahiyar, haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi, tsarin amfani da ruwa, kare muhallin ruwa, bincike na kimiyya, da sasanta rikice-rikice.
Yarjejeniyar ta saita iyaka na wurare daban-daban, wanda aka auna daga ma'auni a hankali (A al'ada, layin teku yana bin layin ƙananan ruwa, amma lokacin da bakin tekun ke da zurfi sosai, yana da tsibiran da ba su da ƙarfi ko kuma ba su da kwanciyar hankali, ana iya amfani da madaidaicin tushe. Yankunan sune kamar haka:
Ruwa na ciki
Yana rufe duk ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa a gefen ƙasa na tushen. Jihar bakin teku tana da 'yanci don saita dokoki, tsara amfani, da amfani da kowace hanya. Tasoshin kasashen waje ba su da hakkin wucewa a cikin ruwa na ciki. Jirgin ruwa a cikin manyan tekuna yana da iko a ƙarƙashin dokokin cikin gida na Jihar tuta.
Yankunan ruwa
Zuwa daga tushe, jihar bakin teku tana da 'yanci don saita dokoki, daidaita amfani, da amfani da kowane hanya. An bai wa jiragen ruwa haƙƙin ratsawa marar laifi ta kowane yanki na ruwa, tare da maƙasudin dabarun ba da damar wucewar jiragen soja a matsayin hanyar wucewa, a cikin cewa an ba da damar jiragen ruwa su kula da wuraren da ba su da laifi a cikin ruwayen. “Tsarin mara laifi” an ayyana shi ta hanyar yarjejeniya a matsayin wucewa ta ruwa cikin hanzari da ci gaba, wanda ba “rashin lahani ga zaman lafiya, kyakkyawan tsari ko tsaro” na jihar bakin teku ba. Kamun kifi, gurbatar yanayi, aikin makamai, da leƙen asiri ba “marasa laifi ba ne”, kuma ana buƙatar jiragen ruwa da sauran motocin da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa su yi tafiya a ƙasa kuma su nuna tutarsu. Har ila yau al'ummomi na iya dakatar da wuce gona da iri na wani dan lokaci a wasu yankuna na yankin tekun nasu, idan yin hakan yana da muhimmanci don kare tsaronsu.
Ruwan archipelagic
Yarjejeniyar ta tsara ma'anar "Ƙasashen Archipelagic" a cikin Sashe na IV, wanda kuma ya bayyana yadda jihar za ta iya zana iyakokinta. An zana tushen tushe tsakanin mafi girman wuraren tsibiran da ke ƙetare, kasancewar waɗannan wuraren suna kusa da juna. Duk ruwan da ke cikin wannan tushe an keɓe shi "Ruwan Archipelagic". Jiha tana da iko akan wadannan ruwan galibi gwargwadon yadda take da ruwa na cikin gida, amma dangane da haƙƙin da ake da su ciki har da haƙƙin kamun kifi na gargajiya na jihohin da ke makwabtaka da su. Tasoshin jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje suna da hakkin wucewa marar laifi ta cikin ruwayen tsibirai, amma jahohin tsibirai na iya iyakance hanyar da ba ta da laifi zuwa kebabbun hanyoyin teku.
Shiyya mai ci gaba
Bayan iyaka, akwai ƙarin daga iyakar iyakar teku, yankin da ke da alaƙa. Anan wata jiha za ta iya ci gaba da aiwatar da dokoki a wasu takamaiman wurare guda huɗu (kwastan, haraji, shige da fice, da gurɓatawa) idan ƙetare ya fara ko yana shirin faruwa a cikin ƙasa ko yankin ruwan jihar. Wannan ya sa yankin da ke haɗuwa ya zama yanki mai zafi Yankunan tattalin arziki na keɓance (EEZs)
Waɗannan suna ƙara daga asali A cikin wannan yanki, ƙasar da ke bakin teku tana da haƙƙin yin amfani da shi kaɗai akan duk albarkatun ƙasa. A cikin amfani na yau da kullun, kalmar na iya haɗawa da tekun yanki har ma da shiryayye na nahiyar. An bullo da EEZ ne don dakatar da zafafan fadace-fadacen kamun kifi da ake yi, duk da cewa man fetur na kara zama muhimmi. Nasarar wani dandamalin mai a teku a Tekun Mexico a cikin 1947 ba da daɗewa ba an sake maimaita shi a wasu wurare a duniya, kuma a shekara ta 1970 yana da yuwuwar yin aiki a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Ƙasashen waje suna da 'yancin kewayawa da wuce gona da iri, bisa ka'idojin jihohin bakin teku. Ƙasashen waje kuma na iya shimfiɗa bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa da igiyoyi.
Continental shiryayye
An ayyana shiyyoyin nahiyoyi a matsayin tsawaita yanayin ƙasar zuwa ga gefen gefen nahiyar, ko daga ginshiƙin jihar bakin teku, duk wanda ya fi girma. Shelf ɗin nahiya na ƙasa na iya wuce har sai yanayin tsawaitawa ya ƙare. Koyaya, bazai taɓa wuce ba daga asali; kuma bazai wuce ba sama da isobath (layin da ke haɗa zurfin 2 500 m). Jihohin da ke bakin teku suna da hakkin girbi ma'adinai da abubuwan da ba su da rai a cikin ƙasan ƙasan nahiyoyinta, in ban da wasu. Jihohin bakin teku kuma suna da keɓantaccen iko kan albarkatun rayuwa “wanda aka haɗa” zuwa ga nahiyoyin duniya, amma ba ga halittun da ke zaune a ginshiƙin ruwa fiye da yankin tattalin arziƙi na keɓancewar ba.
Wurin da ke wajen waɗannan wuraren ana kiransa da Tabbar teku ko kuma kawai "Yankin". Baya ga tanade-tanade da ke bayyana iyakokin teku, babban taron ya kafa manyan wajibai na kiyaye muhallin ruwa da kuma kare yancin gudanar da bincike na kimiyya a kan manyan tekuna, sannan kuma ya samar da wata sabuwar doka ta shari'a don sarrafa albarkatun ma'adinai a cikin zurfin tekun da ya wuce ikon kasa, ta hanyar. Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya da ka'idodin gama gari na 'yan adam Jihohin da ba su da tudu ana ba su haƙƙin shiga da fita cikin teku, ba tare da biyan harajin zirga-zirgar jiragen ƙasa ta jihohin ba.
Sashe na XI da Yarjejeniyar 1994 Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar ya tanadi tsarin mulki da ya shafi ma'adanai a bakin teku a wajen kowace jiha ta ruwa ko EEZ (Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman). Ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya (ISA) don ba da izinin bincike da hako ma'adinai a cikin teku da tattara da rarraba sarakunan hakar ma'adinai a teku.
Amurka ta ki amincewa da tanade-tanaden Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar bisa dalilai da dama, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar ba ta da kyau ga muradun tattalin arziki da tsaro na Amurka. Saboda Sashe na XI, Amurka ta ƙi amincewa da UNCLOS, kodayake ta bayyana yarjejeniya da sauran tanade-tanaden Yarjejeniyar.
Daga 1982 zuwa 1990, Amurka ta yarda da duka banda Sashe na XI a matsayin dokar kasa da kasa ta al'ada, yayin da take ƙoƙarin kafa wata sabuwar gwamnati don cin moriyar ma'adanai na zurfin teku. An yi yarjejeniya da wasu ƙasashe masu hakar ma'adinai a teku kuma an ba da lasisi ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa guda huɗu. A halin yanzu, an kafa Hukumar Shirye-shiryen don yin shiri don aiwatar da da'awar da masu nema suka amince da Yarjejeniyar, wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. An dai shawo kan takun-saka tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu, amma raguwar bukatar ma'adanai daga bakin tekun ya sa tsarin mulkin tekun ba ya da amfani sosai. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar gurguzu a ƙarshen 1980s ya kawar da yawancin goyon baya ga wasu tanadin Sashe na XI mai rikitarwa.
A cikin 1990, an fara tuntuɓar juna tsakanin masu rattaba hannu da waɗanda ba su rattaba hannu ba (ciki har da Amurka) game da yiwuwar yin kwaskwarima ga yarjejeniyar don ba da damar ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu su shiga cikin yarjejeniyar. Sakamakon 1994 Yarjejeniyar Aiwatar da Aiwatar da shi an amince da shi a matsayin Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. Ya ba da umarnin cewa, ba za a yi amfani da muhimman kasidu, da suka haɗa da na ƙayyadaddun samar da gaɓar teku, da canja wurin fasaha na tilas ba, cewa Amurka, idan ta zama mamba, za ta ba da tabbacin zama a Majalisar Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya, kuma a ƙarshe., cewa za a yi kada kuri'a a kungiyance, tare da kowace kungiya za ta iya hana yanke shawara kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci. Yarjejeniyar ta 1994 ta kuma kafa Kwamitin Kudi wanda zai samo asali ne daga shawarwarin kudi na Hukumar, wanda mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa za su kasance mambobi kai tsaye kuma za a yanke shawara ta hanyar yarjejeniya.
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Ƙungiyar Rigingimu ta Seabed na Kotun Duniya ta Shari'ar Teku (ITLOS) ta ba da ra'ayi na ba da shawara game da alhakin doka da wajibcin ƙungiyoyin Jihohin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar game da ɗaukar nauyin ayyuka a yankin daidai da abin da ya dace. tare da Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar da Yarjejeniyar 1994. An ba da shawarar ba da shawarar ne a matsayin martani ga wata buƙata ta hukuma da Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya ta yi biyo bayan aikace-aikace guda biyu da Hukumar Shari'a da Fasaha ta Hukumar ta samu daga Jamhuriyar Nauru da Masarautar Tonga game da ayyukan da aka tsara (shirin aiki don ganowa). polymetallic nodules) da 'yan kwangila biyu da Jihohi suka dauki nauyin gudanarwa a yankin Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (Jamhuriyar Nauru ta dauki nauyin) da Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd. (Masarautar Tonga ta dauki nauyin). Ra'ayin ba da shawara ya bayyana alhakin shari'a na kasa da kasa da wajibai na Kasashe Masu Tallafawa da Hukuma don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da aka ba da tallafi ba su cutar da yanayin ruwa ba, daidai da tanadin da ya dace na UNCLOS Sashe na XI, dokokin hukuma, dokar shari'ar ITLOS, sauran yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na duniya., da kuma ka'ida ta 15 na sanarwar Rio na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Sashe na XII Kare Muhallin Ruwa Sashe na XII na UNCLOS ya ƙunshi tanadi na musamman don kare muhallin ruwa, wanda ya wajabta wa dukkan Jihohi yin haɗin gwiwa a cikin wannan harka, da kuma sanya wajibai na musamman kan ƙasashen tuta don tabbatar da cewa jiragen ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin tutocinsu suna bin ƙa'idojin muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa, waɗanda galibin ƙasashen duniya suka amince da su. IMO Yarjejeniyar MARPOL misali ne na irin wannan ƙa'ida. Sashe na XII ya kuma bai wa jihohin bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa tare da faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙin hukumci don aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin yankinsu da kan manyan tekuna Manufar ci gaba mai dorewa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 14 kuma tana da manufa game da ra'ayin mazan jiya da dorewar amfani da tekuna da albarkatunsu daidai da tsarin doka na UNCLOS.
Dokar ɗinke bambance-Bambance A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) ta kada kuri'a don kiran taron gwamnatoci (IGC) don yin la'akari da kafa wata doka ta kasa da kasa da ke daure doka (ILBI) kan kiyayewa da dorewar amfani da bambancin halittu fiye da ikon kasa (BBNJ). IGC za ta yi taro don jerin zama huɗu tsakanin 2018 da 2020 don yin aiki don cimma yarjejeniya.
Jam'iyyu An buɗe taron don sanya hannu a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1982 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1994 bayan ƙaddamar da kayan aikin 60th na amincewa. Jam’iyyu 168 ne suka amince da taron, wanda ya hada da kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 164, da kasa daya mai lura da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Palestine da kasashe biyu masu alaka tsibiran Cook da Niue da Tarayyar Turai Matsayi Muhimmancin UNCLOS ya samo asali ne daga yadda yake tsarawa da daidaita ka'idoji da ka'idojin dokokin teku na kasa da kasa, wadanda suka dogara ne akan kwarewar teku na ƙarni kuma an bayyana su da yawa a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ka'idodin dokokin teku na duniya na yanzu, kamar haka. Kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1958. An ƙara ƙarfafa babban ɓangare na waɗannan buƙatun kuma an fadada su.
Duba kuma Tsarin Ganewa Ta atomatik
Dokar Admiralty
Gudanar da kamun kifi
Kotun kasa da kasa na shari'ar teku
Dokar teku
Dokar ceto
Kimanin shari'a na harin jiragen ruwa na Gaza
Hukumomin Tsaro na Maritime
Taron Montreux Game da Mulkin Mashigin Turkiyya
Operation Sharp Guard
Yankunan ruwa
Rashin amincewar Amurka na UNCLOS
Bayanin Haɗin gwiwa na Amurka/USSR kan Yarda da Uniform na Dokokin Dokokin Ƙasashen Duniya da ke Gudanar da Wurin Lantarki
Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Yarjejeniyar Kula da Makamai na Seabed
Manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Jerin yankunan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke mulki
Ci gaba da karatu Sara McLaughlin Mitchell da Andrew P. Owsiak. 2021. Hukunci na Teku: Ciniki a cikin Inuwar UNCLOS Jaridar Amirka ta Dokokin Duniya.
Manazarta Rubutun yarjejeniyar (pdf)
Jerin ƙasashen da suka amince da Dokar Yarjejeniyar Teku
Kotun kasa da kasa na shari'ar teku
Kotun Kotu ta Dindindin Laifukan da suka gabata da kuma masu jiran gado
Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Duniya masu dacewa da UNCLOS (2010) da Abubuwan da ke ciki Fihirisa Sashen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da harkokin teku da kuma dokar teku
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan iyaka na Shelf na Nahiyar
UNEP Shelf Programme, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa don taimaka wa Jihohi wajen zayyana matsugunin nahiyoyinsu fiye da mil 200 na ruwa (370). km)
UNCLOS Italiyanci Database
EEZ/CS Iyakokin Kanada Database
Taswirar Dijital na Yankunan Tattalin Arziki Na Musamman na Duniya
SOPAC Maritime Boundaries Database Bayanin gabatarwa na Tullio Treves, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan gani na sauti akan Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1958 akan Dokar Teku a cikin Taskokin Tarihi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Laburaren Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Dokokin Duniya
Bayanin gabatarwa na Tullio Treves, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan gani na sauti akan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku a cikin Taskokin Tarihi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Laburaren Kayayyakin Sauti na Dokokin Duniya
Laccoci Lakcoci a cikin jerin laccoci na ɗakin karatu na Audiovisual na Dokokin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Shabtai Rosenne Memorial Lecture na John Norton Moore mai suna Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku: Daya daga cikin Manyan Nasarorin da aka samu a Tsarin Doka na Duniya
Jerin lacca a sassa shida na Tullio Treves mai suna The Law of Teku a kan cika shekaru talatin na yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta teku.
Lakca na Helmut Turk mai taken Jihohin da ba su da iyaka da kuma dokar teku
Lecture daga Tullio Treves mai taken Sabuwar Dokar Teku da sasanta rigingimu
Lecture daga Emmanuel Roucounas mai take masu amfani da Dokar Teku ba Jiha ba
Lecture daga David Freestone mai taken Shekaru 25 na Dokar Teku Shin Ya Yi Nasara?
Laccoci na Tommy Koh mai suna The Art and Science na Gudanar da Manyan Taro na gwamnatoci da Tsarin Tattaunawa na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Uku kan Dokar Teku.
Lecture daga Jin-Hyun Paik mai taken tsarin shari'a na kasa da kasa na kamun kifi
Lecture daga Tullio Scovazzi mai taken Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku da Ta Ketare.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40248 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex | Alex | Alex suna ne gama gari. Yana iya komawa zuwa gajeriyar sigar Alexander, Alexandra, Alexis.
Mutane
Da yawa Alex Brown (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Alex Gordon (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Alex Harris (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Alex Jones (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Alexander Johnson (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Alex Taylor (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Yan siyasa Alex Allan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) shi ne jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya
Alex Attwood (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959), ɗan siyasan Irish na Arewa
Alex Kushnir (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan siyasan Isra'ila
Alex Salmond (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ɗan siyasan Scotland, tsohon Ministan Farko na Scotland
'Yan wasan kwallon kwando Alex Avila (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Alex Bregman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Alex Gardner (Baseball) (1861-1921), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Kanada
Alex Katz an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Alex Pompez (1890 1974), shugaban zartarwa na Amurka a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Negro League da kuma Manyan Baseball Scout.
Alex Rodriguez (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Kwallon kafa na Amurka Alex Anzalone (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Bachman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Barnes (kwallon kafa na Amurka), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Bars (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Barrett, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Cappa, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Highsmith (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Hornibrook (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Karras (1935–2012), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
Alex Leatherwood (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Light (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Mack, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex McGough, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Redmond (kwallon kafa na Amurka), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Alex Smith (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
'Yan wasan kwallon kafa Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1976) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil
Alex (wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1977), cikakken suna Alexsandro de Souza, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil.
Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), cikakken suna Domingos Alexandre Martins Costa, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal.
Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a watan Yuni 1982), cikakken suna Alex Rodrigo Dias da Costa, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil.
Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), cikakken suna Alex Costa dos Santos, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil.
Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi 19 ga Mayu 1990), cikakken suna Francisco Alex do Nascimento Moraes, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil.
Alex (wanda aka haifa a watan Agusta 1990), cikakken suna Alexssander Medeiros de Azeredo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil.
Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), cikakken suna Alex de Oliveira Nascimento, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil.
Alex Cazumba (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil
Alessandro Del Piero (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Italiya
Alex Ferguson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Scotland kuma ɗan wasa
Alex Freitas (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil
Alex Freitas (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal
Alex Gardner (dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) (1877-1952), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Scotland
Alex Manninger (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Austriya
Alex Raphael Meschini (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil
Alex Monteiro de Lima (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil
Alex Morgan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Amurka
Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Álex Pérez (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sipaniya
Alessandro Santos (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil ɗan ƙasar Brazil
Alex Silva (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1985) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil
Alex Stepney (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Alex Whittle (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Yan wasan kwando Alex King (kwallon kwando) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jamus
Alex Len (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Ukraine
Alex Poythress (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne ɗan wasan kwando na Ba'amurke ɗan Ivory Coast na Maccabi Tel Aviv.
Alex Tyus (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ɗan Amurka-Isra'ila
'Yan dambe Alex Arthur (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne ɗan dambe ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya
Alex Obeysekere (1918-2002), dan damben Sri Lanka
Motoci Alex Albon (an haife shi 1996), direban tseren Thai
Alex Labbe (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993), direban tseren Kanada
Alex Zanardi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966), direban tseren Italiya kuma ɗan wasan paracyc
Sauran wasanni Alex Asensi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) shi ne ɗan wasan tennis na ƙasar Norway
Alex Auld (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan hockey na Kanada
Alex Chu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwararren ɗan wasan Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da sunan wasan sa Xpecial
Alex Glenn (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan rugby na New Zealand
Alex Koslov, sunan zobe na Alex Sherman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan kokawa ɗan asalin ƙasar Moldova.
Alex Ovechkin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan hockey na ƙasar Rasha kuma kyaftin na Babban Birnin Washington
Alex Pierzchalski (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kanada
Alex Schlopy (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992) shi ne ɗan wasan tsere na Amurka
Alex Tripolski (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), mai harbin wasannin Olympics na Isra'ila, kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Curling ta Isra'ila.
Fasaha da nishaɗi Alex (an wasan kwaikwayo) (1959-2011), ɗan wasan Indiya kuma mai sihiri
Alex (mawaƙi) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne mawaƙin Danish
Alex Borstein (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka
Alex Brooker (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan jaridar Burtaniya kuma mai gabatar da Ƙafar Ƙarshe
Alex Bulmer, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo
Alex Chilton (1950–2010), mawaƙin Amurka-mawaƙi, mawaƙi, mawaƙi, jagoran mawaƙin Akwatin.
Alex Chu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), mawaƙin Koriya-Kanada na Clazziquai
Alex Day (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), mawaƙin Ingilishi
Alex Gardner (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar Scotland
Alex Gaskarth (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙin Amurka na All Time Low
Alex Gonzaga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Philippines, ɗan wasan barkwanci, da YouTuber
Alex Harvey (mawaki) (1935-1982), mawaƙin dutsen Burtaniya
Alex Hood (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935), mawaƙin gargajiya na Australiya
Alex James (mawaki) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan wasan bass na Burtaniya don Blur
Alex Jolig (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), ɗan wasan Jamus, mawaki kuma ɗan tseren babur
Alex Kingston (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Alex Koehler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991), ɗan wasan Amurka na Chelsea Grin
Alex Lifeson, sunan mataki don mawaƙin Kanada Alexandar Zivojinovich (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), mawallafin guitar Rush
Alex O'Loughlin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976), ɗan wasan Australia ne
Alex Russell (an wasan kwaikwayo) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan Ostiraliya
Alex Sharpe fl. 1991-yanzu), mawaƙin Irish
Alex Trebek (1940–2020), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke mai masaukin baki na wasan yana nuna Jeopardy!
Alex Turner an haife shi a shekara ta 1986).
Alex Van Halen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953).
Alex Vargas (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne mawaƙin Danish
Alex Winter (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1965), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke ɗan Burtaniya ne
Sauran Alex Aïnouz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), YouTuber na abinci na Faransa
Alex Azar (an haife shi 1967), jami'in gwamnatin Amurka kuma lauya
Alex Balfanz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), mai haɓaka wasan bidiyo na Amurka
Alex Ferrer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), alkali ɗan Cuban ne a halin yanzu yana zaune a Miami, Florida
Alex Konanykhin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966), ɗan kasuwan Rasha, tsohon ma'aikacin banki
Alex McCool (1923-2020), manajan NASA na Amurka
Alex Stokes (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), shahararren ɗan wasan intanet na Amurka
Alex Wagner (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), ɗan jaridar Amurka
Dabbobi Alex (aku) (1976-2007), ɗan Afirka Grey Parrot kuma batun gwajin harshe
Haruffa na almara Alex, wani hali a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Amurka na 2009 Shi kawai Ba Haka Yake Cikinku ba.
Alex <i id="mwAQ0">A Clockwork Orange</i> Alex <i id="mwARA">Power Rangers</i> Alex <i id="mwARM">Street Fighter</i> Alex <i id="mwARY">Mai leƙen asiri</i> Alex Browning, wani hali daga Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe
Alex Cross, daga Alex Cross novel da jerin fina-finai
Alex Fierro, daga Magnus Chase da Allolin Asgard na Rick Riordan
Alex P. Keaton, wani hali a gidan talabijin na Amurka TV sitcom Family dangantaka
Alex the Lion, daga Madagascar raye-rayen fina-finai da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani
Alex Louis Armstrong, masanin ilimin kimiya na jihar daga Fullmetal Alchemist
Alex Masterley, halin take a cikin Alex (comic strip)
Alex Millar <i id="mwAS4">Kasancewar Mutum</i> Alex O'Donnell, wani hali a cikin 2009 American fantasy movie comedy 17 Again.
Alex, ɗaya daga cikin halayen maza masu aure a wasan bidiyo na Stardew Valley
Alex Rider (hali), daga litattafan Alex Rider na Anthony Horowitz
Alex Shamir, jarumi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Amurka mai ban dariya Robot in the Family
Alex Standall, wani hali a cikin labari da Netflix jerin Dalilai 13 Me yasa
Alex Taylor, babban hali a wasan bidiyo The Crew
Alex, tsohuwar avatar mace a cikin wasan bidiyo Minecraft
Alex Vause, wani hali a cikin jerin talabijin Orange Is the New Black
Alex, mai goyan baya hali a cikin jerin anime Futari wa Pretty Cure (wanda aka fi sani da Akane Fujita)
Manazarta Suna gama |
22240 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprieve%20%28%C6%99ungiya%29 | Reprieve (ƙungiya) | Reprieve kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta lauyoyi da masu bincike na kasa da kasa wadanda burinsu shi ne "yakar wadanda aka zalunta da keta hakkin dan adam tare da daukar matakan shari'a da ilimin jama'a". Babban abin da suka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne hukuncin kisa, tsarewa ba tare da fitina ba (kamar a hukumomi), ba da hukunci na musamman da kisan gilla. ƙungiyarRefrieve da aka kafa tana cikin Burtaniya, sannan kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi a Amurka, Australia da Netherlands, tare da ƙarin masu goyan baya da masu sa kai a duniya.
Sake dawo da Burtaniya NaNaNaNa farko kuma mafi girma a cikin kungiyoyin ragin, Reprieve UK, an kafa shi ne a shekarata 1999, shekara guda bayan da aka dakatar da hukuncin kisa a hukumance a Burtaniya (duk da cewa ba a aiwatar da shi tun a shekarata 1964), ta hannun lauya mai kare hakkin dan'Adam Clive Stafford Smith Smith ya wakilci sama da fursunoni dari uku 300 da ke fuskantar hukuncin kisa a kudancin kasar Amurka kuma ya taimaka wajen sakin fursunoni Guantánamo Bay guda 65 da wasu da ke fadin duniya da aka tsare a wurare irin su Bagram Theater Internment Facility, Afghanistan, wadanda ke ikirarin sun kasance gwamnatin Amurka ta azabtar da Reprieve a halin yanzu tana aiki don wakiltar fursunoni guda 15 a cikin hukumomi Bay, da kuma yawan shari'ar da ake samu na abokan cinikin mutuwa a duk duniya. Kuma tana bincika rikice-rikice na duniya a cikin fassarar kuma a kwanan nan, ta fara aiki tare da Foundation for the basic rights a Pakistan, da nufin ƙirƙirar tattaunawa game da amfani da jirage marasa matuka a can. A cikin shekarata 2021, Reprieve UK ta tattara bayanai game da illar hare-hare da jiragen yaki na Amurka da ayyukan ta'addanci don gabatar da koke da bayanin sheda a madadin 34 Yemenis a Hukumar Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Rahoton ya mayar da hankali ne kan koke-kokensa na hadin kai game da illolin kare hakkin bil'adama na hare-haren jirage marasa matuka na Amurka wadanda suka kashe fararen hula da dama, ciki har da "yara tara da mambobi da dama na sojojin Yemen" Batun Burtaniya yana da ma'aikata ashirin da biyar a London da kuma yan'uwansa bakwai a Amurka da Pakistan. Masu kula da ita sun hada da Martha Lane Fox, Jon Snow, Alan Bennett, Julie Christie da Roger Waters Shari'o'in yanzu sun hada da Andy Tsege, Ali al Nimr, Sami al-Saadi na Libya, Falasdinawan da ba shi da kasa Abu Zubaydah, Linda Carty, Yunus Rahmatullah, Krishna Maharaj, da Malik Jalal Shari’ar kwanan nan sun hada da Samantha Orobator, Binyam Mohamed, Muhammad Saad Iqbal, da Akmal Shaikh, dan asalin EU da gwamnatin China ta zartar.
Reprieve US Sake shigar da Amurka an kafa ta a cikin shekarata 2001 ta hanyar lauyoyi masu yanke hukuncin kisa a New Orleans, Louisiana, a matsayin 501 (c) (3) ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin shari'a, wanda wahayi daga Reprieve UK. A cikin 2014 Reprieve US ta bude hedkwata a Birnin New York, kuma ta fara aiki kan tsare mutane ba bisa doka ba da kisan kai da kuma hukuncin kisa. Sake dawo da Amurka wata 'yar uwa ce mai zaman kanta don sake Burtaniya; kungiyoyin biyu suna da manufa daya kuma suna aiki tare a hadin gwiwa.
Sanar da Amurka ta yi matukar adawa da sansanin Guantanamo Bay tun kafuwarta, kuma ta hanyar doka tana wakiltar da yawa daga wadanda take tsare da su. Hakanan suna da martaba kan yawancin fursunonin ta.
Babban Hukuncin Addini Babban Laifin Hukunci na Hukunci (wanda a da ya ba da Australiya) an kafa shi a Melbourne a cikin shekarata 2001 ta masu aikata laifuka Richard Bourke da Nick Harrington don ba da wakilcin doka da taimakon jin kai ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kisa. Da farko bayar da taimakon agaji ga shirye-shirye a Amurka, CPJP tun daga lokacin ya faɗaɗa zuwa Asiya. Julian McMahon ne ke jagorantar kungiyar a halin yanzu.
Sake dawo da Netherlands Refrieve Netherlands an kafa ta a cikin shekarata 2006, shekaru ashirin da huɗu bayan Netherlands ta soke hukuncin kisa, ta ƙungiyar mutanen Holland waɗanda suka taɓa yin aiki a ofisoshin tsaron babban birnin Amurka. Ya raba maƙasudin sauran ƙungiyoyi masu ramawa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sake dawo da Burtaniya
Sake dawo da Amurka
Babban Addinin Hukunci na Hukunci, wanda ya Buga Australia a da
Sake dawo da Netherlands
Pages with unreviewed |
40430 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfas | Kamfas | Kamfas shi ne na'urar da ke nuna kwatancen kwatancen da aka yi amfani da su don kewayawa da daidaita yanayin ƙasa. Yawanci yana ƙunshi allura mai maganadisu ko wani abu, kamar katin kampas ko furen kampas, wanda zai iya daidaita kansa da Magnetic arewa Ana iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin, gami da gyroscopes, magnetometers, da masu karɓar GPS Kwamfuta sau da yawa suna nuna kusurwoyi a cikin digiri: arewa yayi dai-dai da 0 kuma kusurwoyi suna karuwa a agogo, don haka gabas shine 90 kudu shine 180 yamma kuma 270 Waɗannan lambobin suna ba da damar kamfas ɗin don nuna azimuths ko bearings waɗanda galibi ana bayyana su a cikin digiri. Idan an san bambancin gida tsakanin Magnetic arewa da arewa ta gaskiya, to, alƙiblar maganaɗisu ita ma tana ba da shugabanci na gaskiya arewa.
Daga cikin manyan abubuwan ƙirƙire-kirkire guda hudu, daular Song ta kasar Sin ta fara kera kamfas din a matsayin na'urar duba tun farkon daular Han ta kasar Sin (tun c. 206 BC), daga baya kuma daular Song ta kasar Sin ta karbe shi don kewayawa. Karni na 11. Farkon amfani da kamfas da aka rubuta a Yammacin Turai da duniyar Musulunci ya faru ne a shekara ta 1190.
Magnetic kamfas Kamfas ɗin maganaɗisu shine nau'in kamfas ɗin da aka fi sani. Yana aiki a matsayin mai nuni zuwa Magnetic arewa ma'aunin maganaɗisu na gida, saboda allura mai maganadisu a zuciyarta tana daidaita kanta da sassan da ke kwance na filin maganadisu na duniya Filin maganadisu yana yin juzu'i akan allura, yana jan ƙarshen Arewa ko sandar allurar kusan zuwa ga duniyar maganadisu ta Arewa, kuma yana jan ɗayan zuwa igiyar maganadisu ta Kudu ta Duniya. Ana ɗora allurar a kan madaidaicin juzu'i, a cikin mafi kyawun kompas ɗin juzu'i, don haka yana iya juyawa cikin sauƙi. Lokacin da kamfas ɗin ya kasance a matakin matakin, allurar tana juyawa har sai bayan ƴan daƙiƙa don ƙyale jijiyoyi su mutu, ta zauna cikin daidaitawarta.
A kewayawa, kwatance akan taswirori yawanci ana bayyana su tare da la'akari da yanki ko arewa na gaskiya, alƙiblar zuwa Yankin Arewa Pole, jujjuyawar axis na Duniya. Dangane da inda kamfas ɗin yake saman duniya kusurwar tsakanin arewa ta gaskiya da arewa mai maganadisu, wanda ake kira raguwar maganadisu na iya bambanta ko'ina tare da wurin yanki. Ana ba da raguwar maganadisu na gida akan yawancin taswirori, don ba da damar taswirar ta daidaita tare da kamfas mai layi ɗaya zuwa arewa na gaskiya. Wuraren sandunan maganaɗisu na duniya suna canzawa sannu a hankali tare da lokaci, wanda ake magana da shi azaman bambancin duniya na geomagnetic Tasirin wannan yana nufin taswira tare da sabbin bayanan raguwa yakamata a yi amfani da su. Wasu compass na maganadisu sun haɗa da hanyoyin da za a biya da hannu don raguwar maganadisu, ta yadda kamfas ɗin ya nuna kwatance na gaskiya.
Kamfas ɗin da ba na maganadisu ba Akwai wasu hanyoyin samun arewa fiye da amfani da maganadisu, kuma daga mahangar kewayawa jimillar hanyoyi guda bakwai masu yuwuwa akwai (inda maganadisu ɗaya ce daga cikin bakwai). Na'urori masu auna firikwensin guda biyu waɗanda ke amfani da biyu daga cikin sauran ƙa'idodi shida galibi ana kiran su kompas, watau gyrocompass da GPS-compass.
Gyrocompass Gyrocompass yayi kama da gyroscope Kamfas ɗin da ba na maganaɗisu ba ne wanda ke gano gaskiya ta arewa ta hanyar amfani da dabaran mai sauri (mai ƙarfin lantarki) da ƙarfin juzu'i don yin amfani da jujjuyawar Duniya. Ana amfani da gyrocompasses sosai akan jiragen ruwa Suna da manyan fa'idodi guda biyu akan kamfas ɗin maganaɗisu su ne kamar haka:
sun sami arewa na gaskiya, watau, alkiblar jujjuyawar duniya, sabanin arewa mai maganadisu Karfe na ferromagnetic (ciki har da baƙin ƙarfe, ƙarfe, cobalt, nickel, da sauran allurai daban-daban) ba su shafe su a cikin tarkacen jirgin ruwa. (Babu kompas da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe ba ya shafa, kodayake kompas ɗin maganadisu zai shafi kowane irin wayoyi tare da wutar lantarki da ke wucewa ta cikin su. Manya-manyan jiragen ruwa yawanci suna dogara ne akan gyrocompass, suna amfani da kamfas ɗin maganadisu kawai azaman madadin. Ƙarawa, ana amfani da kwamfutoci masu jujjuyawar lantarki akan ƙananan tasoshin. Duk da haka, Magnetic compasses har yanzu ana amfani da su sosai saboda suna iya zama ƙanana, suna amfani da fasaha mai sauƙi mai dogara, suna da arha mai sauƙi, sau da yawa sauƙin amfani fiye da GPS, suna buƙatar samar da makamashi, kuma ba kamar GPS ba, abubuwa ba su shafar su, misali bishiyoyi, wanda zai iya toshe karɓar siginar lantarki.
Ana amfani da masu karɓar GPS azaman compasses Masu karɓar GPS ta amfani da eriya biyu ko fiye da aka ɗora su daban tare da haɗa bayanai tare da naúrar motsi marar aiki (IMU) yanzu za su iya cimma 0.02° a daidaitattun kantuna kuma suna da lokutan farawa cikin daƙiƙa maimakon sa'o'i don tsarin gyrocompass. Na'urorin suna tantance daidaitattun matsayi (latitudes, longitudes da tsayi) na eriya a Duniya, daga inda za'a iya ƙididdige kwatancen kwatance. An kera su da farko don aikace-aikacen jiragen ruwa da na jiragen sama, kuma suna iya gano farar jirgi da nadi. Ƙananan masu karɓar GPS mai ɗaukar hoto tare da eriya ɗaya kawai na iya ƙayyade kwatance idan ana motsa su, koda kuwa a cikin tafiyar tafiya kawai. Ta hanyar tantance matsayinta daidai a duniya a wasu lokutan dakika kadan tsakani, na'urar zata iya lissafin saurinta da kuma ainihin abin da ya faru (dangane da arewa na gaskiya na alkiblarta. Yawancin lokaci, yana da kyau a auna alkiblar da abin hawa ke tafiya a zahiri, maimakon hanyarsa, watau hanyar da hancinsa yake nunawa. Waɗannan kwatance na iya bambanta idan akwai iskar gilla ko igiyar ruwa.
Kamfas na GPS suna raba manyan fa'idodin gyrocompasses. Sun tabbatar da Arewa ta gaskiya, sabanin Arewa Magnetic, kuma ba su shafe su da rugujewar filin maganadisu na Duniya. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta da gyrocompasses, suna da rahusa sosai, suna aiki mafi kyau a yankunan polar, ba su da wahala a shawo kan girgizar injin, kuma ana iya fara farawa da sauri da sauri. Koyaya, sun dogara da aiki, da sadarwa tare da, tauraron dan adam GPS, waɗanda za a iya rushe su ta hanyar harin lantarki ko kuma sakamakon mummunar guguwar rana. Gyrocompasses suna ci gaba da amfani da su don dalilai na soji (musamman a cikin jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa, inda magnetic da GPS compasses ba su da amfani), amma an maye gurbinsu da kwamfutocin GPS, tare da madogaran maganadisu, a cikin mahallin farar hula.
Tarihi Kamfas na farko a zamanin daular Han na kasar Sin an yi su ne da dutsen lode, wani ma'adinin ƙarfe da aka yi da shi ta dabi'a. Daga baya an yi kamfas da allurar ƙarfe, magnetized ta hanyar buga su da dutse mai tsayi, wanda ya bayyana a kasar Sin ta 1088 a lokacin daular Song, kamar yadda Shen Kuo ya bayyana. Busassun compass sun fara bayyana kusan a shekara ta 1300 a Turai ta Tsakiya da Duniyar Musulunci An maye gurbin wannan a farkon karni na 20 ta hanyar kamfas mai cike da ruwa.
Kamfas na zamani
Magnetic Kamfas Kamfas na zamani yawanci suna amfani da allura mai maganaɗisu ko bugun kira a cikin capsule gaba ɗaya cike da ruwa (man fitila, man ma'adinai, farin ruhohi, kerosene mai tsafta, ko barasa na ethyl sun zama ruwan dare). Yayin da tsofaffin ƙira suka haɗa da diaphragm na roba mai sassauƙa ko sararin sama a cikin capsule don ba da izinin canjin ƙarar da ke haifar da zafin jiki ko tsayi, wasu kwamfutocin ruwa na zamani suna amfani da ƙananan gidaje da/ko kayan capsule masu sassauƙa don cimma sakamako iri ɗaya. Ruwan da ke cikin capsule yana aiki don dasa motsin allurar, yana rage lokacin oscillation da haɓaka kwanciyar hankali. Maɓalli masu mahimmanci akan kamfas, gami da ƙarshen ƙarshen allura galibi ana yiwa alama da phosphorescent, photoluminescent, ko kayan haske mai haske don ba da damar karanta komfas da dare ko cikin haske mara kyau. Kamar yadda komfas ɗin cika ruwa ba shi da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, yawancin kwamfutoci masu cika ruwa da yawa za su yi aiki daidai ƙarƙashin ruwa zuwa zurfin zurfi.
Duba kuma
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Littafin Jagora na Daidaita Compass na Magnetic Paul J. Gans, Shafukan Fasaha na Tsakiya: Compass
Lakcar Maraice Zuwa Ga Ƙungiyar Biritaniya A Taron Southampton ranar Juma'a, 25 ga Agusta, 1882 Yana nufin gyaran kamfas ta jerin Fourier.
Manazarta Magani
Yanayi
Yanar Gizo
Lokaci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13495 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Tyler | Aisha Tyler | Aisha Naomi Tyler (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif ɗari tara saba'in 1970)Na Miladiyya(A.c)yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, Ba’amurikiya, darakta kuma mai shirya fina-finai. An san ta da yin wasa da Andrea Marino a farkon lokacin Ghost Whisperer, Dr. Tara Lewis a cikin Minds na Laifi, da Yanayin Uwa a cikin fina-finai na Santa Clause da kuma bayyana a matsayin Lana Kane a cikin Archer da kuma rawar da ke faruwa a kan CSI: Binciken Yanayi, Magana Soup da Abokai Ta kasance takwaran hadin gwiwar CBS The Talk, inda ta ci kyautar Emmy Award ta Rana Nishaɗi da Nuna Hoton Mai ba da rahoto kuma a yanzu haka tana da Lineasean Ta kuma bakuncin babban taron 'yan jaridu na E3 Ubisoft kuma ta ba da muryarta na wasannin bidiyo Halo: Reach da Gears na War 3 Farkon rayuwa An haife Tyler a San Francisco, California, 'yar Robin Gregory, malami, da James Tyler, mai daukar hoto. Iyalin sun yi shekara ɗaya a Habasha kuma daga baya suka share lokaci suna zaune a cikin ashram a Oakland, California. Ta nemi sha'awar farawa a cikin makarantar sakandare ta McAteer a San Francisco, wanda ke da wani shiri na musamman da ake kira School of the Arts, yanzu sunan makaranatar Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts Tyler ta halarci makarantar sakandare tare da Kuma Sam Rockwell da Margaret Cho Ta na da murkushe Rock Rock, kuma ta bi shi ya zama darasi wata rana, wanda ya kai ga sha'awar ta a cikin improv da Sketch. Tyler ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Dartmouth a cikin shekarar 1992. Ta kasance memba na Tabard, aminiyar hadin gwiwa. A Dartmouth, ta kasance tare da kafa da kuma rera waka a cikin Dartmouth Rockapellas, duk mace-mace wata kungiya ce ta cappella da aka sadaukarwa don fadakar da jama'a ta hanyar waka. Bayan ɗan gajeren aiki a kamfanin talla a San Francisco, sai ta zagaya ƙasar don neman aikin ban dariya kafin ta koma Los Angeles a shekarar 1996.
Aiki Ayyukan Tyler a cikin talabijin sun fara aiki a 2001 tare da ayyuka a matsayin mai ba da shawara na So Soup da kuma jerin batutuwa na Fifth Wheel, koda yake an soke Talk Soup a shekara mai zuwa kuma Tyler ta bar Fifth Wheel a shekarar 2002 don biɗa sauran burin. Tyler ta ba da gagarumin lokacin ta ga ayyukan 'yanci, gami da rawar da ta taka a wasan Moose Mating, wanda ta samu lambar yabo ta NAACP Ta kuma rubuta, jagoranci, da kuma tauraro a cikin gajeren gajeren fim din The Whipper Motsawa zuwa cikin aiki, Tyler ya nuna a cikin abokai kamar yadda Dr. Charlie Wheeler, yarinyar Joey sannan kuma Ross 'budurwa, a cikin tara da na goma. Ta bi hakan tare da baƙo a CSI: Miami da Nip Tuck, da daidaita daidaita ayyukan lokaci-lokaci a kan duka CSI: Binciken Binciken Laifuka da kuma 24 yayin lokacin talabijin na 2004-2005. Hakanan ta yi fim ɗin nata matattarar jirgi sittin don CBS, wanda ba a ɗauka ba. Ta fito a MADtv Bayan aikinta na yau da kullun akan jerin CBS Ghost Whisperer a lokacin farkonsa, Tyler ta fito a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da The Santa Clause 2, The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, .45, da kuma mai ban dariya Bukukuwa na Fury A shekara ta 2007, ta yi fim mai ban al'ajabi game da Mutuwar Mutuwar da kuma wasan kwaikwayon laifuffuka na Black Water Transit Hakanan ta ci gaba da bayyana a talabijin, tare da fitowa a Boston Legal, Reno 911!, The Boondocks, kuma a matsayin mai sukar finafinai na baƙi a yawancin fina-finai na At Films tare da Ebert & Roeper, cike suke don Roger Ebert da ya ɓace yayin da take murmurewa daga tiyata. Tyler ta koma cikin kafofin watsa labaru a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga Glamour, Jane, da mujallu na mako-mako Nishaɗi Littafinta na farko, Swerve: Jagora zuwa Dadi Rayuwa don modan matan Postmodern, an fito dashi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004. Tyler ta taka rawa a yawon shakatawa na Poker na Duniya a cikin wasannin Hollywood Gida don ayyukan ci gaba ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Ta kuma nuna fitinar baki a Kanye West Slow Jamz wacce ke dauke da Twista da Jamie Foxx Aikin tallafi na Philanthropy da taimako suna da matukar mahimmanci ga Tyler, kuma tana yin aikin taimako na kai-tsaye ga Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Amurka, amintacciyar kungiyar Jama'a ta Kasa, da Kula da Iyaye ta Amurka, da Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya Tyler ta bayyana a cikin wani hoton tsirara, tare da sauran mashahuran mutane, a cikin fitowar Allure ta watan Mayun shekarar 2006. Batun Nude na shekara-shekara yana tara kuɗi ne don magance cutar fata A watan Mayun shekarar 2009, an ba da sanarwar cewa ABC ta bai wa Tyler nata matattarar matattara mai magana, The Aisha Tyler Show A farkon Mayu 2010, ta gabatar da bidiyon "Barka da zuwa Beta" na Halo: Isar Ta kuma yi magana da ɗan ƙaramin hali a wasan. A shekara ta 2009, ta fara fitowa a tauraruwarta wajen renon Lana Kane a cikin jerin fim din FX Archer, wanda aka sanya a ranar 14 ga Janairun shekarar 2010 kuma yafara gudana awanni 9 tun daga shekarar 2018. A watan Agusta shekara ta 2010, Tyler ta fara fitowa a cikin baƙon shirin mai maimaituwa naThe Stephanie Miller Show An sanya sunan bangaren "uTesdays with Tyerl". Tyler ta bayyana a cikin ɗakin studio ko ta waya lokacin da ba ta yi niyya ga ɗayan rawar da take yi ba. Yayinda Hal Sparks kasance daga ƙasar, Tyler ya cika a matsayin memba na uku na Stephanie Miller Sexy Liberal Comedy Tour akan wasanni uku a watan Agusta shekarata 2011. Hakanan a shekara ta 2009, Tyler ta yi shirye-shiryen wasanninta na yau da kullun, suna zaune a Fillmore Theater Daga ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 2011, Tyler ta fara yin faifan bidiyo na mako-mako, Yarinya kan Guy, inda ta yi hira da abokanka mashahurin mashahurai kuma suna tattaunawa kan batutuwan da masoya suke so. Yarinya a kan Guy tana samuwa a cikin rukunin yanar gizon don saukewa ta amfani da iTunes, mp3, da RSS Nunin da aka gabatar a matsayin Podcast mai ban dariya mai ban dariya na 4 akan iTunes kuma a halin yanzu shine Kundin adadi mai ban dariya na 2, da kuma kwatankwacin bidiyon 7 a kan iTunes. Wurin mako na farko na Yarinya a kan Guy ya ba da baƙo H. Jon Benjamin, na biyu ya gabatar da rukunin gidan talabijin din da ya gabata na InfoMania Brett Erlich a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2011, da kuma na uku wanda ta kirkirar Archer mahaliccin Adam Reed a 9 ga Agusta, 2011. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tyler zata shiga cikin sahun fitowa a The Talk a zaman hadin-gwiwa na dindindin, tare da maye gurbin Holly Robinson Peete Makon farko na cikakken mako a matsayin mai ba da shirin daga ranar 24 ga Oktoba zuwa 28 ga Oktoba, 2011. Tyler an san ta da kasancewa mai bayyana ra'ayi da kuma fito fili a game da Magana, musamman game da al'adun Afirka da ra'ayoyi na Afirka, yanci na LGBT, da haƙƙin mata Tyler ta gabatar da taron manema labarai na Ubisoft a E3 2012 a watan Yuni, wanda ya samu karbuwa daga magoya bayan da ba su yarda da cewa Tyler dan wasa bane. Wannan ya sa Tyler ta amsa tare da waƙa game da yadda ta ke wasa wasannin bidiyo "tun da kuka kasance tagwaye a ɓangaren hagu na underoos na daddy". Ta dawo ta karbi bakuncin taron manema labarai a shekara mai zuwa Littafin Tyler na biyu, Raunin kansa da Kansa: Labarin Mai ban tausayi na Epic Hum ƙasƙanci, an yi sharhi a cikin Yulin shekara ta 2013, daga baya ya zama mai ba da kyautar New York Times An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar tambayoyin baƙi akan Yarinya akan Guy A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, an tabbatar da Tyler ta zama sabon rukunin rukunin Amurkawa na layi Na Wane ne Shin? Hakanan ta bayyana a taƙaice kamar kanta a wasan bidiyo Watch Dogs kuma an nuna ta a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar "Weird Al" Yankovic Tacky Tyler ta kasance muryar asali don halayen Daisy Fitzroy a cikin wasan bidiyo na shekarar 2013 BioShock Inlopin, amma ba a yi amfani da rikodin sa ba kuma rawar ta kasance ga Kimberly Brooks An zabi ta don Personan mutum na 2014 a Kyautar Golden Joystick Award 2014 A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tyler ta sauka a maimaitaccen aiki a shekara ta goma sha ɗaya ta Laifin Minds kamar Dr. Tara Lewis Kodayake ta kasance a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jennifer Love Hewitt, wanda ke kan izinin haihuwa, Matsayinta ya hau kan babban memba a cikin kakar 12. A shekara ta 2016, Tyler ta fara kamfen din Kickstarter don tallata kalandar finafinan ta na farko, Axis An harbe fim din fiye da kwana bakwai a watan Mayu 2016. An saki Axis ta hanyar bidiyo-kan-buƙata a kan Afrilu 10, 2018. A ranar 15 ga Yunin shekarar 2017, fim din Tallar, Tyler ta sanar da cewa za ta bar wasan a karshen kakar wasa ta bakwai saboda shirinta da ya yi tare da wasu finafinai uku da nuna fina-finai.
Rayuwarta Tyler ta auri lauya Jeff Tietjens a 1992 ko shekarar 1994 (kafofin sun bambanta). Ma'auratan sun rabu a watan Janairu na 2015 kuma Tietjens ta nemi a sake shi a watan Afrilun shekarar 2016. An kammala shi a watan Mayu 2017. Tyler ta bayyana akan WTF tare da Marc Maron cewa tayi aure shekaru 25. Tyler ta fito daga zuriyar dan majalisa Texas a ƙarni na 19 John Hancock ta hannun ɗansa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, Hugh Hancock. Hugh, wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na Koleji Oberlin, ya kasance fitaccen mai fafutuka a yankin Afirka da ke zaune a Austin, Texas kuma jagora a Jam'iyyar Republican Tyler ta shiga cikin masu fafutukar ƙwararraki don ofancin ƙungiyar LGBTQ Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Wasanin bidiyo
Yanar gizo
Bidiyon kiɗa
Darakta
Wallafaffun ayyuka Tyler, Aisha (2005). Juya Sanyaya. ISBN Tyler, Aisha (2005). Tyler, Aisha (2005). Tyler, Aisha (2013). Raunin kansa: Tatsuniyoyi masu ban tausayi na ƙasƙantar da almara Yana Litattafai. ISBN Tyler, Aisha (2013). Tyler, Aisha (2013).
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Official website Aisha Tyler on IMDb
|
25363 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ske | Ske | Ske wata ƙungiya ce ta Icelandic wacce za a iya samo da asalin ta zuwa shekarar ta 1992, a lokacin da Eiríkur Þorleifsson, Frank Hall da Guðmundur Steingrímsson suka kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna Skárren ekkert, kuma Hrannar Ingimarsson ya haɗu a shekarar ta 1998.
Tarihi A cikin shekarar ta 1999, sun rubuta kiɗan don NPK, rawar ta Kamfanin Icelandic Dance Company. A shekara mai zuwa Eiríkur, Frank da Guðmundur, tare da Guðmundur Hafsteinsson, sun rubuta da yin kida don Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream a Icelandic National Theatre's Þjóðleikhúsið wasan kwaikwayon a cikin shekaru 50. Hrannar ya tafi New York tare da Ice -rap rap-band Quarashi, wanda ya yi aiki da yawa a matsayin injiniya/mahaɗa da mawaƙa tun a shekarar ta 1996.
A cikin shekarar ta 2002 kundi Rayuwa, Mutuwa, Farin Ciki da Abubuwa sun kasance a shirye, tare da ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo daga Kjartan Guðnason akan ganguna, Una Sveinbjarnardóttir akan violin da mawaƙa Jón Oddur Guðmundsson, Juri Hashimoto, Julie Coadou da Daníel Ágúst Haraldsson. Kundin ya kasance abin bautar gumaka, waƙoƙin Julietta 2 da Stuff hukumomin talla ne suka ɗauke su don kamfen ɗin talabijin na ƙasa don Babban Bankin Iceland da Icelandair An kuma zabi album ɗin a matsayin Album na Shekara kuma an zaɓi 'Julietta 2' don Song of the Year kuma ya ci nasara.
A cikin shekarar ta 2003 ƙungiyar, yanzu ta ƙunshi Eiríkur Þorleifsson, Frank Hall, Guðmundur Steingrímsson, Hrannar Ingimarsson, Jón Oddur Guðmundsson, Kjartan Guðnason da Ragnheiður Gröndal, waɗanda suka fara yin waka tare da ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shekarar ta 2002, sun fara aiki akan sabbin waƙoƙi azaman kwanakin wasa a Scandinavia da Burtaniya, gami da bikin Roskilde acikin shekarar ta 2003. A cikin faɗuwar shekarar ta 2003, Ske ya ƙirƙira kiɗa don rawar rawa da Lonneke Van Leth ya rubuta, Kamfanin Icelandic Dance Company ya yi.
A cikin shekarar ta 2004, Ske ya ci gaba da aiki akan sabon faifan, tare da kunna wasu kwanakin a Burtaniya. Jin daɗi yana da kyau, kundi na biyu na Ske, Smekkleysa ne ya fitar da shi a Iceland a watan Oktoba acikin shekarar ta 2004.
A cikin shekarar ta 2005 Ske ya buga Austin, Texas SXSW da bikin SPOT na Denmark, gami da buɗewa ga tsohon Led Zeppelin 's Robert Plant a Reykjavík Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir maye gurbin Ragnheiður Gröndal ga waɗanda kwanakin kazalika ga wani TV bayyanar a kan Icelandic National Television RÚV shirin Hljómsveit kvöldsins, ya shirya da Margrét Kristin Blöndal, kuma Ske ta hudu Icelandic Hanyoyin Iska bayyanar.
A watan Agustan acikin shekarar ta 2006 Hössi Ólafsson, tsohon jagoran muryar Quarashi, ya shiga Ske a matsayin babban mawakin su.
A watan Disamba acikin shekarar ta 2008 Ske ya gama yin rikodi da haɗa album ɗin studio na uku wanda za'a fito a watan Janairu/Fabrairu acikin shekarar ta2009. An yi rikodin kundin a cikin ɗakunan studio daban-daban a kusa da Reykjavík kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 12 na asali waɗanda membobin ƙungiyar suka rubuta tare a cikin shekarar ta 2007zuwa shekarar ta 2008. Dan wasan yana buga ganguna akan yawancin waƙoƙin amma Orri Páll Dýrason daga ƙungiyar Sigur Rós yana buga ganguna akan aƙalla waƙoƙi 3. Har ila yau, a cikin raunin akwai Kjartan Guðnason, tsohon mawaƙin Ske kuma a halin yanzu mai bugun ƙungiya ta Icelandic Menn ársins kuma mai raira waƙa ga ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Iceland Symphony Orchestra An sake sakin "My Lo" a Iceland a 2008.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Tashar yanar |
40249 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudalur | Mudalur | Mudalur ƙauye ne a gundumar Thoothukudi ta Indiya. Ita ce ta farko kuma mazauna kauyen zalla Kiristoci ne. ’Yan mishan ne suka kafa ta a Kudancin Indiya tare da Kiristoci 28. A yau tana da yawan jama'a fiye da mutane 4,500.
Tarihi
Samuwar Mudalur Mudular, ma'ana "kauye na farko an kafa shi a cikin 1799 ta ƙungiyar Kiristoci masu tuba daga addinin Palayamkottai. Mazauni na farko na ƙauyen, David Sundaranandan, ya nemi ƙirƙirar matsugunin Kirista zalla wanda aka tsara bayan “Birnin Gudun Hijira” na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Tare da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na David Sundaranandan da gudummawar karimci daga Kyaftin Everet, an sayi wani yankin fili da sunan Reverend Jeanaicke a cikin Agusta 1799. Waɗanda ba Kirista ba ne suka ci gaba da kai wa Kiristocin Mudalur hari. Don hana halakar mutanensa, David Sundaranandan ya shiga tare da matasan Mudalur don koyon fasahar yaƙin Indiya ta "Silambam". An sanya wa tawagar silambam suna "Thadikambu Sena". Saboda haka, David Sundarandan ya zama sananne da "Thadikambu David Sundarandan" da "Zakin Mudalur". David Sundaranandan shine shahidi na farko kuma zuriyar farko na Cocin Tirunelveli. Mudalur yana da madaidaitan tituna guda biyar da kyakkyawan tsarin magudanar ruwa. Tituna biyar daga gabas zuwa yamma da titin arewa zuwa kudu sun yi kama da tsarin kauye a Ingila.
Samuwar Cocin St.Michael Ikklisiya ta farko a ƙauyen, wanda aka gina da dabino a shekara ta 1799, waɗanda ba Kiristoci ba ne suka kone su. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Reversed Sathyanathan ya gina coci na biyu. Kuma an gina coci na uku a shekara ta 1816 ta hanyar amfani da tubali da turmi. Bayan David Sundaranandan ya mutu, Reverend Harry Bathurst Norman (HB Norman) ya ba da kyakkyawan sabis ga ƙauyen Mudalur. Ya kasance gwanin gine-gine, kuma ya gina babban coci na salon yamma a cikin shekaru biyu. Yana da damar fiye da mutane 2,000. Bishop Sargent ya keɓe cocin a ranar St. Andrew, 30 Nuwamba 1883. Tsawon cocin ƙafa 152 ne, faɗinsa kuma ƙafa 63 ne.tsayi ƙafa huɗu kuma yana da wurin da aka keɓe don ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Cocin, wanda Reverend HB Norman ya gina, ba ta da ƙanƙantar labarai. Don haka mutanen Mudalur suka gina hasumiya mai kafa 193 mai hawa bakwai. A saman hasumiya, sun sanya wani kambi mai kambi tare da giciye na zinariya. An keɓe sabuwar hasumiya ta coci a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1929 (ranar St. Michael Cocin Mudalur yana da wasu siffofi na gine-gine na musamman. Bisa ga ƙididdige ƙididdiga na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, lamba bakwai tana nufin "cikakkiyar kamala" ko "cika". Hasumiyar Ikklisiya tana da benaye bakwai, cocin na ciki yana da ginshiƙai bakwai daidai, tare da baka bakwai a kowane gefe. Bagadin yana da matakai bakwai daidai, da alkuki bakwai a kowane gefen bagaden. Fitillun lanƙwasa bakwai da gilashin Heptagon (polygon mai fuska bakwai) suna ƙawata bagaden.
Cigaban Al'umma Tun daga kafuwarta, Mudalur ta sami ingantattun ababen more rayuwa. An samar da ilimi a cikin 1803, an fara sabis na gidan waya a 1891, kuma jigilar jama'a ta zo ƙauyen a 1940. An kafa Mudalur panchayat a shekara ta 1955. An fara kula da lafiya na farko a cikin 1965, bankin farko (Bankin Kanada) ya buɗe a cikin 1970. Kuma sabis na sadarwa ya fara aiki a 1990.
Gudanarwa
Mazabar majalisa Mudalur wani yanki ne na mazabar Thiruchendur Lok Sabha har zuwa 2009. Tun lokacin da Thoothukudi ya rabu da mazabar Tirunelveli Lok Sabha, Mudalur ya zama yanki na Thoothukudi Lok Sabha a 2009. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi yana zama dan majalisa a wannan mazabar.
Mazabar Majalisa (Assembly Constituency) Mudalur ya kasance wani yanki na Majalisar Sathankulam har zuwa 2009. A halin yanzu yana cikin yanki na Majalisar Srivaikuntam. S. Oorvasi Amirtharaj ya zama dan majalisar dokoki a wannan mazabar.
Panchayat An kafa Mudalur panchayat a shekara ta 1955. Yana cikin Sathankulam taluk (Ward-8). Kauyuka goma sha takwas suna karkashin Mudalur panchayat. Kuma Pon Murugesan ya zama shugaban Panchayat.
Yanayi Yanayin Mudalur gabaɗaya yana da zafi da ɗanɗano. Amma tana samun ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin damina daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu. Wannan dai shi ne lokacin da ake samun ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya saboda yanayin zafi a gabar tekun Indiya.
Safara Mudalur yana da babbar hanyar sadarwar sufuri. Yana da alaƙa da kyau ta hanyar zuwa wasu manyan ƙauyuka da garuruwa.
Al'adu
Mawaƙa Mudalur St.Michael's Choir yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mawakan yara maza a Kudancin Tamil Nadu. Reverend HB Norman ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa a shekara ta 1883 kuma ya yi kayan katako tare da sassaka na musamman. The Reed Organ da aka yi amfani da shi a coci an saya a Mumbai. A halin yanzu ana amfani da Viscount Vivace 60 Digital Organ (wanda aka yi a Italiya) don ayyukan coci.
Fasaha Mudalur yana ba da muhimmanci sosai ga fasahar nishaɗi da rayuwar ɗabi'a kamar "Silambaattam", "Kaliyalattam". An koyar da fasahar Silambam ga matasa da yawa tare da Sundaranantham (1799). Kaliyalattam rawa ce ta al'adun Tamil da ke cikin hatsari. Matasan Mudalur suna yin Kaliyal a duk wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru musamman a sabuwar shekara. Akwai wakoki da dama da Annavi (mawaƙin Kalial) ya rubuta waɗanda ke bayyana rayuwa da al'adun Mudalur. Shahararrun wakokin sune “Wakar Coci”, wacce ke bayyana tsarin gine-ginen cocin da kuma “Wakar Ooruni”, wacce ke bayyana kwararar ruwa daga kogin zuwa tafkin (Ooruni) a Mudalur.
Biki "Koil Prathistai" shine bikin Mudalur mafi girma. Ana bikin kowace shekara a ranar St Michael (29 Satumba). da ake kira "Annadhanam" idi, raba abinci wani babban biki ne. Ana bikin kowace shekara a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Idan ranar 29 ko 30 ta fado ranar Lahadi, ana yin idi a gobe. Sauran bukukuwan addini kamar Kirsimeti, Easter, da Deepavali kuma ana yin su sosai a Mudalur.
Wasan kwallon raga, Kabaddi, da cricket suna cikin shahararrun wasanni a Mudalur. Mudalur ya samar da ’yan wasan kwallon raga da dama wadanda suka wakilci kungiyar kwallon raga ta jihar Tamil Nadu, kungiyar kwallon raga ta Indiya da kungiyoyin kwallon raga kamar ‘yan sandan Tamil Nadu, bankin Indiya na kasashen waje, da masana’antar hada-hadar horarwa.
Addini Ko da yake mafi yawan al'ummar Mudalur Kirista ne, amma tana da sauran al'adun addini kuma. Kuma akwai wuraren bauta ga babban addinin Indiya, Hindu.
Ilimi Akwai makarantu guda biyar a cikin Madulur da kewaye:
Makarantun Nursery Makarantun gandun daji guda biyu da gungun mutane masu daraja ke gudanarwa
Makarantun Firamare TDTA St. Michaels Primary School (Boys), Mudalur
TDTA St. Michaels Primary School ('Yan mata), Mudalur
Makarantun Sakandare TDTA St. Michaels Higher Secondary School, Mudalur.
Sana'a Babban sana'o'in mutanen da ke zaune a cikin mutanen Mudalur sune:
Noma da kiwon shanu
Shagunan sayar da kayayyaki a sassa da dama na Tamil Nadu
Samuwar dabino da ciniki
Koyarwa
Muscoth Halwa Production Mudalur muscoth halwa ya shahara a duk duniya. Shagunan halwa da suka sami lambar yabo, AJJ Sweets da SJ Sweets, suna cikin Mudalur.
Harshe Ana magana da yaren Tamil a yankin.
Adayal Mudalur yana da babban ƙauye mai suna Adayal ƙarƙashin panchayat.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25936 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Sarki%20Abdulaziz | Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz | Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz (Kau) jami'a ce ta jama'a a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An kuma kafa ta a shekarar 1967 a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta, ta gungun 'yan kasuwa karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Abu Bakr Bakhashab har da marubuci Hamza Bogary. A shekara ta 1974, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz ta koma jami'ar gwamnati ta hanyar shawarar Ministocin Majalisar kasar Saudi Arabia karkashin umarnin Sarki Faisal na lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an sanya ta a matsayin jami'ar Larabawa ta #1 ta Babban Ilimi na Times. An sanya Jami'ar King Abdulaziz a cikin manyan jami'o'i guda 200 a duniya ta manyan tebura huɗu.
Tarihi
Jami'a mai zaman kanta A cikin shekara ta 1964, Mohammed Ali Hafiz ne ya gabatar da manufar kafa jami'a mai zaman kanta a birnin Jidda. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa kwamitin shirya mambobi guda 6, da suka hada da Mohamed Ali Hafiz da Muhammad Abu Bakr Bakhashab. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Yarima Faisal na sarauta a lokacin ya amince da ra'ayin. A shekara ta 1965, an kafa kwamitin zartarwa na jami'ar. A cikin shekara ta 1966, KAU ta yi gasa don tsara tambarin su. Abdul-Halim Radwi, wani mawaƙi na cikin gida daga Jeddah ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙirar nasara.
A cikin shekarar 1967, an kafa Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta, tare da burin yada ilimi mai zurfi a yankin yammacin Saudi Arabia Kafin wannan ranar babu manyan makarantun ilimi a Jidda. An kuma cimma wadannan manufofi ta hanyar kokarin manyan 'yan kasuwa da fitattun mutanen Saudiyya; kuma bugu da kari tare da taimakon karfafawa Sarki Faisal da tallafin kudi. Jami'ar ta fara shekarar ilimi ta farko a 1968, tare da ɗimbin ɗaliban ɗalibai (68 namiji 30 mace). A 1969, na farko baiwa aka kafa (Faculty of Economics and Administration). A cikin 1970, an kafa Faculty of Arts and Humanities.
Jami'ar jama'a (1974-present) A shekara ta 1974, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiya ta yanke shawarar hade jami’ar da gwamnati; maida shi zuwa jami’ar gwamnati. tana da ɗalibai kusan 31,000, wanda 28% na ƙasashen duniya ne. Fazlur Rahman Khan mai zanen gine-gine dan asalin kasar Bangaladesh ne ya tsara ginin.
A cikin shekarar 2018, an sanya ta a matsayin jami'ar Larabawa ta 1st ta Babban Ilimi na Times saboda tasirin tasiri mai ƙarfi da hangen nesa na duniya. Har ila yau, ba ta da daraja. 1 a yawan jimlar wallafe -wallafe tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, bisa ga martabar Labaran Amurka.
Shirye -shiryen bincike Tsakanin shekarata 2004 da 2014, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz ta kafa wani shiri don jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya kuma ta yi maraba da kusan bincike 150 ko fannoni daban -daban. Jami'ar ta haɓaka abokan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da a Maroko inda ta haɓaka shirin bincike na wata tare da Masana'antar Oukaïmeden Jami'ar tana da cibiyoyin bincike daban -daban guda 13, galibi a fannonin magani (kwayoyin halittar jinya da osteoperosis), muhalli da makamashi, canjin yanayi, da lalata abubuwa. An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1970s ta Sami Angawi, cibiyar bincike kan aikin hajji a Makka (Cibiyar Binciken Aikin Hajji) tana gudanar da jerin ayyuka a kusa da taron addini, musamman kan bangarorin dabaru da ke kewaye da aikin hajji. The university has 13 different research centers, predominantly in the fields of medicine (medical genomes and osteoperosis), environment and energy, climate change, and desalination.
Tsangayoyin Ilimi
Ilimin Injiniya ABET ta amince da waɗannan shirye -shiryen a matsayin Shirye -shiryen Daidaita Tun daga shekara ta 2003.
Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa ita ce kwaleji ta farko da aka kafa a Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, kuma har zuwa yau ana kiran ta "The Base of the Founder's University," tana nufin wanda ya kafa ƙasar.
Sashen Gudanar da Kasuwanci
Ma'aikatar Kudi
Sashen Kasuwanci
Ma'aikatar Kula da Albarkatun Dan Adam
Ma'aikatar Lissafi
Ma'aikatar Bayanai na Gudanarwa
Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa
Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya
Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Jama'a
Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki
Ma'aikatar Shari'a (ta ƙare a 2012; rabu cikin sabon baiwa)
A cikin shekara ta 2015, FEA ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya ta huɗu, AACSB ta mai da ita ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin kasuwanci a gabas ta tsakiya da kuma duniya baki ɗaya.
Ilimin Shari'a An kafa Faculty of Law a cikin shekara ta 2012 kamar yadda aka ware daga kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa.
Dokar Jama'a
Dokar sirri
Wasu ikon tunani Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Arts da 'Yan Adam
Faculty of Communication da Media
Faculty of Computing da Information Technology
Faculty of Meteorology, Muhalli da Aikin Gona Ƙasa
Faculty of Nursing
Ilimin Kimiyya
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Dentistry
Ilimin Kimiyyar Duniya
Faculty of muhalli Designs
Faculty of Home Tattalin Arziki
Faculty of Marine Kimiyya
Faculty of Tourism
Faculty of Nazarin Maritime
Matsayi Jami'ar King Abdulaziz tana matsayi tsakanin 101 zuwa 150 tun daga shekara ta 2020 ta Matsayin Ilimi na Jami'o'in Duniya Bugu da ƙari, a cewar US News & World Report Best Global Ranking Ranking, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz tana matsayi na 51 a 2020. Kuma bisa ga martabar Jami'ar QS ta Duniya, Jami'ar King Abdulaziz tana matsayi na 143 a shekara ta2021 a cikin manyan jami'o'in duniya da Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) na London ke jagoranta. KAU ta fuskanci suka kan zargin biyan manyan masu binciken da aka ambata daga ko'ina cikin duniya don ambaci KAU a matsayin "alaƙar karatun sakandare" don haɓaka martabarsu.
Sanannen tsoho Nahed Taher, wanda ya kafa Saudiyyan kuma babban jami'in bankin zuba jari na Gulf One, wanda ke da hedikwata a Bahrain. A cikin 2006, mujallar Forbes ta sanya Taher a matsayi na 72 a cikin jerin mata 100 mafi ƙarfi a duniya.
Sulaiman Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi, hamshakin attajirin dan kasar Saudiyya, ma'abocin bankin Al Rajhi, mutum na 38 mafi kudi a duniya
Adel Fakeih, hamshakin attajirin Saudiyya kuma tsohon magajin garin Jidda.
Manal al-Sharif, mai rajin kare hakkin mata na Saudiyya.
Abdallah Bin Bayyah, malamin musulmi, yana koyarwa a jami'a; Bin Bayyah yana da zama dan kasar Mauritania
Adel Al-Hussain, BS, Digiri na farko a fannin lissafi tare da girmamawa, (1992)
Amr Dabbagh, masanin tattalin arzikin Saudiyya kuma dan kasuwa. Memba na Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya kuma wanda ya kafa Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Jidda
Shalimar Sharbatly, ɗan zane mai zane
Said Aqil Siradj, shugaban Nahdlatul Ulama, babbar kungiyar musulunci a duniya a Indonesia
Duba kuma Jerin jami'o'i a Saudi Arabia
Jami’ar Musulunci ta Imam Muhammad ibn Saud
Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina
Jami'ar Sarki Saud
Jami’ar Ummul Qura
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje KAU ranking from Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
Faculty of Design and Arts
Makaranta
Makarantu
Makaranta masu zaman kansu
Ilimi
Jami'a
Jami'o'i
Pages with unreviewed |
34433 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintalo%20Wajirat | Hintalo Wajirat | Hintalo Wajirat (Tigrinya yana daya daga cikin Gundumomin Habasha ko gundumomi a yankin Tigray na Habasha Ana kiranta da sunan garin mafi girma, Hintalo, da tsaunin Wajirat a yankin kudancin gundumar. Wurin da yake a shiyyar Debub Misraqawi (Kudu maso Gabas) a gefen gabas na tsaunukan Habasha Hintalo Wajirat yana iyaka da kudu da yankin Debubawi (Kudanci), a yamma da Samre, a arewa ta Enderta, kuma a gabas ta iyaka. Yankin Afar Sauran garuruwan Hintalo Wajirat sun hada da Adi Gudem, da Debub Tarihi Hintalo (Hintalo) ya kasance babban birni na Gabat-Milash woreda (gabat martani) haka kuma babban birnin lardin Enderta, tare da Wajirat (wajirat) kanta yanki ne na tarihi na lardin Enderta, babban birnin tarihi na Wajirat shine Debub. (duba). A halin yanzu gundumar Hintalo Wajirat ita ce haɗewar Gabat Milash da Wajirat, kuma Gabatmilash da Wajirat sun kasance wani yanki mai mahimmanci na lardin Enderta lokacin Enderta ya kasance yanki mai cin gashin kansa da kuma awraja a ƙarshen 1990s,
Karni na 21
Sake tsara gundumar 2020 Tun daga farkon 2020, gundumar Hintalo-Wajirat ta zama mara aiki kuma yankinta na cikin sabbin gundumomi masu zuwa:
Hintalo (sabo, karami, gundumar)
Wajirat woreda
garin Adi Gudom
Yakin Tigray A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2020, rahoton EEPA ya ambaci tankuna 21 da aka lalata, motoci masu sulke, da harba roka na BM-21. An dauki hoton ne a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin May Keyih da Hiwane a gundumar Hintalo- Wajirat Dakarun tsaron yankin Tigray ne suka lalata motocin, yayin da suke dawowa daga Mohoni zuwa Mekelle, suna kokarin tserewa daga fadan kudancin kasar.
Dubawa Manyan wurare a wannan gundumar sun hada da Amba Aradam, amba ko dutsen arewacin Hintalo. Koguna sun hada da Samre, wanda ke tasowa a cikin Hintalo Wajirat. Abubuwan sha'awa na cikin gida sun haɗa da cocin Mariam Nazara, wanda aka gina akan kango wanda al'adar yankin ta ce fadar ce ta ɗakuna 44 da Emperor Amda Seyon ya gina. Ragowar ginshiƙan dutse guda goma da ɗakuna huɗu masu rufin da aka yi da bulo mai kamanni sun tabbatar da kyakkyawan yanayin ginin a zamaninsa. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2009, Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Faransa (Française de Développement), sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar bayar da kuɗaɗen kuɗi na Euro miliyan 210 don gina aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Ashegoda, dake da tazarar kilomita 20 kudu maso yammacin Mekelle Wannan shuka zai sami ƙarfin shigarwa na 120MW, tare da samar da makamashi na shekara-shekara na 400 zuwa 450 GwH. Jadawalin lokacin aikin ya bayyana cewa kashi na farko zai dauki watanni 16 kafin a kammala kuma samar da megawatts 30, yayin da za a kammala aikin gaba daya wanda zai kasance a matakai uku nan da watanni 36. An kammala aikin a karshen Oktoba, 2013. Gidan gonar iska yana da injin turbines 84 masu karfin megawatt 120 wanda hakan ya sa ta zama babbar tashar iska ta Habasha.
Alkaluma Bisa kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2007 da hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, wannan gundumar tana da jimillar jama'a 153,505, adadin da ya karu da kashi 38.39 bisa dari bisa kidayar shekarar 1994, wadanda 75,890 maza ne da mata 77,615; 11,936 ko 7.78% mazauna birane ne. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,864.79, Hintalo Wajirat tana da yawan jama'a 53.58, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin yankin na mutane 53.91 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. An ƙidaya gidaje 34,360 a wannan gundumar, wanda ya haifar da matsakaicin mutum 4.47 ga gida ɗaya, da gidaje 33,130. 98.84% na yawan jama'a sun ce su Kiristocin Orthodox ne, kuma 1.14% Musulmai ne Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 1994 ta ba da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 110,926, waɗanda 54,601 maza ne kuma 56,325 mata; 9,903 ko 8.93% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Ƙabilar mafi girma da aka ruwaito a Hintalo Wajirat ita ce Tigrai (99.79%); duk sauran kabilun sun kasance kashi 0.21% na yawan jama'a. An yi magana da Tigrinya a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 99.8%; sauran kashi 0.2% sun yi magana duk sauran yarukan farko da aka ruwaito. Kashi 98.58% na al'ummar kasar Habasha mabiya addinin kirista Orthodox ne, kuma kashi 1.39% musulmi ne Dangane da ilimi, kashi 9.12% na al'ummar kasar an yi la'akari da su masu karatu, wanda bai kai matsakaicin yanki na 15.71% ba; 10.59% na yara masu shekaru 7-12 suna makarantar firamare; 0.63% na yara masu shekaru 13-14 sun kasance a ƙananan sakandare; kuma 0.19% na mazauna shekaru 15-18 sun kasance a babbar makarantar sakandare. Dangane da yanayin tsafta, kusan kashi 69% na gidajen birane da kashi 14% na dukkan gidaje sun sami tsaftataccen ruwan sha a lokacin ƙidayar; kusan kashi 7% na birane kuma kusan kashi 3% na duka suna da kayan bayan gida.
Tafkunan ruwa A wannan gunduma da ake da ruwan sama wanda ke wuce watanni biyu kacal a shekara, tafkunan ruwa daban-daban suna ba da damar girbin ruwan damina daga lokacin damina don ci gaba da amfani da shi a lokacin rani. Tafkunan gundumar sun hada da:
Adi Qenafiz
Betqua
Adi Gela
Dur Anbesa
Gereb Mihiz
Filiglig
Gereb Segen (Hintalo)
Gabaɗaya, waɗannan tafkunan suna fama da siltation mai sauri. Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa yana ɓacewa ta hanyar tsagewa Kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau shine cewa wannan yana taimakawa wajen sake cajin ruwan ƙasa Gundumomi kewaye
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
14672 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapp%20Mallet | Zapp Mallet | Emmanuel Mallet ko Zapp Mallet wanda aka fi sani da Zapp Mallet gogaggen injiniya ne mai rikodin ƙasar Ghana kuma furodusa ne. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara kirkirar tarihin rayuwar rayuwa wanda ya fara a farkon shekarun 1990 a Ghana. Haka kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin injiniyan rikodi kaɗai da ya ci lambar yabo ta Ghana Music sau uku a jere; 1999, 2000, 2001.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Zapp a Accra, Ghana. Ya yi karatun sakandare a makarantar Accra daga 1975 zuwa 1982. Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi inda ya karanci dabarun wallafe-wallafe don digirin sa na farko. Wasu daga cikin kwarewar Zapp a cikin kide-kide sune a lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare lokacin da ya buga wa duriyar kungiyar makarantar Accra Academy. A matakin jami'a, ya sami damar ƙara kunnawar guitar da guitar ta fasahar sa. Daga baya ya fito fili don wasu kungiyoyin kirista tare da fasahar sa a Accra da Kumasi.
Aiki Zapp ya fara yin rakodi a ɗakuna daban-daban kafin ya kafa nasa situdiyo da kamfani; Title Track Productions Limited. Ya fara yin rikodi a Studio na ARC a Tema, ya koma CH Studio a Accra sannan daga baya ya koma Kampsite. Kafin ya mallaki nasa studio ya yi rikodin a T.L.C. Studio.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Zapp ya yi aiki tare da manyan mashahuran Ghanaan ƙasar Ghana da mawaƙan kide-kide na duniya daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan masu fasaha sun haɗa da; Kojo Antwi, Ofori Amponsah, Daasebre Gyamena, Nana Fynn, Becca, Irene Logan Nana Quame da Wutah dukkansu na cikin manyan wuraren da ake kira 'highlife circus'. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na hiplife Zapp ya yi aiki tare da Reggie Rockstone, Lord Kenya, Obour da Akyeame. A cikin nau'ikan bishara ya yi aiki tare da; Tagoe Sisters, Suzzy da Matt da Helena Rhabbles.
A shekarar 2008, Zapp yayi aiki a karamin kwamitin bude gasar da rufewa na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Afirka (afcon) wacce kasar Ghana ta dauki nauyi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan kiɗa da garaya don yawon shakatawa na burger babban taron da Goethe-Institut ta shirya a cikin 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin 51th ranar Ghana ta samun 'yancin kai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali mazaunin da kuma baƙon alƙali a kan shirye-shiryen kiɗa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da; Stars of the future, Mentor, Nescafe African Revelation da MTN Hitmaker show. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin tsara lambobin yabo na Wakokin Ghana kuma mai gudanarwa a WAPI; wani zane-zane da dandamali na katsewa wanda kungiyar Birtaniyya ta shirya.
Sha'awar Zapp tana tattare da nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa kamar mu Rock, Jazz, Orchestra da Pop waɗanda muka haɗu da raƙuman Afirka don ƙirƙirar sabbin sauti.
A shekarar 2019, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar na Musicians Union of Ghana (MUSIGA). Daga baya an cire shi saboda bai rike mukamin zartarwa a kungiyar ba. Zapp ya kasance tushen kwarin gwiwa ga injiniyoyin sauti da yawa a Ghana, sanannen daga cikinsu shine mashahurin Hammer na Twoarshe Biyu wanda aka yi wa wahayi don fara aikinsa a cikin injiniyar sauti bayan haɗuwa da Zapp Mallet kuma ya ga kayan aikin a ɗakin karatunsa a lokacin Zapp yana rikodin kundin kundin Reggie Rockstone.
Rigimar Hiplife Hiplife gabaɗaya nau'in kiɗan Ghana ne wanda ke haɗa wasu abubuwa na hiphop tare da highlife. An kafa nau'in halittar hiplife ne a kasar Ghana a farkon shekarun 1990. Zapp tare da Michael Cooke sun kirkiri sunan hiplife lokacin da suke tunani kan wane suna za a iya ba wa jinsi, sun ƙare da sunan hiplife ta hanyar haɗuwa da "hip" a cikin hiphop da "rayuwa" a cikin babban rayuwar. Mawaki na farko da ya yi rikodin waƙa tare da nau'in kiɗa na sama an san shi Reggie Rockstone. Kundin nasa; Makaa maka shi ne kundin tarihin rayuwar rayuwar farko da aka fara dauka. Zapp yayi aiki a kan wasu rikodin farko na Reggie; agoo, Tsoo Boi da Night life a Accra. Zapp ya yi iƙirarin cewa Reggie ba za a iya zama shi kaɗai ba da za a yaba da kafuwar salon kidan hiplife tun da akwai wasu da ke da hannu wajen yin kidan wanda ya hada da; mai yin duka, injiniyan sauti, furodusoshi da sauransu. Reggie a gefe guda yana jayayya akasin cewa shi ne kawai ya kafa nau'in. Ya kara da cewa Zapp bai san da yawa game da kiɗan rap ba kuma ya taimaka masa ya fahimci tushen waƙar rap. Saboda haka, ba zai yiwu ba ga mutumin da bai san komai ba game da jinsi ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwar nau'in. Rex Omar shahararren mawakin wasan kwaikwayon nan na kasar Ghana ya shiga tattaunawar yana mai cewa Reggie shi ne na farko da ya fara kida a salon rayuwa amma duk da haka ya fara jin sunan "hiplife" daga Zapp. Daga baya Reggie ya nemi afuwa ga Zapp saboda kalaman da ya yi ta talabijin da rediyo dangane da tattaunawar wanda ya assasa jinsin hiplife. Reggie ya bayyana cewa maganganun nasa sun kasance ne sakamakon tsananin tashin hankali da shigar da motsin rai. Ya yi imanin huhun Zapp yunƙurin ɓata shi ne don ƙirƙirar samfuran samari masu fasaha na Gana da yawa ke amfana da shi.
Kyauta da girmamawa An gane ayyukan Zapp kuma an basu su a dandamali daban-daban. A 1994 aka yanke masa hukunci; Mafi kyawun rumwararrun rumwararrun bywararrun bywararrun Nishaɗi da al'adun ƙasar Ghana. An yanke masa hukunci a kan Injiniyan Rikodi na Gwarzo a Gwarzon Wakokin Ghana na 2002. A cikin Kyaututtukan Wakokin Ghana na 2011 ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon shekara.
Rayuwar Kai Zapp ya auri matarsa Martha Mallet a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1993. Tare suna da yara mata biyu.
Duba Kuma Hiplife
Nassoshi
Manazarta Haifaffun 1964
Rayayyun |
57743 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20de%20Charit | Jean-Pierre de Charit | Jean-Pierre de Casamajor de Charritte (ko Charitte,Charite Satumba 1648 17 Oktoba 1723) wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance gwamnan rikon kwarya na Saint-Domingue sau biyu a lokacin Yaƙin maye gurbin Mutanen Espanya (1701-1714).
Iyali Casamajor de Charritte tsohon Basque dangin Béarnaise ne.Kakansa Guicharnaud de Casamajor, wani notary wanda ya zama ma'aji kuma mai karɓar janar na Masarautar Navarre,Henry III na Navarre ya karɓe shi a cikin 1583,wanda daga baya ya zama Henry IV na Faransa Kakansa Josué de Casamajor ya auri Jeanne de Charritte a shekara ta 1608.Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya takwas na Isaac de Casamajor de Charritte da Marie de Maytie. Jean-Pierre de Casamajor de Charritte an haife shi a cikin château de Charritte kuma ya yi masa baftisma a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1648 a cocin cocin Charritte.
