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20166 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Kutumbi | El Kutumbi | Muhammad Dan Nazaki (daga shekara ta 1623-1648), wanda aka fi sani da El Kutumbi ko Muhammad Alwali I shi ne sarkin Kano na ashirin da tara kuma uban gidan Kutumbawa, bangaren ƙarshe na sarakunan Hausawa a Kano. Kamar Sarakunan Gaudawa da Rumfawa, ba a bambanta gidansa da farko a kan tsatson dangi ba, a’a, an samu gagarumin sauyi na siyasa da zamantakewa da aka kawo a zamaninsu. Yayin da Rumfawa suka fi son tsarin mulki na tsakiya, Kutumbi da zuriyarsa sun tarwatsa mulki ta hanyar jami'an gwamnati. Ya kirkiro sabbin mukaman gwamnati daban-daban, sannan ya sanya sabbin nau’o’in haraji, musamman a kan shanun Fulani. Haka kuma mulkin sa ya kasance cikin nasara a kan Gombe, Bauchi da kuma babbar kishiyar Kano, Katsina. El Kutumbi ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a yaƙin bayan wani balaguro na biyu da yayi da na baya. Jaridar Kano Chronicle ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Kano.
Haihuwa Shi ɗa ne ga Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Nazaki da abokinsa, Dada. Ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Sultan a shekara ta alif da ɗari shida da ashirin da uku 1623.
Sarautar Sarkin Musulmi "Kutumbi babban Sarki ne a ƙasar Hausa." An ce El Kutumbi ya zaburar da mulki da dukiya. Muzaharar tasa tana rakiyar bābā ɗari sanye da riguna masu tsada, an lulluɓe da kayan ado na zinariya da azurfa. An kuma bi shi da ganguna hamsin, da ganguna arba'in, da ƙaho ashirin da biyar. A lokacin cin nasara ko bukukuwa, ya kasance yana da dawakai guda ɗari. Ya gina gidaje biyu a Gandu da Tokarawa. An yi amfani da gidansa da ke Tokarawa a matsayin hanyar wucewa inda ya jira sojojinsa su hallara. Sojojinsa sun shahara saboda bajintarsu.
Gwamnatin da ba ta da kwanciyar hankali Bayan hawansa, abin da ya fi yin barazana ga karagar mulkinsa nan da nan shi ne aminin mahaifinsa, Wambai Giwa. Arzikin Wambai da karamcinsa da martabarsa da wannan annoba ta Katsina ya sanya fargabar zai yi wa Sarkin Musulmi tawaye. Nan take Alwali ya kwace masa muƙami. An ce Alwali yana da wani abokinsa mai suna Kalina Atuman wanda ya yi basarake kuma ya ba wa amanar iko. Wannan Vizier ya samu iko wanda ya goyi bayan na Sarkin Musulmi, ta yadda mutane suka yi imani da cewa aikinsu ya koma baya. Atuman kuwa, ya rasu shekara goma sha biyu da mulkin Alwali. Bayan mutuwarsa, Dawaki Kwoshi ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma ya yi kokarin tayar da zaune tsaye. Sannan Sarkin Musulmi ya kwace ragamar Ƙofan Kabugga daga hannun mahaifin hamshakin attajirin Dawaki, Turaki Kuka Allandayi. Dawaki Kwoshi ya fice daga birnin tare da samun goyon bayan manyan jami’an gwamnati amma Sarkin Musulmi ya gana da shi. Dan Kutumbi, Bako, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a Katsina, ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Jarumi" (Jarumi) shi ma ya samu iko sosai. Yana da dawakai ɗari shida, da mayaƙan dawakai casa'in na manyan mayaƙan doki, yana da babban kwamandan sojoji. Littafin Kano Chronicle ya ce ba wani basarake da aka kwatanta shi da shi “a wajen kyautatawa, ko yin rashin lafiya, cikin jajircewa, bacin rai, da karamci, ya kasance kamar Sarki ne ko da kuwa basarake ne kawai”. Hawan sa kan karagar mulki dangane da rasuwar mahaifinsa, sai da abokan hamayyarsa suka yi masa addu’ar Allah Ya yi wa Jarumi rasuwa. Wasu bayanai sun bayyana cewa, ganin yakin basasa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Bako da kansa ya yi addu’ar Allah ya yi masa rasuwa. Duk da haka, ya mutu kafin mahaifinsa.
Sauran membobin majalisar ministocin Alwali ya gabatar da laƙabin "Barde Kerreriya", da na "Sarkin Shanu"; wanda ke kula da shanun jihar. Ya fara baiwa bawansa Ibo, wanda aka fi sani da Ibo na Kutumbi mukami na karshe. Ya kuma kirkiro lakabin "Sarkin Samari", shugaban kananun bayin Sarkin Musulmi.
Haraji Alwali shine Sarkin Musulmi na farko da ya dorawa Fulani makiyaya haraji. Ya ƙirƙiro wani sabon harajin gwamnati da aka fi sani da "Jangali", wanda ya baiwa jihar damar ba da daruruwan shanu.
Yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe
Bauchi Sarkin Dawaki na Alwali, Magara, ya je yaki da Bauchi, ya ci nasara. A hanyarsa ta dawowa daga Bauchi, ya yi sabon mazauni a Ganjua, ya aika da bayi dubu biyu Sarkin Musulmi. Sarkin Dawaki ya baci a sabon yankin Magara ya je ya afkawa Sarkin Dawaki bayan shekara guda inda ya tilasta masa biyan haraji ya bar bayinsa dari biyar a can.
Gombe An ce Alwali ya sha kaye ya kori birnin Gombe shekaru biyu bayan ya yi balaguron farko a Bauchi.
Katsina "Alwali rufaffen babbar kofa, Kimbirmi, rufaffen babbar kofa"
Jihar Kano, Katsina, ita ce babbar makiya a yankin. Kano ta samu galaba ne a lokacin da ta karbe Karaye mai dabara a karkashin mulkin mahaifin Alwali kuma Wambai Giwa ya samu gagarumar nasara a kansu. Yakin farko da Alwali ya yi da Katsina shi ne a sigar mamaya. Ya yi sansani a Dugazawa inda ya hana shiga ko fita daga Jihar tare da karbar ganima mai yawa a wurinsu. Sarkin Kano, Jarumi Bako, shi ma ya yi galaba a kan Turmin Dan Ranko, a birnin Katsina, inda ya samu ganima sosai. Yaki na biyu da Alwali ya yi da Katsina bai yi nasara ba. Ya yada zango ya nufi yammacin kofar amma sojojin katsina sun kai wani harin bazata wanda hakan yasa mutanen Kano suka gudu. A wannan ja da baya, wani jarumin Katsina mai suna Kumaza ya kaiwa Alwali hari da mashi amma Dan Maji Zartaki ya kashe shi kafin ya karasa aikin. Dakarun kano suka tashi da katsina suna zazzafan bin su har suka isa Yashi.
Mutuwa da gado El Kutumbi ya rasu ne sakamakon raunukan yaƙin da aka yi a Katsina bayan kwanaki uku. Yayin da wasu bayanai ke cewa ya rasu a Katsina, abin da ya fi dacewa shi ne ya rasu a Kano. Muhammad Alwali I shine Sarkin Kano na ƙarshe da ya rasu a yaki har Muhammad Alwali na biyu a lokacin Jihadin Fula. El Kutumbi ya gaji ɗansa Al Haji wanda aka yi gaggawar tsige shi. Daga nan aka zabi jikansa kuma dan Al Haji, Shekarau, wanda a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa Kano da Katsina za su rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya mai dorewa da malaman addinin Musulunci suka kulla.
Manazarta Hausawa
Sarakunan Daura
Sarakuna na Afrika
Sarakunan Hausawa
Sarakunan Kano
Sarauta
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27280 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos%20Rail%20Mass%20Transit | Lagos Rail Mass Transit | Lagos Rail Mass Transit tsarin layin dogo ne na birni da ake haɓakawa kuma ana kan gina shi a jihar Legas Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Babban Birnin Legas (LAMATA) ce ke tafiyar da tsarin. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su samar da kayan aikin layin dogo da suka hada da wutar lantarki, sigina, na'ura mai juyi, da na'urorin tattara kudin fasinja a karkashin kwangilar. LAMATA tana da alhakin jagorar manufofi, tsari, da abubuwan more rayuwa don hanyar sadarwa.
Tun da farko an shirya kammala sashe na farko na hanyar sadarwa Phase I na Blue Line a shekarar 2011, duk da cewa ginin ya samu tsaiko da yawa sakamakon karancin kudade da kuma sauye-sauyen gwamnati. A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a buɗe layin Blue and Red Line nan da Disambar shekara ta 2022.
Tsarin lokaci 2008: An samar da metro don Legas, wanda ake zargin yana da ranar kammala 2011.
2009: An fara gini akan layin Blue. 2010: Lagos Rail Mass Transit zai ci gaba.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">da ake bukata</span> 2016: Mataki na I (Layin Blue daga Marina zuwa Mile 2) ya shirya buɗewa a cikin Disamba 2016.
2018: Bayan nazarin Alstom na aikin, Mataki na I (Layin Blue daga Marina zuwa Mile 2) yanzu an saita don buɗewa a cikin 2021.
2021: Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta sanar da cewa za a bude layin Blue and Red a watan Disamba 2022.
Tarihi Tunanin bunkasa zirga-zirga cikin sauri a Legas ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1983 tare da layin dogo na Legas wanda Alhaji Lateef Jakande ya kirkira a lokacin Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu A shekarar 1985 Muhammadu Buhari ya yi watsi da fara aikin layin dogo, inda aka yi asarar sama da dala miliyan 78 ga masu biyan haraji a Legas. Gwamna Bola Tinubu ya sake farfado da manufar samar da layin dogo mai sauki a Legas a farkon shekarun 2000 tare da sanarwar gina shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003. Wannan kudiri na farko na dala miliyan 135 wani bangare ne na babban aikin sufurin biranen Legas da sabuwar hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa ta Legas (LAMATA) za ta aiwatar. Da farko LAMATA ta mayar da hankali ne wajen samar da tsarin zirga-zirgar gaggawa na Bus, wanda ke tashi daga Mile 12 zuwa tsibirin Legas. A cikin 2008, LAMATA ya fara samun ci gaba tare da aikin layin dogo, inda aka fara mai da hankali kan layin Blue da Red Line.
Rolling stock A cikin Satumban shekara ta 2011, LAMATA ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta sayi wasu jiragen ƙasa na H5- jerin jiragen ƙasa waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Canjin Canjin Toronto (TTC) ke amfani da su a da. Za a gyara motocin ne a Amurka sannan a mayar da su zuwa ma'auni kafin a shigo da su a sanya su a kan layin Blue and Red. Wannan kwangilar kuma ta haɗa da zaɓi don wasu motocin jirgin karkashin kasa na H6 daga TTC, duk da haka an soke wannan. An gina jiragen kasan a matsayin nau'i-nau'i na aure tare da taksi na direba a kusurwar dama ta kowace mota. A watan Janairun 2015, LAMATA ta zabi jiragen kasa da kasar Sin ta kera a maimakon haka, inda ta ba da odar raka'a masu yawa na dizal 15 daga CNR Dalian tare da zabin karin 14. Kimanin motoci 76 H5 da aka tafi da su don gyarawa zuwa Buffalo, New York, an soke su a watan Agustan shekara ta 2015. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2018, LAMATA ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Alstom A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar, Alstom ya gudanar da bitar layukan dogo. Bayan nazarin aikin jirgin kasa, wanda yakamata ya fara aikin fasinja, gwamnatin jihar ta ce yanzu layin Blue Line, zai kasance a shirye don gudanar da fasinja nan da shekara ta 2022. Wannan yarjejeniyar kuma tana shirin ƙaddamar da wani yanki na waƙar.
Hanyoyi
Okokomaiko-Marina Blue Line A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin jihar Legas ta amince da Naira biliyan 70 don gina layin Okokomaiko Iddo- Marina, wanda aka kiyasta kammala aikin a shekarar 2011. Sai dai aikin ya samu tsaiko da yawa saboda karancin kudade. An sake sabunta kwanan watan zuwa Yuni 2013, sannan Disamba 2016, sannan 2017. Tun daga Nuwamba 2016, kawai 16 km da 27 km Blue Line an kammala. An ba da kwangilar ne ga Kamfanin Gine-gine na Injiniya na China (CCECC), tare da sabis na ba da shawara wanda CPCS Transcom Limited ke bayarwa. Jihar Legas tana ba da tallafin gina layin Blue Line daga albarkatunta.
Layin Blue zai gudana 27.5 km daga Marina zuwa Okokomaiko, tare da tashoshi 13 da lokacin tafiya daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshen mintuna 35. A duka Blue Line zai yi aiki a kan wani amintacce kuma m dama-na-hanya, ba tare da wani matakin crossings kuma babu uncontrolled damar ta Tafiya da Kafa ko motocin. Hanyar dai za ta gudana ne a saman babban titin titin Legas-Badagry da ke tsakanin titin Igbo-Elerin (Okokomaiko) da Iganmu. Daga nan za a daga layin layin daga Iganmu a gefen kudu na babban titin da ya wuce mahadar da Eric Moore Road, wanda zai tsallaka kudu da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa zuwa Iddo, daga nan zuwa kudu zuwa tsibirin Legas mai tashar tashar Marina. Za a gina Wurin Kulawa da Ajiya (MSF) a Okokomaiko, tare da hanyar haɗin waƙa daga Blue Line zuwa ma'ajiyar kaya.
Agbado-Marina Red Line Layi na biyu, Red Line, zai gudana daga Marina zuwa Agbado Layin zai raba dama ta hanyar layin dogo na Legas zuwa Kano Duba kuma
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Subways.net Legas Rail Mass Transit
RGI Urbanrail.net
Sufuri
Jihar Legas
Tafiye-tafiye
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30394 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Portugal | Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Portugal | Gaba ɗaya ana ɗaukar Portugal a matsayin mai nasara wajen kiyaye 'yancin ɗan adam da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan ƙasa. Portugal ta tabbatar da aniyarta wajen ingantawa da mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ministan shari'a na kasashen har zuwa watan Satumba na shekara ta 2018, Francisca Van Dunem, ya ce Portugal tana da "kyakkyawan tarihin" game da 'yancin ɗan adam amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da cin zarafi. Portugal kasa memba ce ta Tarayyar Turai don haka 'yan kasarta suna samun kariya ta Yarjejeniya ta Muhimman Hakki Baya ga kasancewarta memba na Tarayyar Turai, Portugal ma memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya Tarihi A ranar 25 ga Afrilun 1974 wani juyin mulkin soji ya kawo karshen mulkin Estado Novo wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin farkisanci a kasar Portugal kuma shi ne mafarin sabuwar dimokradiyya bayan shekaru 48 na mulkin kama-karya da kuma yakin mulkin mallaka na shekaru 13. Wannan ya haifar da dimokuradiyya na majalisa da sabon tsarin mulki na 1976 na Jamhuriyar Fotigal wanda ya ba wa 'yan kasarta hakki na asali. An kayyade muhimman haƙƙoƙin ƴan ƙasa a cikin Sashe na 1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kafin Portugal ta riga ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun zama memba a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1955. Ko da yake memba tun 1955 ba sai bayan sun dawo mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1974 Portugal ta zama memba mai ƙwazo a Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya wadda ta ƙarfafa kariya da haɓaka duk yancin ɗan adam a ko'ina a duniya. A cikin 1979 Portugal ta kafa tsarin kula da lafiyarta wanda ya ba da damar samun kulawar lafiya kyauta ga duk 'yan ƙasarta. Wannan ya tabbatar da sashe na 25 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya wadda ta ce “Kowa yana da ‘yancin samun yanayin rayuwa mai dacewa da lafiyar kansa da na iyalinsa, gami da abinci, sutura, gidaje da kula da lafiya da zamantakewar zamantakewa. ayyuka, da kuma yancin samun tsaro idan aka yi la’akari da rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, takaba, tsufa ko sauran rashin rayuwa a cikin yanayi da ya fi karfinsa”. Ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1986 Portugal ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a hukumance bayan da ta nemi shiga ranar 28 ga Maris, 1977. A cikin Tarayyar Turai suna da Yarjejeniya ta Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam wanda Portugal ta rattaba hannu kuma ta amince da haka don haka ta yi alƙawarin doka don kiyaye wasu ƙa'idodi na ɗabi'a.
Hakkokin yara A cikin 1990 Portugal ta zama mai sa hannu kuma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara Bayan haka sun kuma rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da ka'idojin zaɓi ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara kan shigar yara a cikin rikicin makamai, kan sayar da yara, karuwanci da batsa na yara a 2003. A cikin 2013 sun sanya hannu kuma sun amince da ka'idar zaɓin ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara kan hanyar sadarwa.
Talauci Sa hannu da tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da ka'idojin zaɓi ya haifar da haɓakar albarkatun da aka ware don inganta haƙƙin yara a Portugal. Ko da yake an sami gyare-gyare, har yanzu akwai manyan batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin yara. Ɗaya daga cikin biyar na yara, kashi 20%, yana rayuwa ƙasa da talauci kuma Portugal na ɗaya daga cikin kasashe takwas na gaba da talauci mafi girma a tsakanin yara.
Cin zarafin jima'i Portugal ta zama sabuwar hanya ga cibiyoyin sadarwar masu aikata laifuka na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara don safarar yara zuwa yankin Schengen don yin lalata da su Binciken ECPAT na duniya a cikin 2016 ya gano cewa Portugal ta zama wurin tafiye-tafiye mafi shahara ga masu laifin jima'i Dokokin Portuguese da ke wurin don yaƙar wannan batu sun zo ƙarƙashin Mataki na 160-2 na Kundin Laifukan Laifuka kuma sun faɗi hukuncin hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru uku zuwa goma don laifin fataucin yara don manufar cin zarafi ciki har da lalata. Ko da yake ana aiwatar da wadannan matakan, an gabatar da daftarin doka kan samar da dabarun kasa da za su kare yara daga lalata da cin zarafin yara ga majalisar amma ba a amince da su ba.
Hakkin LGBT Har zuwa 1982 liwadi laifi ne. A shekarar 1982 ne aka yi gyare-gyaren da ya haramta yin luwadi da madigo tsakanin mutanen da suka haura shekaru sha shida a asirce. Al'ummar LGBT a Portugal sun amfana lokacin da Portugal ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1986. Wannan ya amfanar da al'umma ta hanyar tuntuɓar ƴancin da aka samu a wasu ƙasashen da ke cikin EU. Bayan yanke hukuncin luwadi da madigo an sami bullar kungiyoyin LGBT da kungiyoyin kare hakkin luwadi a cikin 1990s a Portugal. Tun 1982 Portugal ta ci gaba da sauri a cikin ci gaban doka don karewa da kiyaye haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT. A cikin 2001 ne suka amince da ƙungiyoyin farar hula na ma'auratan. Sannan a shekara ta 2004 sun gabatar da haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki wanda a bayyane ya hana nuna bambanci da wani ya danganta da yanayin jima'i kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kaɗan a duniya da suka sanya wannan a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu. A shekarar 2010 kuma sun halasta auren jinsi daya a matsayin kasa ta tara a duniya da ta yi hakan a lokacin. Bayan shekaru shida kuma sun halasta daukar yara ta hanyar masu jinsi daya. Dangi da sauran ƙasashen duniya an amince da Portugal a matsayin ci gaba tare da haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT. Kwanan nan, a cikin Afrilu 2018 majalisar dokokin Portugal ta amince da wata doka da ta ba wa mutanen Transgender damar samun fifikon jinsi da gwamnati ta amince da su ba tare da an gano su a matsayin masu tabin hankali ba. Kasar Portugal tana daya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai shida da suka amince da hakan. Da wannan kudiri sun kuma haramta tiyatar da ba dole ba ga jarirai masu jima'i wanda zai iya haifar da raɗaɗi na tsawon rayuwa, matsalolin lafiya da asarar jin daɗin jima'i. ILGA Portugal wacce cibiyar haɗin kan al'umma ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke kare haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT a cikin Portugal ta ba da kyautar bakan gizo ga kwalejin 'yan sanda na shari'a saboda shirinta na horarwa da ke mai da hankali kan nuna wariyar launin fata ga mutanen LGBT.
Haƙƙoƙin mata
Tarihi Kafin kifar da gwamnatin kama -karya a shekarar 1974, an tauye mata takunkumin karya doka kuma ba su da wata alaka da kungiyoyin mata na duniya don haka ba su da karfin kungiya. Tare da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1976 mata sun sami daidaito na doka kamar na maza. Hukumar Kula da Matsayin Mata (wanda aka sake masa suna Hukumar Daidaito da Haƙƙin Mata a 1991) tana da rawar inganta matsayin mata a Portugal da kuma kare haƙƙinsu, an kafa wannan a cikin shekara ta 1977. Sannan bayan shekaru ashirin Majalisar Ministoci ta haɗa ra'ayin jinsi a kowane mataki na siyasa kuma tun daga lokacin aka fitar da tsare-tsare da dama na ƙasa don daidaito.
Fihirisar Daidaiton Jinsi A cikin Ma'auni Daidaiton Jinsi 2017 wanda ke amfani da ma'auni daga 1, cikakken rashin daidaituwa, zuwa 100, cikakkiyar daidaito, Portugal ta sami maki 56 wanda shine maki 10 ƙasa da matsakaicin Tarayyar Turai. Wannan yana nuna cewa Portugal tana ƙasa da matsakaici tare da ci gabanta tare da yancin mata. Kodayake makinsa ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaici amma ya nuna sama da matsakaicin ci gaba daga shekara t 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2015 yana ƙaruwa da maki 6.1.
Tsarin ayyuka na ƙasa Portugal tana da tsarin aikin ƙasa (NAP) wanda ya shafi cin zarafi na cikin gida da jima'i kuma an yi niyya don yaƙar cikin gida da cin zarafin jinsi (2014-2017). Kazalika wannan kasar ta Portugal ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ke cikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da ta amince da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan rigakafin da yaki da cin zarafin mata da cin zarafin mata. Rikicin cikin gida yana kan gaba a manufofin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin Portugal tare da dabaru da yawa don yaƙar lamarin.
Dokokin zubar da ciki A baya zuwa Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 dokar zubar da ciki ta kasance mai tsauri kuma an ba da izini ne kawai idan mummunan rauni ko mutuwa za a yi wa matar. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 an gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama wadda ta amince da kashi 59% na amincewa da zubar da ciki. Wannan ya ba mata damar dakatar da ciki har zuwa mako na goma na ciki. Tun bayan wannan canjin doka gaba ɗaya ya rage mace-mace da yawan zubar da ciki.
Haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira A halin yanzu Portugal tana aiki da Dokar Mafaka 27/2008 wacce ita ce doka da aka yi la'akari da ita daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya da na Tarayyar Turai. A hade tare da wannan Portugal jam'iyyar jiha ce ga Yarjejeniyar 1954 da ta shafi Matsayin Mutane marasa Jiha da Yarjejeniyar 1961 kan Rage Rashin Jiha Hakanan ta yarda kuma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a shekara ta 1960. Takardar Yarjejeniyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta 1951 wadda Portugal ta amince da ita ta tsara haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da kuma wajibcin doka na jihohi don kare su saboda haka 'yan gudun hijira a Portugal suna samun kariya da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Kwanan nan a cikin shekara ta 2018 Firayim Ministan Portugal Antonio Costa ya ba da sanarwa, "Muna buƙatar ƙarin shige da fice kuma ba za mu yarda da duk wani maganganun kyama ba". Wannan na nuni da bukatar Portugal na kwanan nan na neman 'yan gudun hijira don taimakawa wajen dakile raguwar yawan al'ummarta. Kasar Portugal wani bangare ne na shirin sa kai wanda Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta fara a watan Janairun 2018 wanda ke da nufin sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira mutum 50,000 cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Ko da yake ƙasar Portugal ta bayyana halin maraba da ‘yan gudun hijira Hukumar Kula da ‘Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) ta bayyana damuwarta game da ingancin yanayin karbar baki a Portugal. A cikin shekara ta 2012 UNHCR ta ga cunkoson jama'a a wurin liyafar da ake da su da kuma matsalolin da ke ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar dakatar da sabis na Tsaron Jama'a.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu
Yanayin gidaje ga mutanen asalin Afirka da Romawa A cikin Mataki na ashirin da biyar na Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya ta nuna mahimmancin haƙƙin rayuwa ciki har da gida wannan batu ne ga mutanen Afirka da kuma Romawa a cikin Portugal. A cikin shekara ta 1978 Portugal ta kuma amince da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu wanda a cikin Mataki na 11 ya bayyana 'yancin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa. Kazalika amincewa da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin biyu a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Portugal, Mataki na 65, sun yarda da fahimtar gaba ɗaya kan mahimmancin gidaje. A cikin shekara ta 2016 Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta gudanar da Wakilin Musamman kan isassun gidaje a Lisbon da Porto A cikin wannan rahoto ya lura cewa akwai ƙarancin gidaje na zamantakewa ko shirye-shiryen ƙarin haya wanda ke haifar da galibin Romawa ko mutanen Afirka zama a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun. Waɗannan matsugunan na yau da kullun ba sa samar da ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa kuma galibi ba su da wutar lantarki kuma ana saita su a cikin datti. Rahoton ya amince da cewa akwai tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a kasar Portugal amma ya bayyana cewa Romawa da al'ummar Afirka ba su da isassun hanyoyin samar da gidaje don haka akwai bukatar a magance wannan batu.
Azaba da sauran mugun nufi A ranar 9 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 1989 Portugal ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin jin daɗi ko cin mutunci ko azabtarwa amma akwai damuwa daga Amnesty International game da zarge-zargen azabtarwa da cin zarafi yayin da take tsare a Portugal. A cikin shekara ta 2016 kwamitin Turai na rigakafin azabtarwa a lokacin ziyararsa na lokaci-lokaci a Portugal ya kuma nuna damuwa game da musgunawa da aka yi a lokacin da 'yan sanda ke tsare da su daga wasu zarge-zarge masu inganci. Wannan cin zalin da ake zargin ya shafi fursunonin ‘yan asalin Afirka ne da kuma ‘yan kasashen waje da suka hada da harbin jiki da kai da mari da naushi da kuma duka da sanduna. Kwamitin rigakafin azabtarwa ya bukaci gwamnatin Portugal da ta magance wannan batu da kuma cunkoson da ake yi a gidajen yarin da ke haifar da munanan yanayin rayuwa. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ma a watan Mayun shekara ta 2018 ta aike da mambobin kwamitinta na rigakafin azabtarwa da su je su duba gidajen yari a Portugal domin tabbatar da ko fursunonin na da wata kariya daga gallazawa da musgunawa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Portugal ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Against azabtarwa wanda ke sanya su ƙarƙashin wajibcin ba da damar Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa don gudanar da bincike ba tare da tsangwama da sanarwa ba zuwa wuraren da aka hana 'yan ƙasa 'yancinsu Hukumar SPT bayan ziyarar ta bukaci gwamnatin kasar Portugal da ta kafa wani tsarin rigakafi na ƙasa wanda wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar cewa su nemi hanyoyin da za su bi wajen tsare su tare da sanya karin kayan aikin mutane da na kudi don gyarawa.
Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
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49034 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandalin%20Shahararrun%20Nakasassu%20na%20Kanada | Dandalin Shahararrun Nakasassu na Kanada | Dandalin shahararrun nakasassu na kasar Kanada (a da, Zauren Terry Fox na Shahararru), ya kunshi "fitattun mutanen kasar Kanada waɗanda suka bayar da gudummawa wajen inganta rayuwar mutane masu nakasa ta zahiri". Gidauniyar Kanada don naƙasassui ne ke tafiyar da ita kuma tana a Metro Hall, 55 John St., a cikin garin Toronto. Ana kuma kiran Hall din ne bayan Terry Fox, dan gwagwarmayar bincike kan cutar kansa wanda ta kusa mamaye fadin kasar Kanada, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Marathon of Hope Wadanda aka ba su
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30091 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Komawa | Dokar Komawa | Dokar Komawa ḥok ha-shvūt wata doka ce ta ƙasar Isra'ila, wacce aka zartar a ranar 5 ga Yulin shekara ta 1950, wacce ta bai wa Yahudawa 'yancin ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila da samun ɗan ƙasa na Isra'ila Sashe na 1 na Dokar Komawa ya bayyana cewa "kowane Bayahude yana da 'yancin zuwa wannan ƙasar a matsayin oleh [baƙi]". A cikin dokar komowa, kasar Isra'ila ta ba da tasiri ga yunkurin 'yan sahayoniya na "credo" wanda ya yi kira ga kafa Isra'ila a matsayin kasar Yahudawa A cikin 1970, an ba da haƙƙin shiga da sasantawa ga mutanen da ke da kakanin Bayahude guda ɗaya da mutumin da ya auri Bayahude, ko an ɗauke su Bayahude a ƙarƙashin fassarar Orthodox na dokar Yahudawa.
A ranar zuwa Isra'ila, ko kuma wani lokaci a wani lokaci, mutumin da ya shiga Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa a matsayin oleh zai sami takardar shaidar da ke tabbatar da matsayinsa na oleh Sannan mutumin yana da watanni uku don yanke shawara ko yana son zama ɗan ƙasa kuma zai iya barin zama ɗan ƙasa a wannan lokacin. Za a iya hana haƙƙin takardar shedar oleh idan mutumin yana yin aikin gaba da Yahudawa, yana da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ko tsaron jihar, ko kuma yana da wani laifi da ya wuce wanda zai iya yin illa ga jin daɗin jama'a.
Tarihi Majalisar Knesset, Majalisar Isra'ila ta zartar da Dokar Komawa gaba ɗaya a ranar 5 ga Yulin shekara ta 1950. Ranar da aka zaɓa domin ta zo dai-dai da ranar tunawa da mutuwar ɗan hangen nesa na sahyoniya Theodore Herzl Ya bayyana cewa:
"Kowane Bayahude yana da 'yancin zuwa kasar nan a matsayin oleh A cikin sanarwar da ya yi ga Knesset, Firayim Ministan Isra'ila na lokacin David Ben-Gurion ya tabbatar da cewa dokar ba ta ba da wani hakki ba sai dai ta sake tabbatar da hakki na yahudawa da aka rigaya ke da su: “Wannan doka ba ta tanadi ‘yancin yin sulhu a kan Bayahuden da ke zaune a kasar waje ba, ta tabbatar da cewa wannan hakkin ya rataya a kansa daga kasancewarsa Bayahude; Yahudu na kasashen waje. Wannan hakkin Jihar; wannan dama Jihar; tushensa ana samunsa ne a cikin alakar tarihi da ba ta taɓa karya ba tsakanin Yahudawa da ƙasarsu."
Dokokin bin diddigin al'amuran shige da fice suna kunshe ne a cikin dokar kasa ta 1952 Asali, ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa ya shafi Yahudawa ne kawai. Duk da haka, saboda rashin iyawar 'yan majalisar su amince da ma'anar wanene Bayahude, Dokar ba ta ayyana kalmar ba, ta dogara a maimakon batun don warware kanta cikin lokaci. Sakamakon haka, Dokar ta dogara da ma'anar halak na gargajiya. Amma, rashin ma'anar wanene Bayahude, don manufar Shari'a, ya haifar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na rafukan Yahudanci daban-daban da ke fafatawa don amincewa.
Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa suna da haƙƙin zama ɗan ƙasa a Isra'ila nan da nan. Sai dai an samu sabanin ra'ayi kan ko mutumin da ya yi ikirarin zama dan kasa a karkashin Dokar Komawa ya kamata a yi masa rajista kai tsaye a matsayin "Yahudu" don dalilai na ƙidayar jama'a. A bisa ma’anar halak, mutum Bayahude ne idan mahaifiyarsa Bayahudiya ce, ko kuma idan ya koma Yahudanci. Yahudawan Orthodox ba su yarda da jujjuyawar da Reform ko Yahudanci masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka yi ba. Duk da haka, Dokar ta tanadi cewa duk Bayahude ko da kuwa yana da alaƙa zai iya ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila kuma ya yi iƙirarin zama ɗan ƙasa.
Gyaran zuriyar Yahudawa An yi wa Dokar Komawa gyara a shekara ta 1970 don ƙara ’yancin komawa ga wasu waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba. Gyara lamba 2, 4a, ya ce:
Dokar tun 1970 ta shafi ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa kamar haka:
Wadanda aka haifa Yahudawa bisa ga fassarar Orthodox; samun uwa Bayahudiya ko kakar uwa.
Wadanda ke da zuriyar Yahudawa suna da uba ko kakan Bayahude.
Juyawa zuwa addinin Yahudanci Ortodoks, Reform, ko Conservative denominations ba na duniya ba ko da yake Reform da Conservative tuba dole ne faruwa a waje da jihar, kama da farar hula aure Amma Yahudawan da suka koma wani addini ba su cancanci yin hijira a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa ba, duk da cewa su Yahudawa ne a cewar halakha.
An haifar da gyara na 1970 ta muhawara akan Wane ne Bayahude? Har sai lokacin dokar ba ta yi nuni da tambayar ba. Akwai bayanai da yawa don shawarar ta kasance mai haɗa kai. Ɗaya shine kamar yadda Dokokin Nuremberg ba su yi amfani da ma'anar halak a cikin ma'anarta na "Wanene Bayahude ba", Dokar Komawa ma'anar cancantar zama ɗan ƙasa ita ma ba halak ce ba. Wani bayani kuma shi ne guguwar ƙaura daga Poland a shekara ta 1968, bayan wani yaƙin neman zaɓe da gwamnati ta yi Waɗannan baƙin sun kasance masu ƙanƙanta sosai kuma suna da ’yan uwa da yawa waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba. Wani bayani na biyu shi ne cewa domin a kara yawan shige da fice ta yadda za a daidaita barazanar al'umma da karuwar al'ummar Larabawa ke haifarwa, dokar ta fadada rukunin tushe na wadanda suka cancanci yin hijira zuwa Isra'ila. Wani bayani na uku da Yahudawa masu addini suka ɗauka shi ne cewa shugabancin da bai dace ba a Isra’ila ya nemi ya lalata tasirin mabiya addinai a siyasa da zamantakewar Isra’ila ta wajen ƙyale Yahudawa da yawa da ma’auratan da ba Yahudawa ba su yi hijira. Rabbinate na Isra'ila wata ƙungiya ce ta Orthodox zalla wacce ta fi tsauri wajen ayyana 'wane Bayahude'. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin da dubban baƙi waɗanda suka cancanci zama ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin Dokar Koma, ba su cancanci auren Yahudawa daga Rabin Isra'ila ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Yahudawa guda 3,340,000 ne suka yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1948. Dubban daruruwan mutanen da ba su da matsayin Bayahude a karkashin fassarar Yahudawan Orthodox na Halacha sun sami zama dan kasar Isra'ila, kamar yadda dokar ta ba da zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk zuriyar Bayahude (ciki har da jikoki) da matansu.
Kin zama ɗan ƙasa Sashi na 2 (b) na Dokar Komawa yana baiwa Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ikon hana zama ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa bisa wasu dalilai. Misali, ana iya hana mai neman zama dan kasa idan ana ganin shi ko ita a matsayin barazana ga tsaron kasar Isra’ila (misali cin amanar kasar Yahudu), ko kuma wanda ya taba aikata laifin da ya shafi babban laifi, kamar kisa. kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga jin daɗin ƙasar Isra'ila; ko, alal misali, yana iya zama mai gudun hijira a wata ƙasa don kowane laifi (sai dai idan an tsananta musu); ko kuma irin waɗannan mutanen waɗanda, ta dalilin rashin lafiyarsu, na iya haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ga mutanen Isra'ila; kamar yadda kuma duk mutumin da ke da himma a duk wani kamfen da ke yin furuci da yahudawa tare da lalata manufarsu (kamar lalata). Anyi amfani da wannan tanadin don ware masu neman sau kaɗan tun kafa Isra'ila. Abubuwan da suka shahara sun hada da Robert Soblen, Ba’amurke ɗan gurguzu wanda ya yi wa Tarayyar Soviet leken asiri kuma ya gudu zuwa Isra’ila a ƙoƙarin tserewa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai; Meyer Lansky, wani ɗan boren Ba'amurke ne wanda aka fara ba shi izinin shiga Isra'ila amma bayan shekaru biyu an kore shi; da kuma Victor Vancier, dan gwagwarmayar Kahanist dan ƙasar Amurka da aka samu da hannu a jerin hare-haren bama-bamai.
A shekara ta 1962 shari’ar Oswald Rufeisen, wanda aka haife shi Bayahude dan kasar Poland ne kuma daga baya ya koma Katolika, ya zo gaban Kotun Kolin Isra’ila. Kotun kolin ta yanke hukuncin cewa "babu wanda zai iya daukar ridda a matsayin na Yahudawa". Ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa baya hana a mayar da mutum zuwa wata ƙasa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar mika mulki da waccan ƙasar.
Mabiya addinin Yahudanci na Almasihu Kotun Koli ta Isra’ila ta yanke hukunci a cikin shekara ta 1989 cewa addinin Yahudanci na Almasihu ya ƙunshi wani addini, kuma mutanen da suka zama Yahudawan Almasihu ba su cancanci Aliyah ba a ƙarƙashin doka. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2008, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a shari’ar da wasu mutane da kakanni da kakanni Yahudawa suka kai da aka ƙi amincewa da neman zama ’yan ƙasa domin su Yahudawa ne na Almasihu. Masu neman sun yi gardamar cewa ba su taɓa zama Yahudawa ba bisa ga halakha, don haka ba a cire su da maganar musulunta ba. An tabbatar da wannan hujja a cikin hukuncin, kuma gwamnati ta amince da sake sake aikace-aikacen su. Duk da wannan, ana ɗaukar Yahudawan Almasihu a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci doka idan za su iya da'awar zuriyar Yahudawa (suna da uba ko kakan Bayahude).
Da'awar nuna wariya dangane da 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu Masu suka sun yi iƙirarin cewa Dokar Komawa ta ci karo da iƙirarin ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Falasdinawa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu sun soki Dokar Komawa, wadda suke kwatanta da'awar Falasdinawa na 'yancin komawar Falasdinu Waɗannan masu sukar sun yi la'akari da Dokar, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ƙin 'yancin dawowa, zalunci da nuna bambancin kabilanci Wani rahoto da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Yammacin Asiya (ESCWA) ta fitar ya yi kakkausar suka ga Dokar Komawa, “tana ba Yahudawa a duk duniya ’yancin shiga Isra’ila da samun ƴan ƙasar Isra’ila ba tare da la’akari da ƙasashensu na asali ba da kuma ko za su iya nuna alaƙa ko a’a. Isra'ila-Falasdinu, yayin da take hana duk wani haƙƙin mai kama da Falasdinawa, ciki har da wadanda ke da bayanan gidajen kakanni a cikin kasar," a matsayin manufar "injin injiniyan al'umma" na nufin daukaka matsayin Isra'ila a matsayin Yahudawa Daga baya an janye rahoton sakamakon takaddama.
Dangantakar jinsi daya A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2011, an gwada Dokar Komawa sa’ad da ma’aurata maza masu luwaɗi, Bayahude ɗaya da Katolika ɗaya suka yi Aliyah zuwa Isra’ila. Wannan ma'auratan sun kasance farkon jinsi ɗaya, ma'auratan addini daban-daban don neman matsayin Aliyah na haɗin gwiwa, kodayake ma'auratan ma'aurata na addinai daban-daban suna samun haɗin gwiwa a matsayin Aliyah. Bayahuden nan da nan ya samu takardar zama dan kasa amma ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta jinkirta yanke shawarar zama dan kasa ga mijin nasa duk kuwa da furucin da ke cikin dokar cewa dole ne a bai wa matar da Bayahude da ya koma zama dan kasa. A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2011, Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida ta ba wa mijin da ba Bayahude ba zama ɗan ƙasa kamar yadda Dokar Komawa ta tanadar. A shekara ta 2014, Ministan cikin gida Gideon Sa’ar ya sanar da cewa Yahudawan da ke da alaƙa da jinsi ɗaya da suka yi aure a ƙasashen waje amma suna son yin hijira zuwa Isra’ila an ba su izinin yin hakan a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa, har ma da ma’auratan da ba Bayahude ba. zai sami ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila.
Taimakawa ga Dokar Komawa Magoya bayan dokar sun ce ta yi kama da na yawancin jihohin Turai, wadanda kuma ke amfani da bangaren kabilanci. Magoya bayansa suna jayayya cewa:
Ba Dokar Komawa ba ce kaɗai hanyar samun ɗan ƙasa ba. Alal misali, waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba za su iya zama ƴan ƙasa ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa, zama, ko auren ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila. Misali, ana samun zama ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi ga iyayen da ba Bayahude ba na ɗan ƙasa da ya gama aikin soja. Haƙƙin da aka bai wa Yahudawa tare da ’yan’uwansu a ƙarƙashin Doka ba dole ba ne ko kuma suna nuna wariya ga waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba, amma wani nau’i ne na wariya na “tabbatacce”. Isra'ila tana da dokokin zama da zama ɗan ƙasa ga waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba waɗanda suke daidai da waɗanda ke cikin wasu ƙasashe masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Kwamitin Daidaita Rahoton Gabas ta Tsakiya a Amurka (CAMERA) ya bayar da hujjar cewa Dokar Komawa ta yi daidai da Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata Mataki na I(3), wanda CAMERA ta ce tana ba da damar fifikon shige da fice na wasu kungiyoyi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. a kan wata ƙungiya ta musamman. Don haka, CAMERA da sauransu suna jayayya cewa wasu ƙasashe, ciki har da Jamus, suna ba da gata na ƙaura ga mutanen da ke da alaƙar kabilanci zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe (Duba Haƙƙin Komawa da Dokokin Komawa).
Yayin da manufar Dokar Komawa watakila ita ce kiyaye Isra'ila mafi rinjaye Yahudawa, wata gardama ta bayyana cewa duniya da aka tsananta wa Yahudawa, manufar kiyaye ƙasar Yahudawa ya zama dole don rayuwar Yahudawa gaba ɗaya kuma don samar da tsaro. mafaka ga Yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira a musamman lokuta. CAMERA ta yi jayayya cewa Dokar Komawa ta dace a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk nau'ikan Wariyar launin fata Mataki na I(4), wanda CAMERA ta yi jayayya ta ba da damar yin aiki mai inganci, saboda wariyar da Yahudawa suka fuskanta a lokacin Holocaust Benjamin Pogrund, darektan Cibiyar Yakar ta Yakar damuwa a Urushalima kuma memba na tawagar Isra'ila a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da wariyar launin fata, ya kira dokar "rashin adalci" daga ra'ayin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu, amma yana ganin rashin adalci kamar yadda ya faru a cikin sauran wurare kuma. Pogrund ya kwatanta jirgin korar Falasdinawa (dukansu a cikin 1948 da 1967) zuwa Jamus, Poland, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya da Pakistan.
Muhawara a Isra'ila A cikin Yahudawan Isra'ila, ci gaba da ƙauran Yahudawan na samun goyon baya mai ƙarfi. A cewar wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na shekarar 2016 da Pew Forum ya gudanar, kashi 98% na dukkan Yahudawa Isra'ilawa sun bukaci doka ta ci gaba da ba da izinin shige da ficen Yahudawa. Duk da haka, wasu suna jayayya cewa dokar ta ba da izinin shigowar waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba da yawa, kuma hakan yana lalata manufarta. Goyon bayan doka tsakanin Larabawa Isra'ila ya ragu sosai. A cewar wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na jami'ar Haifa Sammy Smooha tsakanin Yahudawa 700 da Larabawa 700 da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2017 kashi 25.2% ne kawai suka "karbi" dokar komowa, ƙasa daga 39% a shekara ta 2015. A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2007, gano wani tashin hankali cell Neo-Nazi Isra'ila Patrol 35 a cikin Petah Tikva, kunshi matasa baƙi daga tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, ya haifar da sabunta kira tsakanin 'yan siyasa don gyara Dokar Komawa. Effi Eitam na Jam'iyyar Addini ta Kasa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na addini kuma a baya sun yi ƙoƙari su gabatar da kudirin yin kwaskwarima ga Dokar Komawa, ya bayyana cewa Isra'ila ta zama "mafari ga mutanen da suke ƙin Isra'ila, masu ƙin Yahudawa, da kuma Yahudawa. ku yi amfani da Dokar Komawa don yin aiki da wannan ƙiyayya." A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, MK Ahmed Tibi na United Arab List da Ta’al sun soki tsarin da tsarin ya bi sau biyu, yana mai cewa, “mutane sun yi hijira zuwa Isra’ila kuma sun samu takardar zama ‘yan kasa ta atomatik a karkashin dokar komowa, yayin da ‘yan Nazarat da Tayibe ke zama ‘yan kasar. ba a yarda su ziyarci 'yan'uwansu kawai saboda kasancewarsu Larabawa Kashi 37 cikin 100 na 'yan Isra'ila da aka yi musu ra'ayi sun ce zurfafa bincike kan sabbin baƙin haure zai kai ga nuna wariyar launin fata ga Yahudawan da suka fito daga kasashen Rasha.
Aiwatar da doka Daga cikin wadanda ke goyon bayan ci gaba da rike Doka, akwai sabani game da yadda ta bayyana. Ma'anar Dokar ta "Yahudawa" da "Yahudawa" tana cikin muhawara. Yahudawan Isra'ila da na Ƙasashen waje sun bambanta da juna a matsayin ƙungiya kuma a tsakanin juna game da abin da wannan ma'anar ya kamata ya kasance don dalilan Dokar Komawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai muhawara mai zafi a kan ma'anar kalmomin "Ƙasar Yahudawa" da "Jihar Yahudawa".
Ba wai kawai Knesset ba, duk da haka, an wajabta ta akai-akai don magance waɗannan batutuwa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. A cikin shekaru da yawa, ministocin cikin gida da yawa na Isra’ila sun bincika batun Dokar Komawa kuma sun yi watsi da yadda za su yi amfani da ita. An kuma yi kira ga bangaren shari’a da su bayyana ra’ayi kan al’amuran da suka shafi Doka. Wannan tambaya mai zafi da maimaita ta a tattaunawar siyasar kasar ba kawai ta bayyana ba, har ma da kara bambance-bambancen ra'ayi tsakanin Isra'ilawa.
Batu ɗaya ta tsakiya ita ce wacce ke da ikon tantance ingancin tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci don dalilai na shige da fice da zama ɗan ƙasa. Don dalilai na tarihi, Babban Malamin Isra’ila, a ƙarƙashin Ma’aikatar Al’amuran Addini ta Isra’ila, ya yanke wannan shawarar, amma wannan tsari yana cikin tambaya. Wannan al'ada ta fuskanci adawa a tsakanin shugabannin addini da ba na Orthodox ba a cikin Isra'ila da kuma na kasashen waje. An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don warware matsalar, na baya-bayan nan shi ne Hukumar Ne'eman, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da samun cikas.
A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2005, Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta yanke hukunci 7–4 cewa duk juzu'an da aka yi a wajen Isra'ila za su gane da hukuma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa, duk da ra'ayin Hukumar Ne'eman cewa ƙungiya ɗaya ta kamata ta ƙayyade cancantar shige da fice. Kotun ta riga ta yanke hukunci a shekara ta 1989 cewa jujjuyawar da aka yi a wajen Isra’ila tana da amfani ga Dokar Komawa (ko da kuwa sun kasance Orthodox, Conservative, ko Reform). Hukumcin shekara ta 2005 ya tsawaita wannan, yana gano cewa tuba a ƙasashen waje har yanzu yana da inganci ko da mutane sun yi aikin shirye-shiryen tuba yayin da suke zaune a Isra'ila.
Duba kuma Basic Dokokin Isra'ila
Rigakafin Dokar Kutse
Dan kasa da Shiga cikin Dokar Isra'ila
Katin shaida na Isra'ila
Fasfo na Isra'ila
Siyasar Isra'ila
Oswald Rufeisen (Brother Daniel)
Magana
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dokar Komawa Rubutun doka da gyare-gyare daban-daban
Norms na Dimokuradiyya, Ƙwararru, da Dokar Komawa ta Isra'ila ta Alexander Yakobson da Amnon Rubinstein
The problem is how to become an Israeli by Amnon Rubenstein, Ha'aretz
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53802 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juyin%20mulkin%20Nijar%202023 | Juyin mulkin Nijar 2023 | A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2023, sojoji daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar Nijar suka tsare shugaba Mohamed Bazoum, yayin da wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.
Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960.
Fage Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci Bazoum, wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun zababben shugaban kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, Mali da Burkina Faso tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".
Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin Al-Qaeda, Islamic State da Boko Haram, duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can.
A shekara ta 2022, kasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin Sahel bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.
Abubuwan da suka faru A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin Twitter na fadar shugaban ƙasar Nijar ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Omar Tchiani sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. Har ila yau, an ce shugaba Mohamed Bazoum da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke Yamai babban birnin kasar An kuma kama ministan cikin gida Hamadou Souley kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban kasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu. Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da dakarun tsaron kasar a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar. BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take.
Amma da maraice, Rundunar Sojan Sama Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati Télé Sahel yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar Hassoumi Massoudou ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”.
Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a." A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.
Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje. Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar PNDS-Trayya ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.
Martani ECOWAS ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa. An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, Mahamadou Issoufou, da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da Bankin Duniya, Tarayyar Afirka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Aljeriya, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Amurka, suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar Benin Patrice Talon, wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.
A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal..
Bincike Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a yammacin Afirka da tsakiyar Afirka tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Nijar
Juyin |
36655 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Nahawu%20ta%20CMS%2C%20Lagos | Makarantar Nahawu ta CMS, Lagos | Makarantar Nahawu CMS da ke Bariga, wani yanki a Legas na jihar Legas, ita ce makarantar sakandare mafi tsufa a Najeriya, wacce Cocin Missionary Society ta kafa a ranar 6 ga Yunin shekarar 1859. Shekaru da dama ita ce babbar tushen limamai da masu gudanar da mulki a Afirka a lokacin mulkin mallaka ta Legas.
Asali James Pinson Labulo Davies ne ya samar da kudaden fara gudanar da makarantar CMS Grammar School, Legas a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1859 wanda a watan Afrilun 1859 ya baiwa Babington Macaulay fam 50 (daidai da miliyan ₦1.34 kamar na 2014) don siyan littattafai da kayan aikin makarantar. Tare da tallafin da ya bada, Macaulay ya buɗe Makarantar Grammar CMS a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1859, wanda ya sanya ta zama makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya. A shekarar 1867, Davies ya ba da gudummawar £100 (₦2.68 miliyan kamar na 2014) ga Asusun Gina Makaranta na CMS. Sauran masu ba da gudummawa ga Asusun Gina CMS ba Saros ba ne kamarsu Daniel Conrad Taiwo AKA Taiwo Olowo wanda ya ba da gudummawar £50. Masu ba da gudummawa na Saro Contributors kuma sun haɗa da maza irin su Moses Johnson, IH Willoughby, TF Cole, James George, da Charles Foresythe waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar £40. Makarantar Grammar ta CMS a Freetown, wacce aka kafa a 1848, ta zama abin koyi.
Makarantar ta fara ne da dalibai shida, dukkansu a makarantan kwana a wani karamin ginin bene mai suna 'Cotton House' a unguwar Broad Street. Dalibai da aka fara yayewa sun zamo ma'aikata a makarantan. Manhajar ta ƙunshi Turanci, Logic, Girkanci, Lissafi, Geometry, Geography, Tarihi, Ilimin Bible da Latin. Shugaban makarantar na farko shi ne malami kuma masanin tauhidi Babington Macaulay, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1878. Shi ne mahaifin Herbert Macaulay. Lokacin da Birtaniya ta yi mulkin mallaka a Legas a shekara ta 1861, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun sami mafi yawan ma'aikatansu na gudanarwa na daga mutanen Afirka daga makarantar.
Shugabannin Makaranta Babington Macaulay, 1859-1878.
Henry Johnson, 1879-1881 (mai aiki).
Isaac Oluwole, 1881–1893.
James Johnson, 1893-1894 (mai aiki).
EA Godson, 1894-1895.
Melville Jones 1895-1896 (aiki)
Joseph Suberu Fanimokun, 1896–1914.
EJ Evans, 1915-1927.
A. Hobson, 1927-1929.
F. Washington 1929-1932.
J. Olumide Lucas, 1932-1935 (mai aiki).
CG Thorne, 1935-1936.
Solomon Odunaiya Odutola, 1936–1938. (aiki)
Leonard John Lewis, 1938-1943.
Seth Irunsewe Kale, 1944-1950.
BA Adelaja, 1950-1970.
TA Ojo, 1970-1972, (aiki).
IA Olowu 1972–1984.
BA Nigwo, 1984–1986.
JBA Edema, 1986-1997.
Taiwo O. Jemilugba, 1997–2001.
Johnson Onayinka, 2001-2005.
Tunde Oduwole, 2005–2017
OlaOluwa Adeyemi, 2017-2018
Sunday O. Sofekun, 2021
Mai Girma Victor A. Olusa (Mai Gudanarwa) 2021 har zuwa yau
Tsofaffin dalibai Wasu fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai:
Babban Chief Edem Duke (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955),
Ministan Al'adu, Yawon bude idanu Wayar da Kan Jama'an Kasa, Ministan Yada Labarai mai sa ido
9ice (an haife shi 1980), mawaki
Adebesin Folarin (1877-1949), lauya kuma masanin tarihi
Adeyemo Alakija (1884-1952), ɗan kasuwan kafar yanar gizo kuma wanda ya kafa Daily Times of Nigeria.
Adeniji Adele (1893-1964), Oba (Sarkin) Legas daga 1 Oktoba 1949, zuwa 12 Yuli 1964
Akin Babalola Kamar Odunsi, dan kasuwa kuma Sanata
Akin Euba (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935), farfesa a fannin kiɗa
Akintola Williams (an haifi 1919), akawu
Alexander Akinyele (1875-1968), Bishop
Ayodele Awojobi (1937–84), malami kuma mai fafutuka
Babs Fafunwa (1923–2010), Ministan Ilimi na Tarayya
Bode Thomas (1918-53), ɗan siyasa
Candido Da Rocha (1860-1959), ɗan kasuwa
Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966), lauya
Dandeson Crowther, Archbishop na Nijar kuma dan Samuel Ajayi Crowther
Dare Art Alade, mawaki
Ernest Shonekan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936), Shugaban Najeriya
Fela Sowande (1905–87), mawaki kuma mawaki
Frederick Rotimi Williams (1920-2005), lauya
George Da Costa (1853-1929), mai daukar hoto
GOK Ajayi (21 Mayu 1931 31 Maris 2014), Fitaccen Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya.
Henry Adefope (1926-2012), Ministan Harkokin Waje
Henry Fajemirokun, Business Magnate
Herbert Macaulay (1864-1946), mai bincike da kishin kasa
Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti (1891–1955), Educationist and father of Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, Beko Ransome-Kuti, and Fela Kuti
Ibikunle Akitoye (1871-1928), Oba of Lagos
JK Randle (1909-1956), ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan jama'a
Karim Olowu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1924), ɗan wasa
Kitoye Ajasa (1866-1937), lauya kuma ɗan siyasa
Niyi Adebayo (an haife shi 1958), Gwamna, Jihar Ekiti
Mobolaji Bank Anthony (11 ga Yuni 1907 26 ga Mayu 1991), shugaban kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Legas.
Oguntola Sapara (1861-1935), likita, likitan mata.
Ola Vincent (1925-2012), Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya
Oluyombo Awojobi (1963-1969), Likitan Karkara
Oliver Ogedengbe Macaulay, ɗan Herbert Macaulay, ɗan jarida, kuma mai kishin ƙasa
Remi Fani-Kayode (1921-95), ɗan siyasa
Samuel Herbert Pearse (an haife shi a shekara ta 1865), ɗan kasuwa ne
Samuel Manuwa (1903-76), likitan fida
Isaac Delano (1904-1979), marubuci, masanin harshe, malami
Talabi Braithwaite (1928-2011), dillalin inshora
Taslim Olawale Elias (1914–91), Babban Jojin Najeriya
Thomas King Ekundayo Phillips (1884-1969), masanin kida, mahaifin kidan cocin Najeriya
Thomas Leighton Decker (1916-78), masanin ilimin harshe kuma ɗan jarida
TOS Benson (1917–2008), lauya, ɗan siyasa
Tunji Sowande (1912–96), lauya kuma mawaki
Victor Adetunji Haffner (an haife shi a shekara ta 1919), injiniya
Wahab Goodluck (ya rasu a shekara ta 1991), shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya
Manazarta Ilimi a Jihar |
30359 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20siyasa | Ƴancin siyasa | 'Yancin siyasa (wanda kuma aka sani da ikon cin gashin kansa na siyasa ko hukumar siyasa muhimmin ra'ayi ne a tarihi da tunanin siyasa kuma daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwa na cikin al'ummomin dimokuradiyya An bayyana 'yancin siyasa a matsayin 'yanci daga zalunci ko tilastawa, rashin yanayin nakasa ga mutum da kuma cika sharuddan ba da damar, ko rashin yanayin rayuwa na tilastawa, Kamar misali tilascin tattalin arziki, sannan a cikin al'umma. Kodayake 'yancin siyasa ana yawan fassara su da kyau a matsayin' yanci daga haramtattun halaka na waje akan aiki, Hakanan yana iya batun aikin motsa jiki mai kyau, da damar da kuma damar da za su iya aiki da kai. Har ila yau, ra'ayin na iya haɗawa da 'yanci daga ƙuntatawa na ciki kan aikin siyasa ko magana (misali daidaituwar zamantakewa, daidaito, ko kuma halayen da ba su dace ba). Manufar 'yancin siyasa tana da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam, waɗanda a cikin al'ummomin dimokuradiyya galibi ana ba da kariya ta doka daga ƙasa Ra'ayi Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban tare da bakan siyasa suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da abin da suka yi imani ya ƙunshi 'yancin yin siyasa.
Falsafar siyasa ta hagu gabaɗaya tana haɗa ra'ayin 'yanci tare da kyakkyawar 'yanci ko baiwa ƙungiya ko wani mutum damar tantance rayuwarsu ko fahimtar iyawarsu. Kuma A wannan ma'anar, 'yanci na iya haɗawa da 'yanci daga talauci, yunwa, sannan kuma cututtuka da za a iya magance su, da zalunci da kuma 'yanci daga karfi da tilastawa, daga duk wanda za su iya.
Ma'anar 'yanci na gurguzu ("'yanci") kamar yadda masanin falsafa neoliberal kuma masanin tattalin arziki na Nobel Memorial Prize Friedrich Hayek ya gani shine "amfani da 'yanci' don bayyana ikon 'yancin yin abin da nake so', kuma ikon biyan bukatunmu., ko kuma iyakar zaɓin zaɓin da aka buɗe mana an inganta shi da gangan a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhawarar gurguzu an maye gurbin ra'ayi na ikon gama kai a kan yanayi da na 'yancin kai." Masu adawa da zaman jama'a suna ganin 'yanci mara kyau da tabbatacce a matsayin abubuwan da suka dace na 'yanci. Kuma Irin wannan ra'ayi game da haƙƙoƙin na iya buƙatar ciniki mai amfani, kamar sadaukar da haƙƙin samfurin aikin mutum ko 'yancin yin tarayya don ƙarancin wariyar launin fata ko ƙarin tallafin gidaje. Masu adawa da zamantakewar al'umma sun bayyana mummunan ra'ayi na 'yanci wanda tsarin jari-hujja ya amince da shi a matsayin "'yancin son kai". Anarcho-yan jari-hujja suna ganin haƙƙin mara kyau a matsayin tsarin da ya dace. Ayn Rand ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ka'idar ɗabi'a da ke bayyanawa da kuma ba da izini ga 'yancin yin aiki na mutum a cikin yanayin zamantakewa". Sannan Kuma Ga irin wannan sassaucin 'yan sassa,' yanci mai kyau yana da sabani tun lokacin da ake kira 'yancin halayyar wanda ta hanyar ma'anar maƙarƙashiyar wasu la'akari. Duk da wani haƙƙin da ake zargi wanda ke buƙatar sakamako na ƙarshe (misali gidaje, ilimi, sabis na kiwon lafiya da sauransu) waɗanda mutane suka samar a zahiri haƙƙi ne na bautar wasu.
Masanin falsafar siyasa Alasdair MacIntyre ya yi hasashen 'yanci dangane da dogaron mu na zamantakewa da sauran mutane. Masanin tattalin arziki na tunawa da Nobel Milton Friedman, ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa Capitalism and Freedom cewa akwai 'yanci iri biyu, wato 'yancin siyasa da 'yancin tattalin arziki, kuma idan ba tare da 'yancin tattalin arziki ba ba za a iya samun 'yancin siyasa ba.
A cikin kasidarsa mai taken "Me yasa Kasuwar ke Sauka Dimokuradiyya", Robin Hahnel ya yi tsokaci game da ra'ayin Friedman na 'yancin tattalin arziki, yana mai cewa za a samu tauye 'yancin wasu a duk lokacin da wani ya yi amfani da 'yancinsa na tattalin arziki. Kuma Ya yi jayayya cewa irin wannan cin zarafi yana haifar da rikice-rikicen da aka warware ta hanyar tsarin haƙƙin mallaka, sabili da haka yana da mahimmanci a yanke shawarar abin da ya fi kyau ko mafi muni tsarin haƙƙin mallaka, sannan kuma duk da haka Friedman kawai yana ɗaukan haƙƙin mallaka na yanzu kuma baya tambayar su. Masanin falsafar siyasa Nikolas Kompridis ya bayyana cewa neman 'yanci a wannan zamani za a iya raba shi gabaɗaya zuwa manufofi guda biyu masu zaburarwa, wato kuma 'yanci a matsayin 'yancin kai ko 'yancin kai da 'yanci a matsayin ikon haɗa kai tare da sabon mafari. An kuma yi la'akari da 'yancin siyasa a cikin adawa da kuma yanayin dangantakar iko, ko ikon aiki akan ayyuka, ta Michel Foucault Hakanan an gano shi tare da wasu nau'ikan ayyukan fasaha da al'adu ta Cornelius Castoriadis, Antonio Gramsci, Herbert Marcuse, Jacques Rancière da Theodor Adorno Masana muhalli sukan yi jayayya cewa 'yancin siyasa ya kamata ya haɗa da wasu ƙuntatawa akan amfani da yanayin Suna tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu, alal misali, 'yancin yin gurɓatacce ko ƴancin sare dazuzzuka idan aka yi la'akari da cewa irin waɗannan ayyukan suna haifar da mummunan yanayi, wanda ke keta 'yancin sauran ƙungiyoyi na kada a fallasa su ga gurɓata. Sannan An yi amfani da shaharar SUVs, golf da balaguron birni a matsayin shaida cewa wasu ra'ayoyin 'yanci da kiyaye muhalli na iya yin karo da juna. Wannan yana haifar da a wasu lokuta zuwa ga mummuna fashe-fashe da rikice-rikice na dabi'u da ke nunawa a yakin talla, misali na PETA game da Jawo John Dalberg-Acton ya ce: "Mafi tabbatacciyar jarrabawa da muke yanke hukunci kan ko da gaske kasa tana da 'yanci shi ne adadin tsaron da 'yan tsiraru ke samu." Gerald C. MacCallum Jr. ya yi magana game da sasantawa tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma yana mai cewa dole ne wakili ya sami cikakken 'yancin kai a kan kansa. Yana da triadic dangane da juna domin kusan abubuwa uku ne, wato wakili, takurawar da suke buƙatar 'yantar da su da kuma manufar da suke fata.
Tarihi Hannah Arendt ta bibiyi tushen ra'ayi na 'yanci zuwa tsohuwar siyasar Girka A cewar bincikenta, manufar 'yanci a tarihi ba ta rabu da ayyukan siyasa. Siyasa ba sai wanda ya ‘yantar da kansa daga bukatu na rayuwa domin su shiga cikin harkokin siyasa. SannanA cewar Arendt, ra'ayin 'yanci ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin Kirista na 'yancin son rai, ko 'yanci na ciki, a kusan karni na 5 AZ kuma tun daga lokacin an yi watsi da 'yanci a matsayin wani nau'i na aikin siyasa ko da yake, kamar yadda ta ce, 'yanci. shi ne "rayon d'être na siyasa". Arendt ya ce 'yancin siyasa a tarihi yana adawa da ikon mallaka ko ikon son rai tun a zamanin d Girka da Roma ra'ayin 'yanci ba ya rabuwa da aiki kuma bai taso ba a matsayin rikici tsakanin so da kai. Hakazalika, ra'ayin 'yanci a matsayin 'yanci daga siyasa ra'ayi ne da ya samo asali a zamanin yau. Wannan ya saba wa ra'ayin 'yanci a matsayin ikon "fara sabon abu", wanda Arendt yana gani a matsayin mai daidaitawa ga yanayin ɗan adam na halitta, ko kuma yanayin mu a matsayin "sabon farko kuma saboda haka mafari". A ra'ayin Arendt, aikin siyasa shine katsewar tsari na atomatik, na halitta ko na tarihi. 'Yancin da za a fara sabon abu, don haka fadada ne na "'yancin kiran wani abu a cikin halitta wanda ba a da, sannan wanda ba a ba da shi ba, ba ma a matsayin wani abu na fahimta ko tunani ba, wanda saboda haka, a zahiri, ba za a iya saninsa ba. Duba wasu abubuwana
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Alberto Abadie (Oktoba 2004). Talauci, ‘Yancin Siyasa, Da Tushen Ta’addanci” (PDF). Jami'ar Harvard da NBER.
"Taƙaitaccen bita na abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin canjin siyasa: 'yanci da rikici" "'Yanci: Babban Kyautar Yamma" Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59692 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talla | Talla | Talla shine tsarin bincike, ƙirƙira, da isar da ƙima don biyan buƙatun kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta fuskar kayayyaki da ayyuka; mai yuwuwa gami da zaɓin masu sauraro da aka yi niyya; zaɓi na wasu halaye ko jigogi don jaddadawa a cikin talla; aiki na tallan talla halartar nunin kasuwanci da taron jama'a; zane na samfurori da marufi masu ban sha'awa ga masu siye; ayyana sharuɗɗan siyarwa, kamar farashi, rangwame, garanti, da manufofin dawowa; sanya samfur a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ko tare da mutanen da aka yi imani da tasiri akan halayen siyan wasu; yarjejeniya tare da dillalai, masu rarraba jumloli, ko masu siyarwa; da ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar wayar da kan jama'a na, aminci ga, da ingantattun ji game da alama. Kasuwanci yawanci mai siyarwa ne ke yin shi, yawanci dillali ko masana'anta. Wani lokaci ana ba da kwangilar ayyuka zuwa wani kamfani na tallace-tallace da aka keɓe ko hukumar talla Da wuya, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ko hukumar gwamnati (kamar Sabis ɗin Tallan Noma suna talla a madadin masana'antu ko yanki gaba ɗaya, galibi takamaiman nau'in abinci (misali. Ya samu Madara? abinci daga wani yanki na musamman, ko birni ko yanki a matsayin wurin yawon buɗe ido.
Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan sarrafa kasuwanci da kasuwanci Masu kasuwa za su iya jagorantar samfurin su zuwa wasu kasuwancin Kasuwancin B2B ko kai tsaye ga masu siye (cin kasuwan B2C). Ko da wanene ake tallatawa, abubuwa da yawa sun shafi, gami da yanayin da 'yan kasuwa za su yi amfani da su. An san su azaman daidaitawar kasuwa, suna ƙayyade yadda 'yan kasuwa ke fuskantar matakin tsara tallace-tallace. Kalmar tallace-tallace, abin da aka fi sani da jawo hankalin abokan ciniki, ya haɗa da ilimin da aka samu ta hanyar nazarin gudanar da mu'amalar musayar kuma shine tsarin kasuwanci na ganowa, tsinkaya da biyan bukatun abokan ciniki da bukatun.
Ma’anarsa A halin yanzu ana siffanta tallace-tallace ta Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Amurka (AMA) a matsayin "aikin, saitin cibiyoyi, da matakai don ƙirƙira, sadarwa, bayarwa, da musayar abubuwan da ke da ƙima ga abokan ciniki, abokan ciniki, abokan tarayya, da al'umma gaba ɗaya". Duk da haka, ma'anar tallace-tallace ya samo asali a cikin shekaru. AMA ta sake duba wannan ma'anar da ma'anarta don "binciken tallace-tallace" kowace shekara uku. Abubuwan da ake bukata na "al'umma gaba ɗaya" an ƙara su cikin ma'anar a cikin 2008. Ana iya ganin haɓakar ma'anar ta hanyar kwatanta ma'anar 2008 tare da sigar AMA ta 1935: "Kasuwanci shine aikin ayyukan kasuwanci wanda ke jagorantar jigilar kayayyaki, da sabis daga masu samarwa zuwa masu amfani". Sabuwar ma'anar tana ba da ƙarin fifikon sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin sabon tunanin Ma'anar tallace-tallace na baya-bayan nan suna ba da fifiko ga dangantakar mabukaci, sabanin tsarin musanya mai tsafta. Misali, ƙwararren marubucin tallace-tallace kuma malami, Philip Kotlerya haɓaka ma'anar tallan sa. A cikin 1980, ya bayyana tallace-tallace a matsayin "mai gamsarwa da buƙatu da buƙatu ta hanyar tsarin musayar", kuma a cikin 2018 ya ayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin da kamfanoni ke haɗa abokan ciniki, haɓaka dangantakar abokan ciniki mai ƙarfi, da ƙirƙirar ƙimar abokin ciniki don ɗaukar darajar. daga abokan ciniki a dawo". ma’anar da ke da alaƙa, daga tsarin aikin injiniya na tallace-tallace, ya bayyana tallace-tallace a matsayin "tsarin tsarin da ke da alaƙa da haɗin kai tare da wasu ayyuka na kasuwanci da ke da nufin cimma sha'awar abokin ciniki da gamsuwa.
Wasu ma'anoni na tallace-tallace suna nuna ikon tallace-tallace don samar da ƙima ga masu hannun jari na kamfani kuma. A cikin wannan mahallin, ana iya bayyana tallace-tallace a matsayin "tsarin gudanarwa wanda ke neman haɓaka komawa ga masu hannun jari ta hanyar haɓaka dangantaka da abokan ciniki masu kima da kuma samar da fa'ida mai gasa". Misali, Cibiyar Tallace-tallace ta Charteredta bayyana tallace-tallace daga mahanga ta abokin ciniki, tana mai da hankali kan “tsarin gudanarwa da ke da alhakin ganowa, tsinkaya da gamsar da buƙatun abokin ciniki cikin
A baya, marketing yi oyan da za a gani a matsayin m masana'antu, wanda ya hada da talla, rarrabawada sayarwa, har ma a yau da yawa sassa na marketing tsari (misali samfurin zane, art director, iri management, talla, inbound marketing, copywritingda dai sauransu ya ƙunshi amfani da fasahar kere kere. Duk da haka, saboda tallace-tallace yana amfani da ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin zamantakewa, lissafi, tattalin arziki, ilimin halin dan adamda neuroscience, yanzu an san sana'ar a matsayin kimiyya. Kimiyyar tallace-tallace ta samar da ingantaccen tsari wanda za a iya bi don ƙirƙirar tsarin tallace-tallace.
Ra’ayi tallace-tallace" yana ba da shawarar cewa don kammala manufofin ƙungiyar, ya kamata ƙungiya ta yi hasashen buƙatu da buƙatun masu amfani da kuma gamsar da su yadda ya kamata fiye da masu fafatawa. Wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali daga littafin Adam Smith The Wealth of Nationsamma ba za a yi amfani da shi sosai ba sai bayan shekaru kusan 200. Ka'idodin Kasuwanci da Talla suna da alaƙa kai tsaye.
Idan aka yi la'akari da tsakiyar buƙatun abokin ciniki, da kuma abin da ake so a cikin tallace-tallace, kyakkyawar fahimtar waɗannan ra'ayoyin yana da mahimmanci:
Nau’ikon Talla 1.TallaceTallace hajoji (content marketing)Tallace-tallacen abun ciki dabara ce ta tallace-tallace da ake amfani da ita don jan hankali, haɗawa, da riƙe masu sauraro ta hanyar ƙirƙira da raba labaran da suka dace, bidiyo, kwasfan fayiloli, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan hanyar tana samar da ƙwarewa, tana haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma sa kasuwancin ku ya kasance cikin tunani lokacin da lokaci ya yi don siyan abin da kuke siyarwa 2.TallaceTallace kafofin watsa labarai (social media marketing) Tallace-Tallacen kafofin watsa wani nau'i ne na tallace-tallace na dijital wanda ke ba da damar shahararrun hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa don cimma burin tallan ku da alamar alama.
3.Tallace Tallacen kai tsaye (direct marketing) Talla na kai tsaye wani nau'in talla ne wanda ya ƙunshi sadarwa kai tsaye tare da abokan ciniki da abokan ciniki masu yuwuwa don haɓaka samfura da sabis. Ana iya gudanar da tallan kai tsaye ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da imel, saƙonnin rubutu, kasida, kiran waya, da wasiku kai tsaye.
4.Yin Talla (Advertising) Talla dabara ce ta tallace-tallace da ta haɗa da biyan kuɗi don sarari don haɓaka samfur, sabis, ko sanadi. Ana kiran ainihin saƙonnin talla tallace-tallace, ko tallace-tallace a takaice. Manufar talla ita ce a kai ga mutane masu yuwuwa su kasance masu son biyan kuɗin samfur ko sabis na kamfani kuma su yaudare su su saya.
5.Tallace Tallacen Kasuwancin (Business marketing) Tallace-tallacen kasuwanci al'ada ce ta kasuwanci ta mutane ko ƙungiyoyi (ciki har da kasuwancin kasuwanci, gwamnatoci, da cibiyoyi). Yana ba su damar sayar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka ga wasu kamfanoni ko ƙungiyoyin da ke sake sayar da su, amfani da su a cikin samfuransu ko ayyukansu, ko amfani da su don tallafawa ayyukansu.
6.Tallace Tallacen duniya (global marketing)Tallace-tallacen duniya shine mayar da hankali kan tallan samfuran ko sabis na ƙungiyar a kasuwannin duniya kuma a cikin al'ummar duniya da ke haɓaka, tare da haɗin gwiwar mutane fiye da kowane lokaci, yanki ne mai mahimmanci na sarrafa tallace-tallace.
7.Tallace-tallacen dijital, wanda kuma ake kira tallan yanar gizo, (digital marketing or online marketing) shine haɓaka samfuran don haɗawa da abokan ciniki masu yuwu ta amfani da intanit da sauran nau'ikan sadarwar dijital. Wannan ya haɗa da ba kawai imel, kafofin watsa labarun, da tallace-tallace na tushen yanar gizo ba, har ma da saƙonnin rubutu da saƙonnin multimedia azaman tashar tallace-tallace.
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34738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Anglo-Aro | Yakin Anglo-Aro | Yakin Anglo-Aro (1901-1902) rikici ne tsakanin kungiyar Aro Confederacy na Gabashin Najeriya a yau, da Daular Burtaniya. Yakin dai ya fara ne bayan karuwar fargaba tsakanin shugabannin Aro da turawan Ingila bayan shafe tsawon shekaru na tattaunawa ba tare da an samun maslaha ba.
Dalilin yakin Kungiyar Aro Confederacy, wacce ikonta ya mamaye yankin Gabashin Najeriya da kewaye, an kalubalancita a cikin shekarun karshe na karni na 19 ta hanyar kara shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a cikin yankin. Mutanen Aro da kawayensu sun bijirewa shigar da Burtaniya take masu saboda wasu 'yan dalilai da suka hada da tattalin arziki, siyasa da addini.
Dalilan yakin da Sir Ralph Moor ya gabatar, babban kwamishinan Biritaniya mai kula da gabar tekun Najeriya, ya hada da:
A cewar wani malami dan kasar Amurka, Jeffrey Ian Ross, al’ummar Aro sun yi amfani da dubarun sihiri a wuraren ibadunsu da aka keɓe wa gunkin Ibin Ukpabi, wani abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin al'amurran bautar da suke yi, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da barkewar yaƙin Anglo-Aro.
Bijirewar Aro Mutanen Aro dai sun dade suna adawa da shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya cikin kasarsu, dangane da wannan adawar ta wani bangare ta hada da al'amurran tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, sun bijirewa yunƙurin da malaman mishanari na Birtaniya suka yi na shigar da addinin Kiristanci, wanda ke yin barazana ga tasirin addininsu dangane da wahayin abun bautarsu Ibini Ukpabi. Mutanen Aro sun jagoranci hare-hare da mamaye al'ummomi domin dakile shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya tun daga shekarun 1890. Yayin da turawan ingila ke shirin kai wa Arochukwu hari a watan Nuwamba 1901, sai mutanen Aro suka kaddamar da gagarumin farmakin nasu na karshe kafin hari ga mutanen Aro da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi. Dakarun Aro karkashin jagorancin Okoro Toti sun kori Obegu (wani aminin Birtaniya) wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 400. Wannan harin ta janyo Birtaniyya ta kai hari cikin gaggawa.
Balaguron Mutanen Aro Sir Ralph Moor da Royal Niger Company sun shirya kai hari ga mutanen Aro da Ibini Ukpabi oracle tun a watan Satumba na 1899 amma saboda rashin isassun kayan aiki, an jinkirta har zuwa Nuwamban 1901. A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, Lt. Col. Arthur Forbes Montanaro ya jagoranci hafsoshi 87, sojoji 1,550 da motoci 2,100 a hanyaoyi hudu wanda suka nufi Arochukwu ta Oguta, Akwete, Unwana da Itu a wani gangamin yaki ga ‘yan tawaye. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, sojojin Aro sun yi tsayin daka da duk wani runduna, duk da cewa ba su da makamai na zamani. Sai dai kuma an kama Arochukwu a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba bayan shafe kwanaki hudu ana gwabza kazamin fada a cikin birni da kewaye. A dalilin haka ne aka ce an tarwatsa wurin ibadar Ibini Ukpabi. An ci gaba da gwabza fada tsakanin sojojin Burtaniya da na Aro a daukakin yankin har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar 1902 lokacin da aka ci galaba a kan sojojin Aro a babban yakin karshe na Bende. Mamaye Aro ta zo karshe bayan makonni uku.
Sakamakon yakin An kama wasu daga cikin shugabannin Aro, kamar Okoro Toti, an gurfanar da su gaban kotu, aka kuma rataye su. Karfin ikon da kungiyar Daular Aro ke rike da shi yayi gaggawar zaizayewa kuma Eze Kanu Okoro (sarkin Arochukwu), ya buya amma daga baya aka kama shi. Duk da cewa rinjayen Aro ya rushe a watan Maris na 1902, yawancin mutanen Aro sun shiga yakin neman 'yanci akan Birtaniya a yankin kamar a Afikpo (1902-1903), Ezza (1905), da sauran yankunan da mutanen Aro ke da rinjaye. Cin Aro da yaki ya taimaka wa Birtaniyya wajen bude kofar shiga garin, amma tsananin adawa da shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka kasar Inyamurai na nan a fili bai kare ba. A 'yan shekarun da suka biyo baya, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da yaƙe-yaƙe da dama a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Inyamurai kamar Rikicin Nri (1905-1911), Yaƙin Ekumeku (1883-1914), Yaƙin Matan Igbo (1929), da dai sauransu.
Manyan fadace-fadace Yaƙuna a yankin Oguta/ Owerri (Nuwamba 1901)
Yaƙuna a Esu Itu (Disamba 1901)
Yakin Arochukwu (Disamba 1901)
Yaƙin Edimma (Janairu 1902)
Yaƙin Ikotobo (Janairu 1902)
Yaƙin Ikorodaka (Fabrairu 1902)
Yaƙin Bende (Maris 1902)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje https://web.archive.org/web/20060216042659/http://www.aronetwork.org/
https://web.archive.org/web/20120728080216/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/aro1901.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20120722180453/http://www.britishcolonialafrica.com/PDFS/1_A_Falkland_Islander_DSO.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?id=WNwgU_0wQukC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-Jp1t2n4sC&pg=PT32&lpg=PT32&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
https://web.archive.org/web/20110610131138/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/DLCD-DCSFT/pubs/bushwarfare/BushWarFare.pdf
Yakunan 1901
Mutanen |
51324 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%20Abdi | Hawa Abdi | Hawa Abdi Dhiblawe Somali, Mayu 17, 19475 ga Agusta 2020) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin 'yan adam ce kuma likita. Ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar gidauniyar Dr. Hawa Abdi (DHAF), kungiya mai zaman kanta.
Shekarun farko An haifi Abdi a Mogadishu, kuma ta zauna a kudu maso tsakiyar Somalia. Mahaifiyarta ta rasu tana da shekara 12 a duniya. Bayan haka, Abdi ta yi ayyukan iyali, har da renon kannenta guda huɗu. Mahaifinta kwararre ne wanda ke aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa na babban birnin. Domin karatun farko, Abdi ta halarci makarantar firamare, da sakandare. A shekarar 1964, ta samu tallafin karatu daga kwamitin mata na Tarayyar Soviet. Daga baya Abdi ta karanci likitanci a Kiev Medical Institute, inda ta kammala a shekarar 1971. A shekara ta gaba, ta fara karatun shari'a a sabuwar jami'ar Somaliya da aka bude a Mogadishu. Za ta yi aikin likitanci da safe kuma ta yi aiki zuwa digirinta na shari'a a cikin lokacinta, daga ƙarshe ta sami shi a shekarar 1979.
Rayuwa ta sirri Lokacin da Abdi tana 'yar shekara goma sha biyu, ta yi auren dole tare da wani babban mutum wanda ɗan sanda ne. Auren da aka shirya na ɗan gajeren lokaci ya ƙare bayan shekaru da yawa, kafin ta bar Somaliya zuwa Moscow sannan kuma Kiev. A cikin shekarun da ta yi a USSR, ta hadu da Aden Mohammed, wani dalibi dan kasar Somaliya. A 1973, Abdi ya auri Aden kuma ta haifi ɗanta na farko bayan shekaru biyu. Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku: Deqo, Amina, da Ahmed. Ahmed ya rasu ne a wani hatsarin mota da ya rutsa da shi a shekarar 2005 a birnin Hargeysa, yayin da ya ziyarci mahaifinsa da ya rabu da Abdi. Deqo da Amina duka sun zama likitoci. Abdi ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2020, a gidanta a Mogadishu. Ta kasance 73; ba a bayyana dalilin mutuwar ba.
Sana'a
Kungiyar Cigaban Kiwon Lafiyar Karkara A shekarar 1983, Abdi ta buɗe Ƙungiyar Raya Lafiya ta Ƙauye (RHDO) akan filayen mallakar iyali a kudancin yankin Lower Shebelle. An fara ne a matsayin asibitin daki daya wanda ke ba da sabis na likitocin haihuwa kyauta ga mata kusan 24 na karkara a kowace rana, kuma daga baya ya zama asibiti mai gadaje 400. Lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke a Somaliya a farkon shekarun 1990, Abdi ta tsaya a baya bisa ga umarnin kakarta, wacce ta shawarce ta da ta yi amfani da cancantarta don taimakawa masu rauni. Daga nan ta kafa sabon asibitin da makaranta ga wadanda suka rasa matsugunnai da marayu. An sake yiwa RHDO suna Dr. Hawa Abdi Foundation (DHAF) a cikin 2007. A hankali ya faɗaɗa har ya haɗa da sansanin agaji, wanda a lokacin fari na 2011 ya tanadi mutane 90,000 akan kadada 1,300 da ke kewaye da asibitin Abdi. Shekaru biyu gabanin haka, a daidai lokacin da masu kishin Islama ke fama da tashe tashen hankula a kudancin Somaliya, mayakan sun yi wa ginin kawanya tare da yunkurin tilasta wa Abdi ta rufe shi. Ta tsaya tsayin daka, kuma 'yan tawayen sun fice cikin mako guda, sakamakon matsin lamba daga mazauna yankin, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari. Mayakan sun sake kai farmaki a yankin a watan Fabrairun 2012, lamarin da ya sa Abdi ta dakatar da ayyukan na wani dan lokaci har sai sun tashi daga karshe.
Dr. Hawa Abdi Foundation Gidauniyar Dr. Hawa Abdi (DHAF) ta kasance karkashin kulawar Abdi da ’ya’yanta likitoci mata biyu, Shugaba Deqo Adan (wanda aka fi sani da Deqo Mohamed) da mataimakiyar Adan (wanda aka fi sani da Amina Mohamed), wadanda suka bi sawun mahaifiyarsu kamar ƙwararrun ob/gyn. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, kungiyar tana da ma’aikata na kasa-da-kasa na ma’aikata 102, wanda wata tawaga mai mutane 150 ta hada da masu aikin sa kai, masunta da manoma. DHAF kungiya ce da ba ta siyasa ba wacce ba ta da alaka da kowace gwamnati, motsin siyasa, addini ko dangi. DHAF ta yanke shawarar irin ayyukan da za a yi da kuma irin agajin da za a bayar bisa la'akari da bukatun ƙauyen. DHAF kuma kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kudi. Ana ba da dukkanin kudaden ne ta hanyar gudummawa daga jama'a a duniya da sauran abubuwan taimako. An haramta tallafin gwamnati. Tun 1991, DHAF ta ba da sabis ga Somaliyawa waɗanda ba su da 'yanci daga danginsu. Ana ba da sabis ga mutanen Somaliya ba tare da tsada ba. Filin DHAF ya ƙunshi asibiti, makaranta da cibiyar abinci mai gina jiki, kuma tana ba da matsuguni, ruwa da kula da lafiya ga galibin mata da yara. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a farkon shekarun 1980, hadaddun ya yi aiki kimanin mutane miliyan 2. Ko da yake ana ba da sabis ba tare da caji ba, Abdi tana gudanar da ayyukan kamun kifi da noma da yawa a cikin harabar don koyar da abin dogaro da kai. Haka kuma asibitin ya kunshi wani dan karamin fili, inda ake noman kayan lambu da masara daga baya kuma a sayar da shi domin biyan wasu kudaden kula da ginin. Kudade da kayan aiki da kayan aikin jinya ana samun su ne ta hanyar kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe daga ƴan ƙasashen waje na Somaliya da kuma gudummawar gaba ɗaya ga DHAF. Tun daga shekarar 2011, ƙungiyar ta kuma sami tallafi daga gidauniyar Mata a Duniya.
Kyauta An nada Abdi a matsayin gwarzuwar shekara Hiiraan Online a shekarar 2007. Mujallar Glamour daga baya ta sanya mata suna da 'ya'yanta mata biyu a shekarar 2010 "Matan Mafi Girma". Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an zabe ta don kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya. Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Mata masu tasiri daga WITW Foundation, BET's Social Humanitarian Award, da John Jay Medal for Justice. A shekarar 2014, Abdi ta sami lambar yabo ta Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award a Middelburg, Netherlands. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Zaman Lafiya ta Ginin Pilosio bayan shekara guda. Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta ba wa Abdi digirin girmamawa na Kimiyya a watan Mayu 2016. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu na shekara mai zuwa, Abdi ta sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Harvard.
Ayyuka Keeping Hope Alive: One Woman—90,000 Lives Changed. New York City: Grand Central Publishing. 2013. ISBN 9781455599295.
Manazarta Mutuwan 2020
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
45998 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Okah | Henry Okah | Henry Okah (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965, jihar Legas, Najeriya shi ne shugaban ƴan daba na Najeriya na ƙungiyar ƴan ta'adan yankin Niger Delta (MEND), ya musanta jagorancin ƙungiyar.
Dubawa MEND ta ɗauki alhakin kai hare-hare kan kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankin Niger Delta, ta hanyar amfani da zagon ƙasa, yaƙin neman zaɓe ko kuma sace ma'aikatan mai na ƙasashen waje. Burin ‘yan tawayen dai shi ne taɓarɓarewa sha’anin mai na ƙasashen waje a yankin Neja-Delta, waɗanda suka ce suna cin gajiyar al’ummar yankin. MEND ta sanar da kafa kungiyar a farkon shekarar 2006 tare da kai hare-hare da dama a kan ababen more rayuwa na man fetur na Najeriya waɗanda suka rage yawan amfanin yau da kullum da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin hudu, da kuma wani kamfen na zamani na kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da sakonnin sakonnin imel don yin daidai da hare-haren. Ƙungiyar ta yi suna a kanun labarai a Najeriya lokacin da ta sanar da cewa za ta shiga tattaunawar zaman lafiya idan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Amurka Jimmy Carter ko jarumi George Clooney ya shiga tsakani. Ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa ƙungiyar na duba yiwuwar tsagaita buɗe wuta bayan ta samu "kara" daga shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, wanda ya musanta yin hakan tun da farko.
An kama shi
An kama Okah a Angola kuma aka mayar da shi Najeriya a watan Fabrairun 2008, kuma an tuhume shi da laifuffuka 62 da suka haɗa da cin amanar kasa, ta'addanci, mallakar makamai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da safarar makamai, ya fuskanci hukuncin kisa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne ke kan gaba ga mutanen yankin Delta da ba su da haƙƙi, wadanda suke ganin ba su amfana da man da ake haƙowa a karkashinsu yankin su. Lauyan Okah, Femi Falana, ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi tayin siyan shi ta hanyar ba da izinin mallakar wasu tubalan mai, duk da ya ki. Shari’ar wadda aka fara tun a watan Afrilun 2008, an yi ta ne a asirce, domin Shugaba Umaru ‘Yar’aduwa ya ce zai yi illa ga tsaron ƙasa. Lauyoyin da ke kare Okah, sun ce shari’ar da aka rufe ta tauye masa haƙƙin sa ne don haka suka buƙaci babbar kotun da ta soke hukuncin.
A martaninta, a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, 2008, ƙungiyar MEND ta kai hari kan bututun Royal Dutch Shell a yankin Delta, kuma ta yi iƙirarin kashe sojojin Najeriya 11. Yayin da gwamnatin Najeriyar ta musanta mutuwar, dai-dai lokacin ne farashin man fetur ya tashi da dala ɗaya a kasuwannin duniya cikin sa'o'i da harin. Wani saƙon imel daga MEND ya yi gargaɗin "hare-haren [su]… ramuwar gayya ce ga kama shi da ba dole ba."
A watan Yulin 2009, lauyan Okah ya sanar da cewa ya amince da afuwar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi wa duk wani ɗan tawaye da ke son ajiye makamansa, a wani yunƙuri na kawo ƙarshen hare-haren da ake kai wa masana'antar mai ɗin. Babban jami'in MEND "Janar" Boyloaf ya yi iƙirarin cewa idan aka saki Okah to tabbas ƙungiyar za ta ajiye makamanta, kuma Jomo Gbomo, kakakin ƙungiyar ya goyi bayan matakin Okah tun da rashin lafiyarsa ta gaza. Sai dai wasu shugabannin MEND sun ce za su yi watsi da afuwar. A ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, 2009, Alƙali Mohammed Liman ya sanar da cewa an saki Okah, inda ya shaida masa da kansa "Bayan bitar abin da babban lauyan ya ce, ka zama mutum mai ƴanci a halin yanzu."
Kama shi a karo na 2
An sake kama Okah a birnin Johannesburg na ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu, a ranar Asabar, 2 ga watan watan Oktoba, bayan harin ranar ‘yancin kai na Najeriya na 2010 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 12. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai san komai ba game da waɗannan hare-haren bam-baman.
Ɗaurin shekaru 24 a gidan yari A ranar Litinin 21 ga watan Junairu, wata kotu a ƙasar Afirka ta kudu ta samu Okah da laifuka 13 da suka haɗa da ta’addanci harin bam da ya hallaka mutane 12 a Abuja a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, 2010. Da yake yanke hukuncin, alkali Nels Claassen ya ce, "Na kai ga yanke shawarar cewa jihar ta tabbatar da laifin da ake zargin sa akai."
An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 24 a gidan yari kuma a halin yanzu yana yin wannan hukuncin a gidan gyaran hali na Ebongweni da ke a garin Kokstad a Afirka ta Kudu. A duk lokacin da ake shari’ar ya ci gaba da cewa ba shi da laifi yana mai cewa shari’ar ta biyo bayan ƙin amincewa da kalaman shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan da kuma zargin da shugabanin Arewacin Najeriya ya yi na ranar ƴancin kai na ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba.
Charles Okah ranar 7 ga watan Maris, 2018. Bayan shari’ar da kotu ta yi a ranar 7 ga watan Maris ɗin, an samu Charles Okah da laifin kitsa harin ranar ‘yancin kai kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
15967 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Wojcicki | Susan Wojcicki | Susan Diane Wojcicki /w ʊ tʃ ɪ t s k i wuu-CHITS -kee. An Haife ta ne a 5 ga watan Yuli, a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas1968A.C) Miladiyya. itace Shugaba na YouTube .Sannan kuma ita ce Shugaba mafi dadewa a tarihin YouTube. kuma hakan shine abu mai kyau shike nan hakan yafaru akan su
Wojcicki ta shiga cikin kafuwar Google, kuma ta zama manajan talla na farko na Google a cikin 1999. Daga baya ta jagoranci kasuwancin talla na kamfanin yanar gizo kuma aka sanya ta kan kula da aikin bidiyo na asalin Google. Bayan lura da nasarar YouTube, Wojcicki ta ba da shawarar sayen YouTube ta Google a 2006, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na YouTube tun 2014. Wojcickt yana da kimanin kusan dala miliyan 50.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Susan Diane Wojcicki a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin 1968 ga Esther Wojcicki, wata malama ce ta asalin Rasha da Yahudawa, da kuma Stanley Wojcicki, wani farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Amurka dan kasar Poland a Jami’ar Stanford Tana da yayaye mata guda biyu: Janet Wojcicki, (PhD, anthropologist and epidemiologist) da kuma Anne Wojcicki, wanda ta kafa 23andMe. Ta girma ne a harabar Stanford tare da George Dantzig a matsayin maƙwabta. Ta halarci Makarantar Gunn High School a Palo Alto, California, kuma ta rubuta wa jaridar makarantar. Kasuwancin farko na Wojcicki shine sayar da "igiyoyi na yaji" ƙofa-ƙofa tana yar shekara 11. Babbar malama ce a kwalejin, ta ɗauki darasi na farko a fannin ilimin kwamfuta a matsayin babbar. Wojcicki ta yi karatun tarihi da adabi a Jami'ar Harvard kuma ta kammala karatu da girmamawa a 1990. Da farko ta shirya ne don samun digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki da neman aiki a jami'a amma ta sauya shirinta lokacin da ta gano sha'awar fasahar. Ta kuma sami Babbar Jagora na Kimiyyar tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz a 1993 da kuma Jagorar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta UCLA Anderson a 1998.
Ayyuka A watan Satumba na 1998, daidai wannan watan da aka kafa Google, masu kafa Larry Page da Sergey Brin suka kafa ofis a garejin Wojcicki a Menlo Park Kafin ya zama manajan talla na farko na Google a 1999, Wojcicki yayi aiki a tallan a Intel Corporation a Santa Clara, California, kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa a Bain & Company da RB Webber Company. A Google, ta yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen tallata ƙwayoyin cuta na farko, da kuma na farkon Google Doodles Wojcicki ya kuma yi aiki akan ci gaban Hotunan Google da Litattafan Google A cikin 2003, Wojcicki ya taimaka jagorantar ci gaban AdSense Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sarrafa kayan aikinta na farko, kuma saboda ƙoƙarinta, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Foundwararrun Google. Ta zama babban mataimakiyar shugaban Google na Talla da Kasuwanci, kuma ta kula da tallan kamfanin da samfuran nazari, gami da AdWords, AdSense, DoubleClick, da Google Analytics YouTube, sannan wata karamar farawa, ta kasance cikin nasara tare da sabis na Bidiyo na Google na Google, wanda Wojcicki ke kula da shi. Amsar ta shine don ba da shawarar siyan YouTube. Ta kula da manyan abubuwan da Google ta siya sayan YouTube na dala biliyan 1.65 a 2006 da dala biliyan 3.1 na DoubleClick a 2007.
Shugaba na YouTube A watan Fabrairun 2014, Wojcicki ya zama Shugaba na YouTube. Ta aka mai suna daya daga Lokaci 100 mafi tasiri mutane a 2015 da aka bayyana a cikin wani daga baya batun na Lokaci a matsayin "mafi iko mace a kan Internet." Duk da yake Wojcicki ya kasance Shugaba na YouTube, ya kai biliyan 2 masu amfani da shiga a wata kuma ya ba da sanarwar cewa masu amfani suna kallon sa’o’i biliyan ɗaya a rana gaba ɗaya. Akwai nau'ikan YouTube na gida a cikin ƙasashe 100 na duniya, ana samun su cikin harsuna 80. Tun lokacin da aka hau mukamin Shugaba, adadin masu aikin YouTube ya tashi daga 24 zuwa kusan kashi 30. Wojcicki ya kula da ci gaba da sakin sabbin aikace-aikacen YouTube da gogewa waɗanda aka tsara don kula da masu amfani da ke sha'awar wasan gidan da kiɗan A karkashin jagorancin ta, kamfanin ya samar da wasu hanyoyin samar da kudade ga masu kirkirar YouTube, gami da mambobin tashar, kayan kasuwanci, da Super Chat. Ta ma jagoranci da ƙaddamar da YouTube ta advertisement-free biyan sabis, YouTube Premium (da aka sani da YouTube Red), kuma ta kan-da-kai internet talabijin sabis YouTube TV Karkashin Wojcicki, YouTube ya tsaurara manufofinsa kan bidiyoyin da yake kallo wadanda ka iya keta manufofinsa kan kalaman nuna kiyayya da tsatsauran ra'ayi. Manyan tsauraran manufofin sun zo ne bayan jaridar The Times ta nuna cewa "tallace-tallacen da gwamnatin Birtaniyya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke daukar nauyi sun bayyana gabannin bidiyon YouTube da ke tallafawa kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda" kuma manyan masu tallata tallace-tallace da dama sun janye tallace-tallacensu daga YouTube a matsayin martani. An soki manufofin tilasta yin aiki da takunkumi. Wasu YouTubers suna jayayya cewa tsarin shafar aljannu yana da tsayayyar hanya, yana haifar da kowane abu mai "ɓacin rai" wanda yake samun iska kuma wasu lokuta ma yana haifar da cire tashar masu ƙirƙira. A yayin takaddama game da bidiyon YouTube na Logan Paul game da mutumin da ya kashe kansa, Wojcicki ta ce Paul bai keta ka'idojin yajin aiki uku na YouTube ba kuma bai cika sharuddan da za a hana su daga dandalin ba. Wojcicki ya jaddada abubuwan ilimi a matsayin babban fifiko ga kamfanin, kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin, 2018, ya ba da sanarwar Koyon YouTube don saka hannun jari a cikin tallafi da tallatawa don tallafawa abun ciki na mai kirkirar ilimi. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2018, Wojcicki ya soki Mataki na 13 na Dokar Kare Hakkin Tarayyar Turai da za ta ba YouTube alhakin ta na cire kayan da ke da hakkin mallaka, yana mai cewa hakan zai zama barazana ga masu kirkirar abun cikin damar raba aikinsu.
Alloli A cikin 2014, Wojcicki ya shiga cikin kwamitin Salesforce .Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar Room don Karanta, kungiyar da ke mai da hankali kan karatu da rubutu da kuma daidaita daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a cikin ilimi, kuma memba ce ta kwamitin UCLA Anderson School of Management Rayuwar mutum Wojcicki ta auri Dennis Troper a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1998, a Belmont, California Suna da yara biyar. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2014, kafin ta tafi hutun haihuwa na biyar, Wojcicki ta rubuta a cikin The Wall Street Journal game da mahimmancin hutun haihuwa da aka biya. Ana yawan ambata ta tana magana game da mahimmancin samun daidaito tsakanin iyali da aiki.
Baya ga kasancewarta ɗan ƙasar Amurka, ‘yar ƙasar Poland ce. Kakanta, Franciszek Wójcicki pl dan siyasa ne na Jama'ar Jama'a da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland wanda aka zaba a matsayin dan majalisa a lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin Poland, 1947 Kakarta, Janina Wójcicka Hoskins, 'yar aikin laburare ce' yar asalin Ba'amurkiya-Ba'amurke a Laburaren Majalisar Wakilai, wacce ke da alhakin gina mafi yawan kayan 'yan Poland a Amurka.
Shawara Wojcicki ta ba da shawara don faɗaɗa faɗaɗa hutun iyali da aka biya, taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya, magance wariyar jinsi a kamfanonin kamfanonin fasaha, da kuma sa' yan mata sha'awar ilimin kimiyuta da fifita kodin a makarantu. Wojcicki ta goyi bayan 'yar takarar Democrat Hillary Clinton a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016 Kyaututtuka Wojcicki aka mai suna 1 a kan girman kai Fair 's New kafa jerin a 2019. A cikin 2013, an lasafta ta ta 1 a cikin Adweek Top 50 Execs list, wanda ke girmama manyan shugabannin zartarwa na cikin kungiya.
A cikin 2017, ta zaba 6 a jerin Forbes na Mata 100 Mafiya ƙarfi a Duniya A cikin 2018, ta zaba 10 akan jerin Fortwararrun Mata masu ƙarfi.
Wojcicki a halin yanzu tana cikin 41 a jerin Forbes na'san Matan Amurka da suka Yi Selfan-kai Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mutane
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51671 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Lapide | Ruth Lapide | Ruth Lapide (née Rosenblatt ;a shekara ta 1929-30 ga Agusta 2022) masanin tauhidin Jamus ne kuma masanin tarihi wanda ya kasance kan gaba a tsakanin malaman harshen Jamus don sauƙaƙe da haɓaka fahimtar tsakanin Yahudawa da Kirista.Bayan ta yi karatu a Urushalima,ta koma Jamus a 1974 tare da mijinta Pinchas Lapide,inda suka rubuta littattafai da yawa.Lapide ya koyar a Jami'ar Lutheran na Kimiyyar Kimiyya Nuremberg,ya bayyana a talabijin,kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga taron Bishops na Jamus.
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Daga 1974,Lapide da danginta sun zauna a Frankfurt, inda ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2022. Ina Hartwig,dan majalisar birnin Frankfurt da ke da alhakin al'adu da kimiyya,ya rubuta cewa:"Ruth Lapide ta kasance mutum mai ban mamaki a bangarori da yawa.A matsayinta na malamin addini,ba wai kawai ta mallaki ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ba,amma duk da cikakken ilimin tarihin Yahudanci da Kiristanci,koyaushe tana riƙe da hangen nesa da ke jaddada abin da ya haɗa su.Tare da manyan hidimominta na tattaunawa tsakanin Kirista da Yahudawa,Ruth Lapide ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban al'adun tunawa a Jamus."("Ruth Lapide yaki a cikin vielerlei Hinsicht eine Ausnahmeerscheinung. Als Religionswissenschaftlerin besaß sie nicht nur eine außergewöhnliche fachliche Expertise,sondern bewahrte sich trotz detailslierter Kenntnisse der historischen Verästelungen von Juden- und Christentum stets eine Perspektive,mutu dastont.Mit ihren großen Verdiensten um den christlich-jüdischen Dialog lieferte Ruth Lapide für die Entwicklung der bundesdeutschen Erinnerungskultur einen maßgeblichen Beitrag".)
Aiki Wani muhimmin sashe na aikin Lapide yana magana ne game da ɓarnar fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma tushen Yahudawa na Kiristanci.Ta yi aiki a wannan aikin tare da mijinta,inda suka buga littattafai fiye da 40 tare.Ta yi ƙoƙari don tallafa wa mafi kyawun fahimtar Yahudawa da Kirista ta hanyar kallon nassosi,maimakon ƙaƙƙarfan roko.Misali ta damu game da koke a cikin Addu'ar Ubangiji," "("kuma kada ka kai mu cikin jaraba"),wanda za a fassara shi sosai zuwa "(Kada mu mika wuya ga jaraba),ko" (Ka yi mana jagora a cikin jaraba).Paparoma har ma ya yarda da hujjarta na sake magana,amma taron Bishops na Jamus ya ci gaba da riƙe kalmomin gargajiya. Lapide sananne ne daga fitowar talabijin da yawa.A kan shirin Bayerischer Rundfunk na Alpha-Forum, ta kan bayyana batutuwan Littafi Mai Tsarki,kamar su Nuhu,Ishaku da Iliya .A kan Bibel TV,ta yi jerin tattaunawa tare da Henning Röhl, (Littafi Mai Tsarki a mahanga ta Yahudawa).
Honours A shekara ta 2000,an ba Lapide lambar yabo ta Tarayyar Jamus.A ranar 11 ga Afrilu,2003,ta karɓi odar Hessian na Daraja.A cikin 2008 ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Makarantar Divinity na Protestant Augustana a Neuendettelsau,Bavaria.An ba ta Wolfram-von-Eschenbach-Preis na Tsakiyar Franconia a cikin 2010,kuma a cikin 2015,an ba ta Adon Austrian don Kimiyya da Fasaha.A wannan shekarar,ta sami ,don sadaukarwarta na shekaru da yawa don haɓaka fahimta tsakanin Yahudawa da Kirista,don yin sulhu da Isra'ila,da kusantar manyan addinai uku na tauhidi.
Labarai Yawancin littattafan Lapide an rubuta su tare da mijinta. Littattafai da sunan ta sun hada da:
Kennen Sie Adam, daga Schwächling? Kreuz Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, Kennen Sie Jakob, den Starkoch? Kreuz Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, Wa ya glaubte Yesu? (tare da Henning Röhl), Kreuz Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, Mutuwan 2022
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58302 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osun%20River | Osun River | Kogin Ọshun wani lokaci, amma ba kasafai ake rubuta shi Oshun kogi ne da ke bi ta kudu ta Jahar Osun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya zuwa gabar Legas da Tekun Atlantika Gulf of Guinea. Yana daya daga cikin koguna da dama da aka danganta a tatsuniyar gida cewa mata ne da suka rikide zuwa ruwa mai gudana bayan wani lamari mai ban tsoro ya tsorata su ko ya fusata su.
Sunan kogin ne bayan Oshun ko Oshun, daya daga cikin mafi shahara da girmama Orishas. Bikin gargajiya na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a dakin ibadar Shun da ke kusa da kogin Ọṣun da ke Osogbo ya zama sanannen yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido, inda ya ja hankalin jama’a daga ko’ina a Najeriya da kuma kasashen ketare zuwa bikin shekara-shekara a watan Agusta. Osun na daya daga cikin alloli na kogi a kasar Yarbawa, ta yi fice wajen samar da bukatun jama'a. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan Sango, allahn Yarbawa na tsawa. Osun 'yar asalin Igede-Ekiti ce, hedkwatar karamar hukumar Irepodun/Ifelodun, jihar Ekiti, Najeriya saboda haka babban tushenta a Igede-Ekiti. Osun, yaro na uku a auren da aka yi tsakanin Ake (mafarauci kuma basarake daga Ile-Ife) da Erindo (matar Ake) wanda kuma zai kara haihuwar wasu 'ya'ya goma sha biyar da suka hada da shahararren Rivers Ogbese da Elemi. Yayin da Ogbese ya kasance sanannen tambarin tsohuwar Afrikola, kogin Elemi ya ci gaba da ƙawata kyawawan ƙasarmu. Osun, matar Alafin Sango ta biyu, ta koma kogi bayan ta sha kashi a takarar wanda ya gaji mahaifinsu, Ake. A wancan zamani, kiraye-kiraye shi ne mafi girman makamin yaki saboda haka, mafi wayo kuma mafi girman wanda ke dauke da ranar. Sunan garina, "Igede" ya samo asali ne daga "Ogede" ma'ana incantation kuma a ƙarshe ya zama "Igede" ta hanyar ba da izini. Don haka, “Ilè Ògèdè ko Igede na nufin ƙasar ƙwazo. Igede-Ekiti gida ne da koguna sama da goma sha shida kuma ba a tabbatar da hakan ba ta wani ko wasu takardu cewa babu kogi da ke ratsawa zuwa Igede-Ekiti daga ko’ina, koguna suna kwarara daga Igede-Ekiti zuwa wasu garuruwa da wurare. Ubangijin kogin ya sami damar ba da jarirai bakarare kuma ya canza rayuwar mutane da yawa. Haka kuma an sami labaran ƙagaggun labarai da yawa game da baiwar Allah Osun, misali, Shegun Coker da la’anannen haikali na Kolawole Michael, 2008.. A cikin 2018, kwatsam kwatsam kogin ya fara canza launi da bincike ta Urban Alert (wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta) ta bayyana cewa ayyukan hakar zinare masu lasisi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba tare da ka'ida ba a babban matakin shine tushen dalilin.. Ayyukan wadannan masu hakar ma'adinai sun gurbata kogin da manyan karafa, wanda hakan ke barazana ga kogin da kuma Alfarmar Osun Osogbo.
Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove Babban dajin Osun Sacred Grove, da ke wajen birnin Osogbo, na daya daga cikin ragowar dajin farko na farko a kudancin Najeriya. Wanda ake yi wa kallon gidan baiwar Allahn haihuwa Osun, daya daga cikin manyan alloli na Yarabawa, filin kurmi da magudanar ruwa yana cike da wuraren tsafi da wuraren ibada, sassaka-tsalle da ayyukan fasaha don girmama Osun da sauran ababen bauta. Tsarkakakken kurmi, wanda yanzu ake ganin alama ce ta ainihi ga dukan mutanen Yarbawa, mai yiwuwa shi ne na ƙarshe a al'adar Yarbawa. Yana ba da shaida ga al'adar kafa tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi a wajen duk ƙauyuka.
Taƙaitaccen kira Karni da suka wuce akwai tsattsarkan kurmi a kasar Yarbawa: kowane gari yana da daya. Yawancin waɗannan kurruka yanzu an yi watsi da su ko kuma sun ragu zuwa ƙananan yankuna. Osun-Osogbo, a tsakiyar Osogbo, babban birnin jihar Osun, an kafa shi kimanin shekaru 400 da suka gabata a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, mai tazarar kilomita 250 daga Legas shine mafi girman kurmi mai tsarki da ya wanzu kuma wanda har yanzu ake girmamawa. Babban dajin Osun Tsarkakakken Grove na daga cikin ragowar manyan dazuzzukan kudancin Najeriya. Ta cikin dajin yana nufin kogin Osun, wurin zama na ruhaniya na allahn kogin Osun. A cikin dajin akwai wuraren ibada arba'in, sassaka-tsalle da ayyukan fasaha da aka gina don girmama Osun da sauran gumakan Yarabawa, da yawa an ƙirƙira su a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata, fadoji biyu, wurare masu tsarki guda biyar da wuraren ibada guda tara waɗanda aka rataye a bakin kogin tare da naɗaɗɗen limamai da limamai da kuma wuraren ibada. malaman addini.
Sabuwar fasahar da aka girka a cikin kurmi ta kuma banbanta ta da sauran kurmi: A yanzu Osogbo ta sha bamban wajen samar da wani katafaren sassa na sassa na karni na 20 da aka yi domin karfafa alakar da ke tsakanin jama’a da ‘yan kabilar Yarbawa, da kuma yadda garuruwan Yarbawa suka danganta kafuwarsu. da girma ga ruhohin daji. Maido da kurmin da masu fasaha suka yi ya bai wa kurmin muhimmanci: ya zama wuri mai tsarki ga daukacin kasar Yarabawa kuma alama ce ta ainihi ga babban yankin Yarbawa. Grove wuri ne na addini mai aiki inda ake yin ibada ta yau da kullun, mako-mako da kowane wata. Bugu da kari, bikin muzahara na shekara-shekara na sake kulla alaka ta sufa tsakanin baiwar Allah da mutanen garin na faruwa ne duk shekara sama da kwanaki goma sha biyu a watan Yuli da Agusta kuma ta haka ne ake raya al'adun kabilar Yarbawa. Har ila yau, Grove wani kantin magani ne na ganyaye wanda ke ɗauke da nau'ikan tsire-tsire sama da 400, wasu endemic, waɗanda sama da nau'ikan 200 an san su don amfani da magani.
Ma'auni (ii): Ci gaban Harkar Sabbin Mawaƙa Masu Tsarkaka da shigar Suzanne Wenger, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan ƙasar Ostiriya, cikin al'ummar Yarbawa sun tabbatar da cewa sun kasance musayar ra'ayi mai kyau wanda ya farfado da tsattsarkan Grove Osun. Ma'auni (iii): Osun Tsarkakakken Grove shine mafi girma kuma watakila shine kawai abin da ya rage na wani al'amari da ya taɓa yaɗuwa wanda ya saba da kowane yanki na Yarbawa. Yanzu yana wakiltar tsattsarkan Grooves na Yarbawa da kuma yadda suke nuna ilimin sararin samaniyar Yarabawa. Ma'auni (vi): Kurmin Osun wani mahimmin bayani ne na tsarin duban Yarbawa da tsarin sararin samaniya; Bikinsa na shekara-shekara yana da rayayye da haɓaka ra'ayi ga imanin Yarbawa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane, mai mulkinsu da allahn Osun.
Mutunci Dukiyar ta ƙunshi kusan ɗaukacin kurmi mai tsarki da kuma duk abin da aka maido a cikin shekaru arba'in kafin a rubuta shi. Wasu daga cikin sassa na baya-bayan nan suna da rauni ga rashin kulawa akai-akai wanda aka ba da kayansu siminti, ƙarfe da laka na iya haifar da matsalolin kiyayewa masu wahala da tsada.
Grove kuma yana da rauni ga wuce gona da iri da matsin lamba wanda zai iya lalata daidaito tsakanin al'amuran halitta da mutanen da suka wajaba don kiyaye halaye na ruhaniya na rukunin yanar gizon.
Gaskiya Sahihancin Kurmi yana da alaƙa da ƙimarsa a matsayin wuri mai tsarki. Za a iya ci gaba da ƙarfafa ɗabi'ar tsarki na wurare idan ana mutunta wannan tsarki sosai. A cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata sabbin sassaka sassaka a cikin Kurmi sun yi tasiri na ƙarfafa halaye na musamman na Kurmi tare da mayar masa da halayensa na ruhaniya waɗanda ke cike da darajar al'adu.
A sa'i daya kuma sabbin sassaka na daga cikin dogon tarihi da ke ci gaba da yin al'adar sassaka da aka kirkira don nuna ilmin sararin samaniyar Yarbawa. Kodayake tsarin su yana nuna sabon salon tafiya, ba a ƙirƙiri ayyukan ba don ɗaukaka masu fasaha amma ta hanyar girman girmansu da siffofi masu ban tsoro don sake tabbatar da tsarkin Grove. Sabbin sassaƙaƙen sun cimma manufarsu kuma a halin yanzu Kurmin yana da fa'ida fiye da na gida a matsayin wuri mai tsarki ga Yarbawa.