Aikin farko (1673-1705) Charritte ya shiga Gardes de la Marine yana da shekaru 25,kuma ya yi yakin neman zabe tare da su a Kanada, a gabar tekun Afirka da tsibirin Leeward.Ya zama alamar jirgin ruwa enseigne de vaisseau a cikin Janairu 1689,kuma bayan dogon lokaci a cikin teku an ci gaba da zama laftanar a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1693.A shekara ta gaba aka ba shi umarni na jirgin ruwa na sarki Lutin tare da umarnin ya yi tafiya a cikin Île d'Yeu Yayin da yake jagorantar rundunar Lutin,an umarce shi da ya raka ayarin jirgin ruwa kusan 150.Wani jirgin ruwan kasar Holland ne daga Vlissingen na cannons 22 da kuma kwarya-kwaryan sifaniya guda biyu na igwa 10-12 kowanne.Sau uku ta hanyar sauri da ƙwararrun motsa jiki Charitte ya guje wa shiga. A harin na hudu,wanda shi ma aka fatattaki,harbin falconet ya ratsa wuyan Carritte daga gefe zuwa gefe,kuma an karye masa kafada da muƙamuƙinsa da wuta daga musket.Daga wannan ranar, Charritte na iya hadiye abinci mai ruwa kawai.Sai dai ya ceci ayarin motocin.An kai labari na bajintar makamai da sauri zuwa kotun Faransa a Versailles,inda a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1697 Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa ya ba Carritte fansho na shekara-shekara na 500.
Bayan 'yan watanni Charritte aka nada shi a matsayin Laftanar sarki a tsibirin Saint Croix,kuma an ba shi umarni na Pressante,wani jirgin ruwa mai dauke da bindigogi 12 da ma'aikatan jirgin 50.Da farko an umarce shi da ya kare wani muhimmin ayari na jiragen ruwa daga La Rochelle zuwa Bordeaux. An ga jiragen ruwa guda uku suna tashi daga tutocin kasashen waje a ranar farko ta tafiyar.Charitt ta faɗi a baya don yin maganin su.Ɗayan jirgin ruwa ne mai ɗauke da igwa 22 da mutum 100,sauran biyun kuma ƴan kwarya-kwarya ne,ɗaya yana da igwa guda 8 da mutane 70,ɗayan kuma yana da igwa 6 da mutum sittin. Charitte ya yi tir da harin da aka yi wa ’yan sandan uku,duk da cewa an fi su da yawa,kuma sun kunna wuta mai tsanani lokacin da suka yi yunkurin rufewa sau uku.An tunkude su kowane lokaci, kuma a ƙarshe sun rabu.A shawarar Louis Phélypeaux,comte de Pontchartrain, Charitte an yi masa ado da Order of Saint Louis don wannan aikin sojan ruwa.
A 1698 Charritte ta auri Marie Louise de La Doubart de Beaumanoir. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu.Charritte ya ɗauki mukaminsa a matsayin hafsan sarki a tsibirin Saint Croix.Sa'an nan kuma aka nada shi laftanar sarki a Tortuga da Le Cap Gwamnan riko na Saint-Domingue (1705-1707) Charles Auger,gwamnan Saint-Domingue,ya mutu a Léogâne a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1705. Charite ya karbi mulki a matsayin gwamna na wucin gadi.A cikin 1706,duk da Faransa da Spain suna yaƙi,Faransawa da Mutanen Espanya a Santo Domingo sun kasance tare cikin lumana. Ministan ya rubuta wa Charitte yana gaya masa ya daina kasuwanci tare da Mutanen Espanya ta amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Holland daga Curacao Nasarar d'Iberville da Chavagnac a cikin farmakin da suka kai a Saint Kitts da Nevis na iya sa turawa su kai hari,kuma Charitte ya kamata ya ɗauki duk matakan da ake buƙata don shirya don tsayayya da su.A wannan lokacin Charitte na fama da matsala wajen magance tashe-tashen hankula a yankin da ya biyo bayan mutuwar Auger.Charitte yana da yanayi mai ban sha'awa, kuma ya shiga cikin wasu zamba na kasuwanci,wanda ya haifar da gunaguni a kansa.
D'Iberville ya isa Léogane kuma ya sami 'yan buccaneers a can suna shirye su kai hari Jamaica,amma ya mutu a Havana a watan Yuli 1706 kafin ya sami damar aiwatar da wannan shirin.Chavitte ya iyakance kansa da wasu matakan kare gabar tekun Saint-Domingue daga turawan Ingilishi.Ya kuma karfafa masu bukatu da su kai wa turawan hari.A cikin 1706 ya ba wa mai zaman kansa mai shekaru 20 Pierre Morpain amanar umarnin Intrépide.Daga baya ya shiga rikici tare da Pierre Morpain da buccaneers lokacin da ya kama wani jirgin ruwa da Morpain ya kama kuma ya sake sayar da shi da riba mai yawa.
François-Joseph,comte de Choiseul-Beaupré an nada shi gwamna a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1706,kuma majalisar Le Cap ta karbe shi a ranar 28 ga Disamba .kimanta kudaden sannan ake amfani da su a tsibirin,wanda dole ne a mika shi ga minista don warwarewa.Ya kuma yi rigima da Charitte,wacce ta kai kara ga ministar.Wataƙila za a tuna da Choiseuil idan ba don dangantakarsa a kotu ba.
Gwamnan riko na Saint-Domingue (1711-1712) A ranar 22 ga Satumba 1710 aka tuna da Choisel kuma aka nada Laurent de Valernod gwamnan riko.An karbe shi a Le Cap ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1711. Ya mutu a Petit-Goâve a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1711,kuma Charite ya sake zama gwamnan rikon kwarya na Saint-Domingue.A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1711 aka nada Charite gwamnan Martinique. Ya ƙi mulkin Martinique don ya iya kula da gonar sa a Saint-Domingue.A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1711 Nicolas de Gabaret (1641-1712) an nada shi gwamnan Saint-Domingue a madadin Choiseul,amma bai dauki tayin ba kuma ya mutu a Martinique a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1712.Sannan aka nada Paul-François de La Grange d'Arquien gwamnan riko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1712 kuma majalisar Le Cap ta karbe shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1712.Charitte ya sami kansa ba shi da aikin yi.
A cikin 1716 an nada Charitt a matsayin mukaddashin gwamna janar na Saint-Domingue,kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har mutuwarsa. Charritte ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1723 yana da shekaru 75. Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye ya gaje shi a matsayin gwamnan Saint Croix da Le Cap.A cewar Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry, Charritte ya kasance mai laushi kuma sananne,abokin gaba na rashin tausayi, amma halinsa ya lalace ta hanyar rashin jin dadi.
Bayanan |
29907 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Nicaragua | Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Nicaragua | Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Nicaragua yana nufin haƙƙin mutum, siyasa da zamantakewa da aka ba kowane ɗan adam a Nicaragua. Nicaragua ta sami fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan adam daga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Nicaragua da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Nicaragua kasa ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadda ta bayyana cewa an ba da dama ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama, kamar 'yanci daga bauta da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ga dukan 'yan Adam ba tare da nuna wariya ba A cikin shekara ta 2019, zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar don mayar da martani ga sauye-sauyen da gwamnatin Sandinista National Liberation Front (A cikin Mutanen Espanya Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional FSLN) ta yi na gwamnati na tsarin tsaron zamantakewar ƙasar. Wannan ya haifar da martani daga kungiyoyin ‘yan sanda, ‘yan sanda na kasa, da kungiyoyin sa ido da kula da su. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa an kashe masu zanga-zangar 328 a wani koma baya (ya zuwa ranar 20 ga Satumba na shekara ta 2019). Wannan ya jawo hankalin duniya game da aiwatar da yancin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar tare da ƙungiyoyi irin su Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Amirka da ke kayyade abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin cin zarafi na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya.
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nicaragua ya ambaci 'yancin ɗan adam An ƙaddamar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Nicaragua a cikin shekara ta 1987 tare da sabbin gyare-gyaren da aka yi a cikin 2014. An ƙirƙiri shi ne don tabbatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya ga gwamnati. An jera a ƙasa sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Nicaragua waɗanda ke nuna dokoki da ƙa'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar.
Take I: Muhimmin Ka'ida Mataki na 5 ya bayyana cewa darajar Nicaragua sun haɗa da amincewa da kariya ga 'yan asalin ƙasa da na Afirka; ana iya bayyana duk ra'ayoyin siyasa cikin 'yanci; a yi wa naƙasassu magani daidai gwargwado ba tare da nuna bambanci ba; Manufofin gurguzanci sun tabbatar da cewa ni ba na son abin da ke da kyau na gama gari ya fi amfanin mutum muhimmanci, kuma yana adawa da cin zarafi tsakanin mutane; dukkan mutane ana kimarsu daidai gwargwado a tsarin da zai amfanar da mafi yawan talakawa, marasa galihu da marasa galihu; al'ummar Nicaragua za su fuskanci hadin kai ta hanyar daidaito; kuma duk mutane suna da hakkin mallakar dukiya ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.
Take IV: Hakkoki, Ayyuka da Garanti na Mutanen Nicaragua
Babi na I: Haƙƙin daidaikun mutane Wannan babin yana ƙayyade haƙƙin mutanen Nicaragua na rayuwa; haƙƙin sirri; haƙƙoƙi don kare mutuncin mutum; hakkoki na kariya daga Jiha; hakkoki ga bayanai; 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki; 'yancin yin addini; haƙƙoƙin yin shari'a na gaskiya, gaggawa da kuma jama'a tare da zato na rashin laifi da haƙƙin shawara; 'yancin motsi; kariya daga ɗaurin ƙarya; haramcin azabtar da jiki, mugunyar cuta da azabtarwa; haramcin bauta. Mataki na ashirin da bakwai ya bayyana cewa duk mutanen da ke cikin yankinsa, ko kuma ƙarƙashin ikonsa, suna daidai kuma suna da hakkin su sami kariya daidai ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, imani, matsayin zamantakewa, matsayin kuɗi, ƙungiyar siyasa, iyaye, ƙasa, asali, launin fata, harshe, harshe., ko addini.
Babi na biyu: ‘Yancin Siyasa Wannan babi ya ƙayyade cewa duk mutanen Nicaragua suna da 'yancin yin amfani da haƙƙin siyasa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba; haƙƙin ƴancin ƙungiyoyin siyasa; haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun koke na jama'a; da hakkokin kafa jam'iyyun siyasa. Mataki na 53 ya ce Jiha ta amince da yancin yin taro cikin lumana ba tare da izini ba. Mataki na 54 ya bayyana cewa "an amince da haƙƙin taron jama'a, zanga-zangar da gangami bisa ga doka".
Babi na uku: Hakkokin zamantakewa Wannan babin yana ƙayyade haƙƙin mutanen Nicaragua na yin aiki; hakkokin al'ada; haƙƙin kula da lafiya; haƙƙin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai kyau da wajibai don kula da wannan yanayi; hakkoki ga zamantakewa; hakkokin da za a kare daga yunwa; haƙƙoƙin ga gidaje masu kyau, jin daɗi da aminci; haƙƙin hutu da jin daɗi; 'yancin yin jarida; 'yancin yin addini; da tallafin Jiha ga nakasassu. Nicaragua was ranked 122nd out of 167 in 2019.
Babi na IV: Hakkokin Iyali Mataki na 71 ya bayyana cewa haƙƙoƙin yara an ƙaddara shi ta yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin yara Babi na V: Haƙƙin Aiki Wannan babin yana ƙayyade haƙƙin mutanen Nicaragua na yin aiki; haƙƙin samun daidaiton biya; hakkoki ga yanayin aiki mai aminci; hakkin yajin aiki; haƙƙoƙin haɓaka ƙwarewa; haƙƙin zaɓar wani aiki; haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyoyin kwadago; gazawar sa'o'in aiki da haƙƙin hutu da nishaɗi; gazawar aikin yara, da kariyarsu daga cin gajiyar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.
Babi na VI: Hakkokin Al'ummomin Tekun Atlantika Mataki na 89 ya bayyana cewa an san al'ummomin Tekun Atlantika a matsayin mutanen Nicaragua kuma suna da hakki da wajibai iri ɗaya. Suna da haƙƙin gudanar da mulkin kansu da gudanar da al'amuran gida bisa ga al'ada, duk suna cikin haɗin kan ƙasa.
Wannan babi ya ƙayyade cewa al'ummomin Tekun Atlantika suna da haƙƙin kiyaye harsuna, fasaha da al'adu, da haɓaka waɗannan nau'ikan; da kariya daga nuna wariya a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Nicaragua.
Matsayin Dimokuradiyya Sashin leƙen asiri na Economist (EIU) ne ya fara kimar Dimokraɗiyya a cikin 2006. Yana fayyace yanayin dimokuradiyyar kasashe 167 na duniya tare da karkasa su zuwa kashi kamar haka: cikakken dimokuradiyya, dimokuradiyya maras kyau, tsarin mulkin kama-karya, mulkin kama-karya. Nicaragua ta kasance matsayi na 122 a cikin 167 a cikin 2019. Maki na 3.55 ya ware ƙasar a matsayin mulkin kama -karya. Wannan ya ragu daga mafi girman maki na Nicaragua na 6.07, da rarrabuwa na dimokiradiyya mara kyau, a cikin 2008.
Halayen haƙƙin ɗan adam
Kungiyoyi da damuwarsu A shekara ta 2019, ƙungiyoyi da suka haɗa da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Kungiyar Ƙasashen Amurka sun bayyana "cin zarafin bil'adama" da ke faruwa a kasar a lokacin.
Ofishin hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Rahoton Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi kan Halin Hakkokin Dan Adam a Nicaragua ofishin ne ya buga shi a cikin 2019 (03 Sep 2019). Babban take hakkin dan Adam da OHCHR ta damu da su shine 'yancin yin taro na lumana, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya, 'yancin walwala, 'yancin walwala daga azabtarwa da yanayin tsare mutane, A cewar rahoton, rundunar ‘yan sandan kasar ta haramta zanga-zangar da kowace kungiya za ta fara tun daga watan Satumban 2018, sannan ta koma yin amfani da karfin tuwo a kan wadanda suka ci gaba da zanga-zangar. Har ila yau ta bayyana cewa tashe-tashen hankula da kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati suka nuna na samun goyon bayan jami'an 'yan sanda. Ana ci gaba da muzgunawa ma'aikatan yada labarai, 'yan jarida da kuma tsirarun kungiyoyin da ke fuskantar hare-hare daga dakarun da ke goyon bayan gwamnati. ‘Yan sanda da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa ba su binciki wadannan al’amura ba, kuma ba su yi wani yunkuri na hana su sake faruwa ba. Ƙungiyoyin da suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati galibi ana tsare su kuma ana azabtar da su, wanda hakan ya haifar da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amirka An fitar da rahoton Hukumar Babban Matakin Ƙungiyar Amurka kan Nicaragua ga manema labarai a ranar 19 ga Nuwambar shekara ta 2019. Rahoton ya zargi gwamnatin kasar Nicaragua da tauye wa ‘yan kasarsu hakkin dan adam ta hanyar amfani da muzgunawa da tursasawa, tauye ‘yancin siyasa, take hakkin ‘yan jarida da fadin albarkacin bakinsu, cin zarafi da tsare mutane ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, karkashin kasa da bangaren zartarwa. da kuma kawo cikas ga tsarin mulkin kasa. Rahoton ya ce 'yan sanda na amfani da dabarun tsoratarwa don yin shiru tare da hana mutane yin magana kan take hakkin bil'adama. Majalisar dokokin ƙasar ta janye damar siyasa ta ‘yan ƙasar saboda sukar gwamnati. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa gwamnati ta sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ta hanyar rashin tabbatar da kafuwar ‘yancin dan Adam da aka baiwa ‘yan kasar a cikin takardar.
Human Rights Watch Rahoton na duniya da kungiyar ta buga a shekara ta 2019 ya nuna irin cin zarafin bil adama daban-daban da ake kyautata zaton an yi a Nicaragua yayin zanga-zangar. Sun bayyana cewa gwamnati tare da 'yan sanda na ƙasa sun fara yin shiru na masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta hanyar tashin hankali, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 324 (Satumba 2019). Har ila yau, sun yi nuni da cewa, masu kare haƙƙin bil adama sun zama wadanda ake kai hare-hare kan barazanar kisa, ‘yan sandan kasar sun hana ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta hanyar kai samame a ofisoshin yada labarai, ana korar ma’aikata saboda nuna wariya a siyasance, sannan kuma wadanda ake tsare da su, an tauye hakkinsu ga masu kare shari’a. zabinsu kuma sun fuskanci gwaji a rufe. Rahoton ya lissafa waɗannan ayyuka a matsayin "mummunan cin zarafi ga masu suka da abokan hamayya ba tare da wani hukunci ba".
Amnesty Amurka Amnesty ta Amurka ta lissafa cin zarafin mata, take haƙƙin faɗin albarkacin baki, da take haƙƙin jima'i da haihuwa a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke damun kasar. Nicaragua ta haramta zubar da ciki a kowane yanayi a shekara ta 2006 kuma ba ta soke wannan doka ba duk da manyan yunƙuri biyu na yin hakan a shekara ta 2008 da shekara ta 2014 bisa imanin cewa wannan dokar ta saba wa tsarin mulki. Amnesty Amurka ta damu da alakar da ke tsakanin wannan doka da ake yadawa da karuwar mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana damuwarta kan rikicin siyasa tsakanin magoya bayan FSLN da masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati, inda ta bayyana cewa kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati sun kai hari kan masu zanga-zangar kuma ba a kama su ba saboda wannan zanga-zangar ta tashin hankali. An dai yi wa masu zanga-zangar barazana da za su tayar da zaune tsaye domin su toshe ra'ayoyinsu na siyasa, kuma Amnesty ta ce ba a gurfanar da masu laifi a gaban kuliya ba a ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnati.
Labaran watsa labarai Labari game da zanga-zangar da take haƙƙin ɗan adam sun isa tashoshi da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban, ciki har da Labaran BBC, The Guardian, da Al Jazeera. Labarai da yawa sun mayar da hankali kan rawar da Daniel Ortego ya taka a zanga-zangar da kuma koma bayan da masu zanga-zangar suka fuskanta. Wakilan BBC da Guardian da Al Jazeera duk sun tabbatar da rahotannin daga kungiyoyin da aka lissafa tare da bayyana cewa kungiyoyin masu goyon bayan gwamnati da 'yan banga ne ke yada tashin hankalin.
Martanin gwamnati Shugaban ƙasar Nicaragua, Daniel Ortego, ya bayyana cewa masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da makiya siyasa ne suka haddasa tashe-tashen hankula a Nicaragua, ba wai gwamnatinsa ba. Ya bayyana cewa an yi wani "kamfen na karya...don kokarin cutar da martabar Nicaragua da gwamnatinta". Ya kuma musanta cewa an taba kai hari kan wata zanga-zangar lumana.
2021 murkushe zaben A cikin watanni kafin babban zaben kasar Nicaragua na 2021, Shugaba Ortega ya daure masu kalubalantar ofishin shugaban kasa guda bakwai. Gwamnatin Ortega ta rufe dukkan jaridun da ake bugawa a kasar ta hanyar toshe hanyoyin samar da takarda, sannan kuma sun kai samame ofisoshin jaridar 'yan adawar La Prensa a watan Agustan 2021.
A ranar 7 ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 2021, CNN ta ba da rahoton cewa an kira zaɓen "wasan kwaikwayo," "sham," da "mafi munin yanayi" don jefa ƙuri'a. An zargi gwamnatin Daniel Ortega da hana shiga harkokin siyasa na abokan hamayya da kuma sa ido sosai kan tsarin zaben. Har ila yau, shari'o'in rashin fahimta da yin amfani da shafukan sada zumunta sun bayyana a matsayin wani abin da zai iya gurgunta harkar zabe.
Manazarta Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27517 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifeanyi%20Akogo | Ifeanyi Akogo | Ifeanyi Humphrey Akogo ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai gabatar da shirin rediyo.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Akogo a Ebute Metta Jihar Legas, Najeriya.
Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Bright Star da makarantar firamare ta Labo Memorial da ke Legas, sannan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta St. John da ke Legas, sannan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Baptist Boys da ke Abeokuta a jihar Ogun.
Ya karanta Kiwon Lafiya a Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Jihar Delta, Najeriya, kuma yana da Certificate in entrepreneurial Management a jami'ar Pan African University.
Sana'a Akogo ya fara wasan kwaikwayo ne tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a makarantar firamare, kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo da kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban a fadin Najeriya, a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare da sakandare.
A shekarar 2006, Akogo ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a matsayin jarumi a wani fim mai suna Choices, inda ya taka rawar "Barrister George".
Fasto Bimbo Odukoya na Cocin Fountain of Life da ke Legas ne ya shirya fim din, kuma Don Pedro Obaseki ne ya ba da umarni. Bayan Zaɓuɓɓuka, ya ci gaba da taka rawar "Omasola" a cikin Tango, jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 26 wanda kuma Cocin Fountain of Life ya samar.
Ya taka rawar gani a lokacin da ya taka rawar "Mr Midas" a cikin shirin Tinsel TV a gidan talabijin na Africa Magic, wanda ke nunawa a cikin kasashe kusan 50 na Afirka, kuma tun lokacin ya yi tauraro a cikin talabijin daban-daban, da shirya fina-finai.
Kwanan nan ya taka rawar "Boniface" a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na Mnet/Africa Magic Battleground da Battleground Nunin Karshe a tsakanin sauran ayyukan.
An jefa shi a matsayin firamare tare da ’yan wasa daban-daban a masana’antar fina-finan Nollywood, irin su Richard Mofe-Damijo, Segun Arinze, Van Vicker, Gideon Okeke, Adesua Etomi, Femi Jacobs, Abiola Segun-Williams, Iyke Okechukwu, Ihuoma Linda Ejiofor, Lala Akindoju, Somkele Idhalama, Chiwetalu Agwu, Jide Kosoko, Bolanle Ninalowo, Bolaji Ogunmola, Ayoola Ayola da sauransu.
Fina-finai Akogo ya yi fice a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban.
Talabijin Ya taka rawar "Boniface" a cikin Battleground da Battleground Final Showdown (Mnet Africa Magic)
Ya yi tauraro a matsayin "Mr Midas" akan Tinsel Magic na Afirka.
Battleground Final Showdown (2018)
Battleground (2017)
Living with Angel (2016)
Tinsel (2016)
Tango (2008)
Fina-finai Ya taka leda tare da Femi Jacobs a Tango, wanda Solomon Macauley ya jagoranta, da Zaɓuɓɓukan da Don Pedro Obaseki ya jagoranta Shi ma a Crystal kuma Talakawa Mutane, duka biyu da umarni Desmond Elliot, The Cleanser da James Abinibi, Rayuwa tare da Angel da Ben Chiadika, The Bait ta Rok Studios, ta nuna Karen da Fehintola Olulana, facade da Mahmoud Ali-Balogun, da Hauwa'u
The Cleanser (2021)
The Wait (2021)
Kamal (2020)
Mourning Karen (2018)
Ordinary People (2018)
The Groom (2018)
Eve (2018)
Facade (2017)
The Bait (2017)
Crystal (2015)
Choices (2006)
Rediyo Shine Mai Gabatar da Gidan Rediyo akan mita 99.3 FM Nigeria Info inda yake karɓar baƙuncin Music Moments.
Tallace-tallacen TV Shine wanda ya dauki nauyin gasar mawakan jihar Legas.
Magana
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje https://irokotv.com/actors/5111/ifeanyi-akogo Mutanen Najeriya
Ƴan Fim
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25860 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU | SU | SU, Su ko su na iya nufin to:
Zane-zane da nishaɗi Su (Shugo Chara!), Halin almara a cikin jerin manga Shugo Chara!
Sinclair User, mujallar
Steven Universe, wani jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin mai rai na Amurka akan Cibiyar Cartoon
StumbleUpon, sabis na gano yanar gizo
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Aeroflot, kamfanin jirgin sama na Rasha (lambar IATA)
Ƙungiyar Union, ƙungiyar Kirista
Matasan gurguzu (Norway), ƙungiyar matasa ta Norway
Sukhoi, kamfanin jirgin sama na Rasha
Geography Su, Catalonia, ƙauye a Spain
Su, Iran, ƙauye ne a lardin Kurdistan, Iran
Jiangsu (abbr. Sū, lardin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin
Suzhou (abbr. Sū, birni a lardin Jiangsu
Tarayyar Soviet (tsohon lambar ƙasar ISO)
Subotica, birni ne a Sabiya (lambar lambar lasisi SU)
Su (kana)
Sú (cuneiform), alama ce a rubutun cuneiform
Harshen Sundanese, lambar ISO 639-1: su
Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi
Kwamfuta .su, lambar babban matakin yanki na Tarayyar Soviet
su (Unix), madadin umarni mai amfani
Unix Unix, tarin kayan aikin sarrafa bayanai na girgizar ƙasa
Naúrar masu biyan kuɗi, duk wata na'urar rediyo da ake amfani da ita don haɗawa zuwa babban hanyar samun hanyar sadarwa mai sauri
Superuser, asusun mai amfani da kwamfuta mai gata
Lissafi Ƙungiya ta musamman, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a algebra, SU n Motoci Vought SU, jirgin saman Scout na Sojojin Amurka
SU carburetors (don Skinners Union), alamar carburettor
Samokhodnaya Ustanovka, kalmar Rasha don bindiga mai sarrafa kanta
Jami'o'i
A kasar Sin Jami'ar Shandong a Jinan, Shandong, China
Jami'ar Shanxi a Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
Jami'ar Shanghai a Shanghai, China
Jami'ar Sichuan a Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Jami'ar Soochow (Suzhou) a Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
A Amurka Jami'ar Salisbury a Salisbury, Maryland, Amurka
Jami'ar Samford a Birmingham, Alabama, Amurka
Jami'ar Seattle a Seattle, Washington, Amurka
Jami'ar Seton Hall a South Orange, New Jersey, Amurka
Jami'ar Shenandoah a Winchester, Virginia, Amurka
Jami'ar Shippensburg ta Pennsylvania a Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, Amurka
Jami'ar Singularity a California, Amurka
Jami'ar Kudu a Savannah, Georgia, Amurka
Jami'ar Kudanci a Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Amurka
Jami'ar Kudu maso Yamma a Georgetown, Texas, Amurka
Jami'ar Stanford a Stanford, California, Amurka
Jami'ar Stevenson a Stevenson da Owings Mills, Maryland, Amurka
Jami'ar Syracuse a Syracuse, New York, Amurka
A wasu ƙasashe Jami'ar Sabancı da ke Istanbul, Turkiyya
Jami'ar Sargodha a Sargodha, Pakistan
Jami'ar Sharda a Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Indiya
Jami'ar Sheffield a Sheffield, Yorkshire ta Kudu, United Kingdom
Jami'ar Shiraz a Shiraz, Iran
Jami'ar Silliman a Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Jami'ar Silpakorn a Bangkok, Thailand
Jami'ar Sindh a Jamshoro, Pakistan
Jami'ar Sofia a Sofia, Bulgaria
Jami'ar Sogang a Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu
Jami'ar Sophia a Tokyo, Japan
Jami'ar Staffordshire a Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Jami'ar Stellenbosch a Stellenbosch, Afirka ta Kudu
Jami'ar Stockholm a Stockholm, Sweden
Babban Jami'a a Lahore, Pakistan
Sauran amfani Su (sunan mahaifi), ko sunan mahaifin Sinanci
Statens Uddanneslsesstøtte, tallafin gwamnati ga ɗalibai a Denmark
Duba kuma Sioux, Ba'amurke ɗan asalin Amurka da Al'ummomin Farko a Arewacin Amurka
Sioux (rashin fahimta)
Sue (rashin fahimta)
Sault (rarrabuwa)
Soo (disambiguation)
Amurka |
30114 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana%20Oforiatta%20Ayim | Nana Oforiatta Ayim | Nana Oforiatta Ayim marubuciya ce ƴar ƙasar Ghana, masaniyar tarihi kuma mai shirya fina-finai.
Fage Nana Ofosuaa Oforiatta Ayim ta girma ne a Jamus, Ingila, da mahaifarta ta asali a Ghana. Ta yi karatun Rashanci da Siyasa a Jami'ar Bristol kuma ta ci gaba da kuma aiki a Sashen Harkokin Siyasa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Tarihin Fasaha na Afirka a Jami'ar SOAS ta London.
Oforiatta Ayim ta fito daga dangin siyasa a Ghana, Ofori-Attas, wanda ikonta ya kasance na gargajiya da na zamani. Kakanninta na haihuwa shine Nana Sir Ofori Atta I, sanannen sarkin Akyem Abuakwa wanda aka yaba da shi a matsayin Louis XIV na Afirka, kuma kakanta shi ne JB Danquah, malamin kuma dan siyasa wanda ya ba Ghana suna kuma ya fara siyasa. jam'iyyar da ta kawo 'yanci.
Rubutu Littafin tarihinta na farko The God Child an buga shi ne ta hanyar Bloomsbury Publishing a Burtaniya a cikin 2019, Amurka a 2020 da kuma Penguin Random House a Jamus a 2021. Marubuciya Ayesha Harruna Attah ta bayyana littafin a matsayin "faɗaɗa da kuma halarta na farko, jigogi na zane-zane, tarihi, adabi, fim, da kuma gado tare da zuwan Maya. A cikin New York Times, Tope Folarin ya rubuta cewa: "Wannan labari ne da ya damu da labaru; lalle ne, 'The God Child' za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin jerin jerin gajeren zane-zane, kowane sakamako akan nasa, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da sauran Kamar yadda na karanta wannan littafin, tare da dukkan tsalle-tsalle cikin lokaci da sarari, Wani lokacin na fahimci cewa akwai wani labari mai gudana a ƙarƙashin saman rubutun, wani labari mai ban mamaki wanda haruffan da nake karantawa game da rayuwa lokaci guda... Hijira ta Kojo da Maya daga baya ta kai su kasar Ghana, inda suke fatan samun kayan da suke bukata don kammala labarinsu, shekaru masu yawa. Labari wanda, kamar wannan, zai haskaka tarihin Ghana; labari ne wanda zai kawo cikas ga wani abu daga sassan rayuwar su." A cikin The Guardian, Sarah Ladipo Manyika ta rubuta cewa: "Zuwa yau, akwai wasu 'yan ayyukan almara da ke bincika kwarewar Afirka a tsakanin Turai da kawai adireshin hannu na kwarewar Afro-German, don haka littafin Ayim yana da mahimmanci wajen taimakawa cika wannan rata. Yayinda muke jin Maya tana tunani game da ra'ayin Goethe na Weltliteratur da kuma yin tunani game da yadda rashin wallafe-wallafen duniya a zahiri yake, littattafai kamar The God Child suna da damar haɓaka shi kuma, a cikin kalmomin Berger, kawo sabbin hanyoyin gani."
Tarihin fasaha Yayin da take neman digiri na biyu a tarihin Afirka, ta fahimci dukkan sharuddan da manufofin da aka yi amfani da su wajen bayyana yadda ake nuna fasahar zane-zane ta kasar Ghana su ne na Yamma. Binciken da ta yi game da manufofin 'yan asalin ya sa ta kai ga Ayan, wani nau'i na ba da labari a Ghana; da Afahye, nune-nunen tarihi ko Gesamtkunstwerk samfurin. Ta fara haɗa su a rubuce a rubuce game da labarun al'adu, tarihi, da cibiyoyi a Afirka. Tana magana akai-akai kan sabbin ƙirar ilimi da kayan tarihi, kuma ta tsara hanya akan wannan don Makarantar Kungiyar Archiwararru ta Archiwararru.
A cikin hirar da ta yi da mujallar Financial Times, Ayim ta ce: "Wani lokacin tana jin kamar komai yana faruwa a cikin kasashen waje. Wannan yana da mahimmanci kuma yana daga cikin mu. Amma yanzu muna buƙatar mayar da hankali kan ayyukan ci gaba a cikin nahiyarmu."Ita ce ta kafa Cibiyar Fasaha da Ilimi ta ANO a Accra, kuma ya ce "kamar mutane da yawa suna da hannu cikin ayyukan kirkira a Ghana da sauran sassan Afirka, yana jin kamar bai isa kawai mu samar ba, amma cewa dole ne mu samar da mahallin da abubuwan da ake samarwa."
Har zuwa wannan, ta kirkiro wani littafin tarihin na Afirka. Jaridar New York Times ta rubuta cewa: "Encyclopaedia zai kunshi wani dandamali na yanar gizo wanda zai iya yin rubuce-rubuce game da al'adun Afirka da al'adun Afirka na gaba (farawa daga Ghana) kuma daga karshe za'a buga shi a cikin kundin 54, daya ga kowace kasa. Wani babban buri, Encyclopaedia na Al'adu yana da niyyar canza tsinkaye na nahiyar da kuma taimakawa rage takaicin masu samar da al'adun Afirka da ke nuna cewa an rasa tarihin tarihin su ko kuma an manta da su tsawon shekarun da suka gabata saboda ba su da ingantattun wuraren adana kayan tarihi."
Ta kuma kirkiro da sabon nau'in Gidan Tarihi. A cikin The Guardian, Charlotte Jansen ta rubuta cewa: "Ayim ta ce ta fara yin tunani game da tsarin kayan gargajiya a Afirka yayin da take aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya. Ta damu da yadda aka sami abubuwa daban-daban na Afirka a cikin kabad na nuni a Burtaniya tare da yadda ake amfani da su sosai a cikin bukukuwa a gida, sai ta fara tunanin yadda za a adana al'adun duniya kuma a gabatar da su ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da al'adun cikin gida." Tana amfani da binciken da aka tattara ta hanyar Gidan Tarihi don taimakawa ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in kayan kayan gargajiya ga Gwamnatin Gana, ta rubuta a Jaridar Art, "girmamawa da yin la'akari da yawancin ruhohin al'ummominmu, yanayin mu, da abubuwanmu, duka a gida da wadanda za a dawo dasu. Tsarin da zai ba da damar bayar da labarai da musayar tare, da sauran sassan duniya, kan daidaitattun bayanai".
Bayan ta kirkiro baje-kolin, da kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen farko na masana'antar Ghana da dama, da suka hada da James Barnor, Felicia Ansah Abban da Ibrahim Mahama, ta dauki nauyin baje kolin 'Yancin Ghana a matsayin Pavilion na farko na Ghana a Venice Biennale na 2019. Rukunin ya kasance daga cikin abubuwan da Biennale ya fi tsammanin, kuma 'yan jarida da yawa sun sanya sunan rumfar a matsayin "nasara" da kuma haskaka Biennale, musamman don girmamawa ga al'adunsa na al'adu a cikin ƙasa da kuma kasashen waje. Jaridar Art Newspaper ta rubuta cewa "hankalin girman kai" ya mamaye rumfar. Charlotte Higgins na jaridar The Guardian ta rubuta cewa rumfar ta nuna alamar sauyi a ma'auni yayin da rumfunan Afirka suka fara fafatawa da tarihin mamaye rumfunan Turai a Biennale, tarihin da ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka.
Fina-finai Nana Oforiatta Ayim ta zama mai shirya fina-finai bayan ta yi aiki tare da masanin tattalin arziki Thi Minh Ngo da mai shirya fina-finai Chris Marker kan sabon fassarar fim dinsa na 1954 Statues Also Die. Fina-finan nata ginshiƙi ne na almara, muqala na balaguro, da rubuce-rubuce kuma an nuna su a gidajen tarihi a duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Nowhere Else But Here a The New Museum, Tied and True a Tate Modern, Jubilee a Kunsthall Stavanger, da Agbako a Gidan Tarihi na Lardin Los Angeles (LACMA).
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Oforiatta Ayim ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta fasaha da fasaha ta 2015 daga LACMA da kuma lambar yabo ta 2016 AIR, wanda "neman girmama da kuma bikin manyan masu fasaha na Afirka waɗanda suka himmatu wajen samar da ayyukan tsokana, sabbin abubuwa da ayyukan haɗa kai da zamantakewa". An nada ta daya daga cikin Apollo "40 under 40", a matsayin "daya daga cikin mafi hazaka da ƙwarin gwiwar samari waɗanda ke ciyar da duniyar fasaha a yau", Mawallafin Quartz Africa, don "neman sababbin hanyoyin da ka'idoji don magance yawancin Babban kalubalen da ake fuskanta a nahiyar, daya daga cikin 50 African Trailblazers ta The Africa Report, daya daga cikin 12 matan Afirka da suka kafa tarihi a 2016 da kuma daya daga cikin 100 mata 100 "gina kayayyakin more rayuwa, duka biyu a zahiri da kuma misali, ga al'ummomi masu zuwa a Afirka da kuma a cikin Diaspora" a cikin 2020 ta OkayAfrica. Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar Ziyarar Duniya ta Kudu a Jami'ar Oxford. kuma memba ne a majalisar ba da shawara ta jami'a. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Ghana Innovation Award a 2020 da kuma lambar yabo ta mace mafi kyawun shekara a Ghana a 2021. A 2022 an ba ta kyautar Dan David.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
47993 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabashin%20Afirka | Gabashin Afirka | Gabashin Afirka, Gabashin Afirka، ko Gabashin Afirka. A cikin tsarin Sashen Kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yankuna, yankuna 10-11-(16 sun hada da Gabashin Afirka:
Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta bayyana cewa yankin Gabashin Afirka shine inda mutane na zamani suka fara samo asali kimanin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata kafin su yi ƙaura zuwa arewa da gabas daga Afirka.
Saboda tarihin Daular Omani da yankunan mulkin mallaka na British East Africa Protectorate da Jamusanci East Africa, ana amfani da kalmar Gabashin Afirka (musamman a cikin harshen Ingilishi) don nunawa musamman ga yankin da yanzu ya ƙunshi ƙasashe uku na Kenya, Tanzania, da Uganda. Koyaya, wannan bai taɓa zama taron ba a wasu harsuna da yawa, inda kalmar gabaɗaya tana da faɗin ƙasa, sabili da haka yawanci sun haɗa da Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha, da Somalia.
Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Sudan ta Kudu mambobi ne na Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka. An haɗa biyar na farko a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Burundi da Rwanda a wasu lokuta ana daukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha da Somaliya an san su da Horn of Africa. Yankin shine mafi gabashin tsinkaye na nahiyar Afirka.
Comoros, Mauritius, da Seychelles ƙananan tsibirai a cikin Tekun Indiya.
Réunion, Mayotte (a fannin ƙasa wani ɓangare ne na Tsibirin Comoro) da Tsibirin da aka Scattered a cikin Tekun Indiya yankunan kasashen waje na Faransa kuma a cikin Tekin Indiya.
Mozambique da Madagascar galibi ana ɗaukar su wani ɓangare na Kudancin Afirka, a gefen gabashin yankin. Madagascar tana da alaƙa ta al'adu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Gabashin Afirka, da tsibirin Tekun Indiya.
Malawi, Zambia, da Zimbabwe sau da yawa ana haɗa su a Kudancin Afirka, kuma a baya sun kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (wanda aka fi sani da Tarihin Rhodesia da Nyasaland).
Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan gabaɗaya suna cikin kwarin Nilu. Suna cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin nahiyar. Har ila yau, membobin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) yankin cinikayya kyauta.
Yanayi da yanayi Wasu sassan Gabashin Afirka sun shahara saboda yawan dabbobi na daji, kamar su "babban biyar": giwa, buffalo, zaki, baƙar fata rhinoceros, da leopard, kodayake yawan jama'a suna raguwa a ƙarƙashin karuwar damuwa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, musamman na rhino da giwa.
Yanayin Gabashin Afirka sau da yawa yana da ban sha'awa da kuma kyan gani. An tsara shi ta hanyar dakarun tectonic na duniya waɗanda suka haifar da Rift na Gabashin Afirka, Gabashin Afirka shine shafin Dutsen Kilimanjaro da Dutsen Kenya, tsaunuka biyu mafi tsawo a Afirka. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da tafkin ruwa mai laushi na biyu mafi girma a duniya, Tafkin Victoria, da kuma tafkin ruwa na biyu mafi zurfi a duniya, tafkin Tanganyika Yanayin Gabashin Afirka ya fi dacewa da yankunan equatorial. Saboda haɗuwa da tsawo mai tsawo na yankin da inuwa mai ruwan sama na iskar ruwan sama ta yamma da Dutsen Rwenzori da Dutsen Habasha suka kirkira, Gabashin Afirka yana da ban mamaki kuma ya bushe saboda latitude. A zahiri, a bakin tekun Somaliya, shekaru da yawa na iya wucewa ba tare da ruwan sama ba. A wsu wurre ruwn sama na shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa zuwa kudu kuma tare da tsawo, yana kusa da (16 in) a Mogadishu da 1,200 (47 in) a Mombasa a bakin tekun, yayin da ƙasa yana ƙaruwa daga kusan (5 in) a Garoowe zuwa sama da 1,100 mm (43 in) a Moshi kusa da Kilimanjaro. Ba a saba da shi ba, yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a cikin lokutan rigar guda biyu, ɗayan yana tsakiyar Afrilu ɗayan kuma a watan Oktoba ko Nuwamba. Wannan yawanci ana danganta shi da wucewar Yankin Intertropical Convergence a fadin yankin a cikin waɗannan watanni, amma kuma yana iya zama daidai da ruwan sama na kaka na sassan Sri Lanka, Vietnam, da Arewa maso gabashin Brazil.
Yammacin tsaunukan Rwenzoris da Habasha, yanayin ruwan sama ya fi dacewa da wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama a duk shekara kusa da ma'auni da kuma lokacin rigar guda ɗaya a mafi yawan tsaunukan Habasha daga Yuni zuwa Satumba yana kwangila zuwa Yuli da Agusta a kusa da Asmara. Ruwan sm n shekara-shekara a nan ya kasance daga sama da 1,600 (63 in) a kan gangaren yaa zuwa kusan 1,250 mm (49 in) a Addis Ababa da mm (22 in) a Asmara. tsaunuka masu tsawo ruwan sama na iya zama sama da 2,500 mm (98 in).
Ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka yana da manyan lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu, ruwan sama mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeren ruwan sama daga Oktoba-Disamba. Bambancin ruwan sama yana rinjayar abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño da kuma Dipole mai kyau na Tekun Indiya. Abubuwan da suka faru na El Nino suna ƙara ruwan sama sai dai a arewa da yammacin yankunan Habasha da Eritrea, inda suke haifar da fari da ambaliyar Nilu mara kyau. Hakazalika, kyakkyawan Dipole na Tekun Indiya yana haifar da yanayin zafi na teku a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka kuma yana haifar da karuwar ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka. Yanayin zafi a Gabashin Afirka, ban da a kan zafi da kuma ruwan zafi na bakin teku, suna da matsakaici, tare da matsakaicin kusan C (77 da mafi ƙarancin C (59 a tsawo na mita 1,500 (4,921 A tsawo sama da mita 2,500 (8,202 sanyi ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin fari kuma mafi girma yawanci game da C (70 ko ƙasa.
Yanayin ƙasa na musamman da bayyanar dacewa don noma ya sanya Gabashin Afirka ya zama manufa ga binciken Turai, amfani da mulkin mallaka a karni na sha tara. A yau, yawon bude ido wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, da Uganda. Yankin gabashin nahiyar, wato Ras Hafun a Somaliya, yana da muhimmancin archaeological, tarihi da tattalin arziki.
Tarihi
Tarihi na farko Dangane da ka'idar asalin Afirka na kwanan nan na mutane na zamani, imani da aka fi sani da shi tsakanin yawancin masu binciken tarihi, Gabashin Afirka a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka shine inda mutane na zamani suka fara bayyana. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da ko akwai fitowa guda ɗaya ko da yawa; samfurin watsawa da yawa ya haɗa da ka'idar Yaduwar Kudancin. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa Arewacin Afirka shine yankin Afirka daga inda mutane na zamani suka fara tafiya daga nahiyar.
Dangane da shaidar kwayar halitta da burbushin halittu, an nuna cewa <i id="mw5Q">Homo sapiens</i> na archaic ya samo asali ne a cikin mutane na zamani a cikin Horn na Afirka kusan shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata kuma ya warwatse daga can. Sanar da Homo sapiens idaltu da Omo Kibish a matsayin mutane na zamani zai tabbatar da bayanin mutane na zamani tare da sunan Homo sapiens sapiens. Saboda farkon soyayyarsu da halaye na musamman na jiki idaltu da kibish suna wakiltar kakanninmu na yanzu na mutane na zamani kamar yadda ka'idar Out-of-Africa ta ba da shawarar. A cikin 2017 binciken gawarwakin mutane na zamani, wanda ya kasance kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata a Jebel Irhoud a Maroko, ya ba da shawarar cewa mutane na zamani sun tashi a baya kuma mai yiwuwa a cikin yanki mafi girma na Afirka fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya.
Gabashin Afirka yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na farko inda aka yi imanin cewa Homo sapiens sun rayu. An sami shaidar a cikin 2018, wanda ya kasance kimanin shekaru 320,000 da suka gabata, a shafin yanar gizon Kenya na Olorgesailie, game da farkon fitowar halayen zamani da ke da alaƙa da Homo sapiens, gami da: cibiyoyin cinikayya na nesa (wanda ya haɗa da kayayyaki kamar obsidian), amfani da pigments, da yiwuwar yin maki. Marubutan binciken 2018 guda uku sun lura da shi a shafin, cewa shaidar waɗannan halaye kusan zamani ne ga farkon burbushin Homo sapiens da aka sani daga Afirka (kamar a Jebel Irhoud da Florisbad), kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa halayen rikitarwa da na zamani sun riga sun fara a Afirka a lokacin fitowar Homo sapiens.
A watan Satumbar 2019, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton ƙudurin kwamfuta, bisa ga binciken CT 260, na siffar kwanyar kama-da-wane na kakannin ɗan adam na ƙarshe ga mutane na zamani H. sapiens, wakilin Homo sapiens na farko, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa Homo sapiens ya tashi tsakanin shekaru 350,000 da 260,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar haɗuwa da yawan jama'a a Kudu da Gabashin Afirka.
Hanyar ƙaura ta ka'idar "Fitar da Afirka" mai yiwuwa ta faru ne a Gabashin Afirka duk da haka ta hanyar Bab el Mandeb
A yau a Bab-el-Mandeb straits, Bahar Maliya tana da nisan kilomita 12 miles (19 km) (kilomita 19) amma shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma matakan teku sun kasance mita 70 ƙasa. Kodayake ba a taɓa rufe ƙuƙwalwar gaba ɗaya ba, akwai yiwuwar akwai tsibirai a tsakanin waɗanda za a iya isa ta amfani da rafts masu sauƙi.
An samo wasu daga cikin kasusuwan hominin na farko a cikin yankin da ya fi girma, gami da burbushin da aka gano a cikin kwarin Awash na Habasha, da kuma Koobi Fora a Kenya da Olduvai Gorge a Tanzania.
Yankin kudancin Gabashin Afirka ya mamaye har zuwa kwanan nan ta hanyar mafarauta-mai tarawa na Khoisan, yayin da a cikin tsaunukan Habasha jaki da irin waɗannan shuke-shuke na amfanin gona kamar teff sun ba da damar fara aikin gona a kusa da 7,000 KZ. Duk da haka, shingen ƙasa da cututtukan da tsetse fly ke ɗauka sun hana jaki da aikin gona daga yaduwa zuwa kudu. Sai kawai a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan aikin gona ya bazu zuwa yankunan da suka fi zafi a kudancin ma'auni, ta hanyar yaduwar shanu, tumaki da amfanin gona kamar millet. Rarraba harsuna sun nuna cewa wannan mai yiwuwa ya faru ne daga Sudan zuwa yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, tunda yarukan Nilotic da waɗannan manoman pre-Bantu ke magana suna da danginsu mafi kusa a tsakiyar kogin Nilu.
Tarihin Da Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha, Somalia, da gaɓar Bahar Maliya ta Sudan ana ɗaukar su ne mafi kusantar wurin ƙasar da tsoffin Masarawa suka sani da Punt. Magana ta farko da aka ambaci tsohuwar masarautar ta kasance a karni na 25 KZ. Tsohon Puntites al'umma ce ta mutanen da ke da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Fir'auna Masar a zamanin Fir'auna Sahure da Sarauniya Hatshepsut Masarautar Aksum daular kasuwanci ce da ke tsakiyar Eritrea da arewacin Habasha Ya wanzu daga kimanin 100940 AZ, yana girma daga zamanin ƙarfe na Aksumite don samun matsayi a ƙarni na 1 AZ. An ambaci masarautar a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean a matsayin muhimmiyar kasuwa ga hauren giwa, wanda aka fitar dashi a duk faɗin duniya ta dā. Aksum a lokacin yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Zoskales, wanda kuma ke mulkin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Adulis. Shugabannin Aksumite sun sauƙaƙa cinikayya ta hanyar yin kuɗin Aksumite nasu. Har ila yau, jihar ta kafa ikonta a kan mulkin Kush mai raguwa kuma a kai a kai ta shiga siyasar masarautun a kan tsibirin Larabawa, a ƙarshe ta mika mulkinta a kan yankin laraba tare da cin nasarar Masarautar Himyarite.
Yaɗuwar Bantu Tsakanin shekaru 2500 zuwa 3000 da suka gabata, al'ummar Bantu masu magana sun fara ƙaura na tsawon shekaru dubunnan zuwa gabas daga ƙasarsu ta kudancin Kamaru. Wannan fadada Bantu ya gabatar da aikin noma zuwa yawancin yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka. A cikin ƙarni goma sha biyar da suka biyo baya, Bantu sannu a hankali sun ƙarfafa noma da kiwo a duk yankuna masu dacewa na Gabashin Afirka, a cikin wannan tsari suna tuntuɓar mazauna Austronesian da Larabci mazauna yankunan kudancin bakin teku. Na karshen kuma ya yada addinin Islama zuwa bel na bakin teku, amma yawancin Bantu sun kasance masu bin Addinin Gargajiya na Afirka A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, yawancin mutanen da ke farautar abinci sun yi hijira kuma al'ummomin Bantu masu shigowa sun shawo kansu, da kuma al'ummar Nilotic daga baya. Yaduwar Bantu ya kasance jerin dogon lokaci na ƙaura ta jiki, yaduwar harshe da ilimi a ciki da ciki daga maƙwabta, da kuma kirkirar sabbin ƙungiyoyin al'umma da suka haɗa da aure tsakanin al'ummomi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da ke motsawa zuwa al'ummomin da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin da ke motsa zuwa sababbin yankuna.
Bayan motsawa daga asalin ƙasarsu a Yammacin Afirka, Bantus kuma sun haɗu da mutanen tsakiyar gabashin Afirka na asalin Cushitic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Kamar yadda kalmar shanu da ake amfani da ita tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin makiyaya na Bantu na zamani ke nunawa, 'yan gudun hijirar Bantu za su sami shanu daga sabbin maƙwabtansu na Cushit. Shaidar harshe ta kuma nuna cewa Bantus mai yiwuwa ya karɓi al'adar shayar da shanu kai tsaye daga mutanen Cushitic a yankin.
A yankin bakin teku na yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, wani al'umma mai gauraye na Bantu ya ci gaba ta hanyar hulɗa da ƴan kasuwa Musulmi Larabawa da Farisa, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban jihohin Larabawa, Farisa da Afirka na Swahili. Al'adun Swahili da suka fito daga waɗannan musayar sun nuna tasirin Larabawa da Islama da yawa waɗanda ba a gani a al'adun gargajiya na Bantu ba, kamar yadda yawancin mambobin Afirka-Arabiya na mutanen Bantu Swahili suke yi. Tare da al'ummarta ta asali da ke kan yankunan bakin teku na Tanzania (musamman Zanzibar) da Kenya da ke bakin teku da ake kira Swahili Coast yaren Bantu Swahili ya ƙunshi kalmomin aro na Larabci da yawa sakamakon waɗannan hulɗar.
Mutanen Bantu na farko na gabar gabashin Kenya da Tanzania da waɗannan mazauna Larabawa da Farisa suka haɗu da su an gano su daban-daban tare da ƙauyukan kasuwanci na Rhapta, Azania da Menouthias da aka ambata a farkon rubuce-rubucen Helenanci da Sinanci daga 50 AZ zuwa 500 AZ, wanda ya haifar da sunan Tanzania. Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen farko wataƙila sun rubuta raƙuman farko na mazauna Bantu don isa tsakiyar gabashin Afirka yayin ƙaura.
Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 15, manyan masarautu da jihohin Great Lakes na Afirka sun fito, kamar masarautun Buganda da Karagwe na Uganda da Tanzania.
Tarihin zamani
Zamanin Larabawa da Mutanen Fotugal Portuguese sune Turawa na farko da suka binciki yankin Kenya, Tanzania, da Mozambique ta teku. Vasco da Gama ya ziyarci Mombasa a cikin 1498. Tafiyar Da Gama ta yi nasara wajen isa Indiya, wanda ya ba da damar Portuguese su yi ciniki tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya kai tsaye ta teku. Wannan kuma ya kalubalanci tsofaffin hanyoyin kasuwanci na hanyoyin ƙasa da na teku, kamar hanyoyin kasuwancin kayan yaji waɗanda ke amfani da Tekun Farisa, Bahar Maliya, da kuma raƙuma don isa gabashin Bahar Rum.
Jamhuriyar Venice ta sami iko a kan yawancin hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Asiya. Bayan da Turks na Ottoman suka rufe hanyoyin ƙasa na gargajiya zuwa Indiya, Portugal na fatan amfani da hanyar teku da da da Gama ya jagoranci don karya ikon cinikin Venetian. Mulkin Portuguese a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka ya fi mayar da hankali a kan wani bakin teku da ke kewaye da Mombasa. Kasancewar Portuguese a yankin ya fara ne bayan 1505, lokacin da flagships a karkashin umurnin Don Francisco de Almeida suka ci Kilwa, tsibirin da ke cikin abin da ke yanzu kudancin Tanzania.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1505, bayan ya karbi nadin mataimakin sarki na sabuwar yankin da aka ci nasara a Indiya daga Manuel I na Portugal, ya tashi daga Lisbon a matsayin kwamandan babban jirgin ruwa mai karfi, kuma ya isa watan Yuli a Quiloa (Kilwa), wanda ya mika shi kusan ba tare da gwagwarmaya ba. Moors na Mombasa sun ba da juriya mai ƙarfi. Koyaya, an kwace garin kuma an lalata shi, kuma manyan dukiyarsa sun tafi don ƙarfafa albarkatun Almeida. Hare-haren sun biyo baya a kan Hoja (wanda yanzu ake kira Ungwana, wanda ke bakin Kogin Tana), Barawa, Angoche, Pate da sauran garuruwan bakin teku har zuwa yammacin Tekun Indiya ya zama mafaka mai aminci ga bukatun kasuwanci na Portugal. A wasu wurare a kan hanyarsa, kamar tsibirin Angediva, kusa da Goa, da Cannanore, Portuguese sun gina sansanoni, kuma sun dauki matakai don tabbatar da ikon Portuguese.
Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turawa Tsakanin karni na 19 da 20, Gabashin Afirka ya zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gasa tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai masu mulkin mallaka na lokacin. Manyan launuka uku na ƙasar Afirka sune beige, ja, da shuɗi. Jar ya tsaya ga Turanci, shuɗi ya tsaya ga Faransanci, kuma beige ya tsaya ga Jamus a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin Scramble for Africa, kusan kowace ƙasa a cikin yankin da ya fi girma zuwa digiri daban-daban sun zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Turai.
Portugal ta fara kafa ƙarfi a kudancin Mozambique da Tekun Indiya tun daga ƙarni na 15, yayin da a wannan lokacin dukiyarsu ta karu ciki har da sassa daga arewacin Mozambique na yanzu, har zuwa Mombasa a Kenya ta yanzu. A Tafkin Malawi, a ƙarshe sun sadu da Ƙungiyar Burtaniya ta Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi), wanda ke kewaye da tafkin mai suna a bangarori uku, ya bar Portuguese ikon mallakar gabashin tafkin. Daular Burtaniya ta kafu a cikin yankunan da suka fi amfani da su da kuma alkawura da ke samun abin da ke Uganda a yau, da Kenya. The Protectorate of Uganda da Colony of Kenya sun kasance a cikin wani yanki mai arziki gonar da ya fi dacewa da noman amfanin gona kamar kofi da shayi, da kuma kiwon dabbobi tare da kayayyakin da aka samar daga shanu da awaki, kamar naman awaki, naman sa da madara. Bugu da ƙari, wannan yanki yana da damar fadada zama mai mahimmanci, ya dace da sake komawa yawancin 'yan Burtaniya zuwa yankin. Yanayin yanayi da ke faruwa da yanayin yanayin yankuna sun ba da damar kafa ƙauyuka masu tasowa na Turai kamar Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amélia, Lourenço Marques da Entebbe.
Faransanwa sun zauna tsibirin mafi girma a Tekun Indiya (kuma na huɗu mafi girma a duniya), Madagascar, tare da ƙungiyar ƙananan tsibirai da ke kusa, wato Réunion da Comoros. Madagascar ta zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Faransa bayan yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na soja a kan Masarautar Madagascar, wanda ya fara bayan ya shawo kan Burtaniya ta bar abubuwan da take so a tsibirin don musayar ikon Zanzibar a bakin tekun Tanganyika, wani muhimmin tsibirin tsibirin cinikin kayan yaji. Har ila yau, Burtaniya ta mallaki tsibirai da yawa a yankin, gami da tsibirin Seychelles da tsibirin noma mai arziki na Mauritius, a baya a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Faransa.
Daular Jamus ta sami iko da babban yanki mai suna Jamus Gabashin Afirka, wanda ya ƙunshi Rwanda, Burundi da kuma yankin Tanzania mai suna Tanganyika. A shekara ta 1922, Birtaniya ta sami umarnin League of Nations a kan Tanganyika wanda ta gudanar har sai an ba da 'ƴancin kai ga Tanganyika a 1961. Bayan juyin juya halin Zanzibar na 1965, jihar Tanganyika mai zaman kanta ta kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania ta hanyar kirkirar hadin kai tsakanin yankin, da tsibirin tsibirin Zanzibar. Zanzibar yanzu jiha ce mai cin gashin kanta a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da babban yankin wanda aka hada kai kuma ana kiransa Tanzania. Jamusanci Gabashin Afirka, ko da yake yana da yawa, ba shi da irin wannan mahimmancin dabarun kamar yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a arewa: zama a waɗannan ƙasashe yana da wahala kuma saboda haka yana da iyaka, galibi saboda yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa na gida. Italiya ta sami iko da sassa daban-daban na Somaliya a cikin shekarun 1880. Kudancin kashi uku cikin hudu na Somaliya ya zama mai kula da Italiya (Italian Somaliland).
A halin yanzu, a cikin 1884, wani karamin bakin teku na Somaliland ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya (British Somaliland). Wannan kariya ta Somaliland ta kasance a gaban mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Aden a yankin Larabawa. Tare da waɗannan yankuna da aka tabbatar, Burtaniya ta sami damar zama mai tsaron ƙofar hanyar teku da ke kaiwa Indiya ta Burtaniya. A cikin 1890, farawa da sayen ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa na (Asseb) daga wani sultan na gida a Eritrea, Italiyanci sun mallaki dukan Eritrea.
A shekara ta 1895, daga sansanoni a Somaliya da Eritrea, Italiyanci sun kaddamar da Yakin Italiya na farko da Habasha a kan Daular Orthodox ta Habasha. A shekara ta 1896, yakin ya zama bala'i ga Italiyanci kuma Habasha ta sami damar riƙe 'yancin kanta. Habasha ta kasance mai zaman kanta har zuwa 1936 lokacin da, bayan Yaƙin Italo-Abyssinian na Biyu, ta zama wani ɓangare na Gabashin Afirka ta Italiya. Kasuwancin Italiya na Habasha ya ƙare a 1941 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin Gabashin Afirka .Har ila yau, Faransanci sun kafa wani sansanin Gabashin Afirka a kan hanyar zuwa Indochina ta Faransa. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1850, ƙaramin mai kariya na Djibouti ya zama Somaliland na Faransa a cikin 1897.
Yanayi Gabashin Afirka yana da sauye-sauyen yanayi daban-daban wanda ya kunshi yankuna masu zafi, yankunan hamada masu bushe, masu sanyi, da tsaunuka.
Shahararrun hotuna Akwai fina-finai da suka nuna Gabashin Afirka a cikin siffofi daban-daban. 7 Days a Entebbe, Sarkin Scotland na Ƙarshe, Daga Afirka, Sarauniyar Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Otal Rwanda, The Good Lie, da Kyaftin Phillips wasu daga cikin fina-fallafen da aka yaba da su. A cikin wasannin bidiyo Halo 2 da Halo 3, Gabashin Afirka yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare don kamfen ɗin.
Fasaha
Addini
Kasashe, manyan birane da manyan birane A cewar CIA, tun daga shekarar 2017, kasashen da ke gabashin Afirka suna da yawan jama'a kusan mazauna miliyan 537.9.
Manazarta |
34161 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya | Ilya | Ilya, Illia, Ilya, Iliya, Il'ja, Ilija, or Ilia IPA: ja], ko kuma ja] Ukrainian ɑ] shine sifar Slavic ta Gabas na sunan namiji Ibrananci Eliyahu (Iliya), ma'ana "Allahna shine Yahu Jah Ya fito ne daga lafazin Bazantine na Hellenanci na vocative (Ilía) na Helenanci Elias Ilías). Ana furta shi da damuwa akan sila ta biyu. Siffar raguwar ita ce Iliusha ko Iliushen'ka Ma'anar sunan farko na ɗan Ilya shine "Il'jich kuma 'yar ita ce" Ilyinichna Mutane masu suna
Mutanen gaske Ilya (Archbishop na Novgorod), malamin Orthodox na Rasha na karni na 12 kuma saint.
Ilya Averbukh, dan wasan kankara na Rasha
Ilja Bereznickas, Lithuania mai raye-raye, marubucin rubutun hoto kuma mai fa'ida.
Ilya Bryzgalov, mai tsaron ragar hockey na Rasha
Ilya Ehrenburg, marubucin Rasha kuma jakadan al'adun Soviet
Ilya Glazunov, mai zanen Rasha
Ilya Grigolts, dan wasan violin
Ilya Grubert, violinist
Ilya Ilf, marubucin Rasha na Kujeru goma sha biyu da Maraƙin Zinare
Ilya Ilyin, Kazakhstani mai ɗaukar nauyi na Olympics
Ilya Ivashka, dan wasan tennis na Belarus
Ilya Kabakov, ɗan Rasha-Amurka mai ra'ayi na asalin Yahudawa
Ilya Kaler, dan wasan violin
Ilya Kaminsky, Ukrainian-Amurka-Yahudawa mawaƙi
Ilya Kovalchuk, dan wasan hockey na Rasha a cikin KHL kuma tsohon NHL na Atlanta Thrashers, New Jersey Devils, LA Kings da Babban Birnin Washington.
Ilia Kulik, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Rasha
Ilya Kuvshinov, animator
Ilya Lagutenko, jagoran mawaƙa na ƙungiyar rock na Rasha Mumiy Troll
Ilya Lobanov (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), ɗan wasan hockey na Kazakhstan
Elia Abu Madi, mawaƙin Ba’amurke ɗan ƙasar Lebanon
Ilya Espino de Marotta, Injiniyan Ruwa kuma jagoran Aikin Fadada Canal na Panama
Ilya Mechnikov, masanin ilimin halittu na Rasha wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel
Ilya Petrov (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Rasha
Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003), masanin kimiyyar jiki kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel.
Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro, Rasha-Yahudu-Isra'ila masanin lissafi
Ilya Yashin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan siyasan Rasha
Ilya Yefimovich Repin (1844-1930), mai zanen Rasha
Ilya Salkind, furodusan fim
Ilya Salmanzadeh, mai shirya wakokin Farisa-Sweden
Ilya Samsonov, dan wasan Rasha na Babban Birnin Washington
Ilya Sorokin, mai tsaron ragar Rasha don 'yan tsibirin New York
Ilya Strebulaev, masanin tattalin arziki na Rasha-Amurka
Ilya Sutskever, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta
Ilja Szrajbman, ɗan wasan ninkaya na Poland
Ilya Ulyanov, mahaifin Soviet juyin juya hali Vladimir Lenin
Ilya Zhitomirskiy, Ba'amurke/Rasha wanda ya kafa Diaspora
Ilja Hurník, mawaƙin Czech, mawallafin piano kuma mawallafi
Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer, Mawaƙin Holland, mawallafin marubuci, masanin siyasa kuma ƙwararren masani.
Ilya Serov (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986), mai busa ƙaho na Rasha-Amurka kuma mawaƙa
Ilja Richter, Jarumar Jamus
Ilya Dzhirkvelov marubuci kuma KGB mai rauni
Masu kishin addini Ilya Muromets, Orthodox monastic saint, gwarzon mutanen Rasha
Iliya, annabi Ibrananci na ƙarni na tara KZ, wanda aka sani da Rashanci kamar Ilya
Ali ko Eli (sunan Larabci), kani kuma surukin annabin musulunci Muhammad, kuma limamin shiah na farko.
(Akwai ambato daga Imam Ali "ana ce da ni Elya Alya a cikin Yahudawa, Iliya a cikin kiristoci, Ali ga babana, Haydar kuma ga mahaifiyata"),
Haruffa na almara Ilya Pasternak, almara hali daga wasan bidiyo Ace Combat 6: Gobarar 'Yanci
Illya Kuryakin, babban jigo a cikin shirin talabijin The Man from UNCLE
Ilya Tretiak, wani hali a cikin fim din 1997 The Saint
Ilya a cikin littafin Haruffa daga Rifka
Ilya, wani hali a cikin littafin da daidaitawar fim Heaven Knows What
Ilya Afanasyevich Shamrayev, wani hali a cikin Anton Chekhov's The Seagull
Ilya Stepanovich Igolkin, wani hali a cikin Plutonia Vladimir Obruchev
Ilya (Ilyusha) Snegiryov, wani hali a cikin Fyodor Dostoevsky ta Brothers Karamazov.
Illyasviel von Einzbern, wani hali a cikin jerin Fate ta Type-moon
Duba kuma Elia (rashin fahimta)
Ilja
Ilija (sunan ba)
Iliya (suna)
Ilin
Ilinka
Ilyinsky (rashin fahimta)
Ilino
Illyasviel
Ilya (band)
|
52730 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI%20Mark%20IV%20radar | AI Mark IV radar | Radar, Airborne Interception, Mark IV AI Mk. IV wanda Amurka ta samar a matsayin SCR-540, shine tsarin radar na farko na iska zuwa iska na farko a duniya. Farkon Mk. Rukunin III sun bayyana a cikin Yuli 1940 akan masu tayar da bama-bamai masu haske na Bristol Blenheim, yayin da tabbataccen Mk. IV ya kai yawan samuwa a kan Bristol Beaufighter babban mayaki a farkon 1941. A kan Beaufighter, Mk. IV mai gardama ya taka rawa wajen kawo karshen Blitz, yaƙin neman zaɓe na dare na Luftwaffe na ƙarshen 1940 da farkon 1941.
Ci gaban farko ya samo asali ne ta hanyar bayanin 1936 na Henry Tizard kan batun fadan dare. An aika da bayanin zuwa Robert Watt, darektan kokarin bincike na radar, wanda ya yarda ya ba da izini ga masanin kimiyya Edward George "Taffy" Bowen don samar da wata ƙungiya don nazarin matsalar iska. Ƙungiyar tana da tsarin gado na gwaji a cikin jiragen sama daga baya a waccan shekarar, amma an jinkirta ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hudu ta hanyar ƙaura na gaggawa, ƙirar samarwa guda uku da aka watsar, da kuma dangantakar abokantaka ta Bowen tare da maye gurbin Watt, Albert Percival Rowe Daga ƙarshe, an tilasta Bowen daga ƙungiyar kamar yadda tsarin ya fara girma.
A Mk. Jerin IV yana aiki a mitar kusan 193 megahertz (MHz) tare da tsawon 1.5 mita, kuma an ba da jeri na ganowa akan manyan jirage har zuwa Yana da iyakoki na aiki da yawa, gami da iyakar iyakar da ta karu tare da tsayin jirgin da mafi ƙarancin kewayon da ya yi kusa da bai isa ya ba matuƙin jirgin damar ganin abin da aka nufa ba. Ana buƙatar fasaha mai mahimmanci daga ma'aikacin radar don fassara nunin bututun ray na cathode (CRTs) na matukin jirgi. Sai kawai tare da haɓaka ƙwarewar ma'aikatan, tare da shigar da sababbin tsarin radar na ƙasa wanda aka keɓe don aikin tsaka-tsakin, adadin shiga ya fara karuwa. Waɗannan kusan ninki biyu kowane wata har zuwa bazara na 1941, a lokacin tsayin The Blitz.
A Mk. An yi amfani da IV a cikin layin gaba na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Gabatar da magnetron rami a cikin 1940 ya haifar da saurin ci gaba a cikin radar mitar microwave, wanda ya ba da daidaito mafi girma kuma yana da tasiri a ƙananan tudu. Samfurin Mk. VII ya fara maye gurbin Mk. IV a karshen 1941, da AI Mk. VIII ya fi mayar da Mk. IV zuwa ayyukan layi na biyu ta 1943. A Mk. An yi amfani da mai karɓar IV, asalin mai karɓar talabijin, a matsayin tushen ASV Mk. II radar, Chain Home Low, AMES Type 7, da sauran tsarin radar da yawa a duk lokacin yakin.
Ci gaba
Farawa A ƙarshen 1935, haɓakar Robert Watt na abin da aka fi sani da Range and Direction Finding (RDF) a Bawdsey Manor a Suffolk a gabashin gabar tekun Ingila ya yi nasarar gina tsarin da zai iya gano manyan jirage a jeri. fiye da A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Watt ya rubuta wata takarda ta kira don gina jerin tashoshin radar da ke gudana a gabar gabashin Ingila da Scotland, mai nisan baya, yana ba da gargaɗin farko ga dukan tsibiran Biritaniya. Wannan ya zama sananne da Chain Home (CH), kuma nan da nan sai radars da kansu suka zama suna da suna iri ɗaya. Ci gaba ya ci gaba, kuma a ƙarshen 1935 kewayon ya inganta zuwa sama da rage yawan tashoshin da ake buƙata. A lokacin 1936 an gwada tsarin gwaji a Bawdsey akan hare-hare iri-iri, tare da ci gaba mai yawa na ka'idar shiga tsakani da aka gudanar a RAF Biggin Hill Daya daga cikin masu lura shine Hugh Dowding, da farko a matsayin darektan bincike na RAF, kuma daga baya a matsayin kwamandan rundunar RAF Fighter Command Dowding ya kara da cewa, tashoshin CH na bayar da bayanai da yawa, ta yadda masu gudanar da aikin ke samun matsala wajen isar da su ga matukan jirgi, kuma matukan jirgin sun samu matsala wajen fahimtarsa. Ya magance hakan ne ta hanyar samar da abin da a yau ake kira da tsarin Dowding Tsarin Dowding ya dogara da hanyar sadarwar tarho mai zaman kansa yana isar da bayanai daga tashoshin CH, Royal Observer Corps (ROC), da kuma gano hanyoyin rediyo na pip-squeak (RDF) zuwa wani ɗaki na tsakiya inda aka tsara rahotannin akan babban taswira. Daga nan ne aka tuntubi wannan bayanin ta wayar tarho zuwa hedkwatar Rukunin yanki guda hudu, wadanda suka sake kirkiro taswirar da ke kunshe da yankin ayyukansu. Daga nan za a aika da cikakkun bayanai daga waɗannan taswirori zuwa ga kowane Sassan Ƙungiya, wanda ya shafi manyan tashoshin jiragen sama ɗaya ko biyu, daga nan zuwa ga matuƙan ta hanyar rediyo. Wannan tsari ya ɗauki lokaci, lokacin da jirgin da aka yi niyya ya motsa. Kamar yadda tsarin CH yayi daidai kawai zuwa kusan 1 km mafi kyau, rahotannin da suka biyo baya sun warwatse kuma ba za su iya sanya manufa daidai ba fiye da Wannan yana da kyau don tsaka-tsakin rana; Da ma matukan jirgi sun saba hango abin da suke hari a cikin wannan kewayon.
Dare bam Henry Tizard, wanda Kwamitin binciken Kimiyya na Tsaron Sama ya jagoranci haɓaka tsarin CH, ya damu da cewa CH zai yi tasiri sosai. Ya yi tsammanin cewa Luftwaffe za ta yi hasarar da yawa ta yadda za a tilasta musu dakatar da hare-haren da rana, kuma za su koma yunkurin tayar da bam. Magabata a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya sun yi daidai lokacin da Yankin Tsaron Sama na Landan ya yi nasarar hana hare-hare da rana, kuma yunƙurin kutsa kai harin bama-bamai na Jamus da daddare ya zama abin ban dariya. Damuwar Tizard zai tabbatar da annabci; Bowen ya kira shi "daya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan hasashen fasahar da aka yi a karni na ashirin". Tizard was aware that tests showed an observer would only be able to see an aircraft at night at a range of about perhaps under the very best moonlit conditions, an accuracy that the Dowding system could not provide. Adding to the problem would be the loss of information from the ROC, who would not be able to spot the aircraft except under the very best conditions. If the interception was to be handled by radar, it would have to be arranged in the short time between initial detection and the aircraft passing beyond the CH sites on the shoreline.
Tizard ya sanya tunaninsa a cikin wasiƙar 27 Afrilu 1936 zuwa Hugh Dowding, wanda a wancan lokacin Memba ne na Bincike da Ci gaba Ya kuma aika kwafin zuwa Watt, wanda ya tura shi ga masu binciken da ke ƙaura zuwa sabuwar tashar binciken su a Bawdsey Manor. A cikin wani taro a mashaya Crown da Castle, Bowen ya danna Watt don izinin kafa ƙungiya don nazarin yiwuwar sanya radar a kan jirgin da kansa. Wannan yana nufin tashoshin CH kawai suna buƙatar shigar da mayaki a cikin babban yanki na maharin, mayaƙin zai iya amfani da nasa radar don sauran tsangwama. Watt daga ƙarshe ya gamsu cewa ma'aikatan da ake buƙata don tallafawa ci gaban CH biyu kuma an sami sabon tsarin, kuma an cire rukunin Airborne daga ƙoƙarin CH a watan Agusta 1936.
Ƙoƙarin farko Bowen ya fara ƙoƙarin radar Interception (AI) ta hanyar tattaunawa game da batun tare da injiniyoyi biyu a kusa da RAF Martlesham Heath, Fred Roland, da NE Rowe. Ya kuma kai ziyara da dama a hedkwatar Rundunar Fighter a RAF Bentley Priory kuma ya tattauna dabarun fada da dare tare da duk wanda ya nuna sha'awar. Ma'auni na farko don radar iska, wanda ko dai matukin jirgi ko mai kallo ke aiki, sun haɗa da:
nauyi kada ya wuce shigar sarari na ko fiye,
matsakaicin ikon amfani da 500 W watts kuma
eriya mai tsayi ko ƙasa da haka. Bowen ya jagoranci sabuwar ƙungiya don gina abin da ake kira RDF2 a lokacin, tsarin asali ya zama RDF1. Sun fara neman tsarin karban da ya dace, kuma nan da nan suka sami bugun jini; Kwanan nan EMI ta ƙera mai karɓar samfuri don watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na gwaji na BBC akan 6.7 m tsawo (45 MHz). Mai karɓa yayi amfani da bututu bakwai ko takwas (valves) akan chassis tsayi kuma kusan tsawo. Haɗe tare da nunin CRT, tsarin gabaɗayan yana auna Daga baya Bowen ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi nisa da nesa fiye da duk wani abu da aka samu a Biritaniya har zuwa lokacin." Maimakon haka, an karɓi tsarin eriya masu karɓa da yawa, kowanne yana samuwa ta yadda wani yanki na sararin samaniya kawai ake iya gani. An ɗora masu karɓa biyu a kwance a kowane gefe na fuselage kuma kawai sun ga tunani daga hagu ko dama, ɗan ɗanɗana a tsakiya. An ɗora masu karɓa biyu a tsaye sama da ƙasa da reshe, suna ganin tunani sama ko ƙasa da jirgin. OkKo da a cikin 1.5 m tsawo, eriya masu girman aiki suna da ƙarancin riba da ƙarancin ƙuduri; eriyar mai watsawa ta ƙirƙiri sigina mai siffar fan sama da faɗin digiri 90. Wannan ba shi da amfani don homing akan manufa, don haka ana buƙatar wasu tsarin nunin jagora. Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kwatancen lokaci da gaske a matsayin mafita, amma ba ta iya samun da'irar canjin lokaci mai dacewa ba. A wannan lokacin ma'aikatar jiragen sama ta yi fatan samun kowace na'ura ta aiki. Da gamsuwa da ziyararsa a watan Mayu, Dowding ya ba da shawarar cewa Mk. Na yi kyau don dalilai na gwaji na aiki. A kan 11 Yuni 1939, AI an ba da fifiko mafi girma kuma an yi tanadi don samar da ƙarin Blenheims 11 zuwa No 25 squadron a RAF Hawkinge (don jimlar 21). Tun da kowane ɓangaren ya fito ne daga masu ba da kaya daban-daban, kuma masu dacewa ba su da masaniya da kowane ɗayansu, membobin ƙungiyar AI dole ne su haɗa abubuwan da aka haɗa da hannu yayin da suka isa kuma suna ba da umarni masu dacewa akan saiti. Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
45518 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Llewellyn | Charlie Llewellyn | Charles Bennett Buck Llewellyn (an haife shi a y 29 ga watan Satumbar 1876 ya rasu a ranar 7 ga watan Yunin 1964), shi ne ɗan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba. Ya bayyana a wasannin gwaji 15 don Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin shekarar 1895 zuwa ta 1912, kuma ya buga wasan kurket na Ingilishi a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan Hampshire tsakanin shekarar 1899 da ta 1910.
Rayuwa da aiki An haife shi ba ta hanyar aure ba a Pietermaritzburg ga mahaifin Welsh da mahaifiyar Saint Helenan baƙar fata, Llewellyn mai duhu ido da duhu yana da ƙarancin girma a Natal, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ruwa biyu. Ya nuna duk bajintar wasan kurket tun yana ƙarami a matsayin ɗan wasan basman na hagu mai wuya, mai jinkirin ɗaukar hannu na hagu (tare da isar da hagun mai haɗari a matsayin wani ɓangare na arsenal ɗinsa) da kuma babban ɗan wasa, musamman a tsakiya.
Yayin da wariyar launin fata a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara na Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da wasu manyan 'yan wasan da ba farar fata ba a cire su daga sassan wakilai, ikon Llewellyn ya ba da kansa a matsayin farar fata a wasu lokuta Wilfred Rhodes ya bayyana shi a matsayin "kamar dan wasan Ingila mai tsananin rana" ya taimaka wajen kawar da matsalar launin fata ga zaɓi kuma an zaɓe shi don yin wasansa na farko a Natal da Transvaal a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilun 1895, inda ya ɗauki wiki huɗu. Duk da yake yanzu an yarda da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket, Llewellyn za a kira shi "launi" a duk tsawon rayuwarsa kuma akwai rahotanni na cin zarafi da suka shafi tsere daga wasu 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu.
Da yake burge shi da fasaha na wasan kurket, masu zaɓen suka zaɓe shi a fafatawa a Natal da Lord Hawke na Ingila XI, daga baya kuma suka zaɓi Llewellyn don yin gwajinsa na farko a Afirka ta Kudu da Ingila a Johannesburg a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, 1896, yana da shekaru 19 da kwanaki 155.
Llewellyn ya kasa shan wicket a wannan gwaji na farko kuma nan da nan aka cire shi daga ragowar jerin amma ya amsa ta hanyar yin ban sha'awa a gasar cin kofin Currie na shekarar 1897-1898 da 1898-1899, wanda ya kai ga kiransa ga tawagar kasar don gwajin farko na shekarar 1898-1899 da Ingila Llewellyn ya burge ta da shan wikiti biyar amma abin mamaki an bar shi daga gwaji na biyu.
A ƙarshen shekarar 1898-1899 Llewellyn, wanda ayyukan waɗanda aka zaɓa suka damu da kuma neman tsaro na kuɗi, ya bar Afirka ta Kudu don buga wasa a ƙungiyar Cricket Club ta Hampshire County na Ingilishi a matsayin ƙwararren, bisa shawarar abokin wasan Afirka ta Kudu Manjo Robert Poore, tsohon ɗan wasan kurket na Hampshire akan aikin soja. Zai yi tauraro a Hampshire sama da shekaru goma, inda ya zira ƙwallaye 8772 yana gudana a 27.58 kuma yana cin wickets 711 a 24.66. Siffar sa ta kasance kamar a cikin shekarar 1902 Llewellyn ya kasance mai suna a cikin rukunin Gwajin Farko na Ingilishi a kan masu yawon shakatawa na Australiya, ya ɓace a gefen ƙarshe. Duk da haka an haɗa shi a cikin kaftin ɗin Ingilishi mai ƙarfi Ranjitsinhji don rangadin Amurka wanda ya haɗa da Jessop, Sammy Woods, Archie MacLaren, Stoddart, Bosanquet da Townsend A cikin 1902–1903 Llewellyn ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don yin wasa a cikin jerin Gwaji uku da Ostiraliya Ya zura ƙwallaye 90 a Jarrabawar Farko, mafi girman makin gwajinsa, da kuma cin ƙwallaye tara a wasan. Llewellyn ya ɗauki wickets goma a gwaji na biyu da shida a cikin na uku don saman matsakaicin matsakaicin wasan a 17.92; Nasara mai ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Ostiraliya ta yi nasara da ci 2-0.
Llewellyn ya ci gaba da haskakawa ga Hampshire, wanda aka zaɓa ta zaɓinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Cricketers biyar na Wisden a cikin shekarar 1910, shekararsa ta ƙarshe a Hampshire. Daga nan ya zagaya Ostiraliya tare da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu, inda wasan tasa ya zama abinci ga Victor Trumper, kafin ya koma Ingila a shekarar 1911 don shiga kulob ɗin Accrington, ta haka ya zama dan wasan kurket na farko da ya fara taka leda a gasar Lancashire A cikin shekarar 1912, Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar da shi daga matakin ritaya na farko don taka leda a gasar Triangular, inda ya zira ƙwallaye 75 a gwaji na farko da Ingila a Lord's da kuma karin rabin karni da Australia a Ubangiji.
Llewellyn ya yi ritaya daga wasan kurket na gwaji bayan gasar triangular, bayan ya buga gwaje-gwaje 15 (biyar da Ingila da goma da Australia), ya ci 544 a guje a 20.14 da 48 a 29.60. Duk da haka ya ci gaba da yin tauraro a wasan kurket, a ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1938 yana da shekaru 62.
Llewellyn ya karya cinyarsa a shekara ta 1960, wanda ya shafi motsinsa na tsawon rayuwarsa kuma ya mutu a Chertsey, Surrey a shekarar 1964, yana da shekaru 87. Ko da bayan mutuwarsa, Llewellyn ya kasance mai jayayya, kamar yadda 'yar Llewellyn, mazaunin Ingila, a cikin shekarar 1976, ya fito fili ya yi jayayya cewa shi ba farar fata ba ne, yana mai cewa mahaifiyarsa farar fata ce haifaffen Ingila. Gadon Llewellyn a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba ya kasance babba. A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata an yi amfani da shi wajen nuna cewa ’yan wasan kurket waɗanda ba farar fata ba za su iya taka rawar gani kamar yadda takwarorinsu farar fata suke yi, yayin da masu sharhi na zamani suka yi nuni da zaɓen da aka yi na rashin gaskiya da aka yi wa Llewellyn na Afirka ta Kudu a duk tsawon rayuwarsa sakamakon wariyar launin fata saboda launin fatarsa. Yayin da Llewellyn ya kasance dan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba, sai da Omar Henry ya shiga filin wasa da Indiya a watan Nuwambar 1992 Afrika ta Kudu ta samu ta biyu.
Manazarta
Duba kuma Merret, C. (2004) "Wasanni da Race a cikin Natal Natal: CB Llewellyn, Cricketer Baƙi na Farko na Afirka ta Kudu", Ƙididdiga na Cricket, Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Cricket da Tarihi, Winter 2004, No. 128, Nottingham.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Charlie Llewellyn at ESPNcricinfo
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20264 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Kimiyya%20da%20Fasaha%20ta%20Jihar%20Enugu | Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu | Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu (ESUT) wata jami'a ce a Nijeriya wacce aka kafa a matsayin ASUTECH a ranar 30 ga Yulin 1980.
Tarihi An kirkiro Jami'ar ne da nufin kafa wata cibiya wacce dole ne ta kasance tana da alaka ta kut da kut da al'umma, masana'anta kuma sama da komai, suna zama masu kawo ci gaba ga fasahar mutane, don haka taken jami'ar ya kasance "Fasaha don Hidima". Dokar da ta kafa Jami'ar ta Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta Anambra ta biyo baya tare da nada marigayi farfesa Kenneth Onwuka Dike a matsayin Shugaba na farko kuma Babban Jami'in Jami'ar da kuma kaddamar da Majalisar Koli ta farko na Jami'ar tare da marigayi Farfesa Onwuka Dike a matsayin Shugaba Shugaba na farko. (Oktoba 1980 Oktoba 1983). Daga baya, aka nada Farfesa Chinua Achebe Pro-Chancellor da Shugaban Majalisar tare da Farfesa Chiweyite Ejike a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (1987 1988). Tawagar shugabannin jami’ar a wancan lokacin sun hada da Mista FC Eze Magatakarda, Mista GC Akachukwu Mukaddashin Bursar da Dr. (Mrs. Ngozi Ene Babban Malaman Jami'a. A karshen aikin Farfesa Achebe, an nada Farfesa Gaius Igboeli a matsayin Pro-Chancellor na gaba kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwar Jami'ar. (1989 1991) yayin da Farfesa Chiweyite Ejike har yanzu yake Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a.