Kariya da buƙatun gudanarwa An fara ayyana Grove a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa a cikin 1965. An gyara wannan sunan na asali kuma an faɗaɗa shi a cikin 1992 don kare dukkanin hectare 75. Tsarin al’adun Nijeriya na 1988 ya bayyana cewa ‘Jahar za ta adana a matsayin abubuwan tarihi na tsofaffin ganuwar da kofofi, wurare, fadoji, wuraren ibada, gine-ginen jama’a, inganta gine-gine masu mahimmancin tarihi da manyan sassaka’. A karkashin dokar amfani da filaye ta shekarar 1990 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta baiwa gwamnatin jihar Osun rikon kwarya.
Grove yana da ingantaccen tsarin gudanarwa wanda ya shafi lokacin 2004 2009 wanda duk masu ruwa da tsaki suka amince da shi kuma rukunin yana jin daɗin tsarin gudanarwa na haɗin gwiwa. Gwamnatin Tarayya tana gudanar da wurin ne ta hannun manajan wurin hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi na kasa kamar yadda dokar ta 77 ta shekarar 1979 ta ba da izini. Hakazalika gwamnatin jihar Osun tana bayar da gudunmawar kariya da kula da shi ta hanyar kananan hukumomi da ma’aikatu da Parastatals, wadanda kuma aka basu dama. ta dokar jihar don sarrafa abubuwan tarihi na jihar. Ana gudanar da ayyuka na gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar Ataoja (Sarki) da majalisarsa Majalisar Al'adun Osogbo. Akwai ayyuka na gargajiya da aka yi amfani da su don kare wurin daga kowace irin barazana kamar dokokin gargajiya, tatsuniyoyi, haramun da al'adu da ke hana mutane kamun kifi, farauta, farauta, sare bishiyoyi da noma.
Masu bautar gargajiya da masu sadaukarwa suna kula da gadon da ba a taɓa gani ba ta hanyar ruhi, bauta da alama. Akwai kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi dukkan masu ruwa da tsaki, waɗanda ke aiwatar da manufofi, ayyuka da ayyuka don ci gaban dawwamammen wurin. Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove kuma wani bangare ne na babban tsarin raya yawon bude ido na kasa da aka kafa tare da Hukumar Kula da Yawon shakatawa ta Duniya (WTO) da Hukumar Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP). Bukin Osun Osogbo da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara zai bukaci a kula da shi sosai ta yadda wurin ba zai sake fuskantar illar yawon bude ido a lokacin bikin ba.
Har ila yau, Grove zai zama abin koyi na al'adun Afirka da ke kiyaye kyawawan dabi'u da ma'auni na mutanen Osogbo musamman, da kuma dukan mutanen Yarbawa. A matsayin abin alfahari a gare su, Kurmin zai kasance gadon gado mai albarka wanda ke da alamomin gargajiya da kuma ingantacciyar hanyar isar da addinan gargajiya, da tsarin ilimin 'yan asalin, ga mutanen Afirka a ƙasashen waje.
Gurbacewa Kogin wanda ya ratsa jihohi biyar a yankin kafin ya kwarara zuwa mashigin tekun Guinea, a baya-bayan nan ya gurbace sakamakon ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na kauyukan da ke kusa. Kogin ya fuskanci gurbacewar roba, da gurbacewar karafa sakamakon hako zinare ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma gurbatar sharar da mutane ke yi. Aikin hakar ma’adinai ya fi yawa a Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu sana'a suka ƙware akan ajiyar kuɗi kuma suna amfani da kayan aikin haske kamar shebur, wasu, waɗanda ƙananan ƴan kasuwa ke goyan bayansu, suna amfani da kayan aiki masu nauyi kamar masu tonawa. Mazauna Osun sun gano wasu ‘yan China da ke marawa baya wadanda suka hada jami’an tsaro da makamai tare da yin aiki a boye. Akwai wuraren hakar ma'adinai da yawa da aka bazu a gefen kogin da magudanan ruwa. Sai dai kuma Osun ita ce wurin da ake hakar gwal na kasuwanci daya tilo a Najeriya.Gwamnatin Osun ta shawarci masu yawon bude ido da masu kishin kasa da maziyartan zuwa babban bikin Osun Osogbo da kada su sha ruwa daga kogin Osun saboda gurbatar yanayi.
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34173 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booty%20Luv | Booty Luv | Articles with hCards
Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts
Booty Luv ƙungiyar rawa ce ta Biritaniya wacce aka kafa a watan Yuni shekarar 2006 ta lakabin rikodin su, Hed Kandi Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi mawallafin R & B guda biyu, Cherise Roberts da Nadia Shepherd, dukansu sun kasance a cikin asali na asali na hip hop da R B kungiyar Big Brovaz Ya zuwa yau, sun fitar da kundi guda ɗaya na BPI Silver-certified studio solo album a matsayin mai ban sha'awa, kuma sun sami nasara biyar mafi girma ashirin a cikin Burtaniya. Har ila yau, sun samu nasara a duniya, inda suka samu nasara a Ireland, Poland, Netherlands da Jamus.
Duo ɗin sun yanke shawarar ɗaukar hutu a cikin shekarar 2009 don mai da hankali kan ayyukan solo bayan fitowar waƙar su Say It wanda ake nufin ɗauka a matsayin jagora guda ɗaya daga kundi na biyu na studio. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, bayan hutu na shekaru biyu duo ya ba da sanarwar cewa sun canza suna zuwa "Cherise Nadia" kuma sun tafi ƙaramin yawon shakatawa a Ostiraliya don haɓaka kayan daga kundi na farko. A cikin Nuwamba 2012, duo sun canza suna zuwa Booty Luv kuma sun sake dawowa da waƙar "Baƙar fata" a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu Shekara ta 2013. Kodayake kundin nasu na biyu ya kasance ba a fitar da su ba kuma ba su fitar da wani sabon abu ba tun shekarar 2013 duo har yanzu suna ci gaba da yin aiki har na shekarara 2022.
Tarihi
2002-2005: Big Brovaz da samuwar Roberts da Shepherd duka sun fara aikin su ne a matsayin membobin R&B da ƙungiyar hip hop Big Brovaz, wanda ya sami manyan 40 na UK guda bakwai tsakanin 2002 da 2004. Roberts ya riga ya zama mawaƙin da aka kafa kafin ya shiga Big Brovaz, yana yin rikodin kundi na solo Look Inside da kuma "Mafi kyawun Na Biyu". Kundin ya samu lambar yabo ta MOBO Unsung a 2000. An ƙirƙiri Booty Luv a farkon rikodin kundi na biyu na Big Brovaz, Sake Shigarwa, lokacin da Roberts da Shepherd suka kusanci don yin rikodi da haɓaka sabon sigar R&B mawaƙin rai Tweet 's club buga Boogie 2nite Bayan rashin tallace-tallacen da aka yi na farko daga Sake Shigarwa a tsakiyar 2006, Duo sun yarda da tayin kuma sun fara yin rikodin sabon sigar waƙar, da farko kawai a matsayin waƙar talla don lakabin rikodin Hed Kandi Bayan watanni shida a watan Disamba, duk da haka, an yanke shawarar sigar Booty Luv na "Boogie 2nite" a matsayin ainihin guda ɗaya a cikin Burtaniya da babban yankin Turai biyo bayan sake dubawa mai kyau daga kulob DJs a wurin rawa.
2006-2009: Boogie 2nite da hiatus A ƙarshen 2006, an aika bidiyon "Boogie 2nite" zuwa tashoshin kiɗa kuma an inganta waƙar sosai. An zaɓi remix na raye-raye na asali na Seamus Haji don zazzagewar waƙar da sakin jiki, yayin da aka zaɓi bidiyon don nuna remix ta ƙungiyar DB Boulevard Waƙar ta zama lamba ɗaya ta farko a cikin Chart Rawar Burtaniya. Ana kashe makonni 23 a cikin Burtaniya Top 75, "Boogie 2nite" ya haifar da Booty Luv ya tsawaita kwantiragin su tare da Hed Kandi zuwa guda huɗu masu biyo baya da kundi.
A cikin Mayu 2007, bayan ɗaukar watanni da yawa don yin rikodin kundi na farko, Booty Luv ya fitar da waƙar Shine murfin waƙar Luther Vandross Rediyo ya karbe shi da kyau kuma ya zama na biyu mafi kyawun rukunin guda goma, wanda a ƙarshe ya kwashe makonni bakwai a cikin Burtaniya Top 40 Hakanan ya kai matsayi na farko akan Chart Rawar Burtaniya.
Kundin nasu na farko, Boogie 2nite, an sake shi a watan Satumba na 2007, mako guda bayan guda na uku Kada ku yi rikici da mutum na (rufin waƙar Lucy Pearl ya kai lamba 11 akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya kuma ya zama lamba ta uku. rawa daya buga. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali guda biyar waɗanda Booty Luv suka rubuta, gami da guda huɗu, Wasu Kinda Rush (lamba 19 da aka buga a cikin Disamba 2007). Boogie 2nite ya shiga Chart Albums na UK a lamba 11 kuma BPI ta ba da ƙwararriyar Azurfa a ƙarshen 2008, yana nuna kwafin 60,000 da aka sayar. A ƙarshen 2007, UK iTunes Store ya ba da waƙar "Wani Abin da za a Yi Magana Game da shi" azaman 'Kyauta Single na Makon'. Na biyar guda daga cikin kundi, "Dance Dance", an ba da iyakataccen fitarwa a duk faɗin Turai a cikin 2008, kuma ya kai saman biyar akan ginshiƙi na rawa na Netherlands (kololuwa a lamba 27 akan babban ginshiƙi).
Roberts da Shepherd sun tabbatar a cikin wata hira da Digital Spy a cikin 2007 cewa sun shirya fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a 2008. Sun kuma ambata cewa suna magana ne game da tsare-tsare na gaba tare da Hed Kandi kuma suna son kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali kawai. A cikin wata hira ta Digital Spy a watan Yuli 2009, Shepherd ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ta kasance tana aiki tare da masu samarwa da yawa kuma kundin yana da "salon mara kyau". Ta kuma yi tsokaci cewa "wasu waƙoƙin suna da ainihin R&B vibe a gare su, wasu waƙoƙin raye-rayen da suka dace kuma wasu waƙoƙin poppier ne na yau da kullun. Yana da matukar ban sha'awa cakuda sauti. Roberts ya bayyana cewa suna aiki tare da Fraser T Smith Duo ɗin sun fito da waƙar su ta farko a cikin sama da shekaru biyu Say It wanda aka fara ranar Juma'a 10 ga Afrilu 2009. Aikin farko na waƙar ya kasance a bikin Dance Nation na Sony Ericsson inda duo suka yi saiti. Kiɗa na waƙar ya ɗan bambanta da kayan da suka gabata da ƙungiyar ta fitar, suna da ƙarin jin daɗin wutar lantarki. An saki guda ɗaya a kan 31 Agusta 2009, kuma an fara shi a kan gidan yanar gizon Hed Kandi na hukuma da kuma shafin raba bidiyo na YouTube Waƙar ita ce 'Single of the Day' na Popjustice a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2009. Mawaƙin ya ci gaba da gudanar da ƙungiyar ta Burtaniya Top 20 hits, yana yin muhawara a lamba 16 a ranar Lahadi 6 ga Satumba 2009, sabuwar shigarwa ta huɗu mafi girma na mako.
2011-yanzu: "Bakar bazawara" da Yin Booty Luv ya dawo daga hutun shekaru biyu lokacin da suka yi a 2011 a Nottingham Pride da Cardiff's Pulse Street Party. An rattaba hannu kan lakabin rikodin nishadi na Pierce kuma sun fitar da wani talla mai taken Wannan Dare wanda aka saki bisa hukuma na wani ɗan lokaci don ya zo daidai da yawon shakatawa na Australiya a watan Mayu 2012 ta hanyar iTunes. Duo sun fitar da bidiyon kiɗan su na hukuma don "Baƙar fata gwauruwa" a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2012, sun fito da guda ɗaya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2013, wanda ya zama saman 5 a cikin Charts na Rawar Urban Club. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa, duo ya jagoranci bikin Oxford Pride a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2013.
Kodayake kundin na Booty Luv na biyu an tsara shi don ƙarshen fitowar 2013, a ƙarshe ba a sake fitar da kundin ba, kuma Roberts da Shepherd daga baya sun sake gyara tare da Big Brovaz don yawan nunin raye-raye. Haka kuma a lokaci guda sun ci gaba da yin aikin Booty Luv.
Hotuna Albums na Studio
Boogie 2nite (2007)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40083 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Sine | Masarautar Sine | Masarautar Sine (kuma: Sin, Siine ko kuma Siin a cikin yaren Serer-Sine) wata masarauta ce ta Serer bayan zamanin da tana gefen arewacin gabar da kogin Saloum a cikin Senegal ta zamani. Mazaunan ana kiran su Siin-Sin ko Sine-Sine (wani nau'i na Serer jam'i ko Serer-demonym, misali. Bawol-Bawol da Saloum-Saloum/Saluum-Saluum, mazaunan Baol da Saloum bi da bi).
Tarihi
Medieval to 19th century A cewar tarihi David Galvan, a “Rubutun tarihi na baka, rubuce-rubucen na farkon Larabawa da masu bincike na Turai, da kuma bayanan ɗan adam na zahiri sun nuna cewa al’ummomin Serer daban-daban sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu daga yankin Futa Tooro (kwarin Senegal) tun a kusan ƙarni na sha ɗaya. lokacin da addinin Musulunci ya fara ratsa sahara”. Tsawon tsararraki waɗannan mutane, watakila Pulaar masu magana da makiyaya na asali, sun yi ƙaura ta yankunan Wolof suka shiga kwarin Siin da Saluum. Wannan dogon lokaci na hulɗar Wolof-Serer ya bar mu rashin tabbas game da asalin "kalmomi, cibiyoyi, tsarin siyasa, da ayyuka." Farfesa Étienne Van de Walle ya ba da wani lokaci kaɗan daga baya, inda ya rubuta cewa, "Samun ƙabilar Sereer ya koma a karni na sha uku, lokacin da wata kungiya ta fito daga kwarin kogin Senegal da ke arewa da suka guje wa Musulunci, kuma a kusa da Niakhar sun hadu da wani rukunin Mandinka. Asalin, wanda ake kira Gelwar, waɗanda suka fito daga kudu maso gabas (Gravrand 1983). Ainihin ƙabilar Sereer a cakuɗe take da rukunoni biyu, kuma hakan na iya bayyana haɗaɗɗen tsarin danginsu na bilinear.” Masanin tarihi Farfesa Eunice A. Charles na Jami'ar Boston ya bayyana cewa:
"Kimanin 1520 jihohin Sereer guda biyu da ke kudu, Siin da Saalum, sun iya kawar da ikon Jolof, kuma tawayen Kajoor na tsakiyar karni na goma sha shida ya nuna ƙarshen daular. Yakin Danki [ca. 1549 da griots na Jolof da Kajoor suka tuna da su sosai, sun kammala motsi daga haɗin kai na siyasa zuwa ma'aunin iko na Senegambian. Bawol da Waalo sun bi misalin Kajoor, kuma, ko da yake Jolof ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha shida da farkon ƙarni na sha bakwai don sake cin Kajoor, da yaki amma babu wani ƙoƙarinsa da ya yi nasara.” Ba a dai san ainihin tushen daular Sine ba, amma a karshen ƙarni na 14 'yan ci-ranin Madinka sun shiga yankin. Kabilar matrilinial da aka sani da Gelwaar ne suka jagorance su. A nan sun ci karo da Serer, wanda ya riga ya kafa tsarin hukumomin lamuni, kuma ya kafa jihar Gelwaar mai jagorancin babban birninta a ciki ko kusa da wani yanki na Serer lamanic da ke tsakiya a Mbissel. Father Henry Gravrand ya ba da rahoton wata al'ada ta baka cewa wani Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh (bambanci daban-daban: Maysa Wali Jon; Maissa Wali Jon; da dai sauransu), ya gudu da iyalinsa daga Kaabu bayan wani yaki a shekarar 1335 wanda ya kira Yakin Troubang., mai martaba Serer na Sine ya ba shi mafaka
Charles Becker ya lura da cewa Gravrand bai gane cewa wannan shine ainihin bayanin yakin Kansala na 1867 (ko 1865) ba ko da yake ya yarda cewa ƙaura na Guelowar na iya yiwuwa a bayyana shi ta hanyar yaki ko rikici na gado. Tarihin baka na Serer ya ce bayan Maysa Wali ya shiga cikin al'adun Serer kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar zaɓaɓɓu, lamans da jama'a suka zaɓe shi ya yi mulki. Kusan shekaru goma bayan haka ya zaɓe ɗan almara Ndiadiane Ndiaye (Bambance-banbance da yawa: Njaajaan Njie ko N'Diadian N'Diaye) kuma wanda ya kafa Daular Jolof don ya mallaki Masarautar Jolof. Shi ne sarkin Senegambian na farko da ya ba da goyon bayansa ga Ndiadiane Ndiaye kuma ya nemi wasu da su yi haka, ta haka ne ya mai da Sine ta zama vassal na Daular Jolof. Don haka ne malamai suka ce Daular Jolof ba daula ce aka kafa ta hanyar mamaya ba, amma ta hanyar haɗin kai na jihohi daban-daban. Kusan farkon shekarar 1550, Sine da 'yar uwarta Serer Kingdom (Mulkin Saloum) sun kifar da Jolof kuma suka zama Masarautu masu zaman kansu. Al'adar baka ta Serer ta ce Masarautar Sine ba ta taba ba da kyauta ga Ndiadiane Ndiaye ko wani zuriyarsa ba kuma daular Jolof ba ta taba yin mulkin Sine ba kuma Ndiadiane Ndiaye da kansa ya karbi sunansa daga bakin Maysa Waly. Masanin tarihi Sylviane Diouf ya bayyana cewa "Kowace masarauta Walo, Takrur, Kayor, Baol, Sine, Salum, Wuli, da Niani-sun fahimci sarautar Jolof kuma sun biya haraji." Sarakunan Sine da Jolof sun ci gaba da bin addinin gargajiya na Afirka. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 1867, Sarkin Sine Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof ya kashe malamin addinin Musulunci Maba Diakhou Bâ a yakin Fandane-Thiuthioune (wanda aka fi sani da The Battle of Somb) a lokacin da yake kokarin kwace ikon Sine. kuma ya mayar da ita kasar musulmi. Mahukuntan Sine sun rike mukamansu (Maad a Sinig) a duk lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma ba su rasa duk wata sanarwa ba har sai 1969 bayan mutuwar Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (Sarkin Sine na ƙarshe, ya yi sarauta: 1924-1969). Masu bincike na Portuguese a cikin karni na 15 sun kira Sine a matsayin mulkin Barbaçim, cin hanci da rashawa na 'Bur-ba-Sine' (Wolof da 'Sarkin Sine'), da mutanensa a matsayin Barbacins (wani lokaci da marubuta na farko suka yi wa Serer. mutane gabaɗaya, yayin da wasu suka nace cewa Serreos da Barbacins sun kasance mutane daban-daban.) Tsofaffin taswirorin Turai akai-akai suna nuna kogin Saloum a matsayin "River of Barbacins/Barbecins". Yanzu an yarda da cewa kalmomin "Serreos" (Sereri) da "Barbacini" (lalacewar Wolof "Bur-ba-Sine" sun kasance ainihin cin hanci da rashawa ta Alvise Cadamosto-mawallafin navigator na karni na 15. Alvise ya yi kuskure ya bambanta tsakanin "Sereri" (Mutanen Serer) da "Barbacini", wanda ke nuna cewa yana nufin mutane biyu daban-daban yayin da a gaskiya, Mulkin Sine ya kasance Mulkin Serer inda "Sarkin Sine" (Sarkin Sine). "Barbacini") ya zauna. Tun da yake bai taɓa taka ƙafa a ƙasar Serer ba, labarinsa game da mutanen Serer ya dogara ne akan abin da masu fassara na Wolof suke gaya masa. "Barbacini" shine cin hanci da rashawa na kalmar Wolof "Buur ba Sine" (kuma an rubuta: "Bor-ba-Sine" ko "Bur-ba-Sine" ma'ana Sarkin Sine, kalmar da Serers ba za su yi amfani da ita ba.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
14554 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madatsar%20ruwan%20Bui | Madatsar ruwan Bui | Madatsar ruwan Bui (da Turanci Bui Dam) shine aikin samar da lantarki mai karfin megawatt 400 (540,000 hp) a Ghana. An gina shi a kan kogin Black Volta a Bui Gorge, a ƙarshen Bui National Park. Aikin hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin gwamnatin Ghana da Sino Hydro, wani kamfanin gine-gine na kasar Sin. An fara gina babbar madatsar a cikin watan Disambar 2009. An ƙaddamar da janareta na farko a ranar 3 ga Mayun 2013, kuma an ƙaddamar da madatsar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.Bui zai kasance na biyu mafi girman masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki a kasar bayan Akosombo Dam. Gidan ruwan ya cika kusan kashi 20% na Bui National Park kuma ya shafi mazaunan ƙanƙanin baƙin ciki da kuma yawancin namun daji. Ya buƙaci sake tsugunar da mutane 1,216, kuma ya shafi wasu da yawa.
Tarihi Masanin masarautar Biritaniya da Ostiraliya kuma masanin kimiyyar halittu Albert Ernest Kitson ya fara tunanin dam din Bui hydro-electric a shekarar 1925 lokacin da ya ziyarci Bui Gorge. Dam din ya kasance a jikin zane tun daga shekarun 1960, lokacin da aka gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Ghana, Akosombo Dam a gaba da kogin Volta. Zuwa 1978 an tsara shirin Bui Dam tare da tallafi daga Australia da Bankin Duniya. Ko yaya, juyin mulkin soja guda huɗu ya dakatar da shirin. A lokacin Ghana ta fara fuskantar matsalar karancin makamashi, wanda ya cigaba tun daga wancan lokacin. A cikin 1992, aikin ya sake farfadowa kuma kamfanin farko na Faransa Coyne et Bellier ne ya gudanar da bincike kan yiwuwar aiki na farko.
A cikin 1997 ƙungiyar ɗalibai daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun gudanar da bincike kan yanayin muhalli a yankin don ambaliyar ta cika tafkin. Dan jaridar nan dan kasar Ghana mai kula da muhalli Mike Anane, wanda aka sanya a cikin shirin UNEP na Global Roll of Honor na shekarar 1998, ya kira madatsar da "masifar muhalli" da "misalin littafin rubutu na kudin da aka barnata masu biyan haraji". A cikin labarin nasa ya ambaci ƙungiyar masu binciken, amma a bayyane ya ɗan cika tasirin tasirin madatsar ruwan. Shugaban tawagar masu binciken, masanin ilmin namun daji Daniel Bennett, ya fayyace cewa "ra'ayoyin (Anane) da aka bayar ga kungiyarmu ba daidai bane kuma yaudara ce". Ya cigaba da cewa "Sabanin ikirarin Mr Anane, ba mu da masaniya game da duk wani nau'in hatsarin da ke cikin hadari a Bui National Park, kuma ba mu yi ikirarin cewa madatsar ruwan za ta lalata tarin kifaye ba." Ko da yake Daniel Bennett koyaushe yana tsayawa tsaka-tsaki game da gina madatsar ruwan, amma a cikin Afrilu 2001 gwamnatin Ghana ta hana shi ci gaba da bincike game da yanayin lafiyar Bui National Park. Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa batun "mai matukar tayar da hankali ne" kuma kasancewar Bennett "a dajin kasa ba ya da nasaba da maslahar kasa". Daya daga cikin ‘yan jaridar da ya soki gwamnati kan hana Bennett shi ne Mike Anane.
A shekarar 1999 hukumar kula da wutan Volta, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar, ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da kamfanonin Amurka Halliburton da Brown da Root don gina madatsar ruwan ba tare da bayar da wata gasa ba. Shugaba Jerry Rawlings, wanda ya mulki kasar tsawon shekaru biyu da suka gabata, bai fito takara ba (kamar yadda yake a tsarin mulki) kuma jam’iyyarsa ta sha kaye a hannun ‘yan adawa karkashin jagorancin John Kufuor. A watan Oktoba 2001 sabuwar gwamnati ta dakatar da aikin madatsar ruwan. A cewar Charles Wereko-Brobby, shugaban Hukumar Volta River a lokacin, ba a dauki Bui Dam a matsayin mafi karancin kudin ba kuma ba zai iya biyan bukatun makamashi na "gaggawa" ba. Madadin haka sai a gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki masu amfani da iskar gas, suna samar da wutar lantarki a abin da aka ce rabin kudin Bui ne. Bugu da ƙari kuma, mummunan fari a cikin 1998 ya ta daita matsalar makamashi saboda ƙarancin ruwa a cikin Akosombo Dam. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin ta so ta rage dogaro da wutar lantarki a lokacin.
Duk da haka, a cikin 2002 aikin ya sake farfadowa. An fitar da kiran ƙasa da ƙasa don neman kuɗi, amma kamfani ɗaya ne kawai suka gabatar da takaddama kuma aka soke ƙarancin. A cikin 2005 kamfanin Sinohydro na kasar Sin ya gabatar da wata bukata ba tare da neman izinin madatsar ba tare da kudade daga bankin Exim na kasar Sin. Gwamnatin ta amince da bukatar kuma Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta rattaba hannu kan kwangila don kimanta tasirin muhalli a watan Disambar 2005, da kuma sabunta nazarin yiwuwar aiki a watan Oktoba 2007. Gwamnatin ta kirkiro Bui Power Authority ne a watan Agustan 2007 don kula da ginawa da gudanar da aikin da sake tsugunar da ita. Ta haka ne aka sauya nauyin dam din daga Volta River Authority, wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ke da alhakin ci gaba da gudanar da dukkan ayyukan wutar lantarki a Ghana. Coyne et Bellier injiniyan tuntuba ne na madatsar ruwan.
An fara binciken filin daga dam din a watan Oktoba na 2007. A watan Janairun 2008 aka fara aikin share fage kuma a watan Mayun 2008 aka fara sake tsugunar da mutanen farko. A watan Disambar 2008 aka karkatar da kogin kuma shekara guda bayan haka aka fara aikin a kan babban dam din. Cike tafkin ya fara a watan Yunin 2011. Rana ta 3 an haɗa ta da layin a ranar 3 Mayu 2013; An ba da raka'a 2 da 1 a ƙarshen Nuwamba Nuwamba 2013. Shugaba John Mahama ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan da tashar wutar lantarkin a watan Disambar 2013.
Zane Bui Dam shine nau'in narkakke mai nauyin nauyi mai tsayin mita 108 (354 ft) sama da tushe da mita 90 (300 ft) sama da bakin kogi. Kofar dam ɗin tana da tsayin mita 492 (1,614 ƙafa) tsayi kuma tana zaune a tsawan mita 185 (ƙafa 607) sama da matakin teku (ASL). Tsarin babban dam din shine miliyan 1 na cubic mita (35 10 6 cu ft). Kudu maso yamma na madatsun dam biyu (ko mataimakan) madatsun ruwa suna kula da matakan ruwa kuma suna hana zubewa zuwa wasu yankuna na tafkin. Na farko kuma mafi kusa da babban dam shine Saddle Dam 1. Yana da mita 500 (kafa 1,600) kudu maso yamma na babban dam din kuma dam ne mai cike da dutse. Dam din ya hau mita 37 (121 ft) sama da matakin kasa kuma yana da tsayin daka na 300 m (984 ft). 1 kilomita (0.62 mi) kudu maso yamma na babban dam shine Saddle Dam 2. Wannan dam din shine nau'in yanki mai cike da ƙasa mai tsayin mita 7 (23 ft) ASL da tsayin daka na 580 m (1,903 ft). Dukansu madatsun ruwa na da tudu mai tsayin mita 187 (614 ft) ASL.
Hadar madatsar ta kusa da bankin dama ta kunshi kofofin radiyo guda biyar, kowannensu yakai mita 15 (kafa 49). Ruwan malalar yana zaune a tsawan mita 169 (554 ft) kuma yana da matsakaicin fitarwa na mita dubu 10,450 a sakan ɗaya (369,000 cu ft s) wanda yayi daidai da ambaliyar shekara 1-in-10,000. Ayyukan fitowar dam din sun kunshi hanya guda daya a banki na dama da aka canza daga daya daga cikin hanyoyin ratsewa.
Tafki Madatsar ruwan da manyan madatsun ruwa suka kirkira zasu sami karfin mita miliyan 12,570 na cubic mita (10,190,000 acre⋅ft) wanda miliyan 7,720 miliyan cubic (6,260,000 acre⋅ft) yana da amfani don samar da wutar lantarki da ban ruwa. Matsakaicin matakin aiki na tafkin zai zama mita 185 (607 ft) ASL da mafi ƙarancin mita 167 (548 ft) ASL. A matsakaicin matakin, tafkin zai sami yanki mai girman kilomita 440 (170 sq mi) yayin da mafi ƙarancin zai zama kilomita murabba'i 288 (111 sq mi). Matsayin tafkin a matakin mafi ƙaranci ya kai mita miliyan 6,600 (mita 5,400,000 acre⋅ft). Matsakaicin tsayin tafkin zai kasance kilomita 40 (25 mi) tare da matsakaita zurfin mita 29 (ƙafa 95) da matsakaicin mita 88 (289 ft).
Bui injin samar da wutar lantarki Justan can ƙasan dam ɗin daga gabar hagu shine ƙarfin dam ɗin. Abincin da akeyi a tafkin yana shayar da ruwa ta penstocks uku zuwa manyan injinan samar da injin turbin 133 MW. Kowane janareta mai samar da injin wuta yana da taransifoma don ƙara ƙarfin lantarki zuwa matakin watsawa. Rukuni na huɗu, tare da katako a kan kwararar mai, zai samar da megawatts huɗu don sabis na tashar da ƙarfin fara baƙar fata, kuma zai samar da mafi ƙarancin kwarara don kula da matakan kogi idan ya kamata a rufe manyan sassan. Tashar wutar za ta sami damar shigar da megawatt 400 da kuma matsakaita na shekara-shekara na 980w gigawatt-(3,500 TJ). Canjin tashar tashar wutar lantarki yana da mita 300 (980 ft) daga ƙasa. Layukan watsawa 161 kV guda huɗu sun haɗa keɓaɓɓen zuwa layin na Ghana.
Fa'idodi Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Bui zai kara karfin samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana da kashi 22%, daga 1920 MW a 2008 zuwa 2360 MW. Tare da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki masu amfani da zafi guda uku wadanda ake cigaba a lokaci guda, zai taimaka wajen rage karancin wutar lantarkin da aka saba gani a Ghana. Kamar kowane tsire-tsire masu samar da wutar lantarki, aikin zai guji fitar da hayaki mai gurɓataccen yanayi wanda zai iya faruwa idan an gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da zafi. Karin amfanin da ake tsammani shi ne ban ruwa na amfanin gona mai yawan gaske a hekta 30,000 na ƙasa mai ni'ima a cikin "Yankin Kyauta na Tattalin Arziki". Matsayin aikin aikin ban ruwa bai bayyana ba.
Farashi da kuɗi Jimlar kudin aikin an kiyasta sun kai dalar Amurka miliyan 622. Gwamnatin kasar ta Ghana ce ke daukar nauyinta (dalar Amurka miliyan 60) da kuma bashi biyu daga bankin Exim na China: rancen bashi na dalar Amurka miliyan 270 a ribar 2% da kuma rancen kasuwanci na dalar Amurka miliyan 292. Duk rancen suna da lokacin alheri na shekaru biyar da kuma amortization na shekaru 20. Kudin da aka samu na tan 30,000 a kowace shekara na fitar da koko na Ghana zuwa China, wanda aka sanya a cikin asusun ajiya a bankin Exim, ya kasance jingina don rancen. Da zarar madatsar ta fara aiki, kashi 85% na kudin da aka samu na cinikin wutar lantarki daga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki zai je asusun ajiya. Idan ba duk abin da ake samu ake bukata don hidimar rancen ba, ragowar zai koma ga gwamnatin Ghana.
Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa An kammala aikin kimanta muhalli da zamantakewar al'umma (ESIA) na madatsar ruwan a watan Janairun 2007 ta hannun kamfanin ba da shawara na Amurka Environmental Resources Management (ERM). A yayin gudanar da sauraren shirye-shiryenta a Accra da a cikin yankuna biyar kusa da yankin aikin, kamar Bamboi. Koyaya, ba a gudanar da sauraro ba a yankin aikin kansa. Da zarar an kammala, kwamitin mai zaman kansa wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta Ghana ta nada ya sake nazarin ESIA. An sake yin bayanin karshen a muhimman fannoni, gami da wadannan: "diyya" dole ne a samar da yankin da ambaliyar Bui National Park ta yi ambaliya, ana bukatar "shirin ceto" na hippos kuma dole ne a fayyace yadda za a dauki matsuguni fita. Lokacin da (EPA) ta bayar da izinin muhalli na madatsar ruwan, ta buƙaci Hukumar Bui Power Authority da ta gabatar da ita tsakanin watanni 18 da Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli bisa laákari da bita na ESIA. Construction and resettlement began in 2008, but no environmental management plan had been submitted as of July 2010.
Tasirin muhalli Bui Dam zai yi matukar illa ga gandun dajin Bui. 21% na wurin shakatawa za a nutsar da su. Wannan zai shafi mutane biyu ne kawai na baqin dorina a Ghana, wanda yawan su ya kai tsakanin 250 zuwa 350 a dajin. Babu tabbaci idan za a iya sauya hippos kuma idan akwai wani mazaunin da ya dace kusa da yankin da za a yi ambaliyar. Ko da ma akwai irin wannan "amintaccen mafaka", ba a bayyana ba idan wasan da namun daji na ƙasar na da hanyoyin da za su iya ceton dabbobin. Tasirin Tsarin Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki ya nuna cewa dabo za su iya fuskantar matsalar farauta a lokacin cika tafkin. Har ila yau, ta yi ikirarin cewa a karshe za su "amfana daga karuwar yankin matsuguni da ke samar da tafkin".
Hakanan madatsar ruwan na iya yin wasu tasirin muhalli mai mahimmanci, kamar canza tsarin kwararar ruwa na kogin wanda zai iya cutar da mazaunan ƙauyuka. Wani binciken da jami’ar Aberdeen ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kogin Black Volta ya wadata da nau’ikan kifi 46 daga iyalai 17. Babu ɗayan waɗannan nau'in da ke cikin haɗari. Koyaya, waɗannan al'ummomin kifayen zasu iya yin mummunan tasiri ta hanyar canje-canje ga yanayin zafin ruwa, rikicewa da toshe ƙaurarsu. Hakanan cutar ta ruwa za ta iya faruwa. Musamman Schistosomiasis zai iya zama tabbatacce a cikin tafki, tare da haɗarin lafiya ga mutanen gida.
Tasirin zamantakewa Aikin bui dam din Bui yana bukatar tilastawa mutane dubu 1,216 sauya matsuguni, daga cikinsu an sake tsugunar da 217 zuwa watan Yunin 2010. Don kar a jinkirta aikin gina madatsar ruwan, Hukumar Bui Power Authority ta zabi hanyar sake tsugunar da mutane cikin sauri. Ta yi biris da shawarwarin bincike, "Tsarin Tsara Tsugunni", cewa ta yi kwangilar kanta. A ka'ida, ana tsammanin duk mutanen da abin ya shafa za su koma wani sabon gari da ake kira Bui birni. Ko y6aya, har zuwa shekara ta 2010 garin bai wanzu ba kuma babu jadawalin yadda za'a gina shi. Madadin haka, mutanen 217 na farko da aka sauyawa matsuguni an mayar dasu zuwa wani matsuguni na ɗan lokaci da ake kira, wanda ya lalata kayan more rayuwa. An sake girka masunta a busasshiyar ƙasa kuma sun rasa abin biyan su. Kodayake binciken ya ba da shawarar kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da za ta kula da sake tsugunarwar, amma ba a kafa irin wannan jikin |
19930 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawa%20Muhaiyaddeen | Bawa Muhaiyaddeen | Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen wanda aka fi sani da Bawa (An haife shi a shekarar 1900-ya rasu 8 Disamban shekarata 1986). ya kasance malami mai magana da yaren Tamil kuma Sufi sufi daga Sri Lanka wanda ya zo Amurka a shekara ta 1971, ya kafa mabiya, Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship a Philadelphia Ya haɓaka rassa a Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya da Burtaniya yana ƙarawa zuwa ƙungiyoyin da ke akwai a Jaffna da Colombo, Sri Lanka. An san shi da koyarwarsa, jawabai, waƙoƙi, da zane-zane.
Rayuwar farko Ko da yake ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ta farko ba, aikin Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ya fara ne a kasar Sri Lanka a farkon shekara ta 1940s, lokacin da ya fito daga dajin arewacin Sri Lanka. Bawa ya sadu da mahajjata waɗanda ke ziyartar wuraren bauta a arewa, kuma sannu-sannu ya zama sananne sosai. Akwai rahotanni game da mafarki ko haɗuwa da Bawa waɗanda suka gabaci saduwa da jiki. A cewar wani lissafi daga shekara ta 1940, Bawa ya dau lokaci a Kataragama wani wurin bauta a dajin kudu da kuma tsibirin, da kuma a cikin 'Jailani', wani wurin ibada na tsauni da aka keɓe wa Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani na Baghdad, wani tarayyar da ke alakanta shi da tsarin Qadiriyya na Sufanci. Yawancin mabiyansa waɗanda ke zaune a kewayen arewacin garin Jaffna 'yan Hindu ne kuma sun yi masa magana a matsayin swami ko guru, inda ya kasance mai warkarwa da imani na kuma ya warkar da mallakar aljanu Bayan haka, mabiyansa sun kafa ashram a Jaffna, da gona a kudu da garin. Bayan ya sadu da matafiya daga kudu, an kuma gayyace shi ya ziyarci Colombo, babban birnin Sri Lanka, a lokacin Ceylon. Zuwa shekara ta v1967, 'erenalibai ɗaliban Colombo waɗanda galibinsu Musulmai ne suka kafa' Serendib Sufi Study Circle A farkon shekara ta 1955, Bawa ya kafa harsashin ginin 'gidan Allah' ko masallaci a garin Mankumban, a gabar arewa. Wannan sakamakon sakamakon "gogewa ta ruhaniya tare da Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu." Bayan shekaru 20, ɗalibai daga Amurka waɗanda ke ziyarar Jaffna ashram suka gama ginin. An buɗe ta a hukumance kuma an sadaukar da ita a shekarar 1975. Bawa ya koyar ta amfani da labarai da tatsuniyoyi, wanda ya nuna asalin ɗalibin ko mai sauraren sa kuma ya haɗa da Hindu, Buddha, Bayahude, Kirista, da al'adun addinan musulmai; da kuma maraba da mutane daga dukkan al'adu da al'adu.
Yi aiki a Amurka A cikin shekara ta 1971, an gayyaci Bawa zuwa kasar Amurka kuma daga baya ya koma Philadelphia, kafa mabiya, kuma ya kafa Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship a cikin shekara ta 1973. Gidan taron zumunci ya gabatar da taron jama'a na mako-mako. Kamar yadda yake a kasar Sri Lanka, Bawa ya sami cigaba tsakanin mabiya addinai, zamantakewa da ƙabila daban-daban, waɗanda suka zo Philadelphia don sauraron maganarsa A cikin Amurka, ƙasar Kanada da Ingila, malaman addini, 'yan jaridu, malamai da shugabanni sun amince da shi. Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Robert Muller, ya nemi jagorar Bawa a madadin 'yan adam yayin ganawa a shekara ta 1974. A lokacin rikicin garkuwa da mutanen Iran na shekara ta 1978-1980, ya rubuta wasika zuwa ga shugabannin duniya da suka hada da Khomeini na Iran, Firayim Minista Begin, Shugaba Sadat da Shugaba Carter don karfafa sasanta rikicin cikin lumana. Mujallar Times, a lokacin rikicin a shekarar 1980, ta ambato Bawa yana cewa lokacin da Iraniyawa suka fahimci Kur'ani "za su saki wadanda aka yi garkuwar da su nan take." Tattaunawa da Bawa sun bayyana a cikin Psychology A yau, Harvard Divinity Bulletin, da kuma a cikin Filadelfia Inquirer da kuma Pittsburgh Press Ya ci gaba da koyarwa har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1986.
A Bayansa A watan Mayu, na shekara ta 1984, an kammala Masallacin Shaikh MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a kan kayan Philadelphia na Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, a kan Overbrook Avenue. Ginin ya ɗauki watanni 6 kuma kusan dukkanin aikin membobin ƙungiyar ne suka yi shi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bawa. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Farm ne a Chester County, Pennsylvania, kudu da Coatesville da prominently siffofi Bawa ta kabarin, ko Mazar Ginin ya fara jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarsa kuma an kammala shi a cikin shekara ta 1987. Wuri ne na mabiya addinai. Bawa ya kafa cin ganyayyaki a matsayin ƙa'idar mabiyansa kuma ba a ba da izinin kayan nama a cibiyar tarayya ko gona ba. Bawa ya kirkiro zane-zane da zane wanda ke nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum da Allah, yana mai bayyana aikin fasaharsa a matsayin "aikin zuciya." Misalai guda biyu an sake buga su a cikin littafinsa na Hikimar Mutum wani kuma shine bangon gaban littafin na Matakai Hudu zuwa Tsarkake Iman A cikin 1976, Bawa ya yi rikodin kuma ya fitar da kundin faifai na tunani, a kan Folkways Records mai taken, Cikin Sirrin Zuciya daga Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen. A Amurka, daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1986, Bawa ya wallafa littattafai sama da ashirin da biyar, wanda aka kirkira daga sama da awanni 10,000 na rikodin sauti da bidiyo na jawabansa da wakokinsa. Wasu taken sun samo asali ne daga Sri Lanka kafin isowarsa Amurka kuma an sake rubuta su daga baya. Baungiyar Bawa Muhaiyaddeen tana ci gaba da karatu da kuma yada wannan ma'ajiyar koyarwar tasa. Ba ta sanya sabon shugaba ko Sheik don maye gurbin matsayinsa na malami da jagorar kansa ba.
Laqabinsa da girmamawa Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ana kiransa Guru, Swami, Sheikh ko Mai Martaba ya danganta da asalin mai magana ko marubucin. Ya aka ma jawabi kamar yadda Bawangal da wadanda Tamil jawabai da suke kusa da shi, shi da wanda ya so ya yi amfani da wani m adireshin.Ya sau da yawa kira kansa a matsayin 'tururuwa mutum', watau, wani sosai kananan rayuwa a cikin halittar Allah. Bayan isowarsa Amurka, ana kiransa da Guru Bawa ko kuma kawai Bawa, kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar. Zuwa shekara ta 1976, ya ji cewa wasu waɗanda ba malamai na gaske ba sun wulaƙanta taken 'guru' kuma ya bar taken Guru, tare da ƙungiyar ta zama Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, ɗalibansa sun yi amfani da Kutb mai daraja a cikin wallafe-wallafen maganganun nasa. Qutb yana nufin sanda ko axis, kuma yana nuna cibiyar ruhaniya. Sunan Muhaiyaddeen na nufin 'mai rayarwa zuwa imani na gaskiya' kuma an danganta shi da Kutub da suka gabata.
Bayanansa "Sallolin da kuke yi, ayyukan da kuke yi, sadaka da kauna da kuke bayar daidai yake da digo ɗaya. Amma idan kuka yi amfani da wannan digo guda, ku ci gaba da aikinku, kuma ku ci gaba da tonowa a ciki, to sai mabudin falalar Allah da halayensa za su gudana a yalwace. "Mutanen da suke da hikima sun san cewa yana da muhimmanci su gyara kuskurensu, yayin da mutane ba tare da hikima ba suke ganin ya zama dole a nuna kuskuren wasu. Mutanen da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan bangaskiya sun san cewa yana da mahimmanci a tsabtace zukatansu, yayin da waɗanda ke da bangaskiya mara ƙarfi suna neman ɓata cikin zukatan wasu da addu'o'insu. Wannan ya zama dabi'a a rayuwarsu. Amma wadanda suka roki Allah da imani da azama da yakini sun san cewa mafi muhimmanci a rayuwa shi ne mika zukatansu ga Allah "Abubuwan da suka canza ba shine ainihin rayuwar mu ba. A cikinmu akwai wani jiki, wani kyau. Na wannan hasken haske ne wanda baya canzawa. Dole ne mu gano yadda ake cudanya da shi kuma mu zama ɗaya da wannan abin da ba ya canzawa. Dole ne mu gane kuma mu fahimci wannan taskar gaskiya. Don haka ne muka zo duniya "Loveaunar ku, yayana. Kadan ne cikin mutane zasu yarda da maganin hikima. Hankali ya ƙi hikima. Amma idan kun yarda da yarda da shi, za ku sami alherin, kuma lokacin da kuka sami wannan alherin, kuna da halaye masu kyau. Lokacin da kuka sami halaye masu kyau, zaku san ƙauna ta gaskiya, kuma idan kuka karɓi soyayya, za ku ga haske. Lokacin da kuka karɓi haske, za ku ga ƙyalli, kuma idan kuka karɓi wannan ƙyallen, dukiyar duniyan nan uku za ta cika a cikinku. Da wannan cikakkiyar, za ku karɓi mulkin Allah, kuma za ku san Ubanku. Idan kuka ga Mahaifinku, duk alaƙar ku da karma, yunwa, cuta, tsufa zai bar ku. Jikokina, wannan shine yadda abubuwa suke da gaske. Dole ne muyi komai tare da kauna a cikin zukatanmu. Allah na kowa ne. Ya ba da gama gari ga dukan halittunsa, kuma kada mu ɗauka da kanmu. Kada mu dauki fiye da rabonmu. Dole ne zukatanmu su narke da kauna, dole ne mu raba komai da wasu, kuma dole ne mu bayar da kauna don sanya wasu cikin lumana. Sa'annan zamuyi nasarar kyan mu na gaske da kuma kwatowar ruhin mu. Da fatan za a yi tunani a kan wannan. Addu'a, halayen Allah, ayyukan Allah, imani da Allah, da kuma bautar Allah su ne falalar ku. Idan kana da wadannan, Allah zai zama naka kuma arzikin lahira zai zama naka. Jikokina, ku fahimci hakan a rayuwar ku. Ka yi la’akari da rayuwarka, ka nemi hikima, ka nemi ilimi, ka kuma nemi wannan kaunar Allah wanda yake ilmin Allah ne, ka kuma bincika halayensa, da kaunarsa, da ayyukansa. Hakan zai yi kyau. Amin. Ya Rabbal-'alamin. Haka abin ya kasance. Ya Sarkin talikai. Allah Ya ba ku wannan. "Allah yana da gida a cikin zuciyarmu. Dole ne mu sami gida a cikin gidan Allah a cikin zuciyarmu Bawa Mahaiyaddeen ya raba shi cikin tattaunawa tare da mai ba da shawara ga marasa gida a yankin Muhaiyaddeen da ke Philadelphia 1986.
Rubutunsa da Dalibansa da Sauransu Littattafan mabiyansa da wasu game da MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen sun hada da:
Littafin Mai Mallaka ga Beingan Adam ta Mitch Gilbert, mai buga Haske mai haske, 2005, Hasken Haske: Sallah ta Sau 5 na Sufaye na Coleman Barks da Michael Green, mai wallafa Ballantine Wellspring, 2000, A cewar mawallafin, littafin "ya gabatar da gabatarwa mai gamsarwa game da hikima da koyarwar masoyinka Sufi na wannan zamani Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, wanda ya kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga wannan al'adar ta sihiri ta hanyar bude hanya zuwa ga zurfinta, hakikanin duniya. Ayyuka ne na ƙauna na sanannun ɗalibai biyu na Bawa, Coleman Barks da Michael Green, waɗanda kuma suka ƙirƙira Hasken Hasken Rumi Wata Waƙa: Wani Sabon Haske mai Rumi na Michael Green, Mawallafin Gudanar da Labarai, 2005, Shekaruna Na tare da Kutub: Tafiya a Aljanna daga Farfesa Sharon Marcus, mawallafin Sufi Press, 2007, Hotunan MIRROR da Tunani kan Rayuwa tare da MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (Ral.) Na Chloë Le Pichon da Dwaraka Ganesan da Saburah Posner da Sulaiha Schwartz, waɗanda Chloë Le Pichon suka buga a ɓoye, 2010, Pageaukar hoto mai girma mai shafuka 237 tare da sharhi daga masu ba da gudummawa 78.
Rayuwa tare da Guru ta Dr. Art Hochberg, mai wallafa Kalima, 2014, Elixir na Gaskiya: Tafiya a kan Tafarkin Sufanci, Juzu'i na ɗaya daga Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Shaida A cikin mawallafi, 2013, Neman Hanyar Gida ta Dr. Lockwood Rush, Ilm House m, 2007, GPS don Rai: Hikimar Jagora ta Dana Hayne, BalboaPress m, 2017, Coleman Barks, wani mawaƙi kuma mai fassara zuwa Turanci na ayyukan mawaƙin Musulmin Sunni na ƙarni na 13 Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī, ya bayyana haɗuwa da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a cikin mafarki a cikin shekara ta 1977. Bayan wannan kwarewa ya fara fassara baitocin Rumi. Daga karshe Coleman ya hadu da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a watan Satumba, na shekara ta 1978 kuma ya ci gaba da yin mafarki inda zai sami koyarwa. Coleman ya kamanta Bawa Muhaiyaddeen da Rumi da Shams Tabrizi, abokin Rumi. Artist Michael Green yayi aiki tare da Coleman Barks don samar da fasali na ayyukan Rumi. A cikin "Shaidan Mai Shuɗi", Michael Muhammad Knight yayi ƙoƙari ya karɓi saƙo daga Bawa a cikin mafarki, a wata hanyar Sufi da ake kira istikhara Yana tafiya zuwa mazar ɗin kuma ba tare da nasara ba yayi ƙoƙari ya yi bacci a kan matasai, amma mai tsaron filayen ne ya tashe shi. Kun bincika koyarwar Bawa a cikin kundin waƙoƙin su na huɗu, Duk Hauka ne! Duk Karya Ne! Duk Mafarki Ne! Yayi kyau Labarin malamin na "The Fox, the Crow, and Cookie" daga Loveaunar Ku Mya Childrenana: Labari na 101 ga Yara an faɗi shi da labarinsa game da "Sarki Beetle" daga Hikimar Allah mai Haskakawa wanda ke Warwatsa Duhu.
Duba kuma Sufi
Jerin Sufaye
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin Wikiwaote Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Yanar Gizo
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Gidan Yanar Sadarwar Gona
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Serendib Sufi Karatun Yanar Gizo
Labarin Malami da Bayanan karatu
Al'adar Gargajiya da Bidi'a a Zamanin Addinin Addinin Musulunci na Amurka: Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Babi na 4 na Muslimungiyoyin Musulmai a Arewacin Amurka na Gisela Webb, Farfesa na Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Seton Hall
Wave Sufism Na Uku a Amurka da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Fasali na 4 na Sufanci a Yammacin Gisela Webb, Farfesan Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Seton Hall
Da yake magana da Sufis Fasali na 11 na Tattaunawar Addinai da Canjin Al'adu daga Frank J. Korom, Farfesa na Addini da Anthropology a Jami'ar Boston
Doguwa da kasancewa a wata tsarkakakkiyar bauta ta Su abroadasashen waje Fasali na 4 na Islama, Sufanci da Siyasar Yau da kullun game da Kudancin Asiya ta Frank J. Korom, Farfesa na Addini da Anthropology a Jami'ar Boston
Masjids, Ashrams da Mazars: Sufancin nasashen waje da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Wilfrid Laurier University Ph.D. takaddar M. Shobhana Xavier
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen: Nazarin Makaranta Addini a Jami'ar Haikali Ph.D. Bayanin daga Saiyida Zakiya Hasna Islam, Agusta 2017
Shin Sufaye Suke Mafarkin Shehunan lantarki? Matsayin Fasaha a tsakanin Religungiyoyin Addini na Amurka Jami'ar Florida MA rubuce rubuce daga Jason Ladon Keel
ZANGO: Theungiyar Bawa Muhaiyaddeen da theabi'ar Unity Haverford Takardar Kwalejin Benjamin Snyder
Littattafan Layi da Bidiyo
Littattafan MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen akan layi a Littattafai. Google. Com
"Lu'u-lu'u na Hikima (Guru Mani)", Serendib Sufi Nazarin Da'irar littafin maganganu daga 1940s da aka fassara zuwa Turanci kuma aka buga Janairu, 2000.
"Hikimar Allahntaka Kashi Na 5", Serendib Sufi Study Circle bazawa.
Maganganun bidiyo "Loveauna ta Gaskiya", Fabrairu 9, 1980, Philadelphia, 55 min.
Maganganu na bidiyo "Gaskoki Na Gaskiya na Dhikr", (mai yin zikirin Allah koyaushe), Lex Hixon Interview, 18 ga Mayu, 1975, gidan rediyon WBAI Radio, Birnin New York, 60 min.
Enaddamar da jawabai da karatuttuka "Loveaunar Duk Rayuwa a Matsayinku", jawaban da aka rubuta a watan Nuwamba 9,1980 da Satumba 30,1983, 28 min.
Tattaunawar Bidiyo "Koyon Wani Mutum Tururuwa" 18 ga Mayu, 1975, Cocin St. Peter, Birnin New York, 83 min.
Ganawa tare da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a Philadelphia a Kindred Spirits jama'a rediyo show by David Freudberg
Sauran Hanyoyin Sadarwar Waje
Mafarkin Coleman Bark na Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ya shiga cikin Sirrin Zuciya a Smithsonian Folkways Musulman Sri lanka
Sufi
Sufaye
Pages with unreviewed |
61990 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Okojie | Victoria Okojie | Victoria Okojie yar Najeriya ce ma'aikaciyar dakin karatu, kwarrareyan me Illimi kuma mai gudanarwa. Ita ce babbar magatakarda/Babban Darakta na Majalisar Rijistar Laburaren Najeriya,mataimakiyar Gwamnatin Tarayyya ta Nigeria.Okojie kuma tsohuwar shugaban kungiyar laburbura ta Najeriya ne sannan kuma memba ce a hukumar gudanarwa ta kungiyar hada-hadar karatu ta kasa da kasa (IFLA).Ita malama ce a Sashen Laburare da Kimiyyar Watsa Labarai na Jami'ar Abuja, Abuja.
Articles with hCards
Ilimi Okojie ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin Kimiyyar Laburare (MLS) a Jaim’ar ibadan Ibadan, kafin ta wuce Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, inda ta kammala digirinta na uku a Laburare da Kimiyyar Sadarwa a shekara ta 2012.
Sana'a Aikin karatun Okojie ta fara ne a shekarar 1984 a jami'ar Ibadan.Ta shiga British council ne a shekarar 1994 kuma ta kai matsayin Darakta a majalisar, yar Najeriya ta farko da ta taba yin hakan. A lokacin aikinta, ta tuntubi Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma Ma'aikatar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Burtaniya.
A shekarar 2009, Okojie ta shiga aikin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin inuwar hukumar rijistar masu karatu ta Najeriya, inda ta zama magatakarda/Shugaba na majalisar. An zabe ta shugabar kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya daga 2000 zuwa 2010. Okojie ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lantarki da Cibiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya (IFLA) Sashen Afirka. tsakanin 2011 da 2015. A cikin 2012, ta kasance cikin shugabannin ɗakin karatu na duniya goma sha biyu da aka zaɓa don yin aiki tare da IFLA a cikin Laburare da Bayani. Okojie ta taba zama memba a hukumar gudanarwa ta IFLA; Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Duniya, Ƙwaƙwalwar UNESCO na Shirin Duniya; Kwamitin Ba da Shawara, Shirin Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates Global Library; da kuma Ƙungiyar Laburaren Afirka ta Yamma. Okojie ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da shirin Nigerian Information Professionals Innovation Ambassadors Network (NIPIAN).
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Okojie ta lashe lambar yabo ta hidimar hidima ta Nigerian Library Association a 2000. Har ila yau, ta samu lambar yabo ta "Daughter of Destiny" na kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya reshen jihar Oyo, baya ga kungiyar matasa ta Najeriya Youth Initiative for Transparency, Good Governance, Peace and Social Orientation (NYITGPSO) a matsayin "Icon of Education" na shekarar 2012. A cikin 2012, Jami'ar Commonwealth, Belize, ta ba Okojie digiri na girmamawa, saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar a fannin Laburare da Kimiyyar Watsa Labarai. Okojie kuma yar’uwa ne a Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Nijeriya (2005); Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Duniya (IVLP) na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Gwamnatin Amurka, Amurka (2008), da Cibiyar Koyon Rayuwa ta UNESCO, Hamburg, Jamus (2007).
Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Gbaje, ES, and V. Okojie (2011). Samun dama ga mai amfani ga dabarun ilimi a ɗakunan karatu na jami'o'in Najeriya. Dakunan karatu na Najeriya, Vol. 44.
Ekoja, II, VO Okojie da H. Emmanuel (2019). Matsayin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Najeriya wajen gina ƙazamin karatu: ƙalubale da dabaru. A cikin Magana akan Batutuwan Ilimi: Festschrift don girmama Farfesoshi Biyar Masu Ritaya. Maisamari, AM et al. (ed): Abuja, Jami'ar Abuja Press. shafi 85-100.
Okojie, V. da Igbinovia, OM (2022). Ra'ayoyin duniya game da ayyukan ɗakin karatu mai dorewa. shafi na 376. Victoria Okojie, Faith Orim, Oso Oluwatoyin and Adeyinka Tella (2020). Dama da kalubale na masu karanta e-book da na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka a cikin ɗakunan karatu: Kwarewa daga Najeriya. In Adeyinka Tailor (Ed). Littafin Jagora na Bincike akan Na'urorin Dijital don Haɗuwa da Haɗuwa a cikin Laburaren p.208-230. Adeyinka Tella, Okojie Victoria, da Olaniyi, T. (2018). Kayayyakin Alamar Jama'a da Laburaren Dijital, IGI Global.
Adeyinka Tella, Victoria Okojie da OT Olaniyi (2018). Kayan aikin alamar jama'a da ɗakunan karatu na dijital. In Adeyinka Tailor and Tom Kwanya (Eds). Littafin Jagora na Bincike akan Sarrafa Dukiyar Hankali a cikin Dakunan karatu na Dijital, p.396-401. Okojie V. da Okiy, R. (2017). Dakunan karatu na jama'a da tsarin cigaba a Najeriya. Takarda da aka gabatar a IFLA World Library da taron Watsa Labarai a Athens, Girka, shafi Okojie, Victoria da Omotoso, Oladele (2013) Ilimi da horar da ƙwararrun bayanai: Matsayin haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN). Takarda da aka gabatar a IFLA World Library da taron Bayani a Singapore.
Duba kuma Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Najeriya
Majalisar Rijistar Labura ta Najeriya
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lantarki da Cibiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Makarantar mata ta Nigeria
Mutanen jahar edo
Makaranta a nigeria
Rayuwan mutane
Jami’ar |
50589 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid%20Mattson | Ingrid Mattson | Ingrid Mattson (an haife ta a watan Agusta 24,1963)yan gwagwarmayar Kanada ne kuma masani.Farfesa ce a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci,a halin yanzu ita ce shugabar al'ummar London da Windsor a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci a Kwalejin Jami'ar Huron a Jami'ar Western Ontario da ke London,Ontario,Canada.Mattson tsohowar shugaban kungiyar Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)ne kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin"Wataƙila wanda aka fi sani da matan musulmin Amurka"a cikin labarin New York Times na 2010.
Rayuwar kuruciya da asali Ingrid Mattson,ta shida cikin yara bakwai,an haife ta a1963 aKingston,Ontario,inda ta yi kuruciyarta kuma ta halarci makarantun Katolika. Ta yaba wa matan Katolika da suka ba ta ilimi da samar da"ilimi mai ban sha'awa"da "wuri don bincika da haɓaka wannan farkon,ruhaniyar matasa". Ta karanta Falsafa da Fine Arts a Jami'ar Waterloo da ke Kanada daga 1982– 87.A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatunta,ta yi lokacin ashekara ta 1986 a matsayin ɗaliba mai ziyara a Paris,Faransa.A wannan lokacin,ta yi abokantaka da daliban Afirka ta Yamma daga al'ummar Musulmi Sufi. Lokacin karatun Alkur'ani,ta sami,"sanin Allah,a karon farko tun Tana karama." Bayan ta koma Waterloo,ta musulunta a shekarar 1987.Ta kammala karatunta a Waterloo kuma ta sami digiri na digiri a cikin Falsafa da Fine Arts a 1987.
Babban ilimi da farkon Aiki Ingrid Mattson ta sami digirin digirgir a cikin Harsunan Gabashin Gabas da wayewa daga Jami'ar Chicago a 1999. Sannan ta zama Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Addinin Musulunci da Dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi daga 1998– 2012 a Makarantar Hartford da ke Connecticut.A wannan lokacin,ta kafa shirin digiri na farko na malaman addinin Musulunci a Amurka.Shekaru da dama kuma ta kasance Darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci da Kirista da Musulmi ta MacDonald a Makarantar Hartford.
Yayin da takezama mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma shugaban kungiyar Islama ta Arewacin Amurka,Mattson ta yi aiki a lokuta da dama tare da jami'an gwamnatin Amurka.Ta ba da shawarwari a lokacin gwamnatocin shugabannin Amurka George W.Bush da Barack Obama.Wannan aikin ya mayar da hankali ne kan manufofin da suka shafi tsattsauran ra'ayi,aikin soja na musulmi da Amurka,da kuma kare haƙƙin jama'a ga musulmi-Amurkawa. John O.Brennan,daraktan hukumar ta CIA,a lokacin da yake mataimakin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro da yaki da ta'addanci,kuma mai taimakawa shugaba Obama ya godewa Mattson bisa jagorancinta a wani taron jama'a a jami'ar New York. Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin addinai daban-daban.Ita ce mai bayar da shawara ga cudanya tsakanin addinai da fafutuka masu yawan gaske domin amfanin jama'a. Ta shafe aikinta na ilimi tana karantar da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci da huldar addinai a cibiyoyin kiristoci na tarihi.A matsayinsa na shugaban ISNA,Mattson ta kafa ofishin alakar addinai na kasa a Washington,DC a shekara ta 2006.Ta gayyaci Rabbi Eric Yoffie,Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya don Gyara Addinin Yahudanci, don yin magana a taron shekara-shekara na kungiyar a Chicago a 2006.Mattson ta yi magana a shekara mai zuwa a Biennial na kungiyar inda ta sami babban yabo tare da sanar da "sabon haɗin gwiwar da ke inganta tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da sauran ayyukan gina dangantaka" tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Ta kuma kafa shirye-shirye tare da sauran kungiyoyin Yahudawa."Shirin Twinning" tare da Gidauniyar Fahimtar Kabilanci ɗaya ce irin wannan shirin. Wani shi ne shirin shekaru uku na "Yahudawa da Musulmai a Amurka" wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Tauhidi ta Yahudawa da Cibiyar Carnegie ta tallafa. Mattson ta ba da shawarar samun fahimtar juna da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Musulmai da mabiya addinin Buda kuma.Ta raba matakin tare da Dalai Lama a lokuta da yawa,ciki har da shirin "Seeds of Peace" a Seattle a 2008,a Indiana a 2010, da kuma a Chicago a 2011. Mattson asali itace mai rattaba hannu kan Kalmar gama-gari" kuma ta halarci tarurrukan Kirista da Musulmi da yawa da tattaunawa tare da Cibiyar Royal Aal al-Bayt ta Jordan don Tunanin Musulunci. Burt Visotzsky na Makarantar Tiyoloji ta Yahudawa ta Amurka ta amince da shugabancinta a cikin haɗin kai tsakanin addinai. An kuma ba ta digirin girmamawa na girmamawa a cikin 2012 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidi ta Chicago saboda hidimarta ga al'ummar bangaskiya.
Ra'ayi kan rawar da mata ke takawa a Musulunci Mattson tana ba da shawarar ba da gudummawar jama'a ga mata musulmi a matsayin shugabannin addini.Lokacin da ta kafa shirin farko na digiri na farko ga malaman addinin Musulunci a Amurka, ta dage cewa a bude wa mata. Mattson tana sanye da hijabi, amma yana jayayya cewa bai kamata gwamnatoci su sami ikon tilasta sanya tufafin addini ko hana shi ba. Mattson ta yi aiki da wata hukumar kula da zamantakewar musulmi mai suna Peaceful Families. Kungiyar ta yi kira ga al'ummar musulmi da su guji cin zarafi a cikin gida da kuma jayayya da tafsirin Alkur'ani da ke ba da damar cin zarafi ko wariya ga mata. Mattson kuma ita ce Wanda ta kafa da Darakta na The Hurma Project wani shiri na taimaka wa al'ummomin musulmi su hana su yin aiki da cin zarafi na ruhaniya da jima'i daga wadanda ke da matsayi na addini da tasiri. Ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da mujallar Haute Hijab cewa ta yi hakan ne bayan ta shaida a lokuta da dama yadda al’umma ba su iya gane yadda ya kamata da tunkarar irin wannan yanayi.Ta ce, "Na gane cewa muna bukatar wani abu mai fadi kuma na da'a don nazarin iyakar matsalar,mu fahimci dukkanin abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma bunkasa kayan ilimi da matakai da za mu iya kawowa ga al'umma."
Adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci Mattson ta kasance mai sukar tsattsauran ra'ayin addinin Islama tun lokacin da ta fara haduwa da Taliban a lokacin da take kokarin ilmantar da 'yan matan Afganistan 'yan gudun hijira a Pakistan. Bayan harin na Satumba 11,Mattson ta buga labarin intanet mai suna "Musulman Amurka suna da wani wajibi na musamman." A cikin labarin,ta bayyana cewa, “Ni a matsayina na shugabar musulman Amurka,ba wai kawai ‘yan kunar bakin wake da Taliban ba ne,amma shugabannin sauran kasashen musulmi da ke dakile dimokuradiyya, da murkushe mata,suna amfani da Alkur’ani wajen tabbatar da halayya da ba ta dace da Musulunci ba da karfafa tashin hankali." Tun hare-haren na Satumba 11,an yi hira da Mattson sau da yawa a rediyo.Ta gabatar da lacca a bainar jama'a don yin tir da tashe-tashen hankula da sunan Musulunci tare da yin kira da a warware rikici da bambance-bambancen cikin lumana. A cikin wata makala ta 2007,Mattson ta yi Allah wadai da "Masu banbance-banbance,masu cin nasara,na al'umma (addini ko siyasa)" wadanda ke tabbatar da munanan hare-hare kan wasu kungiyoyi. Mattson tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan sakon Amman wanda ya kasance martani da sunan musulunci.
Wallafawa Littafin nata mai suna “Labarin Kur’ani: tarihinsa da matsayinsa a rayuwar musulmi (yanzu a bugu na biyu) a shekarar 2012 ne kungiyar ‘National Endowment for the Humanities’ ta zaba domin shigar da ita cikin shirinta na “Bridging Cultures”.
Tambayoyi h Akan ME YA SA "Fresh Air" tare da Terry Gross "Mai Musulunta Ya Daukar Jagoranci," Satumba 28, 2006; A kan "Maganar Imani" na APM tare da Krista Tippett "Sabuwar Muryar Musulunci," Maris 6, 2008; Faɗuwar Ruhaniya ta 9/11," Satumba 5, 2002; A WNPR's "Inda Muke Rayuwa" tare da John Dankoski "Kiristoci da Musulmai," Fabrairu 13, 2008: A WNPR's "Inda Muke Rayuwa" tare da John Dankoski "Neman Tushen Addini," Janairu 27, 2009: A kan "Bugu na Lahadi" na CBC tare da Michael Enright "Don Neman Musulmai Matsakaici," Janairu 4, 2010: A kan WBEZ's Worldview" tare da Jerome McDonnell "Jagorancin Mata Musulmai," Mayu 4, 2010: Jerin mutanen Jami'ar Waterloo
Nassoshi Rayayyun |
23841 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyayyar%20Musulunci%20a%20China | Kiyayyar Musulunci a China | Kiyayyar Islama a China yana nufin jerin jawabai, halaye da sifofi waɗanda ke nuna damuwa, tsoro, ƙiyayya da ƙin Musulunci da/ko Musulmai a China. Ra'ayoyi marasa kyau da nuna halaye munana ga Musulmai a China sun bazu, kuma wasu al'ummomin Musulmai a China suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa ta doka kan ikon yin aiki. Fursunonin Musulmai da ke tsare a sansanonin da sansanin 'yan ci-rani sun fuskanci ayyukan kyamar Musulunci kamar cin naman alade ta ƙarfi. A cikin ƙarni na 21, Musulmai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na China gaba ɗaya ba shi da kyau, kuma abubuwan da ke nuna ƙyamar Islama sun bazu a kafafen sada zumunta na China. Halin nuna ktyamar Musulmai a China yana da alaƙa da labaru guda biyu game da rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin China da ɗabi'ar Musulmai da kuma maganganun zamani da suka shafi ta'addanci a China da ƙasashen waje.
Tarihi Jingyuan Qian da sauransu suna jayayya cewa rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Han da Musulmai kamar tawayen Hui na Arewa maso Yamma wasu' yan kabilar Han sun yi amfani da su don halatta da rura wutar akida da nuna kyama ga Musulmai a China ta zamani. Masana da masu bincike sun kuma ba da hujjar cewa kyamar Islama ta Yammacin Turai da Yaƙi da Ta'addanci sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da nuna kyamar Musulmai da ayyuka a China. An ba da rahoton cewa ana tilasta wa Musulmai cin naman alade a cibiyoyin da ake tsare da su da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Xinjiang Tun lokacin da Xi Jinping ya zama Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, kamfen na adawa da Musulunci ya kai ga mutanen Hui da al'ummar Utsul a Hainan.
Labarai An yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya a ƙasar Sin da yin taka tsantsan kan yada batutuwan kabilanci musamman na Musulmai, don samar da yanayi mai kyau na hadin kai tsakanin ƙabilu da addinai daban -daban na kasar Sin da huldar diflomasiyya ta kasar Sin da kasashen musulmi. Tun daga shekarar 2015, gaba da kiyayya ga Musulmai da Musulunci bayan jerin hare haren ta'addanci da bullar rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Turai. Wasu masu lura da al'amura na cewa ko da yake an dade ana samun munanan ra’ayoyi game da Musulmai a China, karuwar kyamar addinin Islama a duniya, tasirin labaran karya, da kuma matakan da gwamnatin China ke dauka kan tsirarun Musulmansu sun kara tsananta kyamar Islama a ƙasar. A cewar jaridar Washington Post, sassan watsa labarai da ake watsawa a kasar Sin, su ma sun haifar da kyamar Musulmai, wadanda galibi ke nuna Musulmai a matsayin masu haɗari kuma masu saurin kai harin ta'addanci, ko kuma a matsayin masu karbar taimakon da bai dace ba daga gwamnati.
Dangane da binciken 2018, nazarin rahotannin labarai na China ya nuna cewa ɗaukar hoto na Musulmai da Islama gaba ɗaya mara kyau ne. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Sinawa da ba Musulmai ba suna da munanan ra'ayoyi game da Musulunci da Musulmai, kuma wasu Musulman China suna ba da rahoton nuna wariya da sanin munanan hotunan kansu a kafafen yaɗa labarai.
Yanar Gizo A cikin 2017, ɗan jarida Gerry Shih ya bayyana maganganun ƙiyayya da ƙyamar Islama a cikin shafukan sada zumunta na yanar gizo saboda rashin adalci da ake yi game da fa'idodin tsirarun musulmai a shigar da kwaleji da keɓewa daga iyakokin girman iyali. A cikin 2018, labarin South China Morning Post makamancin haka ya bayyana kyamar addinin Islama ta yanar gizo a China a matsayin "ta ƙara yaduwa" musamman saboda labarai na fifiko na hukumomi ga marasa rinjaye na Musulmi da labarin hare -haren ta'addanci a Xinjiang. A 2018 UCSD study of 77,642 posts from Tencent QQ suggested that online Islamophobia was especially concentrated in provinces with higher Muslim populations. Nazarin UCSD na 2018 na rubuce-rubuce 77,642 daga Tencent QQ ya ba da shawarar cewa kyamar Islama ta yanar gizo ta fi mayar da hankali a larduna tare da yawan Musulmai. An kuma ba da rahoton wani motsi na kan layi kan yaɗuwar kayayyakin halal a cikin ƙasar. A cewar Tony Lin na Jaridar Columbia Journalism Review, masu amfani da yawa suna amfani da shahararrun shafuka kamar Weibo da WeChat don yada labaran karya na ƙiyayya ga Musulmai da aka karɓa daga kafofin watsa labarai na dama na yamma. Ya rubuta cewa bayan harbe-harbe da aka yi a masallacin Christchurch na shekarar 2019, abubuwan da aka fi so a karkashin shafukan sada zumunta na kasar Sin da manyan kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi lamarin sun fito fili sun ƙyamar Musulmai ko kuma sun goyi bayan wanda ya harbe. Wasu labarai sun ba da rahoto game da martani daban -daban na netizen game da harbe -harben masallaci. Binciken 2019 wanda yayi nazari sama da rubuce-rubuce sama da 10,000 akan Weibo da ke da alaƙa da Musulunci da Musulmai ya nuna cewa ƙiyayya da Musulmai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari akan batun. Masu amfani da Musulmin kasar Sin masu aiki a shafin sun ba da rahoton cewa suna mayar da martani kan sakonnin da ke ƙyamar Musulmai a kokarin wasu su fahimci rayuwarsu da imaninsu. Ban da haka, masu amfani da Musulmin kan layi suna fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa sakamakon hirar Han da taɓarɓarewar gwamnati.
Ƙarin Karatu
Duba Kuma Tarihin Musulunci a Sin
Tarihin Xinjiang
Xinjiang conflict
Shadian incident
Xinjiang re-education camps
Uyghur Genocide
Musulunci a Sin (1911–present)
List of Islamophobic incidents in China
Manazarta Musulmai
Tarihin Sin
Sin
Addini
Opposition to Islam in China
Islamophobia
Persecution of Muslims
Pages with unreviewed |
42531 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyduba%20Soumah | Seyduba Soumah | Seydouba Soumah (an haife shi 11 ga watan Yunin 1991), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Guinea wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea Aikin kulob
Ajax Cape Town An haife shi a Conakry, Guinea, Soumah ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana wasa akan tituna, kafin ya koma Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya shiga tsarin matasa na Ajax Cape Town yana matashi. Da farko an tura shi lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa zuwa kungiyoyin First Division Ikapa Sporting (2008-2009 da FC Cape Town 2009-2010 kafin ya koma kulob din iyayensa. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2011, Soumah ya fara bugawa Ajax a gasar Premier League, yana fitowa daga benci a 3-0 nasara a kan Platinum Stars Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Mpumalanga Black Aces da ci 2-1 a gida ranar 6 ga Maris. A cikin duka, Soumah ya yi bayyanuwa 10 a cikin kakar 2010-2011, yayin da kulob din ya ƙare a matsayin masu tsere.
A cikin watan Satumbar 2011, Soumah ya koma National First Division gefen Jami'ar Pretoria Ya sanya kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin kakar 2011-2012 A cikin watan Janairun 2012, manajan Tuks Steve Barker ya bayyana cewa Soumah ya rabu da kulob din.
Nitra A cikin watan Fabrairun 2012, Soumah ya isa Turai kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob din Slovak Nitra Ya zira kwallaye biyu har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2011–2012 A ranar 14 Satumbar 2012, Soumah ya sami katin ja a cikin rashin nasarar 3-1 na gida zuwa Spartak Trnava, tare da wasu abokan wasan biyu. Daga baya an ci shi tarar Yuro 3,400 da kuma dakatar da shi daga buga kwallon kafa na tsawon watanni shida saboda nuna batsa ga magoya bayansa, da cin zarafin ‘yan wasan abokin hamayyarsa da kuma yi wa alkalin wasa barazana a lokacin wasan.
Slovan Bratislava A watan Disamba na 2012, an canja Soumah zuwa ƙungiyar Slovak ta Slovan Bratislava akan kuɗin Yuro 150,000. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin dogon lokaci kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 20. Ta hanyar sauran kakar wasanni, Soumah ya yi bayyanuwa 13 kuma ya ci sau biyu Ya kuma taimaka wa kulob din lashe kambi na biyu a jere a kakar wasa ta 2013–14, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 21. A watan Yulin 2014, Soumah ta yi bikin ta hanyar ɗaga kofin Super Cup na Slovak bayan Slovan ta doke MFK Košice 1-0. A cikin Yuli 2015, Soumah ya koma Qadsia ta Premier League a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallaye bakwai a raga don taimakawa kulob din lashe taken 2015–16 Soumah kuma ya buga wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin AFC ta 2015, inda ya zura kwallo daya. Bayan zaman aro a Qadsia, Soumah ya koma Slovan kuma a karshen watan Nuwamba 2016 ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2020. Zai zama babban wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2016–17, tare da Filip Hlohovský, da kwallaye 20. Soumah kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar cin kofin Slovak, inda ya zira kwallaye na karshe na nasarar 3-0 a kan MFK Skalica a wasan karshe Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar da kwallaye 25 a wasanni 39 da ya buga a duk gasa. Saboda rawar da ya taka, Soumah kuma ya kasance a cikin 11 mafi kyawun gasar.
Partizan A kan 18 Yuli 2017, an sanar da cewa Soumah ya kammala canja wurinsa zuwa kulob din Serbia Partizan, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa mafi tsada a kulob din a kan 1,650 miliyan. An gabatar da shi a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Yuli, yana mai ba da kwangilar shekaru uku tare da karbar riga mai lamba 20. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Soumah ya fara bugawa Partizan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan 6-1 na gida na ƙarshe akan Mačva Šabac Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara a kan Javor Ivanjica da ci 2-1 a gida. A ranar 2 ga Agusta, Soumah ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Olympiacos a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na Uefa na uku, yayin da aka fitar da Partizan 5-3 a jimillar. Daga baya ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka doke Videoton a waje da ci 4-0 a wasa na biyu na zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA Europa, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta ci gaba zuwa matakin rukuni. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, Soumah ya tuba a bugun fanariti a 1-1 gida Draw tare da Red Star Belgrade Wannan shi ne hukunci na farko da aka baiwa Partizan a gasar ta har abada bayan fiye da shekaru 22.
Loan to Maccabi Haifa A watan Satumba na 2018, an ba Soumah aro ga kungiyar Premier ta Isra'ila Maccabi Haifa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa tare da zabin karin uku.
Komawa zuwa Partizan Bayan ya kammala lamunin sa, Soumah ya koma Partizan a shekarar 2019 kuma ya shiga shekarar karshe ta kwantiraginsa. Ya zura kwallon a ragar Molde a wasan da suka doke Molde da ci 2-1 a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin Europa Ayyukan kasa da kasa Soumah ya buga wasansa na farko a kasar Guinea a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 1-1 da Senegal a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2013. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2014 a gasar cin kofin duniya da Masar ta doke su da ci 4-2.
A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Soumah ya ci hat-trick ɗin sa na farko a wasan da suka doke Togo da ci 4-1 a waje a wasan share fage na AFCON 2015 Ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a lokacin gasar, inda ya taimakawa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar tare da samun gurbi a jerin 'yan wasa 23 na karshe. Ya bayyana a wasanni biyu yayin da Guinea ta tsallake zuwa matakin rukuni da canjaras uku amma Ghana ta yi waje da su a wasan kusa da na karshe. d 2022.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1991
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27744 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/OC%20Ukeje | OC Ukeje | Articles with hCards
Okechukwu Ukeje, wanda aka fi sani da OC Ukeje dan wasan Najeriya ne, tauraro kuma mawaki. Ya zama sananne bayan ya lashe kyautar Akwatin Amstel Malta (AMBO). Ya samu kyaututtuka da dama da suka hada da Africa Movie Academy Awards, Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards, Nollywood Movies Awards, Best of Nollywood Awards, Nigeria Entertainment Awards da Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards Ya yi fice a fina-finan da ya lashe kyaututtuka da suka hada da Brides Biyu da Jariri, Hoodrush, Alan Poza, Rudani Na Wa da Rabin Rana Rawa Kuruciya Okechukwu Ukeje, ɗan asalin jihar Umuahia ne an haife shi kuma an haife shi a jihar Legas, Najeriya. Shi ne ɗa na biyu a cikin iyali guda uku.
Karatu da sana'a Ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Ijanikin Ojo, Legas. Ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo tun shekararsa ta farko a Jami’ar Legas, Yaba, kuma shi ya ja-goranci shirin wasan. Ya ci gaba da bibiyar kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, ya fi mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru huɗu na farkon aikinsa kafin yunƙuri da cin nasarar wasan kwaikwayo na TV na gaskiya, Amstel Malta Box Office (AMBO). Bayyanar allo na farko ya kasance a cikin White Waters shekara ta (2007) tare da Joke Silva da Rita Dominic. Izu Ojukwu ne ya bada umarni Ya ci lambar yabo ta African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) don Mafi kyawun Jarumi mai zuwa shekara ta (2008) da lambar yabo ta City People's Award for Best New Act a shekara ta (2010). Ya ci gaba da rubuta kida, tare da haɗin gwiwa da wasu mawakan Najeriya da furodusa da kuma yin aiki akan shirye-shiryen gidan rediyo don ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni. Ya yi aiki a fina-finai da talabijin tsakanin shekara ta, (2008 zuwa shekara ta 2012). Ya kasance memba na jerin shirye-shiryen TV wanda aka gabatar a bikin Emmy World Television Festival, Wetin Dey shekara ta (2007) wanda BBC World Service Trust ta samar kuma ya taka rawar jagoranci da tallafawa jagoranci a cikin fina-finai kamar Comrade, confusion Na Wa da Farkawa Ya kuma nuna a cikin Black Nuwamba shekara ta (2012) ta Jeta Amata tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Mickey Rourke, Kim Basinger, Sarah Wayne-Callies, Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Vivica Fox da kuma sauran jama'a. Ya kuma kasance kan karbuwar fim din Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 's Half of a Yellow Sun (2013) tare da Chiwetel Ejiofor da Thandiwe Newton a matsayin jagorar ƴan wasa, wanda Biyi Bandele ya jagoranta. Ya kasance a cikin tawagar repertory da suka nuna 3 mataki plays na Nigeria House a London Cultural Olympiad a shekara ta (2012). Ya kuma yi aiki a fim ɗin BFI da BFI ta ɗauki nauyinsa, Gone Too Far Ya kasance a cikin shirin NdaniTV na Gidi Up tare da Titilope Sonuga, Deyemi Okanlawon, Somkele Iyamah da Ikechukwu Onunaku A cikin wasan Janairu shekara ta (2015) Ƙungiyar Nunin Cinema ta Najeriya ta jera shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuɗin da aka samu na shekarar (2014). A shekarar (2016) an gayyace shi tare da Somkele Iyamah don halartar bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa a matsayin daya daga cikin "taurari masu tasowa".
Rayuwa Ukeje yana zaune a Legas, Najeriya. Ya auri Senami Ibukunoluwa Togonu-Bickersteth a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta (2014).
Fina-finan jarumi
Kyaututtuka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tsaffin daliban jami'ar Legas
Yan wasan kwaikwayo maza a karni na 21
Yan wasan kwaikwayo maza daga jahar Lagos
Haihuwan 1981
Rayayyun mutane
Mawakan Najeriya |
61096 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Vesey | Jimmy Vesey | James Michael Vesey (an haife shi a watan Mayu 26, 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙanƙara ne na hagu na New York Rangers na National Hockey League (NHL). Ya taba bugawa Buffalo Sabers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vancouver Canucks da New Jersey Devils Nashville Predators ya zabe shi a zagaye na uku, 66th gabaɗaya, na Tsarin Shigar da NHL na 2012 Vesey ya lashe kyautar Hobey Baker Award a cikin 2016.
Sana'ar wasa
Kwaleji Vesey ya buga shekaru hudu tare da Jami'ar Harvard a cikin NCAA Karatun Arewa, ɗan asalin Massachusetts ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da maki 144 (maƙasudin 80, taimakon 64) a cikin wasannin 128 kuma an ba shi suna ECAC Player of the Year bayan kakar 2014–15. A cikin ƙaramin shekararsa, fitaccen wasan Vesey ya sami lada tare da zaɓi na sama-10 don lambar yabo ta Hobey Baker A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2015, an sanya sunan Vesey zuwa Hobey Hat Trick, 'yan wasan karshe na 3 don kyautar, tare da Jami'ar North Dakota Zane McIntyre da Jami'ar Boston Jack Eichel, tare da Eichel ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar. A cikin 2016, Vesey ya sake cancanta ga Hobey Hat Trick, tare da Michigan Wolverine 's Kyle Connor da Boston College 's Thatcher Demko, wannan lokacin yana ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Hobey Baker A Afrilu 8, 2016.
Kwarewa Nashville Predators ya zaɓi Vesey a zagaye na 3rd tare da zaɓi na 66 na gaba ɗaya na Tsarin Shigar NHL na 2012 Vesey ya yi kyau sosai ga babban manajan Nashville David Poile don ba da garantin babban matsayi don ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015–16 na yau da kullun da wasannin. Amma Vesey ya sanar da Predators cewa baya sha'awar sanya hannu. Vesey ya so ya zaɓi inda zai nufa, wanda kowane ɗan makaranta zai iya yin shekaru huɗu daga lokacin da aka tsara su. Matakin na Vesey ya zo ne a matsayin cikas ga ƙungiyar Predators. Koyaya, hakanan yana cikin iyakokin Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Kuɗi ta NHL, wanda ke ba ƙungiyoyin shekaru huɗu don sanya hannu kan ɗaliban kwaleji don haka ba da damar ɗan wasan da aka tsara ya ƙaura zuwa hukumar kyauta jim kaɗan bayan babban shekararsa. A kan Maris 30, 2016, kusan watanni biyar kafin a kafa shi bisa hukuma don zama wakili na kyauta, an ruwaito cewa Vesey zai shiga tare da tawagar garinsa, Boston Bruins. Duk da haka, waɗannan rahotannin ba su ƙare su zama gaskiya ba
A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2016, Buffalo Sabers sun sami haƙƙin Vesey daga Predators don musanya zaɓe na zagaye na uku a cikin Tsarin Shigar da NHL na 2016 An yi yarjejeniyar ne domin a bai wa Sabers ƙarin wasu 'yan makonni na keɓance haƙƙin yin shawarwari tare da Vesey kafin ya zama wakili mai 'yanci. Duk da haka, wakilin Vesey ya sanar da ESPN cewa har yanzu yana da niyyar zama wakili na kyauta. Yayin da tattaunawa tare da Sabers ya ci gaba, ba a kulla yarjejeniya ba kuma bisa ga NHL CBA, Vesey ya zama wakili na kyauta mara izini a kan Agusta 16.
New York Rangers (2016-2019) A kan Agusta 20, 2016, Vesey ya sanya hannu tare da New York Rangers. Bayan halartar sansanin horo, Vesey ya sami lambar yabo ta Lars-Erik Sjöberg, wanda aka ba wa mafi kyawun Rangers 'rookie a sansanin. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2016, Vesey ya ci burin sa na farko na NHL a nasarar 7–4 akan San Jose Sharks A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2017, a wasa da Boston Bruins, Vesey ya zira kwallaye 2 a cikin dakika 29. Wannan shi ne adadin mafi sauri da dan wasan Rangers ya ci tun lokacin da Jaromír Jágr ya yi haka a cikin dakika 26 a cikin 2006. A karshe Rangers ta yi nasara a wasan da ci 4-2. A kan Maris 12, 2018, Vesey ya yi rikodin aikinsa na farko na NHL hat a wasan da suka yi da Hurricanes Carolina, wanda Rangers ya ci 6–3.
Buffalo Sabers (2019-2020) A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2019, Sabers sun sake samun Vesey a musayar wani zaɓi na zagaye na uku ta hanyar ciniki tare da Rangers. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a wasanni masu kwarewa da aka yi cinikin dan wasa zuwa kungiya daya tare da diyya sau biyu. A cikin 2019-20 kakar, Vesey ya kasa ƙara da m naushi da ake tsammani ga Sabres, aika wani aiki low 9 a raga da 20 maki a cikin 64 wasanni, kafin a soke sauran na yau da kullum kakar saboda COVID-19 cutar
Toronto Maple Leafs da Vancouver Canucks (2020-2021) A matsayin wakili na kyauta daga Sabres, Vesey ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda, $900,000 ta Toronto Maple Leafs a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2020. A cikin jinkirin cutar ta 2020-21, Vesey da farko ya bayyana don Maple Leafs akan layi na biyu tare da John Tavares da William Nylander kafin ya koma cikin rawar gaba na ƙasa-shida, yana ba da gudummawa tare da burin 5 da maki 7 ta hanyar wasanni 30.
A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2021, Vancouver Canucks ya yi iƙirarin cire Vesey daga Toronto, wanda ke nuna alamar kulob din NHL na huɗu a cikin yanayi uku. Vesey ya buga wasanni na yau da kullun na 20 tare da Canucks, yana tattara taimako na 3, yayin da ƙungiyar ta rasa wasannin
Aljanun New Jersey (2021-2022) A matsayin wakili na kyauta daga Canucks, a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2021, an sanya hannu kan Vesey zuwa kwangilar gwaji na ƙwararru (PTO) ta New Jersey Devils. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2021, Vesey ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda, $800,000 ta shaidan, wanda ya nuna alamar kulob din NHL na biyar a cikin yanayi hudu. Vesey ya buga wasanni 68 tare da Shaidanun, da kwallaye takwas
Komawa ga Rangers (2022-yanzu) Bayan ba a sanya hannu ba a cikin hukumar kyauta, Vesey ya amince da sharuɗɗa da Rangers a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2022. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin gwaji, tare da Rangers sun yi niyyar amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida a layinsu na hudu. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Rangers sun rattaba hannu kan Vesey zuwa kwangilar shekara guda. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2023, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin zama tare da Rangers na wasu shekaru biyu.
Wasannin kasashen duniya Vesey ya lashe lambar zinare yayin da yake taka leda a kungiyar kananan yara ta Amurka a Gasar Cin Kofin Kankara ta Duniya ta 2013 kuma ya dauki lambar tagulla a matsayin babban kungiyar a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2015 IIHF Rayuwa ta sirri Mahaifinsa, Jim Vesey, St. Louis Blues ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na takwas na 1984 NHL Entry Draft, yana ci gaba da buga wasanni na 15 a cikin Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Kasa yana aiki a matsayin ɗan leƙen asirin Toronto Maple Leafs. Kanin Jimmy Nolan an tsara shi ta Toronto Maple Leafs a cikin Tsarin Shigar NHL na 2014. An yi cinikin shi a watan Yuni 2018 zuwa Edmonton Oilers kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar matakin shiga tare da su. Girma, Vesey ya kasance abokai tare da 2012 NHL Entry Draft pick Matt Grzelcyk Su biyun sun fara haduwa ne tun suna kusan shekara shida, suna wasan hockey tare don wata kungiya mai suna Middlesex Islanders. Mahaifin Vesey ne ya horar da 'yan tsibirin. Hakazalika dukansu sun halarci Makarantar Belmont Hill a Belmont, Massachusetts, kuma sun yi wasan hockey tare a can.
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57861 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarar%20Benin%20na%201897 | Ziyarar Benin na 1897 | Turawan mulkin mallaka sun mamaye kasar Benin,wadda ta mamaye yankin gabar tekun Niger ta Biritaniya,daga karshe kuma ta shiga cikin Najeriya ta turawan mulkin mallaka.Gaba ɗaya 'yantar da bayi ya biyo bayan mamayar Birtaniyya,kuma da shi ya kawo ƙarshen sadaukarwar ɗan adam.Duk da haka, Birtaniyya ta kafa wani tsari na zayyana mutanen gida don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan tilastawa a yawancin yanayi marasa kyau waɗanda ba su da kyau fiye da yadda aka yi a zamanin daular Benin.
Rigima Akwai muhawara mai yawa kan dalilin da ya sa James Phillips ya tashi zuwa Benin ba tare da makami da yawa ba.Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa yana tafiya ne cikin aikin lumana.Irin wadannan masu sharhi suna jayayya cewa sakon da Oba na cewa bikinsa ba zai ba shi damar karbar baƙi na Turai ya shafi halin jin kai na Phillips ba saboda tunanin da ba daidai ba cewa bikin ya hada da sadaukarwa na ɗan adam.A cewar Igbafe,wannan bai bayyana dalilin da ya sa Phillips ya tashi ba kafin ya samu amsa daga ma’aikatar harkokin wajen kasar kan bukatarsa inda ya bayyana cewa:FO 2/I02,Phillips zuwa FO no. 105 of i6 Nov 1896.'Babu wani abu a cikin siffar runduna ta tsaye. ...kuma mazaunan suna zama idan ba masu son zaman lafiya ba ko ta yaya mutane marasa kishi ne waɗanda kawai abin da suka yi amfani da su a cikin al'ummomi da yawa sun kasance rigima na lokaci-lokaci tare da maƙwabtansu game da fatauci ko hare-haren bayi kuma ya bayyana aƙalla ba zai yuwu ba.kowane makamai da za a yi magana sai dai adadin bindigogin ciniki da aka saba... Lokacin da Kyaftin Gallwey ya ziyarci birnin,kawai canon da ya gani shine tsofaffin bindigogin Portuguese rabin dozin.Suna kwance akan ciyawar da aka kwance'.Kwatanta wannan da ra'ayin wanda ya gabace shi nan da nan,Ralph Moor,wanda ya tabbata cewa 'mutane a cikin dukan ƙauyuka ba shakka suna da makamai'(FO 2/84, Moor to FO no.39 of I2 Sept. 1895).Igbafe ya kuma yi nuni da shawarar da Phillips ya yi a watan Nuwambar 1896 na rundunar soji dangane da kasar Benin, yana mai cewa hakan bai dace da ra’ayin Phillips a matsayin mai zaman lafiya a watan Janairun 1897 ba.Igbafe ya bayyana cewa,Phillips na gudanar da aikin leken asiri,kuma gaggawar da Phillips ya yi zuwa kasar Benin za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar imani cewa babu wani mummunan abu da zai same shi ko jam'iyyarsa.
Mona Zutshi Opubor ta bayyana tafiyar Phillips a matsayin wani lokaci da aka datse kafin barkewar wata mummunar guguwa da ta shafe shekaru tana taruwa tare da matsin lamba daga ‘yan kasuwa da na jakadanci da wasu ‘yan ziyarar da Turawa dauke da makamai suka kai a daular Benin.Don haka shakku a tsakanin Oba na Benin,ya kara zurfafa ne da manufar Phillips.Korar Jaja na Opobo da aka yi a baya a cikin 1887 da Nana Olomu a 1894 a cikin yankuna da ke makwabtaka da Burtaniya na iya sanya Daular Benin ta damu game da amincin Obansu da ainihin manufar Burtaniya.A cewar Igbafe,shaidu a shari’ar Oba a watan Satumba na 1897,sun nuna cewa mutanen daular Benin ba su yarda cewa jam’iyyar Phillips na da niyyar zaman lafiya ba,tun bayan da aka kama Nana, an dade ana tsammanin yaki a Benin.
Motsi don maido da abubuwan da aka sace A cikin 2017 an cire wani mutum-mutumi na zakara ko kuma okukor a lokacin balaguron 1897 na Benin daga zauren Kwalejin Jesus,Cambridge,sakamakon zanga-zangar da daliban jami'ar suka yi. Kungiyar daliban Kwalejin Jesus ta gabatar da kudiri inda ta bayyana cewa a dawo da sassaken.Mai magana da yawun jami’ar ya bayyana cewa,“Kwalejin Yesu ta amince da irin gudunmawar da dalibai suka bayar wajen tada muhimman tambayoyi amma masu sarkakiya na inda aka ajiye tagulla na Benin,a matsayin martanin da ta cire Okukor daga zaurenta” kuma jami’ar ta kasance.a shirye don "tattaunawa da kuma tantance mafi kyawun makoma ga okukor,gami da batun komawa gida.A ranar 27 ga Oktoba,2021,hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi ta Najeriya ta karbi okukorin a wani bikin mayar da tagulla na Benin wanda Kwalejin Jesus ta gudanar kuma ta watsa kai tsaye. Jami'ar Aberdeen ta zama cibiyar farko da ta amince da dawo da cikakken tagulla na Benin daga gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin Maris 2021 kuma ta mayar da wani sassaka na tagulla,wanda ke nuna shugaban wani Oba,ga hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi ta Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba.2021.Jami'ar ta siye ta ne a wani gwanjo a shekarar 1957 kuma an gano ta a matsayin tagulla na Benin a wani bita da aka yi na tarin tarin kwanan nan.
Manufofin gwamnatin Najeriya na yau da kullum na ganin cewa duk wani dan kasar Benin Bronzes da aka dawo da shi ya koma mallakin Ewuare II,Oba na Benin na yanzu kuma zuriyar sarkin Benin da turawan Ingila suka hambarar a shekarar 1897.Yawancin zuri'ar 'yantattun bayi na ci gaba da zama a yankin Benin a yau,don haka mayar da tagulla na Benin ga zuriyar mai mulkin da suka wadata ta hanyar cinikin bayi da sadaukarwar ɗan adam ya haifar da cece-kuce a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa.
Wakilan al'adu Wasannin da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da Ovonramwen N' Ogbaisi,wanda Ola Rotimi ya rubuta(1971);da The Trials of Oba Ovonramwen, wanda Ahmed Yerima ya rubuta(1997);
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Martanin masu fasahar gani sun haɗa da jerin bugu na Tony Phillips mai suna History of the Benin Bronzes (1984); Littafin labari mai hoto na Kerry James Marshall mai suna Rythm Mastr da nunin balaguron balaguro na Peju Layiwola da littafin da aka tsara mai suna Benin1897.com:Tambayar Fasaha da Sakamako.
Fina-finan da suka shafi balaguro sun haɗa da The Mask(1979), wanda Eddie Ugbomah ya fito;da Invasion 1897(2014),wanda Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen ya jagoranta.
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Duba kuma Tarihin Najeriya
Izevbokun Oshodin
Nassoshi Bayanan kula
Sources
European traders in Benin to Major Copland Crawford. Reporting the stoppage of trade by the Benin King 1896 Apr 13, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu.
Sir Ralph Moore to Foreign Office. Reporting on the abortive Expedition into Benin. 1895 Sept.12 Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu
J. R. Phillips to Foreign Office. Advising the deposition of the Benin King. 17 Nov 1896. Despatches to Foreign Office from Consul-General, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu.
Akenzua, Edun (2000). "The Case of Benin". Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix 21, House of Commons, The United Kingdom Parliament, March 2000.
Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1999). Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Benin. Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-253-33503-5.
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya (2000). Labarun sarauta a cikin tagulla Tarin Multimedia Tsarin Samun Jama'a, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, 2000. An dawo da 6 Satumba 2006
Gott, Richard (1997). Wasar da aka yi wa Benin The Independent, 22 Fabrairu 1997. An sake bugawa a Yankan Jarida na ARM. (Dubi kuma hoton GIF mai alaƙa na labarin Battle royal for Benin relics An dawo da 9 Oktoba 2006.
Soni, Darshana (1997). Birtaniya da Benin Bronzes Takardun Bayanin ARM 4, Gangamin Komawar Bronze na Benin, 1997. An dawo da 9 Oktoba 2006.
Bayanan haɗin kai yayin rikici ta Reginald Bacon |
25627 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester%20City%20A.F.C. | Gloucester City A.F.C. | Gloucester City Association Football Club ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta turawa da ke Hempsted, Gloucester An kafa kulob din a cikin 1883 a matsayin Gloucester, sun zama Gloucester City a 1902, amma an san su a takaice Gloucester YMCA daga 1910 zuwa 1925, kafin su koma sunan su na baya. Kulob din yana wasa a National League North Kafin hakan, ta aje tarihi na tsawon shekaru 70 a cikin Kwallon Kudancin daga 1939 zuwa 2009. Kulob din ya samu ci gaba bayan nasarar wasan karshe da Farnborough A watan Yulin 2007, ambaliyar ruwa ta Ingila ta 2007 ta shafi kulob din, wanda ya shafi Gloucestershire sosai kuma ya bar filin wasan Meadow Park a karkashin ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwan na nufin kulob din ya yi hijira daga Gloucester na tsawon shekaru 13. Tigers sun yi wasannin gida a filin wasa na New Lawn a Nailsworth, Cirencester Town's Corinium Stadium, Cheltenham Town 's Whaddon Road da Evesham United 's Jubilee Stadium kafin komawa gida zuwa sabon filin wasa a Meadow Park a 2020. Kungiyar tana da alaƙa da Gloucestershire County FA Tarihi
Samuwar da farkon shekarun An kafa kulob ne a ranar 5 ga Maris 1883 a matsayin Gloucester, [1] amma wasan da aka yi rikodin na farko ya zo a lokacin 1883 84 lokacin da wata ƙungiyar da ke wakiltar Cheltenham ta buga wasa da sabon ɓangaren Gloucester.[2] Koyaya, waccan ƙungiyar ta farko ta Gloucester ta ninka a cikin 1886. Ƙungiyar ta sake buɗewa a cikin Satumba 1889. Wasan gasa na farko na Gloucester a cikin Oktoba 1889 shine Gloucestershire FA Junior Challenge Cup na farko da doke Clifton Association Reserves 10 0 a Budding's Field.
A shekara ta 1925 wannan sabon kulob din ya sake daukar sunan Gloucester City kuma ya zama memba na kungiyar Gloucestershire Northern Senior League. A cikin 1934 35, bayan lashe Kofin Kofin da League, City ta zama ƙwararrun ƙwararru, kuma ta shiga Haɗin Birmingham, tare da ƙaura zuwa sabon filin wasa a Longlevens inda kulob din ya zauna na shekaru 26 masu zuwa.Kulob din ya zama dan kumgiya na Bristol da League wanda daga baya ya zama League ungiyar Yammacin Turai. A wannan zamanin an san kulob din a matsayin 'The Gloucestrians' da 'Jama'a' a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na gida. An canza wa kulob din suna 'Gloucester City' a cikin 1902 kuma daga baya ya haɗu da St. Michael a farkon kamfen na 1906 07. Wannan kulob din ya nade a watan Satumba 1910. Wata ƙungiya ta daban, Gloucester YMCA, an kafa ta a lokaci guda kuma yawancin 'yan wasan da ke tare da City sun shiga Gloucester YMCA.
A shekara ta 1925 wannan sabon kulob din ya sake daukar sunan Gloucester City kuma ya zama memba na kungiyar Gloucestershire Northern Senior League. A cikin 1934 35, bayan lashe Kofin Kofin da League, City ta zama ƙwararrun ƙwararru, kuma ta shiga Haɗin Birmingham, tare da ƙaura zuwa sabon filin wasa a Longlevens inda kulob din ya zauna na shekaru 26 masu zuwa.
Sun ci Kofin Tillotson saboda kasancewarsu mafi kyawun kulob a cikin Haɗin gwiwar Birmingham, sannan kuma sun sa tsohon dan wasan Chelsea da Wolverhampton Wanderers Reg Weaver ya buge duk tarihinsa tare da zura kwallaye 67 a cikin 1937-38 kakar.
Nasarar shigar da gasar Kudancin League A shekara ta 1939 kulob din ya taka leda a gasar kwallon kafa ta Kudancin kasar a karon farko, duk da cewa a cikin takaitaccen gasar yaki, yayin da suka shiga bangaren yamma.
Bayan yakin City ta koma kungiyar ta Kudu kuma ta ci gaba da zama mambobin kungiyar mafi dadewa a gasar. Tsawon yanayi guda uku a jere, 1948–51, kulob din ya kai zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin FA, duk lokacin da aka yi rashin nasara a hannun abokan hamayyar Kwallon kafa Mansfield Town (1 4 away), Norwich City (2 3 gida) da Bristol City (0) 4 zuwa). An kafa tarihin yawan halartar kulob din a Longlevens a shekarar 1952 lokacin da Stan Myers da Peter Price suka ci Tottenham Hotspur da ci 2–1 a gaban 'yan kallo 10,500, bangaren da ya hada da fitattun jarumai a wannan rana irin su Alf Ramsey wanda ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya a nan gaba., Ted Ditchburn, Charlie Withers da Les Medley Ya ɗauki har zuwa lokacin 1955 56 don Gloucester don ɗanɗano nasarar su ta farko a cikin Kudanci League Shahararriyar gasar cin kofin League ta Kudancin kasar da ta doke Yeovil Town a wasan da City ta yi rashin nasara a wasan farko da ci 4-1, sai da ta doke Yeovil da ci 5-1 a wasa na biyu, ta samu babbar karramawar kulob din.
Horton Road zamanin A cikin 1964 kulob din ya sake komawa filin wasa, daga Longlevens zuwa babban filin wasa na Horton Road, kusa da tsakiyar Gloucester, wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane sama da 30,000 idan ya cika. Kodayake an haɓaka Gloucester City zuwa gasar Premier League ta Kudancin a cikin kakar 1968 69, gabaɗaya bakarariya ce.
A cikin kakar 1981–82 an gama matsayi na shida ya isa a sami gurbi a rukunin Premier da aka gyara. Har ila yau, sun kasance masu nasara a gasar cin kofin League, suna zuwa 1-2 zuwa Wealdstone, wanda ya hada da kyaftin din Ingila Stuart Pearce a gaba.
Duk da Kim Casey ya zira kwallaye 40, kungiyar ta koma rukunin Midland a 1984–85, bayan shekaru uku a gasar Premier.
Meadow Park da shahararren gasar cin kofin FA Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
16072 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tope%20Alabi | Tope Alabi | Tope Alabi, wanda aka fi sani da Ore ti o common, kuma kamar yadda Agbo Jesu (an haife ta 27 ga Oktoba 1970) mawaƙin bishara ne a Nijeriya, mai tsara kiɗan fim kuma yar wasa An haifi Tope Alabi a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba 1970 a jihar Lagos, Nigeria ga Pa Joseph Akinyele Obayomi da Madam Agnes Kehinde Obayomi. Ita kadai ce 'ya mace cikin yaran uku a gidan. Tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Ayomiku da Deborah. Ta fito ne daga Yewa, Imeko na jihar Ogun, Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko Tope ya kasance memba na kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jesters International. Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da wasu shahararrun kungiyoyin tafiye-tafiye da kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo a Ibadan da Lagos Ta yi fina-finai a fim irin na Yarbanci a Nijeriya Daga baya Alabi ta koma cikin waƙoƙin bishara bayan ta sake zama Krista Ilimi Tope ta sami Takaddar Makaranta ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAEC) daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Oba Akinyele, Ibadan, 1986. Bayan haka, ta ci gaba zuwa Polytechnic Ibadan inda ta karanta Mass Communication kuma ta kammala, 1990.
Tope Alabi ya bi diddigin karatun ta da mahimmanci da kwazo kamar yadda ya cancanta. Tsakanin 1982 da 1984 a lokacin da take makarantar sakandare, sha'awarta ta kide-kide da raye-raye ya sa ta shiga kungiyar "Jesters International" (Jacob, Papilolo Aderupoko) a lokacin a garin Ibadan, a can ne faufau ta samu horo na farko da gogewa a wasan kwaikwayo. Ta yi aiki da Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) da ke Ibadan a matsayin wakiliya a karkashin kulawar Mista Yanju Adegbite, tsakanin 1990 1991. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar yada tallace-tallace ta Center-spread, yankin Ilupeju da ke Legas a shekarar 1990. A 1992, bayan samun gogewar aiki iri-iri, Patricia Temitope Alabi ta dawo cikin sana'ar zane-zane yayin da ta shiga shahararriyar kungiyar "Alade Aromire Theartre" a 1994. A can, ta sami damar rarrabe kanta a matsayinta na mai hazaka da hazaka 'yar fim da mawaƙa. A rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Alade Aromire, Tope Alabi ya iya sanin duk mahimman wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta tsunduma cikin shirye-shiryen fina-finai daban-daban, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo kuma mafi mahimmanci mahimmancin sautin waƙoƙin wanda ta kasance yar fim a masana'antar finafinan Yarbawa a yau. Marubuta daban-daban, furodusoshi da daraktoci a masana'antar fina-finai ta Yarbawa sun gayyaci Tope Alabi don su rubuta tare da yin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin fina-finansu daban-daban, dole ta zama abin yabo a yanzu, kusan waƙoƙin sauti 350 waɗanda ta shirya don finafinan Yarbawa daban-daban. Zai zama abin lura don bayyana a nan cewa Tope Alabi shine sautin waƙoƙin sauti a cikin Masana'antar Fina-Finan Gida na Yarbawa ref> "Biography" Tope Alabi An dawo da 6 Disamba 2010 Ayyuka A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2019, 'yan Najeriya a shafin Twitter sun nada Tope Alabi sarauniyar Yarbanci. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon wata gasa da United Bank of Africa ta yi a bikin cikar su shekaru 70 da kafuwa. Tope Alabi ya fitar da fayafayai da yawa da kuma waƙoƙi guda ɗaya. Tun farkon fara aikinta, ta fito a cikin yawancin waƙoƙin ministocin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin samari. Loveaunarta ga Allah ya sa mutane da yawa sun kusanci Allah. Kuna iya sauraron wasu daga cikin waƙoƙinta da aka harhada a cikin wannan rubutun. "Best Of Tope Alabi DJ Mixtape", Download All Tope Alabi Songs
Binciken Ore ti o gama gari (2001)
Iwe Eri (2003)
Agbara Re NI (2005)
Agbara Olorun (2006)
Angeli MI (2007)
Kokoro Igbala (2008)
Kabiosi (2010)
Moriyanu
Agbelebu (2011)
Alagbara (2012)
Agbelebu (2013)
Oruko Tuntun (2015)
Omo Jesu (2017)
Ee Amin (2018)
Ruhun Haske (TY Bello) 2019
Olorun Nbe Funmi (Iseoluwa)
Eruretoba (TY Bello)
Adonai (TY Bello)
Awa Gbe Oga (TY Bello)
Angeli (TY Bello)
Babu Wani Kuma (TY Bello)
Oba Mi De (TY Bello)
Olowo Ina (TY Bello)
Yaƙi (TY Bello)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Official website
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun |
57902 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakar%20Najeriya | Mallakar Najeriya | An gudanar da shirye-shiryen sabon kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya don samun ‘yancin kai a wajen taron da aka gudanar a gidan Lancaster House da ke Landan a shekarun 1957 da 1958,wanda Rt. Hon. Alan Lennox-Boyd,MP,Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya na Turawan Mulki.An zabo wakilan Najeriya da za su wakilci kowane yanki da kuma nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban.Tawagar Balewa na NPC ne ya jagoranta kuma ta hada da shugabannin jam'iyyar Awolowo na Action Group, Azikiwe na NCNC,da Bello na NPC; sun kuma kasance shugabannin yankunan Yamma,Gabas da Arewa,bi da bi.An samu 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960.
An gudanar da zaɓe na sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai girma a cikin Disamba 1959; Kujeru 174 daga cikin kujeru 312 an ware wa yankin Arewa ne bisa yawan al'ummarsa.Jam’iyyar NPC,ta shiga ’yan takara ne kawai a yankin Arewa,ta takaita kamfen ne kawai ga al’amuran cikin gida amma ta ki amincewa da kara sabbin gwamnatoci.NCNC ta goyi bayan samar da jaha ta tsakiya tare da ba da shawarar kula da harkokin ilimi da kiwon lafiya na tarayya.
Kungiyar Action Group,wacce ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe,ta nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati mai karfi da kuma kafa sabbin jihohi uku yayin da take ba da shawarar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Yamma wacce za ta hada Najeriya da Ghana da Saliyo.NPC ta samu kujeru 142 a sabuwar majalisar.An kira Balewa ya jagoranci gwamnatin hadakar NPC da NCNC, kuma Awolowo ya zama shugaban ‘yan adawa a hukumance.
Najeriya mai zaman kanta (1960) A dokar majalisar dokokin Burtaniya, Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960.An nada Azikiwe a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na tarayya, Balewa ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya,amma a yanzu mai cikakken iko,gwamnati.Gwamna-Janar ya wakilci sarkin Burtaniya a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma masarautar ta nada shi bisa shawarar firaministan Najeriya tare da tuntubar shugabannin yankin.Shi kuma Gwamna-Janar shi ne ke da alhakin nada firaminista da kuma zabar dan takara daga cikin shugabannin da ke takaddama a lokacin da babu rinjaye a majalisa.In ba haka ba,ofishin Gwamna-Janar na da gaske ne.
Gwamnati ce ke da alhakin Majalisar da ta kunshi wakilai 312 da aka zaba da kuma Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 44, wadanda majalisun yankin suka zaba.
Gabaɗaya,kundin tsarin mulkin yanki sun bi tsarin tarayya,na tsari da kuma aiki. Tafiyar da ta fi daukar hankali ita ce yankin Arewa,inda tanadi na musamman ya kawo tsarin mulkin yankin ya dace da shari’ar Musulunci da al’ada. Kamanceceniya tsakanin kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya da na yanki ya kasance yaudara,duk da haka,kuma yadda ake tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a ya nuna bambance-bambance a tsakanin yankuna.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1961,an gudanar da taro don tantance ra'ayin Kudancin Kamaru da Arewacin Kamaru,waɗanda Birtaniyya ke gudanar da su a matsayin yankin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Da gagarumin rinjaye,masu kada kuri'a a Kudancin Kamaru sun zabi shiga kasar Kamaru karkashin mulkin Faransa a da,domin hadewa da Najeriya a matsayin wani yanki na daban.A Arewacin Kamaru, duk da haka, mafi yawan al'ummar Musulmi sun zabi hadewa da yankin Arewacin Najeriya.
Duba kuma Ƙungiyoyin Forcados da Badjibo
Bandele Omoniyi
Bayanan kula
CanNassoshi
Bayanan kula
Sources Karatun Ƙasa Akan Layi Najeriya a ɗakin karatu na Congress
Kara karantawa Afeadie, Philip Atsu. "Hannun Hidden na Ƙarfafa Mulki: Wakilan Siyasa da Kafa Mulkin Mulkin Biritaniya a Arewacin Najeriya, 1886-1914". An karɓi karatun digiri na PhD a Tsarin Digiri a Tarihi, Jami'ar York, Ontario. Satumba 1996.
Asiegbu, Johnson UJ Nigeria da Maharanta na Biritaniya, 1851–1920: Tarihin Takardun Marubuciya New York Enugu: Nok Publishers International, 1984. ISBN 0-88357-101-3
Ayandele, Emmanuel Ayankanmi. Tasirin mishan akan Najeriya ta zamani, 1842-1914: Nazarin siyasa da zamantakewa (London: Longmans, 1966).
Burns, Alan C. Tarihin Najeriya (ed. London, 1942) kan layi kyauta Carland, John M. Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, 1898–1914 Hoover Institution Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8179-8141-1
Dike, KO "John Beecroft, 1790-1854: Consul na Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 1849-1854" Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1#1 (1956), shafi. 5-14, kan layi
Fafunwa, A. Babs. Tarihin ilimi a Najeriya (Routledge, 2018).
Falola, Toyin, Matthew M. Heaton, Tarihin Najeriya (Cambridge UP, 2008, akan layi kyauta don aro
Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, da Matthew M. Heaton. Kamus na tarihi na Najeriya (Rowman Littlefield, 2018).