Bayan kirkirar jihar Enugu a 1991 da kuma canjin sunan jami’ar zuwa jami’ar kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Enugu, an nada Hon, Justice Anthony Aniagolu a matsayin Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gwamnati tare da Prof. Julius Onuorah Onah a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (1992 1996). Ƙungiyar ta gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin Farfesa Onah sun haɗa da Dr. Fidelis Ogah a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar, Mista FC Eze a matsayin Magatakarda, Dr. (Mrs. Ngozi Eneh Malami a Jami'a da Mista GC Akachukwu Bursar. A karshen lokacin da tenuwa Farfesa Julius Onah ya zo a cikin sauri da jũna, Farfesa TC Nwodo a matsayin Mukaddashin Mataimakin Shugaban da daga baya Farfesa Mark Anikpo matsayin Mukaddashin Mataimakin Shugaban ma.
Wani sabon kafin chansilo kuma Shugaban Majalisar a matsayin Igwe Charles Abangwu tare da Farfesa Samuel C. Chukwu a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (Janairu 2000 Disamba, 2003) daga baya aka sanya su. A karshen zangonsa na Igwe Charles Abangwu aka bi ta nada Igwe Francis Okwor (yanzu marigayi) kamar yadda Pro-Chancellor, kuma shugaban Majalisar tsakanin Janairu 2004 da kuma Agusta 2004. Bayan rasuwar Pro-Chancellor, an ƙaddamar da Kwamitin Gudanarwa don kula da jami’ar tsakanin watan Agusta 2004 da Agusta 2006 tare da Cif Clement Okwor wanda a lokacin, Shugaban Ma’aikata a Jihar Enugu a matsayin shugabanta.
Daga baya aka nada Farfesa Ikechukwu Chidobem Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’a a 2006 ya gaji Farfesa Chukwu. Tawagar gudanarwar karkashin Farfesa Chidobem sun hada da Mista Simon NP Nwankwo a matsayin magatakarda, Mista Fabian Ugwu a matsayin Bursar da Mista George Igwebuike a matsayin mukaddashin jami’in Laburaren. Wani sabon kafin chansilo kuma Shugaban majalisa a matsayin Barista David Ogbodo daga baya an nada shi don maye gurbin Kwamitin Gudanarwa a watan Agusta 2006. Sauran mambobin majalisar sun hada da Prof. Fab. Onah, Prof. David Edeani, Cif GO Okereke, Mrs. Janet Ngene, Mrs. Fidelia Agu, Arc. Sylvester Chineke (yanzu ya makara) da Farfesa Nene Obianyo Provost, Kwalejin Koyon Magunguna.
Gani Don zama babban jami'a a Afirka a ci gaban haɓaka wanda ke haɓaka sabis ga al'umma ta hanyar ingantaccen koyarwa, bincike da hidimar al'umma.
Manufa Don inganta ilimin, musamman a fannonin Kimiyya, Gudanarwa da Fasaha, don haka tabbatar da haɓaka ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda za su yi amfani da fasaha don hidimar al'umma.
Fannuka Fannin Aikin Noma da Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasa
Fannin aiyuka da ainihin Kimiyya
Sashen Ilimi
Fannin ƙere-ƙere
Fannin Kimiyyar Muhalli
Fannin shara'a
Fannin Kimiyyar Gudanarwa
Fannin Kimiyyar Magunguna
Fannin Kimiyyar Zamani.
Majalisar Gudanarwa His Lordship,Most Rev. (Prof. Godfrey I. Onah Pro kansila
Farfesa Luke Okechukwu Anike Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’a
Farfesa Samuel Godwin Nwoye Eze Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban jami'ar
Mista Leonard Khama Magatakarda Sakataren Majalisar
Manyan jami'ai Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Farfesa Luke Okechukwu Anike
Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Farfesa Samuel Godwin Nwoye Eze
Magatakarda Mista Leonard Khama
Bursar Mista Ikenna Ezeugwu
Jami'in Laburaren Mista George Eke Asogwa
Tsofaffin ɗalibai Chigozie Atuanya, Nijeriya actor, m da kuma kasuwa
Blossom Chukwujekwu, dan wasan Najeriya
Sandra Ezekwesili, 'Yar Jaridar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya, Mai gabatar da Rediyo, Mai Magana da yawun Jama'a da kuma Compere
Osinakachukwu Ideozu, dan kasuwar nan na Najeriya kuma dan siyasar Jam’iyyar Democrat
Daniel Lloyd, dan wasan Najeriya.
Stephen Ocheni, farfesa a Najeriya
Mao Ohuabunwa, ɗan siyasan Najeriya, ɗan kasuwa
Tessy Okoli, Provost na Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Umunze
Nnamdi Okonkwo, Babban Darakta Manajan Darakta na Fidelity Bank Nigeria
Chika Okpala, dan wasan barkwancin Najeriya
Lawrence Onochie, fasto dan Najeriya kuma mai magana da yawun jama’a
Nkiru Sylvanus, yar wasan Najeriya
Dave Umahi, Gwamnan Jihar Ebonyi
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu shafin hukuma.
Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu Jami'o'i a |
24513 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armie%20Hammer | Armie Hammer | Armand Douglas “Armie” Hammer (an haife shi a watan Agusta 28, 1986) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ofan ɗan kasuwa Michael Armand Hammer kuma babban jikan hamshaƙin attajirin mai Armand Hammer, ya fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da baƙo a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa. Matsayin jagoran farko na Hammer shine kamar Billy Graham a cikin fim ɗin 2008 Billy: Shekarun Farko, kuma ya sami babban yabo saboda kwatancin tagwayen Cameron da Tyler Winklevoss a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin David Fincher The Social Network (2010), wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu Fasahar Fina -Finan ta Toronto don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Hammer ya nuna Clyde Tolson a cikin biopic J. Edgar (2011), ya buga halayen taken a yammacin The Lone Ranger (2013), kuma ya yi tauraro a matsayin Illya Kuryakin a cikin fim ɗin aikin Mutumin daga UNCLE (2015). A cikin 2017, ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayon soyayya na Luca Guadagnino Kira Ni da Sunan ku, wanda ya sami lambar yabo don Golden Globe don Mafi Tallafin Jarumi da nadin Kyautar Ruhu Mai 'Yanci don Kyakkyawan Tallafin Namiji A shekara mai zuwa, ya nuna Martin D. Ginsburg a cikin biopic On the Basis of Sex (2018). A kan Broadway, ya yi tauraro a cikin samar da madaidaicin Farin Maza a cikin 2018.
A cikin 2021, an yi iƙirarin cin zarafin fasikanci da cin abincin dabbobi a kan Hammer, gami da zargin BDSM da ba a yarda da shi ba, fyade, da cin zarafin jiki da tausayawa. Hammer ya musanta zargin, inda ya kira su da "hari ta yanar gizo". Daga baya ya yi watsi da ayyuka da yawa na gaba kuma mukaddashin hukumar da mai tallata shi ya yi watsi da shi.
Rayuwar farko da asali An haifi Armand Douglas Hammer a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 1986, a Santa Monica, California Mahaifiyarsa, Dru Ann née Mobley), tsohuwar jami'ar bada lamuni ce ta banki, kuma mahaifinsa, Michael Armand Hammer, ya mallaki kasuwanci da yawa, ciki har da Knoedler Publishing da Armand Hammer Productions, kamfanin fim/talabijin. Yana da ɗan ƙarami, Viktor. Hammer ya bayyana tarihinsa a matsayin "rabin Yahudawa." Babban kakansa na mahaifin ya kasance attajirin mai kuma mai taimakon al'umma Armand Hammer, wanda iyayensa baƙi ne Yahudawa zuwa Amurka daga (lokacin) Daular Rasha, kuma daga zuriyar Yahudawa 'yan Ukraine ne; Mahaifin Armand, Julius Hammer, ya kasance daga Odessa (yanzu a Ukraine, amma a cikin Daular Rasha), kuma ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a New York. Babbar mahaifiyar Armie ita ce yar wasan Rasha kuma mawaƙa Olga Vadimovna "Vadina" (daga Sevastopol yar tsarist janar. Kakan mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga Texas, yayin da dangin mahaifiyarsa daga Tulsa, Oklahoma Dangane da bincike da Ancestry.com, kakan Hammer na takwas shine Cherokee Chief Kanagatucko, wanda "sanannen mai ba da shawara ne na zaman lafiya da abokantaka" a lokacin Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya da Yakin Shekaru Bakwai Hammer ya zauna a unguwar Dallas na Highland Park tsawon shekaru. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara bakwai, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Tsibirin Cayman, inda suka zauna tsawon shekaru biyar, sannan suka koma Los Angeles. Ya halarci Kwalejin Faulkner a Harbor na Gwamna, Tsibirin Cayman, da Grace Christian Academy, kuma a Grand Cayman (makarantar da mahaifinsa ya kafa a West Bay, Grand Cayman), daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Sakandaren Baptist ta Los Angeles a cikin San Fernando Valley Ya bar makarantar sakandare a aji na goma sha ɗaya don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan haka, ya ɗauki darussan kwaleji a UCLA Hammer ya ce iyayensa sun yi watsi da shi lokacin da ya yanke shawarar barin makaranta ya fara wasan kwaikwayo amma daga baya sun zama masu goyon baya da alfahari da aikinsa.
Sana'a
2005–2015: Aikin farko da nasara Sana'ar wasan kwararru ta Hammer ta fara ne da ƙaramin baƙo a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen Arrested Development, Veronica Mars, Yarinya mai tsegumi, Mai girbi da Matan Uwargida Kamfanonin sa na farko zuwa fim sun fara ne da ƙaramin rawar a cikin fim ɗin Flicka na 2006, haka kuma tare da yin fim a cikin wani abin ban sha'awa na 2008, Blackout Matsayinsa na farko a cikin fim ya zo tare da kwatancin mai wa'azin Kirista Billy Graham a cikin Billy: Farkon Shekaru, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba 2008. Fim ɗin ya ba Hammer lambar yabo ta "Bangaskiya da Darajoji" a cikin Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta, wanda Mediaguide, ƙungiyar da ke ba da sake duba fim daga hangen Kirista. A cikin 2007 mai shirya fim George Miller ya zaɓi Hammer, bayan dogon bincike, don yin tauraro a cikin shirin superhero da aka shirya Justice League: Mortal, a matsayin Batman/Bruce Wayne Fim din, wanda Miller zai jagoranta, daga baya an soke shi. Soke fim ɗin ya zo da yawa saboda yajin aikin 2007–08 Marubutan Guild of America da kuma dakatar da tattaunawar ragin kasafin kuɗi tare da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya. A cikin 2009, ya buga Harrison Bergeron a cikin 2081, dangane da gajeriyar labarin sunan ɗaya daga marubuci Kurt Vonnegut, wanda ya fara fitowa a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Seattle A cikin 2010 rawar rawar fim ɗin Hammer yana cikin David Fincher 's Social Network, game da ƙirƙirar Facebook. Ya baiyana tagwayen Cameron da Tyler Winklevoss, tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Josh Pence suna aiki a matsayin jiki biyu yayin yin fim. Masu shirya fina-finan sun yi amfani da hoton kwamfuta da aka ƙera a lokacin da ake samarwa don mamaye fuskar Hammer akan Pence da kuma amfani da hoton allo mai raba allo a wasu al'amuran. A shirye -shiryen fim ɗin, Hammer ya bayyana cewa dole ne ya koyi yadda ake yin layi a ɓangarorin biyu na jirgin ruwa don yin wasa da tagwayen, waɗanda ke zama zakara. Hammer da Pence suma sun shiga cikin watanni 10 na babban sansanin tagwayen takalmi a shirye -shiryen matsayin su, don "haƙa dabarun dabara da salon magana wanda Winklevosses zai haɓaka sama da shekaru ashirin na daidaiton kwayoyin halitta." Wannan fim ɗin ya ba Hammer farin jini na farko na farko, tare da Richard Corliss na <i id="mwwQ">mujallar Time</i> yana mai bayanin cewa hoton Hammer na tagwayen "babban abin mamaki ne na trompe l'oeil na sakamako na musamman". Don rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin, Hammer ya lashe lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu Fassara na Fina -Finan Toronto don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Matsayinsa na gaba shine na Mataimakin Babban Daraktan FBI, Clyde Tolson, a cikin fim ɗin Clint Eastwood na 2011 J. Edgar Wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwa, wanda Dustin Lance Black ya rubuta, ya mai da hankali kan faɗaɗa aikin J. Edgar Hoover wanda Leonardo DiCaprio ya nuna babban matsayin. Addashin da aka fi mayar yaba, tare da David Denby na The New Yorker kiran guduma ta yi "m", da kuma The Hollywood labarai Todd McCarthy ya bayyana shi a matsayin "m". McCarthy ya ci gaba a cikin bita don yaba musamman ilmin sunadarai tsakanin DiCaprio da Hammer, musamman a cikin nunin su na alaƙar soyayya tsakanin halayen su, yana mai nuni da cewa, na mafi kyawun abubuwa game da fim; motsin rai, da aka ba duk abubuwan zamantakewa da siyasa da ke wasa, suna jin cikakken abin gaskatawa, kuma DiCaprio da Hammer sun yi fice yayin musayar raɗaɗi, sha'awar ɓoye, sake tunani da fahimtar juna. Duk da wannan, fim ɗin ya sami sake dubawa daban -daban, a sashi saboda shugabanci da rubutu, amma tare da sukar musamman a kayan shafa da aka yi amfani da su don tsufa haruffan DiCaprio da Hammer. Dukansu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun karɓi nunin lambar' yan wasan kwaikwayo na Guild Awards A shekara mai zuwa Hammer ya haɗu tare da Julia Roberts da Lily Collins a cikin Mirror Mirror (2012), suna wasa Yarima Andrew Alcott. A cikin Janairu 2012, ya bayyana tagwayen Winklevoss a cikin wani labari na The Simpsons mai taken The D'oh-cial Network A cikin 2013, an jefa Hammer azaman matsayin taken Disney's, The Lone Ranger, tare da Johnny Depp a matsayin Tonto, a cikin daidaita rediyo da jerin fina -finan Lone Ranger Fim din, wanda aka saki a wasan kwaikwayo a watan Yulin 2013, bam ne na ofishin akwatin, inda ya tara dala miliyan 260.5 kawai a duk duniya a kan rahoton kasafin dala miliyan 215. A cikin 2015, ya yi tauraro a cikin darekta Guy Ritchie 's Man daga UNCLE, fasalin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayon na 1960s TV The Man daga UNCLE, yana wasa Illya Kuryakin, gaban Henry Cavill 2016 present: Mai zaman kansa fim mayar da hankali A shekara mai zuwa Hammer ya buga Sam Turner a cikin fim din 2016 Haihuwar Nationasa, wanda Nate Parker ya jagoranta. Fim din, wanda aka fara shi a gasar a bikin fina-finai na Sundance, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Masu Sauraro da Kyautar Babban Jury a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka. A watan Janairun 2016, ya bayyana cewa tun daga 2013, Hammer yana cikin haɗuwa da dangin mashahurin maigidan mai suna Edgar Valdez Villarreal kuma ya sami 'yancin yin fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar jagoran ƙungiyar. Sannan yana da rawa a gun taron Tom Ford wanda ya kasance mai birgewa a rayuwar dabbobi, buga Ord a cikin fim din Free Fire wanda Ben Wheatley ya rubuta kuma ya bada umarni, kuma ya buga US Marine Mike Stevens, a Nawa A cikin shekarar 2017 Hammer ta zama tauraruwa kamar Oliver a cikin Kira na da Sunanka, wanda ya fito tare da Timothée Chalamet da Michael Stuhlbarg Fim ɗin, ɗauke da sabon labari na André Aciman mai wannan sunan, Luca Guadagnino ne ya ba da umarnin. Production ya fara ne a watan Mayu 2016, kuma fim ɗin ya fara aiki a bikin bikin fina-finai na 2017 na Sundance Don aikinsa, Hammer ya sami yabo da gabatarwa don Kyautar Zabi na Masu suka, Kyautar Ruhu mai zaman kanta, da Zinariya ta Duniya don Mafi Kyawun Mai Bada Talla. Mai sukar fina-finai Richard Lawson na Kamfanin <i id="mwATs">Vanity Fair ya</i> tabbatar da cewa Hammer ya yi amfani da "gwargwadon karfinsa da kuma yadda ya bayyana kyawawan dabi'unsa, abin mamaki da kuma hankali." <i id="mwAT8">The Atlantic</i> 's David Sims ya yi tsokaci, "Hammer, wanda zai iya sauƙaƙe a sauƙaƙe zuwa ɓangaren kyakkyawan Hollywood tsayayye, yana mai da hankali; yana sauyawa tsakanin ƙararrakin jama'a na Oliver da taushin kai na sirri tare da sauƙi, yana mai da halinsa fiye da wani sauki abu na so. Michael Phillips na jaridar Chicago Tribune ya bayyana cewa wasan kwaikwayon da Hammer ya yi a cikin fim din shi ne "mafi saukin numfashi da annashuwa mafi kyawun aikinsa". Peter Travers ya kara bayyana yabo ga Hammer; ya rubuta ne don mujallar Rolling Stone "wahayi, yana ba da mafi girman rikitarwarsa ta fuskar allo har zuwa yau da farin ciki na cikakken nutsuwa." Sau da yawa akan nuna shine "ilmin sunadarai na ban dariya" tsakanin Hammer da Chalamet, wanda Christy Lemire na RogerEbert.com ya sami haɗin haɗin gwiwa cikin nasara, a wani ɓangare saboda ƙwarewar Hammer wajen gano "daidaitaccen daidaita tsakanin ɓarkewar halin da yanayin raunin sa yayin da yake ba da kansa ga wannan al'amari mai ban sha'awa. Hammer shima ya ruwaito littafin mai jiwuwa, wanda Macmillan Publishers suka buga A cikin wannan shekarar ya bayyana Jackson Storm, babban mai hamayya, a cikin fim ɗin Disney-Pixar mai rai Cars 3 s tare da Geoffrey Rush a cikin Hoton Karshe na Stanley Tucci Fim ɗin da aka fara gabatarwa a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Berlin na 2017 kuma ya sami sakin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara mai zuwa ta Sony Pictures Classics don bita mai kyau. Owen Gleiberman na <i id="mwAWI">mujallar Iri</i> -iri ya yaba da ikon Hammer na "ba da shawarar rikice -rikicen tunani a ƙarƙashin launin ruwan hoda Clark Kent yayi kama da kyawawan halaye." Mai sukar Muryar Kauyen ya sami wasannin "da ƙarfi iri ɗaya" kuma ya ba da misalin hoton Hammer na marubucin Ba'amurke James Lord a matsayin "abin ban dariya". A cikin 2018, Hammer sun kasance tare a cikin Boots Riley 's dark comedy Kuyi haƙuri ga Bother You tare da Lakeith Stanfield, Steven Yeun, da Tessa Thompson Mai sukar fim din kasa da kasa Tomris Laffly ya bayyana halayyar Hammer, Steve Lift, a matsayin "mai ban dariya wanda ba za a iya tsayayyarsa ba" da "zagin coke, mummunan abu mai banƙyama". Fim din ya fara a bikin fim na Sundance a ranar 20 ga Janairu Fim din ya sami lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Kasa ta 2019 ta Top Ten Independent Films award sannan kuma ya ci Kyauta mafi kyau na Screenplay da Mafi Kyawun Farko a Kyaututtukan Ruhun Mai Girma na 2019. Sannan ya fito a matsayin David a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa Hotel Mumbai, game da hare-haren Mumbai na 2008 Fim din an fara shi ne a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Toronto a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2018. A cikin wannan shekarar, Hammer ya fito tare da Felicity Jones, yana wasa masanin dokar haraji Martin D. Ginsburg, matar Babban Kotun Koli Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a cikin Asasin Jima'i, fim din wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwa wanda ya danganci rayuwa da shari'o'in farko. Ginsburg, wanda Mimi Leder ya jagoranta. An fara shi a Gasar AFI a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2018. A watan Yunin 2018, Hammer ya jagoranci Drew a madaidaiciyar Fararren Maza a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu akan Broadway. Saboda shahararrun ayyukansa na fim daga 2017 zuwa 2018, an ba Hammer "Gwanin Kwarewa a Cinema" ta The SCAD Savannah Film Festival. A shekarar 2019, guduma alamar tauraro a babak Anvari 's m tsoro film Raunuka tare da Dakota Johnson An fara shi a bikin Fina-Finan Sundance a ranar 26 ga Janairu. A cikin 2020, ya yi suna kamar Maxim de Winter a cikin daidaitawar Daphne du Maurier ta Gothic romance <i id="mwAao">Rebecca</i>, wanda Ben Wheatley ya jagoranta tare da Lily James kuma a 2021, ya bayyana tare da Gary Oldman da Evangeline Lilly a opioid rikicin ban sha'awa Crisis Hammer wani bangare ne na babban taron da darekta Kenneth Branagh ya gabatar game da mutuwar Agatha Christie akan Kogin Nilu A cikin 2020 ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na Taika Waititi na wasan motsa jiki mai zuwa Next Goal Wins tare da Michael Fassbender, Elisabeth Moss, Beulah Koale, da Rachel House A cikin 2021, Hammer ya fita daga cikin sa kuma an cire shi daga yawancin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ci gaba, saboda fargabar zargin lalata da lalata, ciki har da binciken cin zarafin mata.
Rayuwar mutum A watan Mayu 2010, Hammer ya auri mai gidan talabijin Elizabeth Chambers Abokin Hammer, mai suna Tyler Ramsey ne ya gabatar da ma'auratan. Suna da yara biyu. A ranar 10 ga Yulin, 2020, Hammer da Chambers sun ba da sanarwar rabuwar su ta hanyar Instagram. An san Hammer ne saboda yawan furta kalamansa, siyasa da zamantakewa a shafukan sada zumunta. A cikin 2011, an kama Hammer a wani shingen binciken sintiri na Amurka a West Texas bayan an gano marijuana a cikin motarsa. Lauyan El Paso ya ƙi gabatar da karar, saboda yawan tabar wiwi da Hammer ke da shi zai kai ga aikata ba daidai ba. A shekarar 2013, Hammer ya ce kamen "rashin fahimta ne game da dokoki da dokokin yankin da na jihohi kuma ga alama dokokin tarayya sun fin dokokin jihar."
Zargin zagi A watan Janairun 2021, mata da yawa suka fito suna zargin Hammer ya ci zarafinsu. Wani asusun Instagram da ba a san shi ba ya fitar da hotunan kariyar da ta yi ikirarin cewa sakonni ne da Hammer ya aika wa mata daban-daban da zai yi hulda da su tsakanin 2016 da 2020, yana mai bayanin kwatancen jima'i da suka hada da tashin hankali, fyade, da cin naman mutane Wata mata da ya aura tsawon wata huɗu a shekarar 2020 ta yi iƙirarin ya sanya mata alama ta hanyar sassaƙa "A" ta farko a cikin ƙashin ƙugu, kuma tana da "da gaske" a cikin shawarar da ke nuna cewa an cire ƙananan haƙarƙarin ta hanyar tiyata don ya ci. Wata matar da ya aura kusan wata biyar a shekarar 2020 ta ce ya kasance mai yawan zafin rai, tana ba da rahoton cewa ya ce yana son cin naman nata, kuma zai tsotse ko lasa mata raunukan idan ta “ɗan yanke jiki a [hannunta]”. Hammer ya karyata sakonnin na Instagram na gaske kuma ya kira su harin intanet. Da yake amsa zargin daya daga cikin tsoffin budurwar, lauyan Hammer ya ce, "Wadannan maganganun da ake yi kan Mista Hammer ba gaskiya bane. Duk wata mu'amala da wannan mutumin, ko kuma wani abokinshi, sun kasance masu yarda ne gaba daya kasancewar an tattauna su sosai, an yarda dasu, kuma sun hada kai. Hammer daga baya ya fice daga fim mai zuwa Shotgun Wedding Daga baya ya bar matsayinsa na jagora a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Paramount mai zuwa Mai bayarwa, ya nisanta daga jerin Starz mai zuwa Gaslit da kuma Broadway suna wasa da Minti, kuma an sauke shi daga Dala Biliyan Leken asiri Kamfanin ba da kyauta na WME ya bar Hammer a matsayin abokin ciniki, kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa mai tallata shi ba zai sake wakiltarsa ba. Haka kuma a cikin watan Janairu, 'yan sanda na Grand Cayman sun yi magana da Hammer game da bidiyon da aka tatsar daga asusunsa na Instagram inda ya ce yana yin lalata da "Miss Cayman" a Tsibirin Cayman. Daga baya dan wasan ya ba da gafara a cikin wani sako na sauti zuwa Kamfanin Cayman Compass, yana mai bayyana cewa matar da ya ambata a cikin bidiyon ba ta da alaƙa da gasar kyaun tsibirin Miss Cayman. A watan Maris na 2021, matar da ta fara gabatar da zarge-zargen cin zarafi a Instagram ta bayyana kanta, kuma ta zargi Hammer da yi mata fyade da karfi a cikin watan Afrilu na 2017. Daga baya Ofishin 'yan sanda na Los Angeles ya tabbatar da cewa shi batun batun cin zarafin mata ne, wanda aka sanya shi a gaba wata daya da ya gabata. Kungiyar lauyoyin Hammer ta musanta zargin.
Filmography
Fim
Talabijin
Wasanin bidiyo
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Armie Hammer at |
50567 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina%20Erdely | Sabrina Erdely | Sabrina Rubin Erdely wata tsohuwar 'yar jarida ce kuma mai ba da rahoto na mujallar, wacce a cikin 2014 ta rubuta labarin batanci a cikin Rolling Stone da ke kwatanta zargin fyade da wasu 'yan'uwa da yawa suka yi wa wata dalibar Jami'ar Virginia. Labarin mai taken Wani Fyade A Harabar Jami'ar", daga baya ya sha kaye. Mujallar ta janye labarin bayan nazarin Makarantar Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia wanda ya kammala da cewa Erdely da Rolling Stone sun kasa shiga "na asali, har ma da aikin jarida na yau da kullum". Sakamakon haka, an ambaci sunan Erdely a cikin kararraki uku tare da bukatar sama da dala miliyan 32 a hade domin samun diyya sakamakon buga labarin.
Wani wanda ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Erdely ya rubuta game da fyade da cin zarafi. Kafin labarin Rolling Stone, aikinta ya bayyana a GQ, Self, New Yorker, Uwar Jones,Glamour, Lafiyar maza da Philadelphia.
In November 2016, a federal court jury found Erdely was liable for defamation with actual malice in a lawsuit brought by University of Virginia administrator Nicole Eramo, and Erdely was found personally responsible for $2 million in damages.
Ilimi da farkon rayuwa An haifi Erdely a New York. Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1994. A cewar Erdely, ta kasance da farko a pre-med dalibi amma ya zama Turanci babba yayinda yake aiki a kan ma'aikatan 34th Street, mujallu sakawa ga Daily Pennsylvanian, harabar jaridar A lokacin da take aiki a titin 34th, abokin aikinta Stephen Glass "ya jefi dacewa mai kyau" bayan ita da abokin aikinta "sun shirya wani labari mai ban dariya kuma a bayyane yake" ga mujallar Daga baya, a cikin wata kasida da ta rubuta wa mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai na Jami'ar Pennsylvania, ta kira Glass a "sociopathic creep" saboda, in ji ta, ya ƙirƙira labarun da aka buga a matsayin aikin jarida na gaskiya a cikin New Republic.
Sana'a Bayan yamujallnn, Erdely ya tafi aiki don Philadelphia kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin marubucin mujallar mai zaman kansa.
Rubutun mujallu Labarin Erdely na 1996 na Philadelphia, game da wata mace da ta yi zargin cewa likitan mata ya yi mata fyade, an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta kasa. Wani labari na 2012 don Rolling Stone, ke zargin cin zarafi na daliban gayu a Minnesota, an zabe shi kamar haka kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Magazine Articl. A cikin 2003 Erdely a rubuta wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin GQ game da sanannen con man Steve Comisar. Labari na Rolling Stone na Erdely na 2013, "The Rape of Petty Officer Blumer," ya ba da labarin zargin yin amfani da kwayoyi da fyade ga wata karamar jami'ar sojan ruwa ta Amurka da wasu sojojin Amurka uku suka yi.
Labarin Rolling Stone:"Faylolin Laifukan Jima'i na Cocin Katolika" A cikin 2011, Erdely ya ba da labarin wani labari na Rolling Stone game da cin zarafin yara a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika a Philadelphia.(An yi bincike a cocin a birane da yawa tun lokacin da The Boston Globe fallasa a cikin 02 a kariyar cocin na firistoci masu farauta.) Labarin Erdely ya kwatanta wani yaro mai daraja na biyar na bagadi da ake kira "Billy Doe" wanda "mummunan hare-haren ya juya Billy Doe ya kasance babba lokacin da ya gabatar da zarge-zargen nasa, wanda ya haifar da tuhumar laifukan da ya kai ga daure wasu ma'aikatan coci uku. Doe ya kuma shigar da babbar kara a kan cocin. Ralph Cipriano ya rubuta a cikin Newsweek cewa "Erdely bai sani ba ko kuma ya damu don ganowa cocicewa Billy ya riga ya ba da labarinsa ga babban coci, 'yan sanda, da kuma babban uri, kuma daga bisani zai sake ba da shi ga wasu alkalai guda biyu daban-daban a cikin masu laifi iyu. louta. Kuma a duk lokacin da ya ba da labarnsa, bayanan sun yi ta canjawa.” A karo na farko na fyaden Billy Doe ya yi iƙirarin jimrewa, an buga shi a ume, an tubeshi, an ɗaure shi da bagadin coci da sahes, kuma an yi masa fyade a kan bagadi na tsawon sa'o'i byar. Abubuwan da suka biyo baya na fyaden da Doe ya yi ba su da ban maaki; wani juzu'i na ƙarshe ya tsallake fyaden tsuliya na awa biyar na baadi. Madadin haka, Billy Doe ya bayana, an tilasta masa shiga cikin al'aurar.na Cipriano ya soki Erdely saboda kasa haɗa bayanai game da bayanan Billy Doe wanda zai iya lalata amincinsa;Alal misali,an kama shi sau shida,sau ɗaya yayin da yake fataucin buhunan tabar heroin 56. Lauyan Doe Slade McLaughlin,da David Clohessy,shugaban SNAP,sun lura a cikin mayar da martani cewa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi abu ne na yau da kullum ga cin zarafin yara.
Rolling Stone article: "The Rape of Petty Officer Blumer"
Labarin Rolling Stone "Wani Fyade A Harabar Jami'a" An buga labarin Erdely na Rolling Stone,mai suna "Rape on Campus",a cikin fitowar Disamba 2014 na waccan mujallar.An yi zargin cewa mutane bakwai na Phi Kappa Psi a Jami'ar Virginia sun yi wa wata daliba fyade a gidan 'yan uwanta a ranar 28 ga Satumba,2012. Tambayoyi daban-daban na Phi Kappa Psi da The Washington Post sun nuna manyan kurakurai da sabani a cikin rahoton.Labarin Erdely ya fuskanci suka a kafafen yada labarai da tambayoyi game da gaskiyar sa. Jaridar Washington Post da Boston Herald duk sun yi kira ga ma'aikatan mujallar da ke da hannu a cikin rahoton da a kori.11 Natasha Vargas-Cooper,marubuci a The Interceptya ce labarin Erdely ya nuna "mummunan ra'ayi mai ban tsoro,ɓoye,"yayin da edita a cikin Wall Street Journal ya yi zargin cewa "Ms.Erdely ba ta gina wani labari ba bisa ga gaskiya,amma ta tafi neman don hujjojin da suka dace da ka'idarta."Yayin da ake ci gaba da sukar labarin, Erdely ta bace daga idon jama'a,inda kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suka kwatanta ta da "MIA" da "kashe grid." Rolling Stone daga baya ya ba da uzuri uku game da labarin.A ranar 10 ga Disamba,2014, The Washington Post ta buga wani sabon lissafi na bincikenta game da labarin Rolling Stone.Da yake taƙaita wannan rahoton,Slate ya lura cewa "yana da ƙarfi,ba tare da faɗin haka ba,cewa za a iya ƙirƙira ƙungiyar fyade a tsakiyar labarin Sabrina Rubin Erdely."
Manazarta Rayayyun |
40726 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Shakespeare | William Shakespeare | William Shakespeare 26 Afrilu 1564 23 Afrilu 1616) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingilishi, mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana yi masa kallon babban marubuci a cikin harshen Ingilishi kuma fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a duniya. Ana kiransa sau da yawa mawaƙin ƙasa na Ingila da Bard of Avon" (ko kuma kawai "Bard"). Ayyukansa na baya, ciki har da haɗin gwiwar, sun ƙunshi wasu wasan kwaikwayo 39, 154 sonnets, dogayen wakoki guda uku, da wasu 'yan wasu baiti, wasu daga cikin marubuta marasa tabbas. An fassara wasan kwaikwayonsa zuwa kowane babban harshe mai rai kuma ana yin su sau da yawa fiye da na kowane marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance a iya cewa shi ne marubuci mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma ana ci gaba da nazari da sake fassara ayyukansa. An haifi Shakespeare kuma ya girma a Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya auri Anne Hathaway, wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku: Susanna, da tagwaye Hamnet da Judith. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1585 zuwa 1592, ya fara aiki mai nasara a London a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma mai mallakar wani kamfani mai suna Lord Chamberlain's Men, wanda daga baya akafi sani da King's of Men. Yana da shekaru 49 (a kusan 1613), ya bayyana ya yi ritaya zuwa Stratford, inda ya mutu bayan shekaru uku. 'Yan kaɗan na bayanan sirri na Shakespeare sun tsira; wannan ya jawo hasashe mai yawa game da al'amura kamar kamanninsa, Sexuality, imaninsa na addini da kuma ko wasu ne suka rubuta ayyukan da aka dangana masa.
Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Shakespeare ya samar da mafi yawan sanannun ayyukansa tsakanin 1589 da 1613. Wasanninsa na farko sun kasance masu ban dariya da tarihi kuma ana daukar su a matsayin wasu mafi kyawun ayyukan da aka samar a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in. Daga nan ya rubuta mafi yawan tragedies har zuwa 1608, daga cikinsu Hamlet, Romeo da Juliet, Othello, King Lear, da Macbeth, duk an dauke su daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin harshen Ingilishi. A cikin lokaci na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya rubuta abubuwan ban tausayi (wanda aka fi sani da romances) kuma ya yi aiki tare da sauran marubutan wasan kwaikwayo.
Yawancin wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare an buga su a cikin bugu na inganci da daidaito a cikin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 1623, John Heminges da Henry Condell, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da abokan Shakespeare, sun buga wani rubutu mafi mahimmanci da aka sani da Folio na Farko, wani bugun da aka tattara na Shakespeare na ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa da duka amma biyu daga cikin wasanninsa. Gabatarwansa wata waka ce ta Ben Jonson, tsohon abokin hamayyar Shakespeare, wanda ya yaba Shakespeare tare da sanannen yanzu: "ba na zamani ba, amma na kowane lokaci".
Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya Shakespeare ɗa ne ga John Shakespeare, alderman kuma ƙwararren mai yin sana'ar safar hannu (mai yin safar hannu) asali daga Snitterfield a Warwickshire, da Mary Arden, 'yar dangin masu affluent landwning. An haife shi a Stratford-Upon-Avon, inda aka yi masa baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu 1564. Ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, amma bisa ga al'ada ana kiyaye shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, Ranar Saint George. Wannan kwanan wata, wanda za a iya gano shi zuwa William Oldys da George Steevens, ya tabbatar da sha'awar masu tarihin saboda Shakespeare ya mutu a daidai wannan ranar a 1616. Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, kuma mafi girma da ya tsira. ɗa.
Kodayake ba a sami bayanan halarta na wannan lokacin ba, yawancin masu tarihin rayuwa sun yarda cewa tabbas Shakespeare ya sami ilimi a Sabuwar Makarantar King a Stratford, makarantar kyauta da aka yi hayar a 1553, kusan mil (mile kwata). 400 m) daga gidansa. Makarantun nahawu sun bambanta da inganci a lokacin Elizabethan, amma tsarin karatun nahawu sun kasance kama da haka: ainihin rubutun Latin an daidaita shi ta dokar sarauta, kuma makarantar za ta ba da ilimi mai zurfi a cikin nahawu bisa ga marubutan gargajiya na Latin. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Shakespeare ya auri Anne Hathaway mai shekaru 26. Kotun da'a na Diocese na Worcester ta ba da lasisin aure a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1582. Kashegari, biyu daga cikin makwabtan Hathaway sun buga shaidu da ke ba da tabbacin cewa babu wani da'awar halal da ta hana auren. Wataƙila an shirya bikin cikin gaggawa tun lokacin da shugaban gwamnati na Worcester ya ba da izinin karanta haramcin aure sau ɗaya maimakon sau uku, da watanni shida bayan auren Anne ta haifi diya mace. Susanna, ta yi baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu 1583. Twins, ɗan Hamnet da 'yar Judith, sun bi kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka kuma aka yi musu baftisma a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu 1585. Bayan haihuwar tagwaye, Shakespeare ya bar tarihin tarihi har sai da aka ambace shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na London a karni na 1592. Banda shi ne bayyanar sunansa a cikin "lissafin korafi" na wata shari'a a gaban kotun Sarauniya a Westminster Michaelmas Term 1588 da 9 Oktoba 1589 shekaru". Marubutan tarihin rayuwar da suke ƙoƙarin yin lissafin wannan lokacin sun ba da rahoton labaran apocryph da yawa. Nicholas Rowe, marubucin tarihin rayuwar farko na Shakespeare, ya ba da labarin wani labari na Stratford cewa Shakespeare ya gudu daga garin zuwa Landan don tserewa tuhumar farautar barewa a cikin gida na squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare kuma ya kamata ya dauki fansa akan Lucy ta hanyar rubuta balla mai ban tsoro game da shi. Wani labari na karni na 18 shine Shakespeare ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo yana kula da dawakai na abokan wasan kwaikwayo a London. John Aubrey ya ruwaito cewa Shakespeare ya kasance malamin makaranta na kasa. Wasu malaman ƙarni na 20 sun ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa Shakespeare ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin shugaban makaranta Alexander Hoghton na Lancashire, wani mai gidan Katolika wanda ya ba da wani sunan "William Shakeshafte" a cikin wasiyyarsa. Ƙananan shaidu sun tabbatar da irin waɗannan labarun ban da jita -jita da aka tattara bayan mutuwarsa, kuma Shakeshafte shine sunan gama gari a yankin Lancashire.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
38881 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zukiswa%20Wanner | Zukiswa Wanner | Articles with hCards
Zukiswa Wanner (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976) ɗan jarida ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne, marubuci kuma edita an haife shi a Zambia kuma yanzu yana zaune a Kenya Tun daga 2006, lokacin da ta buga littafinta na farko, an fitar da litattafanta don samun lambobin yabo da suka hada da lambar yabo ta Adabin Afirka ta Kudu (SALA) da Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth A cikin 2015, ta ci K Sello Duiker Memorial Literary Award na London Cape Town Joburg (2014). A cikin 2014, Wanner ya kasance mai suna a cikin jerin Afirka39 na marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara masu shekaru kasa da 40 tare da iyawa da hazaka don ayyana yanayin adabin Afirka. A cikin shekarar 2020, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Goethe tare da Ian McEwan da Elvira Espejo Ayca, wanda ya sa Wanner ta zama mace ta farko a Afirka da ta lashe kyautar.
Rayuwa da aiki An haifi Zukiswa Wanner a cikin 1976 a Lusaka, Zambia, ga mahaifin Afirka ta Kudu da mahaifiyar Zimbabwe Bayan ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a kasar Zimbabwe ta yi karatun digiri a fannin aikin jarida a jami'ar Hawaii Pacific da ke Honolulu Littafin littafinta na farko, The Madams, an buga shi a cikin 2006 kuma an kira shi "wani ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa da ban dariya game da taron karfafa tattalin arzikin baƙar fata a Johannesburg". An zaba shi don K Sello Duiker Award na Kyautar Adabin Afirka ta Kudu (SALA) a cikin 2007. Ta ci gaba da rubuta wasu litattafai guda uku: Bayan kowane Mutum mai Nasara (2008), Mazajen Kudu (2010), wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth na 2011 (yankin Afirka), da kuma Herman Charles Bosman Kyauta, da 2014's London Cape Town Joburg, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta K Sello Duiker Tunawa Kyautar Adabi a 2015. A cikin 2010, ta haɗu da wasu ayyukan da ba na almara ba: tare da mai daukar hoto na Afirka ta Kudu Alf Kumalo Gidan fursuna, tarihin rayuwa a gidan Mandela na farko 8115 Vilakazi Street, da L'Esprit du Sport tare da mai daukar hoto Faransa Amelie Debray. Wanner shi ne babban editan littafin gajeriyar labari na Afirka-Asiya Bayan Shadows (2012) tare da Rohini Chowdhury. Bugu da kari Wanner ya rubuta litattafan yara guda biyu, Jama Loves Ayaba da Refilwe sake ba da labarin tatsuniyar Rapunzel na Afirka. A cikin 2018, aikinta na almara na uku Da kyar ke Aiki, tarihin tafiya, Bakar Wasika Media ne ya buga. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta 66 da suka rubuta amsa ta zamani ga Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ana shirya ayyukan a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bush da kuma a Westminster Abbey a watan Oktoba 2011. Ita mamba ce ta kafa shirin ReadSA, kamfen da ke ƙarfafa 'yan Afirka ta Kudu su karanta ayyukan Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma zauna a kan shirin adabin Afirka, kwamitin amintattu na Writivism har zuwa Satumba 2016. Ta kasance mai halarta akai-akai a taron adabi na duniya kuma ta gudanar da bita ga matasa marubuta a Zimbabwe, Afirka ta Kudu, Denmark, Jamus da Kenya ta Yamma. A cikin 2015 Wanner kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alkalai uku na Etisalat Kyauta for Adabi, kyautar wallafe-wallafen Pan-African don almara mai tsayi, kuma ita ce alkali na Afirka don lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Short Story Prize 2017. Ta kasance wacce ta kafa kuma mai kula da Ganawa da Fasaha a Nairobi, Kenya A cikin 2020, don mayar da martani ga kullewar COVID-19 ta kafa kuma ta tsara bikin Afrolit Sans Frontieres, wanda ya fara faruwa a ranar 23 ga Maris ta Facebook da Instagram, tare da ci gaba da buga bugu daga baya. Bikin ya samu halartar fitattun marubutan Afrika da suka hada da Maaza Mengiste, Fred Khumalo, Chris Abani, Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor, Shadreck Chikoti, Abubakar Adam Ibrahim, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi, Mona Eltahawy, Nii Ayikwei Parkes, Chi Sulaimane Franken ozi da Lola Shoneyin, da sauransu. A cikin 2018, Wanner ta kafa kamfanin buga littattafai, Paivapo, tare da haɗin gwiwar abokinta kuma ɗan kasuwa Nomavuso Vokwana, tare da mai da hankali kan tallan adabin Afirka a cikin Anglophone, Francophone da Lusophone na Afirka. Ƙwararriyar ɗan jarida, marubuci da ɗan gajeren labari, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga yawancin jaridu da mujallu, ciki har da The Observer The Guardian, Sunday Independent, City Press, Mail & Guardian, La Republica, Open Society, The Sunday Times, African Review, New Stateman, Gaskiyar Soyayya, Marie Claire, Real, Juice, OpenSpace, Wordsetc, Baobab, Shape, Oprah, Elle, Juice, Guernica, Afropolitan and Forbes Africa Gajeren labarinta "Wannan ba Au Revoir bane" yana cikin jerin sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka na 2019, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya A halin yanzu Wanner yana zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, wanda ya ziyarci karon farko a cikin 2008 kuma ya koma can bayan shekaru uku.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin Afrilu 2014, Wanner ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara 39 masu shekaru kasa da 40 masu iyawa da hazaka don ayyana yanayin adabin Afirka. A cikin Yuli 2014, an zaɓe ta don "Ashirin a cikin 20", wani yunƙuri don zaɓar ayyukan almara ashirin da aka yi la'akari da su a matsayin mafi kyawun wallafe-wallafen Afirka ta Kudu tun 1994 mafi kyawun labarun cikin adabin Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 2015, a Kyautar Adabin Afirka ta Kudu (SALA), ta sami lambar yabo ta K Sello Duiker Memorial Literary Award don littafinta na London Cape Town Joburg (2014). A cikin 2020, Wanner ya sami lambar yabo ta Goethe, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara da Cibiyar Goethe-Institut ke ba wa waɗanda ba Jamusawa ba "wadanda suka yi fice a cikin harshen Jamusanci da kuma dangantakar al'adu ta duniya". A cikin Disamba 2020, Brittle Paper ta zabe ta a matsayin "Halin Adabin Afirka na Shekara".
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Littattafai Madam, Littattafan Oshun, 2006. Bayan Kowane Mutum Mai Nasara, Littafin Kwela, 2008. ISBN 978-0795702617
Mazajen Kudu, Kwela Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0795702983
London Cape Town Joburg, Kwela Books, 2014. ISBN 978-0795706301
Ba labari 8115: Gidan Fursuna tare da Alf Kumalo, Penguin, 2010
Maid in SA: Hanyoyi 30 Don barin Madam ɗinku, Jacana, 2010. ISBN 978-1431408962
Da kyar Aiki: Memoir of Travel Memoir of Sort, Bakar Wasika Media, 2018. ISBN 9780987019813
Littattafan yara Jama Yana Son Ayaba, Jacana, 2013
Refilwe (wani renon Afirka na Rapunzel Jacana, 2014. ISBN 978 1431400980
Tare da Rohini Chowdhury, Bayan Shadows. Labarun zamani daga Afirka da Asiya (2012)
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Zukiswa Wanner official website Ambrose Musiyiwa, Zukiswa Wanner: Hira 1, Tattaunawa da Marubuta, Nuwamba 2008.
Janet van Eeden, "Zukiswa Wanner, marubucin Mazajen Kudu LitNet, 17 ga Agusta 2010.
"Karanta 2010: Zukiswa Wanner (Afirka ta Kudu)", Arzikin Ra'ayoyi, 1 ga Fabrairu 2011.
"A cikin Tattaunawa da Marubuciyar Afirka ta Kudu, Zukiswa Wanner", Geosi Reads, 17 Fabrairu 2011.
Ambrose Musiyiwa, Zukiswa Wanner: Tattaunawa 2, Tattaunawa da Marubuta, 19 Fabrairu 2011.
Kiprop Kimutai, "Tattaunawar Jalada Na 4: Zukiswa Wanner", Jalada, ƙungiyar marubutan Afirka ta Pan-Afrika, 30 Nuwamba 2015.
Keɓance ga JRB: Zan yi tallan jahannama daga labarunmu' -Zukiswa Wanner ta bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da sabon kamfanin buga littattafai na Afirka, Paivapo", The Johannesburg Review of Books, 19 Afrilu 2017.
Shafi na 19': Labarin kan iyaka na biza da Gabashin Turai ta Zukiswa Wanner" Binciken Littattafai na Johannesburg, 2 ga Oktoba, 2017.
Martina Bertram, "Zukiswa Wanner: Gwamnatoci masu cin gashin kansu suna adawa da karatu", DW, 29 ga Oktoba 2021.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
15909 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Kuforiji-Olubi | Bola Kuforiji-Olubi | Cif Bola Kuforiji-Olubi (28 ga Satumba, 1936 3 ga Disamba, 2016) ta kasance babban basaraken gargajiyar Nijeriya, ma'aikacin banki kuma ministan kasuwanci na tarayya. Baya ga wasu mukaman sarauta daban-daban, ta rike na Otunba Ayora na Ijebu-Ode.
Rayuwa
Ilimi da membobi Kuforiji-Olubi ta kammala karatunsa ne a jami'ar London a shekarar 1963 tare da karramawar B. Sc in Economics. A lokacin aikinta na gaba, ta zama abokiyar Cibiyar Ilimin Akanta, Ingila da Wales a 1977, ICAN Nigeria a 1976, da kuma makarantar sakatare ta Ingila (ACIS) da aka yi haya a 1964. Ta kuma kasance mamba a duka Cibiyar Kula da Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya (FMIN) da Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Burtaniya.
Daraja Kuforiji-Olubi ya sami karramawa da kyaututtuka masu zuwa:
Doctor of Administration Business daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu, 1997.
Doctor of Laws, LLD girmamawa causa Latin "saboda girmamawa"). Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, 2004.
Doctor na haruffa Honoris Causa Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo, Ago Iwoye, Jihar Ogun, 2006.
Kyautar kasa ta memba na Umarnin Nijar a 1979 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar game da ilimin boko da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya.
Takardar shaidar cancanta ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Mata na 1980.
Kyautar don ƙwarewa daga Jami'ar Benn's Skonit Club a 1988.
Matsayi na Grammarian Girmama na CMS ta makarantar nahawu CMS a cikin 1988.
Kyautar kyau ta Brigade of Nigeria a 1992.
Kyautar girmamawa ta duniya ga fitattun nasarorin kasuwanci, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amurka.
Wanda ya samu kyautar karramawa ta mata ta 2002 a karkashin inuwar Cibiyar Raya Mata, Abuja, 2005.
Matsayin da aka rike Kuforiji-Olubi ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban na gida da na duniya. Ita ce shugabar kasa ta 25 a kwalejin kwararrun Akantocin Najeriya; mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Cibiyar, yayin da take ofis sai ta ƙaddamar da kwasa-kwasan ilimin ƙididdiga.
Ita ce 'yar Najeriya ta farko da ta zama Shugabar wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (VYB Industries Limited, tare da wasu kamfanonin Burtaniya (Inchcape plc) kuma mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar wani kamfani mai suna (Bewac Plc).
Kufuriji-Olubi ko dai ya shugabanci ko kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitocin wasu kamfanoni da yawa. Ita ce Shugabar farko ta ci gaban gabar Kogin Osun (daga 1976 zuwa 1980) kuma mamba ce a majalisar gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (NISER) (daga 1981 zuwa 1983). An nada ta shugabar wata babbar cibiyar hada-hadar kudi, United Bank for Africa Plc a shekarar 1984, kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1990 a matsayin mace ta farko da ta rike wannan ofishin a Afirka a kudu da Sahara. Daga baya kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar kankara kan manufofin kasashen waje na Najeriya (har zuwa shekara ta 2000), kuma mamba a hukumar wasanni ta kasa (daga 1986 zuwa 1989). Mamba ce a gidauniya kuma shugabar asusun bayar da tallafin Ilimi ta Jihar Legas, an nada ta a matsayin babbar sakatariya (ko Minista na kasuwanci da yawon bude ido a cikin gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Nijeriya a 1983. Baya ga wannan, ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar kujera da hon. kwamishinan tarayya na jihar Ogun a wurin tattara kudaden shiga.
Littattafai Mace 'yar Kasuwa da Gudanar da Kuɗi don Rayuwa (1987).
Gyara aikin gwamnati a cikin tattalin arziki mai tasowa (1988).
Matar Kamfanoni: ƙungiyar da aka ware, matsala da dabarun cin nasara, ta hanyar shirye-shiryen wayewar kan jama'a na makarantar daraktoci (1989).
Ilimin fasaha a matsayin hanyar haɓaka haɗin fasaha da haɓaka tattalin arziki a ƙasashe masu tasowa (1992).
Canza hanya a matsayin marubucin marubuci.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje https://web.archive.org/web/20130702135607/http://igclm.org/Board%20member2.html
Mata
Ƴan |
18618 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd%20Mayweather%20Jr | Floyd Mayweather Jr | Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 1977) Floyd Mayweather Jr ne zakaran dan wasan naushi na duniya daga kasar Amurka, kuma shine wanda ya buga wasa 50 ba tare da faduwa ba, an masa lakabi da wanda ba'a taba kayarwa ba, ya tsere ma Muhammad Ali mai wasa 61 faduwa 05, da kuma Mike Tyson mai wasa 58 faduwa 06. ƙwararren ɗan damben Ba’amurke ne mai tallata kuma tsohon kwararren ɗan dambe. Ya yi takara tsakanin shekarar 1996 da shekara ta 2015, kuma ya sake dawowa daga yaki a 2017.
A lokacin aikinsa ya lashe manyan lambobin duniya goma sha biyar ciki har da Ring a azuzuwan nauyi biyar, gasar zakarun layi a aji hudu masu nauyi (sau biyu a welterweight kuma ya yi ritaya tare da rikodin mara nasara. Kamar yadda wani mai son, Mayweather lashe a samu lambar tagulla a cikin featherweight rabo a shekarar 1996 Olympics, uku Amurka Golden Guanto wasan (a haske flyweight, flyweight, kuma featherweight), da kuma US kasa gasar a featherweight. Mayweather aka mai suna "Fighter na shekaru goma" ga 2010s ta dambe Writers Association of America (BWAA), a biyu-lokaci lashe The Zobe mujallar ta Fighter na Shekara lambar yabo (1998 da 2007), a uku-lokaci lashe BWAA Fighter of the Year award (2007, 2013, and 2015), kuma sau shida yana lashe Kyautar Mafi Kyawun ESPY (2007-2010, 2012-2014). A cikin 2016, Mayweather ne ESPN ta zaba a matsayin babban ɗan dambe, fam na fam, na shekaru 25 da suka gabata. Tun daga Yunin 2020, BoxRec ya ba shi matsayin ɗan dambe na 2 mafi girma a kowane lokaci, fam na fam a bayan Ezzard Charles. Yawancin labaran wasanni da rukunin yanar gizo na dambe, gami da Zobe, Labarin Wasanni, ESPN, BoxRec, Fox Sports, da Yahoo! Wasanni, sun zaɓi Mayweather a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan dambe-da-fam a duniya sau biyu a cikin shekaru goma. Ana kiran sa sau da yawa a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan dambe a cikin tarihi, tare da kasancewa ɗan wasa mafi cancanta tun lokacin da CompuBox ya kasance, yana da matsayi mafi girma da ƙari a cikin tarihin dambe. Mayweather yana da tarihi na cin nasara 26 a jere a yakin duniya (10 da KO 23 ya ci (9 KOs) a yakin basasa, 24 ya ci (7 KOs) a kan tsoffin manyan masu ba da labari na duniya ko na yanzu, 12 ya ci (3 KOs) a kan tsohon ko zakarun layi na yanzu, da nasara 4 (1 KO) a kan International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees. Mayweather yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali na biyan kuɗi-kowane-kallo, a kowane wasa. Ya shugaba da Forbes kuma Sports kwatanta lists na 50 qarshe-biya 'yan wasa na 2012 da kuma 2013, da kuma Forbes jerin sake a duka 2014 da kuma 2015, jeri shi a matsayin mafi girma da-biya dan wasa a duniya. A cikin 2006, ya kafa kamfanin talla na damben sa, Mayweather Promotions, bayan barin sa Bob Arum 's Top Rank Mayweather ya kirkiro kusan 24 miliyan PPV ya saya kuma 1.67 biliyan cikin kuɗaɗen shiga a duk tsawon aikinsa, wanda ya zarce kwatankwacin tsoffin abubuwan jan hankali na PPV da suka haɗa da Mike Tyson, Evander Holyfield, Lennox Lewis, Oscar De La Hoya da Manny Pacquiao A shekarar 2018, Mayweather ya kasance dan wasan da aka fi biya a duniya, inda albashin sa ya kai dala miliyan 275.
Farkon rayuwa An haifi Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr ne a Floyd Joy Sinclair a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 1977, a Grand Rapids, Michigan, a cikin dangin dambe Mahaifinsa, Floyd Mayweather Sr., tsohon dan wasa ne wanda ya yi yaki da Hall of Famer Sugar Ray Leonard. Kawunsa Jeff da marigayi Roger Mayweather sun kasance kwararrun ’yan dambe, tare da na baya tsohon mai horar da Floyd sun lashe gasar duniya biyu, da kuma fada da Hall of Famers Julio César Chávez, Pernell Whitaker, da Kostya Tszyu Mayweather an haife shi da sunan mahaifiyarsa, amma sunansa na karshe zai canza zuwa Mayweather jim kaɗan bayan haka. An haifi kakan mahaifiyarsa a Kingston, Jamaica Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ottawa kafin ya bar makarantar.
Dambe ya kasance wani ɓangare na rayuwar Mayweather tun yarintarsa kuma bai taɓa ɗaukar wata sana'a da mahimmanci ba kamar Dambe. "Ina tsammanin kaka ta ta fara ganin abin da na iya," in ji shi. "Lokacin da nake saurayi, na ce mata, 'Ina ganin ya kamata in samu aiki.' Ta ce, 'A'a, kawai a ci gaba da dambe. A lokacin 1980s, Mayweather ya zauna a Unguwar Hiram Square ta New Brunswick, New Jersey, inda mahaifiyarsa ke da dangi. Daga baya ya ce, "Lokacin da nake kimanin shekara takwas ko tara, na zauna a New Jersey tare da mahaifiyata kuma mun yi bakwai a ɗaki ɗaya kuma wani lokacin ba mu da wutar lantarki. Lokacin da mutane suka ga abin da nake da shi a yanzu, ba su san inda na fito ba da kuma yadda ba ni da wani abu da ya girma. Ya kasance al'ada ga matashi Mayweather ya dawo daga makaranta kuma ya sami allurar rigakafin jaririn a farfajiyar gidansa. Mahaifiyarsa ta kamu da ƙwayoyi, kuma yana da wata goggonta wacce ta mutu daga cutar Aids sakamakon amfani da ita da ƙwayoyi. "Mutane ba su san lahira da na shiga ba," in ji shi. Mafi yawan lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi tare da shi shi ne ya kai shi dakin motsa jiki don yin atisaye da aiki a kan dambe, a cewar Mayweather. "Ba na tuna shi ya taba kai ni wani wuri ko ya yi wani abin da uba zai yi da da, zuwa wurin shakatawa ko kuma fina-finai ko kuma a samu ice cream," in ji shi. "A koyaushe ina tunanin cewa yana son 'yarsa [babbar' yar'uwar Floyd] fiye da yadda yake so na saboda ba ta taɓa samun bulala ba kuma ina samun bulala a kowane lokaci." Mahaifin Mayweather yayi jayayya cewa Floyd baya faɗin gaskiya game da farkon dangantakar su. Dattijo Mayweather ya ce "Duk da cewa mahaifinsa ya sayar da kwayoyi, amma ban hana 'dana ba." “Magungunan da na siyar, yana daga cikin su. Yana da abinci da yawa. Yana da kyawawan tufafi kuma na ba shi kuɗi. Ba ya son komai. Duk wanda ke Grand Rapids zai iya gaya muku cewa na kula da yarana Floyd Sr. ya ce ya yi komai na darensa kuma ya kwashe kwanakinsa tare da ɗansa, ya kai shi dakin motsa jiki kuma ya horar da shi zama ɗan dambe. "Idan ba don ni ba da ba zai zama inda yake ba a yau," in ji shi. Mayweather ya ce "Ni da kaina na daga kaina". "Kakata ta yi abin da za ta iya. Lokacin da ta fusata da ni, zan tafi gidan mahaifiyata. Rayuwata ta kasance cikin damuwa da faduwa. Mahaifinsa ya ce ya san irin zafin da daure shi ya haifar wa dan nasa, amma ya nace cewa ya yi iya kokarinsa. "Na aike shi ne don ya zauna tare da kakarsa," in ji shi. "Ba kamar na barshi da baƙi bane." Idan babu mahaifinsa, dambe ya zama mafita ga Mayweather. Yayinda dattijo Mayweather ya yi amfani da lokacinsa, dansa ya sanya dukkan ƙarfinsa a cikin dambe kuma ya daina zuwa makarantar sakandare. "Na san cewa zan yi kokarin kula da mahaifiyata kuma na yanke shawarar cewa makaranta ba ta da mahimmanci a lokacin kuma zan shiga dambe don neman abin da zan samu na kudi," in ji shi.
Wasa a matakin kwarewa Mayweather ya lashe wasan sa na farko a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoban 1996, lokacin da ya fitar da sabon dan wasan sabon nan Roberto Apodaca a Zagaye 2. Mai horar da Mayweather a lokacin shine kawun sa, Roger Mayweather; mahaifinsa har yanzu yana cikin kurkuku bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci game da fataucin muggan kwayoyi a cikin 1993. Thearshen ya ɗauki matsayin mai horar da ɗansa lokacin da aka sake shi daga kurkuku (bayan faɗa na Mayweather Jr. na 14-zagaye na biyu na Sam Girard). Daga 1996 zuwa farkon 1998, Mayweather ya ci mafi yawan gwagwarmayarsa ta knockout ko TKO.
A farkon fara aikin sa, Mayweather ya sami yabo daga dukkan ɓangarorin duniyar dambe kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin fitacce kuma mai kwazo. A yayin fadarsa da Tony Duran mai sharhin na ESPN ya ce, an ambato Emmanuel Steward yana cewa ba a da 'yan kaɗan da suka fi wannan yaran hazaka. Zai yuwu ya lashe gasar duniya biyu ko uku; Ina ganin zai ci gaba da kasancewa mafi kyawu Mai koyar da IBHOF kuma mai sharhi Gil Clancy ya yi sharhi kafin fada na tara na Mayweather (da Jesus Chavez), "Ina tsammanin Floyd Mayweather shi ne fitaccen mai hangen nesa a duk wasannin Olympic Mayweather vs. Hernandez A shekarar 1998, tsakanin shekaru biyu da shiga dambe, kwararren dan wasa, Mayweather ya lashe kambun duniya na farko (WBC super feweightweight lb) Championship) tare da buga wasan zagaye na takwas na Duniyar ring mai lamba 1-mai daraja mai nauyin nauyi Genaro Hernández bayan abokin hamayyar abokin hamayyarsa ya tsayar da fadan. Wannan shine rashin nasara na farko da Hernández yayi a cikin wannan nauyin; ya ce bayan fadan, "Ya kayar da ni, yana da sauri, mai hankali kuma koyaushe na san yana da saurin. Ina ba shi girmamawa. Gwarzon gaske ne Tare da nasarar Mayweather ya zama zakaran layin rukunin; Genaro Hernández ya buge Azumah Nelson a baya, wanda mamayar sa a gasar tseren-fuka-fukai ya sa wallafe-wallafen dambe suka ba shi damar zama zakara. Zobe ya daina bayar da bel ga zakarun duniya a cikin 1990s, amma ya sake farawa a 2002. Nelson ya ci nasarar matsayin sa na asali yayin shekarun 1990; saboda haka, ba a ba shi taken Sarauta mara komai ba shi, Hernández, ko Mayweather (duk da cewa Mayweather shi ne Zoben Zoben 1-mai daraja mafi girman fuka-fukai).
Mayweather ya zama na farko a gasar Olympics ta Amurka a 1996 don cin nasarar kambun duniya. Bayan nasarar da ya samu daga mai tallata Mayweather Bob Arum ya ce, "Mun yi imani a cikin zuciyarmu cewa Floyd Mayweather ne magaji a layin da zai fara da Ray Robinson, zuwa Muhammad Ali, sannan Sugar Ray Leonard. Mun yi imanin cewa ya ba da misalin irin salon yakin ne Bayan kama taken Mayweather ya kare shi a kan mai fafatawa Angel Manfredy tare da TKO a zagaye na biyu, wanda ya ba Manfredy rashin nasararsa ta farko cikin shekaru hudu. A ƙarshen 1998 Mayweather ya zaba ta Zobe a matsayin gwarzon ɗan dambe mafi kyau a duniya 8, kuma ya zama ɗayan mafi ƙarancin shekaru da suka karɓi kyautar Zoben Fighter na shekara (21, da Shekaru iri ɗaya Sugar Ray Robinson da Muhammad Ali sun kasance a lokacin da suka lashe lambobin yabo na farko). A cikin 1999, Mayweather ya ci gaba da mamayar sahun manyan masu nauyin fuka-fuka ta hanyar kare kambun sa har sau uku. Kare na biyu na taken nasa ya sabawa dan Argentina din Carlos Rios, wanda ya ci nasara a yanke hukunci baki daya Mayweather, wanda ya fafata a zagaye na takwas a karo na uku a rayuwarsa, ya ci nasara ne a kan alkalan da suka ci 120-110, da 119-108, da kuma 120-109. Mayweather ya kare kambun na uku a kan Justin Juuko, wanda ya ci nasara ta hanyar bugawa a zagaye na tara. Juuko ba zai iya doke kirga na 10 ba ta alkalin wasa Mitch Halpern, kuma fadan ya kare a cikin ni'imar Mayweather sakan 80 cikin wannan (tara). Matsayinsa na karshe a 1999 shi ne na Carlos Gerena, tare da Mayweather da ya yi nasara a hukuncin da ya yanke a zagaye na bakwai (RTD). Mayweather ya ce bayan fadan, "Ina so in nuna wa duniya cewa tare da Oscar De La Hoya da Roy Jones Jr, ni ne fitaccen dan gwagwarmaya a duniya". Ba a lura da wannan mamayar ba a duniyar damben; da karshen shekara, 22-shekara Mayweather aka ranked The Zobe ta 2 laban-ga-laba mafi kyau dambe a duniya (bayan Roy Jones Jr. Kafin ya yi nasarar kare kambunsa karo na biyar a kan tsohon zakaran damben WBC, Gregorio Vargas a farkon 2000, Mayweather ya kori mahaifinsa a matsayin manajansa kuma ya maye gurbinsa da James Prince 'Yan watanni bayan fadan, sabani tsakanin uba da ɗa ya girma yayin da Mayweather ya kori dattijo Mayweather a matsayin mai horar da shi. A cikin wata hira ta 2004 Mayweather ya ce duk da cewa yana son mahaifinsa, amma ya fi ilimin sunadarai tare da Roger saboda mahaifinsa ya matsa masa lamba don ya zama cikakke. Mayweather, a kariyar kare kambinsa karo na biyar, ya samu nasarar rufewa kusa da "Goyo" Vargas a Las Vegas A yayin zagaye na 10, lokacin da Mayweather ya ji mai sanar da HBO Jim Lampley ya ce zakaran ya sauya sheka zuwa kudu a karo na biyu a fafatawar sai ya jingina da ringide ya ce "Wannan shi ne karo na uku". Bayan dakatarwar watanni shida, Mayweather har yanzu ya gagara. Yayin zagaye na shida, Mayweather ya jefa Vargas tare da ƙugiya zuwa haƙarƙarinsa kuma ya ratse zuwa yanke shawara ɗaya.
Roger Mayweather ya koma matsayin sa na mai horar da dan dan uwan sa don fafatawa ta gaba; wasan da ba taken taken nauyi a karawar da aka yi da Emanuel Burton, wanda Mayweather ya yi nasara a wasan zagaye na tara na fasaha.
Mayweather vs. Corrales A daya daga cikin yakin da ya fi dacewa kuma wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a aikinsa Mayweather ya yi gwagwarmaya da buga wasa, tsohon zakaran damben feff na IBF Diego Corrales (33-0, tare da 27 KOs). Shigowa cikin fadan Mayweather da Corrales ba a ci nasara ba, kuma babu wani mayaƙin da ya taɓa zane. Mayweather ya The Zobe ta 2-ranked super featherweight a duniya (da kuma 7 kore-ga-laba), yayin da Corrales shi ne 1-ranked super featherweight a duniya da kuma 5 kore-ga-laba. Kafin sanarwar ta fada Mayweather ya bayyana cewa yana son ya yi fada da Corrales, wanda ke fuskantar zaman kurkuku saboda zargin da ake masa na lakadawa matarsa mai ciki. Mayweather ya ce "Ina son Diego saboda ina yi wa duk matan da aka yi wa rauni a fadin Amurka". "Kamar dai yadda ya buge wannan matar, ni ma zan doke shi". Duk da yake duka mayaƙan shekarunsu ɗaya (23), Corrales yana da fa'idodi da yawa a kan Mayweather: inci biyu a tsayi, inci ya kai kuma (duk da cewa duka biyun sun isa matakin hukuma a cikin ƙimar 130-lb super-featherweight) ba bisa ka'ida ba 146 lbs, a kan Mayweather na 136 lbs. A fafatawar, Mayweather ya lashe kowane zagaye kuma ya buge Corrales sau biyar (sau uku a zagaye 7 da sau biyu a zagaye 10). Bayan bugawar karo na biyar, 'yan kusurwa na Corrales sun hau kan labule kuma sun dakatar da fadan, ta haka suka kafa Mayweather a matsayin mai da'awar taken taken dambe-da-fam na dambe. A lokacin dakatarwar Mayweather ya kasance a kan katunan kwalliyar, yana kan gaba da 89-79, 90-79, da 90-78. Duk cikin yaƙin, masu sharhi na HBO sun bincika Mayweather. Larry Merchant ya ce, "Mayweather yana fada ne a al'adar dambe da mika wuya cikin sauri wanda ya koma Michigan, har zuwa masu fada kamar Sugar Ray Robinson". Harold Lederman ya ce,
Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
20348 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Ngizim | Mutanen Ngizim | Mutanen Ngizim (Ngizmawa, Ngezzim) suna zaune ne a jihar Yobe, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya Ya zuwa shekarar 1993, an kiyasta Ngizim 80,000. Ƙabilar na zaune ne a garin Potiskum, babban birni a jihar Yobe kuma asalin garin Ngizim ne, da kuma yankunan gabas da kudancin garin. Jama'ar Ngizim sun kasance suna rayuwa a wasu sassan jihohin Borno da Jigawa, amma tun daga lokacin sun rasa asalinsu na al'ada bayan an haɗe su zuwa wasu ƙabilun. Ngizim suna magana da wani yaren Cadi wanda ake kira Ngizim.
Tarihi Kafin Jihadin Fulani na shekarata 1804, tarihin mutanen Ngizim yana da alaƙa sosai da ta Daular Bornu Zuwa shekarar 1472, lokacin da aka kafa babban birni na Daular Bornu, Birni Ngazargamu, Ngizim sun sami suna a matsayin manyan mayaƙa. Yayin da suka karfafa tasirinsu a kan wasu sassan jihar Yobe, ta yanzu babban garinsu na al'adu Potiskum ya zama cibiyar yanki. A farkon karni na 20, Ngizim suka yi tawaye ga Masarautar Fika, wacce hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba ta ikon siyasa a kansu. Babban jami'in gundumar Birtaniyya ne ya jagoranci rundunonin yaƙi da Ngizim; Daga baya aka kashe Mai Agudum, shugaban ‘yan tawayen. Ba a sake dawo da masarautar Ngizim ba sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da gwamnan jihar ya nada Mai Muhammadu Atiyaye. Shugaban Ngizim na yanzu, Mai Umaru Bubaram Ibn Wuriwa Bauya an sabunta shi zuwa matsayin Sarki mai daraja ta daya daga tsohon Gwamna Bukar Abba Ibrahim A bayanansa na "Tarihin shekaru goma sha biyu na farkon mulkin Mai Idris Alooma (1571-1583) na Imam Ahmad Ibn Furtua", HR Palmer ya bamu labarin kalmar Ngizim. "Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan sunan wanda duk da cewa an bambanta su da alama suna nuna mutane iri ɗaya ne N'gizim, N'gujam, N'gazar, N'Kazzar, N'gissam". A wani bangare na bayanan, ya gaya mana cewa Mai Ali Ghaji Dunamani ne ya kafa Birni N'gazargamu a kusan 1462, wanda ya sayi shafin daga "So" wanda ke zaune a yankin. "Sunan babban birnin daidai yadda ake rubuta shi da sunan N'gazargamu ko kuma N'gasarkumu. Kashi na farko na kalmar yana nuna cewa mazaunan yankin da suka gabata inda N'gazar ko N'gizim suke. Yankin baya na kalmar "Gamu" ko "Kumu" daidai yake da sashin farko na kalmar "Gwombe" kuma yana nufin ko dai (i) shugaba ko Sarki ko (ii) ruhun kakanni. Yin tafiya ta hanyar rarrabuwa game da N'gizim wanda zai iya tabbatar da iyakar yaduwar su a Yammacin Sudan Akwai batun N'gizim sannan kuma ƙabilar N'gizim a yammacin masarautar da ake kira Binawa. Binawa kuma ana kiranta da Mabani wanda ya tashi daga yankin Bursari yamma da Birni Gazargamu zuwa Katagum.
Tarihin Kanem-Bornu na farko Akwai bayanai daban-daban ga mutanen Ngizim a cikin tarihin Kanem-Bornu tun daga farkon yaƙin basasar Kanem a cikin 1396. Ana iya cewa mutanen Ngizim sun taka rawar gani wajen ƙaura da babban birnin masarautar daga Njimi zuwa N'gazargamu. Ya faɗi HR Palmer:
Daga wani tushe, mun sami bayanin Ngizim yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙungiyoyin da suka yi ƙaura daga Kanem:
Harshe Ngizim yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Chadi guda biyar yan asalin jihar Yobe, sauran kuma sune Bade, Bole, Karai karrai, da Ngamo. Ngizim memba ne na West Branch of Chadic kuma saboda haka yana da dangantaka da Hausa, babban harshe a duk arewacin Najeriya Mafi kusancin dangin harshe Ngizim sune Bade, ana magana da shi a arewacin Potiskum a masarautar Bade (Bedde), da Duwai, ana magana da shi a gabashin Gashua Ba kamar wasu daga cikin sauran yarukan a jihar ta Yobe ba, Ngizim bashi da yarukan magana sosai.ref "humnet" Shugabannin gargajiya Basaraken gargajiyar mutanen Ngizim shi ne Mai Potiskum, wanda kujerun sa suke a Potiskum. Kamar yawancin sarakunan gargajiya a arewacin Najeriya, Mai Potiskum shima shine babban shugaban musulinci a tsakanin mutanen sa.
Garin Potiskum Game da tarihinsu na baya-bayan nan, lokacin Jihadin Fulan musamman a shekarar 1808, wani rukuni na N'gizim karkashin jagorancin Bauya sun bar Mugni sakamakon harin da ta'addar Fulani Jihadi suka kaiwa Birni N'gazargamu. Sun ɗauki hanyar kudu zuwa yankin Kaisala. Da isar su, Bauya da tawagarsa sun taimaka wa mazaunan Kaisala murƙushe wani hari da N'gazar (reshen Ngizim) na Daura (Dawura) ya kawo musu. Bayan kai wa garin Daura hari da mamayarsa, Bauya ya kafa nasa yanki ya kira shi "Pataskum" wanda Turawa suka gurbata shi zuwa "Potiskum". Kalmar "Pataskum" jumlar Ngizim ce ma'anar gandun daji na "Skum". "Pata" ma'ana gandun daji a cikin yaren Ngizim kuma "Skum" wani nau'in itace ne da aka samu wadatacce a yankin a lokacin da aka kafa garin Potiskum.
Sananne mutane Kursu Bin Harun (Grand Vizier na daular Borno a lokacin mulkin Mai Idris Alooma)
Nasr Bultu (Mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Ngizim ta yamma da gwamnatin Mai Idris Alooma)
Umaru Bubaram Ibn Wuriwa Bauya (Mai Potiskum)
Mamman Bello Ali (Gwamnan jihar Yobe daga 29 ga Mayu 2007 ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Janairun 2009)
Ƙara karantawa Abubakar MD (2013). Mutanen Ngizim da al'adunsu. Rubutun da ba a buga ba a Gidan Tarihi na Masarautar Pataskum, Potiskum, Jihar Yobe.
Kayan aiki daga mai kula da Gidan Tarihin Masarautar Pataskum, Ahmad Garba Babayo (2014).
Danchuwa AM (2013). Mutanen Ngizim. Rubutun da ba a buga ba a Gidan Tarihi na Masarautar Pataskum, Potiskum, Jihar Yobe. (Hakanan akwai a www.scribd.com).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Aikin Binciken Harshen Yobe
Rahoton kabilanci: Ngizim Harsunan Nijeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
|
42057 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harin%20Janairu%202012%20a%20Arewacin%20Najeriya | Harin Janairu 2012 a Arewacin Najeriya | An kai jerin hare-hare kan harkokin kasuwanci a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a ranakun 5 da 6 ga watan Janairun 2012, sannan aka kai hare-hare kan ofisoshin ƴan sanda da ofisoshin gwamnati a arewa a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu. An kashe mutane sama da 180.
Fage Ƙungiyar Boko Haram da ke da mazauni a jihar Borno, wadda manufarta ita ce kafa shari'ar Musulunci a duk faɗin Najeriya, ta ƙara ƙaimi wajen kai hare-hare tun bayan wata arangama da jami'an tsaro da suka yi a shekarar 2009 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar shugabanta Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf. Tun daga wancan lokaci ta yi ikirarin ko kuma a zarge ta da kai hare-hare da dama a kan gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma fararen hula. Galibin hare-haren dai sun kasance arewacin Najeriya mafi akasarin musulmi, ko da yake an yi kiran sunan kungiyar a wasu hare-haren bama-bamai kamar hare-haren da aka kai kan hedikwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da kuma babban ginin 'yan sanda a babban birnin tarayya Abuja Tuni dai kungiyar da kanta ta hade da wasu da ke kawance da kungiyar Al Qaeda a yankin Magrib da kuma wasu da ke sa ran cimma yarjejeniya irin ta MEND ta kudancin Najeriya.
A ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2011, Boko Haram ta kuma kai hari a wata Coci a Abuja tare da kai hari kan wasu wuraren kiristoci a arewacin Najeriya. A baya dai ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ta bai wa daukacin kiristoci wa’adin kwanaki 3 da su fice daga jihar Yobe da kuma jihar Borno biyo bayan harin bam na Kirsimeti Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan ya kafa dokar ta baci a wasu garuruwan jihohin.
5-6 hare-haren Janairu Wasu ƴan bindiga ɗauke da muggan makamai sun kai hari a wani dakin taro na birnin Mubi na jihar Adamawa inda jama’a suka taru domin alhinin wasu Kiristoci 3 da aka harbe a yammacin jiya. Akalla mutane 18 ne wani jami’in kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross a Najeriya ya tabbatar da kashe shi, sannan kuma wani harin kwantan bauna da aka kai wa Kiristocin da ke barin wani coci a Yola babban birnin jihar ya yi sanadin mutuwar akalla mutane takwas. Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa yan kabilar Igbo ne. Daga bisani kuma mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar Boko Haram da ke kiran kansa Abu Qaqa ya dauki alhakin waɗannan abubuwa biyu da kuma harbin da aka yi a wani coci a Gombi wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane shida a ranar Alhamis. An kuma harbe wasu Kiristoci ma'aurata a Maiduguri, wanda ake ganin shi ne tungar kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Daga baya ‘yan sanda a jihar Yobe sun shaida wa manema labarai cewa sun yi artabu da ‘yan Boko Haram a kan tituna. Daruruwan Kiristoci ne suka fara ficewa daga garuruwan arewacin kasar biyo bayan harin bama-bamai da jami’an cocin suka buƙace da kada su shiga cikin hare-haren ramuwar gayya. Police in Yobe State later told the press they were engaged in street battles with members of Boko Haram. Hundreds of Christians started fleeing northern cities in the aftermath of the bombings and church officials urged people not to take part in revenge attacks.
20 ga Janairu A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu bayan sallar Juma'a, wasu gungun ƴan bindiga sanye da kakin ƴan sanda sun shiga gine-ginen ƴan sanda biyar tare da kuɓutar da dukkan fursunonin. Sun ci gaba da tayar da bama-bamai a gine-ginen, da kuma ofisoshin shige da fice guda biyu da kuma ofishin karamar hukumar ta jihar Kano. Daga baya ne suka zagaya cikin gari cikin motoci da babura, suna harbin masu tafiya a kasa tare da fafatawa da 'yan sanda. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu har da dan jaridan gidan talabijin Enenche Akogwu, wanda aka harbe shi a lokacin da yake bayar da labarin yadda hare-haren ta'addancin suka afku.
Ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta yi watsi da wasikun da aka rubuta da harshen Hausa a inda aka kai harin, inda suka bayyana cewa suna nuna rashin amincewarsu da ci gaba da tsare 'yan Boko Haram. Sun kuma tuntubi manema labarai kai tsaye domin daukar alhakin kai hare-haren. Jami'ai a birnin sun mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita da kuma fara sintiri da makamai a manyan tituna, kodayake har yanzu ana jin karar harbe-harbe a washegari.
Gwamnatin jihar Kano ta umarci dukkan asibitocin yankin da su rika kula da waɗanda abin ya shafa kyauta. Shugaban kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka Jean Ping ya yi Allah-wadai da hare-haren sannan ya ce kungiyar ta ki amincewa da ta'addanci a kowane bangare; da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon shima yayi Allah wadai da harin. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu gwamnatin kasar ta sanar da cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa mutane 185, 150 daga cikinsu farar hula ne da kuma akalla jami'an 'yan sanda 32, ciki har da ƴan sandan sirri 3. Jami'an tsaron yankin sun sanar da gano wasu bama-bamai guda 10 da ba a fashe ba da kuma wasu kananan bama-bamai na gida kusan 300 a kewayen birnin. Daga nan sai Sarkin Kano Ado Bayero da Gwamna Rabi’u Kwankwaso suka jagoranci addu’a ga waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su. A cewar shafin yanar gizon 247reports.com, mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar Boko Haram ya nuna cewa an kai hare-haren ne saboda gazawar da gwamnatocin jihohi suka yi na biyan kudin kariya.
Duba kuma Rikicin Shari'ar Najeriya
Nassoshi 2012 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Rikici a Najeriya
Rikici
Hare-haren Boko Haram
Hare-hare
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina%20Go%20Dye | Ina Go Dye | Francis Agoda (an haife shi Afrilu 4, 1979), wanda aka fi sani da I Go Dye ɗan wasan barkwanci ne na Najeriya. Shi mai magana ne na azanci, marubuci kuma mai kishin al'umma. Ya shirya wasannin barkwanci da dama na duniya kamar "I go Dye Standing."
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko An haifi Francis Agoda a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1979 a Abraka, Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Tun yana karami, ya girma a gefen ruwan Okpara tare da kakarsa, Sarauniya Agnes, inda ya ga dimbin kalubalen da ke fuskantar yankunan karkara a Najeriya. Wannan fahimta ta sa ya isar dasu ta cikin hanyar barkwanci da wallafe-wallafe. Wani bita da aka yi masa ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da ya yi makarantar firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta Ighogbadu, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci, Jihar Delta. A lokacin da yake makaranta ya kasance memba a kungiyar Junior Engineering Technical Society kuma an nada shi manajan ayyukan shiyya don wakiltar jihar Delta A shekarar 1992, yana matashi, ya hadu da gwamnan zartarwa na farko na jihar Delta Olorogun Felix Ibru bayan da ya nuna wani sabon salo na kere-kere. ga wanda ya taso a kauye ya samu sabuwar fasahar kera jirgin ruwa, na’urar watsa rediyo, na’urar busar gashi, da na’ura mai daukar hoto, da fanfo mai amfani da hasken rana, da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama yaro na farko a Afirka da ya kera jirgi mai saukar ungulu da motsi hovercraft jirgi. An ba shi tallafin karatu don yin karatun injiniyan gini a Jami'ar New York. Hankalinsa game da rayuwa da kuma gaba abu ne mai ban mamaki a cewar mahaifiyarsa, Gimbiya Emily saboda yana da'awar batutuwa game da gaba kuma yana da ruhi mai girma wanda ya sa ya tsorata. Cikin kankanin lokaci sha’awarsa ta wasan barkwanci ta kara masa karbuwa da kuma farin jini, wanda ya fahimci cewa wata hanya ce ta magance matsalolin da ke addabar kananan yara da marasa galihu da dama, bisa ga abin da ya shaida girma a kauyen tun yana karami.
Sana'a Ya fito da sunan I Go rini daga kamannin sautin sunan suna Agoda, I GO DYE wanda aka fassara zuwa ma'anar jagorar jagora kan bunkasa baiwa matasa. Mahaifiyarsa ta cire shi daga United College of Commerce zuwa Essi College, Warri, domin kawun nasa wanda malami ne a makarantar ya sa ido akan ayyukansa. Yayin da yake Kwalejin Essi, ya shiga SVC inda ya hadu da babban abokinsa na yau Otagware Onodjeyeke (Ltas) wanda a yanzu ake kira Igosave, tare suka fara gabatar da labarai na izgili a kan Delta Broadcasting Service 1994, inda suka tattauna batutuwa da dama da suka shafi al'umma. Daga baya ya samu kwangila a matsayin dan wasan barkwanci a Perst Motel da ke cikin birnin Benin inda ake biyansa Naira dubu daya a kowane wasa. Yayin da ya kuma fadada bayanansa a cikin al'amura daban-daban a Najeriya bayan shekaru da dama yana nazarin fasaharsa, ya fito a cikin babban shirin wasan barkwanci na Afirka a daren dariya (bugu na shekara ta 2000 kuma ya zama dan wasan barkwanci da aka fi sayar da shi a cewar dan kasuwar, Mista Obino. Kiɗa. Ya yi wasa na tsawon shekaru goma kuma daga karshe furodusan Nite of a Thousand Laugh, Mista Opa Williams ya karrama shi a matsayin fitaccen jarumin barkwanci da ya kasance a dandalin dariya na daren shekara goma. Ziyarar sa ta farko a Turai shine tare da Ehi Zoya Golden Entertainment (2005), wanda ya kai shi kusan kasashe 7. Daga baya kasar Faransa (NIDOE) ta ba shi kwangilar yin wasan kwaikwayo a taron makon al’adu na UNESCO da aka gudanar a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa, kuma Niddo Spain ta ba shi lambar yabo saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen daukaka darajar al’adun Najeriya.