Isachei, Elizabeth. Tarihin Najeriya (Longman, Inc., 1983). ISBN 0-582-64331-7
Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. "Asusun Ta'aziyyar Sojojin Najeriya, 1940-1947: 'Hakin Gwamnatin Najeriya Na Bada Kudade Don Jin Dadin Sojojinta'." Itinerario 43.3 (2019): 516-542.
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier (ed. Daga Kasuwancin Bayi zuwa Daular: Turai da mulkin mallaka na Baƙar fata Afirka 1780-1880s Abingdon, Birtaniya, da kuma New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-714-65691-7
Tamuno, TN Juyin Halittar Ƙasar Najeriya: Matakin Kudancin, 1898–1914 New York: Jaridar Humanities, 1972. SBN 391 00232 5
Tamuno, TN (1970). "Rikicin 'yan aware a Najeriya tun 1914." Jaridar Nazarin Zamani na Afirka, 8 (04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cibiyar Al'adu ta Google: Haihuwar Turawan Mulkin Najeriya, 1851-1914 Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic, Makarantar Watsa Labarai da |
21574 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo%20Moledo | Rodrigo Moledo | Rodrigo Modesto da Silva Moledo (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarar 1987 a Rio de Janeiro) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil wanda ke taka leda a Internacional a matsayin ɗan baya Klub din An haife shi a Rio de Janeiro, ya fara a farkon shekarar 2008 don buga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin rukuni na biyu na Campeonato Catarinense ya jawo hankalin União Esporte Clube, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil daga Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. A lokacin rani na 2009, sun aike shi a matsayin aro a ƙungiyar Poland ta Odra Wodzisław A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya koma Brazil yana wasa a União Esporte Clube yana taimaka musu su lashe gasar 2010 ta Yankin. Wasansa ya jawo hankalin jami'an Internacional a wasan Copa do Brasil A cikin 2011, ya sanya hannu tare da su. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 7 ga Satumbar 2011, a wasan da suka tashi 4-2 akan America Mineiro a Campeonato Brasileiro. A cikin shekarar 2013, Metalist Kharkiv ya sayi Rodrigo Moledo kan R 20.51 miliyan. A cikin Yukren, farkon ya kasance mai kayatarwa kuma Moledo ya fara buga wasanni masu mahimmanci, amma mummunan rauni a gwiwa ya hana shi daga yawan wasanni. A kakar 2013 zuwa 14, Moledo ya fara wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai da PAOK Yana da muhimmiyar rawa ga kulob din a duk gasa. Mai tsaron baya na tsakiya na Brazil Rodrigo Moledo, bayan kwantiragin watanni shida tare da tsohuwar kungiyar sa ta Internacional, zai kasance memba na Panathinaikos har zuwa bazarar 2018. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da tsohon dan kwallon na duniya mai shekaru 28 a wata kungiyar Turai, bayan shekaru biyu da ya yi a Metalist Kharkiv A ranar 19 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2016, dan wasan bayan na Brazil ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Iraklis don wasan Super League kuma ya nuna farin cikin sa ga nasarar kungiyar tasa. Kyakkyawan aikin sa a rabin rabin kakar, ya jawo hankalin Fluminense FC da Peñarol don sa hannu kan Panathinaikos 'dan wasan tsakiya na Brazil. Duk da haka jami'an kungiyar ta Girka ba su da niyyar sayar da tsohon dan wasan na duniya mai shekara 28, tun da manajan Andrea Stramaccioni yana ganinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a kungiyar ta yanzu. A ranar 28 Yuli 2016, ya zira kwallo daya a wasan UEFA Europa League da AIK a wasan farko na zagaye na uku na neman cancantar shiga gasar. Ya fara kakar 2016-17 a matsayin shugaban da ba za a iya takama da shi ba game da kare 'yan koren. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017, an yi imanin cewa mai tsaron bayan Panathinaikos ba ya farin ciki da rashin sabunta kwantiragin nasa kamar yadda tsohon manajan Panathinaikos Andrea Stramaccioni ya yi masa alkawari. A cewar jaridu, Moledo ya amince da Stramaccioni kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya har zuwa 2020. Koyaya, manajan na Italiya ya bar Greens kuma an dakatar da tattaunawa da Panathinaikos. Kwantiraginsa ta kare a cikin 2018, amma duk da haka daraktan fasaha na Panathinaikos Nikos Lyberopoulos ya gaya masa cewa har yanzu yana daga cikin 'yan wasan da ba za su iya zama dole ba.
Dan wasan baya na Panathinaikos Rodrigo Moledo na iya zama a kulob din duk da jita-jitar kwanan nan kan yiwuwar komawa Brazil. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017, gwamnatin Panathinaikos ta yanke shawarar ba shi damar tsawaita wa'adin shekaru biyu tare da mafi kyawun sharuddan kudi kuma dan wasan bayan na Brazil yana da karfin gwiwa ya amince da tayin nasa, duk da Besiktas JK da Sport Club Internacional A tsakiyar watan Disambar shekarar 2017, tsohuwar kungiyar Moledo, Internacional za ta iya dawowa a cikin watan Janairun canji, don siyan gogaggen mai tsaron gida na Panathinaikos. Kwantiragin tsohon dan asalin kasar Brazil mai shekaru 30 tare da 'yan koren masu matsakaicin kudi ya kare a lokacin bazarar 2018. A ƙarshe, a ranar 10 Janairu 2018, Moledo ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Sport Club Internacional, yarjejeniyar da za a fara a ranar 1 ga Yuli bayan yarjejeniyar da yake yi da Panathinaikos ta ƙare. Wahayin ya zo ne a matsayin mummunan labari ga 'yan koren. La'akari da mummunan halin rashin kuɗi da ke tattare da faɗuwar henattafan Athen, Panathinaikos sun yi ɗokin sayar da Moledo a cikin hunturu don karɓar kuɗin da ake buƙata na ɗan shekaru 31. PAOK, wadanda ke bin Moledo a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata, sun mai da hankali kan bada aron dan kasar Brazil din daga kungiyar' yan koren har zuwa karshen kakar 2017-2018 PAOK suna ba wa Panathinaikos fan 300,000 don rancen Moledo, gami da ayyukan Ergys Kace da Dimitris Konstantinidis a rabin rabin wannan kakar. A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Janairun 2018, Moledo zai canza sheka zuwa Internacional, saboda bashi tare da ɗan wasan kuma tare da tsoron shigar da ƙara akan Panathinaikos don jinkirin biyan kuɗi, ƙungiyar ba ta da wata hanya face ta karɓi tayin ,000 150,000 daga Colorados don fita nan da nan
Ayyukan duniya A watan Afrilu ranar 19, shekarar 2013, Moledo aka kira up for Brazilian Team da kocin Scolari for Brazil ta Afrilu 24 sada zumunci da Chile a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Henrique, wanda aka wasa a wasan da kulob dinsa na gaba rana. Koyaya, CONMEBOL ya matsar da wasan Palmeiras zuwa mako mai zuwa, yana ba Scolari damar yin tuno da Henrique yayin da yake ajiye Moledo a cikin ƙungiyar.
Daraja Na duniya
Sanar da Sudamericana 2011
Campeonato Gaúcho 2012, 2013
Kowane mutum Leungiyar Gasar Superleague ta Gwarzo 2015-16, 2016-17
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rodrigo Moledo at 90minut.pl (in |
6410 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad%20Mahrez | Riyad Mahrez | Riyad Karim Mahrez an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger kulob ɗin Premier League na Manchester City kuma kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Algeria.
Mahrez ya fara aikinsa ne a matsayin matashin dan wasa a kulob din AAS Sarcelles na Faransa. Ya juya mai sana'a a cikin shekara ta 2009) tare da Quimper, inda ya taka leda na kakar wasa daya kawai kafin ya koma Le Havre, yana ciyar da jimillar shekaru uku tare da su, da farko yana taka leda a ƙungiyar ajiyar su sannan kuma ya zama na farko na yau da kullum. A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta (2014) Mahrez ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Leicester City ta Ingila, ya taimaka musu sun lashe gasar zakarun gasar da ci gaba zuwa gasar Premier a karshen kakar wasa ta farko. A kakar wasa ta shekara (2015 zuwa 2016) shi ne Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Aljeriya, Gwarzon Dan Wasan 'Yan Wasan PFA, kuma ya kasance memba a Kungiyar PFA na Shekarar Premier League yayin da ya taimakawa Leicester City data lashe gasar Premier. Ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Manchester City a shekarar( 2018) inda ya lashe gasar Premier da kofin FA da kuma EFL a kakar wasa ta farko.
An haife shi a Faransa, Mahrez ya fara bugawa Algeria wasa a shekarar (2014) kuma ya wakilci su a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (2014) da kuma gasar cin kofin Afirka a shekara ta (2015 da 2017 da 2019 da 2021) inda ya lashe gasar a shekara ta 2019) A cikin shekara ta (2016) an ba shi kyautar Gwarzon ɗan Kwallon Afirka na CAF.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Mahrez a Sarcelles, Faransa, ga mahaifin sa a Aljeriya kuma mahaifiyar sa a Aljeriya da Moroccan. Mahaifinsa Ahmed ya fito daga Beni Snous, gundumar Tlemcen. Lokacin girma, Mahrez yana yin hutu akai-akai a Algeria. Abokan yarinta sun haɗa da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin su Wissam Ben Yedder Mahaifin Mahrez ya taba buga kwallo a Aljeriya. Lokacin Mahrez yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya. Ya yi nuni da cewa “Ban sani ba ko na fara zama da gaske amma bayan rasuwar mahaifina abubuwa sun fara tafiya a kaina. Wataƙila a cikin kaina, na fi son shi."
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki Ko da yake sau da yawa ƙungiyoyi suna yin watsi da shi saboda siririyar gininsa, Mahrez ya haɓaka a ƙwarewar ƙwallon da ta ba shi experience da gogewa. Ya shiga AAS Sarcelles a shekara ta (2004) Ya yi gwajin watanni biyu a kulob din Scotland St Mirren, amma ya bar kulob ɗin saboda yanayin sanyi. A cikin shekara ta 2009) Mahrez ya koma CFA Quimper daga AAS Sarcelles, inda ya buga wasanni (22) kuma ya zira kwallaye (2) a kakar wasa ta farko tare da kulob din. Yayin wasa a Quimper ya zauna tare da Mathias Pogba. Ya koma Le Havre a shekara ta( 2010) inda ya ki amincewa da tayi daga manyan kungiyoyin Faransa Paris Saint-Germain da Marseille a shigan su, tsarin matasansu ya rude shi. Da farko ya buga wa kungiyarsu ta Le Havre II, kafin ya ci gaba da buga wasa sau (60) kuma ya zura kwallaye( 6) a kungiyar ta farko a gasar Ligue( 2) ta Faransa daga shekara ta (2011 har zuwa watan Janairu 2014). Ya soki Ligue( 2) saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin dogaro ga tsaro da kungiyoyin da ke neman yin kunnen doki babu ci a kowane wasa.
Leicester City
A kakar 2013-14 Yayin da Mahrez ke taka leda a Le Havre, dan wasan Leicester City Steve Walsh dan leken asiri na gasar Championship na Ingila yana sa ido kan abokin wasansa Ryan Mendes, amma Mahrez ya burge shi. Mahrez bai taba jin labarin Leicester ba, wanda da farko ya dauka a matsayin kulob din rugby. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2014) Leicester City ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi akan kusan £(450,000). Abokansa da danginsa sun fara nuna shakku game da komawa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila saboda yanayin jikinsa, suna ganin cewa salon wasansa zai fi dacewa da Spain. Mahrez ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar( 25) ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (2014) yana zuwa a minti na (79) a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin dan wasan gefe Lloyd Dyer, a wasan da suka doke Middlesbrough da ci (2-0). Bayan ya buga wasanni hudu a madadin Leicester, ciki har da zira kwallon farko a kulob din, a minti na (82) da ya yi daidai da abokan hamayyarsa na gida Nottingham Forest, Manajan Nigel Pearson ya sanar a watan Fabrairu a shekara ta (2014) cewa yana tunanin Mahrez ya shirya a fara wasanni. Leicester ta kawo karshen kakar wasa ta bana a matsayin wadda ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai, inda ta koma gasar Premier a karon farko cikin shekaru goma.
A kakar 2014-15 Mahrez ya fara buga gasar Premier a ranar (16) ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014) kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a raga a ranar( 4) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2014) a wasan da suka tashi (2–2) da Burnley. Mahrez yana cikin tawagar Leicester da ta yi nasara a wasanni bakwai cikin tara na karshe a kakar wasa ta bana domin kaucewa fadawa gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa. Ya zura kwallaye biyun a wasan da suka doke Southampton da ci (2–0) a ranar( 9) ga watan Mayu kuma ya kare kakar wasan da kwallaye hudu da taimakawa uku daga wasanni (30).
A kakar 2015-16 Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Leicester a watan Agustan a shekara ta (2015). A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015) Mahrez ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan farko na kakar wasa da Sunderland a ci( 4-2) a gida. Daga baya kyaftin Wes Morgan ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya lashe gasar" kulob din, bayan "kyakkyawan tsari" wanda ya sa ya ci kwallaye hudu a wasanni uku na farko na kakar wasa. Bayan zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu na farko na kakar( 2015 zuwa 2016) an zabi Mahrez a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan. Zuwa( 3) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2015) ya zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni (10) na gasar Premier. A ranar (5) ga watan Janairun Mahrez ya yi hat-trick a yayin da Leicester ta lallasa Swansea City( 3-0) don haye saman teburin gasar Premier, abin da ya sa ya ci kwallaye goma a kakar wasa ta bana kuma ya sa ya zama dan Algeria na farko da ya yi i hat-trick a gasar Premier. Mahrez da takwarorinsa na tsakiya Marc Albrighton, N'Golo Kanté da Danny Drink water sun sami yabo saboda rawar da suka taka a farkon kakar wasan Leicester, kuma kocin Claudio Ranieri ya bayyana Mahrez da Jamie Vardy a matsayin "marasa tsada" kafin canja wurin Janairu. taga. A watan Janairu a shekara ta 2016) an ce darajar ‘yan wasa Mahrez ya tashi daga fam miliyan (4.5) zuwa fam miliyan (30.1) inda ya sanya shi cikin manyan ‘yan wasa (50) da suka fi daraja a Turai. A cikin wannan shekarar ne shaharar Mahrez a kasarsa ta sa Leicester ta samu fiye da masoya Facebook a Aljeriya fiye da sau uku fiye da na Birtaniya. Shagon aski a Sarcelles da yake yawan zuwa tun yana yaro ya zama wurin da masu sha'awar sha'awar zuwa Belgium ke sha'awar aski iri ɗaya. Mahrez yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Leicester hudu da aka zaba a cikin Gwarzon Kungiyar PFA a watan Afrilu a shekara ta (2016) kuma daga baya a wannan watan ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon 'Yan Wasan PFA. Shi ne dan Afrika na farko da ya samu wannan lambar yabo. Lokacin da Leicester ta kammala kakar wasa ta bana a matsayin zakara, Mahrez ya zama dan Algeria na farko da ya ci lambar yabo ta Premier.
A kakar 2016-17 Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Leicester a watan Agusta shekarar (2016). An zabe shi a matsayin Ballon d'Or a watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2016) ya kare a matsayi na bakwai. Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC a watan Disamba a shekara ta (2016). Mahrez dai bai bayar da babbar kaka ba musamman ma da tabarbarewar matakin Leicester, amma ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a karon farko, inda ya zura kwallaye hudu da guda biyu. A ranar (6) ga Mayu, Mahrez ya buga wasansa na Premier League na (100) a Leicester, da Watford, inda ya zira kwallo a cikin wannan tsari.
A kakar 2017-18 A karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar (2016 zuwa 2017) Mahrez ya bayyana cewa yana son barin kungiyar. Bayan sanarwar, kocin Arsenal Arsène Wenger ya bayyana sha'awarsa ta siyan Mahrez, kuma Roma ta Italiya ta ki amincewa da tayin Mahrez a watan Yuli a shekara ta (2017) A watan Agusta a shekara ta (2017) ya yi magana game da "mayar da hankali" duk da rashin tabbas a makomarsa a kulob din. Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta bayar da rahoton a ranar (31) ga watan Agusta, ranar karshe ta kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa, cewa ta ba shi damar barin tawagar kasar da sauri zuwa Turai domin ya kammala cinikinsa zuwa kulob mai sha'awar; wannan canja wuri bai samu ba. A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta (2018) ya sake neman canja wuri daga kulob din. Bayan komawarsa Manchester City ya ci tura, Mahrez ya daina halartar horo a Leicester. Ya hali da aka soki da sharhi da kuma tsohon player Chris Sutton. Mahrez ya yi suka game da "zaton da ba gaskiya ba" game da rashinsa a kungiyar, kuma daga baya ya gode wa abokan wasansa saboda goyon bayan da suka ba shi.
Manchester City
A kakar 2018-19 A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta (2018) Manchester City ta tabbatar da sanya hannu kan Mahrez kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Kudin canja wuri na fam miliyan (60) ya sanya Mahrez ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi tsada a Afirka, kuma shi ne dan wasan da Manchester City ta saya mafi tsada da kudin canja wurin da Leicester City ta samu. Ya bayyana cewa yana son lashe gasar zakarun Turai da kungiyar. Ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin dan wasa a ranar (5) ga watan Agusta, yayin da City ta ci Chelsea (2-0) a lashe Community Shield na shekarar (2018) FA a filin wasa na Wembley. A ranar (22) ga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2018) yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a cikin minti na (61st) Mahrez ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Jama'a a kan Cardiff City, burinsa na farko shi ne na Manchester City. A ranar (29) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2018) Mahrez ya zura kwallo daya tilo a ragar Manchester City a nasarar da suka yi a waje da Tottenham Hotspur da ci (1-0). Ya sadaukar da burin ga Vichai Srivaddha naprabha, tsohon mai shi na tsohon kulob din Leicester City, wanda ya mutu kwanan nan a hadarin helikwafta. A ranar( 24) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta (2019) Mahrez ya lashe kambunsa na biyu tare da Manchester City ta hanyar cin kofin EFL a kan Chelsea, kuma ya lashe mafi kyawun dan wasan gasar cin kofin EFL duk da cewa bai shiga wasan karshe ba. A karshen kakar wasa ta farko tare da Manchester City, duk da kasancewar "iyakantaccen lokacin wasa" (ciki har da fara gasar 14 kawai), Mahrez ya lashe gasar Premier a karo na biyu, kuma na farko da Manchester City, ya zama na biyu. Dan wasan Afrika ya lashe taken tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban guda biyu bayan Kolo Touré. Mahrez ya ce ba zai bar City ba duk da rashin samun lokacin wasa, yana mai cewa ya san cewa kakarsa ta farko za ta yi wahala, kuma ya zo da tabbatacciyar kungiya da kwararrun ‘yan wasa amma ya aminta da kwazonsa. Mako guda bayan wasan karshe na cin kofin FA, ya samu kambun sa na hudu a kakar wasa ta bana bayan ya doke Watford da ci (6-0) ya zama dan wasan Afrika na farko da ya kammala gasar cin kofin gida ta Ingila, kamar yadda ya ci kofin EFL na shekarar (2018 zuwa 2019)a baya. Premier League.
kakar 2019-20 A watan Agusta a shekarar 2019) Mahrez bai buga gasar cin kofin FA Community Shield na shekarar (2019) ba saboda damuwa game da magani da tawagar kasar Algeria ta ba shi. Hukumar FA ta Aljeriya ta bayyana hakan a matsayin "ba abin mamaki ba." Mahrez daga baya ya fara a wasan da Manchester City ta doke West Ham United da ci( 5-0) a waje, yana da hannu a cikin dukkanin kwallaye (5) da kungiyarsa ta ci, inda ya taimaka wa Raheem Sterling da ya ci kwallaye uku sannan ya ci fanareti Sergio Agüero kuma a karshe ya zura kwallo a raga.
kakar 2020-21 A ranar (28) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2020) Mahrez ya yi hat-trick ɗin sa na farko ga City a wasan gida da suka doke Burnley da ci 5-0. A ranar (4) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2021) Mahrez ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain a gida da ci (2-0) a wasa na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai, kuma ta hanyar zura kwallo ta hanyar bugun fanareti a wasan da suka ci (2-1) mako guda. a baya, ya jagoranci City zuwa wasan karshe na cin kofin Turai na farko a tarihin kulob din.
Ayyukan kasa A watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2013) dan kasar Faransa Mahrez ya bayyana muradinsa na wakiltar kasar Aljeriya. An kira shi zuwa tawagar Algeria na wucin gadi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (2014). A ranar (31) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2014) Mahrez ya fara buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a Desert Foxes a matsayin dan wasa a wasan sada zumunci na kafin gasar cin kofin duniya da Armeniya, kuma daga baya aka kira shi zuwa cikakken tawagar a gasar a ranar (2) ga watan Yuni. Kafofin yada labaran Aljeriya sun yi suka kan hada shi tare da zargin cewa ya biya manajan kungiyar Vahid Halilhodžić kudin shiga cikin tawagar. Mahrez ya buga wasan farko da Belgium a gasar rukuni-rukuni, sannan aka fitar da shi zuwa sauran gasar, inda Algeria ta kai wasan karshe na (16). A ranar (15) ga watan October a shekara ta (2014) Mahrez ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya, tare da kafa Islam Slimani a karawar da Algeria ta yi da Malawi (3-0) na neman shiga gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika. A watan Disambar shekarar (2014) ne aka sanar da shi a matsayin memba a tawagar Algeria a gasar karshe a Equatorial Guinea a karon farko. haduwarsa ta farko ita ce da Afrika ta Kudu inda ya shiga cikin mintuna (60) kafin sauya sheka a karo na biyu da Ghana wadda ta maye gurbinsa a cikin mintuna (20) da suka wuce inda aka doke tawagar Algeria da ci daya mai ban haushi a wasansu na karshe a matakin rukuni. Da Senegal ta jagoranci tawagar kasar Mahrez zuwa wasan daf da na kusa da karshe, inda suka zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi (2-0). sannan da Ivory Coast ya ba da taimako ga El Arabi Hillel Soudani bai isa ba don cire shi daga wasan kusa da na karshe (3-1). sannan a zagaye na biyu na wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara ta (2018) da Tanzaniya ya taimakawa Mahrez a cikin tawagar da ta samu gurbin shiga rukunin inda ya zura kwallo a raga kuma ya taimaka wa Carl Medjani. An saka Mahrez cikin tawagar kociyan Algeria Georges Leekens a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar (2017) a Gabon. A wasansu na farko, ya zura kwallaye biyun ne a wasan da suka tashi( 2-2) da Zimbabwe kuma an ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan. A watan Oktoban a shekara ta (2017) da damar Aljeriya na zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 tuni ta kare, Mahrez da (a lokacin) takwaransa na Leicester, Islam Slimani, an cire su daga cikin tawagar kasar, inda koci Lucas Alcaraz ya zabi sabbin 'yan wasa da dama. A ranar (18) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara 2018) a gasar neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019) Mahrez ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Togo da ci (4-1) a waje, kwallonsa ta farko da tawagar kasar tun bayan gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar (2017) da ta jagoranci Algeria ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekara (2019). na Kasashe. A watan Mayu a shekara ta (2019) an nada shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa (23) na Aljeriya a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar (2019). Da shawarar koci Djamel Belmadi, an zabi Mahrez ya zama kyaftin din Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika. Mahrez ya zura kwallo a minti na (90+5) a wasan da suka doke Najeriya da ci (2-1) a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar. Daga baya Algeria ta samu nasarar lashe gasar wadda ita ce ta farko tun shekarar (1990). Mahrez ya zama kyaftin din Algeria a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da aka jinkirta a shekarar (2021) da aka yi a watan Janairu a shekara ta (2022).
Salon wasa Dan wasan hagu, Mahrez yawanci yana wasa ne a matsayin winger na dama, matsayi wanda zai ba shi damar yanke ciki da harbi a kan manufa tare da ƙafar ƙafarsa mai ƙarfi, ko kuma yin bayarwa a cikin filin wasa; duk da haka, shi dan wasa ne mai iya aiki, wanda ke da ikon yin wasa a ko'ina a fadin gaba, a cikin matsayi na tsakiya a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, a matsayin winger a kowane gefe, ko ma a cikin matsayi na tsakiya a matsayin a (9). Dan wasa mai sauri, ƙirƙira da fasaha, manyan halayensa sune dabararsa, daidaitawa, jujjuya saurinsa, ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ɗigon ruwa. Ko da yake yana iya zura kwallaye a raga, shi ma ƙwararren mai ba da taimako ne, bisa la'akari da ikonsa na samar da damammaki ga abokan wasansa. Duk da iyawarsa, duk da haka, rikodinsa daga bugun fanareti bai dace ba a duk rayuwarsa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, an san shi da ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa, amma sau da yawa an yi watsi da shi saboda siririn jininsa; Lokacin da manajan matasa na Quimper Ronan Salaün da mataimakinsa Mickaël Pellen suka fara lura da Mahrez, sun yi tsokaci cewa shi mai hazaka ne, ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, kuma yana da fasaha mai kyau da fasaha na dribling tare da ƙafafu biyu, amma cewa yana da siriri sosai. kuma ba shi da dabara a fagen wasan, yayin da ya taka rawa ta hanyar ilhami, tun da ya girma yana buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa; Don haka, bayan ya rattaba hannu kan shi, Salaün ya shawarci Mahrez da ya yi amfani da hankalinsa don guje wa kalubale, domin ya yi imanin cewa ba shi da karfin jure wa takalmi. Tsohon shugaban daukar ma'aikata na Leicester, Steve Walsh ya lura da kallon wasan Mahrez cewa: "Riyad ya kasance dan kadan amma yana da kyau. Zai iya kashe kwallon matattu kuma ya wuce mutane. Ina son ingancinsa. Wasu daga cikin yanke shawararsa ba su da girma da tsaro ba shi ne mafi kyau ba, amma kuna ganin yana da hazaka ta gaske." Mahrez ya yabawa tsohon kocinsa na Leicester Claudio Ranieri da taimaka masa wajen bunkasa dabarun wasansa. A lokacin da ya ke Manchester City a karkashin koci Pep Guardiola, Mahrez ya kuma iya inganta kwarewar tsaronsa da yawan aiki, da kuma yanke shawara. Mahrez ya kirkiro wani nasa fasaha ta musamman da aka yi masa lakabi da "La spéciale", inda ya yi karyar harbi da kafarsa ta hagu, sannan ya rika murza kwallo a bayan kafar dama don ya wuce kishiyarsa. An dauki Mahrez a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawu a fagen kwallon kafa a duniya.
Rayuwa ta sirri Mahrez ya auri budurwarsa Baturiya mai suna Rita Johal a shekara ta 2015. A wannan shekarar ne suka haifi ‘yarsu. A watan Yunin shekarar 2019, ma'auratan, waɗanda a wancan lokacin suke da 'ya'ya mata biyu, an umurce su da su biya wata tsohuwar ma'aurata fiye da £3,600 a cikin albashin da ba a biya ba. A cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, an tabbatar da cewa Mahrez yanzu yana cikin dangantaka da samfurin Taylor Ward bayan ya rabu da Johal. Sun sanar da alƙawarin su a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021. Mahrez musulmi ne mai aikatawa. A watan Yuni shekarar 2017, ya yi aikin Hajjin Umrah zuwa Makka. A watan Mayun shekarar 2020, Mahrez ya yi asarar ɗaruruwan dubunnan fam na kayayyaki masu daraja bayan an yi wa gidan da yake zaune a Manchester fashi. A ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2020, ya gwada inganci don COVID-19.
Kididdigar sana'a
lob
Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 16 Nuwamba 2021. Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallo Mahrez Girmamawa Leicester City
Premier League 2015-16 Gasar Kwallon Kafa 2013–14 Manchester City
Premier League: 2018-19, 2020-21, 2021-22 Kofin FA 2018-19 Kofin EFL 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 FA Community Shield 2018 UEFA Champions League ta biyu: 2020-21 Aljeriya
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Individual
CAF Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa Na Afrika 2016 Gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC 2016 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Aljeriya 2015, 2016 Kungiyar PFA na Shekara 2015-16 Premier League Gwarzon 'Yan Wasan PFA 2015–16 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Fans na PFA 2015–16 Gwarzon dan wasan Leicester City 2015–16 El Heddaf Balarabe Gwarzon Kwallon Kafa 2016 Lion d'Or Gwarzon Kwallon Afirka: 2016 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2016, 2018, 2019 Tawagar gasar cin kofin Afrika ta CAF: 2019 Burin Afirka na Shekara 2019 IFFHS CAF Ƙungiyar Maza ta Shekara: 2020 Ƙungiyar maza ta IFFHS CAF na Shekaru Goma 2011-2020 Gwarzon dan wasan Manchester City: Oktoba 2018, Satumba 2019, Disamba 2019, Fabrairu 2021, Fabrairu 2022 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Fans na PFA Maris 2021 Kofin Alan Hardaker 2021 IFFHS CAF Mafi kyawun Mai Yin Wasa Na Duniya 2021
Manazarta
Manazarta Riyaz Mahrez bayanin martaba a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC
Riyad Mahrez na Rikodin gasar Rikodin 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20399 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Kuteb | Mutanen Kuteb | Mutanen Kuteb (ko Kutep) ƙungiya ce ta yare da yare a Afirka ta Yamma, waɗanda ke magana da Harshen Kuteb, yare ne na Jukunoid. Yawancin Kuteb suna zaune ne a jihar Taraba, Najeriya Bayan Fage Dangane da al'ada Kuteb sun yi ƙaura daga Misira kusan 1000 AD, daga ƙarshe sun isa inda suke a yanzu kusan shekarar 1510. Mutanen Kuteb an yi su ne daga dangi masu zuwa waɗanda aka yi imani da su Childrenan Kuteb ne; Lumbu, Ticwo, Rufu, Askaen, Bika (Zwika), Ticwo, Rubur, Tswaen, Acha, Likam, Cwumam, da Rucwu.
A al'adance suna yin noma, farauta da kamun kifi a cikin ƙasa mai ni'ima da ke cikin Kogin Benuwai Mutanen suna bautar gumakan dangi, to amma kuma sun yi imani da wani mahaluki wanda ya halicci duniya kuma ya kawo lafiya, ruwan sama da girbi. Wani babban firist ne ke mulkinsu, Kwe Kukwen, wanda majalisar dattawa da ke wakiltar ƙabilun Kuteb daban-daban suka zaɓa. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2007 ya ƙiyasta yawan mutanen Kuteb a matsayin kusan 100,000. Mafi yawansu suna zaune ne a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Takum ta yanzu a jihar Taraba, Najeriya, kodayake akwai 'yan ƙauyukan Kuteb da ke Kamaru A ƙarƙashin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, waɗanda suka karɓe iko a wajajen 1900, Kuteb sun kasance karkashin masarautar Jukun na farko, ko "Aku Uka" na Tarayyar Wukari A cikin 1914, Turawan ingila sun sanya Kwe Kukwen shi kaɗai ne mai daraja a matsayi na uku a cikin Takum ɓangare na ƙungiyar, tare da taken Kwe Takum. Ya kasance mafi girma a kan sauran mutanen yankin. Wannan canjin ya fusata wasu kabilun Hausawa, Tiv, Chamba, Kukuns da Ichen, waɗanda suka tilasta Ukwe Ahmadu Genkwe barin Takum ya koma wani waje. Ukwe Takum na karshe shi ne Ali Ibrahim, yana mulki daga 1963 zuwa 1996.
Siyasa Babbar jagora ga kowane aiki a cikin yankin Kuteb ya ta'allaka ne da tsarin mulki na Kwe Kukwen, Akwen da Majalisar Dattawa da ake kira Ndufu waɗanda ke wakiltar manyan sanannun dangi da dangi. Kukwen shine Babban Firist wanda yake a Mbarikam, Ikam ko Teekum kuma Akwen sune ƙananan firistoci waɗanda sune shugabannin sauran dangin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne da Kuteb kansa a matsayin babban babban firist Sarkin Kutebs. Za'a iya zaɓar Kwe Kukwen daga kowace dangi. Koyaya, dole ne, a zaɓen sa, ya zo ya zauna a Teekum (Mbarikam Hill) kasancewar yankin Likam da kuma Hedikwatar Ƙasar Kuteb. Tsarin siyasar Kuteb na gargajiya saboda haka tsarin tarayya ne. Kodayake Kutebs sun amince da girmar Likam, sauran dangi suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu don aiwatar da ikon wanzar da zaman lafiya, karewa da cimma muradin membobinsu. Koyaya, irin wannan ikon ya ƙare inda maslaha da shirye-shiryen gama gari gabaɗaya za a fara kuma inda aka gabatar da sulhu tsakanin mutane da dangi a gaban Kwe Kukwen. Baya ga rawar siyasa da Kukwen da Akwen suna da matsayi na ruhaniya, nauyi da iko. Matsayin sun samo asali ne daga imanin addini na Kutebs.
Maganar kujerar shugabanci A shekarun 1970 Takum ya kasance wani yanki ne na tsohuwar jihar Benue Plateau Jaridar ƙaramar hukumar ta amince da wasu manyan kujerun sarakuna uku a Tarayyar Wukari na ƙananan hukumomin Wukari, Donga da Takum, waɗanda 'yan asalin yankin suka zaɓa. Gwamna Joseph Gomwalk ne ya canza wannan dokar a cikin 1975, yana janye haƙƙin Kuteb don zaɓar mai riƙe da Ukwe Chieftaincy stool na Takum daga ɗayan danginsu biyu na masarauta. Yankin Likam dangi da kabilar Akente. Waɗannan sonsa sonsan biyu ne waɗanda aka caje su da masarautar gargajiya ta Kuteb Nation. Wannan yarjejeniya ce ta gargajiya ta kabilu goma sha biyu na Kuteb Nation. Duk kabilun goma sha biyu suna da nasu UKwe. Koyaya, ana ba da Likabilar Likam da ta Akente damar sake juya babbar kujerar Sarauta a tsakanin su. Kula da ƙabilun biyu don yin mulki a cikin mafi girman mulkin ya kasance tsarin kirkirar tsohuwar Kuteb don kare masarautar Kuteb da kiyaye ikonta daga wasu maharan da canji da kwace al'adu, al'adu da al'adu na musamman na al'adun Kuteb. Wannan yana cikin layi tare da kare kowace kabila ta asali daga halaka da kutsawa ta hanyar masu yaudara.
Sabuwar dokar ta ba da damar a zaɓi wani shugaba na Chamba, yayin da ya sanya wani mutumin Jukun shugaban kwamitin tantancewar da sauya tsarin kwamitin ya haɗa da Jukun da Chamba da kuma Hausa da Kuteb. Wannan keta hakki ne na ƙabilanci da kuma haƙƙin gargajiya na cin gashin kai da kuma hakkin al'adun gargajiya a matsayin mutane. Tabbatarwar ita ce sauya yanayin yanayin Takum, amma sakamakon ya kasance hargitsi wanda ya sa gwamnati ta hana bikin shekara-shekara na Kuchichebe lokacin da ƙasar ta yi albarka don tabbatar da girbi na gaba ya zama mai amfani. Daga baya, an hana yin irin wannan bukukuwa a wasu yankuna na Tarayyar Wukari saboda matsalar da suka haifar. A watan Oktoba 1997, mai kula da mulkin soja na jihar Taraba Amen Edore Oyakhire ya aika da takarda mai suna Comprehensive brief on the Chieftaincy Stool of Takum Chiefdom na jihar Taraba zuwa ga majalisar masu mulki ta sojoji. A wannan watan an kashe mutane bakwai kuma an ƙone gidaje bakwai a rikicin kabilanci, kuma an kame mutane 31. Oyakhire ya ce duk wanda ake zargi da hannu a rikicin na kabilanci za a dauki shi a matsayin masu bata damar sauya mulki zuwa mulkin farar hula. A shekarar 1998 Gwamnatin Jihar Taraba ta kuma kafa Kwamitin Zaman Lafiya wanda ya yi nasarar sasantawa tsakanin ƙabilun.
Rikici da ke faruwa Kuteb sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen tashin hankali da ke faruwa da makwabtansu. Rikicin ƙabilanci tsakanin Jukun da Kuteb ya barke a 1991. A ranar 27 ga Disamba 2008 wani rikici ya sake kunno kai a Takum kan zargin kisan wani matashi dan Jukun da matasan Kuteb suka yi. Wataƙila mutane 20 sun mutu kuma dubbai sun nemi mafaka a barikin soja na yankin. A 2000 an yi fada tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Jukun Chamba da Tiv, tare da kona kauyuka sama da 250. A cikin 2006 mummunan rikici ya sake farawa tsakanin Kuteb da Tiv, inda mutane da yawa suka rasa rayukansu. A wata tattaunawa da aka yi da manema labarai a watan Disambar 2008 gwamnan jihar Taraba, Danbaba Suntai, ya ce ba ya ganin ƙarshen rikicin.
Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun ƙasashen
Al'ummomi
Mutanen Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
21959 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20McArthur | James McArthur | James McFarlane McArthur (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1987) shi ne dan ƙwallon ƙafa ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Scotland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya a kulob din Premier League Palace Crystal Palace.
McArthur ya fara aiki a Hamilton Academical kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar shekarar ta lashe taken shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2008 Scottish First Division. Ya buga wasanni sama da 190 ga Hamilton kafin ya koma Wigan Athletic a watan Yulin shekara ta 2010. McArthur ya taimakawa Wigan ta lashe Kofin FA a shekarar 2013. An canja shi zuwa Crystal Palace a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014.
McArthur ya buga wasanni 32 na kasa da kasa ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland tsakanin shekara ta 2010 da shekara ta 2017.
Klub ɗin
Hamilton Ilimi Haihuwar Glasgow kuma ya tashi ne a gundumar Barrowfield na garin, McArthur ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Whitehill kuma ya tallafawa Rangers a ƙuruciyarsa; ya taka leda a Rangers South BC (tare da abokan aikinsa na duniya Robert Snodgrass da Graham Dorrans), St Johnstone pro youth, Rangers SABC and Clyde kafin ya koma Hamilton Academical yana matashi a shekara ta 2003. Ya fara zama kwararren ɗan wasa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 da Ross County. Ya kafa kansa a ƙungiyar Hamilton a kakar wasa mai zuwa kuma ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a watan Afrilu shekara ta 2006 akan St Johnstone.
Wannan shi ne ci gabansa da aka ba shi kyaftin din Hamilton a kan Aberdeen a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2008 don buga gasar cin kofin Scottish kuma aka zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan Firimiya na Farko na Gwani na kakar shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2008. A watan Mayu shekarar 2008 bayan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa zuwa Firstungiyar Farko ta Scotland, an ba McArthur sabon kwantiragin shekaru uku. A lokacin da ya bar New Douglas Park yana da shekara 22, ya buga kusan wasanni 200 don Accies.
'Ƴar Wigan A cikin shekara ta 2009-2010 kakar, da dama English Championship da kuma Premier League clubs, ciki har da Sheffield United, West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United da Sunderland, ya nuna wani amfani a McArthur. A ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010, McArthur ya tafi ziyarar kwana uku zuwa Wigan Athletic kulob din Firimiya tare da neman ci gaba na dindindin a lokacin rani. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a filin wasa na DW a ranar 23 ga watan Yulin kan farashin kusan fam 500,000. Matsayin ya sake haɗuwa da shi tare da tsohon abokin aikin Hamilton James McCarthy, wanda yayi ƙaura iri ɗaya a farkon kakar 2009-10 A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2012, McArthur ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Wigan a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Tottenham Hotspur da ci 3-1, sannan ya biyo baya bayan wasanni biyu tare da cin nasara kan Bolton Wanderers a filin wasa na Reebok a wasan da aka tashi 2-1 da Wigan. McArthur ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Wigan a watan Mayun 2012, tare da sabon yarjejeniyar da zai ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 2016. A ranar 11 ga Mayu 2013 McArthur ya ci Kofin FA, ya buga duka wasan a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 da aka doke Manchester City Koyaya, bayan kwana uku kawai, Wigan ta fice daga gasar Premier bayan kashin da ci 4-1 da Arsenal. Wigan ta ki amincewa da tayin farko na fam miliyan 5 daga Leicester City na McArthur a watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, amma sai ta amince da kudirin da aka gabatar na kusan fam miliyan 7. Ba a amince da jadawalin biyan kudin ba kuma yarjejeniyar da aka gabatar ta ruguje, yayin da Leicester ta sayi Esteban Cambiasso a maimakon haka. A ranar karshe ta bazarar canja wurin taga 2014, Wigan ta karbi tayin fan miliyan 7 daga Crystal Palace akan McArthur.
Crystal Palace A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2014, McArthur ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da Crystal Palace bayan ya koma daga Wigan Athletic kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba; saboda wata magana a cikin kwantaraginsa na Wigan, tsohuwar kungiyarsa Hamilton ta karbi kudin siyarwa daga cinikin Crystal Palace, wanda suka yi amfani da shi wajen saka jari a tsarin samari wanda dan wasan ya fito. McArthur ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Palace a ranar 13 ga Disamba, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Stoke City A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, McArthur ya yayyage jijiyoyin kafa a cikin rashin nasarar 1-1 a hannun AFC Bournemouth. Ya dawo cikin lokaci domin ya halarci gasar cin kofin FA na 2016, wanda Crystal Palace ta sha kashi a hannun Manchester United da ci 2-1 bayan karin lokaci. A watan Mayu shekara ta 2018, bayan ya taimaka wa kulob dinsa ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi na biyu a jere a karo na biyar a jere da ya yi a Selhurst Park, Premier League ta amince da McArthur don kai wa 200 wasanni a gasar.
Ayyukan duniya An fara kiran sa ne zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2008, kuma ya fara taka leda a wannan matakin da Ukraine a karshen wannan watan. A ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010, McArthur ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa na biyu don Charlie Adam akan tsibirin Faroe Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, a wasan cin Kofin Kasashen da Ireland ta Arewa Tun daga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, McArthur ya buga wasanni na kasa da kasa sau 32 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu. A wannan lokacin ya shawarci manajan Scotland Alex McLeish cewa yana son a cire shi daga wasannin kasa da kasa yayin da yake gudanar da matsalolin baya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa.
kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Manufofin duniya Kamar yadda aka buga wasa 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2017. Sakamakon da aka buga a Scotland shine na farko, rukunin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowane burin McArthur.
Daraja Hamilton Ilimi
Wasannin Kwallon Kafa na Kwallon Kafa na Scotland 2007-08
'Yar Wigan
Kofin FA 2012–13 Crystal Palace
Gasar FA ta zo ta biyu: 2015-16
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje James McArthur at Soccerbase Pages with unreviewed |
41231 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobarar%20Daji | Gobarar Daji | Gobarar Daji (kuma kalmar lamuni na Jamusanci) yanayi ne da yake faruwa a cikin bishiyoyi ko tsire-tsire masu fitowa waɗanda ake kashe sassan gefe, ko dai ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, wuta ko yanayi kamar ruwan acid, fari, da sauransu. Waɗannan al'amuran na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako kamar rage juriya na yanayin muhalli, bacewar mahimman alaƙar dabi'a da ƙofa. Wasu wuraren da za'a iya kaiwa ga manyan hasashen canjin yanayi a ƙarni na gaba suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwar gandun daji.
Ma'ana
Gobarar dajin yana nufin al'amarin tsayawar bishiyu da ke rasa lafiya da mutuwa ba tare da wani dalili na zahiri ba. Wannan yanayin kuma ana kiransa da raguwar gandun daji, lalacewar gandun daji, matakin mutuwa baya, da tsayawa matakin mutuwa. Wannan yawanci yana shafar nau'ikan bishiyoyi guda ɗaya, amma kuma yana iya shafar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. Gobarar Dajilamari ne na al'ada kuma yana iya ɗaukar wurare da siffofi da yawa. Yana iya kasancewa tare da kewaye, a takamaiman tsayi, ko kuma ya tarwatse a cikin yanayin dajin. Direwar daji yana ba da kansa ta hanyoyi da yawa: fadowa daga ganye da allura, canza launin ganye da allura, raƙuman rawanin bishiyu, matattun bishiyoyin wasu shekaru, da canje-canje a tushen bishiyar. Hakanan yana da nau'i-nau'i masu ƙarfi da yawa. Tsayin bishiyu na iya nuna ƙananan alamu, matsananciyar alamomi, ko ma mutuwa. Ana iya kallon raguwar gandun daji sakamakon ci gaba, yaɗuwa, da kuma mummunan mutuwa na nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa a cikin gandun daji. Ana iya bayyana raguwar gandun daji na yanzu ta: saurin ci gaba akan bishiyu ɗaya, faruwa a nau'ikan gandun daji daban-daban, abin da ya faru na tsawon lokaci (sama da shekaru 10), da kuma faruwa a cikin yanayin yanayi na nau'ikan da abin ya shafa.
Tarihi An yi bincike da yawa a cikin 1980s lokacin da wani mummunan mutuwa ya faru a Jamus da Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka. Abubuwan da aka kashe a baya sun iyakance a yanki, duk da haka, tun daga ƙarshen 1970s, raguwar dazuzzukan Turai ta Tsakiya da sassan Arewacin Amurka. Lalacewar gandun daji a Jamus, musamman, ya bambanta saboda raguwar ya yi tsanani: lalacewar ta yadu a cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban. Yawan itatuwan da abin ya shafa ya karu daga kashi 8% a 1982 zuwa 50% a 1984 kuma ya tsaya a 50% zuwa 1987. An gabatar da hasashe da yawa don wannan mutuwa, duba ƙasa.
A cikin karni na 20, Arewacin Amurka an buge shi da fitattun katako guda biyar. Sun faru ne bayan balaga dajin kuma kowane lamari ya kai kimanin shekaru goma sha daya. Mafi tsananin zafin dajin dajin ya yi niyya ga fararen birch da bishiyar birch rawaya Sun fuskanci wani lamari wanda ya fara tsakanin 1934 zuwa 1937 kuma ya ƙare tsakanin 1953 zuwa 1954. Wannan ya biyo bayan tsarin igiyar ruwa wanda ya fara bayyana a yankunan Kudu kuma ya koma yankunan Arewa, inda aka yi tashin gwauron zabi tsakanin 1957 zuwa 1965 a Arewacin Quebec. Dieback kuma na iya shafar wasu nau'ikan kamar toka, itacen oak, da maple Sugar Maple, musamman, ya fuskanci guguwar mutuwa a sassan Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960. An samu guguwar ruwa ta biyu a Kanada a cikin shekarun 1980, amma kuma ta yi nasarar isa Amurka. An yi nazarin waɗannan abubuwan da suka mutu ta ƙididdigewa don keɓance mace-macen bishiyu Ana hasashen cewa dajin da ya balaga ya fi saurin kamuwa da matsananciyar matsalolin muhalli Abubuwan da za su iya haifar da mutuwar daji ko gobarar daji Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin yanayin gandun daji suna da sarƙaƙiya kuma gano takamaiman dalili-tasirin alaƙa tsakanin mutuwa da muhalli tsari ne mai wahala. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an gudanar da bincike da yawa kuma an yi ittifaqi a kan wasu hasashe kamar:
Bark beetle Bark beetle suna amfani da laushin kyallen bishiya don matsuguni, rayuwa da kuma gida. Zuwansu yakan hada da wasu kwayoyin halitta kamar fungi da kwayoyin cuta. Tare, suna samar da alaƙar dabi'a inda yanayin bishiyar ke ƙara tsananta. Yanayin rayuwarsu ya dogara ne da kasancewar bishiya yayin da suke sa qwai a cikinsu. Da zarar tsutsa ta kyankyashe, za ta iya ƙulla dangantaka da bishiyar, inda take rayuwa daga cikinta kuma ta yanke zagayawa da ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki daga tushen zuwa ga harbe. Yanayi na karkashin kasa: Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Ostiraliya ya gano cewa yanayi irin su zurfin da gishiri na iya taimakawa wajen hasashen mutuwa kafin su faru. A cikin wani yanki na halitta, lokacin da zurfin zurfafa da gishiri ya karu, tsayawar dazuzzuka ya karu. Duk da haka, a wani yanki na yanki a cikin wannan yanki na binciken, lokacin da zurfin ya ƙaru amma ruwan yana da ƙarancin gishiri (watau ruwa mai laushi), raguwa ya karu. Fari da damuwa mai zafi: Fari da damuwa zafi ana hasashen su haifar da mutuwa. Dalilinsu na fili ya fito ne daga hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, gazawar hydraulic, yana haifar da gazawar sufuri na ruwa daga tushen zuwa harben bishiya. Wannan na iya haifar da rashin ruwa da yiwuwar mutuwa. Na biyu, yunwar carbon, yana faruwa ne a matsayin martanin shuka ga zafi shine rufe stomata. Wannan al'amari yana yanke shigar da carbon dioxide, don haka ya sa shuka ta dogara da abubuwan da aka adana kamar sukari. Idan yanayin zafi ya yi tsayi kuma idan shuka ya ƙare da sukari, zai ji yunwa kuma ya mutu. Kwayoyin cuta suna da alhakin mutuwa da yawa. Yana da wuya a ware da kuma gano ainihin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alhakin da kuma yadda suke hulɗa da bishiyoyi. Misali Phomopsis azadirachtae shine naman gwari na nau'in Phomopsis wanda aka gano yana da alhakin mutuwa a Azadiachta indica (Neem) a cikin yankuna na Indiya. Wasu ƙwararru suna ɗaukar mutuwa a matsayin rukuni na cututtuka waɗanda ba su da cikakkiyar fahimtar asalin abin da ke tasiri ta hanyar abubuwan da ke ba da damar bishiyoyi a ƙarƙashin damuwa zuwa mamayewa. Wasu hasashe na iya yin bayanin musabbabi da illolin mutuwa. Kamar yadda aka amince tsakanin mu’amalar kimiyyar Jamus da Amurka a cikin 1988: Ƙasa acidification aluminum toxicity Yayin da ƙasa ta zama mafi acidic, aluminum yana samun saki, yana lalata tushen bishiyar. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka lura sune: raguwar ɗauka da jigilar wasu cations, raguwa a cikin tushen numfashi, lalata tushen ciyarwa mai kyau da tushen tsarin halittar jiki, da raguwa a cikin elasticity na bangon tantanin halitta Farfesa Bernhard Ulrich ne ya gabatar da wannan a cikin 1979. Complex High-levation Cuta Haɗuwa da manyan matakan ozone, ajiyar acid da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a tsayi mai tsayi yana kashe bishiyoyi. Matsakaicin adadin ozone yana lalata ganye da alluran bishiyu da kuma abubuwan gina jiki da ke tsirowa daga ganyen. Silsilar al'amura na karuwa akan lokaci. Ƙungiyar farfesa: Bernhard Prinz, Karl Rehfuess, da Heinz Zöttl ne suka gabatar da wannan. Cutar jajayen allura na spruce Wannan cuta yana haifar da digon allura da kambi. Allura suna juya launin tsatsa kuma su faɗi. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar fungi na foliar, waɗanda sune ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu waɗanda ke kai hari kan bishiyoyi da suka riga sun raunana. Farfesa Karl Rehfuess ne ya gabatar da hakan. Gurbacewa Ƙarfafa matakan da ake samu na gurɓataccen yanayi yana cutar da tushen tsarin kuma yana haifar da tarawa na guba a cikin sababbin ganye. Masu gurɓatawa na iya canza girma, rage ayyukan photosynthesis, da rage samuwar metabolites na biyu. An yi imani da cewa ƙananan matakan za a iya la'akari da su masu guba ne. Kungiyar malamai karkashin jagorancin Peter Schütt ce ta gabatar da wannan. Abubuwan gurɓataccen iska wannan sashin yana mai da hankali kan mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan da aka tattauna sosai sune ethylene, aniline, da dinitrophenol Ko da a ƙananan matakan, waɗannan mahadi na sinadarai sun haifar da: zubar da ganye mara kyau, karkatattun ganye, da kashe tsire-tsire. Fritz Führ ne ya gabatar da wannan. Rage yawan Nitrogen Deposition: Ƙara matakin nitrogen da ammonium, duka biyun da ake samu a cikin taki, na iya samun sakamako masu zuwa: zai iya hana fungi masu amfani, jinkirta halayen sinadarai, dagula ma'auni na al'ada tsakanin girma girma da tushen girma, da kuma ƙara yawan leaching ƙasa Duk da haka, babu wata hujja ta gwaji. Carl Olaf Tamm ne ya gabatar da wannan. Duba kuma: gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki
Sakamakon mutuwar daji Ana iya haifar da mutuwar daji ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, duk da haka, da zarar sun faru, suna iya samun wasu sakamako.
Al'ummar Fungal Ectomycorrhizal fungi suna samar da alakar alama da bishiyoyi. Bayan fashewar ƙwayar ƙwaro, mutuwa na iya faruwa. Wannan tsari na iya rage photosynthesis, wadatar abinci mai gina jiki da ƙimar lalacewa da tafiyar matakai. Da zarar wannan ya faru, dangantakar symbiotic, da aka ambata a baya, ta sami mummunan tasiri: ƙungiyar ectomycorrhizal fungi yana raguwa sannan dangantakar ta ɓace gaba ɗaya. Wannan yana da matsala saboda wasu tsire-tsire sun dogara da kasancewar su don rayuwa.
Chemistry na ƙasa Kimiyyar ƙasa na iya canzawa bayan wani lamari na mutuwa. Yana iya haifar da haɓaka jikewa na tushe yayin da biomass da aka bari a baya ya sa wasu ions kyauta kamar calcium, magnesium da potassium Ana iya la'akari da wannan sakamako mai kyau saboda jikewar tushe yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka tsiro da haɓakar ƙasa. Don haka, wannan yana nuna cewa ilimin sunadarai na ƙasa yana biye da mutuwa ko da zai iya taimakawa wajen dawo da ƙasa acidic.
Canjin yanayi Canje-canje a matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara da fari sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar gandun daji. Yayin da ake fitar da karin carbon daga matattun bishiyoyi, musamman a cikin dazuzzukan Amazon da Boreal, ana fitar da karin iskar gas a sararin samaniya. Ƙara yawan matakan iskar gas na ƙara yawan zafin jiki. Hasashen mutuƙar ya bambanta, amma barazanar sauyin yanayi na duniya yana tsayawa ne kawai don ƙara yawan mutuwa. Rage ƙarfin ƙarfi: Bishiyoyi na iya jurewa. Duk da haka, ana iya canza wannan lokacin da yanayin yanayin ya sami matsala ta fari. Wannan yana haifar da bishiyun su zama masu saurin kamuwa da kamuwa da kwari, ta yadda hakan ke haifar da abin da ya faru na mutuwa. Wannan dai matsala ce yayin da ake hasashen sauyin yanayi zai kara yawan fari a wasu yankuna na duniya. Ƙofa: Ƙofa da dama sun wanzu dangane da mutuwar gandun daji kamar "diversity yanayin muhalli da aikin muhalli." Kamar yadda canjin yanayi ke da ikon haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar matakai da yawa, waɗannan ƙofofin suna ƙara samun ci gaba inda, a wasu lokuta, suna da ikon haifar da ingantaccen tsarin amsawa: lokacin da yankin basal a cikin yanayin yanayin ya ragu ta hanyar. 50%, nau'in wadatar fungi na ectomycorrhizal yana biye. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ectomycorrhizal fungi suna da mahimmanci don rayuwar wasu tsire-tsire, juya mutuwa zuwa hanyar amsawa mai kyau.
Mahimman bayanai Masana kimiyya ba su san ainihin maƙasudin sauyin yanayi ba kuma suna iya ƙididdige ma'auni kawai. Lokacin da aka kai madaidaici, ƙaramin canji a ayyukan ɗan adam na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci akan muhalli Biyu daga cikin maki tara don manyan hasashen canjin yanayi na ƙarni na gaba suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwar gandun daji. Masana kimiyya sun damu cewa dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dajin Amazon da kuma dajin Boreal Evergreen za su haifar da wani buri a cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa.
Duba kuma Bakin ƙwaro
Birch ya mutu
Ciwon daji
Kalaman zafi
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus dalilin mutuwar ash
Kauri mutuback
Matsakaicin jujjuyawa na dindindin
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17638 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala | Karbala | Karbala ko sahara ʔ], /k r b ə l ə KAR -bə-lə, kuma US k r b ə l KAR -bə- Lah birni ne, da ke a yankin tsakiyar Iraki, wanda yake kusa da kudu maso yamma na Baghdad, da kuma 'yan mil mil gabas na Tafkin Milh, wanda aka fi sani da Lake Razzaza. Karbala ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Karbala, kuma tana da kimanin mutane 700,000 (2015).
Garin, wanda aka fi sani da wurin da aka yi Yaƙin Karbala a cikin shekara ta 680 CE, ko wuraren bautar Imam Husayn da na Abbas, ana ɗauke da shi a matsayin birni mai tsarki ga musulmin Shi’a, daidai da Makka, Madina da Urushalima Miliyoyin miliyoyin 'yan Shi'a na ziyartar wurin sau biyu a shekara, suna kishiyar Makka da Mashhad da yawan mahajjata a kowace shekara. Miliyoyin ‘yan Shi’a ne ke tuna shahadar Husayn bn Ali kowace shekara. Kimanin mahajjata miliyan 8 ne suka ziyarci garin don yin bikin (rana ta goma ga watan Muharram wanda ke nuna ranar da Husayn ya mutu, amma babban taron shi ne īn (rana ta 40 bayan 'Ashura'), inda har zuwa Miliyan 30 suka ziyarci kaburbura. Mafi yawan mahajjatan suna tafiya ne a kafa daga duk kewayen kasar Iraki da kuma sama da kasashe 56.
Bayanin Lantarki Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa a tsakanin masu bincike daban-daban, game da asalin kalmar "Karbala". Wasu sun nuna cewa "Karbala" yana da alaƙa da yaren "Karbalato", yayin da wasu kuma suke ƙoƙari su sami ma'anar kalmar "Karbala" ta hanyar nazarin yadda ake rubuta ta da kuma yarenta. Sun yanke hukuncin cewa ya samo asali ne daga kalmar larabci "Kar Babel" wacce ta kasance tsohuwar ƙauyukan Babila waɗanda suka haɗa da Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (Karb Illu. Kamar yadda yake a Arba Illu [Arbil]), Al-Nawaweess, da Al- Mai hankali. Wannan sunan karshe a yau ana kiransa Al-Hair kuma anan ne kabarin Husayn ibn Ali yake.
Mai binciken Yaqut al-Hamawi ya nuna cewa ma'anar "Karbala" na iya samun bayanai da yawa, daya daga ciki ita ce, wurin da Husayn bn Ali ya yi shahada an yi shi ne daga kasa mai laushi- "Al-Karbalat".
A cewar 'yan Shi'ah da imani, cikin Mala'ikan Gabriel ruwaito da gaskiya ma'anar sunan Karbala''' to Muhammad a hade da Karb Ƙasar da zai sa dayawa mãyen) da kuma Bala masifu). Yanayi Karbala tana fuskantar yanayin hamada mai zafi BWh a cikin yanayin yanayin yanayi na Köppen tare da tsananin zafi, doguwa, lokacin rani mai raɗaɗi da sanyin hunturu. Kusan dukkanin ruwan sama na shekara ana karɓar tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu, kodayake babu watan da ke da ruwa.An yi Yaƙin Karbala a hamada a kan hanya zuwa Kufa a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 10, shekara ta 680 (10 Muharram 61 AH). Dukansu Husayn bin Ali da dan uwansa Abbas bin Ali sun binne su ne ta hanyar kabilar Banī Asad, a abin da daga baya ya zama sananne da Mashhad Al-Husayn Yakin da kansa ya faru ne sakamakon kin amincewar Husain na bukatar Yazid I na neman yin mubaya'a ga khalifancinsa. Gwamnan Kufan, Ubaydallah bn Ziyad, ya aika da mahaya dubu talatin a kan Husayn yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Kufa An umarci mahaya, a karkashin Umar bin Sa’ad, da su hana Husayn da mabiyansa ruwa domin tilasta Husayn ya yarda ya ba da bai’a. A ranar 9 ga watan Muharram, Husayn ya ƙi, kuma ya nemi a ba shi daren yin salla. A ranar 10 ga watan Muharram, Husayn bn Ali ya yi sallar asuba sannan ya jagoranci rundunarsa tare da dan uwansa Abbas. Da yawa daga cikin mabiyan Husayn, gami da dukkanin 'ya'yansa na yanzu Ali Akbar, Ali Asghar (dan wata shida) da yayansa Qassim, Aun da Muhammad an kashe su. A cikin 63 AH (682 Yazid bn Mu'awiya ya saki sauran dangin Husayn daga gidan yari. A kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Makka, sun tsaya a wurin da aka gwabza yakin. Akwai rikodin Sulayman bn Surad da zai je aikin hajji a wurin tun a farkon 65 AH (685 CE). Birnin ya fara zama kabari da hubbare ga Husayn kuma ya girma a matsayin birni domin biyan bukatun mahajjata. Birni da kaburburan an fadada su sosai daga sarakunan musulmai masu zuwa, amma sun sha wahala sau da yawa daga rundunoni masu kai hari. Asalin dakin ibada ne wanda Halifan Abbasawa Al-Mutawakkil ya lalata a 850 amma an sake gina shi a halin yanzu kusan 979, amma wuta ta lalata wani ɓangare a cikin 1086 kuma aka sake gina shi.
Kamar Najaf, garin ya sha wahala daga matsalar ƙarancin ruwa wanda kawai aka warware shi a farkon karni na 18 ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa a kan Hanyar Husayniyya. A cikin shekara ta 1737, garin ya maye gurbin Isfahan a Iran a matsayin babbar cibiyar karatun Shi'a. A tsakiyar karni na sha takwas ya sami rinjaye daga shugaban malanta, Yusuf Al Bahrani, babban mai tallata al'adun Akhbari na Shia yana tunani, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1772, bayan haka kuma makarantar Usuli mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta zama mai yawa tasiri.
Buhun Wahhabi na Karbala ya faru ne a 21 ga Afrilu shekara ta 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801), a karkashin mulkin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad mai mulki na biyu na Gwamnatin Saudiyya ta Farko, lokacin da Musulman Wahabiyawa 12,000 daga Najd suka afka wa garin na Karbala Harin ya yi daidai da ranar bikin Ghadir Khum, ko 10 ga Muharram Wannan yakin ya bar rayuka 3,000-5,000 da dome na kabarin Husayn bn Ali, jikan Muhammad kuma dan Ali bin Abi Talib, ya lalace. Fadan ya dauki tsawon awanni 8. Bayan mamayar daular Saudiyya ta Farko, garin ya sami ikon cin gashin kai a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin wasu gungun kungiyoyin 'yan daba da na mafia da ke kawance da mambobin' ulama. Don sake tabbatar da ikon su, sojojin Ottoman sun yiwa garin kawanya. A ranar 13 ga watn Janairu, shekara ta 1843 sojojin Ottoman suka shiga garin. Yawancin shugabannin gari sun gudu sun bar tsaron garin galibi ga 'yan kasuwa. Kimanin Larabawa 3,000 aka kashe a cikin birni, da kuma wasu 2,000 a waje da bango (wannan yana wakiltar kusan 15% na yawan jama'ar gari). Turkawan sun rasa mazaje 400. Wannan ya sa ɗalibai da malamai da yawa suka koma Najaf, wacce ta zama babbar cibiyar addinin Shi'a. Tsakanin 1850 da 1903, Karbala ya sami wadataccen kwararar kuɗi ta hanyar Oudh Bequest Lardin Indiya na Shiad da ke Awadh, wanda Birtaniyya ta sani da Oudh, a koyaushe yana tura kudi da mahajjata zuwa birni mai tsarki. Kudin Oudh, rupees miliyan 10, sun samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1825 daga Awadh Nawab Ghazi-ud-Din Haider Daya bisa ukun shi ne ya je ga matansa, sauran kuma kashi biyu bisa uku sun tafi biranen Karbala da Najaf masu tsarki. Lokacin da matansa suka mutu a cikin 1850, kuɗin sun tara tare da riba a hannun Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya Kungiyar ta EIC ta tura kudin zuwa Karbala da Najaf bisa ga duk abin da matan suka ga dama, da fatan yin tasiri ga Malamai kan ni'imar Burtaniya. Wannan ƙoƙari don neman yardar gaba ɗaya ana ɗauka cewa gazawa ce. A cikin shekara ta 1928, an gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin magudanar ruwa don kawar da garin daga fadamar rashin lafiya, wanda aka kafa tsakanin Hussainiya da Kogin Bani Hassan a Kogin Yufiretis. Tsaron Gidan Majalisa a Karbala wasu gumurzun da aka gwabza tsakanin aranar 3 ga Afrilu zuwa 6 ga Afrilu shekara ta, 2004 tsakanin 'yan tawayen Iraki na rundunar Mahdi da ke kokarin mamaye zauren majalisar da kuma kare sojojin Poland da Bulgaria daga Sashin Kasashen Duniya na Tsakiyar Kudu.
A shekara ta 2003 bin 2003 mamayewa na Iraki, da Karbala majalisar dattawan gari yunkurin zabe United States Marine Corps Laftanar Kanar Matthew Lopez a matsayin magajin garin. Babu shakka don sojojin sa, yan kwangila, da kuɗaɗen sa sun kasa barin sa. A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu,shekara ta 2007, wani bam da ke cikin mota ya fashe kusan daga wurin ibadar, suna kashe mutane 47 da raunata sama da 150.
A ranar 19 ga Janairun 2008, Mabiya Shi’a ‘yan Iraki miliyan biyu sun yi tattaki a cikin garin Karbala, Iraki don tunawa da Ashura Dakarun Iraki da ‘yan sanda dubu 20 ne suka tsare taron yayin tashin hankali saboda rikici tsakanin sojojin Iraki da‘ yan Shia wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 263 (a Basra da Nasiriya Yawon shakatawa na addini Karbala, tare da Najaf, ana daukar shi ne wurin da musulmai mabiya Shi'a ke zuwa yawon bude ido, kuma masana'antar yawon bude ido a garin ta bunkasa bayan karshen mulkin Saddam Hussein. Wasu abubuwan jan hankali na yawon shakatawa na addini sun hada da:
Masallacin Al Abbas.
Haramin Imam Husayn.
Ifiritu.
Rushewar Mujada, kimanin zuwa yamma da garin Filin jirgin sama a Karbala sun hada da: Karbala Filin jirgin saman arewa maso gabas Filin jirgin saman Karbala (wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Karbala).
Imani na addini Wasu daga cikin ‘yan Shi’ar suna ganin wannan ayar ta Alqurani tana magana ne game da kasar Iraki, yankin Kufah na tsarkakakkun wuraren Shi’a, Najaf, Karbala, Kadhimiyyah da Samarra, tunda masu wa'azin Tauhidi Ibrāhīm Ibrahim da Lūṭ Lutu waɗanda ake ɗaukarsu Annabawa a Islama, an yi imanin cewa sun rayu a tsohon garin Iraqi Kutha Rabba, kafin zuwa Kasa Mai Albarka Akwai hadisai da yawa na Shi'a da ke bayar da labarin matsayin Karbala:
Karbalaa FC kungiyar kwallon kafa ce da ke garin Karbala.
Akwai nassoshi da yawa a cikin littattafai a cikin fina-finai zuwa "Karbala", galibi ana nufin mutuwar Husayn a Yaƙin Karbala. Husayn galibi ana nuna shi akan farin dokin da kibiyoyi suka rataye. Akwai fina-finai da shirye-shiryen bidiyo game da abubuwan da suka faru a Karbala a yanayi mai rai da kuma haƙiƙa (duba mahaɗan waje "Karbala: Lokacin da Sararin samaniya Yayi Hawan jini"; "Safar-e-Karbala").
Hoton bidiyo na ainihin garin ya wanzu a cikin wani shirin Burtaniya mai taken "Yankin Kashe Saddam." Shirin shirin ya nuna yadda sojojin Saddam suka lalata garin a cikin watan Maris na 1991 ta hanyar kyamarar bidiyo ta wasu 'yan'uwa maza biyu da ke zaune a garin.
Hawza cibiyoyin ilimin addinin musulunci ne wadanda mujtahid ko Allamas ke gudanarwa tare don koyar da musulmai yan shia da shiryar dasu ta hanya mai tsauri na zama da Alim. Dangane da hawaz a Karbala, Bayan rasuwar wani mashahurin Alama, Sayyid Muhammad, jagoranci a bangaren malami ya koma zuwa taklid zuwa mujtahid. Wannan mahimmin abu ne wanda ya jagoranci jagorancin Malama don zama a Karbala da kuma Najaf. Da farko hauza ta Karbala (cibiyar koyar da addinin Musulunci) ta ƙunshi yawancin Iraniyawa da Ulama ta Turkiya. Bayan rasuwar Sharif-ul-Ulama Mazandarani a 1830 da kuma danniyar yan shia da Ottoman suka yi a shekara ta 1843 duk sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya Ulamas da yawa don haka Najaf ya zama cibiyar jagorancin Islama ta Shi'a a cikin ilimi. Kamar yadda yake a yanzu, akwai jami'o'i biyu a Karbala. Jami'ar Karbala, wacce aka ƙaddamar a ranar 1 ga Maris, shekara ta 2002, ɗayan manyan jami'o'i ne a Iraki dangane da harkokin ilimi, albarkatun ɗan adam, da kuma binciken kimiyya. An kafa Jami'ar Ahl Al Bayt a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2003 da Dokta Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. Jami'ar na da manyan kwalejoji shida: Kwalejin Shari'a, Arts, Kimiyyar Islama, Fasaha da Kiwon Lafiya, Magunguna da Ilimin Hakora. Jami'ar Warith al-Anbiya da ke Karbala, kwanan nan an kafa ta a karkashin wani aikin na Masallacin Husayn Mai Tsarki, tana da ƙwarewar injiniya, gudanarwa, tattalin arziki, doka da ilimin lissafi, wanda ke shirye don karɓar ɗalibai a shekarar farko ta ilimi wato a shekàra ta 2017–2018. Conasashen Indiya A cikin yankin Indiya, Karbala, baya ga ma'anar garin Karbala (wanda galibi ake kira da Karbala-e-Mualla ma'ana Karbala mai ɗaukaka), yana kuma nufin filaye na gari inda jerin gwanon tunawa ke ƙarewa da ko ta'zīya a lokacin Ashura ko Arba'een, galibi irin waɗannan filayen suna da shabeeh (kwafin) Rauza ko wasu tsare-tsare. A Kudancin Asiya inda ta'zīya ke nufin musamman ga ƙananan kaburbura da aka yi amfani da su a jerin gwanon da aka gudanar a Muharram. Abin ya faro ne daga gaskiyar cewa nisan da Indiya ta yi daga Karbala ya hana a binne Shi'an Indiya a kusa da kabarin Husayn ko yin hajji akai-akai ziyarat zuwa kabarin. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa 'yan Shi'ar Indiya suka kafa karbalas na gida a kan yankin ta hanyar kawo ƙasa daga Karbala da kuma yayyafa ta a kan kuri'a da aka sanya a matsayin makabartu na gaba. Da zarar an kafa karbalas a kan yankin ƙasa, mataki na gaba shi ne kawo kabarin Husayn zuwa Indiya. Wannan an kafa shi ne ta hanyar gina kwatankwacin kabarin Husayn da ake kira ta'zīya don aiwatarwa cikin jerin gwanon Muharram. Dubunnan ta'zīyas'' masu siffofi daban-daban ana yin su kowace shekara don watannin makokin Muharram da Safar; kuma ana daukar su cikin tsari kuma ana iya binne su a karshen Ashura ko Arba'een.
Hotuna
Duba kuma Yakin Karbala
Zanga-zangar Shi'a ta 1977 a Iraki
Tarzoma 1991 a Karbala
Harin Bam na Karbala na 2003
Harin Bam na Ashura na Iraki a 2004
Harin Bam na Karbala na 2007
Arba'een
Ashura
Karbala, Iran
Karbala, Fars
Karbala, Zanjan
Jerin wadanda suka jikkata a rundunar Husayn a yakin Karbala
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wuraren bautar Shi'a na Karbala Wurare masu tsarki
Wakokin Shi'a Karbala Karbala Darasi ne ga Dan Adam
Karbala da Maganganun Karbala
Karbala da Shahada Karbala Gaskiya da Tatsuniyoyi
Karbala, Sarkar Abubuwan
Biranen Iraƙi
Pages with unreviewed |
52861 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir%20Belhadj | Nadir Belhadj | Nadir Belhadj an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1982) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya.
Ɗan ƙasar Algeria, Belhadj tsohon matashin ɗan wasan ƙasar Faransa ne wanda ya buga wa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Faransa wasanni biyu a shekara ta 2000. Belhadj yana cikin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko da suka fara cin gajiyar canjin shekarar 2004 a cikin dokokin cancantar FIFA kamar yadda ya taka leda a matsayin matashin Faransa. Bayan ya sauya sheka na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Algeria, an kira shi zuwa wasan sada zumunci da ba na hukuma ba a ranar 30 ga watan Maris 2004 da kulob ɗin Belgian RAA Louviéroise. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a wasan sada zumunci da ƙasar Sin a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu 2004. Ya taka leda a Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2010, ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2010. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu 2012, ya sanar da yin ritayarsa na ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa da wasanni 54 da ƙwallaye 4.
Belhadj ya taka rawar gani sosai ga kulob ɗin Al Sadd na Qatar a wasan ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Asiya na shekarar 2011, ta hanyar doke ta Koriya ta Kudu Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 4-2 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Belhadj ya zura hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan wasan ya ƙare da ci 2–2 a lokacin ƙa'ida, yana riƙe da jijiyar sa ta doke Kim Min-Sik. Wannan ita ce nasara ta farko ga kulob ɗin Qatar tun lokacin da aka fara gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta AFC a shekara ta 2003, kuma ya kawo ƙarshen ci biyar a jere da Koriya ta Kudu da Japan suka yi.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Belhadj a Saint-Claude, Jura iyayensa 'yan Aljeriya ne, dukansu daga Oran. Ya fara wasa da Jura Sud Foot har zuwa shekarar 1997. Ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan bayan tare da kulob ɗin Racing Besançon.
Aikin kulob
Faransa Dan baya na hagu wanda kuma zai iya aiki a matsayin winger, Belhadj ya fara aikinsa a kulob din Lens na Ligue 1, inda ya kasa yin kungiyar farko. Ya koma Ligue 2 FC Gueugnon a matsayin aro a cikin 2002 kuma bayan ya buga wasanni 26 ya sanya hannu na dindindin a 2003. Belhadj ya buga wa Gueugnon wasanni 36 a gasar Ligue 2 kafin ya koma CS Sedan a 2004. Ya buga wasanni sama da talatin a cikin kowane kakarsa guda biyu tare da Sedan a gasar Ligue 2, yana samun daukaka a karo na biyu.
A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2007, Belhadj ya rattaba hannu kan zakarun Faransa Olympique Lyonnais akan Yuro miliyan 3.24 akan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi. An mayar da shi aro zuwa CS Sedan har zuwa karshen kakar wasa kuma ya sake komawa Lyon a lokacin rani na shekarar 2007. Ya buga wasanni 9 kawai a kulob din, wanda zakaran gasar cin kofin duniya Fabio Grosso ya hana shi a matsayin hagu, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Janairu. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2008, Belhadj ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi tare da tsohon kulob dinsa Lens kan kudin Yuro miliyan 3.6. Watanni shida bayan barinsa Lyon sun lashe kofin Ligue 1 na 2007-08, wanda Belhadj ya ba da gudummawar wasanni 9.
Portsmouth A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2008, Belhadj ya shiga Portsmouth akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci tare da alamar zaɓi na dindindin. Ya buga wasansa na farko na Portsmouth a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Middlesbrough a Fratton Park inda Portsmouth ta tashi daga ragar raga don dawowa da ci 2–1, Belhadj yana taka rawa a hagu tare da Armand Traoré Ya kuma fara wasan farko a Portsmouth na Turai, inda aka doke Vitória de Guimarães da ci 2-0 sannan ya kafa Jermain Defoe da giciye. Ya kuma zura kwallo mai tsayi a ragar Sunderland daga gida a ci 2–1, wanda shine nasarar farko ga sabon koci Tony Adams Belhadj ya taka rawa a wasan da Portsmouth ta yi 2-2 da AC Milan a gasar cin kofin UEFA A ranar 30 ga Disamba, Belhadj ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara hudu da rabi tare da Portsmouth, wanda ya kashe Yuro miliyan 4.5 da aka biya wa Lens, ya ajiye shi a kulob din har zuwa 2013. Ya zama ɗan wasan Portsmouth a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2009 lokacin da aka buɗe taga canja wurin hunturu. A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2009, an kori Belhadj a karon farko don Portsmouth lokacin da ya karɓi katunan gwagwalad rawaya 2 a cikin shan kashi 1-0 da Aston Villa Ko da yake ba koyaushe ya ajiye gwagwalad wurin zama na farko ba, tuno da ya yi don fuskantar Liverpool a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2009 wani yunƙuri ne na Avram Grant kamar yadda Belhadj ya sami damar kiyaye tsohon Pompey Glen Johnson da ya fi so. Belhadj ne ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan. Babban abin haskaka kakar 2009-10 na Belhadj shine burin da aka ci a kan abokan hamayyarsa Southampton a gasar cin kofin FA a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2010. Belhadj ta karshe bayyanar da Portsmouth ya kasance a madadin a shekarar 2010 FA Cup karshe Al Sadd A lokacin kasuwar musayar rani na Shekarar 2011, kungiyoyi da yawa sun nuna sha'awar, irin su Celtic, Wigan da Wolves tare da Al Sadd sun yi watsi da duk shawarwari kamar yadda suke kallon Belhadj a matsayin muhimmin memba na kungiyar. Ya taimaka ya jagoranci gwagwalad tawagarsa zuwa gasar zakarun Turai ta 2011 AFC, inda ta doke Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors a wasan karshe inda ya zura kwallo a bugun fanareti a wasan A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2013, Belhadj ya gayyaci Lekhwiya don buga wasan sada zumunci da Paris Saint-Germain Komawa Faransa Domin kakar shekarar 2021-22, ya koma Sedan, kafin ya bar kulob din don saduwa da iyalinsa a Qatar a ƙarshen watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2021.
Muaither A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2022, Muaither ya rattaba hannu kan Belhadj.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Belhadj ya fara wasansa na kasa da kasa ne a shekara ta 2000 inda ya wakilci Faransa a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekara 18, inda ya buga wasanni biyu kacal a kungiyar. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2004, Belhadj ya fara buga wasansa na farko ba bisa ka'ida ba ga tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Algeria a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da kulob din Belgium RAA Louviéroise da ci 0-0. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2004, ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kasar Sin A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2007, Belhadj ya sami burinsa na farko na kasa da kasa a wasan sada zumunci da Argentina ta doke su da ci 4-3. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a inda ya doke mai tsaron gida Roberto Abbondanzieri sau biyu daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.
A gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika a 2010, an kore shi a wasan kusa da na da Masar da kati kai tsaye, sannan kuma ya samu dakatarwar wasanni biyu na gasar kasa da kasa, lamarin da ya hana shi buga wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika da Tanzania a 2012.
Tun a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 da kuma kulla yarjejeniya da Al-Sadd a Qatar Stars League, Belhadj ya ga matsayinsa na hagu a bayan kasa zuwa Djamel Mesbah, tun bayan bayyanar da ya yi da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2012, Belhadj ya sanar da yin ritaya a duniya.
Manufar kasa da kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta ci. Shagon "Maki" yana nuna maki bayan burin ɗan wasan.
Girmamawa Sedan
Coupe de France ya zo na biyu: 2004–05
Lens
Coupe de la Ligue 2007-08
Portsmouth
Gasar cin Kofin FA 2009-10 Al-Sadd
Qatar Stars League 2012–13
Sarkin Qatar Cup 2014, 2015
Kofin Qatar Sheikh Jassim 2014
Qatari Stars Cup 2010
AFC Champions League 2011
Al-Saliya
Kofin Stars na Qatar: 2020-21
Mutum
Gwarzon Ligue 2 2004-05, 2005-06
Ƙungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2009 Gwarzon dan wasan Qatar Stars League: 2013–14
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nadir Belhadj French league stats at LFP also available in French Nadir Belhadj at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1982
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Dagomba | Mutanen Dagomba | Dagombas ƙabilar Gur ce ta arewacin Ghana, waɗanda yawansu ya haura miliyan 2.3. Su na zaune a Arewacin kasar Ghana a cikin yankin savanna da ke ƙarƙashin bel ɗin sahelian, wanda aka sa ni da Sudan. Su na magana da yaren Dagbani wanda ke cikin rukunin Mole-Dagbani na harsunan Gur. Akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Dagbani kusan miliyan 1 zuwa 2. Dagomba su na da alaƙa a tarihi da mutanen Mossi. Mohi/Mossi yanzu suna da ƙasarsu a tsakiyar ƙasar Burkina Faso a yau. Ƙasar mahaifar Dagomba ana kiranta Dagbon kuma tana da kusan kilomita 20,000 a cikin yanki.
Ana daukar Na Gbewa a matsayin wanda ya kafa Dagbon. Dagomba na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan al'adar baka waɗanda ake sakawa da ganguna da sauran kayan kiɗa. Don haka, yawancin tarihin su, har zuwa kwanan nan, an ba da su ta hanyar al'adar baka tare da masu ganga a matsayin ƙwararrun griots. Bisa al'adar baka, tarihin siyasar Dagbon ya samo asali ne daga tarihin rayuwar wani almara mai suna Tohazie (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "mai farauta").
Addinin Musulunci ya yi tasiri sosai a al'adun Dagomba, wanda 'yan kasuwa Soninke (wanda aka fi sani da Wangara ta Ghana) 'yan kasuwa ne suka kawo yankin a tsakanin karni na 12 zuwa 15. Tun zamanin Naa Zangina, Musulunci shi ne addinin gwamnati, kuma da alama Musulunci yana cigaba cikin sauri tun daga lokacin. Ayyukan kawo sauyi na Afa Anjura a tsakiyar karni na ashirin ya sa al'umma gaba daya suka rungumi addinin Musulunci gaba daya. Gado a cikin mutanen Dagomba na kabila ne. Muhimman bukukuwa sun hada da Damba, Bugum (bikin wuta) sannan da kuma bukukuwan Idi na Musulunci. Babban mazaunin Dagomba shine Tamale, wanda kuma ke zama babban birnin yankin Arewa.
Jihohin Mossi da Dagomba na daga cikin manyan daulolin tsakiyar yammacin Afirka. Tun daga karni na 12, a ƙarshe sun mallaki ƙasashen yankin arewacin Volta, wanda a yau ya haɗa da arewacin Ghana da Burkina Faso. A lokacin fadada su na biyu na arewa, mamayar Mossi ta kai gabashin Maasina da tafkin Debo c. 1400, Benka in c. Shekarar 1433 da Walata a 1477-83 (wadannan dauloli suna cikin Mali a yau). A cewar Illiasu (1971) a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Origins of Mossi-Dagomba states, lokaci na biyu na nasarar Mossi-Dagomba ya zo ƙarshe tare da maido da ikon Imperial Songhai a ƙarshen karni na 15. Duk da cewa jihohin Mossi-Dagomba suna da kaka daya (Na Gbewa), amma bisa ga al'ada ana daukar Dagomba a matsayin "babba" ga jihohin Mossi na Ouagadougou, Yatenga da Fada N'Gourma.
Asalin Dagombas sun yi hijira daga kewayen tafkin Chadi bayan wargajewar daular Ghana a karshen karni na 13.
Masarautar Dagbon Ƙasar mahaifar Dagombas ana kiranta Dagbon kuma tana da kusan kilomita 20,000 a cikin yanki. Yawancin yankin Konkombas ne suka mamaye shi kafin kafa Masarautar Dagbon. Ya ƙunshi yanki na Arewacin kasar Ghana, wanda ya haɗa da Mamprusi, Nanumba, Gonja, Mossi, Gurunsi (musamman mutanen Frafra da Kusasi), mutanen Wala da Ligbi. Yankin ya ƙunshi gundumomi goma sha huɗu na gudanarwa a Ghana a yau. Wadannan sune kananan hukumomin Tamale Metropolitan, Yendi, Savelugu da Sagnerigu, da Tolon, Kumbungu, Nanton, Gushegu, Karaga, Zabzugu, Saboba, Sang, Tatale da Cheriponi. Sarkin masarautar Dagbon shi ne Ya-Na, wanda fadarsa da babban birninsa ke Yendi. Dagbon a matsayin masarauta ba a taba yin kasa a gwiwa ba har sai an hade ta a matsayin wani yanki na gwamnatin Gold Coast. Masarautar Dagbon tana da al'amuran gudanarwa na al'ada har zuwa yanzu ƙungiyoyin acephalous kamar Konkomba, Bimoba, Chekosi, Basari, Chamba, Wala, Gurusi da Zantasi. Wurin zama na Ya-Na ko sarkin Dagbon (a zahiri an fassara shi da "Sarkin Cikakkun Iko") tarin fatun zaki da na shanu ne. Don haka, ana kiran Dagbon ko tsarin siyasarsa da fatar Yendi (ba sarauta ko rawani ko stool ba). Wani abin da ke damun Dagomba shi ne yadda aka tsara gidajensu bisa tsari, inda sarki ko dattijo ya gina bukkarsa a tsakiya.
Mulki Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'ummar Dagomba shi ne sarauta. Tsarin sarautarsu yana da tsari sosai, tare da Yaa-Naa, ko babban sarki, a kan sa da tsarin masu mulki a ƙarƙashinsa. A Dagbon, sarakuna sun saba zama a kan tarin fatun.
Sanannen Dagombas Yakubu II Sarkin Dagbon na karshe.
Aliu Mahama Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana daga 2000 zuwa 2008.
Haruna Yakubu Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Nazarin Ci Gaba.
Haruna Iddrisu Dan siyasar Ghana.
Afa Ajura wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama’a a kasar Ghana
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32598 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria%20Hooper%2C%20Baroness%20Hooper | Gloria Hooper, Baroness Hooper | Gloria Dorothy Hooper, Baroness Hooper, CMG, DSG, FRSA, FRGS (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da tara 1939A.C) lauya ce a kasar Burtaniya kuma ma'abociyar ra'ayin mazan jiya a majalisar House of Lords.
'Yar Frederick da Frances (née Maloney) Hooper ce, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta La Sainte Union Convent, Southampton, sannan kuma Makarantar Ballet ta Royal. Ta halarci Jami'ar Southampton, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a cikin 1960 kuma a Universidad Central del Ecuador, inda ta kasance Fellow Foundation na Rotary Baroness Hooper ya buɗe Makarantar Quito ta Burtaniya a cikin watan Satumban 1995.
Asalinta a shari'a Hooper ta kasance mataimakiya ga babban magatakarda na haɗin gwiwar John Lewis tsakanin 1960-1961 kuma edita a cikin dokar yanzu ta Sweet & Maxwell, Masu Buga Shari'a tsakanin 1961-1962. Daga 1962 1967, ta kasance jami’ar yada labarai, zuwa majalisar birnin Winchester kuma daga 1967 –1972, mataimakiyar lauya tare da Taylor da Humbert. A cikin 1972–1973, Hooper ta kasance mai bada shawara shari'a ga Slater Walker France SA Tsakanin 1974-1984, ta kasance abokiyar tarayya tare da Taylor da Humbert (yanzu Taylor, Wessing).
Siyasa Ta kasance cikakkiyar memba ta jam'iyyar Conservative, Hooper ta kasance yar takarar jam'iyyar Liverpool a zaben majalisar Turai na shekarar 1979. Ko da yake ana tunanin kujerar ba ta da tsaro, amma Hooper ya lashe ta da 7,227 a kan Terry Harrison na Labour, memba na kungiyar 'yan bindiga. Idan aka kwatanta zaben da jimillar kuri'un da aka kada a babban zaben shekarar 1979 makonni biyar da suka gabata, yawan kuri'un da aka kada a jam'iyyar Conservative ya kai kashi 11% a Liverpool, sabanin kashi 5% na kasa baki daya. An kayar da Hooper a zaben 1984 a mazabar Merseyside West.
Alakoki Anguilla All Party Parliamentary Group, co-shugaban
Law Society of England and Wales, memba
Memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari, Bincike na Polar da Ƙaddamar Siyasa Shugaban Kungiyar Masu Bayar da Ilimi ta Biritaniya
Mataimakin Shugaban Gidan Canning (Majalisar Hispanic da Luso Brazilian)
Shugaban Waste Watch
Shugaban Gidauniyar Turai don Ƙwarewar Tarihi
Cibiyar Nazarin Amirka Jami'ar London mamba
Shugaban Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru
Shugaban Gidauniyar Anglo Latin-American Foundation
Shugaban Friends of Colombia for Social Aid
Shugaban Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka ta Tsakiya (CABC)
Aminci da Zumunci Dogara, Royal Academy of Dance
Amintaccen, Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Duniya
Amintacce, Gidajen tarihi na ƙasa da Hotuna na Merseyside Development Trust
Amintaccen Abokin Hulɗa Abokin Hulɗa, Masana'antu da Amincewar Majalisa (da ɗan'uwanmu)
Amintaccen, The Tablet
Fellow, Royal Society of Arts
Fellow, Royal Geographical Society Tsari An saka ta a matsayin Ma'abociya odar St Michael da St George (CMG) a cikin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2002 kuma a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1985, an ƙirƙiri ta abokiyar rayuwa tare da taken Baroness Hooper, na Liverpool da St James's a cikin birnin Westminster An halicce ta Dame na Order of St Gregory Mai Girma Manazarta
Sources Rayayyun |
29869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20hanya | Haƙƙin hanya | Haƙƙin hanya shi ne "haƙƙin doka, wanda aka kafa ta amfani ko bayarwa, don wucewa ta wata hanya ta musamman ta filaye ko kadarorin wani", ko "hanya ko babbar hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin irin wannan haƙƙin". Hakanan akwai irin wannan haƙƙin samun na dama a ƙasar da gwamnati ke riƙe, filaye waɗanda galibi ana kiran su ƙasar jama'a, filayen jiha, ko kuma ƙasar Crown Lokacin da mutum ɗaya ya mallaki ƙasar da ke kan iyaka ta kowane bangare ta filayen mallakar wasu, ana iya samun sauƙi, ko kuma a ƙirƙira don fara haƙƙin shiga ƙasar da ke kan iyaka Ko ƙarshenta.
Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali ne a kan samun shiga ta ƙafa, da keke, doki, ko ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da Dama-na-hanyar (shiri) ta mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin amfani da ƙasa don manyan tituna, layin dogo, da bututun mai.
Hanya ta ƙafa haƙƙin hanya ce wadda bisa doka kawai masu tafiya a ƙafa nebza su iya amfani da su. Titin bridle haƙƙin hanya ce wacce masu tafiya a ƙasa kawai, masu keke da dawaki za su iya amfani da su bisa doka, amma ba ta abubuwan hawa ba. A wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Arewacin Turai, inda 'yancin yin yawo a tarihi ya ɗauki nau'i na haƙƙin jama'a, ba za a iya taƙaita haƙƙin hanya zuwa takamaiman hanyoyi ko hanyoyi ba.
Madadin ma'anar Ƙarin ma'anar haƙƙin hanya, musamman a cikin sufuri na ƙasar Amurka, shi ne nau'in sauƙi da aka ba shi ko aka tanada akan ƙasar don dalilai na sufuri, wannan na iya zama don babbar hanya, hanyar ƙafar jama'a, layin dogo, canal, da kuma watsa wutar lantarki. layuka, bututun mai da iskar gas. Kalmar na iya bayyana fifikon zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, "haƙƙin doka na mai tafiya a ƙasa, abin hawa, ko jirgin ruwa don ci gaba da fifiko akan wasu a wani yanayi ko wuri". A cikin ladubban tafiye -tafiye, inda idan ƙungiyoyi biyu na masu tuƙi suka haɗu a kan tudu, al'ada ta taso a wasu wuraren da ƙungiyar ta hau tudu tana da haƙƙin hanya Ko hanyoyi.
A duk duniya
New Zealand Akwai fa'ida ga jama'a a ƙasar New Zealand, gami da hanyoyin ruwa da bakin teku, to amma "sau da yawa ya rabu kuma yana da wahalar ganewa".
Jamhuriyar Ireland A cikin Jamhuriyar Ireland, haƙƙin masu tafiya a ƙasa na hanyar zuwa coci, da aka sani da hanyoyin jama'a, sun wanzu tsawon ƙarni. A wasu lokuta, dokar zamani ba ta da tabbas; A gefe guda, dokokin zamanin Victorian kan sauƙi suna kare haƙƙin mai mallakar dukiya, wanda kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1937 ya inganta, wanda ya ayyana cewa haƙƙin hanya dole ne a keɓe musamman don amfanin jama'a. Ana adawa da waɗannan, waɗanda ke da'awar haƙƙin gama gari na hanya harkar zuwa ga wani matsayi na ƙasa wanda ya ƙare yakin Land na shekara ta 1880s zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Birtaniyya a shekara ta 1922. Ana iya tabbatar da haƙƙin hanya ta hanyar mallaka mara kyau, amma tabbatar da ci gaba da amfani na iya zama da wahala. Shari'ar da aka ji a cikin shekarar 2010 game da da'awar a kan gidan gidan Lissadell ya dogara ne akan dokokin tarihi, tun lokacin da Dokar Gyaran Kasa da Bayar da Doka, a shekara ta 2009 ta gyara Dokar ta shekarar 2009 ta kuma soke koyaswar bayar da tallafi na zamani, kuma ta ba mai amfani damar da'awar haƙƙin hanya bayan shekaru kusan 12 na amfani da shi a cikin ƙasa mai zaman kansa mallakar wani, shekaru 30 akan ƙasar jiha da shekaru 60 a kan gaba Dole ne mai da’awar ya nemi kotuna, sannan a tabbatar da da’awarsu ta hanyar umarnin kotu, sannan a yi mata rajista da kyau kan takardun mallakar, tsari mai tsawo. Dole ne mai amfani ya tabbatar da "jin daɗi ba tare da ƙarfi ba, ba tare da ɓoyewa ba kuma ba tare da izini na baki ko a rubuce na mai shi ba", sake bayyana ƙa'idar tsohuwar ƙarni na Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario Umarnin kotu da ke ba da haƙƙin hanya na sirri ne ga mai nema har tsawon rayuwarsa, kuma ba za a iya gadonsa ko sanya shi ba.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ingila da Wales A Ingila da Wales, ban da a cikin gundumomi kimanin guda 12 na ciki na London da birnin Landan, haƙƙoƙin jama'a hanyoyi ne waɗanda jama'a ke da haƙƙin Doka a Ingila da Wales ta bambanta da na Scotland a cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin hanya kawai suna kasancewa a inda aka keɓe su (ko kuma za a iya sanya su idan ba a rigaya ba) yayin da a Scotland duk wata hanya da ta dace da wasu sharuɗɗa an bayyana shi a matsayin dama ta hanya., kuma ban da haka akwai babban zato na samun damar shiga karkara. Hakanan akwai haƙƙin masu zaman kansu na hanya ko sauƙi Hanyoyi na ƙafafu, bridleways da sauran haƙƙoƙin hanya a yawancin Ingila da Wales ana nuna su akan taswirori na musamman Taswirar taswirar taswirar taswira ce ta haƙƙin jama'a na hanya a Ingila da Wales. A cikin doka shi ne tabbataccen rikodin inda haƙƙin hanya yake. Hukumar manyan tituna (yawanci karamar hukumar gundumomi, ko kuma hukuma ta tarayya a yankunan da ke da tsarin bene daya) tana da aikin doka na kiyaye taswirar tabbatacce, kodayake a wuraren shakatawa na kasa hukumar kula da shakatawa ta kasa yawanci tana kula da taswira.
London An tsara taswirorin taswirar haƙƙoƙin jama'a ga duk dan ƙasar Ingila da Wales a sakamakon Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya ta shekarar 2000, ban da gundumomi goma sha biyu na ciki na London waɗanda, tare da birnin London, ba a rufe su ba. ta Dokar.
Don kare haƙƙin da ake da su a Landan, Ramblers sun ƙaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a cikin shekara ta 2010 da nufin samun "kariyar doka iri ɗaya don hanyoyi a babban birnin kamar yadda aka riga aka samu don ƙafafu a wasu wurare a Ingila da Wales. A halin yanzu, doka ta baiwa gundumomin Inner London damar zaɓar samar da taswirorin taswira idan suna so, amma babu wanda ya yi haka. An kaddamar da taron kaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a dakin karatu na Burtaniya, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin "Yankin Inner London na Ramblers yana aiki tare da ma'aikatan Babban Ofishin Ramblers don kokarin shawo kan kowane gundumomi na ciki na London a kan abin da ake so. na samar da tabbataccen taswirorin haƙƙin hanya". A cikin shekara ta 2011 Majalisar Lambeth ta zartar da ƙuduri don yin aiki don ƙirƙirar taswirar taswira ga gundumarsu, amma har yanzu wannan bai wanzu ba. Birnin London ya samar da Taswirar Samun Jama'a. Taswirorin taswira sun wanzu don gundumomi na waje na London Hanyoyi masu izini Wasu masu mallakar filaye suna ba da izinin shiga ƙasarsu ba tare da keɓe haƙƙin hanya ba. Waɗannan galibi ba a bambance su a zahiri da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma ana iya iyakance su. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin galibi ana rufe su aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, ta yadda ba za a iya kafa haƙƙin hanya ta dindindin a cikin doka ba.
Scotland A Scotland, haƙƙin hanya hanya ce da jama'a suka sami damar wucewa ba tare da tsangwama ba na akalla shekaru 20. Dole ne hanyar ta haɗu da "wuraren jama'a" guda biyu, kamar ƙauyuka, coci-coci ko hanyoyi. Ba kamar a Ingila da Wales ba babu wani takalifi a kan ƙananan hukumomin Scotland don sanya hannu kan haƙƙin hanya. Koyaya ƙungiyar agaji ta Scotways, wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1845 don kare haƙƙin hanya, rubutawa da sanya hannu kan hanyoyin. Dokar sake fasalin ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 da aka tsara a cikin doka na gargajiya, marasa motsi, hanyoyin samun damar ƙasa da ruwa. Ƙarƙashin Dokar shekarar 2003 an buga bayanin haƙƙoƙin harshe bayyananne ta Ƙarƙashin Halitta na Scottish: Lambar Samun Waje ta Scotland An cire wasu nau'ikan filaye daga wannan zato na samun damar shiga, kamar filin jirgin ƙasa, filayen jirage da lambuna masu zaman kansu. Sashe na 4 na Code Access ya bayyana yadda aka ba masu kula da filaye damar neman jama'a su guji wasu wurare na wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan don gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, duk da haka dole ne ƙaramar hukuma ta amince da ƙuntatawa na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da ikon hana isa ga jama'a na ɗan lokaci ba tare da sanarwa ba ta hanyar harbi, gandun daji ko masu sarrafa iska, amma baya ƙara zuwa Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na Jama'a. A Scotland jama'a suna da babban matakin 'yanci akan Haƙƙin Hanya fiye da buɗaɗɗen ƙasa. Toshe Haƙƙin Hanya a Scotland wani cikas ne na laifi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Manyan Hanyoyi, kamar yadda yake a Ingila da Wales, amma rashin samun damar taswirorin Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na jama'a a Scotland yana da wahala a aiwatar da shi. Duk da yake a Ingila da Wales, hukumomin babbar hanya suna da alhakin kiyaye taswirar haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da su bisa doka, a cikin Scotland dokoki daban-daban sun shafi kuma babu wani rikodin haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da shi bisa doka. Duk da haka, akwai Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa (CROW), wanda Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin hanya na Scotland da Access Society (Scotways) suka haɗa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Scottish Natural Heritage, da taimakon hukumomin gida. Akwai nau'ikan haƙƙin hanya guda uku a cikin CROW:
tabbatarwa hanyoyin da aka ayyana su a matsayin haƙƙin hanya ta wasu hanyoyin doka;
tabbatarwa hanyoyin da mai gida ya yarda da su azaman haƙƙin hanya, ko kuma inda hukumomin gida suka shirya ɗaukar matakin doka don kare su;
da'awar wasu haƙƙin hanyoyin, waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko tabbatar da su, amma waɗanda ke da alama sun cika ka'idojin doka na gama gari kuma har yanzu ba a yi gardama a kan doka ba.
Ireland ta Arewa Ireland ta Arewa tana da ƴancin haƙƙoƙin jama'a na hanya kuma samun damar shiga ƙasar a Arewacin Ireland ya fi ƙuntata fiye da sauran sassan Biritaniya, ta yadda a yawancin yankuna masu yawo ba za su iya jin daɗin ƙauyen ba kawai saboda yarda da haƙurin masu mallakar ƙasa. An samu izini daga duk masu mallakar filaye a duk fadin ƙasarsu Hanyar Waymarked da Ulster Way Mafi yawan filayen jama'a na Arewacin Ireland ana iya samun dama, misali Ma'aikatar ruwa da filin sabis na gandun daji, kamar yadda ƙasar ke da kuma ƙungiyoyi irin su National Trust da Woodland Trust Ireland ta Arewa tana da tsarin shari'a iri ɗaya da Ingila, gami da ra'ayoyi game da ikon mallakar ƙasa da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma tana da tsarin kotuna, tsarin abubuwan da suka gabata da takamaiman dokar samun dama.
Amurka A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ana ƙirƙiri hanyar dama ta hanya ta zama nau'i na sauƙi Sauƙaƙe na iya zama mai fa'ida mai sauƙi, wanda ke amfanar kadarorin maƙwabta, ko sassauƙa gabaɗaya, wanda ke amfanar wani mutum ko mahaluƙi sabanin wani yanki na ƙasar. Duba kuma "Ma'anar Madadin" a sama, dangane da nau'ikan sauƙi da aka bayar ko aka tanada akan ƙasa don dalilai na sufuri,
Dama don yawo 'Yancin yin yawo, ko 'yancin kowane mutum shine haƙƙin jama'a na jama'a na samun damar shiga wani fili na jama'a ko na sirri don nishaɗi da motsa jiki. An ba da izinin shiga ko'ina cikin kowace buɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa, ban da hanyoyi da waƙoƙi da ake da su.
A Ingila da Wales haƙƙoƙin samun damar jama'a sun shafi wasu nau'ikan ƙasar da ba a noma ba musamman "dutse, moor, zafi, ƙasa da ƙasa gama gari masu rijista". Ƙasar da aka bunƙasa, lambuna da wasu yankuna musamman an keɓe su daga haƙƙin shiga. Ana iya samun ƙasar noma idan ta faɗi cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka kwatanta a sama (Duba Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya 2000 Yawancin gandun daji na jama'a suna da irin wannan haƙƙin shiga ta hanyar sadaukar da kai na son rai da Hukumar Kula da gandun daji ta yi Mutanen da ke amfani da haƙƙin samun dama suna da wasu ayyuka na mutunta haƙƙin wasu mutane na gudanar da ƙasa, da kuma kare yanayi da yanci.
A cikin Scotland da ƙasashen Nordic na Finland, Iceland, Norway da Sweden da kuma ƙasashen Baltic na Estonia, Latvia da Lithuania 'yancin yin yawo na iya ɗaukar nau'in haƙƙin jama'a na gama gari waɗanda wasu lokuta ana tsara su cikin doka. Samun damar tsoho ne a sassan Arewacin Turai kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin isasshe na asali wanda ba a tsara shi a cikin doka ba sai zamanin yau. Wannan haƙƙin kuma yakan haɗa da shiga tafkuna da koguna, don haka ayyuka kamar iyo, kwale-kwale, tuƙi da tuƙi. Dokar sake fasalin ƙasar (Scotland) ta shekarar 2003 tana ba kowa haƙƙin samun dama ga yawancin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a cikin Scotland (ban da ababen hawa), samar da cewa suna mutunta haƙƙin wasu. Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Burtaniya ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga jama'a. BCU tana amfani da yaƙin neman zaɓe ba wai don wayar da kan al'amuran samun dama ba kawai, amma don ƙoƙarin kawo canje-canje a cikin doka.
Yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi irin su Madagascar suna da manufofin tarihi na buɗe damar shiga gandun daji ko wuraren jeji.
Ƙasar jama'a Wasu ƙasar da aka daɗe ana ɗaukar jama'a ko kambi na iya zama yankin ƴan asalin ƙasar, a cikin ƙasashen da aka yi na mulkin mallaka.
Ƙasar Crown a Kanada Yawancin Kanada ƙasar Crown ce ta larduna Wasu ana hayar su don ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar gandun daji ko hakar ma'adinai, amma akan yawancinsu akwai damar shiga kyauta don ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin tafiye-tafiye, keke, kwale-kwale, tseren kan iyaka, hawan doki, da farauta da kamun kifi, da sauransu. A lokaci guda ana iya ƙuntata ko iyakance damar shiga saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, don kare lafiyar jama'a ko albarkatu, gami da kare tsirrai da dabbobin daji). A cikin Yankunan Kanada Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kanada ce ke gudanar da ƙasar Crown. An ƙirƙiri wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Kanada daga ƙasan Crown kuma Gwamnatin Tarayya kuma ke gudanar da ita. Sannan kuma Hakanan akwai wuraren shakatawa na larduna da wuraren ajiyar yanayi waɗanda aka ƙirƙira makamancin haka. Mutanen ƙabilar Kanada na iya samun takamaiman hakki akan ƙasar Crown da aka kafa ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da suka rattaba hannu a lokacin da Kanada ke mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya, kuma sun yi iƙirarin mallakar wasu ƙasar Crown.
Ƙasar Crown a Ostiraliya Yawancin yankin ƙasar Ostiraliya shine Crown land, wanda jihohin Ostiraliya ke gudanarwa. Yawancin ya ƙunshi hayar makiyaya, ƙasar da mutanen Aborigin suka mallaka da kuma gudanarwa (misali Ƙasar APY da kuma "wanda ba a raba" Ƙasar Crown. Ana ba da izinin shiga na ƙarshe don dalilai na nishaɗi, kodayake ana buƙatar motoci masu motsi don bin hanyoyi.
Ƙasar jama'a a Amurka Yawancin filayen jama'a na jihohi da na tarayya a buɗe suke don amfanin nishaɗi. Damar nishaɗi ta dogara ne akan hukumar gudanarwa, kuma tana gudanar da aikin daga faɗaɗɗen wuraren buɗe ido na kyauta ga kowa da kowa, waɗanda ba a buɗe su ba na Ofishin Kula da Filaye zuwa wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa na Amurka da ake sarrafawa sosai. Matsugunan namun daji da wuraren kula da namun daji na jihohi, waɗanda aka gudanar da farko don haɓaka wurin zama, gabaɗaya a buɗe suke don kallon namun daji, tafiye-tafiye, da farauta, yawace-yawace sai dai rufewa don kare mace-mace da sheƙar gida, ko don rage damuwa kan dabbobin hunturu Ko sanyi.Dazuzzuka na ƙasa gabaɗaya suna da cakuda hanyoyin da aka kiyaye da kuma tituna, jeji da wuraren da ba a bunƙasa ba, da wuraren raye-raye da wuraren zama.
Ruwa
Gaba Hakkokin jama'a akai-akai suna wanzuwa a gaban rairayin bakin teku. A cikin tattaunawa ta shari'a ana kiran bakin teku sau da yawa a matsayin yanki mai yashi Don rairayin bakin teku masu zaman kansu a cikin Amurka, wasu jihohi kamar Massachusetts suna amfani da ƙaramin alamar ruwa azaman layin raba tsakanin kadarorin Jiha da na mai bakin teku. Sauran jihohi kamar California suna amfani da alamar ruwa mai tsayi.
A cikin Burtaniya, gabaɗaya ana ɗaukan gandun daji mallakin Crown ne duk da cewa akwai wasu abubuwan ban mamaki, musamman ma abin da ake kira kamun kifi da yawa waɗanda za su iya zama ayyukan tarihi don taken, tun daga zamanin Sarki John ko a baya, da kuma Dokar Udal., dukkan wanda ya shafi gabaɗaya a cikin Orkney da Shetland Duk da yake a cikin sauran Biritaniya ikon mallakar ƙasa ya ƙare har zuwa babban alamar ruwa, kuma ana ganin Crown ya mallaki abin da ke ƙasa da shi, a Orkney da Shetland ya haɓaka zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci lokacin bazara. Inda yankin gaba ke mallakar Crown jama'a suna samun damar shiga ƙasa da layin da ke nuna babban tudun ruwa A Girka, bisa ga L. 2971/01, an ayyana yankin gabas a matsayin yanki na bakin teku wanda zai iya kaiwa ta iyakar hawan raƙuman ruwa a bakin tekun (mafi girman igiyar ruwa a bakin tekun) a cikin iyakar su. iya aiki (mafi girman magana zuwa "yawanci matsakaicin raƙuman hunturu" kuma ba shakka ba ga lokuta na musamman ba, kamar tsunami da sauransu. A Yankin bakin teku, baya ga keɓancewar doka, na jama'a ne, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin gine-gine na dindindin a kai ba.
Kamar yadda yake tare da busasshiyar yashi na bakin teku, takaddamar doka da ta siyasa na iya tasowa kan mallakar da kuma amfani da jama'a na gabar teku Misali ɗaya na baya-bayan nan shi ne gardamar gaba da tekun New Zealand da ta shafi iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Māori Koyaya, Dokar Ruwa da Yankin Teku (Takutai Moana) Dokar 2011 ta ba da garantin shiga jama'a kyauta.
Rivers Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Ingila da Wales ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a.
Duba sauran abubuwa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Manazarta Hanyoyi na Gado (Haƙƙin haƙƙin Scotland)
Ci gaba da buɗe Ireland
Hakkokin jama'a na hanya (Naturenet)
Hakkokin jama'a na hanyar shiga teku a tsibirin Rhode, Amurka Archived The Ramblers: Hakkoki na asali na doka
Scotsway: Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Wayyo Access Society na Scotland
Hanya
Doka
Yanci
Hakki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24411 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliyawa%20a%20China | Mongoliyawa a China | Mongols a China ko Chanisancin ongoliya 'yan ƙabilar Mongoliya ne waɗanda suka kasance cikin gida kuma aka haɗa su cikin ginin ƙasar Jamhuriyar Sin (1912-1949) bayan faduwar Masarautar Qing (1636-1911). Waɗanda ba a haɗa su ba sun ɓace a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Mongoliya na 1911 kuma a cikin 1921 Jamhuriyar China ta amince Mongols su zama wani bangare na tsere guda biyar karkashin kungiya daya Wanda ya gaje shi, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1949-), ya amince da Mongols su zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan kabilu 55 na China.
Kamar yadda akwai Mongoliya miliyan 5.8 a China. Yawancin su suna zaune ne a cikin Mongoliya ta ciki, arewa maso gabashin China, Xinjiang da Qinghai Yawan Mongol a China ya ninka na Mongoliya mai mulkin kai ninki biyu.
Rarraba An raba Mongols a China tsakanin yankuna masu zaman kansu da larduna kamar haka:
68.72%: Yankin Mongoliya mai cin gashin kansa
11.52%: Liaoning lardin
2.96%: Lardin Jilin
2.92%: Lardin Hebei
2.58%: Yankin Xinjiang Uyghur mai cin gashin kansa
2.43%: Lardin Heilongjiang
1.48%: Lardin Qinghai
1.41%: Lardin Henan
5.98%: Sauran ƙasar China
Bayan yankin Mongoliya mai cin gashin kansa, akwai wasu kananan hukumomin gudanarwa na Mongol masu cin gashin kansu a kasar Sin.
Matsayin lardi:
Haixi Mongol da yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa (a Qinghai)
Bayingolin Mongol mai cin gashin kansa (a Xinjiang)
Gundumar Bortala Mongol mai cin gashin kanta (a Xinjiang)
Matsayin gundumar:
Weichang Manchu da Mongol mai cin gashin kansa (a Hebei)
Yankin Mongol mai cin gashin kansa na Harqin (a Liaoning)
Fuxin Mongol County mai cin gashin kansa (a Liaoning)
Qian Gorlos Mongol County mai cin gashin kansa (a Jilin)
Dorbod Mongol mai cin gashin kansa (a Heilongjiang)
Subei Mongol County mai cin gashin kansa (a Gansu)
Yankin Mongol mai cin gashin kansa (a Qinghai)
Hoboksar Mongol County mai cin gashin kansa (a Xinjiang)
Rarraba Ƙasar Sin ta rarrabe ƙungiyoyin Mongoliya daban -daban kamar Buryats da Oirats a cikin rukuni guda kamar na Mongol tare da Mongols na ciki. Wata ƙabila da ba Mongoliya ba, Tuvans kuma China ta sanya su a matsayin Mongols. Harshen hukuma da ake amfani da shi ga duk waɗannan Mongoliya a China shine ma'aunin adabi dangane da yaren Chahar na Mongol. Wasu al'ummomin da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta ayyana a matsayin Mongols a hukumance ba sa magana da kowane nau'in yaren Mongolic Irin waɗannan al'ummomin sun haɗa da Sichuan Mongols (yawancinsu suna magana da sigar yaren Naic Yunnan Mongols (yawancinsu suna magana da yaren Loloish da Mongols na Henan Mongol Autonomous County a Qinghai (yawancinsu suna magana da Amdo Tibetan. da/ko Sinanci Ƙungiyoyi masu dangantaka Ba duk ƙungiyoyin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Mongoliya na da da aka ware a hukumance a matsayin Mongols a ƙarƙashin tsarin yanzu. Sauran ƙabilun hukuma a China waɗanda ke magana da yaren Mongolic sun haɗa da:
Dongxiang na lardin Gansu
da Monguor na Qinghai da Gansu Lardunan
Daur na Mongoliya ta ciki
Bonan na lardin Gansu
wasu Yugurs na Lardin Gansu (sauran Yugur suna magana da yaren Turkic Kuangjia Hui na lardin Qinghai
Sanannen mutane Sengge Rinchen, mai martaba daular Qing da janar
Ulanhu, ɗan siyasa, tsohon Shugaban Inong Mongolia, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'a
Bayanqolu, Sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis na Lardin Jilin, tsohon Sakataren Jam'iyyar na Ningbo
Uyunqimg, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Dindindin na Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa
Fu Ying, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje, tsohon jakadan Birtaniya, Australia da Philippines
Li Siguang, masanin ilimin ƙasa, wanda ya kafa geomechanics na China
Yang Shixian, masanin kimiyya, kansila na Jami'ar Nankai
Siqin Gaowa, actress
Mengke Bateer, dan wasan kwallon kwando na CBA da NBA
Bao Xishun, daya daga cikin mutane mafi tsayi a duniya
Tengger, mawaƙin pop/rock
Buren Bayaer, mawaƙa, mawaki da wasan barkwanci
Uudam, mawaƙin yara
Huugjilt, mutumin da aka kashe bisa kuskure a 1996
Zhang Xiaoping
Chinggeltei (1924–2013), masanin harshe, ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana kan yaren Khitan
Jalsan, masanin harshe kuma jagoran addinin Buddha
Batdorj-in Baasanjab, actor
Xiao Qian, mai ilimi
Bai Xue, lauya kuma masanin shari’a
Bai Yansong, anga TV
Han Lei, mawaƙin pop
Wang Lijun, babban shugaban 'yan sanda kuma ɗan siyasa
Bai Wenqi, Laftanar Janar na Sojojin Sama na PLA
Ulan, mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar na lardin Hunan
Qilu, Daraktan Sabbin Kayayyakin Makamashi da Dakin Fasaha na Jami'ar Peking
Hotuna
Nassoshi
Ambato
Majiyoyi Haƙƙin Dan -Adam a China: China, Keɓe marasa rinjaye, Marginalization da tashin hankali, London, Ƙungiyar 'Yan tsiraru ta Ƙasashen Duniya, 2007
de Rachewiltz, Igor. 1981. "A FASSARAR FASAHA TA MENG-TA PEI-LU DA HEI-TA SHIH-LÜEH: TATTALIN BAYANI". Monumenta Serica 35. Buga Maney: 571 82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726521 https://archive.org/details/02081581.cn
Ct http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=80917 http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/heidashilve.html
Sin
Tarihin |
49301 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%20na%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Fam na Afirka ta Kudu | Fam Afrikaans: kandami; alamar £SA don bambanta) ita ce kudin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu daga kafuwar ƙasar a ƙarƙashin mulkin Biritaniya a 1910. An maye gurbinsa da rand a cikin 1961 lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta ragu.