An nuna shi a cikin MTV Africa Music Awards. Har ila yau, ya yi rawar gani a cikin budawa da rufewa na fitattun mawakan da suka haɗa da Akon, Boyz II Men, 50-Cent, Rick Ross, Wasan, da Kelly Rowland.
Kyauta I Go Dye ya lashe kyaututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da:
Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan barkwanci na Afirka.
Kyautar kungiyar ‘Nigerians in Diaspora Organisation of Europe-SPAIN’ saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga al’adu da fasahar Najeriya.
Kyautar Kyautar Barkwanci Mafi Kyau (NEA AWARD). lambar yabo ta Delta Role model 2017
Kyautar mafi kyawun wasan barkwanci a Najeriya
Kyautar Niddo Spain; saboda gudunmawar da yake bayarwa ga al'adun Najeriya da fasaha.
Ukaid da youth alive foundation Ambassador Award a kan #MadACT sun kawo sauyi akan cin hanci da rashawa a yau; sadaukarwa ga yan fansho na Najeriya
Kyautar Civil Army ta Najeriya tare da hakin babban hafsan sojin kasa Laftanar Janar TY Buratai Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Sauran Ayyuka Igodye mai suna Igodye yana tsaye a cikin 2016 Igodye ya sayar da 02 London don nuna shekaru 20 a kan mataki, kafin Igodye tsaye yawon shakatawa na duniya, Igodye ya yi a cikin abubuwan ban dariya na Afirka ciki har da MTV Africa Music Awards. Igodye a matsayinsa na ƙwararren ɗan wasan barkwanci ya kasance ɗan wasan barkwanci, yana nishadantar da gwamnoni, shugabanni, da jami'an diflomasiyya. Ya kuma yi rawar gani a taron Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Najeriya na 2018, wanda aka gudanar a Fatakwal tare da Sarkin Musulmi, Alhaji Sa'ad Abubakar III, Ooni na Ife Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, da dai sauransu.
Shi jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne na ci gaban muradun karni, yana aiki don aiwatar da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A watan Satumba na 2014, an dauki hotonsa tare da Gwamnan Cross River Liyel Imoke a bikin Carnival na Nigeria Ireland a Dublin.
Dandali na zamantakewa Ni Go Dye a matsayin wanda ya fuskanci matsalolin rikice-rikice kuma aka harbe shi, ya rasa wasu abokansa na kud da kud, wannan bala'in abin ya canza tunaninsa. A lokacin da ya yi waiwaye kan rikicin Warri na 1997 tsakanin kabilar Ijaw da Itsekiri, ya jajirce wajen gudanar da aikin, Aminci a gani. Amb Francis Agoda ya dauki fim din na tsawon mintuna 10, wani dan gajeren fim ne a shekarar 2004 don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya don inganta zaman lafiya da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga ci gaban karkara. Ya sha ba da murya tare da samar da mafita ga shugabannin duniya da jiga-jigan Najeriya da yawancin littattafansa. Budaddiyar wasikar da ya yi na bikin ranar matasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2017 mai suna Logic and Reason without bindiga zuwa ga Gwamnatin Najeriya, Gwamnonin ‘yan bindiga da matasa, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai fafutukar kare matasan Afirka, yana inganta wata sabuwar akidar siyasa da za ta hada da matasa. Ya kuma bayar da shawarar shugabancin matasa, a kasar Zimbabwe inda ya rubutawa shugaba Robert Mugabe da ya sauka daga kan karagar mulki na matasa, ya kuma ba da shawara ga matashin shugaban kasa a Laberiya wanda ya yi nasara kuma ya ci gaba da zama sabon shugabanci ga Najeriya ta hanyar sa. budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1979
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Mukaloli marasa |
40490 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20Institute%20of%20Music | Curtis Institute of Music | Curtis Institute Of Music gidan ajiyar kayan tarihi ne mai zaman kansa a Philadelphia. Yana ba da difloma na aiki, Bachelor of Music, Master of Music in opera, da Takaddar Nazarin Ƙwararrun a opera.
A cikin 2019 Cibiyar Kiɗa Curtis ta sami $253.2 miliyan.
A cikin 1924 Curtis Cibiyar Kiɗa an kafa ta Mary Louise Curtis Bok. Ta sanyawa sabuwar makarantar sunan mahaifinta, inda ta buga magnate Cyrus Curtis. Makarantar farko a cibiyar sun haɗa da madugu Leopold Stokowski da ɗan wasan pian Josef Hofmann. Cibiyar ba ta cajin kuɗin koyarwa tun 1928; yana ba da cikakken tallafin karatu ga duk ɗaliban da aka yarda. A cikin 2020, biyo bayan zarge-zargen cin zarafi a hannun malaman da suka gabata, makarantar ta kawo karshen aikinta na sanya dalibai "bisa ga shawarar babban malaminsu na kayan aiki". A yarda da sakamakon bincike mai zaman kansa na zarge-zargen cin zarafi wanda ya gano cewa al'adar ita ce "barazana ta gaske" dalibi "za a iya korar shi saboda kowane dalili a kowane lokaci", Curtis ya yi alkawarin wasu matakai da yawa don tabbatar da jin dadin dalibai, ciki har da samar da kyauta. su da damar yin nasiha.
Shiga Cibiyar ta taba zama filin horaswa ga mawakan kade-kade don cika matsayi na kungiyar Orchestra ta Philadelphia, duk da cewa mawakan, organists, pianists, guitarists, da mawaka ana ba su kwasa-kwasan karatu. Banda mawaƙa, madugu, pianists, organists, da guitarists, ana ba da izinin shiga ne kawai ga adadin ɗalibai don cika ƙungiyar makaɗa da opera guda ɗaya. Saboda haka, yin rajista yana tsakanin ɗalibai 150 zuwa 175. Dangane da kididdigar da Labaran Amurka Rahoton Duniya suka tattara, cibiyar tana da mafi ƙarancin karɓar karɓa na kowace kwaleji ko jami'a (kashi 4), wanda ya sanya ta cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a Amurka. Nina Simone ta yi ikirarin cewa an yi watsi da bukatarta ta neman tallafin karatu saboda launin fata, duk da kyakykyawan shaida da kuma rawar gani. Simone ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan pian 75 da suka halarta a 1951; uku ne kawai aka karba. Jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta, Curtis ya ba Simone takardar shaidar girmamawa.
A cikin Cibiyar Curtis Eleanor Sokoloff malama ce ta piano a cibiyar, ta fara a lokacin karatunta a 1936, kuma tana aiki har zuwa mutuwarta a 2020.
Muhimman Mutane a Cibiyar Curtis (VIP) Joh
hn de Lancie, principal oboe of the Philadelphia Orchestra, faculty at Curtis and Director of the school 1977–85.
Joseph de Pasquale, violist, faculty at Curtis 1964-2015.
Robert "Bobby" Martin, pianist, saxophonist, vocalist, most notably with Frank Zappa
Leon McCawley, pianist
Jeremy McCoy, current assistant principal bassist with the Metropolitan Opera
Michael Houstoun (born 1952), concert pianist
Claire Huangci, pianist
Eugene Istomin, pianist
David N. Johnson, composer, organist and professor
Arnold Jacobs, former tubist of the Chicago Symphony Jorge Bolet, pianist and erstwhile Head of Piano at the Curtis Institute
Gwendolyn Bradley, opera singer
David Brooks, Broadway actor, stage director and producer
Yefim Bronfman, piano
Anshel Brusilow, violinist, conductor
Alyson Cambridge (born 1980), operatic soprano and classical music, jazz, and American popular song singer.
Shugaban kasa na yanzu Roberto Díaz shi ne shugaban kuma darektan cibiyar
|
52867 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma%20Jahangir | Asma Jahangir | Asma Jilani Jahangir 27 ga watan Janairun 1952 11 ga watan Fabrairun 2018) lauya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Pakistan wacce ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Pakistan An san Jahangir da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin addini ko imani kuma a matsayin mai amincewa a Ƙungiyar Crisis ta Duniya.
An haife ta kuma ta girma a Lahore, Jahangir ta yi karatu a Convent of Jesus and Maryamu kafin ta sami B.A. daga Kinnaird da LLB daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Punjab a 1978 kuma ta shiga ɗakin Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi A shekara ta 1980, an kira ta zuwa Babban Kotun Lahore, da kuma Kotun Koli a shekara ta 1982. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Jahangir ya zama mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya kuma an daure shi a 1983 saboda shiga cikin Movement for the Restoration of Democracy a kan mulkin soja na Zia-ul-Haq A shekara ta 1986, ta koma Geneva, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar kare yara ta kasa da kasa kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1988 lokacin da ta koma Pakistan.
A shekara ta 1987, Jahangir ya kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Pakistan kuma ya zama Sakatare Janar. A shekara ta 1993, an ɗaukaka ta a matsayin shugabar hukumar. An sake sanya ta a tsare a gida a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 bayan sanya dokar ta baci. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar lauyoyi, ta zama mace ta farko a Pakistan da ta yi aiki da Shugabar Kotun Koli, ta jagoranci taron don girmama Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi wanda Akhtar Aly Kureshy Convenier Ijaz Hussein Batalwi Foundation ta shirya. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Kudancin Asiya kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa. Jahangir ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin addini daga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004 zuwa Yuli shekara ta 2010, gami da yin aiki a kwamitin Majalisar Dinkinobho don bincike kan take hakkin dan adam na Sri Lanka da kuma aikin gano gaskiyar Majalisar Dinkin duniya a kan ƙauyukan Isra'ila. A shekara ta 2016, an nada ta a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yanayin 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran, inda ta kasance har zuwa mutuwarta a watan Fabrairun 2018.
Jahangir ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Kyautar Rayuwa ta Hakki ta 2014 (tare da Edward Snowden) don "kāri, karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Pakistan kuma mafi yawa, sau da yawa a cikin mawuyacin hali da rikitarwa kuma a cikin babban haɗari na mutum", Kyautar 'Yanci ta 2010 Freedom, Hilal-i-Imtiaz, Kyautar Sitara-Imsaytiaz, Ramon Mag a 2005, 1995 Kyautar Martin Ennals don Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, da Kyautar UNESCO Bilbao don Inganta Al'adu. Faransa ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Honour, kuma a cikin 2016 Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law School ta ba ta digiri na girmamawa. Rubuce-rubucen ta sun haɗa da Dokar Hudood: Sanction na Allah? da Yara na Ƙananan Allah An ba Jahangir lambar yabo ta Nishan-e-Imtiaz a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, mafi girman matsayi na hidima ga jihar, da kuma ayyukan diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa ta Mamnoon Hussain.
Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Asma Jahangir a cikin iyali mai arziki da siyasa mai suna Kakazai Pashtun tare da tarihin gwagwarmaya da aikin kare hakkin dan adam. Mahaifinta, Malik Ghulam Jilani, ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda ya shiga siyasa bayan ya yi ritaya kuma ya shafe shekaru a kurkuku da kuma tsare-tsare a gida saboda adawa da mulkin kama-karya na soja. An daure Malik a lokuta da yawa saboda ra'ayoyinsa na gaskiya, wanda ya haɗa da zargin gwamnatin Pakistan da kisan kare dangi a lokacin aikin soja a yanzu Bangladesh (tsohon Gabashin Pakistan).
Mahaifiyarta, Begum Sabiha Jilani (1927-2012), ta yi karatu a wata kwalejin da ake kira Forman Christian College da ke Lahore, a lokacin da 'yan mata Musulmai suka sami ilimi mafi girma. Sabiha ta kuma yi yaƙi da tsarin gargajiya, ta fara kasuwancin tufafinta har sai an kwace ƙasar iyalinta a 1967 sakamakon ra'ayoyin mijinta da tsare shi.
Jahangir kanta ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin soja tun tana ƙarama da kuma adawa da tsare mahaifinta da shugaban kasar Benazir Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ya yi a shekarar 1972. Ta sami digiri na BA daga Kwalejin Kinnaird, Lahore da kuma digiri na shari'a a 1978, da kuma digiri ya Bachelor of Laws (LLB) daga Jami'ar Punjab Ta kuma sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar St. Gallen a Switzerland, Jami'ar Queens, Kanada, Jami'an Simon Fraser, Kanada da Jami'ar Cornell, Amurka.
Asma Jilani ta auri Tahir Jahangir. Suna da ɗa da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Munizae Jahangir, ɗan jarida da Sulema Jahangir wanda shi ma lauya ne.
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Mutuwan 2018
Haifaffun |
40254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20Gwamnan%20Jahar%20Zamfara%202023 | Zaben Gwamnan Jahar Zamfara 2023 | Za a gudanar da zaben gwamnan jihar Zamfara a shekarar 2023, a ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekarar 2023, domin zaben gwamnan jihar Zamfara, a daidai lokacin da zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar Zamfara da sauran zabukan gwamnoni ashirin da bakwai da zabukan sauran 'yan majalisun jihohi. Za a gudanar da zaben ne makonni biyu bayan zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar. Gwamna Bello Matawalle na jam’iyyar APC mai ci ne jam’iyyarsa ta tsayar da shi takara.
Zaben fidda gwani da aka shirya gudanarwa tsakanin 4 ga watan Afrilu zuwa 9 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2022, ya sa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta tsayar da Matawalle takara ba tare da hamayya ba a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu yayin da jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ta tsayar da dan banki Dauda Lawal a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu. Sai dai wata babbar kotun tarayya ta tsige Lawal a matsayin wanda ta zaba a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba saboda wasu kura-kurai a zaben fidda gwani; PDP ta gudanar da wani sabon zaben fidda gwani a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba wanda ya sa Lawal ya sake yin nasara amma daga baya wata babbar kotun tarayya ta soke zaben fidda gwanin da aka sake yi tare da hana jam’iyyar tsayar da dan takara a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba.
Tsarin zabe Ana zaben Gwamnan Jihar Zamfara ne ta hanyar tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara. Idan za a zabe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne dan takara ya samu yawan kuri’u da sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomin jihar. Idan babu dan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin dan takara da na gaba da ya samu kuri’u mafi yawa a kananan hukumomi.
Tarihi Jihar Zamfara tana da yawan jama'a a arewa maso yammacin kasar, galibin kabilun Hausawa da Fulani ne ke zaune a jihar. A shekarun baya kafin zaben, jihar ta yi fama da rikicin ‘yan bindiga tare da rikicin makiyaya da manoma da kuma matsalar garkuwa da mutane a fadin kasar, yayin da ‘yan bindiga ke kai farmaki a daukacin garuruwa, suna garkuwa da ‘yan makaranta, tare da kai farmaki kan masu ababen hawa.
A siyasance, tun farko zaben shekarar 2019, cigaba ke zuwa da rinjayen jam’iyyar APC a jihar inda dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar Muhammadu Buhari ya lashe jihar da sama da kashi 50% sannan jam’iyyar ta lashe dukkan kujerun majalisar dattawa uku yayin da ta kuma lashe zaben majalisar wakilai. A matakin jiha kuma, jam’iyyar APC ta ci gaba da rike rinjayen ‘yan majalisar dokoki da kuma dan takararta Mukhtar Shehu Idris ya lashe zaben gwamna da tazara mai yawa. Sai dai kuma tun gabanin kaddamar da kotun koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa jam’iyyar APC ta Zamfara ba ta gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na zaben fidda gwani ba, don haka aka yi watsi da dukkan ‘yan takararta. An rantsar da Matawalle, da duk wani wanda ya zo na biyu a PDP, kuma jihar gaba daya ta kasance karkashin PDP har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2021, lokacin da Matawalle ya jagoranci kusan kowane zababben zababben gwamnan jihar zuwa APC.
Gabanin wa'adin Matawalle, manufar ita ce kawo karshen 'yan fashi tare da magance talauci, rashin aikin yi, da jahilci. Dangane da kwazonsa, an yabawa Matawalle bisa soke biyan fansho na rai da tsoffin zababbun jami’ai. Sai dai ana sukar sa da kashe naira miliyan dari a asusun gwamnati a wata jami’a mai zaman kanta, rashin tsaro da tabarbarewar tsaro, da daukar hayar mataimaka sama da 1700, da dora laifin ‘yan fashi da makami a kan ‘yan bangar siyasa ba tare da wata shaida ba, da kuma kitsa yunkurin tsige mataimakin gwamna Mahdi Aliyu Mohammed Gusau bisa dalilai na siyasa. Takaddar labarai na siyasa, da kuma cin zarafi akan tsarin mulkin kasa da tsarin mulki ya ba da izini tare da manyan misalai guda biyu na siyan motoci na alfarma ga jami'ai motoci 19 don kwamishinoni a watan Mayu 2020 da motoci sama da 250 na shugabannin gargajiya a cikin Afrilu 2022.
Zaben firamare Za a gudanar da zabukan fidda gwani, tare da duk wani kalubalen da za a iya samu kan sakamakon farko, tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu da 3 ga Yuni 2022 amma an tsawaita wa'adin zuwa 9 ga Yuni.
Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Rikicin cikin gida tsakanin tsohon Gwamna Abdul’aziz Abubakar Yari da tsohon Sanata Kabir Garba Marafa wanda ya kai ga soke zaben 2019 na jam’iyyar APC a Zamfara bayan zaben har zuwa lokacin da Matawalle ya sauya sheka a 2021. Yayin da Matawalle ya zama fitaccen dan siyasar Zamfara na APC kwatsam sai Yari da Marafa suka yi sulhu a takaice domin fuskantar Matawalle tare kafin su sake ballewa gabanin babban taron jam'iyyar na jiha a karshen 2021. Rikicin da ya barke tsakanin kungiyoyin da Matawalle, Marafa, da Yari ke marawa baya, ko wanne ya kai ga rabuwar kawuna guda uku, duk suna ikirarin cewa su ne halastaccen tsarin jam’iyyar. Da yake Matawalle gwamna ne mai ci, jam’iyyar ta kasa ta amince da kungiyarsa a watan Fabrairun 2022 amma fafutukar cikin gida ta ci gaba har sai da aka samu zaman lafiya daga shugabannin APC na kasa a watan Mayu. Gabanin zaben fidda gwani, Abdulmalik Gajam shugaban matasa kuma dan tsohon jakada Garba Gajam ya bayyana kalubale na farko ga Matawalle; yayin da manazarta ke ganin cewa neman Gajam bai samu ‘yar dama ba, kuma mai yiyuwa ne kawai yunƙurin ɗaga martabarsa, abokan Matawalle sun ci gaba da ƙoƙarin shawo kan Gajam ya yi murabus. A ranar farko Gajam a karshe ya janye Matawalle wanda ya lashe zaben ba tare da hamayya ba. A jawabinsa na godiya, Matawalle ya godewa tsohon Gwamna Mahmud Shinkafi tare da Yari da Marafa tare da bayyana hadin kan jam’iyyar.
Wanda aka zaba Bello Matawalle: Governor (2019 izuwa yau) Abokiyar takara- Hassan Nasiha: Mataimakin Gwamna (2022 izuwa yau) kuma tsohon Sanata mai wakiltar Zamfara ta tsakiya (2007-2011; 2019-2022)
Janye Abdulmalik Gajam: shugaban matasa kuma dan tsohon jakada Garba Gajam
Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party Tun bayan sauya shekar Matawalle zuwa jam’iyyar APC, mataimakin gwamna Mahdi Aliyu Mohammed Gusau ya yi gaggawar karbe ragamar mulkin jam’iyyar PDP ta Zamfara, inda aka nada shi shugaban jam’iyyar na jiha, har ma ya wakilci Zamfara a taron gwamnonin PDP. Mohammed Gusau ya samu goyon baya daga manyan jiga-jigan jam’iyyar PDP na kasa da kuma fargabar yiwuwar takararsa na gwamna da ake zargin ya kai ga tsige Mohammed Gusau a watan Fabrairun 2022; duk da haka, Mohammed Gusau ya kare ya bayyana takararsa ta gwamna ko ta yaya. Gabanin zaben fidda gwani na watan Mayu, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Aliyu Mohammed Gusau tsohon ministan tsaro, mahaifin Mahdi, kuma shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na Zamfara tare da wasu jiga-jigan PDP na Zamfara sun goyi bayan ma'aikacin banki Dauda Lawal maimakon Mahdi ko wasu 'yan takara. A ranar farko ta zaben fidda gwani Mahdi Aliyu Mohammed Gusau ya janye tare da amincewa da Lawal yayin da sauran ‘yan takara hudu suka ci gaba da zaben fidda gwanin kai tsaye wanda hakan ya sa Lawal ya samu nasara bayan sakamakon da ya nuna ya lashe kusan kashi 98% na kuri’un wakilan. Bayan sanar da sakamakon zaben shugaban kwamitin firamare Adamu Maina Waziri ya bayyana zaben da aka gudanar a matsayin wanda ya dace kuma ya godewa wakilan da suka gudanar da zaben cikin kwanciyar hankali. Sai dai ‘yan takarar uku da suka sha kaye sun shigar da kara kan nasarar Lawal ta hanyar amfani da ikirari na katsalandan ba bisa ka’ida ba daga shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na jihar Bala Mande inda suka kai kara ga shugaban jam’iyyar na kasa Iyorchia Ayu. Bayan da Ayu bai yi wani abu ba, ‘yan takarar da suka sha kaye sun kai kararsu gaban alkalai a kokarinsu na soke zaben fidda gwani; shari’ar tasu ta yi nasara kuma wata babbar kotun tarayya ta soke zaben fidda gwani a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba bisa kura-kuran zabe. A cikin ‘yan kwanaki, jam’iyyar PDP ta jihar ta ki daukaka kara, a maimakon haka ta tsara wani sabon zaben fidda gwani a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba; A kwanakin baya, jam'iyyar ta gudanar da atisayen tantance 'yan takara tare da gudanar da wani karamin taro don kara mata a cikin jerin wakilai. A zaben fidda gwanin da aka yi, Lawal ya sake yin nasara da tazara mai fadi. Sai dai kuma a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, wani hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke ya soke zaben fidda gwanin da aka sake yi saboda wasu kura-kurai da aka samu tare da hana jam’iyyar tsayar da dan takara a zaben gwamna. A ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba, kwamitin daukaka kara da ke zamanta a Sokoto ya yi watsi da karar da Lawal ya shigar.
zaɓi maras inganci (Invalidity Nominated) Dauda Lawal: ma'aikacin banki Abokin takara- Mani Mallam Mummuni
An cire shi a cikin firamare mara inganci Wadatau Madawaki ma'aikacin gwamnati Ibrahim Shehu Gusau Injiniya
Hafiz Usman Nuhuche 80
Janye Mahdi Aliyu Mohammed Gusau: Mataimakin Gwamna (2019-2022) kuma dan tsohon ministan tsaro Aliyu Mohammed Gusau
Gangami Tun a farko-farkon zaben fidda gwani, masana sun yi nuni da cewa, tseren ya biyo bayan yadda zabukan Zamfara ke karkasa su ta hanyar sauya sheka da kawancen wucin gadi. Ficewar Matawalle zuwa APC a watan Yuni 2021 da kuma yarjejeniyar Mayu 2022 da tsohon Gwamna Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari da tsohon Sanata Kabir Garba Marafa ya haifar da bambanci sosai a zaben 2023 idan aka kwatanta da zaben 2019 lokacin da Matawalle yake PDP ya fafata da APC. raba tsakanin Yari da Marafa. Manazarta sun kuma lura cewa ana ci gaba da sauya sheka a tsakanin jam’iyyun yayin da wasu ‘yan siyasar APC da ba su ji dadin yarjejeniyar Matawalle-Yari-Marafa suka koma PDP yayin da wasu jami’an jam’iyyar PDP suka koma jam’iyyar NNPP. Wannan al’amari dai ya janyo koma baya ga wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida na jam’iyyar PDP a watan Satumba, lokacin da wata shari’a da suka sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani ta kai wata babbar kotu ta soke zaben fidda gwani na PDP tare da umurtar jam’iyyar da ta gudanar da sabon zaben fidda gwani. Duk da rikicin cikin gida, an sake tsayar da Lawal takara a ranar 23 ga Satumba.
A wata mai zuwa ne hankalin al'ummar kasar ya karkata ga gasar sakamakon cece-ku-ce a yayin da Matawalle ya bayar da umarnin rufe gidajen talabijin da rediyo da dama a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba a matsayin ramuwar gayya bayan da gidajen rediyon suka gudanar da wani taron yakin neman zaben Lawal. Kungiyoyin 'yancin 'yan jarida sun yi Allah-wadai da matakin da ya dauka a matsayin keta hakkin 'yan jarida da kuma bin doka da oda. A yayin da ake ta cece-kuce an yi wani kazamin rikici tsakanin magoya bayan APC da PDP a Gusau wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutum guda tare da jikkata 18; manyan jam'iyyun biyu sun yi musayar laifin bala'in da ya haifar da fargabar kara tashin hankalin zabe. Abin takaici ya tabbata a cikin mako mai zuwa lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka bude wuta kan masu zanga-zangar PDP a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, bisa zargin Matawalle.
A watan Nuwamba ne dai hankali ya koma kan shari’a ga Lawal yayin da wata babbar kotu ta soke zaben fidda gwani tare da hana jam’iyyar PDP tsayar da dan takara a zaben. Masu adawa da Lawal na cikin gida na jam’iyyar PDP sun dora laifin rashin cancantar jam’iyyar yayin da Lawal ya roki magoya bayansa da su kwantar da hankalinsu ya kuma ce zai daukaka kara kan hukuncin. Sakamakon zaben mazabar tarayya.
Ta mazabar tarayya Sakamakon zaben kananan hukumomi.
Ta karamar hukuma
Duba kuma Zaben Najeriya 2023
Zaben gwamnonin Najeriya 2023
Manazarta Zabe 2023
Siyasan Najeriya
Zaben Gwamnan Jahar Zamfara 2023
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42948 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasanni%20a%20%C6%98asar%20Kamaru | Wasanni a Ƙasar Kamaru | Jama'a na gudanar da wasanni a ƙasar Kamaru kuma gwamnatin kasar ta ba da goyon baya 'Yan Kamaru suna alfahari da samun nasara a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sa wasanni ya zama muhimmin tushen hadin kan ƙasa. Wasannin gargajiya a Kamaru sun haɗa da tseren kwale-kwale, ninkaya, ja da yaki, da kokawa Wasan kokawa ya yi fice a bukukuwan qaddamarwa da sauran bukukuwan kabilanci irin su Bakweri da Duala Duk da haka, a zamanin yau, wasanni irin su ƙwallon ƙafa, dambe, tseren keke, ƙwallon hannu, ƙwallon raga, wasan caber, da wasan tennis sun zama sanannu. Na 40 km (24.8 mi) Dutsen Kamaru Race of Hope yana jawo masu gudu da yawa kowace shekara. Yan yawon bude ido suna hawan dutse da hawan dutse musamman hawa dutsen Kamaru Yaoundé, Tiko da Kribi suna da wasannin golf Hakanan ana buga kungiyar Rugby, tare da kungiyoyi kusan 15 da ’yan wasa 3,000 a kasar. Wasan da ya fi shahara har zuwa yanzu shi ne wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ƙwallon ƙafa) Kusan kowane ƙauye yana da filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kansa, kuma ɗimbin 'yan kallo suna kallon wasanni tsakanin ƙauyuka masu hamayya. Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kamaru ta samu karbuwa a duniya tun a lokacin da suka nuna karfi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 1990 Tawagar ta lashe kofunan gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika biyar. An san dan wasan kwallon kafa Roger Milla a duniya, kuma mutuwar Marc-Vivien Foé a shekara ta 2003 a lokacin wasa ya sanya kanun labaran duniya. Yawancin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Kamaru sun ci gaba da yin sana'o'in samun nasara a Turai, ciki har da Christian Bassogog wanda aka zaba mafi kyawun dan wasan Afirka a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2017 a Gabon Rigobert Song da Gwarzon Kwallon Afirka Lauren da Samuel Eto'o Yara sun fara wasan motsa jiki a makarantar firamare da sakandare. A matakin jami'a, National Federation for College and University Sports (FENASCO; shirya gasar makaranta. Haka kuma hukumar tana gudanar da gasar larduna a matakin firamare da wasannin kasa a matakin sakandare. Yawancin wasanni suna da nasu tsarin, ciki har da Hukumar Damben Kamaru (FECABOXE), Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kamaru (FECAFOOT), da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kamaru (FECAHAND). Kwamitin Olympics na Kamaru wata hukumar wasanni ce ta kasa, kuma Kamaru na daya daga cikin kasashe masu zafi da suka fafata a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi An shirya ƙungiyoyin wasanni ta hanyar kabilanci a cikin harshen Faransanci Kamaru da kuma ƙarƙashin tallafin kamfanoni ko sashe a Kamarun Anglophone. Ƙungiyoyi suna haɓaka fafatawa mai tsanani, kuma tashin hankali ba sabon abu ba ne yayin wasa. Cibiyoyin wasanni da dama ne ke kula da horar da 'yan wasa, ciki har da wasu mallakar kamfanoni masu tallafawa, irin su Brasseries du Cameroun 's l'École de Football des Brasseries du Cameroun (EFBC) a Douala Zakaran ajin masu nauyi na UFC Francis Ngannou ya fito daga Kamaru.
Wasan kwallon raga Ana gudanar da gasar cin kofin kwallon raga ta Kamaru a kai a kai. A watan Yuni 2021, an buga duk wasannin mata a dakin motsa jiki na National Advanced School of Public Works. Manyan kungiyoyin mata sun hada da FAP, Nyong, Kelle, Bafia Volleyball Juyin Halitta da Club Efoulan Ayyukan Wasanni
Hotuna
Manazarta
Bayanan Kula DeLancey, Mark W., da Mark Dike DeLancey (2000): Kamus na Tarihi na Jamhuriyar Kamaru (ed 3rd. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
Mbaku, John Mukum (2005). Al'adu da Kwastam na Kamaru Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
West, Ben (2004). Kamaru: Jagoran Balaguro na Bradt Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press |
24948 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Dymock | Jim Dymock | Jim Dymock (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1972). ƙwararren kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ne wanda shine mataimakin kocin Gold Coast Titans a cikin NRL kuma tsohon ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon rugby wanda ya taka leda daga shekarar 1990 zuwa shekara ta 2000.
A Tonga, kuma Australia kasa da kasa, da kuma New South Wales Jihar Origin wakilin five-eighth ko lock, ya buga kulob din kwallon kafa na Sydney ta Western unguwannin bayan gari mashi, Canterbury-Bankstown bulldogs da Parramatta Eels, ya kammala karatunsa na aiki a cikin Super League na London Broncos.
Daga nan ya fara aikin kocin ya zama baban koci din kungiyar Tongan ta kasa. Ya ciyar da ƙarshen ƙarshen lokacin NRL na shekara ta 2011 a matsayin babban kocin Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, kuma ya kasance mataimakin koci a Sydney Roosters, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs da Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks a cikin National Rugby League.
Bayan Fage An haifi Dymock a Sydney, New South Wales Australia a ranar hudu 4 gawatan Afrilu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sabain da biyu shekarar 1972 Shi dan asalin Tongan ne.
Ya fara buga wasan rugby a matsayin ƙaramin Gabas ta Tsakiya tare da Woolloomooloo Warriors sannan Paddington Colts. Daga nan ya canza zuwa gasar matasa ta Kudu Sydney Ya buga wa Zetland Magpies tare da 'yan wasa kamar Jim Serdaris da Terry Hill waɗanda suka ci gaba da yin Farko.
Wasan wasa
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki Ya wakilci Kudancin Sydney a cikin SG Ball da kungiyoyin Jersey.
Magpies na Yammacin Yamma Dymock ya fara aikin kulob dinsa na farko a cikin kakar NSWRL na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da daya 1991 a Yankunan Yammacin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, yana adawa da Wally Lewis kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a karon farko. Ya buga wa kulob din wasa sau talatin da daya 31, amma ya yi “farin cikin tafiya” bayan matsaloli da kocinsa yayin da yake Wests.
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da uku 1993, Dymock ya shiga Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs.
A lokacin kakar a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995, Dymock, tare da Dean Pay, Jason Smith da Jarrod McCracken sun sake sabunta kwangilolin Super League na Australiya, suna ba da 'rashin adalci' a matsayin dalilin su wanda daga baya aka goyi baya a cikin kotuna. Ko da yake Dymock zaɓi ya shiga tare da Australian Rugby League (ARL) gasar, ya zauna tare da Canterbury kulob din gawatan shekara ta 1995 kakar kuma gudummawar da kulob din ta grand karshe nasara a kan manly Dymock ya lashe lambar yabo ta Clive Churchill don wasan,
Parrmatta Eels Dymock ya shiga cikin Parramatta mai haɗin gwiwa na ARL don farkon lokacin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida 1996.
An zaɓi Dymock don wakiltar New South Wales a matsayin musaya don duk wasannin uku na jerin asalin Jihar 1996.
Ya buga wa Eels wasa yayin sauran yaƙin Super League da haɗewar Super League da ARL zuwa gasar Rugby League ta yanzu.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997, an zaɓe shi a cikin biyar da takwas don wasannin I da na II na jerin Jihohin Asali na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997, ya zira kwallaye a wasan II, kuma an zaɓe shi don yin wasa a kulle a wasan III na jerin asalin Jihar shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998.
Ya buga wa Parramatta wasanni dubu daya da goma sha biyu 112 tsakanin shekara ta 1996 zuwa shekara ta 2000 dubu biyu ya bar Eels da Australia a ƙarshen kakara shekara ta 2000 dubu biyu
London Broncos Ya koma kulob din Super League na London Broncos a lokacin kakar a shekara ta dubu biyu da daya 2001.
Ya ji daɗin yanayi na hudu 4 A Broncos. Ya kawo karshen wasansa na kwallon kafa a karshen kakar a shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu 2004 bayan ya buga wasanni dayakai guda dari da biya 95 a London.
Aikin duniya
Tonga Dymock ya wakilci Tonga a gasar cin kofin Pacific na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu 1994 zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da chasa'in da biyar 1995.
Ostiraliya Dymock kuma ya buga sau shida tsakanin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida 1996 don Australia. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Australiya mai nasara wanda ya ci Kofin Duniya na Rugby League na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 a Ingila.
Aikin koyawa Dymock ya taimaka wa kocin Ricky Stuart a Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.
Daga baya ya koma Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs.
Dymock ya kasance babban kocin kungiyar Tongan ta kasa ta rugby league da ta taka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby League ta shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008.
A ranar sha hudu 14 ga watan Yuli shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya 2011, an sanar da Jim Dymock a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din Canterbury, bayan Kevin Moore ya sauka daga mukamin. Koyarwa, a ranar sha hudu 14 gawatn Nuwamba shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya 2011, Des Hasler ya maye gurbin Dymock.
Manazarta
Majiyoyi Encyclopedia na 'Yan wasan Rugby League Wetherill Park, New South Wales Gary Allen Pty Ltd. p. 609. ISBN 978-1-877082-93-1 Hanyoyin waje Bayanin Canterbury Bulldogs Bayanan martaba na London Broncos
Pages with unreviewed |
33275 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidi%20Adewolu%20Ladoja | Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja | Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1944) ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya zama gwamnan jihar Oyo Nijeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar PDP. An tsige shi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, amma a watan Disambar shekara ta 2006 aka dawo da shi bakin aiki. Wa’adinsa ya kare a shekara ta 2007. Ladoja ya zama memba na Zenith Labour Party (ZLP) a cikin watan Disamba a shekara ta 2018.
Farkon rayuwa da Karatu a
An haifi Ladoja a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1944 a kauyen Gambari kusa da Ibadan.
Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta maza ta Ibadan a shekara ta (1958 zuwa shekara ta 1963) da kuma makarantar Olivet Baptist High School a shekara ta (1964 zuwa shekara ta 1965). Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Liège, Belgium a shekara ta (1966 zuwa shekara ta 1972) inda ya sami digiri a fannin Injiniya.
Aiki
Ya samu aiki a kamfanin mai na Total Nigeria, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 13 ya rike mukamai daban-daban kafin ya kafa nasa kasuwancin a shekarar 1985. Abubuwan da ya shafi kasuwancinsa sun hada da sufuri, masana'antu, banki, noma da sufuri.
Siyasa
An zabe shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya a shekarar 1993 a lokacin jamhuriya ta uku a Najeriya, na kankanin lokaci ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) a lokacin juyin mulkin Abacha. A shekara ta 2000, Ladoja ya zama darakta na Bankin Standard Trust Limited.
Gwamnan Jihar Oyo
An zabi Ladoja a matsayin gwamnan jihar Oyo a watan Afrilun 2003 a jam’iyyar PDP, kuma ya karbi mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2003. Ya samu goyon bayan Alhaji Lamidi Adedibu, A watan Agustan 2004, Ladoja da Adedibu sun shiga tsaka mai wuya game da rabon wadanda gwamnati ta naɗa. Ladoja bai samu goyon bayan jam’iyyar ba a wannan rigimar. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a karshen 2005, shugaban PDP na kasa, Ahmadu Ali, ya ce Ladoja ya kamata ya karbi umarni daga Lamidi Adedibu.
Tsigewa
A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2006 ne ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo suka tsige Ladoja tare da tilasta musu barin aiki. An rantsar da mataimakinsa, Christopher Adebayo Alao-Akala a matsayin sabon gwamna. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2006, Kotun Daukaka Kara da ke babban birnin jihar, Ibadan, ta bayyana tsigewar ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma ta ba da shawarar jiran tabbatar da wannan hukunci daga Kotun Koli. Kotun koli ta amince da hukuncin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2009, kuma Ladajo ya koma ofishin a hukumance a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2006. An girke jami’an ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma a kan manyan titunan manyan ofisoshin gwamnati domin dakile tashin hankalin da magoya bayan Adebayo Alao-Akala da Lamidi Adedibu ke yi a lokacin da aka mayar da shi bakin aiki. Ladoja ya kasa lashe zaben fitar da gwani na PDP a matsayin dan takara karo na biyu. Ya zaɓi ya goyi bayan ‘yan takarar Action Congress na zaben shugabannin kananan hukumomi 33. PDP ta ki shiga zaben. Hakan ya sa jam'iyyar Action Congress (AC) ta samu kujeru 26 sannan jam'iyyar ANPP ta lashe kujeru bakwai. Sai dai magajinsa a matsayin gwamna, tsohon mataimakinsa kuma tsohon mukaddashin gwamnan jihar, Christopher Adebayo Akala, ya kori shugabannin kansilolin jim kadan da hawansa mulki tare da maye gurbinsu da magoya bayan PDP.
Zargi
A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2008, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati (EFCC) ta kama Ladoja bisa zargin rashin fitar da kudaden da aka sayar da hannun jarin gwamnati da ya kai N1.9. biliyan a lokacin gwamnatinsa.
Tsarewa
Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Legas ta tsare shi na dan wani lokaci a gidan yari a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008. An bayar da belinsa ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a kan kuɗi naira miliyan 100 tare da masu tsaya masa guda biyu kan kudi daya. A watan Maris din 2009, wani tsohon mataimaki ya ba da shaida kan yadda aka raba kudaden rabon tsakanin iyalan Ladoja, mai gadin sa, manyan ‘yan siyasa da lauyoyi. Ladoja ya kasance dan takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar Accord a jihar Oyo a zaben Afrilun 2011 da 2015, ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata Abiola Ajimobi Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyarsa ta Accord Party zuwa PDP a matsayin jam'iyar gamayya a shekarar 2017. Rigimar PDP ta sa shi da sauran abokansa (daga Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC da sauransu) suka koma kan African Democratic Congress (ADC) a 2018. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da aka yi a ADC wanda ya tabbatar da cewa auren baƙon gado ne, Ladoja tare da mabiyansa sun koma Zenith Labour Party (ZLP) a cikin Disamba 2018.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
33260 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge-Junior%20Martinsson%20Ngouali | Serge-Junior Martinsson Ngouali | Serge-Junior Martinsson Ngouali (An haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1992), wanda aka fi sani da Junior, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Sarpsborg 08 ta Norway. Haife shi a Sweden, ya wakilci Gabon na kasa tawagar.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Martinsson Ngouali a Gothenburg, Sweden, ga mahaifin Afirka ta Tsakiya dan asalin Gabon. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar Sweden ce kuma Serge-Junior ya girma a cikin birnin Gothenburg. Yana zaune a unguwar Hammarkullen, ya fara buga kwallon kafa a gunnilse IS da Västra Frölunda IF. Tare da mahaifiyarsa da ɗan'uwansa tagwaye Tom Martinsson Ngouali, kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, ya ƙaura zuwa Stockholm a cikin shekarar 2003. Yana kuma da shekaru 11, ya shiga makarantar kimiyya a IF Brommapojkarna.
Sana'a/Aiki
Brommapojkarna A cikin shekarar 2010, ya fara halarta a karon a Brommapojkarna a Allsvenskan-babban matakin Sweden-yana da shekaru 18. Ya buga wasanni 12 a gasar yayin kakar wasansa na farko, yayin da Brommapojkarna ya koma Superettan. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai farawa na yau da kullun a tsakiyar tsakiyar tsakiya a Brommapojkarna a cikin 2012 da 2013, kawai ya ɓace wasu wasannin gasa. Ba da daɗewa ba Martinsson Ngouali ya shahara da kyautar fasaha da wasan wucewa mai ƙarfi. Kafin farkon kakar 2014, ya jawo hankalin sha'awa daga lokacin mulkin Sweden zakarun Malmö FF. Martinsson Ngouali ya zabi ci gaba da zama a Brommapojkarna kuma ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku da kungiyar. Ya buga wasanni 28 a kungiyar a wannan shekarar, wanda ke nuna cikakken kakarsa ta farko a Allsvenskan. Martinsson Ngouali shi ma ya buga wasanni biyu da kungiyar Torino ta Seria A yayin da Brommapojkarna ta yi waje da ita daga gasar 2014-15 UEFA Europa League zagaye na uku. A wasan farko da aka buga a gida, dan wasan baya Giuseppe Vives ya yi masa keta a cikin bugun fanareti wanda alkalin wasa ya ba shi jan kati. Dan wasan gaba Dardan Rexhepi duk da haka bai samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Brommapojkarna daga karshe ya yi rashin nasara da ci 0–7 a jumulla. Brommapojkarna a ƙarshe ya ƙi kuma ya koma Superettan kafin a fara kakar wasa ta 2015, inda za su ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe. A cikin 2016, Martinsson Ngouali ya zira kwallaye 7-sabon aiki mafi kyau-yayin da Brommapojkarna ya lashe Division 1, matakin Sweden na uku.
Hammarby
2017 A ranar 16 ga watan Maris 2017, ya koma ga 'yan'uwan Stockholm na tushen tawagar Hammarby IF. Martinsson Ngouali ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da kulob din Allsvenskan. Ya koma tsohon kocinsa Stefan Billborn da tsohon abokin wasansa Pablo Piñones Arce a Hammarby, yanzu dukkansu suna aiki a matsayin mataimakan manajoji a kulob din. Ya buga wasansa na farko ga kulob din a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, a ranar wasan farko na Allsvenskan 2017. Martinsson Ngouali ya samu jan kati ne a karshen rabin na biyu yayin da Hammarby ta doke IFK Norrköping da ci 1-2. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Hammarby a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu a fafatawar da suka yi da Östersund a waje, inda ya ci 2-1. Midway ta farkon kakarsa a Hammarby, Junior ya sami yabo da yawa daga darektan kwallon kafa na kulob din Jesper Jansson, wanda ya yaba shi a matsayin "dan wasa na gaske" tare da wasan karewa mai karfi da kuma babban ikon rufe manyan wurare a filin wasa. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, a wasan da suka doke Örebro SK da ci 3-0 a waje, Martinsson Ngouali ya jawo mummunan rauni a cinyarsa wanda ya hana shi buga wasa kusan watanni biyu. Ya koma filin wasa a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–2 a waje da Kalmar FF.
2018 A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 2018, Junior ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa na wani rabin shekara, tare da sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba har zuwa Yuni 2020. Ya buga wa Hammarby wasanni 26 na gasar, inda ya ci kwallo daya, yayin da kulob din ya kare a mataki na 4 a kan teburi. Ya sami mummunan rauni a cikin ligament a watan Oktoba, a cikin asarar 2-1 da Malmö FF, tare da tsammanin dawowa a lokacin rani na 2019. A karshen 2018, Martinsson Ngouali ya kasance gwarzon dan wasan shekara na Hammarby da magoya bayan kungiyar suka zaba sannan kuma ya fito a cikin kungiyar Allsvenskan na shekarar.
2019 Martinsson Ngouali ya shafe rabin farkon kakar wasa ta 2019 yana jinyar raunin da ya samu a gwiwa. Ya sake dawowa a ranar 15 ga Satumba a cikin nasarar gida da ci 6–2 da IFK Göteborg. A karshe ya buga wasanni 8, inda ya zura kwallo daya, yayin da Hammarby ya kare a mataki na 3 a teburin gasar.
2020 Ya fuskanci matsalolin shiga kungiyar a matsayin na yau da kullun a cikin 2020, yayin da kulob din ya ci nasara a matsayi na 8 a teburin. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, aka sanar da cewa Martinsson Ngouali zai bar kungiyar a karshen shekara, yayin da kwantiraginsa ya kare.
HNK Gorica A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2021, Martinsson Ngouali ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da rabi tare da kulob din Prva HNL HNK Gorica, tare da Jiloan Hamad, tsohon abokin wasansa daga Hammarby.
Ayyukan kasa Martinsson Ngouali ya lashe kofuna 12 a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 ta Sweden tsakanin 2009 da 2011. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2011, ya kuma yi bayyanar guda ɗaya ga yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 na Sweden a cikin asarar 1-3 da Italiya. A lokacin rani na 2016, tawagar kwallon kafa ta Gabon ta tuntube shi lokacin da kocin José Antonio Camacho ya gayyace shi zuwa sansanin horo. Daga karshe dai an kira shi zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika na 2017. Martinsson Ngouali ya fara buga wa Gabon wasa 1-1 da Burkina Faso a ranar 18 ga Janairu 2017 a gasar.
Girmamawa
Mutum Hammarby IDAN Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara: 2018
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Serge-Junior Martinsson Ngouali at Brommapojkarna Serge-Junior Martinsson Ngouali at SvFF (in Swedish) (archived)
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%20ta%20%C6%99asar%20Burundi | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Burundi | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Burundi, wadda ake yi wa laƙabi da The Swallows Kirundi tana wakiltar Burundi a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya kuma hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burundi ce ke kula da ita Tawagar bata taɓa shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ba A baya Burundi ta kusa kai wa gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1994, inda Guinea ta yi rashin nasara a bugun fenariti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Sai dai kuma, a shekarar 2019, ta samu tikitin shiga gasar a karon farko, kuma ta shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika a rukunin B, amma ta sha kashi a dukkanin wasanninta, ta fice daga matakin rukuni ba tare da zura kwallo ko ɗaya ba.
Tarihi
Farkon wahalhalu (1974-1992) Hukumar kwallon ƙafa ta Burundi ce ta kirkiro ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burundi a shekarar 1971 Wasan farko na Swallows shi ne a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1976 da Somalia, inda aka tashi da ci 2-0. Bayan da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a wasa na biyu, Burundi ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba inda ta yi rashin nasara da ci 5-0 a jimilla kuma aka fitar da ita. Shekaru goma sha bakwai ne Burundi ta sake buga wani wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar AFCON. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka fara, Burundi ta buga wasanni 20 kuma ta yi nasara sau 6, 2 da kuma rashin nasara 12.
Ƙwararren Ƙwararru (1992-1998) A shekarar 1992, Burundi ta shiga zagayen neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a karon farko, amma an fitar da ita a zagayen farko bayan nasara daya (1-0 da Ghana kunnen doki daya (0-0 da Algeria da kuma rashin nasara biyu a gasar. koma baya don kammala kasan rukunin. Burundi ta zama ta daya a matsayi na daya a rukunin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1994, amma ta yi rashin nasara a wasansu da Guinea a bugun fenareti. Sakamakon yakin basasar Burundi, Burundi ta fice daga gasar ta AFCON a shekarun 1996 da 1998, kuma duk da cewa ta doke Saliyo da ci 2-0 a jumulla, kuma ta tsallake zuwa zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 1998, ta sake ficewa daga gasar.
Wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika (2000-2015) Bayan ficewar kasar daga gasar ta AFCON a jere, Burundi ta dawo gasar a shekara ta 2000, bayan da ta doke Tanzaniya a wasannin share fage kafin ta zo ta uku a rukuninta bayan Burkina Faso da Senegal A wasannin neman gurbin zuwa shekara ta 2002, Burundi ta sake tsallakewa zuwa matakin rukuni bayan da ta doke Djibouti da ci 4-1, amma ta kare a rukuninsu na karshe da maki biyu kacal. A cikin shekarar 2004, Burundi ta yi mafi muni, ba ta tattara maki ba kuma ta ƙare a bayan Afirka ta Kudu da Ivory Coast A shekara ta 2008 Burundi ta kammala maki biyar tsakaninta da Masar wadda ke kan gaba kuma ba ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba ba. A shekara ta 2012 Burundi ta kasance ma kara nisa, inda ta kammala maki goma sha uku a bayan Ivory Coast wadda ta lashe gasar rukuni-rukuni. A wasannin share fage na shekarar 2013, Burundi ta kasa tsallakewa ne saboda kwallayen da ta zura a waje da Zimbabwe (2-2), kuma a shekarar 2015 ta sha kashi a hannun Botswana (1-0).
Wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA (2002–2014) Burundi ba ta shiga gasar neman cancantar 2002 ba amma ta sake shiga cikin shekarar 2006, sai Gabon ta yi waje da ita a zagayen farko (4-1). A shekara ta 2010, Burundi ta samu nasara a kan Seychelles, amma ta kasa tsallakewa bayan Burkina Faso da Tunisia Wasannin share fage na shekarun 2006 da 2010 sun ninka matsayin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma gasar cin kofin Afirka. Zagayen cancantar mai zuwa, Lesotho ta fitar da Burundi a zagayen farko (3-2).
Cancantar CAN ta farko (2017-yanzu) Bayan fadowa a zagaye na biyu na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da DR Congo, Burundi ta mayar da hankali kan shawo kan Gaël Bigirimana da Saido Berahino su zo su taka leda don zabin, duka suna wasa a Turai (na Hibernian da Stoke City bi da bi). 'Yan wasan biyu sun amince kuma Berahino ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gabon A watan Maris din shekarar 2019, a wasan karshe na rukuni, Burundi ta buga wasa mai mahimmanci da Gabon tana bukatar maki daya kacal kafin ta samu. Wasan dai ya kare ne da ci 1-1, inda Cédric Amissi ya ci kwallo ta sa Burundi ta samu damar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. Burundi ta yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasanni ukun da ta buga a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2019, inda ta kasa yin rajistar kwallo ko daya.
Hoton kungiya
Launuka A al'adance, 'yan wasan Burundi suna sanya kala uku na tutarta: ja, kore da fari.
Masu tallafawa A lokacin waɗannan farawa, Burundi tana sanye da Erreà, alamar wasanni na Italiya. A shekarar 2012, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Adidas na tsawon shekaru 10. Duk da wannan kwangila na dogon lokaci tare da Adidas, Burundi an yi shi a cikin shekarar 2018 tare da Nike Har ma ta kulla yarjejeniya da Lumitel (alamar waya).
Filin wasa 'Yan wasan Burundi sun buga mafi yawan wasanninsu a Bujumbura a filin wasa na Intwari Wasa na biyu a tarihinta, Burundi na buga wasanta na farko a gida da Somalia (3-0). Filin wasa na Yarima Louis Rwagasore gida ne ga Vital'O FC da Prince Louis FC, da kuma tawagar kasar. An dai yi gyaran filin wasan sau da yawa, musamman a watan Maris din shekarar 2018, sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa.
Magoya bayansa A lokacin wasannin da ake yi a filin wasa na Yarima Louis Rwagasore, magoya bayan Burundi sun fi yawa, musamman saboda karancin karfin filin wasan (kujeru 10,000) na kusan 'yan kallo 13,000. Kamar dai yadda ’yan wasan suke, magoya bayansu suna sanya tufafin ja, kore da fari suna kawo tutar kasar. A wasan da Gabon za ta kara a watan Maris na shekarar 2019, hukumomi sun samar da karin kujeru saboda rashin sarari a cikin tasoshin.
Masu horarwa
'Yan wasa
Tawagar ta yanzu An gayyaci 'yan wasa masu zuwa don wasan sada zumunci da Ivory Coast a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2022. Kwallaye da kwallaye sun yi daidai daga 7 ga Yuni 2022, bayan wasan da Kamaru Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Burundi
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23753 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talabijin%20a%20China | Talabijin a China | Masana'antar talabijin a China ta haɗa da samar da shirye-shiryen fasaha na zamani, watsawa da ɗaukar hoto. Babban gidan talabijin na ƙasar Sin shi ne gidan talabijin na ƙasa mafi girma kuma mafi ƙarfi a ƙasar Sin. Ya zuwa shekarar 1987, kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanen kasar Sin sun samu damar yin amfani da talabijin, yayin da a yau, akwai tashoshi sama da 3,000 a cikin kasar.
Wasan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na ƙasar Sin ya kuma tabbatar da zama wuri mai zafi a cikin shahararrun al'adun yau (mai kama da wasan K-drama tare da wasannin kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na kasar Sin da suka samu karɓuwa irin su Gimbiya Agents, Nirvana a cikin Wuta, Tafiyar Fure, <i id="mwGA">Soyayya Madawwami</i>, Labarin Fadar Yanxi, Toka of love, The Princess Weiyoung, love O2O, The Legend of Mi Yue, Scarlet Zuciya, kuma wanda akafi yawan kallo tare da biliyoyin ra'ayoyi tsakanin ƙasar Sin da ya fice a yanar gizo sune, iQiyi, Youku, Tencent Video kuma Le Video Wasu wasan kwaikwayo sun shahara sosai kuma sun shahara sosai har aka sake su zuwa harsuna daban -daban, tare da jujjuyawa tare da mabiyi.
Yanayin iri -iri na Sinawa shima ya sami nasara sosai tare da shahararrun nishaɗi irin su <i id="mwKw">Happy Camp</i>, <i id="mwLQ">Super Girl</i>, Sing! Kasar Sin da ƙarin samun karɓuwa a duk duniya, tana samun karɓuwa daga miliyoyin zuwa biliyoyin masu kallo da lashe lambobin yabo da yawa.
Tarihi
Asali Lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'a a Shekarar 1949, tsarin sadarwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa a China sun tsufa kuma ba su da kyau, kuma da yawa sun lalace ko an lalata su a lokacin Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu An kafa sadarwa a China cikin hanzari a farkon 1950s. Ya zuwa shekarar 1952 babbar hanyar sadarwa ta mayar da hankali kan Beijing, kuma a ƙarshe an kafa hanyoyin haɗi zuwa manyan biranen, wanda ya ba da damar ƙaddamar da watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin Tashar talabijin ta farko ta kasar Sin a duniya ita ce gidan talabijin na Rediffusion (yanzu ATV, tun daga 2016), wanda aka kaddamar a Hong Kong a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1957. A kan babban yankin, an fara watsa shirye -shiryen kasa na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1958, kuma an fara gabatar da Gidan Talabijin na Beijing (yanzu Babban Gidan Talabijin na China tun 1978) a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1958. Bayan wata guda, an ƙaddamar da tashar yanki na farko, Gidan Talabijan na Shanghai, a ranar 9th National Day, wanda shine ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1958. Gidan talabijin na Liaoning zai fara shekara guda bayan haka, kuma a cikin shekarar 1960, lardunan Zhejiang da Guandong sun sa tashoshin su fara watsa shirye -shirye.
An dakatar da ci gaban hanyoyin sadarwa tare da durkushewar tattalin arziƙi bayan Babban Leap Forward (1958–60) amma ya farfado a cikin shekarar 1960s: an shigar da ayyukan rediyo a manyan biranen a cikin waɗannan shekarun. Daga shekarar 1965 akwai 12 tashoshin tilbijin a babban yankin kasar Sin, 1 kasa da kasa da 11 yanki (idan aka kwatanta da kimanin 700 al'ada tashoshin tilbijin da kuma game da 3,000 na USB tashoshi a yau). Hakanan, a cikin shekarar 1978, ƙasa da mai karɓar talabijin ɗaya cikin mutane 100, kuma ƙasa da Sinawa miliyan goma ne ke samun damar shiga gidan talabijin (a cikin shekarar 2003 akwai kusan TV talatin da biyar ga kowane mutum 100, kuma kusan Biliyan Sinawa sun sami damar kallon talabijin fadadawa da zamanantar da tsarin watsa shirye-shirye ya ci gaba a cikin ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980.
Har zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 1970 zuwa ƙarshen, watsa shirye-shiryen TV sun fara a ƙarshen yamma kuma sun ƙare da tsakar dare, tare da shirye-shiryen rana na musamman a lokacin hutun bazara da lokacin hunturu ga ɗalibai. BTV, a lokaci guda, ya kuma faɗaɗa isar da shirye -shiryen sa, daga tashar daya tashar ta fara a shekarar 1958, cibiyar sadarwa ta girma zuwa tashoshi 3 a shekarar 1969.
TVB ta fara watsa shirye -shiryen TV na launi na China na farko a Hong Kong a shekarar 1967 da Gidan Talabijin na China a Taiwan a 1969. A kan babban yankin, an fara watsa launi na gwaji a cikin shekarar 1971 akan BTV Channel 2, daga baya ya bazu zuwa tashoshin yanki, kuma a lokaci guda, BTV ya fara watsa shirye -shiryen tauraron dan adam na ƙasa kawai don manyan abubuwan da suka fara a shekarar 1972. BTV ya canza zuwa launi a 1973.
Shekarun 1980 An kafa Ma'aikatar Rediyo da Talabijin a matsayin wani yanki daban a 1982 don gudanarwa da haɓaka matsayin watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin da rediyo. Wanda ke ƙarƙashin wannan ma'aikatar ita ce Gidan Rediyon Jama'a na Tsakiya, Rediyon Beijing, da Babban Gidan Talabijin na China Bugu da ƙari, an ba da horo daban-daban na watsa shirye-shirye, neman gwaninta, bincike, wallafe-wallafe, da ƙungiyoyin masana'antu a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Rediyo da Talabijin. A cikin 1986 an canza nauyin masana'antar fim daga Ma'aikatar Al'adu zuwa sabuwar Ma'aikatar Rediyo, Cinema, da Talabijin.
Rediyo da talabijin sun faɗaɗa cikin sauri a cikin shekarun 1980 a matsayin mahimman hanyoyin sadarwar taro da shahararrun nishaɗi. A cikin gidan talabijin na 1982 ya kasance ta hanyar ma'auni ɗaya kawai ga miliyan 350 na yawan jama'ar China na biliyan 1, kuma galibi ana kallon su ta hanyar jama'a. Ta hanyar 1985 talabijin ta kai kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan jama'a ta tashoshi sama da 104 (daga 52 a 1984 da 44 a 1983); an kiyasta kashi 85 cikin 100 na mutanen birane sun sami damar kallon talabijin. A wannan lokacin, abubuwan da ke cikin shirye -shiryen sun canza sosai daga laccocin siyasa da jerin ƙididdigar lokacin da ya gabata. Hanyoyin talabijin na al'ada sun kasance nishaɗi, gami da fina -finan fasali, wasanni, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, rawa, da shirye -shiryen yara. A shekarar 1985 wani bincike na sati na yau da kullun na shirye -shiryen talabijin wanda littafin Shanghai ya fitar da Wuxiandian Yu Dianshi (Jaridar Rediyo da Talabijin) ya bayyana cewa sama da rabin shirye -shiryen ana iya kiransu nishaɗi; ilimi ya kasance kashi 24 cikin ɗari na sauran shirye -shiryen da labarai kashi 15. An gabatar da sassan labarai na duniya da yawa kowace yamma. Yawancin aro na labarai an aro su ne daga kungiyoyin labarai na kasashen waje, kuma an yi masa lakabi da taƙaitaccen bayanin Sinawa. Babban gidan talabijin na kasar Sin ya kuma yi kwangila tare da masu watsa shirye -shiryen kasashen waje da dama don shirye -shiryen nishadi. Tsakanin 1982 da 1985, kamfanonin talabijin na Amurka guda shida sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da shirye -shiryen Amurka ga China.
Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1950, mutane a Kogin Pearl Delta sun fara karɓar tashoshi daga Hong Kong tare da kebul na Coaxial (1957-1973) da eriyar Yagi-Uda (1967 zuwa gaba). An dauki tashoshin Hong Kong mafi nishaɗi kuma suna da shirye -shiryen Cantonese. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta hana irin wannan liyafar, amma karamar hukuma ta amince da ita. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, tashoshin gida sun fara haɗa abubuwan nunin daga Hong Kong.
Ƙasar Sin ta harba tauraron ɗan adam na farko da aka watsa ta talabijin a shekarar 1986.
A shekarar 1987 gidan talabijin na ƙasar Sin (CCTV), cibiyar sadarwa ta jihar, ta gudanar da shirye -shiryen talabijin na kasar Sin. A cikin masu amfani da 1985 sun sayi sabbin saiti miliyan 15, gami da kusan saitin launi miliyan 4. Samar da samfuran ya ragu sosai. Saboda masu kallon Sinawa kan taru a manyan kungiyoyi don kallon tsarin mallakar jama'a, hukumomi sun kiyasta cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar suna samun damar talabijin. A cikin 1987 akwai gidajen talabijin kusan miliyan 70, matsakaita 29 a cikin iyalai 100. CCTV tana da tashoshi guda huɗu waɗanda ke ba da shirye -shirye ga sama da gidajen talabijin talatin a ko'ina cikin ƙasar. An fara ginin a kan wani babban sabon gidan talabijin na CCTV a Beijing a shekarar 1985. Gidan talabijin na CCTV ya samar da shirye -shiryensa, wanda mafi yawa daga cikinsu na ilimi ne, kuma Jami'ar Talabijin da ke Beijing tana samar da shirye -shiryen ilimi guda uku a mako -mako. Darasin harshen Ingilishi shine mafi mashahuri shirin kuma yana da kimanin masu kallo miliyan 5 zuwa 6. Sauran shirye -shiryen sun haɗa da labarai na yau da kullun, nishaɗi, wasan kwaikwayo, da shirye -shirye na musamman. Shirye -shiryen kasashen waje sun haɗa da fina -finai da zane -zane. Masu kallon Sinawa sun fi sha'awar kallon labaran duniya, wasanni, da wasan kwaikwayo (duba Al'adun Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Shekarun 1990 In September 1993, after acquiring the STAR TV satellite network, Rupert Murdoch publicly declared: Bayan wannan, tsohon firayim minista Li Peng ya nemi kuma ya sami haramcin yin amfani da tauraron ɗan adam a duk faɗin ƙasar. Bayan haka, gidan talabijin na STAR TV ya sauke tashoshin BBC daga tayin tauraron dan adam. Wannan, da kuma wasu bayanan da suka biyo baya daga Murdoch, sun sa masu sukar suka yi imanin dan kasuwar yana ƙoƙarin gamsar da gwamnatin China domin a cire takunkumin. Ana kuma zargin cewa gwamnatin PRC ba ta ji daɗin watsa labarai na BBC ba kuma ta yi barazanar toshe STAR TV a babbar kasuwar China idan ba a janye BBC ba. Wannan duk da fasahar da ke da ikon toshe BBC World a China, yayin da ta samar da ita a wasu ƙasashen da suke aiki. A Sabuwar Shekara ta. 1994 a 06:00 Hangzhou Lokaci, talabijin ɗin Zhejiang shine talabijin China na farko kasuwanci da tauraron dan adam talabijin tushen a Gabas China kewaye yankunan, Yangtze Delta A 6 Oktoba 1997 at 09:00 Hefei Lokaci, Anhui Television ya China 's biyu kasuwanci da tauraron ɗan adam talabijin da kuma a ranar 28 ga Disamba wannan shekara a 06:00 Nanjing Lokaci, Jiangsu Talabijin na China 'uku kasuwanci da tauraron dan adam talabijin tushen a Gabas China kewaye yankunan, Yangtze Delta A ranar 1 Oktoba 1998 at 06:00 Shanghai Lokaci, Dragon Television (Shanghai) (da aka sani da Shanghai Television ya China huɗu kasuwanci da tauraron dan adam talabijin tushen a Gabas China kewaye yankunan, Yangtze Delta free-to-air terrestrial talabijin a Shanghai kawai).
2000 A shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin ƙasar Sin ta gabatar da wata manufa ta inganta hadewar kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar kafa ƙungiyoyin labarai da dama na yankuna daban-daban. Ta kuma kafa cikakkun dokoki game da tara kuɗaɗen masana'antun watsa labarai, hadin gwiwar da ƙasashen waje ke bayarwa da ci gaban kafofin watsa labarai. Gwamnatin Rediyo, Finafinai, da Talabijin (SARFT), wacce aka kafa a ƙarshen 2001, ta haɗa albarkatun babban gidan rediyo, talabijin da masana'antar fina-finai da na rediyo da talabijin, kamfanonin Intanet a cikin manyan kamfanoni masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi na China. -Kungiyar watsa labarai ta rufe filayen talabijin, Intanet, wallafe -wallafe, talla, da sauransu. A lokaci guda masana'antar watsa labaru ta kasar Sin tana hadin gwiwa da kungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje.
Tashoshin da aka fi kallo
Ƙimar tashar tauraron ɗan adam ta sararin samaniya kyauta Manyan manyan tashoshin tauraron dan adam na lardin 5 bisa la'akari da kimantawa:
Jerin cibiyoyin sadarwar ƙasa da tashoshi
Gidan Talabijin na China
Gidan talabijin na tauraron ɗan adam na kasuwanci kyauta
Wasu
Gidan talabijin na tauraron ɗan adam mara daidaituwa
Tashoshin yara
Gidan talabijin na tauraron ɗan adam Tashar mallakar mai zaman kansa tare da haƙƙoƙin mallakar ƙasa
Other Gidan Talabijin na Nishaɗi na China
Gidan Talabijin na Phoenix
Hong Kong Hong Kong tana da cibiyoyin watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin guda biyu, ATV da TVB Ƙarshen, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1967, shine tashar kasuwanci ta farko ta yankin kyauta, kuma a halin yanzu shine babban gidan talabijin a yankin. Kaya da talabijin na tauraron dan adam suma sun bazu. Samar da wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na Hong Kong, jerin wasannin barkwanci da nune-nunen iri-iri sun kai ga masu sauraro da yawa a duk duniya mai magana da Sinanci. Kamfanoni da yawa ne ke ba da kafofin watsa labarai da labarai, ɗayansu gwamnati ce. Talabijan tana ba da babbar hanyar labarai da nishaɗi ga talakawan iyali.
Macau Jama'ar Macau na iya karɓar mafi yawan watsa shirye -shiryen watsa shirye -shiryen ƙasa a Hong Kong.
Nassoshi Sin
Pages with unreviewed |
24322 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer%20Ako-Adjei | Ebenezer Ako-Adjei | Dr. Ebenezer Ako Adjei (17 ga Yuni 1916 14 ga Janairun shekarar 2002) ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana ne, ɗan siyasa, lauya kuma ɗan jarida. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko ta Ghana (sannan Gold Coast). A matsayinsa na uban kafa na Ghana, yana daya daga cikin shugabannin UGCC da aka tsare a lokacin fafutukar neman 'yancin kan Ghana daga Burtaniya, kungiyar da aka fi sani da Manyan Shida.
An haife shi a Adjeikrom, ƙaramin ƙauye a yankin Akyem Abuakwa, Ako Adjei ya yi karatun sa na manyan jami'a a Amurka da Ingila. Bayan karatunsa a ƙasashen waje, ya dawo gida don shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Gold Coast don samun 'yancin siyasa ta hanyar shiga United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a matsayin memba na kafa. Ako Adjei ya taka rawa wajen shigar da Kwame Nkrumah cikin fagen siyasar Ghana lokacin da ya bashi shawarar cikakken mukamin Sakataren Shirye -shiryen UGCC.
Bayan samun 'yancin kan Ghana, Ako Adjei ya yi aiki a wurare daban -daban na siyasa ciki har da zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Adalci na sabuwar ƙasar da aka haifa, Ghana. Ya kuma zama Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana na farko lokacin da aka canza mukamin daga Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Mayun shekarar 1961. Ako Adjei duk da haka an hana shi harkokin siyasa bayan an tsare shi bisa zargin shirya makircin kashe shugaban kasa na lokacin Kwame Nkrumah a harin bam na Kulungugu a 1962.
Bayan sakinsa a 1966, Ako Adjei ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa cikin duhu. Ya kasance ba a gan shi ko ba a ji ba a cikin bahasin ƙasar Ghana da siyasa. Ya kuma yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan danginsa da aikinsa a matsayin mai aikin shari'a. A cikin 1992 ya buga tarihin ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙasar Ghana Mr.George Grant. A shekarar 1997 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Star of Ghana- babbar lambar yabo ta kasa mafi girma ta Jamhuriyar Ghana, saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Ghana. Ako Adjei ya rasu bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya a 2002.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Kogin Zinariya An haifi Ebenezer Ako Adjei a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1916 a Adjeikrom a yankin Akyem Abuakwa. Adjeikrom ƙaramin al'umma ne masu aikin gona da aka samu a Yankin Gabashin Ghana (sannan Kogin Zinariya). Mahaifinsa shine Samuel Adjei, manomi kuma dan kasuwa, wanda ake tunanin sunan Ako Adjei inda aka haife shi, kuma mahaifiyarsa Johanna Okaile Adjei. Duk iyayen sun fito ne daga La, wani yanki kusa da tekun bakin teku a Accra. Yana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata da yawa amma shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin yaran mahaifinsa.
Iliminsa na farko ya fara ne a Yankin Gabas a Makarantar Firamare ta Busoso Railway, inda ya yi tafiyar mil 14 zuwa makaranta ya dawo gida. An kai shi Accra inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Junior ta La Presbyterian tun daga aji 3. Bai iya yaren Ga wanda shine yaren mahaifiyarsa ba, duk da haka, yana iya karatu da rubuta Twi, kuma yana magana da Dangme. Ya ci gaba a Babban Makarantar La Presbyterian har zuwa 1933 lokacin da ya isa Standard Six. A cikin Maris 1933 ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu don yin karatu a Makarantar Grammar Christ Church, makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta wacce ke kan gaba. Ya koma Babban Makarantar La Presbyterian bayan wata guda a Makarantar Grammar Christ Church saboda baya son makarantar.
Daga nan aka shawo kan mahaifinsa don ya tura shi Accra Academy, sannan wata makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta tana ƙoƙarin neman ƙafafunta ta hanyar taimakon matasa masu ƙwazo. A watan Afrilu 1933 ya shiga Accra Academy kuma yana son ta a can. Ya yi tafiyar mil hudu daga La zuwa Jamestown (inda makarantar take a lokacin), saboda ba zai iya biyan kudin motar bas wanda kusan pence biyu ne. A cikin 1934 ya zauna don jarrabawar Junior Cambridge kuma ya wuce. Yayin da yake Accra Academy, ya sami matsala wajen biyan kuɗin littattafan, duk da haka, wani memba na ma’aikatan, Mista Halm Addo (ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar), ya kasance yana taimaka masa da kuɗin littattafai. A watan Disamba, 1936 yana ɗaya daga cikin candidatesan takarar da Accra Academy ta gabatar don Babban Makarantar Cambridge da ta bar Jarrabawar Shedar. Daga cikin 'yan takarar da suka ci jarabawar, guda biyu ne kacal suka samu kebewa daga Hukumar Jarabawar Matriculation London. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan ɗaliban shine Ako Adjei.
Ya yi koyarwa na ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Accra a 1937 kafin ya shiga ƙaramin ma'aikacin farar hula a watan Yuni 1937. Daga Yuni 1937 zuwa Disamba 1938 ya kasance Babban Jami'in Ma'aikata na Ƙasa na biyu a cikin Ma'aikatan farar hula na Gold Coast. An ba shi aiki don taimakawa Harold Cooper, Mataimakin Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka na Turawa, da JES de Graft-Hayford don tsarawa da kafa Sabis ɗin Watsawa na Gold Coast.
A lokacin da yake karatu a Accra Academy Ako Adjei yana sha’awar aikin jarida, ya rubuta wa jaridar African Morning Post, wata jarida ta Nnamdi Azikiwe, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Najeriya na farko. Azikiwe ya kuma nuna sha'awar sa kuma ya shirya masa karatu a Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania, Amurka. A watan Nuwamba 1938, ya yi murabus daga aikin farar hula ya tafi Ingila a watan Disambar wannan shekarar.
Amurka A cikin Janairu 1939, ya isa Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania don maraba da K.A.B. Jones-Quartey, ɗalibi daga Gold Coast wanda Ako Adjei ya sani saboda aikinsa tare da Accra Morning Post. Jones-Quartey ya kasance tare da shi don maraba da shi ta wani ɗalibin Gold Coast wanda aka gabatar da shi a matsayin Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah (Kwame Nkrumah). A Jami'ar Lincoln an zaunar da shi a Zauren Houston kuma ya buga wa jami'ar ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa). Ya yi rajista don kwasa -kwasai a Kimiyyar Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki, Sociology, Turanci, Latin da Falsafa.
Ako Adjei ya raba daki ɗaya a Hall Houston tare da Jones-Quartey kuma ɗakinsu yana gaban ɗakin Nkrumah, wanda ya fi girma girma saboda Nkrumah ɗalibi ne na gaba da digiri. Ako Adjei ya kulla alaka ta kud -da -kud da Nkrumah duk da gibin shekaru da da alama akwai tsakanin su. Tare da gungun ɗalibai, galibi suna tattaunawa mai zafi (wanda aka sani da zaman bijimin) game da 'yantar da ƙasashen Afirka daga mamayar mulkin mallaka. Daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka waɗanda ke shiga cikin tattaunawar akai-akai akwai Jones-Quartey, Ozuomba Mbadiwe, Nwafor Orizu da Ikechukwu Ikejiani.
Bayan shekara daya da rabi a Lincoln, ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu na Asusun Phelps-Stokes don halartar Cibiyar Hampton a Virginia, kuma ya koma can don kammala digirinsa na jami'a. Ya sake samun gurbin karatu a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a watan Yuni 1943. Ya sami aiki a matsayin malami a Sashen Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Fisk ta hanyar taimakon Dr. Edwin W. Smith, mishan. Dokta Smith ya zo daga Ingila don kafa sabuwar sashen kuma ya gayyaci Ako Adjei don ya zama mataimaki a lokacin kafa ta.
Ƙasar Ingila Ako Adjei ya koma Ingila don ci gaba da burinsa na zama lauya. Aikin koyarwarsa a Jami'ar Fisk ya ba shi kuɗi don yin rajista a Haikali Mai Ciki a farkon watan Mayu 1944. Ko da yake ya sami isasshen kuɗi don fara karatun yana buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi don kammala shi. Mahaifinsa ya yi hayar wani ɗan gidan dangi wanda ke Lane na Ofishin Jakadancin da ke Accra ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Lebanon kan fam 10 a shekara don shekaru hamsin (50) kuma ya ɗauki hayar shekaru talatin (30) a gaba. Mahaifinsa ya mutu kafin a kammala tattaunawar don haka shi da 'yan uwansa sai da suka rattaba hannu kan takardu kafin dan kasuwa na Lebanon ya biya jimlar 300.
A Biritaniya, Ako Adjei ya kasance mai sha'awar siyasa mai mulkin mallaka. Bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu, wasu yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Asiya sun sami 'yancin kai, wannan ya sanya daliban mulkin mallaka daga Yammacin Afirka sun fi damuwa da yanayin gida kuma ya sa suka nemi a soke mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Yamma.
Ako Adjei ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Yamma (WASU) kuma ya zama shugabanta. Nkrumah ya isa Biritaniya a cikin 1945, 'yan makonni bayan isowarsa London, Ako Adjei ya rutsa da shi a lokacin zagayen sa a matsayin shugaban WASU. Nkrumah yana fuskantar matsalolin masauki kuma a sakamakon haka ya karɓe shi a lambarsa ta No.25 Lauvier Road, har sai ya sami masauki (Nkrumah) a lamba 60 Burghley Road, kusa da Tufnel Park Tube Station. Nkrumah yana zaune a wurin har ya bar London a 1947. Daga nan Ako Adjei ya gabatar da Nkrumah ga WASU da Kojo Botsio wanda daga baya ya zama na hannun daman Nkrumah. Da yake tunawa da kwanakinsa na WASU, Ako Adjei ya ba da labari, “Lokacin da Nkrumah ya isa London na kasance Shugaban WASU a lokacin. Na dauki Nkrumah zuwa Sakatariyar WASU inda na gabatar da shi ga Kankam Boadu da Joe Appiah, wadanda sauran membobin kwamitin zartarwa ne na WASU, da Kojo Botsio wanda a lokacin muka yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Dakunan kwanan dalibai, a No.l South Villas, Garin Camden, London NWI Dole ne in ce zuwan Nkrumah da shiga cikin aikin WASU ya ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar. A kan wannan yanayin ne muka shirya Babban Taron Pan-African Congress wanda aka yi a Manchester a 1945 tare da George Padmore da Nkrumah a matsayin Sakatarorin Hadin gwiwa da ni kaina a matsayin daya daga cikin masu shirya ayyukan. Ako Adjei ya yi rajista a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London don M.Sc. shirin digiri yayin karatun doka a Haikali na ciki. An ba da taken taken karatun, The Dynamics of Social Change, duk da haka, karatun, tare da ayyukansa na siyasa sun hana bincikensa saboda ƙuntataccen lokaci.
Ako Adjei ya ci dukkan jarabawar sa ta Bar kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na ciki a cikin Janairu 1947.
Koma zuwa Kogin Zinariya Ako Adjei ya dawo Kogin Zinariya a watan Mayu 1947 kuma a watan Yuni 1947, ya yi rajista a mashayar Ghana. Nufinsa na farko shi ne ya kafa "sarkar jaridu" don ci gaba da tayar da zaune tsaye, kwas ɗin da ya sadaukar da kansa yayin da yake London. Duk da haka, bai iya fara jaridu ba saboda yanayin kuɗin sa a lokacin, daga baya ya shiga ɗakin Adumoa-Bossman da Co don yin aiki a matsayin mai aikin lauya mai zaman kansa.
United Gold Coast Convention Bayan ya zauna a Accra na 'yan kwanaki, ya ziyarci J. B. Danquah wanda a lokacin yana tare da wasu suna tattaunawa kan yiwuwar kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa kuma Ako Adjei ya shiga cikin tattaunawar. Ako Adjei kamar yawancin ɗaliban Gold Coast a Biritaniya a lokacin sun ƙoshi da rahoton jaridar Burtaniya wanda ya haifar da tunanin cewa Gold Coast ita ce mafi aminci a mulkin mallaka. Danquah ya tabbatar masa da cewa ana kan gudanar da ayyuka da dama don kafa ginshikin siyasar kasa.
A cikin kwanaki huɗu da isowarsa gida J.B. Danquah ya ɗauke shi zuwa taron Kwamitin Tsare -Tsare na United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). Daga nan ya zama memba na kwamitin kuma a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1947 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da babban taron a Saltpond, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobi. A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 1947, aka kaddamar da reshen taron na Accra kuma aka zabe shi sakatare tare da Edward Akufo-Addo a matsayin shugaban kasa da Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey tare da J. Quist-Therson a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. Yayin da membobin babban taron ke ƙaruwa, manyan membobin sun yanke shawarar cewa ya fi kyau a canza motsi zuwa wata ƙungiya ta siyasa. A sakamakon haka, akwai bukatar sakatare na cikakken lokaci. J. B. Danquah ya ba da shawarar Ako Adjei, duk da haka, ya ƙi tayin saboda dalilan gudanar da jaridarsa ta African National Times da yin aikin lauya tare. Daga baya ya ba da shawarar Kwame Nkrumah wanda a lokacin yake jagorantar Sakatariyar Ƙasa ta Yammacin Afirka (WANS) a 94 Grays 'Inn, London.
A cewar Ako Adjei ya ba da shawarar Kwame Nkrumah saboda ya girma ya san ƙwarewar ƙungiyarsa kuma ya san zai yi sha'awar aikin. Wannan saboda, kafin ya bar London zuwa Accra Nkrumah ya gaya masa:
"Ako kuna kan gaba da ni. Lokacin da kuka isa yankin Gold Coast kuma akwai wani aiki da kuke tunanin zan iya yi, sanar da ni nan da nan don in zo in yi aiki na ɗan lokaci; ajiye kuɗi kaɗan sannan in dawo zuwa London don kammala karatuna na doka a Gray 'Inn. Wannan alkawari ne da ya ɗauka don haka lokacin da ya ji cikakken aikin babban sakataren bai yi jinkirin ba shi shawara ba. Taron ya karɓi shawararsa kuma ya rubuta wa Nkrumah game da hakan sannan daga baya ya aiko masa da fam 100 wanda George Alfred Grant, wanda ya kafa, shugaban ƙasa kuma mai ba da kuɗi na UGCC ya bayar don tafiyarsa zuwa Gold Coast. Bayan isowar Nkrumah, Ako Adjei ya gabatar da shi ga manyan membobin jam'iyyar: "Ya isa a watan Disamba 1947 kuma na gabatar da shi ga G. Grant, J. B. Danquah, R. S. Blay da sauran membobin UGCC."
Manyan Shida Lokacin da Nkrumah ya zama mukamin babban sakataren UGCC sai ya fara ƙaddamar da matakai don faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka da haɓaka membobinta. Manyan membobin UGCC sun kuma nuna sha’awa ta musamman ga halin tsoffin ma’aikatan da ba su karɓi abubuwan tunawa da su ba bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Tsofaffin yaƙin duniya sun gayyace su don tarurrukan tsoffin mayaƙan su kuma a lokuta daban -daban an mai da su baƙi. Saboda kyakyawan mu'amala da fahimtar juna tsakanin bangarorin biyu, lauyoyin cikin 'yan siyasar UGCC sun taimaka wa tsoffin ma'aikatan su rubuta takardar koken su ga gwamnan. Gabatar da koken a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1948 ya haifar da harbin kan titi wanda a lokacin ya yi daidai da Nii Kwabena Bonnie III (Osu Alata Mantse) ya jagoranci kamfen na kauracewa sakamakon rikicin na Accra na 1948.
Ako Adjei da sauran manyan membobin UGCC wato JB Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, Edward Akufo-Addo, William Ofori Atta da Kwame Nkrumah, wadanda daga baya aka fi sani da Manyan Shida, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sa aka kama su tare da zarge su. don tashin hankalin da ke faruwa a cikin mazaunin kuma Ako Adjei an tsare shi a Navrongo. Sakin Big Six ya ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Nkrumah da sauran membobin UGCC da Nkrumah daga ƙarshe suka rabu a 1949 don samun Convention People's Party (CPP). Ako Adjei duk da haka ya ci gaba da zama tare da UGCC sannan daga baya ya zama mai sukar Nkrumah a jaridunsa, African National Times da Star of Ghana.
Zaben 1951 da Jam'iyyar Congress ta Ghana A lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin yankin Gold Coast na 1951, Ako Adjei ya tsaya akan tikitin UGCC don wakiltar gundumar zaɓen gundumar Accra ta Tsakiya a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Ya samu kuri'u 1,451 yayin da Nkrumah (CPP) 20,780, T. Hutton Mills '(CPP) 19,812, da Emmanuel Obetsebi Lamptey (UGCC) 1,630. Biyo bayan nuna rashin gamsuwa da UGCC a zaɓen, ya shiga cikin wasu don roƙon haɗuwar jam’iyyun adawa. Ya zama Sakataren Jam'iyyar Ghana Congress Party (GCP) lokacin da aka kafa ta a watan Mayun 1952. Bayan wani lokaci tare da GCP, Ako Adjei ya ki halartar tarurruka yayin da ake ta sukar sa akai -akai saboda gabatar da Nkrumah don bata UGGC.
Convention People's Party A watan Maris 1953 Ako Adjei ya sha wuya ga matsin lamba daga abokai kamar E. C. Quaye, Sonny Provencal da Paul Tagoe, kuma ya yarda ya shiga Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Babban Taro. A farkon Maris 1953 an gabatar da shi a cikin babban taro a Arena, Accra inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na farko akan dandamali a matsayin memba na CPP.
A lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin Gold Coast na 1954, ya tsaya kan tikitin CPP don wakiltar Accra Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Ya samu kuri'u 11,660 yayin da Nai Tete ya samu 768, Kwamla Armah-Kwarteng ya samu 471, da Nii Kwabena Bonnie III ya samu kuri'u 317. Ya shiga majalisa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1954.
Bayan rikodin sa a rumfunan zaɓe yayin zaɓen 1954, Ako Adjei ya zama memba a majalisar ministocin Gold Coast a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1954 ta Nkrumah, wanda a lokacin shine firayim minista kuma shugaban kasuwancin gwamnati. An nada shi ministan kasuwanci da kwadago. Daya daga cikin dalilan nadin nasa shine kasancewar shi ɗan aji ne da ba a wakilta a cikin CPP, kasancewar shi mai hankali da ƙwazo a aji na tsakiya, ana ɗaukar matakin a matsayin dabarar jawo mutane na matsayin sa zuwa CPP. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kasuwanci da Kwadago, ya kasance yana da alhakin fannoni da dama na rayuwar kasar nan, ya kasance yana kula da Hukumar Talla da Noma, Kwamitin Talla na koko, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Masana’antu, Kungiyoyin Kwadago da Hadin gwiwa.
A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 1956, an nada shi Ministan Cikin Gida da Adalci, matsayin da Archie Casely-Hayford ya fara rike shi da farko. A waccan shekarar, an sake zaɓen shi a zaɓen majalisa na Gold Coast na 1956 don wakiltar yankin zaɓen gundumar Accra ta Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast.
Buga 'yancin Ghana
Ministan cikin gida da shari'a Bayan samun 'yancin kan Ghana a ranar 6 ga Maris 1957, Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin Dakta Kwame Nkrumah ya yi manyan nade -nade a majalisar ministoci, duk da haka, Ako Adjei ya ci gaba da kasancewa Ministan Cikin Gida da Adalci, wanda aka raba bayan watanni shida. A watan Agustan 1957, an raba Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Adalci zuwa Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Ma’aikatar Shari’a. Ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida Krobo Edusei ce ke jagoranta yayin da Ako Adjei ya zama Ministan Shari'a. An ji jita-jitar cewa Nkrumah, Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin ne ya ɗauki wannan matakin, saboda Ako Adjei duk da cewa Ga da kansa ana ganinsa a matsayin "mai taushin hali" don magance matsalolin da Ga-Adangbe Shifimo Kpee (ƙungiya mai ƙabilanci) ta haifar, wanda aka kaddamar ba da dadewa ba a Accra. Wasu sun kasance masu gamsarwa game da sabon nadin nasa suna ganin yana cikin mafi kyawun matsayin da zai magance al'amurran da suka shafi bangaren shari'a na Ghana a matsayin ƙwararren lauya. A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, shi ne ke da alhakin ayyukan Kwamitin Kafa Ƙasa, al'amuran kuɗi da na minista dangane da Kotun Koli, Kotun cikin gida da Dokar Al'ada, da hanyoyin ketare.
Ministan Kwadago da Hadin Kai Bayan shekara guda, Ako Adjei ya koma Ma'aikatar Kwadago da Hadin Gwiwa. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kwadago da Hadin Kai, ya taimaka wa kungiyar kwadago ta Ghana wajen samar da sabbin gine -gine da suka ci gaba har zuwa yau. A lokacin da yake kan wannan mukami ya kan jagoranci wakilan Ghana zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Ministan Mahalli a Guinea kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje A watan Fabrairun 1959, Ako Adjei ya maye gurbin Nathaniel Azarco Welbeck a matsayin Ministan Gini. Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin babban wakilin Ghana a Guinea, an nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Afrilun wannan shekarar. Ya rike mukaman biyu a matsayin ministan mazaunin Ghana a Guinea da kuma ministan harkokin waje na Ghana har zuwa watan Satumba 1959 lokacin da aka sauke shi daga mukaminsa a Guinea. An maye gurbinsa da J. H. Allassani a matsayin Ministan Mahalli na Guinea.
A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1961, Ako Adjei yana birnin New York lokacin da Nkrumah shugaban Ghana na lokacin ya sanar a cikin watsa shirye -shiryen asuba cewa ya cire Harkokin Afirka daga ikon Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta haka ya nada Imoru Egala a matsayin karamin Ministan Afirka. Al'amura, wani matsayi da Egala ya riƙe na ɗan gajeren lokaci ba tare da wanda zai gaje shi ba. Ako Adjei ya dawo Ghana ba tare da izini ba don roƙon hanyarsa don ƙarin daidaiton manufofin ƙasashen waje. Ya yi imani cewa makasudin hadin kan Afirka ba zai zama gaskiya ba idan aka nisanta dangantakar Afirka daga ma'aikatar sa. Kokarinsa, na mayar da shawarar shugaban kasa, ya ci tura.
A watan Mayu 1961 aka canza fayil ɗin Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa Ministan Harkokin Waje. Ta haka Ako Adjei ya zama Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana na farko a jamhuriya ta farko. A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin wajen Ghana na farko, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara manufofin ketare na kasar da matakin da kasashen duniya ke dauka. A cewar Sheikh I. C. Quaye, ya "taimaka wajen aza harsashin dangantakar mu ta duniya a lokacin yakin sanyi lokacin da kasar ke bukatar tafiya da igiyar diflomasiyya ba tare da son kai ba". Kwesi Armah da ke yin tunani game da lokacin Ako Adjei a ofis ya ce "ya gabatar da hoto mai kyau na Ghana kuma da ƙarfi ya gabatar da matsayin Ghana ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran taron ƙasa da ƙasa."
A matsayinsa na Ministan Harkokin Waje, ya ba da sanarwar kauracewa kayyayaki, jiragen ruwa da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa cikin kasar, ya kuma ci gaba da cewa za a ba 'yan Afirka ta Kudu damar shiga kasar ne kawai idan sun ayyana adawa da wariyar launin fata. A lokacin da yake rike da mukami a ma'aikatar, Ako Adjei ya yi kira da "Hadin gwiwar Kasashen Afirka, don samar da tsarin da duk wani shiri na hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu a zahiri zai iya aiki da shi. A yayin taron Ministocin Harkokin Waje na Afirka a Addis Ababa a watan Yunin 1960, ya ba da shawarar manufar "cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa" ga Afirka kuma ya himmatu ga kafa Ƙungiyar Kwastam ta Afirka, Yankin Cinikayya na Afirka, da Asusun Ci gaban Afirka; Manufofin da suka yi daidai da waɗannan shawarwarin sun sami karbuwa daga Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) wanda aka haifa yayin da yake cikin kurkuku a 1963 da Tarayyar Afirka (AU) waɗanda suka gaji OAU a 2001.
Ako Adjei ya ci gaba da rike Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje har zuwa watan Agustan 1962 lokacin da aka tuhume shi da cin amanar kasa dangane da harin bam na Kulungugu, yunkurin kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban kasa na lokacin, Dakta Kwame Nkrumah a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962. Nkrumah ya maye gurbinsa. ta hanyar ɗaukar mukamin Ministan Harkokin Waje a 1962.
Shari'ar cin amanar kasa da tsarewa Kwame Nkrumah ya tafi Tenkodogo a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1962 don yin taro da Maurice Yameogo shugaban Upper Volta yanzu Burkina Faso. Taron ya kasance don tattauna ƙarin shirye -shiryen kawar da shingen kwastam tsakanin Ghana da Upper Volta. Yunkurin da ake ganin ƙaramin mataki ne ga haɗin kan Pan-Afirka. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya rikitar da dawowar dawowar daga Tenkodogo a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962, lamarin da ya sa umarnin da aka saba yi na jerin gwanon ya lalace a kan mummunan hanyar da ta hada kasashen biyu. An ba da rahoton cewa an jefa bam a kan shugaban a Kulungugu, wani gari a Yankin Sama na Ghana lokacin da aka tilasta masa tsayawa ya karbi bouquet daga wani karamin yaro.
Ako Adjei, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje, tare da Tawia Adamafio, sannan Ministan Watsa Labarai, Hugh Horatio Cofie Crabbe, sannan Babban Sakataren CPP, Joseph Yaw Manu, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma ana zargin memba ne na United Party (UP) da Robert Benjamin Otchere tsohon dan majalisar UP, ana zarginsa da yunkurin kashe shugaban.
Kotun Koli ta yi wa Ako Adjei, Tawiah Adamafio da Cofie Crabbe tuhuma kan cewa hujjojin da aka gabatar a kansu sun kasance na yanayi da yaudara, kuma sun fi mai da hankali kan rarrabuwar kawuna a Convention People's Party(CPP) a matsayin tushen su zargi. Wani dan majalisar Ghana ya bayyana laifin nasu kamar haka:
An ce sake tabbatar da shari'ar ya zama dole saboda shaidar wani firist wanda ya zargi mutanen uku da hada baki don kashe shugaban.
Alkalai uku da suka wanke mutanen uku Mai shari'a Sir. Kobina Arku Korsah, Justice Edward Akufo-Addo (Manyan Shida) da Mai Shari'a Kofi Adumua Bossman-daga baya an tilasta musu yin murabus. An kori wasu alkalai guda biyu, William Bedford Van Lare da Robert Samuel Blay (wanda ya kafa kungiyar United Gold Coast Convention) saboda nuna rashin amincewa da korar alkalan uku. Daga nan Nkrumah ya ci mutuncin alkalan mutane 12 karkashin Mai Shari'a Julius Sarkodee-Addo, wanda ya sami wanda aka wanke, laifin da ya danganci shaidar firist na cikin. A sakamakon haka ne aka yankewa Ako Adjei da wasu biyun hukuncin kisa, duk da haka, shugaban ya sauya hukuncin zuwa daurin rai-da-rai sannan daga baya, zaman gidan yari na shekaru 20 a wani jawabi ga majalisar a ranar 26 ga Maris 1965.
Ako Adjei yana yin tunani game da taron 1 ga Agusta 1962 yana da wannan cewa:
"Na yi laifi kuma na san cewa abokaina guda biyu, Tawia Adamafio da Cofie Crabbe suma ba su da laifi. Abin da ya faru shi ne na raka Nkrumah a matsayina na Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa wani ƙaramin taro tsakanin Shugaba Nkrumah da Shugaba Yameogo a Tenkudugu a iyakar arewa tsakanin Togo, Ghana da Upper Volta a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1962. A lokacin dawowar mu, ina cikin jam'iyyar Shugaban kasa wacce ta tsaya ba tare da bata lokaci ba a wata karamar makaranta a Kulungugu. Cikin 'yan mintoci kadan bayan da Shugaban ya sauka sannan ya karbi bouquet daga wani yaro dan makaranta, an jefa masa gurneti. Yaron marar laifi ya sami bugun kai tsaye kuma an kashe shi nan take. An yi sa’a, gurneti na hannu ya rasa Shugaban duk da cewa wasu pellets sun sami hanyar baya. Mun samu Osagyefo zuwa Bawku inda daga baya aka tura shi Tamale. Komawa Accra komai ya tafi daidai. Kuma a karshen watan Yulin 1962 na sami takarda daga Dokta Okechuku Ekejeani, tsohon abokin aiki a Jami'ar Lincoln kuma abokin Nkrumah da ni kaina. Yana tafiya daga Landan kuma ya aika da katin waya a cikin jirgin sa ga Shugaban ƙasa da ni. Lokacin da na nuna wa Nkrumah wayata, sai ya ce in je masa in aike shi gidana in yi masa nishadi a madadinsa. Zan zo da shi washegari gidan Flagstaff don wani liyafar kafin ya tafi Legas da rana. Muna nishadantar da shi a waccan Laraba, 29 ga Agusta, 1962 lokacin da aka kama ni aka tafi da ni. Tsawon shekaru hudu masu zuwa Allah ne kaɗai ya san abin da ya faru da ni. Ako Adjei tare da abokan aikinsa guda uku suna daga cikin fursunonin siyasa da dama da National Liberation Council ta sake bayan hambarar da shugaba Nkrumah da Gwamnatin Republican ta farko a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1966. An sake shi daga tsarewar da aka yi masa a gidan yari na Tsaron Tsaro na Nsawam a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1966 ta hanyar afuwa daga National Liberation Council.
Rayuwa daga baya A jajibirin fitowarsa daga gidan yarin Nsawam a 1966, Ako Adjei ya bar siyasa gaba daya bayan gogewa gaba daya; abin da ya yi imani ya kasance zargin ƙarya ne da lokacin ɗaurin kurkuku. Bayan an sake shi, ya sadaukar da kansa ga danginsa da rayuwarsa ta doka.
Ya mai da hankali sosai ga matarsa da yaransa. A cewarsa, matarsa da yaransa sun taimaka sosai a lokacin da aka yi masa shari'a, aka sake gurfanar da shi sannan aka daure shi.
Ya kuma sake tsara rayuwarsa ta kwararru, ya yi nasarar sake tsara dakunansa, Teianshi Chambers, sannan ya sake fara aikin zaman kansa a matsayin likitan doka.
Bayan juyin mulkin soji na biyu a Ghana, Supreme Military Council ta sanya Ako-Adjei a matsayin mamba a hukumar don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Ghana.
A cewar The Ghanaian Chronicle, karo na ƙarshe da aka ga Ako Adjei a cikin kowane babban taro shine a cikin manyan mutanen da tsohon shugaban ƙasa Rawlings ya shirya a ƙarshen lokacin mulkinsa. Saboda halin da yake ciki a lokacin, danginsa sun hana manema labarai damar yin hira da shi.
Mutuwa da binne jihar Ako Adjei shine mamba na ƙarshe na shahararren Manyan Shida da ya mutu. Bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya, ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2002 a Asibitin Koyarwa na Korle-Bu, yana ɗan shekara 85. Ya rasu ya bar mata da ‘ya’ya hudu.
Mutuwar sa ta yi yabo daga gwamnatocin jihohi ciki har da shugaban kasar Ghana na lokacin, John Agyekum Kufour wanda ya bayyana cewa za a yi masa jana'izar jihar. Ya ce “al’umma na da godiya ga Dokta Ako-Adjei a matsayin gwarzo, wanda ya bauta wa kasa tun yana matashi, don mulkin dimokuradiyya a nan gaba. A matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan shida a tarihin siyasar Ghana, rasuwar Dakta Ako-Adjei ya kawo karshen zagayen farko na tarihi dangane da matsanancin yanayin siyasa a kasar a wancan lokacin. Amma ba za a iya share tunanin wancan zamanin ba ".Ya kuma kara da cewa" Sun kaddamar da tsarin jam'iyyun siyasa wanda gwamnati ke amfana da shi. 'Yan Ghana da ke cin gajiyar wannan babban abin gado da nasarori ya zama wajibi su bi sahun dangin da aka yi wa rasuwa don yiwa Dokta Ako-Adjei jana'izar da ta dace a jihar".
Babban Lauyan Janar na lokacin kuma Ministan Shari’a kuma shugaban kasar Ghana na yanzu, Nana Akufo-Addo ya jinjinawa ya ce; "Mutuwar Dakta Ako-Adjei ya kawo ƙarshen zamanin magabatan ƙasar kuma 'yan Ghana yanzu an bar su da kansu don tsira." Ya kara da cewa "hangen nesan da ya basu karfin gwiwa don tabbatar da mulkin dimokradiyya na yanci yanzu ya mamaye kasar, sun yi wa kasarmu ayyuka da yawa kuma yana daya daga cikin jaruman kasar nan". Yayin da Marigayi Jake Obetsebi-Lamptey, Ministan Watsa Labarai na wancan lokacin shi ma yana da wannan magana: "ba a goge babin zamanin Manyan Shida ba tare da mutuwar Dokta Ako-Adjei saboda abubuwan da suka samu suna samuwa ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Akwai da yawa daga cikin 'yan Ghana tare da Manyan Shida, waɗanda suka yi fafutukar tabbatar da mulkin dimokuraɗiyya."
Jana'izar jaha A ranar da aka binne shi, dukkan tutoci sun tashi sama-sama don girmama shi. An gudanar da hidimar jana'izar jihar a farfajiyar gidan gwamnatin jihar. Wadanda suka halarci bikin akwai 'yan siyasa,' yan majalisa, ministocin jihohi, membobin Majalisar Jiha, kungiyar diflomasiyya, sarakuna, dangi, abokai da masu tausayawa.
Shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin, Kufour ya sanya furanni a madadin gwamnati da mutanen Ghana, Mista Hackman Owusu-Agyeman, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje sannan ya ajiye wani a madadin Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje, Mista Paul Adu-Gyamfi, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ta kasar Ghana ya ajiye furanni na uku a madadin kungiyar yayin da wani dan uwa ya ajiye furanni na hudu a madadin dangin mamatan.
Joseph Henry Mensah, sannan Babban Minista, ya karanta harajin gwamnati, yana mai cewa:
"Dakta Ako Adjei yana cikin wadanda suka bayyana mafarkin hadin kan Afirka da tashin hankalin siyasa a cikin kasar. Bayan ficewar jam'iyyar Convention Peoples Party (CPP) daga United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), Dakta Ako-Adjei ya zama gadar tsakanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa guda biyu. Ghana ta yi hasarar ƙima saboda ba za ta iya amfana da gogewarsa da hikimar da ba ta da tabbas. Lokacin da muka yi koyi da rayuwarsa mun yanke shawarar ba za mu sake samun wani mutum tsayinsa ya sha wahala ƙaddararsa ba."
Bayan jana'izar jihar, an gudanar da jana'izar sirri a kabarin Cocin Holy Trinity Church of God, Okoman, Dome, a Accra.
Rayuwar mutum Ako Adjei ya auri Theodosia Ako Adjei (née Kote-Amon) kuma tare suke da 'ya'ya mata huɗu. Shi Kirista ne kuma memba na Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana. A matsayinsa na Kirista, ya yi imani kuma ya nanata a matsayin falsafar rayuwarsa cewa Allah ne ke sarrafa dukkan al'amuran kuma yana da manufa ga kowa a duniya. "Don haka abin da kowane mutum zai yi shine ya ƙyale Allah ya yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki don bauta masa."
Daraja A cikin 1946, an mai da shi memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya
A cikin 1952 an sanya shi memba na Cibiyar Kimiyya da Siyasa ta Amurka
A 1962 an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Laws daga almajirinsa, Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania, Amurka
A ranar 7 ga Maris 1997 a matsayin wani bangare na bikin cika shekaru 40 da samun 'yancin kai na Ghana, Ako Adjei ya ba Jami'in Order of the Star of Ghana lambar girmamawa mafi girma ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hannun shugaban kasar na lokacin Jerry John Rawlings saboda "gudummawar da ya bayar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana"
A cikin 1999, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award ga Fitattun Jihohi.
Gada An canza masa suna Musayar Ako Adjei a Accra, wanda a da can ne Musayar Sankara. Hakanan akwai filin shakatawa na Ako-Adjei a Osu, Accra.
Sa farashi "Ghana ita ce ƙasarmu. Ba mu da inda za mu je. Anan ne Allah ya sanya mu kuma tun da farko mun gane wannan shi ne mafi alheri a gare mu duka."
Duba kuma Manyan Shida
|
51005 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie%20Brownstein | Carrie Brownstein | Cafke Rachel Grace Brownstein, an haife ta sha ashirin da bakwai ga Satumba ashekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu Mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma darekta, wanda aka fi sani da mawaƙi kuma mai kida na Sleater-Kinney, ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta rock rock daga Olympia, Washington Hakanan tana taka ɗayan manyan ayyuka guda biyu a cikin jerin talabijin mai ban dariya Portlandia Yaranta da kuruciya An haife ta a Seattle ga dangin Yahudawa kuma ta girma a kusa da Redmond Mahaifiyartaamatar r gida ce kuma malamkuma a mahaiftasa lauyan kasuwanci Sun rabu tana shekara goma sha hudu sannan Ta fara karatu a makarantar gwamnati, Makarantar Sakandare ta Lake Washington kafin ta shiga makarantarta mai zaman kanta a bara, Makarantar Sakandare ta Overlake inda ta kasance matsakaicin ɗalibi A wannan lokacin ne, tana da shekaru goma sha biyar, ta fara kunna kadar kuma musamman ta sami darussa daga Jeremy Enigk, mawaƙin guitar rukunin dutsen Sunny Day Real Estate A lokacin ta ce: “Na shiga matakai da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyata har sa’ad da na fara buga kaɗe-kaɗe, iyayena suka buge su a kan teburi. Kuma kayan aikina shine abu na farko da na fara tarawa kuma watakila shi ya sa na ci gaba da kunna ta. A makarantar sakandare, Brownstein kuma ya gano gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kafa na wani lokaci Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Carrie Brownstein ta tafi Jami'ar Yammacin Washington sannan kuma Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen don nazarin ilimin zamantakewa Ta sadu da Corin Tucker, memba na Sleater-Kinney na gaba amma kuma wasu adadi na madadin al'adun 1990s riot grrrl motsi da na uku kalaman mata mawaƙa kuma mai fasaha Kathleen Hanna (daga ƙungiyar Bikini Kill mawaƙin Becca Albee ko mawaƙa da mawaƙin mata Tobi Vail Tare da Becca Albee da Curtis James Phillips ta kafa ƙungiyar Excuse 17, kuma sau da yawa tana wasa tare da ƙungiyar Corin Tucker (abokinta na gaba a Sleater-Kinney Heavens to Betsy A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyarta shiga cikin Free to Fight, kundi na mata da ma'anarta wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar riot grrrl tare da ƙungiyar ta Excuse 17. A layi daya ta samar da Corin Tucker kungiyar Sleater-Kinney A cikin 1995 rukuninta na farko, Excuse 17, ya watse kuma ta sadaukar da kanta ga Sleater-Kinney Ta gama karatunta a 1997 kuma ta ci gaba da zama a Olympia har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu Aikin kiɗa
Uzuri 17 Wani dalibi a Evergreen State College Brownstein ya kafa Uzuri 17 a cikin 1993 Uzuri 17 shine rukunin dutsen dutsen queercore wanda aka yi la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na motsin riot grrrl Ƙungiyar tana kan asalin albam biyu da aka buga akan lakabi masu zaman kansu Uzuri goma sha bakwai a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu da Irin waɗannan Abokan Suna da Haɗari a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar waɗanda suka sami wasu bita mai ƙarfi Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tana shiga cikin tarin abubuwa da yawa irin na motsin riot grrrl don haka ya yi waƙa a kan tarin Punk da Feminist Free To Fight a cikin 1995. Kungiyar ta watse a shekarar 1995.
Sleater Kinney Carrie Brownstein ta sadu da Corin Tucker a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu a Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen amma dukansu sun shiga cikin ayyuka daban-daban. A farkon 1994 Brownstein da Tucker sun kirkiro Sleater-Kinney Sun fara ɗan gajeren dangantaka ta soyayya kuma a lokacin tafiya zuwa Ostiraliya don bikin ƙarshen karatun Corin Tucker ne suka yi rikodin kundi na farko mai suna A cikin 1996 Janet Weiss ta shiga rukunin wanda ita ce mai buguwa kuma memba na uku. Ya kasance farkon lokacin nasara ga Sleater-Kinney wanda ya samar da kundi guda shida har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da shi a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida Ƙungiyar ta haɗu da kide kide da wake-wake da kuma tabbatar da sashin farko na Pearl Jam ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi tasiri Carrie Brownstein a lokacin ƙuruciyarta Sleater-Kinney kuma ya taka leda a manyan bukukuwa kamar Lollapalooza kuma a cikin 2001 sanannen mai suka Greil Marcus ya kira su "mafi kyawun rukunin dutsen a Amurka" A cikin 2006 bayan fitowar kundi mai mahimmanci The Woods ƙungiyar ta rabu har abada, kowane membobinta suna son yin ayyuka daban-daban ko sadaukar da kansu ga rayuwarsu ta sirri A cewar Brownstein, "rubutun da zagayowar yawon shakatawa" na band din ya kasance "mai ban tsoro Ƙungiyar ta sake haɗuwa a cikin Janairu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar tare da sabon kundi, Babu Cities to Love, don yabo kuma sun sanar da yawon shakatawa a farkon rabin 2015 lokacin da suka shiga cikin as guitarist Katie Harkin of UK band Sky Larkin Kiɗan Sleater-Kinney shine tsakiyar motsin grrrl na tarzoma Sau da yawa ana rinjayar waƙoƙin su ta hanyar mata ta uku, ciki har da magance batutuwa irin su fyade da jima'i, amma har da luwadi na mata da batutuwan jinsi Gabaɗaya sun fi siyasa sosai don haka album One Beat, wanda aka bari a cikin 2002, yana cike da suka da suka game da manufofin gwamnatin George W. Bush bayan harin Satumba 11, 2001 Kungiyar duk da haka ta wuce wakar siyasa Carrie Brownstein ta dage musamman a kan lafazin da ƙungiyar ke ba wa kiɗa idan aka kwatanta da maganganun tsageru Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
49158 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Kamaru | Yawon Buɗe Ido a Kamaru | Yawon buɗe ido a Kamaru masana'anta ce mai girma amma ba ta da yawa. Tun daga shekarun 1970, gwamnatin Kamaru ta bunkasa masana'antar ta hanyar samar da ma'aikatar yawon buɗe ido da kuma karfafa zuba jari ta kamfanonin jiragen sama, otal-otal, da hukumomin balaguro. Gwamnati ta siffanta ƙasar a matsayin "Afirka miniature", tana haɓaka nau'ikan yanayi, al'adu, da yanayin ƙasa. Dabbobin namun daji na Kamaru suna bayyana masu safari da manyan mafarauta, kamar yadda Kamaru ke da manyan dabbobin Afirka: cheetahs, chimpanzees, giwaye, raƙuman ruwa, gorillas, hippopotami, da rhinoceroses. Abubuwan da ke kawo cikas a fannin yawon bude ido sun hada da rashin ingancin ababen hawa da kuma jami’an da ke da alaka da cin hanci da rashawa wadanda za su iya tursasa maziyartan karbar cin hanci.
Ci gaba Shirye-shiryen gwamnati na kara yawan yawon bude ido a Kamaru sun fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1974 lokacin da Shugaba Ahmadou Ahidjo ya ba da umarni wanda ya kebe masana'antar yawon bude ido a gefe da suna da matsayi na musamman kuma ya kafa Janar Commissariat of Tourism. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 1975, Ahidjo ya sake kafa hukumar a matsayin Babban Wakilin yawon bude ido, wanda manufarsa ita ce karfafa saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ta kamfanonin jiragen sama, otal, da hukumomin balaguro. Tawagar ta buga littattafan yawon bude ido da kuma tallata Kamaru ta hanyar talla. Ahidjo da magajinsa, Paul Biya, sun ware da yawa game da gandun daji da kuma gandun daji kamar yadda za a kara yawon bude ido. Haɓaka zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, jirgin ƙasa, da hanyoyi zuwa shahararrun wuraren yawon buɗe ido ya kasance wani fifiko. Kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon bude ido a Kamaru sun ci gaba da inganta. Kasar ta ba da otal 37 masu dakuna 599 a cikin shekarar 1960. Wannan ya haura zuwa otal 203 masu dakuna 3,229 a cikin 1976. A cikin shekarar 1980, ƙasar ta ba da ɗakunan otal 7,500. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan ɗakunan suna cikin manyan biranen biyu, Douala da Yaoundé. A shekarar 1971, 'yan yawon bude ido 29,500 sun ziyarci Kamaru. Wannan adadin ya haura zuwa masu yawon bude ido 100,000 a shekarar 1975, da 130,000 a shekarar 1980. Yawancin masu ziyartar ƙasar sun fito ne daga Faransa, Ingila, da Kanada. Matafiya na kasuwanci sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ɓangaren masu yawon bude ido na Kamaru. Masana'antar ta sami ci gaba sosai tun a shekarun 1990. Da farko dai Kamaru tana magana da Faransanci, amma larduna biyu, arewa maso yamma da lardunan Kudu maso Yamma, suna jin Ingilishi.
Shingaye Masu yawon bude ido na fuskantar cikas da dama a Kamaru. Ɗaukar hoto na da wahala, tun da yake ƴan ƙasar Kamaru suna yawan jin haushin baƙi daga ƙasashen waje suna ɗaukar hotunan abubuwan da baƙon ke ganin baƙon abu ko kuma na iya jefa Kamaru cikin mummunan yanayi. Gwamnati ta hana duk wani hoto na gine-gine da ma'aikatan gwamnati, filayen jirgin sama, gadoji, da kasuwanni. Ma’aikatar kula da masu yawon bude ido da jami’an kasar Kamaru ke yi ya samu kyautatuwa ganin yadda gwamnati ta jaddada matsayin yawon bude ido a matsayin hanyar samun kudaden shiga. Masu yawon bude ido sun taba fuskantar dogon bincike mai zurfi a lokacin da suka isa kasar, amma wannan ya zama mai wuya. Har ila yau, 'yan sanda ko masu garkuwa da mutane a wasu lokuta suna zargin 'yan yawon bude ido na kasashen waje da yin leken asiri ko gudanar da ayyukan sojan haya. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga masu yawon bude ido waɗanda ke ziyartar wuraren da ke kan manyan hanyoyin yawon buɗe ido ko waɗanda suka zaɓi wurin zama mai arha ko jigilar jama'a (misali, ƙananan bas) a kan manyan otal-otal da motocin haya. 'Yan sanda da masu garkuwa da mutane a shingen hanya na iya musgunawa baƙi na kasashen waje don cin hanci.
Wuraren yawon bude ido Gwamnatin Kamaru tana tallata kasar a matsayin "Afirka a cikin miniature", tana mai tabbatar da cewa kasar tana ba da dukkan nau'ikan nau'ikan Afirka a yanayi, al'adu, da yanayin kasa a cikin iyakokinta. Sauran kalmomin yawon buɗe ido a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su sun haɗa da "melting pot Afirka" da "Afirka a cikin microcosm". Wuraren yawon buɗe ido na Kamaru suna cikin yankuna guda huɗu: bakin teku, manyan biranen, tsaunukan yamma, da arewa. Bakin tekun yana ba da manyan garuruwan shakatawa na bakin teku guda biyu: Limbe yana magana da Ingilishi tare da baki, yashi mai aman wuta; kuma Kribi birni ne na masu magana da yaren Faransanci mai rairayin bakin teku masu farin-yashi. Dutsen Kamaru da ke bakin teku shi ne dutse mafi tsayi a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka kuma ya jawo masu tafiya da masu hawa. Wurin tashi don hawan Dutsen Kamaru shine birnin Buea, inda za a iya hayar jagorori da hayar kayan aiki. Akwai bukkoki da dama masu rufin kwano don masu tuƙi da kwana a lokacin hawan dutsen. Yaoundé gida ne ga yawancin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasar Kamaru. Hakanan yana da gidajen tarihi da yawa. Tsaunukan Yamma suna ba da kyan gani na tsaunuka, magudanan ruwa da tafkuna, kuma tsayin daka yana ba da yanayi mai sanyi. Bamenda shi ne babban birni a tsaunukan yamma, kuma shi ne babban birnin lardin Arewa maso Yamma. An san wannan yanki da al'adu da sana'o'in gargajiya. Birnin Bafoussam ya shahara musamman saboda al'adun sassaka itace da kayan tarihi. Hasali ma, yankin yana samar da sana’o’in hannu fiye da kowane a Kamaru. Yamma kuma gida ne ga sarakunan gargajiya da abubuwan sha'awa, irin su Sultanate na Foumban. Kowane sarki yawanci yana da fadarsa ko fili wanda baƙi za su iya ziyarta don kuɗi. Arewacin Kamaru shine farkon zanen yawon bude ido na kasar. Yankin yana da wuraren ajiyar namun daji da yawa, gami da mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun gudu a Yammacin Afirka, Waza National Park. Waɗannan wuraren shakatawa suna ba da kallon dabbobi da Big-game hunting. Dabbobi a wannan yanki sun hada da cheetahs, giwaye, rakumi, hippopotami, da karkanda. Maroua yana ba da babbar kasuwar sana'a da gidajen tarihi. Lardunan Adamawa, Gabas, da Kudu suna ba da wani sabon salo na faɗaɗa masana'antar yawon buɗe ido, amma rashin kyawun yanayin sufuri ya sa masana'antar ƙaranci a waɗannan yankuna. Gandun daji a kudanci suna da ƙananan kayan aikin yawon buɗe ido, amma baƙi a wurin suna iya ganin chimpanzees, giwaye, gorilla, da sauran dabbobin daji.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ofishin yawon bude ido na Kamaru a Arewacin |
21129 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Za%C9%93e%20mai%20zaman%20kanta%20ta%20%C6%99asa | Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa | Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1998, ita ce hukumar zaɓen da ke lura da zaɓe a Najeriya. Dukkan wasu abubuwan da suka shafi Zaɓe a ƙarƙashin ta suke. Kuma kamar yadda sunan ta yake ita hukuma ce mai zaman kanta
Tarihi
Dokoki da gudanar da zabe Gudanar da zabubbukan dimokiraɗiyya a Najeriya ya samo asali ne tun daga lokacin samun 'Yancin kai lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Hukumar Zaɓe ta Najeriya (ECN) a shekarar 1958 don gudanar da zaben tarayya na 1959. Kafin 1958, dokokin yanki da gwamnati suna tsarawa da gudanar da zaɓe. ECN ya kasance karkashin jagorancin wani bature, Ronald Edward Wraith da mambobin Najeriya huɗu dake wakiltar kowane yanki da Babban Birnin Tarayya na Legas. Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya (FEC), wacce aka kafa a 1960 ta gudanar da zaɓukan tarayya da na yankuna kai tsaye bayan samun ‘yanci na 1964 da 1965. Kafin gudanar da zaben na 1964, Babban Jami’in Zaɓe, Kofo Abayomi ya yi murabus kuma wasu jami’an jam’iyyar daga NCNC da AC (Action Group) sun nuna shakku kan sahihancin zaben na gaskiya da adalci. An rusa hukumar zaben bayan juyin mulkin soja na 1966. A shekarar 1978, gwamnatin Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ta kafa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya (FEDECO), inda ta shirya zabukan shekarar 1979 wanda ya kawo Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Nijeriya karkashin jagorancin Alhaji Shehu Shagari Hakanan ta gudanar da babban zaben 1983. A watan Disambar 1995, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta kafa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya wacce ta sake gudanar da wani zaben. Ba a ƙaddamar da waɗannan zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin ba kafin mutuwar Janar Abacha kwatsam a watan Yunin 1998 ya soke aikin. A 1998, Gwamnatin Janar Abdulsalam Abubakar ta rusa NECON ta kuma kafa Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC). INEC ta shirya zabukan rikon-kwarya da suka haifar da Jamhuriya ta Hudu ta Nijeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, 1999. A watan Janairun 2015, kungiyar #BringBackOurGirls ta yi kara game da shirin da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ke yi don ware Chibok da wasu al'ummomin da ke karkashin ikon Boko Haram a yanzu daga karbar katunan zaɓe na dindindin (PVCs) don zaben na watan Fabrairu."
Shugabanci Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayyar Najeriya ta farko shi ne Cif Eyo Esua (1964-1966) a Jamhuriya ta Farko. Lokacin da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya shirya domin komawa kan mulkin farar hula a Jamhuriya ta Biyu, ya kafa sabuwar Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya karkashin jagorancin Cif Michael Ani don lura da zaɓen 1979. Mai shari’a Victor Ovie Whiskey ne ya maye gurbin Ani. A lokacin gwamnatocin Ibrahim Babangida da na Sani Abacha, waɗanda suka yi yunkurin komawa kan turbar dimokuraɗiyya, Hukumar Zaɓe ta kasa a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Eme Awa (1987-1989), Farfesa Humphrey Nwosu (1989–1993), Farfesa Okon Uya da Cif Sumner Dagogo- Jack (1994–1998).
INEC Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar ne ya kafa INEC ta yanzu, tare da Mai Shari’a Ephraim Akpata a matsayin shugaba. Akpata ya yi mu'amala da kungiyoyin siyasa 26, inda ya ba da rajista na wucin-gadi a matsayin jam'iyyun siyasa na zaɓen 1998/1999, daga karshe ya koma karkashin jam'iyyun uku. Duk da kokarin da aka yi na tabbatar da zaɓe cikin gaskiya da adalci, aikin ya jawo kakkausar suka daga masu sa ido na kasashen duniya. Bayan Akpata ya mutu a watan Janairun 2000, gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta naɗa Abel Guobadia Babban Jami’in Zaɓe na Najeriya, matsayin da Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta tabbatar a watan Mayun 2000. Guobadia ce ke da alhakin zaɓen 2003, wanda rikice-rikice da yawa da wasu ɓarnatar suka yi lahani. A watan Yunin 2005, Guobadia ya yi ritaya kuma Farfesa Maurice Iwu ya gaje shi. Jim kadan da nada shi, Iwu ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba za a bar masu sa ido na kasashen waje ba yayin zabuka, amma masu sa ido kan zaben na kasashen waje ne kawai. 'Yan siyasa da kungiyoyin farar hula sun yi Allah wadai da wannan shawarar wadanda suka yi kira da a cire shi nan take daga mukaminsa. Yadda aka gudanar da zaɓen 2007 an sake sukar shi da cewa ya faɗi ƙasa da ƙa'idodin dimokuraɗiyya. A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 2010, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya zabi Farfesa Attahiru Muhammadu Jega a matsayin sabon Shugaban INEC, idan har Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Iwu, wanda ya bar mukamin a ranar 28 ga Afrilun 2010. Naɗin Jega a matsayin shugaban INEC ya biyo bayan amincewa da taron Majalisar kasa da Shugaba Jonathan ya kira wanda ya samu halartar tsoffin shugabannin kasa Yakubu Gowon, Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Babangida, Abdulsalami Abubakar, Ernest Shonekan, Olusegun Obasanjo da Shehu Shagari. Shugaban majalisar dattijai David Mark, kakakin majalisar wakilai Oladimeji Bankole, da mafi yawan gwamnonin jihohi suma sun halarci taron. Amincewar da majalissar da aka zaba ta yi wa wannan nadin ya kauce ma cece-kuce game da ko shugaban kasa ya kamata ya nada shugaban INEC. Martani game da sanarwar daga dimbin bangarorin shugabannin siyasa da kungiyoyi sun kasance masu kyau, kodayake wasu sun nuna damuwa cewa za a iya lattin aiwatar da gyare-gyare na ainihi kafin zaben 2011. A lokacin yakin neman zaben babban zaɓen Najeriya na shekarar 2015, Attahiru Jega "ya fuskanci kakkausar suka daga bangaren adawa da jam'iyya mai mulki." Wa'adin mulkinsa na Attahiru Jega na shekaru biyar ya zo karshe ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 2015, kuma duk da cewa ya cancanci sake nadin, damar hakan ta yi nisa ganin yadda jami'an kamfen din Shugaba Goodluck suka nuna masa son kai. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Farfesa Mahmood Yakubu a matsayin Shugaban INEC, Farfesa Yakubu ya karbi aiki daga hannun Amina Bala-Zakari, wacce ke rikon mukamin shugaban bayan Jega ya tafi.
Rigingimu Hukumar Zaɓe ta INEC ta gamu da rikice-rikice da dama a yayin da ake tunkarar zabuka a kasar, musamman zaɓen watan Afrilun 2007, gami da sukar yadda ta shirya daga Sada Abubakar, Sarkin Musulmi da kuma takaddama kan “rashin cancantar” Mataimakin. takarar shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa INEC ba za ta iya dakatar da ‘yan takara ba, don haka aka kara sunan Abubakar a kuri’un a mintin karshe. Dangane da batun magudin zabe, kakakin hukumar INEC, Philip Umeadi ya ce a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu cewa "Ba mu zauna kan wani rikici a Najeriya ba." Manufar INEC ita ce ta kasance a matsayin EMB mai zaman kanta kuma mai tasiri wajen gudanar da zabe na gaskiya, kuma amintacce don dorewar dimokiradiyya a Najeriya. Hangen nesan INEC shine ya zama daya daga cikin ingantattun Hukumomin Gudanar da Zabe (EMB) a duniya wanda zai cika burin jama'ar Najeriya.
A cikin shirye-shiryen babban zaben 2015, INEC a karkashin Jega ta gabatar da na'urar tantance masu kada kuri'a domin tantance masu jefa kuri'a da katunan zabensu don rage aukuwar magudi da ƴan siyasa keyi. Gabatar na'urar zaɓe (card reader) yasa shugaban hukumar zaɓe (INEC) ya samu yabo daga ‘yan Najeriya da dama amma gungun wasu kananan jam’iyyun siyasa hudu wadanda suka yi ikirarin suna wakiltar jam’iyyun siyasa 15 sun yi tir da hakan kuma sun bukaci INEC da ta dakatar da amfani da na’urar tantance katin a zaben 2015. An yi babban zaben shekarar 2015 a matsayin mafi inganci, sahihi da adalci tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a shekarar 1999. An zargi INEC da yawan kura-kuran zaɓe a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2019 da suka hada da karar takardun kada kuri’a, da kuma na'urar tantance masu zaɓe (card reader) cewa an saita aikinsu don yin maguɗin zaɓe da kuma soke kuri’u masu inganci. Babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta People's Democratic Party da dan takararta na shugaban kasa sun kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotu.
Duba kuma Jerin kauyuka a Najeriya
Manazarta 1. http://www.inecnigeria.org/
2. https://www.inecnigeria.org/home/inec-history/ 3. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965355951
4. https://repository.law.miami.edu/umiclr/vol10/iss2/10
5. http://inecnigeria.org/index.php?cateid=9&contid=6 6. http://allafrica.com/stories/201501081376.html
7. http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/?p=9541
8. http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/26106/1/electoral-commission-through-the-years.html
9. http://allafrica.com/stories/200906020075.html
10. http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1152.pdf
11. https://web.archive.org/web/20081128123048/http://www.ifes.org/publication/d5cdd8094465e31baf096f4eba5d457c/Et9_1.pdf
12. https://www.hrw.org/node/12130
13. http://allafrica.com/stories/200903310118.html
14. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9766502
15. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090599.html
16. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090006.html
17. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006100204.html?viewall=1
18. http://allafrica.com/stories/201503240735.html
19. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/tension-mounts-on-presidency-over-jega/
20. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/breaking-buhari-appoints-mahmood-yakubu-as-inec-chairman/
21. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133625/http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=517493
22. http://www.independentngonline.com/?c=181&a=22921
23. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20070417132554618C925706
24. https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/18312/4-political-parties-want-jega-fired-threaten-to-boycott-elections-over-card-readers/ 25. https://dailypost.ng/2015/06/21/the-use-of-card-readers-in-elections-has-come-to-stay-jega/
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar gizo na INEC
Pages with unreviewed |
30553 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel%20Tawse%20Jollie | Ethel Tawse Jollie | Ethel Maud Tawse Jollie (8 Maris 1874 21 Satumba 1950; née Cookson gwauruwa Colquhoun) marubuciya ce kuma mai fafutukar siyasa a Kudancin Rhodesia wacce ita ce ƴar majalisa ta farko a cikin daular Burtaniya ta ketare.
Aiki An haifi Cookson Ethel Maude Cookson a cikin Cocin Castle, Stafford, ƴar Samuel Cookson, likita.Ta yi karatun fasaha a ƙarƙashin Anthony Ludovici' a Slade School of Fine Art inda ta sadu da mijinta na farko, mai bincike Archibald Ross Colquhoun. Sun yi aure a cocin St. Paul's, Stafford, a ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarar 1900, kuma ta raka mijinta zuwa yawon shakatawa a Asiya, Pacific da Afirka, kafin ta zauna a Kudancin Rhodesia.Bayan mutuwar Colquhoun a ranar 18 ga Disamba 1914, ta maye gurbinsa a matsayin editan mujallar United Empire. Daga baya ta sake auren wani manomi dan ƙasar Rhodesia mai suna John Tawse Jollie.Tawse Jollie ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jigogi na gaba a yakin neman mulkin kasar Rhodesia, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar gwamnati mai alhakin kula a 1917. Ta kasance mai jagoranci a cikin Ƙungiyar Hidima ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Maritime League, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Birtaniya, Ƙungiyar ta Mata, da Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Rhodesian. Ethel Tawse Jollie ta kasance mai ƙin yarda da cin zarafi kuma mai adawa da mata.Ta mutu a Salisbury, Kudancin Rhodesia, a ranar 21 Satumba shekara ta 1950.
Ayyuka Two on their Travels, William Heinemann, 1902.
The Whirlpool of Europe, tare da Archibald R. Colquhoun, Dodd, Mead Kamfanin, 1907.
The Vocation of Woman, Macmillan Co., Ltd., 1913.
Our Just Cause; Facts about the War for Ready Reference, William Heinemann, 1914.
The Real Rhodesia, Hutchinson Co., 1924.
Native Administration in Southern Rhodesia, Royal Society of Arts, 1935
Labarai "On Some Overseas Poetry," United Empire, Vol.I, 1909/1910.
"The Husband of Madame de Boigne," The Nineteenth Century, Vol.LXVII, Janairu/Yuni 1910.
"Feminism and Education," The University Magazine, Vol.XII, 1913.
"Woman and Morality," The Nineteenth Century, Vol.LXXV, Janairu 1914.
"The Superfluous Woman: Her Cause and Cure," The Living Age, Vol.LXIII, Afrilu/Yuni 1914.
"Archibald Colquhoun: A Memoir," United Empire, Vol.VI, 1915/1916.
"As Others See Us," United Empire, Vol.VI, 1915/1916.
"The Baikin States and the War," United Empire, Vol.VI, 1915/1916.
"Some Humours of Housekeeping in Rhodesia," Blackwood's Magazine, Vol.CC, Yuli/Disamba 1916.
"Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism," The Lotus Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, Nuwamba 1917; Kashi na II, Vol. 9, Lamba 3, Disamba 1917.
"Woman-Power and the Empire," United Empire, Vol.VIII, 1917/1918.
"Germany and Africa," United Empire, Vol.IX, 1918/1919.
"Rhodesia and the Union," United Empire, Vol.X, 1919/1920.
"The Question of Southern Rhodesia," United Empire, Vol.XI, 1920.
"The Future of Rhodesia," United Empire, Vol.XII, 1921.
"Britain's New Colony," United Empire, Vol.XIV, 1923.
Ci gaba da karatu Berlyn, Phillippa (1966)."On Ethel Tawse Jollie," Rhodesiana, No. 15.
Berlyn, Phillippa (1969)."Ahead of Her Time," Rayuwar da aka kwatanta Rhodesia, No. 3.
Lowry, Donal, "Making Fresh Britains Across the Seas" a Fletcher, Ian Christopher, ed., (2012).Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race, Routledge.
Lowry, Daniel William (Donal) (1989).The Life and Times of Ethel Tawse Jollie, Jami'ar Rhodes.
Riedi, Eliza (2002)."Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901–1914," The Historical Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3.
Sanders, Valerie da Deap, Lucy (2010).Victoria and Edwardian Anti-Feminism,'' Routledge.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ethel Tawse Jollie
The Romance of Melsetter
Manazarta
Littafi mai |
22340 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Ganin%20Karshen%20Rikice-Rikice%20Ta%20Duniya | Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya | Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya (I.C.G; kuma aka sani da Crisis Group) ne a Magance ba riba, wadanda ba gwamnati kungiyar an kafa a shekarata 1995. Filin tunani ne, wanda masu tsara manufofi da masana ke amfani dashi, suna yin bincike da bincike akan rikice-rikicen duniya. ICG ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "aiki don hana yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma tsara manufofin da za su gina duniya mafi zaman lafiya". Kungiyar Rikici ta Duniya (ICG) ta ce tana ba da gargaɗin farko ta hanyar sanarwar CrisisWatch da take gabatarwa a kowane wata, mai sa ido kan rikice-rikicen duniya wanda aka tsara don gano haɗarin faɗaɗawa da dama don ci gaban zaman lafiya. Kungiyar ta ce tana samar da cikakken bincike da shawara kan takamaiman batutuwan siyasa waɗanda ke shafar rikici ko yanayin rikice-rikice; cewa tana hulɗa da masu tsara manufofi, ƙungiyoyin yanki da sauran manyan masu ruwa da tsaki don inganta hanyoyin lumana ga manyan rikice-rikice; da kuma cewa yana bayar da sabbin dabaru da dabaru kan rikice-rikice da rikice rikice. Sun banbanta kansu da sauran rukunin masu tunani na Yammacin Turai, suna lura da kasancewar filin su na dindindin, wanda shine asalin tsarin kungiyar. Tana da masu shirye-shiryen yanki waɗanda suka shafi Afirka, Asiya, Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya, Latin Amurka da Caribbean, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, da Amurka. ICG tana da ma'aikata 110.
Kudade Mai saka jari kuma mai ba da tallafi George Soros ya samar da tallafin irin kungiyar kuma yana cigaba da tallafawa hakan. Wakilin gwamnati na farko da ya ba da tallafin kuɗi shi ne Shugaban Finland Martti Ahtisaari, a cikin Maris na shekarata 1994. A waccan shekarar, Gareth Evans, a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Wajen Australia, ya yi alƙawarin 500,000. Taron watan Janairun shekarata 1995 a Landan ya haɗu da ƙididdigar ƙasashen duniya da yawa kuma ya amince da shawara don kasafin kuɗin shekara na dala miliyan 8 da 75 masu cikakken aiki. A tsakiyar shekarata 1995, ƙungiyar an yi rajista bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Amurka azaman mara keɓantaccen haraji. Daga 1996 shekarata zuwa shekarata 1999, Rikicin Rikici yana da kasafin shekara-shekara na kusan dala miliyan 2 da kusan ma'aikata 20 na cikakken lokaci; zuwa shekarar 2017 kasafin kudinta ya haura zuwa dala miliyan 17. Rukunin Rikicin ya sami tallafi a ƙarƙashin tallafi daga gwamnatoci, kafuwar agaji, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ɗaiɗaikun masu ba da gudummawa. Kima A shekarar kudi da ta kare 30 ga Yuni, shekarata 2019, ta karɓi kashi 43% na tallafinta daga gwamnatoci, kashi 31% daga tushe, 22% daga kamfanoni, 2% daga gudummawar alheri da 2% daga kuɗin saka hannun jari. A cikin wata takarda ta shekarar 2014 game da Duniya ta Uku Kwata, mai binciken zamantakewar al'umma Berit Bliesemann de Guevara ya rubuta cewa babban kasafin kudin na ICG shi ne abin da ake bukata na ayyukanta, kodayake kadan ne idan aka kwatanta da hukumomin binciken gwamnati. Ta lura da cewa "Masu sukar sun yi ikirarin cewa ba shi ne adadin ba amma hanyoyin samun kudin na ICG wadanda suka bude kofofin masu tsara manufofin Yammacin kasar don yin shawarwarin ta, yayin da a lokaci guda (mai yuwuwa) yin kafar ungulu ga 'yancin ICG na siyasa". Ta lura cewa ICG ta "saba wa [ra'ayin] ra'ayin sauki, madaidaiciyar alaka tsakanin masu bayar da tallafi da kuma bayar da rahoto" ta hanyoyi da dama na masu bayar da gudummawar.
Kungiyoyi
Ofisoshi Rukunin Rikicin yana da hedikwata a Brussels, tare da ofisoshin bayar da shawarwari a Washington DC, New York da London. Sauran ofisoshin da ke da rajista bisa doka sun dogara ne a Bogota, Colombia; Dakar, Senegal; Istanbul, Turkiyya; da Nairobi, Kenya.
Ya zuwa Yunin shekarata 2018, Rikicin Rikici ya kasance a Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Bangkok, Beirut, Caracas, Gaza, Guatemala City, Hong Kong, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, Juba, Kabul, Kiev, Mexico City, Mogadishu, Rabat, Tbilisi, Toronto, Tunis da Yangon.
Kwamitin amintattu Robert Malley, wanda ya taba aiki a gwamnatin Obama a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara, ya zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na ICG a watan Janairun 2018. Wadanda suka gabace shi a wannan mukamin sun hada da tsohon Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya Jean-Marie Guéhenno, tsohon Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na ‘Yancin Dan Adam da Adalci na Kotun Koli ta Kanada Louise Arbor, da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Australia Gareth Evans. Malley ya yanke alakar sa da yakin neman zaben Obama a watan Mayun shekarata 2008, lokacin da ya fito fili cewa Malley ya kasance yana tattaunawa da kungiyar Falasdinawa ta Hamas, wacce Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya a cikin kungiyar ta’addanci. Kwamitin amintattun yana karkashin jagorancin Mark Malloch Brown, tsohon Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma mai kula da Shirin Raya Kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mataimakin shugaban kwamitin shine Ayo Obe, lauya, marubuci kuma mai gabatar da talibijan daga Najeriya.
Membobin kwamitin da suka gabata sun hada da Sandy Berger da kuma Stephen Solarz Shugabannin kungiyar sune Martti Ahtisaari da Gareth Evans.
Lambobin yabo Rukunin Rikicin Rukuni na "In Pursuit of Peace Award" an kafa shi a shekarata 2005, kuma yana da alaƙa da taron gala a cikin Birnin New York. Wadanda suka karba sun hada da Shugabannin Amurka Bill Clinton da George HW Bush, Hillary Clinton, tsohon Shugaban Brazil Lula da Silva, Wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel Martti Ahtisaari da Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, da kuma mai kudi da kuma taimakon jama’a George Soros.
Wadanda aka karba a shekarar 2018 sun hada da Frank Giustra, wanda ya kafa gidauniyar Radcliffe kuma hamshakin dan kasuwa da kudi, da HRH Prince Zeid Raad Al Hussein, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam da kuma' Yan Gudun Hijira na Olimpik da Teamungiyoyin Nakasassu.
Binciken da suke game da kungiyar A shekara ta 2010, Tom Hazeldine yayi jayayya a wata kasida da aka buga a cikin New Left Review cewa ICG "ta tsara kanta a matsayin mai zaman kanta kuma ba ta bangaranci ba, amma tana ci gaba da yaki da yakokin NATO don samun cikakkiyar yabon transatlantic". Wani yanki na shekarata 2007 a cikin manufofin Kasashen Waje ya bayyana ICG a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi" kuma yana sukar mai mulkin Venezuela Hugo Chávez Kungiyar ta ICG ta haifar da cece-kuce a cikin watan Afrilun shekarata 2013 yayin da ta bai wa shugaban Myanmar Thein Sein lambar yabo ta "In Pursuit of Peace", tare da bikin bayar da lambar ya zo daidai da wallafa rahoton Human Rights Watch game da batun tsarkake kabilanci da gwamnatin Sein ta yi. A cikin shekarata 2014, mujallar ta Uku ta Tsakiya ta buga wani batu na musamman game da ICG da rawar da take takawa wajen samar da ilimi game da rikici, inda ya gabatar da suka daban-daban guda 10 game da ICG, daga tasirinsa kan masu tsara manufofin kasashen waje, rikice-rikicen "masana'antu", da hanyoyin. tana turawa wajen tattara binciken ta. Bayanin na ICG da rahotannin an bayyana su da cewa suna da "kyakkyawan suna" a tsakanin masu tsara manufofi a gabatarwar batun, wanda kuma ya lura cewa yayin da malaman jami'a da ke aiki a kan rikice-rikice galibi ke ambaton nazarin na ICG, akwai karancin binciken ilimi game da ICG din kanta.
Bayani
Ambato
Janar tushe
Manazarta Tashar yanar gizo
Rukunin Rikici na Duniya: Matsalolin Matsala a Jaruman Asiya na 2005 daga Aryn Baker, <i id="mwAVw">TIMEasia</i>, Oktoba 3, 2005
SourceWatch: Rikicin Rikicin Duniya
Pages with unreviewed translations
kudade
Kungiyoyi
lambobin |
24707 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Bako | Ibrahim Bako | Birgediya Ibrahim Bako (An haife shi 31 ga watan disamba, shekara ta 1943 Ya rasu shekara ta 1983) babban jami'i ne a Sojojin Najeriya wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin mulkin Sojojin Najeriya guda biyu: juyin mulkin juyin juya hali na watan Yuli, shekarar alif 1966 da juyin mulkin shekarar alif 1983 na watan Disamba. Juyin mulkin shekarar 1983, ya kawar da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya ta Shehu Shagari yayin da juyin mulkin shekarar alif 1966. ya kawar da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Ironsi. An kashe Bako yayin da yake kokarin kamo shugaban ƙasasa Shehu Shagari a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Disamba, shekarar alif 1983 Sana'a An ba Ibrahim Bako aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1963 a matsayin Laftanar bayan ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Soja ta Sandhurst Bako (a lokacin Lt Colonel) ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in dabaru a Hukumar Ƙidayar Ƙasa ta ƙidayar 1973. A wani lokaci a cikin aikinsa, Ibrahim Bako ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin Najeriya wanda ya taimaka wajen sauya tsoffin mayaƙa 100 daga kuma cikin gandun dajin Zimbabwe (bayan gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci) don zaɓa da horo a Kwalejin Tsaron Najeriya, Kaduna a 1980. Waɗannan tsoffin mayaƙan ƴan tawaye 100 sun kafa runduna ta farko na Sojojin Ƙasar Zimbabwe bayan samun' yancin kai. Tun daga ranar 31 ga Disamban shekarar 1983, Bako ya kasance Daraktan Kwalejin Sojoji a Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji, kuma muƙaddashin GOC 1 Mechanized Division, Kaduna.
Matsayi a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 1966 Juyin Juya Halin 28 ga Yuli, 1966 (wanda galibi ake kira juyin mulkin juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 wani tashin hankali ne na kifar da Gwamnatin soja ta Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi, wacce ta hau mulki bayan juyin mulkin ranar 15 ga Janairu, wanda Manjo Emmanuel Ifeajuna da Lt Col suka jagoranta. Kaduna Nzeogwu Wasu gungun hafsoshin soji da suka fito daga Arewacin Najeriya (ciki har da Lts Ibrahim Bako, Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Theophilus Danjuma, Captain Joe Garba, Lt Col Murtala Muhammed, da sauran su) sun yi makarkashiya tare da yi wa gwamnatin soja ta Janar Ironsi tawaye. Daga cikin wadanda suka rasa rayukansu sun hada da Janar Aguiyi Ironsi da Laftanar Kanar Adekunle Fajuyi A lokacin leken asirin juyin mulkin, sannan Laftanar Kanal Murtala Mohammed zai tuka zuwa Ibadan (inda Bako ya kasance tare da wasu kamar Lt Jerry Useni Muhammed yakan saba shiga gari daga Legas, ya ɗauko Ibrahim Bako da Abdullai Shelleng -ya shirya wuri da zagayawa ba tare da tsayawa ba yayin da suke tattaunawa kan shirin su na juyin mulki.
Matsayin juyin mulki a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1983 Ibrahim Bako (a lokacin shine Daraktan Kwalejin Sojoji a Kwamandan Rundunar Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji) da mukaddashin GOC 1 Mechanized Division, Kaduna, aikin juyin mulkin ne suka ba da aikin kama shugaban kasa Shehu Shagari mai yiwuwa bayan Brigade na Shagari. Kanal Tunde Ogbeha ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi (ba tare da tashin hankali kamar yadda aka tsara) ba. Marubuci Max Siollun ya lura cewa an zaɓi Bako ne don rawar kamawa saboda mahaifin Bako abokin Shagari ne. Bako bai sani ba shine gaskiyar cewa an fallasa makircin juyin mulkin ga Shugaba Shagari, wanda masu gadinsa ke cikin shirin ko -ta -kwana. Bayan isa gidan Shugaban kasa (cikin rigar da ba ta soji ba) tare da rukunin sojoji don kamo Shugaban, Bako an kuma harbe shi ne yayin da yake zaune a gefen fasinja na wata babbar mota ta Unimog a cikin tashin gobara tsakanin sojojin daga. Dakarun Bako da sojojin Brigade of Guards karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Augustine Anyogo. Ana baje kolin babbar motar Unimog da aka kashe Bako a gidan adana kayan tarihin sojojin Najeriya da ke Zariya, Najeriya.
Manyan hafsoshin sojan da suka shiga cikin juyin mulkin na 1983 sune: Manjo Janar Muhammadu Buhari (General Officer Commanding, 3rd Armored Division, Jos)
Manjo Janar Ibrahim Babangida (Daraktan ayyuka da tsare -tsare na Sojojin)
diya Ibrahim Baƙo (Brigade Commander)
Birgediya Sani Abacha (Kwamanda, Birged na 9)
Birgediya Tunde Idiagbon (Sakataren Soja, Soja)
Laftanar Kanal Aliyu Mohammed (Daraktan leken asirin sojoji)
Lt Kanal Halilu Akilu
Laftanar Kanal David Mark
Lt Kanal Tunde Ogbeha
Manjo Sambo Dasuki (Mataimakin Soja ga Babban Hafsan Sojojin, Lt-General Wushishi)
Major Abdulmumuni Aminu
Major Lawan Gwadabe
Manjo Mustapha Jokolo (Babban Malami, Barikin Basawa Zaria)
Abubakar Umar
Majalisar koli ta Soja ta Manjo Janar Buhari (SMC) ta yi shiru na minti ɗaya ga wanda aka kashe Birgediya Bako a yayin taron SMC na farko.
Bayanai masu karo da juna na mutuwar Bako a lokacin juyin mulkin ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1983 Baan Bako (Farfesa Ibrahim Ado Bako) ya yi iƙirarin a wata hira da yayi da Jaridar Leadership ta Najeriya a watan Janairun 2014, cewa wasu maƙarƙashiyan juyin mulki waɗanda ba sa tare da niyyar Bako na yin juyin mulki ba tare da jini ba. Farfesa Baƙo ya tabbatar da cewa “manyan hafsoshin sojojin da abokan aikin su ba su yarda da abin da shi (mahaifina) yake son yi ba saboda suna son juyin mulkin ya zama na jini. A yanzu sun umarci Laftanar Kanal da ya harbe shi kuma nan take ya mutu a wurin a gadar Area 1 ta yanzu a Abuja Manazarta Sojojin |
34292 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Boeke | Jim Boeke | James Frederick Boeke (Satumba 11, 1938 Satumba 26, 2014) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Los Angeles Rams, Dallas Cowboys da New Orleans Saints Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Kwalejin Heidelberg Shekarun farko An haifi Boeke a Akron, Ohio Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls inda ya yi wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da waƙa Ya karɓi tallafin ƙwallon ƙafa daga Kwalejin Heidelberg, ya kafa kansa a matsayin hanyar magance ta biyu a ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma wasiƙar waƙa.
A cikin 1985, an ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin memba na shata na Jami'ar Heidelberg Athletic Hall of Fame. A cikin 2008, an shigar da shi cikin Babban Zauren Wasannin Wasanni na Summit County.
Sana'ar sana'a
Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Rams ne ya zaɓi Boeke a zagaye na sha tara (217th gabaɗaya) na 1960 NFL Draft Ya kasance a baya baya fama da mugun abu A shekara ta 1963 kuma ya buga wasan tsaro A ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1964, an yi ciniki da shi zuwa Dallas Cowboys don musanya rookie mai gudu Les Josephson Dallas Cowboys A cikin 1964, an samo shi saboda ƙungiyar ta buƙaci zurfin layin da ke da rauni bayan raunin raunin da ya faru. Ya fara wasanni 7, ciki har da 4 a hannun hagu, ya maye gurbin Tony Liscio wanda aka sanya shi a jerin sunayen ajiyar da aka ji rauni A shekara ta gaba, ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a tunkarar hagu bayan Liscio ya kasa dawowa daga raunin gwiwa na dama. A cikin 1966, ya fara wasanni 10 kafin ya ɓace lokaci tare da raunin gwiwa kuma a ƙarshe Liscio ya maye gurbinsa. Shahararren wasansa ya faru a kusa da ƙarshen 1966 NFL Championship Game, tare da ƙungiyar da ke bin Green Bay Packers ta hanyar taɓawa, Cowboys sun fara sauka a kan layin 2-yard na Packers, lokacin da aka yiwa Boeke alama don farawa na ƙarya., Dallas ya kasa cin kwallaye bayan Don Meredith ya jefa tsaka-tsakin a karo na hudu. Masu Packers sun ci gaba da doke Kansas City Chiefs a wasan farko na gasar zakarun AFL-NFL, wanda yanzu ake kira Super Bowl na farko.
Daga 1960 har zuwa 1966, ya yi rajistar wasanni 92 a jere da aka buga. A cikin 1967, ya kasa dawo da matsayinsa na farawa kuma shine madadin Liscio. Wasansa na ƙarshe da Cowboys shine Wasan Gasar Wasannin NFL na 1967 wanda aka sani da "Ice Bowl". A ranar 28 ga Agusta, 1968, an yi ciniki da shi zuwa Saints na New Orleans don musanya Jackie Burkett na layin baya New Orleans Saints Boeke ya buga wasanni 13 tare da New Orleans Saints a lokacin lokacin 1968 A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1969, an yi ciniki da shi zuwa Detroit Lions don musanya daftarin zaɓi.
Detroit Lions Detroit Lions sun sami Boeke don yin gasa don matsayi na dacewa wanda Charlie Bradshaw ya yi ritaya. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1969, an yi ciniki da shi zuwa Washington Redskins don musanya daftarin zaɓe.
Washington Redskins A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1969, Washington Redskins ta sanya hannu. An sake shi a ranar 16 ga Satumba.
Rayuwa ta sirri A cikin kakar wasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin ilimin motsa jiki, kuma malamin Ingilishi a makarantar Middle Audubon a gundumar Crenshaw na Los Angeles. A cikin kwanakin wasansa a Los Angeles, Boeke ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gadi ga dangin Nelson (na Ozzie da Harriet shahara), kuma ya ci gaba da aiki don Ricky Nelson.
Bayan kwanakin wasansa, Boeke ya yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar Hollywood kuma ya fito a cikin sassan TV (Newhart, MASH, Coach da sauransu da yawa) da fina-finai (Arewa Dallas Forty, Forrest Gump et al.) shekaru da yawa. Boeke ya ci gaba da zama a yankin Kudancin California a matsayin malami kuma kocin ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Westminster High School. A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2014, ya mutu daga cutar sankarar bargo Filmography
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hall of Fame na Jami'ar Heidelberg Gidan Wasannin Wasanni na Summit County na Fame bio Jim Boeke Haifaffun 1938
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50818 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Fish | Janet Fish | Janet Fish(an haife shi a watan Mayu 18, 1938)ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ɗan Amurka na zamani.Ta hanyar zanen mai, lithography,da buga allo,ta bincika hulɗar haske tare da abubuwan yau da kullun a cikin nau'in rayuwa.Yawancin zane-zanen nata sun haɗa da abubuwa na gaskiya (kudin filastik,ruwa),haske mai haskakawa,da kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka nuna da ƙarfi, ƙima masu launi.An yaba mata da sake farfado da yanayin rayuwa Rayuwar farko da ilimi Janet Isobel Fish an haife shi a(1938-05-18 )a Boston,Massachusetts,kuma ta girma a Bermuda,inda danginta suka ƙaura lokacin tana ɗan shekara goma. Tun tana ƙuruciyarta,ta kasance tana kewaye da tasirin fasaha da yawa. Mahaifinta farfesa ne na tarihin fasaha Peter Stuyvesant Fish kuma mahaifiyarta ita ce sculptor kuma maginin tukwane Florence Whistler Voorhees.'Yar uwarta, Alida,mai daukar hoto ce.Kakanta,wanda ɗakin studio yake a Bermuda,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka Clark Voorhees .Kawun nata,wanda kuma ake kira Clark Voorhees,ya kasance mai sassaƙa itace da matarsa,mai zane. Kifi ta san tun tana ƙarama cewa tana son yin aikin fasahar gani.Ta ce, "Na fito daga dangin masu fasaha,kuma koyaushe ina yin zane-zane kuma na san ina son zama mai zane."Kifi tana da hazaka a fannin tukwane kuma tun farko ta yi niyyar zama sculptor.Lokacin da yake matashi,Kifi ya kasance mataimaki a ɗakin studio na sculptor Byllee Lang. Kifi ya halarci Kwalejin Smith,a Northampton,Massachusetts,yana mai da hankali kan sassaka da bugawa.Ta yi karatu a karkashin George Cohn,Leonard Baskin,da Mervin Jules.Ta shafe ɗaya daga cikin lokacin bazara tana karatu a Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na New York kuma ta halarci ajin zane wanda Stephen Greene ya jagoranta. Kifi ya sami Bachelor of Arts daga Smith a 1960. Wannan ya biyo bayan zama na bazara a Makarantar Skowhegan na Art a Skowhegan,Maine a cikin 1961. Kifi ya yi rajista a Makarantar Art da Architecture na Jami'ar Yale a New Haven, Connecticut,yana halartar daga 1960 zuwa 1963.Anan ta canza mata hankali daga sassaka zuwa zane.Mai koyar da ita ga ajin gabatarwa na zanen shine Alex Katz,wanda ya ƙarfafa ɗalibai su bincika abubuwan nunin a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na New York waɗanda suka faɗaɗa ilimin Kifi na fasaha na duniya.A wannan lokacin, makarantun fasaha sun kasance suna son koyarwar Abstract Expressionism,suna tasiri salon fasaha na Kifi.Ba da daɗewa ba ta ci gaba da nata alkibla tare da lura da cewa"Abstract Expressionism ba ya nufin komai a gare ni.Ka’ida ce.” 'Yan uwanta daliban Yale sun hada da Chuck Close,Richard Serra,Brice Marden, Nancy Graves,Sylvia da Robert Mangold, da Rackstraw Downes.A cikin 1963,Kifi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka sami Jagora na Fine Arts daga Makarantar Fasaha da Gine-gine ta Yale.
Aiki Kifi ya ƙi yarda da Abstract Expressionism wanda malamanta na Yale suka amince da shi suna jin"katsewa gaba ɗaya"daga gare ta kuma suna son a maimakon "kasancewar abubuwa".Ba tare da rugujewa da akidar tsantsar abstraction ba wacce ta yi mulki a cikin shekarunta na girma,Janet Fish ta haɗe da hotuna a duniyar gaske.An samo asali a cikin al'adar zamani na zamani da al'adun rayuwar Dutch har yanzu.aikinta yana manne da duniyar tabbataccen gogewa ta zamani.Kifi mai sauƙi,abubuwan da aka saba da su ana yin su tare da ƙayyadaddun tsari,wadataccen daki-daki da ƙwanƙwasa,palette na wurare masu zafi na ƙuruciyarta.
Kifi yana sha'awar zanen haske da kuma ra'ayi da take da shi a wani lokaci da ake kira"package",kamar tulu,cellophane,da wrappers.
Daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi so har da abubuwan yau da kullun,musamman nau'ikan kayan gilashin bayyanannu, ko dai babu komai ko kuma an cika su da ruwa kamar ruwa,giya,ko vinegar.Misalai sun fito ne daga tabarau,kwalabe, kwalabe,da kwalba zuwa kwanon kifi cike da ruwa da kifin zinare.Sauran batutuwan sun haɗa da teacups,furannin furanni, yadi tare da alamu masu ban sha'awa,kifin zinare,kayan lambu,da saman madubi. Ko da yake an kwatanta aikin Kifi a matsayin Photorealist ko New Realism, ba ta la'akari da kanta a matsayin mai daukar hoto.Abubuwa,irin su abun da ke ciki da kuma amfani da launi,suna nuna ra'ayi na mai zane maimakon mai daukar hoto.
Rayuwa Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Yale,Kifi ya shafe shekara guda a Philadelphia sannan ya koma SoHo inda ta zama abokai da Louise Nevelson. Kifi ya kasance malamin fasaha a Makarantar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin)da kuma Parsons Sabuwar Makaranta don Zane(dukansu a Birnin New York),Jami’ar Syracuse( Syracuse, New York ),da Jami’ar Chicago. Kifi ya yi aure guda biyu na ɗan gajeren lokaci,waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin ba su yi nasara ba aƙalla saboda babban burinta da kuma rashin son zama"matar gida mai kyau"Ta na zaune,kuma tana yin fenti,a cikin SoHo,New York City bene da gidan gonarta na Vermont a Middletown Springs.
nune-nunen Nunin solo na Kifi na farko shine a Rutherford,Jami'ar Fairleigh Dickinson ta New Jersey a cikin 1967 kuma nunin ta na farko na New York ya biyo bayan shekaru biyu.An baje kolin kifi sama da sau 75 a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa.A ƙasa akwai zaɓi na nunin ayyukanta.
Art Contemporary Modern, Freeman's, Philadelphia, nunin rukuni
Janet Fish, Pinwheels Poppies Painting 1980–2008, DC Moore Gallery, New York, 2017, nunin solo
Janet Fish, Gilashin Filastik, Shekarun Farko 1968-1978, DC Moore Gallery, New York, 2016, nunin solo
Annual 2015: Zurfin Surface, National Academy of Design, New York, 2015, nunin rukuni
Wannan Rayuwar Amurkawa, Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, MO, 2014, nunin rukuni
Fantasy Fantasy Ƙananan Ayyukan Sikeli, Marianne Friedland Gallery, Naples, FL, 2014, nunin rukuni
Janet Fish, Panopoly, DC Moore Gallery, New York, NY, 2013, nunin solo
Hotuna masu jan hankali, Gidan Jarida na Makeready, Montclair, NJ, 2013, nunin rukuni
Janet Fish, Hotunan Kwanan nan, Charles Birchfield Landscapes DC Moore Gallery, New York, 2012, nunin rukuni
Janet Fish, Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka ta Butler, Youngstown, OH, 2006, nunin solo
The Art of Janet Fish, Ogunquit Museum of American Art, Ogunquit, ME, 2004, nunin solo
Janet Fish, LewAllen Contemporary, Santa Fe, NM, 2004, nunin solo
Janet Fish, Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art, Gainesville, FL, 2003, nunin solo
Janet Fish, The Columbus Museum Columbus, GA, 2000, nunin solo
Janet Fish, Zane-zane da Zane Tun 1975, Marsh Gallery, Jami'ar Richmond,1987, nunin solo
76 Jefferson, 1976, Museum of Modern Art, nunin rukuni
Nunin New York,1969, nunin solo
Rutherford, Jami'ar Fairleigh Dickinson ta New Jersey,1967, nunin solo
Ganewa Mai sukar fasahar fasaha Gerrit Henry ya bayyana Kifi a matsayin wanda aka amince da shi a cikin rayuwa ta zamani.
Marubuciya ga jaridar The New York Times ta ce"Fish's"har yanzu zanen rai mai kishi ya taimaka wajen farfado da gaskiya a cikin shekarun"kuma ta cika abubuwan yau da kullun da"mafi karfin gani da kuzari".Critic Vincent Katz ya yarda,yana mai cewa aikin Kifi"ana iya taƙaita shi azaman farfadowar nau'in rayuwa mai rai,ba ma'ana ba idan mutum yayi la'akari da cewa har yanzu rayuwa ta kasance mafi ƙarancin nau'in zanen haƙiƙa". A cikin wata hira,mai zanen Amurka Eric Fischl ya yi magana game da sha'awarsa ga Janet Fish:"Tana daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa na gaske na zamaninta. Aikinta shine dutsen taɓawa,kuma yana da tasiri sosai.Duk wanda ya yi mu'amala da rayuwar gida dole ne ya bi ta,tana da matukar muhimmanci." MacDowell Fellowship, 1968, 1969 da 1972 Harris Award, Chicago Biennale, 1974
Majalisar Ostiraliya don Kyautar Fasaha, 1975
An zabe shi a cikin National Academy of Design, 1990
lambar yabo ta Hubbard Museum, 1991
Aspen Art Museum Woman a lambar yabo ta Arts, 1993
Kyautar Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasika ta Amurka, 1994 Medal Kwalejin Smith, 2012 Aikin Kifin yana cikin tarin dindindin na cibiyoyi da gidajen tarihi da yawa.
Tarin kayan tarihi
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
34231 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-28%20%28Michigan%20highway%29 | M-28 (Michigan highway) | Infobox road instances in Michigan
M-28 babbar hanya ce ta gabas da yamma wacce ta ratsa kusan dukkanin Babban Peninsula na jihar Michigan ta Amurka, daga Wakefield zuwa kusa da Sault Ste. Marie a cikin garin Bruce Tare da Babban Hanyar Amurka 2 (US 2), M-28 ya samar da manyan hanyoyi biyu na farko da ke haɗa Babban Peninsula daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe, suna ba da babbar hanyar shiga don zirga-zirga daga Michigan da Kanada tare da gabar kudu na Lake Superior M-28 shine layin gangar jikin mafi tsayi a cikin Michigan wanda aka ƙidaya tare da prefix "M-" a Dukkanin babbar hanyar an jera su akan Tsarin Babbar Hanya na Ƙasa, yayin da sassan uku na M-28 suna cikin ɓangaren Tafkin Superior Circle Tour M-28 kuma yana ɗauke da zane-zanen babban titin tunawa guda biyu a kan hanyarsa.
A duk tsawon tafiyar da take yi a fadin Upper Peninsula, M-28 ta ratsa cikin gandun daji da ke dazuzzuka, fadama na bogi, yankunan birni, da kuma bakin gabar Tekun Babban. Sassan titin sun haye dajin Ottawa na kasa da duka sassan dajin Hiawatha na kasa Wasu daga cikin sauran alamomin da ake samu daga M-28 sun haɗa da Seney Stretch, Seney National Wild Refuge da kuma gadoji masu tarihi da yawa.
M-28 na asali ne na layin gangar jikin, tun daga shekarar 1919 da samuwar tsarin gangar jikin na jihar. Babban titin na asali ya fi guntu fiye da na yanzu. An fadada M-28 zuwa gabas zuwa Sault Ste. Yankin Marie a ƙarshen 1920s. An faɗaɗa ƙarshen yammacin sau biyu zuwa wurare daban-daban akan layin jihar Wisconsin Sauran sauye-sauyen da aka samu tare da hanyar zirga-zirgar sun haifar da ƙirƙirar madaukai na kasuwanci daban-daban guda uku a lokuta daban-daban, wanda har yanzu yana nan. Canje-canje na gaba, wanda gundumar Marquette ta gabatar amma Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Michigan (MDOT) ba ta yarda da su ba, na iya ganin M-28 ta koma kan titin County. 480 (CR 480).
Bayanin hanya M-28 babbar hanya ce don zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar Michigan da Kanada tare da gabar kudu ta tafkin Superior. Yana samar da rabin arewacin nau'i-nau'i na katako na farko da ke haɗa Babban Peninsula daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe; Amurka<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwLA"> </span>2 abokin kudu ne. babbar hanya ta ƙunshi galibin hanyoyi biyu, ba a raba su sai sassan da ke tare da Amurka.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwMg"> </span>41 kusa da Marquette Yankin "Marquette Bypass" na Amurka 41/M-28 babbar hanya ce mai layi huɗu, kuma sassan babbar hanyar a gundumar Marquette suna da hanyoyi huɗu. Gabaɗayan hanyar wani ɓangare ne na Tsarin Babbar Hanya na Ƙasa, kuma sassa uku na layin gangar jikin wani ɓangare ne na Balaguron Tafki Superior Circle.
Tashar Yamma zuwa Shingleton A yamma, M-28 yana farawa a wata mahadar sigina da Amurka 2 in Wakefield. Zuwa arewa, babbar hanyar ta wuce tafkin Lahadi ta nufi bayan gari. Bayan tsallaka zuwa yankin kudu maso yammacin Ontonagon County da Yankin Gabashin Gabas, babbar hanyar ta ratsa arewacin gabar tafkin Gogebic, tana tafiya tare da M-64 Sashe na farko na M-28 wanda aka keɓe a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tafkin Superior Circle Tour yana daga ƙarshen ƙarshen yamma zuwa mahadar gabas tare da M-64 a Bergland, inda Tour Circle ya juya arewa tare da M-64, yana barin M-28. Anan, M-28 yana da mafi ƙarancin ƙididdiga na zirga-zirga; A cikin binciken MDOT na 2013, an jera hanyar tare da matsakaicin zirga-zirga na yau da kullun (AADT) na motoci 1,425 akan wani yanki na babbar hanya tsakanin Bergland da Amurka.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwRw"> </span>45 intersection in Bruce Crossing Layin gangar jikin yana bi ta yankunan dajin da ke kudancin Houghton da Baraga A mahadar gabas tare da Amurka 41 kusa da Covington, M-28 ya sake karɓar sunan Circle Tour kuma ya fita daga dajin Ottawa na ƙasa A cikin yankunan Baraga da Marquette, Amurka 41/M-28 ya ratsa ta cikin tudu kafin ya shiga cikin biranen Ishpeming, Negaunee da Marquette. Kimanin 13,000-17,000 motocin suna amfani da wannan sashe daga Ishpeming zuwa gabas ta Negaunee. Yammacin birnin Marquette, Amurka 41/M-28 yana da kololuwar 2013 AADT na 32,805 motoci a cikin Garin Marquette tare da titin dillali da kasuwanci. Wannan matakin kololuwa yana dawwama har zuwa farkon Marquette Bypass, inda zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ke komawa zuwa matakan hawa 16,500 da mafi girma da aka gani a Ishpeming da Negaunee. Kudancin birnin Marquette, yawan zirga-zirga ya sake hawa zuwa 19,620 ababan hawa. A cikin Garin Chocolay AADT ya ragu zuwa 8,840 Motoci kafin a kashe su zuwa 3,065 motoci ta hanyar gundumomi. A layin birni na Ishpeming-Negaunee, M-28 yana canza sunayen manyan hanyoyin tunawa. Daga ƙarshen ƙarshen yamma zuwa wannan batu, ana kiran M-28 "Hanyar Tunawa da Tsohon Sojoji", amma ya zama "Hanyar Hanya ta DJ Jacobetti Memorial" don girmama memba mafi dadewa na majalisar dokokin Michigan, Dominic J. Jacobetti Babban titin Jacobetti ya ƙare a mahadar M-123 ta gabas a cikin gundumar Chippewa Tsakanin Marquette da Munising, M-28 yayi daidai da babban tekun Lake Superior, yana ba da kyawawan ra'ayoyi game da tafkin da "rairayin bakin teku masu yashi". Gidan shakatawa na sassaka na Lakenenland yana cikin garin Chocolay kusa da Shot Point a gundumar Marquette ta gabas. Wannan jan hankalin da ke gefen hanya mallakar Tom Lakenen ne kuma yana da kyawawan ayyukan fasaha da aka yi da tarkacen ƙarfe. Kusa da al'ummar Au Train, M-28 ya ketare zuwa sashin yamma na dajin Hiawatha na kasa Yammacin Munising tashar jirgin ruwa ce wacce ke ba da jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Yankin Nishaɗin Kasa na Grand Island, kuma a Munising akwai sauƙin shiga Hotunan Rocks National Lakeshore Har ila yau, titin yana da alamun saƙo mai canzawa don faɗakar da masu ababen hawa game da rufe zirga-zirgar da ke da alaƙa da yanayin hunturu a bakin tekun. An shigar a Amurka 41 da M-94 junctions, alamun suna ba da shawara ga masu ababen hawa waɗanda ke rufe sassan titin. Bisa ga manufar MDOT, dusar ƙanƙara kawai ake ba da izinin a waɗannan sassan yayin rufewa. Babban titin yana fita dajin Hiawatha na ƙasa a layin Alger County Schoolcraft County tare da Seney Stretch. Yankin M-28 tsakanin Seney da Shingleton, wanda ake kira Seney Stretch, na "hanya madaidaiciya-kamar-kibiya" a fadin Babban Manistique Swamp, "ko da yake wasu sun ce yana da kawai saboda yana da tsayi." Seney Stretch ita ce mafi tsayi irin wannan sashe na babbar hanyar a cikin jihar, kuma "daya daga cikin mafi tsayin shimfidar babbar hanya mara lankwasa gabas da Mississippi Ana yawan ambaton babbar hanyar a matsayin "hanya mafi ban sha'awa a jihar" bisa ga Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC) da Jagoran Hunts Ana ba da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya da shimfiɗa a kan nisa mai nisa a matsayin dalilai na sunan wannan shimfiɗa a matsayin m. Hanyar da ke tsallaken fadama an gina ta a layi daya da layin Duluth, South Shore da Atlantic Railway (daga baya layin dogo na Soo An fara ƙidaya shi azaman ɓangare na M-25 lokacin da aka yi amfani da wannan nadi tare da M-28 na yau gabas da Amurka. 41. Mafi mahimmancin canje-canjen da aka yi ga shimfidar tun lokacin da aka gina shi na asali shine ƙari na wucewar hanyoyin agaji da cikakken sikelin, wurin hutawa na tsawon shekara a 1999. Wani ɓangare na Seney Stretch shine iyakar arewacin Seney National Wild Refuge An kafa shi a cikin 1935, wannan mafaka yanki ne mai dausayi da ake sarrafa shi a cikin gundumar Schoolcraft Yana da yanki na kuma ya ƙunshi Strangmoor Bog National Landmark a cikin iyakokinta.