A shekara ta 1825, wani tsarin mulki na sarauta ya yi tayin siyar da tsabar kudi a duk yankunan Birtaniyya. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, Sterling da tsabar kuɗin da ke da alaƙa ya zama kuɗin kowane yanki na Burtaniya a Kudancin Afirka A wancan lokacin sterling ya bi tsarin kuɗi na Carolingian na fam ɗin da aka raba zuwa shillings 20, kowanne na pence 12.
Tarihi Kudin fam Sterling ya zama daidaitaccen kudin yankin Cape of Good Hope a cikin 1825 biyo bayan oda-in-majalisar masarauta da aka bayar don manufar gabatar da tsabar kudi a duk yankunan Birtaniyya. tsabar kudi na Burtaniya sannan ya maye gurbin kudin Holland Kafin haɗewar Afirka ta Kudu, hukumomi da yawa sun ba da tsabar kudi da takardun kuɗi daidai da Sterling.
Jamhuriyar Transvaal, Boer ya bayyana cewa a cikin 1902 zai zama Transvaal Colony, ya ba da bayanin kula daga 1867 zuwa 1902 da tsabar kudi daga 1892 zuwa 1902. An rubuta nau'o'in tsabar kuɗin zinariya a cikin Afrikaans, don haka karanta "tafda" maimakon "labaran".
A cikin 1920, Baitul mali ta ba da takardar shaidar zinare. A shekara mai zuwa, an kafa Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ikon ba da bayanin kula kawai. An fitar da tsabar kudi daga 1923. Fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance daidai da Sterling a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, sai dai na ɗan lokaci kaɗan bayan watsi da ƙimar zinare a Burtaniya a cikin 1931. Lokacin da Burtaniya ta yi watsi da ma'aunin zinare a watan Satumba na 1931, Kanada ta bi sawu cikin sauri saboda ta kasance cikin matsi iri ɗaya da Burtaniya. Ƙaddamar da kuɗin da aka samu a Amurka ya haifar da ɗimbin ɗimbin zinare zuwa yammacin Tekun Atlantika, da kudu zuwa Amurka. Halin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu ya sha bamban, domin fitar da gwal zuwa London babban kasuwanci ne. A cewar Jan Smuts a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, 'yan kishin kasa sun so su nuna cewa ba za su bi ta Burtaniya kai tsaye ba, kuma sun fahimci cewa suna da karfin yin hakan. Ga Burtaniya da Kanada, ana kallon fitar da zinari a matsayin jirgin zinari, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu ana kallonta a matsayin kamfani mai riba. Tasirin ci gaba da bin ka'idojin zinare na Afirka ta Kudu bai kasance kamar yadda Hertzog ke fata ba. Fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya karu sosai da darajarsa idan aka kwatanta da Sterling, kuma wannan ya kusan gurgunta masana'antar fitar da gwal a Afirka ta Kudu cikin dare. A shekara ta 1933, Hertzog ya watsar da ma'auni na zinariya kuma fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya koma daidai da ma'auni. An samu saukin nan da nan
An maye gurbin fam ɗin Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin raguwa da Rand a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1961 akan ƙimar R. 2 £SA 1. Rand ya ci gaba da yin daidai da 2:1 da Sterling har zuwa faduwar darajar Sterling a 1967 lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta bi sahun gaba ba.
Tsabar kudi
tsabar kudin da jihar ta bayar
Jamhuriyar Transvaal A shekarar 1892, Jamhuriyar Transvaal ta gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1d, 3d, 6d, 1/-, 2/-, 2/6, 5/-, da £1. An fitar da na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan tsabar kudi a cikin 1900, ban da kewaye £1 tsabar kudi da aka bayar a 1902.
Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu Ƙungiyar Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da tsabar kudi daga 1923, a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1d, 3d da 6d, 1/-, 2/- (wanda aka fara la'akari da shi azaman florin 2/£6, 1. (Na da £1 tsabar zinare ne da aka sani da rabin sarki da sarauta bi da bi. Tsabar ta kasance ma'auni ɗaya da tsabar kuɗin da suka dace amma tsabar azurfa (3d har zuwa 2/6) an buga su a cikin .800 fineness azurfa. An buga tsabar zinare har zuwa 1932.
A cikin 1947, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi 5/- tare da bambance-bambancen tunawa na lokaci-lokaci. A cikin 1951, tsabar tsabar azurfa ta canza zuwa .500 fineness. Zinariya An fitar £1 tsabar kudi daga 1952 a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai 1 sarki.
Duk tsabar tsabar kudi suna da sarki a kan obverse, tare da lakabi a cikin Latin, yayin da baya yana da denomination da "Afirka ta Kudu" da aka rubuta a cikin Turanci da Afrikaans Bayanan banki Gwamnatin Cape Colony ta ba da sanarwar 1 a cikin 1835 da bayanin kula na 20 a 1834. Tsakanin 1869 da 1872, ZAR a cikin Transvaal ya ba da bayanin kula don 6d, 1/-, 2/6, 5/-, 10/-, £1, £5 da £10. Babban bankin kasa na ZAR ya fitar da fam 1 tsakanin 1892 zuwa 1893. A lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, an ba da bayanan gwamnati a cikin ƙungiyoyin £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 da £100.
A cikin 1920, an ba da bayanan takardar shedar zinariya ta Baitul mali a cikin ƙungiyoyin £1, £5, £100, £1,000 da £10,000, a cikin rubutun Afrikaans da Ingilishi. Daga 1921, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya karɓi kuɗin takarda, yana gabatar da bayanin kula akan 10/-, £1, £5, £20 da £100. Fam 20 na bayanin kula an yi shi na ƙarshe a cikin 1933, tare da ƙara 10 bayanin kula a 1943.
Duk takardun banki na harsuna biyu ne cikin Ingilishi da Afrikaans. Daga 1948, an fitar da bambance-bambancen guda biyu na kowane bayanin kula, ɗaya da Ingilishi aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta Afirkaans.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin hadi na waje Decimal Coinage (1962): Newsreel of South Africa's conversion to the Rand, British Pathé via YouTube
Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25504 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/J | J | J, ko j, shine harafi na goma a cikin haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da haruffan Latin na ISO na asali Its saba sunan Turanci ne <i id="mwFg">jay</i> (pronounced /dʒ eɪ da yanzu-nadiri bambance-bambancen jy /dʒ aɪ Lokacin amfani a cikin International karin lafazi Alphabet ga <i id="mwIA">y</i> sauti, zai iya yiwuwa a kira yod ko jod (furta /j ɒ d ko /j oʊ d Tarihi Harafin J amfani da za a yi amfani da matsayin swash harafi na, amfani da harafi na a karshen Roman numerals lokacin da wadannan wata I, kamar yadda a XXIIJ ko xxiij maimakon XXIII ko XXIII ga Roman adadi wakiltar 23. Wani amfani na musamman ya fito a Tsakiyar Babban Jamusanci Gian Giorgio Trissino {1478-1550} shine farkon wanda ya bambanta I da J a bayyane a matsayin wakiltar sauti daban -daban, a cikin littafinsa na istpistola del Trissino de le lettere vamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana wasiƙar Trissino game da haruffan da aka ƙara kwanan nan cikin harshen Italiyanci na shekara ta 1524. Asali, 'I' da 'J' sun kasance siffofi daban -daban don harafi ɗaya, duka daidai suke da duk da haka, harsunan Romance sun haɓaka sabbin sautuna (daga tsohon da waɗanda aka wakilta a matsayin 'I' da 'J'; saboda haka, Ingilishi J, wanda aka samo daga Faransanci J, yana da ƙima mai ƙima sosai da (wanda ke wakiltar sautin farko a cikin kalmar Ingilishi y et")
Furuci da amfani
Turanci A Turanci, fi wakiltar affricate /dʒ/ A Old Turanci, da phoneme ya wakilta orthographically da da Ƙarƙashin rinjayar Old Faransa, wadda take da irin wannan phoneme deriving daga Latin English malaman Attaura suka fara amfani da (daga baya su wakilci kalma-farko a Old Turanci (misali, i Est kuma, daga baya j Est), yayin da yin amfani da da sauran wurare (misali, ya DG e) Daga baya, da yawa wasu amfani da (daga baya da aka kara a loanwords daga Faransa da kuma sauran harsuna (misali ad j oin, j unta) A farko harshen Turanci littafin yi da bambanci a fili tsakanin da shi ne juyi na King James 1st Revision Cambridge a shekara ta 1629 da kuma wani English nahawu littafin da aka buga ashekara ta 1633. A aro kalmomi kamar raj, iya wakiltar A cikin wasu daga cikin waɗannan, gami da raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, da Beijing, lafazin yana kusa da lafazi na asali, yana yin amfani da misali na tsinkayen girman kai Lokaci-lokaci, wakiltar ainihin sauti, kamar yadda a Hallelujah da Fjord (ga Yodh domin qarin bayani) A kalmomi na Spanish asalin, inda wakiltar voiceless velar fricative x (kamar jalapeño) English jawabai yawanci m tare da voiceless glottal fricative /h A Turanci, ne karo na hudu kalla akai-akai amfani da harafi a kalmomi, kasancewa mafi m kawai fiye da kuma Yana, duk da haka, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin sunaye masu dacewa, musamman sunaye na mutum.
Wasu harsuna
Harsunan Jamusanci da Gabashin Turai Mafi yawancin Harsunan Jamus, kamar Jamus, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish kuma Norwegian, amfani ga palatal approximant /j wanda mafi yawa ana wakilta harafi a Turanci. Sanannen sanannu shine Ingilishi, Scots da (zuwa ƙaramin matakin) Luxembourgish ma wakiltar /j a Albanian, da waɗanda Uralic, Slavic da Baltic harsuna da cewa amfani da Latin haruffa, kamar Hungarian, Finnish, Istoniyanci, Polish, Czech, Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya, Basulake, Basulabe, Latvian da Lithuanian Wasu related harsuna, kamar Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya da Macedonian, kuma soma cikin QFontDatabase haruffa ga wannan manufa. Saboda wannan ƙa'idar, an zaɓi ƙaramin ƙaramin harafin don amfani dashi a cikin IPA azaman alamar sautin sauti.
Harsunan soyayya A cikin harsunan Rum, ya kullum ci gaba daga asalin palatal approximant darajar a Latin zuwa wasu irin fricative A Faransa, Portuguese, Catalan, kuma Romanian an fronted da postalveolar fricative /ʒ (kamar in English mea s Ure). A Spain, da bambanci, an biyu devoiced da kuma goyon baya daga wani a baya /ʝ wani ba-rana /x /h tare da ainihin karin lafazi ganin dangane da magana ta yare.
Gabaɗaya, ⟨j⟩ baya yawan kasancewa a cikin daidaitaccen haruffan Italiyanci na zamani. Kawai dace sunaye (kamar Jesi da Letojanni Latin kalmomi Juventus ko kuma wadanda aro daga kasashen waje harsuna da A dace sunaye da kuma Latin kalmomi ana furta a matsayin palatal approximant /j yayin da kalmomin aro daga kasashen waje harsuna ayan bi da harshen ta pronunciation na Har cikin karni na 19th, aka yi amfani maimakon a diphthongs, kamar yadda wani zai maye gurbin karshe -ii, kuma a wasali kungiyoyin (as a Savoja) wannan doka ta kasance mai tsauri a rubuce na hukuma. ana amfani ga sa /j a harshe kuskure, misali Romanesco yare (tafarnuwa. Gwama Italian aglio A Italian mawallafin Luigi Pirandello amfani a wasali kungiyoyin a cikin ayyukansu da aka rubuta a cikin Italiyanci. ya kuma ya rubuta a cikin 'yan qasar Sicilian harshe, wanda har yanzu yana amfani da harafin su wakilci /j (da kuma wani lokacin ma [dʒ] ko [gj], dangane da yanayi) Harshen Maltese yaren Semitic ne, ba yaren Romance ba; amma an warai rinjayi su (musamman Sicilian) da kuma shi yana amfani da ga sauti j (cognate na Semitic yod)
Basque A Basque, da diaphoneme wakilta yana da dama realizations bisa ga yankin yare: (na karshe wanda shi ne hali da Gipuzkoa Harsunan da ba na Turawa ba Daga cikin harsunan da bana Turai da suka soma da Latin rubutun, tsaye ga /ʒ a Turkiyya da kuma Azerbaijani, domin /ʐ a Tatar tsaye ga /dʒ a Indonesiya, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Harshen Oromo, Harshen Turkmen, kuma Zulu Yana wakiltar faɗar magana mai ƙarfi /ɟ in Konkani, Yoruba, da Swahili A Kiowa, tsaye ga wata voiceless alveolar plosive, /t ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in the romanization systems of most of the Languages of India such as Hindi and Telugu and stands for /dʑ/ in the Romanization of Japanese and Korean.
Domin Sin harsuna, tsaye ga ɕ a Mandarin Sin PinYin tsarin, da unaspirated kwatankwacin ɕʰ A Wade-Giles, tsaye ga Mandarin Sin /ʐ h-œ-Ji na Hokkien da Tai-lo ga Taiwan Hokkien, tsaye ga /z da /ʑ ko z da ʑ dangane da wasulla. A Jyutping for Kannada, tsaye ga /j The Royal Thai Janar System of kwafi ba ya amfani da harafin ko da yake da shi da ake amfani a wasu dace sunayen da wadanda ba misali transcriptions su wakilci ko dai ko (wanda ke biye da tushen tushen Pali/Sanskrit)
A romanized Pashto, wakiltar ya furta A Qaniujaaqpait haruffan da Inuktitut harshe, ake amfani da su rubũtunsa /j Haruffa masu alaƙa Ƙari Harafin Semitic Yodh, wanda daga baya aka samo alamun da ke gaba
Ina i Harafin Latin I, daga abin da J ya samo
Ƙari Dotless j
Ƙari Harafin mai canzawa ƙaramin mara lamba j tare da bugun jini Ƙari Harafin mai gyara ƙaramin j tare da ƙetare-jela IPA -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da J:
Lambobin kwamfuta 1 Hakanan don rikodin rikodi akan ASCII, gami da DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 da Macintosh iyalai na rikodi.
Unicode kuma yana da bambance -bambancen mara iyaka, ȷ (U+0237) Da farko ana amfani da shi a Landsmålsalfabet da lissafi. Ba a yi nufin amfani da shi ba tare da diacritics tunda j j na al'ada an yi taushi a Unicode (wato, an cire ɗigon idan za a sanya diacritic a sama; Unicode ya ci gaba da cewa, misali i+ ı+ da iri ɗaya yana da gaskiya ga j da ȷ) A cikin Unicode, kwafin 'J' don amfani azaman yanayin sautin musamman a cikin tarihin harsunan Girka an sanya shi a cikin toshe rubutun Girkanci kamar (Unicode U+03F3) Ana amfani da shi don nuna ƙyalli na sarauta a cikin mahallin rubutun Girkanci. Ana kiranta "Yot" a ma'aunin Unicode, bayan sunan Jamusanci na harafin J. An ƙara babban juzu'in wannan wasiƙar zuwa Unicode Standard a U+037F tare da sakin sigar 7.0 a watan Yuni a shekara ta 2014.
Batun murmushin Wingdings A cikin harafin Wingdings ta Microsoft, harafin "J" an sanya shi azaman fuskar murmushi (wannan ya bambanta da alamar lambar Unicode U+263A, wanda ke fassara A cikin aikace -aikacen Microsoft, ana maye gurbinsa ta atomatik tare da murmushin da aka sanya a cikin takamaiman fuskar font lokacin ƙirƙirar takaddun rubutu mai ƙarfi ko imel na HTML. Za'a iya kashe wannan fasalin fasalin ta atomatik ko a canza shi zuwa murmushi na Unicode.
Sauran amfani A cikin lambobin farantin lasisi na duniya, J yana wakiltar Japan A cikin lissafi, j yana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin hasashe guda uku na ƙima Hakanan a cikin lissafi, j yana ɗaya daga cikin vectors raka'a uku.
A cikin tsarin awo, J shine alamar joule, SI da aka samu don makamashi A wasu fannonin kimiyyar lissafi, injiniyan lantarki da filayen da ke da alaƙa, j alama ce ga ƙungiyar hasashe (tushen murabba'i na −1) (a wasu fannoni ana amfani da harafin i, amma wannan zai zama mai rikitarwa kamar yadda shima alama ce don halin yanzu A J iya zama wani irin harshe na dabam ambatacce ga wani hadin gwiwa marijuana taba)
A cikin Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin tsohon tsarin (kafin a shekara ta2001), farantin lasisin da ya fara da "J" misali "J123 XYZ" zai yi daidai da abin hawa da aka yi rajista tsakanin 1 ga Agusta, a shekara ta 1991 da 31 ga Yuli, a shekara ta 1992. Hakanan a ƙarƙashin tsohon tsarin, farantin lasisi wanda ya ƙare da "J" misali "ABC 123J" zai yi daidai da abin hawa da aka yi rajista tsakanin 1 ga Agusta, ashekara ta 1970 da 31 ga Yuli, 1971.
Sauran wakilci
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed |
42188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20M%C3%BCller | Thomas Müller | Thomas Müller (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Bundesliga na Bayern Munich da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus Müller an tura shi a cikin iri-iri na kai hari a matsayin mai kai hari a tsakiya, na biyu dan wasan gaba, tsakiyar gaba, kuma a kan kowane reshe An yaba wa Müller saboda matsayinsa, aiki tare, juriya, da kuma yawan aiki, kuma ya nuna daidaito a duka biyun zura kwallo da samar da raga. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kowane lokaci saboda sanin matsayinsa. Müller ne ke rike da tarihin wanda ya fi taimakawa a Bundesliga, inda ya ci kwallaye 168.
Wani samfurin tsarin matasa na Bayern, Müller ya wakilci kulob din tun lokacin baya. Ya yi nasara a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010 bayan an nada Louis van Gaal a matsayin babban koci; ya buga kusan kowane wasa yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar lig da kofin sau biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai Müller ya zira kwallaye 23 a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013 yayin da Bayern ta lashe kofin tarihi gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, gasar zakarun Turai Ya karya rikodin Bundesliga na taimakawa ta hanyar samar da 21 a cikin kakar wasa (rakodin a cikin manyan lig-lig guda biyar tare da Lionel Messi a La Liga kuma ya zira kwallaye 14 a raga yayin da Bayern ta lashe kofi na biyu a kakar shekarar, 2019zuwa 2020 Müller ya samu kira zuwa ga bugawa tawagar kasar Jamus agasa rkofin duniya na shekarar, 2010. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2010 ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni shida da ya buga yayin da Jamus ta kare a matsayi na uku An nada shi mafi kyawun matashin dan wasan gasar kuma ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar, tare da kwallaye biyar da taimako uku A gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe kofin, inda ya zura kwallaye biyar tare da karbar kyautar Azurfa a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a gasar da kuma Boot Silver a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye na biyu, kuma an sanya sunan shi a cikin gasar. Kofin Duniya All-Star XI kuma a cikin Mafarki Team A cikin shekara ta, 2014, Müller ya kasance a matsayi na biyar mafi kyawun ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya ta The Guardian Müller shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Jamus da ya fi kowa ado a tarihi, inda ya lashe kofuna 32.
Wassani a kulob Müller ya taka leda a matsayin matashi ga tawagar TSV Pähl, kuma yana da shekaru 10 ya tafiya mai nisan kilomita 50 don shiga cikin gida na Bundesliga Bayern Munich a shekara ta, 2000. Ya ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin matasa kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙare ta biyu a gasar Bundesliga ta ƙasa da 19 a shekara ta, 2007.
Tawagar Bayern Munich Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ga kungiyar ajiyar a watan Maris a shekara ta, 2008 lokacin da ya maye gurbin Stephan Fürstner a wasan Regionalliga da SpVgg Unterhaching, wanda ya zira kwallaye. Ya sake buga wasanni biyu na Regionalliga a cikin kakar shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2008, yayin da yake ci gaba da taka leda a kungiyar 'yan kasa-19. A kakar wasa ta gaba, tazarar ta biyu ta Bayern ta cancanci shiga sabbin 3 da aka kafa. Liga, kuma Müller ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban dan wasa ya taka leda a cikin wasanni 32 cikin 38 kuma ya zira kwallaye 15 sau don sanya shi zama dan wasa na biyar a gasar.
Kakar 2010-11 Müller ya dawo ne daga hutun da ya yi bayan yaci gasar cin kofin duniya inda ya sake rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya, a wannan karon ya tsawaita zamansa a Bayern har zuwa shekara ta, 2015. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk mahalarta gasar cin kofin duniya na Bayern, ya rasa yawancin wasannin pre-season, kuma wasansa na farko shine Supercup da Schalke 04 a ranar 7 ga Agusta. An sanya sunan shi a farkon 11, kuma ya zura kwallon farko a ci 2-0. Makonni biyu bayan haka ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Bayern Munich a wasan da suka doke VfL Wolfsburg da ci 2-1 a gida.
Kakar 2013-14 Müller ya fara wasa a kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 karkashin jagorancin sabon koci Pep Guardiola ta hanyar buga gasar cin kofin Jamus. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, Müller ya ci hat-trick yayin da Bayern ta ci 5–0 a wasan zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal na shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 da Schwarz-Weiß Rehden A wasan farko na Bayern na shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 na Bundesliga, Müller ya yi rashin nasara a bugun fanariti a karon farko. Bayan dakika guda, ceton bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ya yi hannun Álvaro Domínguez wanda hakan ya haifar da wani bugun fanareti wanda David Alaba ya rama. Bayan haka, Müller ya ce, "Har yanzu ina farin cikin shan bugun fanareti, amma ina ganin David Alaba ne babban wanda ya kai bugun tazara a yanzu." Ya buga gasar UEFA Super Cup Kakar 2014-15 Bayan kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 ta wuce, Müller ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi da zai ci gaba da zama a Bayern har zuwa shekarar, 2019 kuma ya ki amincewa da tayin kwangila daga Manchester United Müller ya taka leda a DFL-Supercup, wanda shine wasan farko na Bayern a kakar shekarar, 2014 zuwa 2015 Bayern ta sha kashi a wasan da ci 2-0. Burinsa na farko na kakar wasa shine a kan Preußen Münster a cikin DFB-Pokal a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2014. Sai kuma a wasan farko na Bundesliga, a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 2014, Müller ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Bayern Munich a wasan Bundesliga da VfL Wolfsburg. Bayern ta ci wasan da ci 2-1.
Salon wasa Ana iya kwatanta rawar da Müller ke takawa a matsayin mai kai hare-hare a cikin wasa ƙwararren ɗan wasa wanda ke da ikon taka rawa a wurare daban-daban. Yayin da ya zo ta tsarin matasa, ana ganinsa da farko a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya, amma tun lokacin da ya shiga cikin rukuni na farko an yi amfani da shi a cikin karin hare-hare. Bayern Munich yawanci taka a 4–2–3–1 samuwar, kuma Müller ne mafi sau da yawa wani ɓangare na uku kai hare-haren tsakiya a baya na tsakiya dan wasan Zai iya taka rawa a kowane matsayi na tsakiya na kai hare-hare amma yawanci yana bugawa tsakiya a Bayern, amma kuma ya taka leda a bangaren dama, musamman ma Jamus. An yi amfani da shi a tsakiyar kai hari a matsayin dan wasan gaba da waje a wani lokaci, ko ma a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Müller a Weilheim a Oberbayern, a kasar Bavaria. Ya girma a ƙauyen Pähl da ke kusa, wanda ya zama cibiyar kula da kafofin watsa labaru a lokacin cin kofin duniya. Iyayensa su ne Klaudia da Gerhard, kuma yana da ɗan’uwa Simon, wanda yake ɗan shekara biyu da rabi. Müller ya auri budurwarsa Lisa Trede, ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar dawaki wacce ke aiki a gona, a watan Disamba 2009 bayan an ɗaure shi tsawon shekaru biyu. A watan Yuni shekara ta 2011, ya zama jakada na YoungWings, sadaka da ke taimaka wa yaran da suka sha wahala ko rauni.
Hotuna
Kididdigar Wasanni 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21513 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno%20Assis | Nuno Assis | Nuno Assis Lopes de Almeida (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1977) shi ne ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Fotigal da ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari.
Ya buga Primeira Liga jimillar wasanni 282 da kwallaye 33 sama da shekaru 12, yana wakiltar gasar Alverca, Gil Vicente, Vitória de Guimarães (zinare uku) da Benfica. Ya kuma yi shekaru huɗu a Rukunin Farko na Cypriot, tare da Omonia.
Klub din An haife shi a Lousã, Gundumar Coimbra, Assis ya fara wasan ƙwallo a garinsu, kafin Sporting CP ya hango shi. Daga nan ya koma tsarin matasa na kungiyar ta Lisbon, daga baya kuma aka ba da rancen ga kungiyar gonar ta ta Sporting Clube Lourinhanense Ya fara zama na farko a Primeira Liga a shekarar 1999 zuwa shekarar 2000, inda ya buga wasanni 19 a kungiyar FC Alverca yayin da yake a matsayin aro daga Sporting, daga baya kuma aka bashi a karo na karshe a kakar wasa mai zuwa zuwa Gil Vicente FC, wanda ya ci kwallayen sa na farko. burin jirgin.
A lokacin rani na shekarar 2001, Assis aka sake ta Lions, shiga tare da Vitória de Guimarães A shekararsa ta biyu ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 33, inda yaci kwallaye hudu cikin 31 a kakar wasa mai zuwa Ya kuma fara daga shekarar 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2005 tare da gefen Minho, amma ya koma SL Benfica a cikin taga mai canja wurin hunturu mai zuwa don maye gurbin faduwa Zlatko Zahovič ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko, a nasarar 1-2 waje da Moreirense FC Kafin farawar shekarar 2008 da 2009, bayan an yi amfani da shi kusan a cikin yanayi uku da rabi, Benfica ya saki Assis tare da Luís Filipe, ya sake shiga Vitória Guimarães. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2009 ya zira kwallaye uku a wasansa, a wasan da suka doke 4-2 a Vitória de Setúbal A cikin kakar shekarar 2009 zuwa shekarar 2010 Assis ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani ga Vitória, inda ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasanni 26 yayin da kungiyar ta kare ta shida. A tsakiyar watan Yunin shekarar 2010, dan wasan mai shekaru 32 ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Ittihad FC ta Saudi Arabiya, don kwarewarsa ta farko a kasashen waje; a wasansa na farko, a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, ya taimaka wajan doke Al-Ettifaq da ci 2-1.
A ƙarshen Agustan shekarar 2011, Assis ya sake shiga Vitória Guimarães. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya sake komawa ƙungiyoyi da ƙasashe, bayan ya amince da yarjejeniya tare da Omonia Nicosia Ya zira kwallaye biyu daga wasanni 28 da ya buga a Cyprus a karon farko, amma yana da niyyar barin kungiyar bayan kwantiraginsa ta kare saboda bambancin kudi, inda daga baya ya sauya shawara ya kuma zama kyaftin Doping harka Bayan wasan wasan cikin gida tsakanin Benfica da CS Marítimo a ranar 3 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2005, Assis ana zargin an gwada shi da tabbataccen abu. A watan Fabrairun shekara mai zuwa, Hukumar Kula da da'a ta UEFA ta dakatar da dan wasan daga dukkan wasannin UEFA na hukuma, bayan da aka bayyana sakamakon gwajin [1] Benfica ce ta yi nasara a kan A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, shugaban Benfica, Luís Filipe Vieira, ya fito yana adawa da sakamakon da aka ce an samu, saboda ba a bi hanyar da ta dace ba don gwaje-gwajen ba (jinkirin sa'a 72 tsakanin tarin samfurin da gwajin yawan kwayoyi na abubuwa daban-daban na iya haifar don samfurin lalacewa da kyawawan maganganu).
A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2006, Majalisar Adalci ta Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Fotigal ta fitar da hukuncin a kan fasaha, musamman rashin kula da tsaron Assis, kuma sun cire dakatarwar watanni shida ga dan wasan bayan an fara dakatar da shi na tsawon watanni biyar. Benfica ya yi barazanar danna caji don gwadawa da gano wanda ke da alhakin tuhumar karya da kuma duk hanyar, kuma ya nemi a fatattaki daraktan dakin gwaje-gwaje da masu fasahar da ke cikin wannan lamarin; a ranar 19, jaridun wasanni na Fotigal O Jogo da A Bola sun nakalto shugaban dakin gwaje-gwajen da ke kula da samfurin kuma suka yi binciken (LAD, Anti-Doping Lab) suna da'awar cewa an gwada dan wasan da tabbataccen 19-norandrosterona, wani steroid bisa ga bayanin shugaban, samfurin A ya ƙunshi nanogram 4.5 a kowace milliliter (ng ml) da kuma samfurin samfurin samfurin 4,2 ng ml. Iyakokin doka na irin wannan abu shine 2.0 ng ml kuma mutum na al'ada yawanci yana da tsakanin 0.1 da 0.2 tare da matsakaicin 0.6 ng ml.
Washegari Vieira ya amsa, yana zargin Luís Horta (shugaban LAD) da Luís Sardinha (shugaban Majalisar Anti-Doping Council, CNAD) na kirkirar bayanai da kuma karyar kare kansu ya bayyana cewa taron CNAD da ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da dan wasan don haka yin watsi da binciken fasaha da aka gabatar wanda ya gabatar da cewa ya kamata a daina tuhuma, bisa ga ajandar taron. Daya daga cikin tuhume-tuhumen nasa ya bayyana cewa CNAD ya hukunta dan wasan da sanin cewa bashi da laifi kawai don boye ɓarnar da LAD yayi da tattara samfurin. Asalin Majalisar Adalci ta Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Fotigal da aka yanke wa hukuncin ya hada da nuni da cewa, don da'awar shan kwaya, dole ne a tabbatar da cewa wani dan wasa yana da kayan haram a jikinsa kuma da gangan ya aikata hakan; a wannan lokacin hukumar yaki da shan kwayoyi masu kara kuzari ta shiga saboda nauyin tabbatar da amfani da nufin amfani da kwayoyi zai lalata duk wani yanayi na shan kwayoyi. Wannan roko ga Kotun sasantawa don Adana Archived ya amince da hukumar kuma ya gano cewa wasa mara kyau yana tare da dan wasan kuma an kara asalin hukuncin daurin watanni shida zuwa shekara guda. Babu wani matsayi yayin daukaka kara da aka yi gwagwarmayar LAD ko CNAD.
Ayyukan duniya Assis ya fara bugawa Portugal kwallo a karkashin kociya Agostinho Oliveira a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2002, a wasan sada zumunci Ya shigo ne a matsayin maye gurbin wasan da suka doke Scotland da ci 2-0. Assis ya dawo cikin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar bayan shafe sama da shekaru shida ba tare da shi ba, dauki filin a lokacin da aka yi rabin rabin karshe na yanke hukunci game da cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 da Malta (4-0, a Guimarães Ba a zaɓe shi ba, duk da haka, don matakan ƙarshe a Afirka ta Kudu.
Kididdigar kulob
Daraja Benfica Firayim Minista La Liga 2004-05
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira 2005
Taça de Portugal wacce ta zo ta biyu: 2004-05
Omoniya Super Cup na Cypriot 2012
Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin Cypriot 2015-16
Kowane mutum Divisionungiyar Farko ta rioasar Cypriot na kakar: 2015-16
Duba kuma Jerin shari'oin doping a wasanni
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Nuno Assis Bayanai na ƙungiyar ƙasa Haifaffun 1977
Rayayyun mutane
Yan wasan kwallon kafa
Mazan karni na 21st
Pages with unreviewed |
53631 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20US%20Open%20Cup%20Final | 2014 US Open Cup Final | 2014 Lamar Hunt US Final Cup wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da aka buga ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2014, a filin shakatawa na PPL a Chester, Pennsylvania Wasan ya tabbatar da wanda ya lashe gasar Buɗaɗɗiyar Amurka ta 2014, gasar da ke buɗe ga masu son ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka Wannan shi ne bugu na 101 mafi dadewa a gasar kwallon kafa ta Amurka Seattle Sounders FC ta lashe wasan, inda ta doke Philadelphia Union Taro na 15,256 sun ga kungiyoyin sun shiga matakin karin lokaci a 1 1 kafin Sounders sun kara zira kwallaye biyu don kawo karshen wasan 3–1.
Philadelphia da Seattle duk suna wasa a saman matakin ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, Major League Soccer (MLS), kuma ya ketare matakan farko na gasar tare da shiga zagaye na hudu na wasa. Masu Sauti sun kasance a tsakiyar Garkuwar Magoya bayanta nasara na yau da kullun, yayin da kungiyar ta fara rashin kyau har aka maye gurbin kocinsu mako guda kafin wasansu na farko a gasar. Philadelphia ta sami damar zuwa wasan karshe ta hanyar doke 'yan tsibirin Harrisburg City, New York Cosmos, juyin juya halin New England, da FC Dallas Hanyar Seattle zuwa wasan karshe ya hada da nasara akan PSA Elite, San Jose Earthquakes, Portland Timbers, da kuma Wutar Chicago Masu horar da 'yan wasan biyu sun zabi 'yan wasa masu karfi a kokarinsu na lashe kofin, kodayake Sounders gaba Kenny Cooper, wanda aka zaba a matsayin dan wasan gasar, bai bayyana a karshe ba. Maurice Edu na kungiyar ne ya baiwa kungiyarsa tamaula da kwallo a farkon rabin lokaci, amma Sounders sun rama kwallon da Chad Barrett ya buga na biyu, kuma wasan ya tafi cikin karin lokaci. Ko da yake Philadelphia ta sarrafa lokutan wasan tare da damammaki a ko'ina, Clint Dempsey ya jagoranci Seattle a farkon karin lokacin, kuma Obafemi Martins ya hatimi nasara a Seattle tare da makara kwallo. Seattle ta sami kyautar tsabar kuɗi $250,000, haka kuma ta sami damar shiga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2015–16 CONCACAF Philadelphia ta sami kyautar tsabar kudi dala 60,000 a matsayin wacce ta zo ta biyu a gasar.
Hanyar zuwa wasan karshe Kofin US Open gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka ce ta shekara-shekara buɗe ga duk ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, daga ƙungiyoyin manya masu son zuwa ga ƙwararrun kulab ɗin Major League Soccer (MLS). Gasar ta 2014 ita ce bugu na 101 na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa mafi dadewa a Amurka. A karo na uku a jere, duk kungiyoyin MLS na Amurka sun sami cancanta ta atomatik zuwa zagaye na uku daidai. A baya, ƙungiyoyi takwas ne kawai daga MLS za su iya cancantar shiga gasar: shida kai tsaye dangane da sakamakon gasar ta shekarar da ta gabata, da ƙari biyu ta hanyar gasa-in.
Philadelphia Union Ƙungiyoyi daga Philadelphia da yankin da ke kewaye sun sami tarihin nasara a gasar cin kofin Budaddiyar: Bethlehem Steel FC ta lashe kofuna biyar tsakanin 1915 zuwa 1926, Uhrik Truckers ya lashe a 1936, kuma 'yan Ukrain Philadelphia sun lashe sau hudu a cikin 1960s. Madadin rigar Ƙungiyar, wanda aka sawa a duk gasar, ya ƙunshi babban harafi "B" a cikin ƙananan kusurwar hagu don girmama Baitalami. Kungiyar ta fara gasar MLS ta yau da kullun tare da nasara 3 kawai a cikin wasanni 16. An kori babban kocinsu John Hackworth, kuma an nada Jim Curtin a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa na wucin gadi, mako guda kafin wasan farko na gasar cin kofin gasar da suka fafata da takwararta ta Harrisburg City Islanders a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni. Nasarar da aka yi a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na da damar ceto kakar wasanni, kuma Curtin ya ce kungiyar na daukar wasan gida da muhimmanci. Harrisburg yana wasa a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun USL kashi na uku na ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka amma Philadelphia har yanzu tana wasa da yawa daga cikin masu farawa na yau da kullum, kuma ba ta yarda Harrisburg ta yi amfani da 'yan wasan Union guda biyu da aka ba da aro ba. An kusa kawar da Philadelphia, amma Maurice Edu ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 89 da fara wasa, sannan Andrew Wenger ya kara zura kwallaye biyu a karin lokacin da suka ci gaba da ci 3-1. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, Philadelphia ta yi wasa a gida da New York Cosmos na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Amurka a cikin abin da kawai Curtin ya buga a matsayin koci. An sake buƙatar karin lokaci yayin da ƙungiyoyin suka ƙare ƙa'ida da ɗari ɗaya kafin Sébastien Le Toux ya ci wasan a minti na 115. Jim kadan bayan cin kwallo ne aka barke tsakanin kungiyoyin wanda ya yi sanadin korar ‘yan wasan Cosmos guda biyu da dan wasan Union daya saboda turawa da kora. An kuma kori biyu daga cikin mataimakan kociyan New York saboda raunin da suka samu. Kungiyar ta kasance a gida da New England Revolution na MLS a zagaye na biyar, a ranar 8 ga Yuli. Cikin sauki sun samu nasara da kwallayen da Conor Casey da Le Toux suka ci. Yajin aikin na karshen ya sanya shi zama jagoran zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin Budaddigar na zamani tare da zura kwallaye 14 a rayuwarsa. Le Toux yana da tarihi mai ƙarfi tare da Seattle da gasar kafin ya koma Ƙungiyar a 2009; A baya ya taka leda don shiga cikin rukuni na biyu na Sounders kuma ya lashe Kofin Bude na 2009 tare da bangaren MLS. Daga baya za a ba shi sunan wanda ya zo na biyu a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa daraja a gasar. Guguwar kura tare da tsawa da walƙiya ta dakatar da wasan na tsawon sa'a guda bayan minti na 61, amma juyin juya halin Musulunci ya kasa murmurewa daga ci biyu da nema. A ranar 12 ga Agusta, Philadelphia ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙungiyar MLS FC Dallas don wasan kusa da na karshe. Amobi Okugo ne ya zura kwallo a ragar Dallas a zagayen farko. Wasan dai ya tashi ne kamar yadda ka'ida da karin lokaci suka haifar da rashin jituwa. Mai tsaron gida Zac MacMath ya yi ceto na nutsewa na yunkurin Dallas guda biyu a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida-mafi kusa da kungiyar ita ce ta lashe kofi a tarihinta na shekaru biyar.
Seattle Sounders FC Seattle Sounders sun lashe Kofin Bude a 2009, 2010, da 2011 Har ila yau, sun kai wasan karshe a 2012 amma an kawar da su ta hanyar ƙananan matakin a farkon 2013 A cikin 2014, sun zana kulob mai son PSA Elite, ƙungiyar haɓaka ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda tuni suka yi nasara a zagaye uku na farko na gasar. Seattle tana karbar bakuncin mafi yawan wasannin gasar cin Kofin gida a filin wasanni na Starfire na Tukwila. Ƙasar tana ɗaukar kusan 4,000, wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta da filin wasan gidansu na yau da kullun, Filin CenturyLink An jiyo kociyan Sigi Schmid yana cewa "Ina ganin mutanenmu suna samun bunkasuwa a kan kusancin taron. Yana taimaka musu su ci gaba da yin ayyuka masu kyau.” Seattle ce ke jagorantar MLS shiga zagayen a ranar 18 ga Yuni, kuma cikin sauƙi ta ci 5-0. Kenny Cooper ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan. The Sounders sun karbi bakuncin San Jose Earthquakes a Starfire a ranar 24 ga Yuni kuma kungiyoyin biyu sun zira kwallaye a farkon rabin. Girgizar kasa ta biyu mai tsaron raga, David Bingham, ya ajiye tawagarsa a wasan ta hanyar dakatar da harbi uku daga Chad Barrett a ƙarshen rabi na biyu. Babu wata kungiya da ta zura kwallo a karin lokacin wasan kuma an tashi daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Bayan an tashi wasan da ci 4–1, mai tsaron gida Marcus Hahnemann ya yi murna da shan giya a gaban lambun giyar da magoya bayan gida. A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Seattle ta fafata da abokin hamayyarta, Portland Timbers, a Starfire don wasan kwata-kwata. Sounders sun ci gaba da cin kwallo Osvaldo Alonso, amma tsohon Sounder Steve Zakuani ya taimaka wa Darlington Nagbe ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Timbers a minti na 93. An samu karin lokacin da aka kori Diego Chara na Portland yayin da Cooper da Marco Pappa duka suka zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar da ci 3-1. Wasan da kungiyar ta buga a gida da Chicago Fire a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta. Wuta ta kasance ba tare da 2013's MLS Mafi Daraja Player, Mike Magee, saboda dakatarwa. Cooper da Andy Rose kowanne ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga yayin da Obafemi Martins da Pappa suka zura kwallo daya. Seattle ta kammala wasan ne da kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna hudu da rabi na karshe a nasarar da ta yi da ci 6-0. Kwallon farko na wasan ita ce ta karshe ta Cooper a gasar saboda bai buga wasan karshe ba. Ya kawo karshen gasar da jimillar kwallaye 13 na gasar cin kofin kalubale, daya daga cikin jin kunya na Le Toux na zamani na 14. Cooper ya ci kwallaye shida a cikin 2014 shi kadai, kuma za a ci gaba da ba shi suna dan wasan gasar 2014.
Kafin wasan
Zaɓin wurin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka ta tantance mai masaukin baki a wasan karshe da tsabar kudi a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2014. Wanda ya yi nasara a wasan shi ne duk wanda ya yi nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe na FC Dallas/Philadelphia Union, yana nufin cewa wasan zai gudana ne a filin shakatawa na PPL a Chester, Pennsylvania Wannan ne karo na goma sha ɗaya mafi girma-Philadelphia yankin ya karbi bakuncin wasan karshe kuma na farko tun 1994 Kungiyar ta tallata wasan ta hanyar nuna kofin a bainar jama'a a gidajen cin abinci na gida, wuraren tarihi, da abubuwan da suka faru.
Bincike Ba a gudanar da gasar Bude gasar cin kofin MLS ba, amma har yanzu muhimmiyar nasara ce. Ga Philadelphia, ta wakilci damarsu ta farko a ganima, yayin da Seattle ta kai wasan karshe sau biyar a tarihin kungiyar na shekaru shida. Tare da nasara, Sounders za su ɗaure Wuta tare da nasara gabaɗaya guda huɗu ta ƙungiyar MLS. Rikodin koyaushe tsakanin kulab ɗin ya tsaya a 3-2 don goyon bayan Seattle. The Sounders sun doke kungiyar a farkon shekara yayin wasan lig, amma Philadelphia ya inganta tun daga lokacin. A lokacin wasan karshe, kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni 10 a jere a gida. Kwanan nan Seattle ta sha kashi uku cikin biyar na MLS amma har yanzu tana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kungiyoyi a gasar. Seattle ita ce wacce aka fi so, tare da masanin kimiyya guda ɗaya wanda ya kwatanta Philadelphia zuwa ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙasa Rocky Balboa na jerin fina-finai Rocky Zaɓin ɗan wasa a lokacin matakan da suka gabata na gasar cin kofin Open ya kasance ƙalubale saboda manyan ma'aikatan da ke karɓar kira don gasar cin kofin duniya Masu Sauti suna da zurfin da zai iya jure wa 'yan wasan da suka rasa, kuma ba su huta da masu farawa ba a cikin jagorar zuwa wasan karshe. Kungiyar ta huta da masu farawa da yawa yayin wasan gasar karshen mako da ya gabata. Philadelphia's Casey, Le Toux, da Cristian Maidana sun kasance manyan barazanar kai hari, yayin da Seattle ke da manyan Martins da Clint Dempsey Kare, Edu shine ɗan wasa mafi ƙarfi na Philadelphia. Seattle kuma yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da matashin ɗan wasan ƙasa DeAndre Yedlin, da mai kare MLS na shekara Chad Marshall Daidaita An shirya za a tashi da karfe 7:30 na safe pm gida lokaci. Armando Villarreal shi ne alkalin wasa sai kuma mataimakansa Peter Manikowski da Corey Parker. Alkalin wasa na hudu shi ne Jose Carlos Rivero. Babu dakatarwa ko raunin bayanin kula. Yanayin ya kasance hadari tare da zafin jiki Rabin farko Kocin Sounders Schmid ya yi gyare-gyare ga farawar sa da ya saba. Pappa bai fara ba saboda dawowar kwanan nan daga aikin kasa da kasa tare da Guatemala, yayin da dan wasan star Martins ya kasance a benci kuma. Ko da yake ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare don mafi yawan kwallayen da aka zura a raga, Cooper ya kasance dan wasan benci a duk shekara kuma bai fara wasan ba. Ko da yake ba su da waɗannan 'yan wasan, Sounders sun fito suna kai hari, kuma babbar dama ta farko ta zo ne a cikin minti na 10 lokacin da Rose ya yi wa Dempsey bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Kungiyar ta kara takunta tare da Andrew Wenger yana taka leda a gefen hagu inda akai-akai ya wuce Yedlin don isa bakin layi ko kuma ya yanke harbi. Maidana da Le Toux sun ƙarfafa matsayin Philadelphia ta hanyar haɗawa a daya gefen filin don shiga cikin tsaron Seattle. Wenger ya yi alaka da Le Toux wanda ya yi harbi, amma golan Seattle Stefan Frei ya yi gaggawar tsayawa. A minti na 38 ne Leonardo González ya farke Maidana ta hannun dama ta bugun fanareti. Kwallon da Maidana ya samu ya karkata zuwa bayan gida inda Brad Evans ya rasa kafarsa sannan Edu ya kalli kwallon da goshinsa ya saka ta a raga. 'Yan wasan gida sun ci gaba da jan ragamar wasan kuma suka ci gaba da samar da damar zura kwallo a raga.
Rabin na biyu mmjh
Babu wata kungiya da ta yi canji a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci. Masu Sounders sun fito kan harin kuma an ba su bugun kusurwa ne kawai mintuna uku da fara wasan. Carlos Valdes ya yi yunkurin fitar da kwallon amma Marshall ya kai ta zuwa ragar MacMath ya farke. Barrett ya zura kwallo a kusa da filin wasan kuma wasan ya kasance 1-1. Seattle ta ci gaba da samun nasara inda Yedlin ya fara cin galaba akan Wenger yayin da Martins ya maye gurbin Barrett a minti na 60. Dan wasan tsakiya na Philadelphia daga nan kuma ya fara nuna rinjaye kuma Maidana ya samu warwas a minti na 72. Yedlin ya zura kwallo a raga don kawo karshen harin a cikin abin da MLS za ta kira "wasan kare dangi". Dempsey ya samu damar jefa kwallo a ragar Pappa a minti na 76 da fara wasa amma ya kasa samun kafar kwallo. Martins sannan ya sami wata dama wacce ta wuce gaba kafin sarrafawa ya sake komawa Philadelphia. Seattle ta maye gurbin Lamar Neagle da Pappa a minti na 74 a wani yunƙuri na haifar da fa'ida. Philadelphia ta amsa da karin damar biyu da suka kusan lashe wasan. Casey ya karbi katin rawaya a minti na 57 kuma Pedro Ribeiro ya maye gurbinsa. A minti na 88 ne Raymon Gaddis ya ci kwallon kuma ya zura kwallo a raga. Ribeiro ya yi harbi amma ba shi da iko. A karin lokacin ne kuma Vincent Nogueira ya sake zura kwallo a raga wanda ya buge bindigu sannan kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar kwallon kafin a cire shi. Martins ya bude karin lokaci da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida yayin da Sounders ke kara karawa a filin wasa. Seattle ce ta fara cin kwallo a minti na 101 a lokacin da Dempsey da Martins suka hadu a wasan da ya sa Dempsey ya yi kasa da kasa. Martins, Dempsey, da Pappa sun yi nasarar shawo kan hare-haren Philadelphia a cikin rabin na biyu na karin lokaci kuma Pappa ya bugi giciye a kan yunkurin harbi. Valdes ya samu kyakkyawar dama ta daure wasan a minti na 111 da fara wasa lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Sounders, amma harbin ya yi rauni kuma cikin sauki. Ko da yake Philadelphia na danna harin, Martins ya zira kwallo a minti na 114th don sanya Sounders 3-1.
Cikakkun bayanai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
8348 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon | Amazon | Amazon (Amazônia (Brazil Portuguese) ko Amazonia (Furtigal na Turai)) (kuma ana kiranta Floresta Amazônica, Selva Amazônica, Floresta Equatorial da Amazônia, Floresta Pluvial ko Hileia Amazônica) daji ne mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano wanda ya mamaye yawancin Basin Amazon na Kudancin Amurka. Wannan tafkin ya kai murabba'in kilomita miliyan 7, wanda fadin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 5 da rabi yana da dazuzzuka masu zafi.
Kogin Amazon Kogin Amazon babban kogi ne na Kudancin Amirka wanda ke tasowa a cikin tsaunin Andes, a cikin tafkin Lauri ko Lauricocha, a cikin Peru kuma yana gudana cikin Tekun Atlantika, kusa da tsibirin Marajó, a Brazil Tare da hanyarsa, yana karɓar sunayen Tunguragua, Apurímac, Marañón, Ucayali, Amazonas (daga mahadar kogin Marañon da Ucayali, a cikin Peru Solimões da kuma Amazonas (daga mahadar kogin Solimões da Negro, a Brazil) Da dadewa, an yi imanin cewa kogin Amazon shine kogi mafi girma a duniya kuma na biyu a tsayi, amma bincike na baya-bayan nan kuma ya nuna shi a matsayin kogin mafi tsayi a duniya. Shine kogin da ke da mafi girma a cikin ruwa mai ruwa a duniya, wanda ya wuce murabba'in kilomita miliyan 7, yawancin dazuzzuka masu zafi Halittar halittu Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi suna da nau'o'in halittu masu rai, kuma dazuzzukan dazuzzukan asar Amirka sun fi na dazuzzukan Afrika da Asiya. Tare da fadin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka mafi girma a cikin nahiyar Amurka, dazuzzukan Amazon suna da nau'ikan halittu marasa misaltuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin goma da aka sani a duniya suna zaune a cikin dajin Amazon. Wannan ya ƙunshi mafi girma tarin tsire-tsire masu rai da nau'in dabbobi a duniya.
Yankin yana da kimanin nau'in kwari miliyan 2.5, dubunnan tsire-tsire, da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa kimanin 2,000 Ya zuwa yanzu, a kimiyance an rarraba aƙalla nau'ikan tsire-tsire 40,000, kifaye 3,000, tsuntsaye 1,294, dabbobi masu shayarwa 427, amphibians 428 da dabbobi masu rarrafe 378 a yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin biyar na dukan tsuntsaye a duniya suna zaune a cikin dazuzzuka na Amazon. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana tsakanin 96,660 zuwa 128,843 nau'in invertebrates a Brazil kadai.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki Ab'Saber, A. (2002). Bases para o estudo dos ecossistemas da Amazônia brasileira. Estudos Avançados 16(45): 7-30, Ab'Sáber, A. (2003). Domínios da natureza no Brasil: potencialidades paisagísticas. São paulo: Ateliê Edtorial, Ab'Sáber, A. (2004). Amazônia: do discurso à práxis. 2a ed. São Paulo: Edusp, (1a ed., 1996).
Barreto, G. (2006). Um dia na Amazônia. Literatura Infantil. Campanha da Fraternidade de 2007.
Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F. (Eds.). (2011). Amazonia, landscape and species evolution: a look into the past. John Wiley Sons, Mesquita, T. (2005). Amazônia revelada: os descaminhos ao longo da BR-163 (filme). Brasília, CNPq. 90 min. son. color.
Murça Peres, J. (1984). "The Amazonian forest". In: Sioli, H. (ed.). The Amazon: limnology and landscape ecology of a mighty tropical river and its basin. pp. 581-602. Dordrecht, Holanda: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. link.
Pires, J. M. Prance, G. T. (1985). The vegetation types of Brazilian Amazon. In: G. T. Prance T. E. Lovejoy (ed.). Key Environment: Amazonia, p. 109-145. Pergamom Press, Torres, Maurício (org.) Amazônia revelada: os descaminhos ao longo da BR-163. Brasília: CNPq, 2005. Bibliografia. 496 p., fotografias. ISBN 85-86821-63-2
UFV (2006). Amazônia. Material da disciplina ENF448 Recursos Naturais e Manejo de Ecossistemas. Viçosa: UFV, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cópia digitalizada do Acordo de Washington
New York Times:Manaus Journal,For the Rubber Soldiers of Brazil, Rubber Checks Reportagem do New York Times/1991 em Inglês
International Herald Tribune: Brazil 'rubber soldiers' fight for recognition Reportagem do International Herald Tribune em Inglês
New York Times: Of Rubber and Blood in Brazilian Amazon Reportagem do New York Times/2006 em Inglês
Tapping Masculinity: Labor Recruitment to the Brazilian Amazon during World War II
Artigo Produtores rurais americanos: "Fazendas aqui, florestas lá."
Voz do Marajó
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53966 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsitsi%20Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangaremb fbunga (an Haife ta 4 ga Fabrairu 1959) marubuciya ce ta Zimbabwe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Littafin littafinta na farko mai suna Nervous Conditions (1988), wanda ita ce ta farko da wata bakar fata daga kasar Zimbabwe ta buga a cikin Turanci, wanda BBC ta bayyana a shekarar 2018 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya. Ta ci wasu lambobin yabo na adabi, gami da Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta PEN Pinter A cikin 2020, littafinta Wannan Jikin Makoki ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker A shekarar 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci a wata kotu a Zimbabwe da laifin tayar da hankalin jama'a, ta hanyar nuna, a kan titin jama'a, allunan neman gyara.. M
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Tsitsi Dangarembga a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1959 a Mutoko, Kudancin Rhodesia yanzu Zimbabwe ƙaramin gari inda iyayenta ke koyarwa a makarantar mishan da ke kusa. Mahaifiyarta, Susan Dangarembga, ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko a Kudancin Rhodesia don samun digiri na farko, kuma mahaifinta, Amon, daga baya zai zama shugaban makaranta. Daga shekaru biyu zuwa shida, Dangarembga ta zauna a Ingila, yayin da iyayenta ke neman ilimi mai zurfi. A can, kamar yadda ta tuna, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun fara jin Turanci "hakika kuma sun manta da yawancin Shona da muka koya." Ta komba Rhodesia tare da danginta a shekara ta 1965, shekarar shelar 'yancin kai na bai ɗaya na mulkin mallaka. A Rhodesia, ta sake samun Shona, amma ta ɗauki Turanci, yaren karatunta, harshenta na farko A cikin 1965, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Old Mutare, manufa ta Methodist kusa da Umtali (yanzu Mutare) inda mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta suka ɗauki mukamai daban-daban a matsayin shugaban makaranta da malami a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hartzell. Dangarembga, wacce ta fara karatunta a Ingila, ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Hartzell, kafin ta tafi makaranta a makarantar zuhudu ta Marymount Mission. Ta kammala karatunta na A-Levels a Makarantar Arundel, makarantar ƴan mata ƙwararru, galibi fararen fata a babban birnin kasar, Salisbury (yau Harare), kuma a cikin 1977 ta tafi Jami'ar Cambridge don karatun likitanci a Kwalejin Sidney Sussex A can, ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da keɓewa kuma ta bar bayan shekaru uku, ta dawo a 1980 zuwa Zimbabwe watanni da yawa kafin samun 'yancin kai. Dangarembga ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin malami, kafin ya fara karatu a fannin likitanci da ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zimbabwe yayin da ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin marubuci a wata hukumar kasuwanci. Ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta jami'a, kuma ta rubuta tare da ba da umarni da yawa daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar ta yi. Ta kuma shiga cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Zambuko, inda ta shiga cikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, Katshaa! da Mavambo Daga baya ta tuna, “Babu wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi da mata baƙar fata, ko aƙalla ba mu sami damar yin su ba a lokacin. Marubuta a Zimbabwe maza ne a lokacin. Don haka a gaskiya ban ga cewa za a gyara lamarin ba sai dai in wasu mata sun zauna sun rubuta wani abu, don haka na yi!” Ta rubuta wasanni uku a cikin wannan lokacin: Lost of the Soil (1983), Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba, da Na Uku A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kuma fara karanta ayyukan marubutan mata Ba-Amurke da wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani, sauyi daga ƙa'idodin Ingilishi da ta girma.
Sana'a
1980s da 1990s A cikin 1985, ɗangarembga ta ɗan gajeren labari "Wasiƙa" ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen da Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden ta shirya, kuma an buga shi a Sweden a cikin littafin tarihin Whispering Land A cikin 1987, an buga wasanta mai suna She No Longer Weeps, wanda ta rubuta a lokacin jami'a, a Harare. Littafinta na farko, Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 1988 a Burtaniya, kuma bayan shekara guda a Amurka Ta rubuta shi a cikin 1985, amma ta sha wahala wajen buga shi; Wasu mawallafa 'yan Zimbabwe huɗu suka ƙi, daga ƙarshe ta sami mawallafi mai son rai a cikin Gidan Jarida na Mata na London Yanayi na Jijiya, littafi na farko da wata baƙar fata daga Zimbabwe ta rubuta a cikin Ingilishi, ya sami yabo na gida da na duniya, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Writers' Prize (yankin Afirka) a 1989. Aikinta yana cikin littafin tarihin 1992 ya'ya mata na Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya. Ana ɗaukar Yanayin Jijiya ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan Afirka da aka taɓa rubuta, kuma an haɗa su cikin jerin manyan littattafai 100 na BBC na 2018 waɗanda suka tsara duniya. A cikin 1989, Dangarembga ya tafi Jamus don nazarin jagorar fina-finai a Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin Ta shirya fina-finai da dama yayin da take Berlin, ciki har da wani shirin gaskiya da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Jamus. A cikin 1992, ta kafa Nyerai Films, kamfanin shirya fina-finai da ke Harare. Ta rubuta labarin ne don fim ɗin Neria, wanda aka yi a 1991, wanda ya zama fim mafi girma a tarihin Zimbabwe. Fim ɗinta na 1996 Child's Child, fim ɗin farko da wata baƙar fata 'yar Zimbabwe ta shirya, an nuna shi a duniya, ciki har da bikin fina-finai na Dublin Fim din, wanda aka yi a Harare da Domboshava, ya biyo bayan labarai masu ban tausayi na 'yan'uwa hudu bayan iyayensu sun mutu da cutar kanjamau 2000 gaba A cikin 2000, Dangarembga ta koma Zimbabwe tare da danginta, kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da Nyerai Films. A shekara ta 2002, ta kafa bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya. Fim dinta na 2005 Kare Kare Zvako ta lashe kyautar Short Film Award da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan Fim dinta Peretera Maneta a shekara ta 2006 ta sami lambar yabo ta UNESCO ta yara da kare hakkin dan Adam kuma ta lashe bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar. Ita ce babbar darektar kungiyar mata masu shirya fina-finai ta Zimbabwe, kuma ita ce shugabar da ta kafa bikin fina-finan mata na Harare. Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar kula da kade-kade ta Zimbabwe na tsawon shekaru biyar, ciki har da shekaru biyu a matsayin kujera. Ita mamba ce ta kafa Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira don Ci gaba don Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira a Afirka (ICAPA). Da aka tambaye ta game da rashin rubuce-rubucenta tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Dangarembga ya bayyana a cikin 2004: "Da farko, an buga littafin ne kawai bayan da na juya zuwa fim a matsayin matsakaici; na biyu, Virginia Woolf ta wayo abin lura cewa mace tana buƙatar 500 da ɗakin kanta don rubuta shi cikakke ne. Ba zato ba tsammani, Ina motsi da fatan cewa, a karon farko tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Zan sami ɗaki na kaina. Zan yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da bit game da 500." Lalle ne, bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 2006, ta buga littafinta na biyu, Littafin Ba, wani mabiyi ga Yanayin Jijiya Ta kuma shiga harkokin siyasa, kuma a shekarar 2010 aka nada ta sakatariyar ilimi na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for Democratic Change karkashin jagorancin Arthur Mutambara Ta ba da misali da tarihinta da ta fito daga dangin malamai, da ɗan gajeren zamanta na malami, da kuma “aiki, in ba bisa ƙa’ida ba,” a fannin ilimi, a matsayin ta na shirya mata rawar. Ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, kuma ta rubuta karatun digirinta na uku kan karbar fina-finan Afirka. Ta kasance alkali ga lambar yabo ta Etisalat na Adabi na 2014. A cikin 2016, Cibiyar Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio ta zaɓi ta don masu fasahar su a cikin shirin zama. Littafinta na uku, Wannan Jikin Makoki, Mabiyi na Littafin Ba da Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 2018 ta Graywolf Press a cikin Amurka, kuma a cikin Burtaniya ta Faber da Faber a cikin 2020, wanda Alexandra Fuller ya bayyana a cikin New York Times a matsayin "wani gwaninta" da kuma ta Novurion Rosa T. ya kasance daya daga cikin litattafai shida da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker na 2020, wanda aka zaba daga gabatarwa 162. A cikin wata hira da Bhakti Shringarpure na mujallar Bomb, Dangaremgba ta tattauna dalilin da ya sa littattafanta: "Mawallafina na farko, marigayi Ros de Lanerolle, ya umarce ni da in rubuta wani labari game da Yanayin Jijiya Lokacin rubuta ci gaba, na gane littafi na biyu zai yi magana ne kawai da tsakiyar ɓangaren rayuwar jarumin. [kuma] ba su ba da amsa ga tambayoyin da aka taso a cikin Yanayin Jijiya ba game da yadda rayuwa tare da kowane mataki na hukuma zai yiwu ga irin waɗannan mutane. Ra'ayin rubuta trilogy ya burge ni game da wani talaka wanda ya fara a matsayin ƴar ƙauye mai talauci a ƙasar Rhodesia ta mulkin mallaka kuma dole ta yi ƙoƙarin gina rayuwa mai ma'ana ga kanta. Har ila yau, fam ɗin ya ba ni damar yin hulɗa da wasu al'amura na ci gaban ƙasar Zimbabwe ta hanyar kai tsaye maimakon siyasa." A cikin 2019, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Adabin Kwalejin St. Francis, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don gane fitaccen almara na marubuta a tsakiyar matakan ayyukansu, wanda a ƙarshe Samantha Hunt ya ci nasara a wannan shekarar. m
A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2020 an kama Dangarembga a Harare, Zimbabwe, gabanin zanga-zangar adawa da cin hanci da rashawa. Daga baya waccan shekarar tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. A cikin Satumba 2020, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia na farko na Shugaban Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun Duniya, daga 2021 zuwa 2022. Dangarembga ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2021 PEN International Award for Freedom Expression, wanda aka ba kowace shekara tun 2005 don karrama marubutan da ke ci gaba da aiki duk da tsanantawa saboda rubuce-rubucensu. A cikin Yuni 2021, an sanar da cewa Dangarembga zai zama mai karɓar babbar lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta 2021 da ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai suka ba ta, ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da aka karrama da lambar yabo tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a 1950. A cikin Yuli 2021, an zabe ta zuwa Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge PEN ta Ingilishi ce ta zaɓi Dangarembga a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar PEN Pinter na 2021, wanda ake ba shi kowace shekara ga marubuci wanda, a cikin kalmomin da Harold Pinter ya faɗa game da karɓar kyautar Nobel ta adabi, ya jefa kallon "marasa hankali, rashin karkata" a duniya kuma yana nuna "ƙaddamar azamar tunani don ayyana gaskiyar rayuwarmu". A jawabinta na karbuwa a dakin karatu na Burtaniya a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2021, Dangarembga ta nada marubuciyar marubuciya 'yar kasar Uganda Kakwenza Rukirabashaija a matsayin lambar yabo ta Marubuci ta Kasa da Kasa A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Dangarembga don karɓar lambar yabo ta Windham-Campbell Literature Prize don almara. A watan Yuni 2022, an bayar da sammacin kama Tsitsi Dangarembga. An tuhume ta da laifin tunzura jama'a da cin zarafin jama'a da keta dokokin yaki da cutar Covid bayan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da aka shirya a karshen Yuli 2020. A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci bisa hukuma da laifin yada tashin hankalin jama'a bayan ita da kawarta, Julie Barnes, sun zagaya a Harare cikin zanga-zangar lumana yayin da suke rike da allunan da ke dauke da "Muna Son Mafi Kyau. Gyara Cibiyoyinmu”. Dangarembga an ci tarar dala 110 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari. Ta sanar da cewa ta shirya daukaka kara kan hukuncin nata ne a daidai lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama ke ikirarin cewa ana tuhumarta ne sakamakon yunkurin Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa na "shuru da 'yan adawa a kasar da ta dade a kudancin Afirka." A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2023, an sanar da cewa an soke hukuncin Dangarembga bayan da ta daukaka kara a kan hukuncin farko a 2022.
Zaɓaɓɓen kyaututtuka da karramawa 1989: Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth (yankin Afirka) don Yanayin Jijiya
2005: Kare Kare Zvako ya lashe kyautar Short Film da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan.
2018: Yanayin Jijiya da BBC ta ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya 2020: Wannan Jikin Makoki da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker 2021: Kyautar PEN ta Duniya don 'Yancin Magana
2021: Kyautar zaman lafiya ta 2021 daga ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai 2021: Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge
2021: Kyautar PEN Pinter daga Turanci PEN
2022: Kyautar Adabin Windham-Campbell (almara)
Jerin ayyuka Na Uku (wasa)
Rashin Ƙasa (wasa), 1983
"Wasiƙar" (gajeren labari), 1985, wanda aka buga a cikin Ƙasar Wasiƙa
Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba (wasa), 1987
Yanayin Jijiya, 1988, Littafin Ba, 2006, Wannan Jikin Makoki 2018, Baƙar fata da Na mata (marubuta), 2022,
Filmography
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rikodin karatun Dangarembga na "Zaben Zimbabwe"
Petri Liukkonen. "Sanarwar goyon baya ga Tsitsi Dangarembga", Sabon Rubutu, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglis, Oktoba 2020.
Leo Robson, "Me yasa Tsitsi Dangarembga yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da kyautar Booker ta taɓa yin bikin", New Stateman, 13 Nuwamba 2020.
Mia Swart, "Tsitsi Dangarembga: Rayuwa a cikin 'Zimbabwe mai takurawa'", AlJazeera, 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Catherine Taylor, "Tsitsi Dangarembga kan kama ta, kyautar Booker da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba za ta bar Zimbabwe ba: 'Yana ci gaba da rauni'" 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Troy Fielder, "UEA Live: Wani fanko mai cutarwa, A cikin Tattaunawa Tare da Tsitsi Dangarembga", Kankare, 27 Fabrairu 2021.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1959
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30072 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauya%20gurbatacciyar%20iskar%20gas | Sauya gurbatacciyar iskar gas | Gasification wani tsari ne wanda ke canza biomass ko burbushin man fetur na tushen carbonaceous abubuwa zuwa gases, ciki har da mafi girma juzu'i: nitrogen (N2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2 da carbon dioxide CO Ana samun wannan ta hanyar mayar da martani ga kayan abinci a yanayin zafi mai yawa (yawanci> 700 °C), ba tare da konewa ba, ta hanyar sarrafa adadin iskar oxygen da/ko tururi da ke cikin halayen. Gas ɗin da aka samu ana kiransa syngas (daga haɗakar gas) ko iskar mai samarwa kuma ita kanta man fetur ne saboda ƙonewar H 2 da CO wanda iskar gas ɗin ya ƙunshi. Ana iya samun wutar lantarki daga konewar iskar gas da ke biyo baya, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa idan an sami mahaɗan gas ɗin daga kayan abinci na biomass. Amfanin gasification shi ne cewa syngas na iya zama mafi inganci fiye da konewa kai tsaye na kayan abinci na asali saboda ana iya ƙone shi a yanayin zafi mai girma ta yadda madaidaicin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio zuwa ingantaccen ingantaccen tsarin Carnot ya bayyana. Sanna Kuma Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Syngas azaman tushen hydrogen a cikin ƙwayoyin mai, duk da haka syngas ɗin da yawancin tsarin gas ɗin ke samarwa yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki da gyarawa don cire gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da sauran iskar gas kamar CO da CO don dacewa da ƙarancin zafin jiki mai amfani. amma high-zazzabi m oxide man fetur Kwayoyin suna iya kai tsaye yarda gauraye H2, CO, CO tururi, da methane. An fi kona Syngas kai tsaye a cikin injunan gas, to ana amfani da su don samar da methanol da hydrogen, ko kuma an canza su ta hanyar Fischer-Tropsch zuwa man fetur na roba Ga wasu kayan iskar gas na iya zama madadin zubar da ƙasa da ƙonewa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar fitar da gurɓataccen yanayi kamar methane da barbashi Kuma Wasu matakai na iskar gas suna da niyya don tace abubuwan toka masu lalata kamar su chloride da potassium, ba da damar samar da iskar gas mai tsabta daga kayan abinci mai matsala. A halin yanzu ana amfani da iskar iskar gas a ma'aunin masana'antu don samar da wutar lantarki. Gasification na iya haifar da ƙananan adadin wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar SO x da fiye da konewa.
Tarihi An samar da makamashi a sikelin masana'antu ta hanyar iskar gas tun farkon karni na 19. Tun Da farko an sanya gawayi da peat gas don samar da iskar gas na gari don haskakawa da dafa abinci, tare da sanya hasken titi na farko na jama'a a Pall Mall, London a ranar 28 ga Janairu, shekarata 1807, ba da daɗewa ba don samar da hasken iskar gas na kasuwanci ga mafi yawan biranen masana'antu har zuwa ƙarshen 19th. karni lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da hasken lantarki. An ci gaba da amfani da iskar gas da syngas a cikin tanderun fashewa kuma mafi mahimmanci wajen samar da sinadarai na roba inda ake amfani da shi tun daga shekarun 1920. Dubban shafuka sun bar ragowar masu guba. An gyara wasu shafuka, yayin da wasu kuma har yanzu gurɓatacce ne. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, musamman yakin duniya na biyu, bukatar man da iskar gas ke samarwa ya sake kunno kai saboda karancin man fetur. An yi amfani da injinan gas na itace, da ake kira Gasogene ko Gazogene, don sarrafa motoci a Turai A shekara ta 1945 akwai manyan motoci, motocin bas da injinan noma waɗanda ke amfani da iskar gas. An kiyasta cewa akwai motoci kusan kimanin 9,000,000 da ke aiki da iskar gas a duk fadin duniya.
Hanyoyin sinadaran A cikin gasifier, abu na carbonaceous yana ɗaukar matakai daban-daban:
Tsarin bushewa ko bushewa yana faruwa a kusan kimanin 100 °C. Yawanci sakamakon tururi yana gauraya cikin kwararar iskar kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da halayen sinadarai na gaba, musamman yanayin iskar gas na ruwa idan yanayin zafi ya yi yawa (duba mataki #5).
Tsarin pyrolysis (ko delatilization) yana faruwa a kusan kimanin 200-300 °C. Ana saki nau'i-nau'i kuma ana samar da char, yana haifar da asarar nauyi zuwa kashi 70 na kwal. Tsarin yana dogara ne akan kaddarorin kayan aikin carbonaceous kuma yana ƙayyade tsari da abun da ke ciki na cajar, wanda zai fuskanci halayen gasification.
Tsarin konewa yana faruwa yayin da samfuran da ba su da ƙarfi da wasu daga cikin char ɗin ke amsawa tare da iskar oxygen don samar da carbon dioxide da farko da ƙananan adadin carbon monoxide, wanda ke ba da zafi don halayen iskar gas na gaba. Barin C yana wakiltar fili mai ɗauke da carbon, ainihin abin da ke faruwa anan shine Tsarin iskar gas yana faruwa yayin da char ke amsawa tare da tururi da carbon dioxide don samar da carbon monoxide da hydrogen, ta hanyar halayen. kuma Bugu da kari, canjin iskar gas mai jujjuyawa canjin iskar gas na ruwa-gas yana kaiwa ma'auni cikin sauri a yanayin zafi a cikin injin gas. Wannan yana daidaita adadin carbon monoxide, tururi, carbon dioxide da hydrogen. A zahiri, ana shigar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen ko iska a cikin injin don ba da damar wasu abubuwan da ake buƙata don “ƙona” Kuma don samar da carbon dioxide da makamashi, wanda ke haifar da amsa ta biyu wanda ke juyar da ƙarin kayan halitta zuwa hydrogen da ƙarin carbon dioxide. SannanƘarin halayen suna faruwa lokacin da aka kafa carbon monoxide da sauran ruwa daga kayan halitta sun amsa don samar da methane da wuce haddi carbon dioxide Wannan halayen na uku yana faruwa da yawa a cikin reactors waɗanda ke haɓaka lokacin zama na iskar gas da kayan halitta, da zafi da matsa lamba. To Ana amfani da masu kara kuzari a cikin ingantattun reactors don haɓaka ƙimar amsawa, don haka matsar da tsarin kusa da ma'aunin amsa don ƙayyadadden lokacin zama.
Tsari Yawancin nau'ikan gasifiers suna samuwa a halin yanzu don amfanin kasuwanci: ƙayyadaddun gado na yanzu, ƙayyadaddun gado mai haɗin gwiwa, gado mai ruwa, kwararar ruwa, plasma, da radical kyauta.
Kafaffen gado mai jujjuyawar yanzu ("daftarin sama") gasifier Kafaffen gado na man carbonaceous (misali gawayi ko biomass) ta inda "wakilin gasification" (turi, oxygen da/ko iska) ke gudana a cikin daidaitaccen tsari na yanzu. Ana cire toka ko dai a cikin yanayin bushewa ko a matsayin slag Masu amfani da iskar gas ɗin suna da ƙaramin rabo na tururi zuwa carbon, samun yanayin zafi sama da yanayin haɗin toka. Yanayin gasifier yana nufin cewa man fetur dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙarfin injiniya kuma dole ne ya kasance maras yisti don ya zama gado mai lalacewa, ko Kuma da yake abubuwan da suka faru na kwanan nan sun rage waɗannan ƙuntatawa zuwa wani matsayi. Abin don irin wannan nau'in gasifier yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi. Canjin yanayin zafi yana da girma yayin da yanayin zafi a cikin fitowar gas ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Koyaya, shiyasa wannan yana nufin cewa samar da kwalta da methane suna da mahimmanci a yanayin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun, don haka dole ne a tsaftace samfuran gas da yawa kafin amfani. Kuma Za a iya sake yin fa'idar kwalta zuwa injin reactor.
A cikin gasification na lafiya, undensified biomass kamar shinkafa hulls, wajibi ne a busa iska a cikin reactor ta hanyar fan. Wannan yana haifar da yawan zafin jiki na iskar gas, har zuwa kimanin 1000 C. Sama da yankin gasification, an kafa gado mai kyau da kuma zafi mai zafi, kuma yayin da ake hura iskar gas ta cikin wannan gadon, yawancin hadaddun hydrocarbons sun rushe zuwa sassa masu sauƙi na hydrogen. da kuma carbon monoxide.
Kafaffen gado mai haɗin gwiwa ("ƙasa daftarin") gasifier Kama da nau'in counter-na yanzu, amma gas ɗin gas ɗin gas ɗin yana gudana a cikin daidaitaccen tsari tare da man fetur (a ƙasa, saboda haka sunan "ƙasa daftarin gasifier"). Sannan Ana buƙatar ƙara zafi zuwa ɓangaren sama na gado, ko dai ta hanyar kone ƙananan man fetur ko daga wuraren zafi na waje. Gas ɗin da aka samar yana barin gasifier a yanayin zafi mai yawa, kuma yawancin wannan zafi sau da yawa ana canjawa wuri zuwa ga man gas ɗin da aka ƙara a saman gadon, yana haifar da ingantaccen makamashi akan matakin tare da nau'in counter-current. Tunda duk kwalta dole ne su wuce ta wurin gado mai zafi na char a cikin wannan tsarin, Kuma matakan kwalta sun yi ƙasa sosai fiye da nau'in na yanzu.
Ruwan daɗaɗɗen gadon reactor Man fetur yana da ruwa a cikin iskar oxygen da tururi ko iska. Sannan Ana cire tokar a bushe ko a matsayin babban agglomerates wanda ke lalata ruwa. Yanayin zafi yana da ƙasa kaɗan a busassun ash gas, don haka mai dole ne ya kasance mai ɗaukar nauyi sosai; ƙananan garwashi sun dace musamman. The agglomerating gasifiers da dan kadan mafi girma zafi, kuma sun dace da mafi girma matsayi garwashi. Abubuwan da ake samu na man fetur ya fi na ƙayyadaddun gado, amma bai kai na iskar gas ɗin da aka shigar ba. Ingantaccen juzu'i na iya zama ƙasa kaɗan saboda haɓakar kayan carbonaceous. Kuma Ana iya amfani da sake yin fa'ida ko konewar daskararrun na gaba don ƙara juyawa. Na'urorin gas ɗin gado masu ruwa sun fi amfani ga mai da ke haifar da toka mai lalata sosai wanda zai lalata bangon gasifiers na slagging. Haƙoran halittu gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi manyan matakan toka mai lalata.
Ruwan gas na gado yana amfani da kayan gado marasa ƙarfi a yanayin ruwa wanda ke haɓaka zafi da rarraba kwayoyin halitta a cikin gasifier. Sannan A wani yanayi mai ruwa, saurin ruwan sama ya fi ƙaramar saurin ruwa da ake buƙata don ɗaga kayan gado a kan nauyin gadon. An raba gas ɗin gado mai ruwa zuwa Bed Fluidized Bed (BFB), Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) da Dual Fluidized Bed (DFB) gasifiers.
Intrained kwarara gasifier Busasshiyar daskararre mai ƙarfi, man ruwa mai atomized ko slurry mai yana da iskar iskar oxygen (mafi ƙarancin yawa: iska) a cikin halin yanzu. Kuma Wasu Abubuwan halayen gasification suna faruwa a cikin gajimare mai yawa na barbashi masu kyau. Yawancin gawayi sun dace da irin wannan nau'in gas ɗin saboda yanayin yanayin aiki mai yawa kuma saboda ƙwayoyin kwal sun rabu da juna sosai.
Matsakaicin yanayin zafi da matsi kuma yana nufin cewa za'a iya samun mafi girman abin da ake buƙata, duk da haka ƙarfin zafi ya ɗan ragu kaɗan kamar yadda gas ɗin dole ne a sanyaya kafin a iya tsaftace shi da fasahar data kasance. Hakanan yanayin zafi yana nufin cewa kwalta da methane ba sa cikin iskar gas; duk da haka buƙatun iskar oxygen ya fi na sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. To Duk masu shigar da iskar gas ɗin da ke gudana suna cire babban ɓangaren tokar a matsayin ƙwaƙƙwal kamar yadda zafin aiki ya yi sama da zafin ash fusion.
Ana samar da ƙaramin juzu'in toka ko dai a matsayin busasshiyar tokar ƙuda ko kuma a matsayin baƙar ƙuda mai launin ƙuda. Wasu man fetur, musamman wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta, na iya samar da slag wanda ke lalata bangon ciki na yumbu wanda ke ba da kariya ga bangon gasifier na waje. To Duk da haka wasu nau'ikan masu kwararar gas ba su mallaki bangon ciki na yumbu ba amma suna da ruwa na ciki ko bango mai sanyaya tururi wanda aka lulluɓe da wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan shinge. Wadannan nau'ikan gasifiers ba sa fama da slags masu lalata.
Wasu man fetur suna da toka tare da yanayin yanayin haɗuwa da toka sosai. A cikin wannan yanayin galibi ana haɗe dutsen farar ƙasa da man fetur kafin gasification. Ƙara ɗan dutsen farar ƙasa yawanci zai wadatar don rage yanayin yanayin haɗuwa. Dole ne barbashin mai ya zama ƙanƙanta da yawa fiye da na sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. Wannan yana nufin dole ne a nitse mai, wanda ke buƙatar ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi fiye da sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. Kuma Ya zuwa yanzu mafi yawan amfani da makamashi da ke da alaƙa da iskar gas ɗin da ke gudana ba wai niƙa mai bane amma samar da iskar oxygen da ake amfani da shi don iskar gas.
Plasma gasifier A cikin na'urar gas ɗin plasma ana ciyar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi zuwa wuta, yana haifar da babban zafin jiki. Ana dawo da ragowar inorganic a matsayin gilashi kamar abu.
Kayan abinci Akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan kayan abinci daban-daban don amfani a cikin gasifier, kowannensu yana da halaye daban-daban, gami da girman, siffa, yawa mai yawa, abun cikin danshi, abun ciki na makamashi, abun da ke tattare da sinadarai, halayen haɗin ash, da Kuma kamannin duk waɗannan kaddarorin. Sannan Ana amfani da gawayi da coke na man fetur azaman kayan abinci na farko don yawancin manyan tsire-tsire masu iskar gas a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samar da iskar gas iri-iri na biomass da sharar da aka samu, tare da pellets na itace da guntu, itacen sharar gida, robobi da aluminium, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Man Fetur (RDF), sharar gona da masana'antu, sludge na najasa., canza ciyawar, masarar iri da aka jefar, injinan masara da sauran ragowar amfanin gona duk ana amfani da su. Chemrec ya haɓaka wani tsari don gasification na baƙar fata barasa Sharar gida Gas ɗin sharar gida yana da fa'idodi da yawa akan ƙonewa:
Ana iya yin babban tsaftar bututun hayaki mai fa'ida akan syngas maimakon mafi girma yawan iskar gas bayan konewa.
Za a iya samar da wutar lantarki a cikin injuna da injin turbin gas, waɗanda suke da arha da inganci fiye da sake zagayowar tururi da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙonawa. Hatta ƙwayoyin mai ana iya amfani da su, amma waɗannan suna da matsananciyar buƙatu game da tsabtar iskar.
Sarrafa sinadarai Gas zuwa ruwa na syngas na iya samar da wasu abubuwan da ake amfani da su na roba maimakon wutar lantarki.
Wasu hanyoyin samar da iskar gas suna magance tokar da ke ɗauke da ƙarfe masu nauyi a yanayin zafi sosai ta yadda za a fitar da ita cikin sigar gilashi da kwanciyar hankali.
Babban ƙalubale ga fasahohin samar da iskar gas shine a kai ga ingantaccen ingantaccen ƙarfin lantarki. Babban ingancin jujjuya syngas zuwa wutar lantarki yana fuskantar babban amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin sarrafa sharar gida, yawan amfani da iskar oxygen mai tsafta (wanda galibi ana amfani dashi azaman gasification), Kuma da tsabtace gas. Wani ƙalubalen da ke fitowa fili yayin aiwatar da matakai a rayuwa ta ainihi shine samun dogayen sabis na sabis a cikin tsire-tsire, ta yadda ba lallai ba ne a rufe shukar kowane ƴan watanni don tsaftace reactor.
Masu rajin kare muhalli sun kira gasification "ƙonawa a ɓoye" kuma suna jayayya cewa fasahar har yanzu tana da haɗari ga ingancin iska da lafiyar jama'a. "Tun daga shekarata 2003 da yawa shawarwari don wuraren kula da sharar gida suna fatan yin amfani da fasahohin gas ɗin sun kasa samun amincewar ƙarshe don aiki lokacin da iƙirarin masu ba da aikin ba su jure wa binciken jama'a da gwamnati na mahimman da'awar ba," a cewar Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives. Wurare ɗaya da ta yi aiki daga shekarar 2009-2011 a Ottawa tana da "hatsarin hayaki" 29 da "zubewa" 13 a cikin waɗannan shekaru ukun. Hakanan ya sami ikon yin aiki kusan kashi 25% na lokacin. An ba da shawarar matakai da yawa na sharar iskar gas, amma kaɗan har yanzu an gina su kuma an gwada su, kuma kaɗan ne kawai aka aiwatar yayin da tsire-tsire ke sarrafa sharar gaske, kuma galibi a hade tare da mai. Wata shuka (a Chiba, Japan ta yin amfani da tsarin Thermoselect tana sarrafa sharar masana'antu tare da iskar gas da kuma tsabtace iskar oxygen tun shekara ta 2000, amma har yanzu ba ta rubuta ingantaccen samar da makamashi daga tsarin ba.
A cikin shekarar 2007 Ze-gen ya gina wurin nuna sharar iskar gas a New Bedford, Massachusetts An tsara wurin don nuna iskar gas na takamaiman rafukan sharar da ba na MSW ba ta amfani da iskar gas ɗin ƙarfe na ruwa Wannan wurin ya zo ne bayan yaɗuwar adawar jama'a ta tanadi tsare-tsare na irin wannan shuka a Attleboro, Massachusetts A yau Ze-gen ya bayyana ya ƙare, kuma an saukar da gidan yanar gizon kamfanin a cikin shekarata 2014. Hakanan a cikin Amurka, a cikin shekarata 2011 an gwada tsarin plasma wanda PyroGenesis Canada Inc. ya bayar don samar da iskar gas mai daskarewa na birni, datti mai haɗari da sharar kwayoyin halitta a sansanin Rundunar Sojojin Sama na Musamman na Hurlburt Field Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayu shekarar 2013. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara.
Aikace-aikace na yanzu Ana iya amfani da Syngas don samar da zafi da kuma samar da wutar lantarki da injiniyoyi. Kamar har sauran iskar gas, mai samar da iskar gas yana ba da iko mafi girma akan matakan wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da ingantaccen mai, yana haifar da ingantaccen aiki da tsabta.
Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Syngas don ƙarin sarrafawa zuwa mai ko sinadarai.
Zafi Gasifiers suna ba da zaɓi mai sassauƙa don aikace-aikacen thermal, kamar yadda za'a iya sake dawo dasu cikin na'urorin da ake kunna iskar gas kamar tanda, tanda, tukunyar jirgi, da sauransu, inda syngas na iya maye gurbin burbushin mai. Adadin dumama na syngas gabaɗaya suna kusa da 4-10 MJ/m 3 Wutar Lantarki A halin yanzu ana amfani da iskar gas na masana'antu da farko don samar da wutar lantarki daga burbushin man fetur kamar kwal, inda ake kona sinadarai a cikin injin turbin gas. Hakanan ana amfani da iskar gas ta masana'antu wajen samar da wutar lantarki, ammonia da albarkatun ruwa (mai) ta amfani da Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles IGCC tare da yuwuwar samar da methane da hydrogen don ƙwayoyin mai. IGCC kuma hanya ce mafi inganci ta kama CO 2 idan aka kwatanta da fasahar zamani. Tushen nunin IGCC suna aiki tun farkon shekarata 1970s kuma wasu daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka gina a cikin shekarata 1990s yanzu suna shiga sabis na kasuwanci.
Haɗewar zafi da ƙarfi A cikin ƙananan kasuwanci da aikace-aikacen gine-gine, inda tushen itace ya kasance mai ɗorewa, kimanin 250-1000 kWe da sababbin tsire-tsire na carbon biomass gasification an shigar da su a Turai waɗanda ke samar da syngas kyauta daga itace kuma suna ƙone shi a cikin injuna masu jujjuyawa da aka haɗa da janareta tare da dawo da zafi. Irin wannan nau'in shuka ana kiransa sau da yawa azaman itace biomass CHP unit amma shuka ce mai tsari daban-daban guda bakwai: sarrafa biomass, isar da mai, iskar gas, tsaftace gas, zubar da shara, samar da wutar lantarki da dawo da zafi.
Man fetur na sufuri Ana iya sarrafa injunan dizal akan yanayin mai biyu ta amfani da iskar gas. Canjin dizal na sama da kashi 80% a manyan lodi da 70-80% a ƙarƙashin bambance-bambancen kaya na yau da kullun ana iya samun sauƙin samu. Injunan kunna wuta da ƙwanƙwaran man mai oxide na iya aiki akan iskar gas 100%. Za a iya amfani da makamashin injina daga injina misali tuƙi na ruwa don ban ruwa ko don haɗawa da madaidaicin wutar lantarki.
Yayin da ƙananan sikelin gas suka wanzu fiye da shekaru 100, akwai ƴan hanyoyin samun na'ura mai shirye don amfani. Ƙananan na'urori yawanci ayyukan DIY ne. Koyaya, a halin yanzu a ƙasar Amurka, kamfanoni da yawa suna ba da injin gas don sarrafa ƙananan injuna.
Sabunta makamashi da makamashi A ka'ida, gasification na iya ci gaba daga kusan kowane nau'in halitta, gami da biomass da sharar filastik Sakamakon syngas za a iya kone su. A madadin, idan syngas yana da tsabta sosai, ana iya amfani dashi don samar da wutar lantarki a injunan gas, injin turbines ko ma man fetur, ko kuma canza shi da kyau zuwa dimethyl ether (DME) ta hanyar rashin ruwa na methanol, methane ta hanyar Sabatier dauki, ko dizal-kamar. Man fetur na roba ta hanyar tsarin Fischer-Tropsch. A yawancin tafiyar da iskar gas yawancin abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ba na kayan shigarwa, kamar karafa da ma'adanai, ana kiyaye su a cikin toka. Kuma A wasu matakai na gasification (slagging gasification) wannan ash yana da nau'i na gilashi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙananan kaddarorin leaching, amma samar da wutar lantarki a slagging gasification yana da ƙasa (wani lokaci mara kyau) kuma farashin ya fi girma.
Ba tare da la'akari da nau'in man fetur na ƙarshe ba, iskar gas da kanta da sarrafawa na gaba ba sa fitarwa kai tsaye ko tarko iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide. Yin amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin gasification da tsarin juyawa na syngas na iya zama mahimmanci ko da yake, kuma yana iya haifar da watsi da CO 2 a kaikaice; a slagging da plasma gasification, da wutar lantarki amfani iya ma wuce duk wani ikon samar daga nau'in syngas.
Konewar syngas ko mai da aka samu yana fitarwa daidai adadin carbon dioxide kamar yadda zai fito daga konewar man na farko kai tsaye. Gas na biomass da konewa na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin makamashi mai sabuntawa, Kuma saboda samar da kwayoyin halitta yana kawar da adadin CO 2 daga sararin samaniya kamar yadda ake fitarwa daga iskar gas da konewa. Yayin da sauran fasahohin fasahar halittu irin su biogas da biodiesel ke tsaka tsaki na carbon, iskar gas a ka'ida na iya gudana akan nau'ikan kayan shigarwa iri-iri kuma ana iya amfani da su don samar da nau'ikan abubuwan fitarwa iri-iri.
A halin yanzu akwai ƴan masana'antu sikelin biomass gasification shuke-shuke. Tun 2008 a Svenljunga, Sweden, a biomass gasification shuka haifar har zuwa 14 MW th, wadata masana'antu da kuma jama'ar Svenljunga tare da aiwatar tururi da gundumar dumama, bi da bi. Mai iskar gas yana amfani da makamashin biomass kamar CCA ko itacen sharar da aka dasa a ciki da kuma sauran nau'ikan itacen da aka sake fa'ida don samar da syngas da ake konewa a wurin. A cikin shekarata 2011 ana shigar da irin wannan injin gas, mai amfani da nau'ikan mai, a masana'antar CHP ta Munkfors Energy Kamfanin na CHP zai samar da 2MW e (lantarki) da 8 MW th dumama gundumomi Misalan ayyukan nuni sun haɗa da:
The 32 MW dual fluidized bed gasification of the GoBiGas project in Gothenburg, Sweden, produced around 20 MW of substitute natural gas from forest residues and fed it into the natural gas grid since December 2014. The plant was permanently closed due to technical and economical problems in April 2018. Göteborg Energi had invested 175 million euro in the plant and intensive attempts to sell the plant to new investors had failed for a year.
Those of the Renewable Energy Network Austria, including a plant using dual fluidized bed gasification that has supplied the town of Güssing with 2 MW of electricity, produced utilising GE Jenbacher reciprocating gas engines and 4 MW of heat, generated from wood chips, since 2001. The plant was decommissioned in 2015.
Go Green Gas' pilot plant in Swindon, UK has demonstrated methane production from waste feedstocks at 50 kW. The project has prompted the construction of a £25million commercial facility that aims to generate 22GWh per annum of grid-quality natural gas from waste wood and refuse derived fuel, due for completion in 2018.
Chemrec's pilot plant in Piteå that produced 3 MW of clean syngas from entrained flow gasification of black liquor. The plant was closed down permanently due to financial problems in 2016
The High Temperature Winkler (HTW), a pressurized circulating fluidized bed gasification process. During the 1990s HTW was tested with a variety of different feedstocks, including low-rank coals and various forms of biomass; wood, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and municipal solid waste (MSW). The last HTW facility closed permanently in 2002. Since 2015 tests of the process continues at a 0.1 t/h pilot unit at Darmstadt University, while a redesigned full-scale unit is under erection in Amsterdam
Duba wasu abubuwan Gas din kwal
Konewar gado mai ruwa
Tarihin samar da iskar gas
Isle of Wight iskar gas
Jerin fasahohin maganin datti
Zubar da shara ta Plasma
Gas mai sabuntawa
Gas na ruwa
Tushen wutan lantarki na waje
Chemical looping sake fasalin da gasification
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Tsarin Gasification na Biomass"
"Majalisar Fasaha ta Gasification" Archived "Thermal Gasification na Biomass, International Energy Agency"
Fasahar Gasification
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25111 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Senegal | Kogin Senegal | Kogin Senegal (Larabci: Nahr As-sinigāl, Faransanci: Fleuve Sénégal) rafi ne mai tsawon kilomita 1,086, (675 mi) a Yammacin Afirka wanda ya,zama iyaka tsakanin Senegal da Mauritania. Tana da kwarin magudanar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi), matsakaicin kwararawar 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), da fitowar shekara 21,5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Muhimman masu bautar ƙasa sune Kogin Falémé, Kogin ƙarakoro, da Kogin Gorgol. Kogin ya kasu kashi biyu da zarar ya wuce Kaédi reshen hagu, wanda ake kira Doué, yana tafiya daidai da babban kogin zuwa arewa. Bayan kilomita 200 (mil 120) rassan biyu sun sake komawa,cikin 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙarƙashin Pondor.
A cikin shekarar 1972 Mali, Mauritania da Senegal sun kafa Organisation don la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) don sarrafa kwarin kogin. Guinea ta shiga cikin 2005. A halin yanzu, kawai ana amfani da kogin sosai don jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji. OMVS sun duba yuwuwar ƙirƙirar tashar mai tafiya 55 m (180 ft) a faɗi tsakanin ƙaramin garin Ambidédi a Mali da Saint-Louis, nisan mil 905 (562 mi). Za ta bai wa Mali marar ruwa hanya kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Atlantika.
Ruwa na ruwa a cikin kwarin Kogin Senegal yana da alaƙa ta kusa da na Kogin Gambiya, kuma galibi ana haɗa su biyu a ƙarƙashin wani yanayi da ake kira Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Nau'ikan kwaɗi uku da kifi ɗaya ne kaɗai suka mamaye wannan yanayin.
Kogin kuma yana da manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan hanyar sa, Dam ɗin Manantali a Mali da Dam ɗin Maka-Diama da ke kan iyakar Mauritania da Senegal. Tsakanin akwai Félou Hydroelectric Plant, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1927, amma aka maye gurbinsa a 2014. Ginin Gouina Hydroelectric Plant, upstream na Felou a Gouina Falls ya fara ne a 2013.
Labarin ƙasa Babban ruwan Senegal shine kogunan Semefé (Bakoye) da Bafing waɗanda duka sun samo asali ne daga Guinea; sun kafa wani karamin sashi na iyakar Guinea -Mali kafin su hadu a Bafoulabé a Mali. Daga can, kogin Senegal yana kwarara zuwa yamma sannan arewa ta hanyar Talari Gorges kusa da Galougo da kan Gouina Falls, sannan ya zarce a hankali ya wuce Kayes, inda kuma ya karɓi Kolimbiné. Bayan yawo tare tare da Karakoro, yana tsawaita tafarkin tsohon a kan iyakar Mali -Mauritania zuwa wasu kilomita goma zuwa Bakel inda yake gudana tare da Kogin Falémé, wanda kuma yana da tushe a Guinea, daga baya yana tafiya tare da wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki. Daga nan Guinea-Mali za ta gano mafi yawan iyakar Senegal da Mali har zuwa Bakel. Ƙasar ta Senegal na ci gaba da ratsawa ta cikin ƙasa mai ɗanɗano a arewacin Senegal, inda ta ke iyaka da Mauritania har zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. A cikin Kaedi yana karɓar Gorgol daga Mauritania. Ta ratsa Boghé ta isa Richard Toll inda Ferlo ke haɗa shi daga Lac de Guiers na cikin Senegal. Yana wucewa ta Rosso kuma, yana gab da bakinsa, a kusa da tsibirin Senegal wanda garin Saint-Louis yake, sannan ya juya kudu. An raba shi da Tekun Atlantika ta bakin siririn yashi mai suna Langue de Barbarie kafin ya shiga cikin tekun da kansa.
Kogin yana da manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan hanyarsa, madatsar ruwa ta Manantali a Mali da Dam na Maka-Diama da ke kan iyakar Mauritania da Senegal, kusa da mashigar ruwa, yana hana samun ruwan gishiri zuwa sama. Tsakanin Manantali da Maka-Diama akwai Félou Hydroelectric Plant wanda aka kammala shi a 1927 kuma yana amfani da weir. An maye gurbin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013, an fara gina Ginin Gouina Hydroelectric Shuka a saman Felou a Gouina Falls.
Kogin Senegal yana da kwarin magudanar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi), matsakaicin kwararawar 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), da fitarwar shekara -shekara na 21.5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Muhimman masu bautar ƙasa sune Kogin Falémé, Kogin Karakoro, da Kogin Gorgol.
Ƙasar Kaédi kogin ya kasu kashi biyu. Reshen hagu da ake kira Doué yana gudana daidai da babban kogin zuwa arewa. Bayan kilomita 200 (mil 120) rassan biyu sun sake komawa cikin 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙarƙashin Pondor. Ana kiran doguwar ƙasar tsakanin rassan biyu Île á Morfil.
A cikin 1972 Mali, Mauritania da Senegal sun kafa Kungiyar don la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) don sarrafa kwarin kogin. Guinea ta shiga cikin 2005.
A halin yanzun kuma, ana amfani da ruwa mai iyaka sosai don jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji. OMVS sun duba yuwuwar ƙirƙirar tashar mai tafiya 55 m (180 ft) a faɗi tsakanin ƙaramin garin Ambidédi a Mali da Saint-Louis, nisan mil 905 (562 mi). Za ta bai wa Mali marar ruwa hanya kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Atlantika.
Ruwa na ruwa a cikin kwarin Kogin Senegal yana da alaƙa ta kusa da na Kogin Gambiya, kuma galibi ana haɗa su biyu a ƙarƙashin wani yanayi da ake kira Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Kodayake wadatar jinsi tana da matsakaiciya, nau'in kwaɗi uku da kifaye ɗaya ne kawai ke mamaye wannan yanayin.
Tarihi An san wanzuwar Kogin Senegal ga farkon wayewar Bahar Rum. Pliny Dattijon ya kira shi ko wani kogin Bambotus (wataƙila daga behemoth na Phoenician don hippopotamus) da Nias ta Claudius Ptolemy. Hanno dan Carthaginian ya ziyarce shi a kusa da 450 KZ a lokacin tafiyarsa daga Carthage ta cikin ginshiƙan Herakles zuwa Theon Ochema (Dutsen Kamaru) a Tekun Guinea. Akwai ciniki daga nan zuwa duniyar Bahar Rum, har zuwa rugujewar Carthage da gidan kasuwancin sa na yammacin Afirka a 146 KZ.
Tushen Larabawa A farkon tsakiyar zamanai (kimanin 800 AZ), Kogin Senegal ya dawo da hulɗa da duniyar Bahar Rum tare da kafa hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin Sahara tsakanin Maroko da Masarautar Ghana. Masana ilimin ƙasa, kamar al-Masudi na Bagadaza (957), al-Bakri na Spain (1068) da al-Idrisi na Sicily (1154), sun ba da wasu daga cikin farkon kwatancen Kogin Senegal. Masana ilmin yanayin ƙasa na farko sun yi imanin cewa kogin Senegal na sama da kogin Neja na sama sun haɗu da juna, kuma sun kafa kogi ɗaya da ke gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma, wanda suka kira "Yammacin Nilu". (A zahiri, wasu daga cikin magudanar kogin Senegal suna kusa da Kogin Niger a Mali da Guinea.) An yi imanin ko dai reshen yamma ne na Kogin Nilu na Masar ko kuma an ɗora shi daga tushe ɗaya (daban -daban ana zato ga wasu manyan abubuwan ciki. tabkuna na Dutsen Wata, ko Girkin Ptolemy ko rafin Gihon na Littafi Mai -Tsarki).
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30247 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20bayar%20da%20gaskiya%20a%20dokar%20bayar%20da%20filaye%20da%20gyara%20matsagunni%20ta%202013 | Haƙƙin bayar da gaskiya a dokar bayar da filaye da gyara matsagunni ta 2013 | Haƙƙin Bayar da Gaskiya da Dokar Bayar da Filaye, Gyarawa da Matsuguni, 2013 (Haka kuma Dokar Samar da ƙasa, 2013 ko Dokar LARR ko Dokar RFCTLARR Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ce wacce ke tsara mallakar filaye da shimfidawa. tsari da ka'idoji don bayar da diyya, da kuma gyarawa da kuma sake tsugunar da mutanen da abin ya shafa a Indiya. Dokar tana da tanadin bayar da diyya ta gaskiya ga wadanda aka kwace musu fili, ta kawo gaskiya ga tsarin mallakar filaye don kafa masana’antu ko gine-gine, ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da kuma tabbatar da gyara wadanda abin ya shafa. Dokar ta maye gurbin Dokar Samar da Kasa, 1894 da aka kafa a lokacin mulkin Birtaniyya.
An gabatar da Dokar Samar da Filaye, Gyara da Matsuguni, a shekarata 2011 a Lok Sabha a ranar 7 ga Satumba shekarata 2011. Daga nan ne aka zartar da lissafin a ranar 29 ga Agusta shekarar 2013 da Rajya Sabha a ranar 4 ga Satumba shekarata 2013. Kudirin ya samu amincewar shugaban kasar Indiya a ranar 27 ga Satumba shekarata 2013. Dokar ta fara aiki daga 1 ga Janairu shekarar 2014. A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2014 an ba da Dokar Samun Filaye ta 2014. Daga nan sai aka gabatar da wani kudurin doka a majalisar. Lok Sabha ya zartar da lissafin gyara amma ba Rajya Sabha ba. A ranar 30 ga Mayu shekarata 2015, Shugaban Indiya ya ba da sanarwar gyara a matsayin doka a karo na uku. Kotun kolin dai ta ki dakatar da dokar ne biyo bayan wata kara da ta shigar da kara kan bukatun jama'a. An mika kudirin gyaran dokar ga kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar. Kwamitin ya kasa cimma matsaya. Kudirin gyara ya ci tura.
Fage
Tarihi Dokar Samar da Filaye, 1894 doka ce da Majalisar Dokoki ta Imperial ta zartar, wacce ke tafiyar da tsarin mallakar filaye a Indiya har zuwa Shekarar 2013 kuma ta ci gaba da yin hakan a Pakistan da Myanmar Yana ba da damar mallakar filaye don wasu muradun jama’a daga wata hukuma ta gwamnati daga hannun daidaikun mutane bayan biyan diyya da gwamnati ta kayyade don biyan asarar da masu filayen ke yi na mika filayensu ga hukumar. A Indiya, wata sabuwar doka, 'yancin yin adalci da gaskiya a cikin mallakar filaye, gyarawa da dokar sake matsuguni, a shekarata 2013, ta maye gurbin wannan doka.
Bukatar Gwamnatin Indiya ta yi imanin cewa akwai damuwa da jama'a game da batun mallakar filaye a Indiya. Babban abin damuwa shi ne, duk da gyare-gyare da yawa, a cikin shekarun da suka wuce, ga Dokar Samar da Filaye ta Indiya ta shekarar 1894, babu wata doka ta kasa da ta dace da ta dace da biyan diyya lokacin da aka mallaki fili mai zaman kansa don amfanin jama'a, da kuma gyara ga masu mallakar filaye da adalci. Kuma wadanda abin ya shafa kai tsaye daga asarar rayuwa. Gwamnatin Indiya ta yi imanin cewa haɗakar doka ta zama dole, wacce bisa doka ta buƙaci gyara da sake tsugunar da su dole kuma a lokaci guda ta bi gwamnati ta mallaki fili don amfanin jama'a. Dokar Arba'in da Hudu na 1978 ta tsallake Art 19 (1) (f) tare da sakamakon da aka samu: 'Yancin kada a hana mutum kadarorinsa sai dai ta hanyar doka, tun daga yanzu ba wani hakki ne na asali ba. “Babu wani mutum da za a hana shi dukiyarsa ta wurin ikon doka” (Tsarin Mulki na 44th Kwaskwarima, wef 10.6.1979). Gyaran ya tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin mallakar dukiya' ba wani haƙƙi ne na asali ba, sai dai haƙƙin tsarin mulki/haƙƙin doka/a matsayin haƙƙin doka kuma idan aka keta doka, sannan kuma maganin da ake samu ga wanda aka yi masa laifi yana ta hanyar Babbar Kotuna a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 226 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Indiya ba Kotun Koli ba a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 32 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Haka kuma, babu wanda zai iya kalubalantar haƙƙin haƙƙin da duk wata doka da majalisa ta yi don hana mutum kadarorinsa.
Dole ne jiha ta biya diyya a ƙimar kasuwa don irin wannan ƙasa, gini ko tsarin da aka samu (Inserted by Tsarin Mulki, Dokar Gyara ta Goma sha bakwai, a shekarata 1964), ana iya samun irin wannan a cikin hukunce-hukuncen farko lokacin da haƙƙin mallaka ya kasance ainihin haƙƙi (kamar 1954 AIR 170)., 1954 SCR 558, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar "Diyya" da aka tura a cikin Mataki na 31 (2) yana nuna cikakken diyya, wato darajar kasuwa na kadarorin a lokacin da aka samu. Majalisa dole ne "tabbatar da cewa abin da aka ƙayyade a matsayin biya dole ne ya zama diyya, wato, daidai da abin da aka hana mai shi"). Wani wuri kuma, Justice O Chinappa Reddy ya yi mulki (Jihar Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan Tale a ranar 7 ga Yuli shekarata 1983) cewa an soke ainihin haƙƙin mallakar dukiya saboda rashin dacewa da manufofin "adalci" zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa da "daidaita matsayi da dama" tare da kafa "dimokradiyyar gurguzu jamhuriya, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada. Babu wani dalili da zai sa a gabatar da sabon ra'ayi na dukiya a wurin tsohon don a kawo fa'idodin koyarwar Laissez Faire da ƙirƙirar, da sunan inganci, sabon oligarchy. Haƙiƙa yana da fuskoki da yawa kuma har yanzu mutum bai gano wani ma'asumi gwajin inganci don dacewa da buƙatun al'umma masu tasowa kamar namu ba" (1983 AIR 803, 1983 SCR (3) 327) Dey Biswas 2014, 14-15 bayanin kula. An gabatar da lissafin Samar da Filaye, Gyara da Matsala, a shekarata 2011 a Lok Sabha. An gabatar da kudurori biyu akan layi iri ɗaya a Lok Sabha a cikin shekarar 2007. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen sun ƙare tare da rusa Lok Sabha na 14 Tattaunawar lissafin
Tanadi
Ma'anar manufar jama'a Sashe na 2 (1) na Dokar ya bayyana masu zuwa a matsayin manufar jama'a don mallakar ƙasa a cikin Indiya: Lokacin da gwamnati ta bayyana manufar jama'a kuma za ta mallaki ƙasar kai tsaye, ba za a buƙaci izinin mai fili ba. Duk da haka, kuma lokacin da gwamnati ta mallaki fili ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, izinin akalla kashi 80% na iyalai da abin ya shafa za a samu ta hanyar da aka sani kafin gwamnati ta yi amfani da ikonta a karkashin dokar don mallakar sauran filayen don amfanin jama'a, kuma idan akwai aikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu aƙalla kashi 70% na iyalai da abin ya shafa su amince da tsarin saye. Dokar ta ƙunshi wani magana na gaggawa don mallakar ƙasa cikin gaggawa. Kuma Za a iya yin amfani da batun gaggawa ne kawai don tsaron ƙasa, tsaro da kuma lokacin da aka gyara mutanen da abin ya shafa daga bala'o'i ko na gaggawa.
Ma'anar 'mai mallakar ƙasa' Dokar ta bayyana waɗannan abubuwa a matsayin mai mallakar ƙasa:
Iyaka akan saye Dokar ta hana mallakar ƙasa lokacin da irin wannan siyan zai haɗa da yankin ban ruwa mai yawan amfanin gona. Duk da haka ana iya ba da izinin siyan irin wannan ta hanyar da za a iya nunawa ta ƙarshe, wanda za a yi masa iyakacin iyaka na duk ayyukan da ake yi a gunduma ko jiha kamar yadda gwamnatin Jiha ta sanar. Kuma Baya ga wannan sharadi na sama, duk inda aka samu filin noman amfanin gona da yawa, jihar za ta bunkasa kwatankwacin filin da za a iya nomawa domin noma. A wani nau'in filayen noma, jimilar mallakar ba za ta wuce iyaka ga duk ayyukan da ake yi a gunduma ko jiha ba kamar yadda Hukumar da ta dace ta sanar. Waɗannan iyakokin ba za su shafi ayyukan layi ba waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyukan na layin dogo, sannan manyan tituna, manyan hanyoyin gundumomi, layin wutar lantarki, da magudanan ruwa.
Diyya Diyya a karkashin wannan dokar ta tanadi sake tsugunar da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunai da kuma mallakar filaye a karkashin dokar.
Gyara da sake matsugunni Ga masu mallakar filaye, lissafin ya tanadi: ƙarin izinin zama na 38,000 (US 800) na shekara ta farko na iya zama
ƙarin haƙƙin aiki ga ɗan uwa, ko biyan 5,00,000 (US 11,000) gaba, ko shekara-shekara na kowane wata wanda ya kai 24,000 (US 550) a kowace shekara don shekaru 20 tare da daidaitawa don hauhawar farashin kaya zaɓi daga waɗannan zaɓuka guda uku za su zama haƙƙin doka na dangin mai mallakar fili, ba mai mallakar fili ba
ƙarin diyya na gaba na 50,000 (US$1,100) don sufuri
ƙarin izinin sake matsugunni na gaba na ₹50,000(US$1,100)
idan mai gidan ya rasa gida a cikin karkara, to, ƙarin haƙƙin gidan da bai wuce murabba'in murabba'in 50 a yankin plinth ba.
idan an sayi filin don zama birni, Kuma za a keɓance kashi 20% na ƙasar da aka ci gaba a ba da ita ga iyalai masu mallakar filaye, gwargwadon ƙasarsu da aka samu kuma akan farashi daidai da kuɗin saye tare da farashin ci gaba na gaba.
Idan aka sake siyar da filin da aka samu ba tare da ci gaba ba, kashi 20% na ƙimar ƙasar da aka kimanta dole ne a raba shi tare da ainihin mai shi wanda aka samu ƙasar.
Baya ga diyya da ke sama da haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin tsarin LARR 2011 da aka tsara, iyalai da aka tsara da jadawalin ƙabila (SC/ST) za su sami damar samun ƙarin fa'idodi da yawa a cikin Jadawalin II na lissafin da aka tsara. Ƙasar Indiya tana da sama da mutane miliyan 250 da aka karewa kuma an rarraba su azaman SC/ST, kusan kashi 22% na yawan jama'arta. Ƙarin fa'idodin da aka tsara ga waɗannan iyalai sun haɗa da:
ƙarin tallafin ƙasa na kadada 2.5 ga kowane dangin da abin ya shafa
ƙarin taimako na 50,000 (US$1,100)
ƙasar kyauta don taron al'umma da zamantakewa, da fa'idodin Jadawalin V da VI na musamman
Jadawalin III na LARR 2011 yana ba da shawarar ƙarin abubuwan more rayuwa sama da waɗanda aka zayyana a sama. Jadawalin III yana ba da shawarar cewa mai mallakar ƙasar zai ba da ƙarin ayyuka 25 ga iyalai waɗanda abin ya shafa. Wasu misalan ƙarin ayyuka 25 sun haɗa da makarantu, Kuma cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, tituna, tsaftataccen ruwan sha, sabis na tallafawa yara, wuraren ibada, wuraren binnewa da konawa, gidajen waya, shagunan farashin gaskiya, da wuraren ajiya.
LARR Bill A shekarata 2011 ya ba da shawarar cewa Jadawalin II ta hanyar VI za a yi amfani da shi ko da lokacin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka sayi filaye daga masu son sayarwa, ba tare da sa hannun gwamnati ba.
Kudirin kamar yadda aka tsara ya ba da umarni a biya diyya da haƙƙi ba tare da iyaka ga adadin masu da'awar ba. Don haka, a bayyane kuma a matsayin misali, idan za a sayi kadada 1000 na filin karkara don aiki, tare da farashin kasuwa 2,25,000 a kowace kadada (US 5000 a kowace kadada), iyalai 100 suna da'awar mallakar filaye, kuma 5 iyalai a kowace kadada suna neman haƙƙinsu a matsayin waɗanda suka yi hasarar rayuwa a ƙarƙashin shirin LARR shekarar 2011 Bill, jimillar kuɗin sayen kadada 1000 zai kasance.
Ladan ƙasa 90,00,00,000 (US$20,000,000)
Haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa 6,30,00,000 (US$1,400,000) gidajen maye 100
Haƙƙin masu asarar rayuwa 365,00,00,000 (US$70,000,000) 5000 gidajen maye
Matsakaicin ingantaccen farashi na ƙasa, a cikin misalin da ke sama zai kasance aƙalla ₹41,00,000 (US$91,400) a kowace kadada da gidajen maye da ƙarin ayyuka a cikin Jadawalin III zuwa VI na lissafin da aka gabatar. Ko da matsakaicin farashin kasuwa kafin siye na ƙasa kawai 22,500 a kowace kadada (US 500 a kowace kadada) a cikin misalin da ke sama, R&R da aka gabatar, sannan sauran haƙƙoƙi da Jadawalin III zuwa VI zai haɓaka ingantaccen farashin ƙasar zuwa aƙalla 33,03,000 (US$73,400) a kowace kadada.
Dokar LARR ta Shekarata 2011 tana ba da shawarar maƙasudin da ke sama a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta. Gwamnatocin Jihohin Indiya, ko kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, na iya zaɓar saita da aiwatar da manufar da ta biya fiye da mafi ƙarancin abin da LARR shekarar 2011 ta gabatar.
Don dalilai na mahallin, ana iya kwatanta farashin ƙasar da aka tsara saboda ramuwa da R&R LARR 2011 da farashin ƙasa a sauran wurare a duniya:
A cewar The Financial Times, a cikin 2008, farashin filayen noma a Faransa ya kasance Yuro 6,000 a kowace hekta 2,430 a kowace kadada; 1,09,350 kowace kadada). A cewar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka, tun daga watan Janairun 2010, matsakaicin darajar filin noma a Amurka shine $2,140 a kowace kadada (₹96,300 a kowace kadada). Farashin filayen noma a Amurka ya bambanta tsakanin sassa daban-daban na kasar, tsakanin dala 480 a kowace kadada zuwa dala 4,690 a kowace kadada. Wani rahoto na shekarata 2010 na Gwamnatin Indiya, game da ma'aikata waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da ƙasar noma, sun yi iƙirarin cewa, a cikin bayanan shekarata 2009 da aka tattara a duk jihohi a Indiya, matsakaicin matsakaicin albashi na kowace shekara na Indiya a cikin ayyukan noma ya kasance tsakanin 53. zuwa 117 a kowace rana ga maza masu aiki a gonaki (US 354 zuwa 780 a kowace shekara), kuma tsakanin 41 zuwa 72 kowace rana ga mata masu aiki a gonaki (US 274 zuwa 480 a kowace shekara). Wannan adadin albashi a cikin binciken Indiya na karkara ya haɗa da ayyukan noma da aka saba yi a Indiya: noma, shuka, ciyawar ciyawa, dasa shuki, girbi, laka, masussuka, tsinuwa, makiyaya, direban tarakta, taimako maras ƙwarewa, mason, da sauransu.
Batutuwa da tsammanin game da diyya
Batutuwa Ba a fahimce ma'auni na biyan diyya
Farashin ramuwa bambancin wuri zuwa wuri
Ba a rarraba ramuwa kamar yadda sabon lissafin da aka gyara (A ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka ambata a ƙasa)
Misali Ana tattaunawa kan filin da aka samu a cikin kudirin doka a majalisa.
Ba a yi canje-canje da yawa a cikin lissafin bayan tattaunawar majalisa da lissafin LARR shekarar 2011 ya wuce tare da sauye-sauye na gefe.
Gwamnati/wasu na yin babban mallakar filaye a lokacin da ake tattaunawa a kan kudurin dokar a majalisa.
A cikin wannan lokacin lissafin LARR 2011 da ake tattaunawa, Diyya ya kasance kamar yadda lissafin mallakar filaye ya kasance a baya (Manoman talakawa sun yi asarar filayensu a cikin rashin adalci/marasa kyau)
Ana ƙara abubuwan haɓakawa a cikin ƙauye da birane maimakon ƙara ƙimar ƙasa (ƙasa ita ce mafi mahimmancin abubuwan more rayuwa a ƙasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziƙi, kamar kowane yanki da ke da ba tare da albarkatu ba)
Abubuwan da ake tsammani Shawarar kudirin da za a aiwatar kamar yadda dokar ta bayyana a majalisar.(2011)
Ya kamata ramuwa ta kasance cikin lokaci kuma adadin da za a fitar dashi shine ƙayyadaddun lokaci kamar yadda shawarwarin lissafin ke bayarwa.
Madaidaicin diyya gami da samun kudin shiga mai inganci na tsawon rayuwa daga ƙasa zuwa ga Manomi/mai fili (Har yau shi/ita ko dangin mallakar fili)
Riƙe Land Kudin Kulawa ga manoma/Masu ƙasa (kamar yadda yanayin ƙasar ta yau take) har ƙasar da gwamnati/wasu suka samu (Kamar yadda farashin amfanin gona shima bai dace da manoma ba a matsawa wani abu na tattalin arziki)
Amfani da tasiri Ana sa ran dokar ta shekarar 2013 za ta shafi iyalai na karkara a Indiya wadanda abincinsu na farko ya samo asali ne daga gonaki. Dokar kuma za ta shafi gidajen birane a Indiya waɗanda aka mallaki fili ko kadarorinsu.
A cikin rahoton Afrilu shekarata 2010, sama da kashi 50% na al'ummar Indiya (kimanin mutane 60 crore) sun sami rayuwarsu daga filayen noma. Tare da matsakaicin girman gida na karkara na 5.5, Fa'idodin Mai Ikon Jirgin 2011 R R R fa'idodin na iya amfani da tsoffin littattafan karkara a Indiya.
A cewar gwamnatin Indiya, gudummawar da aikin noma ke bayarwa ga jimillar kayayyakin cikin gida na tattalin arzikin Indiya yana ci gaba da raguwa a kowace shekara goma tun bayan samun 'yancin kai. Ya zuwa shekarata 2009, kusan kashi 15.7% na GDP na Indiya an samo su ne daga noma. Dokar za ta ba da umarnin biyan mafi girma ga filaye da kuma haƙƙin GDP na Indiya ga mutanen da ke samun tallafin noma na GDP. Ana sa ran cewa dokar za ta shafi kadada 13.2 kai tsaye (kadada 32.6) na filayen karkara a Indiya, sama da masu mallakar filaye 10, tare da matsakaicin mallakar fili na kusan kadada 3 ga kowane mai fili. Iyalai waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da ƙasar noma, adadin iyalai masu dogaro da rayuwa a kowace kadada sun bambanta sosai daga yanayi zuwa yanayi, buƙatun ƙasa, Kuma da yanayin amfanin gona.
Dokar ta tanadi diyya ga gidaje na karkara duka masu mallakar filaye da kuma masu asarar rayuwa. Dokar ta wuce biyan diyya, tana ba da ginshiƙan garantin haƙƙoƙin ga gidaje na karkara da abin ya shafa. Dangane da rahoton Yuli na Shekarata 2011 daga Gwamnatin Indiya, matsakaicin matsakaicin gida na kowane yanki na kashe kuɗi/sakamako a cikin shekarar 2010, shine ₹928 a kowane wata (US $252 a kowace shekara). Ga gidan kauye na yau da kullun wanda ya mallaki matsakaicin kadada 3 na fili, Dokar za ta maye gurbin asarar matsakaicin matsakaicin kudin shiga na kowace shekara na 11,136 ga mutanen karkara, tare da: sau hudu darajar kasuwar ƙasar, da
Biyan kuɗi na gaba na 1,36,000 (US$3,000) don abinci, sufuri da alawus ɗin sake matsuguni, da
ƙarin haƙƙin aiki ga ɗan uwa, ko biyan 5,00,000 (US 11,000) gaba, ko shekara-shekara na kowane wata wanda ya kai 24,000 (US 550) a kowace shekara don shekaru 20 tare da daidaitawa don hauhawar farashin kaya zaɓi daga waɗannan zaɓuka guda uku za su kasance haƙƙin doka na dangin mai mallakar fili da abin ya shafa, ba mai mallakar ƙasa ba, kuma
gidan da bai wuce murabba'in murabba'in 50 ba a yankin plinth, da
Ana iya amfani da ƙarin fa'idodi idan an sake siyar da ƙasar ba tare da haɓakawa ba, ana amfani da ita don haɓaka birni, ko kuma idan mai mallakar ƙasar yana cikin SC/ST ko wasu ƙungiyoyi masu kariya ta kowace ka'idodin Gwamnatin Indiya.
Idan iyalan da abin ya shafa a filin karkara da ke sama suna buƙatar diyya 100% na gaba daga mai mallakar fili, kuma darajar kasuwan fili ta kai 1,00,000 a kowace kadada, Dokar ta umarci mai mallakar fili da ya daidaita asarar matsakaicin kowane mutum na shekarata 2010 kudin shiga. na 11,136 a kowace shekara wanda wannan kadada 3 na ƙasar karkara ya ƙirƙira, tare da haka: ₹18,36,000 (US$41,727) ga mai filin karkara; wanda shine jimlar alawus na R&R na 6,36,000 da 12,00,000 wanda ya ninka darajar kasuwa sau huɗu, da ƙari.
Gidan da bai wuce murabba'in murabba'in 50 ba a yankin plinth kuma yana fa'ida daga Jadawalin III-VI kamar yadda ya dace ga mai mallakar karkara, da ƙari.
ƙarin biyan kuɗi na 6,36,000 kowanne ga duk wani ƙarin iyalai da ke da'awar cewa sun yi asarar rayuwarsu saboda sayen, ko da ba su mallaki filin ba.
Sakamakon LARR Bill a shekarata 2011, a wasu lokuta, za su yi amfani da su a baya ga ayyukan da ba su cika ba. mallakar ƙasa don duk ayyukan layi kamar tituna, magudanar ruwa, titin jirgin ƙasa, tashar jiragen ruwa da sauran su.
Suka Kudirin da aka gabatar, LARR a shekarata 2011, ana sukarsa ta fuskoki da dama:
Wasu sun soki dokar inda suka yi nuni da cewa an yi mata lodin nauyi ne domin masu mallakar filaye da yin watsi da bukatun talakawan Indiyawan da ke bukatar gidaje masu araha, kuma iyalai marasa galihu da ke bukatar asibitoci masu sauki, makarantu, guraben aikin yi da kayayyakin more rayuwa da masana’antu. Wasu masanan tattalin arziki suna ba da shawarar cewa ta liƙa maƙasudin ƙima ga farashin kasuwa na tarihi don tantance adadin diyya, tare da haƙƙinsa masu yawa ga yiwuwar adadin masu da'awa mara iyaka. Wannan a cewarsu ba zai tabbatar da adalci a cikin al'umma ba ko kuma amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata. LARR a shekarata 2011 kamar yadda aka tsara ya ba da umarni cewa biyan diyya da biya ga masu mallakar filaye da masu asara rayuwa su kasance gaba. Wannan yana yin kuskuren muradun masu mallakar ƙasa da waɗanda abin ya shafa. Da zarar an biya, ɗaya ko fiye na iyalai da abin ya shafa na iya neman jinkirta ci gaban aikin don fitar da ƙarin diyya, wanda hakan zai yi illa ga waɗanda suka zaɓi aiki na dogon lokaci a cikin iyalan da abin ya shafa. Kudirin, waɗannan masana tattalin arziki sun ba da shawarar, ya kamata ya danganta ɗimuwa da haƙƙoƙin ci gaba da nasarar aikin, kamar ta hanyar ramuwa kaɗan ta hanyar haɗin ƙasa Waɗannan haɗin gwiwar abubuwan more rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da nasara na iya taimaka wa jahohin matalauta su rage farashin sahun gaba na mallakar filaye don muhimman ayyukan jama'a kamar asibitoci, makarantu, jami'o'i, gidaje masu araha, masana'antar tsabtace ruwan sha mai tsafta, tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki, masana'antar tsabtace ruwa, shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa. tafki, da manyan hanyoyin da suka wajaba don kawo agaji ga jama'a da abin ya shafa a lokacin gobara, annoba, girgizar kasa, ambaliya da sauran bala'o'i. Kuma Jihar Kerala ta yanke shawarar bin amfani da hanyoyin samar da ababen more rayuwa a matsayin wani nau'i na biyan masu mallakar filaye. LARR a shekarata 2011 yana ba da iyaka ga jimillar diyya ko adadin masu da'awar; kuma baya sanya wata ka'ida ta iyakance akan da'awa ko masu da'awar. Wadanda suka ci gajiyar kudirin dokar, tare da garantin ayyukan yi na tsawon shekaru 26, ba za su sami abin da zai sa su kasance masu amfani ba. Kudirin ya kamata ya sanya iyaka a kan jimillar fa'idodin haƙƙin da za a iya ɗauka a kowace shekara a kowace kadada, sai a raba wannan tafkin tsakanin iyalai da abin ya shafa, kuma gwamnati ta gudanar da wannan shirin idan ana ganin ya dace.
LARR a shekarata 2011 kamar yadda aka ba da shawara yana murkushe mu'amalar kasuwa ta kyauta tsakanin masu siyarwa da masu sayayya. Misali, DLF Limited Babban mai haɓaka gidaje a Indiya yayi iƙirarin cewa lissafin na yanzu zai iya iyakance kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kamar DLF daga haɓaka gidaje masu araha ga miliyoyin Indiyawa. DLF ta ba da shawarar cewa mu'amalar filaye kai tsaye tare da masu shi bisa son rai, bisa ƙayyadaddun ƙimar kasuwa, ya kamata a kiyaye shi daga tsarin lissafin. Bai kamata a sami wani sharadi da aka gindaya akan hada-hadar kasuwa ba tsakanin masu sayarwa da masu sayayya.
Wani labari a cikin The Wall Street Journal yayi iƙirarin cewa ƙa'idodin LARR 2011 da aka tsara za su yi aiki ko da lokacin da kowane kamfani mai zaman kansa ya sami kadada 100 na fili ko fiye. Dangane da mahallin, POSCO Indiya na neman kusan kadada 4000 don masana'antar kera karafa ta dalar Amurka biliyan 12 a cikin jihar Orissa ta Indiya. A mafi yawan lokuta, hatta ƙananan kamfanoni da ke shirin saka hannun jari na dalar Amurka miliyan 10-US$300, masu neman kadada 100 ko fiye za su shafi diyya tare da ƙoƙarin gyarawa da kashe kuɗin LARR 2011. Labarin na WSJ ya kara da'awar cewa kudirin LARR 2011 da aka gabatar bai bayyana kalmar "saye ba," kuma ya bar bude wata hanya wacce zata iya baiwa hukumomin gwamnati damar ci gaba da yin banki har abada.
Sahoo na Gidauniyar Bincike ta Observer yayi jayayya da cewa lissafin ya gaza yin ma'anar "manufa ta jama'a sosai". Ma’anar da ake da ita a halin yanzu, in ji shi, ana iya fassara shi a fili. Ta hanyar barin manufar jama'a ta kasance a ɓoye kuma a ɓoye, sannna Kuma zai tabbatar da cewa mallakar ƙasa za ta kasance garkuwa ga siyasa da kowane irin rigima. Ana bukatar karin haske, watakila tare da zabin cewa kowace jiha tana da ‘yancin gudanar da kuri’ar raba gardama, ta yadda masu kada kuri’a a jihar za su kada kuri’a don amincewa ko rashin amincewa da shirin mallakar fili na jama’a ta hanyar kuri’ar raba gardama, kamar yadda ake yi ta zaben kananan hukumomi a United Jihohi don wasu mallakar jama'a na masu zaman kansu ko ƙasar noma.
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Masu Haɓaka Gidaje ta Indiya ta yi iƙirarin cewa kudurin LARR a shekarata 2011 da aka gabatar yana da nau'i ne na gefe ɗaya, haƙƙoƙin sa na rashin tunani na iya zama mai fa'ida sosai da kuma talakawa, amma waɗannan ba su dawwama kuma za su kashe goshin da ke cewa. yana sanya kwai na zinariya. Kungiyar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa kudirin idan har aka amince da shi zai kara kudin da ake kashewa wajen sayen filayen zuwa matakin da bai dace ba. Zai zama kusan ba zai yiwu a sami fili mai girman eka 50 ko 100 a wuri ɗaya don ci gaban da aka tsara ba. Suna ba da shawarar cewa idan Indiya ba ta sauƙaƙe ƙauyuka a cikin tsari ba, duk ƙarin yawan jama'a za su kasance a cikin gidajen da ba su da tsari kamar ƙauyen da ke da illa ga tattalin arzikin Indiya. Sannna Kuma A cikin dogon lokaci, hatta manoma za su sha wahala saboda ci gaban biranen zai kasance ta hanyar ci gaban da ba a ba da izini ba kuma ba za su iya fahimtar tattalin arzikin ƙasashensu na gaskiya ba.
Kudirin ya kara farashin filaye don taimaka wa tsirarun Indiyawa a farashin mafi yawan 'yan Indiya, saboda kasa da kashi 10% na yawan jama'ar Indiya sun mallaki filayen karkara ko na birni., The LARR Bill a shekarata 2011 yana goyon bayan ƴan tsirarun masu mallakar filaye kamar yadda lissafin ya ba da umarni sama da farashin kasuwa don ƙasarsu tare da fakitin gyarawa mai tsada. Kudirin bai ba da umarnin aiwatar da tsarin da za a rage lokacin da ake samun filaye daga matakan shekaru na yanzu ba. Haka kuma Kudirin bai yi la'akari da tasirin tsadar tsadar kayayyaki ba a gaba, da kuma wajabcin gyara mai tsada akan lokaci, akan yuwuwar kuɗi na manyan ayyuka, abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci na zamantakewa da 90%+ na Indiyawan da ba masu mallakar filaye suke buƙata ba. A cikin edita, Vidya Bala ta rubuta cewa babban rauni a cikin kudirin shine kawo hada-hadar da ba na gwamnati ba kuma a karkashin sa. 'Yan wasa masu zaman kansu da ke siyan kadada 50+ na filayen birane ko kadada 100+ na yankunan karkara za a buƙaci su bi kunshin R&R da aka bayyana a cikin lissafin. LARR 2011 Bill's Sashe na 97, 98 da 99 sun yi daidai da sauran dokokin Indiya cikin cikakkun bayanai da niyya. Misali sashi na 98, ya ce tanade-tanaden kudirin ba zai shafi ayyukan da suka shafi mallakar filaye da aka kayyade a cikin Jadawali na hudu na kudirin ba. Dangane da Lambobin Shari'a na Indiya, Jadawali na Hudu da LARR 2011 Bill ya ambata, ya ƙunshi takaddun kudi 16, gami da tsoffin abubuwan tarihi da wuraren tarihi da ragowar Dokar, 1958, Dokar Makamashin Atom, 1962, Dokar Yankunan Tattalin Arziki na musamman, 2005, da Dokar Cantonments, shekarata 2006, Dokar Railways, 1989 da sauransu. Dokoki ba za su iya zama cikin rikici da juna ba. LARR Bill ya fitar da sashe na 97, 98 da 99 yana ƙara ruɗani, yana ba da hanya ga yawancin koke-koke na ƴan ƙasa, ƙararraki da gwagwarmayar shari'a. Kudirin LARR 2011 don haka ya kasa isar da manufofin da ke motsa shi.
Duba wasu abubuwan Fitaccen yanki
Amfanin jama'a
Ƙididdigar ƙasa
Zanga-zangar neman kasa a 2011 a Uttar Pradesh
POSCO India
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haƙƙin Samar da Gaskiya da Gaskiya a Dokar Samar da Filaye, Gyarawa da Matsuguni, 2013
Haƙƙin Bayar da Gaskiya da Gaskiya a cikin Samar da Filaye, Gyarawa da Matsuguni (Kimanin Tasirin Tasirin Jama'a da Yarda) Dokokin, 2014 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51070 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Eritrea | Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Eritrea | Ana kallon 'yancin ɗan adam a Eritrea, kamar na shekarar 2020s, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Human Rights Watch a matsayin mafi muni a duniya, musamman game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Eritrea kasa ce mai jam'iyya daya wadda a cikinta aka dage zaben 'yan majalisu na kasa akai-akai, bangaren shari'a yana da rauni, kuma har yanzu ba a cika aiwatar da tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki da ke kare 'yancin mutum daya ba. Wasu kasashen yammacin duniya, musamman Amurka, na zargin gwamnatin Eritrea da kamawa da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsare wasu mutane da ba a san adadinsu ba, ba tare da tuhumarsu da fafutukarsu na siyasa ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan ƙasar Eritriya, maza da mata, ana tilasta musu shiga aikin soja tare da tsawan aiki mara iyaka kuma ana amfani da su azaman aikin tilastawa Gwamnatin Eritrea ta ci gaba da yin watsi da zarge-zargen da cewa na da alaka da siyasa. A matsayin wani yunƙuri na yin gyare-gyare, jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. Wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea, wanda ke da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa, an kafa shi a farkon shekara ta 2009.
Dubawa Eritrea kasa ce mai jam’iyya daya wacce a cikinta aka dage zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasa akai-akai, kuma ana daukar tarihin hakkin dan Adam a cikin mafi muni a duniya. Tun bayan rikicin Eritiriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998–2001, rikon kare hakkin dan Adam na Eritrea ya kara tabarbarewa. Ana yawan take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga gwamnati ko a madadin gwamnati. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da taro sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty, Eritriya na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi fuskantar danniya a duniya. A cikin ’yan shekarun nan, an sami ƙarin matakan hana masu ibada yin ibadarsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka fi tuhumar su ne Shaidun Jehobah, da kuma ’yan ikilisiyoyin bishara. Gwamnatin Eritrea ta rufe majami'unsu, kuma ta tsananta wa membobin ikilisiyoyi da dama. Bayan ’yancin kai, gwamnatin Shugaba Isaias Afwerki ta hana Shaidun Jehobah duk wani hakki na musamman. Babu memba da zai iya samun kowane taimakon gwamnati, ko amfani da kowane sabis na gwamnati. Ba a yarda Shaidun Jehovah su sami katin shaida na ƙasa ba, idan ba tare da wanda ba a yarda su saka hannu a fagen siyasa da zamantakewa na Eritrea. Katin shaida na ƙasa yana ba ƴan ƙasa damar shiga rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma mu'amala da gwamnati ko wata cibiyar kuɗi. Gwamnati ta soma ƙyale ’yan’uwan Shaidun Jehobah su yi imaninsu a cikin gidansu ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Har yanzu an hana su gudanar da aiki a duk wani fili na jama'a. Iyalai da dama sun tsere daga kasar don neman mafaka a kasashen waje saboda yawan zalunci da dauri. A cewar Amnesty International, a halin yanzu akwai iyalai 250 da suka bar Eritrea domin neman mafaka a kasashen waje. Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa ba a yarda su yi aiki a Eritrea. Addinai masu rijista, tushen ƙidayar jama'a sune Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo Church (ɗariƙar miaphysite Oriental Orthodox), Cocin Roman Katolika, Ikilisiyar Lutheran Eritrea, da Sunni Islama. Ana tsananta wa duk wasu addinai, ciki har da wasu ƙungiyoyin Islama, kamar Shi'a, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Kiristanci, kamar kowace ɗariƙar Furotesta da yawa (ban da Cocin Lutheran na Eritrea) da kuma Shaidun Jehovah. An bai wa dukkanin mabiya addinin Kirista ’yancin yin ibada har zuwa shekara ta 2002 lokacin da gwamnati ta haramta ibada da taro a wajen ‘yan darikar ‘rejista’. Ikklisiyoyi masu bishara a Eritrea sun kasance wasu ƙungiyoyin addini da aka fi tsananta wa. Don ƙungiyoyin addini su shiga kuma su aiwatar da imaninsu cikin yanci dole ne su nemi rajista tare da Sashen Harkokin Addini. Gwamnati ta kwace coci-coci da gine-ginen addini da dama. A shekara ta 2003, an sami rikodi da aka kama da aka yi wa ’yan cocin bishara. Jami’an tsaro na zuwa wuraren tarurrukan addini ko bukukuwan aure daban-daban don gudanar da kamun ludayin jama’a, “’Yan sanda sun ware bukukuwan aure na addini a cikin gidaje a matsayin wani lokaci don tattara masu imani. Ya zama al’ada ga gwamnati ta sa mabiyan su yi watsi da imaninsu: “An matsa wa fursunonin ne ta hanyar azabtarwa ko kuma musguna musu, tare da barazanar tsare su har abada, su sa hannu kan takardar amincewa da wasu sharuɗɗan sakin, kamar kada su halarci addini. tarurruka. An ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta wa wasu su yi watsi da imaninsu kuma sun yarda su koma Cocin Orthodox.” Yawancin wadannan fursunonin addini an sha fuskantar shari'a a asirce da kuma hukuncin dauri a asirce. Kawo yanzu dai ba a san dalilin da ya sa ‘yan ta’adda a coci-coci ba, kamar yadda kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta ce, “ci gaba da murkushe kungiyoyin addini marasa rinjaye, gwamnati ba ta taba yin hakan ba amma da alama tana da alaka da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan matasa masu kokarin kaucewa soji. aikin yi". Ana yawan azabtar da fursunonin addini a Eritrea. 'Yancin gudanar da ibada na daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da dubban 'yan kasar Eritriya suka fice daga kasar. Akwai dubban 'yan Eritrea a Habasha, Sudan, Isra'ila, Turai da kuma Yamma suna neman mafaka. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida suna da matukar tauyewa yayin da ake tauye 'yancin yin taro, kungiyoyi, motsi da kuma addini. Baya ga adawar siyasa, kafafen yada labarai kuma su ne abin da gwamnatin ta ke kaiwa hari. A shekara ta 2001, an daure 'yan jarida goma sha uku saboda goyon bayansu ga ministocin da suka nuna adawa. Daga cikin su, Fesshaye Yohannes ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2007, a gidan yarin Eiraeiro da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar. Baya ga ‘yan jarida, an daure daruruwan ‘yan siyasa da sojoji. A shekara ta 2015, rahoton hukumar ta UNHRC mai shafuka 500 ya yi cikakken bayani kan zarge-zargen kisan gilla, azabtarwa, yi wa kasa hidima na tsawon lokaci ba da jimawa ba da kuma aikin tilastawa, ya kuma nuna cewa cin zarafin mata, fyade da kuma tsawaita aikin lalata da jami'an jihar ke yi. The Guardian ta buga rahoton r na 'yawan cin zarafin bil'adama "a kan iyaka da ma'auni da ba kasafai ake shaidawa a wani wuri ba". Majalisar ta kuma tabbatar da cewa wannan cin zarafi na iya zama laifukan cin zarafin bil adama. Barbara Lochbihler, ta kwamitin kula da kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, ta ce rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani game da ''mummunan take hakkin dan Adam', kuma ya nuna cewa ba za a ci gaba da ba da tallafin da EU ke bayarwa don raya kasa a halin yanzu ba tare da sauyi a Eritrea ba. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Eritiriya ta mayar da martani inda ta bayyana rahoton na hukumar a matsayin "zargin daji" wanda sam sam ba su da tushe balle makama. A wata sanarwa da mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane Gebreab ya fitar ta zargi kwamitin da kasancewa mai "bangare daya gaba daya", ta kuma nuna cewa "Eritirea ta yi watsi da zargin siyasa da rashin tushe da kuma shawarwarin da kungiyar COI ta bayar. Ya yi imanin cewa harin da ba shi da tushe ba wai kawai kan Eritrea ba, har ma da Afirka da kasashe masu tasowa." Rahoton Hukumar Binciken (CoI) ya dogara ne kan shaidar wasu mutane 833 da ba a san sunansu ba da ake zargin 'yan Eritrea ne. Dangane da haka, wani adadi mai yawa na al'ummar Eritiriya sun yi watsi da rahoton kwamitin bincike. 'Yan Eritriya 230,000 ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar korafe-korafe kan takardar sannan 'yan Eritrea 45,000 ne suka bayar da shaidar kare Eritrea, wanda bai bayyana a cikin rahoton ba. 'Yan Eritrea 850 sun nemi da su gabatar da kansu don bayyana kansu a Geneva kuma su ba da shaidarsu ga UNHRC a kan takardar. Bugu da kari, sama da 'yan Eritrea 10,000 ne suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da rahoton a Geneva. Kasashe da dama kuma sun yi watsi da kalaman batanci na rahoton, musamman Amurka da China. A wani taron da aka tsara, jami’in diflomasiyyar Amurka Eric Richardson ya ce takardar Eritiriya ba ta da “tsaro da daidaito” kamar yadda rahoton Koriya ta Arewa da Amurka ba za su iya tallafawa harshen rubutun ba tare da yin kwaskwarima ba. Bugu da kari, mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane, ya zargi Habasha da "wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa al'ummarta", yana mai cewa babban abin mamaki ne yadda Habasha za ta iya amfani da majalisar wajen ganin an amince da kudurin kan Eritrea. Tun bayan rikicin Eritriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998-2001, al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama na kasar na fuskantar suka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ana zargin gwamnati ko kuma a madadin gwamnati na aikata laifukan take hakkin ɗan adam. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da ƙulla sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku. A lokacin gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na Eritiriya, hukumomin Habasha sun tafka ta’asa da dama a kan fararen hular Eritriya marasa makami (maza, mata da yara). Kusan, sojojin Habasha sun kashe fararen hula 90,000 na Eritrea. A lokacin yakin Eritriya da Habasha na shekarar 1998, gwamnatin EPRDF ta kuma kori tare da kwace kadarorin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 masu zaman kansu. Yawancin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 'yan asalin Eritriya an yi la'akari da su da kyau ta yanayin rayuwar Habasha. An kore su ne bayan an kwace musu kayansu. Duk 'yan Eritriya masu shekaru 18-40 dole ne su kammala aikin aikin ƙasa na wajibi, wanda ya haɗa da aikin soja. Tsakanin daliban manyan makarantu 10,000 zuwa 25,000 ne ke shafe shekara ta 12 na karatu a daya daga cikin sansanonin masu yi wa kasa hidima, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne sansanin da ke kusa da Sawa. An aiwatar da wannan hidimar ta kasa ne bayan da Eritrea ta samu 'yancin kai daga Habasha, a matsayin hanyar kariya daga duk wata barazana ga Eritriya, da sanya girman kan kasa, da samar da al'umma masu tarbiyya. Hidimar kasa ta Eritiriya na bukatar dogon lokaci, na wa’adin shiga aikin soja, wanda wasu ‘yan Eritriya ke barin kasar domin gujewa. Rahoton Human Rights Watch na watan Agusta na shekarar 2019 ya yi ikirarin cewa makarantar sakandare ta Eritrea ta tilasta wa dalibai shiga aikin soja ko na gwamnati da ba su da iyaka kuma da yawa sun tsere daga kasar saboda wannan. Kungiyar ta bayyana tsarin ilimi na Eritriya a matsayin na'urar daukar ma'aikata da ke cin zarafi ga dalibai da suka hada da azabtarwa, matsananciyar yanayin aiki da rashin isasshen albashi don tallafawa iyalansu. A watan Yunin 2022, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar Eritrea, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker, ya fitar da wani rahoto yana mai suka game da tabarbarewar yanayin 'yancin dan Adam a kasar. Daga cikin laifukan da aka yi rikodin, shigar da sojoji tilas, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, bacewar da azabtarwa sun kasance ruwan dare. Rahoton ya kuma shafi shigar kasar Eritrea a yakin da ake yi da makamai a kasar Habasha. An yi garkuwa da 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea da ke sansanonin Habasha tare da tilasta musu fada.
Gyaran baya Jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. A cikin waɗannan zaman sun amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci kamar, "Mene ne 'yancin ɗan adam?" "Wane ne ke ƙayyade menene haƙƙin ɗan adam?", da "Me ya kamata a gabaci, haƙƙin ɗan adam ko na gama gari?" A shekara ta 2007, gwamnatin Eritrea ta hana yi wa mata kaciya. Majalisun yanki da shugabannin addini suma suna ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewarsu da yin amfani da yankan mata. Sun ambaci abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da ’yancin kai a matsayin abin da ya fi damunsu lokacin da suka faɗi haka. Bugu da ƙari, suna roƙon mutanen karkara da su yi watsi da wannan tsohuwar al'ada. A farkon shekara ta 2009, an kafa wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa a farkon shekara ta 2009. Kungiyar ta kunshi talakawan kasa da wasu makusantan gwamnati. An kaddamar da wannan yunkuri ne a wani taro na kwanaki biyu a birnin Landan, bayan yunkurin tattaunawa da aka yi a baya ya ci tura.
Freedom House An dauki Eritrea "ba 'yanci ba" bisa ga Freedom House Freedom a cikin rahoton 2022 na Duniya, wanda ya yi scoring 1/40 akan 'yancin siyasa da 2/60 akan 'yancin jama'a.
Yanayin Tarihi Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Eritrea tun a shekarar 1993 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Eritiriya game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka:
Duba kuma 'Yancin aikin jarida a Eritrea
'Yancin addini a Eritrea
Fataucin mutane a Eritrea
Refoule na 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea
Hakkin LGBT a Eritrea
Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Kan Eritrea
Siyasar Eritrea
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21698 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim%20Raisi | Ebrahim Raisi | Sayyid Ebrahim Raisol-Sadati Persian an haife shi ranar 14 ga Watan Disamba, a shekarar alif 1960), wanda aka sani a matsayin Ebrahim Raisi Persian lafazi Shi ne wani ɗan siyasar Iran ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma tsauri a kan ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma Musulmi ne masanin (kiristanci) kuma zaɓaɓɓen shugaban kasar Iran, bayan da aka yi zaɓe a shekara 2021 zaɓen shugaban kasar Iran. Raisi ya yi aiki a wurare da dama a tsarin shari'ar Iran, kamar Mataimakin Babban Jojin kotu daga (2004 2014), Babban Atoni Janar (2014-2016), da Babban Jojin (2019-present). Ya kuma kasance mai gabatar da ƙara kuma Mataimakin mai gabatar da ƙara na Tehran a cikin ƙarni na 1980s da 1990s, a lokacin da yake lura da kisan dubban masu adawa da siyasa da fursunoni. Ya kasance wakili kuma Shugaban Astan Quds Razavi, wanda aka fi sani da bonyad, daga shekarar 2016 har zuwa 2019. Shi ma memba ne na Majalisar Masana daga Lardin Khorasan ta Kudu, an zaɓe shi a karon farko a zaɓen shekarar 2006, Shi surukin limamin Juma’a ne na Mashhad kuma Babban Limamin masallacin Imam Reza, Ahmad Alamolhoda Raisi ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2017, a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta (Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces), ya kayar da shugaban mai ci mai ci Hassan Rouhani da kashi 57% zuwa 38.3%. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane hudu da ke cikin kwamitin gurfanar da karar, wanda ya ɗauki nauyin aiwatar da kisan dubban fursunonin siyasa a Iran a shekarar alif 1988, wanda kungiyar adawa ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, da wasu kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi wa lakabi da kwamitin Mutuwa. Ofishin kula da kadarorin kasashen waje na Amurka ya sanya masa takunkumi daidai da Dokar Zartarwa ta 13876 Kungiyoyin kare hakkin Bil Adama na kasa da kasa da wasu masu ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun zarge shi da cin zarafin ɗan Adam. Raisi ya yi nasarar sake tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2021, inda ya gaji Hassan Rouhani, wanda aka iyakance wa’adi wato (term-limited).
Rayuwar farko-farko An haifi Ebrahim Raisi a ranar 14 ga watan Disambar shekarar alif 1960, ga dangin malamin Fasiya a gundumar Noghan na Mashhad Mahaifinsa, Seyed Haji, ya mutu yana da shekara 5.
Tsangaya da kuma neman ilimi Babu wata majiya ingantacciya da ta tabbatar da rikodin Makarantar gargajiya ta Raisi. Shafin tarihin yakin neman zaɓensa ya ambaci karatun Firamare ne kawai amma ba ko ya kammala Makarantar sakandare ba. Yayi ikirarin cewa ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a mai zaman kansa daga Jami'ar Motahari duk da haka, wannan an yi sabani.
Takaddun shaida na malamai Ya fara karatu a makarantar hauza ta Qom yana dan shekara 15. Sannan ya yanke shawarar ilimantarwa a makarantar Navvab na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayan haka, ya tafi makarantar Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Mousavi Nezhad kuma karatunsa ya yi daidai da koyar da sauran ɗalibai. A shekarar alif 1976, ya tafi Kum don ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Ayatollah Borujerdi. Shi dalibin Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Morteza Motahhari, Abolghasem Khazali, Hossein Noori Hamedani, Ali Meshkini da Morteza Pasandideh. A cewar Alex Vatanka na Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya, "ainihin cancantar addini" na Raisi "matsala ce". "Na wani lokaci" kafin kafofin yada labaran Iran su gudanar da bincike, ya "ambaci kansa" a mat tosayin "Ayatollah" a shafinsa na sirri. Koyaya, a cewar Vatanka, kafofin watsa labarai "sun ba da sanarwar rashin ilimin addini na yau da kullun" da takardun shaidarka, bayan haka Raisi ya daina da'awar riƙe matsayin da aka ambata. Bayan wannan binciken da sukarsa sai ya "gabatar da [ed] ga kansa a matsayin hojat-ol-eslam mukamin malami nan da nan a karkashin Ayatollah. Daga baya Raisi ya sake bayyana kansa Ayatollah jim kadan kafin zaben shugaban kasa na 2021 Ayyukan shari'a
Shekarun farko A cikin shekara ta alif 1981, an naɗa shi mai gabatar da kara na Karaj Daga baya kuma, an kuma nada shi a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na Hamadan kuma ya yi aiki tare. Ya kasance yana aiki tare a cikin birane biyu fiye da 300 km nesa da juna. Bayan watanni hudu, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na Lardin Hamadan Mataimakin mai gabatar da ƙara na Tehran An naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin mai gabatar da ƙara na Tehran a shekarar 1985 sannan ya koma babban birnin kasar. Bayan shekaru uku da farkon 1988, an sanya shi a cikin ruhollah Khomeini kuma ya karɓi tanadi na musamman (mai zaman kansa daga ɓangaren shari'a) daga gare shi don magance matsalolin shari'a a wasu larduna kamar Lorestan, Semnan da Kermanshah Kashe-kashen 1988 Hussein-Ali Montazeri ya ambaci Raisi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane hudu da ke da hannu a kisan gillar fursunonin siyasar Iran na 1988. Sauran mutanen sun haɗa da Morteza Eshraghi (mai gabatar da kara a Tehran), Hossein-Ali Nayeri (Alkali) da Mostafa Pourmohammadi (wakilin MOI a Evin An ambaci sunayen mutane biyu na farko a cikin umarnin Khomeini. Pourmohammadi ya musanta rawar da yake takawa amma Raisi bai ce komai ba game da batun har yanzu. Hukuncin kisa na fursunonin siyasa na Iran a 1988 ya kasance jerin waɗanda gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyin zartar da fursunonin siyasa a duk faɗin Iran, wanda ya fara daga 19 ga watan Yulin 1988 kuma yakai kimanin watanni biyar. Yawancin wadanda aka kashe magoya bayan Mujahedin na Iran ne, kodayake magoya bayan sauran bangarorin hagu, ciki har da Fedaian da Tudeh Party of Iran (Jam'iyyar Kwaminis), suma an kashe su. A cewar Amnesty International, "dubun-dubatar 'yan adawa na siyasa an tsara su ta hanyar da ta dace ta hanyar bacewa a wuraren da ake tsare da Iran a duk faɗin kasar kuma an aiwatar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba bisa umarnin da Jagoran na Iran ya bayar kuma aka aiwatar da shi a duk gidajen yarin kasar. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda aka kashe a wannan lokacin sun sha azaba da azaba, azabtarwa a cikin aikin. An bayyana kashe-kashen a matsayin tsarkake siyasa ba tare da wani tarihi a tarihin Iran na zamani ba, ta fuskar faɗi da rufewa. Koyaya, ainihin adadin fursunonin da aka kashe ya kasance batun mahawara. Amnesty International, bayan ta yi hira da dangi da yawa, ta sanya adadin a dubbai; sannan- Mataimakin Shugaban Ruhollah Khomeini Hussein-Ali Montazeri ya sanya lambar tsakanin 2,800 da 3,800 a cikin abubuwan da ya rubuta, amma wani kiyasi na daban ya nuna cewa adadin ya wuce 30,000. Saboda yawan mutanen, an loda fursunoni cikin manyan motocin daukar kaya a rukuni-rukuni shida kuma an rataye su daga kankara a tsakanin rabin awa.
Manyan muƙamai Bayan mutuwar Khomeini da kuma zaben Ali Khamenei a matsayin sabon Jagora, an naɗa Raisi a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na Tehran ta sabon Alkalin Alkalai Mohammad Yazdi da aka naɗa. Ya riƙe ofishin tsawon shekaru biyar daga 1989 zuwa 1994. A cikin shekarar 1994, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban Babban Ofishin Binciken Daga shekarar 2004 har zuwa 2014, Raisi ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Alƙalin Iran na Farko, wanda Babban Mai Shari'a Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi ya naɗa Ya kiyaye matsayinsa a cikin Sadeq Larijani 's farko lokaci kamar yadda babban mai shari'a. Daga baya aka naɗa shi a matsayin Babban Lauyan Iran a 2014, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 2016, lokacin da ya yi murabus ya zama Shugaban Astan Quds Razavi Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na Kotu na Musamman.
Shugabancin Astan Quds Ya zama Shugaban Astan Quds Razavi a ranar 7 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2016, bayan rasuwar magabacinsa Abbas Vaez-Tabasi Shi ne mutum na biyu da ya yi wannan ofishin daga shekarar 1979. Jagoran Ali Khamenei ya lissafa yi wa mahajjatan wurin ibada mai tsarki hidima, musamman talakawa sannan kuma yana aiki a kusa, musamman talakawa da waɗanda aka fatattaka a matsayin wasu manyan ayyuka biyu na Raisi a cikin naɗin nasa.
Zaɓen shugaban kasa a shekarar 2017n
An ambaci Raisi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘Yan takarar Shugabancin juyin juya halin Musulunci (JAMNA) a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017. Haka kuma an samu goyon bayan 'Yan tawayen Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci A hukumance ya sanar da naɗin nasa a cikin wata sanarwa da aka wallafa a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, kuma ya kira shi "nauyin da ya hau kansa na addini da juyin juya hali", yana mai nuni da bukatar "canji na asali a bangaren gudanarwar kasar" da kuma gwamnatin da ke "faɗa da talauci da rashawa. Ya yi rajista a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2017, a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida tare da cewa lokaci ya yi da za a yi haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, ba wai kawai rubuce-rubuce ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2017, dan takarar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf ya janye takararsa inda ya goyi bayan Raisi. An yi ta raɗe-raɗin cewa Ghalibaf zai kasance mataimakin shugaban Raisi na farko idan aka zaɓe shi. Sun kuma shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe a Tehran da juna.
An bayyana Raisi a matsayin "masoyi kuma mai yuwuwar maye gurbin babban shugaban Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, ta kafofi da yawa, (aƙalla kafin kayar da shi a zaɓe). Bayan an bayyana sakamakon zaɓe, Raisi ya samu 15,786,449 daga cikin 42,382,390 (38.30% na kuri'un). Ya sha kaye a hannun Shugaba mai ci Rouhani kuma ya zo na biyu. Bai taya Rouhani murnar sake zabarsa a matsayin shugaban kasa ba, sannan ya nemi Majalisar Guardian da ta duba "karya doka" kafin da lokacin zaɓen, tare da shafuka 100 na takardun da aka makala.
Shugabancin ƙasa
Zaɓen shugaban kasa na 2021 A shekarar 2021, Raisi ya sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa, kuma ya ci zaɓen. Zaɓen ya samu kaso 48.8% na masu jefa ƙuri'a, kuma kashi 62% sun tafi Raisi.
Ba a kidaya miliyan 3.7 na miliyan 28.9 ba, wataƙila saboda ba su da komai ko kuma akasin haka ƙuri'ar rashin amincewa. Kusan 'yan takara 600, 40 daga cikinsu mata ne, suka yi rajista a zaɓen, daga cikinsu maza 7 sun amince da wata ɗaya gabanin zaɓen ta hanyar masanan 12 da masana tauhidi a Majalisar Guardian (kungiyar da ba a zaɓa ba wacce ke da hukunci na ƙarshe kan ingancin ɗan takarar bisa ƙarfin 'cancantar' ƴan takara Uku daga cikin wadannan 'ƴan takarar bakwai an ciresu daga baya kafin ranar kada kuri'a. Kafin ya janye, dan takarar mai neman kawo canji Mohsen Mehralizadeh ya yi ishara da cewa kuri’ar za ta zama abin da za a yi hasashe, yana mai cewa yayin muhawarar ‘yan takarar a talabijin cewa malaman addini masu mulki sun hada kai“ rana, wata da sammai don sanya mutum na musamman a matsayin shugaban kasa, ”a cewar The Masanin tattalin arziki. Tsohon shugaban kasar, Mahmud Ahmadinejad, daga cikin wadanda aka hana tsayawa takara, ya fada a cikin sakon bidiyo cewa ba zai yi zabe ba, yana mai cewa: "Ba na son shiga wani bangare a cikin wannan zunubin." Mai yuwuwa yayi nasara a matsayin Jagora A cikin shekarar 2019, Saeid Golkar na Al Jazeera ya kira Raisi "mafi yuwuwar maye gurbin Ayatollah Ali Khamenei a matsayin Babban Jagoran Iran A cikin shekarar 2020, Dexter Filkins ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda aka ambata akai-akai" a matsayin magajin Khamenei.
Ra'ayin Siyasa Raisi yana goyan bayan rarrabuwar jima'i Ya ce a cikin hirar da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2014, game da batun wariya a cikin karamar Hukumar Tehran ya ce "Ina ganin wannan kyakkyawar tafiya ce saboda yawancin mata suna yin aiki mafi kyau a cikin yanayi mai annashuwa gaba daya kuma ana bukatar dacewa." Ya kuma kasance mai goyon bayan musuluntar da jami’o’i, yin kwaskwarima kan Intanet da takunkumi ga al’adun Yammaci. Raisi ya ce yana ganin takunkumin tattalin arziki a matsayin dama.
Tattalin arziki A cikin shekarar 2017, Raisi ya ruwaito "Ina ganin kunna tattalin arziƙin a matsayin hanya ɗaya tilo da za ta kawo ƙarshen talauci da fatara a cikin ƙasar." Yana tallafawa ci gaban ɓangaren noma a kan kasuwanci, wanda “zai amfanar da alamun ƙasashen waje”. A shekara ta 2017, ya yi wa'adi ga sau uku da wata-wata jiha amfanin, a halin yanzu 450,000 rials da jama'a, domin magance cin hanci da rashawa da kuma ƙirƙirar aiki miliyan shida.
Manufofin waje Da yake amsa tambayoyin manema labarai game da manufofinsa na kasashen waje, ya ce "zai kasance ne da kulla alaka da kowace ƙasa in ban da Isra'ila Tarihin zabe
Rayuwar mutum Raisi ya auri Jamileh Alamolhoda, diyar Limamin Masallacin Juma'a na Mashhad, Ahmad Alamolhoda Mataimakiyar farfesa ce a Jami'ar Shahid Beheshti ta Tehran sannan kuma shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Asali ta Kimiyya da Fasaha. Suna da yara mata biyu da jikoki biyu. Daya daga cikin ‘ya’yansu mata ta yi karatu a jami’ar Sharif, dayar kuma a jami’ar Tehran Takunkumi Raisi daya ne daga cikin jami’an Iran tara da aka sakawa takunkumi a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019 wanda Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya takunkumi saboda zargin take hakkin bil adama. Hakanan, Raisi ma Tarayyar Turai ce ta sanya takunkumi. Pages with unreviewed |
58545 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Soliman | Angelo Soliman | Angelo Soliman,an haife shi Mmadi Make, (c. 1721 1796)ɗan Austriya Freemason ne.Ya sami matsayi a cikin al'ummar Viennese da Freemasonry Rayuwa Watakila Soliman dan kabilar Magumi ne na kabilar Kanuri .,Mmadi Make,yana da alaƙa da ajin sarauta a jihar Borno a Najeriya ta zamani.An kai shi fursuna tun yana yaro kuma ya isa Marseilles a matsayin bawa.An sayar da shi zuwa gidan wani maci na Messinan,wanda ya kula da iliminsa.Domin yana ƙaunar wani bawa a gidan,Angelina,ya ɗauki sunan ‘Angelo’ kuma ya zaɓi ya amince da ranar 11 ga Satumba,ranar baftisma a matsayin ranar haihuwarsa.Bayan buƙatun da aka maimaita, an ba shi kyauta a 1734 ga Prince Georg Christian,Prince von Lobkowitz,gwamnan daular Sicily.Ya zama abokin Yarima kuma abokin tafiya, tare da raka shi a yakin neman zabe a duk fadin Turai kuma an ce ya ceci rayuwarsa a wani lokaci,wani muhimmin al'amari da ke da alhakin hawansa zamantakewa.Bayan mutuwar Yarima Lobkowitz,an kai Soliman cikin gidan Vienna na Joseph Wenzel I,Yariman Liechtenstein, daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa babban bawa. Daga baya,ya zama mai koyar da sarauta na magajin Yarima, Aloys I.A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu,1768, ya auri mace mai martaba Magdalena Christiani,matashiya gwauruwa kuma 'yar'uwar Janar na Faransa François Etienne de Kellermann,Duke na Valmy,marshal na Napoleon Bonaparte.
</br>Wani mutum mai al'ada,Soliman yana da mutuƙar mutuntawa a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Vienna kuma an ƙidaya shi a matsayin aboki mai daraja ta Sarkin Austriya Joseph II da Count Franz Moritz von Lacy da kuma Prince Gian Gastone de' Medici.Soliman ya halarci daurin auren Sarki Joseph II da Gimbiya Isabella ta Parma a matsayin bakuwar Sarki.
A cikin 1783,ya shiga gidan Masonic Lodge "True Concord" (Zur Wahren Eintracht),wanda membobinsu sun haɗa da yawancin masu fasaha da masana Vienna na lokacin,daga cikinsu akwai mawaƙa Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart da Joseph Haydn da mawallafin Hungarian Ferenc Kazinczy .Bayanan Lodge sun nuna cewa Soliman da Mozart sun hadu a lokuta da dama.Wataƙila halin Bassa Selim a cikin wasan opera na Mozart Satar daga Seraglio ya dogara ne akan Soliman. zama Babban Jagora na wannan masaukin,Soliman ya taimaka canza al'ada ta haɗa da abubuwan ilimi.Wannan sabon alkiblar Masonic ya yi tasiri cikin sauri ga ayyukan Freemasonic a cikin Turai.Har yanzu ana yin bikin Soliman a cikin bukukuwan Masonic a matsayin "Uban Tunanin Masonic Tsabta",tare da fassara sunansa da "Angelus Solimanus".
A lokacin rayuwarsa an dauki Soliman a matsayin abin koyi ga "mai yuwuwar hadewa" na 'yan Afirka a Turai,amma bayan mutuwarsa hotonsa ya kasance ƙarƙashin cin mutunci da cin mutunci ta hanyar wariyar launin fata na Kimiyya,kuma jikinsa ya kasance a cikin wani nau'i na musamman,kamar dai an yi watsi da shi.dabba ko don gwaji. Wigger da Klein sun bambanta bangarori hudu na Soliman "sarauta Moor "Moor Moor", "physiognomic Moor" da "mummified Moor". Nadi biyu na farko suna magana ne game da shekaru kafin mutuwarsa. Kalmar "Moor Moor" ta bayyana Soliman a cikin mahallin bautar Moors a kotunan Turai,inda launin fatarsu ke nuna ƙasƙantarsu kuma suka zama alamomin matsayi da ke nuna iko da dukiyar masu su. Tun daga zuriyarsa da al'adunsa na asali,Soliman ya ƙasƙantar da shi zuwa "alamar gabas ta gabas ta Ubangijinsa"wanda ba a yarda ya yi rayuwa mai son rai ba.Sunan "Moor Moor" ya bayyana Soliman a matsayin tsohon kotu Moor wanda hawansa kan matakin zamantakewa saboda aurensa da wata mace mai girman kai ya sa ya sami damar 'yantar da shi. A wannan lokacin Soliman ya zama memba na Freemasons kuma a matsayin masaukin Grand Master tabbas an dauke shi daidai da ’yan uwansa Mason duk da cewa ya ci gaba da fuskantar kaurin kabilanci da son zuciya.
Mumification bayan mutuwa Ƙarƙashin bayyanar haɗin kai ya lulluɓe kyakkyawar makomar Soliman.Ko da yake ya ci gaba da tafiya cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin manyan al'umma,kyakkyawan yanayin da aka ba shi bai taɓa ɓacewa ba kuma tsawon rayuwarsa ya rikide zuwa yanayin launin fata. Halayen da aka yi amfani da su wajen rarraba Soliman a matsayin "Mor Physognomic Moor" an tsara su ta hanyar masana ilimin ƙabilun Viennese a lokacin rayuwarsa,waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar ka'idoji da zato game da "jinin Afirka".Ba zai iya tserewa ra'ayin harajin da ya mai da hankali kan halaye na launin fata ba, watau,launin fata,nau'in gashi, girman leɓe da siffar hanci.Matsayinsa na zamantakewa ko kasancewarsa a cikin Freemasons ba zai iya hana cin zarafinsa ba,wanda zai kai ga matsayinsa na ƙarshe a matsayin "mummified Moor".
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22139 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler%20Perry | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry (an haife shi da sunan Emmitt Perry Jr sha uku (13) ga watan Satumba, a shekarar 1969) ɗan fim ɗin Amurka ne, darekta, furodusa, kuma marubucin allo. A cikin 2011, Forbes ya lissafa shi a matsayin mutumin da aka fi biya kuɗi a cikin nishaɗi, yana samun dalar Amurka miliyan130 tsakanin Mayu 2010 da Mayu 2011. Perry ya kirkira kuma ya kasance yayi a matsayin Media, Fina-Finan Perry sun bambanta da salo daga dabarun yin fim na gargajiya don samfuran fim na wasan kwaikwayo. Yawancin fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo na Perry an daidaita su daga baya a zaman fina-finai masu fasali.
Perry ya rubuta kuma ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a lokacin 1990s da kuma farkon 2000s. Perry ya haɓaka jerin shirye-shiryen telebijin da yawa, musamman gidan Tyler Perry na Payne, wanda ya yi tsayi na tsawon shekaru takwas a TBS daga Yuni 21, 2006 zuwa 10 ga Agusta, 2012. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2012, Perry ya kulla kawance da Oprah Winfrey Network Haɗin gwiwar ya kasance galibi don kawo takaddun talabijin zuwa OWN, dangane da nasarar da Perry ya samu a wannan yankin. Perry ya kirkiro jerin rubutattun abubuwa da yawa don hanyar sadarwar, The Haves da kuma Have Nots sun kasance gagarumar nasara. The Haves da kuma Have Nots ya bawa OWN mafi girman kididdiga zuwa yau kamar yadda na 2014, tare da jerin kuma akai ma taken "daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin labarai na OWN tare da yawan mako-mako na nishaɗin sabulu, cike da cin amana na yau da kullun, al'amuran da magudi. Perry ya kuma yi aiki a fina-finan da ba shi ya bayar da umarni ba ko kuma ya samar da kansa, ciki har da Admiral Barnett a cikin Star Trek (2009), dan wasan da a kai ma lakabi a cikin Alex Cross (2012), Tanner Bolt a Gone Girl (2014), Baxter Stockman a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Out of the Shadows (2016) da Colin Powell a Vice (2018).
Perry yana cikin mutane 100 da sukafi tasiri wanda aka wallafa a mujallar Time a shekarar 2020. A cikin 2020, an ba Perry lambar yabo ta Gwamnoni daga kyaututtukan Emily Primetime, kuma a shekara mai zuwa, ya karɓi kyautar Jean Hersholt ta jin kai daga lambar yabo ta Academy.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Perry Emmitt Perry Jr. a New Orleans, Louisiana, ɗan Willie Maxine Perry née Campbell) da Emmitt Perry Sr., wanda ya kasance masassaƙi ne. Yana da yan uwa guda uku. Perry ya taba fada sau ɗaya cewa amsar mahaifinsa ga komai ita ce "ka doko shi daga cikinka". Yayinda yake yaro, Perry ya taba yin ƙoƙari ya kashe kansa don ƙoƙarin tserewa azabtarwan mahaifinsa. Sa banin mahaifinsa, mahaifiyarsa tana kai shi coci kowane mako, inda yake jin wata mafaka da gamsuwa. A lokacin yana dan shekara 16, yasa an canza sunansa na farko bisa doka daga Emmitt zuwa Tyler a ƙoƙarin nisantar da kansa da mahaifinsa. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, bayan ganin fim din Precious, an motsa Perry inda ya bayyana a karon farko cewa mahaifiyar abokinsa ta taba yin lalata dashi yana dan shekara 10; wasu mutane uku sun taba yin lalata dashi tun kafin wannan kuma daga baya ya fahimci cewa mahaifinsa yayi lalata da abokinsa. Wani gwajin DNA da Perry yayi ya nuna cewa Emmitt Sr. ba shine cikakken mahaifin Perry na asalin jini ba. Duk da yake Perry bai kammala makarantar sakandare ba, ya sami GED A farkon shekarunsa na 20, yana kallon wani shiri na The Oprah Winfrey Show, ya ji wani yana bayanin tasirin da rubutu zai iya yi a wasu lokuta, wanda zai ba marubucin damar magance nasa matsalolin. Wannan sharhi ya ba shi damar yin amfani da kansa ga aikin rubutu. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara rubuta wasu wasiƙu zuwa ga kansa, wanda ya zama tushen waƙar kiɗan I Know I've Been Changed Ayyuka
Mataki A wajajen 1990, Perry ya koma Atlanta, inda shekaru biyu daga baya I Know I've Been Changed aka fara yin shi ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gari, wanda dan shekara ashirin da biyu (22) wato Perry ya biya da kudinsa $12,000 wanda ya tara a matsayin kudin ceton rai. Wasan ya hada da jigogin kirista na yafiya, mutunci, da kimar kai, yayin magance matsaloli kamar cin zarafin yara da iyalai marasa karfi. Da farko waƙar ta karɓi liyafar "less than stellar" kuma ta kasance an samu gazawar kuɗi. Perry ya nace, kuma a cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa ya sake rubuta waƙar maimaitawa, kodayake ra'ayoyin rashin ci gaba sun ci gaba. A 1998, yana da shekaru 28, ya sami nasarar sake sanya wasan sannan ya sake sanya shi a Atlanta, da farko a House of Blues, sannan a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Fox Perry ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar sabbin wasannin kwaikwayo, yana zagayawa tare da su akan abin da ake kira Chitlin 'Circuit (wanda yanzu ake kira da "kewayen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni") da haɓaka manyan ɗimbin mutane, masu ba da gaskiya tsakanin Ba'amurken Baƙin Amurka masu sauraro. A 2005, Forbes ta ruwaito cewa ya sayar "fiye da 100 miliyan a tikiti, 30 miliyan a bidiyo nashi da kimanin dala 20 miliyan a cikin kayan kasuwa da kuma" nunin 300 da yake gabatarwa kowace shekara suna samun kusan mutane 35,000 a mako Aikin fim Perry ya ɗaga dalar Amurka miliyan 5.5 a wani ɓangare daga tallan tikitin wasan kwaikwayon da aka gabatar don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko, Diary of Mad Black Woman, wanda ya ci gaba zuwa dala miliyan 50.6 a cikin gida, yayin da ya sami ƙimar amincewa 16% a fim ɗin sake duba shafin yanar gizo Rataccen Tumatiri. Perry ya fara fitowa a matsayin mai bada umarni a fim din sa na gaba, wanda ya dace da haduwar dangin Madea, kuma ya jagoranci duk wasu fina-finai na Madea da zasu biyo baya. A karshen makon da ya gabata, 24 zuwa 26 ga Fabrairu, 2006, Taron dangin Madea ya buɗe a lamba ta ɗaya a ofishin akwatin da dala miliyan 30.3. Daga karshe fim din ya samu dala miliyan 65. Perry da abokan aikin sa sun tallata fim din ne a Oprah Winfrey Show. Kamar yadda yake tare da Diary, kusan duk kuɗin da aka samu na Madea an samar da su a cikin Amurka.
Aikin Perry na gaba shine Aikin Lionsgate, Daddy's Little Girls, ya samu gabatarwan taurari irin su Gabrielle Union da Idris Elba kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2007. Ya samu kusan dalar Amurka 31 miliyan. Perry ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya shirya kuma ya fito a fim din sa na gaba, Why Did I Get Married?, wanda aka fitar a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2007. Ya buɗe a lamba ta ɗaya, ya kai dalar Amurka 21.4 miliyan wancan karshen mako. Ya kasance sassauƙa dangane da wasan sa na wannan sunan. An fara daukar fim din a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2007, a Whistler, British Columbia, wani wurin shakatawa da ke arewacin Vancouver, sannan ya koma Atlanta, inda Perry ya bude nasa gidan wasan. Janet Jackson, Sharon Leal, Jill Scott, da Tasha Smith sun fito a fim din. Fim din Perry na 2008, Meet the Browns, wanda aka saki a ranar 21 ga Maris, an buɗe shi a wuri mai numba 2 tare da dalar Amurka 20.1 miliyan karshen mako babban. The Family That Preys a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2008, kuma ya sami ribar dalar Amurka 37.1 miliyan. An bude Madea Goes to Jail a lamba ta daya a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2009, wanda ya sami dalar Amurka miliyan 41 kuma ya zama buɗewa mafi girma har zuwa yau. Wannan shine fim na bakwai na Perry tare da Lionsgate Entertainment. Dangane da bukatar darekta JJ Abrams, kuma a cikin 2009, Perry yana da ƙaramin matsayi a matsayin babban kwamandan Starfleet Academy Admiral Barnett a cikin Star Trek, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 8 ga Mayu. Wannan shine fim din sa na farko a wajan ayyukan nasa. Perry na gaba ya rubuta, ya bada umarni, kuma yayi tauraro a cikin I Can Bad Bad All By Myself (2009), fim ɗin da aka tsara game da halayensa na Madea. Wannan shine fim na takwas na Perry kuma shima ya zama na ɗaya a ofishin akwatin. A cikin 2009, Perry ya haɗu tare da Oprah Winfrey don gabatar da Precious, fim ɗin da ke kan littafin Tura na Sapphire Me Ya Sa Na Yi Aure Kuma?, cigaban littafin Me Yasa Nayi Aure?, an buɗe shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2010. Ya fito da Janet Jackson, Cicely Tyson, Louis Gossett Jr., Jill Scott, da Malik Yoba Fim din ya samu 60 miliyan a cikin gida, tare da dalar Amurka 29 miliyan suka yi a ƙarshen mako. Perry ya jagoranci fim din Ntozake Shange na choreopoem na 1975 Don 'Yan Mata Masu Launi Wadanda Suka Yi La'akari da Kashe Kansu Lokacin da Bakan Gizo Yake Enuf, wanda aka fito da shi a sinimomi 5 ga Nuwamba, 2010. Ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon na Man Farin Ciki, wanda ya zagaya Amurka a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kuma aka sake shi azaman fim a cikin 2011, wanda aka rubuta, ya jagoranta kuma ya jagoranci Perry. Fim ɗin fim ɗin Madea's Big Happy Family raked a cikin 25.8 na Amurka miliyan a ofishin akwatin, suna daukar matsayi na biyu. Fim din Perry na gaba tare da Lionsgate ya kasance Ayyuka Masu Kyawu, wanda a ciki Perry ke taka rawar gani Wesley Deeds. Kyawawan Ayyuka fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya da aka rubuta, wanda aka shirya shi, kuma yayi fim ɗin Perry. An saki fim din a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2012. Shi ne fim na goma na goma sha ɗaya waɗanda Perry ya shirya kuma ya fito a ciki. Fim ɗin ya sami darajar kashi 29% ta mai tattara abubuwan tumatir da aka ottenauke da shi kuma aka buɗe shi tare da ofishin akwatin dalar Amurka miliyan 15.5. Fim din kuma ya hada da Thandie Newton, Rebecca Romijn, Gabrielle Union, Eddie Cibrian, Jamie Kennedy, Phylicia Rashad, da sauransu. Perry's films had grossed over US$500 million worldwide. Perry's Madea's Witness Protection, his seventh film within the Madea franchise, was released on June 29, 2012.
Perry ya karbi matsayin James Patterson na Alex Cross daga Morgan Freeman don wani sabon fim a cikin jerin, mai taken Alex Cross An bude fim din a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2012, kuma ya samu yabo daga masu suka da kuma masu kallo kan rawar da ya taka. Ayyukansa sun sami hankalin darekta David Fincher, wanda daga baya ya saka Perry a cikin fim ɗin 2014 mai ban sha'awa Gone Girl, tare da Ben Affleck, Rosamund Pike, da Neil Patrick Harris Perry ya fitar da fim dinsa na goma sha uku, Gwaji: Ikirari na Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Auren (dangane da wasansa na 2008 mai suna ɗaya) a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2013. Fim din ya kunshi Lance Gross, Jurnee Smollett, Brandy Norwood, Robbie Jones, Vanessa L. Williams, da Kim Kardashian Ya samar da Tyler Perry Presents Peeples, wanda aka fitar a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2013. Ya koma babban allo tare da A Madea Kirsimeti, wanda aka fitar a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2013. Perry ne ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin The Single Moms Club, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2014. Fim dinsa mai rai na farko mai suna Madea's Tough Love an sake shi akan DVD Janairu 20, 2015. A cikin 2016, Perry ya taka rawa masanin kimiyyar Baxter Stockman a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Daga cikin Inuwa A tsakiyar Janairu 2016, Perry ya fara yin fim dinsa na goma sha bakwai, kuma na tara a cikin ƙididdigar Madea, Boo! A Madea Halloween An saki fim din a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2016. A ci gaba, Boo 2! An fito da Halloween na Madea, a watan Oktoba 2017. Perry, tare da Oprah Winfrey, sun ba da muryarsa a fim dinsa na farko mai dauke da kwamfuta, mai suna The Star, wanda ya danganci haihuwar Yesu Picturesaddamar da Hoton Hotuna na Sony, an fitar da fim ɗin a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2017.
Hadin gwiwar fina-finai da rarrabawa Fim din Perry an haɗa shi tare kuma an rarraba shi ta Lions Gate Entertainment yana riƙe da cikakken ikon mallakar haƙƙin mallaka a ƙarƙashin sunan kamfanoni Tyler Perry Films, kuma yana sanya sunan a gaban duk taken. Fim ɗin Perry sun ga iyakantaccen sakewa a wajen Arewacin Amurka, amma a cikin Mayu 2010, Lionsgate ya ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen fara sakin fim ɗinsa a Ingila.
Shirye-shiryen talabijin Perry ya samar da sitcom din Tyler Perry's House of Payne, wanda ya kwashe yanayi 8 daga 21 ga Yuni, 2006, zuwa 10 ga Agusta 2012 Jerin sun biyo bayan gidan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ne mai tsara kakanni uku. Nunin ya nuna yadda 'yan uwa suka yi gwagwarmaya, gwagwarmaya ta gaskiya tare da imani da soyayya. Nunin ya gudana a cikin bazarar 2006 a matsayin mai nuna matuƙin jirgin sama 10. Bayan nasarar matukin jirgin sama, Perry ya sanya hannu kan dalar Amurka 200 miliyan, yarjejeniyar kashi 100 tare da TBS A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2007, aukuwa biyu na farko na Gidan Payne na Tyler Perry sun gudana a TBS. Bayan karɓar manyan ƙimomi, Gidan Payne ya shiga ƙungiyar watsa shirye-shirye An buga Reruns har zuwa Disamba 2007 kafin fara kakar wasa ta biyu. Perry ya kuma rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da sitcom Gana da Browns, wanda aka fara shi a TBS a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2009 kuma ya ƙare a Nuwamba 18, 2011.
Mallaka da haɗin gwiwa tare da Oprah On October 2, 2012, Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). The partnership was largely for the purposes of bringing scripted television to OWN, Perry having had previous success in this department.
Tyler Perry's Zai Fi Kyau ko Mafi Muni, dangane da fina-finansa Me Ya Sa Na Yi Aure? kuma Me yasa Na Yi Aure kuma?, wanda aka fara akan TBS a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2011. TBS ta soke jerin ne a watan Fabrairun 2013 amma kamfanin ta OWN ya sake farfado da shi a karo na uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2013. Perry kuma yana da wasu sabbin jerin talabijin guda biyu wadanda aka nuna akan KASAN: wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu mai tsawon awa wasan kwaikwayo The Haves da waɗanda basu da lada da sitcom Taunar Maƙwabcinku Haves da wadanda basu da labari sun fara ne a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, 2013, yayin da maƙwabcin Loveaunar ku ya fara a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2013. An bayar da rahoto a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2013 cewa The Haves da Ba su da setaƙa sun kafa sabon rikodin don OWN, inda suka ci mafi girman ƙima a jere don jerin farko a kan hanyar sadarwa. Taunar Maƙwabcinku ta zira kwallaye na biyu mafi girma na kyauta don jerin shirye-shirye a kan KASHE, a bayan The Haves da Ba su da Labaru; duk da haka, Taunar Maƙwabcin ku ta ragu sosai a cikin ƙididdiga yayin da 'Have the and Have Nots''' ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa da ƙimantawa. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2014, The Haves da basu da Nots sun shigo a matsayin shirin da aka fi kallo a duk gidan talabijin na dare. A ranar 11 ga Maris, 2014, wani yanayi na 2 na Haves da Ba su da Baƙi sun kafa rikodin ABU lokacin da ya ci ƙima mafi girma a tarihin hanyar sadarwa. Rikodin rikodin ya kawo masu kallo miliyan 3.6, wanda ya zarce miliyan 3.5 da suka saurara don tattaunawar Next Oprah tare da Bobbi Kristina wanda shine mafi kyawun kallo na hanyar sadarwa. A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa na Perry tare da OWN, cibiyar sadarwar ta ba da umarnin jerin rubutattun rubuce-rubuce na huɗu (da na huɗu na Perry) dangane da fim ɗin fasalin, Singleungiyar Iyaye Maɗaukaki, da ake kira Idan vingaunar Ku Ba Ta da Laifi Jerin wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon awa daya ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Satumbar, 2014.
Tyler Perry Studios A cikin 2015, Perry ya sami tsohon sansanin sojan mai suna acre 330 wanda ke Fort McPherson wanda ke Atlanta, wanda ya canza shi zuwa situdiyo. An yi amfani da dakunan daukar hoto don yin fim din HBO Films OWN fim na Rayuwar Mutuwa na Henrietta Rashin, kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da shi don jerin talabijin The Walking Dead murabba'in kafa dubu hamsin na shafin an sadaukar da shi ne ga tsayayyun saituna, gami da kwatankwacin zauren otal, irin na Fadar White House, gida mai girman murabba'in kafa dubu 16,000, otal mai arha mai arha, filin shakatawa, da kuma ainihin abincin dare na 1950s wanda aka sake ƙaura daga wani gari mai nisan mil 100 nesa; Hakanan yana ɗaukar matakan sauti 12 waɗanda aka ambata bayan ƙwararrun Ba'amurke-Amurkawa a masana'antar nishaɗi. Babban fim din Marvel, Black Panther, shine na farko da aka fara yin fim a daya daga cikin sabbin matakai a Tyler Perry Studios kamar yadda Tyler Perry ya sanar da kansa ta shafinsa na Instagram a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2018. Tyler Perry Studios ɗayan ɗayan manyan fina-finai ne a cikin ƙasar kuma ya kafa Tyler Perry a matsayin Ba'amurken Ba'amurke na farko da ya mallaki babban ɗakin fim. ViacomCBS A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2017, Perry ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci tare da Viacom (yanzu ViacomCBS don aukuwa 90 shekara na wasan kwaikwayo na asali da jerin ban dariya. Hakanan Viacom zai kasance yana da haƙƙoƙin rarrabawa ga gajeren abun cikin bidiyo da kallo na farko game da ra'ayoyin fim (fim na farko daga wannan yarjejeniyar shine Wawancin Kowa Yarjejeniyar TV ta fara faduwar 2019 tare da Oval, Sistas da BET (sabon sabis ne mai gudana) wanda aka gabatar dashi tare da ƙimanta ƙarfi don BET Littattafai Littafin farko na Perry, Kada Ka sanya Mace Baƙin Cire Earan Kunnenta: Sharhin Bayanai na Madea akan Loveauna da Rayuwa, ya bayyana a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2006. Littafin ya sayar da kwafi 30,000. Hardcover ya kai lamba ta daya akan jerin masu Sayarwa Mafi Kyawu <i id="mwAac">na New York Times</i> kuma ya kasance cikin jerin makonni 12. An zabe shi a matsayin Littafin Shekara, Mafi Kyawun Littãfi a 2006 Quill Awards Littafinsa na biyu, Mafi Girma Yana jira, an buga shi a ranar Nuwamba 14, 2017. Ya fara aiki a lamba 5 akan jerin mafi kyawun mai siyarwa na New York Times. Ayyuka na doka Kungiyoyin Marubuta na Amurka, Yamma Ildungiyar Marubuta ta Amurka, Yamma ta gabatar da tuhumar ba da aikin kwadago ga Hukumar Kula da Laboran kwadago ta Kasa (NLRB), suna zargin cewa kamfanin samar da Perry, Tyler Perry Studios, ya kori marubuta huɗu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin Oktoba 2008 don ramuwar gayya don su da ke ƙoƙarin samun kwangilar ƙungiyar. An sasanta rikicin bayan wata ɗaya daga baya, lokacin da Tyler Perry Studios ya yarda ya zama mai sanya hannu a WGA. Harajin Kuɗi na Mo A farkon 2009, Perry ya yi barazanar ɗaukar doka a kan Mo 'Money Taxes, wani kamfanin shirya haraji wanda ke zaune a Memphis, Tennessee, don gudanar da gidan Talabijin wanda ya ji cewa ya ɓata aikinsa, musamman Madea Goes zuwa Kurkuku Tallan yana dauke da wani babban Caucasian namiji (John Cowan) a cikin jan hankali, mai suna "Ma'Madea". An bar tallan da ke yin laifi daga yawo. Yanayin aiki Sukar Duk da yabon Perry a 2006, darekta Spike Lee ya soki aikinsa a 2009, yana mai cewa "Ya kamata a bar kowane mai zane ya ci gaba da ayyukansu na fasaha amma har yanzu ina tunanin akwai abubuwa da yawa a yau wanda shine 'coonery buffoonery'." Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko nasarar da Perry ta samu a tsakanin bakar fata ya samo asali ne daga bai wa bakar fatar Amurka abin da suke so, Lee ya amsa, "Hoton yana da damuwa."
A wata budaddiyar wasika da ya aika wa Perry a Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa, 'yar jaridar Jamilah Lemieux, yayin da take gode wa Perry saboda "bai wa bakar fata aiki a gaban kyamara da bayanta," ya kuma soki abubuwan da yake nunawa na haduwa da Browns da Gidan Payne A cikin wasikarta, ta bayyana cewa "duka nune-nunenku suna dauke da tsofaffin ra'ayoyi na buffoonish, baƙar fata maza da ke da hankali, da baƙar fata mata." Duk da yake ta lura da aikinsa saboda abin dariya da kuma "kyawawan sakonni masu nuna kimar kai, kauna da girmamawa," daga baya ta nuna takaicin cewa Ba'amurkan Ba'amurke "an ciyar da su iri iri na kanmu a kai a kai saboda suna sayarwa." Lemieux ya yi watsi da sanannen halayensa na Madea, yana mai cewa "Ta wurinta, ƙasar ta yi wa ɗayan mahimman membobin baƙar fata dariya: Uwar Masoyi, ƙaunataccen sarki. Iyayenmu mata da kakanninmu sun cancanci fiye da haka. Yayin da ta nuna godiya ga Perry saboda watsi da maganganun masu sukar, Lemieux ya yi iƙirarin cewa "yawancin bakaken fata sun nuna wasu halaye iri ɗaya game da aikinku waɗanda fararen farar fata suke da shi," kuma ta bukace shi da "ya daina watsar da masu sukar a matsayin masu ƙiyayya da fahimta cewa baƙar fata na buƙatar sabbin labarai da sabbin masu ba da labari. A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2020, Perry ya sanya bidiyo a Instagram inda ya bayyana cewa baya amfani da dakin marubuta don fina-finai da shirye-shiryen TV kuma ya fi son rubuta aikin nasa da kansa. Perry ya sami suka daga wurare daban-daban da kuma adadi a cikin nishaɗi saboda ƙin ba da dama ga marubutan baƙi masu zuwa. Daga baya a waccan watan, Perry ya amsa a cikin wata hira ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya fuskanci matsaloli yayin aiki tare da duka marubutan WGA da marubuta marasa kungiya. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa marubutan WGA za su gabatar da "rubutun da ke buƙatar sake rubutawa domin a biya su sau da yawa." Ya kuma ce marubutan da ba na kungiya ba sun yi gwagwarmaya don cimma mizanai na inganci kuma ya ce "bai ji dadin kowane irin rubutu da suka rubuta ba" saboda "ba sa magana da murya." Amsa A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, yayin wata hira ta Mintuna 60, an karanta Perry a cikin maganganun Spike Lee game da aikinsa kuma ya ba da amsa, "Ina so in karanta wannan [suka] ga mai sona. Wannan abin yana bani haushi. Abun wulakanci ne. Hali ne irin wannan wanda ke sa Hollywood tunanin cewa wadannan mutanen ba su wanzu, kuma shi ya sa babu wani abu da yake magana da su, yana magana da mu. Perry ya kuma bayyana cewa "duk waɗannan haruffa baƙi ne kwance damara, da fara'a, ba da dariya. Zan iya mari Madea a kan wani abu kuma in yi magana game da Allah, soyayya, imani, gafara, dangi, kowane daga wadannan. A cikin hira da Hip Hollywood, Perry ya amsa maganganun Spike Lee ta hanyar gaya masa cewa "ka shiga lahira." Amincewa Aikin Perry ya sami yabo daga Oprah Winfrey, wacce ta haɗu da Perry wajen inganta fim ɗin Lee Daniels Precious (2009). Ta gaya wa mai tambayoyin, "Ina tsammanin [Perry] ta girma ne da ƙarfi, baƙar fata mata. Kuma da yawa daga abin da yayi yana da gaske a bikin wannan. Ina tsammanin abin da Madea yake da gaske shine: tattara dukkanin waɗannan baƙar fata mata masu ƙarfi waɗanda na sani kuma wataƙila ku ma haka? Don haka abin da ya sa yake aiki shi ne saboda mutane suna ganin kansu Goldie Taylor, na The Grio da MSNBC, sun bayyana a cikin 21 ga Afrilu, 2011 NPR Duk Abubuwan Da Aka Yi Hira da su game da masu sauraren niyyar Perry: "Ba na tsammanin Tyler Perry yana magana da Touré Ba na tsammanin yana magana da ni, amma na san yana magana ne kai tsaye da mahaifiyata, da kanwata, da kawuna kuma yana ganawa da su a lokacin da suke bukata, kuma hakan shi ne abin da zane-zane da shirya fim suke. A cikin editansa na Huffington Post, masanin zamantakewar al'umma Shayne Lee ya lissafa Perry daga cikin fitattun jaruman fina-finai na zamani. Kyaututtuka da izgili A cikin Ba'amurke Uba! fim din Fassara Kudan zuma Baby na da gangan Steve Smith ya yi kuskuren rubuta kalmominsa a cikin kudan zuma don nuna soyayyarsa ga Akiko (wanda shi ma yake takara), maimakon haka ya rubuta bazuwar Tyler Perry da fim din Madea. Perry ya kasance tauraron Kudu ta Kudu a cikin Sa'a kashi na goma sha biyar Funnybot An ba shi lambar yabo ne saboda "Mai wasan barkwanci Mai yuwuwa ya je ya karbi lambar yabo ta barkwanci" kuma bakake a cikin lamarin, Token Black da Shugaba Obama, sun nuna rashin yardarsu cewa ba za su iya daina kallon fiminsa ba da ba shi kuɗi A ƙarshen labarin, Perry, kamar yadda Madea, aka binne shi kuma an saka shi cikin ƙarfe tare da sanarwar Obama, "Ina mai farin cikin sanar da cewa mafi girma barazana ga 'yan adam yanzu ta tafi har abada. An yi adalci. Tyler Perry kamar yadda Madea aka sanya a cikin parodied a cikin The Boondocks episode Dakata a cikin abin da wani siririn ɓarnataccen sigar Perry mai suna Winston Jerome ta taka rawa irin ta Madea da ake wa lakabi da "Ma Dukes." Waƙar tana da halin "Ma Duke" wanda ke tafiyar da al'adun ɗan luwaɗi. Tyler Perry shima an kashe shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 'Cleveland Show "Gurasar godiya ta ruwan goro" wanda Auntie Momma da gaske shine Donna Tubbs Uncle Kevin. A wani labarin kuma, Donna ta karɓi kwalbar giya da ake kira "Tyler Perry Presents Wine", wasa a kan taken fim ɗinsa.
Rayuwar mutum Perry Kirista ne Ya zama abokan kirki tare da Janet Jackson, Will Smith da Oprah Winfrey Yawancin batutuwan da ke cikin aikin nasa suna nuna tiyoloji da halayyar zamantakewar da ke nuna al'adar cocin baƙar fata, kamar abubuwan da suka faru a duka matakansa da aikin allo waɗanda ke nuna saitunan coci da salon bautar da aka saba samu a majami'un Amurkawa galibi na Afirka, gami da baje kolin kiɗan bishara da masu fasaha. A 2007, Perry ya sayi kadada 17 a cikin unguwannin Paces na Buckhead, Atlanta A watan Mayun 2016, ya sayar da gidan kan dala miliyan 17.5, ya kuma rufe babbar yarjejeniya da aka taba yi don gida mai zaman kansa a babban birnin Georgia. A cikin 2013, kamfaninsa, ETPC LLC, an saya kusan a cikin New Manchester, yankin Georgia na Douglas County, Georgia A ranar 20 ga Yulin 2009, Perry ya dauki nauyin yara 65 daga wani sansanin kwana na Philadelphia don ziyartar Walt Disney World, bayan ya karanta cewa wani gidan wasan ninkaya na kewayen birni, Kwalejin Swim Club da ke Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, ya guje su. Ya rubuta a shafinsa na yanar gizo, "Ina so su sani cewa duk wani aikin mugunta da wasu mutane za su jefa maka, akwai wasu miliyoyin da za su yi musu wani abu na alheri." A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2009, mahaifiyar Perry, Willie Maxine Perry, ta mutu tana da shekara 64, bayan rashin lafiya. Yana zaune kuma yana aiki a kudu maso yammacin Atlanta inda yake aiki da fim din Tyler Perry da kuma gidan talabijin. A watan Agusta 2010, an bayar da rahoton cewa ya sayi Dean Gardens, wani yanki mai girman kadada 58 a yankin Atlanta na Johns Creek Ya warwatsar da ke da katafaren gida da shirya, amma ba a gina shi ba, sabon, gida mai mahalli akan dukiyar. A Nuwamba 30, 2014, abokin aikin Perry Gelila Bekele ya haifi ɗansu. A Disamba 2020, Perry ya sanar da cewa shi ya kasance wani guda turuzu A watan Satumba na 2017, Perry ya sayi gida a cikin Mulholland Estates, ƙofar gari a cikin Los Angeles. Perry yana da kayan hutu a cikin Wyoming da Bahamas. A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2021, Yarima Harry, Duke na Sussex da Meghan, Duchess na Sussex a bainar jama'a sun bayyana a cikin hirar talabijin Oprah tare da Meghan da Harry'' cewa Perry ta samar da tsaro da tsaro na farko har tsawon watanni uku wanda ya ba ma'auratan damar yin ƙaura daga Kanada zuwa California cikin aminci a cikin Maris 2020, biyo bayan janyewar kariya daga masarautar Burtaniya.
Filmography
Aikin talabijin
Aikin mataki
Amincewa
Duba kuma Tyler Perry Studios
Bacewar Terrance Williams da Felipe Santos Tyler Perry ya bayar da tukuicin 200,000 ga duk wanda ya samu labarin lamarin kuma ya yi aiki don ganin an tallata lamarin.
Bayani
External links Pages with unreviewed |
19258 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisopodidae | Anisopodidae | Anisopodidae Ya kasan ce wani kananan cosmopolitan iyali na sauro -kamar Kudaje da aka sani da itace kwarkwata ko taga-kwarkwata, da 154 da aka bayyana suke dashi nau'in a 15 danginsu, da kuma da dama da aka bayyana m halittun. Wasu jinsunan suna saprophagous ko fungivorous Yawancinsu ƙanana ne zuwa matsakaitan ƙudaje, banda jinsi Olbiogaster da Lobogaster, waɗanda suke da girma tare da ɓarkewar ciki mai ban mamaki. Sanya yanayin halittar su yana da rikici. An gabatar da su don zama 'yar uwa ga ƙudaje masu ƙarfi, Brachycera. Wasu marubutan sun ɗauki wannan rukunin a matsayin iyalai mabanbanta Anisopodidae, Mycetobiidae, Olbiogastridae, da Valeseguyidae Bayani Don sharuddan duba Morphology na Diptera Marubuta sun yi sabani game da takaddar wannan harajin. Asusun da aka buga ya bambanta.
Anisopodidae ƙanana ne ko matsakaita (galibi 4-12 mm, Lobogaster da aka samo a cikin Chile 17-18 mm) kwarkwata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin toho mai tsawo, sirara. Tibiae suna da motsa jiki. Kan yana karami ne kuma zagaye kuma yana da kananan ledoji. Idanuwan suna dichoptic ko holoptic. Ocelli suna nan kuma sun samar da triangle mai daidaitawa. Antenananan eriyar eriya suna bambanta daga ɗan gajarta zuwa tsayi fiye da kai da kirji tare. Eriya tana da kashi 14-16. Gwanin ba shi da juzu'i na ɗagawa; fikafikan yana da fadi, tare da sararin jiji da kuma alamun karami (wani lokacin hyaline). Alula ta bambanta sosai a cikin Olbiogaster da Sylvicola Dukansu fikafikan suna kwance a kan ciki a cikin wurin hutawa. Pterostigma ya kasance ko ba ya nan, kuma membrane ɗin an rufe shi da yawa tare da microtrichia (macrotrichia da ke cikin Sylvicola Coa (C) ta ƙare a ko kusa da ƙarshen R4 5. Subcosta (Sc) ya ƙare a cikin costa kusa da tsakiyar reshe kuma zuwa nesa da Rs. Jigon R yana madaidaiciya (wani lokaci tare da katsewa ko rauni a ƙasan giciye h). Rs ya tashi kusa amma yana kusanci zuwa tsakiyar reshe, tare da rassa biyu. R4 5 yana da tsayi, yana ƙarewa kusa da ƙarshen reshe; crossvein rm yana kusa ko nesa da cokalin Rs. Radial jijiya 2 3 (R2 3) na iya ƙare a R1 ko ƙare a cikin costa. Hanya ta tsakiya (M) tana da rassa uku ko biyu kuma kwayar disal (d) tana nan ko ba ta nan. CuA2 madaidaiciya ne ko sious distally. CuA1, CuA2, da A1 duk suna kaiwa gefen reshe. CuP lokacin da aka gabatar dashi yana da bambanci sosai; A2 yana nan amma yana da rauni. Cikin yana siriri.
Ganowa Maɓallan kan layi: Nau'in Palaearctic na Sylvicola
Coe, RL, Freeman, P., Mattingly, PF (1950) Diptera: Nematocera, dangin Tipulidae zuwa Chironomidae. Royal Entomological Society of London Littafin Jagora 9 (2) ii. pdf
Shtakel'berg, AA Family Anisopodidae (Rhyphidae, Phryneidae) a cikin Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Makullin kwari na Europeanasashen Turai na USSR Juzu'i na 5 (Diptera) Kashi na 2 Turanci. Mabuɗan ga jinsunan Palaearctic amma yanzu yana buƙatar bita.
Séguy, E. (1940) Diptères: Nématocères. Paris: Éari ga Faune de Faransa. Bibliothèque virtuelle numérique
Jerin nau'in Yammacin Palaearctic ciki har da Rasha
Australasiyanci Oceaniyanci Kusa da shi
Japan
Jerin duniya
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hanyar haraji na Anisopodidae
BioSystematic Database na Duniya Diptera
Hotunan Diptera.info
Iyali Anisopodidae a hotunan EOL
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40729 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20de%20Cervantes | Miguel de Cervantes | Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (Spanish: ɣel de antes eðɾa]; 29 Satumba 1547 (assumed )-22 Afrilu 1616 NS marubucin sipaniya ne na Farko na Zamani wanda aka fi sanin shi a matsayin babban marubuci a cikin harshen Sipaniya kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan litattafai na duniya. An fi saninsa da littafinsa mai suna Don Quixote, shine aikinsa da aka saba ambata a matsayin duka littafin labari na zamani na farko da kuma ɗaya daga cikin kololuwar adabin duniya. Yawancin rayuwarsa ya ƙare cikin talauci da duhu, wanda ya haifar da asarar yawancin ayyukansa na farko. Duk da haka, tasirinsa da gudummawar wallafe-wallafensa yana bayyana ta yadda ake kiran Sipaniya da "harshen Cervantes". A cikin karni na 1569, an tilasta Cervantes barin Spain kuma ya koma Roma, inda ya yi aiki a cikin gidan Cardinal. A shekara ta 1570, ya shiga cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Spain, kuma ya ji rauni sosai a yakin Lepanto a watan Oktoba 1571. Ya yi aiki a matsayin soja har zuwa 1575, lokacin da 'yan fashin Barbary suka kama shi; bayan shekaru biyar a zaman bauta, an fanshi shi, kuma ya koma Madrid.
Littafinsa mai mahimmanci na farko, mai suna La Galatea, an buga shi a cikin karni na 1585, amma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin wakilin siye, kuma daga baya a matsayin mai karɓar haraji na gwamnati. An buga Sashe na Ɗaya na Don Quixote a cikin karni na 1605, da Sashe na Biyu a 1615. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da 12 Novelas ejemplares (Novels Exemplary); doguwar waka, Viaje del Parnaso (Tafiya zuwa Parnassus); da Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses (Wasanni takwas da Takwas Interludes). Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (The Travails of Persiles and Sigismunda), an buga shi bayan mutuwa a 1616.
Tarihin Rayuwa Duk da shahararsa na gaba, yawancin rayuwar Cervantes ba ta da tabbas, gami da sunansa, asalinsa da kuma kamanninsa. Kodayake ya sanya hannu kan kansa Cerbantes, masu bugawa sun yi amfani da Cervantes, wanda ya zama nau'i na kowa. A cikin rayuwa ta baya, Cervantes ya yi amfani da Saavedra, sunan dangi mai nisa, maimakon Cortinas da aka saba da shi, bayan mahaifiyarsa. Amma masanin tarihi Luce López-Baralt, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya fito ne daga kalmar «shaibedraa» cewa a yaren Larabci mai hannu ɗaya ne, laƙabin sa a lokacin da yake zaman bauta. Wani abin da ake cece-kuce a kai shi ne addininsa. An ba da shawarar cewa ba kawai mahaifin Cervantes ba har ma mahaifiyarsa na iya zama Sabbin Kiristoci. A cewar Anthony Cascardi "Yayin da iyali za su iya samun wasu da'awar girman kai sukan sami kansu a cikin matsalolin kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, kusan sun kasance asalin converso, wato, tuba zuwa Katolika na zuriyar Yahudawa. A zamanin Spain na Cervantes, wannan yana nufin rayuwa a ƙarƙashin gizagizai na zato na hukuma da rashin yarda da zamantakewa, tare da mafi ƙarancin dama fiye da yadda membobin 'Tsohon Kirista' ke morewa." An yarda da shi gabaɗaya Miguel de Cervantes an haife shi a kusa da 29 Satumba 1547, a Alcalá de Henares. Shi ne ɗa na biyu ga likitan wanzamai Rodrigo de Cervantes da matarsa, Leonor de Cortinas Rodrigo ya fito daga Cordoba, Andalusia, inda mahaifinsa Juan de Cervantes ya kasance lauya mai tasiri.
Babu wani ingantaccen hoton marubucin da aka san ya wanzu. Mafi sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Cervantes zuwa Juan de Jáuregui, amma an ƙara sunayen biyu a kwanan wata. Zanen El Greco a cikin Museo del Prado, wanda aka fi sani da Retrato de un caballero desconocido, ko Hoton Mutumin da ba a sani ba, an buga shi a matsayin 'possible' yana nuna Cervantes, amma babu wata shaida ga wannan. Hoton The Nobleman tare da Hannunsa akan Kirji na El Greco shima ana tunanin yana iya kwatanta Cervantes. Duk da haka, Prado kanta, yayin da yake ambaton cewa "an gabatar da takamaiman sunaye ga mai zama, ciki har da na Cervantes", da ma "cewa zanen na iya zama hoton kansa", ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa. "Ba tare da shakka ba, shawarar da ta fi dacewa ta haɗu da wannan adadi tare da Marquis na biyu na Montemayor, Juan de Silva y de Ribera, wanda ya yi zamani da El Greco wanda Philip II da Cif Notary to the Crown ya nada shi kwamandan soja na Alcázar a Toledo., matsayin da zai bayyana irin girman hannu, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin aikin rantsuwa." Hoton Luis de Madrazo, a Biblioteca Nacional de España, an zana shi a cikin a karni na 1859, bisa tunaninsa. Hoton da ke bayyana akan tsabar kudin Yuro na Sipaniya na €0.10, €0.20, da €0.50 ya dogara ne akan bust, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1905.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
45325 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falalar%20Azumi%20Da%20Hukuncinsa | Falalar Azumi Da Hukuncinsa | Ma’anar kalmar "Azumi" a larabci
Kamewa da barin wani abu
Ma’anar Azumi a Shari’a
Shi ne bautawa Allah ta hanyar kamewa daga cin
abinci da abin sha da jima’i, tun daga hudowar alfijir
har zuwa faduwar rana.
Falalar Azumi
Azumi yana da falala mai girma, da lada mai yawa. Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya raba azumi zuwa
gare shi, saboda girmama shi da daukaka shi.
Ya zo a cikin hadisi qudusi daga Abu Hurairata Allah ya yarda da shi ya ce, Manzon Allah ya ce, “Dukkan aikin dan Adam ana ninka
masa shi, ana ninka kyakkyawa sau goma, har zuwa
ninki dari bakwai. Allah Mai girma da buwaya ya ce,
“Sai dai azumi, haqiqa shi nawa ne, ni ne nake ba da
ladansa, mutum yana barin sha’awarsa da abincinsa
saboda ni. Mai azumi yana da farin cikin biyu, farin
ciki yayin buda bakinsa, da farin ciki yayin haduwa da
Ubangijinsa. Warin bakin mai azumi ya fi almiski
qanshi a wurin Allah” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito
shi].
Hikimar Shar’anta Azumi
1 Tabbatar da tsoron Allah, wajen amsa wa
umarninsa, da biyayya ga shari’arsa. Allah
Maxaukakin Sarki ya ce, “(An wajabta muku azumi
ne) ko kwa samu tsoron Allah” (Albaqara 183).
2 Saba wa kai haquri, da qarfafa wa zuciya wajen
danne sha’awa.
3 Saba wa mutum da kyautatawa, da jin tausayin
mabuqata da talakawa, saboda idan mutum ya
xanxani yunwa zuciyarsa za ta yi laushi ta karkata
zuwa ga mabuqata.
4 Samun hutu a jiki da samun lafiya a cikin
azumi.
Hukuncin Yin Azumi
Azumin da Allah ya shar’anta ya kasu zuwa ga: 1 Azumin Wajibi
Ya kasu gida biyu A Azumin da Allah ne ya wajabta a kan bawa tun
da farko, shi ne azumin watan Ramadan, kuma rukuni
ne daga rukunan musulunci.
B Azumin da bawa ne yake musababin wajabata wa
kansa shi, kamar azumin kaffara.
2 Azumin Mustahabbi,
Shi ne dukkan azumin da shari’a take so a yi shi,
kamar azumin ranar Litinin da Alhamis, da azumin
kwana uku a kowane wata, da azumin ranar Ashura,
da azumin goman farko a cikin watan Zulhijjah, da sittu Shawwal da
azumin ranar Arfa.
Sharuddan Wajabcin Azumi
1 Musulunci Azumi ba ya wajaba a kan kafiri.
2 Balaga Azumi ba ya wajaba a kan yaro qarami,
sai dai za a umarce shi da yi idan zai iya, don ya
saba.
3 Hankali Azumi ba ya wajaba a kan Mahaukaci.
4 Samun Iko Azumi ba ya wajaba a kan wanda ba
zai iya yi ba.
Azumin Watan Ramadan
Azumin watan Ramadan rukuni ne daga rukunan
musulunci, kuma farilla ne da Allah ya farlanta a kan
bayinsa.
Allah Maxaukakin Sarki ya ce “Ya ku waxanda suka yi
imani an wajabta muku azumi kamar yadda aka
wajabta wa waxanda suke gabaninku don ku samu
taqawa”. (Al-Baqarah: 183)
Manzon Allah ya ce, “An gina
musulunci a bisa ginshiqai biyar” [Buhkari ne ya rawaito
shi].
Sai ya ambaci “Azumin watan Ramadan” daga
cikinsu.
Daga Cikin Falalar Watan Ramadan
1 A watan Ramadan Ana bude qofofin Aljannah, ana
rufe qofofin wuta, ana daure Shaidanu, zuciya tana
fuskantar aikin alheri. Manzon Allah ya ce, “Idan Ramadan ya zo, sai a bude qofofin
sama, a rufe qofofin Jahannama, a daure Shaidanu” [Buhkari ne ya rawaito shi]
2 Yin azumi da tsayuwar sallar asham saboda Allah
da neman lada yana gafarta abin da ya gabata na
zunubai. Manzon Allah ya ce,
“Wanda ya yi azumin watan Ramadan, yana mai
imani da neman lada, za a gafarta masa abin da ya
gabata na zunubansa” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito
shi].
Ya sake cewa “Wanda ya yi tsayuwar sallah a watan
Ramadan, yana mai imani da neman lada, za a
gafarta masa abin da ya gabata na zunubansa” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi]
3 A cikin watan Ramadan Akwai daren Lailatul
Qadri, wanda Allah yake cewa a kansa “Daren lailatul
Qadri ya fi wata dubu alheri” (Alqadr 3)
Duk wanda ya tsaya a cikin wannan dare yana mai
imani da Allah da neman lada to za a gafarta masa
abin da ya gabata na zunubansa. Manzon Allah ya ce, “Wanda ya tsaya a daren lailatul
Qadri yana mai imani da Allah da neman lada to za a
gafarta masa abin da ya gabata na zunubansa” [Bukhari
da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi] 4 Umara a cikin Ramadan tana daidai da yin aikin
hajji tare da Manzon Allah Manzon Allah ya ce, “Umara a cikin Ramadan tana
daidai da aikin hajji tare da ni” [Muslim ne ya rawaito shi]
5 Watan Ramadan watan Alqur'ani ne, a cikinsa aka
saukar da shi, don haka ya dace a yawaita karanta
shi a cikin wannan wata.
Allah ya ce, “Watan Ramadan wanda aka saukar
Alqur'ani a cikinsa, Shiriya ne ga mutane, da ayoyin
bayanannu da rarrabe wa tsakanin qarya da
gaskiya” (Albaqara 185) 6 Watan Ramadan wata ne na kyauta da ciyarwa
da sadaka. An karvo daga Abdullahi dan Abbas Allah ya yarda da shi ya ce, Manzon Allah ya fi dukkan mutane kyauta, ya kasance
lokacin da yafi kyauta shi ne a cikin Ramadan,
lokacin da Mala'ika Jibrilu yake haduwa da shi.
Mala’ika Jibrilu yana haduwa da shi a kowane dare a
cikin Ramadan, ya yi karatun Alqur'ani tare da shi.
Manzon Allah ya fi kowa kyauta
lokacin da Mala'ika Jibriru yake hadu da shi, ya fi
iska sakakkiya kyauta” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito
shi].
==Da me Ake Tabbatar Da Kamawar Watan
Ramadan?==
Watan Ramadan ya tabbata da ganin wata, idan aka
ga wata bayan faduwar ranar ashirin da tara ga watan
Sha’aban, to watan Ramadan ya kama, idan kuwa ba
a ga wata ba, bayan faduwar ranar ashirin da tara ga watan
Sha’aban,
ko kuma wani abu ya hana ganinsa, kamar hadari, ko
qura, ko hayaqi, to sai a cika lissafin watan Sha’aban
kwana talatin.
Saboda fadin Manzon Allah “Ku
yi azumi don ganin wata, ku sauke don ganinsa, idan
an kare muku shi, to ku cika Sha’aban kwana talatin”
[Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi] Karya Azumi
Karya azumi haramun ne, kuma yana daga cikin
manya-manyan laifuka. Duk wanda ya karya azumin
na rana daya ba da wani uzuri ba, kuma bai tuba ba,
to babu abin da zai isar masa, koda ya yi azumin
zamani gabadaya.
Saboda fadin Annabi “Duk wanda
ya karya azumi rana xaya daga Ramadan, ba a a kan
wani rangwame da Allah ya yi masa ba, to azumin
zamani gabadaya ba zai rama masa ba” Abu Dawud
ne ya rawaito shi] Azabar wanda ya karya azumi da gangan mai girma
ce. An karvo daga Abu Umamata Al-bahili Allah ya
yarda da shi ya ce, “Na ji Manzon Allah yana cewa, ina cikin barci, sai wasu
mutane biyu suka zo min,…..sannan suka tafi da ni,
sai kawai na ga wasu mutane an rataye su ta
agararsu, muqamuqansu a tstssage, jini yana ta
kwarara. Sai ya ce, na ce, su wanene wadannan? Sai
ya ce, Wadannan sune wadanda suke karya azumi ne tun
kafin lokacin shan ruwa ya yi” [Ibn Hibban ne ya
rawaito shi] Manazarta
Ibadah
|
53560 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaro%20Mai%20Banza | Yaro Mai Banza | Shahid Khan an haife shi 1 Janairun Shekarar 1981), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Naughty Boy, ɗan Burtaniya DJ ne, mai yin rikodin rikodi, marubuci kuma mawaƙi. A cikin 2012, Khan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bugu na shekaru uku tare da Sony ATV, da kuma kwangilar rikodi don sakin kundi guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin Virgin EMI Records Khan ya kaddamar da kansa a matsayin mai shirya rikodi a karkashin moniker "Naughty Boy" kuma yana gudanar da nasa kamfani mai suna Naughty Boy Recordings.
Ya samar da rikodi guda biyu don rappers Chipmunk da Wiley, duka suna nuna Emeli Sandé Naughty Boy da Sandé daga baya sun kafa haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce da samarwa, wanda ya kai ga Sandé ta sauko da yarjejeniyar rikodin ta da Budurwa da EMI. Sandé ya ci gaba da zama mai suna The Critics Choice for 2012 BRIT Awards, kuma ta sake sakin kundi na farko na Mu Version of Events (2012), rikodin haɗin gwiwa da aka yi tare da Naughty Boy. Khan ya shafe 2011 da 2012 yana aiki akan rikodin Leona Lewis, JLS, Cheryl, Jennifer Hudson, Alesha Dixon da Tinie Tempah, da sauransu.
A cikin 2013, Naughty Boy ya fito da kundi na farko Hotel Cabana Saitin ya ƙunshi fitaccen mai haɗin gwiwar Sandé, da kuma Ed Sheeran, Gabrielle da sauransu. An gabace shi da sakin manyan-goma guda ɗaya Al'ajabi (wanda ke nuna Sandé), lamba ɗaya ta buga La La La yana nuna Sam Smith da Lifted wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Sandé. Kundin sa na farko ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu a Burtaniya.
A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2013, an ba wa Naughty Boy's "La La La" kyautar 'Mafi kyawun Waƙa' da 'Mafi kyawun Bidiyo' a Kyautar MOBO 18th Anniversary.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Shahid Khan a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1981 a Watford, Hertfordshire. Iyayensa na asali daga Pakistan, da kuma bayyana mahimmancin asalinsa na Pakistan, kasancewar kuma yana makarantar kusa da Rawalpindi tsawon shekaru biyu, ya ce ya girma yana sauraron kiɗan Pakistan da kallon fina-finai na Pakistan fiye da yadda al'adun Yammacin Turai suka rinjayi, yana sha'awar irin su Sultan Rahi da Mustafa Qureshi, a ƙarshe yana furta cewa "Ni kuma ina alfahari da Pakistan". Ilimi a Westfield Academy, Watford, da farko, Khan yana karatun Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Guildhall ta London (yanzu Jami'ar Metropolitan London), amma a lokacin karatunsa na farko, ya yanke shawarar barin makaranta kuma ya yi ayyuka daban-daban na lokaci-lokaci a Domino's Pizza da Watford General Hospital Ya ci fam 44,000 akan Deal ko No Deal kuma ya kashe kudin ne a wani dakin motsa jiki a lambun iyayensa, tare da baiwa iyayensa fam 15,000 da kuma sayen motar motsa jiki ta Audi. Ya yanke shawarar bin burinsa na rubutawa da samar da nasa kiɗan, a ƙarƙashin sunan Naughty Boy Recordings. A bayan fage, Khan yana rera waƙoƙi a cikin lambun iyayensa da ke Charlock Way a Watford, Hertfordshire. Kudaden sun ba Khan damar haɓaka samarwa daga rumbun lambun zuwa ɗakin studio a Ealing, Yammacin London A ƙarshe, ya sami kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Sony ATV, da kuma yarjejeniyar rikodin rikodi guda ɗaya tare da Virgin Records EMI Records Khan ya nemi kungiyar The Princes Trust a shekara ta 2005, inda aka ba shi kyautar fan 5,000 don taimakawa fara kasuwancinsa. Da yake magana da Watford Observer a 2009 game da damar, Khan ya ce "Prince's Trust yana da wani tsari inda suke son taimakawa mutanen da suke ganin za su iya kafa nasu kasuwanci. Ina so in yi kiɗa amma ba ni da kayan aiki. Suka ce suna son su taimake ni.” A wannan shekarar, Khan ya fito a tashar wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 4 da aka buga a rana-lokaci gamehow Deal or No Deal, inda ya ci fam 44,000, ya kara ba shi damar siyan kayan aiki kuma ya fara rikodin. Furodusan yanzu ya kafa faifan rikodinsa a ɗakin studio ɗinsa da ke Ealing, Yammacin London Aikin kiɗa
2009-2012: Farko da samarwa Furodusan ya fashe zuwa wurin kiɗan a cikin 2009, ta hanyar rubutawa tare da samar da waƙar Chipmunk Diamond Rings yana nuna Emeli Sandé Khan zai sake yin aiki tare da Sandé, wannan lokacin akan Wiley 's Kada Ka Kasance Matar Ka (2010), murfin White Town 's Your Woman (1997). Daga baya Sandé ta sami yarjejeniyar rikodin rikodi tare da Virgin Records, tare da Khan tare da rubutawa da kuma samar da kundi na farko, Shafinmu na Abubuwan da suka faru An gabatar da Naughty Boy bisa ƙa'ida kuma an ba shi matsayin mai zane a kan waƙar Sandé ta biyu Daddy kodayake a zahiri baya yin waƙar.
Khan ya kuma yi aiki tare da Alesha Dixon, JLS, Lily Allen, Alexandra Burke da Jennifer Hudson Ya kuma samar da bayanan Farfesa Green, Cheryl Cole da Tinie Tempah Khan yayi aiki tare da Sandé don samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da rubuta Leona Lewis '2012 dawowar "Matsalar" wanda ke nuna Childish Gambino Khan kuma ya rubuta kuma ya samar da "Lokacin da Ya Yi Watsi" da "Dutse" don album na Lewis Glassheart Duk da haka, Sandé ta sake yin rikodin "Mountains" kuma ta sanya kundi nata na Mu Version of Events Ya kuma yi aiki a kan rikodin don Rihanna ciki har da Rabin Ni (wanda aka haɗa tare da Stargate "Sakamakon Tasirin ku" don Fantasia Barrino da kuma samar da "Craziest Things" tare da will.i.am don Cheryl Cole 2012–2014: Hotel Cabana Har ila yau Khan ya shafe lokaci, a duk ci gaban aikinsa, yana aiki a kan nasa album na farko mai suna Hotel Cabana, wanda aka tsara za a sake shi a ƙarƙashin moniker "Naughty Boy" ta Virgin EMI Records a 2013. Kundin farko na Al'ajabi yana fasalta mai yawan haɗin gwiwa Sandé akan waƙoƙin jagora. An sake shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2012 kuma shi ne jagora guda ɗaya daga sake fitar da kundi na farko na Sandé, Sigar Mu na Abubuwan da suka faru, bayan an riga an bayyana a sigar Amurka ta kundin. Ya kai kololuwa a lamba goma akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya Mawaƙin Burtaniya Gabrielle ya kuma yi aiki tare da Naughty Boy don Hotel Cabana akan wata waƙa mai suna "Hollywood", wacce aka fara zayyana ita ce ta biyu ta albam, tare da kundin da ke biye a cikin Fabrairu 2013. Gabrielle ya kuma bayyana cewa ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan Burtaniya-mawaƙiya Ed Sheeran da mawakiyar Burtaniya Tinie Tempah suma za su fito a Hotel Cabana Dukansu Tempah da Sheeran sun yi aiki tare da Naughty Boy akan bayanan da suka gabata. Ita ce waƙar taken kundin, "Hotel Cabana" wanda ke nuna Tempah. An kaddamar da tirela na Hotel Cabana akan asusun Vevo na Naughty Boy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2012. Ya ce Hotel Cabana "Naughty Boy ne ya jagoranci shi, tare da Emeli Sandé, Tinie Tempah, Farfesa Green, Gabrielle da George the Poet A cikin kundin, ra'ayin Khan game da shi shine "Yana da ra'ayi a kansa, don haka ya fi kama da fim ta wasu bangarori", yana mai cewa "Ni ba furodusa ba ne kawai ni ma darakta ne". Duk da haka, bai faru ba har sai Mayu 2013, cewa an sake saki na biyu La La La wanda ke nuna Sam Smith Ya kai lamba daya a Burtaniya, uku a Ireland da uku a Scotland. An saki kundin a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2013. Ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu a Burtaniya.
Bayan ya kammala aiki a kan nasa kundin, a cikin 2013, Khan ya ci gaba da samarwa ga sauran masu fasaha. Ya yi aiki a kan rikodin pop don mawaƙin Ba'amurke Britney Spears, da kuma shiga cikin zaman Spears tare da furodusa William Orbit Mawakiyar Burtaniya Lily Allen ita ma ta nemi Khan da ta samar da bayanai na kundi nata mai zuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu tare da Sandé da Katy Perry a New York don yin aiki akan waƙa don kundi na Perry sannan mai zuwa, Prism (2013).
2015-yanzu: Factor X da kundi na biyu A cikin Maris 2015, an tabbatar da cewa Naughty Boy ya yi aiki tare da memba na One Direction Zayn Malik don ɗayan waƙoƙin kundin sa na biyu. Malik ya fice daga kungiyar jim kadan bayan wannan sanarwar, wanda ya kai ga yawancin magoya bayan One Direction suna zargin Naughty Boy akan tafiyar Malik. A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2015, Naughty Boy ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fitar da waƙa mai taken Runnin' (Lose It All) mai nuna Beyoncé da Arrow Benjamin. A daidai wannan kwanan wata, ya raba zane-zane don guda ɗaya, waƙoƙin sa, snippet mai sauti na biyu na 15 tare da bidiyo ta asusun Instagram kuma ya fara ƙidayar har sai an sake shi ta kan layi. Washegari, a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2015, "Runnin' (Lose It All)" ya fara kan layi. An samo shi don saukewa na dijital akan Shagon iTunes akan 18 Satumba 2015. Ya Kamata Na Kasance Ni wanda ke nuna muryoyin Kyla da Popcaan an sake shi a matsayin na biyu a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2016. Waƙar ta kai kololuwa a lamba 61 akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya "Daya Dama zuwa Rawa", wanda ke nuna muryoyin daga Joe Jonas an sake shi a matsayin na uku a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2017.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59651 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar%20Hossain%20Manju | Anwar Hossain Manju | Anwar Hossain Manju an haife shi 9 Fabrairu 1944. Ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne wanda shine memba mai ci Jatiya Sangsad mai wakiltar mazaɓar Pirojpur-2, wanda ya ƙunshi Kawkhali, Bhandaria da Zianagar upazilas. An zaɓe shi memba na Jatiya Sangsad jimlar sau bakwai. Tsohon Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa ne, Ministan Sadarwa a matsayin Sufurin Sadarwa da Ministan Makamashi da Albarkatun Ma'adinai.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Manju a gundumar Pirojpur ta Bangladesh. Ya kammala karatun sa na digiri a Jami'ar Dhaka, inda ya kammala digirinsa a fannin ilimin kasa da kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi. Ya cigaba da karatun sa a fannin dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa a Jami'ar Georgetown da ke Washington, DC
Sana'a Manju shi ne ministan makamashi da albarkatun ma'adinai na Bangladesh daga 1985 zuwa 1988 a karkashin Hossain Mohammad Ershad. A matsayin sa na Ministan Makamashi, nasarorin da ya samu sun haɗa da ƙara samar da makamashi daga megawatt 700 zuwa 2,500, da ƙaddamar da manyan ayyukan jama'a na gadar Jamuna. Daga nan Hossain ya zama Ministan Sadarwa (1988-1990) na gwamnatin Ershad.
Manju ya kasance babban mai adawa da gabatar da Ershad game da batun addini ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bangladesh. Ya nuna rashin amincewa da ayyana Musulunci a matsayin addinin ƙasar Bangladesh, ya kuma yi gargaɗin cewa irin wannan hari kan ra’ayin addini ya zama zamewa da zai gurgunta nasarorin da Bangladesh ta samu a matsayin al’umma mai ci gaba. Daga 1996 zuwa 2001, ya zama ministan sadarwa (1996-2001) a gwamnatin Sheikh Hasina. Hossain yayi shawarwarin tsawaita goyon bayan jam'iyyar Jatiya ga jam'iyyar Sheikh Hasina, Awami League, don kafa gwamnatin ƙasa. Shine Shugaban Jam'iyyar Jatiya (JP-Manju). Ya jagoranci ɓangaren jam'iyyar Jatiya da su kayi watsi da shawarar da shugaban jam'iyyar Ershad ya yanke a 1994 na haɗa jam'iyyar da Khaleda Zia ta Bangladesh National Party (BNP). Ya kasance memba na Presidium na Jam'iyyar Jatiya (1986-1994).
Ayyukan jama'a na Manju kuma sun haɗa da mukamai a reshen majalisa na gwamnati. Ya taɓa zama dan majalisa a Bangladesh na tsawon wa'adi biyar a jere. An Zaɓe shi sau biyar zuwa majalisa a 1986, 1988, 1991, 1996, da 2001 don wakiltar mazaɓar Bhandaria-Kaukhali a gundumar Pirojpur a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. Wa'adin majalisar da ta gabata ya ƙare a shekarar 2006, inda aka kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya (CTG).