Seney zuwa tashar gabas Seney da ya gabata, M-28 ya sake shiga cikin gandun daji a ƙarshen ƙarshen Upper Peninsula. A cikin gundumar Luce, hanyar ta ratsa cikin jama'ar McMillan akan hanyar zuwa Newberry Yawon shakatawa na Circle ya tashi M-28 don bin M-123 a Newberry, yana zuwa arewa zuwa Tahquamenon Falls State Park Gabashin gari, titin ya wuce Filin jirgin saman Luce County daga Luce CR 399. Daga can, M-28 ya ketare rassan gabas da yamma na Kogin Sage kuma ya wuce kudu na Soo Junction, kafin iyakar Chippewa County A gundumar Chippewa, M-28 ta fara lanƙwasa kaɗan gabas-arewa maso gabas. Lake Hulbert yana kudu da Hulbert arewacin tafkin, babbar hanyar ta shiga sashin gabas na gandun daji na Hiawatha. A gabas junction na M-28 da M-123 kusa da Eckerman da Karfi, da Circle Tour ya koma M-28 da DJ Jacobetti Memorial Highway designation ƙare. Babban titin yana barin sashin gabas na dajin Hiawatha na ƙasa tsakanin al'ummomin Raco da Brimley M-221 yana jagorantar arewa daga babban titin akan tsohuwar hanyar M-28 don haɗawa da al'ummar Brimley da Bay Mills Indian Community Brimley State Park yana gabas da Brimley akan tsohuwar 6 Mile Daidaita hanyar M-28. Babban titin ya haɗu da Interstate<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw4w"> </span>75 (I-75) a fita 386, kuma Lake Superior Circle Tour ya tashi M-28 don bi I-75. Wannan musanyar tana yamma da Trail H-63 Makinac, tsohon yanki na Amurka 2. M-28 yana ci gaba nisa zuwa tashar gabas ta M-129 Ayyuka Tare da hanyar M-28, MDOT ta kafa wuraren shakatawa da yawa a gefen hanya da wuraren hutawa. Biyu daga cikin waɗannan suna cikin gundumar Ontonagon kusa da Ewen da Trout Creek Wani wurin shakatawa mai wurin shakatawa da gadar ƙafa yana kusa da Tioga Creek a gundumar Baraga gabashin Amurka. 41 jungi. A cikin Michigamme fitowar kyan gani da wurin shakatawa na gefen hanya suna kallon tafkin Michigamme, kuma tare da tafkin Superior kudu da Marquette cibiyar ba da labarin yawon buɗe ido ce wacce aka gina azaman gidan katako. Gabashin mahaɗin H-01 a Au Train filin shakatawa ne na gefen hanya wanda ya haɗa da Scott Falls Gabashin gabas, wurin hutawa na tsawon shekara yana kan yammacin ƙarshen Seney Stretch. Wasu wuraren shakatawa guda uku na gefen hanya suna kwance a gabashin Harvey a cikin Shelter Bay, a gabar tafkin Deer da yammacin Newberry.
Tarihi
Mainline tarihin An kafa ta a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1919, M-28 ya fara a Wakefield a wata mahadar tare da M-12 kuma ya yi tafiya tare da daidaitawar yanzu don ƙare a M-15, gabas da Covington Waɗannan tashoshi biyu sun yi daidai da Amurka ta zamani<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAQ8"> </span>2 da yammacin Amurka<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwARE"> </span>41 junctions bi da bi. M-28 aka kara a 1927 tare da Amurka 41 zuwa gundumar Marquette da gabas akan M-25 ta Chatham, Munising, da Newberry, kafin a ƙare a cikin garin Sault Ste. Marie A Negaunee, M-28 ta ɗauki tsohon hanyar M-15 tsakanin Negaunee da Marquette na yayin da Amurka 41 sun gudu tare da wani yanki na M-35 Wannan madauki na kudancin M-28 ya ci gaba har zuwa kusan 1936, lokacin da aka koma M-28 zuwa Amurka. 41, kuma tsohuwar hanya ta zama CR<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwASQ"> </span>492 Sabuwar hanyar M-28 a yankin Newberry ta buɗe daga baya a waccan shekarar, da sabuwar M-28A (daga baya Bus. M-28 ya wanzu har zuwa 1953. Wani gyara a cikin 1937 ya nuna alamar canja wurin M-28 daga cikin garin Ishpeming da Negaunee. Wannan tsohon hanya daga baya ya zama Bus. M-28 A ƙarshen 1930s, an tsara babbar hanya mai lamba M-178 tsakanin M-28 kudu da Munising zuwa M-94 a cikin gari. A cikin 1941, an canza hanyoyin M-28 da M-94 tsakanin Harvey da Munising, kuma M-28 ta maye gurbin M-178 gaba ɗaya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, M-28 yana tafiya tare da tafkin ta hanyar Au Train An tsawaita M-28 tare da Amurka 2 zuwa layin jiha a Ironwood, kuma ƙarshen M-28 ta gabas ta Brimley an koma zuwa sabon jeri da ke ƙarewa a Amurka. 2, a Dafter a cikin 1942. Ƙarshen gabas ya koma tare da Amurka 2 komawa zuwa Sault Ste. Marie a cikin 1948, kodayake an mayar da tashar zuwa Dafter a cikin 1950. Daga 1952 zuwa 1962, M-28 ya ketare Amurka 2 a Wakefield yana zuwa kudu kuma ya tsaya a kan iyakar Wisconsin, yana haɗawa da hanyar gundumar. Wannan ɓangaren babbar hanya (yanzu Gogebic CR 519) an mayar da shi zuwa gundumar a 1962. M-94 a baya an yi masa madaidaici tare da Titin Munising-Van Meer-Shingleton (yanzu H-58 da H-15 arewa da M-28 tsakanin Munising da Shingleton. An yi watsi da wannan hanyar a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1963 don goyon bayan haɗin kai na yanzu. Babban canji na ƙarshe ga hanyar M-28 ya faru ne a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1989, lokacin da aka ƙaura ƙarshen gabas zuwa M-129 MDOT ya bayyana tsare-tsare a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2009, don sake gina hanyar da ke tsakanin titin Front da gabas na Marquette Bypass a lokacin 2010. Tsarin haɗin da ya gabata ya kasance tun daga shekarun 1960 kuma an lakafta shi a matsayin "mai haɗari da [sa] gagarumin jinkirin zirga-zirga" ta masu zanen maye gurbin. Wani binciken ababen hawa ya kammala a shekara ta 2007 cewa mahaɗar zai buƙaci ko dai kewayawa ko siginar zirga-zirga tare da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatun zirga-zirga a yankin. MDOT ya yanke shawarar goyan bayan hanya biyu, kewayawa da ke riƙe da hanyoyin juyawa dama daga shimfidar mahadar da ta gabata. Za a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin ta hanyar karkatar da zirga-zirgar dama don ketare da'irar da ke tsakiyar mahadar. An fara aikin a watan Mayu. An bude wani sashe na mahadar a watan Yuli zuwa zirga-zirga daga kudu da ke juya yamma. An buɗe hanyoyin arewa zuwa cikin gari a farkon watan Agusta, kuma birnin ya gudanar da bikin yanke kintinkiri a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 2010. Washegari aka bude sauran hanyoyin.
Gada na tarihi MDOT ya haskaka gadoji biyar na tarihi tare da hanyar M-28 akan gidan yanar gizon MDOT. A cikin Garin Cikin Gida, gundumar Ontonagon, babbar hanyar ta haye kogin Ontonagon akan wata gada da aka gina a cikin 1929. Ma'aikatar Babbar Hanya ta Jiha ce ta tsara ta kuma kamfanin Meads da Anderson suka gina shi, gadar Ontonagon na ɗaya daga cikin gadajin baka na karfe uku kacal a cikin Michigan. Babban tazarar baka shine dogon. Wani tsohon hanya na M-28 a cikin Garin Covington ya haye kogin Rock. Ko da yake wannan sashe an kewaye shi da sabon jeri na gangar jikin a cikin 1924, gadar ta kasance cikakke "tare da manyan ginshiƙan corbeled da bangarori shida da aka soke a cikin ganuwar spandrel na kankare." Corbels da spandrels siffofi ne na kayan ado da aka samo a cikin simintin ɓangarorin gada.
A yau, direbobi ba za su iya amfani da gadar Peshekee ta kudu da Amurka ba 41/M-28 a gundumar Michigamme ta yammacin Marquette County An jera gadar a cikin National Register of Historic Places a 1999 a matsayin "Trunk Line Bridge No. 1" don aikin injiniya da mahimmancin gine-gine. MDOT ya jera shi a matsayin "daya daga cikin manyan gadoji na abin hawa na Michigan." Ita ce gada ta farko da Ma'aikatar Babbar Hanya ta Jihar Michigan, wacce ta kasance farkon zuwa MDOT, a cikin 1914. Wata sabuwar gada da aka gina akan kogin Peshekee a Amurka ta wuce ta 41/M-28 daga baya an watsar dashi azaman hanya. An ketare gadar maye gurbin kuma an rushe shi a cikin 1995. Gada mai tarihi ta gaba da MDOT ta jera tare da M-28 tana kan Kogin Sand a Garin Onota a gundumar Alger Duk da yake ba a ganuwa ga masu ababen hawa, gadar, wacce aka gina a 1939, ita ce mafi tsayin tsayin daka a cikin karkara a Michigan. Yawancin gadoji na wannan nau'in an gina su ne a cikin birane, kuma yanayin ƙasa a cikin jihar yana iyakance wuraren wannan salon gada. An gina gadar da ke kan reshen Gabas na Kogin Tahquamenon a cikin gundumar Chippewa a cikin 1926 a matsayin motsa jiki mai kyau a cikin abin da zai rikide zuwa ƙirar daidaitattun jihohi." an gina gada tare da layukan I-beams guda tara a cikin siminti. Wata gada daya ce kawai a Michigan aka gina da irin wannan siminti.
Nan gaba A cikin watan Agusta 24, 2005 edition, Marquette Mining Journal ya ruwaito cewa Marquette County Board da County Road Commission suna yin shawarwari tare da MDOT don canja wurin ikon Marquette County Road. 480 zuwa kasar. An tattauna zaɓukan kewayawa da yawa, kodayake duk zai sa CR 480 wani bangare na M-28. Farashin shine dalilin farko da aka bayar a baya ta hanyar M-28 tare da CR 480. “Hukumar hanya tana karbar kusan dala 50,000 [lower-alpha 1] a shekara a cikin kudin harajin iskar gas na jiha amma tana kashe kusan dala 100,000 [lower-alpha 2] don kula da CR. 480 saboda nau'in da yawan zirga-zirgar da yake karba." Maida CR 480 a kan jihar zai canza farashin kulawa zuwa jihar, kuma. MDOT ya nuna cewa ba ta nemi izini ba, amma idan ta dauki ikon sarrafa hanyar, al'umma za su buƙaci tallafawa ta hanyar. Shawarwari da yawa sun taso, gami da ƙirƙirar "spur" daga Amurka 41/M-28 ta ƙarshen gabashin Ishpeming don saduwa da CR 480 yamma da Negaunee. Wannan yunƙurin zai wuce ta kwanan nan da aka sake buɗe tsoffin wuraren hakar ma'adinai, zuwa kudu na rukunin Mather A B Mine. A cewar Gerry Corkin, Shugaban Hukumar Marquette County, "Filayen da Ishpeming da Negaunee, kamfanin hakar ma'adinai suka saya, wannan yana da damar taimakawa wajen bunkasa wannan idan wannan ya dace. Ina tsammanin biranen biyu za su yi sha'awar yin la'akari da abin da ƙasar ke amfani da ita da kuma inda wannan [spur] zai shiga." Shawarar za ta buɗe ƙasa don ci gaba tsakanin yankunan cikin garuruwan biyu. Idan an canza ikon, kuma M-28 an yi watsi da CR 480 kamar yadda aka tsara, M-28 zai bar haɗin gwiwa tare da Amurka 41 kusa da Tekun Teal a Negaunee, kuma ku haye filayen kogo yamma da cikin gari don haɗi zuwa Titin Rail. Titin Rail zai zama mai haɗawa zuwa CR 480, wanda ya ƙare a mahadar titin Rail da Ann da Healey Avenue. Shawarwari suna nuna zaɓukan fidda kai guda biyu don ƙarshen ƙarshen CR 480. Mutum zai dawo da hanyar M-28 tare da Amurka 41 daga Beaver Grove arewacin CR 480 gabas ta ƙare zuwa M-28 na yanzu a Harvey. Na biyu zai bi ta tare da CR 551/Cherry Creek Road daga CR 480 zuwa M-28 a Harvey.
Hanyoyin kasuwanci An sami madaukai na kasuwanci guda uku don M-28: Ishpeming Negaunee, Marquette da Newberry. Madaidaicin madauki na kasuwanci da ke yiwa Ishpeming da Negaunee har yanzu babban titin akwati ne na jihar. Amurka An ƙaura 41/M-28 don ketare manyan garuruwan biyu a cikin 1937. Babban titin da ke cikin garin Ishpeming da Negaunee daga baya ya ɗauki ALT Amurka 41/ALT M-28 nadi kafin a nada bas. M-28 a shekarar 1958. An koma ƙarshen madauki na kasuwanci zuwa ƙananan hukumomi lokacin da Bus. An motsa M-28 tare da Drive Drive a cikin 1999. Bas Amurka 41 a Marquette an fara nuna shi akan taswira a cikin 1964 bayan gina Marquette Bypass. Daga baya aka sanya shi bas. Amurka 41/Bas. M-28 akan taswira a 1975; An cire wannan nadi na biyu daga taswira a 1982. An mayar da duk madauki na kasuwanci zuwa ikon gida a cikin "hanyar musanya" tsakanin birnin Marquette da MDOT da aka sanar a farkon 2005. Shawarar ta canza ikon kan M-554 da ba a sanya hannu ba da hanyar kasuwanci daga jihar zuwa birni. Jihar za ta ɗauki ikon wani yanki na McClellan Avenue don amfani da shi don tsawaita M-553 zuwa Amurka. 41/M-28. Bugu da kari, MDOT zai biya $2.5 miliyan (daidai 3.25 miliyan a 2020 [59] don aikin sake ginawa da aka tsara don 2007. Canja wurin zai ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen aiki da kula da Marquette da $26,000 (daidai da 34,000 a cikin 2020 [59] da kuma sanya nauyin kuɗi na maye gurbin hasken tsayawa a nan gaba a kan birni. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2005, MDOT da Marquette sun canja ikon kan hanyoyin uku. A sakamakon haka, bas. Amurka An dakatar da 41 lokacin da karamar hukumar ta mamaye titunan Washington da Front. Sakamakon ƙaddamarwa, taswirar 2006 ba su nuna madauki na kasuwanci na yanzu ba. Bus na Newberry. An sanya M-28 daga 1936 zuwa 1952 a matsayin M-28A. Taswirorin MSHD na lokacin sun nuna sa hannu a matsayin Bus. M-28 a cikin 1952 kafin a mayar da shi ga ikon gida a cikin 1953.
Manyan hanyoyin sadarwa
Duba kuma Jerin manyan titunan jihohi mafi tsayi a Amurka
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswirar hanya Geographic data related to M-28 at OpenStreetMap
M-28 at Michigan Highways
Former M-178 at Michigan Highways
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17262 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan%20Atkinson | Rowan Atkinson | Rowan Sebastian Atkinson CBE (an haife shi 6 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1955) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Turanci mai barkwanci, kuma marubuci. An fi saninsa da aiki na "sitcomsoms Blackad" wanda yayi tsakanin er (daga shekarar 1983-1989) da sunan Mr. Bean (1990 1995). Atkison ya fara shahara ne a wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Not the Nine O'Clock News (1979-1982), yana karɓar BAFTA na 1981 don Nishaɗi Mafi Kyawu, kuma ta hanyar shiga cikin Ballwallar Polan sanda mai tsaro (1979). Sauran ayyukan nasa sun hada da fim din James Bond Kada Ka sake Cewa (1983), da yin wasa mai cike da rudani a bukukuwan aure hudu da Jana'iza (1994), da bayyana yadda aka fara yin kaho da Zazu a cikin The Lion King (1994), da kuma wasa Rufus mai tallan kayan ado cikin Soyayyar Gaskiya (2003). Atkinson ya kuma fito a cikin sitcom din The The Blue Blue Line (1995-1996). Ayyukansa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da farfadowar 2009 West End na kiɗa Oliver! An sanya Atkinson a cikin mujallar The Observer''' a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo 50 masu ban dariya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya a shekarar 2007, kuma a cikin manyan masu wasan barkwanci 50 da aka taɓa yi, a cikin zaɓen shekarar 2005 na ƴan uwan masu wasan barkwanci. A tsawon rayuwarsa, ya yi aiki tare da marubucin rubutu Richard Curtis da mawaƙi Howard Goodall, waɗanda duka ya haɗu da su a ƙungiyar Wasannin kwaikwayo ta Jami'ar Oxford a cikin shekarun 1970s. Baya ga BAFTA na shekarar 1981, Atkinson ya sami lambar yabo ta Olivier don wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 1981 West End da ya yi a Rowan Atkinson a cikin Revue Ya sami nasarorin silima tare da wasan kwaikwayon da ya nuna a cikin fim ɗin Mista Bean wanda ya haɗu da Bean (1997) da Mista Bean's Holiday (2007), haka kuma a cikin jerin fina-finan Johnny na Turanci (2003-2018). Ya kuma bayyana azaman halin ɗabi'a a cikin Maigret (2016-2017). An naɗa Atkinson a matsayin CBE a cikin Girmamawar Ranar Haihuwa ta shekarar 2013 don aiyuka zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da sadaka.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Atkinson a cikin Consett, County Durham, Ingila, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1955. Ƙarami daga cikin yara maza huɗu, iyayensa sune Eric Atkinson, manomi kuma darektan kamfanin, da Ella May (née Bainbridge), wacce ta yi aure a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1945. 'Yan uwansa maza uku sune Paul, wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri; Rodney, masanin tattalin arziki na Eurosceptic wanda ya sha kaye sosai a zaɓen shugabancin Jam’iyyar Indifenda ta Burtaniya a 2000; da Rupert. Atkinson ya girma cikin Angilikan, kuma ya yi karatu a Durham Choristers School, makarantar share fagen shiga, sannan a St Bees School Rodney, Rowan da babban yayansu Rupert sun girma ne a cikin Consett kuma sun tafi makaranta tare da Firayim Minista, Tony Blair, a Durham Choristers. Bayan ya sami maki na farko a karatun A, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami’ar Newcastle, inda ya samu digiri a Injin Injin lantarki da Lantarki. A shekarar 1975, ya ci gaba da digirin digirin digirgir na MSc a Injin Injiniya a Kwalejin Sarauniya, ta Oxford, kwalejin da mahaifinsa ya yi kwazo a shekarar 1935, wanda hakan ya sanya Atkinson ya zama abokin girmamawa a 2006. Takardun sa na MSc, wanda aka buga a cikin 1978, yayi la'akari da aikace-aikacen sarrafa kai tsaye. Atkinson ya ɗan fara aikin digirgir kafin ya mai da hankalinsa ga yin wasan kwaikwayo. Farkon nasarar da ya samu na kasa a cikin The Oxford Revue a Edinburgh Festival Fringe a watan Agusta 1976, ya riga ya rubuta kuma ya yi zane-zane don nunawa a Oxford ta Etceteras kungiyar farfado da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji (ETC) kuma ga Ƙungiyar Dramatic University ta Oxford (OUDS), marubucin ganawa Richard Curtis, da mawaƙi Howard Goodall, wanda zai ci gaba da aiki tare da shi a lokacin aikinsa.
Ayyuka Rediyo Atkinson ya yi fice a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ban dariya ga Rediyon BBC 3 a 1979 da ake kiraThe Mutanen People. Ya ƙunshi jerin hirarraki na ban dariya tare da fitattun manyan mutane, waɗanda Atkinson da kansa ya buga. Atkinson da Richard Curtis ne suka rubuta jerin, kuma Griff Rhys Jones ne ya shirya su Talabijan Bayan kammala jami'a, Atkinson ya yi tuƙin jirgin sama sau ɗaya a gidan talabijin na ƙarshen mako a Landan a 1979 da ake kira Dariyar Gwangwani Atkinson ya ci gaba da yin Ba Labari na Nine O'Clock na BBC, wanda abokinsa John Lloyd ya samar. Ya kasance cikin wasan kwaikwayon tare da Pamela Stephenson, Griff Rhys Jones da Mel Smith, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan zane-zane.
Nasarar Ba da Nine O'Clock News ta haifar da jagorantar Edmund Blackadder a Blackadder Jeri na farko The Black Adder (1983), wanda aka saita a zamanin da, Atkinson ya sake yin rubutu tare da Richard Curtis. Bayan ratar shekaru uku, a wani bangare saboda damuwar kasafin kudi, an watsa shirye-shirye na biyu, wanda Curtis da Ben Elton suka rubuta Blackadder II (1986) ya bi sahun ɗayan zuriyar Atkinson na asali, wannan lokacin a zamanin Elizabethan An maimaita irin wannan yanayin a cikin ƙarin jerin abubuwa biyu Blackadder na Uku (1987), wanda aka saita a zamanin Regency, da Blackadder Goes Forth (1989), waɗanda aka saita a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Jerin Blackadder ya zama ɗayan mafi nasara cikin duk halin da BBC ke ciki. comedies, spawning special special television including Blackadder's Christmas Carol (1988), Blackadder: The Cavalier Years (1988), and later Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999), wanda aka saita a ƙarshen Millennium. Yanayin karshe na "Blackadder Goes Forth" (lokacin da Blackadder da mutanensa suka tafi "kan saman" kuma suka caje zuwa No-Man's-Land) an bayyana shi da "mai ƙarfin hali da mai daɗi sosai" Mallaka mai hankali da kuma ɗauke da makamai da yawa (waɗanda galibi ana ɓata su a kan waɗanda ake jagorantarsu), a cikin zaɓen 2001 Channel 4 Edmund Blackadder ya kasance na uku (a bayan Homer Simpson daga The Simpsons da Basil Fawlty daga Fawlty Towers a jerin sunayen manyan Mawallafin TV 100 A lokacin shekara ta 2014 da fara yakin duniya na 1, dan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Michael Gove da masanin tarihin yaki Max Hastings sun koka game da abin da ake kira "Blackadder version of history". Sauran halittar Atkinson, Mista Bean maras kyau, ya fara bayyana ne a Ranar Sabuwar Shekara a cikin 1990 a cikin rabin sa'a na musamman don Thames Television Halin Mr. Bean an kwatanta shi da Buster Keaton na wannan zamani, amma Atkinson da kansa ya bayyana cewa halin Jacques Tati Monsieur Hulot shine babban wahayi. Lissafi da yawa ga Mista Bean sun fito a talabijin har zuwa 1995, kuma halayen daga baya ya fito a cikin fim mai fasali. Bean (1997) shi ne wanda Mel Smith, abokin aiki na Atkinson ya ba da umarni a cikin Ba Labari na Nine O'Clock Fim na biyu, Mista Bean's Holiday, an sake shi a cikin 2007. Atkinson ya zana Sufeto Raymond Fowler a cikin The Blue Blue Line (1995-96), sitcom na talabijin wanda Ben Elton ya rubuta, wanda ke faruwa a ofishin 'yan sanda da ke cikin gagararrun Gasforth.
Atkinson ya gabatar da kamfen na Kronenbourg, Fujifilm, da Give Blood. Atkinson ya fito ne a matsayin wakilin leken asiri wanda ba shi da kyau kuma mai saurin kuskure ne mai suna Richard Lathum a cikin jerin talla na dogon lokaci na Barclaycard, wanda a kansa aka nuna matsayin sa a Johnny English, Johnny English Reborn da Johnny English Strikes Again A cikin 1999, ya buga Doctor a La'anar Mutuwar Mutuwa, Doctor na musamman wanda aka gabatar da silsilar don sadaka telethon Comic Relief Atkinson ya bayyana a matsayin Tauraruwa a cikin Mota Mai Saukin Kuɗi kan Manyan Labarai na BBC a watan Yulin 2011, yana tuka Kia Cee'd kusa da waƙar a cikin 1: 42.2. Sanya shi a saman allon jagora, lokacin cinyarsa ya fi sauri sauri fiye da wanda ke riƙe da babban rikodin bayanan da ya gabata Tom Cruise, wanda lokacinsa ya kasance 1: 44.2. Atkinson ya bayyana a bikin buɗe wasannin Olympics na bazara a shekarar 2012 a Landan a matsayin Mista Bean a cikin wani zane mai ban dariya a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon Chariots of Fire yana buga maimaita rubutu guda daya a kan mahada Daga nan sai ya faɗi cikin tsarin mafarki inda ya haɗu da masu tsere daga fim ɗin suna iri ɗaya (game da wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na 1924 inda ya doke su a wasan su na gwaninta tare da West Sands a St. Andrews, ta hanyar hawa a cikin ƙaramar minista da kuma yin tuntuɓe gaban mai gudu. Atkinson ya yi fice kamar Jules Maigret a cikin Maigret, jerin fina-finan talabijin daga ITV. Ritayar Mista Bean A watan Nuwamba na 2012, ya bayyana cewa Rowan Atkinson yana da niyyar yin ritaya Mista Bean. "Abubuwan da suka kasance mafi nasara a gare ni a kasuwanci asali na zahiri, na yara Na kara jin zan yi kasa da yawa, "Atkinson ya fada wa jaridar Daily Telegraph Review. "Baya ga gaskiyar cewa iyawar ku ta fara raguwa, ina kuma ganin wani a cikin shekarun su na 50 da ya zama kamar yara ya zama dan bakin ciki. Dole ne ku yi hankali. Ya kuma ce cewa gudummawar typecast shi zuwa wani mataki. Duk da waɗannan maganganun, Atkinson ya faɗa a cikin 2016 cewa ba zai taɓa yin ritaya da halayen Mista Bean ba. A watan Oktoba 2014, Atkinson shima ya fito a matsayin Mista Bean a cikin tallan TV na Snickers A cikin 2015, ya yi fice tare da Ben Miller da Rebecca Front a wani hoto na BBC Red Nose Day inda Mista Bean ya halarci jana'iza. A shekarar 2017, ya fito a matsayin Mista Bean a fim din kasar Sin Huan Le Xi Ju Ren A watan Oktoba 2018, Atkinson (a matsayin Mr. Bean) ya karɓi Button Playton na YouTube don tashar sa ta wuce biyan kuɗi miliyan 10 a dandalin bidiyo. Daga cikin tashoshin da aka fi kallo a duniya, a cikin 2018 yana da ra'ayoyi sama da biliyan 6.5. Mista Bean yana daga cikin shafukan Facebook da aka fi bibiya tare da mabiya miliyan 94 a watan Yulin 2020, "fiye da irin su Rihanna, Manchester United ko Harry Potter Hoto mai motsi na Mista Bean A watan Janairun 2014, ITV ta ba da sanarwar sabon fim mai motsi wanda ke nuna Mista Bean tare da Rowan Atkinson da ke komawa matsayin. An yi tsammanin za a sake shi ta yanar gizo azaman jerin Yanar gizo daga baya a cikin 2014, yayin da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin suka biyo baya jim kaɗan. A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2018, Mai sanarwa ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami zango na biyar na Mista Bean: The Animated Series a cikin 2019 (wanda Atkinson ya faɗi). Wanda ya kunshi aukuwa 26, bangarori biyu na farko, "Game Over" da "Isar da Musamman", an nuna shi a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2019 a CITV a cikin Burtaniya da kuma kan hanyoyin Turner a duk duniya. An kuma siyar da dukkanin silsilar biyar (aukuwa 104) ga tashar yara ta China CCTV-14 a watan Fabrairun 2019. Fim Ayyukan fim na Atkinson ya fara ne tare da wani ɓangare na tallafawa a cikin fim ɗin "mara izini" fim ɗin James Bond Kada Ka taɓa Cewa (1983) da kuma jagorantar fim ɗin Dead on Time (shima 1983) tare da Nigel Hawthorne Ya kasance a cikin ɗan gajeren fim na 1988 wanda ya lashe Oscar Alƙawura na Dennis Jennings Ya fito a karon farko na darektan Mel Smith The Tall Guy (1989) kuma ya fito tare da Anjelica Huston da Mai Zetterling a cikin The Witches (1990), fim ɗin ya dace da littafin yara Roald Dahl Ya taka rawar Dexter Hayman a cikin Hot Shots! Sashe na Deux (1993), waƙar Rambo III, tare da Charlie Sheen Atkinson ya zama sannanne kara amincewa a matsayin wani verbally bumbling vicar a Four Wedding and a Funeral(1994, rubuta da kuma mai ba da umarni da dogon lokaci collaborator Richard Curtis kuma featured a Disney ta The Lion King (wato 1994) a matsayin murya na Zazu da ja-billed ƙaho Ya kuma rera wakar Ba Na Iya Jiran Zama Sarki a cikin Zakin Sarki Atkinson ya ci gaba da bayyana a matsayinsa na mai bayar da tallafi a wasannin barkwanci, ciki har da Rat Race (2001), Scooby-Doo (2002), mai saida kayan kwalliya Rufus a wani Richard Curtis wanda aka gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya, Soyayyar Gaskiya (2003), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Kiyaye Mama 2005), wacce kuma ta fito tare da Kristin Scott Thomas, Maggie Smith, da kuma Patrick Swayze Baya ga matsayinsa na tallafawa, Atkinson ya kuma sami nasara a matsayin jagora. Halinsa na talabijin Mista Bean ya fara aiki a kan babban allo tare da Bean (1997) zuwa nasarar duniya. Wani abin da ya biyo baya, Mista Bean's Holiday (2007), (wanda Jacques Tati ya sake yin wahayi zuwa ga shi a fim din sa 'Les Vacances de M. Hulot'), shi ma ya zama babban rabo na duniya. Ya kuma yi fice a fim din James Bond parody Johnny na Turanci (2003-2018). Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Rowan Atkinson ya yi wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye shima yana bayyana tare da mambobin Monty Python a cikin Kwallan 'Yan Sanda na Asiri (1979) a London don Amnesty International Atkinson ya yi rangadin wata huɗu na Burtaniya a cikin 1980. Bayan haka an fitar da rikodin wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin Live a Belfast .A cikin 1984, Atkinson ya fito a cikin Yammacin ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo The Nerd tare da ɗan shekaru 10 Christian Bale Sneeze da Sauran Labaran, takaitaccen wasan kwaikwayon Anton Chekhov guda bakwai, wanda Michael Frayn ya fassara kuma ya daidaita shi, waɗanda Rowan Atkinson, Timothy West da Cheryl Campbell suka yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aldwych, London a cikin 1988 da farkon 1989. A cikin 2009, yayin farfadowar West End na kiɗa Oliver! Dangane da littafin Charles Dickens na Oliver Twist, Atkinson ya taka rawar Fagin Bayyanar sa da kuma rera wakokin Fagin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Theater, Drury Lane a Landan ya sami kyakkyawar bita kuma an zabe shi don Kyautar Olivier don fitaccen ɗan wasa a cikin kade-kade ko nishaɗi. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2012, Rowan Atkinson ya sake buga rawar Blackadder a bikin "Mu ne Mafi Amused" don bikin Amintaccen Yarima a Royal Royal Hall Hall a London. Tony Robinson ya kasance tare da shi kamar Baldrick. Zane ya shafi sabon abu na farko na Blackadder na tsawon shekaru 10, tare da Blackadder a matsayin Shugaba na Melchett, Melchett da bankin Darling suna fuskantar bincike kan rikicin banki. A watan Fabrairun 2013, Atkinson ya hau kan matsakaicin matsayi a cikin samarwa na mako 12 (wanda Richard Eyre ya jagoranta) na Simon Gray ya buga Sharuɗɗan Quartermaine a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Wyndham a London tare da costars Conleth Hill Game da kursiyai da Felicity Montagu Ina Alan Partridge A watan Disambar 2013, ya sake dawo da zane-zanen makarantarsa don Rocks Hospital Free Rocks tare da Dariya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Adelphi. 'Yan kwanaki da suka gabata, ya yi zane-zane na zane a cikin ƙaramin wurin shan kofi a gaban mutane 30 kawai. Salon barkwanci Wanda aka fi sani da amfani da wasan kwaikwayo na jiki a cikin Mista Bean mutum, sauran halayen Atkinson sun dogara da yare. Atkinson sau da yawa taka iko Figures (musamman firistoci ko vicars) magana m Lines tare da wata gaba daya deadpan bayarwa.
Aya daga cikin sanannun kayan wasan barkwancin nasa shine yawan bayyana sauti na "B", kamar lafazin Bob a cikin fim ɗin Blackadder II Karrarawa Atkinson yana da stammer, kuma yawan bayyana magana wata dabara ce don shawo kan baƙin baƙi.
Salon Atkinson na gani, wanda aka kwatanta shi da na Buster Keaton, ya banbanta shi da yawancin talabijin na zamani da masu ban dariya na fim, waɗanda ke dogaro da tattaunawa, da kuma wasan tsayuwa wanda yawanci ya dogara ne da maganganu ɗaya. Wannan baiwa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta gani ta haifar da kiran Atkinson "mutumin da ke da fuskar roba"; An yi nuni da wasan barkwanci ga wannan a cikin wani fim na Blackadder na Uku Ji da hankali inda Baldrick Tony Robinson ke ishara zuwa ga maigidansa, Mr. E. Blackadder, a matsayin "malalaci, babba-hanci, roba- fuskantar dan iska Tasiri Atkinson ta farkon comedy tsoma su ne zane comedy nagartattu Yammacin gẽfe, ya tashi daga Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller da Alan Bennett, manyan Figures na 1960s Birtaniya satire albarku, sa'an nan Monty Python Atkinson ya ce, "Ina tuna kallon su da kyau kamar ɗaliban jami'a." Ayyukan John Cleese sun ci gaba da rinjayi shi bayan kwanakin sa na Monty Python, dangane da Cleese a matsayin "babban jagora, babban wahayi", ya kara da cewa, "Ina tsammanin ni da shi mun banbanta sosai a tsarin mu da tsarin mu, amma tabbas ya kasance ban dariya Ina son kallo. Ya kasance mai jiki sosai. Haka ne, na jiki sosai kuma na yi fushi sosai. Hakanan Peter Sellers ya rinjayi shi, wanda halayensa Hrundi Bakshi daga The Party (1968) da Inspekta Clouseau daga fim ɗin The Pink Panther suka rinjayi halayen Atkinson Mr. Bean da Johnny English. A kan Barry Humphries Dame Edna Everage, ya ce, "Ina son wannan halin kuma, shi ne batun girmamawa yana ɓata nuna bambanci a cikin gari. Daga masu wasan barkwanci na gani, Atkinson yana ganin Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton da Harold Lloyd a matsayin masu tasiri. Hakanan wani ɗan wasan barkwanci na Faransa Jacques Tati ya yi masa wahayi, yana mai cewa, Hutun Mista Hulot na tuna lokacin da na ke shekara 17 wannan babban abin ƙarfafawa ne. Ya buɗe taga ga duniyar da ban taɓa sa ido a kanta ba a baya, kuma na yi tunani, "Allah, wannan abin ban sha'awa ne," yadda za a iya haɓaka yanayi mai ban dariya kamar na gani kawai amma duk da haka ba a ƙasan kansa ba, ba shi da sauri- up, ya fi hankali; yana daukar lokacinta. Kuma na ji daɗin hakan. Rayuwar mutum A watan Maris na 2001, yayin da Atkinson ke hutu zuwa Kenya, matukin jirgin sama na kashin kansa ya suma Atkinson ya sami nasarar kula da jirgin sama har sai matukin jirgin ya murmure kuma ya sami damar sauka da jirgin a filin jirgin sama na Wilson na Nairobi Aure da yara Rowan Atkinson ya auri Sunetra Sastry a watan Fabrairun 1990. Suna da yara biyu, Ben da Lily. Ma'auratan sun fara haduwa ne a karshen shekarun 1980, lokacin da take aikin kwalliya da BBC Sun rabu a cikin 2014 kuma sun sake su a ranar 10 Nuwamba 2015. Atkinson ya kasance cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan barkwanci Louise Ford tun daga 2014, wanda ya sadu da shi a cikin 2013 lokacin da suka yi wasa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Westarshe na Endarshe na ararshen Quartermaine Ta haifi ɗa na uku Atkinson a cikin Disamba 2017. Yunkurin siyasa A watan Yunin 2005, Atkinson ya jagoranci gamayyar manyan mashahuran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da marubuta na Burtaniya, ciki har da Nicholas Hytner, Stephen Fry, da Ian McEwan, zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya a wani yunkuri na tilasta tilasta yin bita game da Kudirin Dokar Kabilanci da Kiyayya ta Addini, wacce sun ji zai ba da cikakken iko ga kungiyoyin addinai don sanya takunkumi kan zane-zane. A shekarar 2009, ya soki homophobic magana dokokin, suka ce cewa House Iyayengiji dole zabe kan gwamnatin yunkurin cire wani free jawabin magana a cikin wani anti-gay kiyayya dokar. Atkinson ya yi adawa da Dokar Tsarukan Laifuka da Dokar 'Yan Sanda ta 2005 don hana haifar da kiyayya ta addini, yana mai cewa, yanci na kushe ra'ayoyi duk wani ra'ayin ko da kuwa an yi imani da shi da gaske yana daya daga cikin muhimman 'yanci na al'umma. Kuma dokar da take kokarin cewa za ku iya kushe ko yin izgili da ra'ayoyi muddin ba ra'ayin addini ba ne, hakika doka ce ta musamman. A watan Oktoba na 2012, ya nuna goyon bayansa ga yakin neman sake fasalin Sashe na 5, wanda ke da nufin sake fasalin ko soke Sashi na 5 na Dokar Kula da Jama'a ta 1986, musamman bayanin da ya yi cewa cin mutunci na iya zama dalilin kamewa da hukunci. Hakan martani ne ga kame kame da yawa da aka yi kwanan nan, wanda Atkinson ke gani a matsayin ƙuntatawa ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. A watan Fabrairun 2014, Majalisar ta zartar da sake dokar wacce ta cire kalmar zagi bayan matsin lamba daga 'yan kasa. A cikin 2018, Atkinson ya kare maganganun da Boris Johnson yayi game da saka burka Atkinson ya rubuta wa The Times cewa, "a matsayina na mai cin gajiyar 'yancin yin barkwanci game da addini, ina jin cewa barkwancin Boris Johnson game da masu sanya tufafin da ke kama da akwatinan wasiƙa kyakkyawa ce." A watan Agusta na 2020, Atkinson ya kara sa hannu a wata wasika da kungiyar Humanist Society Scotland ta hada kai tare da wasu mutane ashirin na jama'a da suka hada da marubucin marubuci Val McDermid, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Alan Bissett da mai fafutuka Peter Tatchell wanda ya nuna damuwa game da gabatar da Kiyayyar Laifi da Tsarin Jama'a na Jam'iyyar Scottish. Lissafi Wasikar ta ce takaddar za ta "tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki." A watan Janairun 2021, Atkinson ya soki hauhawar soke al'adun sokewa a shafukan sada zumunta, yana mai kamanta shi da "mutanen zamanin da." Ya ci gaba da cewa "yana da muhimmanci mu bayyana ra'ayoyi da dama, amma abin da muke da shi yanzu shi ne irin na dijital na mutanen zamanin da, suna yawo a tituna suna neman wanda zai kona," kuma "matsalar da muke da ita a kan layi ita ce cewa algorithm yana yanke shawarar abin da muke son gani, wanda ya ƙare har ya haifar da sauƙaƙa, ra'ayin binary na al'umma. Ya zama batun ko dai kuna tare da mu ko kuma kuna adawa da mu. Kuma idan kuna gaba da mu, kun cancanci sokewa Atkinson ya kuma goyi bayan Speungiyar Yancin Fada da Yanci kuma ya ba da mahimmin jawabi a taron ƙungiyar. Motoci Atkinson yana da rukunin C E (a da "Class 1") lasisin tuki na babbar mota, wanda aka samu a 1981, saboda manyan motoci suna ba shi sha'awa, kuma don tabbatar da aiki a matsayin matashi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kuma yi amfani da wannan fasaha lokacin yin fim ɗin kayan ban dariya. A cikin 1991, ya yi fice a fim din da aka rubuta mai suna The Driven Man', jerin zane-zane da ke nuna Atkinson yana tuka mota a kewayen Landan yana kokarin shawo kan sha'aninsa na motoci, kuma tattauna shi da direbobin tasi, 'yan sanda, dillalan motocin da masu kwantar da hankali. Mai kauna kuma mai shiga cikin gasar tseren mota, ya bayyana a matsayin direban tseren Henry Birkin a cikin wasan talabijin yana cike Cikakken Kwata a 1995.
Atkinson ya yi tsere a cikin wasu motoci, gami da Renault 5 GT Turbo na tsawan yanayi biyu don jerin samfuransa Daga 1997 zuwa 2015, ya mallaki wata McLaren F1 wacce ba kasafai ake samu ba, wacce ta yi hadari a Cabus, kusa da Garstang, Lancashire, tare da Austin Metro a watan Oktoba na 1999. Ya sake lalacewa a wani mummunan hadari a cikin watan Agustan 2011 lokacin da ta kama da wuta bayan da aka ruwaito Atkinson ya rasa iko ya bugi bishiya. Wannan hatsarin ya haifar da babbar illa ga abin hawa, ya kwashe sama da shekara daya ana gyara shi kuma ya haifar da biyan inshora mafi girma a Biritaniya, a 910,000. Ya riga ya mallaki Honda NSX, da Audi A8, da Škoda Superb, da Honda Civic Hybrid Dan siyasan nan na jam'iyyar Conservative Alan Clark, mai bautar manyan motoci na zamani, ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na Diaries damar ganawa da wani mutum wanda daga baya ya fahimci cewa shi ne Atkinson yayin da yake tukawa ta hanyar Oxfordshire a cikin Mayu 1984: "Bayan barin babbar hanyar a Thame sai na lura da duhu ja DBS V8 Aston Martin a kan zamewar hanya tare da bonnet sama, wani mutum yana farin ciki yana lanƙwasa ta. Na gaya wa Jane ta shiga ciki na koma baya. DV8 a cikin matsala koyaushe yana da kyau don farin ciki. Clark ya rubuta cewa ya ba Atkinson dagawa a cikin motar sa ta Rolls-Royce zuwa akwatin waya mafi kusa, amma ya yi takaicin abinda ya faru a lokacin da aka gane shi, yana mai cewa: "bai yi haske ba, ya kasance abin takaici ne da kuma farin ciki A watan Yulin 2001, Atkinson ya fado da Aston Martin V8 Zagato a wurin taron masu sha'awar, amma ya yi tafiyarsa babu rauni. Wannan ya kasance yayin da yake fafatawa a gasar Aston Martin Owners Club, a Croft Racing Circuit, Darlington Wata motar da Atkinson ya ce ba zai mallaka ba ita ce Porsche "Ina da matsala da Porsches. Motoci ne masu ban mamaki, amma na san ba zan iya rayuwa tare da ɗaya ba. Ko ta yaya, mutanen Porsche na al'ada kuma ban yi musu fatan rashin lafiya ba ba haka bane, ina jin, irin mutane na ne. A watan Yulin 2011, Atkinson ya fito a matsayin Tauraruwa a cikin Mota Mai Saukin Kyau a Top Gear'', yana tuka Kia Cee'd a kusa da waƙar a cikin 1: 42.2, wanda a lokacin ya ba shi matsayi na farko a kan jagorar, tare da Matt LeBlanc kawai bayan saita lokaci mai sauri a cikin Cee'd.
Daraja An naɗa Atkinson a matsayin Kwamandan Umurnin Masarautar Burtaniya a cikin Girmamawar Ranar Haihuwa ta 2013 don aiyuka zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da sadaka.
Manazarta Yan fina-finai
Ƴan fim
Pages with unreviewed |
28190 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstancja%20Swinarska | Konstancja Swinarska | Konstancja Swinarska h. Poraj (an haife ta 3 ga Afrilu, 1892 a Rogoźno, ta mutu Afrilu 21, 1982 a Poznań) ita malama ce ta Poland, masanin ƙasa, mai kafa kuma mai tsara makarantu.
Tarihin rayuwa An haife ta a cikin dangin ƴan ƙasa a matsayin ɗa na goma na Wacław Swinarski, Poraj rigar makamai da Konstancja née Łubieński, Pomian rigar makamai. A gida ta samu tarbiya mai kishin kasa da kasa. Ta ajiye abubuwan tunawa da 'yan tawaye da yawa a gida. Tun tana karama, ta nuna iya ilimin koyarwa. A makaranta (Prussian bangare), ta koya wa takwarorinta harshen Poland, addini da tarihin Poland. Ta yi karatu a keɓe a Rogoźno kuma ta halarci abin da ake kira Kwalejin 'Yan mata ibid. A 1911, ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Malamai na Ursuline Sisters a Wrocław. Ita ma ta ci jarrabawar malam. Ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare a gaban Kwamitin Jiha na Makarantar Sakandare ta Real Junior da ke Bydgoszcz. A cikin shekaru 1914-1920 (Wrocław da Berlin), ta yi nazarin labarin kasa da kasa, da Faransanci da Ingilishi. Ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1918, ta sami digiri na uku a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Wrocław (dissertation: Pradolina Notecko-Warciańska).
A watan Mayun 1919 ta shiga Wszechnica Piastowska, watau Jami'ar Poznań daga baya, inda ta yi karatu, a lokaci guda tana da digiri na uku. A 1920 ta samu tabbaci na Jamus digiri, kazalika da yarda da jarrabawa a Faransanci da kuma Turanci. Wannan ya ba ta damar koyar da waɗannan harsuna a makarantun sakandare.
Ta kasance co-founder kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa malami a Jami'ar Jihar Dąbrówki a cikin Poznań, mai shiryawa da kuma darektan farko na Gymnasium da High School. Klaudyna Potocka a cikin Poznań, malami a makarantar Adam Mickiewicz a Poznań, haka kuma ya jagoranci kwamitin kula da makarantu na kulab din yawon bude ido na lardin Poznań Ta koyar da jama'a tare da shirya yara makafi.
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ta shirya ilimin sirri Daga Agusta 1940, an yi mata aiki a Śremie, a ofishin Ostdeutsche Landbewittschafung. A karshen yakin, an tilasta mata yin aikin rami, da farko a Śremie, sannan kusa da Toruńia.
Bayan karshen yakin, ta koma koyarwa a Poznan. A cikin 1940s A cikin 1980s, ta ba da haɗin kai tare da Ƙungiyar Ilimin Abokan Lusatia, Prołuż. A shekarar 1949 ’yan gurguzu suka kore ta daga mukamin darektan Makarantar Sakandare ta Jiha Klaudyna Potocka, kamar yadda aka ce don amfanin makarantar. A cikin 1959, bayan da aka mayar da ita ilimi, an ba ta lambar tunawa ta bikin cika shekaru 15 na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland don hidima ga kungiyar Red Cross ta Poland. A cikin 70s. A ƙarni na ashirin, sa’ad da ta yi ritaya, ta koyar da al’amuran al’adun Kiristanci a coci a Jeżyce. Ta riga ta yi karatun shekaru biyu a Cibiyar Al'adun Addini mafi girma a Poznańiu.
An binne ta a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1982 a Lubaszu. Daruruwan tsoffin dalibanta ne suka biyo ta.
Iyali Uba Wacław ɗan tawayen Poland ne, kakan ɗan tawaye ne na Janairu, kuma kakan kakan ɗan tawaye ne na Nuwamba. Ta na da 'yan'uwa biyu: Wacław (Babban 'yan tawayen Poland) da Mikołaj (canon da limamin coci a Czarnków, da Jamusawa suka kashe a KL Sachsenhausen a 1942).
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki Stanisław Łoza (red.): Czy wiesz kto to jest? Uzupełnienia i sprostowania. Warszawa: 1939, s. 298. [dostęp |
21424 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Daji | Mutanen Daji | Mutanen Daju rukuni ne na ƙabilu bakwai daban daban masu magana da yarukan da suka danganci (duba yarukan Daju suna zaune a bangarorin biyu na iyakar Chadi Sudan da kuma kan tsaunukan Nuba Rabuwa da kuma nisantar da magana da yarurruka daban daban, a halin yanzu, galibi suna da kusancin alaƙar juna da juna.
Yankin gargajiyar da aka gano tare da Daju sune tsaunin Daju a yankin kudu na tsaunukan Marrah da ke lardin Darfur na Sudan Da yake tsaunukan Marrah su ne kawai yankin Darfur da ke da yanayi mai kyau kuma don haka zai iya tallafawa ɗumbin jama'a, wata ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta tashi watakila tun a ƙarni na 12 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Kadan ne sananne game da wannan masarauta sai dai jerin sunayen sarakuna da ambaci dayawa a cikin rubutun Masar. Mafi ambaton sunayen sarki shi ne sarki Githar a lokacin annabi Daju Saleh wanda ya mutu kuma aka binne shi a bankin Wadi Saleh a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na tsaunukan Marrah Duba Nachtigal, a shekarar 1971 A Daju ya bayyana a zama da rinjaye kungiyar a yankin Darfur daga farkon sau takara iko tare da su arewacin Marrah Mountain daga baya hammayarsu, da aikin gona da Fur mutane Asalin asalin mutanen Daju sun kasance a cikin Kogin Yellow Nile [wanda ake kira Wadi Howar yanzu]. Hakanan sun bar kufai a Jebel Meidob, Manyan Manyan Manja da hanyar kasuwanci ta Darb el-Arbayyn zuwa Masar.
Asali Daju, wanda ya san Henri Barth a matsayin "Jama'ar Fir'auna", ya yi ƙaura daga asali daga kwarin Nilu a bayan mamayewar Masarautar Meroe da Izana, sarkin Axum ya yi a tsakiyar tsakiyar ƙarni na huɗu Bayani na Asusun ya nuna asalinsu zuwa Shendi, wanda ke nufin a cikin harshensu "tunkiya." Da farko sun zauna a Wadi al-Malik, Wadi Howar da Jebel Midob a BC 3000 sannan suka yi ƙaura, saboda canjin yanayi, zuwa kwarin Nilu da Masar inda suka yi mulki da sunan Fir'aunan Libya. Wani Sarkin Iraki ya kore su zuwa kudu inda suka koma babban birnin su Nepta. Bayan haka an sake tura su kudu zuwa Meroe har sai da Izana ta kora su zuwa yamma zuwa Wadi Howar da Kordofan da ke yammacin Sudan kuma a can suka kafa manyan biranensu a kewayen yankin Jebel Qadir a tsaunukan Nuba da wasu garuruwa da yawa yanzu a Darfur da Chadi. Bayan ƙarni da yawa, sun haɗu da ƙasar da yanzu ake kira Dar Fur da sauransu. Masana tarihi sun danganta wannan fadada daga baya ga yakin tsakanin masarautar Daju da Masarautar Dongola a shekara ta 1100 AD wanda ya jagoranci Sarki Ahmed al-Daj ya mayar da hedikwatarsa zuwa Meri a Jebel Marra massif. A halin yanzu, Semia, ɗayan manyan biranen, Amir ya lalata shi gaba ɗaya daga Dongola.
Tarihi An ce masarautar Daju ta shimfida ikonta har zuwa gabashin Kurdufan, yamma da tsaunukan Nuba da kuma yamma zuwa Chadi Masanin tarihin nan na Masar Al-Maqrizi, yana rubutu game da 1400, ya bayyana "Taju" da cewa ita ce masarauta mai ƙarfi wacce take kwance tsakanin Kanem da masarautun Nilu. An ce mutanen Daju sun zauna a cikin wani dogon bel wanda ya faro daga yankin Kudancin Kurdufan zuwa yamma zuwa Darfur zuwa Chadi A bisa ga al'adar, mutanen Sokoro, Tunjur ne suka mamaye daular Daju a karni na 14 waɗanda suka yi kaurta daga yamma ta masarautun Bornu da Wadai Daju sun warwatse tare da sarkinsu ya tsere zuwa yamma tare da wasu mutanensa suka kafa ƙaramar sabuwar masarauta a Yankin Dar Sila da ke Chadi, suka zama mutanen Dar Sila Daju Sauran Daju sun koma gabas daga ƙarshe suka sauka a yankin da ke yanzu Kudancin Kurdufan kusa da Muglad a arewacin Abyei da yamma da tsaunukan Nuba. Bayanai sun nuna cewa sun kunshi kungiyoyi guda biyu daban daban duk da cewa bashi da tabbas idan wannan hijirar tayi gudun hijirar mutanen da ba na Daju ba ko kuma daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Daju tuni yan asalin yankin ne. Akwai wata majiya da ke nuna cewa duka Ngok Dinka zuwa Kudu da kuma Messiria zuwa Arewa sun yarda cewa tabbas ‘yan asalin garin Muglad ne. Daga bisani Messiria da ke turewa daga arewa sun raba su da matsuguni zuwa Abyei inda suka ci su kuma Ngok Dinka suka sake watsewa. Wata kungiyar an tura ta zuwa yamma (wataƙila magabatan mutanen Njalgulgule) dayan ƙungiyar kuma, wacce ta ƙunshi Dar Fur Daju, an tura ta gabas zuwa tsaunin Nuba da ke kusa da Lagowa inda suka samar da nasu yaren na daban na yaren Nyala Bayan lokaci, Tunjur ya gabatar da Addinin Musulunci ga yankin (wanda ya kasance yana da arna a da) kuma a hankali ya ɗauki larabci a matsayin yaren mulkinsu. A shekara ta 1596, ikon mallakar Darfur ya shiga hannun manyan daular Keira ta hanyar auratayya tsakanin sarkin da ya gabata na daular Tunjur mai mulki, Ahmad al-Maqur da mafi yawan mutanen da ke fada da mutanen Fur Wannan ya haifar da Sarautar Daular Dafur wacce Fur-ta mamaye har zuwa shekarar 1898.
Labarin kasa Sakamakon kayen da suka yi a hannun Tunjur sannan kuma mamayar ta Fur, an tabbatar da ƴan gudun hijira daga yawancin yankunansu kuma yanzu haka suna cikin wasu aljihunan da dama a cikin Sudan da Chadi. Ragowar mutanen Daju sun wanzu a cikin wadannan rukunoni masu rarrabuwa: Lambar Beygo mai lamba 850 (1978) da ke zaune a Kudancin Darfur a Sudan ta kudu maso gabashin Nyala a cikin tsaunukan gabashin Kube. Yaren Beygo yanzu ya ɓace tare da yawancin yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Larabci
Dar Daju Daju mai lamba 34,000 (1993) kuma yana zaune a Yankin Guéra na Chadi Suna magana da yaren Daju Mongo Dar Fur Daju mai lamba 80,000 (2007) kuma yana zaune a Kudancin Darfur cikin Sudan cikin tuddan Daju Hills 40 km arewa maso gabashin Nyala Suna magana da yaren Nyala Mafi yawan wannan yawan sun gudu zuwa Chadi sakamakon Rikicin Darfur Hakanan akwai ƙaramar jama'a na Dar Fur Daju kusa da garin Lagowa a tsaunin Nuba.
Dar Sila Daju mai lamba 63,100 (2000) kuma yana zaune a kudancin Chadi a yankin Ouaddai Suna magana da yaren Sila Njalgulgule mai lamba 900 (1977) kuma yana zaune a wani ƙauye ɗaya a kudancin Sudan kusa da haɗuwar Kogin Sopo da Boro. Suna magana da yaren Njalgulgule Wataƙila su ƙaura ce daga baya sakamakon faduwar daular Daju.
Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suke a cikin tsaunukan Nuba kuma saboda tsananin bambancin yare da suke da shi da kuma sauran harsunan Daju, an yarda da cewa sun fito ne daga ƙaura ta farko (wataƙila shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata) daga cikin Daju Urheimat a tsaunukan Marrah A can suka sassaƙa ƙaramin yankinsu a tsakiyar asalin mazaunan gabashin tsaunukan Nuba, da ƙabilun Kordofanian, haka kazalika daga cikin ƙauracewar kabilu yare daban-daban kabilun Nyimang, kabilun Temein, da kabilun Kadugli. Hijirar kabilun Hill Nubian a cikin tsaunukan Nuba gabaɗaya ana ganin su suna zuwa ne bayan babban ƙaura na hijira. Dutsen Nuba gabaɗaya yanki ne na "ja da baya" ga ƙungiyoyin da aka tsananta masu neman tsaro saboda haka akwai mahimmancin bambancin yare. Logorik mai lamba 2,000 (1971) kuma yana zaune a tsakiyar tsaunukan Nuba. Suna magana da yaren Liguri Lambar Shatt 15,000 (1984) kuma tana zaune a kudu maso gabashin Nuba na babban birnin Kadugli Suna magana da yaren Shatt Bugu da ƙari, Jukun da Yarbawa suna da'awar tuntuɓar Daju.
Sutura Addini Daju yawancin manoman hatsi ne (galibi gero, dawa, da masara). Abu na biyu, suna farauta gami da tattarawa (galibi zuma, 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan itacen daji). Mata suna yin yawancin ayyukan yau da kullun. Suna shukawa suna shuka amfanin gona, suna nika hatsi, kuma suna dafa abinci. Su ma sune masu ginin-gida na farko. Gidan Daju na al'ada yana da zagaye tare da murfin mazugi duk da cewa a cikin garuruwa, gidaje galibi suna da murabba'i. Ana raba ayyukan gida. A al'adance, Daju mata suna yin zanen fatar idanunsu, gumis, da leɓɓansu da ƙayayyan itaciya. Mayaƙa suna yin zane a saman hagu na hagu tare da tawada mai baƙar fata da ja.
Dar Sila Daju da ke Chadi an shirya su ne ta hanyar dangi maza da mata. Kowane dangi yana da nasa matsayin daban a cikin al'umma. An zabi Sarkin ne daga ɗaya daga cikin dangi kuma masu ba shi shawara suna cikin sauran dangi. Sultanship da farko yana ba da matsayin jagoran addini. Dar Daju Daju da Dar Sila Daju galibi musulmai ne amma har yanzu suna aiwatar da yawancin al'adunsu na gargajiya da suka haɗa da gina wuraren bautar gumaka ga babban allahnsu Kalge wanda suke kamanta shi da Allah na Islama. Daga wannan sunan aka samo Par-Kalge, tsattsarkan dutsen da yake kusa da Napta. Dar Fur Daju suna kula da tsohuwar addininsu na asali.
Manazarta Kabila
Mutanen Chadi
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Al'ada
Pages with unreviewed |
50816 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophira%20Eisenberg%20ne%20adam%20wata | Ophira Eisenberg ne adam wata | Ophira Eisenberg (an haifeta a shekara ta 1972) yar wasan barkwanci ce, marubuciya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Tafito daga Calgary, Alberta Ta kasance tana zaune acikin New York City tun shekara ta 2001 kuma ta sami zama yar ƙasar Amurka a cikin Afrilu shekara ta 2021. Eisenberg ta karbi bakuncin NPR da WNYC na mako-mako, wasan wasa, da wasan kwaikwayo <i id="mwGQ">Tambaye Ni Wani</i>, tare da "bandakin gidan mutum daya" Jonathan Coulton Acikin shekara ta 2013, ta bayyana akan Late Late Show tare da Craig Ferguson Har ila yau, tafito a kan Comedy Central 's Premium Blend da Fresh Faces of Comedy, da kuma VH-1 's Best Week Ever All Access, da E! Channel, Oxygen Network, Gano Channel, TV Guide Channel 's Standup in Stilettos, da kuma AXS Network.
Sana'arta
Wasan barkwanci da bada labari Eisenberg tanayin wasa akai-akai a birnin New York. Ta akai-akai tana karbar bakuncin da yawon shakatawa tareda The Moth, wasan kwaikwayo na bada labari, kuma an nuna shi akan ɗayan CD ɗin Favorites ɗin Masu Sauraro.
Annunata acikin New York Times Bayar da Tatsuniyoyi Tare da Hawaye da Murmushi New York 's "Sabbin 'Yan Barkwanci Goma waɗanda Mutane Masu Ban dariya suke Neman Ban dariya", New York Post s "Mafi kyawun Bits 50 Wancan Crack Up Pro Comics, wanda mujallar Backstage ta zaɓa amatsayin ɗaya daga cikin "10 Standout Stand Ups Worth Watching" a cikin Hasken Hasken su akan Batutuwan Barkwanci, kuma anyaba dashi amatsayin "Fiyayyen Shawarwari" ta Mujallar Time Out New York Ta kasance lambar yabo ta MAC (Ƙungiyoyin Kulabiyoyi da Cabarets na Manhattan) na Ƙarshe don Mafi kyawun Comic Female a shekara ta 2009.
Rubutunta Memowarta na halarta na farko, Screw Kowa: Barci Hanyara zuwa Auren mace ɗaya an sake shi 2 Afrilu cikin shekara ta 2013. Har ila yau, an nuna ta acikin litattafai masu yawa na anthology, ciki har da: Na Kashe: Labaran Gaskiya na Hanya daga Mafi Girma na Amurka tare da Dennis Miller, Joan Rivers, Chris Rock, da Jerry Seinfeld An Ƙi: Tatsũniyõyin da Ba ayi nasara ba, An zubar dasu, kuma An soke da Jima'i, Magunguna da Kifin Gefilte na Heeb shekara ta (2010).
Yin aiki Ayyukan aikinta sun haɗa da Masu kallo (wanda ta lashe Mafi kyawun Hoto a bikin Fim na Kanada da Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim a New York International Independent Film Bidiyo), Showtime's Queer as Folk, da CBS's The Guardian Har ila yau, ta kasance acikin asalin samar da Fringe na Toronto na The Drowsy Chaperone a cikin shekara ta 1999, wanda daga baya ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway na Tony Award Rayuwarta ta sirri Eisenberg tana zaune acikin wani gida a Brooklyn, New York City, tare da mijinta, Jonathan Baylis (mawallafin-mawallafin-edita kuma mahaliccin So Buttons Comix) da ɗansu Lucas. Bayahudiya ce kuma wadda ta tsira daga cutar kansar nono Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
15878 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agho%20Obaseki | Agho Obaseki | Cif Agho Obaseki (ya mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1920) ya kasance Babban Sarki a Daular Benin daga shekarar alif 1898 zuwa shekara ta 1914, sannan Iyase na Benin daga shekarar alif 1914 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta alif 1920.
Bayan Fage Cif Agho Ogbedeoyo the Obaseki Of Benin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Oba na Benin a lokacin takaddamar, shekara ga alif 1897 zuwa shekara ta alif 1914 A matsayin Shugaban Gudanarwa lokacin da aka kori Oba Ovonramwen. Agho shine da na karshe ga mahaifinsa, yayan Ogbeide. Ogbeide ya rike kambun Bini Ine karkashin Oba Adolo. Asalinsa mutumin garin Agbor ne. Ine shi ne shugaban gidan masarautar Ibiwe kuma ya kasance mai kula da daukaka mai martaba da sarakuna. Lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 25, ya shiga cikin matsala a ƙauyen Iguovinyoba, lokacin da ya shiga cikin matar aure. Daga nan ya tafi Benin City don fara sabuwar rayuwa kuma a can ya haɗu da Masarauta Yarima Idugbowa, daga baya Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi wanda ya ɗauki Agho a cikin kariya kuma abokantaka tsakanin mutanen biyu ta biyo baya. Wani saurayi Agho ya zama dan kasuwa ga Prince Idugbowa.
Hawan Ovonramwen, haɓakar kasuwancin Agho, da kuma kyautar taken Obaseki Lokacin da Yarima Idgubowa ya zama Oba Ovonramwen, Agho ya ji daɗin cinikin dabinon da kernel na kayayyakin Turai kamar rum, ashana, gishiri, sutura, siliki, da sauran abubuwan da ake shigowa da su. Sakamakon haka, Agho ya kawo dukiya mai yawa ga Oba Ovonramwen da shi kansa kuma an ba shi lada a matsayin babban hadimin gidan masarautar Benin da aka caje shi da sasanta ƙananan rikice-rikice na gida. Oba Ovonramwen ya kuma saka wa Agho da matar sa ta farko, Etuohun kuma ya bashi taken Obaseki wanda daga nan aka sanya shi cikin taken Iweguae mai rike da jama'a. Obaseki na nufin "Falalar Oba ta fi nasara fiye da nasarar kasuwanci", a cikin shekara ta alif 1889. Oba Ovonramwen ya kara daukaka matsayin Obaseki ta hanyar ba shi bayi dari wadanda suka kasance kamammun yaki.
Faduwar Benin da canza dangantaka da Ovonramwen Obaseki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da Fall of Benin daga Balaguron Balaguro na shekara ta alif 1897 Ya shirya kare kasar Benin tare da rakiyar Oba Ovonramwen a lokacin da yake tserewa daga wutar rokar Biritaniya. Ovonramwen ya umurci Obaseki a cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 1897 don yin bincike a Benin bayan harin bam na Burtaniya. Turawan Burtaniya ne suka gano Obaseki kuma suka hana shi komawa Ovonramwen saboda Turawan ingila suna ganin yana da amfani ga sabon tsarin siyasar da za su kafa. Alfred Turner, Mazaunin Birtaniyya, ya nada Obaseki a cikin Majalisar Sarakunan a watan Satumba shekarar 1897.
Babban sarki na Benin Oba Ovonramwen ya tsaya a gaban kotu a watan Agusta kan abubuwan da suka haifar da Balaguron Balaguro, Turawan Burtaniya sun same shi da laifi, an tumbuke shi, an kuma tasa keyarsa zuwa Calabar da ke haifar da rashin shugabanci wanda Turawan Burtaniya suka cike ta hanyar sanya Obaseki a matsayin ainihin shugaban sabuwar kasar da aka kafa ta 'yan asalin Benin. Majalisar saboda kwarewar Obaseki da kwarewar siyasa.
Iyase na Benin Ovonramwen ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu,shekarar 1914, yana buɗe hanya don Yarima Aiguobasimwin (daga baya Oba Eweka II) ya zama Oba. Hukumomin Birtaniyya, duk da haka, sun karya al'adu ta hanyar nada Obaseki, Iyase na Benin (Babban Mashawarcin Oba) wanda hakan ya bata ran sabon Oba Eweka II. Sakamakon haka, rikici ya kaure tsakanin Oba Eweka II da Obaseki, sabon Iyase na Benin. Iyase ya lullube da Oba a karkashin sabon lokacin siyasa na Biritaniya kuma har ma a cewar Birtaniyyar da ta mara masa baya, 'tabbas ya kasance mafi kama-karya da girman kai a halayensa'.
Sabuwar Yam palaver Obaseki ya karɓi Kiristanci a cikin shekarar 1917 kuma saboda haka ya daina shiga cikin al'adun fada kamar buɗe Sabuwar Yam Festival. Tun da yake ba za a iya girbe doya ba tare da halartar Iyase ba, lokuta masu wahala sun biyo baya kuma dole Birtaniyya ta sa baki. Oba ya mayar da martani cewa ba za a iya fara bukukuwa ba tare da halartar Iyase ba sannan Iyase kuma, sun nuna cewa sabon addinin nasa ya tilasta masa rashin halartar sa. Don haka aka tilasta wa Oba Eweka II bude bukukuwan ba tare da Iyase ba, an wulakanta shi ta hanyar ba Obaseki hakuri a bainar jama'a, kuma a wani aiki na sulhu, Oba ya ba da 'yarsa, Princess Comfort Ebose Eweka, ga Obaseki. Yanzu haka Obaseki yana da mata, ‘yayan Obas biyun da suka biyo baya (na farko Ovonramwen wanda ya auri Orinmwiame yayin da yake gudun hijira, yanzu kuma Eweka II).
Mutuwa da gado Obaseki ya yi fama da ciwon huhu kuma ya mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, shekarar ta alif 1920. 'Ya'yansa maza su ne Cif Aiyamekhue Jackson Obaseki (Esama na masarautar Benin) taken da attajirin da ya fi mulkin masarautar Benin ya rike, Cif Downson Obaseki (The Obaruyiedo Of Benin Kinddom), Wilson Aigbedo, Agboifo, Humphrey, da Gaius Ikuobasoyenmwen wanda daga baya ya zama jarumi Groupungiyar Action Group Lissafin tarihin rayuwarsa da siyasarsa yana cikin littattafai biyu 'Obaseki na Benin (Tarihin Tarihin Tarihin Tarihi na Afirka) da 'The Nemesis of Power: Agho Obaseki da Benin Politics 1897-1956 wanda masanin tarihin Nijeriya ya rubuta kuma babban jagora kan tarihin Benin, Farfesa Philip Igbafe Manazarta Edo
Mutane
Mutuwan |
28217 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten%20Zickfeld | Kirsten Zickfeld | Kirsten Zickfeld ita wata kwararriyar kimiyyar yanayi ce Bajamushiya wacce a yanzu tana can Kanada. Ita mamba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kwamitin Gudanar da Sauyin Yanayi, kuma ta kasance daya daga cikin mawallafa a kan Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya na 1.5 C (SR15).Zickfeld ya kammala Jagoran Kimiyya. Digiri a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Free University of Berlin a shekara ta alif 1998, sannan digiri na uku a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Potsdam a shekara ta 2004.
Aikin bincike Zickfeld ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a jami'ar Free University of Berlin a shekarar 1998, sannan ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a jami'ar Potsdam a shekarar 2004. Bayan haka, Zickfield ta gudanar da bincike kan sauyin yanayi a Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Jami'ar Victoria da Cibiyar Kanada don Samar da Samfura da Bincike.
Tun daga shekara ta 2010, Zickfeld tana gudanar da bincike a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar yanayi a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, a Burnaby, British Columbia. Bincikenta ya ƙunshi bangarori daban-daban na sauyin yanayi, gami da dabarun ragewa kamar fasahohin fitar da hayaki mara kyau. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Kanada guda biyu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin mawallafa 91, akan Rahoton Musamman kan Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC) akan dumamar yanayi na 1.5 °C (SR15).
An ambaci binciken Zickfeld sama da sau 3,800, kuma yana da h-index da i10-index na 30 da 44 bi da bi. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa na shekarar 2019. don Jagoranci a Dorewa daga Jami'ar Simon Fraser.
Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka zaɓa Matthews, H. Damon, Nathan P. Gillett, Peter A. Stott, da Kirsten Zickfeld. "Yawancin dumamar yanayi zuwa tarin iskar carbon." Nature. 2009.
Eby, M., K. Zickfeld, A. Montenegro, D. Archer, KJ Meissner, da AJ Weaver. "Lokacin rayuwar canjin yanayi na anthropogenic: ma'auni na tsawon shekaru na yuwuwar CO2 da rikicewar yanayin zafi." Journal of Climate. 2009.
Zickfeld, Kirsten, Michael Eby, H. Damon Matthews, da Andrew J. Weaver. "Shirya maƙasudin tara hayaƙi don rage haɗarin sauyin yanayi mai haɗari." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009.
Gillett, Nathan P., Vivek K. Arora, Kirsten Zickfeld, Shawn J. Marshall, da William J. Merryfield. "Ci gaba da sauyin yanayi biyo bayan dakatar da hayakin carbon dioxide gaba daya." Nature Geoscience. 2011.
Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na SR15 IPCC, 2018: Dumamar Duniya na 1.5°C. Wani rahoto na musamman na IPCC game da tasirin dumamar yanayi na 1.5°C sama da matakan masana'antu da kuma hanyoyin da ke haifar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a duniya, dangane da karfafa martanin duniya game da barazanar sauyin yanayi, ci gaba mai dorewa, da kuma kokarin kawar da talauci. [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, HO Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, PR Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, JBR Matthews, Y. Chen X. Zhou, MI Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)].
|
47694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzabin%20Rawaya | Zazzabin Rawaya | Zazzabin Typhoid, shine akafi sani da typhoid, cuta ce da kwayoyin cutar Salmonella serotype Typhi ke haifarwa. Alamun sun bambanta daga wanda ze fara mai sauki zuwa mai tsanani, kuma yawanci suna farawa kwanaki shida zuwa 30 bayan kamuwa da kwayar cutar. Sau da yawa a hankali a hankali zazzaɓi mai tsanani yakan tashi bayan wasu kwanaki da yawa. Amma a wanna lokacin, yakan zo ne tare da rauni, ciwon ciki, cushewar ciki, ciwon kai, da amai marar tsanani. A Wasu mutane yakanzo masu da kurajen fata tare da tabo a jiki A lokuta masu yawa, mutane na iya samun rudani. Idan ba'a yi magani ba, cutar na iya wuce makonni ko watanni. Zawo na iya zama mai tsanani, amma ba a cika samun hakan ba. Wasu mutane na iya zama ɗauke da kwayar cutar ba tare da ta saka su rashin lapiya ba amma har kuma suna iya yada cutar ma wasu. Zazzabin Typhoid nau'in zazzabi ne na ciki, tare da zazzabin paratyphoid An yi imanin S. enterica Typhi tana sa rashin lapiya ne a cikin mutane kawai.
Ana samun cutar Typhoid ta hanyar kwayar cutar Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, wadda take girma a cikin hanji, peyers faci, mesenteric lymph nodes, saifa, hanta, gallbladder, kasusuwa da jini tyhoid tana yaduwa ne ta hanyar ci ko shan abinci ko ruwan da ya gurɓace da najasar mai kwayar cutar. Abubuwan da zasu iya saka ka samu cutar sun haɗa da ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da rashin tsafta Wadanda har yanzu ba su kamu da cutar ba kuma suka ci gurbacewar ruwan sha ko abinci sun fi fuskantar hadarin kamuwa da alamun cutar. Mutane ne kawai za su iya kamuwa da cutar; babu sanannun dabbobi da zasu iya kamuwa. Anayin binciken ganeta ne ta hanyar shuka kwayoyin cutar daga samfurin marar lapiya ko kuma gano garkuwar jiki wadanda jiki ya samar ta dalilin cutar. Bada jimaw ba, sabbin manhajojin daukar bayanai da kuma yin bincike suna ba masu bincike damar kirkiro wasu sabbin hanyoyin gano cutar. Wannan ya hada da sauyawar kwayoyin dake cikin jini wadan da zasu iya nuna kwayar cutar typhoid.
Na'urorin bincike a wuraren da typhoid ta zama ruwan dare sunada karanci sannan kuma ingancinsu a wurin bincike yayi karanci, yawan lokacinda ake bukata wurin bincike, karuwar yaduwar jurewar magungunan kwayoyin cuta, da kuma tsadar awo, suna daga cikin wahalaolin da ake samu inda babu isassun kayan aiki da ma'aikata na kula da lafiya.
Alurar rigakafin typhoid na iya hana kusan kashi 40 zuwa 90% na lokuta a cikin shekaru biyu na farko. Maganin na iya yin ɗan tasiri har zuwa shekaru bakwai. Ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari ko kuma mutanen da ke tafiya zuwa wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan dare, ana ba da shawarar yin rigakafi. Sauran kokarin da ake na rigakafin cutar sun hada da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli da kuma wanke hannu Har sai an tabbatar da cewa mutum ya warke, mai cutar bai kamata ya shirya abinci ga wasu ba. Ana yin maganin taifot da maganin kamar azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, ko cephalosporins na ƙarni na uku kwayar cutar typhoid tana bijirewa magunguna wanda ya sa maganinta yaketa kara wahala. A cikin 2015, an sami sabbin cututtukan typhoid miliyan 12.5. Cutar ta fi kamari a Indiya. tafi shafar yara. Typhoid ya ragu a kasashen da suka ci gaba a cikin 1940s sakamakon ingantacciyar tsafta da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi. A kowace shekara ana ba da rahoton cutar kusan 400 a Amurka kuma an kiyasta mutane 6,000 suna da taifot. A cikin 2015, ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 149,000 a duk duniya ƙasa daga 181,000 a 1990. Idan ba tare da magani ba, haɗarin mutuwa zai iya kaiwa kashi 20%. Idan kuma anyi magani, yana iya kaiwa tsakanin 1% da 4%. Typhus cuta ce daban. Saboda irin alamun bayyanar su, ba a gane su a matsayin cututtuka daban-daban har zuwa 1800s. "Typhoid" na nufin "kamar typhus"..
Alamomin cuta A bayyanance, ci gaban zazzabin typhoid ba tare da magani ba yana da matakai daban-daban guda uku, kowanne yana ɗaukar kusan mako guda. A tsawon waɗannan matakan, marar lapiya ze rika fama da gajiya da kuma ya yi rama A cikin satin farko zafin jiki ze rika karuwa a hankali, kuma za aya rika samun zazzabi mai zuwa yana dawowa. Bugun zuciya zaya rika raguwa, ciwon kai, da tari. marar lapiya ze iya samun habo a kashi daya bisa hudun na mararsa lafiya. tare da ciwon ciki. Ragu adadin kwayar halittar garkuwar jiki,tare da eosinopenia da lymphocytosis; Idan anyi Gwaji na shuka kwayoyin cuta za'a iya samun S. enterica subsp. Cutar sankarau. Gwajin Widal baya nunawa.
A cikin mako na biyu, mutum yakan ji gajiya sosai wurin tashi, tare da zazzabi mai zafi a Filato kusan 40 °C (104 °F) da ragewar bugun gaba. Rudani yakan iya faruwa, inda marar lafia yakan kwantar da hankalina amma bayan dan wani lokacin se kuma yasamu rudani. Wannan halaccin ya sanyawa typhoid lakabin "zazzabin fargaba". jajayen kuraje zasu iya fitar ma marar lafiya kirji da ciki a kusan kashi uku na marasa lafiya. Ana jin (sautin numfashi) a wurin huhu. Ciki yana zazzalowa zuwa bangarn dama na kasa. kuma yana jin zafi a cikin ƙananan kwata na dama, kuma za a iya jin sautin ruri. Zawo na iya faruwa a wannan mataki, sannan da cushewar ciki. Hanta da sefa zasuyi girma sannan zasuyi taushi., sinadaran transaminases na hanta zasu karu. Gwajin Widal yana da inganci mai ƙarfi, wanda akayi da ƙwayoyin rigakafin antin O da antin H. Shuka kwayoyin cuta acikin jini har yanzu hanyar gwaji ce mai inganci.
A cikin mako na uku na zazzabin typhoid, matsaloli da yawa na iya faruwa:
Har yanzu zazzaɓin yana da yawa kuma yana hawa ya sauka a cikin awa ashirin da hudu(24). Rashin ruwan jiki yana faruwa tare da rashin koshi na abinci mai gina jiki, kuma mai haƙuri yana jin dadi. Kashi uku na mutanen da abin ya shafa suna samun kuraje a gangar jikii.
a Zubar da jini CIKI hanji saboda zubar jini a cikin Peyer's faci. wannan na iya zama mai tsanani, amma yawanci baya kawo mutuwa.
Ciwon hanji a cikin janji mai na kasa yana da matukar tsananta kuma sau da yawa yana iya kawo mutuwa. Yana iya faruwa ba tare da alamu masu ban tsoro ba har sai kwayoyin cuta sun shiga acikin jini. ko yaduwa peritonitis ya shiga.
Cututtukan numfashi kamar su ciwon huhu da mashako mai tsanani
Encephalitis
Alamun ciwon jijiyoyi (wanda aka kwatanta da "muttering delirium" ko "coma vigil"), tare da ɗaukar tufafin gado ko abubuwan da aka sani.
Metastatic abscesses, cholecystitis, endocarditis, osteitis Ana ganin ƙananan adadin platelet thrombocytopenia wani lokaci.
|
13436 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainab%20yar%20Muhammad | Zainab yar Muhammad | Zainab Diyar ANNABI Muhammad s a w Arabic (599-629 AD) Ita ce babbar 'yar Annabin Musulunci Muhammadu Ta wurin matarsa ta farko Khadija diyar Khuwaylid Aure Ta auri ɗan uwan mahaifiyarta, Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi kafin watan Disambar 610, 313-314 21 162 kuma Khadija ta ba ta kyauta a bikin auren da abun ado onyx. 22 Suna da yara biyu, Ali, wanda ya mutu tun yana yaro, da kuma 'yar uwarsa Umama. Wacce zata haifi 'ya'ya cikinsu har da, Hilal ko Muhammad al awsat. 21 162. Zainab ta karbi musulunci tun farkon da Muhammadu ya fara bayyana kansa a matsayin Annabi. Kuraishawa sun matsa wa Abu al-As ya saki Zainab, suna cewa za su ba shi duk macen da yake so, a musanya mishi, amma Abu al-As ya ce baya son wata mace, matsayin da Muhammad ya yaba masa. Muhammadu bashi da iko a Makka sabili da haka ba zai iya tilasta musu su rabu ba, don haka suka ci gaba da zama tare duk da cewa Abu al-As ya ƙi ya musulunta. Zainab ta ci gaba da zama a Makka lokacin da sauran musulman da ke bin Muhammad suka yi hijira zuwa Madina.
Hijira zuwa Madina Abu al-As ya kasance daga cikin mushrikai wadanda aka kama a yakin Badar. Zainab ta aiko da kudi don fansar sa, gami da abin wuyan onyx. Lokacin da Muhammad ya ga abin wuyan, ya ƙi karɓar kowane fansa na kuɗi don surukin sa. Ya tura Abu al-As gida, shi kuma Abu al-As yayi alkawarin tura Zainab zuwa Madina. Ni 314 22 Zainab ta yarda da wannan umarnin. Kimanin wata guda bayan yaƙin, ɗan'uwan Zainab, Zayd, ya isa Makka don raka ta zuwa Madina. Ta shiga hawdaj kuma surukinta, Kinana, shi ya jagoranci rakumin ta zuwa Zayd da wayewar gari. Kuraishawa sun fahimci wannan a matsayin rashin bayyana alama ta cin nasarar Muhammadu a Badr. Wasu gungunsu suka runtume Zainab suka ci mata a Dhu Tuwa. Wani mutum mai suna Habbakwarinr bn Al-Aswad ya yi mata barazana da mashin 314-315 ya tura ta. Ta fadi daga hawdaj a wani dutse. 4 Kinana ya nuna kibiyoyi a cikin sa yana barazanar zai kashe duk wanda ya kusanta. Sa'an nan Abu Sufyan ya isa, yana gaya wa Kinana ya ajiye baka don su iya tattauna batun hankali. Ya ce, ba su da niyyar da za ta sa mace daga mahaifinta don ɗaukar fansa na Badar, amma kuskure ne Kinana ta wulaƙanta Quraishawa ta hanyar ba da labarin cire ta a bainar jama'a; Dole ne ya yi shi a hankali, lokacin da "mai tattaunawar" ya mutu. Kinana ta sake karbar Za yawa, wanda ta danganta da cewa Habbar ce ta same shi. 314-315 Bayan 'yan dare daga baya, Kinana dauki ta zare jiki ka sadu Zayd, kuma ya rako ta ta Madina. 315 Anas ibn Malik ya tuno da ganin Zainab a Madina sanye da mayafin siliki. 24
Haduwa da Abu al-As Zainab ba ta sake ganin mijinta ba har watan Satumba ko Oktoba na shekara ta 627, 23 lokacin da ya shiga gidanta a Madina da daddare, yana neman kariya. Mayakan musulmi sun sace wasu kayayyaki da ya kasance mai dogaro ga sauran Quraishawa, kuma yana so ya yi kokarin dawo da shi. 316 Washegari, Zainab ta zauna a cikin matan a sallar asuba, ta yi ihu: "Na ba da kariya ga Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi!" Da zaran an gama addu'o'i, Muhammad ya tabbatar da cewa bai san komai game da hakan ba, amma "Muna kiyaye duk wanda ta kiyaye." 317 22-23 Ya gaya wa Zainab ta yi wa Abu al-As kamar bako. Sannan ya shirya yadda za a mayar da Kasuwancin Kuraishawa, sai Abu al-As ya karbe shi ga masu shi a cikin Makka. 317 Abu al-As sannan ya musulunta kuma ya koma Madina. Muhammadu ya maido da Zainab diyar sa, kuma sun dawo da rayuwar aure. 317 23
Mutuwa Sulhun su ba gajeru bane, saboda Zainab ta mutu a watan Mayu ko 6 ga watan Yuni. An danganta mutuwan ta ne sakamakon rikice rikicen da ta sha wahala a shekarar 624. 4 Matan da suka wanke gawarta sun hada da Baraka, Sauda da Umm Salama 24
A ganin Shia Wata majiya ta ce: ''A wani lokaci akwai yara mata uku dake rayuwa a gidan Khadija. Sunayensu;Zainab, Rukayya da Ummu Khulthum. Zainab itace babbarsu, an aurar da ita ga Abul As ibn Er-Rabi na Makkah. Mutumin ya yaki manzon Allah a yakin badar, sai musulmai suka kama shi, dan ya karbi yancin sa, sai ya tura matarsa zuwa ga manzon Allah wata sarka wanda yakasance na Khadija ne amma taba ta lokacin aurenta amatsayin kyauta. An kyale Abul-As yakoma Makkah sai ya maida Zainab Madina kamar yadda ya yi alkawari. Daga baya sai ta rasu bayan dawowarta Madina, sai ya musulunta ya rayu tare da musulmai.
Duba kuma Muhammad a Islama 'Ya'yan Muhammadu Fatimah Asalin 'Ya'yan Khadijah Sahabah
Manazarta
Haɗin waje {http://freepages.family.rootsweb.com/~naqobatulasyrof/prophet/news_prophet_04.html Itace dangin |
30094 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiye%20Selasi | Taiye Selasi | Taiye Selasi (an haife tane 2 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1979) marubuciyar ƙasar Ghana ce kuma Ba’amerikiya. 'Yar asalin Najeriya da Ghana, ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "yar unguwa" Accra, Berlin, New York da Rome.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Taiye Selasi an haife ta a Landan, kuma ta girma a Brookline, Massachusetts, ita ce dattijon tagwaye mata na Dokta Lade Wosornu, 'yar Ghana, likitan tiyata a Saudi Arabia kuma marubucin wakoki da dama, da Dr. Juliette Tuakli, na Al'adun Najeriya, likitar yara a Ghana da ta shahara wajen fafutukar kare hakkin yara, ciki har da zama a hukumar United Way. Iyayen Selasi sun rabu lokacin tana jaririya. Ta hadu da mahaifinta na haihuwa yana da shekara 12.