Manju ya yi aiki a matsayin edita kuma mawallafin The Daily Ittefaq daga 1972 zuwa 2007. Jaridar ita ce jarida ta farko ta Bangla da Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani da Yar Mohammad Khan suka kafa. A halin yanzu, Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah yayi aiki a matsayin edita. Bayan yarjejeniya tare da sauran masu hannun jari na Ittefaq, Manju ya ɗauki matsayin edita kuma mawallafi a cikin Yuli 2010. Manju kuma dan kasuwa ne. Matsayin kasuwancinsa sun haɗa da wanda ya kafa, Aegis Holdings Group. Shi ne kuma shugaban hukumar, MAST Packaging Ltd. Zenith Packaging Ltd., ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin tattara kaya a Bangladesh tare da abokan ciniki na duniya ciki har da Kamfanin Taba na Biritaniya-Amurka A cikin sauye-sauyen majalisar ministocin watan Janairun 2018, ya tashi daga ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji ya zama ministan albarkatun ruwa Zarge-zarge da jimloli A cikin watan Afrilun 2007, a wani bangare na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta yi, hukumar tara kudaden shiga ta kasa (NBR) ta umurci dukkan bankunan da su mika bayanan cinikin mutane 71 da suka hada da Manju, matarsa da ’ya’yansa mata hudu. A cewar NBR, Manju ya sayi mota kirar BMW ta amfani da damar zama dan majalisa na shigo da motoci marasa haraji. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2008, Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (ACC) ta tuhumi Manju da matarsa bisa laifin tara dukiya ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma boye bayanai a cikin bayanan dukiyarsu. A cewar karar da aka shigar a watan Oktoban 2007, Manju ya mallaki kadarorin da darajarsu ta kai Tk 17.1 crore wanda bai dace da kudin shigar sa ba kuma ya boye bayanan dukiyar da darajarsu ta kai crore 4.22 a cikin sanarwar da aka mika wa ACC. An tuhumi matar Manju a shari’ar da laifin yiwa mijinta laifi. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2007, an yanke wa Manju hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma tarar Tk 10,000 saboda mallakar kwalaben giya 21 a gidansa na Dhanmondi. An aika Manju gidan yari kan mika wuya a shari’ar cin hanci da rashawa. A watan Agustan 2010, Babbar Kotun ta wanke hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 13 da ƙaramar kotu ta yanke kuma a watan Nuwamba 2015, Kotun Koli ta amince da hukuncin. An yi fim ɗin cikakken tarihin tarihin rayuwar Anwar Hossain Manju wanda aka sanya wa suna 'Iron Man' wanda Kamrul Hasan Nasim ya ba da umarni.
Rayuwa ta sirri Manju ya auri Tasmima Hossain kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata 4 Seema Hossain, Tareen Hossain, Anushay Hossain, da Maneeza Hossain.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
22285 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians%20for%20Human%20Rights | Physicians for Human Rights | Kungiyar Amfani Da Magani Da Kuma Kimiyya (PHR) ce a Amurka tushen ba-ga-riba yan-adam NGO ke amfani da magani da kuma kimiyya zuwa daftarin aiki da kuma nemawa da ta'annati da kuma mai tsanani keta hakkin dan'adam a duniya. Hedikwatar PHR suna cikin Birnin New York, tare da ofisoshi a cikin Boston da Washington, DC An kafa shi ne a shekarata 1986 don amfani da ƙwarewa na musamman da amincin ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya don yin shawarwari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka tsananta, hana azabtarwa, tattara bayanai game da ta'addancin da aka aikata, sannan a tuhumi wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam.
Tarihi A cikin shekarata 1981, an nemi Dokta Jonathan Fine, babban likita a Boston, da ya tashi zuwa Chile a takaice kuma ya jagoranci wata tawaga da ke neman a saki fitattun likitoci uku ta gwamnatin Janar Augusto Pinochet An saki likitocin uku na kasar Chile makonni biyar bayan ziyarar lafiya. A cikin shekarata 1986, saboda tasirin tasirin likitoci zasu iya yi a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam, Lafiya ta haɗu da Likitocin kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam tare da Dr. Jane Green Schaller, Dr. Robert Lawrence, Dr. Jack Geiger, da Dr. Carola Eisenberg Tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar, kungiyoyin PHR suka fallasa yadda ake amfani da makami mai guba kan fararen hula a Iraki, da binne kaburburan da aka binne a Bosniya da Ruwanda don kotunan kasa da kasa, da kuma bayar da hujjoji na binciken laifuka game da azabtarwa da zartar da hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasashe kamar Colombia, Honduras, Libya, Mexico, Peru, da Saliyo. A cikin 1997, kungiyar ta raba lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Duniya don nazarin bayanan raunin nakiya da kuma aiki a matsayin jagora a Kamfen Kasa da Kasa na Haramta Nakiyoyi PHR ta kasance a kan gaba wajen bunkasa ka'idoji na takardun cin zarafin bil'adama: mamba ma'aikacin Dr. Vincent Iacopino ya taka rawar gani wajen haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Istanbul, ƙimar da aka sani ta duniya don yin rubutun azabtarwa da rashin lafiya. Hakanan, Daraktan na International Forensics Program yana da hannu a cikin aikin yin kwaskwarima na Yarjejeniyar Minnesota, jagorancin duniya game da binciken yiwuwar mutuwar doka. Gwamnatoci, hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kotunan duniya da na kasa, da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam duk sun nemi kwarewar PHR da kwarewar bincike. Ayyukan kungiyar sun ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawara mai muhimmanci kamar hukuncin 2016 na Radovan Karadžić Shirye-shirye
Shirin Bincike na Kwararru Masanan kiwon lafiya a cikin PHR's International Forensics Program (IFP) suna amfani da bincike-bincike na ƙwararru kamar su bincike gawa da kimantawa na likita da na tunani, don sanin yanayin cin zarafin da waɗanda aka ci zarafin suka jure. Waɗannan ƙididdigar na iya ba da gudummawa ga shaida don gurfanarwa ko amfani da su don kawo hankali ga aikata laifuka. IFP ta yi binciken kwakwaf kan gawarwaki irin su Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa na tsohuwar Yugoslavia da Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda Masana a cikin IFP sun kasance daga masu binciken kwakwaf har zuwa masu ilimin sanin halayyar dan adam, da kuma masana kimiyar nazari kamar masu binciken makami. Suna yin bincike na yau da kullun, kimantawa, sa ido, ko sake nazarin aikin wasu bangarorin.
Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Shari'a PHR ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Horar da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya (FTI) don ƙarfafa ƙarfin gida don binciken bincike da rubuce-rubuce. Cibiyar tana neman ƙarfafa ikon ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don rubuta azabtarwa, cin zarafin jama'a, cin zarafin mata, da kuma tsananta wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Hakanan yana horar da ƙwararrun masu bin doka da doka waɗanda ke neman sassauci ta hanyoyin adalci na gari, na ƙasa, da na duniya. Shirin FTI na PHR yana da abokan aiki a Afghanistan, Burma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Tajikistan, da Amurka Wannan shirin ya taimaka wa likitocin musamman wajen karfafa dabarun yin hira da su, da gwajin jiki, da tattara bayanai, da wuraren da ake aikata laifi, da daukar hoto, da kuma tono gawawwaki.
Shirin kan Cin zarafin Jima'i a Yankunan Da Ake Rikici An ƙaddamar da shirin na PHR game da Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici a cikin shekarata 2011. Shirin ya karfafa martani daga sassa daban-daban game da cin zarafin mata a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo da Kenya ta hanyar bita kan kiwon lafiya, tilasta bin doka, da kuma kwararru a fannin shari'a. Yayinda ita kanta PHR ta tsunduma cikin bincike-bincike da yawa da kuma neman shawarwari game da fyade a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai, Shirin kan Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici yana gina ƙwarewar gida don tattara shaidun da kotu za ta yarda da su don tallafawa gabatar da kara game da laifukan cin zarafin mata.
Shirin na da ofishi a sanannen likitan mata Dr. Denis Mukwege ’s Panzi Hospital, a Bukavu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo. Shirin kan Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici ya haɗu da Asibitin Panzi don horarwa da ba da shawara ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, jami'an 'yan sanda, lauyoyi, da alƙalai a cikin ingantattun takardu da kuma gurfanar da cin zarafin mata.
Don taimakawa bayanan rikice-rikicen jima'i, PHR ta haɓaka MediCapt, ƙa'idar da ke ba da damar amintaccen rikodin dijital da watsa shaidun likita.
Shirin Bayar Da Mafaka Shirin bayar da mafaka na PHR yana ba da shawarar inganta yanayi a cibiyoyin tsare bakin haure na Amurka da kuma rubuta cin zarafin da masu neman mafakar suka sha a kasashensu da kuma kulawar Amurka. Cibiyar sadarwar ta kunshi daruruwan kwararrun likitocin sa kai wadanda ke ba da kimantawa ta likitanci ga wadanda suka tsira daga take hakkin dan adam, suna karfafa aikace-aikacen su na neman mafaka a Amurka Takaddun PHR na cin zarafin ya shafi bincike kan amfani da keɓewa shi kaɗai a wuraren tsare bakin haure, tsarewa mara iyaka, da keta haƙƙin lafiya a tsare. A cikin shekarata 2010, PHR ta yi aiki tare da Weill Cornell Medicine don ƙirƙirar Weill Cornell Center for Human Rights (WCCHR), ɗalibin likitancin da ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan'adam wanda ke taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa suna neman mafaka a Amurka.
Shirin Yaki da Azaba na Amurka An fara shirin yaki da azabtar da mutane na Amurka (PHP) na Amurka (ATP) a shekarata 2003, bayan da aka fara fallasa rahoton azabtarwa da jami'an sojan Amurka suka yi. PHR ta buga jerin rahotannin bincike da ke rubuce kan yadda gwamnatin Amurka ta yi amfani da azabtarwa don cimma burin tsaron kasa. "Break The Down", wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2005, ya sami hujjoji na azabtarwa na hankali da sojoji ke amfani da su. Reportsarin rahotanni sun yi rikodin mummunan lahani na jiki da na hankali da ayyukan tambayoyi da gwajin ɗan adam suka yi a Guantanamo Bay Bincike da Binciken kwakwaf Sashen bincike da bincike a PHR yana tattara bayanan take hakkin dan'adam a duniya. Yankunan binciken su sun hada da hare-hare kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da na kiwon lafiya, munanan ayyukan ta'addanci, azabtarwa, da cin zarafin mata a fadin duniya. Sanannun bincike sun hada da:
1988 Masu binciken PHR suka bankado shaidar gwamnatin Iraqi tana amfani da makamai masu guba akan yan Kurdawan su 1996 Kungiyoyin PHR sun tone kaburbura a cikin yankin Balkans Sun gabatar da shaidar wanke kabilanci ga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia (ICTY). Wannan aikin ya ba da gudummawa ga ICTY ta yanke hukunci game da Radovan Karadžić na laifukan yaƙi, kisan kare dangi, da laifuka na cin zarafin bil'adama.
1996 PHR ta aike da tawaga don zakulo manyan kaburbura a Ruwanda kuma daga karshe ta ba da hujja ta musamman ga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda. 2004 Masu binciken PHR suka binciki kashe-kashen mutane da yawa a Darfur Kungiyar ita ce ta farko da ta kira abubuwan da suka faru kisan kare dangi. 2010 PHR ta fara kamfen din neman nasara a duniya don 'yantar da Dr. Kamiar Alaei da Dr. Arash Alaei yan uwan da aka daure a Iran saboda aikin da suke yi na kula da masu dauke da cutar kanjamau 2011 Masu binciken PHR suka fara rubuta bayanan cin zarafin da aka yiwa ma’aikatan kiwon lafiyar Siriya da kayayyakin more rayuwa, da kirkirar taswirar kai hare-hare tare da bayyana tsarin gwamnatin Siriya da take kaiwa asibitoci da ma’aikatan lafiya. 2015 PHR ta fitar da rahoto kan yanayin kula da lafiya a gabashin garin Aleppo bayan kusan shekaru biyar na rikicin Syria, inda ta bayyana cewa kusan kashi 95% na likitoci sun gudu, an tsare su, ko kuma an kashe su. Rahoton 2019 wanda aka buga, Laifi na kawai shi ne cewa Ni Doctor ne game da harin da Assad ke kaiwa ga ma'aikatan lafiya da fararen hula a Siriya.
Shirin Dalibi na Kasa Shirin dalibi na kasa na PHR ya hada da daliban likitanci da matasa masana harkar lafiya a harkar lafiya da hakkin dan adam ta hanyar shirya ayyukan cikin gida kan lamuran kare hakkin dan adam, wayar da kan mutane a cibiyoyin karatun, shirya abubuwan ilimi, da kuma kira ga zababbun jami'ai da su dauki mataki. PHR yana da ɗaliban ɗalibai a duk faɗin Amurka, kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da su ta hanyar asibitocin neman mafaka na jami'ar PHR da kuma taron ɗaliban ƙasa. Shirin ya ƙirƙiri kayan aiki da albarkatu don ɗaliban ɗalibai waɗanda suka shafi batutuwa kamar ƙwarewar likita, kiwon lafiya da ilimin ɗan adam, da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul.
Kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel Bayan bincikensu na shekarata 1991 game da tasirin lafiyar ma'adinai a cikin Kambodiya, PHR, tare da haɗin gwiwar Human Rights Watch, sun buga rahoto na farko da ke neman a hana binne nakiya. A cikin shekarata 1992, PHR ta taimaka wajen kafa Kamfen na Kasa da Kasa don Haramta Nakiyoyi, shiga cikin tattaunawar da ta kai ga yarjejeniyar Ottawa Don aikinsu, PHR sun raba kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1997 "saboda aikin da suka yi na hanawa da share ma'adinai masu adawa da ma'aikata."
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam
Tsarin Halitta na Rikici: Taswirar Haɓakawa kan Kula da Lafiya a Siriya
YouTube, "Likitocin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam: Hoton Ayyukan Mu A Duniya"
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
34177 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krulak%20Mendenhall%20mission | Krulak Mendenhall mission | Manufar Krulak-Mendenhall wani balaguro ne na gano gaskiya wanda gwamnatin Kennedy ta aika zuwa Kudancin Vietnam a farkon Satumba 1963. Makasudin ziyarar ita ce bincikar ci gaban yakin da gwamnatin Vietnam ta Kudu da kuma masu ba da shawara ga sojojin Amurka suka yi a kan 'yan tawayen Viet Cong Victor Krulak da Joseph Mendenhall ne suka jagoranci wannan manufa. Krulak babban janar ne a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka, yayin da Mendenhall ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikatar harkokin waje da ya kware wajen tunkarar al'amuran Vietnamese An kaddamar da wannan balaguron kwana hudu na guguwa ne a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1963, a daidai lokacin da aka gudanar da taron kwamitin tsaro na kasa (NSC), wanda kuma ya zo ne bayan da dangantaka ta kara tsami tsakanin Amurka da Kudancin Vietnam. Rikicin jama'a ya barke a Kudancin Vietnam yayin da zanga-zangar mabiya addinin Buddah ta nuna adawa da wariyar addini da gwamnatin Katolika ta shugaba Ngô Đình Diệm ke ta'azzara. Bayan farmakin da aka kai a wuraren ibadar addinin Buddah a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan dari, Amurka ta ba da izinin gudanar da bincike kan yuwuwar juyin mulki ta hanyar igiyar igiya zuwa jakadan Amurka Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
A cikin abubuwan da suka gabatar ga NSC, Krulak ya gabatar da wani rahoto mai kyau game da ci gaban yakin, yayin da Mendenhall ya gabatar da mummunan hoto na gazawar soja da rashin jin dadin jama'a. Krulak ya yi watsi da goyon bayan da jama'a ke ba Viet Cong, yana jin cewa ƙoƙarin sojojin Vietnam a fagen ba zai shafi rashin jin daɗin jama'a da manufofin Diệm ba. Mendenhall ya mayar da hankali ne wajen auna ra'ayin 'yan Biyetnam na birane kuma ya kammala da cewa manufofin Diệm sun kara yiwuwar yakin basasa na addini, kuma suna sa 'yan Vietnam ta Kudu su yi imani cewa rayuwa a karkashin Viet Cong za ta inganta rayuwar su. Rahotanni daban-daban sun sa shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy ya tambayi mashawartansa biyu "Ku biyu kun ziyarci ƙasa ɗaya, ko ba haka ba?"
Rahoton da ba a kammala ba ya kasance batun muhawara mai zafi da na sirri tsakanin manyan mashawartan Kennedy. An tattauna matakai daban-daban game da Vietnam, kamar samar da sauyin gwamnati ko ɗaukar jerin matakan zaɓe da aka tsara don gurgunta tasirin Ngô Đình Nhu, ɗan'uwan Diệm kuma babban mashawarcin siyasa. Ana ganin Nhu da matarsa Madame Ngô Đình Nhu a matsayin manyan musabbabin matsalolin siyasa a Kudancin Vietnam. Sakamakon rashin cikakkar tafiyar Krulak da Mendenhall ya haifar da manufa ta gaba, manufar McNamara–Taylor Fage Bayan harbin Huế Phật Đản a ranar 8 ga Mayu, tashin hankalin jama'a ya barke a Kudancin Vietnam Gwamnatin shugaba Ngô Đình Diệm ta Roman Katolika ta bindige mabiya addinin Buddah guda tara bayan da suka ki amincewa da dokar hana fita daga tutocin addinin Buddha a Vesak, ranar haihuwar Gautama Buddha da kuma gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. Bayan harbe-harbe, shugabannin addinin Buddah sun fara neman Diệm don samun daidaiton addini da diyya da kuma yin adalci ga iyalan wadanda aka kashe. Yayin da Diệm ya kasance mai jajircewa, zanga-zangar ta karu. Kona kansa da aka yi wa malamin addinin Buddah Tích Quảng Đức a wata mahadar jama'a ta Saigon ya zama bala'i ga dangantakar jama'a ga gwamnatin Diệm, yayin da hotunan taron suka yi kanun labarai na farko a duniya kuma suka zama alamar manufofin Diệm. Yayin da ake ci gaba da zanga-zangar, Sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam (ARVN) na musamman da ke biyayya ga dan uwan Diệm Ngô Đình Nhu sun kai farmakin Xá Lợi Pagoda a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, inda aka kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu ya haura dari da dama tare da haddasa barna mai yawa a karkashin sojojin. ayyana dokar soja An rufe jami'o'i da manyan makarantu a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar goyon bayan mabiya addinin Buda. A halin da ake ciki, yakin da ake yi da 'yan tawayen Viet Cong ya fara yin rauni a cikin jita-jita na fadan kabilanci tsakanin sojojin ARVN. Hakan ya kara tabarbare ne sakamakon yunkurin juyin mulkin da jami’an ARVN daban-daban suka yi, wanda ya dauke hankali daga yan tawayen Bayan hare-haren pagoda, gwamnatin Kennedy ta aika da Cable 243 zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Saigon, yana ba da umarnin bincika madadin shugabanci.
Ƙaddamarwa da balaguro A karshen taron kwamitin tsaro na kasa (NSC) da aka yi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, an amince da cewa fifikon shi ne samun karin bayani kan halin da ake ciki a Vietnam. Sakataren tsaron Amurka Robert McNamara ya ba da shawarar tura Manjo Janar Victor Krulak zuwa wata ziyarar gano gaskiya cikin gaggawa. NSC ta yarda cewa Joseph Mendenhall Jami'in Harkokin Waje tare da gogewar Vietnam zai raka shi kuma su biyun sun fara aikin daga baya a wannan rana. A tafiyarsu ta komawa Washington, DC, Krulak da Mendenhall za su dawo da John Mecklin da Rufus Phillips daga Saigon don bayar da rahoto. Mecklin ya kasance darektan Sabis na Watsa Labarai na Amurka (USIS), yayin da Phillips ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan shirye-shiryen ƙauyuka na Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka (USM) kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Shirin Hamlet Strategic Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta aika wa ofishin jakadancin Saigon cikakken kebul mai dauke da tambayoyi game da ra'ayin jama'ar Vietnam a duk sassan al'umma. A cikin kalmomin Krulak, manufar ita ce lura da "tasirin abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan akan halayen Vietnamese gabaɗaya, da kuma yaƙin yaƙi da Viet Cong". A cikin tafiya ta kwanaki hudu, mutanen biyu sun zagaya a duk fadin kasar Vietnam kafin su koma Washington don gabatar da rahotonsu. Krulak ya ziyarci wurare 10 a duk yankuna hudu na Corps na ARVN kuma ya tattauna da Jakadan Amurka Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., shugaban sojojin Amurka a Vietnam Janar Paul Harkins da ma'aikatansa, masu ba da shawara na Amurka 87 da jami'an ARVN 22. Mendenhall ya tafi Saigon, Huế, Da Nang da wasu garuruwan lardi da dama, yana magana da abokanan Vietnam. Kiyasin da suka yi na lamarin ya kasance akasin haka. Mecklin ya rubuta bayan haka cewa "aiki ne mai ban mamaki, tafiya mil dubu ashirin da hudu da tantance wani yanayi mai sarkakiya kamar Vietnam da dawowa cikin kwanaki hudu kacal. Alama ce ta jihar da gwamnatin Amurka ke ciki." Tashin hankalin da ke tsakanin shugabanninta ya yi nuni da aikin. Mendenhall da Krulak sun ƙi juna sosai, suna magana da juna kawai idan ya cancanta. Mecklin da Krulak sun shiga cikin rikici yayin tashin jirgin na dawowa. Krulak ya ki amincewa da shawarar Mecklin na dawo da faifan talabijin da gwamnatin Diệm ta yi watsi da su zuwa Amurka, yana ganin matakin cin zarafi ne. Bayan doguwar muhawara mai daci a cikin jirgin, Krulak ya yi kira ga Mecklin da ya bar fim din a Alaska a lokacin da aka dakatar da man fetur a Elmendorf Air Force Base, yana mai nuna cewa darektan USIS ya kasance tare da fim din a Alaska.
Bayar da rahoto Hukumar NSC ta koma zama a safiyar ranar 10 ga watan Satumba domin jin rahotannin tawagar. Mendenhall ya sami gogewa a cikin al'amuran Vietnamese, wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Jakadan Amurka Elbridge Durbrow na baya. Durbrow ya bukaci Diệm a lokuta da dama da ya aiwatar da garambawul na siyasa. Krulak wani sojan ruwa ne da aka sani da imaninsa na yin amfani da aikin soja don cimma manufofin harkokin waje. Halinsa ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Brute", wanda ya samo asali daga aikin kokawa a Kwalejin Naval Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro Roswell Gilpatric ya lura cewa Mendenhall ana ɗaukarsa "tare da babban zato a gefen kogin Virginia [Pentagon, hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Tsaro]", yayin da Krulak ya kasance "ƙaunar duniya kuma an amince da Pentagon. a bangaren farar hula da na soja”. Asalin Krulak da Mendenhall sun bayyana a sabanin nazarin yakin. Krulak ya ba da cikakken kyakkyawan nazari game da ci gaban soja tare da rage tasirin rikicin addinin Buddah akan yakin ARVN da Viet Cong. Ƙarshensa shine "[t] yana harbin yaƙin yana ci gaba da tafiya cikin sauri. Rikicin siyasa ya yi tasiri sosai, amma tasirin bai yi yawa ba.” Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa har yanzu ana bukatar yawan fadace-fadace, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin yanki mafi karfi na Viet Cong. Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan matakan jami'an ARVN sun san rikicin addinin Buddah amma ya yi imanin cewa yawancin ba su yarda akidun addini su yi illa ga dangantakarsu ta soja ba. Ya yi imanin cewa jami'an ARVN suna da biyayya kuma ana iya sa ran aiwatar da duk wani umurni da suke ganin halal ne. Krulak ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa rikicin siyasar bai yi illa ga alakar sojan kasashen biyu ba. Da yake tafiya tare da ra'ayin Vietnamese game da shugabanninsu, Krulak ya annabta cewa akwai rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin jami'an, wanda ya yi imanin cewa an fi mayar da hankali ga Ngô Đình Nhu, ƙane na Diệm wanda aka fi gani a matsayin ikon da ke bayan tsarin mulki. Krulak ya yi imanin cewa yawancin jami'ai sun so ganin bayan Nhu amma wasu kaɗan ne suka yarda su yi juyin mulki Krulak ya ruwaito cewa masu ba da shawara na Amurka uku sun soki Nhus da kakkausar murya tare da ba da shawarar tashi daga Kudancin Vietnam don gujewa bala'in hulda da jama'a a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Krulak ya ji cewa waɗannan matsalolin sun fi ƙarfin abin da ya yi imanin cewa an yi nasarar ƙoƙarin soja kuma za a ci nasara a yakin ba tare da la'akari da shugabancin siyasa ba. Ya yi annabta cewa ARVN ba ta da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi don sauƙaƙe haɓakar mulki kuma yana jin cewa ba za su murƙushe duk wata tsoka da suke da ita ba. Krulak ya kammala da kyakkyawan fata,
Mendenhall bai amince da hakan ba kuma ya bayar da hujjar cewa kyamar Diệm ta kai matakin da zai yiwu rugujewar mulkin farar hula. Ya ba da rahoton "sarautar ta'addanci" a Saigon, Huế da Da Nang, yana lura da cewa ƙiyayyar da aka saba keɓancewa ga Nhus ta yaɗu zuwa Diệm gabaɗaya. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin 'yan Vietnam sun yarda cewa rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Diệm ta fi muni fiye da mulkin Viet Cong. Mendenhall ya yi tunanin cewa yakin basasa a kan dalilan addini zai yiwu. Ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya cin nasara a yakin ne kawai tare da sauya tsarin mulki, in ba haka ba Kudancin Vietnam za ta ruguje cikin fadan bangaranci ko kuma wani gagarumin hari na gurguzu. Saɓanin yanayin rahotannin ya haifar da sanannen tambayar Kennedy, "Ku biyu kun ziyarci ƙasa ɗaya, ko ba haka ba?"
Muhawara Krulak ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana bambance-bambancen da aka kwatanta ta hanyar nuna cewa Mendenhall ya bincika yankunan birane, yayin da ya shiga cikin karkara "inda yakin yake". Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa al'amuran siyasa a Saigon ba za su kawo cikas ga ci gaban soji ba, yana mai cewa "Za mu iya yin taka-tsan-tsan don cin nasara a yakin da Nhu ya rage." Mataimakin sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Roger Hilsman ya tabbatar da cewa, banbancin dake tsakanin rahotannin da suka saba wa juna "shine bambancin ra'ayi na soja da na siyasa". A yayin muhawara kan bambance-bambancen ra'ayi, Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa Saigon ya sha wahala "kusanci cikakkiya" biyo bayan hare-haren pagoda Mendenhall ya ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan gwamnati na Vietnam suna tsoron ganin su tare da Amurkawa. Ya tuna wata ziyara lokacin da ya yi shiru yayin da mai masaukin baki dan Vietnam ya zagaya cikin dakin, yana neman boye makirufo. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa "Saigon yana da nauyi da yanayin tsoro da ƙiyayya" kuma mutanen sun fi tsoron Diệm fiye da Viet Cong. Ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin ma'aikatan gwamnati ba sa kwana a gida saboda fargabar kama jami'an tsaron sirri na Nhu. A baya-bayan nan dai jami’ai da dama sun shafe mafi yawan kwanakinsu suna tattaunawa a kan sakin ‘ya’yansu, wadanda aka daure a gidan yari saboda shiga zanga-zangar goyon bayan mabiya addinin Buda. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa hargitsin cikin gida yanzu shine fifiko mafi girma fiye da yakin da ake yi da 'yan gurguzu. Mendenhall ya yi tir da sulhun da Saigon ya yi da kuma fatan alheri ga mabiya addinin Buddah a matsayin dangantakar jama'a. Ya bayar da rahoton cewa, ba a mayar da sufaye daga yankunan larduna da aka kama a Saigon saboda gudanar da zanga-zanga zuwa wurarensu na asali kamar yadda suka yi alkawari. Mendenhall ya lura cewa lokacin da aka saki sufaye, jami'an Diệm sun riƙe takaddun shaida. Hakan ya sa aka sake kama su bayan yunkurin barin babban birnin kasar. Daga nan aka yiwa sufaye suna a matsayin Viet Cong saboda basu da takaddun shaida na gwamnati. Yayin da labarin irin wannan dabarun ya bazu a babban birnin kasar, wasu sufaye sun nemi mafaka a gidajen Saigon na jami'an ARVN. Mendenhall ya dage cewa Amurka ce ke da alhakin lamarin saboda ta taimaka wa dangin Ngo su sami mulki, dauke da makamai da kuma ba da kudade. Ya yi tunanin cewa yayin da Diệm ya yi amfani da makamai a kan mutanensa, Washington ita ma tana da alhakin. Ya ce "ki yin aiki zai kasance kamar tsoma baki a cikin harkokin Vietnam kamar yin aiki". A cewar Pentagon Papers, "mummunan gazawar dukkanin rahotannin biyu shine fahimtar muhimmiyar rawar siyasa da sojojin ke zuwa a Vietnam". Takardun sun kammala cewa ARVN ita ce kawai cibiya da ke da ikon yin watsi da maye gurbin Diệm. Diệm da Nhu sun fahimci yuwuwar barazanar, suna amsawa tare da rarrabuwar kawuna da cin nasara Sun kwace ikon karin girma na babban hafsa tare da nada janar-janar bisa biyayya ga fadar, suna ba da umarni kai tsaye ga hafsoshi. Wannan matakin ya haifar da rashin yarda sosai a tsakanin manyan hafsoshi tare da wargaza karfinsu. Krulak ya kasa gane cewa idan al’amarin ya tabarbare har ya kai ga rashin gamsuwa da Diệm ya haifar da yiwuwar samun nasarar gurguzu, janar-janar za su sa baki cikin siyasa domin abin da zai faru da su a ƙarƙashin mulkin gurguzu. Ko Krulak ko Mendenhall ba su yi tsammanin cewa idan gwamnatin mulkin soja ta hau kan karagar mulki, tasirin rarrabuwar kawuna na inganta siyasar Diệm zai bayyana kansa yayin da janar-janar ke neman mulki. Babu wani daga cikin ma'auratan da ya ba da wani fifiko kan illolin da zai haifar da rigingimun siyasa a tsakanin janar-janar. A yayin taron NSC, Frederick Nolting wanda ya riga Lodge a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Kudancin Vietnam ya dauki batun nazarin Mendenhall. An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai neman afuwar Diệm, Nolting ya nuna cewa Mendenhall ya kasance mai raɗaɗi game da Kudancin Vietnam tsawon shekaru da yawa. Mecklin ya kara ingiza ra'ayin Mendenhall tare da yin kira ga gwamnati da ta matsa lamba kai tsaye kan Saigon ta hanyar dakatar da taimakon da ba na soji ba, a kokarin kawo sauyi na gwamnati. A cikin kalmomin Mecklin:
Takardun Pentagon sun yi nuni da cewa Mecklin ya fahimci ramummuka na mulkin soja da Krulak da Mendenhall suka yi watsi da su. Ko ta yaya, Mecklin ya kammala da cewa ya kamata Amurka ta ci gaba da inganta tsarin mulki, ta yarda da sakamakon, kuma ta yi la'akari da shigar da sojojin Amurka don dakatar da yiwuwar nasarar Viet Cong. Sai taron NSC ya ji mummunan hasashen da Phillips ya yi na halin da ake ciki a yankin Mekong Delta. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Shirin Hamlet na Dabarun ya zama tartsatsi a cikin yankin delta, yana mai cewa "Kungiyar Viet Cong tana cin duri". Lokacin da aka lura cewa kwanan nan Phillips ya ga wani yaƙi a yankin delta, Kennedy ya tambayi Phillips don tantance shi. Phillips ya amsa da cewa: “To, ba na son saba wa Janar Krulak, amma dole ne in gaya maka, ya shugaban kasa, cewa ba mu ci nasara a yakin ba, musamman a yankin Delta. Sojojin sun gurgunce, suna cikin bariki, kuma wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ke faruwa a wani lardi da ke kusa da Saigon.” Phillips ya tabbatar da cewa cire Nhu ita ce kadai hanyar da za a inganta lamarin. Phillips ya tabbatar da cewa hanya daya tilo ta cire Nhu ita ce kawo Kanar Edward Lansdale, jami'in CIA wanda ya karfafa matsayin Diệm shekaru goma da suka gabata, shawarar da Kennedy ya yi watsi da shi. Phillips ya ba da shawarar matakai uku:
Kashe agaji ga Sojoji na musamman na ARVN na Kanar Lê Quang Tung, wanda ya karɓi umarninsa kai tsaye daga fadar ba umurnin soja ba. Tung ya jagoranci hare-haren da aka kai a wuraren bautar addinin Buddah a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta inda aka kashe daruruwan mutane tare da lalata jiki. An yi amfani da dakaru na musamman domin murkushe ‘yan adawa maimakon fada da ‘yan gurguzu. Yanke kuɗi zuwa Cibiyar Hoton Motion, wanda ya samar da fina-finai na hagiographic game da Nhus. Bi ayyukan ɓoye da nufin rarrabawa da ɓata Tung da Manjo Janar Tôn Thất Đính Dinh shi ne gwamnan soja na Saigon kuma Kwamandan ARVN III Corps Dinh shine janar mafi ƙaranci a tarihin ARVN, da farko saboda amincinsa ga dangin Ngo. A muhawarar da ta biyo baya, Kennedy ya tambayi Phillips abin da zai faru idan Nhu ya mayar da martani game da ratsewar ta hanyar karkatar da kudade daga hannun sojoji don inganta dabarunsa. Lokacin da Kennedy ya tambayi ko Nhu zai zargi Amurka da duk wani lalacewar soji da ya haifar, Phillips ya amsa cewa ARVN za ta yi tawaye, saboda jami'an ARVN da ke cikin jerin sunayen 'yan Viet Cong ba za su bari 'yan gurguzu su yi sako-sako ba. Phillips ya ce, idan Nhu ya yi kokarin karkatar da tallafin soji daga hannun sojojin don tsara makircinsa, Amurkawa za su iya kai kudaden kai tsaye zuwa karkara cikin akwatuna.
Rashin jituwa mai ƙarfi Ganawar ta zama tirjiya a lokacin da Krulak ya katse Phillips, yana mai cewa masu ba da shawara kan sojan Amurka a kasa sun ki amincewa da kimar jami'in na USOM. Phillips ya yarda cewa duk da cewa an samu ingantuwar yanayin soji gaba daya, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba a yankunan da ke da matukar muhimmanci. Phillips ya lura cewa mai ba da shawara kan soji na lardin Long An kusa da Saigon, ya ba da rahoton cewa Viet Cong sun mamaye Hamlets Strategic Hamlets 200 a cikin makon da ya gabata, wanda ya tilasta wa mazauna kauyen tarwatsa matsugunin. McNamara ya girgiza kai saboda rahotannin da suka bambanta. Lokacin da Krulak ya yi wa Phillips ba'a, Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen W. Averell Harriman ba zai iya kame kansa ba kuma ya kira Janar "Wawa ne". Phillips ya karbe mulki daga hannun Harriman ta hanyar diflomasiyya kuma ya tabbatar da cewa yaki ne don zukata da tunani maimakon tsantsar awo na soja. Mecklin ya haifar da ƙarin damuwa ta hanyar ba da shawarar yin amfani da sojojin Amurka don kawar da mulkin Diệm da cin nasara a yakin. Ya kara da cewa, "Lokaci ya yi da Amurka za ta yi amfani da matsin lamba kai tsaye don kawo sauyi na gwamnati, duk da rashin kunya". Mecklin ya tabbatar da cewa za a samu koma baya idan aka yanke taimakon kawai, don haka dole ne sojojin Amurka su gyara matsalar kai tsaye. Daga baya Mecklin ya rubuta wa shugaban USIS Edward R. Murrow cewa ya nace cewa sojojin Amurka za su yi maraba da yaki a cikin lamarin gurguzu. A lokacin da yake komawa Amurka, ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da sojojin Amurkan zai karfafa juyin mulkin da kuma kara kwarin gwiwa kan 'yan Viet Cong. Ya kuma yi kira da a samar da injiniyan juyin mulki. Ya yi kira ga Amurka da ta kara nuna niyya. Rashin baƙin ciki da Phillips da Mecklin suka bayyana ya ba Frederick Nolting mamaki, wanda ya riga Lodge a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Saigon. Nolting ya ce asusun Phillips "ya yi mamakin jahannama daga gare ni. Na kasa gaskata kunnuwana." Nolting ya tabbatar da cewa Mecklin yana da rauni a tunanin mutum don wanke kwakwalwa saboda kwanan nan ya rabu da matarsa. A lokacin, Mecklin yana zaune tare da 'yan jarida David Halberstam da Neil Sheehan na New York Times da UPI bi da bi. Halberstam da Sheehan dukkansu sun sami lambobin yabo na Pulitzer kuma sun kasance masu sukar Diệm.
Bayan haka Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka ƙara yin la'akari a cikin tarurrukan NSC-da kuma a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Saigon da Majalisa shine dakatar da taimakon da ba na soja ba ga Diệm. Bayan yada kuskuren muryar Amurka a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, wadda ta sanar da dakatar da agaji, an baiwa Lodge shawarar a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta da ta dakatar da agaji idan hakan zai saukaka juyin mulki A halin da ake ciki, Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta fara matsa wa gwamnati lamba don ta dauki mataki kan Diệm. Karamin Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Gabas Mai Nisa ne ya mamaye Hilsman. Senata Frank Church ya sanar da hukumar aniyarsa ta gabatar da wani kuduri na yin Allah wadai da zaluncin Diệm na kyamar mabiya addinin Buddah tare da yin kira da a dakatar da agajin sai dai idan ba a kafa daidaiton addini ba. Wannan ya haifar da Cocin ya amince da jinkirta gabatar da kudirin na wani dan lokaci don gujewa kunyatar da gwamnati. Yayin da tawagar ta kasance a Vietnam, an tattauna dabarun yin amfani da wani zaɓi na dakatar da taimako don matsawa Diệm don kawo ƙarshen wariyar addini a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen. A wata hira da aka yi da shi ta talabijin a ranar 8 ga Satumba, Daraktan AID David Bell ya yi gargadin cewa Majalisa za ta iya rage tallafin da take ba Kudancin Vietnam idan Diệm bai canza manufofinsa ba. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, Kennedy ya ja baya daga maganganun Bell, yana mai cewa "Ba na tsammanin muna tunanin cewa [raguwar taimako ga Saigon] zai taimaka a wannan lokacin." Ranar 11 ga Satumba, washegarin bayan Krulak da Mendenhall sun gabatar da rahotonsu, Lodge ya sauya matsayinsa. A cikin dogon kebul zuwa Washington, ya ba da shawarar yin la'akari da amfani da dakatarwar agajin da ba na soji ba don tayar da ɗumbin Diệm. Lodge ya kammala da cewa Amurka ba za ta iya samun abin da take so daga Diệm ba, kuma dole ne ta tilasta wa al'amura su zo kan gaba. Bayan wani taron fadar White House a wannan rana, an sanar da Sanata Church cewa kudirin nasa na da karbuwa, don haka ya gabatar da dokar a majalisar dattawa. Kwamitin tsaro na kasa ya sake zama a ranar 17 ga Satumba don duba shawarwari biyu na Hilsman na tunkarar Diệm. Shirin da Hilsman da takwarorinsa na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka suka amince da shi shine "matsi da lallashi". Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙarin matakan matakai a matakin jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, gami da zaɓin dakatar da agaji da matsawa Diệm don cire Nhu daga mulki. Madadin ita ce sulhu tare da hanyar GVN da aka gyara", wanda ya haɗa da bayyanar jama'a na yarda da ayyukan Diệm na baya-bayan nan da kuma ƙoƙarin ceto gwargwadon iko daga halin da ake ciki. Duk shawarwarin biyu sun ɗauka cewa juyin mulkin ARVN bai zo ba. Rahoton da ba a gama ba ya ga wani aikin da aka aika zuwa Vietnam, aikin McNamara Taylor, wanda Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara ya jagoranta da Shugaban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojojin Maxwell D. Taylor Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21778 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierno%20Aliou | Thierno Aliou | Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndian (Thierno Aliou Bah; c. 1850 a Donghol 23 Maris 1927 a Labé) [1] ya kasance marubucin Fula, malamin addini kuma ɗan siyasa a Fouta-Djalon, Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka.
Tarihin rayuwa Tarihi Thierno Aliou ya fito ne daga Ali Kali Doukouré. Ali Kali asalinsa Bafulatani ne daga dangin Bah ko Ourourbhe. Koyaya, ya karɓi sunan Doukoure daga Sarakolle Chief wanda ya karɓe shi a Diafouna. Lokacin da jikansa, Thierno Malal ya ƙaura daga Diafouna (Mali ta zamani), ya zauna a Koin kusa da dutse, ya sa masa suna Diafouna sannan kuma ya sake sunansa na ƙarshe zuwa Bah, sunan asalin kakanninsa.
Daga baya ya wuce zuwa Labé kuma ya haɗu da Karamoko Alpha a Dimbin wanda ya ba shi kyaututtuka da dukiya ga danginsa, amma ya gamsu da ƙaramar fili ga kabarinsa da ya tono kansa. Abin mamakin irin wannan kyawawan halayen, Karamoko Alpha ya sanya masa suna Imam Ratib taken da ɗansa Thierno Abdourrahman ya gada, wanda ya yiwa Karamoko Alpha aiki a sabon fadarsa da ke Missidé Hindé (wanda daga baya aka bar shi ga dangin Modi Younoussa, kakan Thierno Diawo) Pellel) kuma ya mutu a can. A ƙarshe, bayan Karamoko Alpha ya zauna tabbatacce a Labé, sai ya aika a kirawo yaran Thierno Malal biyu da 'ya'yan bakwai na Thierno Abdourrahman. Ya mutu shekaru goma bayan haka, amma Imamancin da ya ba shi ya ci gaba da cin gado a cikin gidan Thierno Malal, ya wuce zuwa Thierno Mamadou Bano, Thierno Mamadou sannan kuma ga Thierno Aliou.\
Ilimi
Thierno Aliou ya yi karatun Alqurani a gaban mahaifinsa Thierno Mamadou; ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare da na sakandare a makarantar manyan malamai guda uku na lokacin: kawunsa Thierno Abdoulaye Ndouyêdio, Thierno Boubacar Poti Séléyanké na Dimbin da Thierno Abdourrahmane Kaldouyanké na Sombili (wanda kuma ake kira Thierno Doura). Ya bi al'adun gargajiya na ilimin addinin Musulunci (tauhidi, yaren Larabci, adabi, nahawu, da sauransu). Ya kware a ilimin adabin larabci, wanda hakan ya bashi damar rubuta ayyuka da yawa a cikin wannan yaren kuma ya zama mai fassara ga Manyan Labé a duk lokacin da suke da baƙon Larabawa.
Lokaci a Bhoubha Ndia Malaminsa na karshe (Thierno Doura) ya zabe shi a kan duk malaman Fouta don fassara wata wasika da shugabannin Larabawan Alamamy suka aiko; ta haka ne ya zama sananne fiye da kan iyakokin Fouta da Guinea. Alpha Ibrahima ya zabe shi a matsayin mai ba shi shawara kan lamuran addini; dansa Alpha Yaya ya rike shi a matsayin amintacce. Thierno Aliou ya sami ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 30 daga Labé bayan kawunsa Thierno Abdourrahmane Talibé ya aurar da ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata kuma ya ba da shi a matsayin sadaki duk abubuwan da ya mallaka a ƙasar (dabbobi, filaye, amfanin gona, da sauransu). Sannan ya ɗauki sunan Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndian. Ya kasance a Bhouba Ndian tsawon shekaru 24, yana ba da adalci, yana karɓar ɗalibai daga dukkanin al'ummomin Fouta, musamman 'ya'yan sarakuna da masu martaba. Yana da kudin shiga ne kawai daga gonakin sa da kuma kasuwancin sa don tallafawa bukatun dangin sa da daliban sa, tare da rarraba duk wata kyauta da aka bashi
Wani Lokaci a Madina
Ya koma Madina, kilomita 75 daga Labé a 1898. A can ya haɗu da kawunsa Modi Mamadou Samba, wanda ya aurar masa da ɗaya daga cikin yaransa mata. An kira shi sarkin Ourourbhé (Bah, Baldé) na Dowsaré Labé, Kolia, Manda Saran, Soumma, Fétoyambi da Woundoudi. Ya gina masallaci a wurin kuma ya sanya shi matattara ta ruhaniya. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Guinea ya zama babban alkalin Labé, amma babban dansa Thierno Siradiou ya maye gurbinsa a shekara ta 1914. Bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 1912 an nada shi shugaban gundumar Donghora rawar da ya karba ba tare da nuna farin ciki ba ga nacewar abokai da magoya bayansa wadanda ke tsoron zai fuskanci danniya wanda ya sami wasu masana a Fouta.Ya yi sarauta tsawon shekaru huɗu kuma ya zama tilas ya sauka daga mulki a 1916. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na al'adu da addini, gami da gabatarwa a taron masana na Afirka waɗanda Gwamnan Janar na Afirka ta Yamma ya shirya a Dakar. Thierno Aliou ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Maris 1927 yana da shekara 80. An binne shi a cikin wani fili kusa da babban masallacin wanda dansa Thierno Abdourrahmane, jikokinsa biyu El Hadj Ibrahima Caba da El Hadj Mamadou Badr, da El Hadj Aliou ke jagoranta a halin yanzu. Teli Laria jikan abokinsa Thierno Mahmoudou Laria wanda shi ma Limamin masallacin Labé ne.
Thierno Aliou ya bar 'ya'ya da yawa: Thierno Siradiou, Karamoko Bano, Thierno Lamine, Thierno Mamadou, Thierno Abdoulaye, Karamoko Chaikou, Thierno Habib, Thierno Abdourrahmane, Aguibou Oubaidoullahi Dai, Assiatou, Oussoumâniuu Diaraye, Kadiatou and Aissatou.
Bayani
(a Faransanci) "Tierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan biography 1". www.diiwallabe.org. An adana daga asali ranar 24 Afrilu 2012. An dawo da shi 23 Nuwamba 2010.Bah, Thierno (1996). Yaƙin na Guinea (a Faransanci). KARTHALA Bugu. shafi na. 30. ISBN 978-2-86537-687-2.Diari, Modi Amadou Laria (2004). Tarihin Diari: karin bayanai daga rubuce-rubucen larabci na (a cikin Spanish). shafi na. 62.
Mutuwan |
25397 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Bungwon | Harrison Bungwon | Engr. Dr. Harrison Yusuf Bungwon Tyap Harrison Isuu Bunggwon FNSE (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1949 ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016) ya kasance babban mai mulki a Masarautar Kataf wata jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. An kuma san shi da taken Agwatyap II Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Bungwon ga tyoli Bungwon Yawa da li Atoh Bungwon a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1949 a Bafoi, Gundumar nai, Atyapland, Yankin Arewa, Burtaniya Najeriya (yanzu a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya Mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekarar 1953, lokacin yana ɗan shekara huɗu kawai. Aikinsa na ilimi ya fara ne a watan Janairu, 1957 yana ɗan shekara bakwai a Makarantar Firamare ta Ƙananan Hukumomi, nai (Gora Bafai). Bayan ya ci jarabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1961, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta Kachia A shekarar 1963, Bungwon ya samu shiga Makarantar Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Soba, Zariya, inda ya yi shekara biyu da rabi kafin ya samu shiga shekarar 1965 a babbar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano Daga nan ya haɓaka sha'awar yin karatun Injiniyan Injiniya yayin da yake Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano, wanda hakan ya sa ya nemi kuma ya sami nasarar ba da Ofishin Tallafin Tallafin Ƙasashen waje don yin karatu a USSR a shekarar 1969 bayan kammala matakin sakandare, aji biyar. Tsakanin shekarar 1971 da shekara ta 1975, ya yi karatun Injiniyan Injiniya kuma ya sami digiri na farko B.Tech. Da digiri na biyu M.Tech. A Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Byelorussian, Minsk, inda ya kammala da digiri. A shekarar 1977, ya ci gaba da shirin digirin digirgir Ph.D. zuwa Jami’ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ingila kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1980.
Sana'a Bungwon ƙwararren masani ne, fitaccen Injiniya, fitaccen malami, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma abokin aikin ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya tare da sama da shekaru 16 na samun guraben karatu, yana koyarwa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin kimiyya na Afirka, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kaduna Tsakanin shekarar 1986 da shekara ta 2002, Bungwon yayi aiki kamar haka:
Darakta, Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban;
Mashawarcin Kimiyya, Kamfanin Masana'antu na Tsaro na Najeriya Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Sufuri na Jihar Kaduna Manajan Aiki na Kamfanin da aka dakatar da aikin Soja, Abuja Memba, Kwamitin Kwararru na Gwamnatin Tarayya kan Najeriya Machine Tools Ltd., Osogbo, Jihar Osun Zaɓaɓɓen ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa;
Exerminer External a Injin Injiniya, Filato, Katsina, Idah (Jihar Kogi), da Kwara State Polytechnics A cikin yankinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban farko, Kwamitin Gwamnoni, Makarantar Fasaha da Makarantar Zangon Kataf A watan Satumba, shekara ta 2002, Dokta HY Bungwon ya yi ritaya daga aikin injiniya bayan shekaru da yawa na hidimar alheri ga mahaifiyarsa mafi girman gwamnatin jiharsa.
Kyaututtuka da membobi
Kyaututtuka Dangane da aikinsa na kwazo, Dokta HY Bungwon ya kasance mai karramawa da kyaututtuka da dama da suka haɗa da:
Diploma na Rasha na rarrabuwa (1975)
Lambar yabo ta Injiniya ta Najeriya (2002)
Taken Gargajiya na Yariman Atyap (2003).
Ƙungiyoyi A matsayin Injiniyan da aka horar da Manchester, Bungwon ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar Manajojin Masana'antu, Ƙasar Ingila memba na Cibiyar Injiniyan Masana’antu ta Amurka kuma injiniya mai rijista tare da Majalisar Ka’idojin Injiniya ta Najeriya (COREN).
Sarauta A rasuwar magabacinsa, HRH Agwam BA Dauke (Agwatyap I) a shekarar 2005, Bungwon ya yi sarauta a matsayin Agwatyap II kuma shi ne ɗan asalin Agwam (Sarauta) na Ƙasar Atyap Ya rike matsayin na kimanin shekaru 11 kafin ya wuce zuwa madawwamiyar ɗaukaka a cikin sanyin sanyi a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016. Ya kasance sarkin aji na farko kuma ana ganin rasuwarsa a matsayin babban rashi kuma abin mamaki.
Gada A cikin shekarunsa na aiki mai ƙarfi a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati, Bungwon da zuciya ɗaya ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka da haɓaka karatun injiniya a Najeriya da bayanta. Har zuwa yau, fitattun abubuwan da ya gada har yanzu suna yin babban tasiri ga injiniyan jihar Kaduna gaba ɗaya.
Like a sensitive father as he was, HRH Agwam Dr. H. Y. Bungwon knew the meaning of service. As a practising Christian, he had kept close in mind the words of the Lord Jesus Christ which says: Wannan ya dace, dole ne ya koyi yin hidima ga mutane duk rayuwarsa. HRH koyaushe tana samun farin ciki wajen kawo gamsuwa ga wasu.
Ya shahara da yawa amma har yanzu ya yarda ya sauko a matsayin sa Agwatyap, Majalisar Gargajiya ta Atyap, Atak Njei, Zangon Kataf (Mabatado) As the second indigenous Royal Father to rule over the Atyap Nation, Agwam Dr. H. Y. Bungwon had a great responsibility meeting the expectations of Atyap and her neighbours. In his own words: Amma yana da hangen nesa. A cikin hangen nesan sa, ya ba da kyakkyawan misali, ba ga sauran manyan sarakuna ba, har ma ga shugabanni a jihar. A rasuwar Bungwon, dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya ta Zangon Kataf/Jaba, Barr. Sunday Marshall Katung ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai son zaman lafiya wanda a cikin kalmomin sa ya kara da cewa. Nassoshi Mutane daga jihar Kaduna
Mutanen Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
60412 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20manyan%20sake%20gina%20yanayin%20zafin%20jiki%20na%20shekaru%202%2C000%20da%20suka%20gabata | Jerin manyan sake gina yanayin zafin jiki na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata | Wannan jerin manyan gyare-gyaren yanayin zafi na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata; sun haɗada sake gina yanayi wanda ya bada gudummawa sosai ga yarjejeniya ta zamani kan rikodin ɗin yanayin zafi na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata.
Rikodin zazzabi na kayan aiki kawai ya shafi shekaru 150 da suka gabata a sikelin hemispheric ko na duniya, kuma sake gina lokutan da suka gabata sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin yanayi. Acikin wani yunƙuri na farko na nuna cewa yanayi ya canza, takardar Hubert Lamb ta 1965 ta ƙaru daga bayanan zafin jiki na tsakiyar Ingila tareda bayanan tarihi, na botanical, da na archeological don samar da ƙididdige ƙimar yanayin zafi a yankin Arewacin Atlantic. Sake gine-ginen ƙididdiga na gaba sunyi amfani da dabarun ƙididdiga tare da wakilai daban-daban na yanayi don samar da manyan sake ginawa. Wakilan zoben bishiya na iya bada ƙuduri na shekara-shekara na yankuna masu zafi na arewacin kogin kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin ƙididdiga tareda wasu ƙayyadaddun proxies don samar da multiproxy hemispherical ko sake gina duniya.
Sabbin gyare-gyare na ƙididdigewa sun nuna yanayin zafi a baya ƙasa da yanayin zafi da aka kai a ƙarshen karni na 20. Wannan tsari kamar yadda aka gani a cikin an sanya shi hoton hockey stick, kuma tun daga 2010 wannan faffadar ƙarshe ta sami goyan bayan sake ginawa fiye da dozin biyu, ta amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga daban-daban da haɗuwa da bayanan wakili, tare da bambance-bambancen yadda za a iya faɗi. kafin karni na 20 "shaft" ya bayyana.
Jerin sake ginawa a cikin tsari na bugawa “Civilization and Climate”.
"The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel".
"Simulated northern hemisphere temperature departures 1579–1880".
"Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America".
"Little Ice Age summer temperature variations; their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends".
"Was there a ‘medieval warm period’, and if so, where and when?".
"Global interdecadal and century-scale climate oscillations during the past five centuries".
"Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries".
"High resolution reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperatures for the last few centuries: using regional average tree ring, ice core and historical annual time series".
An kawo a cikin IPCC TAR Rahoton kimantawa na uku na IPCC (TAR WG1) na 2001 ya kawo abubuwan sake ginawa masu zuwa suna goyan bayan ƙarshenta cewa shekarun 1990 na iya kasancewa mafi zafi a Arewacin Hemisphere shekaru goma na shekaru 1,000:
"Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries"
"High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures".
"Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective".
"Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations".
"Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees".
"How Warm Was the Medieval Warm Period?".
An kawo a cikin Rahoton NRC (Rahoton Arewa) highlighted six recent reconstructions, one of which was not cited in AR4:
"Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures"
An ambata a cikin IPCC AR4 Rahoton kimantawa na huɗu na IPCC (AR4 WG1) na 2007 ya kawo waɗannan gyare-gyare masu zuwa don goyan bayan kammalawarsa cewa ƙarni na 20 zai'iya kasancewa mafi zafi a Arewacin Hemisphere na akalla shekaru 1,300:
Jones et al. (1998) [kuma a cikin TAR], wanda "Juyin Juyin Halitta Sama da Millennium Na Ƙarshe".
Mann, Bradley Hughes (1999) [kuma a cikin TAR]
Briffa (2000) [kuma a cikin TAR], wanda "Babban bayanin zafin jiki daga zoben itace: bita".
Crowley Lowery 2000 "Yaya Dumu-dumu Ya Kasance Lokacin Dumi Na Tsakanin?" [kuma in TAR]
"Bambancin yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin mitoci daga cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na zobe na arewa".
"Signal-Ƙananan Mitar a cikin Dogon Bishiyoyi-Ring Chronologies don Sake Gina Canjin Zazzabi na Baya", recalibrated by "Saɓanin yanayin zafin ƙasa mai zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin shekaru 1000 da suka gabata".
"Zazzabi na duniya a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka wuce."
"Sake gina yanayi na rijiyoyin burtsatse: Tsarin sararin samaniya da matsakaicin hemispheric".
"Fitar da siginar yanayi daga 169 glacier records".
"Sake gina yanayin zafin jiki na tushen wakili na Arewacin Hemisphere: Hankali ga hanya, cibiyar sadarwa mai tsinkaya, lokacin manufa, da yankin manufa".
"Maɗaukakin yanayin zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere da aka sake ginawa daga ƙananan bayanai masu ƙima da ƙima".
"A kan mahallin dogon lokaci na ƙarshen karni na ashirin".
"Matsalar sararin samaniya na ƙarni na 20 a cikin mahallin shekaru 1200 da suka gabata".
"Hanyoyin yanayi da aka ƙuntata ta hanyar sake gina yanayin zafi a cikin ƙarni bakwai da suka gabata".
An ambata a cikin IPCC AR5 Rahoton kimantawa na biyar na IPCC (AR5 WG1) na 2013 yayi nazarin bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi acikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, kuma ya kawo abubuwan sake ginawa don tallafawa ƙarshensa cewa matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere na shekara-shekara,"lokacin 1983-2012 ya kasance mai yuwuwa 30 mafi zafi.-shekara na shekaru 800 na ƙarshe (babban amincewa) kuma wataƙila mafi kyawun lokacin shekaru 30 na shekaru 1400 da suka gabata (matsakaicin amincewa)":
Pollack da Smerdon (2004) [kuma a cikin AR4]
Moberg et al. (2005) [kuma a cikin AR4]
D'Arrigo, Wilson Jacoby (2006) [kuma a cikin AR4]
Frank, Esper Cook (2007) "Gyara don lambar wakili da haɗin kai a cikin babban sake gina yanayin zafi".
Hegerl et al. (2007) "Gano tasirin ɗan adam akan sabon, ingantattun 1500-shekara zazzabi sake ginawa".
"Millennial zazzabi sake ginawa intercomparison da kimantawa".
Loehle McCulloch (2008) "Gyara zuwa: 2000 na shekara ta 2000 na sake gina yanayin zafi na duniya bisa la'akari da wadanda ba bishiyoyi ba".
"Sake gina tushen wakili na hemispheric da bambancin yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata".
"Sa hannu na Duniya da Tushen Mahimmanci na Ƙarshen Zaman Kan Kankara da Anomaly na Tsakiyar Yanayi".
"Sabon Sake Gina Sauyawan Zazzabi a cikin Ƙarfafan Tsafi na Arewacin Ƙarshen Ƙarshe A Lokacin Shekaru Biyu Na Ƙarshe".
"Ƙarin-zazzabi na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata: Sake gina ƙananan mitoci".
Leclercq Oerlemans (2012) "Sake gina yanayin zafi na duniya da na Hemispheric daga tsayin glacier".
"Sake gina zafin jiki na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe ta amfani da wakilai na shekara-shekara da yawa".
Ƙarin sake ginawa "Reconstructing hemispheric-scale climates from multiple stalagmite records".
"Evaluation of proxy-based millennial reconstruction methods".
"A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record"
"Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling".
"A Bayesian Algorithm for Reconstructing Climate Anomalies in Space and Time".
"Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH Mean Temperature over the Last Millennium with a Method that Preserves Low-Frequency Variability".
"Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries".
"A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years"
(78 researchers, corresponding author Darrell S. Kaufman) "Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia"
Raphael Neukom, Nathan Steiger, Juan José Gómez-Navarro, Jianghao Wang Johannes P. Werner 2019 "No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era"
PAGES 2k Consortium 2019 "Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era"
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi a cikin jerin |
31993 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu%20Abali%20Ibn%20Muhammadu%20Idrissa | Muhammadu Abali Ibn Muhammadu Idrissa | Alhaji Muhammadu Abali Ibn Muhammadu Idrissa (an haife shi 14 ga Agusta 1956) an nada shi sarki na 13, ko kuma sarkin gargajiya, na Masarautar Fika a ranar 16 ga Maris 2009. Fadar sarkin na garin Potiskum jihar Yobe a Najeriya Sarkin (ko Moi a cikin yaren gida) shine shugaban mutanen Bole.
Shekarun farko An haifi Muhammad Abali a garin Potiskum a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1956, babban dan Alhaji Abali Ibn Muhammadu, sarki na 12. Ya halarci makarantar Kaduna Capital School (1963-1969), Barewa College, Zaria (1970-1974) da kuma Land Dowel Tutors College a kasar Ingila (1975-1977). Ya tafi North Staffordshire Polytechnic (1977-1980) yana samun digiri na farko a cikin Nazarin Zamani. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar City University London, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Sashen Nazarin zamantakewa a 1983. Da ya dawo Najeriya, Muhammad Abali ya yi aiki na wani dan karamin lokaci a bankin Owena, Kano, a matsayin wanda ya kammala karatun digiri. Daga nan sai ya shiga hukumar tsaro ta Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki a sassa daban-daban da suka hada da Operations and Counter Espionage Units, sannan ya kai matsayin babban jami’in tsaro da leken asiri a hedikwatar kasa da ke Legas Yayi murabus daga Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha a watan Yuni 1991, ya kafa kamfani da ke samar da kayan aiki da ayyuka masu alaƙa da tsaro. Ya kasance Babban Jami’in Tsaro na Hukumar Jiragen Kasa ta Najeriya daga Disamba 1998 zuwa Yuni 2007, sannan kuma Kodinetan Tsaro na Total/Elf a ofishin Abuja.
Sarki An baiwa Muhammad Abali mukamin Yeriman Fika a shekarar 2002, kuma a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2009 aka nada shi Hakimin Potiskum. Muhammad Abali ya zama sarki ya gaji mahaifinsa a watan Maris na 2009 bayan gwamnan jihar Yobe, Ibrahim Geidam, ya zabo sunansa daga jerin sunayen ‘yan takara uku da sarakunan masarautar Fika suka gabatar. Duk da cewa Sarki na 13 tun bayan da Masarautar da ke yanzu ta kafu a shekarar 1805 a lokacin rikicin jihadin Fulani, Sarkin yana da matsayi na 43 a matsayin sarki na 43 bisa al'adar mutanensa, wanda ya nuna masarautar tun karni na 15. A watan Afrilun 2010 Gwamnan Jihar Yobe, Ibrahim Gaidam, ya ba Idrissa, wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Sarakunan Jihar Yobe, ma’aikacin ofishi mai daraja ta daya. Sarkin Musulmi Alhaji Muhammadu Sa'ad Abubakar III ne ya jagoranci bikin Manyan wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da Gwamna Ali Modu Sheriff na Borno, Danjuma Goje na Gombe, Danbaba Suntai na Taraba da Murtala Nyako na Adamawa. A watan Yulin 2009 kimanin masu kishin addini 50 na kungiyar Boko Haram sun kai hari a Potiskum. Mata da yara da dama sun nemi mafaka a fadar sarki. Sarkin ya ce ko ta yaya ‘yan sanda ba su da alhakin tashin hankalin. A cikin watan Nuwambar 2009, a sakonsa na Sallah ga al’ummar Jihar Yobe, Sarkin ya yi kira ga al’umma da su zauna da juna cikin kwanciyar hankali da lumana. A watan Mayun 2010, yayin da yake nada manyan hakimai uku a fadarsa, ya sake yin kira ga al’ummarsa da su zauna lafiya da goyon bayan gwamnati ba tare da la’akari da addini, kabila ko siyasa ba. Da yake zantawa da manema labarai a watan Agustan 2010, Sarkin ya yi kira ga malaman addini da su hana yaduwar tashe-tashen hankula da kuma kai rahoton kungiyoyin da za su iya haifar da rikici ga hukuma. Bayan wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a kasuwar Potiskum ta lalata kusan shaguna 210 da dukkan kayayyakinsu a watan Maris din shekarar 2010, Sarkin ya dora laifin ga karamar hukumar Potiskum bisa gazawa wajen kashe kudaden shiga da kasuwar ke samu kan gyare-gyaren da za su rage hadarin gobara. A watan Disamba na 2009, da kuma a watan Yuni na 2010 ya ce ya kamata sarakunan gargajiya su kasance da rawar da tsarin mulki ya tanada, suna zama masu ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan al'amuran yau da kullum. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Agustan 2010 ya bayyana cewa gwamnati ta kan yi kira ga sarakunan gargajiya da su warware matsalolin gaggawa kamar rikicin Boko Haram, don haka ya kamata kundin tsarin mulki ya ba su wani matsayi na ba da shawara.
Chancellor na UNIOYO A watan Afrilun 2010 aka nada Idrissa a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Uyo ta jihar Akwa Ibom na uku. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, Alhaji Abali Muhammadu Idrissa, wanda shi ne shugaban jami'a na biyu. Da yake jawabi a wajen kaddamar da aikin nasa, inda ya samu digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir na wasiku, Sarkin ya mayar da martani ga wata sanarwa da mukaddashin shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan ya yi na neman a yi kokarin inganta sakamakon jami’o’i. Ya ce "dole ne jami'a ta rungumi ra'ayin duniya idan har ya zama dole mu cimma muradun karni." Ya kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta mayar da ilimi a matsayin fifiko na kasa da kuma taimakawa jami’ar ta cimma wannan buri.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
50629 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odile%20Crick | Odile Crick | Odile Crick(11 ga Agusta 1920 5 Yuli 2007)yar wasan Burtaniya ce wacce aka fi sani da zanen tsarin DNA mai sau biyu wanda mijinta Francis Crick da abokin aikinsa James D.Watson suka gano a 1953.
An haifi Odile Crick a matsayin Odile Speed a King's Lynn, Norfolk, Ingila, zuwa mahaifiyar Faransa, Marie-Therese Josephine Jaeger da mahaifin Ingila, Alfred Valentine Speed, wanda ya kasance mai kayan ado. Ita daliba ce a Vienna lokacin da Nazis suka mamaye Austria a 1938. Komawa Ingila, Speed ya shiga Sabis ɗin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa na Mata (WRNS) a matsayin direban babbar mota Duk da haka, ƙwarewarta a cikin Jamusanci ya jagoranci yin aiki a matsayin mai karya lamba da fassara a Admiralty inda ta hadu da Francis Crick a 1945. Bayan yakin, ta kammala karatunta na fasaha a St. Martin's a London.
Rayuwa tare da Crick a Biritaniya Odile Speed ya auri Francis Crick a 1949 kuma ya zauna a Cambridge.Odile Crick ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Anglia Ruskin a yanzu kafin haihuwar 'ya'yanta mata Gabrielle da Jacqueline.
Francis Crick da James Watson sun tambaye ta ta zana kwatanci na heliks biyu don takardar su akan DNA don Nature a 1953.An sake buga zanen a ko'ina a cikin litattafai da labaran kimiyya kuma ya zama alama ga ilmin kwayoyin halitta.Terrence J.Sejnowski na Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Salk ya ce,"Yana iya kasancewa mafi shaharar zane [kimiyya] na karni na 20,ta yadda ya bayyana ilmin halitta na zamani."
Duk da haka,da farko ba ta san mahimmancin binciken ba.A cikin tarihinsa Menene Mad Pursuit,Crick ya ce ta gaya masa daga baya"Kuna dawo gida kuna faɗin abubuwa irin wannan,don haka a zahiri ban yi tunanin komai ba."
An gudanar da nune-nune da yawa na zane-zanen Crick na tsiraici masu lankwasa.Samfuranta sun haɗa da au pairs ɗinsu na yara da sakatarorin mijinta. Cricks sun shahara ga jam'iyyunsu a cikin 1960s ko dai a Cambridge ko a wani gida kusa da Haverhill.A wani liyafa,wani samfurin tsiraicin ya fito a kan kujera don ƙarfafa baƙi su zama masu zane-zane.
Rayuwa a California Lokacin da mijinta ya zama farfesa a Cibiyar Salk a cikin 1970s,Cricks ya koma California.
Odile Crick ta rasu mijinta kuma ta mutu daga ciwon daji a La Jolla,California,tana da shekaru 86.An gudanar da nunin Odile Crick Memorial na fasaharta a Cibiyar Salk,La Jolla,a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2007.
Wani ɗan'uwa Philippe,da 'ya'yanta mata guda biyu Gabrielle da Jacqueline (1954-2011),jikoki biyu,da ɗanta,Michael.
Bayanan kula
Albarkatu Robert Olby Kamus na Ƙasa na Oxford: 'Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916–2004)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Janairu 2008;
Robert Olby "Crick: A Biography", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, da za a buga a watan Agusta 2009.
Matt Ridley Francis Crick: Mai Gano Ka'idojin Halittar Halitta (Eminent Lives) wanda aka fara bugawa a watan Yuni 2006 a Amurka da a cikin Burtaniya Satumba 2006, ta HarperCollins Publishers; 192 shafi, Matattun |
13134 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%20miya | Kayan miya | Kayan lambu sune sassan tsire-tsire waɗanda mutane ko wasu dabbobi ke cinsu a matsayin abinci. Ana kuma amfani da ma'anar asali har yanzu ana amfani da shi ga tsire-tsire tare don alaqa da duk abubuwan da ake amfani da shi na tsire-tsire, ciki har da furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, mai tushe, ganye, tushen da tsaba. Ana amfani da muhimmin ma'anar kalmar kayan lambu da yar tsaye ba bisa ka'ida ba. Galibi al'adun gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya. Yana Kuma iya ware kayan abinci da aka samo daga wasu tsire-tsire wadanda suka kasance 'ya'yan itace, furanni, kwayoyi, da hatsi na hatsi, amma sun hada da' ya'yan itaciyar kamar tumatir da courgettes, furanni kamar su broccoli, da tsaba kamar su.
Asalinsu, an tattara kayan lambu daga daji daga mafarautan kuma suka shiga namo a yawancin sassan duniya, watakila a cikin lokacin 10,000 10,000 zuwa 7,000 BC, lokacin da sabon hanyar aikin gona ya bunkasa. Da farko, za a iya shuka ciyawar da ta girma a cikin gida, amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, ciniki ya kawo kayan amfanin gona daga wani wuri don kara wa nau'in gida. A zamanin yau, yawancin kayan lambu suna girma a duk duniya kamar yadda izinin yanayi, kuma ana iya noma amfanin gona a cikin wurare masu kariya a wurare marasa dacewa. Kasar Sin ita ce mafi girma wajen samar da kayan lambu, kuma kasuwancin duniya a cikin kayan aikin gona yana ba masu amfani damar sayen kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin kasashe masu nisa. Gwargwadon samarwa ya bambanta daga manoma mai wadatar abinci wanda ke wadatar da bukatun danginsu don abinci, zuwa matsanancin wahala na amfanin gona guda. Ya danganta da nau'in kayan lambu da ake damuwa, girbin amfanin gonar yana biyo bayan grading, adanawa, sarrafawa da tallatawa.
Za'a iya cin kayan lambu ko dai a dafa shi ko a daka kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin dan adam, yana da yawanci mai mai yawa da kwayar carbohydrates, amma yana da yawa a cikin bitamin, ma'adanai da fiber na abin da ake ci. Yawancin masana ilimin abinci suna karfafa mutane don cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari da yawa, kashi biyar ko sama da haka a kullun ana ba da shawarar su.
Tarihi Kafin zuwan noma, mutane 'yan farauta ne. Sun tsorata don 'ya'yan itace da ake ci, kwayoyi, mai tushe, ganyayyaki, corms, da kuma karar, sun tsoratar da dabbobin da suka mutu da wadanda ke rayuwa don neman abinci. Tsarin gandun daji a cikin share gandun dajin yana zaton shine farkon misalin aikin gona; An gano nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu amfani kuma an ƙarfafa su don haɓaka yayin da aka cire nau'ikan da ba a ke so. Shuka shuka ta hanyar zaɓar nau'ikan kyawawan halaye kamar su 'ya'yan itace babba da hadaka mai ƙarfi nan da nan. Yayin da aka samo tabbaci na farko game da ciyawar ciyawa kamar alkama da sha'ir a cikin Tsarin Tsira a Gabas ta Tsakiya, da alama mutane da yawa a duniya sun fara shuka amfanin gona a cikin 10,000 10,000 zuwa 7,000 BC. Tallafin aikin gona ya ci gaba har zuwa yau, tare da manoma da yawa na karkara a Afirka, Asiya, Kudancin Amurka, da sauran wurare suna amfani da filayen filayensu don samar da isasshen abinci ga iyalansu, yayin da kowane irin kayan abinci yake amfani da shi don musayar wasu kayayyaki.
Dukkanin tarihin da aka rubuta, attajirai sun sami damar wadatar abinci da dama da suka haɗa da nama, kayan marmari da 'ya'yan itace, amma ga talakawa, nama ya kasance abin alatu kuma abincin da suka ci ya zama maras wahala, galibi yana kunshe da kayan abinci da aka yi da shinkafa, hatsin rai sha'ir, alkama, gero ko masara. Additionarin kayan lambu ya samar da wasu iri-iri ga abincin. Babban abincin Aztecs da ke Amurka ta Tsakiya shine masara kuma sun noma tumatir, avocados, wake, barkono, kabewa, kabewa, gyada, da kuma ƙwayar amaranth don kara azama da kwayoyin su. A cikin Peru, Incas ya dogara da masara a kananan kwari da dankali a tsaunuka masu yawa. Sun kuma yi amfani da tsaba daga quinoa, suna inganta abincinsu da barkono, tumatir, da avocados.
A tsohuwar kasar Sin, shinkafa ita ce babbar ciyawar a kudu kuma alkama a arewaci, ƙarshen da aka yi shi cikin magudanar abinci, noodles, da masara. Kayan lambu da ke biye da waɗannan sun haɗa da yummu, waken soya, wake da yawa, guna, albasa mai yadu, da tafarnuwa. Abincin tsohuwar Masarawa ta samo asali ne daga burodi, galibi yana gurɓata da yashi wanda yake hana haƙoransu. Nama ya kasance mai wadatarwa amma kifi ya fi yawa. Wadannan kayan sun hada da kayan marmari da dama da suka hada da marmara, wake mai yawa, lentil, albasa, leas, tafarnuwa, radishes, da letas.
Babban abincin tsohuwar Girka shine gurasa, kuma wannan yana tattare da cukuwan akuya, zaitun, fig, kifi, da kuma lokaci-lokaci nama. kayan lambu sun hada da albasa, tafarnuwa, alkama, guna, da lentil. A cikin tsohuwar Roma, an sanya garin shinkafa mai kauri irin alkama ko wake, tare da kayan lambu amma kananan nama, da kifi ba su da daraja. Romawa sun girma wake masu yawa, gyada, albasa da toyaran ci kuma sun ci ganyen beets maimakon asalinsu.
Wasu kayan marmari na yau da kullun
Nutrition and health Kayan lambu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin mutane. Yawancinsu suna da ƙarancin mai da adadin kuzari amma sun yi yawa kuma suna cikewa. Suna samar da fiber na abinci kuma sune tushen mahimmancin bitamin, ma'adanai, da abubuwan da aka gano. Musamman mahimmanci sune bitamin antioxidant A, C, da E. Lokacin da aka hada kayan lambu a cikin abincin, an sami raguwar cutar kansa, bugun jini, cututtukan zuciya, da sauran cututtukan cututtukan fata. Bincike ya nuna cewa, idan aka kwatanta da mutane wadanda ke ci kasa da uku na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a kowace rana, wadanda ke cin abinci sama da sau biyar, suna da kusan kashi ashirin cikin kananan hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya ko bugun jini. Abubuwan da ke cikin abinci mai mahimmanci na kayan lambu sun bambanta da yawa; wasu suna dauke da kwayoyin furotin masu amfani kodayake yawanci suna dauke da mai mai yawa, da abubuwa masu yawa dabam dabam kamar su Vitamin A, Vitamin K, da Vitamin B6; maganin zalunci; ma'adinai na abinci; da kuma carbohydrates.
Koyaya, kayan lambu sau da yawa ma suna da gubobi da antinutrients wadanda ke tsoma baki tare da daukar abubuwan gina jiki. Wadannan sun hada da -solanine, -chaconine, enzyme inhibitors (na cholinesterase, protease, amylase, da sauransu), cyanide da kuma abubuwan kirar cyanide, oxalic acid, tannins da sauransu. kwari, da masu farauta da fungi wadanda zasu iya kai hari ga shuka. Wasu wake suna dauke da phytohaemagglutinin, kuma tushen roba yana dauke da glycoside cyanogenic kamar yadda ake yin harbe-harbe. Wadannan gubobi ana iya kashe su ta hanyar girkin da ya dace. Ganyen dankali ya kunshi glycoalkaloids kuma ya kamata a guji shi.
'Ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, musamman kayan lambu, an shanye su a cikin kusan rabin cututtukan gastrointestinal da ke haifar da noroirus a Amurka. Wadannan abinci ana cin abinci da yawa kankani ne kuma mai yiwuwa ya kazantu yayin shirye-shiryen abincin da ke dauke da cutar. Tsabtacewa yana da mahimmanci yayin sarrafa abinci da za a ci da shi, kuma irin wadannan samfuran suna bukatar tsabtace da kyau, sarrafa su, da adana su don iyakance gurbataccen aiki.
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51073 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa%20Chyrum | Elsa Chyrum | Elizabeth Chyrum, wacce aka fi sani da Elsa Chyrum, 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ce ta Eritiriya da ke zaune a Burtaniya. Articles with hCards
Articles with infoboxes completely from Wikidata
Articles using Template Infobox person Wikidata
Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Elizabeth Chyrum a Burtaniya (Birtaniya).
Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Eritrea Chyrum ta zama mai fafutuka wajen kare hakkin dan Adam na Eritrea lokacin da aka kori 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 70,000 zuwa Eritrea a lokacin yakin Eritriya da Habasha wanda kuma ya fara a shekarar 1998. Ita da sauran 'yan Eritrea a Turai sun kirkiro Network of Eritrean Professionals in Europe don mayar da martani. Chyrum ta ziyarci Eritrea a tsakiyar shekarar 2001, inda ta shaida yadda ake azabtarwa da daure daliban jami'a 2000, sannan ta koma Birtaniya. Ta taimaka wajen samo 'yan Eritriya don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya a Burtaniya (EHDR-UK), Gabas da Horn of Africa Masu Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (EHAHRDP) da Human rights concern (HRCE). A cikin 2000s, an yi wa Chyrum kamfen kuma ta taimaka wajen sakin 'yan gudun hijirar Eritriya a Libya, Malta, Saudi Arabia, da yawa daga cikinsu sun sami mafakar siyasa a Turai, Australia da Kanada. Chyrum ta yi kamfen a Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHRC) don a mai da hankali kan take hakkin dan Adam a Eritrea. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun nadin wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kasar Eritrea, Sheila B. Keetharuth. Chyrum ta halarci taron UNHRC tana la'akari da nadin, yayi magana da kansa ga jami'an diflomasiyyar da ke cikin taron, tana ba da "shaida ta farko". Ta yi magana da kanta da kowane ɗaya daga cikin ’yan Eritriya shida da suka halarci taron. A cikin watan Maris 2014, Chyrum ta fara yajin cin abinci a Geneva a gaban tawagar dindindin na Djibouti, a madadin 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea 267 da aka tsare a Djibouti. Ta bayyana cewa ana kula da ‘yan gudun hijirar a matsayin masu aikata laifuka kuma ba a basu isasshiyar kulawar lafiya ba. Chyrum ta bayar da hujjar cewa a karkashin yarjejeniyar Geneva, da yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi matsayin 'yan gudun hijira da kuma Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'Yancin Bil Adama da Jama'a, Djibouti ta zama wajibi ta baiwa 'yan Eritrea kariya da 'yanci daga zalunci. Chyrum yayi ƙoƙarin tallafawa 220 (ko 250 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea a Malta waɗanda aka yi barazanar korar su zuwa Eritrea a 2002. Ta ba da shawarar cewa su tube tsirara a matsayin dabarar rashin biyayya ga jama'a don hana korar su. An kai 'yan gudun hijirar zuwa Eritrea, kuma an azabtar da 180 tare da yi musu tambayoyi. Chyrum ta bayyana cewa an gudanar da mutum na tsawon kwanaki 55 a cikin jirgin helikwafta, a yanayin zafi har zuwa bayan da fatarsa ta zare aka tsare shi tsawon wata takwas tare da daure hannu daya da hannu a bayansa. Dan gudun hijirar ya tsira kuma yana karatun doka a Kanada a shekarar 2015, a cewar Chyrum. Ilimi game da makomar 'yan gudun hijirar na shekarar 2002 ya haifar da goyon bayan jama'a da gwamnati ga 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea a Malta. A shekarar 2015, Chyrum ta ziyarci Malta inda ya gana da tsohon shugaban Malta George Abela da Dionysus Mintoff, wani limamin coci, wanda shi ma ya yi kamfen don nuna adawa da korar 'yan gudun hijirar. Tun daga 2021, Chyrum ta kasance darektan Kula da Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Eritrea, wacce ta kafa.
Abubuwan ra'ayi A shekarar 2015, Chyrum ta danganta manyan dalilan da 'yan Eritrea ke neman mafaka ga zaluncin gwamnati, rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, tsawon shekaru 20 na aikin soja, leken asirin gwamnati kan talakawan kasa, rashin yanayin kiwon lafiya. Ta ce, "zaka iya fahimtar da kanka dalilin da yasa mutane zasu gwammace su mutu a teku, ko kuma yayin da suke tsallaka hamadar Sahara, da su ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin wannan halin." Chyrum ta bayyana a shekarar 2015 cewa yana da wahala a ci gaba da cin zarafin bil adama na duniya a Eritrea.
Kyauta Al'ummar Eritiriya Don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kariyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira sun ba Chyrum lambar yabo mai daraja ta musamman a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni 2009 saboda "Yaƙin neman 'yancin ɗan adam, gabaɗaya, da aikinta na rashin gajiyawa tare da 'yan gudun hijira, musamman". Asmarino Media Independent Media ta ayyana Chyrum a matsayin "mace mafi kyawun shekara" na 2012 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga 'yancin ɗan adam na Eritrea.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
14508 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond%20na%201844 | Bond na 1844 | Bond na 1844 yarjejeniya ce da aka sanya hannu tsakanin wasu sarakunan Fante da gwamnatin Burtaniya. An sanya hannu a kan 6th Maris 1844 a Ghana, wanda a lokacin ake kira Kogin Zinariya.
Ya fayyace dangantaka tsakanin Birtaniyya da sarakunan yankin waɗanda sune manyan ɓangarorin yarjejeniyar. Birtaniyyawan ta kalli yarjejeniyar a matsayin fahimta don shiga cikin aikin tabbatar da adalci da aiwatar da dokokinsu a cikin kananan hukumomin amma shugabannin yankin na ganin yarjejeniyar a matsayin kwangilar soja da ta tsaro kawai. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Fomena -Adansi, wanda ya ba Burtaniya damar amfani da ikon shari'a daga kotunan Afirka.
Tarihi Kusan kusan ƙarni uku sha'awar Turai game da gabar Yammacin Afirka galibi kasuwanci ne. Turawan Ingila wadanda suka kasance a gabar Ghana tun daga 1555 sun sadaukar da shekaru 175 na farko wajen gina cibiyoyin kasuwancin su da kasuwancin su, wanda hakika ya hada da cinikin bayi, tare da mutanen yankin. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar manyan indan asalin ƙasar guda biyu masu ƙarfi, Fantes waɗanda suke bakin teku da kuma Asantes a cikin dajin da ke kusa.
Hadadden Fantes ya mallaki hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa teku kuma ayyukan kasuwanci tare da wadannan hanyoyin sun kasance bisa sharuddansu. Har ila yau, Asantes sun sami ikon mallakar zinariya da bayi zuwa kasuwannin bakin teku. Rarraba kayan shigo da Turai da suka karɓa ta hanyar musayar suma Asantes ne ke sarrafa su.
Yayin da masarautar Asante ta haɓaka cikin wadata da tasiri, sai suka nemi kawar da mutanen tsakiya (Fantes) daga sarkar wadata. Wannan ya haifar da rikici na tsawon lokaci tsakanin kabilun biyu.
A cikin 1755, Asantehene, sarkin Asantes, wanda a lokacin shine Osei Bonsu ya fara shirin yaƙi da Fantes. Duk da haka ya mutu kafin a kammala shirye-shirye. Takaddama ta tsawon shekaru ashirin ta biyo bayan wannan amma daga ƙarshe Osei Kojo ya zama shugaban Asantes kuma ya kai jerin hare-hare akan Fantes.
A farkon 1806, an sadu da babban rundunar Fante kuma Asantes sun ci nasara a kansa. Sannan Asantes zasu sami iko akan wasu jihohin Fante.
Rikicin siyasa a cikin Kogin Zinariya ya sa Burtaniya ta soke cinikin bayi a 1807 kuma wannan ya sami martani mara kyau daga Asantes saboda wannan kasuwancin shine babban dalilin yaƙar Fantes.
Ya haifar da babban tashin hankali a cikin dangantakar Anglo-Asante kuma duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi na zaman lafiya bai yi nasara ba. Babban sakamakon shi ne cewa Asantehene ya umarci 'yan kasuwar Asante da kada su ziyarci kagarai a Cape Coast mallakar mallakar Burtaniya amma su yi ma'amala da Dutch da Danes kawai.
Wannan ya sa Burtaniya ta kara nuna damuwa kan 'yan kasuwar ta da ke gabar teku da kabilun da ke gabar teku daga hare-haren Asantes.
Wani kwamiti da aka zaba na Birtaniyya ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai bukatar a samar da matakai don tabbatar da lafiyar mutanensu kuma dole ne a nada sabon gwamna da kambin Burtaniya. An kuma yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a kafa wani nau'i na gwamnati a kan kagara. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya ƙauyukan Kogin Zinariya ƙarƙashin gwamnan Saliyo, Sir Charles Macarthy a 1821. Ya iso gabar tekun Kogin Zinariya a 1822.
Ya gaji alama mai ƙarfi na yaƙi da Asantes amma ya ɗauka cewa ya zama rigima ce ta cikin gida wacce ba za ta iya yin tasiri a kan Turawan Ingila ba. Ya fara manufofi marasa dadi ga Asantes wadanda suka hada da tilasta musu su saki Fantes din da suka yi garkuwa da su, mai yiwuwa Asantes ya nemi daukar fansa daga baya.
Sojojin Asante sun yi kudu a farkon 1824 kuma a ranar 21 ga Janairu, sun haɗu kuma suka kayar da ƙaramin ƙarfi ƙarƙashin Sir Charles Macarthy da kansa a Adamanso. An kashe Sir Charles Macarthy a cikin aiki.
Bayan wannan lamarin, Turawan Burtaniya sun yanke shawarar kare kagaransu da 'yan kasuwar su kuma bar mazauna yankin da abin da suke so yayin da Asantes ke ci gaba da yakar Fantes.
Amma a karkashin Laftanar-Kanar Purdon, Turawan Burtaniya tare da gudummawar shugabannin gabas, sun sami gagarumar nasara a kan Asante a Katamanso a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1826. Wannan yakin za a kira shi yakin Katamanso.
Bayan wannan, Turawan Ingila sun yi kokarin kawo zaman lafiya tsakanin Asantes da Fantes amma kawancen shugabannin gabar teku ba sa son tattaunawa.
'Yan kasuwar Burtaniya sai suka kafa ƙungiya ko ƙungiya don kare kansu da maslaharsu. Wannan ya haifar da kwamiti da ya tura Gwamna George Maclean a cikin 1830. Zuwa 15 ga Fabrairu, George Maclean ya hau kan mukamin shugaban majalissar 'Yan Kasuwa a Cape Coast.
Babban aikinsa shi ne tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakanin Turawan Ingila da Asantes da Fantes da Asantes. Ya sami damar haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka tare da ɓangarorin biyu kuma daga ƙarshe ya sami nasarar kawo zaman lafiya tsakanin dukkan ɓangarorin a shekara ta 1831.
Wannan ya haifar da fadada kasuwanci da tasirin Birtaniyya.
Zaman lafiya tare da Asantes ya kuma yi daidai da aikin mishaneri, wanda ya haifar da gina makarantu musamman a bakin teku. A fagen siyasa, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi amfani da damar don sanya hannu kan tsarin siyasa wanda ya ba da kariyar Burtaniya ga ƙungiyar sanya hannu ta Fante a cikin 1844. Wannan za'a san shi da Bond na 1844. Yawancin bangarorin Akyem Kotoku, da Wassaw, da Agona sun kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kafin shekara ta 1849. Lambobin jihohin da ke bin yarjejeniyar a cikin jihohin bakin teku sun karu a 1850.
Shugabanni takwas (8) na farko da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Cudjoe Chibboe(Kwadwo Tsibu), Sarkin Denkyira
Quashie Ottoo, (Kwasi Otu), Shugaban Abrah
Chibboe Coomah( Tsibu Kuma) Shugaban Assin
Gebre,(Gyebi) shugaba na biyu na Assin
Quashie Ankah (Kwasi Ankra) Shugaban Donadie
Awoossie (Ewusi) shugaban Domonassie
Amonoo shugaban Anamabo
Joe Aggrey shugaban Cape Coast
Muhimmanci 1. Kariya ga mutane da dukiya.
2.Ya kawo Kogin Zinariya a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Birtaniyya bisa ƙa'ida.
3. Ya dakatar da ayyukan rashin mutuntaka kamar sadaukar da kai na mutum, "Panyarring" al'adar kame mutane har sai an biya bashin ko satar masu garkuwar bashi.
4. Gabatar da tsarin kotun shari'a da manyan laifuka ya kamata jami'an shari'a na Burtaniya su gwada shi tare da shugabannin da ke haɗa al'adun al'umma zuwa ƙa'idodin dokokin Burtaniya gaba |
30191 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigakafin%20%C6%99asa | Rigakafin ƙasa | Kiyaye ƙasa shi ne rigakafin asarar saman mafi yawan ƙasa daga zazzagewa ko rigakafin rage yawan haihuwa wanda ya haifar da yawan amfani, acidification, salinization ko wasu gurɓataccen ƙasa Yanke-da-ƙone da sauran hanyoyin da ba za su dore ba na noman rayuwa ana yin su a wasu ƙananan yankuna. Cigaba da sare dazuzzuka shine yawanci zaizayar kasa mai girma, asarar sinadiran ƙasa da kuma kwararowar hamada. Sannan Kuma Dabaru don inganta kiyaye ƙasa sun haɗa da jujjuya amfanin gona, amfanin gona na rufewa, noman kiyayewa da shukar iska, suna shafar zaizayar ƙasa da haihuwa Lokacin da tsire-tsire suka mutu, sun lalace kuma su zama ɓangaren ƙasa. Lambar 330 ta bayyana daidaitattun hanyoyin da Sabis ɗin Kare Albarkatun Ƙasar Amurka suka ba da shawarar. Manoma sun yi aikin kiyaye ƙasa tsawon shekaru dubu. Kuma A Turai, manufofi irin su Manufofin Aikin Noma na gama gari suna yin niyya don aiwatar da mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa kamar rage noman noma, amfanin gona na hunturu, ragowar tsire-tsire da iyakokin ciyawa don inganta yanayin kiyaye ƙasa. Ana kuma bukatar daukar matakan siyasa da tattalin arziki don magance matsalar zaizayar kasa. Matsala mai sauƙi na mulki ya shafi yadda muke daraja ƙasar kuma ana iya canza wannan ta hanyar daidaita al'adu. Carbon ƙasa, tana taka rawa wajen rage sauyin yanayi.
Kwankwankwana garma Hannun noman kwane-kwane suna bibiyar layin da ake nomawa. Furrows suna motsawa hagu da dama don kula da tsayin daka, wanda ke rage kwararar ruwa Tsohuwar Phoeniciawa ne suka yi aikin noman nau'in amfanin gona Na kwane-kwane don gangara tsakanin kashi biyu zuwa goma. Noman amfanin kwane-kwane na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona daga kashi 10 zuwa 50 cikin ɗari, a wani ɓangare sakamakon riƙon ƙasa.
Terrace noma Terracing al'ada ce ta ƙirƙirar wurare kusa da matakin a cikin wani yanki na tudu. Filayen suna samar da jerin matakai kowanne a matsayi mafi girma fiye da na baya. Ana kiyaye filaye daga zaizayar ƙasa ta wasu shingen ƙasa. Kuma An fi yin noman ƙasa a ƙananan gonaki.
Zane na maɓalli Zane na maɓalli shine haɓaka aikin noman kwane-kwane, inda ake la'akari da jimillar kaddarorin ruwa wajen samar da layin kwane-kwane Ikon zubar da gudu na kewaye Bishiyoyi, shrubs da murfin ƙasa suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci don rigakafin zaizayar ƙasa, ta hanyar hana kwararar ƙasa. Wani nau'i na musamman na wannan kewaye ko jiyya tsakanin jeri shine amfani da kuma "hanyar ciyawa" wanda duka tashoshi da kuma watsar da kwararar ruwa ta hanyar gogayya a saman, hana zubar da ruwa da kuma ƙarfafa kutsawar ruwa mai jinkirin.
Matsalolin iska Iskar iska tana da isassun manyan layuka na bishiyu a lokacin da iska ke faɗuwar filin noma da ke fuskantar zaizayar iska Dabbobin Evergreen suna ba da kariya ga duk shekara; duk da haka, Kuma muddin ganye ya kasance a cikin yanayi na yanayin ƙasa mara kyau, tasirin bishiyoyin ciyayi na iya isa.
Rufe amfanin gona/juyawan amfanin gona An rufe amfanin gona kamar shuka na legumes, farar turnips, radishes da sauran nau'in) yana juyawa tare da kayan lambu na tsabar kudi don rufe ƙasa a kowace shekara kuma ya zama koren taki wanda ke cike da nitrogen da sauran muhimman abubuwan gina jiki. Rufe amfanin gona kuma yana taimakawa wajen danne ciyawa.
Noman kiyaye ƙasa Noman kiyaye ƙasa ya haɗa da noma ba- kore, "koren taki" da sauran ayyukan haɓaka ƙasa waɗanda ke da wahala a daidaita ƙasa. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin noma suna ƙoƙari su kwaikwayi ilimin halittu na ƙasa bakarara Kuma Za su iya farfado da ƙasa da ta lalace, rage zaizayar ƙasa, ƙarfafa haɓakar shuka, kawar da amfani da takin nitrogen ko fungicides, samar da amfanin gona sama da matsakaici da kuma kare amfanin gona a lokacin fari ko ambaliya. Sannan Sakamakon ya kasance ƙarancin aiki da ƙarancin farashi wanda ke ƙara ribar manoma. Noman da ba tukuna ba da kayan amfanin gona suna aiki azaman nutsewa don nitrogen da sauran abubuwan gina jiki. Wannan yana ƙara yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa Maimaita noman noma yana ƙasƙantar da ƙasa, yana kashe fungi masu amfani da tsutsotsin ƙasa. Da zarar ta lalace, ƙasa na iya ɗaukar yanayi da yawa don murmurewa gabaɗaya, ko da a yanayi mafi kyau. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa ba-har sai hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa ba su da amfani kuma suna da tsada sosai ga manoma da yawa, wani ɓangare saboda yana buƙatar sabbin kayan aiki. Suna ba da fa'ida don yin noman al'ada dangane da yanayin ƙasa, Kuma amfanin gona da yanayin ƙasa. Wasu manoman sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba tukuna yana dagula maganin kwari, da jinkirta shuka da kuma ragowar bayan girbi, musamman na masara, yana da wuyar sarrafawa.
Salinity management Salinity a cikin ƙasa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ban ruwa da ruwan gishiri. Ruwa sai ya kwashe daga ƙasa yana barin gishiri a baya. Gishiri yana rushe tsarin ƙasa, Kuma yana haifar da rashin haihuwa da rage girma.
Abubuwan da ke da alhakin salination sune: sodium Na potassium (K calcium (Ca 2+ magnesium (Mg 2+ da chlorine (Cl An kiyasta gishirin zai shafi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar noma Salinity na ƙasa yana da illa ga haɓakar amfanin gona kuma yazama yakan biyo baya.
Salinity yana faruwa a kan busassun wuraren ban ruwa da kuma wuraren da ke da teburan ruwan gishiri mara zurfi. Ƙarfin ban ruwa yana ajiye gishiri a cikin ƙasa na sama a matsayin sakamakon shigar ƙasa; ban ruwa kawai yana ƙara yawan adadin gishiri. Shaharar da aka fi saninta game da aikin tebur na ruwa mai zurfi ya faru a Masar bayan ginin Dam na Aswan na shekarata 1970. Canjin matakin ruwan ƙasa ya haifar da yawan gishiri a cikin tebur na ruwa. Cigaba da babban matakin teburin ruwa ya haifar da salination ƙasa Yin amfani da acid humic na iya hana yawan salination, musamman idan aka ba da ban ruwa mai yawa. iya gyara duka anions da cations kuma su kawar da su daga tushen tushen Za a iya amfani da nau'in dasa shuki waɗanda zasu iya jure wa yanayin gishiri don rage teburin ruwa don haka rage yawan haɓakar capillary da haɓakar haɓakar gishirin saman. Tsire-tsire masu jure wa gishiri sun haɗa da gishiri, Kuma wani tsiro da ake samu a yawancin Arewacin Amurka da a yankunan Bahar Rum na Turai Kwayoyin ƙasa Lokacin da tsutsotsi ke fitar da najasa a cikin nau'in simintin gyare -gyare, ana yin daidaitaccen zaɓi na ma'adanai da kayan abinci na shuka a cikin nau'i mai sauƙi don samun tushen tushen Simintin gyare-gyare na Earthworm ya fi girma sau biyar a cikin samuwar nitrogen, sau bakwai mafi yawa a cikin phosphates da ake da su kuma sau goma sha ɗaya mafi girma a cikin potash fiye da na sama na sama kasa. Nauyin simintin gyaran kafa na iya zama sama da 4.5 kg a kowace shekara. Sannan Ta hanyar burrowing, ƙwayar ƙasa tana inganta porosity na ƙasa, ƙirƙirar tashoshi waɗanda ke haɓaka hanyoyin iska da magudanar ruwa. Sauran mahimman kwayoyin halittar ƙasa sun haɗa da nematodes, mycorrhiza da ƙwayoyin cuta Kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na nau'in dabbobi suna rayuwa ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Dangane da rahoton Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta shekarata 2020 "Yanayin ilimin halittu na ƙasa Matsayi, ƙalubale da abubuwan da za a iya samu", akwai manyan gibi a cikin ilimin ilimin halittu a cikin ƙasa. Ƙasar da ta lalace tana buƙatar takin roba don samar da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Rashin tsari yana ƙaruwa da zaizayar ƙasa kuma yana ɗaukar nitrogen da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa zuwa cikin koguna da koguna. Kowanne kashi ɗaya ya karu a cikin kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa yana taimakawa ƙasa ta riƙe ƙarin galan 20,000 a kowace kadada.
Ma'adinai Don ba da damar shuke-shuke da cikakken fahimtar yuwuwar su na phytonutrients, ana aiwatar da aikin ma'adinai na ƙasa a wasu lokuta. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ƙara dakataccen dutse ko kariyar ƙasa mai sinadarai. Kuma A kowane hali maƙasudin shine yaƙar ƙarancin ma'adinai Ana iya amfani da ma'adanai masu yawa, gami da abubuwan gama gari kamar su phosphorus da ƙarin abubuwa masu ban mamaki kamar su zinc da selenium Sannan Bincike mai zurfi yana nazarin sauye-sauyen lokaci na ma'adanai a cikin ƙasa tare da lamba mai ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa na iya kawo maɓalli masu mahimmanci zuwa wani fili mai cike da ruwa. Duk da yake wannan tasirin ba zai zama abin sha'awa ba idan ambaliya ta haifar da haɗari ga rayuwa ko kuma idan naɗaɗɗen ya samo asali ne daga ƙasa mai albarka, wannan tsari na ƙari ga ambaliyar ruwa wani tsari ne na halitta wanda zai iya sake farfado da ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa ta hanyar ma'adinai.
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26051 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/BI | BI | BI, Bi ko bi na iya nufin to:
Gabatarwa Bi-, prefix lamba mai nuna biyu, kamar a cikin:
Air Sylphe Bi 582, ƙirar parachute na Faransa mai kujeru biyu
Bisexuality, ko "bi", yanayin jima'i
Wurare Barrie Innisfil, gundumar zaɓen Kanada
Burundi, ta Kungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya da ISO 3166-1 lambar kasar
Mutane Bi (Rain), ko Rain (an haifi 1982), mawaƙin Koriya ta Kudu
BI (rapper) (an haifi 1996), Kim Han-bin
Bi (sunan mahaifi) sunan mahaifin Sinanci
Zane-zane nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai <i id="mwJA">Bi</i> (Astyplaz album), 2008
Bi (Kevin Johansen album)
"Bi" (waƙa), waƙar 1993 ta Living Color
BI: Hankalin Bartificial, sashi daga zane mai ban dariya The Simpsons
Insider na Kasuwanci, ko BI, wallafe -wallafe
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
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17818 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ajiyin%20Littattafai%20Na%20Sarki%20Fahad | Ma'ajiyin Littattafai Na Sarki Fahad | King Fahd National Library (KFNL, ya kasan ce shi ne ajiyar doka da kuma dakin karatu na haƙƙin mallaka na Saudi Arabia An kafa KFNL ne a shekarar 1983 a matsayin martani ga wani yunƙuri da mutanen Riyad suka yi lokacin da Sarki Fahd ya hau gadon sarauta. An sanar da aikin a cikin 1983 kuma aiwatarwa ya fara a 1986. Yanzu har zuwa yau, an san laburaren don dorewa da kuma ra'ayoyin yau da kullun.
Bayani An kafa laburaren a 1990 kuma yana cikin Riyadh Daga cikin tarin na musamman akwai dakunan karatu na Ihsan Abbas, Sheikh Muhammad Ibn Abd al Aziz al Mani, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khamis, Sheikh Uthman Ibn Hamad al Haqil, Sheikh Muhammad Husayn Zaydan, Fawzan Ibn Abd al Aziz al Fawzan, Yusuf Ibrahim al Sallum, Muhammad Musa al Salim, Sheikh Muhammad Mansur al Shaqha, Sheikh Abd Allah Abd al Aziz al Anqari, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Umar al Sheikh, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad al Nasban, da Sheikh Husayn Ibn Abd Allah al Jarisi.
Tarihin Laburare Akwai sha'awar mutanen garin Riyadh su bayyana jin kaunarsu da amincinsu ga Mai Kula da Masallatan Kudus Guda Biyu. Sarki Fahd Rahamar Allah a kan hawan sa mulki. Don haka don bayyana ta hanyar kafa ginin tunawa, shine sanarwar aikin Laburare a bikin, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar (1403H.) Wanda ya sami tallafin kayan daga jihar kanta.
Ginin ya ƙunshi falon ƙasa wanda aka lulluɓe shi da benaye uku waɗanda falalen duniya yayi kyau sosai. An tsara shi ta yanayin tsarin gine-ginen zamani da aka yi wa rubutun larabci da marmara, kuma wataƙila mafi mahimmancin fasalulluka na wannan babban al'adun gargajiyar a kan muhimmin yanki mai muhimmanci tsakanin hanyoyin Sarki Fahd zuwa yamma ta titin Olaya na gabas. Inda wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ba laburaren damar samun nasara a cikin aikin rawar da yake da tazara mai yawa saboda isa da kuma bayyane wurin da kuma shahararriya, ita ce zuciyar Riyadh ta yau, ana kuma samunta a cikin laburaren ita kanta wuraren huta kuma jira. Aiwatar da aikin ya fara a shekara ta 1406 H. karkashin kulawar sakatariyar garin Riyadh, kuma a shekarar 1408 aka kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya; groupsungiyoyin ci gaban tsarin tsara shirye-shirye sun 'yantu, sun shirya kuma sun shirya, kuma sun sanya cibiyoyin gudanarwa da fasaha gabobinta, kuma a cikin 1409 H. an gina ginin, kayan ɗaki da kayan aiki. King Fahd National Library ya sami damar a cikin dan karamin lokacin tun kafuwar sa don cimma nasarori da yawa na buri. Hakan ya fara ne tun daga tsarin samar da ababen more rayuwa a cikin tsari da bunkasa albarkatun mutane da bunkasa tarin dakunan karatu masu mahimmanci da kayan aiki. Don aiwatar da ayyukanta, da kuma cinma burinsu a fannonin rubuce-rubuce da adana samarda ilimin boko na Saudiyya. Kuma samar da sabis na bayanai, daidai da cikakken ci gaban da Masarautar Saudi Arabia ta shaida. A fannin gina laburaren tattara abubuwa ya ƙware da yawa daga cikin kayan da aka buga bayanai, da kayan sauti-na gani. Kamar faifai na gani da thumbnail, takaddun gida, tsabar kudi, litattafai da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, kamar yadda ɗakunan karatu a ƙarshe suka sami rukunin farko na rubuce-rubucen Larabci da daraja daga Jami'ar Princeton da ke Amurka, waɗanda suke game da hotunan dukkan rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da littattafan da ba kasafai suke gani ba. Cewa dakin karatun ya samu a matsayin kyauta ta mai martaba Yarima Faisal bin Fahd bin Abdulaziz, Janar Shugaban Jin Dadin Matasa Rahamar Allah. Tunda tsarin shigar da aikace-aikace da kuma Lambar kasa da kasa a cikin 1414H, dakin karatun ya sami damar yin rikodi da kuma yin nuni da litattafai da yawa na yanzu da kuma na zamani, hakanan ya fara a shirye-shiryen karshe na nadar abubuwan sauti da bidiyo kuma an ajiye su bisa tsarin tsarin Filing din kasar bukatun. Don haka, laburaren ya samo musu mafi girman rukuni wanda ya ƙunshi wuri ɗaya, kuma ayyukan rajista da ayyukan rajista da laburaren ke gudanarwa ya canza fasalin ƙididdigar ƙididdigar da ake ci gaba, ta ƙimar samar da ilimi ta Saudiyya. Dukansu a cikin kafofin cikin gida ko na ƙasashen waje, kuma tun da laburaren Cibiyar ƙasa don ajiya da rajista ya zama mai ba da gudummawar gudummawar ingantacciyar ma'anar marubutan Saudiyya, kuma an buga, kuma ta ma'ana. Ta hanyar yin nuni a yayin turawa da kuma rarraba lambobin daidaitattun kasashen duniya. Laburaren yana kula da kayan aiki da tsarin kiyayewa, kulawar dawowa, da maidowa da kula da rubuce-rubuce da litattafan da ba kasafai suke gani ba, kuma dakin karatun ya tanada bayanai, kuma yana aiwatar da tsarin tantancewa, gami da samun hanyoyin samun bayanai game da mashinan gani, da gina hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai na ciki wadanda ke taimakawa tsara bayanai da yaduwa. A fannin ayyukan bayanai, Laburaren na ba da bayanai da amsar tambayoyin kai tsaye, kuma ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Har ila yau, Laburare yana da rawar taka rawa a cikin nune-nune na gida da na Larabawa don bugawa da kuma nuna wallafe-wallafenta da sauran abubuwan ilmi na Saudiyya, tare da sadarwa, da shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa, da musayar bayanai da wallafe-wallafe tare da hukumomin Larabawa da na kasashen waje, wanda ke nuna al'adu da rawar wayewa da laburare ke takawa ciki da waje.
Indexing Laburaren yana binciko abubuwanda suke cikin Saudi Arabia wadanda suka hada da na asali ko wadanda aka fassara, nazarin litattafai, rubuce rubuce, ayyukan litattafan tarihi, binciken da aka gabatar ga taron tattaunawa da kuma taro da kuma buga dokoki ga kwastomomi ba tare da jadawalin bayanan Saudi da wadanda ba Saudi ba wadanda suke hulda da Saudi Arabia da Arab. sashin teku
Tarin Kulawa Sterilization: Don adana tarin shi daga lalacewa saboda cin zarafi da abubuwan canjin yanayi, laburaren ya bakatar da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, takaddun takardu masu amfani da kayan aikin zamani. 1- Binding: Rukuni ne na dauri na daukar litattafai da aka kwafa. Littattafan da ba a cika kiyaye su ba kafin a ɗaura, sannan zinariya ta cika. 2-Microforms: Don kiyaye tarin tarin ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakin ɗakin karatu yana tura jaridu, littattafai, rubuce-rubuce da takaddun kuɗi zuwa ƙananan microform, wannan yana kiyaye sarari da yawa kuma yana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa. 3- Yin kwafin hoto: Laburaren yana samar da ayyukan daukar hoto don daidaikunsa, kwastomomin kungiya da kuma amfanin kansa, amma ba shi da tsarin zagayawa, ayyukan daukar hoto suna la’akari da ‘yancin mallakar fasaha. 4- Rubuce-rubucen rubuce rubuce da kuma kula da takardu: Saboda kare lafiyar tarin rubuce rubuce da takardu, dakin karatu ya kafa sashin kulawa mai zaman kansa don kiyaye wadannan tarin tarin.
Adadin Dokoki Aya daga cikin nasarorin ɗakunan karatu mafi yawa shine aikin ajiyar doka wanda aka bayar ta hanyar dokar masarauta mai lamba (M 26 a ranar 7/9/1412 AH). Tun daga aiwatar da wannan aikin a 1414 AH, laburaren ya fara yin rajistar duk abin da aka buga a cikin masarautar tare da ba shi lambar ajiya kafin a buga shi. Dangane da ajiyar tsoffin littattafai, dakin karatun ya yi iyakar kokarinsa don tara tsofaffin littattafai ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da marubutan, kyaututtuka da siyan littattafan Saudiyya na farko da babu su a laburaren ko shagunan sayar da littattafai, dakin karatun ya tattara abubuwa da yawa tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya waɗanda ke ba da damar ɗakunan karatu su mallaki dukiyar ilimin Saudiyya.
wallafe-wallafe Dokar Laburare ta Kasa ta Sarki Fahd ta tabbatar da matsayin dakin karatu a cikin gudummawa da wallafe wallafe na bincike, karatu da laburare da jagororin sabis na bayanai, don haka, laburaren ya buga littattafai da yawa, nassoshi da jagorori don yi wa kwastomominsa. Don inganta ɗakunan karatu da sabis na bayanai da tarihin kafofin Saudi Arabia, an ba da laburaren (King Fahd National Library Journal), wata jaridar shekara-shekara kusa da (King Fahd National Library Abstracts Bulletin).
Rijista da Lambar Littafin Standardasashen Duniya don Saudi Arabia Laburaren sun yi yarjejeniya da cibiyar yin rajista ta kasa da kasa da takamaiman Littattafan Addinai na Kasa da Kasa (ISBN, ISSN), don yin aiki a matsayin cibiyar kasa da ke da alhakin yin rajistar littattafai, lambobin sun bayyana a kan wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya, baya ga jerin sunayen da aka buga. wanda ya inganta fasalin wallafar Saudiyya, da rashin daidaita tsarin sarrafa litattafan tarihi a matakin larabawa da na duniya, dakin karatun ya jagoranci sauran dakunan karatu na larabawa a wannan fanni dangane da amfani da ka’idojin kasa da kasa kamar yadda cibiyoyin kasa da kasa suka shaida, kodayake, dakin karatun ya samar wa kasa da kasa cibiyoyi a Faransa da Jamus tare da kula da wallafe-wallafen Saudiya da suka hada da masu buga labaran Saudiyya da adireshinsu. Cibiyoyin duniya suna bayar da jagororin shekara-shekara na wallafe-wallafen da ake bugawa a duk duniya ciki har da Saudi Arabiya, saboda haka, bugawar Saudiyyar ta zama ta duniya kuma ɗakunan karatu, cibiyoyin bayanai kuma masu buga littattafan sun fahimci wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya, masu wallafawa da adiresoshinsu wanda ya sa aka wallafa labaran Saudiyya sosai a duniya, da dakin karatu yana kuma ba wa UNESCO duk shekara da rahoto kan aikin bugawa da fassara a Saudiyya, an kuma zabi dakin karatun a matsayin cibiyar kasa don ajiyar wallafe-wallafen IFLA.
Shirya Bayani Laburaren yana karbar tambayoyi da yawa a kowace shekara da tambayoyi masu zurfin bincike waɗanda ke buƙatar tattara bayanai da shirya shi a cikin sifofin da suka dace da bukatun abokin ciniki, laburaren ya yi littattafan tarihi da yawa na dukiyar ilimin Saudiyya daga littattafai, na zamani da fassara don bugawa a UNESCO da Arabungiyar Larabawa ta Ilimi., Wallafe-wallafen Al'adu da Kimiyya ta hanyar ma'aikatar ilimi ta Saudiyya, laburaren kuma suna ba da bayanan ƙididdiga game da bugawa a Saudi Arabia don ƙungiyoyi na duniya da masu bincike a duk faɗin duniya.
Sabis na Tunani Ayyukan tunatarwa da aka samar wa kwastomomin dakin karatun sun bunkasa a matsayin ci gaban kayan aiki na bayanai wadanda suka hada da cikakkun bayanai na rubutu kusa da babbar rumbun adana laburaren, dakin karatun yana karbar bayanai da yawa na bincike kai tsaye ko ta wayar tarho, dakin karatun yana bayar da katunan dakin karatu ga kwastomomin da ya saba dasu. suna samun ingantaccen sabis.
Musayar Yanayi Laburaren ya yi yarjejeniya da wasu dakunan karatu na Saudiyya da cibiyoyin bayanai don amfani da tsarin musaya, wannan tsarin na iya hada da wasu dakunan karatu na Saudiyya a nan gaba a karkashin kulawar dakin karatun.
Samun Fitowar Komputa Laburaren yana samar da kayan kwastomomi ga kwastomominsa, waɗannan abubuwan da aka fitar sun haɗa da bayanan kundin tarihi da rubutu daga nassoshi daban-daban da albarkatun bayanai.
Tsaro na Kayan Tarihi Rubuce-rubucen hannu suna da mahimmancin gaske a tarihi, kayan haɗi tsakanin na da da na yanzu, rubutun hannu rajista ne na al'adun mutane, al'adunsu da al'adunsu, al'adu da ci gaba, saboda haka, rashin rubutun yana nufin asarar tarihi. Dokar kare al'adun gargajiya, wanda aka bayar ta wata doka ta masarauta mai lamba (m 23) mai kwanan wata, (16/5/1422 AH) wanda ke wakiltar muhimmin zobe a cikin tsarin al'adun Saudiyya. Wannan tsarin yana ɗayan ɗayan ayyukan ɗakin karatu na ƙasa. Ta hanyar wannan tsarin, dakin karatu na King Fahd National yayi kokarin yin rijistar duk wasu rubuce-rubuce na asali wadanda aka ajiye a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da kuma daidaikun mutane ta hanyar bashi lamba da takardar shedar mallakar shi wanda ya hada da mai sunan rubutun, taken, marubucin da kwanan wata rubuce-rubuce, wannan bayanin yana taimaka wa mai shi idan ya ɓace, sayarwa ko kuma idan yana son ɗaukarsa a cikin masarautar.
Sabis ɗin da aka bayar ga Ownayan ersan Asalin Rubutun 1-Takardar shaidar rajista na rubutun hannu. 2-Tsarin kimiyya na bayanan rubutu. 3-Rubutun rubutun hannu akan bukatar mai shi. 4-Bayar da haihuwa ga rubutu, shi ya sa ya dore. 5-Shigar da bayanan rubuce-rubuce a cikin Catalog Manuscript Catalog.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje King Fahad National Library
Saudiyya
Pages with unreviewed |
20473 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Kula%20da%20Tattalin%20Arzikin%20Najeriya | Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya | Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriyar (N.I.M.A.S.A), tsohuwar Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa (N.M.A) ce ke da alhakin dokokin da suka shafi jigilar jiragen ruwa na Najeriya, da aikin bakin ruwa da ruwan gabar teku. Har ila yau, hukumar na gudanar da bincike da kuma samar da ayyukan bincike da ceto. Kwamitin gudanarwa ya hada da wakilan Ma'aikatar kwadago, da Ma'aikatar Sufuri da kuma sojojin ruwa.
Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa (NMA), wacce ta gabace ta NIMASA, an kafa ta ne ta Dokar Manufofin Sufuri na 11 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1987, kuma Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya ce ke kula da ita. Aikinta shine tabbatar da ingantaccen tsari, kariya da horon ma'aikata a masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta ruwa. NMA kuma an ba ta alhakin sa ido kan gurɓatar ruwan teku da zubar da ruwa a cikin ruwan Najeriya. Matatun man fetur da ke yankin Neja Delta suna da rauni, sannan kuma dokar ta amince da rawar dakon kaya a cikin teku wajen kariya.
Rabon kaya Dokar da ta kafa NMA ta yi amfani da shugaban 40-40-20 wanda taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci Gaban (UNCTAD) ya bayyana. Wannan yana nufin cewa za a rarraba 40 na kaya zuwa jirgi daga mai shigowa, 40% zuwa jirgi daga mai fitar da 20% batun batun buɗe gasa, wanda zai iya haɗawa da jiragen ruwa daga wasu ƙasashe. Ga wadanda ba na taro ba da kuma manyan kaya ya ci gaba, ana rabawa bisa 50-50, tare da NMA da ke da ikon rarraba duk kayan da ake fitarwa. Duk da wannan hukuncin, a zahiri kamfanonin hakar mai sun samar da jiragen ruwa na kansu don kai yawancin danyen zuwa matatun man su zuwa kasashen waje. Koyaya, mambobin taron Jirgin Ruwa na Amurka da Afirka ta Yamma sun ce an hana su jigilar kaya daga NMA, batun da gwamnatin Amurka ta gabatar sau da dama. A cikin shekara ta 1988 NMA ta sanar da cewa za ta kafa ofisoshin ajiyar kaya a Liverpool, London, Hamburg, Paris, Tokyo, New York da Brazil. Dokta Bassey U. Ekong, Darakta Janar na NMA, ya ce cibiyoyin za su yi rikodin duk abubuwan da ke shigowa Najeriya kuma za su tabbatar da "cikakken aiwatar da ka'idar 40-40-20 ta UNCTAD". A ƙarshe, babu ɗayan ofisoshin da aka buɗe. A cikin shekara ta 1988 NMA ta ba da layukan jigilar jiragen ruwa guda shida a matsayin "mai jigilar jiragen kasa", ciki har da Layin Jirgin Ruwa na kasa mallakar Najeriya. NMA na da niyyar faɗaɗa wannan matsayin ga ƙarin kamfanonin cikin gida don rage ikon kasuwanci ta layukan mallakar ƙasashen waje. Saboda dalilai na alfahari na kasa, NMA ba ta karfafa layukan jigilar kayayyaki na cikin gida don shiga ayyukan ciyarwa ba, kawo kayayyaki zuwa wurin rabarwa don jigilar kaya kai tsaye, da fifita ayyukan kai tsaye. Wani jami'in NMA ya ce a shekara ta 1989 "ci gaban aiyukan samar da abinci ba daidai ba ne da ci gaban maratata na yankin". A cewar UNCTAD, layukan sun fi dacewa da sabis na abincin, kuma yin watsi da wannan hanyar na iya haifar da ajalinsu. Dependence on foreign shippers, who were carrying over 80% of cargo by 1992, made the country vulnerable. When the NMA attempted to impose a dock charge of $0.25 per metric tonne of crude oil loaded in Nigerian ports and oil terminals, the shipping companies threatened to go elsewhere, saying the charge would make Nigerian oil uncompetitive. The NMA had no choice but to suspend the fee.
The NMA charges on shipping lines that called into Nigerian ports were increased in 2003, with a surcharge being added to taxes on all Nigerian freights. In December shekara ta 2004, based on recommendations from the World Bank, the government announced that all NMA charges would be scrapped as of January shekara ta 2005. There were delays in implementing the change.
A tsakanin lokacin tsakanin shekara ta 1987 zuwa shekara ta 1992 ma'aikatan NMA sun hada da wasu kwararru, galibi masanan tattalin arziki. Koyaya, yawancin ma'aikata basu da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar jigilar kaya amma an ɗauke su aiki saboda haɗin su. A sakamakon haka, NMA ba ta da tasiri shekara ta sosai. A wani taron karawa juna sani na shekara ta 1991 NMA an ce ba shi da inganci da rashawa. Aya daga cikin mawuyacin hali shine NMA "mataccen kare ne, amma mai haɗari, saboda yana tsotse jini ta hanyar karɓar kuɗi a cikin tsabar kuɗi don ayyukan da ba a yi ba". A cikin shekara ta 1980s da shekara ta 1990s Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa ta gudanar da Gidauniyar Samun Jirgin Ruwa da Kudin Gina Jirgin Ruwa, inda ta ba da rancen kudi da aka shirya don karfafa ikon mallakar jiragen ruwa daga 'yan Najeriya. An yi amfani da wasu rancen don wannan dalilin, yayin da aka karkatar da yawancin kudaden zuwa wasu amfani da 'yan siyasa, abokai na mulkin soja da "masu jiragen jakar kaya". An dakatar da asusun a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, amma yawancin kuɗin ba a sake dawo dasu ba. A shekara ta 2003, Najeriya ta bayar da dala miliyan 25 kacal don bunkasa harkar jigilar kayayyaki, kadan kadan idan aka yi la’akari da girman kasar. Da yake rubutu a shekara ta 2004, Ayodeji Olukoju ya ce "A zahiri, duka 'yan kasuwa na asali da kuma Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa suna taka rawar rawar masu karbar haya. kawai sun mayar da ita tukunyar zuma ce da gwamnatocin da suka gabata da wakilansu suka wawashe A shekarar 2020, Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arziki Tu'annati (EFCC) gurfanar da Amosu, tare da Air Vice Marshall Jacobs Adigun, wani tsohon shugaban asusun ajiyar kudi da kasafin kudi, da Air Commodore Owodunni Olugbenga, tsohon Daraktan Kudi da Kasafin Kudi na NAF. rawar da ake zargin su da shi wajen karkatar da akalar amfani da kusan N21billion mallakar NAF. Suna fuskantar gyara tuhume-tuhume 13 wanda suka amsa "ba laifi ba".
Ayyukan NIMASA An kirkiro NIMASA ne a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2006 lokacin da aka haɗu da Hukumar Kula da Tashar Ruwa ta withasa da theungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Masana'antu ta Maritime. Dukansu tsofaffin ma’aikata ne na Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya. A karkashin dokar da ta kafa NIMASA, kashi 5% na kudin shiga shekara-shekara zai tallafawa Makarantar Maritime Academy of Nigeria (MAN) kuma kashi 35% na kudin shiga za a yi amfani da shi ne wajen bunkasa kayayyakin masarufin teku. Hukumar ta samar da kudade ga MAN don aikin jirgi da jirgin ruwa. A watan Disambar shekara ta 2009 hukumar ta ce tana kafa wani asusu wanda zai dauki kashi 40% na kudin karatun jirgi, inda dalibin ke da alhakin ragowar. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2010 an tabbatar da cewa NIMASA na karfafawa ‘yan Nijeriya gwiwa don su shigo cikin harkar sufurin jiragen ruwa. Hukumar tana aiwatar da umarnin cewa duk masu safarar jiragen ruwa da ke sana'ar kwalliya, walau 'yan Najeriya ko na kasashen waje, dole ne su kasance masu horar da' yan Najeriyar a cikin jirgin don su samu gogewar lokaci. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai ƙarancin ƙarancin horarrun matuƙan jirgin ruwa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011 hukumar ta ci gaba da kashe makudan kudade wajen horar da 'yan Najeriya a Indiya, Glasgow da Misira saboda MAN ba shi da ikon bayar da cikakken horo. Wani shiri da gwamnati tayi na bude sabbin cibiyoyin horaswa yana shan suka, tunda da alama ba zasu iya aiki kamar na MAN ba. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 NIMASA ta shiga tsakani tsakanin Kungiyar Masu Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya da Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Jirgin Ruwa na Najeriya, wadanda ke neman a kara albashi da tsarin aiki. NIMASA ta shiga cikin muhawarar kan shawarar samar da Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Ruwa (MASECA) a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kwamitin Aiwatar da Shugaban Kasa kan Tsaro da Tsaron Ruwa (PICOMSS). Manufar ita ce ta samar da babbar kariya ga jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci daga hauhawar matakan satar fasaha. Koyaya, NIMASA da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun damu da cewa MASECA na iya yin rikici da Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Tsaron Rayuwa a Tekun, wadda ba ta ba da izinin jiragen ruwan kasuwanci su kasance da makamai. Wannan aikin na MASECA ya kasance kamar yana cikin rikici da aikin kafa NIMASA. A watan Yunin shekarar 2011 hukumar ta daukaka sama da kashi 60% na ma’aikatanta, gami da kananan ma’aikata 135 wadanda aka ciyar da su zuwa matakan aji na gaba, da kuma manyan ma’aikata 536. Hakanan a cikin Yunin shekara ta 2011, an sanar da cewa NIMASA za ta yi aiki a matsayin hukuma ta amincewa da kuma garanti ga masu cin gajiyar wani sabon Asusun Kudin Jirgin Ruwa na Kaya, wanda a wannan karon bankuna ke gudanar da shi, inda zai maye gurbin tsohon Jirgin Ruwa da Kudin Jirgin Ruwa. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba shekara ta 2020, NIMASA ta ba da izinin ɗabinta na e-library na farko-farko don cike Gibin Ilimi a cikin masana'antar.
Shugabanci Dokta Bassey U. Ekong shi ne Babban Darakta a shekara ta 1988. Darakta Janar Alhaji Munir Jafar 'an maye gurbinsa da Buba Galadima, wanda shi ne Darakta Janar na NMA daga shekara ta 1996 zuwa shekara ta 1998. An ce Galadima ya karkatar da kudade daga NMA zuwa yakin neman zaben Janar Sani Abacha John Egesi, masanin tattalin arzikin ruwa ya gaje shi. Egesi, wanda aka ciyar da shi daga cikin kungiyar, an kore shi bayan watanni uku kawai saboda rikice-rikice na ciki. An nada Dokta George Mbanefo Eneh a matsayin Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Kula da Zirga-Zirgar Ruwa ta Eneh, masanin harkokin sufuri na Bankin Duniya, an bi shi bayan shekara guda daga Architect Ferdinand Agu. Agu ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu, an sake nada shi a wa’adi na biyu a lokacin Abiye Sekibo a matsayin Ministan Sufuri. An kore shi a cikin Disamba 2005. An maye gurbin Agu da Injiniya Festus Ugwu, wanda Misis Mfon Usoro, Lauyan Lauya a kan Ruwa. Dokta Shamsideen Adegboyega Dosunmu ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya yi PhD a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a, kuma an nada shi a watan Mayu 2007. Dosunmu ya samu karin girma daga aikin Babban Darakta, Kudi da Gudanarwa na NIMASA. ya bi shi Temisan Omatseye, Lauyan Lauyan Ruwa. A shekara ta 2009, Shugaba Umaru Musa Yaradua ya nada Sanata Baba Tela a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar NIMASA. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2010 Ministan Sufuri, Yusuf Sulaiman, ya gudanar da bincike a cikin hukumar. An gabatar da tuhumar almubazzaranci da rashawa a kan Darakta Janar na hukumar, Temisanren Omatseye. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 2010 Hukumar da ke Yaki da Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki ta damke Omatseye. Mohammed Kabiru Shehu, Daraktan Sayen kaya da Jarma Bulama, Daraktan Kudi an dakatar da su daga ofis, amma an sake tuna su a watan Yunin 2011. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2011 Shugaban Hukumar ya kasance Alhaji Adamu Mu'Azu, kuma Babban Darakta kuma Babban Darakta shi ne Zaikede Patrick Akpobolokemi. Akpobolokemi Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya nada shi a ranar 22 ga Disambar 2010. Ya kasance malami a Jami’ar Neja Delta kafin a nada shi ya gaji Omatseye. An kori Akpobolokemi a ranar 16 ga Yulin 2015 sannan daga baya Hukumar Yaki da Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (EFCC) ta kama shi.
Dr. Dakuku Adolphus Peterside ya fara aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriyar (NIMASA) a ranar Talata 15 ga Maris, 2016. Nadin ya fara aiki ne daga 10 ga Maris din shekara ta 2016.
A ranar 26 ga Agusta, shekara ta 2016, Shugaban Najeriya Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Janar Jonathan India Garba a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar na NIMASA. A ranar 4 ga Maris, shekara ta 2020, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya amince da nadin Bashir Jamoh a matsayin Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya (NIMASA). Jamoh a yanzu shine Babban Daraktan Kudi da Gudanarwa kuma zai maye gurbin Dakuku Peterside wanda aikinsa a matsayin NIMASA DG zai kare a ranar 10 ga Maris, shekara ta 2020.
Manazarta
Majiya title The Guardian https://m.guardian.ng/news/buhari-appoints-jamoh-to-replace-peterside-as-nimasa-dg/
Duba kuma Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya
Hukumomi
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya
Tattalin arziki
Pages with unreviewed |
22392 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawa%20ba%20tare%20da%20son%20rai%20ba | Kulawa ba tare da son rai ba | Kulawa ba tare da son rai ba (wanda kuma masu magana ke kira magani mai taimako da kuma masu suka a matsayin tilasta yin amfani da miyagun kwayoyi yana nufin jinyar da aka yi ba tare da izinin wanda aka kula da shi ba. Doka ba da izini ba cikin doka wasu ƙasashe yayin da sashin shari'a ke kula da shi ta hanyar umarnin kotu; wasu ƙasashe suna jinkirta kai tsaye zuwa ga ra'ayin likitocin.
Maganin rashin hankali na mutanen da aka gano suna da tabin hankali kuma wasu nau'ikan aikin likita ne suka ɗauke su, ko kuma a wasu lokuta tilasta doka ko wasu, don zama haɗari ga kansu ko ga wasu an yarda da su a wasu yankuna, yayin da wasu hukunce-hukuncen sun ba da izini kwanan nan don tilastawa wajan tilasta wa mutanen da ake zaton sun "taƙaice ƙwarai" ko kuma aka tabbatar da cewa suna cikin haɗarin tabarbarewar halayyar su. Irin wannan maganin yakan faru ne a asibitin mahaukata bayan wani nau'i na sadaukar da kai, kodayake ana iya tilasta wa mutane shan magani a wajen asibitoci ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ko Kuma matsawa mutum.
Sigogi Ana iya amfani da magani ba tare da son rai ba don magance wata cuta ta musamman dake damun mara lafiya. Kuna a wasu ƙasashe ana iya ba da maganin ƙwaƙwalwa da kwantar da hankali ta hanyar tilas ga waɗanda suka aikata, misali ga waɗanda ke da alamun rashin lafiya. Waɗanda ke fama da cutar anorexia nervosa na iya karɓar ciyarwa da ƙarfi. Kuma a cikin Czechia, mazajen da aka yanke wa hukuncin laifin mai tsananin a aikace ana ba su zaɓi na tsarewa na dogon lokaci ko jefa su shiga kurkuku. Wasu ƙasashe suna da babbar doka da ke ba da izinin kowane magani da ake ganin ya zama dole idan mutum ya kasa yarda da magani saboda ƙarancin ƙarfinsa. A wasu ƙasashe, ba a amfani da magani na rashin hankali don lafiyar hankali don magance wata alama da ke nan, maimakon rage haɗarin bayyanar cututtukan da ke dawowa ta hanyar amfani da maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar amfani da sadaukar da kai na asibiti inda za'a iya tsare mara lafiya a asibiti idan suka kasa shan magungunan da likitocin su suka rubuta musu domin tsaren sun zaisa mara lafiya ya karkata wajen shan magani.
Tasiri Wani bincike na shekara ta 2014 na Cochrane na gano cewa kula da marasa lafiya na tilas ga wadanda ke fama da cutar rashin tabin hankali "ba shi da wani banbanci na amfani da aiyuka, dan haka shan magani ba akan kaida ba na faihar da wasu matsaloli da dama musamman a kwakwalwar mutum.
A binciken na shekarar 2006 ya gano cewa kusan 48% na masu amsa ba su yarda da maganin su ba, koda yake mafi yawan mutane sun yarda daga baya cewa shan magani ba tare da izini ba ya kasance cikin kyakkyawar maslaharsu. Wani bita a cikin shekarar 2011 ya kalli kwarewar mutane na tilastawa. Ya samo jigogi na yau da kullun game da jin daɗin keta, rashin girmamawa, da rashin jinsu, wanda aka fahimta da yawa kamar ana lalata mutum ta hanyar keɓewa. 'Yan tsirarun labaru daga mutanen da aka yiwa magani ba tare da son rai ba sunyi magana game da mahimmancin magani a cikin tunani. Nazarin ya nuna cewa tilastawa a cikin kula da lafiyar hankali yana da tasiri mai tasiri na tsawon lokaci ga mutane wadanda ke haifar da raguwar aiki da kuma rashin sakamako mai kyau na zamantakewar al'umma, amma wannan na iya ragewa daga likitocin sanin illar tilastawa. Binciken na yau da kullun da ƙirar meta daga 2020, wanda ya haɗu da kwarewar masu ruwa da tsaki (masu amfani da sabis, masu ba da kulawa na yau da kullun irin su 'yan uwa, da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu hankali), sun gano ƙwarewar rashin daidaito tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. Binciken ya gano cewa waɗannan rashin daidaiton ikon sun hana girmama haƙƙin masu amfani da sabis, wasiyyan, da kuma abubuwan da suke so.
Tilasci a cikin lafiyar lafiyar hankali ta hankali Ana iya tilasta wa mutane shan magani na tabin hankali masu magana bisa doka "son rai" a ƙarƙashin barazanar ba da magani ba da son rai ba. Mutane da yawa waɗanda doka za a duba su a matsayin karɓar maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da son rai sun yi imanin cewa ba su da zaɓi a cikin lamarin. Nazarin ya nuna cewa 51%, 35% da kuma 29% na shafi tunanin mutum da kiwon lafiya marasa lafiya sun samu wasu nau'i na na yau da kullum kama-karya a cikin Amurka, Ingila da kuma Switzerland bi da bi. Da zarar cikin yardar ranka a cikin asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ana iya amfani da dokoki, tsari, da kuma bayanin-asymmetry don cimma biyan buƙata daga mutum cikin kulawa ta son rai. Don hana wani fita daga radin kansa, ma'aikata na iya amfani da dabarun da suka kawo tarko kasancewar duk ƙofofin suna kulle. Misali, ana iya tura mutumin zuwa ga wani ma'aikacin da ba safai yake zuwa unguwa ba, ko kuma a sa shi ya jira har bayan cin abincin rana ko wani taro, yana nuna kamar mutumin da ke jinyar son rai ba shi da 'yancin fita ba tare da izini ba. Lokacin da mutun ya iya magana game da barin sa, ma’aikatan na iya amfani da kalamai marasa ma'ana don nuna cewa ana bukatar mutumin ya zauna, ya dogara da gaskiyar cewa mutanen da ke cikin kulawa ta son rai ba su fahimci matsayin su na doka ba. Szmukler da Appelbaum sun gina jerin nau'ikan tilastawa a cikin kula da lafiyar hankali, tun daga rarrashi zuwa yin amfani da damar mutum, shigar da abubuwa, barazana da kuma tilas. Anan rarrashi yana nufin bahasi ta hanyar hankali. Sifofin tilastawa waɗanda ba sa amfani da tilasta doka ana kiran su a matsayin tilasta doka ko yin amfani da shi Amfani da keɓaɓɓen mutum na iya tashi daga sha'awar farantawa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya waɗanda dangantaka ta kulla da su. Barazanar na iya kasancewa kan ma'aikacin lafiya yana taimakawa ko hana karɓar fa'idodin gwamnati.
Da'a A cikin ka'idodin likitanci, ana ba da magani ba tare da izini ba a matsayin wani nau'i na parens patriae inda jihar ke ɗaukar nauyi na manya waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa bisa la'akari da haƙƙin kiyayewa da aikin fa'ida, aikin jihar na gyara bazuwar cutarwar yanayi The wajibi a kare da aka nuna a utilitarianism da communitarianism falsafa, ko likita hauka Paul Chodoff ikirarin da alhakin zuwa "hukunta" wannan alhakin a cikin hasken da siyasa da rikici da ilimin halin tababbu a cikin tarayyar Soviet An soki wannan aikin na karewa bisa hujjar cewa likitocin mahaukata ba su da tasiri a hango tashin hankali, kuma sun fi ɗaukar haɗarin. Matsayi na haɗarin haɗari ƙa'ida ce wacce aka yi amfani da ita ga wasu dokar lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwar da ke riƙe da cewa parens patriae ya kamata a yi amfani da shi idan mutum ya kasance haɗari ga kansu ko wasu. Paul Ricœur ya rarrabe siffofin biyu na kai, idem na ɗan gajeren kwarewar kai da kuma ipse wani dogon lokaci na ƙwarewar kwarewar kai. A cikin rashin tabin hankali, mulkin mallaka na ipse zai iya lalacewa ta hanyar cin gashin kansa wanda ya saba da ipse, don haka maganin lafiyar hankali zai iya kasuwanci da wani nau'i na cin gashin kansa da wani.
Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na likita yana neman fahimtar hanyoyin zamantakewar da ke yanke hukunci da aka yanke a cikin magani.
Masanin halayyar dan adam Jeremy Dixon, wanda ke magana a cikin mahallin Burtaniya, ya bayar da hujjar cewa tantancewa da sa ido kan haɗari babban ɓangare ne na aikin lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar cewa wannan haɗarin yakan zama cikin rikice-rikice tare da maƙasudin maƙasudin dawo da rayuwa ciki har da rayuwa. rayuwa mai gamsarwa. Ya yi jayayya cewa wannan mayar da hankali kan haɗari yana haifar da ƙwararrun masu ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa. Ya ambaci bincike da ke nuna yadda kwararrun likitocin tabin hankali na iya neman karkatar da nauyin da ke wuyan mutane kan lura da halaye daban-daban na wadanda ke da larurar mutum saboda ana musu kallon wadanda suka fi dacewa da halayensu, ko kuma zuwa sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Themselvesididdigar haɗarin kansu ba kasafai ake rabawa tare da marasa lafiya ba.
Masu goyon baya da masu batawa Magoya bayan ba da kulawa ba tare da izini ba sun hada da kungiyoyi kamar su National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), Psyungiyar chiwararrun Americanwararrun Amurka, da Cibiyar Bayar da Shawarwarin Kulawa Da dama daga cikin masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam da na kare hakkin dan adam, da kungiyoyin masu yaki da tabin hankali, da kungiyoyin likitanci da na ilimi, da masu bincike, da kuma mambobin kungiyar masu tabin hankali suna adawa da magani ba tare da izini ba kan dalilan kare hakkin dan adam ko kuma saboda tasiri da dacewar likita, musamman game da rashin son rai Gudanar da abubuwa masu canzawa, ECT, da hauka. An yi wasu zargi game da tsada, da kuma rikice-rikice na sha'awa tare da masana'antar harhada magunguna. Masu sukar, kamar New York 'Yanci Union, sun yi tir da karfi launin fata da kuma socioeconomic biases a tilasta magani umarni.
Doka
Amurka Marasa lafiya masu hankali suna da cikakken haƙƙin ƙi jinya. Duk jihohi a Amurka suna ba da izini don wani nau'in magani na rashin yarda don cutar tabin hankali ko halin ɓata na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙarƙashin yanayin gaggawa, kodayake sharuɗɗa sun bambanta. Arin magani ba tare da izini ba a waje mai tsabta da latsawa na gaggawa inda aka tabbatar da cewa barazanar tsaro ga jama'a yawanci yana buƙatar umarnin kotu, kuma duk jihohi a halin yanzu suna da wasu matakai a wuri don ba da damar wannan. Tun daga ƙarshen 1990s, yawancin jihohi suka karɓi dokokin Taimakon pwararriyar Ba da Agaji (AOC). A karkashin taimakon marasa lafiya, mutanen da suka aikata ba da son rai ba za su iya rayuwa a wajen asibitin mahaukata, wani lokacin a karkashin tsauraran sharudda da suka hada da bayar da rahoto ga alƙawarin alƙawarin masu tabin hankali, shan magungunan tabin hankali a gaban ƙungiyar masu jinya, da gwajin matakan jini. A halin yanzu jihohi arba'in da biyar suna ba da izini don ba da haƙuri. A cikin 1975, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a O'Connor v. Donaldson cewa kwantar da hankali da ko magani ba tare da izini ba ya keta haƙƙin ɗan adam Dole ne mutum ya kasance yana nuna halin da ya zama haɗari ga kansu ko wasu kuma dole ne a karɓi umarnin kotu na fiye da ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali awanni 72). Dole ne a yi maganin a cikin mafi ƙarancin yanayin da zai yiwu. Tun daga wannan shayar an shayar da shi ta hanyar fikihu ta wasu bangarori kuma an karfafa shi ta wasu bangarorin. Dogon lokacin da ake "ajiyar kaya", ta hanyar sake tsarin gwamnati, ya ƙi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kodayake yawan mutanen da ke karɓar ba da son rai ba ya ƙaruwa a kwanan nan. Dokokin sun ɗan bambanta daga jihar zuwa jihar.
A cikin 1979, Kotun Amurka da aka kafa a Rogers v. Okin cewa mutumin da ya cancanta da aka ba da shi zuwa asibitin mahaukata yana da damar ƙin karɓar magani a cikin yanayin da ba na gaggawa ba. Shari'ar Rennie v. Klein ya tabbatar da cewa mutumin da ya aikata ba da gangan ba yana da haƙƙin tsarin mulki na ƙin shan magungunan psychotropic ba tare da umarnin kotu ba. Rogers v. Okin tabbatar da haƙƙin mutum na yanke shawara game da magani muddin har yanzu ana ɗaukar su masu cancanta.
Decisionsarin hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na Amurka sun daɗa ƙarin ƙuntatawa, da wasu faɗaɗawa ko takunkumi mai tasiri, ga ba da ganganci da magani. Foucha v. Louisiana kafa unconstitutionality na ci gaba da sadaukar da kai daga mahaukaciyar wanda ba shi da tabin hankali. A cikin Jackson v. Indiana kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa mutumin da ya yanke hukunci ba zai iya aikata laifi ba har abada. A cikin Perry v. Louisiana kotu ta soke amfani da karfi da karfi na wani fursuna da nufin bashi damar kashe shi. A cikin Riggins v. Nevada kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa wanda ake tuhuma yana da 'yancin kin shan magungunan mahaukata yayin da yake gaban shari'a, domin a rage masa alamun rashin lafiyar. Sayar da v. Amurka sanya takunkumi mai tsauri a kan hakkin karamar kotu don umartar da tilasta amfani da magungunan antipsychotic ga wanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifi wanda aka yanke hukuncin rashin cancantarsa na fuskantar shari'a saboda kawai ya sa su kasance masu iyawa kuma za a iya yi musu shari'a. A Washington v. Harper Kotun Koli ta goyi bayan shan magani ba bisa ka'ida ba na fursunonin da aka gyara kawai a karkashin wasu halaye kamar yadda manufofin da hanyoyin suka gindaya.
Duba kuma
Abubuwan da suka dace Abun tilastawa
Kididdigar Haɗarin wajibi
Cin zarafin siyasa na tabin hankali (wanda aka fi sani da "psychiwararriyar siyasa" da kuma "azabar azanci")
Kula da jama'a
Provisionsayyadaddun tanade-tanaden hukunce-hukuncen don umarnin tsarewa na ɗan lokaci don ƙimar lafiyar hankali da yiwuwar ƙarin son rai ko ba da son rai:
Amurka:
Kalifoniya: 5150 (riƙe da hauka ba da son rai ba) da Laura's Law (bayar da umarnin ba da haƙuri ga kotu a kotu)
Lanterman Petris Gajeren Dokar, tare da daidaita sharuɗɗa da ƙaddamarwa ba da son rai ba a California
Florida: Dokar Baker da Dokar Marisman
Fitattun masu gwagwarmaya Giorgio Antonucci (kawarwa)
Thomas Szasz (kawar)
Robert Whitaker (raguwa)
E. Fuller Torrey (fadadawa)
DJ Jaffe (fadada)
Kungiyoyin da'awa Lafiyayyen Lafiyar Amurka (raguwa gyarawa)
Hauka a Amurka (raguwa kawarwa)
PsychRights (raguwa kawarwa)
Anti-psychiatry, wanda aka fi sani da "motsi na maganin hauka" (raguwa kawarwa)
Jama'a Hukumar kare hakkin dan adam (raguwa kawar; kafa wani hadin gwiwa kokarin da anti-tabin hankali Church of Scientology da sassaucin raayi shafi tunanin mutum-kiwon lafiya-hakkokin umurni da Thomas Szasz MindFreedom International (raguwa kawarwa)
Cibiyar Ba da Shawara (Kulawa)
Manufofin Rashin Lafiya na Hankali (fadada)
NAMI (fadada)
Manazarta Aringungiyar Taimakawa Kai da Kai ta Masu Amfani da Lafiya ta Hauka
Pages with unreviewed |
48232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20abinci%20a%20Malawi | Tsaron abinci a Malawi | Malawi na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba a duniya kuma tana matsayi na 170 cikin ƙasashe 187 bisa ga ƙididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta shekarar 2010. Tana da kusan mutane miliyan 16, 53% na waɗanda ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin layin talauci na ƙasa, kuma 90% waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙasa da dala 2 kowace rana. Asusun kula da yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya ƙiyasta cewa akwai yara 46,000 da ke fama da matsananciyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki A cikin shekarar 2002, an yi yunwa sosai a Malawi tare da ƙiyasin mutuwar daga 300 zuwa 3,000, a cewar ActionAid Kashi 85 na tushen samun kuɗin shiga na Malawi yana fitowa ne daga noma, alkama da dankalin turawa su ne farkon amfanin gona da ake nomawa. Don haka, lokacin da IMF ta bayar da rahoton cewa noman masara na shekarar 2000/2001 ya ragu daga miliyan 2.5 zuwa metric ton miliyan 1.7, abin da ya haifar da gibin ƙasa na metric ton 273,000, yawancin abin ya shafa. A watan Fabrairun 2002, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sami matsalar abinci ta gaggawa kuma ƙasar tana cikin wani yanayi na bala’i. Girbin girbi a ƙarshen rabin 2002 ya rage munin yunwar, amma a cikin shekarar 2005, fari ya haifar da matsalar abinci A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, 2005, gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin shugaba Bingu wa Mutharika, ta ayyana bala'i na kasa Tun daga lokacin da Malawi ta murmure daga rikicin na shekarar 2005, amma a halin yanzu tana fuskantar sabon karancin abinci yana buƙatar sabuntawa An sami rikice-rikicen abinci da suka biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2012 da 2015, wanda yawancin abubuwan da suka taimaka zuwa shekarar 2002 har yanzu suna nan, duk da haka matsanancin fari da ambaliya ya tsananta. A shekarar 2012, matsalar abinci ta faru ne saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi girbin masara na shekarun da suka haɗa da hauhawar farashin kaya saboda faɗuwar darajar kwacha. Bayan yanayi ya fara inganta a cikin shekarar 2014, shekara ta gaba ta ga matsanancin fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Hakan ya haifar da wani matsalar ƙarancin abinci a shekarar 2015 kuma shugaban Ƙasar ya ayyana dokar ta baci. A yau, ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye da yawa a Malawi don magance rashin zaman lafiya, talauci da rarrabuwar kawuna dangane da tattalin arziki da noma.
Tarihi 1970-2010 Masanan sun gano matsalar ƙarancin abinci da Malawi ta fuskanta a shekarun 1991 da 1992, lokacin da fari a kudancin Afirka ya yi matukar rage noman masara a Malawi. Farashin masara ya tashi: farashin masara, wanda shi ne kashi 54% na matsakaicin adadin kuzari ga mutanen Malawi, ya kusan ruɓanya tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa ta 1993. Duk da cewa an samu rarar masara a shekarar 1993 saboda ingantaccen ruwan sama da kuma tallafin irin nau’in masara da takin zamani da gwamnati ta ba su, amma cin abinci bai ƙaru ba saboda yadda mutane ke cin abinci da yadda suke jurewa lokacin yunwa. Wata hukumar gwamnati AMARC ce ke kula da saye da sayar da amfanin gona da taki na masu ƙaramin ƙarfi kafin shekarar 1998. Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma neman hayar a cikin hukumar ne ya sa ta riƙa cin gajiyar ƙananan manoma tare da gurbata farashin hatsi. Lokacin da farashin taba ya faɗi a shekara ta 1985, AMARC ta kusan faɗuwa. Domin samun lamuni daga bankin duniya, ADMARC ya zama wani kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya kawar da tallafin taki a shekarar 1988/1989. Rashin iya samar da taki da iri ga AMARC ga ƙananan manoma shi ma ya taimaka wajen matsalar abinci a shekarar 1992. Tun daga wannan lokacin, fari da ambaliyar ruwa na ci gaba da shafar Malawi. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2006, akwai bala'o'i 33 da suka shafi yanayi, haɓaka daga 7 da suka faru tsakanin 1970 da 1989, bisa ga ActionAid Tattalin arzikin Malawi yana da yawan noma; yawancin mutane suna rayuwa a kan girbin su kuma suna sayar da abin da ya wuce don samun ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi. Yawan adadin da kuma ƙaruwar tsananin fari da ambaliya tun daga shekarar 1990 ya shafi yawancin al'ummar ƙasar manoma ba su da ikon daidaitawa ko murmurewa daga bala'o'i, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu rauni ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba, kuma yanayin talauci da yunwa ya kara tsananta. Daga farkon shekarun 1970 zuwa 1994, gwamnati ta ba da tallafin noman masara. Lokacin da gwamnati ta dakatar da wannan shirin saboda tsadar da za a iya tallafawa, noman masara ya faɗi kuma farashin ya sake karuwa.
Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa
Siyasa Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1964, Malawi ta kasance ƙarƙashin shugabancin Hastings Banda Ko da yake jama'a na da 'yancin kaɗa kuri'a, Malawi ƙasa ce mai jam'iyya ɗaya, kuma Banda shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Malawi Congress Party (MCP), jam'iyya daya tilo da ake da ita a lokacin. Don haka Banda yana da ikon mulkin kama-karya, kuma an yi ta take hakkin ɗan Adam da dama a lokacin mulkinsa kamar kashe-kashen masu adawa da siyasa. Sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da mutane suka zaɓi jam'iyyu da yawa aka zabi Banda da MCP daga mulki. An kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1995, wanda ya samar da gwamnati mai zartarwa, majalisar dokoki, da ɓangaren shari'a. A cikin shekarar 1998, a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya na Bakili Muluzi, gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Ƙasa (NFRA) don sarrafa dabarun adana hatsi a cikin agajin bala'i. Hukumar ta NFRA, hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati tare da kwamitin amintattu da gwamnatin Malawi ta naɗa, kuma tana gudanar da ba wai kawai ajiyar hatsi ta zahiri ba, har ma da kuɗaɗe da shigo da kayayyaki da fitar da kayayyaki da ke tattare da ajiyar. Duk da haka, cikin sauri NFRA ta ci bashin 1 biliyan 1 na Malawi kwacha (MK) saboda yawan kuɗin ruwa na 56% wanda ta sayi masara metric ton 165,000, a cewar IMF A shekara ta 2001, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta sayar da ajiyar hatsi saboda girbi ya yi yawa a shekara ta shekarar 2000. Da alama ba a yi amfani da irin wannan babban tanadi ba, kuma hatsin da kansa ya ruɓe. Shawarar ta IMF ta kuma zo ne a sakamakon wani bincike na shekarar 2000 da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta bukaci a yi wanda ya nuna cewa metric ton 30,000-60,000 na masara ne kawai zai zama wajibi don tallafa wa ƙasar a cikin wani bala'i. Kula da irin wannan nau'in masara mai yawa yana da tsada, kuma binciken ya ba da shawarar samar da ingantattun dabarun shigo da kayayyaki a cikin matsalar ƙarancin abinci da ba zato ba tsammani. NFRA ta bi shawarar IMF kuma ta sayar da mafi yawan ajiyar ta ga Kenya da Mozambik inda ta rage ajiyar ta daga metric ton 165,000 na masara zuwa 60,000. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara game da musabbabin matsalar ƙarancin abinci, a cewar rahoton ActionAid na shekara ta 2002, shi ne cewa matsalar abinci ta kasance a wani ɓangare sakamakon shawarar da IMF ta bayar na sayar da ajiyar hatsi. Koyaya, IMF da ActionAid sun gane cewa hatsin ya tsufa kuma yana da tsada don adanawa, kuma a lokacin, yana da ma'ana don ba da shawarar NFRA don siyarwa. A shekara ta 2002, lokacin da yunwa ta fi ƙamari, ajiyar hatsi ya ƙare, kuma gwamnati ba ta da wani ƙarin kayan aiki. Lamarin ya ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin shiri da gwamnati ta yi na cike ma'adanan ajiyar kamar yadda ake amfani da su. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu sun sayi yawancin ajiyar hatsi, kuma suna sake sayar da shi akan farashi mai yawa lokacin da abinci ya yi ƙaranci a shekarar 2001. Gwamnati ta fara shigo da masara daga ƙasashe makwabta da ƙasashen waje, amma masara ta yi tafiyar hawainiya. Tun daga cunkoson tituna zuwa manyan motocin da ba su da inganci da cunkoson ababen hawa, akwai matsalolin sufuri iri-iri da ke kawo tsaikon zuwan kayan abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kyakyawar alaka da wasu ƙasashe masu ba da taimako ya sa su yi jinkirin mayar da martani; da yawa sun yi shakkun hannun IMF wajen rage dabarun sarrafa hatsi, wasu kuma sun yi kaffa-kaffa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufofin da ake da su na yanzu don magance matsalar abinci ba su wadatar ba. Manufofin Malawi na kula da bala'i, da ake kira National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), ba sa la'akari da jinsi da lafiya, kawai noma da muhalli. Yawancin bala'o'i da kula da sauyin yanayi suna faruwa ne a matakin ƙasa, kuma ba duk manufofi da ayyuka ke rugujewa ga al'ummomin gida ba; Shugabannin gundumomi a Nsanje da Salima ba su san cewa NAPA ta wanzu ba lokacin da aka tambaye su a shekarar 2006.
Manazarta Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP). "Halaye da tasirin farashin abinci na yau da kullun a cikin ƙasashe masu rauni." 2014. The Market Monitor. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp262781.pdf
Kwamitin Kula da Lalacewar Malawi (MVAC). "Sabuwar Oktoba 2012, Bulletin No. 8 Juzu'i na 2." 2012. Lilongwe: Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Malawi. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_1125.pdf
"Rikicin Abinci na Afirka: Burtaniya ta yi alkawarin E35m ga Malawi da Zimbabwe." Yuli 11, 2013. Labaran BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23276632
Musa, Madalitso. "Babu masara a ma'ajiyar Admarc ta Malawi." Satumba 30, 2013. Bnl Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/
"Tashin Kiwon Lafiya a Malawi." HUKUMAR LAFIYA TA DUNIYA. An dawo da 13 Afrilu 2014. www.who.int/disasters/repo/7958.doc
"Moving Windmills Project," Moving Windmills Project, isa 13 Fabrairu 2014, http://www.movingwindmills.org/
Kamkwamba, William. "William Kamkwamba: Yaron Da Ya Yi Amfani da Iska Game da." An shiga 30 Maris 2014. http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/about.html
"Matsalar karancin abinci a Malawi." ActAlliance. 20 Yuli 2012. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Alert%2025_2012_Looming%20food%20crisis_Malawi.pdf
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje UNICEF: Rikicin abinci a Malawi ya haɗa da HIV/AIDS Archived Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29791 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikin%20Jarida%20na%20Muhalli | Aikin Jarida na Muhalli | Aikin jarida na muhalli, shine tarin, tabbatarwa, samarwa, rarrabawa da baje kolin bayanai game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, abubuwan da ke faruwa, da kuma batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da duniyar da ba ta ɗan adam ba. Don zama ɗan jarida na muhalli, dole ne mutum ya sami fahimtar harshen kimiyya. Mutum yana buƙatar yin amfani da iliminsa na abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli na tarihi. Dole ne kuma mutum ya sami ikon bin shawarar manufofin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Ya kamata ɗan jaridar muhalli ya kasance da cikakkiyar fahimta game da matsalolin muhalli na yau da kullun, da ikon isar da bayanai ga jama'a ta hanyar da ke cikin sauƙin fahimta.
Aikin jarida na muhalli ya faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli. Tushensa za a iya gano shi zuwa rubutun yanayi. Rigima ɗaya a cikin aikin jarida na muhalli shine, yadda za a bambanta nau'in daga sassan da ke da alaƙa.
Tarihi Yayin da al'adar rubuce-rubucen dabi'a ke da tarihin tarihi mai yawa wanda ya samo asali a ƙalla har zuwa bayanan bincike na Christopher Columbus, kuma yana bin al'ada ta hanyar fitattun marubutan yanayi kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson da Henry David Thoreau a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, John Burroughs da kuma John Muir a farkon ƙarni na 20, da Aldo Leopold a cikin shekara ta 1940, fannin aikin jarida na muhalli bai fara yin tasiri ba sai a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970.
Haɓaka aikin jarida na muhalli a matsayin sana'a yayi daidai da na motsin muhalli, wanda ya zama ƙungiyoyin al'adu na yau da kullun tare da littafin Rachel Carson 's Silent Spring a cikin shekara ta 1962 kuma an ƙara halalta shi ta hanyar zartar da dokar jeji a shekara ta 1964. Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli sun ba da haske a fagen siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1970, tare da wayar da kan jama'a game da abin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "rikicin muhalli", da kuma yin aiki don rinjayar shawarar manufofin muhalli Kafofin watsa labarai sun bi kuma sun haifar da sha'awar jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli tun daga lokacin.
Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙara halalta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta muhalli a cikin shekarata 1990, wanda manufarsa "shi ne don haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da al'amuran muhalli ta hanyar inganta inganci, daidaito, da hangen nesa na rahoton muhalli." A yau, ana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi a cibiyoyi da yawa don horar da ƴan jarida masu tasowa a cikin takura, sarƙaƙƙiya da faɗin aikin jarida na muhalli.
Muhawarar shawara Akwai ƙaramin baraka a cikin al'ummar 'yan jaridun muhalli. Wasu, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridun Muhalli, sun yi imani da bayar da rahoton labaran muhalli da gangan, yayin da wasu, kamar Michael Frome, wani fitaccen mutum a wannan fanni, sun yi imanin cewa 'yan jarida ya kamata su shiga bangaren muhalli na filin ne kawai idan ceton duniya ya kasance. sha'awar kashin kai, da kuma cewa 'yan jaridun muhalli kada su nisanci bayar da shawarwarin muhalli, ko da yake ba tare da yin la'akari da zahirin gaskiya da ra'ayi a kowane bangare na lamarin ba. Ba za a iya warware wannan muhawara nan ba da dadewa ba, amma tare da sauye-sauye a fannin aikin jarida da ake tace sabbin kafafen yada labarai da jama'a ke amfani da su wajen samar da labarai, da alama dai fannin aikin jarida na muhalli zai kara ba da kansa wajen bayar da rahoto. ra'ayoyi daidai da shawarwarin muhalli.
Sadarwar muhalli Sadarwar muhalli shine dukkanin nau'o'in sadarwar da ke tattare da muhawarar zamantakewa game da matsalolin muhalli da matsaloli. Hakanan a cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli akwai nau'ikan rubutu na yanayi, rubutun kimiyya, adabin muhalli, fassarar muhalli da shawarwarin muhalli. Duk da yake akwai babban cikas a tsakanin nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin sadarwar muhalli, kowannensu ya cancanci ma'anarsa.
Rubutun yanayi Rubutun yanayi shine nau'in da ke da tarihin mafi tsayi a cikin sadarwar muhalli. A cikin littafinsa, Wannan Ƙasar da ba ta iya kwatantawa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amirka, Thomas J. Lyon yayi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da "taxonomy na rubutun yanayi" don bayyana nau'in. Ya ba da shawarar cewa rarrabuwar sa, ma, yana fama da yawa tare da juna. “Littafin yanayi yana da manyan ma’auni guda uku zuwa gare shi: bayanan tarihin halitta, martanin mutum ga yanayi, da fassarar falsafar yanayi” (Lyon 20). A cikin maƙalar tarihin halitta, "babban nauyin rubutu shine isar da umarni mai ma'ana a cikin gaskiyar yanayi," kamar tare da rubutun nau'in dabi'a na John Burroughs (Lyon 21). "A cikin kasidun gwaninta, tuntuɓar da marubucin ya yi da yanayi shine tsarin rubutun," kamar yadda Edward Abbey yayi tunani game da faɗuwar hamada (Lyon 23). A cikin fassarar falsafar yanayi, abubuwan da ke ciki sun yi kama da na tarihin halitta da maƙasudin gogewa na mutum, "amma yanayin gabatarwa ya fi dacewa ya zama mafi m da ilimi" (Lyon 25). Littafin Norton na Rubutun yanayi yana ƙara ƴan sabbin ma'auni zuwa nau'in rubutun yanayi, gami da labarin dabbobi, kasidun lambu, kasidun noma, ayyukan tattalin arziki, rubutu akan adalcin muhalli, da kuma aiki da ke ba da shawarar kiyaye muhalli, dorewa da bambancin halittu. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya ja daga al'ada da iyawar rubutun yanayi.
Rubutun kimiyya Rubutun kimiyya rubutu ne da ke mayar da hankali musamman kan batutuwan binciken kimiyya, gaba ɗaya fassarar jargon da ke da wahala ga waɗanda ke wajen wani fannin kimiyyar fahimta zuwa harshe mai sauƙin narkewa. Wannan nau'in na iya zama labari ko bayani. Ba duk rubuce-rubucen kimiyya ba sun faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli, kawai rubutun kimiyya wanda ke ɗaukar batutuwan da suka dace da muhalli. Aikin jarida na muhalli kuma ya ja daga al'ada da fa'idar rubutun kimiyya.
Fassarar muhalli Fassarar muhalli wani tsari ne na musamman don sadarwar bayanan da suka dace. Ya "ƙunshi fassarar harshen fasaha na kimiyyar halitta ko filin da ke da alaƙa zuwa cikin sharuɗɗan da ra'ayoyin da mutanen da ba masana kimiyya ba za su iya fahimta da sauri. Kuma ya ƙunshi yin ta ta hanyar da ke da daɗi da ban sha’awa ga waɗannan mutane.” (Ham 3). Fassarar muhalli tana da daɗi (don shigar da masu sauraro a cikin maudu'in da zaburar da su don ƙarin koyo game da shi), dacewa (ma'ana da na sirri ga masu sauraro domin su sami dalili na asali don ƙarin koyo game da batun), tsara (mai sauƙin bi). kuma an tsara shi ta yadda za a iya tunawa da manyan batutuwa) da kuma jigo (bayanin yana da alaƙa da takamaiman saƙo mai maimaitawa) (Ham 8-28). Yayin da aikin jarida na muhalli ba a samo shi daga fassarar muhalli ba, yana iya amfani da dabarun fassara don bayyana ra'ayoyi masu wahala ga masu sauraronsa.
Adabin muhalli Littattafan muhalli rubuce-rubuce ne da ke yin sharhi da hankali kan jigogin muhalli, musamman kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum, al'umma da muhalli. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen yanayi da wasu rubuce-rubucen kimiyya sun faɗi cikin iyakokin wallafe-wallafen muhalli. Sau da yawa, ana fahimtar wallafe-wallafen muhalli don ɗaukar kulawa da damuwa ga muhalli, don haka yana ba da shawarar ƙarin tunani da fahimtar yanayin muhalli na mutum da yanayi. Jarida ta muhalli ta samo asali ne daga wallafe-wallafen muhalli
Shawarwari na muhalli Shawarwari na muhalli yana gabatar da bayanai kan yanayi da al'amuran muhalli waɗanda ke da tsayayyen ra'ayi kuma yana ƙarfafa masu sauraronsa su ɗauki ƙarin halaye masu kula da muhalli, galibi fiye da ra'ayoyin duniya. Shawarar muhalli na iya kasancewa a cikin kowane nau'ikan sadarwar muhalli da aka ambata. A halin yanzu ana muhawara ko aikin jarida na muhalli ya kamata ya yi amfani da dabaru na shawarwarin muhalli.
Batutuwa Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙunshi batutuwa iri-iri. A cewar littafin Muhalli na The Reporter, 'yan jaridun muhalli sun fahimci matsalolin ruwa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun muhalli, sannan kuma abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar yanayi, masu rushewar endocrin, da kuma matsalolin kula da sharar gida. 'Yan jaridar da aka yi binciken sun fi ba da fifiko musamman, batutuwan muhalli fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na duniya.
Aikin jarida na muhalli zai iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, wasu batutuwa masu zuwa kamar haka:
Daga Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto Daga EnviroLink Duba wasu abubuwan
Magana
Ci gaba da karatu Anderson, Alison. Kafofin watsa labarai, Al'adu da Muhalli. Taylor da Francis, Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-85728-383-X
Beck, Larry da Ted Cable. Tafsiri na Karni na 21: Sharuɗɗan Jagoranci guda goma sha biyar don Fassarar yanayi da Al'adu. 2nd ed. Champaign: Sagamore Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-57167-522-1
Blum, Deborah, Robin Marantz Henig, da Mary Knudson. Jagorar Filin don Marubutan Kimiyya: Jagoran Hukuma na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517499-2
Buell, Lawrence. Hasashen Muhalli: Thoreau, Rubutun yanayi, da Samar da Al'adun Amurka. Cambridge da London: Belknap Press na Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1995. ISBN 0-674-25862-2
Chapman, Graham, Keval Kumar, Caroline Fraser, and Ivor Gaber. Muhalli da Mass Media. New York da London: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-15505-3
Rufe Green Beat a Asiya Beritalingkungan.com
Dobson, Andrew. Green Reader: Maƙalaci Zuwa ga Al'umma Mai Dorewa. Mercury House, 1991. ISBN 1-56279-010-2
EnviroLink. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. http://www.envirolink.org Finch, Howard da John Elder. Eds. Littafin Norton na Rubutun Halitta. Kwalejin Ed. New York da London: WW Norton Kamfanin, 2002. ISBN 0-393-97816-8
Daga, Michael. Koren Tawada. Salt Lake City: Jami'ar Utah Press, 1998. ISBN 0-87480-582-1
Goldstein, Eric A. da kuma Mark Izeman. Littafin Muhalli na New York. Island Press, 1990. ISBN 1-55963-018-3
Ham, Sam. Fassarar Muhalli: Jagorar Aiki Ga Mutane Masu Manyan Ra'ayoyi da Kananan Kasafin Kudi. Golden: Arewacin Amurka Press, 1992. ISBN 1-55591-902-2
Hanson, Anders, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli. London da New York: Jami'ar Leicester Press, 1993. ISBN 0-7185-1444-0
Kamrin, Michael A., Dolores J. Katz, da Martha L. Walter. Rahoto kan Hatsari: Littafin Jagoran Jarida. ed 3rd. Shirin Kwalejin Tekun Gishiri na Michigan, 1999. ISBN 1-885756-11-9
Lamay, Craig LL da Everette E. Dennis, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da Muhalli. Island Press, 1991. ISBN 1-55963-130-9
Lyon, Thomas J. Wannan ƙasa mara misaltuwa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amurka. Minneapolis: Littattafan Milkweed, 2001. ISBN 1-57131-256-0
Nash, Roderick Frazier. Daji da Tunanin Amurka. ed na 4. New Haven da London: Jami'ar Yale Press, 2001. ISBN 0-300-09122-2
Neuzil, Mark da William Kovairk. Kafofin watsa labarai na Jama'a da Rikicin Muhalli: Yaƙin Koren Amurka. Dubu Oaks, London da New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1996. ISBN 0-7619-0333-X
Palen, John. "Manufa a matsayin Independence: Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida na Muhalli, 1989-1997." Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Babban Taron Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Aikin Jarida da Sadarwar Jama'a, Agusta 1998. Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 28 Satumba 2005 https://web.archive.org/web/20090419012719/http://www.sej.org/about/index2.htm Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 2005. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. http://www.sej.org Yamma, Bernadette M., M. Jane Lewis, Michael R. Greenburg, David B. Sachsman, da Renée M. Rogers. Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto. ed 3rd. New Brunswick da London: Rutgers University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8135-3287-6
0-8173-1117-3
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli Greenpress Indonesia
menene koren jarida?
Xover Mujallar Muhalli
Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli
Bayanan Muhalli na Jarida Cibiyar Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder
Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli (ECN) Shafukan labarai na jaridar muhalli a Indonesia Beritalingkungan.com
Marubucin Muhalli
Cibiyar Knight don Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan
Cibiyar Metcalf don Rahoton Ruwa da Muhalli Kimiyya, Lafiya da Shirin Ba da Rahoton Muhalli a Jami'ar New York
Bayanin Module na Course akan Aikin Jarida na Muhalli a Budaddiyar Makarantar Aikin Jarida
Cascadia Times
Dandalin Yale akan Canjin Yanayi Kafafen Yada Labarai
Akwatin Kayan Aikin Jarida: Muhalli
Yankin Batun GASKIYA: Muhalli ta hanyar Adalci da daidaito a cikin Rahoto
Duniyar Jarida Network
Muhalli
Gidaje a Najeriya
Gine-gine
Daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59893 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland%20kankara | Greenland kankara | Tsarin kankara na Greenland Danish Greenlandic ƙanƙara ce mai r kalmar kankara ta cikin gida, ko kuma daidai da Danish, indlandsis Ana yawan amfani da GIS gagararre a cikin adabin kimiyya.
Ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a kan kankara a duniya, bayan takardar kankara ta Antarctic Tsawon kankara kusan mai tsayi a wajen arewa zuwa kudu, kuma mafi girman fadinsa shine a wani latitude na 77°N, kusa da iyakar arewa. Matsakaicin kauri shine kusan da fiye da a mafi kauri. Baya ga babban kankara, ƙananan kankara (kamar Maniitsoq da Flade Isblink da kuma glaciers, sun rufe tsakanin kewaye da kewaye.
Canjin yanayi yana shafar takardar kankara ta Greenland. Ya fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi fiye da tudun kankara na Antarctic saboda matsayinsa a cikin Arctic, inda yake ƙarƙashin haɓakar dumamar yanayi Duk da yake ana sa ran ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin kankara zai narke a cikin ƙarni na 21, an yi imanin cewa mafi yawan ko ma dukkan kankara ɗin sun himmatu wajen narkewa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yanzu ko kuma mai yiwuwa a nan gaba sai dai idan an juyar da ɗumamar kwanan nan. mai da shi misali na yanayin tipping point Idan duka na kankara zai narke, zai haifar da hawan tekun duniya na ko da yake ana tsammanin wannan zai ɗauki shekaru millennia don yin cikakken wasa.
Gabaɗaya Kasancewar ruwan kankara a cikin zurfin teku da aka gano daga arewa maso yammacin Greenland, a cikin Fram Strait, da kudancin Greenland yana nuna ci gaba ko ƙaranci kasancewar ko dai takardar kankara ko zanen kankara wanda ke rufe mahimman sassan Greenland na ƙarshe 18 shekaru miliyan. Daga kusan 11 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce zuwa 10 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, an rage girman Sheet ɗin Kankara na Greenland sosai. Sheet ɗin kankara na Greenland ya samo asali a tsakiyar Miocene ta hanyar haɗin kankara da glaciers. An sami ƙaruwar glaciation a lokacin Late Pliocene Ice takardar da aka kafa dangane da ɗagawa na West Greenland da Gabashin Greenland sama. Duwatsun Yamma da Gabashin Greenland sun ƙunshi ɓangarorin nahiyoyin da aka ɗaga su a matakai biyu, shekaru miliyan 10 da 5 da suka gabata, a zamanin Miocene [upper-alpha 1] Yin ƙirar kwamfuta yana nuna cewa ɗagawa zai ba da damar glaciation ta haifar da haɓakar hazo na orographic da sanyaya yanayin zafi Kankara mafi dadewa da aka sani a cikin kwandon kankara na yanzu ya kai shekaru 1,000,000. Gilashin kankara kuma suna yin rikodin tasirin ɗan adam, kamar gubar daga tsohuwar Girka da Daular Roma. Nauyin kankara ya raunana tsakiyar yankin Greenland; saman bedrock yana kusa da matakin teku a kan mafi yawan ciki na Greenland, amma tsaunuka suna faruwa a kusa da gefen, suna rufe takardar tare da gefenta. Idan ƙanƙara ta ɓace ba zato ba tsammani, Greenland zai fi yiwuwa ya bayyana a matsayin tsibiri, aƙalla har sai isostasy ya sake ɗaga saman ƙasa sama da matakin teku. Dusar ƙanƙara ta kai tsayinsa mafi girma a kan kubba biyu masu tsayi na arewa-kudu, ko tudu. Kusar kudu ta kai kusan a latitudes 63° 65°N Dome na arewa ya kai kimanin a kusan latitude 72°N "koli" na huɗu mafi girma na Greenland An raba matsugunan gidaje biyu a gabas da tsakiyar layin Greenland. Kankarar da ba ta da iyaka ba ta isa teku tare da wani faffadan gaba a ko'ina a cikin Greenland, ta yadda ba a sami babban rumbun kankara ba. Yankin kankara ya isa teku kawai, duk da haka, a cikin yankin da ba a saba gani ba a yankin Melville Bay kudu maso gabashin Thule, da kuma a cikin Jokel Bay Manyan kanti glaciers, waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun harsuna na takardar kankara, suna motsawa ta cikin kwaruruka masu iyaka da ke kewayen Greenland don su koma cikin teku, suna samar da ɗimbin ƙanƙara da ke faruwa a wasu lokuta a cikin Arewacin Atlantic. Mafi sanannun waɗannan kantunan glaciers shine Jakobshavn Glacier Greenlandic wanda, a ƙarshensa, yana gudana a gudun a kowace rana.
A kan takardar kankara, yanayin zafi gabaɗaya ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da sauran wurare a Greenland, saboda tasirin gida na ra'ayoyin kankara-albedo Mafi ƙanƙanta yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara, woce, kusan yana faruwa a arewa ta tsakiya na kurbar arewa, kuma yanayin zafi a bakin kurbin kudu yana kusan A ranar 22 ga Disamba 1991, zazzabi na an yi rikodin shi a tashar yanayi ta atomatik kusa da babban taron koli na Greenland Ice Sheet, yana mai da shi mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Arewacin Hemisphere Ba a lura da rikodin fiye da shekaru 28 ba kuma a ƙarshe an gane shi a cikin 2020.
Gilashin kankara a matsayin rikodin yanayi na baya Tushen kankara, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in dusar ƙanƙara da aka danne daga shekaru sama da 100,000, yana ƙunshe a cikin ƙanƙara mafi daraja a yau na yanayin da suka gabata. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, masana kimiyya sun hako kankara har zuwa zurfa. Masana kimiyya suna da, ta yin amfani da waɗancan nau'ikan kankara, sun sami bayanai akan (proxies don) zafin jiki, ƙarar teku, hazo, sunadarai da abun da ke tattare da iskar gas na ƙananan yanayi, fashewar volcanic, canjin hasken rana, yawan amfanin ƙasa na teku, hamada da gobarar daji. Lalacewar ƙasa daga 1.4 km (0.87 mi) ƙarƙashin ƙanƙarar da aka adana tun 1966 yana nuna cewa Greenland ba ta da ƙanƙara gaba ɗaya kuma tana tsiro aƙalla sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru miliyan da suka gabata. Ba a tsammanin wannan ba kuma yana iya nuna Greenland ta kasance mai rauni da kuma kula da sauyin yanayi fiye da yadda ake tunani a baya.
Sauyin yanayi na kwanan nan
Gabaɗaya la'akari akan ƙimar canji A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, wani yanki a Arewacin Atlantika ciki har da kudancin Greenland yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare guda ɗaya a duniya da ke nuna sanyi maimakon dumama, da Greenland sun nuna yanayin yanayin zafi mai rikitarwa fiye da sauran sassan duniya. Wani takarda na 2006 akan rikodin zafin jiki na Greenland ya nuna cewa shekarar da ta fi zafi a rikodin ita ce 1941 yayin da mafi kyawun shekarun da suka gabata shine shekarun 1930 da 1940. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su sun fito ne daga tashoshi a kudu da bakin tekun yamma, yawancinsu ba su ci gaba da aiki ba a tsawon lokacin binciken. Koyaya, daga baya kuma ƙarin cikakkun bayanan bayanan sun kafa ɗumamar ɗumama sosai a cikin lokacin 1979-2005 (daidai da raguwar ƙanƙarar tekun Arctic a lokaci ɗaya da ra'ayin sa na kankara-albedo Kamar yadda Greenland Ice Sheet ya sami narkewar da ba a taɓa gani ba tun dalla-dalla. bayanan sun fara, kuma da alama za su ba da gudummawa sosai ga hawan teku da kuma yiwuwar sauye-sauyen zagayawan teku a nan gaba.
Ruwan narke a kusa da Greenland na iya jigilar abubuwan gina jiki da carbon carbon zuwa teku. Ma'auni na adadin baƙin ƙarfe a cikin meltwater daga takardar kankara na Greenland ya nuna cewa yawan narkewar daftarin kankara zai iya ƙara adadin wannan ƙananan sinadari zuwa Tekun Atlantika daidai da wanda ƙurar iska ke ƙarawa. Duk da haka yawancin barbashi da baƙin ƙarfe da aka samo daga glaciers a kusa da Greenland na iya kasancewa cikin tarko a cikin manyan fjords da ke kewaye da tsibirin kuma, ba kamar HNLC Kudancin teku ba inda baƙin ƙarfe ke da iyakacin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, samar da halittu a Arewacin Atlantic. yana ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun iyaka na sarari da na ɗan lokaci kawai na ƙayyadaddun ƙarfe. Duk da haka, ana lura da yawan aiki a kusa da manyan kananun ruwa da ke kawo ƙarshen glaciers a kusa da Greenland kuma wannan ana danganta shi da abubuwan shigar da ruwa mai narkewa wanda ke haifar da haɓakar ruwan teku mai wadatar ma'adanai. Asar Amirka ta gina wani sansani mai amfani da makamashin nukiliya a asirce, mai suna Camp Century, a cikin tudun kankara na Greenland. A cikin 2016, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya sun kimanta tasirin muhalli kuma sun kiyasta cewa saboda canjin yanayin yanayi a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, narke ruwa zai iya saki dattin nukiliya, lita 20,000 na sharar sinadarai da lita miliyan 24 na najasa da ba a kula da su ba a cikin muhalli. Duk da haka, ya zuwa yanzu babu Amurka ko Denmark da suka ɗauki alhakin tsaftacewar.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haqiqa yanayi na Greenland Ice
Binciken Geological na Denmark da Greenland (GEUS) Archived GEUS yana da kayan kimiyya da yawa akan Greenland.
Jami'ar Jihar Emporia James S. Aber Lecture 2: Gilashin Kankara na Zamani da Sheets na Kankara.
Ƙimar Tasirin Yanayin Arctic
GRACE ma'aunin girman kankara: Archived "Ƙasashen Ice Mass Mass Flux na Kwanan nan daga SpaceborneGravimetry"
Jirgin kankara na Greenland yana narkewa da sauri fiye da kowane lokaci, Jami'ar Bristol
Asarar Kankara ta Greenland: Jan. 2004 Yuni 2014 (animation NASA)
Greenland Ice Cap, Rahoton 1942-1944 a Makarantar Kolejin Dartmouth
Binciken Adabi na Greenland Ice Cap 1953 a Laburaren Kwalejin Dartmouth
Chanjin yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24658 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushiya | Bushiya | Bushiya jam'in ta Bushiyoyi Fulani suna kiranta da Shangalde da turanci kuma (hedgehog) bushiya dai tana daga cikin dabbobi waɗanda suke rayuwa a cikin daji ko kuma a karkara, tana kuma daga cikin dabbobi masu ƙaya a bayan ta. Bushiya kusan kala uku (3) ce akwai baƙa sosai, sai fara-fara, da wadda take ruwan ƙasa, wannan idan ana duba da ƙayoyinta kenan. Sai kuma tanada jinsuna kusan guda sha bakwai (17 species) ana samun bushiya a ƙasashe irin su Yurop, Asiya da kuma yankunan Afirka sai kuma ƙasar Niwuziland (New Zealand) bayan da aka gabatar da ita a can, wato bayan an kai irin ta a dazukan chan (by introduction)..
Bayani akan bushiya
Bushiya dai kamar yadda ya gabata tana daga cikin dabbobi masu ƙayoyi kuma masu tafiya da Ƙafafuwa 4 wani lokaci tana amfani da ƙayoyin ta don kare kanta daga harin wasu dabbobin ko kuma mutane duk da shi Ɗan Adam yanada baiwar (dabara) da zai iya ɗaukar ta koda ta dunƙule. Misali idan kare yaga bushiya to fa sai dai ya tsaya ya dinga haushi don ko dunƙulewa take yadda bazai iya sa bakin shi ya kamata ba sai dai ya tsare ta. A taƙaice dai bushiya daga taji motsin da bata yarda dashi ba to zata gudu ko kuma ta dunƙule ta yadda baza a iya cutar da ita ba. Sai dai duk da hakan abun mamaki shaho da Mikiya duk suna kaima ta hari kuma su kamata su cinye ta. Masana sun bayyana cewa ana gane bushiya ne daga ƙayoyin ta na baya wato a turance (spine) sai dai kuma ƙayoyin bushiya sun sha bamban dana ƴar'uwar ta Beguwa saboda su ƙayoyin beguwa sunada dafi da kuma tsawo sannan kuma sunada haɗarin gaske, kuma ita beguwa tana harbi dasu wato tana zubar dasu a duk lokacin da yaga dama, sai wasu su fito bayan wasu sun zube. Ita kuma bushiya nata basa zuba, sai dai kamar lokacin da take ƙarama idan girma yazo takan yi wani zuba ƙaya daga nan sai ƙayar girma ta fito wata abinda Hausawa suke cewa fita ko kuma hira suma dabbobi akwai masu hira ta haƙora ko gashin jikinsu ko ƙaya. Ana kiran dabbobi masu ƙaya da turanci (quilling) wato lokacin da su fira/hira duk da cewa na bushiya basa zuba. Amma idan bushiya ta samu wani rashin lafiya ko zazzaɓi ko kuma damuwa (stress) sukan zuba sai wasu sababbi su fito. Bincike ya nuna dukkan jinsunan bushiya sukanyi amfanin dunƙulewa a matsayin kariya wato self-defense a turance kenan, idan suka dunƙule zaka ga sunyi kamar ƙwallo (ball). Bushiya tanada wasu tsoka/tsokoki biyu waɗanda sune suke da iko gurin yadda zasu gudanar da ƙayoyin bayanta (controlling of the quills) wato dai tana amfani da waɗannan tsokoki sai ta juya ƙayoyin ta duk yadda take so tana kuma amfani da ƙayoyin ta wajen kare fuskar ta, ƙafafuwan ta da kuma bindin ta (wutsiya) tunda su waɗannan guraren babu ƙaya. Bincike ya nuna cewa bushiya da take a sahara basa girma sosai har sukanyi amfani da ƙayar su wajen kaiwa abokan gaba hari haka sukan yi gudu kamar zasu tashi sama su mulmula wata tsalle tsalle. Akwai kuma wasu jinsunan bushiya masu cin nama saɓanin sauran sukan ci ciyawa ne da ƙari (insects). Bushiya tana fita neman abincin ta ne da dare a taƙaice bushiya tana walwala ne da dare wato "nocturnal" a turance kenan duk da cewa akwai kaɗan daga cikin su masu kiwo da rana. Bushiya tana yin baccin kusan rabi da kwatan wuni a cikin ciyayi, [dutse]] ko kuma cikin gidan ta da take haɗawa a lokacin damina tana haɗa gidan ne da ganyaye busassu da ciyayi ta yadda koda anyi ruwan sama bazata jiƙe ba. Amma a lokacin rani tana zama ne cikin karmamin dawa ko kara da kogon bishiya amma ta ƙasa don bata iya hawa sama da kuma rami na ƙasa. Bushiya tana magana ta hanyar yin nishi da sauran motsa jiki. Abincin Bushiya wato (Diet)
Bushiya tana daga cikin dabbobi masu cin abinci kala biyu ko ciyayi ko kuma nama da ƙwari ana kiran kalan waɗannan dabbobin da turanci da (Omnivorous) takanyi kalaci da irin su Dodon koɗi, kwaɗo, Gara, ƙwai da sauransu. A lokacin hunturu wato a turance (hibernation) ma'aunin zafin jikin bushiya yakan ragu da kusan 2°c (36°f) haka sauran dabbobi indai lokacin hunturu ne ma'aunin zafin jikin su (Temperature) ya kan kai kusan 2-5°c (36-4°f) wannan a lokacin da suka tashi kenan idan kuma suka wartsake sai su koma daidai. Yadda bushiya take haihuwa
Bushiya dai yanayin haihuwar ta ya dogara ne da yanayin jinsin ta. Kuma bushiya tana daga cikin dabbobi masu haihuwa ba ƙwai wato bushiya na samun ciki ne ta hanyar yin jima'i kamar da mutane da wasu dabbobin. Bayan bushiya ta samu cikin takan ɗauka ciki na tsawon kwanaki 35-58 kafin ta haifeshi, bushiya takan haifa ƴaƴa daga 3-4 manyan jinsin bushiya kenan amma ƙananan sukan haifa har 5-6 a lokaci guda. Sai dai ita bushiya mazajensu basa kashe ƙananan yaran su, saɓanin sauran wasu dabbobin ko su cinye ko su kashe.
Bushiya tana haihuwar ƴaƴanta ne makahi/makafi bayan ɗan wani lokaci sai su buɗe idon su. Sati ko abinda ya kasa hakan ko sama da hakan kamar dai mage.
Bushiya tana rayuwa ne ko kuma tsawon rai na bushiya ya dogara da yanayin ta, girman ta da kuma jinsin ta. Babban jinsunan bushiya sukan rayu tsawon shekaru 4-7 sai dai wasu masana suna ganin bushiya na kaiwa har tsawon shekaru 16. Ƙananan jinsin ta shekara biyu huɗu (2-4) saɓanin ɓera da shi yake rayuwa ƙasa da shekaru uku. Dukda dai bata wani daɗewa sosai tana zama ne a cikin ganyayen bishiyoyi busassu da kuma ramin ƙasa
Cutukan Bushiya
Bushiya tana yin ciyyo Kamar yadda mutane suke, wato har irin cutukan da mutane keyi bushiya tana yinsu, bushiya tana yin cutar kansa (cancer) da kuma cutar hanta, kamar yadda mutane suma suna yin waɗannan cutukan. Amma cutar kansa tafi raina bushiya ma'ana bushiya tana yin wannan cutar akai-akai kuma ta warke haka akwai wasu daga cikin cutukan da bushiya takan iya shafawa Ɗan Adam misali cutar yatsu (fungal deseases) bushiya tana shafa wa mutane wannan cutar wato mutum na iya kamuwa da wannan cutar idan yayi mu'amala da ko yaci naman ta a lokacin da take wannan cutar. Haka kuma masana harkar lafiya sunyi hani akan sumbatar (kissing) bushiya saboda wasu dalilai na kiyaye lafiya ga ɗan Adam.
Akan ci naman bushiya musamman wasu yaruka a Afirka. Haka kuma masu maganin gargajiya suna amfani da waɗansu sassan jiki na bushiya don yin magunguna, yayin da wasu ƙabilun suka maida bushiya wani nama mai muhimmanci.
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12916 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewaye%20da%20Urushalima%20%28636-637%29 | Kewaye da Urushalima (636-637) | Yankin Kudus wani yanki ne na rikicin soja wanda ya faru a shekara ta 637 tsakanin Masarautar Byzantine da kuma Rashidun Caliphate An fara ne lokacin da rundunar Rashidun, karkashin umarnin Abu Ubaidah, suka kewaye Kudus a watan Nuwamba na 636. Bayan wata shida, sarki Sophronius ya yarda ya mika wuya, bisa sharadin cewa ya miƙa wuya ga Halifa. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 637, Halifa Umar yayi tafiya zuwa Jerusalem da kansa don karɓar ƙaddamar da garin. Nan fa sarki ya mika masa. Nasarar da Musulmai suka yiwa garin ta tabbatar da ikon kasashen larabawa a kan Falasdinu, wanda ba za a sake yin barazanar ba har sai Jihadi na farko a karshen karni na 11.
Bango Kudus muhimmiyar birni ce a lardin Byzantine na Palaestina Prima. Shekaru 23 kafin mamayar musulmai, a shekara ta 614, ta fada hannun mayakan Sassanid a karkashin Shahrbaraz a lokacin yakin na Byzanantus-Sasaniya na karshe. Farisawa sun washe garin, kuma an ce sun kashe kirista 90,000. A matsayin bangare na satar abubuwa, an lalata Ikilisiyar Holy Sepulcher kuma an kama Ikiliziyar Gaskiya kuma a kai shi Ctesiphon a matsayin tsarkakakken kayan taimako. Daga baya sarki Heraclius ya sake gicciyewa zuwa Urushalima bayan nasarar karshe da ya yi akan Farisa a cikin 628. An yi imanin cewa Yahudawan, wadanda aka tsananta a kasarsu ta Roman-karkashin ikonsu, sun taimaka wa Farisawa.
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a shekara ta 632, shugabancin musulmai ya yiwa Halifa Abubakar sakamakon wasu kamfen na da aka sani da Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda. Da zarar an sami ikon mallakar Abu Bakr a kan Arabia, sai ya fara yakin mamaye a gabas ta hanyar mamaye Iraki, sannan Iardin daular Sassanid na Farisa: yayin da yake yamma, sojojinsa sun mamaye daular Byzantine.
A shekara ta 634, Abubakar ya mutu kuma Umar ya gaje shi, wanda ya ci gaba da nasa nasarorin yaki. A watan Mayun shekara ta 636, sarki Heraclius ya fara babban balaguro don dawo da yankin da aka rasa, amma sojojinsa sun sha kaye a bainar yaki a yakin Yarmouk a watan Agusta 636. Bayan haka, Abu Ubaidah, babban kwamandan musuluci na rundunar Rashidun a Siriya, ya yi wani taron yaki a farkon Oktoba 636 don tattauna shirin nan gaba. Ra'ayoyi game da manufofin sun bambanta tsakanin birnin Kaisar da ke bakin teku da Urushalima. Abu Ubaidah ya ga mahimmancin wadannan biranen, wadanda suka saba wa duk kokarin musulmai a lokacin da aka kama. Ya kasa yanke hukunci a kan lamarin, ya rubuta wa Halifa Umar umarni. A cikin amsar sa, kalifa ya umurce su da kama mutumin. Don haka, Abu Ubaidah ya bi zuwa Kudus daga Jabiyah, tare da Khalid dan al-Walid da mai tsaron gidan sa suka jagoranci gaba. Musulmai sun isa Kudus a kusa da farkon watan Nuwamba, kuma kurkukun Byzantine ya koma birni mai garu.
Kewaye Urushalima da aka da-ƙarfafa bayan Heraclius sake shi daga Farisa. Bayan cin nasarar Byzantine a Yarmouk, Sophronius, Babban sarki na Kudus, ya gyara kariyar sa. Musulmai ya zuwa yanzu ba su yi yunƙurin wani siege na birnin. Koyaya, tun daga 634, sojojin Saracen suna da damar yin barazanar duk hanyoyin shiga birni. Kodayake ba a kewaye da shi ba, ya kasance cikin yanayin kasancewar tun lokacin da musulmai suka kama makabartar makwabtan Pella da Bosra Bayan Yaƙin Yarmouk, garin ya ragu daga sauran ƙasar Siriya, kuma yana yiwuwa ana shirin kai harin da ya zama kamar ba makawa. Lokacin da sojojin musulmai suka isa Yariko, Sophronius ya tattara duk tsarkakakkun kayan tarihi wanda ya hada da Cross na Gaskiya, kuma ya tona asirin zuwa ga gaci, don a kai su Konstantinoful. Sojojin musulmin sun kewaye birni wani lokaci a cikin Nuwamba 636. Maimakon kashe-kashen da aka yi wa garin, sun yanke shawara su ci gaba da kai hare-hare har zuwa lokacin da sojoji suka gaza wadatar kayayyaki kuma ana iya tattaunawa kan batun mika wuya na jini. Kodayake ba a rubuta cikakken bayani game da kewaye ba, ya zama kamar marasa jini. Garkuwa na Byzantine ba zai iya tsammanin wani taimako daga tsarin kaskantar da kai na Heraclius ba. Bayan an kewaye shi watanni hudu, Sophronius ya yi alkawarin mika garin da biyan jizya (haraji), in da alkalin ya zo Urushalima ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kuma ya karbi mika wuya. An ce lokacin da musulmai suka san kalmomin Sophronius, Shurahbil dan Hasana, daya daga cikin kwamandojin musulmai, ya ba da shawarar cewa maimakon jiran kalman zai zo daga Madina, sai a aika da Khalid dan Walid a matsayin kalifa, kamar yadda ya kasance yana kama da kamannin Umar. Mahakar ba ta yi aiki ba. Watakila, Khalid ya shahara sosai a Siriya, ko watakila akwai Larabawa Kirista a cikin garin wadanda suka ziyarci Madinah Kuma sun ga Umar da Khalid, suna tuna bambance-bambancen. Saboda haka, Babban sarki na Kudus ya ki sasantawa. Lokacin da Khalid ya ba da labarin gazawar wannan manufa, Abu Ubaidah ya rubuta wa Khalifa Umar bayanin halin da ake ciki, kuma ya gayyace shi ya zo Kudus don karban mika wuya na garin.
Mai mika wuya A farkon Afrilun shekara ta 637, Umar ya isa Falasdinu ya fara zuwa Jabiya, inda Abu Ubaidah, Khalid, da Yazid suka yi maraba da shi, wadanda suka yi tafiya tare da mai rakiya don su tarbe shi. An bar Amr a matsayin kwamandan sojojin da ke kewaye da sojojin Musulmi.
Bayan Umar ya isa Kudus, an kirkiro wata yarjejeniya da aka sani da Alkawarin Umariyya. Ya kaddamar da garin tare da ba da tabbaci na civilan kasa da na yancin Addini ga Kiristoci a musayar jizya. Khalifa Umar. Amr, Abd al-Rahman dan 'Awf da Muawiya ne suka sanya hannu a madadin musulmai. A karshen Afrilu 637, Urushalima bisa hukuma aka mika wa kalifa. A karo na farko, bayan kusan shekaru 500 na mulkin zalunci, an sake baiwa Yahudawa izinin zama da bautar Urushalima.
Ya zo a cikin littattafan tarihin Muslim, cewa a lokacin addu'o'in Zuhr, Sophronius ya gayyaci Umar don yin addu'a a cikin Ikklisiyar da aka sake gina Holy Sepulcher. Umar ya ki, yana tsoron kar karba gayyatar na iya yin lahani ga matsayin cocin a matsayin wurin bautar Kirista, kuma musulmai na iya karya yarjejeniyar kuma su mai da cocin zuwa masallaci. Bayan ya zauna na kwana goma a Urushalima, kalifa ya dawo Madina.
Bayan Bin umarnin Kalifa, Yazid ya tafi Kaisariya, kuma ya sake kwanciyar hankali zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Amr da Shurahbil sun yi tafiya don kammala mamayar Falasdinu, aikin da aka kammala a karshen shekara. Ba za a iya daukar Kaisar ba har 640, lokacin da a karshe, sai masu gadi suka mika wuya ga Muawiyah I, sannan wani gwamnan Siriya. Tare da sojoji 17,000. Abu Ubaidah da Khalid sun tashi daga Urushalima don cinye dukkan Arewacin Siriya. Wannan ya kare da cin nasara da Antakiya a karshen 637. A shekara ta 639, musulmai suka mamaye Misira suka kuma ci nasara.
Lokacin zamansa a Urushalima, Sophronius ya jagorance shi zuwa wurare masu tsarki daban-daban, gami da Dutsen Haikali. Ganin talaucin inda Masallacin ya taba tsayawa, Umar ya ba da umarnin a tsabtace yankin kashin da tarkace kafin a gina masallaci na katako a wurin. Labarin farko na irin wannan tsari an ba shi ne daga bishop na Gallic Arculf, wanda ya ziyarci Urushalima a tsakanin 679 da 682, kuma ya ba da bayanin gidan addu'ar da zai iya daukar nasu bautar har 3,000, ginin katako da katako a kan rufin barna na gaba.
Fiye da rabin karni bayan nasarar Kudus, a cikin 691, Umayyad Khalifa Abd al-Malik ya ba da izinin gina Dome na Dutse a saman babban dakin gadaje a Dutsen. Masanin tarihi na karni na 10 al-Maqdisi ya rubuta cewa Abd al-Malik ya gina wurin ibadar ne don yin gasa tare da manyan cocin Kirista na birnin. Duk abin da niyya, ana ganin kyakkyawar girma da sikelin dakin ibada kamar yadda suka taimaka sosai wajen karfafa hadin kan Urushalima zuwa ga farkon Musulmin nan.
A cikin shekaru 400 masu zuwa, martabar garin ta ragu yayin da ikon Saracen a yankin suka hadu don iko. Kudus ta kasance karkashin mulkin musulmai har sai da 'Yan Salibiyya suka kwace ta a shekarar 1099 a lokacin Yakin Ciki na farko.
Hadith An yi imani da Sunni a Islama cewa Muhammadu ya annabta cin birnin Kudus a cikin ingantattun ingantattun hadisai a wurare daban-daban na Islama, ciki har da wata ruwayar da aka ambata cikin Sahih al-Bukhari a Kitab Al Jizyah Wa'l Mawaada'ah (Littafin Jizya da Adana).
Aka ruwaito daga Auf dan Malik: Na tafi wurin Annabi a lokacin balaguro na Tabuk yayin da yake zaune a bakin alfarwa. Ya ce, "Lissafa alamomi shida da ke nuna kusancin Karshen Zamani: mutuwata, nasara ta Urushalima, annoba ce da za ta same ku (na kashe ku da yawan adadi) kamar annoba da ke damun tumaki..."
Abu Ubaidah ya kasance karkashin mamayar Kudus a lokacin farkon musulinci tare da Annoba na Emmaus. Annobar ta shahara a kafofin musulmai saboda mutuwar manyan sahabban Muhammadu.
Bayanin Kula a: An ce musulmai sun rasa maza 4,000 a yakin Yarmouk sun yi wata biyu kacal kafin a kewaye.
b: Masana tarihin musulinci sun banbanta cikin shekarar da aka kewaye; yayin da Tabari ya ce ya kasance 636, al-Baladhuri ya sanya ranar mika wuya a cikin 638 (Futuh II.XI ko shafi 139; shafi 214 a fassarar Hitti). Agha I. Akram ya yi imanin cewa 636-637 ne ya zama kwanan wata.
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30200 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsare-tsare%20rage%20iskar%20kudi | Tsare-tsare rage iskar kudi | Tsare-tsare na Rage Iskar Kuɗi (ERCS) tsare-tsare ne waɗanda ke ba da lada mai kyau na tattalin arziƙi ko ko zamantakewa don rage fitar da iskar gas, ta hanyar rarrabawa ko sake rarraba kuɗin ƙasa ko ta hanyar buga takardun shaida, maki lada, kuɗin gida, ko ƙarin kuɗi Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan rage hayaki Kudin rage hayaki ya sha bamban da kiredit mai fitar da hayaki. Ƙimar kiredit ɗin fitar da iskar gas tana ƙididdige ƙimar ta ƙasa da matakin da kiredit ke ba da haƙƙin ƙazanta. Ƙimar ƙimar ƙima ta ƙarshe tana samuwa ne lokacin da aka mika shi don gujewa tara tarar fitarwa.
Har ila yau, Kuma kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki ya sha bamban da na carbon diyya na son rai inda ake biyan kuɗi, yawanci don tallafawa madadin makamashi ko sake dazuzzuka, sannan rage fitar da hayaki da ke haifar da shi don rage ko soke masu biyan alhakin hayakin da kansu ke samarwa. Ƙimar kashe kuɗi yana cikin riƙe shi ta hannun mai siye kuma yana aiki ne kawai don lokaci da manufar da aka aiwatar akansa.
Kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki, akasin haka, shine kawai abin ƙarfafawa ga canjin ɗabi'a ta mutane ko ƙungiyoyi. shiyasa Don haka kuɗin yana haifar da ƙarin fa'idar tattalin arziƙi don rage fitar da hayaki dabam da farashin da aka sanya ta hanyar isassun hayaki na ƙasa ko kuma farashi na son rai da mai siyan ya ɗauka.
Ba za a iya musanya kuɗaɗen rage fitar da hayaki a cikin tsarin ƙasa da tsarin ciniki ba don haka ba sa ba da wani haƙƙin ƙazanta.
Duk da yake babu tsarin rage fitar da hayaki da ya cimma ma'auni na tsarin ƙididdige ƙirƙira, akwai wasu ƙananan tsare-tsare da ke aiki ko kuma ana kafa su. Sannan Kuma Bugu da kari akwai hanyoyi da dama da a halin yanzu ake hasashen cewa kungiyoyi da dama, cibiyoyin ilimi da masu tunani ke gabatarwa Tsarukan rage fitar da hayaki a zahiri sun haɗa da tsarin kuɗin carbon amma kuma sun haɗa da tsare-tsaren da ke rage hayaki ta hanyoyin daban-daban kamar ta hanyar rage sharar gida da ilimin al'umma.
Tarihi Buckminster Fuller ne ya fara ba da shawarar tsarin tsarin arzikin duniya bisa madadin samar da makamashi a cikin littafinsa na shekarata 1969 Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Garry Davis ne ya yi gwajin wannan ra'ayi wanda ya rarraba wadannan "daloli na kilowatt" a taron kolin Duniya na shekarar 1992 da aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro Edgar Kempers da Rob Van Hilton sun kaddamar da kudin Kiwah (kilowatt hour) a taron Copenhagen Climate Summit a shekarata 2009.
Rukunin tsarin rage fitar da hayaki Ana iya tsara tsarin rage fitar da hayaki a matsayin na ɗaya ko fiye na rukuni biyar:
Shirye-shiryen taken carbon Gabatar da ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai dorewa a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da sauran manyan mahalli na carbon na iya haifar da raguwar hayaki daga sharer ƙasa wanda wataƙila ya faru ko kuma daga ƙarin rarrabuwar CO2 Ana iya amfani da ƙasar da aka saya da sarrafa don waɗannan dalilai don ƙirƙirar haƙƙin carbon mai zaman kansa, wanda ƙila ko ƙila ba za a iya gane shi a cikin tsarin kiredit na hayaki ba. Misali, a halin yanzu ana iya jujjuya halittun halittun sama da ƙasa sakamakon sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa zuwa ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙirƙira a ƙarƙashin Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Haɓaka carbon ɗin ƙasa saboda wasu dalilai ban da sake dazuzzuka ko dai ta hanyar canje-canje ga ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa ko Kuma ta hanyar binne biochar a halin yanzu ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin kiredit kamar CDM. Ana iya siyar da waɗannan takaddun takaddun take na doka azaman nau'in kuɗi ba tare da amfani da su azaman kashewa ba, suna ba da ƙarin fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Sannan Gidauniyar Carbon Currency Foundation ce ta ba da shawarar wannan amfani. Wani tsarin rage fitar da hayaki da aka tsara akan wannan shine ECO, aikin The Next Nature Lab wanda wani yunƙuri ne na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Eindhoven a Netherlands.
Shirye-shiryen rangwame na haɓakawa Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki bisa rangwamen talla shine wanda ake samun lada ga mahalarta don rage hayakinsu ta hanyar samun maki wanda za'a iya fanshi don rangwame daga tallace-tallacen kasuwanci a cikin tsarin daya dace RecycleBank ɗaya ne irin wannan makirci inda mahalarta suke auna kayan da aka sake fa'ida a cikin kwandon shara na musamman da aka kera waɗanda ke nuna kansu zuwa ma'auni da ke cikin motocin tattara shara. Recyclebank kuma yana samun tallafin gwamnatocin birni waɗanda ke siya da sarrafa kayan aikin da ake buƙata, barin RecycleBank ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa don kamfani mai riba. Wani makirci mai kama da haka shine GreenOps LLC, shirin lada na sake amfani da al'umma wanda ɗan kasuwa Anthony Zolezzi ya kafa, wanda daga baya ya sayar da shi zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida, ya zama Greenopolis Recycling Rewards. Greenopolis ya ba da maki lada ga masu amfani daga shekarar 2008-2012 ta hanyar gidajen yanar gizon kafofin watsa labarun, Wasannin Facebook da kwalban kuma suna iya sake yin amfani da su ta PepsiCo Dream Machines. An sanya Injinan Mafarki a harabar kwaleji, kantin kayan miya da sansanonin soja a duk faɗin Amurka kuma sun tattara fiye da kwalaben filastik miliyan 4 a farkon farkon fara amfani da su. Oceanopolis, wani wasan Facebook ne da Greenopolis ya kirkira don sanya al'adar sake amfani da su cikin daɗi da nishadantarwa, Al Gore ya gane shi a shekarata 2011 Games for Change Festival a Jami'ar New York, yana mai cewa "Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan kamar Trash Tycoon sun ƙarfafa ni. da Oceanopolis, kuma dukkansu sun karfafa tunanina a wannan yanki." A ƙarshe, Recyclebank da Greenopolis za su haɗu bayan saka hannun jari a Bankin Recycle ta Gudanar da Sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2019, RecycleBank an siyi ta hanyar Recycle Track Systems (RTS). EarthAid yana amfani da software na musamman wanda ke buga lissafin kuɗi daga kamfanoni a cikin tsarin kan layi wanda mahalarta zasu iya rabawa tare da dangi da abokai. Rage amfani da makamashi yana samun maki lada waɗanda za a iya fanshi don kyaututtuka a kasuwancin da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar ladan EarthAid.
Shirye-shiryen rarrabawa Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki bisa ga kasafi shine wanda ake baiwa kowane mahalarta daidai gwargwado na kudaden fitar da hayaki. Sannan Kuma Mahalarta sai su yi musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka tare da juna don samun isassun kuɗin da za su biya ainihin hayakin da suke fitarwa. Manufar shirin rabo shine don samun daidaito tsakanin mahalarta game da rage hayaki.
Technically an emission crediting makirci, wani kasafi makirci ne classed a matsayin wani emissions rage hayaki tsarin domin ciniki na kudin tsakanin daidaikun mutane kamar yadda ake nema na iya haifar da wata babbar kasuwar ciniki inda kudin zai iya aiki a matsayin matsakaici na musayar, da kuma wannan ciniki. Kuma yana haifar da ƙarin ƙimar tattalin arziƙi mai inganci mai alaƙa da raguwar hayaƙi.
Bankin Albarkatun Duniya ƙungiya ɗaya ce da ke ba da shawarar irin wannan tsarin rabon duniya.
Tsarin rabon hayaki In ba haka ba, an san shi azaman ciniki na carbon na sirri, tsarin rage hayaƙin hayaki bisa ga ragi yana ɗaukan daidaitaccen rabon hayaki wanda aka yarda da shi ga matsakaicin ɗan ƙasa wanda ke raguwa cikin lokaci.
Mahalarta da ke amfani da ƙasa da adadin da aka raba suna karɓar kuɗin da za a iya kasuwanci tare da waɗanda ke fitarwa fiye da adadin da aka yarda. Kuma Duk mahalarta sunyi alƙawarin gabaɗaya su kasance ƙasa da matsakaici tare da ƙima mai kyau a cikin tsarin.
Ƙungiyoyin Rarraba Rarraba Carbon (CRAGs), waɗanda aka fara a cikin United Kingdom, suna da hanyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyin duniya. Mahalarta CRAG suna amfani da madaidaicin matsakaici don ƙasar a matsayin tushen adadin da aka raba. Sannan Mahalarta da ke fitarwa a sama da matakan rabo dole ne su biya waɗanda ke ƙasa da kuɗin kuɗin ƙasa. Tsibirin Norfolk, Ostiraliya yana kan aiwatar da tsarin ciniki na carbon na son rai na gabaɗayan tsibiri wanda Farfesa Garry Egger na Jami'ar Kudancin Cross ya tsara,
Tsare-tsaren kuɗin kuɗi na al'umma Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki na al'umma shine nau'in kuɗaɗen gida na C4 wanda al'amuran kuɗaɗen gida ke tallafawa ta hanyar rage hayaƙi na membobin tsarin. Kuɗin gida, lokacin da wasu membobin ko kasuwancin gida suka karɓi don ciniki, Kuma ta haka ne ke ba wa mahalarta kyauta don ƙoƙarinsu na rigakafin dumamar yanayi. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen na iya samun nau'ikan juzu'i daban-daban na canzawa zuwa ajiyar carbon, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko kuɗin ƙasa.
Edogawatt wani nau'i ne na rage fitar da hayaki da ake amfani da shi a Edogawa, Tokyo wanda wani yunƙuri ne na haikalin Jōdo Shinshū Jukou-in na gida. Sannan Kuma A cikin wannan makirci, haikalin da masu bautar sun sayi fale-falen hasken rana kuma suna sayar da wuce gona da iri ga Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo Sai haikalin ya ɗauki bambanci tsakanin farashin da Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo ya biya da farashin da ake biya na makamashin halitta a Jamus kuma yana sayar da Takaddun Takaddun Wutar Lantarki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi don haikalin. Kuma Ana ba masu siyan Takaddun Takaddun Wutar Lantarki 30 Edogawatt takardar shaida. “A halin yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan a tsakanin mutane… a matsayin takardar shaidar bashi ko wajibci a musayar jarirai, ɗaukar kaya, fassara da sauran ƙananan ayyuka. Sun ba da kwarin gwiwa don samar da al'ummar taimakon juna a cikin al'umma kuma muna so mu sanya su zama makami don zurfafa zumunci da amincewa." http://www.qoin.org/what-we-do/past-projects/kyoto4all/ Kyoto4All rahoto ne na 2006 da Peter van Luttervelt, David Beatty da Edgar Kampers suka rubuta na Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Holland (wanda ake kira VROM). Binciken ya bayyana jerin tsarin kuɗi don haɗa 'yan ƙasa-masu amfani da maƙasudin sauyin yanayi na lokacin bayan Kyoto.
The Maia Maia Emissions Reduction Currency System, wani tsari ne da aka kirkira a Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana san kuɗin tsarin da “boya”, mai suna bayan kalmar Nyungar ta ƴan asalin ƙasar don alamun kasuwancin dutse da su ke amfani da su. Kowane boya yana dogara ne akan kilogiram 10 na carbon dioxide daidai da rigakafin dumamar yanayi wanda yayi daidai da 100 tonne CO2-e Kudin zamantakewa na carbon, wanda ya kai matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙima daga binciken da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu. Fitowar boyar ta farko ta faru ne a ranar 30 ga Janairu, shekarata 2011 a Fremantle, Western Australia a wani taron da Hukumar Kula da Permaculture ta Duniya da Gidauniyar Gaia ta Western Australia suka shirya. Sauran masu fitar da Boya sun hada da Jami'ar Vermont da a Ostiraliya, makarantun firamare, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyar unguwanni.
Cibiyar Sadarwar Liquidity, wani yunƙuri na Gidauniyar don Tattalin Arziki na Dorewa yana ba da shawara don gabatar da kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki na al'umma a cikin gundumar Kilkenny a Ireland. Kuma A halin yanzu shawara tana gaban majalisa don nazari.
Shirye-shiryen samun kuɗi Ƙimar rage fitar da hayaki da aka samu ana tallafawa ne ta ƙimar kuɗin kuɗin ƙirtun hayaki ko kuma an tabbatar da shi ƙarƙashin tsarin tsari ko wasu samfuran kuɗi da aka samu daga gare su. Ana iya canza waɗannan ƙididdiga zuwa kuɗin fiat ta hanyar canja wurin mallakar kadarorin da ke cikin ƙasa kamar siyar da ƙirƙira ƙirƙira zuwa kasuwa da kasuwanci.
Ven kuɗi ne mai kama- da-wane da cibiyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta Hub Culture ta fitar. An ƙayyade ƙimar Ven akan kasuwannin kuɗi daga kwandon kuɗi da kayayyaki. Sannan Za a iya rarraba Ven a matsayin kuɗin rage hayaki saboda an haɗa makomar carbon a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kayayyaki da ake amfani da su don darajar kuɗin.
Carbon Manna wani tsari ne da aka tsara wanda zai yi amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa kafin siyar da shi daga ayyukan rage hayaki da aka haɗa don mayar da masu amfani kai tsaye ko kuma shigar da su cikin nasarar wayar hannu M-PESA da ake amfani da ita a ƙasashe masu tasowa don rage farashin hada-hadar kuɗi. da kuma shinge kan sauyin kudi.
Duba wasu abubuwan NORI alama
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50740 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehava%20Gal-On | Zehava Gal-On | Zehava Gal-On an haife ta 4 Janairun shekarar 1956) 'yar siyasan Isra'ila ce, shugaban Cibiyar Zulat don daidaito da 'yancin ɗan adam kuma tsohowar shugaban Meretz.
Gal-On ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2017 kuma ta yi takara a matsayin jagoran Meretz a zaɓen majalisar dokokin Isra'ila na 2022 amma ta kasa tsallake matakin zaben.
Tarihin Rayuwa Zlata Shnipitskaya daga baya Zehava Gal-On) an haife ta a shekara ta 1956 a Vilnius a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu a Lithuania Ta yi hijira tana da shekaru huɗu zuwa Isra'ila a cikin 1960 tare da iyayenta: mahaifinta Aryeh (an haife shi 30 Disamban shekarata 1925),mai aikin famfo na wani reshen Solel Boneh (kamfanin gini),da mahaifiyarta, Yaffa (19 Fabrairu 1923 10 Maris 2012), malama.Sun zauna a Hey there! I am using WhatsApp.sansanin ma'abara na wucewa kuma daga ƙarshe suka koma aikin gidaje a Petah Tikva. A lokacin aikinta a Rundunar Tsaro ta Isra'ila, Schnipitzky ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa a Brigade na Paratroopers. Ta sami digiri na farko a Ilimi na Musamman da Harsuna daga Kwalejin Beit Berl,da kuma MA a fannin Falsafa na Ilimi daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus.
Iyali Gal-On ta auri Pesach (an haife shi 5 Disamba 1953). Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Yiftah (an haifi 4 Maris 1980) da Nadav (an haife shi 28 Janairu 1982), kuma har yanzu yana zaune a Petah Tikva.
Sana'ar siyasa Gal-On ta yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatariya na jaridar Politika, na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama B'Tselem,da na jam'iyyar Ratz.Ita memba ce ta babban darakta na Meretz.Daga cikin manyan ayyukanta: gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama da na jama'a, 'yancin mata, da gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci na zamantakewa. Game da IDF refuseniks,ta ce "Meretz bai kamata ya tafi tare da iskar ƙi ba,amma kada yayi ƙoƙarin yin adawa da shi. Mu jam’iyya ce da ta yi imani da jam’in akida kuma bai kamata mu binne kawunanmu a cikin raini ba. Meretz dole ne ya nuna tausayi ga masu kin amincewa kuma dole ne ya gabatar da batun don tattaunawa da jama'a tare da bayyana dalilan da ya sa jami'an suka ki yin hidima." An zabe ta a majalisar Knesset a shekarar 1999,kuma ta kasance shugabar kwamitin Knesset na yaki da fataucin mata Ta kasance memba a kwamitin doka da tsarin mulki na Knesset da kuma kwamitin Knesset. A wannan shekarar,ta kuma yi kira da a soke Dokar Komawa,tana mai cewa “Dokar Komawa na nuna wariya, tana nuna wariya tsakanin Yahudawa da waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba. Zan iya yarda cewa bayan Holocaust, wani nau'in larura ne. Amma watakila bayan shekaru 51, ba mu cikin yanayi guda, kuma ba ma bukatar tafiyar da kasarmu bisa irin wadannan dokokin da ba su dace da tsarin dimokradiyya ba.” A cikin 2007, Gal-On ta ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin zama jagoran Meretz a cikin 2008 na shugabancin Meretz.Ta bayyana imaninta cewa jam'iyyar na bukatar sake farfado da kanta tare da inganta tsarin farar hula, wanda ya kunshi 'yancin dan adam da 'yancin walwala,don ci gaba da kasancewa a siyasance. Gal-On ta ce Meretz ba zai iya kallon yayin da wasu jam'iyyu suka amince da wasu mukaman da ya dade ba, kuma dole ne ta yi aiki don tabbatar da ka'idojin dimokuradiyya da daidaito a cikin al'ummar Isra'ila.Ta sha kaye a hannun Haim Oron, kamar yadda kuri'un suka yi hasashen. Gal-On ta ba da gudummawarta ta uku a jerin Meretz don zaben 2009 a matsayin nuna girmamawa ga Nitzan Horowitz, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da aka rage jam'iyyar zuwa kujeru uku.Ta danganta gazawar jam'iyyar da martanin rashin tabbas da ta yi kan Operation Cast Lead na Isra'ila,kuma ta ce: "Ra'ayina ta bambanta da na yawancin 'yan jam'iyyar. Domin kuwa Meretz jam’iyya ce ta akida,dole ne ta kasance tana da bayyananniyar magana ko da a irin wannan yanayi.” A cikin Maris 2011 ta koma Knesset bayan Haim Oron ta yi ritaya. A ranar 7 ga Fabrairun 2012,an zaɓi Gal-On a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Meretz,tare da fiye da kashi 60% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar. A zaben 'yan majalisa na 2013 Meretz ya ninka adadin kujeru daga uku zuwa shida.
Kafin zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2015,Gal-On ta ce a lokacin yakin neman zabe cewa za ta yi murabus idan jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru hudu kawai. Lokacin da sakamakon farko na zaben 2015 ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar za ta ragu a wakilci, Gal-On ta sanar da cewa za ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Meretz da zaran an zabi wanda zai gaje shi,kuma daga Knesset don bude wuri ga Tamar Zandberg. ‘Yar takarar jam’iyyar a matsayi na biyar,wadda da alama ta rasa kujerar ta.Zandberg, Ilan Gilon da sauransu sun bukaci Gal-On da ta sake yin la'akari da shawararta. Da zarar an kirga kuri'un wanda ba ya halarta da sojoji, Meretz ya samu kujera ta biyar. Da wannan nasarar, Gal-On ta sanar da cewa ta ci gaba da zama shugabar jam'iyyar. Ta ce: "Meretz ya samu kujera ta biyar daga magoya bayan matasa,daga sojojin Isra'ila, wadanda suka daga darajar jam'iyyar. Hakan ya baiwa Meretz damar ci gaba da karfinsa dangane da adadin masu jefa kuri'a wasu 170,000 idan aka kwatanta da zaben da ya gabata.A karkashin yanayi da kuma saba wa dukkan sabani, wannan nasara ce." A cikin Oktoba 2017 Gal-On ta yi murabus daga Knesset, amma ta ce za ta ci gaba da zama shugabar Meretz.Mossi Raz ne ya zaunar da ita. A cikin 2019, Gal-on ta kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta Zulat don daidaito da 'yancin ɗan adam,kuma tana aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar. Da farko Gal-On ta sanar da takararta na takarar shugabancin Meretz na 2018,amma daga baya ta fice. An zabi Tamar Zandberg a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar. Bayan da ta yi ritaya daga rayuwar siyasa,Gal-On ta zama mawallafiya na yau da kullun ga jaridar Haaretz mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Fitowa daga ritayar siyasa, Gal-On ta sanar a ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022 cewa za ta tsaya takara a zaben shugabancin Meretz da aka shirya gudanarwa a ranar 23 ga Agusta. An zabi Gal-On,inda ta kayar da YaGolan.l Gal-ontya jagoranci Meretz a zaben 'yan majalisa a watan Nuwamba, inda jam'iyyar ta kasa tsallake matakin zabe, ba tare da samun kujeru ba sakamakon haka A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2022, Gal-On ta sanar da aniyarta ta yin murabus a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Zehava Gal-On on the Knesset website
Rayayyun mutane
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58280 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Graves%20Simcoe | John Graves Simcoe | John Graves Simcoe (25 Fabrairun shekarar 1752 26 Oktoba 1806)ya kasance janar na Sojojin Burtaniya kuma babban laftanar gwamna na Upper Canada daga 1791 har zuwa 1796 a kudancin Ontario da magudanar ruwa na Georgian Bay da Lake Superior .Ya kafa York,wanda a yanzu ake kira Toronto, kuma ya taka rawa wajen gabatar da cibiyoyi kamar kotunan shari'a,shari'a ta juri,dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi,da mallakar filaye mai 'yanci,sannan kuma a cikin kawar da bauta a Upper Canada Burinsa na dogon lokaci shi ne ci gaban Upper Canada(Ontario)a matsayin al'umman abin koyi da aka gina bisa ka'idodin aristocratic da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya,wanda aka tsara don nuna fifikon waɗannan ka'idodin zuwa jamhuriyar Amurka.Ƙoƙarinsa mai ƙarfi ya sami nasara kaɗan kawai wajen kafa ƴan ƙasa,Cocin Ingila mai bunƙasa,da haɗin gwiwar adawa da Amurka tare da zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashe na asali.Yawancin mutanen Kanada suna ganin shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa tarihin Kanada,musamman ma waɗanda ke Kudancin Ontario.Ana tunawa da shi a Toronto tare da Simcoe Day.
Rayuwar farko Simcoe shine kawai ɗan Cornishman John (1710–1759)da Katherine Simcoe (ya mutu 1767).Iyayensa sun haifi ’ya’ya hudu,amma shi kadai ne ya rayu bayan yarinta;Percy ya nutse a cikin 1764,yayin da Paulet William da John William suka mutu suna jarirai.Mahaifinsa shi ne kyaftin a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Royal wanda ya ba da umarnin HMS <i id="mwJg">Pembroke</i> mai harbi 60 a lokacin da aka kewaye Louisbourg,tare da James Cook a matsayin mai kula da jirgin ruwa.Ya mutu da ciwon huhu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1759 a cikin jirginsa a bakin kogin Saint Lawrence 'yan watanni kafin kewayen Quebec,kuma an binne shi a teku.Iyalin sai suka koma gidan iyayen mahaifiyarsa a Exeter.Kakanninsa su ne William da Maryamu (née Hutchinson)Simcoe.
Ya yi karatu a Exeter Grammar School da Eton College.Ya yi shekara guda a Kwalejin Merton, Oxford ;daga nan aka shigar da shi a Lincoln's Inn,amma ya yanke shawarar bin aikin soja wanda mahaifinsa ya nufa da shi.An ƙaddamar da shi zuwa Freemasonry a Union Lodge,Exeter akan 2 Nuwamba 1773.
Aikin soja a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka A cikin 1770,Simcoe ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Burtaniya a matsayin alama a cikin Runduna ta 35 na ƙafar ƙafa,kuma an tura ƙungiyarsa zuwa Mallaka goma sha uku .Daga baya,ya ga aiki a cikin Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Amurka a lokacin da aka kewaye Boston.Bayan kewaye,a cikin Yuli 1776,an ba shi mukamin kyaftin a cikin 40th Regiment of Foot .Ya ga aiki tare da kamfanin grenadier na Kafa na 40 a cikin yakin New York da New Jersey da yakin PhiladelphiaSimcoe ya umarci Grenadiers na 40 a yakin Brandywine a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1777, inda ya ji rauni. Labarin yana da cewa Simcoe ya umarci mutanensa a Brandywine da kada su yi luguden wuta kan 'yan tawaye uku da suka gudu, cikinsu har da George Washington.
A cikin 1777,Simcoe ya nemi ya samar da tsarin masu aminci na baƙar fata kyauta daga Boston amma a maimakon haka an ba da umarnin Sarauniya Rangers da aka kafa a Tsibirin Staten a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1777.Ya kasance ingantacciyar horarwa ta runduna mai haske wacce ta ƙunshi kamfanoni 11 na maza 30,grenadier 1,da hussar 1,da sauran runduna masu haske.Sarauniyar Rangers ta ga ayyuka da yawa a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Philadelphia,gami da nasarar kai hari mai ban mamaki(shirya da aiwatar da Simcoe)a Yaƙin Crooked Billet.
A cikin 1778,Simcoe ya jagoranci kai hari kan gidan Alkali William Hancock a lokacin balaguron neman abinci wanda 'yan tawayen Patriot suka yi adawa da shi.Harin ya kashe ‘yan bindiga 10 a cikin barci tare da raunata wasu biyar. An,ko da yake baya tare da Amurkawa.An kai harin ne da daddare tare da bayonets.A ranar 28 ga Yuni na waccan shekarar,Simcoe da Rangers na Sarauniya sun halarci yakin Monmouth,a ciki da kusa da Freehold, New Jersey Ranar 31 ga Agusta,1778,Lieut.Col.Simcoe ya jagoranci kisan kiyashi na ’yan asalin Amirka arba’in,waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Sojojin Nahiyar,a cikin abin da yake a yau Bronx,New York.Ana kiran wannan wurin da Filin Indiya a cikin Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx,New York.
A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1779,Simcoe da maza 80 sun kaddamar da hari a tsakiyar New Jersey daga kudancin Jihar Staten Island da aka sani da Simcoe's Raid, daga abin da aka sani a yau da Gidan Taro, wanda ya haifar da kona kayan Patriot a cikin Cocin Reformed Dutch a Finderne.ciki har da hay da hatsi;sakin fursunoni masu aminci daga Kotun Somerset County;da kama Simcoe ta Armand Tuffin de La Rouërie .An sake Simcoe a ƙarshen 1779 kuma ya koma sashinsa a Virginia .Ya shiga cikin Raid on Richmond tare da Benedict Arnold a cikin Janairu 1781 kuma yana da hannu a wani rikici kusa da Williamsburg kuma ya kasance a kewayen Yorktown.An sake bata shi zuwa Ingila a watan Disamba na waccan shekarar a matsayin Laftanar-Kanar,bayan da aka kara masa girma a cikin Maris 1782.
Simcoe ya rubuta littafi game da abubuwan da ya samu tare da Sarauniyar Rangers,mai suna A Journal of Operations of the Queen's Rangers daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1777 zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen yakin Amurka,wanda aka buga a 1787.Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Sufeto Janar na daukar ma'aikata na Sojan Burtaniya,daga 1789 har zuwa tashinsa zuwa Upper Canada shekaru biyu bayan haka.
Aure da iyali Simcoe ya yi nasara a gidan Devon na ubangidansa,Admiral Samuel Graves .A cikin 1782,Simcoe ya auri Elizabeth Posthuma Gwillim,unguwar ubangidansa. Elizabeth mace ce mai arziƙi, wadda ta sami Estate a Honiton a Devon kuma ya gina Wolford Lodge. Wolford ita ce wurin zama dangin Simcoe har zuwa 1923.
Simcoes suna da 'ya'ya mata biyar kafin a buga su a Kanada.An haifi Son Francis a shekara ta 1791. 'Yar su haifaffen Kanada,Katherine,ta mutu tun tana karama a York An binne ta a filin shakatawa na Victoria Square da ke Portland Avenue,Toronto.Francis ya koma Ingila tare da mahaifinsa lokacin da wa'adinsa ya kare kuma ya shiga aikin soja.An kashe shi a cikin wani cajin soja a lokacin Yaƙin Peninsular a 1812.
Son Henry Addington Simcoe ya zama masanin tauhidin Ingilishi.
Dan majalisa Simcoe ya shiga siyasa a 1790.An zabe shi dan majalisa mai wakiltar St Mawes a Cornwall,a matsayin mai goyon bayan gwamnati (wanda William Pitt the Younger ya jagoranta). A matsayinsa na dan majalisa,ya ba da shawarar samar da rundunar soji kamar Sarauniya Rangers.Ya kuma ba da shawarar jagorantar mamayar Spain.Amma a maimakon haka za a nada shi Laftanar gwamna na sabon lardin Upper Canada masu aminci. Ya yi murabus daga majalisar a shekara ta 1792 a kan karbar sabon mukaminsa.
Laftanar Gwamna na Upper Canada Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta 1791 ta raba Kanada zuwa Lardunan Sama na Kanada (Ontario) da Ƙananan Kanada (Quebec).Dokar ta kafa gwamnatoci daban-daban da majalisun dokoki na kowane lardi. Ƙasar Kanada ita ce yankin gabas masu magana da Faransanci,wanda ke riƙe da dokokin faransanci da kariyar da aka kafa ga Cocin Katolika na Roman da aka kafa lokacin da Biritaniya ta mamaye yankin bayan cin nasarar Faransa a yakin shekaru bakwai .Upper Canada ita ce yankin yamma,sabon zama bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka .Mazauna galibi masu magana da Ingilishi ne,ciki har da masu aminci daga Turawan Mulki goma sha uku,da kuma Ƙasashe shida na Iroquois,waɗanda suka kasance ƙawayen Burtaniya a lokacin yaƙin. Masarautar ta sayi filaye daga Mississauga da sauran Ƙasashen Farko don ba wa masu aminci tallafin filaye a cikin wani yanki na diyya na dukiyoyin da aka rasa a Amurka,da kuma taimaka musu su kafa sabbin al'ummomi da haɓaka wannan yanki. An nada Simcoe Laftanar-Gwamna a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1791,kuma ya tafi Kanada tare da matarsa Elizabeth da 'yarsa Sophia,ya bar 'ya'ya mata uku a Ingila tare da innarsu.Sun bar Ingila a watan Satumba kuma sun isa Kanada a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba.Saboda tsananin yanayi,Simcoes sun yi hunturu a birnin Quebec A ƙarshe Simcoe ya isa Kingston, Upper Canada, a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1792. A cikin shela akan 16 Yuli 1792,ya sake suna tsibirai da yawa a bakin tsibiran da ke kan kogin St.Lawrence don tunawa da janar-janar na Burtaniya na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai Amherst Island,Carleton Island, Gage Island, Wolfe Island) da Howe Island A karkashin Dokar Tsarin Mulki,gwamnatin lardi ta ƙunshi Laftanar-Gwamna,Majalisar Zartarwa da Majalisar Dokoki da aka naɗa,da Zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Dokoki .Taron farko na Majalisar Wakilai mai wakilai tara da Majalisar Dokoki mai wakilai goma sha shida ya faru a Newark (yanzu Niagara-on-the-Lake a ranar 17 ga Satumba |
32532 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Elles%2C%20Baroness%20Elles | Diana Elles, Baroness Elles | Diana Louie Elles, Baroness Elles (19 Yuli 1921 17 Oktoban shekarar 2009) barrista ce kuma wakiliyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga Burtaniya. Ta kasance wakiliyar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai sama da shekaru goma. Ɗanta shine James Elles.