Sunan ta na nufin tagwaye na farko a Yarbawa ta mahaifar mahaifiyarta. Ta canza sunanta sau da yawa; An haife ta tare da sunan mahaifiyarta, sannan ta karɓi sunan uban mahaifinta (Williams), tana da shekaru 12 ta canza sunan nata zuwa na mahaifinta (Wosornu), daga baya ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar sunan laƙabi Tuakli-Wosornu (dukkan iyayenta). Sunaye na ƙarshe), daga baya ta canza sunan sunanta zuwa Selasi, kalma daga yaren Ewe, da ta fassara da “addu’ar amsa” ko kuma “Allah ya ji”.
Selasi ta kammala karatun summa cum laude da Phi Beta Kappa tare da digiri na BA a cikin karatun Amurka daga Yale, kuma ta sami MPhil a dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Kwalejin Nuffield, Oxford. 'Yar'uwarta tagwaye, Yetsa Kehinde Tuakli, likita ce a Amurka. 'Yar Afirka ta farko a cikin kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na kasa da kasa, ta fafata a gasar tsalle-tsalle mai tsayi na 'yan wasan Ghana.
Aiki A cikin 2005 The LIP Magazine ya buga "Bye-Bye, Babar (Ko: Menene Afropolitan?)", Seminal rubutu na Selasi a kan Afropolitans. A cikin "Bye Bye Babar", Selasi ta kwatanta sabon ƴan ƙasashen Afirka; wani babban haɗin gwiwa wanda ya yarda da bambancinsa: "Wataƙila abin da ya fi kwatanta fahimtar Afropolitan shine ƙin ƙaddamarwa; ƙoƙari na fahimtar abin da ke da lafiya a Afirka tare da sha'awar girmama abin da ke da ban mamaki, na musamman." Selasi ba ta neman a san ta a matsayin wanda ta kafa Afropolitanism, "Ta ba da shawarar kada ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ƙirƙira shi, kuma ta yi watsi da rawar da ta taka a cikin dukan abin da ya biyo baya." Tattaunawar Afropolitanism ta karu bayan rubutun, kuma wannan ya ba da hanya ga masana kamar Simon Gikandi da Achille Mbembe don "ƙara haɓaka" kalmar, Afropolitan, zuwa cikin sanannen akidar da aka yi amfani da ita. A shekarar da ta rubuta makalar, ta rubuta wani wasan kwaikwayo wanda Avery Willis, yayan Toni Morrison ya shirya a wani karamin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.
A cikin 2006 Morrison ya ba Selasi wa'adin shekara guda; ta rubuta "The Sex Lives of African Girls" don saduwa da shi. Labarin, wanda mujallar wallafe-wallafen Birtaniya Granta ta buga a cikin 2011, ya bayyana a cikin Mafi kyawun Gajerun Labarai na Amurka 2012 A cikin 2010 Ann Godoff a Penguin Press ya sayi littafin Selasi wanda ba a gama ba. An buga Ghana Must Go a cikin 2013. Diana Evans ce ta yaba da ita a cikin The Guardian, Margaret Busby a cikin The Independent, ta The Economist, da The Wall Street Journal. An zaɓa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 10 Mafi kyawun Littattafai na 2013 ta The Wall Street Journal da The Economist, an sayar da shi a cikin ƙasashe 22 kamar na 2014.
A cikin 2013 an zaɓi Selasi a matsayin ɗayan Granta 's 20 Mafi kyawun Marubutan Birtaniyya na 20 kuma a cikin 2014 mai suna Hay Festival 's Africa39 jerin marubutan Afirka na kudu da hamadar Sahara 39 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 40 "tare da iyawa da hazaka. ayyana yanayin adabin Afirka."
Selasi tana yin haɗin gwiwa akai-akai tare da abokan aikin fasaha. A cikin 2012 ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da mai zane David Adjaye don ƙirƙirar ɗakin karatu na Kogin Gwangju, ɗakin karatu na sararin sama wanda aka gina a cikin 2013 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gwangju Biennale's Fooly II. Tare da darakta Teddy Goitom, wanda ya kafa Stocktown, Selasi babban mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Afripedia ce, jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye game da abubuwan kirkire-kirkire na birane na Afirka. Tare da masu samarwa Fernando Meirelles da Hank Levine (City of God), Selasi yana haɓaka Exodus, wani shiri na musamman game da ƙaura na duniya.
A cikin 2013 Selasi ta kasance mai juror a cikin gidan talabijin na gaskiya na Italiyanci Masterpiece akan Rai 3 tare da Andrea De Carlo. A cikin 2015, Selasi ta fito a matsayin Fitaccen Mawallafi, tana jagorantar taron karawa juna sani, a Jadawalin Marubutan Iceland na shekara-shekara a Reykjavik, Iceland. Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin New Daughters of Africa (wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya, 2019).
Ayyuka
Littattafai
Gajerun labarai "The Sex Lives of African Girls" (2011)
"Driver" (2013)
"Aliens of Extraordinary Ability" (2014)
"Brunhilda in Love" (2016)
"African Literature Doesn't Exist" (2013)
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24092 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musawi | Al-Musawi | Al-Musawi (kalman pronounced [ɪl'mu: səwi sunan mahaifi ne wanda wataƙila yana nuna cewa mutum ya fito ne daga babban gida mai mutunci da asalin ƙasa wanda ya fito daga Muhammad ta hannun Al Imam Musa al-Kadhim ibn Jafar a matsayin Sadiq (limamin Shi'a guda bakwai 7).
Ana kiran membobin wannan dangi ta sigar anglicised sunan su Hashemites Suna kullum ba da honorific suna Sayyid kafin su sunan farko. Fassarar ainihin kalman Larabci Sayyid Sir a Turanci Duk da cewa babu rubutattun bayanai ko nazarin halittu da aka yi akan wannan dangi, tarihin furuci ya yi iƙirarin cewa sunan yana nuna cewa wannan mutumin asalin zuriyar annabin Musulunci ne Muhammad: Jikan annabi Musa al-Kadhim na bakwai. Hakanan wasu ūan Muwaisawa suna ɗaukar sunan Kazmi na ƙarshe. Masawa da yawa sun yi hijira daga Makka da Madina Saudiya zuwa wani karamin kauye da kakansu Musa Al-Kadhim ya gina a Bagadaza Iraki Manyan 'yan uwa suna cikin Iraki, kuma su ma suna cikin wasu ƙasashe kamar Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, da sauran ƙasashen Larabawa, amma yanzu sun bazu zuwa ƙasashen yamma da yawa.
Iyalan Al Musawi dangi ne na Larabawa masu tasiri saboda suna da alaƙa da Annabi Muhammadu. Zuriyar su ne kai tsaye daga Musa Al-Kadhim wanda ɗan Imam Ja'afar al-Sadik ɗan Imam Muhammad Al-Baƙir ɗan Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin ɗan Imam Hussain ɗan Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib da dan Fatimah ‘yar Muhammadu Ana kiran membobin gidan Al-Mūsawi da taken Sayed a zahiri yana nufin Mista ko Sir A matsayin take mai daraja, yana nuna mazan da aka karɓa a matsayin zuriyar Muhammadu kai tsaye. Mambobi galibi musulmai ne na Shi’a da aka samu a Iraki, Iran da sauran wurare a duniya
Tushen dangin Al-Mūsawi sun fito ne daga Babban kabilar Banu Hashim, dangin Quraishawa, wanda ya sanya su Adnani Larabawa ko Larabawan Arewa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Ibrahim ta hannun ɗansa Isma'il a Mesopotamiya, yanzu Iraki, a tsohon garin Ur, kusa da Nasariyah, a Kudancin Iraki.
Fitattun membobi Abul-Hasan Muhammad bn Al-Hussein Al-Musawi "ash-Sharif al-Radhi" shekara ta 930 zuwa shekara ta 977 malamin musulmi ne kuma mawaki wanda aka haifa a Bagadaza. Littafinsa da ya shahara shi ne Nahj al-Balaghah wanda ya tattara tarin maganganun Imam Ali da jawabansa.
Hazrat Ishaan shekara ta (1563 zuwa shekara ta 1642) an haife shi a Bukhara Ya kasance magaji kuma zuriyar Shah Bahauddin Naqshband Bukhari kuma fitaccen Faqih kuma wali a Daular Moghul Har ila yau, ya kasance mafi girman ikon ilimi a Kashmir da Lahore Shi da zuriyarsa wakilan suna ne na Imam Musa al-Kadhim A cikin kasashen GCC Sayed Ala Sayed Mohammad Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed AlMusawi]]: Kwararren likitan tiyata ne na Kuwait da Maxillofacial kuma tsohon malamin jami'a. Babban dan Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed AlMusawi tsohon mamba na gwamnatin Kuwaiti, yana da titin a cikin Kuwaiti mai suna (Titin Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed Al Mousawi) Don haka ya mai da shi daya daga cikin mutanen da suka mai da Kuwait kasar ta zama a yau. Link: https://www.pressreader.com/kuwait/arab-times/20151125/282406988262655
Sulaimaan Rabi 'Al-Musawi-shekara ta (1812-zuwa shekara ta 1895) sanannen malamin Kuwait ne wanda ya koyar da Mubarak Babban Sarkin Kuwait. Ya bude makaranta a babban masallacin Kuwait Mohammed Mehdi al -Qazwini mashahurin malamin addini, ya ba da shawarar bangon Kuwait na uku a shekara ta 1920.
Muhammad Hassan Al -Musawi -shekara ta (1912 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1995) ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun malamai masu fafutukar neman ilimi a Kuwaiti. Jikan Sayyid Sulaimaan Rabi 'Al-Musawi ne. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban makarantar Jafari a Kuwait kuma ya gabatar da Makarantar Turanci da Larabci da Nahawu. Ya yi aiki daga shekara ta 1942 zuwa shekara ta 1973 inda ya sami taken "Malamin Zamani". Ya ci gaba da sake tsara manhajojin darussa daban-daban da suka haɗa da Kimiyya da PE, ya gabatar da tsarin jarabawar Hadin Kai, Lambobin Kuɗi, Rahoton Makaranta (Rubututtuka), waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su a duk makarantun gwamnati a Kuwait. Lokacin da ya yi rashin lafiya kuma aka yi masa tayin tura shi kasashen waje don neman magani, ya ki cewa "Ba na son in mutu a wata kasa mai ban mamaki." Muhammad Baqir al -Muhri shekara ta (1948 zuwa shekara ta 2015) yana daya daga cikin fitattun malamai a tarihin Kuwait. Ya kasance mataimaki na kusan marja'a guda sha biyar 15, wanda ya kafa Majalisar Dangantakar Musulunci da Kirista, wanda ya kafa Kungiyar Malaman Musulmai a Kuwait, Limamin Masallacin Imam Ali a Kuwait, dan siyasa kuma marubucin jarida, kuma marubucin Falsafa da sirrin littafin Hajji.
Dhiyaa Al -Musawi marubuci kuma malami a Bahrain.
Hussain Al-Musawi- dan kwallon Kuwait kuma daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Al-Arabi SC.
A Iraki Nasrallah al-Haeri- masanin addini kuma mawaƙi, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattaunawar musulinci a cikin zamanin Ottoman.
Madhiha Hassan al -Mosuwi ma'aikaciyar agaji ga gwamnatin Iraki wanda wasu mutane suka fara kiran "Uwar Teresa na Bagadaza"
Husain al-Radi- babban sakataren jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Iraki, an kashe shi bayan azabtarwa a Qasr Al-Nihaya a shekara ta 1963 (Radi dan asalin Musawi ne)
Musa al -Musawi wanda aka sani da rubuta rubuce -rubucen bita da kulli kan Musulunci
Ibrahim al -Jaafari dan siyasa wanda ya kasance Firayim Ministan Iraki a gwamnatin rikon kwaryar Iraqi daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2006, bayan zaben Janairu shekara ta 2005. Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 2014 zuwz shekara ta 2018.
Hassan al -Qazwini wanda ya kafa kuma jagoran Cibiyar Musulunci ta Amurka a Dearborn Heights, Michigan, mai wakiltar reshen Musulunci na Twelver Shi'a.
In Lebanon Abbas al -Musawi shekara ta (1952 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1992) fitaccen Malamin Musulmi ne.
Husayn Al-Musawi-ɗan ƙasar Lebanon ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Amal Islamic Amal da aka rushe yanzu a shekara ta 1982.
Ibrahim Mousawi ɗan jaridar Lebanon ne kuma jami'in hulɗa da kafofin watsa labarai.
In Iran Ruhollah Khomeini (Satumba shekara ta 1902 -zuwa 3 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1989) ya kasance jagoran addinin Iran kuma masani, ɗan siyasa, kuma jagoran juyin juya halin Iran na shekara ta 1979. (Khomaini dan asalin Mūsawi ne, ya fito daga daular Safawiyya. Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei- daya daga cikin fitattun malaman addinin Shi'a na karni na ashirin 20.
Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri malamin Shi'a ne 'yan sha-biyu na Iran, ya kasance tsohon wakilin Wali-Faqih a lardin Khuzestan Ahwaz Imam na Juma'a.
Abdorrahim Musavi shine Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojojin Iran.
Mujtaba Musavi Lari Malamin Addinin Shi'a ne na 'yan -sha -biyu.
Ali Mousavi dan wasan kwallon kafa na Iran
Ƙasashen Indiya Imam Awliya Hazrat Ishaan Babban Waliyya a Sunni Islam
Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Monuddin Hadi Naqshband Son da magajin Hazrat Ishaan
Sayyid ul Sadaat Hazrat Sayyid Mir Jan Zuriyar kuma magajin Hazrat Ishaan
Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mahmud Agha Dan uwa kuma magajin Sayyid Mir Jan
Hamid Hussain Musavi babban malamin zamaninsa a Indiya.
Iyalan Al-Mosawi Al-Korsan
Mahmodawi
Gardēzī Sadaat
Madrouni
Al Gharawi
Sadr
Safavi
Al-Shammaa
Al-hashemi
Shahristani
Sharif al-Ulama
Al Hussaini
Wasu daga cikin dangin Almazidi
Nasrallah
Sharaf Al Din
Nassoshi
Duba kuma Daular |
57466 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Clarity | Honda Clarity | [[File:2019 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell (SIAM 2019).jpg|2019_Honda_Clarity_Fuel_Cell_(SIAM_2019)|right|300px[]
Honda Clarity wani farantin suna ne da Honda ke amfani da shi akan madadin motocin mai An fara amfani da shi ne kawai a kan motocin lantarki na man fetur na hydrogen kamar 2008 Honda FCX Clarity, amma a cikin 2017 an fadada sunan sunan don haɗawa da baturi-lantarki Honda Clarity Electric da plug-in matasan lantarki Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid, ban da na gaba tsara Honda Clarity Fuel Cell Samar da tsabta ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2021 tare da hayar Amurka don bambance-bambancen tantanin mai ya ci gaba har zuwa 2022.
Honda FCX Clarity (2008-2014)
Tarihi The Honda FCX Clarity dogara ne a kan 2006 Honda FCX Concept kuma samuwa kawai a matsayin hydrogen man fetur abin hawa lantarki Clarity na FCX yana da halayen motar lantarki kamar hayakin sifiri yayin da yake ba da lokutan mai na minti biyar da dogon zango a cikin babban aikin sedan. Ita ce farkon abin hawa hydrogen man fetur samuwa ga abokan ciniki. An fara samarwa a watan Yuni 2008 tare da yin haya a Amurka wanda aka fara a watan Yuli 2008. An gabatar da shi a Japan a watan Nuwamba 2008. FCX Clarity yana samuwa don haya a cikin Amurka, Japan da Turai A Amurka, yana samuwa ne kawai ga abokan cinikin da ke zaune a Kudancin California inda akwai tashoshin mai da hydrogen da yawa. An yi hayar FCX Clarity akan a wata a cikin 2010, gami da ɗaukar haɗari, kulawa, taimakon gefen hanya da man hydrogen. Akwai kusan wasu 10 akan haya a Japan da kuma wasu 10 a Turai a cikin 2009. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ƙarancin adadin motoci a cikin Amurka shine rashin tashoshi na hydrogen. A cikin 2014 Honda ya sanar da fitar da FCX Clarity. Daga 2008 zuwa 2015, Honda ya yi hayar jimlar raka'a 48 FCX a Amurka.
Ƙayyadaddun bayanai Wutar lantarki ta FCX Clarity ta fito ne daga 100kW Honda Vertical Flow (V Flow) tarin kwayar man fetur ta hydrogen inda ake samar da wutar lantarki akan buƙata. Dangane da yawancin motocin lantarki, motar tana da birki mai sabuntawa kuma tana amfani da baturi daban don adana makamashin da aka samu yayin birki.
Motar lantarki ta dogara ne akan motar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin EV Plus, wanda aka ƙididdige shi a da 189 lb⋅ft (256 N⋅m) karfin juyi a 0 3056rpm. Kewayo akan cikakken tankin hydrogen (4.1kg 5000psi) an tabbatar da EPA a An kiyasta motar zata yi kusan kowace kilogiram na hydrogen a cikin birni, kowace babbar hanya ta kilogram da kowace kilogiram a hade tuki.
Zane Bayanin FCX yana da kusan ya gajarta fiye da yarjejeniyar Honda ta 2008. Nunin da ke cikin dashboard ɗin ya haɗa da ɗigon da ke canza launi da girma yayin da amfani da hydrogen ke girma, don sauƙaƙe wa direban don lura da ingancin tuƙi. Nuni daban yana nuna matakin ƙarfin baturi kuma wani yana nuna fitowar mota. Ana sanya ma'aunin saurin gudu sama da nunin jirgin don sauƙaƙa wa direba ya sa ido akan hanya. A ciki, kayan ado a kan kujeru da rufin ƙofa ana yin su da Bio-Fabric na shuka na Honda.
Production An samar da FCX Clarity a Japan a wani keɓaɓɓen layin haɗin man fetur-cell-motoci a cikin Cibiyar Sabbin Mota ta Honda Automobile Takanezawa-machi, Shioya-gun, Tochigi Prefecture An samar da tarin man fetur da kansa a Honda Engineering Co., Ltd. Haga-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Prefecture).
An ba da rahoton cewa Honda na shirin bayar da motar jigilar mai ta hydrogen a farashi mai gasa tare da manyan motoci masu girman man fetur nan da shekarar 2020 duk da cewa wanda ya riga ya yi da hannu a shekarar 2005 zuwa Clarity ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1. A cikin Yuli 2014 Honda ya sanar da FCX Clarity za a daina kuma maye gurbinsu da wani sabon kuma mafi girma-girma hydrogen man-cell abin hawa da za a gabatar.
Kudin gudu An bayar da rahoton a shekara ta 2009 cewa hydrogen da aka yi daga iskar gas ya kai kimanin dala 5 zuwa dala 10 a kowace kilogiram a California, kuma bayan matsawa farashin da kudin sufuri, ana sayar da shi kan dala 12 zuwa dala 14 a kowace kilogiram. Ko da yake ya ninka daidai da adadin man fetur a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2009, motocin da ke amfani da man fetur sun ninka ingancin irin wannan samfurin tare da injin mai. Matsakaicin FCX Clarity ya kai 60 mi (100 km) da kilogiram na hydrogen.
Siffofin Fasalolin FCX Clarity sun haɗa da rediyon motar AM-FM tare da na'urar CD, haɗin kai don iPod da iPhone, tashar USB, shigarwar taimako, tsarin kewayawa GPS mai kunna murya, rediyon tauraron dan adam XM, wuraren zama na zane, Bluetooth, da kayan aikin dijital.
liyafar Tun lokacin da aka bayyana motar a 2007 Los Angeles Auto Show, an ruwaito a watan Mayu 2008 akwai mutane 50,000 da ke tambaya game da motar ta hanyar yanar gizon |
8820 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniya | Tanzaniya | Tanzania furucci |ə, |n|ɪ|ə), officially the United Republic of Tanzania (lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), ƙasa ce, dake gabashin Afirka a tsakanin yankin African Great Lakes. Tana da iyaka da Uganda da ga arewaci; Kenya arewa maso gabas; tekun Indian Ocean ta gabas; Mozambique da Malawi ta kudu; Zambia ta kudu maso yamma; da Rwanda, Burundi, da kuma Democratic Republic of the Congo ta yamma. Tsaunin Kilimanjaro wanda shine tsauni mafi tsawo a Afirka yana arewa maso gabashin ƙasar Tanzania ne.
Yancirani dasuka shiga Tanzania sun hada masu magana da harshen Southern Cushitic wadanda sukazo daga Ethiopia (Habasha); Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago; and the Southern Nilotes, sunhada da Datoog, wadanda asalin su daga yankin iyakar South Sudan–Ethiopia ayanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2,900 da 2,400 dasuka shude.
Mulkin mallakan turawa yafara ne da asalin garin Tanzania a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19th lokacin da Jamus ta kirkira German East Africa, inda kuma hakan yaba Britaniya damar kwashe su yayin World War I. Asalin garin shine Tanganyika, tareda Zanzibar Archipelago wanda aka keba dan hukuncin yanmulkin mallaka. Bayan basu yanci kai a alif1961 da 1963, sai garuruwan biyu suka hade a watan April 1964 inda suka kafa Kasar hadaddiyar jamhoriyar Tanzania.
Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta yawan mutanen Tanzania sunkai kusan miliyan 16, Tsarin mulkin kasar, tsarin Shugaban ƙasa ne akan bin dokar constitutional Jamhuriya tun daga shekara ta alif1996, babban birnin tarayyar ƙasar itace Dodoma anan ne fadar gwamnati da Majalisa da wasu hukumomi na gwamnatin suke. Dar es Salaam, tsohuwar babban birnin ƙasar ita ta cigaba da rike msfi yawan hukumomin gwamnatin, kuma itace birni mafi yawa a ƙasar, da babban tashar ruwa, kuma jagorar kasuwancin kasar. Tanzania is a de facto one-party state with the democratic socialist Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power.
Tanzania takasance mai yawan tsaunuka kuma tanada cunkoson mutane a arewa maso gabashin kasar, inda tsaunin Kilimanjaro yake. Three of Africa's Great Lakes sunada ɓangare a Tanzania. Daga arewa da yamma akwai Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, da kuma Tanganyika, lake din dayafi zurfi a Afirka, yashahara a iri kifayansa, gabar gabashi nada zafi da damshi, tareda Zanzibar Archipelago tsibiri. Kalambo Falls, yana nan a Kalambo River a Zambian border, is the second highest uninterrupted waterfall a Africa. Menai Bay Conservation Area shine babban yankin Zanzibar marine dake samun kulawa.
Sama da yaruka 100 daban daban ne ake amfani dasu a ƙasar Tanzania, haka yasa tazama ƙasa mafi mabanbantan harsuna a gabashin Afirka. The country does not have a de jure official language,citation needed|date=September 2017}} although the national language is Swahili. A na amfani da harshen Swahili dan tattaunawa a Majalisar ƙasar, da ƙananan kotuna kuma harshen da ake magana dashi a primary school. Turanci kuma ana amfan dashi a kasuwanni da diplomacy, da manyan kotuna, kuma harshen a secondary da manyan makarantu, duk da gwamnatin Tanzanian tana shirin daina amfani da turanci a ƙasar. kusan kashi 10 na 'yan Tanzania suke amfani da Swahili a matsayin harshen su na farko amma kusan kashi 90 a matsayi na biyu suka ɗauke shi.
Al'umma Manazarta Ƙasashen |
33211 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Ige | Bola Ige | Chief James Ajibola Idowu Ige an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1930), wanda aka fi sani da Bola Ige, lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa a Najeriya. Ya rike muƙamin ministan shari'a na tarayyar Najeriya daga watan Janairun shekarar 2000 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi a watan Disamba a shekarar 2001. Ya taɓa zama gwamnan jihar Oyo daga shekara ta 1979 zuwa shekarar 1983 a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu ta Najeriya.
Tarihin rayuwa An haifi James Ajibola Idowu Adegoke Ige a Esa Oke, Jihar Osun a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1930. Iyayensa ƴan kabilar Yarbawa ne a garin Esa-Oke, a tsohuwar Jihar Oyo (yanzu a Jihar Osun Ige ya bar Kaduna ya nufi kudu zuwa yankin Yamma yana ɗan shekara 14. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar ta Ibadan a shekarar (1943 zuwa 1948), sannan ya yi a Jami'ar Ibadan Daga nan, ya tafi Kwalejin Jami'ar London, inda ya kammala karatun digiri a cikin shekarar shekarar 1959. An kira shi zuwa mashaya a cikin Inner Temple na London a cikin shekarar 1961. Ige ya kafa kamfanin, Bola Ige Co a shekara ta 1961, sannan ya zama Babban Lauyan Najeriya. Ya shahara a ƙasar nan saboda bajintar magana, da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a da dimokuradiyya. Ige Kirista ne Ige yana magana da manyan harsunan Najeriya guda uku, Yarbanci, Ibo da Hausa sosai. Ya rubuta litattafai da yawa, kuma an buga tarihin kasidu da kwarjini game da shi jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarsa.
Soma siyasa A lokacin jamhuriya ta farko (1963 zuwa19 66), yana da shekaru 31 a duniya yana tsakiyar rikicin kungiyar Action Group, lokacin da Cif Obafemi Awolowo ya fafata da mataimakinsa, Cif Samuel Ladoke Akintola Ya zama abokin hamayyar Olusola Olaosebikan don maye gurbin Obafemi Awolowo. Ige ya kasance Kwamishinan Noma a Yankin Yammacin Najeriya a shekara ta (1967 zuwa 1970) a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Yakubu Gowon. A shekara ta 1967, ya zama abokin Olusegun Obasanjo, wanda shi ne kwamandan birgediya na soji a Ibadan. A farkon shekarun 1970, a lokacin farkon mulkin soja, ya ba da lokacinsa ga yaƙin da wariyar launin fata na Majalisar Coci ta Duniya A karshen shekarun 1970 ya koma jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), wanda ya gaji ƙungiyar Action Group. Lokacin da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya kafa jamhuriya ta biyu, an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar Oyo daga watan Oktoban a shekara ta 1979 zuwa Oktoban shekara ta 1983. Adebisi Akande, wanda daga baya ya zama gwamnan jihar Osun bayan ta raba gari da jihar Oyo, shi ne mataimakinsa a wannan lokaci. A zaɓen shekara ta 1983, lokacin da ya sake tsayawa takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam’iyyar UPN, Dr. Victor Omololu Olunloyo ya doke shi. Ige dai bai yi nasara ba ya ƙalubalanci zaɓen a kotu. Sai dai Olunloyo ya rasa kujerar bayan watanni uku, bayan juyin mulkin da Janar Muhammadu Buhari da Tunde Idiagbon suka yi. An tsare Ige ne bayan juyin mulkin, inda ake zarginsa da azurta kansa da kuɗaɗen jam’iyyar. An sake shi a shekarar ta 1985, bayan juyin mulki na gaba da aka koma yi, wanda Ibrahim Babangida yayi, kuma ya koma aikinsa na shari'a da kuma rubuce-rubuce. A cikin shekara ta 1990, ya buga People, Politics And Politicians of Nigeria a shekara ta: 1940 zuwa shekara ta 1979, littafin da ya fara rubutawa tun yana cikin kurkuku. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Yarbawa, Afenifere. Duk da cewa Ige ya soki mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha, ya kauce wa matsalolin siyasa a wannan lokacin.
Jamhuriya ta hudu Bayan dawo da mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekara ta 1999, Ige ya nemi jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy ta tsayar da shi a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyar, amma anƙi amincewa da muradin nasa. Shugaba Obasanjo ya nada Ige a matsayin ministan ma'adinai da wutar lantarki a shekara ta (1999 zuwa shekara ta 2000). Bai iya yin wani gagarumin ci gaba a hidimar da Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Ƙasa (NEPA) ke bayarwa ba. Sannan ya zama Ministan Shari’a kuma Babban Lauyan Tarayyar Najeriya a shekara ta (2000 zuwa 2001). A watan Satumba na shekarar 2001, Ige ya ce gwamnatin tarayya ta bullo da wani shiri na sake tsarawa tare da haɗa dokokin tarayya, da buga su ta hanyar dijital da kuma sanya su a shafin yanar gizon ma’aikatarsa. Ya kuma yi kamfen da kakkausar murya na nuna adawa da kafa dokar shari’a a jihohin arewacin Najeriya. A watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2001, ya ce gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta bari gwamnatin jihar Sokoto ta zartar da hukuncin da wata kotun shari’ar Musulunci ta Gwadabawa ta yanke na jife wata mata mai suna Safiya Hussaini har lahira saboda ta aikata zina. Ige na shirin karɓar sabon muƙami ne a matsayin mamba na Hukumar Dokokin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya lokacin da aka harbe shi a Ibadan, babban birnin Jihar Oyo.
Mutuwa A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta2001, an harbe Ige a gidansa da ke birnin Ibadan a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar. An dai tafka cece-kuce a jam’iyyarsa ta Alliance for Democracy a jihar Osun. A makon da ya gabata ne dai da alamu rikicin da aka dade ana gwabzawa tsakanin gwamnan jihar Osun, Bisi Akande da mataimakinsa Iyiola Omisore, ya taimaka wajen mutuwar wani ɗan majalisar dokokin jihar Osun, Odunayo Olagbaju Gwamnatin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta tura sojoji a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya domin daƙile wani tashin hankali na kisan gilla. Duk da cewa an kama wasu mutane daban-daban tare da yi musu shari’a kan hannu a kisan, ciki har da Iyiola Omisore, duk an wanke su. Ya wazu watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2010 ba a gano makasan shi ba. An yi jana’izar shi ne a garinsu da ke Esa-Oke a Jihar Osun. A jawabin da ya yi a wajen jana’izar sa, an ambato shi yana cewa yana da tabbacin Najeriya ta cancanci rayuwa amma bai da tabbacin cewa ta mutu.
Littattafai Kalaman Zinare: zaɓi na zance mai ban sha'awa da na fi so Ibadan Aljihu Gifts Oxford Littattafan Afirka Tarin [mai rarrabawa], c2000. x, 163 shafi; 19 cm. Littafin Diary Ibadan NPS Ilimi, 1992. 262 p. 23 cm. ISBN 978-2556-45-9
978-129-496-5 Tsarin Mulki da Matsalar Najeriya Legas: Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Najeriya, 1995. 36 pp.; 21 cm. ISBN 978-2353-43-4
978-2556-35-1
Duba kuma Jerin kisan da ba a warware ba
Nassoshi 2001 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Gwamnonin jihar Oyo
Haifaffun 1930
Mutuwan |
34356 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20White | Franklin White | Franklin Marshall Matthews White (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946) masanin kimiyar lafiyar jama'a ne na Kanada wanda ya mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙarfin ilimi na duniya da na duniya, bincike da haɓakawa. Yana bada shawara:"Kiwon lafiyar jama'a...ba dole ba ne a bar wa kasashen duniya su ayyana shi;...hakin kasashen da kansu ne su bayyana abubuwan da suka sa a gaba. Ya kamata a kalli ajanda na duniya a matsayin abin da ya dace sosai." "An fi yin lafiya a gidaje, al'ummomi da wuraren aiki kuma tsirarun marasa lafiya ne kawai za a iya gyara su a asibitoci da asibitoci." "Dole ne kasashe (dole ne) su tantance bukatunsu na albarkatun bil'adama na lafiyar jama'a tare da bunkasa karfinsu na isar da wannan karfin, kuma ba su dogara ga sauran kasashe don wadata su ba." "Kiwon lafiya na jama'a da kiwon lafiya na farko sune ginshiƙan tsarin kiwon lafiya mai ɗorewa, kuma wannan ya kamata a bayyana a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da tsarin ilimin ƙwararru na dukkan ƙasashe."
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya (1946), danginsa sun zauna a Kuala Lumpur (1946-50) a lokacin gaggawa na Malayan, sun shiga cikin sake ginawa bayan yakin; mahaifinsa Frank TM White, sannan aka nada shi wanda ya kafa farfesa a fannin Ma'adinai da Metallurgical Engineering, Jami'ar Queensland Ziyartar wuraren fage da ɗaukar aikin yi na lokaci-lokaci a cikin masana'antar, ya fahimci cewa yadda mutane ke rayuwa da aiki suna shafar lafiyarsu. Yayin da yake makarantar sakandare, ya cancanta a matsayin Petty Officer, Ostiraliya Navy Cadets, ya shahara a cikin waƙa da filin, kuma ya cancanta (1963) a matsayin ƙaramin wasan rugby; a matsayin babban zakara na Queensland (1964), ya wakilci jihar a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Australiya ta 1965. Wani memba na Babayaga Trio, ya shiga cikin kiɗan gargajiya na Ostiraliya Ilimi Ya yi karatun firamare a Ironside State School da Brisbane Boys College karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Grammar Church na Anglican Bayan karatun tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Queensland, ya sami digiri na MD, CM daga Jami'ar McGill a 1969. A lokacin horon a asibitin Royal Jubilee, ya tsunduma cikin binciken ilimi tare da L' Université de Sherbrooke A cikin 1970-71 ya shiga Ma'aikatar Lafiya (British Columbia) a matsayin mai horarwa, sannan ya shiga makarantar London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine a karkashin kulawar masanin cututtukan zamantakewa Jerry Morris, ya sami MSc a 1973. A lokacin waɗannan karatun McGill ya ɗauke shi aiki kuma ya ba shi aiki zuwa Sashin Bincike na Pneumoconiosis na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya, Makarantar Magungunan Jami'ar Cardiff, tare da Archie Cochrane, majagaba na likitancin shaida Ya sami ƙwarewa na musamman a Kanada FRCPC 1982) da kuma a cikin United Kingdom FFPH 2003, ta bambanta).
Sana'a
Sa ido da bincike kan lafiyar jama'a An nada shi sashen ilimin cututtuka da lafiya na McGill a cikin 1972, ya mai da hankali kan kiwon lafiya na sana'a da muhalli, kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a asibitin al'umma na Asibitin Royal Victoria A cikin 1974, ya shiga Lafiya Kanada a matsayin shugaba, cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa, kuma a cikin 1975 ya ƙaddamar da Rahoton Makodin Cutar Kanada, rahoton sa ido na farko da ke tallafawa bayanan ƙasa, kuma ya ƙaddamar da Shirin Fannin Cutar Cutar. A matsayin darekta, kula da cututtuka masu yaduwa da cututtukan cututtuka na Alberta (1977-80), sannan kuma darektan cututtukan cututtuka na British Columbia (1980-82), ya haɓaka sa ido da ƙarfin bincike. Ya buga bincike-bincike da yawa na litattafai: Cutar Legionnaires, shigellosis a kan jirgin ƙasa na aiki a Labrador, cututtukan gastrointestinal da ke da alaƙa da haɗaɗɗen madarar nono, poliomyelitis a cikin al'ummar addinin da ba a yi wa alurar riga kafi ba, da brucellosis a cikin gidan yanka ya kuma buga akan cututtuka da ake shigowa da su, tsarin kiwon lafiya da manufofin rigakafi Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Cututtuka (1977-82), da Kwamitin Tsare-tsaren Rigakafi na Ƙasa (1978-81). Ya kasance shugaban kujeru (tsafta), Kwamitin Kiwon lafiya, Wasannin Commonwealth, Edmonton 1977-78.
Jagoranci na ilimi da ƙwararru a Kanada Yana da shekaru 36, an nada shi Ezra Butler Eddy Farfesa kuma Shugaban, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Cututtuka a Jami'ar Dalhousie (1982-89), kuma ya kasance zababben dan Majalisar Dattawa na lokaci guda. An nada shi zuwa Cibiyar Albarkatun Kasa da Nazarin Muhalli, ya binciki yadda mutane ke kamuwa da sinadarai da magungunan kashe qwari. Yin amfani da bayanan Nazarin Fitness na Kanada, ya mai da hankali kan auna kiba da yaduwa, kuma ya fara bayyana wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta kugu: rabon hip (kiba na ciki) tare da hauhawar jini a cikin maza. Wani bincike da aka gudanar ya gano cutar ascariasis mafi muni a arewacin duniya. Yin amfani da haɗin gwiwar bayanan, ya bincikar ciwon daji da kuma mace-mace a cikin ma'aikatan gida; An yi amfani da irin wannan sababbin hanyoyin don nazarin tsakanin larduna na cututtukan zuciya. Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Lafiya ta Kanada (1983–84), Task Force on Obesity (1983–86), da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari kan Matsayin Nauyi (1985-87), kuma ya jagoranci Kwamitin Bita, Tsarin Ba da Rahoto Kan Ciwon Ciwon daji. A cikin 1986, an nada shi Babban Mai jarrabawa a Magungunan Al'umma, Kwalejin Royal na Likitoci da Likitoci na Kanada (waɗanda shekaru 3). A cikin 1988, ya zama memba na kafa, Kwamitin Amintattu, Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Kanada, yana aiki har zuwa 1994.
Zaɓaɓɓen Shugaban Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada (CPHA) 1986-88, ya ba da shawarar rawar duniya ga ƙungiyar. A cikin Nuwamba 1986, CPHA ta karbi bakuncin Babban Taron Duniya na Farko akan Inganta Lafiya, wanda ya samar da Yarjejeniya ta Ottawa don Inganta Lafiya Har ila yau, a cikin 1986, CPHA ta ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamar da Tallafin Tallafi na Ƙasashen Duniya na Kanada, don tallafawa Ƙasashen Commonwealth da Francophonie Ya yi aiki a hukumar Canadian Society for International Health (1992-96).
Ƙarfafa ƙarfi na duniya da na duniya A matsayinsa na kasa da kasa, ya jaddada ƙwarin gwiwa don ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, bincike, manufofi da haɓaka shirye-shirye. An kafa shi a Port of Spain, Trinidad a matsayin Darakta (1989-95), Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Caribbean (CAREC/PAHO/WHO), hukumar kula da kasashe mambobin 22, ya jaddada tattara albarkatu. An yi amfani da wannan ga: ilimin zamantakewa da halayya, tsarin bayanan dakin gwaje-gwaje da rigakafi; fifiko cututtuka da cututtukan cututtuka horo; inganta ajandar cututtuka marasa yaduwa; da kuma jagorantar martanin yanki game da cutar HIV/AIDS An haɗa CAREC daga baya a cikin CARPHA, Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Caribbean, a cikin 2013. A lokacin aikinsa na Darakta, CAREC, White ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Binciken Kiwon Lafiya na Caribbean na Commonwealth, a kan Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Fasaha na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Caribbean, kuma yana da matsayin mai sa ido na yau da kullun a taron Ministocin Lafiya na Caribbean Community (CARICOM).
Daga baya, tushen a Washington DC don Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Pan American (PAHO/WHO), inganta hanyar da ta dogara da shaida, a cikin 1995 ya jagoranci ci gaba da shirin cutar da ba za a iya yadawa ba (NCD) wanda ya mayar da hankali kan Latin. Amurka da Caribbean. Ƙaddamarwa sun haɗa da Sanarwar Amurka akan Ciwon sukari (DOTA), haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu da aka tsara bayan St. Vincent Declaration, tsarin CARMEN na haɗin gwiwar rigakafi da sarrafawa na NCD, da kuma ganewa. na kansar mahaifa, hatsarori da tashin hankali a matsayin fifiko. Ya yi shawarwarin sharuɗɗan ma'auni don sababbin Cibiyoyin Haɗin gwiwar WHO guda biyu: Jami'ar Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, don zama Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwa don Tallafawa Ciwon daji (1996-2008); da Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Appcada (CENEXA), Jami'ar Kasa ta La Plata, a matsayin Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwa don Binciken Ciwon sukari, Ilimi da Kulawa (1997-2015). Ya yi aiki a Hukumar Taimako, da Ƙungiya mai Aiwatarwa: Tsare-tsaren ayyuka da tsarin tantancewa.
A matsayinsa na Farfesa Noordin M Thobani kuma shugaba, Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Jami'ar Aga Khan (AKU), Karachi, (1998-2003), ya mai da hankali kan Kudancin Asiya, yana mai da hankali kan ka'idar: "Kiwon lafiyar jama'a… ayyana, da farko alhakin kasashen da kansu ne su ayyana abubuwan da suka sa gaba. Yakamata a kalli ajanda na duniya a matsayin masu dacewa a mafi kyau. A AKU ya inganta lafiyar jama'a, nazarin filin, bincike na tsarin, da horar da al'umma. Ya jagoranci tsarawa da aiwatar da MSc a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa, da kuma ƙididdigar shiga tsakani a cikin saitunan da ke da wuyar isa (duba taswirar Karakorum Highway irin su Shirin Tsabtace Ruwa da Tsabtace Ya tsunduma cikin yawancin binciken da aka gudanar a cikin gida, ciki har da: cututtukan yara, tarin fuka, HIV AIDS STI, lafiyar haihuwa, tsarin kiwon lafiya, lafiyar muhalli, da kuma NCDs. A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Alabama a Birmingham (1999-2003), ya mai da hankali kan shirye-shirye a Pakistan, ya jagoranci Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka, Cibiyar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Fogarty Kwamitin shawarwari da zaɓi na Cibiyar Koyarwa da Bincike na AIDS na kasa da kasa, kuma ya kasance Babban Harkokin Waje. Mai haɗin gwiwa don: Shirin Bincike da Horar da Lafiyar Mata da Yara, da Bincike da Koyarwa na Ƙasashen Duniya a Tsarin Muhalli da Lafiyar Sana'a. Daga 2004 zuwa 2009, ya yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya, Tsarin Ayyukan Kasa, Rigakafin NCD, Sarrafa Inganta Lafiya, Pakistan.
A lokacin yakin Iraki da yakin Afghanistan (2001-14), White ya buga ra'ayoyinsa da damuwarsa a cikin mujallolin kimiyya: game da batun annoba ta ta'addanci da yuwuwar tashin tashin hankali a jere, yana kuka da "rashin jagoranci mai haske. wanda ya kawo mu ga wannan...": niyya ga abubuwan samar da ruwa, lalacewar lamuni tsakanin yara, da kuma buƙatar mayar da martani mai karfi daga al'ummomin duniya, suna yin la'akari da dokokin kasa da kasa. Tsare-tsare, sa ido da kimanta tsarin kiwon lafiya A cikin 2003, White ta ƙaddamar da Lafiya da Ci gaban Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Pacific Inc. PacificSci), wani kamfani da ke sa ido da kuma kimanta manyan ayyukan kiwon lafiya misali, Amref Health Africa Cibiyar Nazarin Cutar Zawo ta Duniya, Bangladesh (icddr,b); Shirin Ma'aikatan Lafiya na Uwargidan Pakistan (mai bita na waje zuwa Gudanar da Manufofin Oxford Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Ƙasa ta Duniya da (don tallafawa Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Universalia, Ottawa-Montreal) Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na PacificSci a cikin 2020. Ya yi aiki a hukumar ba da shawara (2008-12) don kafa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Manufofin Jama'a a Jami'ar Victoria, kuma a kan kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa (kimiyyar kiwon lafiya) na Jami'ar Qatar Don Jami'ar Kuwait, ya jagoranci tsare-tsare don Faculty of Public Health (an ƙaddamar da 2014). Binciken tsarin lafiyarsa ya jaddada cewa "an fi yin kiwon lafiya a gidaje, al'ummomi da wuraren aiki kuma wasu tsirarun marasa lafiya ne kawai za a iya gyara su a asibitoci da asibitoci", cewa "al'ummai (dole ne). tantance bukatun albarkatun ɗan adam na lafiyar jama'a da haɓaka ikonsu na isar da wannan ƙarfin, kuma ba dogara ga sauran ƙasashe don wadata su ba." da kuma cewa "Kiwon lafiya na jama'a da kiwon lafiya na farko su ne ginshiƙan tsarin kiwon lafiya mai dorewa, kuma wannan ya kamata a bayyana a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da tsarin ilimin sana'a na dukan ƙasashe." Ya kuma yi magana game da aikace-aikacen etiology na cututtuka da tarihin halitta don rigakafi a cikin kiwon lafiya na farko.
Gudunmawa ga wallafe-wallafen tunani White ya rubuta fiye da 300 wallafe-wallafe. Ya bayar da gudummawa ga bugu na tushen kawancen kungiyar na annobarymology, kuma a matsayin matsayin mai danganta John M ta ƙarshe, a cikin kamus na lafiyar jama'a (2007). Sabis ɗin hukumar editan sa ya haɗa da ɗan jaridar Kanada na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Shugaban 1982-86 Jarida ta Amurka na Kula da Kamuwa da cuta, Jaridar Manufofin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Ka'idodin Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyuka, da Jaridar Duniya na Magunguna da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, tana mai da hankali. saitunan ci gaba. Ya ba da izinin "kiwon lafiya na duniya da na duniya" a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Magungunan rigakafi (McGraw Hill 2008). Shi babban marubuci ne na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Duniya Gidauniyar Muhalli (Jami'ar Oxford 2013).
Ganewa Franklin White ya karɓi Medal of Honor (1997), lambar yabo mafi girma na ma'aikata na PAHO/WHO, da lambar yabo ta Breakthrough for Creativity (1990) daga AED (marasa riba) don ayyukan zamantakewa-halayen HIV/AIDS. A cikin 2011, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta London ta zaɓi shi azaman nazarin shari'a (tsofaffin 30 a duniya). Ya kasance babban mai magana a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da: webinar don girmama bikin 100th na Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada (2010); ƙaddamar da SHOW (Binciken Lafiya na Wisconsin), Amurka, 2008; Jawabin kaddamar da ginin Ibn Ridwan, AKU, Karachi a gaban Aga Khan, 2000; "Bicentenario del Nacimiento de Jose Cayetano Heredia wanda la Academia Nacional de Medicina ya shirya, Peru, 1997; da Masanin Kimiyya na Ziyara, Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar WHO don Rural Border Health, Jami'ar Arizona, 1993. A cikin 1990, ya karbi bakuncin Anne, Gimbiya Royal, a ziyararta zuwa Cibiyar Cutar Cutar Caribbean.
Rayuwa ta sirri White yana zaune a Victoria, BC, tare da Debra J Nanan, masanin cututtukan cututtuka mai ritaya. Yana da ’ya’ya uku kafin aure, da jikoki hudu. A Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na 1990 na Arewacin Amurka, ya ci lambar azurfa a pentathlon da tagulla a cikin tarnaƙi na mita 400 A cikin 1992 ya buga wani asusun tafiya da ƙaramin jirgin ruwa daga Nova Scotia zuwa Yammacin Indies. A shekara ta 2005, daya daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin 3, ya yi tafiya da ketch mai ƙafa 42 daga Hawaii zuwa British Columbia. A cikin 2020 ya rubuta tarihin mahaifinsa Miner tare da Zuciyar Zinariya tarihin rayuwar masanin kimiyyar ma'adinai da injiniyanci Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Kanada http://www.ehfc.ca/pages/history.html Yarjejeniya ta Ottawa don Inganta Lafiya. Taron kasa da kasa na Farko akan Inganta Lafiya, Ottawa, 21 Nuwamba 1986. http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index1.html
Pan American Health Organization, Game da CARMAN. http://new.paho.org/carmen/
Pacific Health Development Sciences Inc. Yanar Gizo 2013. http://www.pacificci.org Universalia. Yanar Gizo 2013. http://universalia.com/
Binciken Lafiya na Wisconsin http://www.show.wisc.edu/index.php?q=node/11
Jami'ar Wisconsin. Shaida bisa lafiyar al'umma daga bayanai zuwa aiki. http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/3014
Franklin MM White ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Franklin_White
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1946
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30176 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20za%C9%93i | Ƴancin zaɓi | 'Yancin zaɓe ya bayyana damammaki da ƴancin kai na mutum don aiwatar da wani aiki da zaia zaɓa daga aƙalla zaɓuɓɓuka biyu da ake da su, ba tare da takura daga ɓangarorin waje ba.
A siyasa A cikin muhawarar zubar da ciki alal misali, kalmar ƴancin zaɓi na iya fitowa don kare matsayin da mace ke da haƙƙin ta yanke cewar ko za ta ci gaba da ciki ko kuma ta zubar. Hakazalika, wasu batutuwa irin su euthanasia, (kisa mara raɗaɗi na majiyyaci da ke fama da wata cuta mara waraka da raɗaɗi ko kuma a cikin suma da ba za a iya jurewa ba.) alluran rigakafi, hana haihuwa da auren jinsi wani lokaci ana tattauna su dangane da wani haƙƙin mutum da aka ɗauka na “yancin zaɓi”. Wasu batutuwan zamantakewa, misali New York "Soda Ban" an kare su duka biyu kuma sun yi adawa dangane da ƴancin zaɓi.
A fannin tattalin arziƙi A cikin microeconomics, 'yancin zaɓi shine 'yancin wakilan tattalin arziki don rarraba albarkatun su kamar yadda suka ga dama, a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka (kamar kayayyaki, ayyuka, ko dukiya) waɗanda ke samuwa a gare su. Ya haɗa da 'yancin shiga aikin da ake da su. Ratner et al., A cikin 2008, ya kawo wallafe-wallafen game da 'yancin kai na uban 'yanci wanda ya bayyana cewa masu amfani ba koyaushe suna yin aiki don amfanin kansu ba. Suna danganta wannan al'amari ga abubuwa kamar su motsin rai, gazawar fahimta da son zuciya, da kuma bayanan da ba su cika ba waɗanda suka ce za a iya gyara su ta wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara. Suna tattauna samar da masu amfani da bayanai da kayan aikin yanke shawara, tsarawa da ƙuntata zaɓuɓɓukan kasuwancin su, da kuma bugun motsin rai da sarrafa tsammanin. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan, in ji su, zai iya inganta ikon masu amfani da su don zaɓar.
Koyaya, 'yancin zaɓe na tattalin arziƙi a ƙarshe ya dogara da gasar kasuwa, tunda akwai zaɓuɓɓukan masu siye galibi sakamakon abubuwa daban-daban ne waɗanda masu siyarwa ke sarrafa su, kamar gabaɗayan ingancin samfur ko sabis da talla A cikin yanayin da ke akwai, mabukaci ba ya da 'yancin zaɓar siye daga wani furodusa daban. Kamar yadda Friedrich Hayek ya nuna:
Kamar yadda aka misalta a cikin abin da ke sama, masu tunani masu sassaucin ra'ayi sau da yawa ƙwaƙƙwaran masu ba da shawara ne don haɓaka 'yancin zaɓi. Misali ɗaya na wannan shine littafin Milton Friedman na Kyauta don Zaɓi da jerin talabijin.
Babu yarjejeniya game da ko karuwar 'yancin zaɓe na tattalin arziki yana haifar da karuwar farin ciki. A cikin binciken daya, Rahoton Gidauniyar Heritage Foundation na 2011 Index na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Ma'anar 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki da farin ciki a cikin ƙasa.
Auna ƴancin zaɓi An yi amfani da hanyar axiomatic deductive hanya don magance batun auna adadin 'yancin zaɓi (FoC) da mutum yake morewa. A cikin takarda da aka wallafa a 1990, Prasanta K. Pattanaik da Yongsheng Xu sun gabatar da dokoki guda uku waɗanda ma'aunin FoC ya kamata ya gamsar:
Rashin sha'awa tsakanin yanayi ba zabi Samun zaɓi ɗaya kawai ya kai FoC iri ɗaya, komai zaɓin.
Tsananin kadaitaka Samun zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban guda biyu x da y sun kai ƙarin FoC fiye da samun zaɓin x kawai.
'Yanci Idan yanayin A yana da FoC fiye da B, ta ƙara sabon zaɓi x ga duka biyun (ba a cikin A ko B ba), A zai kasance yana da ƙarin FoC fiye da B.
Sun tabbatar da cewa ma'auni shine kawai ma'auni wanda ya gamsar da waɗannan dokoki, abin da suka lura ya kasance mai ma'ana kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa a sake fasalin ɗaya ko fiye da haka na dokokin. Sun misalta wannan da misalin zaɓin da aka saita "don tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa" ko "tafiya da mota", wanda ya kamata ya samar da ƙarin FoC fiye da zaɓin da aka saita "don tafiya da jan mota" ko "tafiya da mota shuɗi". An ba da wasu shawarwari don magance wannan matsala, ta hanyar sake fasalin dokoki, yawanci ciki har da ra'ayoyin abubuwan da ake so, ko ƙin doka ta uku. or rejecting the third axiom.
Alaƙa da farin ciki Wani bincike na 2006 da Simona Botti da Ann L. McGill ya yi ya nuna cewa, lokacin da aka gabatar da batutuwa tare da zaɓuɓɓuka masu bambanta kuma suna da 'yancin zaɓar tsakanin su, zaɓin su ya inganta gamsuwar su tare da tabbatacce da rashin gamsuwa tare da sakamako mara kyau, dangane da marasa zaɓi.
Wani bincike na 2010 da Hazel Rose Markus da Barry Schwartz suka yi ya tattara jerin gwaje-gwaje game da 'yancin zaɓe kuma sun yi jayayya cewa "zaɓi da yawa na iya haifar da rashin tabbas, damuwa, da son kai". Schwartz ya bayar da hujjar cewa mutane akai-akai suna yin nadama saboda tsadar damar da ba su yanke shawara mafi kyau ba kuma, a wasu yanayi, gamsuwar mutane gabaɗaya a wasu lokuta yakan fi girma idan wani mutum ya yanke shawara mai wahala maimakon ta kansu, ko da lokacin zaɓin ɗayan. ya fi muni. Schwartz ya rubuta littafi kuma ya ba da jawabai yana sukar yawan zaɓi a cikin al'ummar zamani, kodayake ya yarda cewa "wani zaɓi ya fi kowa".
Duba kuma Ƴancin zaɓi, littafi da kuma shirin talabijin na Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33203 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotimi%20Fani-Kayode | Rotimi Fani-Kayode | Articles with hCards
Oluwarotimi Adebiyi Wahab Fani-Kayode (20 Afrilu 1955–21 Disamba 1989) haifaffen Najeriya ne mai daukar hoto, wanda ya koma Ingila yana dan shekara 12 don tserewa yakin basasar Najeriya. An halicci babban jikin aikinsa tsakanin 1982 da 1989. Ya binciko tashe-tashen hankula da jima'i, kabilanci da al'adu suka haifar ta hanyar hotuna masu salo da tsararru.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Rotimi Fani-Kayode a Legas, Najeriya, a cikin watan Afrilu 1955, a matsayin ɗa na biyu na fitaccen gidan Yarbawa Cif Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode da Chief Mrs. Adia Adunni Fani-Kayode) wanda ya koma Brighton, Ingila, a cikin shekarar 1966, bayan juyin mulkin soja da yakin basasa da ya biyo baya. Rotimi ya tafi wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya don karatun sakandare, ciki har da Kwalejin Brighton, Kwalejin Seabright, da Millfield, sannan ya koma Amurka a 1976. Ya karanta Fine Arts and Economics a Jami'ar Georgetown, Washington, DC, da BA, ya ci gaba da MFA a Fine Arts Photography a Cibiyar Pratt, New York City. Duk da yake a New York, yayi zaman abokantaka tare da Robert Mapplethorpe, wanda ya yi iƙirarin a matsayin tasiri a kan aikinsa. Fani-Kayode ya koma Birtaniya ne a shekarar 1983 inda ya zama memba na Brixton Artists Collective, inda ya fara baje kolin wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen kungiyar da aka gudanar a dakin wasan kwaikwayo na Brixton kafin ya ci gaba da nunawa a wasu wuraren baje koli a Landan. Ya mutu a asibiti sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake murmurewa daga rashin lafiya mai alaka da AIDS a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba 1989. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana zaune a Brixton, London, tare da abokin rayuwarsa kuma mai haɗin gwiwa Alex Hirst.
Aiki Fani-Kayode ya yarda cewa aikin Mapplethorpe na farko ya rinjayi shi amma kuma ya tura iyakokin fasahar nasa, binciken jima'i, wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka da kuma tashin hankali da rikice-rikice tsakanin liwadi da haɓakar Yarabawa ta hanyar jerin hotuna a cikin launi da baki da kuma. fari. Yayin da Rotimi Fani-Kayode ya yi iƙirarin Robert Mapplethorpe a matsayin tasiri akan aikinsa, Fani-Kayode yana aiki tare da jigogi na Baroque yayin da Mapplethorpe yayi aiki tare da Classical. Dangantakarsa da addinin Yarbawa ta faro ne daga iyayensa. Fani-Kayode ya bayyana cewa iyayensa masu bautar Ifa ne, bawan Orisha, kuma masu kula da wuraren ibada na Yarbawa, abin da ya faru da farko wanda ya sanar da aikinsa. Da wannan gadon, sai ya yunƙura don haɗa sha'awa, al'ada, da baƙar fata jikin namiji. Abubuwan da ya faru na addini sun ƙarfafa shi ya yi koyi da dabarun mallaka na Yarbawa, ta hanyar da firistocin Yarbawa suke sadarwa da alloli da jin daɗi. Misalin irin wannan dangantaka tsakanin Hotunan Fani-Kayode da na Yarbawa 'dabarun jin daɗi' an nuna shi a cikin aikinsa, Bronze Head (1987). Burinsa shi ne ya sadar da hankalin masu sauraren da ba su san da shi ba da hada ra’ayin Yarbawa da na Yamma (musamman Kiristanci). Wannan al'ada ta haɗa kayan ado da batsa na addini sun tilasta wa mai kallo gani da tsokana. Ana iya ganin wannan a farkon aikinsa, musamman "Sonponnoi" (1987). Sonponnoi yana daya daga cikin manyan orishas a cikin pantheon na Yarbawa; shine allahn ciwon huhu. Sakamakon irin karfin da yake da shi, sai ya jawo tsoro har mutane suka ji tsoron fadin sunansa, ya zama bare, yana zaune a karkara maimakon kasa. A cikin hoton akwai wani baƙar fata marar kai, wanda aka yi masa ado da farare da baƙaƙen tabo, yana riƙe da kyandirori uku masu kona a makwancinsa. Fani-Kayode ya ƙawata wannan adadi da tabo don wakiltar ƙanƙara na Sonponnoi da alamun ƙabilun Yarbawa. Kyandir mai kona sau uku akan makwancinsa yana haifar da ma'anar cewa jima'i yana ci gaba har ma a cikin rashin lafiya. Hakanan yana wakiltar yadda bangaskiyar Kirista ta maye gurbin al'adar Yarbawa tare da kawo cuta tare da ita a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A wata hanya, Fani-Kayode ya bayyana cewa wannan Orisha baƙon abu ne, amma ya miƙa saƙon alama na hoton, yana magana da shi ya yi Allah wadai da jima'i a lokacin da yake zaune a yammacin duniya wanda ya ci karo da addinin kakanninsa.
Musamman ya ambaci Esu, manzo kuma allahntakar marar hanya wanda galibi ana siffanta shi da tsayayyen azzakari, akai-akai a cikin hotunansa. Zai zana madaidaicin azzakari cikin da yawa daga cikin hotunansa don bayyana irin nasa sha'awar jima'i. Fani-Kayode na tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ''Bakar Namiji, Farin Namiji'' ya haɗu da jigogin launin fata da jima'i tare da nunin dalla-dalla na dangantakar ibada da Allah. Yawancin wannan aikin yana nuna rashin fahimta da za a iya danganta shi da Esu, wanda ke tattare da dakarun adawa. Da yake magana kan Esu, ya nace, "Eshu yana shugabanta a nan Shi ne Mai dabara, Ubangijin mararraba (matsakanci tsakanin jinsi), wani lokaci yana canza alamomi don ya batar da mu Watakila ta haka ne sake haifuwa ya kasance.” Esu kuma ya bayyana a cikin hoton Fani-Kayode, Babu wani abu da zai rasa IX. Ana fahimtar kasancewar Esu a cikin launi na abin rufe fuska; ta yin amfani da ratsin fari, ja, da baƙar fata abin rufe fuska yana wakiltar Esu. Ko da yake waɗannan launuka suna wakiltar Esu, abin rufe fuska da kansa ba shi da fifiko a yin abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka; Wannan jigon da hankali yana kusan karkatar da abin rufe fuska don wakiltar babban “ƙaunan Afirka” (masu sukar ra’ayin “primitiveness” wanda jama’ar Turai suka narke). Fani-Kayode ya rabe-raben ma'anar zama za a iya bincikarsa a cikin 1987 Head Bronze." A cikin hoton, ya yanke wani bakar jikin mutum don bayyana kafafunsa da gindinsa yayin da yake shirin zama a saman wani sassaken Ife na tagulla. Ana sanya sculpture na Ife akan faranti, stool, ko tsaunin kafa, kuma an sanya shi da dabara a tsakiyar firam ɗin hoton. Yawanci, kan tagulla a cikin hoton yana nufin girmama Sarkin Ife. Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin hoton Fani-Kayode, ya yi wa masarautar Yarbawa dadi. Hoton yana wakiltar gudun hijira da kuma liwadi, sassa biyu na duniyarsa. Jikin da aka yanke yana nuna alamar rarrabuwar kawuna, matsayinsa yana nuni da jima'insa da sassakawar alama ce ta daɗaɗɗen ƙa'idodin zamantakewar rayuwar da yake ƙoƙarin rushewa. Aikinsa na ƙarshe, wanda aka ba shi mai suna "Saduwa" (1995), yana nuna haɗakar dangantakarsa da addinin Yarbawa. Da alama yana fitar da ra'ayoyin Yarbawa na sanyi da ƙarfi. Yana nuna cewa "natsuwa ce ta tarayya da duniyar ruhaniya." Ɗaya daga cikin hotunan da ke cikin jerin, "The Golden Phallus," na wani mutum ne mai abin rufe fuska kamar tsuntsu yana kallon mai kallo, tare da dakatar da azzakarinsa a kan wani igiya. An bayyana hoton a matsayin wani abin ban dariya na yadda baƙar fata ke da nauyi a hannun ƙasashen yammacin duniya. A cikin wannan hoton (The Golden Phallus), kamar yadda a cikin Fani-Kayode's Bronze Head, akwai mayar da hankali ga liminality, ruhaniya, ikon siyasa, da tarihin al'adu ɗaukar manufofin da aka gani a matsayin 'tsohuwar' (a cikin nunin gargajiya' 'yan Afirka art.) da kuma sake gabatar da su a matsayin archetype na zamani.
Gado Fani-Kayode da wasu da dama sun ɗauke shi a matsayin baƙon waje kuma mai kwatancen baƙi. Fani-Kayode, duk da haka, ya yi imanin cewa saboda wannan hoton nasa, ya taimaka wajen tsara aikinsa na mai daukar hoto. A cikin hirarrakin da aka yi masa, ya yi magana a kan kwarewarsa na kasancewarsa baƙon waje dangane da ƴan Afirka, amma kuma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa an tilasta masa yin hijira. Ficewar da ya yi daga Najeriya tun yana karami ya shafi lafiyarsa. Ya fuskanci jin kamar yana da "kadan ya rasa." Amma sai aka siffata asalinsa daga tunanin waninsa kuma aka yi bikin. A cikin aikinsa, batutuwan da Fani-Kayode ke yi, musamman baƙar fata ne, amma kusan ko da yaushe yakan bayyana kansa a matsayin baƙar fata a yawancin ayyukansa, wanda za'a iya fassara shi a matsayin mai nunawa da kuma gani na tarihin kansa. Yana kwatanta fasahar sa a matsayin "Baƙar fata, ɗan Afirka, daukar hoto na ɗan kishili" Yin amfani da jiki a matsayin wurin da aka keɓe a cikin hotonsa, ya sami damar bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin sha'awar batsa da dabi'un ruhaniya na kakanninsa. Ƙwarewarsa mai rikitarwa na tarwatsewa, rarrabuwa, ƙin yarda, da rabuwa duk sun daidaita aikinsa. Fani-Kayode ya kalubalanci rashin ganuwa na "Kwanyar Afirka", ko kuma kin amincewa da madadin jima'i na Afirka, a cikin duka biyun.
Duniyar Yamma da Afirka. Gabaɗaya, ya nemi sake fasalin ra'ayoyin jima'i da jinsi a cikin hotonsa, yana nuna cewa jima'i da jima'i suna bayyana tsattsauran ra'ayi da "daidaitacce" saboda al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa amma a zahiri suna da ruwa da kuma ra'ayi. Koyaya, ya nemi musamman don haɓaka ƙima a cikin fasahar zamani na Afirka, wanda ya buƙaci shi ya magance abubuwan gadon mulkin mallaka da na Kirista waɗanda suka danne ƙiyayya da gina ra'ayi mai cutarwa na baƙar fata. A lokacin da ba a wakilta masu fasaha na Afirka, cikin tsokana ya tunkari batun ta hanyar yin magana da kuma tambayar abin da bakar fata ke yi. (charlotte) Ana iya fassara tasirinsa na homoerotic a cikin yin amfani da jikin namiji baƙar fata a matsayin bayyanar da manufa, sha'awa da abin da ake so, da kuma sanin kai don mayar da martani ga jikin baƙar fata da aka rage zuwa abin kallo. Ya iya nuna wa duniya da waɗanda ke cikin duniyar fasaha kawai nawa baƙar fata muryoyin ke da mahimmanci. Ba da labarin bangaran su kuma ba wai kawai batun abin da wani ya kwatanta su ba.
Ba wai kawai ana yabon Fani-Kayode ba saboda ra'ayinsa na ra'ayi na Afirkanci da ƙwazo (da ƴaƴan Afirka), ana kuma yaba masa don iya haɗa siyasar kabilanci da jima'i tare da lalata da kyan addini. Wani mai suka ya kuma bayyana aikinsa a matsayin "neo-romantic," tare da ra'ayin Hotunan nasa suna haifar da ma'anar kyakkyawa mai wucewa. Ayyukansa suna cike da wayo, ban dariya, da sharhi na siyasa da zamantakewa. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga muhawarar fasaha da ke tattare da cutar HIV/AIDS.
nune-nunen Ya fara baje koli a cikin 1984 kuma ya halarci nune-nune da yawa a lokacin mutuwarsa a 1989. An baje kolin aikinsa a Burtaniya, Faransa, Austria, Italiya, Najeriya, Sweden, Jamus, Afirka ta Kudu, da Amurka.
Fani-Kayode ya fara baje kolin a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda Brixton Artists Collective ke gudanarwa. Ya baje kolin a cikin nunin rukuni guda uku a Gidan Gallery: Babu Sharhi, Disamba 1984; Ganin Diversity, Fabrairu 1985 da Nunin Membobi na Shekara-shekara, Nuwamba 1985.
Bambanci iri ɗaya, nunin rukuni a Aikin Kamara, Yuli 1986 The Invisible Man, nunin rukuni a Goldsmith's Gallery, 1988 ÁBÍKU Haihuwar Mutuwa, nunin mutum ɗaya a Cibiyar 181 Gallery (Hammersmith), Satumba/Oktoba 1988 Musanya Hoton Hoto na Amurka/Birtaniya, nunin rukunin yawon shakatawa a Camerawork Jamaica Arts Center, New York, 1989 Kwayoyin rigakafin Ecstatic: Tsayar da tatsuniyoyi na AIDS, nunin rukunin yawon shakatawa, Sunil Gupta da Tessa Boffin suka tsara, 1990, Gallery Impressions, York; Ikon Gallery, Birmingham; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Battersea, London.
A cikin 1988, Fani-Kayode tare da wasu masu daukar hoto (mafi yawansu sun taru don Tunani na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Brixton Artists Collective ciki har da Sunil Gupta, Monika Baker, Merle Van den Bosch, Pratibha Parmar, Ingrid Pollard, Roshini Kempadoo da Armet Francis sun kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Hoto Baƙar fata (yanzu ana kiranta Autograph ABP) kuma ta zama kujera ta farko. Ya kuma kasance memba mai aiki na Black Audio Film Collective Ya kasance babban tasiri a kan matasa masu daukar hoto baƙar fata a ƙarshen 1980s da 1990s.Bayan mutuwar 1992, an ci gaba da yin wasu cece-kuce game da ayyukan da aka danganta ga Fani-Kayode.
Labarai Saduwa. London: Autograph, 1986.
Bakar Namiji/Bakar Namiji. Landan: Gay Men's Press, 1988. Hotuna daga Fani-Kayode, rubutu daga Alex Hirst.
Jikunan Kwarewa: Labarun Game da Rayuwa tare da HIV. Nunin rukuni a Camerawork a cikin 1989
Hotunan auto. Kamara RF-K Maris 1990 (An haɗa shi a cikin talla don nunin amma ba a nuna aikin ba saboda mutuwarsa ta kwatsam a cikin Disamba 1989).
Nunin Tunawa da Tunawa da Tunawa. 198 Gallery, Disamba 1990 (Brian Kennedy, Mujallar Iyakar Birni, ta nemi gudummawar don ba da kuɗin nunin. Rubuce-rubucen kasida ta Alex Hirst da Stuart Hall.
Hotuna. Hoton ABP, London, 1996. Daga Fani-Kayode da Alex Hirst. Rarraba Kyamara ta Mark Sealy shafuffuka na 226-232.
Da kuma Furen Jini: Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Hoto da 1980s. da W Ian Bourland.
Magana “An gina asalina ne daga ma’anar wani abu na, ko na al’ada, launin fata, ko kuma na jima’i. Abubuwa uku ba su rabu a cikina ba. Hoto shine kayan aikin da na fi jin kwarin gwiwa wajen bayyana kaina. Hoto ne, don haka Baƙar fata, ɗan Afirka, daukar hoto na ɗan kishili wanda dole ne in yi amfani da shi ba kawai a matsayin kayan aiki ba, amma a matsayin makami idan zan yi tsayayya da hare-hare kan mutuncina kuma, hakika, rayuwata bisa ga sharuɗɗan kaina." "A kan abubuwa guda uku ni baƙo ne: a cikin al'amuran jima'i; ta fuskar ɓarnawar ƙasa da al'adu; da ma'anar rashin zama irin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun aure da iyayena za su yi fata." “Ina yin hotunana na dan luwadi ne da gangan. Bakar fata daga duniya ta uku a baya ba su bayyana wa mutanensu ba ko kuma ga yammacin duniya wani lamari mai ban tsoro: suna son junansu.” "Ina ƙoƙarin fitar da yanayin ruhaniya a cikin hotuna na ta yadda ra'ayoyin gaskiya su zama masu shakku kuma su kasance a buɗe don sake fassarawa. Wannan yana buƙatar abin da limaman Yarabawa suka kira dabarar jin daɗi.”
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
14508 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond%20na%201844 | Bond na 1844 | Bond na 1844 yarjejeniya ce da aka sanya hannu tsakanin wasu sarakunan Fante da gwamnatin Burtaniya. An sanya hannu a kan 6th Maris 1844 a Ghana, wanda a lokacin ake kira Kogin Zinariya.
Ya fayyace dangantaka tsakanin Birtaniyya da sarakunan yankin waɗanda sune manyan ɓangarorin yarjejeniyar. Birtaniyyawan ta kalli yarjejeniyar a matsayin fahimta don shiga cikin aikin tabbatar da adalci da aiwatar da dokokinsu a cikin kananan hukumomin amma shugabannin yankin na ganin yarjejeniyar a matsayin kwangilar soja da ta tsaro kawai. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Fomena -Adansi, wanda ya ba Burtaniya damar amfani da ikon shari'a daga kotunan Afirka.
Tarihi Kusan kusan ƙarni uku sha'awar Turai game da gabar Yammacin Afirka galibi kasuwanci ne. Turawan Ingila wadanda suka kasance a gabar Ghana tun daga 1555 sun sadaukar da shekaru 175 na farko wajen gina cibiyoyin kasuwancin su da kasuwancin su, wanda hakika ya hada da cinikin bayi, tare da mutanen yankin. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar manyan indan asalin ƙasar guda biyu masu ƙarfi, Fantes waɗanda suke bakin teku da kuma Asantes a cikin dajin da ke kusa.
Hadadden Fantes ya mallaki hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa teku kuma ayyukan kasuwanci tare da wadannan hanyoyin sun kasance bisa sharuddansu. Har ila yau, Asantes sun sami ikon mallakar zinariya da bayi zuwa kasuwannin bakin teku. Rarraba kayan shigo da Turai da suka karɓa ta hanyar musayar suma Asantes ne ke sarrafa su.
Yayin da masarautar Asante ta haɓaka cikin wadata da tasiri, sai suka nemi kawar da mutanen tsakiya (Fantes) daga sarkar wadata. Wannan ya haifar da rikici na tsawon lokaci tsakanin kabilun biyu.
A cikin 1755, Asantehene, sarkin Asantes, wanda a lokacin shine Osei Bonsu ya fara shirin yaƙi da Fantes. Duk da haka ya mutu kafin a kammala shirye-shirye. Takaddama ta tsawon shekaru ashirin ta biyo bayan wannan amma daga ƙarshe Osei Kojo ya zama shugaban Asantes kuma ya kai jerin hare-hare akan Fantes.
A farkon 1806, an sadu da babban rundunar Fante kuma Asantes sun ci nasara a kansa. Sannan Asantes zasu sami iko akan wasu jihohin Fante.
Rikicin siyasa a cikin Kogin Zinariya ya sa Burtaniya ta soke cinikin bayi a 1807 kuma wannan ya sami martani mara kyau daga Asantes saboda wannan kasuwancin shine babban dalilin yaƙar Fantes.
Ya haifar da babban tashin hankali a cikin dangantakar Anglo-Asante kuma duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi na zaman lafiya bai yi nasara ba. Babban sakamakon shi ne cewa Asantehene ya umarci 'yan kasuwar Asante da kada su ziyarci kagarai a Cape Coast mallakar mallakar Burtaniya amma su yi ma'amala da Dutch da Danes kawai.
Wannan ya sa Burtaniya ta kara nuna damuwa kan 'yan kasuwar ta da ke gabar teku da kabilun da ke gabar teku daga hare-haren Asantes.
Wani kwamiti da aka zaba na Birtaniyya ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai bukatar a samar da matakai don tabbatar da lafiyar mutanensu kuma dole ne a nada sabon gwamna da kambin Burtaniya. An kuma yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a kafa wani nau'i na gwamnati a kan kagara. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya ƙauyukan Kogin Zinariya ƙarƙashin gwamnan Saliyo, Sir Charles Macarthy a 1821. Ya iso gabar tekun Kogin Zinariya a 1822.
Ya gaji alama mai ƙarfi na yaƙi da Asantes amma ya ɗauka cewa ya zama rigima ce ta cikin gida wacce ba za ta iya yin tasiri a kan Turawan Ingila ba. Ya fara manufofi marasa dadi ga Asantes wadanda suka hada da tilasta musu su saki Fantes din da suka yi garkuwa da su, mai yiwuwa Asantes ya nemi daukar fansa daga baya.
Sojojin Asante sun yi kudu a farkon 1824 kuma a ranar 21 ga Janairu, sun haɗu kuma suka kayar da ƙaramin ƙarfi ƙarƙashin Sir Charles Macarthy da kansa a Adamanso. An kashe Sir Charles Macarthy a cikin aiki.
Bayan wannan lamarin, Turawan Burtaniya sun yanke shawarar kare kagaransu da 'yan kasuwar su kuma bar mazauna yankin da abin da suke so yayin da Asantes ke ci gaba da yakar Fantes.
Amma a karkashin Laftanar-Kanar Purdon, Turawan Burtaniya tare da gudummawar shugabannin gabas, sun sami gagarumar nasara a kan Asante a Katamanso a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1826. Wannan yakin za a kira shi yakin Katamanso.
Bayan wannan, Turawan Ingila sun yi kokarin kawo zaman lafiya tsakanin Asantes da Fantes amma kawancen shugabannin gabar teku ba sa son tattaunawa.
'Yan kasuwar Burtaniya sai suka kafa ƙungiya ko ƙungiya don kare kansu da maslaharsu. Wannan ya haifar da kwamiti da ya tura Gwamna George Maclean a cikin 1830. Zuwa 15 ga Fabrairu, George Maclean ya hau kan mukamin shugaban majalissar 'Yan Kasuwa a Cape Coast.
Babban aikinsa shi ne tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakanin Turawan Ingila da Asantes da Fantes da Asantes. Ya sami damar haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka tare da ɓangarorin biyu kuma daga ƙarshe ya sami nasarar kawo zaman lafiya tsakanin dukkan ɓangarorin a shekara ta 1831.
Wannan ya haifar da fadada kasuwanci da tasirin Birtaniyya.
Zaman lafiya tare da Asantes ya kuma yi daidai da aikin mishaneri, wanda ya haifar da gina makarantu musamman a bakin teku. A fagen siyasa, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi amfani da damar don sanya hannu kan tsarin siyasa wanda ya ba da kariyar Burtaniya ga ƙungiyar sanya hannu ta Fante a cikin 1844. Wannan za'a san shi da Bond na 1844. Yawancin bangarorin Akyem Kotoku, da Wassaw, da Agona sun kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kafin shekara ta 1849. Lambobin jihohin da ke bin yarjejeniyar a cikin jihohin bakin teku sun karu a 1850.
Shugabanni takwas (8) na farko da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Cudjoe Chibboe(Kwadwo Tsibu), Sarkin Denkyira
Quashie Ottoo, (Kwasi Otu), Shugaban Abrah
Chibboe Coomah( Tsibu Kuma) Shugaban Assin
Gebre,(Gyebi) shugaba na biyu na Assin
Quashie Ankah (Kwasi Ankra) Shugaban Donadie
Awoossie (Ewusi) shugaban Domonassie
Amonoo shugaban Anamabo
Joe Aggrey shugaban Cape Coast
Muhimmanci 1. Kariya ga mutane da dukiya.
2.Ya kawo Kogin Zinariya a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Birtaniyya bisa ƙa'ida.
3. Ya dakatar da ayyukan rashin mutuntaka kamar sadaukar da kai na mutum, "Panyarring" al'adar kame mutane har sai an biya bashin ko satar masu garkuwar bashi.
4. Gabatar da tsarin kotun shari'a da manyan laifuka ya kamata jami'an shari'a na Burtaniya su gwada shi tare da shugabannin da ke haɗa al'adun al'umma zuwa ƙa'idodin dokokin Burtaniya gaba |
21951 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makgadikgadi%20Pan | Makgadikgadi Pan | Makgadikgadi Pan di (lafazin Tswana di], kwanon gishirin da ke tsakiyar busassun savanna na arewa maso gabashin Botswana, ɗayan manyan gidaje ne na gishiri a duniya. Kwanon ruhun shine abin da ya saura na babban tafkin Makgadikgadi, wanda ya taɓa rufe yankin da ya fi Switzerland girma, amma ya bushe dubun dubatan shekaru da suka gabata. Karatun baya-bayan nan game da DNA na mitochondrial na mutum ya nuna cewa Homo sapiens na zamani sun fara rayuwa a wannan yankin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da yake da fadi da keɓaɓɓen yanki na tabkuna, koguna, dausayi, dazuzzuka da filayen ciyayi musamman masu kyau wurin zama ta hanyar cigaban dabbobi da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Wuri da bayanin Da yake kwance a kudu maso gabas na Okavango Delta kuma kewaye da Hamadar Kalahari, Makgadikgadi a zahiri ba fanfo ɗaya ba ce, amma kwanuka da yawa tare da hamada mai yashi a tsakani, mafi girma shine Sua (Sowa), Nwetwe da Nxai Pans. Mafi girman kwanon rufi mutum kusan 1,900 sq mi (4,921.0 km2). Idan aka kwatanta, Salar de Uyuni a Bolivia gida ne mai gishiri daya na 4,100 sq mi (10,619.0 km2), ba safai yake da ruwa mai yawa ba, kuma galibi ana da'awar shine babban kwanon gishiri a duniya. Wani bushe, gishiri, yumɓu mai yumɓu a mafi yawancin shekara, kwanukan ruɓaɓɓen lokaci ana rufe su da ruwa da ciyawa, sannan mafaka ne ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi a wannan yanki mai tsananin bushewa na duniya. Yanayin yana da zafi da bushe, amma tare da ruwan sama na shekara shekara.
Babban tushen ruwan shine Kogin Nata, wanda ake kira da Amanzanyama a Zimbabwe, inda yake hawa a Sandown kimanin mil 37 (kilomita 59.5) daga Bulawayo. Ana ba da ƙaramin ruwa ta Kogin Boteti daga Delta Okavango.
Wadannan kwanon gishirin sun rufe 6,200 sq mi (16,057.9 km2) a cikin Kogin Kalahari kuma sun samar da gadon tsohuwar Tafkin Makgadikgadi, wanda ya kwashe shekaru da dama da suka shude. Farfaɗar da kayan tarihi a cikin Makgadikgadi Pan ya bayyana kasancewar mutun mai tarihi ta hanyar wadatattun kayan aikin dutse; wasu daga cikin wadannan kayan aikin an basu kwanan wata da wuri don tabbatar da asalin su kamar yadda yake a gaban zamanin Homo sapiens. Makiyaya sun yi kiwon dabbobin kiwo a nan lokacin da ruwa ya wadata a farkon a cikin Holocene.
Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin kwamin shine Sua Pan tare da hawa ƙafa na 2,920.
Ilimin kasa Kamar yadda tafkin Makgadikgadi na kakannin ya yi ta raguwa, sai ya bar gabar tekun, wadanda suka fi bayyana a yankin kudu maso yammacin tafkin. Yayin da tabkin ke taƙaita ƙananan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa da aka kafa tare da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a hankali. Ana iya ganin tsaunukan rairayin bakin teku masu tsawo a ƙafa 3100 da ƙafa 3018 galibi a sauƙaƙe akan Gidikwe Ridge, yamma da Kogin Boteti.
Ba a fahimci yadda ake tafiyar da ilimin ƙasa ba yadda ya kamata. Abun zato ne cewa akwai sassaucin sassauƙar ɓawon burodi, tare da rakiyar ɗimbin ɗimbin maganganu da lamuran haɗi; duk da haka, ba a gano manyan lamuran iyaka ba. Babban ginshiƙan tsarin ci gaba yana gudana arewa maso gabas-kudu maso yamma.
Tsibirin Kubu da Tsibirin Kukome tsibirai ne masu tsattsauran ra'ayi "tsibirai" a cikin gidan gishirin Sua pan. Tsibirin Kubu yana yankin kudu maso yamma na yankin Sua Pan, ya ƙunshi bishiyoyi da yawa, kuma an kiyaye shi a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa.
Flora Pans din kansu dajin gishiri ne wanda rayuwarsu kawai ta tsiro-shuɗi mai shuɗi-koren algae. Duk da haka gefe gefen kwanon ruɓaɓɓen gishirin ne kuma gabaɗa waɗannan ana kewaya su ne da ciyawa sannan kuma a tsire-tsire a savanna. Mashahuran bishiyar baobab da aka samo a yankin suna matsayin alamun ƙasa. Ofayansu, mai suna James Chapman, ya yi aiki azaman ofishin aika wasiƙa mara izini don masu binciken ƙarni na 19.
Fauna Kananan dabbobin daji na iya wanzuwa a nan a lokacin tsananin bushewar iska mai tsananin zafi da ruwan gishiri kawai, amma bayan ruwan sama kwanon rufin ya zama muhimmin mazauni na dabbobi masu ƙaura ciki har da namun dawa da kuma ɗayan manyan alfadarin dawa, da manyan dabbobin da ke cin abincinsu. su. lokacin damshi kuma yana kawo tsuntsayen masu kaura kamar su agwagwa, geese da manyan fararen pelicans. Gwanon yana gida ne daga ɗayan mutane biyu da suka fi girma a flamingos a kudancin Afirka, kuma a kan Soa pan ne kawai, wanda wani ɓangare ne na Makgadikgadi Pans. Sauran adadin kiwo a Etosha ne, a Arewacin Namibiya. Tsuntsayen da ke nan a lokacin rani su ne jimina, masu hada-hadar kirji (Charadrius pallidus) da na Kittlitz (Charadrius pecuarius). Yankin ciyawar da ke gefen gefen kwanon ya kasance gida ne na dabbobi masu rarrafe kamar kunkuru, lura da dutse (Varanus albigularis), macizai da ƙadangare gami da ƙarshen Makgadikgadi spiny agama (Agama hispida makgadikgadiensis). Ruwan gishirin yankin gida ne na crustacean Moina belli.
Barazana da adanawa Kwanon gishirin ba shi da matsala sosai kuma sa hannun ɗan adam ya yi kadan don haka ba su cikin damuwa ba, ko da yake ana amfani da ƙasar da ke kewaye da kwanon don kiwo kuma an killace wasu yankuna, suna hana ƙaurawar dabbobin daji. Ayyukan kasuwanci na zamani don cire gishiri da tokar soda sun fara akan Sua Pan a cikin 1991, kuma akwai kuma shirin karkatar da ruwa daga Kogin Nata don ban ruwa, wanda zai haifar da mummunan lahani ga yanayin halittar kwanon gishirin. Wata barazanar ita ce ta amfani da kekuna hudu da motocin da ke kan hanya daga masu yawon bude ido, wanda ke dagula mazaunan kirar flamingos. Farauta ba bisa doka ba a wuraren shakatawa na kasa matsala ce ta ci gaba.
Akwai wasu yankuna masu kariya a cikin Makgadikgadi da Nxai Pan National Park. Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve shi ne wurin da aka yi ƙaura da yawa daga kogin Boteti har zuwa Nwetwe Pan, yayin da Wuraren Nata da ke Sua Pan wuri ne na ganin rayuwar tsuntsaye da dabbobin daji. A cikin Nxai Pan baobabs wanda zane-zane ɗan Biritaniya mai suna Thomas Baines ya zana har yanzu ana gani. Ana iya shiga yankin tsakanin garuruwan Nata da Maun, ko kuma daga garin Gweta.
|
30196 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptakh%20Jung | Ptakh Jung | Ptakh_Jung Ukrainanci take ne na Duo na kasar Ukraine wanda mawaki, mawallafin sautin waka, da furodusan kiɗan lantarki Anton Dehtiarov (wanda ake yiwa lakabi da Ptakh) da kuma mawaki kuma ɗan wasan gita na gwaji Volodymyr Babushkin (wanda ake yiwa lakabi da Jung) suka kirkiro. Ƙungiyar mawakan ta haɗa wakokin gargajiya na zamani tare da kayan kidan lantarki, post-rock, yanayi, da abubuwa na grunge da amo a wakokin su.
Ƙungiyar tana ƙirƙira kuma tana yiwa sinimar na Ukraine waka.
Suna bayyana waƙoƙin su a matsayin ra'ayi na wakokin lantarki na zamani, ko "waƙar lantarki [wadda] ke burge masu sauraro wacce ke da tasiri kamar na gargajiya." Waƙoƙinsu sun kasance daga asali wakar mutanen Ukraine. Mawakan sun bayyana salon su a matsayin "tafiya tsakanin neoclassicism da post-rock." A cikin wasannin su, duo yana haɗin gwiwa tare da VJ Reinish" Svetlana Reinish mai zane-zane da raye-raye. Har ila yau, sun ƙirƙira kiɗa don fina-finai na matasa masu shirya fina-finai na Ukrainian Nikon Romanchenko, Hanna Smoliy, Maksym Nakonechni, Marysia Nikitiuk, Svitlana Lishchynska, Iryna Tsilyk, da Alina Gorlova.
Anyi wasan kai tsaye naDuo a wani wasan kwaikwayon na marubuci Oleksandr Mykhed, wanda ya karanta labarinsa "Moroki" ga kiɗan su. Sun kuma ƙirƙira kiɗa don fim ɗin shirin "Obiekt" na darektan Poland Paulina Skibinska, wanda ya lashe kyautar juri na musamman a Sundance Film Festival A lokacin bikin Fim na Silent da kiɗa na zamani, Duo ya gabatar da sauti na asali na zamani na zamani zuwa fim din 1930 da aka dawo da fim din "Man and Monkey". Volodymyr Babushkin kuma shi ne mawaƙin ƙungiyar Pyryatyn.
Tarihi A cikin shekara ta 2014, Anton Dehtiarov ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a cikin rikodin rikodi na band Veranda, a lokacin da ya taimaka wajen samar da song "Volodya." Yayin da yake aiki tare da Veranda, Anton ya zama abokai tare da abokin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar Andriy Nedobor kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin mawallafin maɓalli inda ya sadu da Volodymyr, wanda shine mawaƙin kungiyar. A ƙarshe Veranda ta ci gaba da tsayawa kuma membobin ƙungiyar sun nemi wasu kwatance. Anton ya fara aiki akan kiɗan lantarki na solo kuma Volodymyr ya fara yin nasa rikodin guitar solo. A wannan lokacin, Anton da Volodymyr sun fara tattaunawa a matsayin abokai kuma suka fara halartar bukukuwa tare. Daga baya su biyun za su haɗa aikin su na solo, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman tushen sabon kiɗan Ptakh_Jung. Duo ya fara aiki a hukumance a shekara ta 2016. Daga nan sai suka fara bayyana a wurare daban-daban a fadin Kiev, suna samun haɗin gwiwa da dama tare da wasu mawakan na gani daban-daban da kuma VJs, ciki har da haɗin gwiwa da sukayi tare da Victoria Zhuravleva da Zhenya Ustinova (Zheka). An buga duo na "Bird," waƙar su ta farko, a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2016. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2016, sun fitar da rikodin bidiyo na farko biyu na farko tare da waƙoƙin su "D MAJ" da "8 Bit" tare da jockey na bidiyo VJ Reinish.
Waƙoƙi Kiɗa don fim ɗin Babu Alamu a bayyane na Alina Gorlova Kiɗa don fim ɗin "Obiekt" ta darektan Poland Paulina Skibinska.
Kiɗa don fim ɗin "Coma" na Nikon Romanchenko.
Kiɗa don fim ɗin "Intent" ta Anna Smoliy bisa ga labari "Intent!" by Lyubko Deresh.
Kiɗa don fim ɗin "Ba a ganuwa" ta Maxim Nakonechny.
Sautin Sauti don fim ɗin Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim na Dziga Vertov Sautin sauti don fim ɗin "Bataliya marar ganuwa."
Sauti don fim ɗin "Mutum da Biri" na Andriy Vinnytsky.
Sautin sauti don fim ɗin "Dnieper a cikin Kankara."
"Addu'a," "A Kasa," "Maze," "Tsuntsaye," da "Galenka."
"Monika."
"Dnipro" (single da music video na Svetlana Reinish).
Albam "Lokacin Baƙar fata" (2018) shine ƙaramin album ɗin farko na duo wanda aka sadaukar don jigogi na sararin samaniya; hasashe ne na kida akan jigon ka'idar babban bang. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 4: Baƙar fata (1), Abu (2), Monika (3), Encounter (4). An rubuta waƙar take don nunin suna ɗaya daga mai zane Oleksa Mann. COMMA ta gane shi a matsayin ƙaramin album na shekara.
Manazarta Ƙungiyoyin mawaka na ƙasar |
42359 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Mulumbu | Yusuf Mulumbu | Youssouf Mulumbu (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1987), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kwango wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya Mulumbu ya zo ne ta hanyar makarantar matasa ta Paris Saint-Germain Ya fara bugawa Paris Saint-Germain B a shekara ta, 2004 kuma an kara masa girma zuwa kungiyar farko a shekarar, 2006. An aika shi a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni guda biyu zuwa Amiens da West Bromwich Albion, bi da bi, yana sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin tare da na karshen. Ya buga wasa a can shekaru da yawa, inda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kulob na shekara ta, 2011. A cikin shekarar, 2015, ya koma sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Norwich City, kuma ya taka leda a kulab ɗin Celtic na Scotland da Kilmarnock tsakanin shekara ta, 2017 da 2021. Bayan haka, ya koma Kongo don buga wa Saint-Éloi Lupopo An haife shi a Kinshasa, Zaire, amma ya girma a Faransa, Mulumbu ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban, kafin ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekarar 2008 yana da shekaru 21. Ba da jimawa ba ya fice daga tawagar kasar saboda rashin kwarewa a shekarar 2009. Ya dawo a shekarar 2012, kuma ya taimaka wa tawagar ta kammala a matsayi na uku a lokacin gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2015 Aikin kulob
Paris Saint-Germain Mulumbu ya ƙaura zuwa Faransa daga Zaire tun yana ƙarami tare da iyalinsa, kuma ya girma a garin Épinay-sous-Sénart, wani yanki na Paris Ya fara bugawa Paris Saint-Germain Academy yana da shekaru 13.A ranar 22 ga Oktobar 2006, ya fara buga gasar Ligue 1 a karkashin koci Guy Lacombe, yana da shekaru 19 da watanni 10 a karawar da suka yi da Auxerre .Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun sa na farko tare da Paris Saint-Germain akan 13 Nuwamba 2006. A lokacin kakar 2007-08, ya kasance a matsayin aro a Amiens a Ligue 2, inda ya zira ƙwallaye daya a wasanni 29.
West Bromwich Albion Kafofin yada labaran Faransa sun ruwaito a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2009 cewa ya koma kungiyar Premier ta West Bromwich Albion a kan gwaji. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar ƙarshe na canja wurin Janairu, ya shiga su a matsayin aro tare da ra'ayi na dindindin a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Rauni ya katse wa'adin farko na Mulumbu a The Hawthorns kuma dole ne ya jira har zuwa Afrilu don fara wasansa na farko a gasar Premier, wanda ya zo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a Portsmouth. Ya rattaba hannu a West Brom na dindindin akan kwantiragin shekara guda kan farashin £175,000 akan 10 Yulin 2009. Kungiyar da magoya bayanta sun ba shi kyautar Gwarzon dan wasan shekara ta West Brom a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kuma ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa na uku a cikin watanni 13 a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2011, inda ya daure kansa a kulob din har zuwa 2015 (tare da zabi na karin shekara). A ranar 15 Maris ɗin 2014, Mulumbu ya zira kwallaye mai mahimmanci ga West Brom a nasarar 2-1 da Swansea City a filin wasa na Liberty, ya ba Pepe Mel nasararsa ta farko a matsayin kocin.
Norwich City A cikin watan Yunin 2015, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu zai rattaba hannu kan canja wuri kyauta don sabon cigaban Norwich City a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2015. A ranar 3 ga Agustan 2015, Norwich ya sanar da cewa Mulumbu ya sha wahala a fashewar metatarsal a wasan sada zumunci da Brentford wanda zai buƙaci tiyata kuma ya bar shi na makonni da yawa, yana mulkin shi daga farkon kakar wasa .A karshe zai fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 27 ga Oktoba a gasar cin kofin League da Everton, wanda Norwich ta yi rashin nasara a bugun fenareti bayan sun tashi 1-1.Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki kadan bayan haka a ranar 31 ga Oktoba a ci 2-1 da Manchester City ta doke su.Duk da haka, tare da Jonny Howson, Alexander Tettey da Graham Dorrans sun fi so a tsakiyar tsakiya, Mulumbu za a iya iyakance shi ga wasanni biyar kawai da kuma wasanni biyu a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a cikin 2015-2016 kakar, tare da bayyanar daya a gasar cin kofin FA, kuma kakar za ta ƙare tare da Norwich relegated koma Championship Mulumbu ya ci gaba da zama tare da Norwich don kakar 2016-2017 amma ya sake samun damar da ya samu na wasan farko na kungiyar. Fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ga Norwich ta zo ne a ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2017 a cikin nasara da ci 5–1 a kan Nottingham Forest .A ranar 2 ga Mayu, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai da Norwich za ta saki idan kwantiraginsu ya kare a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
Kilmarnock A ranar 22 ga Nuwambar 2017, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Kilmarnock na Premier na Scotland har zuwa karshen kakar 2017–18. Mulumbu ya sake haduwa da manaja Steve Clarke, wanda kuma ya gudanar da shi a West Bromwich. Ya ci ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Kilmarnock a ci 1-0 da Celtic a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2018. A ranar 13 ga Yuli 2018, Clarke ya ce Mulumbu ya bar Kilmarnock kuma ba a tsammanin zai koma kulob din.
Celtic A ranar 31 Agustan 2018, Mulumbu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Celtic An ba Mulumbu aro zuwa Kilmarnock a ranar 31 ga Janairun 2019, har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2018 19, kuma ya taka leda sau 12 a karo na biyu tare da kulob din Ayrshire. A watan Yunin 2019, Mulumbu ya bar Celtic bayan da kulob din ya kunna batun ƙarya a kwantiraginsa. Mulumbu ya buga wasanni uku a bangaren Glasgow.
Komawa zuwa Kilmarnock Bayan shekara guda daga ƙwallon ƙafa, Mulumbu ya horar da Kilmarnock a watan Agusta 2020. A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, ya koma kulob ɗin kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida. A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2021, Mulumbu ya amince da tsawaita kwantiragin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21. Ya bar Kilmarnock a watan Mayu 2021 don ƙaura zuwa Faransa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Youssuf Mulumbu at Soccerbase Youssouf Mulumbu at National-Football-Teams.com
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33798 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Adamo | Mark Adamo | Mark Adamo (an haife shi a shekarar 1962) mawaƙi ne dan Amurka, liberttist kuma farfesa a fannin kiɗa a makarantar New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. An haife shi a Philadelphia Sana'a Yayin da ya hada wakar "cantata" mai suna "Late Victorians", "Four Angels: Concerto for Harp and Orchestra," da kuma manyan wakoki guda shida, babban aikin mawallafin ya kasance na gidan opera: wakar da ake kira Little Women. ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaki-in-zauni don New York City Opera daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2006, kuma kamfanin ya ba wa Gabas Coast farkon sabon opera, Lysistrata, ko The Nude Goddess, a cikin Maris-Afrilu 2006. Lysistrata, wanda aka yaba da shi a matsayin "labarin soyayya mai cike da soyayya, wanda aka shirya tsakanin wasan barkwanci da bacin rai" na Alex Ross na New Yorker, shi ne hukumar David Gockley na karshe na Houston Grand Opera, wanda ya ba da fara wasan duniya a ranar 4 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2005. Tun farkon farkonsa na Houston Grand Opera na 1998, an ji "Ƙananan Mata" a cikin ayyukan duniya sama da sittin da biyar, gami da watsa shirye-shiryen telebijin akan jerin PBS "Great Performances" a cikin Agusta 2001. An ba da wasan opera na farko na Asiya a watan Mayu 2005, lokacin da aka zaɓi aikin Opera na birnin New York a matsayin nunin Amurka don baje kolin duniya a Tokyo da Nagoya; Jihar Opera ta Kudancin Ostiraliya ta ba da farkon Australiya a bikin Adelaide a watan Mayu 2007, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Duniya ta ba da farkon Isra'ila a Tel Aviv a cikin Yuli 2008, kuma Calgary Opera ta ba da sanarwar farko na Kanada don Janairu 2010.
A cikin watan Janairu 2009, San Francisco Opera ta sanar da cewa ta umurci Adamo don tsara duka maki da kuma libretto don wasan opera mai suna The Gospel of Mary Magdalene, wanda, a cikin kalmomin mawaƙa, "zai tsara Canonical Gospels, Linjila Gnostic, da hamsin hamsin. shekaru na malanta don sake tunanin Sabon Alkawari ta hanyar idanun mace ɗaya kaɗai. Kamfanin ya fara aikin a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2013, tare da Michael Christie Dan asalin garin Willingboro, New Jersey ne, Adamo ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Holy Cross. Ya halarci Jami'ar New York, inda ya sami Paulette Goddard Remarque Scholarship don nasarar karatun digiri a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo. Ya ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir a fannin waka a shekarar 1990 daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka da ke Washington, DC, inda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Theodore Presser don ƙwararren digiri na farko a cikin abun ciki. A New York City Opera, ya tsara jerin bitar wasan opera na zamani VOX: Nuna Mawakan Amurka Adamo ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai fasaha a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Atlantic a cikin Mayu 2003. Ya jagoranci shirye-shiryensa na Ƙananan Mata a Cleveland da Milwaukee, dukansu an ambaci su a matsayin mafi kyawun al'amuran kiɗa na shekara ta Cleveland Plain Dealer da Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, bi da bi; kuma ya tsara shirye-shirye don Stagebill, da Freer Gallery of Art, kuma mafi kwanan nan don BMG Classics. Sukar sa da tambayoyinsa sun bayyana a cikin Washington Post, Stagebill, Opera News, The Star-Ledger, da The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians An sanya sunan mujallar a gidan yanar gizon sa mai suna a cikin Mafi kyawun Rubutun Kiɗa na Arts Journal a cikin Janairu 2008.
Adamo, wanda dan luwadi ne, ya zauna tare da mijinshi, mawaki John Corigliano a birnin New York; su biyun sun yi aure a California inda mai gudanarwa Marin Alsop ya daura a watan Agusta 2008 (kafin aiwatar da Shawarar 8 Aiki
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mark Adamo a G. Schirmer
Rayayyun mutane
Mutanen LGBT a karni na 21
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
58448 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oke%20Ora | Oke Ora | Oke Ora Yarbawa Òkè rà )tsohuwar al'umma ce kuma wurin binciken kayan tarihi da ke kan tudu kusan 8 km (mil 5) gabas da Ile ife,tsakanin garin da ƙaramin ƙauyen Itagunmodi.An san shi da asalin haruffa biyu a farkon tarihin ƙasar Yarbawa ;Oduduwa and Oranife/Oramfe .Labari da tatsuniyoyi da dama na kabilar Yarbawa sun kewaye wurin, kuma a yau,yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu bukukuwan addini na mutanen Ife,mafi mahimmanci,a cikin bikin nadin sarauta na Owoni (Ooni), Sarkin Ife.
Suna Sunan Oke Ora yana da asalin asalinsa ga kalmomi guda biyu; Òkè da kuma.A harshen Yarbawa,Òkè na nufin dutse ko tudu,yayin da ra allahntaka ne,wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Ife,kuma an ce shi avatar ne na Orishala
Shafin Oke Ora shi ne mamba mafi muhimmanci a cikin jerin tsaunuka bakwai da ke kewaye da wuraren tsohuwar ƙungiyar Ife lú Mètàlá ),waɗanda ke zaune a tsakiyar bakin ciki kamar tsakiyar kwano mai shimfiɗa kusan 20. km fadin.Saboda magudanan ruwa da ke gangarowa zuwa tsakiyar kwanon,tsakiyar kwanon Ife ya yi ta cika da ruwa a kan lokaci.Sauran tsaunukan guda shida sune;Oke-Obagbile,Oke-Ipao,Oke-Ijugbe,Oke-Onigbin,Oke-Araromi da Oke-Owu.
Ayyukan archaeological a yankin sun samar da kayan tarihi kamar; kayan aikin hannu watau gatari,gutsattsarin tukwane, gawayi,sassaka-fasalin dutse,dadadden shimfidar titin da kuma sifofin yumbu. Wasu daga cikin tukwanen suna da ramukan ramukansu na igiya don rataye su a jikin dabino a cikin tarin dabino,duk shaida ce ta kasancewar farkon dan Adam na kakannin mutanen zamani na Ife da kewaye.
Kusa da Oke Ora shine Igbo Ore,shafin da ke da alaƙa da wani hali a farkon Ife wanda aka fi sani da Oreluere .Gidan kurmin ya kuma samar da kayan tarihi da dama irin su Idena da Olofenfura (Olofinfura)sassaken dutsen ɗan adam.An ƙiyasta waɗannan sassaƙaƙƙen zuwa zamani a tsakanin ƙarni na 8 zuwa na 10 AZ.Masanin ilimin tarihi dan kasar Burtaniya, Paul Ozanne ya bayyana a bincikensa na farko na yankin Ife a shekarar 1969 cewa; "An riga an kafa matsugunai da yawa a ƙasa a cikin ƙasar Ife aƙalla karni na 4 BC (350 KZ) a baya."
Tarihi Tarihin Oke Ora yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da tarihin al'ummomin farko na Ife,kuma ta hanyar faɗaɗa gabaɗayan ƙasar Yarbawa galibin waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da Ife ta hanyar ƙaura na mutane,sarakuna da ra'ayoyi.A cewar rahoton Ife,daga matsugunin da ke saman wannan tudu ne Oduduwa da mabiyansa suka gangaro a cikin wani rikicin siyasa da ke ci gaba da mamaye al’ummomin confederal goma sha uku ko kuma Elu a cikin kwarin Ife da Obatala ya jagoranta a lokacin.
Al’ummomi/Larduna/Labarun Goma sha uku Elu )da suka kafa tarayyar Ife sune: Iloromu, Imojubi,Ideta (Idita),Oke-Oja, Parakin,Ido,Iwinrin,Odin,Ijugbe,Iraye,Oke-Awo,Iloran da Omologun.Daga cikin waɗannan,Ideta ita ce mafi girmaBayan waɗannan,wasu sunaye na al'umma saboda dalilai daban-daban (kamar lokacin kafawa)suma sukan fito a wasu kafofin a matsayin wani ɓangare na asali na tarayya goma sha uku,kuma wani lokacin ba haka ba.Wadannan sun hada da;Ita Yemoo (Yemowo),Orun oba Ado,Ilara,Igbo Olokun da Idio.Kowane rukunin ƙauyen ya ƙara ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙauyen (hamlet).Ijugbe ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka huɗu, wato:Eranyigba, Igbogbe,Ipa da Ita Asin,yayin da rukunin Ideta ke da ƙauyuka uku: Ilale,Ilesun da Ilia,waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Obalale,Obalesun da Obalia bi da bi,shugabannin ƙauyen ƙauyen da suka yi wa Obatala hidima.ubangijin Ideta.Dukkanin larduna da larduna goma sha uku suna da Obas nasu, wadanda duk aka ce su kai rahoto ga Obalejugbe,ubangijin Ijugbe Ƙungiyar ta Ile-Ife wata ƙungiyar siyasa ce sako-sako da ba ta da gwamnati ta tsakiya,Oba mai iko ko kujera na dindindin.
An yi artabu da makami a tsakanin bangarorin biyu da suka taso a kwarin Ife (Kungiyar Obatala da kungiyar Oduduwa),wanda ya haifar da kazamin yakin basasa.Dakatar da tantunansu a sansanin Obatala sune; Obamakin, Obawinrin na Iwinrin,da manyan mayaka guda biyu;Oshateko da kuma Oshakire.A sansanin Oduduwa akwai Obameri na Odin,Obadio,Apata na Imojubi,Obalora da sauransu. Muhimmancin zuriyar Oduduwa daga Oke Ora yawanci ana nuna shi ne a cikin bikin nadin sarauta na kowane sabon Ooni na Ife. Bayan ya yi kwana ashirin da daya a Ilofi, sai ya wuce zuwa wurin Oke Ora,gidan kakansa tare da 'yan kabilar Isoro, inda ya yi masa kambi na alama da Onpetu na Ido ya yi |
30301 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Cripps | Peggy Cripps | Enid Margaret “Peggy” Appiah (née Cripps), MBE (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1921 ta kuma mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrerun shekarata ta 2006), marubuciyar littattafan yara ce 'yar Biritaniya, mai taimakon al'umma kuma mai son mu'amalantar mutane. Ta kuma kasance diya ga Hon. Sir Stafford Cripps da kuma Dame Isobel Cripps, kuma mata ga lauya dan Ghana kuma mai fafutukar siyasa Nana Joe Appiah.
Farkon Rayuwa Enid Margaret Cripps itace auta acikin 'ya'ya hudu, an kuuma haife ta ne a Goodfellows a Gloucestershire, kusa da iyakar gundumar da aka haifi iyayenta wato Stafford Cripps da Isobel (née) Swithinbank, a ƙauyen Filkins, Oxfordshire.
Iyalin sunyi ƙaura kwanan nan zuwa Goodfellows, gidan da Peggy ta girma a Filkins, wanda adonsa da ci gabansa ke nasaba da Sir Lawrence Weaver, masanin gine-ginen, wanda ke tare da matarsa Kathleen, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan Cripps. Lady Weaver ta mutu a cikin shekarar 1927, daga ciwon huhu. Lokacin da Sir Lawrence kuma ya mutu a cikin shekarar 1930, 'ya'yansu biyu, Purcell da Toby, a zahiri, iyalan Cripps sun cigaba da kula da su. Daga bisani kuma, Peggy ko ta cigaba da ɗaukar su a matsayin ƴan uwanta.
ƙuruciyarta Ta girma a karkara, ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarta, mai rainonta Elsie Lawrence, tare da abokiyarta kuma 'yar'uwarta Theresa, ta shafe tsawon yarintar ta wajen nazartar gefen garin Ingila, ta tattara furannin daji, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da ganyen mushroom waɗanda suke girma a gona mai fadin eka na mahaifinta da dazuzzukan gefe da kuma filaye. A matsayinta na memba na Ƙungiyar British Wildflower Society, ita da 'yar uwarta sun koyi yadda ake gane tsirrai kuma sun san sunaye na gama gari da na Latin na tsairrai da dama. Za ta kuma ci gaba da wanzar da wannan sha'awar a cikin 'yan shekarunta na gaba a dazukan kasar Ghana. Wannan sha'awar na tsirrai ne ya haɗe kan iyalinta. Ɗan’uwanta, Sir John Cripps, ba kawai ya yi noma a Filkins ba, amma ya buga ‘The Countryman’ kuma daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Ƙarshen Turai.
Iyali A bangaren mahaifinta, dangin sun dade suna zaune a Gloucestershire: sun kasance dangi ne na sama-tsakiyar da ke da'awar zuriyar kai tsaye daga William the Conqueror. Kakan mahaifinta, Lord Parmoor, lauya ne wanda aka ba shi kyauta a 1914, lokacin da ya zama memba na Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Masu Zaman Kansu. Kakan kakan mahaifinta, Joseph Cripps, ya kasance dan majalisar Cirencester. Lord Parmoor ya wakilci Stroud a cikin House of Commons.
Dangantakar siyasar bangaren ubanta ya kayatar. Biyu daga cikin ƴan uwan kakarta sun auri 'yan majalisar wakilai Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse da Leonard Henry Courtney, Baron Courtney. Wata babbar inna, Beatrice, ta auri Sidney Webb, wanda ya yi aiki tare da kakanta Lord Parmoor a gwamnatin Labour ta farko, a 1924, kuma shi ne Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka a gwamnatin Labour ta biyu a 1929, inda ya yi aiki a majalisar ministoci. tare da Lord Parmoor, a matsayin Ubangiji Shugaban Majalisar, kuma Stafford ya haɗa shi daga baya, a matsayin Lauyan Janar. (A wannan lokacin ne aka yiwa mahaifinta jaki.). Ta wurin kakanta na uwa Admiral George Winthrop, ta fito daga zuriyar Winthrop na Boston Brahmins a Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya.
Iyalin Cripps sun kasance mabiya tafarkin Anglican ne. Lord Parmoor lauya ne na majami'a, memba kuma a cikin 1911 shugaban na gidan Laymen a lardin Canterbury, Vicar Janar na lardunan Ingilishi daban-daban, kuma marubucin Cripps on Church and Clergy. An ce Stafford Cripps shine mutum na farko da ya fara wa'azi a cocin St Paul's Cathedral. Lokacin da Peggy Cripps ke shirin tabbatar da ita, ta gaya wa iyayenta cewa tana da shakka game da wasu batutuwa 39 na bangaskiya na Cocin Ingila, kuma mahaifinta ya shirya ta ta tattauna da abokinsa, William Temple, Archbishop na York. (daga baya Archbishop na Canterbury). Peggy ta kasance tana jin daɗin gaya wa mutane cewa yayin da suka bi ta cikin talifofin 39, duk lokacin da ta bayyana shakka, Archbishop ya ce, “I, na ga wannan yana da wahala kuma!
Ilimi Ta samu ilimin da ya dace da ita a matsayinta na budurwa. Ta fara karatu a makarantar kwana na Queen's College, London, da ke a Harley Street, daga baya kuma a Maltman's Green, makarantar kwana a Buckinghamshire, inda ita da gungun abokai suka halarci Gidan Taron Quaker. Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar iyayenta, ta kuma fara koyon wani abu na duniya a wajen Ingila. A cikin 1938 ita da danginta sun yi watanni da dama a Jamaica, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar ne Jawaharlal Nehru, wanda Stafford ya fara rubuta wasiƙa mai yawa tare da shi, sakamakon sha'awar da yake da shi na ci gaban mulkin demokraɗiyya a ƙasashen Burtaniya, ya ziyarci Goodfellows tare da 'yarsa Indira.
"Tafiyarta karatu" Bayan kammala makaranta, ta nemi Jami'ar Edinburgh, amma ta fara tafiya Italiya don nazarin tarihin fasaha a Florence. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu yana gabatowa, wanda ya tilasta mata cikin gaggawa gida zuwa Ingila. Ta ki amincewa da matsayinta a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ta shiga makarantar Sakatariyar Sakatariyar Whitehall, wadda aka kwashe zuwa Dorset tare da tashin bom a London, don haka za ta iya fara aiki nan da nan.
Bayan ta kammala horon ta, ta sami damar tafiya tare da mahaifinta zuwa Moscow, inda ya kasance jakadan Birtaniya kuma ta sami damar zama matsayin sakatariya a ofishin jakadancin. Domin hanyar zuwa Moscow kai tsaye zai buƙaci bi ta yankin Turai da Jamus ta mamaye, ita da mahaifiyarta da ƙanwarta Theresa, sun yi tafiya zuwa Rasha ta kasar Canada, suka tsallaka nahiyar ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa na Kanada na Pacific, sannan suka wuce Japan da China kafin su tsallaka Tarayyar Soviet ta titin jirgin kasa.
A birnin Moscow, Peggy ta yi aiki da mahaifinta sakatare kuma ta kulla abokantaka da 'ya'yan jakadun Yugoslavia da na kasar Sin, da kuma 'yar wani jami'in diplomasiyyar Iran, wacce ta zamo abokiyarta na har abada. A cshekarar 1941, a lokacin tana da shekaru 20, tare da iyayenta a Landan, da kuma 'yar uwarta a Iran, an bar ta a matsayin mai kula da tasowa daga ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya, dangane da mamayewar Jamus na Rasha. Tun da yake ita sakatariya ce a Ma’aikatar Waje a hukumance, ta sami kanta tana aiki da wani mutum mai suna Mista Cook a sashen ofishin jakadancin da ke Tehran. Daga baya, a lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya suka karbe tsarin titin jirgin kasa na Iran, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariya ga Birgediya da ke rike da mukamin.
A 1942, ta koma Ingila tare da mahaifinta, wanda ke dawowa daga ziyarar Indiya. Sun bi ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin jirgin ruwa, suka sauka a tafkin Galili na Isra'ila da kuma kogin Nilu a Masar, inda ta iya ganin dala na Masar. Wannan kuma ita ce ziyararta ta farko a nahiyar Afirka. A sauran yakin ta yi aiki a ma’aikatar yada labarai, da farko a sashin Indiya sannan kuma a sashin hulda da Soviet, inda ta yi amfani da iliminta na yaren Rasha wajen aikinta. Kamar yadda mahaifinta ya sadaukar da kansa na cikakken lokaci a siyasa. Rage kudin shiga wanda ya zo tare da asarar aikinsa na doka, dangi sun bar Goodfellows kuma suka koma wani ƙaramin gida a Frith Hill, Gloucestershire, kodayake ɗan'uwanta John ya karɓi aikin gona a Filkins.
A ƙarshen yaƙin, Peggy ta sami raguwar tashin hankali. Ta bar matsayinta a jami'a don ta kasance mai amfani a lokacin yakin; yanzu ta tsinci kanta da gogewa amma bata cancanci aikin da take yi ba. An tura ta zuwa Switzerland don ta warke a asibitin Maximilian Bircher-Benner da ke Zurich, ta yi lokacin rani a Lugano tana nazarin zane-zane, kuma ta koma Landan don yin karatun cikakken lokaci a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Anglo-Faransa a St John's Wood. arewacin London. Daga nan sai ta ɗauki zanen a cikin ƙaramin ɗakin studio a cikin gidan mai zane Feliks Topolski kuma ta halarci karatun rayuwa a Makarantar Hammersmith Art, ƙarƙashin kulawar Carel Weight.
A tsawon wannan lokacin ta kasance cikin kusanci da iyayenta akai-akai, duk da cewa mahaifinta ya kara shagaltuwa da siyasa. Tare da nasarar jam'iyyar Labour a zaben 1945, Stafford ya shiga majalisar ministoci a matsayin shugaban hukumar kasuwanci, inda ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana aiki don yin shawarwari tare da shugabannin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Indiya, ciki har da Gandhi, Nehru da Jinnah. A watan Nuwamba 1947, ya zama Chancellor na Exchequer da kuma mafi yawan sauran rayuwarsa ya taimaka wajen gudanar da farkon farfadowar Birtaniya bayan yakin da kuma samar da zamani jin dadin jama'a.
A shekara ta 1942, mahaifiyarta ta amince ta jagoranci wani kamfen na tara kudaden taimako ga jama'ar kasar Sin, wadanda ke fama da matsananciyar wahala sakamakon mamayar kasar Japan, da ambaliyar ruwa, da cututtuka da kuma yunwa. Bayan shekaru 6, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gayyaci Lady Cripps da ta ziyarci kasarsu, domin ta ga irin yadda ake yi da wadannan kudade, da kuma nuna jin dadinsu ga aikin taimakon da Birtaniyar United ta yi wa kasar Sin. Peggy ta tafi tare a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abokan tafiyar mahaifiyarta. Da yake an so a yi amfani da kuɗin don a taimaka wa Sinawa duka, dukansu biyu sun zauna tare da Janar da Madame Chiang Kai-shek a gidansu. Ta ziyarci 'Yancin Kwaminisanci' a Yenan, inda Peggy ya sadu da Chou En Lai da Madame Mao. A hanyarsu ta dawowa daga China ita da mahaifiyarta sun bi ta Burma da Indiya.
Shiga Sakamakon abubuwan da ta samu a Jamaica, Rasha, Iran, China, Burma da Indiya, da kuma abokantakar danginta da mutane irin su Nehrus, Peggy, wacce ke da shekaru kusan ashirin da haihuwa, ta san mutane da yawa daga kasashe da yawa kuma sun sani. da yawa game da rayuwa a wajen Ingila, haƙiƙa a wajen Turai, fiye da yawancin mutanen zamaninta. Wannan gogewa, tare da zurfin alkawurranta na Kirista, ya kai ta yin aiki don haɗin kai tsakanin mutane; kuma a karshen shekarun 1940 ta fara aiki da wata kungiya mai suna Racial Unity, wacce Miss Attlee, 'yar uwar Firayim Minista ce ta fara aiki, tare da zama mai aiki a Sashen Matasa na Majalisar Coci ta Duniya (WCC). Ta hanyar aikinta na Racial Unity, wanda ta kasance sakatariya a 1952, ta fara haduwa da Joseph Emmanuel Appiah, wanda shi ne shugaban kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Yamma. Abokantakar su ta girma cikin sauri kuma a cikin Janairu 1952, ya ba da shawara kuma ta yarda.
A lokacin, duk da haka, Stafford Cripps ba shi da lafiya sosai. A watan Mayun 1951 an kai shi asibitin Maximilian Bircher-Benner a Zurich (inda Peggy ya murmure shekaru da yawa a baya) kuma a ƙarshe an yi tunanin isa ya koma gida zuwa gidan iyali a Frith Hill. Amma a farkon watan Janairun 1952 aka mayar da shi birnin Zurich, inda ya rasu kusan watanni hudu bayan haka. A sakamakon wannan rashin lafiya, Isobel ta yanke shawarar cewa zai fi kyau idan a ɓoye auren. Sa'an nan kuma, da zarar ya mutu, al'ada ta bukaci kada a sanar da alkawari na wata shekara. A halin da ake ciki, mahaifiyar Peggy ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata ta ziyarci Gold Coast da kanta, ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ruwa don ganin ƙasar da mijinta ya yi niyya.
Ghana Abin da ya ba ta mamaki, tuni Joe ya kasance a gida a Kumasi lokacin da ta isa, bayan da ya yi gaggawar dawowa bayan rasuwar kakansa, Yaw Antony, wanda zai gaje shi a matsayin shugaban reshensa na manyan mutanen Ashanti. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Kumasi a jajibirin Kirsimeti na 1952, inda ta sake haduwa da angonta, kuma ta hadu da danginsa, a karon farko, tare da shi, a ranar Kirsimeti. A jajibirin sabuwar shekara ta halarci taron Watch Night Service a cocin Wesley Methodist da ke Kumasi, inda ta yi ibada a karon farko a cocin wanda zai yi bikin jana’izarta fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan haka. Ta kuma ziyarci harabar jami'ar kimiyya da fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, wacce ta kasance kwalejin horar da malamai mai shekara daya, a karon farko; Jami’ar da za ta tura ‘ya’yanta zuwa makarantar firamare, kuma tana da shekaru 84 a duniya, a shekarar karshe ta rayuwa, ta samu digirin girmamawa na likitan wasiƙa, wanda ya yi matukar farin ciki.
A gida A tafiyarta ta farko zuwa Afirka, ta yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Navrongo, ta haye Volta ta shiga Faransa Togoland, a gabas, kuma ta tafi Elmina a yamma. An yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce kan abin da take yi a Ghana, kuma da yake ba a sanar da auren ba, ta kasa bayyana ainihin dalilin ziyarar tata. Ta fadawa jaridar Daily Graphic cewa: "[A matsayina na] memba na dangin siyasa a Biritaniya, ina sha'awar mutanen Gold Coast da kuma ci gaban siyasarsu." Tare da dangin mijinta na gaba ta sadu da fitattun 'yan Ghana da yawa, ciki har da Asantehene, Misis Rose Aggrey (matar wanda ya kafa makarantar Achimota Dr James Aggrey), mai zane Kofi Antubam, babban shugaba Nene Mate Kole, da kuma irin wadannan shugabanni. na yunkurin 'yancin kai kamar Kwame Nkrumah, Komla Gbedemah, Kojo Botsio, da Krobo Edusei.
Sanarwa da haɗin gwiwar ma'auratan a 1953 ya haifar da tashin hankali na tsokaci a Biritaniya da kuma a duniya; da kuma lokacin da Peggy Cripps da Joe Appiah suka yi aure a Cocin St John's Wood, arewacin London, a watan Yuni 1953, bikin ya kasance labarai na farko a Burtaniya, a Ghana, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa kuma taron na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma. shekara. George Padmore, ɗan Afirka ta Yamma na Indiya ya kasance mafi kyawun mutum, wanda ya wakilci Kwame Nkrumah, wanda ya shagaltu da zama sabon shugaban Kasuwancin Gwamnati don halartar kansa. Hugh Gaitskell, magajin Stafford a matsayin Chancellor ya kasance a wurin, kamar yadda Michael Foot, shugaban jam'iyyar Labour na gaba, Aneurin Bevan, Lady Quist, matar kakakin majalisar dokokin Gold Coast, da Krishna Menon, jakadan Indiya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wata jarida a Jamaica ta yi sharhi cewa akwai "masu kiyayya da rigunan riguna na Biritaniya tsoffin ministocin majalisar ministocin da kuma wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki na Tory da Socialist." Babban abin jan hankali, duk da haka, shine rigar kente ba kawai ango ba amma da yawa daga cikin danginsa da abokansa. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a jaridu a duniya sun bambanta daga maƙiya zuwa masu shakka zuwa abin sha'awa.
Peggy da Joe Appiah sun yi hutun gudun amarci a Faransa kuma suka koma Ingila, inda Joe zai kammala horon shari'a a Temple ta Tsakiya. A cikin Mayu 1954 an haifi ɗansu na farko, Kwame Anthony Appiah, (a cikin wani bugu na tallan jarida) kuma a watan Nuwamba matasan dangin sun isa Gold Coast don fara sabuwar rayuwarsu. A wannan lokacin, yayin da Joe ke haɓaka aikin shari'a kuma ya fara rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan siyasa, Peggy ya mayar da hankali kan mafi yawan kuzarinta ga danginta na matasa An haifi Ama a 1955, Adwoa a 1960 da Abena a 1962 kuma akan aiki azaman sakatariya kuma mataimaki a fannin shari'a a ofishinsa na shari'a da na mazabarsa, tana tallafawa mijinta kamar yadda ta tallafa wa mahaifinta. Ta koyi saka tufafi, ta fara halartar jana'iza, kuma ta san dangin mijinta da dangin mahaifinsa ma. Sun gina wa kansu gida a Mbrom (wani yanki na Kumasi), inda maƙwabtansu su ne Victor Owusu, wani babban ɗan siyasan NLM, John Brew, da kuma, a gefen titi, mahaifin Joe Appiah, J.W.K. Appiah da matarsa, Aunty Jane.
Fiye da shekaru 30, tun daga ƙarshen 1950s, babban ɗakin karatu na Peggy Appiah da ke Mbrom ya kasance yana samuwa ga yaran unguwar, waɗanda za su iya zuwa su karanta littattafan yara, kuma, yayin da suke girma, litattafai da waƙoƙin da ta tattara. Daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi daraja akwai da yawa daga cikin kundin jerin Marubuta na Heinemann na Afirka. Sauran masu ziyartar gidan sun hada da ’yan kasuwar da suka kawo mata gwal da suka samu a tafiye-tafiyen da suke yi ta kauyuka da garuruwan Ghana. Ta kuma yi sha'awar ilimi da jin dadin wasu matasa, wadanda suka zama bangaren danginta, ciki har da Isobel Kusi-Obodom, wanda mahaifinsa ya rasu a gidan yarin Nkrumah, da kuma Dr Joe Appiah-Kusi na Seattle.
Siyasa Bayan da aka zabi Joe Appiah a Majalisa a 1956, kafin samun 'yancin kai, Peggy Appiah ta ci gaba da samar da gida mai tsaro wanda zai iya dawowa daga gwagwarmayar siyasa, manta da siyasa, kuma ya huta a cikin kirjin iyalinsa. Peggy ta zabi shiga Cocin St. George da ke Kumasi. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Dr. Alex Kyerematen don bunkasa Cibiyar Al'adu a Kumasi. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin kula da yara, ta yi aiki tare da gidan marasa galihu a Bekwai, kuma a shekarun baya ta zama majiɓincin Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Ghana. A lokacin da aka tsare mijinta bisa umarnin Kwame Nkrumah a watan Oktoban 1961, ta ki barin kasar, kuma aka janye umarnin korar ta sa’ad da wata kasida ta farko ta bayyana a cikin jaridun Burtaniya da ke bayyana halin da take ciki.
A wannan lokacin danta Kwame ya yi rashin lafiya sosai. A wata mai zuwa, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta kai ziyararta ta farko a Ghana. Yayin da suke duba asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye da ke Kumasi, Sarauniya, Sarkin Edinburgh da Shugaba Nkrumah suka wuce gadon yaron. Tunda hoton iyayensa ya nuno akan teburinsa na gado, Duke na Edinburgh, wanda ya ziyarci Kumasi a baya kuma ya hadu da Peggy Appiah, ya dawo, yana tafiya, don aika gaisuwa. An ba da rahoton bacin ran da shugaba Nkrumah ya yi na jin kunya ta wannan hanya wannan shi ne mijin wani shugaban kasar waje da ya aika gaisuwa ga matar wani mutum Nkrumah da ke tsare a siyasance na daga cikin dalilan da suka sa aka kori likitan Kwame Appiah.
Haɗuwa da damuwarta akan mijinta da ɗanta ya sa ta shiga wani yanayi mai matuƙar wahala, wanda hakan ya ƙaru saboda kasancewarta a lokacin tana da juna biyu tare da ƙaramin ɗanta Abena, wadda ta yi fama da rashin lafiya a yawancin ƙarurinta. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da kula da kwanciyar hankali ga 'ya'yanta da kuma yin aiki a hankali don a saki mijinta, tare da taimakon mahaifiyarta, Lady Cripps, wadda ta iya ziyartar surukinta a Ussher Fort a 1962.
Lady Cripps ta koma Ingila tare da jikanta mara lafiya. Kafin Kirsimeti 1962, an sake Joe daga kurkuku kuma an ba shi izinin komawa aikin shari'a. An sami sassauci a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na mulkin Nkrumah a 1966, ta hanyar juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da Nkrumah. A shekarun da suka biyo baya, yayin da ‘ya’yanta ke kasashen waje a makarantun kwana da jami’o’i, kuma mijin nata ya sake taka rawar gani a siyasar kasar Ghana, kuma a matsayinta na jakadiyar kasa, ta kasance mafi yawa a Kumasi, inda ya samar da tushe da zai iya fita daga ciki. cikin duniya, amintaccen sanin cewa Peggy tana kula da abubuwa a gaban gida. Ta sa ido a kan dukiyoyin da ya gada a wurin kakansa. Duk da yawan shigar da danginta ke yi a siyasance, Peggy kanta ba ta da sha'awar siyasar jam'iyya musamman. Ta tallafa wa mijinta, tabbas. Amma gudummawar da ta bayar ta hanyar ayyukan zamantakewa da yawa da ta shiga. Bayan ta koyi Twi, harshen Asante, ta zama mai sha'awar kuma ta san game da fasahar Akan da al'adun gargajiya, yayin da ta sami babban tarin zinariya, ta fara tattarawa da fassarawa. karin magana, kuma ta koyi labarun Ananse, yawancin su daga mijinta. Shekaru 30 da suka wuce, ziyarar gidanta da tarin gwal dinta na daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a ziyarar Ashanti ga maziyartan masu sha'awar fasaharta.
Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ta fara buga jerin jerin labaran Ananse, wanda aka sake rubutawa ga yara, wanda ya zama sananne a Afirka, Ingila da Amurka da kuma duk duniya masu magana da Ingilishi. Farawa da Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti Village in 1966, and followed by Tales of an Ashanti Father, she went on to publish the Children of Ananse in 1968, The Pineapple Child and Other Tales from Asante in 1969, Why There are So Many Roads in 1972, da Why the Hyena Does Not Care for Fish and Other Tales from the Ashanti Gold Weights a 1977. Ta kuma wallafa jerin masu karatu don taimaka wa yaran Ghana su koyi Turanci: The Lost Earring, Yao and the Python, Abena and the Python, Afua and the Mouse and Kofi and the Crow, da jerin littattafan yara da manya. ciki har da Gift of the Mmoatia da Ring of Gold, da juzu'i biyu na waƙoƙi. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta ana amfani da su azaman rubutu a makarantun firamare da sakandare a Yammacin Afirka. Wataƙila, mafi mahimmancin littafinta, duk da haka, wanda ya kasance sakamakon aikin kusan shekaru biyar, shine Bu Me Bé: Proverbs of the Akan, tarin karin magana na Twi fiye da 7,000 da aka kaddamar a Accra a 2001.
A shekarar 1985 ita da Joe Appiah sun yi balaguro zuwa kasashen waje tare don ziyartar abokinsu Kamuzu Banda, shugaban kasar Malawi, wanda suka san shi a lokacin da yake gudun hijira a Ghana, domin murnar cika shekaru ashirin da daya da samun 'yancin kai. Sun zagaya ko'ina a ƙasar kafin su tafi tare da 'yarsu Abena, wadda take zaune a Zimbabwe a lokacin, da Ama, wadda ke aiki a Angola. Daga baya a cikin shekaru goma, sun ziyarci Ama a Norway, inda aka gano Joe yana da ciwon daji da ya kashe rayuwarsa a 1990.
Gwauruwa A cikin 1990, wata gwauruwa, Peggy Appiah, ba ta taɓa tunanin barin Ghana ba, tana gaya wa duk wanda ya tambaye ta lokacin da za ta “tafi gida,” cewa ta riga ta isa gida. Ta koma wani ƙaramin gida, wanda ta gina a cikin wani fili mai gida ga ɗiyarta Abena, ta ci gaba da aiki a cocinta, kuma ta ci gaba da nazarin tarihin Akan. Ta ziyarci danta da 'ya'yanta mata a Amurka, Namibiya da Najeriya, kuma 'ya'yanta da surukanta sun ziyarce ta, da jikokinta shida, Kristian, Anthony da Kojo, 'ya'yan Ama (Isobel) da Klaus. Endresen; da Tomiwa, Lamide da Tobi, 'ya'yan Adwoa da Olawale Edun. A gidan da ke kusa da ita, ita da yarta Abena, akwai jikokinta guda biyu, Mimi da Mame Yaa.
Kyaututtuka A cikin 1996, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta ba Peggy Appiah lambar yabo ta MBE "don ayyuka ga dangantakar Burtaniya/Ghana da jindadin al'umma".
Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah ta ba ta digirin girmamawa a shekarar 2005.
Shekarun baya A shekara ta 2001, Peggy Appiah ta ziyarci Ingila a karo na ƙarshe don bikin cikarta shekaru 80 da haihuwa tare da sauran waɗanda suka tsira a cikin danginta da ƴaƴanta da jikokinta, tare da ƴaƴanta da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴan uwa da ƴan uwa da yawa.
A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta, yayin da ta ƙara ƙaranci a cikin motsinta, ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar cibiyar sadarwar dangi da abokai, da kuma gidan kulawa karkashin jagorancin maigidanta, Ma Rose. Kamar yadda ta rubuta a ƙarshen tarihin rayuwarta, wanda aka buga a 1995: "Na gode wa Allah saboda dukan abin da ya ba ni da farin cikin da ya kawo ni."
Mutuwa Peggy Appiah ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2006, tana da shekaru 84, daga dalilan da ba a bayyana ba, a asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye da ke Kumasi. An binne ta ne a makabartar Tafo da ke Kumasi, inda ta saya wa kanta fili a gefen kabarin mijinta.
Labarai Bu Me Be: Akan Proverbs. Africa World Press, 2006.
Busy body. Accra: Asempa, 1995.
Rattletat. New Namibia Books, 1995.
The Rubbish Heap. Accra: Asempa, 1995.
Kyekyekulee, Grandmother's Tales. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1993.
Kofi and the Crow. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Afua and the Mouse. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Abena and the Python. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
The Twins. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Tales of an Ashanti Father. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
A Dirge too Soon. Accra: Ghana Publishing, 1976.
Ring of Gold. London: Deutsch, 1976.
Why There are So Many Roads. Lagos: African University Press, 1972.
Gift of the Mmoatia. Accra: Ghana Publishing, 1972.
Why the Hyena Does Not Care for Fish and other tales from the Ashanti gold weights. London: Deutsch, 1971.
A Smell of Onions. London: Longman, 1971.
The Lost Earring. London: Evans, 1971.
Yao and the Python. London: Evans, 1971.
The Pineapple Child and other tales from Ashanti. London: Evans, 1969.
The Children of Ananse. London: Evans, 1968.
Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti village. New York: Pantheon, 1966.
A cikin shahararrun al'adu An ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da Appiahs suka fuskanta, da kuma wani ɗan lokaci na ɗan littafin marubucin Lloyd Ruth Williams da auren ɗan Afirka Kgosi Seretse Khama, ya rinjayi rubutun fim ɗin da ya lashe Oscar, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. (1967).
Manazarta
Kafofin Brozan, Nadine. "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies." New York Times, "International," Fabrairu 16, 2006.
Tucker, Nicholas. "Peggy Appiah: Daughter of Stafford Cripps who dedicated herself to creating a children's literature for Ghana" (obituary). The Independent, 17 Fabrairu 2006.
Addai-Sebo, Akyaaba. "The Legacy Of Peggy Appiah—A Tribute." The New Times Online. Lahadi, 9 ga Afrilu, 2006.
Akosah, Kwabena Sarpong. "Tribute for Peggy Appiah". Homepage Ghana, 19 Fabrairu |
29789 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Ma%27aikata%20a%20cikin%20Masana%27antar%20Tattara%20Nama%20ta%20Amurk | Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk | Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (NLRB), wacce ke tsara ƙungiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata tana tsara yanayin aminci da lafiyar da ya dace ga ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka. A cewar masana masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka, duk da ka'idojin tarayya ta hanyar OSHA da sa ido kan masana'antu, ma'aikata a masana'antar samar da nama ba su da ƙarancin hukuma da ƙarancin kariya. Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu suna yin ayyuka masu wuyar gaske a cikin yanayi masu haɗari, kuma suna cikin haɗari mai mahimmanci don cutar da jiki da ta hankali. Baya ga yawan raunin da ake samu, ma'aikata na cikin haɗarin rasa ayyukansu lokacin da suka ji rauni ko don ƙoƙarin tsarawa da yin ciniki tare. Yawancin bincike na masana'antar sun gano ma'aikatan baƙi "yawan kaso na yawan ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar" musamman a cikin haɗarin rashin samun cikakkiyar kariya ta haƙƙin aikinsu.
Halayen masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka A cikin masana'antar samar da nama, an ayyana "cin nama" a matsayin "dukkan samar da kayan nama ciki har da sarrafa dabbobi." Wannan ya haɗa da samar da naman sa, naman alade, kaji, da kifi. Iyakar masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka tana da girma; tana yanka da sarrafa dabbobi sama da biliyan 10 a kowace shekara. Tun daga 2004, kamfanoni huɗu suna sarrafa masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka da gaske. Rushewa, kamfanoni sun gudanar da 81% na samar da naman sa, 59% na samar da naman alade da 50% na kasuwar kaji. A cikin masana'antar kiwon kaji, Tyson da Perdue suna sarrafa kowane mataki na samar da kaji, daga kiwon kajin zuwa jigilar nama zuwa shagunan kayan abinci.
Da alama adadin dabbobin da aka yanka a masana'antar noman nama na karuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an yanka kusan dabbobin kasa biliyan 10.2 da kuma kiwon su don abinci a Amurka. A cewar rahoton da Farm Animal Rights Movement, bisa bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA), waɗannan lambobi sun nuna karuwar 1.7% daga bayanan shekara ta 2009. An sami karuwar 0.9% a yawan jama'ar Amurka tsakanin shekara ta 2009 da shekara ta 2010, "ma'ana dabbobi [yanka] kowane mutum ya karu kadan" da 0.8%.
Kididdigar alƙaluma na Meatpacker Yayin da aikin noma na Amurka ya dogara da ma'aikatan ƙaura a ƙarnin da ya gabata, dubban baƙi, galibi daga Mexico, Guatemala, da El Salvador, yanzu suna tafiya arewa don yin aiki a wuraren yanka da masana'antar sarrafa nama. A cewar wani bincike a cikin Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, "mafi yawan ma'aikatan da suke yin nama matalauta ne, da yawa baƙi ne da ke gwagwarmayar rayuwa, kuma yawancin yanzu suna aiki a yankunan karkara." A cikin shekara ta 1998, Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Bayar da Halittu ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ma'aikatan tattara nama a Nebraska da Iowa baƙi ne ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. USDA ta buga irin waɗannan lambobi, tana ƙididdige adadin ma'aikatan sarrafa nama na Hispanic sun tashi daga ƙasa da 10% a cikin 1980 zuwa kusan 30% a cikin shekara ta 2000. Rashin haƙƙin ma’aikatan da ba su da takardun aiki ya sa jama’a ba za su iya ganin su ba. Bugu da kari, bin hukuncin Kotun Koli na 2002 a Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Kasa
Adadin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yakan yi yawa sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfani, ConAgra Red Meat, ya ba da rahoton adadin canjin shekara 100% a cikin 1990s. Irin wannan yawan canjin kuɗi yana sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikata su haɗu kuma, saboda haka, mafi sauƙi ga masana'antu don sarrafa ma'aikatanta. Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma’aikata ya bayar da rahoton cewa, a shekarar 2000, mutane 148,100 ne suka yi aikin hada-hadar nama kuma sama da 250,000 sun yi aikin sarrafa kaji. Duk da bunkasuwar masana'antar noman nama, albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yana raguwa cikin sauri. A tarihi dai albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka ya fi matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. Wannan yanayin ya koma baya a cikin 1983 lokacin da albashin ma'aikata ya faɗi ƙasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. A shekara ta 2002, albashin mayankan ya kai kashi 24% kasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'antu. A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata, a cikin 2006, matsakaicin albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka shine $10.43 a kowace awa wanda ke fitowa zuwa $21,690 a shekara.
Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a masana'antu
Mahallin tarihi A cikin ƙarni na 19, gefen kudu na Chicago ya zama babban gidan mahauta na Amurka. Don gujewa biyan ƙarin albashi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata, manyan wuraren yanka a Chicago sun kafa tsarin layin taro; tsarin samar da yawa ya kawar da buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Asalin mayankan sun kasance bakin haure na Irish, Jamusanci, da asalin Scandinavia. A cikin mahauta, sun yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Ba wai kawai an buƙaci su yanka da kuma wargaza dabbobi masu yawan gaske a kowace rana ba, amma suna fuskantar rashin kyawun yanayi, gami da ɗigon gurɓataccen ruwa, sharar ruwa da najasa a saman benaye, da rashin haske, dakunan sanyi. Dukansu raunuka da rashin lafiya sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikata. Bugu da kari, yawancin ma'aikata suna zama a cikin unguwannin marasa galihu da ke kusa da mayankan. A farkon shekara ta 1880, ma'aikata sun yi ƙoƙarin tsarawa, suna kira don ƙarin albashi da ingantaccen yanayin aiki. Dangane da mayar da martani, masu gidan yanka sun yi amfani da bambance-bambancen kabilanci don kula da su: "sun dauki 'yan sanda masu rauni, Serbs, Croatians, Slovaks, da sauran 'yan gudun hijira na Kudancin da Gabashin Turai a matsayin ma'aikata." Lokacin da ma'aikatan farar fata suka sami damar shiryawa tare da shiga yajin aikin a 1894, masu gidajen yanka a maimakon haka sun fara daukar ma'aikatan Amurkawa 'yan Afirka don karya yajin aikin. Upton Sinclair 's polemical novel 1906 The Jungle ya bayyana zargin cin zarafi na masana'antar samar da nama, kuma ya kasance wani abu a cikin zartar da Dokar Abinci da Magunguna ta Tsabta (1906) da Dokar Kula da Nama ta Tarayya (1906). Koyaya, wakilan Ofishin Masana'antar Dabbobi ta Tarayya sun ba wa Majalisa rahoto cewa littafin Sinclair bai yi daidai ba ta wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, "da gangan yaudara ne da karya", sannan kuma ya tsunduma cikin "karkatar gaskiya da gangan". Jama'ar Amurka "ba su mai da hankali sosai ga yanayin aiki na cin zarafi da kulawa" wani lokaci ana fuskantar ma'aikata. Ya ɗauki babban haɗin kai ta sabuwar Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Masana'antu (CIO) da aka kafa da kuma tasirin Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (1935) don inganta yanayin aiki ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1970, an inganta albashi da yanayin ma'aikatan dakon nama. A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch, "manyan kwangilolin da suka shafi masana'antu sun haɓaka albashi da matakan tsaro." Koyaya, ma'auni sun fara raguwa a cikin shekara ta 1980s yayin da kamfanoni suka fara ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara kuma wasu kamfanoni sun zama "masu ƙarfi na masana'antu." Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) musamman ya canza tsarin samar da nama ta yadda, a kowane mataki, ma'aikata suna da rashin tunani, maimaita motsi don kammala "a cikin abin da masana'antu ke kira tsarin rarraba-layi." IBP da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kara saurin layin da rage albashi. Ko da kamfanoni sun zaɓi ba za su ƙaura ba, kamfanoni da yawa suna rufe tsire-tsire su kawai, sun bar ma'aikatansu da suka kafa da tsare-tsaren su tafi, kuma sun sake buɗewa tare da ma'aikatan da ba na tarayya ba, masu hijira. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata sun yi tsayayya da yunƙurin da ma'aikatan suka yi na haɗa kai a cikin tsire-tsire da aka ƙaura ko aka sake buɗewa; tarihin kwanan nan na rufewar tsire-tsire ya ba wa ma'aikata barazana ga ingantaccen tabbaci. Rahoton Human Rights Watch kan yanayin nama da kaji ya tabbatar da cewa "yayin da karni na ashirin ya koma na ashirin da daya,
Yanayin aiki na masana'antu Yanayin wurin aiki sun sanya tara nama aiki mai haɗari sosai. Matsakaicin motsi yana sanya damuwa mai tsanani akan hannayen ma'aikata, wuyan hannu, hannaye, kafadu da baya. Bugu da ƙari, layukan tarwatsa suna tafiya da sauri sosai; a cewar dan jarida mai bincike Eric Schlosser, "daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da raunin raunin da ya faru a gidan yanka a yau shine saurin layin rarraba." Da sauri layi yana motsawa, mafi wahalar da ma'aikaci ya ci gaba kuma yana haɓaka damar rauni. Don daidaita saurin layukan tarwatsawa a yau, tsoffin tsire-tsire masu tattara nama a Chicago za su sarrafa kimanin shanu guda 50 a sa'a guda. Sabbin tsire-tsire a cikin shekara ta 1980s zasu sarrafa kimanin shanu 175 a sa'a guda. A yau, a cikin 2018s, wasu tsire-tsire suna sarrafa shanu guda 400 a cikin awa ɗaya. Ba wai kawai layukan tarwatsawa suna tafiya cikin sauri ba, har ma ma'aikata sun ba da rahoton matsin lamba daga masu kula da su don ci gaba da tafiya a kan layin. A cewar kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, ka'idojin tarayya na saurin rarraba layin yana la'akari da abubuwa biyu kawai: guje wa lalata nama da kaji, da kuma hana amfanin shuka. A cikin littafinsa Fast Food Nation, Schlosser kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an matsa wa ma'aikata don kada su ba da rahoton raunin da ya faru. Saboda alawus na manajoji da masu aikin hajji ana danganta su da yawan raunin da ake samu a shukar su, masu kula da mahauta ba su da kwarin gwiwa don ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru. Sauran haɗarin da ke tattare da rauni na zuwa daga wuraren da ma'aikata ke yanke naman da nau'ikan ayyukan da suke yi. Tazarar da ke tsakanin ma'aikata, da kuma tsayin layin tarwatsawa da saman aikin, iri ɗaya ne duk da bambance-bambancen nau'ikan jikin ma'aikaci. Ga wasu ma'aikata, wannan yana tilasta musu yin ƙarin ƙoƙari don kammala aikin da aka ba su kuma yana haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rauni. Bugu da ƙari, duk da haɓaka injina ta atomatik a cikin mahauta, yawancin ayyukan sun haɗa da ɗaga nauyi, kora, da juya dabbobi, sassan dabbobi, ko kayan aiki. Ko da yake an ba wa ma’aikatan yanka kayan kariya, yanayin da ba makawa na wuraren aikin na nufin ma’aikata suna fuskantar “jini, maiko, najasar dabbobi, ingesta (abinci daga tsarin narkewar dabbar), da sauran lahani daga dabbobin da suke yanka.”
2020 COVID-19 annoba Dubi Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka Amsar masana'antu Ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan masana'antu, irin su Cibiyar Harkokin Nama ta Amirka (AMI), sun nuna cewa yawan raunin da ma'aikata ke samu a wuraren sarrafa nama ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar wani labarin na 2005 a cikin The New York Times, "masana'antar [nama] ta kuma tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin tattara kaya ba su keta dokokin da ke ba ma'aikata damar haɗin gwiwa ba kuma ba su kula da ma'aikata da tsanani saboda matsayin su na shige da fice." Labarin ya ambato Patrick Boyle shugaban Cibiyar Nama ta Amurka yayi watsi da rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2005 da cewa "cike da karya da da'awar da ba ta da tushe." Wakilan kamfanonin sarrafa kayayyakin sun kuma mayar da martani kan zargin take hakkin ma'aikata. Wani mai magana da yawun Tyson Foods ya ce, "mun ji takaicin sakamakon da rahoton [Human Rights Watch] ya yi na yaudara, amma ba mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da dangantakar da marubucin ya yi da kungiyoyin kwadago." Mataimakin shugaban Smithfield, Dennis Treacy, shima ya soki rahoton, yana mai zarginsa da bayar da rahoto kan cin zarafi daga shekaru goma da suka gabata maimakon yanayin kwanan nan da kuma dacewa. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da saurin sarrafa kaji a shukar su, jami'in Tyson Foods ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa saurin layinsu ya dace da dokokin tarayya. A cewar jami'ai, "gudun layin ya bambanta dangane da nau'in samfurin," kuma USDA ce ke tsara shi. Yayin da ma'auni na tarihi ya kasance a hankali, ya karu tare da sarrafa kansa wanda jami'an Tyson suka ce yana haifar da "ƙananan aikin hannu."
Tasiri ga ma'aikata Masana'antar samar da nama na ɗaukar dubban ma'aikata masu ƙarancin albashi waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin fuskantar haɗarin jiki da na tunani.
Na zahiri Bukatar nama mai mahimmanci ya sanya kaso mai yawa ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Aikin yana da wuyar jiki kuma yana da wahala, bisa ga maimaita motsi. Ma'aikatan tattara nama na iya buƙatar yanke kowane daƙiƙa biyu zuwa uku: wannan yana fitowa zuwa kusan yanke dubu goma a cikin awanni takwas. Baya ga yin aiki da wukake, ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sukan yi ta ɗagawa akai-akai da motsa abubuwa masu nauyi yayin motsi kuma suna fuskantar injuna masu haɗari. Wani ma'aikaci a Excel (rashin nama na Cargill Meat Solutions ya ba da rahoton ɗaga buhunan nama mai nauyin kilo arba'in a kowane daƙiƙa uku, yayin da wasu asusun daga ma'aikatan nama ke nuna cewa wasu ayyukan da suka haɗa da jujjuya duk wani hog. Wani manajan shuka na yankan alade ya ci gaba da yin rikodi yayin gwajin aikin ma'aikata na rashin adalci yana mai cewa, "akwai nauyi mai yawa da kuma maimaita aiki." Sakamakon haka, bisa ga bayanan da Drake Journal of Agricultural Law ya buga, kusan 25% na ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sun ji rauni ko kuma suna rashin lafiya kowace shekara. Bayanan raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki a Iowa ya nuna matsakaicin raunin 9.8 kowace shekara a kowane rukuni na ɗaruruwan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci; akwai matsakaicin rauni ko cututtuka 51 a cikin ɗari ma'aikatan tattara nama kowace shekara. Yayin da nau'ikan raunin da ya faru sun bambanta, lacerations sun fi yawa. Ma'aikata sukan yi bazata ko dai kansu ko kuma abokan aikin da ke kusa. Sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ma'aikata masu tasowa na tendonitis, cututtuka masu tarawa, ramin carpal, matsalolin baya da kafada, da "matsalar yatsa" yanayin da yatsa ya daskare a wuri mai lanƙwasa. Bugu da kari, wukake maras kyau ko sawa suna sanya ƙarin matsin lamba akan tendons, gidajen abinci, da jijiyoyi. Wani "haɗari na gama gari da tushen rauni" shine jigon benaye na tsire-tsire masu samar da nama. Wani ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya wanda ke hidimar ma'aikatan masana'antar kiwon kaji a Arewa maso yammacin Arkansas ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch."
Ilimin halin dan Adam Mayanka na yau da kullun suna tafiya cikin sauri. Ana samar da kayan aiki da sauri kuma baya bada lokaci don tabbatar da dabbobin ba su sha wahala ba. A cewar wani bincike na 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown a kan Dokar Talauci da Manufofin, dabbobi masu raɗaɗi da ta'addanci suna shiga cikin lokutan su na ƙarshe suna haifar da "yanayin aiki wanda ya dace da matsalolin tunani." Wani binciken da Rachel McNair (2002) ya yi ya nuna cewa ma'aikatan gidan yanka na iya zama masu saurin kamuwa da damuwa mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, kuma halin da suke ciki ya cancanci yin nazari sosai. Perpetration-induced traumatic stress (PITS) wani nau'i ne na rashin lafiya na damuwa (PTSD) wanda lalacewa ta hanyar tunani ya taso "daga yanayin da zai zama mai ban tsoro idan wani ya kasance wanda aka azabtar, amma yanayin da mutum ya kasance mai shiga tsakani." Dangane da binciken shekara ta 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown akan Doka da Manufofin Talauci, akwai isassun shaidun anecdotal na ma'aikatan gidan yanka da ke nuna alamun PITS. Na farko, binciken ya tabbatar da cin zarafi wanda shine halayen PITS ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Na biyu, ya ba da rahoton rahotannin da ma'aikatan suka ba da labarin mafarki mai ban tsoro game da aikin yanka. "Virgil Butler, ma'aikacin mayanka na dogon lokaci."
Kariyar siyasa
Matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam Akwai kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don wurin aiki. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu duka sun yi kira ga adalci da aminci yanayin aiki. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta rubuta Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata mai lamba 155, wacce ke kira ga manufofin kasa waɗanda ke rage haɗarin yanayin aiki. Sauran bangarorin ka'idojin aminci na wurin aiki na ILO suna kiyaye ka'idodin diyya na ma'aikata idan aka samu rauni; ILO ta yi kira ga kariyar doka da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ba da cikakkiyar kulawar likita da gyarawa ga ma'aikatan nakasassu ko suka ji rauni yayin da suke kan aiki, da kuma biyan diyya na lokacin da aka kashe saboda raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki. A cewar wani binciken da Human Rights Watch ta yi, "ka'idar kare haƙƙin bil'adama don kare lafiyar wuraren aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kan ka'idar cewa ma'aikata suna da hakkin yin aiki a cikin yanayin da ya dace ba tare da tsinkaya ba, hanawa, haɗari mai tsanani." Duk da yake irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba sa buƙatar ƙasashe su kawar da duk wani haɗari babba ko ƙanana ma'aikata suna da 'yancin sanin cewa idan sun je aiki kuma suka kammala ayyukansu, "za su iya barin wurin aiki a ƙarshen rana. tare da rayuwa da gaɓoɓinsa. Dokokin kare wuraren aiki na Amurka gaba ɗaya sun dace da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago na duniya. Dokar Tsaro da Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta shekara ta 1970 ta kafa Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (OSHA), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka wacce ta tsara da kuma ba da izini ga ƙa'idodin ƙasa don amincin wurin aiki. Dokar ta ba OSHA iko masu mahimmanci da yawa ciki har da ikon bincika wuraren aiki don rashin bin doka, zartar da hukunci don cin zarafi na aminci, da cire haɗari ko lafiya. Lokacin yanke hukunci, hukumar tana da hankali sosai: OSHA tana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da biyayyar mai aiki a baya tare da ƙa'idodin aminci, girman, imani mai kyau, da tsananin cin zarafi. Ma'auni na OSHA sun shafi duk ma'aikata, sun haɗa da waɗanda ba su da takardun shaida ko ba ƴan ƙasa ba. An sami ƙarin martanin majalisa na baya-bayan nan game da damuwar masu neman aiki. A cikin shekara ta 2000, tsohon Gwamnan Nebraska Michael Johanns (wanda daga baya ya zama Sakataren Aikin Noma na Amurka) ya ba da Bill of Rights Ma'aikatan Masana'antar Meatpacking na Nebraska wanda ya amince da haƙƙin ma'aikaci don tsarawa, aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da samun damar fa'idodin jihohi da tarayya. A cikin 2001, Majalisa ta soke wasu ka'idodin ergonomics na OSHA waɗanda gwamnatin Clinton ta amince da su. Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan sokewar.
Duba kuma Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka
Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Naman daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
9202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihar%20Kogi | Jihar Kogi | Jihar Kogi gida ce ga Jami'ar Tarayya (Lokoja),Jami'ar Jihar KogiAnyigba, Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Confluence Osara,Federal Polytechnic Idah,Kogi State Polytechnic(Lokoja),Federal College na Education(Okene),College of Education(Ankpa),College of Agriculture Kabba, Kogi state college of education, technical(Kabba)and the Private Salem UniversityLokoja.Akwai kwalejin koyon aikin jinya da ungozoma a Anyigba da Obangede,makarantar fasahar kiwon lafiya da ke Idah,da kuma makarantar koyon aikin jinya ta ECWA da ke Egbe.
Wasanni Jihar Kogi ta samar da ‘yan gudun hijira irin su Sunday Bada da sauran ’yan wasa, wadanda suka taimaka wajen bunkasar wasanni a duniya.Kogi United da Babanawa FC kungiyoyin kwallon kafa ne da ke jihar.Sauran wasanni, kamar su ninkaya,ƙwallon hannu,da wasan tennis ana haɓaka su sosai a cikin jihar. Majalisar wasanni ta jihar Kogi tana da tarihin Daraktoci da ƙwararrun ma’aikata waɗanda a wani lokaci ko waninsu suka yi aiki tare da hangen nesa na sanya jihar gabaɗaya a taswirar duniya.Daga cikin su akwai mutane kamar Mista Francis Umoru,Mista Mohammed Emeje,Mista Benjamin O.Ameje,Mista A.Ogido,Mista Joel J.Abu da sauransu.
Daga cikin sauran ’yan wasan da jihar ke samarwa akwai Shola Ameobi,wani Ayetoro Gbede haifaffen Ijumu,ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila,a halin yanzu yana buga wa Bolton Wanderers a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba,marigayi Sunday Bada 400 Mita 400 Gwarzon Olympic daga Ogidi a Ijumu Local Govt.na jihar.
Siyasa Gwamnatin jihar na karkashin jagorancin zababben gwamnan da ke aiki kafada da kafada da ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin jihar shine Lokoja
Tsarin zabe Ana zabar tsarin zaɓen kowace jiha ta amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara. Idan za a zabe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne dan takara ya samu yawan kuri’u da sama da kashi 25% na kuri’u a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomin Jiha da na kananan hukumomi.Idan babu dan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya,za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin wanda ya fi kowanne dan takara da dan takara na gaba wanda ya samu kuri’u masu yawa a mafi yawan kananan hukumomi.
Majalisar Dattawa Sanatoci uku ne ke wakiltar jihar Kogi tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1999 a majalisar dattawa inda Kogi ta gabas da Kogi ta yamma da kuma Kogi ta tsakiya suka samar da guda daya.
Fitattun mutane Ayegba Omaidoko,first Attah Igala.
Prosper Ochimana,mawaƙin bishara.
Danladi Mohammed Zakari,First Military Administrator of Kogi State, Nigeria
Halima Abubakar,Nollywood Actress.
Segun Adaju,dan kasuwa,Shugaba na Consistent Energy Limited kuma shugaban,Renewable Energy Association Nigeria(REAN).
Pius Adesanmi,haifaffen Najeriya, farfesa dan kasar Kanada,marubuci, mai sukar adabi,satirist,kuma marubuci.
Smart Adeyemi,Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Kogi ta yamma. Nasir Ajanah,masanin shari'a wanda yayi aiki a matsayin babban alkalin jihar Kogi.
SA Ajayi,Dan Jahar Najeriya wanda ya taimaka wajen sasanta Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai.Tsohon ministan gandun daji, ministan ilimi,
Seth Sunday Ajayi, masanin kimiyya, masani, kuma Farfesa na farko na Afirka Emeritus na Dabbobin Dabbobi.
Esther Titilayo Akinlabi,Farfesa a Injiniya Injiniya kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Kimiyyar Duniya ta Pan African(PAULESI), Najeriya.Ta kasance Shugabar Sashen,Kimiyyar Injiniya Injiniya, Faculty of Engineering da Gina Muhalli,Jami'ar Johannesburg(UJ), Afirka ta Kudu.
Shola Ameobi,tsohon kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba.
Tolulope Arotile(1995–2020), Matukin Jirgin Sama na Sojojin Sama na Najeriya.
Sefi Atta,marubuci,marubuci,ɗan gajeren labari,marubucin wasan kwaikwayo,kuma marubucin allo.
Abubakar Audu,farar hula na farko kuma gwamnan jihar sau biyu (1992-1993 da 1999-2003).
Yahaya Bello,Gwamnan Jihar Kogi (2016 har zuwa yau).
Joseph Benjamin,Actor.
Darey-Darey Art Alade.
Abiodun Faleke,mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci da dabaru kuma ɗan siyasa.
Ibrahim Idris,tsohon gwamnan jihar (2003-2011).
Jaywon,Musician.
David Jemibewon,Manjo-Janar mai ritaya wanda ya taba rike mukamin gwamnan soji na rusasshiyar Jihar Yamma a yanzu,sannan kuma ya zama Ministan Harkokin ‘Yan Sanda a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo.
Mercy Johnson,Jarumar Nollywood. Joseph Makoju,tsohon GM na NEPA.
Dino Melaye, tsohon Sanata daga Kogi ta Yamma.
Oladele John Nihi, tsohon shugaban majalisar matasan Najeriya 2019 2020. Mataimakin Shugaban Yammacin Afirka, Kungiyar Matasan Afirka ta Pan-African (2021 har zuwa yau).
John Obaro, ɗan kasuwan fasaha, mai magana da jama'a, kuma wanda ya kafa SystemSpecs Nigeria Limited.
Bayo Ojo, tsohon babban lauyan gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya.
Nike Davies-Okundaye, yar Najeriya batik kuma mai zane Adire.
Jide Omokore, fitaccen dan kasuwa ne wanda ke da sha'awar kasuwancin mai bincike, ruwa, sabis na jigilar kaya, karfe, injiniyan bushewa, da haɓaka kadarori.
Edward David Onoja, tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan gwamna Yahaya Bello 2016 2019. Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Kogi (2019 har zuwa yau).
Praiz, marubucin waƙa, Artist. Idris Wada, tsohon gwamnan jihar (2011-2016).
Folashade Yemi-Esan, shugabar ma'aikatan gwamnatin tarayya.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo
Jihohin |
24034 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin%20Chinese | Mandarin Chinese | Mandarin Sin ko kawai Mandarin shine yaren gwamnati da ilimi na babban yankin China da Taiwan, tare da sanannun banbance na Hong Kong da Macau inda ake yawan amfani da yaren Sinawa da ake kira Cantonese.
Mandarin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan harsunan yanki biyar na kasar Sin. Yana yaduwa fiye da kowane nau'in yanki, daga duk yankin arewacin ƙasar Sin zuwa lardin Yunnan da ke kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin. A cikin wannan babban yanki akwai bambance -bambancen yanki da yawa a cikin ƙamus, don haka wani wanda ya tashi daga Beijing zuwa Yunnan bai iya fahimtar mutanen da ke magana da yarensu na Yunnanhua ba. Matsalar ta fi girma ga mutum a Burtaniya ko Amurka don zuwa Australia. Saboda haka, tun daga shekarun 1920, gwamnatin ƙasar Sin ta kafa harshe na ƙasa bisa tushen yaren Beijing da kuma a kan kalmomin da aka fi fahimta da karin magana.
Mandarin shine daidaitaccen yare Ba yaren kowa bane, amma matsakaici mai kyau tsakanin nau'ikan harsuna daban -daban da yare ɗaya kowa zai iya fahimta da sadarwa da shi. Duk da cewa ya dogara ne da yaren Beijing, amma bai yi daidai da yaren Beijing ba.
Makarantu suna amfani da yare da ake kira tsayayyen Mandarin, Putonghua ma'ana "na kowa (magana)" ko Hanyu ma'ana "harshen Han A wurare kamar Malaysia, an san shi da Huayu A Taiwan, an san shi da Guoyu ma'ana "harshen ƙasa." Akwai ƙananan bambance -bambance a cikin waɗannan ƙa'idodin.
Sama da mutane miliyan 800 ke magana da yaren Mandarin a duk duniya, fiye da kowane yare. Yawancin mutanen da ke ƙaura daga yankin Greater China yanzu suna magana da Mandarin, yayin da a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata galibin yaren Cantonese ko Taishanese, wani yare na Sinawa na gida.
Standard Mandarin yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma guda shida a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sauran Ingilishi ne, Faransanci, Spanish, Rashanci da Larabci Rubutu An rubuta Mandarin tare da haruffan Sinanci da ake kira Hànzì ko wanda a zahiri yana nufin "haruffan Han". Kowane Hànzì yana da lafazi da ma'anarsa. Ƙamus na talakawa zai ƙunshi haruffa kusan 10,000. Mandarin da ake Magana yana amfani da kalmomin hadewa da yawa, kalmomin da ke haɗa ma'anoni kamar yadda Ingilishi ke yi a cikin kalmomin kamar "gun bindiga," "motar kashe gobara," "filin wasa," da dai sauransu.
Hanzi sune tsarin akida: hali ɗaya yana nufin ra'ayi ɗaya. Dabbobi daban -daban an samo su ne daga masu akidar ta hanyar haɗa su. Hakanan ana iya rubuta Mandarin da sauti (wato: an rubuta kamar yadda ake magana) tare da haruffan Latin kamar yadda da gaske ba za ku iya ganin haruffan daga haruffan Hanzi ba. Wannan shi ake kira fassara. Mafi mashahuri tsarin fassarar harshe ana kiransa Pinyin Wasu haruffan Sinawa ainihin hotuna ne na ainihin abubuwan da suke wakilta. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, mutane sun zaɓi rubuta juzu'i mafi sauƙi waɗanda suka fi sauƙi a rubuta amma ba su yi kama da ainihin abin ba, kamar yadda mutane a wasu lokuta sukan zana sandar maza maimakon zana mutane da jikinsu na zahiri, makamai, ƙafafu, da sauransu. Ga wasu misalai:
Yawancin haruffa, duk da haka, ana yin su ta hanyar haɗa hotuna, ta amfani da ɗaya don ba da ma'ana gaba ɗaya, ɗayan kuma don wakiltar sauti. Misali, mā" (inna) ana yin ta ta ƙara (nǚ, mace mutum) zuwa (mǎ, doki). Ɓangaren "ma" yana nan don wakiltar sauti.
A yawancin yarukan Sinawa na dā, haruffa ɗaya gaba ɗaya sun isa kalma ɗaya, amma Mandarin da ake magana da shi na zamani yana amfani da yawancin mahadi kamar māma," wanda shine kawai "mama,"
Wasu misalai suna nuna hanyoyi daban -daban na haɗa abubuwan haɗin gwiwa:
huǒ chē (lit. motar wuta) locomotive, jirgin ƙasa
dà rén (lit. babban mutum) babba
dǎ kāi (lit. yajin aiki a buɗe) buɗe (ƙofa, taga, ambulaf, da sauransu. Kamar dai yadda Ingilishi da ake amfani da shi a Burtaniya yana son "man fetur" amma Ingilishi da ake amfani da shi a Amurka kusan koyaushe yana amfani da "mai," harsunan yanki daban -daban a China na iya amfani da kalmomin haɗewa daban -daban don kiran abu ɗaya.
A cikin Mandarin da ake Magana, yawancin kalmomi mahadi ne na hali saboda tsawon lokaci Mandarin ya ɓace sautuka da yawa waɗanda suka wanzu a farkon nau'ikan Sinanci. Saboda asarar sauti, kalmomin Sinanci da yawa sun ƙare sun zama masu yin homophones, don haka an ƙara ƙarin haruffa zuwa kalmomi don rarrabe su. Misali, taken Sinanci na waƙar zaki mai cin zaki a cikin Den ana kiransa Shī Shì Shí Shī Shǐ kuma kowane hali a cikin waƙar ana furtawa da harafi iri ɗaya, amma tare da sautuka daban-daban. A cikin tsoffin nau'ikan Sinawa, da ana iya rarrabe haruffa daban -daban waɗanda ke yin taken, saboda suna iya yin sauti daban da juna.
Don haka, kalmomin haruffa ɗaya a cikin Sinanci na gargajiya kamar
ya zama kalmomin haɗin Mandarin
don rarrabe irin waɗannan kalmomin daga homophones ɗin su, in ba haka ba za a iya kuskure haruffan da aka ambata don irin haruffa masu sauti kamar
don haka ya sa harshen magana yake da wahalar fahimta ba tare da kalmomin haɗe -haɗe ba.
Bambanci tsakanin Mandarin (Lafazin Beijing) da Yaren Beijing An bayyana Mandarin kuma an tsara shi bisa lafazin Beijing. A ƙasar Sin, akwai yaruka sama da 600,000 da karin lafazi duk da cewa dukkansu suna amfani da yaren Sinanci da haruffa, amma yadda suke furtawa da wasu maganganu sun bambanta. Dole ne kasar Sin ta sami daidaitaccen lafazi don ba wa dukkan mutane damar fahimtar juna da sadarwa. Beijing ta kasance babban birnin China sama da shekaru 1,000, don haka China ta ayyana Beijing Accent a matsayin daidaitaccen Mandarin.
Har ila yau, Beijing tana da wasu yarukan gida waɗanda Mandarin ko daidaitaccen yaren Sinanci bai haɗa da su ba tukuna. Amma kasancewar Beijing ita ce babban birni har ma da cibiyar siyasa, tattalin arziki, al'adu da ilimi na China, ana samun ƙarin sabbin yarukan Beijing ko za a karɓa a matsayin Mandarin ko daidaitaccen yaren Sinanci. Sauran yarukan, kamar su Shangajin, Cantonese, Hakka da sauransu, suna da ƙarancin damar da za a haɗa su cikin Mandarin ko daidaitaccen yaren Sinanci ko kuma duk China ta yarda da su.
Samfuran masu zuwa wasu yarukan Beijing ne waɗanda har yanzu ba a karɓe su a matsayin daidaitaccen Mandarin bèi'ér na nufin bànsuàn na nufin bùlìn yana nufin 'kada ku damu'; Ò: cuò na nufin chūliū na nufin dàlǎoyérmenr na nufin 'maza, maza';
Samfuran masu zuwa wasu yarukan Beijing ne waɗanda tuni an karɓi su a matsayin Mandarin a cikin 'yan shekarun èrbǎdāo yana nufin 'ba ƙwararre ba'; Ē gēmenr na nufin 'kyawawan abokai kōuménr na nufin dǎxiǎo'ér na nufin 'tun ƙuruciya'
Misalai Nayi farin ciki
Ǐ nǐ ba ma? Ya kake?
wǒ ni, ni
Ba ku
nín －you (Ana amfani dashi kawai lokacin girmamawa)
Nassoshi
Sauran gidajen yanar gizo Gabatarwar Harshen Mandarin
Archived Tona Asusun Mai Bayanai na Pinyin Yana ƙara alamun sauti (pinyin) ta atomatik a saman haruffan Sinawa.
Ina Son Mujallar Koyan Sinanci
Archived Software Mai Shigar da Software na shigar da Pinyin na Google
Koyi Mandarin 11 Kyaututtukan koyan Mandarin kyauta
Mandarin Pinyin Domin koyon daidaitattun Sinanci, dole ne mutum ya fara koyon tsarin sautinsa.
Yellow Bridge Wata hanya ta yanar gizo don ɗaliban yaren Sinanci
Zhongwen Red Kyautattun darussan tsari don Mandarin Sinawa.
Harshen Mandarin -Citizendium
Sin
Harsuna
Pages with unreviewed |