Kuruciya An haifi Diana Newcombe a Bedford, 'ya ce ga KanalStewart Francis Newcombe da matarsa Elisabeth Chaki, wadanda ya hadu da ita a yakin da ya yi. Mahaifinta babban abokin TELawrence ne, wanda shine uban ɗan'uwanta Stuart Lawrence Newcombe (an haife shi 1920). Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantu masu zaman kansu a London, Paris da Florence, ta tafi Jami'ar London, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Faransanci da Italiyanci a 1941. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Elles ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojojin Sama na Mata, ta zama Jami'in Jiragen Sama a 1944. Ta kware a ilmin lissafi an haɗa ta da Bletchley Park kuma ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar masu karya lamba. A cikin 1944 ta ɗauki kwas a cikin Jafananci a Bletchley Park wanda Arthur Cooper ya koyar da membobin RAF da WAAF.
Aiki a Ingila Lincoln's Inn ya kira Elles zuwa kungiyar lauyoyi a shekara ta 1956 kuma ya yi aiki a cikin kwamitin kulawa na son rai a Kennington. Ta kasance darekta na Cibiyar Ma'aikata ta Kasa, ta bude kwalejin horarwa a 1963. A watan Yulin 1970, Elles ta zama shugabar sashin Burtaniya na Tarayyar Mata ta Tarayyar Turai kuma bayan shekaru uku na kungiyar gaba daya. A cikin 1972, Edward Heath, a wancan lokacin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya ya shirya mata zaman rayuwarta kuma a ranar 2 ga Mayu an halicce ta Baroness Elles, na birnin Westminster. Lokacin da Labour ta hau mulki a shekarar 1974, ta zauna a kan kujerun ‘yan adawa a majalisar dokokin kasar kuma ta kasance mai magana da yawun harkokin kasashen waje da Turai. A shekarar 1977 ne Elles ta zama memba na majalisa na Royal Institute of International Affairs har zuwa shekarar 1986 kuma daga baya ya zama gwamnan Jami'ar Karatu har zuwa 1996. Ta kasance mai kula da Masana'antu da Amincewar Majalisar daga 1985 kuma a cikin 1990 ma'aikacin Caldecott Community wanda aka kafa a matsayin gidan gandun daji na London a 1911 daga baya wurin zama (maganin warkewa) ga yara a cikin kulawa. An nada Elles a matsayin babban bencher na Lincoln's Inn a cikin 1993. Bayan ta yi ritaya daga ɗan siyasa, ta kashe lokacinta don tallafawa Cibiyar Burtaniya ta Florence.
Aikin kasar waje A shekarar 1972 ne, Elles ta shiga tawagar Burtaniya zuwa babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma bayan shekara guda aka kara da shi a cikin karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don rigakafin wariya da kare tsiraru. An zabe ta mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam a 1975. Bayan shekaru hudu, ta yi murabus daga ofishinta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Edward Heath ya tura ta zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a 1973, inda ta jagoranci ofishin kasa da kasa har zuwa 1978, lokacin da Elles ya ba da damar wakilcin Labour. A zaben farko na majalisar a shekara ta 1979, ta lashe kujerar Conservative na Thames Valley. Tare da danta James, an dawo da ita a cikin 1984 na wasu shekaru biyar. Daga 1982, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar kuma bayan shekaru biyu, ta tsaya takarar shugabancin kasa. Lokacin da a cikin 1987, wa'adinta ya ƙare, ta tsaya takarar shugabancin ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya ta Turai, amma Christopher Prout ya ci nasara. Elles ya bar majalisar a 1989 kuma ya zama memba na kamfanin lauyoyi na Belgian Van Bael da Bellis.
Rayuwa A 1945 ne, ta auri Neil Patrick Moncrieff Elles; sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Elizabeth Rosamund (an haifi 1947) da James Edmund Moncrieff (an haifi 1949). Mijinta ya riga ta rasuwa, Elles ta mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban 2009, a lokacin tana da shekaru 88.
Ayyuka The Housewife and The Common Market (1971)
Procedural Aspects of Competition Law (1975)
UN Human Rights of Non-Citizens (1984)
Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty (1995)
European and World Trade Law (1996)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Portraits of Diana Elles, Baroness Elles at the National Portrait Gallery, London Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Diana Elles, Baroness Elles
Hahihuwar 1921
Mutuwar 2009
Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar |
61236 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Agu | Francis Agu | Francis Agu (18 Fabrairu 1965 20 Maris 2007) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na TV da silima na Najeriya Nollywood An fi saninsa dalilin rawar da ya taka a jerin shirye-shiryen gidan talabijin na Najeriya da aka dade ana yi mai suna Checkmate.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Francis Okechukwu Agu a birnin Legas ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1965 ga dangin Katolika na Fidelis da Virginia Agu daga Enugu-Ngwo, jihar Enugu, kuma shi ne na bakwai cikin su takwas. Sunansa, Okechukwu, yana nufin "God's portion". Matashin mai natsuwa kuma haziki, a wani lokaci ya kasance memba na Altar Boys kuma Lector a Cocin Katolika na St. Dominic, Yaba, Legas. Ya fara karatun boko a Cibiyar Ladi-Lak Alagomeji, Ebute-Metta, Legas. Ya yi karatun sakandire ne a St. Finbarr's College, Legas, inda mai mishan ya kafa makarantar, Rev. Fr. Dennis Joseph Slattery. Ya kuma halarci Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci (Mass Communication).
Sana'a Agu, ya fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yodrac da ke cocin St. Dominic, a lokacin yana aiki da bankin Najeriya Arab Bank da ke Legas. Yodrac, wanda George Eboka ya kafa, ya samar da kwararrun masana’antar nishadi irin su Toyin Oshinaike, Kevin Ushi, Kris Ubani-Roberts, Williams Ekpo, Gregory Odutayo, Jude Orhorha, Tunji Otun, da Neye Adebulugbe. Nan da nan daraktan Yodrac Isaac John ya hango gwanintar Agu.
Fitowarsa ta farko shine a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna: This is Our Chance na James Ene Henshaw, wanda Isaac John ya jagoranta. Ya taka rawar gani a matsayin, Sarki Damba a cikin shirin. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da The Gods are not to Blame by Ola Rotimi, da kuma Trial of Brother Jero na Wole Soyinka.
Segun Ojewuyi ne ya ba shi umarni a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Mutumin da bai mutu ba a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Legas. Wannan ya biyo bayan shirye-shiryen da yawa tare da gurus na wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban kamar Chuck Mike. Har ila yau, ya kasance yana yin waƙa tare da Steve Rhodes Voices, wanda Dattijo Steve Rhodes da kansa ya jagoranta.
Agu ya fito a cikin Checkmate, wasan opera na sabulun TV na 1990, wanda a ciki ya buga halin Benny. Ya kuma yi tauraro a matsayin Ichie Million a cikin Bidiyon Gida na Najeriya na farko, Rayuwa a cikin kangin bauta, wanda ya kawo masa suna a kasa. Ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko Jezebel a cikin 1994 kuma ya ci gaba da samarwa da ba da umarni da yawa, ciki har da Sunan Uba, Kira na Allahntaka, Yaro Nawa ne, Jiki da Rai, Ƙauna da Girman Kai, Rawa a cikin daji, da kuma Ka kai ni wurin Yesu Agu ya yi rashin lafiya a watan Oktobar 2006, kuma ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2007.
Fina-finai Living in Bondage (1992)
Bloodbrothers
Bloodbrothers 2
A Minute to Midnite
Untouchable
Circle of Doom (1993)
Jesus
Blood Money (1997)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taskar gidan yanar gizon Francis Agu Memorial
Vanguard, newspaper website Sun News, Archive of newspaper article
The National, Archive of newspaper website
Matattun 2007
Haihuwan |
30266 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayi%20na%20muhalli | Yanayi na muhalli | Halin muhalli, yanayi Na muhalli, ya kasance yanayi shine kowane abu, abiotic ko biotic, wanda ke rinjayar rayayyun halittu. Abubuwan kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yanayin yanayi, adadin hasken rana, da pH na ƙasan ruwa wanda kwayoyin halitta ke rayuwa. Abubuwan da suka shafi halittu zasu haɗa da samuwar kwayoyin abinci da kasancewar ƙayyadaddun ilimin halitta, masu fafatawa, mafarauta, da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bayanin Genotype na kwayoyin halitta (misali, a cikin zygote) wanda aka fassara zuwa cikin phenotype na manya ta hanyar haɓakawa yayin tsarin halittar kwayoyin halitta, kuma yana ƙarƙashin tasirin muhalli da yawa. Sannan kuma A cikin wannan mahallin, ana iya kallon nau'in phenotype (ko yanayin phenotypic) azaman kowane siffa mai ma'ana da ma'auni na kwayoyin halitta, kamar yawan jikinsa ko launin fata.
Baya ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na gaskiya na monoogenic, abubuwan muhalli na iya ƙayyade cigaban cuta a cikin waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun yanayin. Damuwa, cin zarafi na jiki da tunani, abinci, fallasa zuwa gubobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, radiation da sinadarai da aka samu a kusan duka. Da samfuran kulawa na sirri da masu tsabtace gida sune abubuwan muhalli na gama gari waɗanda ke ƙayyade babban ɓangaren cututtukan da ba na gado ba.
Idan tsarin cuta ya ƙare ya zama sakamakon haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli, ana iya kiran asalinsa na etiological a matsayin yana da nau'i mai yawa Ciwon daji galibi yana da alaƙa da kuma abubuwan muhalli. Kula da nauyin lafiya, Kuma cin abinci mai kyau, rage barasa da kuma kawar da shan taba yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, a cewar masu bincike. Hakanan an yi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli don asma da Autism Bayyanawa Exposome ya ƙunshi saitin yanayin muhalli na ɗan adam (watau waɗanda ba kwayoyin halitta ba) fallasa tun daga tunanin gaba, wanda ya cika kwayoyin halitta Sannna Masanin ilimin cututtukan daji Christopher Paul Wild ya fara gabatar da wannan fallasa ne a shekara ta 2005 a wata kasida mai suna "Complementing the genome with an"exposome": fitaccen kalubalen auna bayyanar da muhalli a ilimin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta. Manufar bayyanar da yadda za a tantance shi ya haifar da tattaunawa mai raɗaɗi tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin shekarata 2010, 2012, 2014 2021. A cikin labarinsa na shekarata 2005, Wild ya bayyana cewa, "A mafi cikakke, bayyanar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na rayuwa (ciki har da abubuwan rayuwa tun daga lokacin haihuwa." An fara gabatar da ra'ayin ne don jawo hankali ga buƙatun samun ingantacciyar bayanai da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin muhalli don bincike mai haɗari, don daidaita saka hannun jari a cikin kwayoyin halitta. A cewar Wild, ko da sigogin da ba su cika ba na fallasa na iya zama da amfani ga ilimin cututtuka A cikin shekarar 2012, Ƙirar daji ta ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin, gami da na'urori masu auna firikwensin mutum, na'urorin biomarkers, da fasahar omics don mafi kyawun ayyana bayyanar. Ya yi bayanin yanki guda uku masu ruɓani a cikin fallasa:
yanayi na waje na gaba ɗaya ciki har da yanayin birane, ilimi, abubuwan yanayi, zamantakewar jama'a, damuwa, wani yanayi na musamman na waje tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta, radiation, cututtuka, abubuwan rayuwa (misali taba, barasa abinci, motsa jiki, da dai sauransu.
yanayi na ciki don haɗawa da abubuwan ilimin halitta na ciki irin su abubuwan da ke faruwa na rayuwa, hormones, microflora gut, kumburi, damuwa na oxidative A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayyana wannan ma'anar a cikin zurfin zurfi a cikin littafi na farko a kan fallasa. A cikin shekarata 2014, marubucin wannan mawallafin ya sake sake fasalin ma'anar don haɗawa da martanin jiki tare da tsarin rayuwa na ƙarshe wanda ke canza sarrafa sinadarai. Kwanan nan, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bayyanar cututtuka a ciki da kuma kusa da lokacin daukar ciki, bayyanar cututtuka na mahaifa ya haɗa da bayyanar cututtuka irin su kiba na uwa kiba da ciwon sukari, da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ciki har da abinci mai kitse mai yawa calorie mai girma, wanda ke hade da matalauta tayi., Kuma Girman jarirai da yara, da ƙara yawan kiba da sauran cututtuka na rayuwa a rayuwa ta gaba.
Aunawa For complex disorders, specific genetic causes appear to account for only 10-30% of the disease incidence, but there has been no standard or systematic way to measure the influence of environmental exposures. Some studies into the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the incidence of diabetes have demonstrated that "environment-wide association studies" (EWAS, or exposome-wide association studies) may be feasible. However, it is not clear what data sets are most appropriate to represent the value of "E".
Ayyukan bincike Tun daga shekarata 2016, maiyuwa ba zai yiwu a aunawa ko ƙirar cikakkiyar bayyanar ba, amma yawancin ayyukan Turai sun fara yin ƙoƙari na farko. A cikin shekarar 2012, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da manyan tallafi guda biyu don ci gaba da bincike mai alaƙa. An ƙaddamar da aikin HELIX a Cibiyar Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Barcelona a kusa da shekarata 2014, kuma da nufin haɓaka bayyanar farkon rayuwa. Aiki na biyu, Exposomics, tushen a Imperial College London, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin a shekarata 2012, da nufin yin amfani da wayoyin hannu ta amfani da GPS da na'urori masu auna muhalli don tantance abubuwan da ke faruwa. A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an fara wani babban shiri mai suna "Ƙungiyoyin Lafiya da Muhalli- Faɗin Ƙungiyoyin da suka dogara da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙimar Ƙwararrun Ƙididdiga kuma ta fara. Kuma An zana shi a matsayin mafi girman binciken da ke da alaƙa da muhalli a Turai, HEALS yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da yanayin da aka ayyana ta hanyar hulɗar tsakanin jerin DNA, gyare-gyaren DNA na epigenetic, bayyanar kwayar halitta, da abubuwan muhalli. A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2011, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta {asa ta {asar Amirka, ta gudanar da wani taro mai suna "Emerging Technologies for Measuring Personal Exposomes." Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka bayyani, "Exposome and Exposomics", ya zayyana wurare uku masu fifiko don yin bincike kan abubuwan da suka shafi sana'a kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta gano. Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa (NIH) sun saka hannun jari a cikin fasahohin da ke tallafawa bincike mai alaka da abubuwan da suka hada da biosensors, kuma suna tallafawa bincike kan hulɗar mahalli Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP) An gabatar da ra'ayin wani Project Exposome Project, mai kama da Human Genome Project, kuma an tattauna shi a cikin tarurrukan kimiyya da yawa, amma kamar na shekarar 2017, babu irin wannan aikin. Idan aka yi la’akari da rashin fayyace yadda kimiyya za ta bi wajen aiwatar da irin wannan aikin, an yi rashin tallafi. Rahotanni kan lamarin sun hada da:
wani bita na shekarata 2011 game da ilimin kimiyya mai ban sha'awa da bayyanar da Paul Lioy da Stephen Rappaport, "Kimiyyar Bayyanawa da Bayyanawa: damar samun daidaituwa a cikin ilimin lafiyar muhalli" a cikin mujallar Muhalli na Lafiya Rahoton a shekarata 2012 daga Majalisar Binciken Ƙasa ta Amurka "Kimiyyar Bayyanawa a cikin Ƙarni na 21st: A Vision and A Strategy", yana bayyana ƙalubalen da ke cikin ƙididdiga na yau da kullum na exosome.
Filaye masu alaƙa Ma'anar ƙaddamarwa ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarwarin shekarata 2010 na sabon tsari a cikin nau'in cututtuka, "ka'idar cuta ta musamman": Kowane mutum yana da tsarin cututtuka na musamman da ya bambanta da kowane mutum, la'akari da bambancin bayyanar da tasirinsa na musamman akan kwayoyin halitta. pathologic tafiyar matakai ciki har da gyare-gyare a cikin interactome An fara bayyana wannan ka'ida a cikin cututtukan neoplastic a matsayin "ka'idar ƙwayar cuta ta musamman". Dangane da wannan ƙa'idar cuta ta musamman, filin interdisciplinary na ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (MPE) ya haɗu da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan cututtuka.
Direbobin tattalin arziki Sauye-sauyen duniya yana haifar da abubuwa da yawa; duk da haka manyan abubuwa guda biyar da ke kawo sauyi a duniya su ne: karuwar jama'a, karuwar tattalin arziki, ci gaban fasaha, halaye, da cibiyoyi. Wadannan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin duniya guda biyar suna iya samo asali ne daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma wanda kuma, ana iya ganin waɗannan a matsayin direbobi ta fuskar su. Abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi na zamantakewar al'umma na iya haifar da buƙatun zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki na albarkatu kamar buƙatun katako ko buƙatar amfanin gona. Kuma A cikin saran gandun daji na wurare masu zafi alal misali, babban abin tuƙi shine damar tattalin arziƙin da ke tattare da hakar waɗannan albarkatun da mai da ƙasar zuwa amfanin gona ko kiwo. Ana iya bayyana waɗannan direbobi a kowane mataki, daga matakin duniya na buƙatar katako har zuwa matakin gida.
Ana iya ganin misalin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki ke shafar sauyin yanayi a cinikin wake tsakanin Brazil da China. Kasuwancin waken waken soya daga Brazil da China ya karu matuka a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Wannan ci gaban da ake samu a harkokin kasuwanci tsakanin wadannan kasashen biyu ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga direbobin tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikin masu tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arziki a nan sun hada da karuwar bukatar waken waken soya na kasar Sin a kasar Sin, da Kuma karuwar canjin amfanin gona a fannin noman wake a Brazil, da kuma muhimmancin karfafa cinikayyar waje tsakanin kasashen biyu. Duk waɗannan direbobin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa suna da tasiri a canjin yanayi. Alal misali, haɓakar ci gaban noman waken soya a Brazil yana nufin akwai buƙatar ƙarin filaye da aka samar don wannan albarkatu. Wannan ya sa gaba dayan dazuzzukan ya koma gonakin noma wanda a nasa bangaren ke da tasiri ga muhalli. Wannan misalin canjin amfani da ƙasa wanda buƙatun albarkatu ke haifarwa, ba wai yana faruwa ne kawai a Brazil tare da samar da wake ba.
Wani misali kuma ya fito ne daga The Renewable Energy Directive 2009 Union lokacin da suka ba da umarnin bunƙasa albarkatun man fetur ga ƙasashen da ke cikin membobinsu. Tare da direban tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa na haɓaka samar da albarkatun halittu yana tasiri ga amfani da ƙasa a waɗannan ƙasashe. Lokacin da ƙasar noma ta koma ƙasar noman makamashin halittu, wadatar amfanin gona ta asali tana raguwa yayin da kasuwannin duniya na wannan amfanin gona ke ƙaruwa. Wannan yana haifar da direban tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa don buƙatar ƙarin filayen noma don tallafawa buƙatun girma. Duk da haka, tare da rashin wadataccen fili daga maye gurbin amfanin gona zuwa man fetur, Kuma dole ne kasashe su duba yankunan da ke nesa don bunkasa wadannan filayen noman na asali. Wannan yana haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin ƙasashe inda wannan sabon ci gaba ya faru. Misali, kasashen Afirka suna mayar da savannas zuwa gonakin noma kuma wannan duk ya samo asali ne daga tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki na son samar da makamashin halittu. Bugu da ƙari, direban zamantakewar tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da canjin amfani da ƙasa ba duka ke faruwa a matakin duniya ba. Waɗannan direbobin suna iya samun gogewa har zuwa matakin gida. Sauya amfanin gona ba wai kawai ya fito ne daga canjin yanayin noma ba, babban canji ya zo daga Tailandia lokacin da suka canza aikin noman poppy na opium zuwa amfanin gona marasa narko. Kuma Wannan ya haifar da bunƙasa fannin noma na Tailandia, amma ya haifar da tasiri a duniya maye gurbin opium Misali, a Wolong China, mazauna wurin suna amfani da gandun daji a matsayin itacen mai don dafawa da dumama gidajensu. Kuma Don haka, direban zamantakewar tattalin arzikin da ke cikin wasa anan shine buƙatar katako na gida don tallafawa rayuwa a wannan yanki. Da wannan direban, jama’ar yankin na rage kayan aikin da suke samu na itacen mai don haka sai su ci gaba da yin nesa da su domin kwato wannan albarkatun. Wannan motsi da buƙatun katako yana taimakawa ga asarar pandas a wannan yanki saboda yanayin yanayin su yana lalacewa. Duk da haka, lokacin da ake binciken abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gida an mayar da hankali kan sakamako maimakon yadda canje-canje a cikin direbobi na duniya ke shafar sakamako. Tare da wannan ana faɗin, ana buƙatar aiwatar da tsare-tsare na al'umma yayin da ake nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin zamantakewar al'umma.
A ƙarshe, mutum zai iya ganin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki a kowane mataki suke taka rawa a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam a kan muhalli. Waɗannan direbobin duk suna da tasiri a kan ƙasa, mutane, albarkatu, da muhalli gaba ɗaya. Kuma Tare da wannan ana faɗin, mutane suna buƙatar cikakken fahimtar yadda direbobin tattalin arzikinsu za su iya canza salon rayuwarmu. Misali, idan muka koma misalin waken waken soya, a lokacin da wadata ta kasa biyan bukatar waken waken, kasuwannin duniya na wannan amfanin gona na karuwa wanda hakan ke shafar kasashen da suka dogara da wannan amfanin gona don samun abinci. Wadannan tasirin na iya haifar da tsadar waken soya a shaguna da kasuwanninsu ko kuma na iya haifar da rashin wadatar amfanin gona gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da ake shigo da su. Sannan Tare da waɗannan sakamakon biyun, matakin na gida yana shafar matakin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasa na karuwar buƙatun waken soya na Brazil a China. Daga wannan misali ɗaya kaɗai, mutum zai iya ganin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa ke yin tasiri ga canje-canje a matakin ƙasa wanda ke haifar da ƙarin canje-canje na duniya, yanki, al'umma, da matakin iyali. Babban manufar da za a cire daga wannan ita ce ra'ayin cewa komai yana da alaƙa kuma cewa ayyukanmu da zaɓin mu a matsayinmu na mutane suna da manyan abubuwan motsa jiki waɗanda ke tasiri ga duniyarmu ta hanyoyi da yawa.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "TAU Kwararru Yana Bitar Abubuwan Haɗin Muhalli (hairspray! Lipstick! Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta Labaran Likitan Yau Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50212 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Sybil%20Grant | Lady Sybil Grant | Lady Sybil Myra Caroline Grant née Primrose ;18 Satumba 1879 25 Fabrairu 1955) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar Burtaniya. Ita ce 'yar fari na Archibald Primrose,5th Earl na Rosebery.da matarsa, Hannah.
Baya ga aikinta na fasaha,a cikin rayuwa ta bayan ta zama sananniya a matsayin mai ban mamaki.
Shekarun farko Lady Sybil ita ce 'yar fari na Archibald Primrose,5th Earl na Rosebery, wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista ga Sarauniya Victoria daga 1894 zuwa 1895,ta aurensa da Hannah de Rothschild, ɗan Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818-1874) da kuma jikanyar Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836). Ta hannun Hannah,a matsayin ita kaɗai ta gadon mahaifinta, Gidan Hasumiyar Mentmore ya shiga cikin dangin Rosebery.
Mahaifinta, Lord Rosebery, baya ga rayuwa a siyasar Liberal da kuma yin aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Firayim Minista,ya tattara abubuwan tunawa na Napoleon kuma ya rubuta tarihin rayuwa,game da ɗayan Napoleon da wani na William Pitt the Younger. Mahaifiyarta, Countess Hannah,an taɓa ɗauka a matsayin mace mafi arziki a Ingila. A lokacin kuruciyarta Sybil gwamnatoci ne suka koyar da ita kuma ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Gidan Lansdowne na iyali da ke Landan da gidajensu da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Gidan Dalmeny da Hasumiyar Mentmore. Tun lokacin da ta kasance jariri,Lady Sybil sau da yawa iyayenta sun bar su a cikin kulawar bayi,suna kula da 'yar'uwar mahaifinta Lady Leconfield a Leconfields Petworth House. Wannan ya bayyana musamman jim kaɗan bayan haihuwar Sybil a watan Yuni 1880, lokacin da Lord Rosebery ya so ya ziyarci Jamus na tsawon watanni uku don samun magani a wurin shakatawa na Jamus don abin da yanzu ake tunanin ya kasance mai juyayi. Ba shi da babban jin kusanci da ƙananan jarirai. Matarsa ta yi masa rakiya, amma Rosebery ta ruwaito cewa tana jin daɗin kowane dalla-dalla na wasiƙun yau da kullun daga London game da Sybil.
Duk da rashin kulawar iyaye, Lady Sybil ta kasance kusa da mahaifinta.
Aure A ranar 28 ga Maris 1903, a Cocin Christ Epsom Common (inda dangin Rosebery suka yi bauta lokacin da suke zaune a gidansu na Epsom na "The Durdans"), Lady Sybil ta auri Charles John Cecil Grant (1877 1950),soja na yau da kullun wanda daga baya ya zama janar kuma Knight na Bath.Bayan bikin aure mahaifinta ya rubuta: Ta kasance mai ban mamaki sanyi kuma ta rike hannuna har zuwa coci Tana da ɗa ɗaya,Charles Robert Archibald Grant,wanda ya auri Pamela Wellesley (an haife shi 1912), jikanyar Arthur,Duke na 4th na Wellington.
Ayyukan adabi A cikin 1912, Lady Sybil Grant ta wallafa gajerun labarai da yawa a cikin Mujallar London,ciki har da Kisses da Ba a taɓa Bawa ba,Sirrin Ƙarya Uku,da Travesty. A cikin 1913 Mills da Boon sun buga ta Kafa akan Fiction,littafin wakoki na ban dariya.A wannan shekarar The Checker-Board ya bayyana, sai Samphire da Ƙasar Bari Mu Yi A cikin 1914,a yanzu ana la'akari da wallafe-wallafe,an gayyace ta don ba da gudummawa ga Littafin Gimbiya Maryamu, tarin labaran da aka kwatanta don tara kuɗi da ƙoƙarin Babban Yakin Uwargida Sybil ta kasance mai son kishin kasa ga nasarorin da Marshal Foch ya samu,inda ta rubuta a cikin yabonsa a cikin 1929 cewa"ra'ayin farko da kuka samu shi ne hangen nesa marar iyaka ya yi kama da ya kalli fiye da iyakokin gani na mutane. Sa’ad da yake cikin zance ya dubi al’amuranta, sai ka ji kamar rashin ƙarfi kamar lokacin da,a cikin dare mai zurfi,ka kalli taurari.”
Gado A mutuwar mahaifinta a cikin 1929,ta gaji ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan kadarorinsa, The Durdans a Epsom, wanda ya zama gidanta. Daga cikin abubuwan da ta gaji babban ɗakin karatu na mahaifinta a Durdans, yawancin wanda aka sayar a Sotheby's a 1933.
Arts da Bohemia Wasu daga cikin zane-zane na Lady Sybil sun kasance a cikin yumbu, inda ta zana don yin wahayi game da ƙaunar dabbobi, musamman ma dawakai Suffolk Punch wanda ta haifa.Ta kasance mai tsananin son dabbobi kuma ta yi nasarar kiwo wani nau'in kare da ba kasafai ba, Shetland Toy, wanda watakila ta cece ta daga lalacewa. A shekara ta 1909 ta zama ta farko da ta fara haifuwar Karen Dutsen Pyrenean a Ingila, kodayake an shigo da misalai a baya,ciki har da wanda Sarauniya Victoria ta mallaka a cikin 1850s. A cikin 1937, Grant ya yi abokantaka da Romawa waɗanda suka ziyarci Epsom Downs akai-akai a cikin makon Derby,suna yin ado da kanta a cikin "tufafin da ba a saba da su ba." Ta ba su damar yin amfani da filinta,ta kebe su duk shekara,ta yadda za su samu wurin zama na halal, wanda hakan ya haifar da dakatar da wasu kiyayyar da ke tsakanin mutanen yankin da Romawa.
Tare da Reverend Edward Dorling ta kasance babban mai goyon bayan Kada Mu Manta asusun agaji, kuma a madadin kungiyar ta shirya fete a filin Durdans kowace shekara; Anan ana yawan sayar da tukwanenta kuma ana buƙata sosai.
Daga baya rai da mutuwa A cikin rayuwa ta ƙarshe Lady Sybil Grant ta zama mai girman kai,tana ba da yawancin lokacinta a cikin ayari ko sama da bishiya,tana sadarwa da mai kula da ita ta hanyar megaphone Ta rasu a shekara ta 1950,danta ya rasu a shekarar 1955.
A mutuwarta ta ba da gudummawar 2,700 na sauran littattafai, ƙasidu da rubuce-rubuce daga tarihin mahaifinta ga National Library of Scotland Wasiƙar ta ƙunshi ƙasidu da yawa na tarihin Birtaniya da na Turai na ƙarni na 18 da 19,gami da tarihin rayuwar Pitt da Napoleon; bugu na farko na Baudelaire 's Les Fleurs du Mal (Paris, 1857); taswirori, musamman na yankin da ke kusa da Epsom ƙamus na slang da cant ayyukan addini, musamman da suka shafi Cardinal Newman kuma tana aiki akan tseren dawakai da wasanni na filin,gami da cikakken gudu na Mujallar Sporting daga 1792 zuwa 1870.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Aston, George (1932). Tarihin Marigayi Marshal Foch New York: Kamfanin Macmillan.
978-0-7195-6586-1 978-0-340-16273-6
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hotunan Edwardian Modernists Hoton Sybil Grant tare da wasu manyan ƴan adabi na zamani
Gypsies a Epsom Derby
Ashtead Pottery don Gida Fihirisar Mujallun Almara
Rijistar Archives na ƙasa
Edwardian Zamani
Lady Sybil biography
Works by or about Lady Sybil Grant Works by Lady Sybil |
40115 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Malaei | Ali Malaei | Gostaresh Foulad Tabriz Football Club Persian kulob ne na ƙwallon ƙafa na Iran da ke Tabriz, Iran An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 2008. An haɓaka su zuwa League na Gulf Pro na Farisa a cikin kakar 2012 13 Kulob din ya mallaki Mohammad Reza Zonuzi, wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Iran kuma masanin tattalin arziki kuma yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin kalilan masu zaman kansu a gasar firimiya ta Iran. A cikin shekara ta 2018, an koma mallakar kulob din zuwa Amir Hossein Alagheband kuma kulob din ya koma Urmia Gostaresh Foolad kuma yana da ƙungiyar futsal a cikin babba, ƙasa da shekaru 22, ƙasa da 19, ƙasa da 17, da ƙasa da matakan 15.
Tarihi
Kafawa An kafa ta a cikin shekara ta 2008, Gostaresh ya karɓi lasisin Niroye Zamini lokacin da suka shiga matsalar kuɗi. Gostaresh ya taka leda a kakar da ta gabata a Sashi na 3 na Kwallon Kafar Iran, inda ya fara zama na gaba daya.
Kungiyar Azadegan Yayin da yake ba da ƙarancin sakamako a kakar ƙwallo ta kulob a gasar Azadegan, Gostaresh ya sami nasara a Kofin Hazfi The tawagar ta kai kusa da na karshe ta kullawa a 2-0 nasara a kan Persian Gulf Pro League gefen Zob Ahan A nasara shãfe haske Gostaresh wani taro tare da Asian powerhouse Persepolis a Hazfi Cup karshe A bayyane yake, Gostaresh ya sha kashi a gida 1 0 daga bugun gaba da dan wasan Persepolis Sheys Rezaei, wanda ya ci a minti na 12. A wasa na biyu a filin wasa na Azadi da ke Tehran, gostaresh ya yi rashin nasara da ci 3-1 saboda jimillar asarar kwallaye 4 da 1, wanda ya baiwa Persepolis kofin Hazfi A kakar shekara ta 2011–2012 Luka Bonacic ya karɓi matsayin manajan kulob ɗin, a ƙarshen shekara Gostaresh an ɗaure shi a matsayi na biyu da harbi don haɓakawa, amma banbancin ƙwal ya jefa su zuwa na uku, kuma fatan ci gaba ya lalace a ƙarshe rana.
Lokacin shekarar ta 2012 -zuwa 2013 ya ga gabatarwar Rasoul Khatibi, dabarun sa da alama suna aiki kuma Gostaresh cikin sauƙi ya sami ci gaba kai tsaye zuwa ƙungiyar Iran Pro League.
Gasar Fasha ta Farisa Gostaresh Foolad yana wasa a kakar shekarar 2013-14 Iran Pro League Sun sha kashi a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin Hazfi a hannun kungiyar Azadegan Sanat Naft Abadan A shekararsu ta farko a gasar, Gostaresh ta yi kaka mai kyau, inda ta kare a mataki na goma.
Bayan da aka fara rashin kyau a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 Mehdi Tartar an kori shi a matsayin kocin kungiyar kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Faraz Kamalvand wanda ya ceci Gostaresh daga faduwa, inda ya kare a matsayi na 11.
Karkashin Faraz Kamalvand Gostaresh sun sami daya daga cikin mafi kyawun yanayi a cikin kakar shekarar 2015-zuwa16, sun kare a matsayi na tara. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2016, Gostaresh ya nuna babban burinsu ga kwallon kafa na Iran tare da manyan sayayya da yawa. Wato golan Brazil Fernando de Jesus daga zakara Esteghlal Khuzestan da tsohon dan wasan tawagar kasar Mohammadreza Khalatbari Kulob din ya kammala mafi kyawun wuri na 8 a cikin kakar shekara ta 2016-zuwa 17. Ko da yake ba da daɗewa ba, Faraz Kamalvand ya yi murabus kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Sanat Naft Abadan Filin wasa Filin wasa na Diesel na Bonyan shine babban filin wasa na Gostaresh Foolad mai daukar nauyin 12,000. Filin wasan da hadaddensa ya hada da filayen ciyawa guda biyu. Kulob din yana da burin samun A rating daga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Asiya game da filin wasansu. An fara a cikin kakar shekarar 2014-15 kulob din zai buga wasannin gida a Bonyan Diesel Stadium Filin wasan yana iya faɗaɗawa kuma an faɗaɗa shi zai iya ɗaukar nauyin 20,000 na ƙarshe.
Kit Tun da aka kafa kulob din a shekara ta 2008, qungiyoyin sun sa duk wata rigar gida mai shudi mai dauke da farar kaya a waje, wanda ya yi daidai da tambarin kulob din. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa 2014, Gostaresh ya dauki nauyin kayan aikin kamfanin Uhlsport na kasar Jamus wanda kuma ya samar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Iran da sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Iran da dama. Tun daga lokacin rani na shekarar 2014, kulob din ya koma kamfanin Kelme na Spain. Bayan kakar wasa ɗaya tare da Kelme, Gostaresh ya sake canza masu tallafawa kuma ya zaɓi kamfanin Merooj na Iran.
Kaka-da-kaka Teburin da ke ƙasa ya nuna irin nasarorin da Gostaresh Foolad FC ta samu a gasa daban-daban tun daga shekarar 2009.
Ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya Tun lokacin da aka kafa Gostaresh ta buga wasannin sada zumunta da dama a Turai. Babban sakamakonsu ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2016 bayan da Turkiyya ta lallasa Fenerbahçe Nasarorin da aka samu Kofin Hazfi
Masu tsere (1): 2009–10
Kungiyar Azadegan
Nasara (1): 2012–13
League 3
Nasara (1): 2008–09
Persian Gulf Pro League
Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Shekara: 2014-15
Lakabi marasa hukuma Kofin MDS Masu nasara (1): 2016
Matsayin kulab ɗin Asiya Duba kuma Gostaresh Foolad Tabriz FSC
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma (ajiye) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24113 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel%20Hassan%20Hamad | Adel Hassan Hamad | Adel Hassan Hamad ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Sudan, wanda aka tsare a sansanin Guantanamo Bay na Amurka, a Cuba. Kwamitin Hadin gwiwar Guantanamo masu yaki da ta'addanci sun kiyasta an haife shi a shekarar 1958, a Port Sudan, Sudan. An mayar da Adel Hassan zuwa Sudan ba tare da tuhuma ba a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2007.
Mai wakiltar Adel: Halin da ake tsare da Guantanamo 940 William Teesdale, dan Portland, mai kare hakkin jama'a na Oregon, wanda ke cikin ƙungiyar da ke kare yawancin fursunonin Guantanamo, ya rubuta bayanin aikin ƙungiyarsa da ke wakiltar Adel. Ya rubuta:
“Sannan, a watan Mayu, 2005, Gwamnati ta samar da dawowar gaskiya, kamar yadda Kotun Gundumar ta ba da umarni. Mun koyi wani abu mai ban mamaki. Akwai muryar rashin jituwa a kwamitin CSRT na soja wanda ya ayyana Adel Maƙiyi Maƙiyi. Wani babban hafsan soji, wanda aka sanya sunansa, ya yi ƙarfin hali ya shigar da rahoton rashin amincewa yana mai kiran sakamakon shari'ar Adel da 'rashin sanin yakamata.' Teesdale ya bayyana tafiya zuwa Afghanistan, da neman shaidu waɗanda za su iya tabbatar da rashin laifin Adel.Teesdale ne ya rubuta
“Duk bayanan da aka tattara a cikin wannan binciken an shigar da su ne a gaban shari’ar Mista Hamad ta hanyar gabatar da bukatar yanke hukunci. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2006 Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan dokar Kwamitocin Sojoji, wanda ke kokarin kwace kotunan tarayya na ikon sauraren karar Guantanamo da ake tsare da habeas A halin yanzu dukkan kararrakinmu na nan a halin yanzu ana jiran a warware wannan batun. Habeas corpus A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2007 lauyoyin Adel Hassan Hamad sun gabatar da takardar rantsuwa daga wani jami'in da ya yi aiki tare da OARDEC wanda ke da sukar tsarin. Jami'in, wani reshen Sojojin da aka sakaya sunansa, ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a rayuwar farar hula. Ya rubuta game da Kotuna: horo bai yi ƙanƙanta ba kuma tsarin ba a bayyana shi da kyau ba Jami'in ya zauna a Kotuna 49.
Labarin CBS ya ba da rahoton cewa jami'in da ba a bayyana sunansa ba Manjo ne, wanda ya halarci tarurruka tare da babban kwamandan da ke kula da OARDEC don tattaunawa kan shari'o'i shida inda Kotun da ta yanke hukuncin cewa wadanda aka kama ba su da laifi idan da hukuncin Kotun na biyu ya canza. Labaran CBS sun yi hasashen cewa Babban Sojan shine mamba na Kotun wanda ya rubuta ra’ayoyin marasa rinjaye a shari’ar Adel Hassan Hamad, inda ya kira tsare shi da “rashin hankali” saboda bai dogara da isasshen shaidu ba.
Manyan Sojojin sun yi bayanin "rashin tausayi" a wani taro da aka shirya don tattauna dalilin da yasa wasu Kotuna suka yanke hukuncin cewa Uyghur da aka kama a Guantanamo ba mayaƙan maƙiyi bane, lokacin da sauran Kotuna suka yanke hukunci cewa sun kasance, duk da cewa shari'o'in Uyghurs sun yi kama.
James R. Crisfield, da Legal Bayar Da Shawarar wanda sake nazari kotun determinations for doka isar sharhi a kan tattaunawa da "dissenting kotun memba":
Saki An dawo da shi da takwaransa na Sudan Salim Mahmud Adam a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2007.
Shari'a A ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2008 Jaridar Daily Times ta Pakistan ta ba da rahoton cewa "Salim Mahmud Adam" da "Adel Hasan Hamad" sun sanar da shirin gurfanar da gwamnatin Amurka kan tsare su. Labarin ya ba da rahoton cewa ya gaya wa Daily Times cewa Kotun Sauraron Ƙa'idar Matsayi ta 2004 ta wanke shi daga zargin cewa shi "mayaƙi ne".
Hassan ya shigar da kara a kan gwamnati da mutane da dama a kotun gundumar tarayya a Seattle a watan Afrilu, 2010. Takaddama daga Kanar Lawrence Wilkerson, tsohon mai taimaka wa Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Colin Powell, ya tabbatar da cewa manyan jami'an Amurka, ciki har da George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, da Donald Rumsfeld, sun san cewa mafi yawan wadanda aka tsare. da farko an aika su Guantánamo ba su da laifi, amma an tsare wadanda aka tsare a can saboda dalilan son siyasa.
Iyali Hamad yana da 'yar da aka haifa bayan kama shi kuma ta mutu kafin a sake shi saboda rashin kulawar likita.
Duba kuma Bagram na azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin waje Adel Hassan Hamad na tsarewar Guantanamo ta Wikileaks
Bidiyon Fursunonin tsohon Guantánamo na Sudan sun nemi a saki 'yan uwansu da kuma diyya don "azabtar da hankali da ta jiki" Andy Worthington
Wani dan Sudan ya kai kara bayan sakinsa daga Guantanamo
Tsohon fursuna na Guantánamo ya nemi Amurka ta sake duba manufofinta na kafa
Labarai masu ban tsoro na Ma'aikatan Agaji Kawai An Saki Daga Gitmo
projecthamad.org -Labarin Adel Hamad tare da mai da hankali kan Habeas Corpus
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1958
Pages with unreviewed |
32266 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Apoo | Bikin Apoo | Bikin Apoo biki ne da ake yi duk shekara a yammacin Ghana (musamman garuruwan Techiman da Wenchi), ana yin mako guda a watan Maris da Afrilu. Bikin na da nufin tsarkake mutane daga munanan dabi'u, tare da hada kan jama'a da iyalai, wanda ya hada da sauran al'adun gargajiya iri-iri. Kalmar 'apoo' ta fito ne daga tushen kalmar 'po', ma'ana 'ƙi.'
Bikin yana da alaƙa sosai da mutanen Bono. Ba wai kawai an gudanar da shi ne a Techiman, daya daga cikin muhimman biranen da al'ummar Bono da masarautu suke ba, ana musayar zagi, karin magana, maxim, wake-wake, da kuma tarihin masarautar Bono a lokacin jerin gwano na Apoo; da yawa daga cikin wadannan zagi, karin magana, da wakoki ana yin su ne ga Ashanti, wadanda suka ci daular Bono.
Tarihi Al’adar baka ta nuna cewa an fara bikin ne a zamanin mulkin Nana Kwakye Ameyaw; ya kasance shugaba mai mulki, kuma mutanen Techniman daga baya sun kasa bayyana ra'ayoyinsu cikin 'yanci. Tun da yake ba za su iya hukunta hukuma ba, sai suka tuntubi gumaka na gida. Sannan An kuma bukaci su ware wasu daga cikin kwanakin su domin su fito su bayyana ra’ayoyinsu musamman ga hukuma. A cikin wannan lokacin, an yarda cewa ba za a iya ɗaukar alhakin abin da ya faɗa ko da kuwa matsayinsa ba. Mutanen za su ce “Mereko po me haw”, wanda a zahiri yana nufin “Zan faɗi abin da ke cikin ƙirjina,” kuma haka bikin “Apoo” ya kasance.
Hadisai An yi imani da cewa ta hanyar isar koke-koke da bacin rai, ana tsarkake mutane da rayukan su a al'ada daga mugunta. A shirye-shiryen bikin Apoo da wannan tsarkakewa, mata za su tsaftace gidaje, kayan aiki, da hanyoyi don guje wa irin wannan mugunyar dawowa. Har ila yau, firistoci a yankin za su yi faretin tituna kafin bikin don lalata laya masu lalata da mugayen ruhohi ke ɓoye; Ana kiran wannan tsari Nnusin-tuo.'
Wani muhimmin al'adar farko ita ce Hyereko', a zahiri ma'anar 'tarin farin yumbu.' Mata suna tattara farin yumbu daga kogin Aponkosu kuma ana amfani da su don yin ado da wuraren ibada kafin a fara bikin Apoo. Firistoci da firistoci kuma za su yi amfani da yumbu a jikinsu lokacin da ake samun su ta/sadarwa tare da ruhohi.
Ana buga ganguna domin fadakar da mutane yadda aka fara bikin. Babban hakimin gari, da dattawan kauye, manyan sakandire, da kotu ne ke jagorantar muzaharar Apoo. A yayin muzaharar '''Apoo', ana ta yada korafe-korafe tare da yin kalaman batanci ga wasu mutane. Hatta shugaba ba a kebe daga wannan wulakanci. Ana ƙarfafa mutane su sasanta rikicin dangi a wannan lokacin, kuma lokaci ne na sulhu.
A farkon bikin, jerin gwano ya tafi kabarin Bonohene na karshe, shugaban gargajiya na mutanen Bono. Babban Hakimai da dattawan ƙauye sun taru a kusa da kabari yayin da shugaban ya ba da tumaki da kuma shayarwa. Sauran muzaharar na nan a waje har sai an kammala shagulgulan. 'Banmuhene', mai kula da Kabari na Sarauta, yana shirya kusoshi na dawa mai mai, wanda aka daɗe, da kayan yaji ana kiransa eto'; wannan tasa sai a miƙa wa ruhohin kakanni. Shuwagabannin Sakandare suna kara zubawa a kan stools din da ke kan kabari yayin da banmuhene ke rokon ruhin kakanni don wadata da zaman lafiya. Sai a yanka tunkiya kuma a zubar da jinin a cikin kwano. Ana ajiye cikin tumakin a kabari, bayi kuma suna shirya da dafa sauran tumakin ga dattawa. Mutanen garin a waje kuma ana ba da su eto. Sauran sarakunan kuma sun ci gaba da zuba liyafar, suna gode wa ruhohin kakanni, suna kuma sanyawa suna daya bayan daya; suna neman a ci gaba da neman albarka tare da tsinewa masu yi musu fatan rashin lafiya. Bayan haka, firistoci da limamai za su yi ganga da rawa a cikin makabarta yayin da taron ke rera waƙa.
Ana cika kwanaki masu zuwa da bukukuwa tun daga faɗuwar rana har zuwa wayewar gari. Iyalai kuma za su ciyar da bikin Apoo don karbar bakuncin danginsu da baƙi, suna ciyar da abinci da nishaɗi ga baƙi.
Rawa wani muhimmin bangare ne na bikin Apoo. Firistoci da limamai za su yi ado cikin siket ɗin raffia da ake kira 'doso', an yi musu ado da ƙwalƙwalwa da laya, kuma an yi wa jikinsu fenti da farar yumbu da aka tattara a baya. Kafin rawa, firistoci da firistoci za su yi roƙo don korar mugayen ruhohi. Wasu suna rawa rike da takuba a hannayensu, wasu kuma suna yin al'ada ta hanyar sadarwa da ruhohi yayin da suke rawa.
A ranar Juma'a mai girma, tsofaffin mata za su tashi da safe, su yi birgima a kan tituna yayin da suke girgiza raye-raye da rera waƙoƙin gargajiya na Apoo; Ana yi wa wannan waƙa lakabi da akokobonee' ko 'zara-kara.' A wannan rana, jama'a daga dukkan garuruwan da ke kusa za su zo garin don halartar bukukuwan. Maza da mata suna yin ado da kowane irin tufa, tare da nuna sha'awar bikin saboda kyawawan kayayyaki da ba a saba gani ba. Ana kuma shafa wa ‘yan muzaharar da gawayi da farar yumbu da jan yumbu. Ana buga ganguna, gong, da raye-raye a yayin muzaharar.
Bayan an zagaya ko'ina cikin garin, 'yan kallo a ƙarshe sun taru a gaban '''ahenfie', ko fada. Shugaban kasa zai hau kujerarsa, sai kuma manyan sakandire, da sauran kotuna da hadiman sa. Bayan sun zagaya, ana yin musabaha tare da shayar da kowa. Babban Babban Jami'in zai ba da jawabi game da mahimmancin bikin Apoo kuma yana godiya ga ruhohin kakanni.
A ƙarshen bikin, Babban Firist ya jagoranci jerin gwanon zuwa ahenfie kuma ya ba da jawabi a ƙa'ida don kammala bikin. Daga nan sai a kai muzaharar zuwa bakin kogi, inda firistoci da dattawa za su gudanar da ayyukan ibada. Ana hada ruwan kogin da farin yumbu da ganyen adwera, kuma ana yayyafa wannan ruwan a wuraren ibada da kuma mutane masu amfani da ganyen somme. Wuraren sun koma gunkinsu na alfarma, mutanen kuma suka koma garin suna rera waƙoƙin |
51330 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Cohn | Martha Cohn | Marthe Cohn, Marthe Hoffnung an haife ta a sha uku ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin a Metz, ɗan gwagwarmaya ne na Faransa Dangane da bangaskiyar Yahudawa, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili na leken asiri ga Faransa a Jamus jim kaɗan kafin mika wuya na Mulki na Uku Ta ba da labarin abin da ta samu a tarihin rayuwarta.
Tarihin Rayuwar ta Marthe Hoffnung an sha uku ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin a Metz, bayan dawowar a watan Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha takwas na Alsace da Moselle zuwa Faransa, bayan tilasta Jamusawa da aka aiwatar tun yerjejeniyar Frankfort a ranar Mayu shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya da kuma inda Jamusawa suka samu, bayan shan kashi na Faransa a karshen. Yaƙin Franco-Prussian na shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya, cewa Alsace da Moselle sun rabu da Faransa, don haka a gaban ƙasashen daular Jamus, a hukumance aka ƙirƙira kuma aka yi shelar a Versailles a ranar sha takwas ga Janairu, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya. Iyalinsa Yahudawan Orthodox ne. Yara bakwai ne. Ta gano anti-Semitism tana da shekaru shida, a gaban majami'a a Metz A cikinSatumba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in bisa ga umarnin kwashe fararen hula, ta fake, kamar Mosellens da yawa, a Poitiers a Vienne Bayan mamayar Faransa a Yuni shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da kuma haɗawa da sake haɗawa da Alsace da Moselle zuwa Rikici na Uku a cikin yuli shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in, ta yanke shawarar zama a Vienne.
Bayan 'yan Gestapo sun kama 'yar uwarsa Stéphanie,sha bakwai ga Yuni, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu, Marthe ta shirya tserewar danginta, daga Poitiers zuwa Free Zone A can, za ta iya rayuwa godiya ga takardun karya, wanda aka yi kafin ta tashi. Abokin aurenta, Jacques Delaunay, dalibi ya hadu a Poitiers, mai rayayye a cikin Resistance na Faransa, an harbe ta a Oktoba shida ga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku,Kagara na Mont-Valérien, a cikin Suresnes A cikin Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku Marthe Cohn tana kammala karatun da ta fara a cikin Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya a Poitiers, a makarantar jinya ta Red Cross ta Faransa, a Marseilles Sai ta yi ƙoƙari, a banza, don shiga Resistance.
Bayan Liberation na Paris, a Satumba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu, Marthe ta shiga aikin sojan Faransa, inda take son kawo kwarewarta a matsayin ma’aikaciyar jinya. An sanya ta zuwa sabis na likita na 151 rundunan sojoji Gano cewa tana jin cikakken Jamusanci, harshen da ta yi amfani da shi don sadarwa tare da iyayenta, babban ta, Kanar Fabien, ya ba ta damar shiga ayyukan leken asiri na 1 Faransa Marthe Hoffnung, mai shekaru 24, ta kasance tana aiki da ofishin "hankali" na kwamandojin Afirka Bayan yunkurin kutsawa cikin Alsace goma sha hudu bai yi nasara ba, yankin da aka hade kamar Moselle, ya shiga Jamus ta Switzerland .Afrilu sha daya, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyar.
Mai aiki a cikin yankin abokan gaba, sannan yana tattara bayanai masu mahimmanci, wanda ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban sojojin Faransa. Musamman ma, ta gargadi shugabanninta game da watsi da layin Siegfried, a yankin Freiburg im Breisgau, kuma ta ba da rahoton wani babban kwanton bauna na Wehrmacht, a cikin Black Forest Don waɗannan ayyukan, an ba Marthe Hoffnung Croix de guerre a cikin 1945 Don haka, za ta sami lambar yabo ta soja a 1999 kuma za ta zama Knight of the Legion of Honor a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu kafin ta sami Medal na amincewa da ƙasa, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas, Marthe Hoffnung ya auri kwamandan likita Lloyd Cohn, likitan Sojan Amurka. A halin yanzu tana zaune a Los Angeles, California, Amurka Tare da taimakon 'yar jaridar Birtaniya Wendy Holden, Marthe Cohn ta bibiyi labarinta a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu, Bayan Layin Enemy Nicola Alice-Hens ta yi wani fim na gaskiya daga rayuwar Marthe Hoffnung, Chichinette, rayuwata a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri, wanda aka saki a gidajen sinima a Faransa a Oktoba 30, 2019 Labarai (en) Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden, Behind Enemy Lines The true story of a French Jewish Spy in Nazi Germany, New York, Harmony Books, 2002, 282 p. (ISBN 0-609-61054-6).
Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden (trad. de l'anglais par Hélène Prouteau), Derrière les lignes ennemies Une espionne juive dans l'Allemagne nazie, Paris, Plon, 2004, 309 p. (ISBN 2-259-19658-6).
Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden (trad. de l'anglais par Hélène Prouteau), Derrière les lignes ennemies Une espionne juive dans l'Allemagne nazie, Paris, Éditions Tallandier, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7098-1769-1 et 2-7098-1769-1).
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40845 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne | Charlemagne | Charlemagne rləmən,_SHAR- lə-mayn, MAYN SHAR: French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ]) ko Charles the Great (Latin; German; 2 Afrilu 747 -28 Janairu 814), memba ne na daular Carolingian, shine Sarkin Franks daga 768, Sarkin Lombards daga 774, kuma Sarkin farko na Romawa daga 800. Charlemagne ya yi nasarar hada kan mafi yawan yammacin Turai da tsakiyar Turai kuma shi ne sarki na farko da aka amince da shi da ya yi mulki daga yammacin Turai bayan faduwar daular Roma ta Yamma a wajen karni uku a baya. Ƙasar da aka faɗaɗa ta Faransanci wanda Charlemagne ya kafa ita ce daular Carolingian. Antipope Paschal III ne ya naɗa shi—wani aikin da daga baya ya ɗauke shi a matsayin marar amfani—kuma yanzu wasu suna ɗaukansa a matsayin wanda aka yi masa tsiya (wanda yake mataki ne kan tafarkin tsarkaka) a cikin Cocin Katolika.
Charlemagne shine ɗan fari na Pepin the Short da Bertrada na Laon. An haife shi kafin aurensu na farilla Ya zama sarkin Franks a shekara ta 768 bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, kuma tun farko ya kasance tare da ɗan'uwansa Carloman I har zuwa mutuwar na ƙarshe a 771. A matsayinsa na mai mulki shi kaɗai, ya ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa game da kariyar sarautar Paparoma kuma ya zama mai kare shi kaɗai, ya kawar da Lombards daga mulki a arewacin Italiya tare da jagorantar kutsawa cikin musulmin Spain. Ya kuma yi yaƙi da Saxons zuwa gabas, Kiristanci su (a kan hukuncin kisa) wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Kisan Kisan da aka yi na Verden. Ya kai tsayin daka a cikin 800 lokacin da Paparoma Leo III ya nada shi Sarkin sarakuna na Romawa a ranar Kirsimeti a Old St. Peter's Basilica a Roma.
Charlemagne an kira shi "Uban Turai" (Pater Europae), yayin da ya haɗu da mafi yawan Yammacin Turai a karon farko tun zamanin daular Romawa, da kuma haɗakar da sassan Turai da ba a taɓa kasancewa ba. Mulkin Faransanci ko na Romawa. Mulkinsa ya haifar da Renaissance na Carolingian, lokacin ƙwaƙƙwaran ayyukan al'adu da tunani a cikin Cocin Yammacin Turai. Cocin Orthodox na Gabas sun kalli Charlemagne da kyau, saboda goyon bayansa na filioque da kuma fifikon Paparoma a matsayin sarki akan mace ta farko ta Daular Byzantine, Irene ta Athens. Wadannan da sauran rigingimu sun haifar da rabuwar Roma da Konstantinoful a cikin Babban Schism na 1054. Charlemagne ya mutu a shekara ta 814 bayan ya kamu da cutar huhu mai yaduwa. An binne shi a babban cocin Aachen Cathedral a babban birnin masarautarsa na Aachen. Ya yi aure aƙalla sau huɗu, kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza uku na halal waɗanda suka rayu har zuwa girma. Sai kawai ƙarami daga cikinsu, Louis the Pious, ya tsira ya gaje shi. Charlemagne shi ne kakannin kai tsaye na yawancin gidajen sarauta na Turai, ciki har da daular Capetian, daular Ottonia, Gidan Luxembourg, Gidan Ivrea da kuma House of Habsburg.
Sunaye da laƙabi Sunan English: Turanci: rləmeɪn, meɪn/SHAR-lə SHAR mayn,- MAYN), wanda aka fi sani da sarki a Turanci, ya fito ne daga Faransanci Charles-le-magne, ma'ana "Charles the Great". A cikin Jamusanci na zamani, Karl der Große yana da ma'ana iri ɗaya. Sunan da aka ba shi shine Charles (Latin Carolus, Tsohon Babban Jamus Karlus, Romance Karlo). An ba shi suna bayan kakansa, Charles Martel, zaɓi wanda da gangan ya yi masa alama a matsayin magajin gaskiya na Martel. Laƙabin magnus (mai girma) mai yiwuwa an haɗa shi da shi a cikin rayuwarsa, amma wannan ba tabbas ba ne. The zamanin Latin Royal Frankish Annals akai-akai kiransa Carolus magnus rex, "Charles the great king". A matsayin sunan barkwanci, tabbas an tabbatar da shi a cikin ayyukan Poeta Saxo a kusa da 900 kuma ya zama daidaitattun a duk ƙasashen tsohuwar daularsa a kusa da 1000. Nasarorin da Charles ya samu sun ba da sabon ma'ana ga sunansa. A cikin harsuna da yawa na Turai, ainihin kalmar "sarki" ta samo asali ne daga sunansa; mis, Polish, Ukrainian, Czech,, Slovak, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic, .Wannan ci gaban ya yi daidai da sunan Kaisar a cikin ainihin Daular Roma, wanda ya zama kaiser da tsar (ko czar da sauransu.
Bayanan siyasa A ƙarni na 6, ƙabilar Jamus ta yamma na Franks sun zama Kiristanci, saboda babban ma'auni ga juyin Katolika na Clovis I. Francia, wanda Merovingians ke mulki, ita ce mafi iko a cikin masarautun da suka gaji daular Roma ta Yamma. Bayan Yaƙin Tertry, Merovingians sun ƙi zuwa cikin rashin ƙarfi, wanda saboda haka aka yi musu lakabi da rois fainéants ("sarakuna-ba-komai"). Kusan dukkan ikon gwamnati babban hafsansu ne, magajin fadar. A cikin 687, Pepin na Herstal, magajin fadar Austrasia, ya kawo karshen takaddama tsakanin sarakuna daban-daban da magajin su tare da nasararsa a Tertry. Ya zama gwamna tilo na dukan masarautar Faransa. Pepin jikan ne ga wasu muhimman mutane biyu na Masarautar Australiya: Saint Arnulf na Metz da Pepin na Landen. Pepin na Herstal daga ƙarshe ɗansa Charles ne ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya aka sani da Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer). A cikin 687, Pepin na Herstal, magajin fadar Austrasia, ya kawo karshen takaddama tsakanin sarakuna daban-daban da magajin su tare da nasararsa a Tertry. Ya zama gwamna tilo na dukan masarautar Faransa. Pepin jikan ne ga wasu muhimman mutane biyu na Masarautar Australiya: Saint Arnulf na Metz da Pepin na Landen. Pepin na Herstal daga ƙarshe ɗansa Charles ne ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya aka sani da Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).
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28389 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin%20Tarihi%20na%20Ahmadabad | Birnin Tarihi na Ahmadabad | Birnin tarihi na Ahmadabad ko Tsohon Ahmedabad, birni mai katanga na Ahmedabad a Indiya, Ahmad Shah I na Gujarat Sultanate ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 1411. Ya kasance babban birnin Sultanate Gujarat kuma daga baya muhimmiyar cibiyar siyasa da kasuwanci ta Gujarat. A yau, duk da kasancewar cunkoson jama'a da rugujewa, har yanzu tana zama alamar zuciyar ɗan birni Ahmedabad. UNESCO ta sanya shi a matsayin Garin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Yulin shekarar 2017.
Tarihi Mazaunan farko sun kasance a kudancin tsohon birni na yanzu kuma a bakin kogin Sabarmati. An san shi da Ashaval ko Ashapalli. Asha Bhil ta kasance sarkin Ashaval. A ƙarni na sha ɗaya, Karna na daular Chaulukya da ke mulki daga Anhilwad Patan (1072-1094) ya mai da garin babban birnin kasar kuma ya sanya masa suna Karnavati (garin Karan) ko Shrinagar (birni mai wadata) da Rajnagar (garin sarki).
Ahmed Shah I ya aza harsashin ginin Bhadra Fort wanda ya fara daga Manek Burj, tushe na farko na birnin a shekara ta 1411 wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1413. Ya kuma kafa dandalin farko na birnin Manek Chowk, dukansu suna da alaƙa da almara na Hindu saint Maneknath. Sultanatensa na Gujarat (1411-1573) ya yi mulki daga birnin har zuwa 1484. Jikansa Mahmud Begada ya canza sheka babban birnin kasar daga Ahmedabad zuwa Muhammadabad daga 1484 zuwa 1535 amma ya yi katanga na biyu na birnin. Daga baya Ahmedabad ya sake zama babban birnin sultan har sai da ya fada hannun Mughals a shekara ta 1573. A lokacin mulkin Mughal (1572-1707), Bhadra Fort ya zama kujerar Gwamnan Gujarat. Garin ya bunƙasa tare da ƙara ƙauyuka da dama a cikin birnin da kewaye. Daga cikin mutanen birnin ba a tantance kiyasin ba. Akwai wasu kiyasin girman birni a cikin ayyukan lokacin: Ferishta, Ain-i-Akbari, da Mirat-i-Ahmadi. A cewar Ain-i-Akbari (1580), akwai puras 360, daga cikinsu tamanin da huɗu ne kawai suke bunƙasa; A cewar Ferishta akwai, a cikin 1600, 360 mahalla, kowane kewaye da bango; Mirat-i-Ahmadi a wani nassi yana cewa, irin wannan ta kasance da yawan al'ummarta cewa tana dauke da puras 380, kowanne pura kwata ne kusan gari; A wani nassin kuma ya ambaci unguwanni goma sha biyu na gari da sauran su a waje, kuma a cikin cikakken bayanin birnin ya ambace su da sunaye 110 da 19 daga cikinsu suka zauna karkashin mulkin Mughal. Bajamushe matafiyi Mandelslo (1638) ya ambata ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu dogaro kusan wasannin lig guda bakwai. A lokacin gwagwarmayar Mughal da Maratha (1707-1753) don sarrafa birnin, an cutar da birnin kuma an lalatar da yankuna da dama. Ganuwar birnin ta lalace a fadace-fadace kuma cinikin ya shafa. An raba kudaden shiga na birni tsakanin sarakunan Mughal da Maratha. Daga baya a lokacin mulkin Maratha (1758-1817), an raba kudaden shiga na birni tsakanin Peshwa da Gaekwad. Wadannan sun shafi tattalin arzikin birnin saboda karin haraji. A cikin 1817, Ahmedabad ya faɗi ƙarƙashin mulkin Kamfanin Burtaniya wanda ya daidaita birnin a siyasance kuma ya inganta kasuwancin. Yawan jama'a ya tashi daga 80,000 a 1817 zuwa kusan 88,000 a shekara ta 1824. A cikin shekaru takwas da suka biyo baya an ba da haraji na musamman kan man ghee da sauran kayayyaki kuma a kan £25,000 (Rs. 2,50,000) an gyara ganuwar birnin. A daidai wannan lokaci ne aka kafa wani kantom a wani wuri da ke arewacin birnin. Yawan jama'a ya tashi (1816) zuwa kusan 95,000. Sauran kudaden jama'a bayan an gama katangar an yi amfani da su don ayyukan gundumar. Tsohon birnin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar harkokin siyasa a lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya karkashin Mahatma Gandhi.
Garuruwa da kofofi
Garuruwa Fada a cikin tsari, wanda ya rufe yanki mai girman eka arba'in da uku, Bhadra sansanin yana da kofofi takwas, manya uku, biyu a gabas daya kuma a kusurwar kudu maso yamma; matsakaita uku, biyu a arewa daya kuma a kudu; da ƙanana biyu, a yamma. An kammala ginin Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad a shekara ta 1423. Yayin da birnin ya fadada, an fadada katangar birnin. Don haka katanga na biyu Mahmud Begada ya yi shi a shekara ta 1486, jikan Ahmed Shah, wanda ke da katanga na waje mai tsawon kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) a kewayensa kuma ya kunshi kofofi 12, bassoshi 189 da kuma sama da fadace-fadace 6,000 kamar yadda aka bayyana a Mirat-i- Ahmadi. Ganuwar katangar birni na biyu, tana gudana a yamma na kusan mil mil da kwata uku tare da bankin Sabarmati, da kuma shimfida gabas a siffa mai madauwari, sun haɗa da yanki mai nisan mil biyu a baya.
Kofofi Yawancin mutane sun yi imanin cewa Ahmedabad yana da kofofi 12 amma wasu masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar samun 16. Daga baya wani masanin ilimin halitta ya gano cewa Ahmedabad yana da kofofi 21. Bhadra Fort yana da kofofi takwas, manya uku, biyu a gabas daya kuma a kusurwar kudu maso yamma; matsakaita uku, biyu a arewa daya kuma a kudu; da ƙanana biyu, a yamma. A cikin garun birni na kagara na biyu, akwai ƙofofi goma sha takwas, manya goma sha biyar, ƙanana uku. Daga cikin goma sha biyar, an rufe daya, kuma an kara biyu daga baya. Waɗannan ƙofofin sun fara ne daga kusurwar arewa maso yamma, uku a bangon arewa, Shahpur a arewa maso yamma, Delhi a arewa, da Dariyapur a arewa maso gabas; hudu a bangon gabas, Premabhai, kofa da Birtaniyya ta gina, a arewa maso gabas, da Kalupur a gabas, da Panchkuva, kofar da Birtaniya ta gina, a gabas, da Sarangpur a kudu maso gabas; hudu a bangon kudu, Raipur da Astodiya a kudu maso gabas, da Mahuda, rufaffiyar kofa, da Jamalpur a kudu; bakwai a bangon yamma, Khan Jahan, Raikhad da Manek a kudu maso yamma; Ƙofofi uku na kagara, Ganesh, da Ram, da Baradari a tsakiya. da kuma kofar Khanpur dake arewa maso yamma. Sabbin ƙofofi biyu, Prem Darwaja da Ƙofar Panchkuva da Birtaniyya ta ƙara bayan buɗe layin dogo a 1864.
Unguwa A Pol shi ne irin rukunin gidaje na tsohon birni. Akwai kusan 356 pols da aka kwatanta a cikin ayyukan tarihi. An kafa tsarin rukunin gidaje a lokacin mulkin Mughal-Maratha da aka raba (1738-1753) saboda rikicin addini tsakanin Hindu da Musulmai. Bayan haka (1780-1832), lokacin da ganuwar birnin ta daina fakewa daga 'yan fashi, ƙofar pol da agogon ya zama kariya mai mahimmanci. Chabutro wani shinge ne na musamman kamar tsari don ciyar da tsuntsaye wanda za'a iya samuwa a cikin Pols da yawa.
Tafiya ta gado Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation tare da haɗin gwiwar CRUTA Foundation, suna shirya yawo a cikin tsohon birni daga Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir da kuma ƙarewa a Jama Masjid kowace safiya. Tafiya ta ƙunshi wurare da yawa na zamantakewa, addini da gine-gine masu alaƙa da tarihi da al'adun Ahmedabad.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai |
10284 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolibiya | Bolibiya | Bolibiya ko Bolivia (furucci Hausa (ha) |bōlíbíyä|; da |l|ɪ|v|i|ə, furucci ja|; ɾiʋja|; da-qu|Puliwya da-qu|pʊlɪwja|; da-ay|Wuliwya}} da-ay|wʊlɪwja|), officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia (hrshn-es|Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia; taðo nal de ja|) kasa ce dake a yammacin tsakiyar nahiyar Amurka ta Kudu, kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashen da ake kira da landlocked. Babban birnin ta itace Sucre amma fadar gwamnati da cibiyar hada-hadar kudin kasar na a birnin La Paz ne. Birnin mafi yawan alumma kuma cibiyar masana'antun kasar itace Santa Cruz de la Sierra, wanda take a Llanos Orientales (tropical lowlands) yankin da yawan cin sa a shinfide take a gabashin Bolibiya.
sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state, divided into nine departments. Yanayin kasar ya banbanta tundaga tsaunin Andes dake yammaci, zuwa gabashin Lowlands, wanda ke a yankin Amazon Basin. Tana da iyakanta daga arewaci da yamman ta tareda kasar Brazil, daga bangaren kudu maso gabas kuma kasar Paraguay, daga kudu kasar Argentina, sannan kasar Chile a kudu maso yamma, a karshe kuma Peru daga Arewa maso yamma. Kashi Daya cikin uku na alummar kasar na zaune ne a Andean mountain range. dake da na fadin kasa, Bolibiya itace kasa ta biyar mafi yawan alumma a nahiyar Amurka ta Kudu kuma na 27th a duniya.
Yawan alummar kasar an kiyasta sun kai 11 million, takasance multiethnic, dauke da Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians da Africans. Babbancin jinsi racial dana social segregation da yafaru daga mulkin mallakar da sapniya tayi, ya cigaba har zuwa yanzu. Harshen Spanish itace harshen kasar, kuma harshen da akafi amfani dashi, dukda akawi 36 na harsunan indigenous language da gwamnatin kasar ta yadda dasu kuma wadanda akafi amfani dasu bayan Spaniya sun hada da Guarani, Aymara and Quechua languages.
Kafin mulkin mallakar kasar Spaniya, yankin Andea na Bolivia ayanzu yakasance ne a bangaren Inca Empire, inda arewaci da gabashin lowlands din wadanda ke zaune a wuraren kabilu ne masu cin gashin kansu. Spaniya conquistadors da suka zo daga Cuzco da kuma Asunción suka kwace mulkin yankin a karni na 16th. Lokacin Spanish colonial period Bolivia na karkashin Royal Audiencia of Charcas. Spainiya ta gina daular ta a bangare babba a inda ake hakar azurfa Bolivia's mines.
Bayan neman yancin kai na farko a 1809, sai yaki ya barke wanda ya kwashe shekaru 16 Kafin aka kafa jamhoriyar Bolivia wanda sunan Simón Bolívar aka sa. Fiye da lokutan karni na 19th da farkon karni na 20th, Bolivia ta rasa kananan territories dinta wadanda ke a wajen garin ga kasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita da kuma seizure kwace gabar tekunta da kasar Chile tayi a 1879. Bolivia ta dawo akan gudanar da mulki batare da matsaloli ba har zuwa shekara ta 1971, sanda Hugo Banzer yajagoranci coup d'état din da ya canja gwamnatin Juan José Torres da military dictatorship ta Banzer; an kashe Torres a Buenos Aires, Argentina by a right-wing death squad in 1976. Banzer's regime cracked down on leftist and socialist opposition and other forms of dissent, resulting in the torture and deaths of a number of Bolivian citizens. Banzer was ousted in 1978 and later returned as the democratically elected president of Bolivia from 1997 to 2001.
Bolibiya ta wannan zamanin mamba ce a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da Bankin bada lamuni na duniya, Kungiyar kasashen Amurika, ACTO, Bankunan Kudanci wato ALBA, Kungiyar kasashen kudancin Amurika. Bolibiya nada tattalin arziki mai saurin hauhawa, amma kuma itace kasa ta biyu Mafia talauci a yankin Nahiyar Amurika. It is a developing country, with a medium ranking in the Human Development Index, a poverty level of 38.6%, and it has one of the lowest crime rates in Latin America. Its main economic activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and manufacturing goods such as textiles, clothing, refined metals, and refined petroleum. Bolivia is very rich in minerals, including tin, silver, and lithium.
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51486 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20L.%20Lang | D. L. Lang | Diana Lucille Lang (an haifeta a shekarar 1983, Bad Hersfeld, Jamus ta Yamma), wadda aka fi sani da sunan D.L. Lang, mawaƙiya Ba'amurke ce. Ta buga littattafai goma sha biyu cikakken littafai na wakoki, kuma ta yi hidima a matsayin Mawaƙiya ta Vallejo, California.
Rayuwar farko Diana Lucille Lang (née Kettle) an haife shi a Bad Hersfeld,Jamus ta Yamma. Sakamakon girma a cikin dangin soja yana yaro Lang ya sake komawa gida akai-akai,yana zaune a Herleshausen,Jamus ta Yamma, Santa Fe,Texas, AlexandriaLouisiana. da Enid, Oklahoma. Lang ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta,Enid a 2001, ya sami Mataimakin Kimiyya a Gabaɗaya a Kwalejin Oklahoma ta Arewa, kuma ya sami Bachelor of Arts a Nazarin Fim tare da ƙarami a Nazarin Yahudanci daga Jami'ar Oklahoma. Bayan kwaleji ta koma California a 2005 kuma ta auri Timothy Lang a 2006, zaune a San Rafael,California kafin ta koma Vallejo.
Fim da talabijin Yayin da yake koleji Lang ya yi aiki a matsayin editan bidiyo a tashar talabijin KXOK-LD. a matsayin mai kula da gidan yanar gizon gidan rediyo na Jami'ar Oklahoma ta Wire, kuma a matsayin mai tallata band don Gray daga Enid, Oklahoma. Har ila yau,ta kirkiro fina-finai na takardun shaida da bidiyon kiɗa,ciki har da Liquid Wind,wani fim din kiteboarding ta darektan Charles Maupin wanda ke nuna hira da Mike Morgan, wanda aka watsa a kan Oklahoma PBS affiliate OETA, da The Hebrew Project, wani fim na harshen Ibrananci wanda ya nuna furofesoshi na Jami'ar Oklahoma Ori Kritz da Norman Stillman,wanda aka watsa a tashar Yahudawa.
Waka Lang ta fara rubuta waƙa tun yana yaro,yana ƙoƙarin rubuta waƙoƙin waƙa. Ta buga The Beatles, Pete Seegr,Allen's Ginsberg,Jim Morrison,da Bob Dylan a matsayin tasiri.Baya ga rubuce-rubuce game da rayuwarta, Lang ya rubuta a kan jigogi na Yahudanci, adalci na zamantakewa, zanga-zangar siyasa, mata, anti-jari-jari, anti-wariyar launin fata da pacifism. Lang ta fara yin waƙar ta a cikin 2015, tare da Waƙar Bay. An buga wakokinta a jaridu,mujallu,da tarihin tarihi.
Vallejo Poet Laureate An nada DL Lang Laureate na Vallejo,California a cikin Satumba 2017 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa Disamba 2019. Kamar yadda mawallafin mawaƙa Lang ya gyara tarihin tarihin waƙa,Verses,Voices Visions of Vallejo kuma ya yi sau 141 a cikin garuruwa 18 daban-daban. Lang ya ba da kiran a Maris na Mata na Vallejo na 2019. A lokacin aikinta ta kuma yi waƙarta a yawancin al'amuran gida,ciki har da Vallejo Unites Against Hatred, Ranar Haɗin Kai, Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya da Me yasa Shayari Mahimmanci. Lang ya kuma ba da gabatarwa akan Emma Lazarus da Alicia Ostriker don Muryoyin Canji na AAUW. Lang ya kuma yanke hukunci ga gasa bakwai ciki har da gasar karatun sakandare na Poetry Out Loud, Joel Fallon malanta waƙar waka, Gasar baiwa ta Solano County Fair, Vallejo poetry slam, da matashin ɗakin karatu na gundumar.gasar rubutu. Ta yi wasa akai-akai akan iska akan KZCT kuma akan mataki a Waƙar Bay. Kamar magabata, ta jagoranci waƙa a cikin da'irar shayari kuma ta shirya abubuwan shekara-shekara don Watan Waƙoƙin Ƙasa Ta halarci taron karramawar mawaka a Tujunga da San Mateo. Genea Brice ya gabace Lang a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙin Vallejo, kuma Jery Snyder ya gaje shi,mai masaukin baki na Bay.
2020 yanzu A cikin 2020 ta kasance fitacciyar wasan kwaikwayo a Baje kolin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki na Solano County, kuma ta yanke hukunci ga gasar waƙoƙin matasa na ɗakin karatu, A cikin 2021 ta yi kusan don Flash Poetry da Point Arena Waƙar Alhamis ta Uku. Ta kuma yi tare da Brice da Snyder a Alibi Bookshop, da kuma ga Yahudawan Democrats na gundumar Solano. A cikin 2022 ta yi wa AAUW, Laburare County Solano, San Francisco Public Library, bikin waka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Empress, ƙungiyar kare zubar da ciki RiseUp4AbortionRights, The Beat Museum da LaborFest tare da juyin juya halin mawaka Brigade, yi hukunci da Solano library ta matasa shaya gasa, kuma ya bayyana a kan Tushen in Poetry podcast. Ta ci gaba da yin wakoki kai tsaye a gidan rediyon KZCT. A cikin 2023 ta yi a Laburaren Cordelia don Watan Waƙoƙi, Vallejo Poetry Festival, da zanga-zangar ma'aikata a kan Elon Musk. A cikin 2023 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin goma da suka yi nasara a gasar Curbside Haiku a Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Manazarta
Haihuwan 1983
Rayayyun |
45816 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology | Sinology | Kimiyyar kasar Sin ko Nazarin Tarihin Sin (A turance: Sinology) ilimi ne da ke kula da abin da ya shafi kasar Sin ta hanyar nazarin yarenta da adabi da tarihinta, kuma galibi ana yin la'akari da nazarin kasashen yamma a wannan fanni. Watakila wannan kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan gwada nasarorin da masana kimiyyar kasar Sin suka samu a cikin wayewarsu. A tarihi, ana kallon "Sinology" a matsayin kwatankwacin amfani da ilimin Harshe a kasar Sin, kuma har zuwa karni na 20 ana ganin yana nufin ilimin harshe ne (harshe da adabi). Daga baya an fadada wannan kimiyya ta hanyar ƙara tarihin kasar Sin, rubuce-rubuce, da sauran batutuwa.
Sinology a Japan A kasan Japan, ana kiran Sinology da kangaku "Han karatu", sabanin Kokugaku ma'ana nazarin Japan, da Yōgaku ko Rangaku ma'ana nazarin Yamma ko Netherlands. An bambanta shi da Sinology na Yamma da na zamani.
Sinology a Kasashen Yamma
Farkon karni na sha bakwai Turawan Yamma na farko da aka sani da sun yi nazarin Sinanci da yawa su ne ’yan kasar Portugal, Mutanen Espanya, da Italiya na ƙarni na goma sha shida—dukansu na Dominican Order ko Society of Jesus (Mabiya addinin kiristanci)—waɗanda suka nemi yaɗa Kiristanci na Katolika a tsakanin mutanen Sinawa. Ofishin Dominican na Mutanen Espanya na farko a Manila yana sarrafa injin buga littattafai, kuma tsakanin 1593 da 1607 ya samar da ayyuka huɗu kan bangaskiyar Katolika ga al'ummar baƙi na Sinawa, uku cikin Sinanci na gargajiya da ɗaya cikin cakuda Sinanci na gargajiya da na Hokkien.
Sinology tsakanin Larabawa
kafin karni na ashirin Littafan tarihi na kasar Sin sun nuna cewa, Sinawa suna da masaniya sosai kan Larabawa shekaru da dama kafin Musulunci, kasancewar tarihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin biyu ya samo asali ne tun kafin Musulunci. Manufar daular Han (206 BC 8 AD) na da nufin bude hanyoyin kasuwanci tare da yankunan yammacin kasar Sin, wadanda a halin yanzu aka sansu da Asiya ta Tsakiya, Indiya da Yammacin Asiya, har zuwa yankin Larabawa da Afirka.
karni na ashirin da abinda ya biyoshi A karni na 20, ayyukan hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasar Sin da kasashen Larabawa sun kai ga samun bunkasuwar Sinology a kasashen Larabawa bayan da aka fadada fannin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Sin da Larabawa a fannin ilimi, inda aka samu bambanci bisa matakin hadin gwiwa. Tun bayan kulla huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen Sin da Masar a shekarar 1956 miladiyya, kasar Masar ta fara bude kofofin koyar da harshen Sinanci a jami'o'in kasar Masar. Jami'ar Ain Shams ta bude bangaren gwanancewa a harshen Sinanci a shekarar 1958. Duk da haka, ya tsaya saboda dalilai na siyasa a lokacin. A tsakanin shekarar 1958 zuwa 1963 miladiyya, an yaye daliban kasar Sin 33 daga kasar Masar. A shekara ta 1977 miladiyya, jami'ar Ain Shams ta koma ƙware a cikin harshen Sinanci. Baya ga Masar, akwai kuma ayyukan koyar da yaren Sinanci a Kuwait, amma sun tsaya bayan wani dan lokaci kadan. Masanan Larabawa sun yi kokarin zurfafa zurfafa bincike kan ilimin Sinology don dalilai na ilimi, siyasa, al'adu da diflomasiyya don gina hanyar sadarwa tsakanin al'ummar Larabawa da Sinawa. Sha'awarsu ga tarihin kasar Sin ma ta karu sosai. An buga litattafai da dama da suka shafi tarihin al'adun kasar Sin da jama'arta cikin harshen Larabci. A cikin 2020 AD, bayan ya shafe kusan shekaru shida a matsayin karamin jakadanci a Guangzhou, Dr. Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri, jami'in diflomasiyyar Qatar wanda ake yi wa kallon daya daga cikin Larabawa wanda ya mallaki manyan ayyukan ilimi na Larabawa da yawa a Sinology, ya buga littafin "Zheng He, Sarkin Tekun China." Littafin ya kunshi tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru na wani shugaban kasar Sin mai suna Zheng He, wanda ya yi tafiya tare da rundunarsa a duniyar da aka sani a lokacin a cikin tafiye-tafiye bakwai tsakanin shekara ta 1415 zuwa 1432 miladiyya. Kafin haka, ya rubuta wani labari mai suna "The Rundunar Rana", wanda ya samo asali daga labarin wani jagorar kasar Sin. Ana kallon littafin a matsayin littafin Riwaya (Novel) na farko cikin littafan Larabci mai dauke da Sinanci, kuma ya yi suna sosai a duniyar Larabawa da Sinawa, duk da cewa bai dade da fitowa ba, yayin da aka fassara shi zuwa harsuna sama da uku. a bisa wannan labari, an shirya wani fim na Documentary (Hanyar Rana) a birnin Guangzhou a shekarar 2021 miladiyya a karkashin jagorancin ofishin yada labarai na lardin da hadaddiyar gidan rediyo da talabijin da kuma karamin ofishin jakadancin kasar Qatar a Guangzhou. Fim din ya yi bayani ne kan tasirin sadarwa tsakanin kasar Sin da yankin Gulf na Larabawa a tarihi. Jaridar Difaf Publications ta buga littafin "Sarkin Gabashin Chudi" na Dr. Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri, inda ya yi karin haske kan tarihin sarki Yongle da irin zaman lafiyar da kasar Sin ta samu a karkashin mulkinsa a bangaren al'adu, wanda kuma ya samu kulawa daga wannan sarki. Sannan ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga bangaren hukumar gudanarwa da hada-hadar kudi, Sarkin ya yi kokarin sabunta wasu tsare-tsarensa da kafa sabbin dokoki, baya ga bangaren tattalin arziki, wanda ya samu ci gaba da habaka sosai sakamakon kwanciyar hankalin siyasa. Har ila yau, ya buga littafi mai suna "kasar Sin a idon matafiya", kuma littafi ne da ya yi bincike cikin tarihin tsohuwar kasar Sin ta hanyar bincike da matafiya da masu bincike suka yi. Wata cibiyar buga littattafai ta Sin ce ta buga fassarar littafin zuwa harshen Sinanci a shekarar 2020 miladiyya tare da gudummawar farfesa Wang Yue da Dr. Wang Fu na jami'ar nazarin kasa da kasa dake nan birnin Beijing. Har ila yau, Al-Hajri ya rubuta littafin "Al-adu a daular Ming", inda ya yi bayani kan ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki na daular Ming, da kuma ci gaban tarihi na al'adun kasar Sin. An fassara hudu daga cikin littattafansa zuwa Sinanci. Littafin Dokta Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri mai suna "Takardun Tattalin Arziki kan Hanyar Siliki" ya yi bayani ne kan shirin Belt and Road na kasar Sin, inda ya yi nazari kan wannan shiri ta mabanbantan ra'ayi, inda ya yi magana a cikin babi takwas kan ma'anar hanyar siliki, da tarihin tattalin arziki (Sin) a cikin karni na uku, da tattalin arzikin sufuri bisa ma'auni na shirin Sinawa, da matsayin kasashen duniya, musamman gabas ta tsakiya, kasashen Afirka, Amurka da Indiya zuwa ga wannan shiri. An fassara littattafai da yawa daga Sinanci zuwa Larabci a matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan ƙoƙarin. Fiye da litattafai 700 na mutanen kasar Sin, da al'adu, da tattalin arzikinsu, da adabi da falsafa aka fassara zuwa harshen Larabci daga kamfanin House of Wisdom da ke Ningxia Hui, arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin tun bayan kafa shi a shekarar 2011.
Duba kuma
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18311 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebiba | Sebiba | Sebiba ita ce kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a Aljeriya don tsara biki da raye-rayen da Abzinawa ke yi a wannan lokacin tare da rakiyar mata masu kada ganguna a yankin Sahara na Djanet a yankin Tassili n’Ajjer da ke kudancin Algeria. Rawar ta samo asali ne daga zuriyar bayi bakar fata na Afirka kuma wani bangare ne na bikin Ashura na Musulunci Yanayin al'adu Al’umar Tuareg a cikin Aljeriya da a yankin Sahel bisa al’ada sun kasu kashi biyu na azuzuwan zamantakewa. Ana kiran babban aji na aristocrats Imajeghen ko Imuhagh a cikin harshen Tamasheq kuma yayi daidai da mayaƙa (hassan) daga cikin Moorish Bidhan A cikin ƙananan ƙarshen zaman jama'a aji ne Iklan, bayi ko Abid daga Bidhan Bayin da aka sace daga yankin Sudan suna da 'yanci a yau kuma sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin al'umar Abzinawa. Maƙerin maƙera, waɗanda suka yi duk kayan aiki, makamai da kayan ado, sun kafa ƙungiya ta daban wacce a baya ba ta cikin jama'a kuma an haramta ta. Ana kiransu Inaden, a cewar Bidhan, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa waƙar Sebiba da kiɗan drum suke da asalin baƙar fata ta Afirka. Wani rawa maza na baƙar fata na yawan Abzinawa, Tazanzareet, ya kasance tare da raira waƙoƙin mata da bushewa; da wuya aka taɓa yin sa. A cikin wannan kyakkyawar rawar Abzinawa ba kasafai ake yin ta ba, matansu suna buga waƙar Imzad mai kaɗa ɗaya ko kuma buga Tendee turmi don rakiyar mawaƙa.
Halaye Ranar farko zuwa rana ta goma ga watan farko na watan Muharram shine lokacin bukukuwan wucewa wanda ke shigowa da sabuwar shekara. A koli ne rana ta goma, da Ashura rana wanda ke da wasu ma'anoni na addini dangane da mazhabar Musulunci. Sabuwar Shekarar Hijiriyya ita ce Muharram ta goma sha ɗaya mai zuwa. A cikin Djanet, ana kiran Sebiba rawa da kuma duk lokacin biki a ƙarshen shekara. A Agadez da ke arewacin Nijar, Abzinawan suna bikin Bianu tare da raye-raye da kuma fareti a lokaci guda.
A Bianu da kuma a bikin Sebiba, an tsara hanyar gudanar da taron ne ta hanyar bambanci tsakanin kungiyoyin jama'a biyu: Tare da Bianu, an raba garin Agadez zuwa gabas da yamma rabin lokacin taron, mazauna da Ksar zo ga Sebiba festival, Azellouaz da Ksar El Mihan da juna.
Bikin ya dawo da tunanin wani dogon rikici wanda yanzu aka warware shi tsakanin kauyukan biyu. Wurin Adjahil baya shiga cikin shagalin, mai yiwuwa haramcin addini ne daga Sufi Tariqa na Senusiyya, wanda ya kiyaye Zawiya a Adjahil a farkon karni na 20.
Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na Sebiba sun haɗa da tunanin almara na ƙarshen shekara, sabon farawa da lokaci na rikon kwarya wanda ke cikin canji da narkewa yayin tsawon lokacin bikin. Wannan ra'ayi na gaba daya an wuce dashi ne kamar al'adun Abzinawa (Tagdudt) kuma ance ya san Abzinawa makiyaya a da. Tunanin lokacin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa yana da alaƙa da sabuntawar yanayi na yanayi, amma kuma ana iya haɗuwa da tatsuniyoyi na ƙarfin ikon sarakunan bakar fata na Afirka. A can masarautar ta kan shiga wani lokaci na maimaita rikice-rikice na al'ada, inda dangantakar mulki ke juyewa kuma ana yin yaƙe-yaƙe har sai an tabbatar da mai mulkin yana da asalin Allah.
Daidaitawar lokaci tare da Ashura ya sanya ayyukan ibada, wadanda tun farko ake maganarsu a matsayin jahiliyya, wani bangare ne na al'adun musulinci na yau da kullun kuma saboda haka karbabbu ne ga yawancin Abzinawa Musulmi. Koyaya, akwai kungiyoyin musulmai da suka ƙi Sebiba a matsayin waɗanda ba musulmai bane saboda asalinsu da kuma yadda ake aiwatar dasu.
Al'adar baka ta bijiro da asalin Sebiba zuwa ga mutuwar Fir'auna, wanda ya nitse a cikin Bahar Maliya yayin tsananta wa Musa (Sidi Moussa) da yahudawa, bisa ga al'adar Musulunci ta Sunni kan asalin Ashura. A wancan lokacin, kyakkyawa ta yi nasara a kan mugunta, wanda aka bayyana a cikin sabon farkon yanayi a lokacin Ashura. Don gode maka da nasarar da aka yi, ana cewa ƙirƙira Sebiba. Don rarrabe shi da raye-raye na Sebiba, wanda kuma ana iya yin sa a wasu ƙauyuka yayin bukukuwan aure da sauran shagulgulan biki, ana kiran bikin a ranar Ashura Sebiba n'Tililin (sauran rubutun Sebeiba ou Tillellin). Sauran raye-raye na asalin bakar fata na Maghreb su ne Stambali, raye-rayen Tunusiya wanda wani ɓangare ne na shakuwa da takwararta ta Morocco Derdeba. Rawar Algeriya na matan Berber Abdaoui shima yana da ma'anar yanayi.
Kayan Duniya An sanya bikin Sebiba a cikin Sahara na Algeriya a matsayin al'adun Abzinawa da al'adun gargajiya wadanda suka zama wani bangare na al'adun duniya na bil'adama, inda sutturar gargajiya da aka shirya don bikin ta kasance tana da matsakaici. An rubuta al'adu da shagulgulan Sebiba a cikin yankin Djanet a cikin shekara ta 2014 a tsakanin jerin UNESCO na al'adun al'adu na Intangible na Humanan Adam Rawa a cikin wannan bikin rawa ce wacce take cikin jerin UNESCO na jerin al'adun gargajiya, waɗanda suka haɗa da raira waƙa, kiɗa da biki. Sebiba ta hada da shagulgula, raye-raye na al'ada, waƙoƙin jama'a da kuma buga ganguna, raye-raye na jama'a waɗanda aka tsara kuma ana yin su musamman a Sahara ta Algeria. Wannan nau'ikan rawar rawa an yarda da ita a hukumance a matsayin al'adun Aljeriya, kuma ana jin daɗin ta kuma ana jin daɗin ta a duk faɗin duniya, kuma suna da girman duniya da jan hankalin yawon shakatawa. Rawar Sebiba wani lamari ne mai matukar rikitarwa, wanda ya shafi al'adu, al'adu, amfani da jikin mutane, kayan tarihi (kamar sutura da kayan tallafi), da kuma takamaiman amfani da kiɗa, sarari da hasken rana. A sakamakon haka, an hada abubuwa da yawa wadanda ba za a iya gani ba a cikin rawar Sebiba, wanda hakan ya sanya ya zama kalubale amma mai matukar ban sha'awa irin na al'adun Aljeriya da Abzinawa don kiyayewa.
Hotuna
Duba kuma
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
18053 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqeel%20Ibn%20Abi%20Talib | Aqeel Ibn Abi Talib | Aqeel ibn Abi Talib Aqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib sahabi ne kuma dan uwan annabin musulunci na farko Muhammad Abin kunya Abu Yazid ya sanshi. An kuma ce shi kakanin kakannin kabilun Somaliya kamar na dangin Darod Kuruciya An haife shi a shekara ta 581 CE, ɗa na biyu na Abu Talib da Fatimah bint Asad saboda haka ya kasance dan uwan Ali An ce masanin ƙwarewar asali ne. Ya auri Fatima bint Al-Walid daga dangin Abdshams na Kuraishawa Yana da ‘ya’ya maza guda bakwai: Muhammad, Muslim, Ja’afar, Musa, Abdul Rahman, Abdullah da Abu Saeed; da kuma 'ya mace, Ramla.
A Yaƙin Badar Bayan Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka, Aqeel ya sayar da gidajen danginsa Musulmi a cikin mazauna garin. Ya yi yaki a gefen mushrikai a yakin Badar, inda aka kai shi fursuna. An ruwaito Muhammad ya gaya wa sahabbansa ranar Badar: "Lallai na san cewa an fito da maza daga Banu Hashim, da sauransu, an tilasta su ba tare da nufin su yake mu ba. Idan dayanku ya ci karo da wani daga Banu Hashim to kada ku kashe shi Umar ya ce a mika shi ga Ali a yanke masa kai; amma Muhammad ya amince da ra'ayin Abubakar cewa a sake shi fansa. Tunda Aqeel bashi da kuɗi, dole ne kawunsa Abbas ya fanshe shi dinare 500 ko kuma zinare 40 na zinare. Lokacin da Muhammad ya gaya masa cewa an kashe Abu Jahl, Aqeel ya yarda cewa babu wanda zai kalubalanci ikon Muhammad yanzu: "Ko dai maganganunku su shafi mutane, ko kuma ku mamaye su da karfi."
Musulunta Aqeel ya yi hijira zuwa Madina a tsakiyar 629, shekara guda bayan Khaybar Aqeel da yaransa, saboda kusancinsu da Muhammad, an hana su karbar komai daga harajin sadaka Ya yi Yaƙin Mu'tah An ce ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma "ba a ambata shi ba" a yaƙin Makka, ko kwanton ɓauna a Hunayn ko kewaye Ta'if Koyaya, wata al'ada ta nuna cewa ya yi yaƙi a Hunayn. Lokacin da matarsa ta tambaye shi abin da ya dawo da shi daga wannan yaƙin, sai ya ce: "Wannan allurar. Kuna iya dinka rigunanku da shi, "kuma ya ba ta takobin jininsa. Daga baya Muhammad ya umarci duk wanda ya kwaso wani abu daga cikin ganimar da ya mayar. Aqeel ya ce wa Fatima, "Wallahi, ina tsammanin allurarku ta tafi!" Ya jefa takobinsa cikin ganimar.
Bayan Wafati Aqeel ya bayar da tarkon ga masallacin na Madina. A ranar Juma'a, an shimfiɗa ta bangon yamma. Lokacin da inuwar bango ta lullube dukkan kafet din, Umar ya san lokacin fitowar sallar azahar ya yi Aqeel shi ne miji na huɗu ga Fatima, ƙanwar Hind bint Utbah Ta kasance mace mai arziki wacce ta biya Aqeel don kula da dukiyarta kasancewar Aqeel hamshakin attajiri ne kuma mai nasara. tana yawan tambayarsa game da mahaifinta da kawunta, wanda rundunar musulmi ta kashe. Aqeel ya taba gaya mata cewa suna wuta, kuma rigimar tasu ta yi tsanani har Uthman ya sanya Muawiyah da Abd Allah bin Abbas don su sasanta tsakaninsu. Aqeel shine mutumin da ya sami Umm ul-Banin ya auri Ali.
A tsufa, ya zama makaho. Ya mutu a khalifancin Muawiyah I, yana da shekara 96.
Nasarori Zuriyar Aqeel suna da yawa kuma sun bazu a duk fadin Hejaz, Yemen, sassan Oman da Somalia Ofayansu shine Darod, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin Mahaifin ƙabilar Darod da ake samu a Yemen, Oman, Somalia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia da Sudan Haramin Imam Saad bin Aqil wanda shi ma daga zuriyarsa yake, yana cikin garin Tal Afar na kasar Iraki Ƙarin Bayani Ali bn Abi Talib
Ja'afar bn Abi Talib
Talib bn Abi Talib
Hasan bn Ali
Husayn bn Ali
Sahaba
Muslim bn Aqeel
Ruqayyah bint Ali ('Yar gidan Aqeel bn Abi Talib)
Yakin Mu'tah
Manazarta 580s births
http://www.yazehra.com/fatimabint.ht
http: //www.bajabr.jeeran.com%5B%5D Pages with unreviewed translations
http://www.yazehra.com/fatimabint.htm
http: //www.bajabr.jeeran.com%5B%5D
Pages with unreviewed translations.
Mutuwan 670
Haifaffen 580
Dangin Banu Hashim
Sahabbai |
20348 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Ngizim | Mutanen Ngizim | Mutanen Ngizim (Ngizmawa, Ngezzim) suna zaune ne a jihar Yobe, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya Ya zuwa shekarar 1993, an kiyasta Ngizim 80,000. Ƙabilar na zaune ne a garin Potiskum, babban birni a jihar Yobe kuma asalin garin Ngizim ne, da kuma yankunan gabas da kudancin garin. Jama'ar Ngizim sun kasance suna rayuwa a wasu sassan jihohin Borno da Jigawa, amma tun daga lokacin sun rasa asalinsu na al'ada bayan an haɗe su zuwa wasu ƙabilun. Ngizim suna magana da wani yaren Cadi wanda ake kira Ngizim.
Tarihi Kafin Jihadin Fulani na shekarata 1804, tarihin mutanen Ngizim yana da alaƙa sosai da ta Daular Bornu Zuwa shekarar 1472, lokacin da aka kafa babban birni na Daular Bornu, Birni Ngazargamu, Ngizim sun sami suna a matsayin manyan mayaƙa. Yayin da suka karfafa tasirinsu a kan wasu sassan jihar Yobe, ta yanzu babban garinsu na al'adu Potiskum ya zama cibiyar yanki. A farkon karni na 20, Ngizim suka yi tawaye ga Masarautar Fika, wacce hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba ta ikon siyasa a kansu. Babban jami'in gundumar Birtaniyya ne ya jagoranci rundunonin yaƙi da Ngizim; Daga baya aka kashe Mai Agudum, shugaban ‘yan tawayen. Ba a sake dawo da masarautar Ngizim ba sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da gwamnan jihar ya nada Mai Muhammadu Atiyaye. Shugaban Ngizim na yanzu, Mai Umaru Bubaram Ibn Wuriwa Bauya an sabunta shi zuwa matsayin Sarki mai daraja ta daya daga tsohon Gwamna Bukar Abba Ibrahim A bayanansa na "Tarihin shekaru goma sha biyu na farkon mulkin Mai Idris Alooma (1571-1583) na Imam Ahmad Ibn Furtua", HR Palmer ya bamu labarin kalmar Ngizim. "Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan sunan wanda duk da cewa an bambanta su da alama suna nuna mutane iri ɗaya ne N'gizim, N'gujam, N'gazar, N'Kazzar, N'gissam". A wani bangare na bayanan, ya gaya mana cewa Mai Ali Ghaji Dunamani ne ya kafa Birni N'gazargamu a kusan 1462, wanda ya sayi shafin daga "So" wanda ke zaune a yankin. "Sunan babban birnin daidai yadda ake rubuta shi da sunan N'gazargamu ko kuma N'gasarkumu. Kashi na farko na kalmar yana nuna cewa mazaunan yankin da suka gabata inda N'gazar ko N'gizim suke. Yankin baya na kalmar "Gamu" ko "Kumu" daidai yake da sashin farko na kalmar "Gwombe" kuma yana nufin ko dai (i) shugaba ko Sarki ko (ii) ruhun kakanni. Yin tafiya ta hanyar rarrabuwa game da N'gizim wanda zai iya tabbatar da iyakar yaduwar su a Yammacin Sudan Akwai batun N'gizim sannan kuma ƙabilar N'gizim a yammacin masarautar da ake kira Binawa. Binawa kuma ana kiranta da Mabani wanda ya tashi daga yankin Bursari yamma da Birni Gazargamu zuwa Katagum.
Tarihin Kanem-Bornu na farko Akwai bayanai daban-daban ga mutanen Ngizim a cikin tarihin Kanem-Bornu tun daga farkon yaƙin basasar Kanem a cikin 1396. Ana iya cewa mutanen Ngizim sun taka rawar gani wajen ƙaura da babban birnin masarautar daga Njimi zuwa N'gazargamu. Ya faɗi HR Palmer:
Daga wani tushe, mun sami bayanin Ngizim yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙungiyoyin da suka yi ƙaura daga Kanem:
Harshe Ngizim yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Chadi guda biyar yan asalin jihar Yobe, sauran kuma sune Bade, Bole, Karai karrai, da Ngamo. Ngizim memba ne na West Branch of Chadic kuma saboda haka yana da dangantaka da Hausa, babban harshe a duk arewacin Najeriya Mafi kusancin dangin harshe Ngizim sune Bade, ana magana da shi a arewacin Potiskum a masarautar Bade (Bedde), da Duwai, ana magana da shi a gabashin Gashua Ba kamar wasu daga cikin sauran yarukan a jihar ta Yobe ba, Ngizim bashi da yarukan magana sosai.ref "humnet" Shugabannin gargajiya Basaraken gargajiyar mutanen Ngizim shi ne Mai Potiskum, wanda kujerun sa suke a Potiskum. Kamar yawancin sarakunan gargajiya a arewacin Najeriya, Mai Potiskum shima shine babban shugaban musulinci a tsakanin mutanen sa.
Garin Potiskum Game da tarihinsu na baya-bayan nan, lokacin Jihadin Fulan musamman a shekarar 1808, wani rukuni na N'gizim karkashin jagorancin Bauya sun bar Mugni sakamakon harin da ta'addar Fulani Jihadi suka kaiwa Birni N'gazargamu. Sun ɗauki hanyar kudu zuwa yankin Kaisala. Da isar su, Bauya da tawagarsa sun taimaka wa mazaunan Kaisala murƙushe wani hari da N'gazar (reshen Ngizim) na Daura (Dawura) ya kawo musu. Bayan kai wa garin Daura hari da mamayarsa, Bauya ya kafa nasa yanki ya kira shi "Pataskum" wanda Turawa suka gurbata shi zuwa "Potiskum". Kalmar "Pataskum" jumlar Ngizim ce ma'anar gandun daji na "Skum". "Pata" ma'ana gandun daji a cikin yaren Ngizim kuma "Skum" wani nau'in itace ne da aka samu wadatacce a yankin a lokacin da aka kafa garin Potiskum.
Sananne mutane Kursu Bin Harun (Grand Vizier na daular Borno a lokacin mulkin Mai Idris Alooma)
Nasr Bultu (Mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Ngizim ta yamma da gwamnatin Mai Idris Alooma)
Umaru Bubaram Ibn Wuriwa Bauya (Mai Potiskum)
Mamman Bello Ali (Gwamnan jihar Yobe daga 29 ga Mayu 2007 ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Janairun 2009)
Ƙara karantawa Abubakar MD (2013). Mutanen Ngizim da al'adunsu. Rubutun da ba a buga ba a Gidan Tarihi na Masarautar Pataskum, Potiskum, Jihar Yobe.
Kayan aiki daga mai kula da Gidan Tarihin Masarautar Pataskum, Ahmad Garba Babayo (2014).
Danchuwa AM (2013). Mutanen Ngizim. Rubutun da ba a buga ba a Gidan Tarihi na Masarautar Pataskum, Potiskum, Jihar Yobe. (Hakanan akwai a www.scribd.com).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Aikin Binciken Harshen Yobe
Rahoton kabilanci: Ngizim Harsunan Nijeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
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42744 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20wasan%20kurket%20ta%20kasar%20Eswatini | Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta kasar Eswatini | Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta kasar Eswatini tana wakiltar Eswatini (wanda aka fi sani da Swaziland), wata kasa a Kudancin Afirka, a wasan kurket na kasa da kasa Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta ƙasar Eswatini wanda aka gudanar da Eswatini Cricket Association, ta zama affiliate memba ta International Cricket Council (ICC) a shekarar 2007. Tawagar, tare da Kamaru, Tsibirin Falkland, da Peru, ICC ta ci gaba da zama matsayin haɗin gwiwa a cikin shekarar 2007. A cikin shekarar 2017, sun zama memba na haɗin gwiwa Eswatini kuma memba ne na kungiyar Cricket ta Afirka Tawagar wasan kurket ta Eswatini ta kasa za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin wasan kurket ta Duniya na Afirka da Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Ashirin20 na ICC A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2018, ICC ta yanke shawarar ba da cikakken matsayin Twenty20 International (T20I) ga duk membobinta. Saboda haka, duk wasanni Ashirin20 da aka buga tsakanin Eswatini da sauran membobin ICC bayan 1 ga watan Janairun 2019 za su kasance cikakkun T20I.
Asalin An fara buga wasan kurket ne a kasar Swaziland a cikin shekarar 1970 da fararen fata 'yan kasashen waje da suka zo kasar don yin aiki. Kasar Swaziland ta buga wasan kurket na kasa da kasa tun a kalla a shekara ta 1981, lokacin da Zambiya ta yi rangadin wasanni biyu. Daga shekarar 1992 kasar ta taka leda a Gasar Cricket Confederation na Yanki Shida wanda ya rikide zuwa kungiyar Cricket ta Afirka A cikin shekarar 2007 Swaziland ta sami shiga cikin ICC a matsayin memba mai alaƙa tare da Kamaru, Tsibirin Falkland, da Peru Matsayin alaƙa shine mafi ƙanƙanci na maki uku na membobin ICC har zuwa shekarar 2017, lokacin da aka soke membobin haɗin gwiwa. A lokacin duk membobin kotun ICC sun zama mambobi. Membobin haɗin gwiwa ba za su iya buga wasannin Gwaji ba.
Sama da wasan kurket 50
2008
Kashi na uku Eswatini, a matsayinta na memba na kungiyar Cricket ta Afirka, yana fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Wasan Kurket ta Duniya na yankin Afirka wanda ke da matsayi na 50 a kan kasashen Afirka da ba su da cikakken memba a kotun ICC. Domin 2008 edition, za su yi gasa a kashi uku A gasar ta kungiyoyi takwas, Swaziland za ta fafata ne tare da Gambia, Saliyo, Lesotho, Rwanda, Malawi, Ghana da kuma wata tawagar gayyata ta Afirka ta Kudu Tawagar Afirka ta Kudu ta Afirka ta Kudu cikakkiyar mamba ce a kotun ICC). An zana Swazis a tafkin B tare da Gambia, Ghana da kuma bangaren gayyata na Afirka ta Kudu. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilun 2008, tawagar wasan kurket ta Swaziland za ta buga wasanta na farko na kasa da kasa da Ghana a filin shakatawa na Willowmoore a Afirka ta Kudu. 'Yan Swazis za su fara cin kwallo 197 tare da kyaftin Adrisbhai Patel wanda ya fi zura kwallaye 90 a bugun daga kai sai 135. 'Yan Ghana za su bi sahun wadanda aka kaiwa hari a cikin sama da 35, bayan da suka yi rashin nasara sau uku kawai Don haka Ghana ta lashe wasan da ci bakwai. Wasan na biyu na Swazis ya kasance ne da bangaren Afirka ta Kudu. 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu sun yi nasara da ci 70 a fafatawar da ruwan sama ya shafa Wasan Swaziland na Swaziland na uku shine nasarar farko da suka samu. Sun lallasa Gambiya da ci 91 bayan sun yi waje da Gambiya a cikin 44 overs da 135 bayan da Swazis suka yi niyya na 226. Waɗannan sakamakon za su sanya Swaziland ta uku a tafkin ta. Sai dai saboda rashin samun damar zuwa wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe, ‘yan kasar Swazis din sun kai wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe inda za su kara da tafkin A a kan Saliyo. 'Yan Saliyo za su fara yin wasa kuma sun yi 116; Joseph Wright na Swaziland ne ya jagoranci wasan da ya ci biyar. Swazis za su kori abin da aka sa a gaba a cikin 30 don cin nasara da ci hudu. Wright zai ci wa Swaziland kwallaye 48. A wasan karshe 'yan kasar Swazis za su kara da Ghana wadda ta doke Rwanda da ci takwas a wasan kusa da na karshe. A wasan karshe, wanda aka gudanar a Willowmoore Park, Swaziland za ta fara yin bama-bamai kuma za ta ci 195. Abdul Patel ne zai yi nasara da 51. A cikin martani, 'yan Ghana za su kori jimillar cikin 42 sama da 42, sun yi rashin nasara biyar. Don haka ‘yan Ghanan suka yi nasara a wasan da ci biyar.
Kashi na Biyu Bayan haɓaka su daga Sashe na Uku, ƙungiyar cricket ta ƙasar Swaziland za ta fafata a 2008 ICC Cricket League Africa Division Two Za su kare a karshe a gasar, inda suka yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasanninsu. Swaziland ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni uku da sama da 100; zuwa Najeriya, Mozambique da Zambiya Haka kuma sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Ghana (da ci biyar) da Botswana (cakalla goma).
2010 A cikin shekarar 2010 Swaziland za ta fafata a rukuni na biyu na ICC World Cricket League Division Africa Division A gasar, za a buga wasa daya da Zambia, Ghana, Saliyo, Mozambique da Malawi. Duk wasannin biyu na farko na Swaziland, da Ghana da Saliyo, ba za a yi watsi da su ba saboda ruwan sama. Sannan Swaziland za ta kara da Zambiya, amma ta sha kashi da ci takwas. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2010, 'yan Swazis za su buga wasa da Saliyo, wanda za a sake jadawalin saboda wanke-wanke da aka yi a baya a gasar. Swaziland ta yi nasara da ci 30 a fafatawar da ruwan sama ya shafa. Sannan Swaziland ta kara da Mozambique. Mozambique za ta zura kwallaye 127 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, sannan Swazis za ta doke Mozambique da ci 43 da ci hudu da nema. Wasan karshe na gasar Swaziland ya kasance ne da Malawi. Swazis sun yi nasara da ci tara. Swazis ne za su zo na uku a gasar, bayan Zambiya da Ghana. Ba za su ci gaba daga Division Biyu ba.
Wasan Kurket ashirin da ashirin
2011-2012 A cikin wasan kurket Twenty20 (T20), Swaziland za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta ICC na Twenty20 Sun fara wasansu na farko na T20 a cikin shekarar 2011 Division na Biyu Swaziland za ta kare a matsayi na shida cikin kungiyoyi tara a gasar. Sun yi nasara a wasanni uku da ci da Mozambique da Rwanda da Malawi. Ta doke Mozambique da ci takwas da nema, Rwanda da ci shida da nema, Malawi da ci biyar. Swaziland ta sha kashi a hannun Saliyo, Botswana, Ghana, Tanzania, Nigeria. Domin kakar shekarar 2012, Swaziland za ta sake fafatawa a rukuni na biyu na Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Ashirin20 'Yan Swazis sun ci wasa daya kacal; ci shida-wicket a kan Seychelles A gasar kungiya ta takwas, Swaziland za ta zo ta bakwai; doke Saliyo kawai. Saboda haka, Swaziland, tare da Saliyo, za a koma mataki na uku a kakar wasa mai zuwa.
2014
Kashi na uku Saboda fadowar da suka yi a shekarar da ta gabata, Swaziland za ta fafata a gasar Division Three na ICC Africa Twenty20 don shekarar 2014. Gasar dai tana da kungiyoyi hudu a cikinta inda kasashen Saliyo da Gambia da kuma Rwanda ke fafatawa tare da Swaziland. Kowace kungiya za ta buga wasa sau biyu da juna. Wasan farko na Swaziland shi ne rashin nasara da ci 63 a hannun Saliyo. 'Yan kasar Swazis sun doke Gambia da ci 86 da nema. Nan gaba za su kara da Rwanda kuma za su yi rashin nasara da ci shida. Sannan Swaziland ta lashe wasanni uku a jere. Sun doke 'yan kasar Saliyo da ci 13, Gambia da ci 117 da na Rwanda da ci 34. Gabaɗaya, Swaziland ta samu maki goma sha biyu, daidai da Saliyo. Rwanda ta samu maki tara, ita kuma Gambia ta samu biyu. Swaziland tana da mafi girman ƙimar gudu bayan Saliyo, don haka, Swaziland ta lashe gasar da haɓaka.
Kashi na Biyu Saboda daukakar da suka samu daga Division Uku, Swaziland za ta taka leda a shekarar 2014 ICC Africa Division Twenty20 Division Two Sun ci wasanni biyu; 30 da Mozambique ta yi nasara da Seychelles da ci 8 da nema. Gabaɗaya za su ƙare a matsayi na biyar a cikin ƙungiyoyi shida kuma ba za su ci gaba ba ko kuma a sake su.
Dakatarwa Da farko Swaziland ya kamata ta shiga gasar ICC ta Afirka ta shekarar 2016 Division Twenty20 Sai dai a watan Fabrairun 2016, kotun ta ICC za ta sanar da haramta wa 'yan kasar Swazis shiga gasar, saboda sun fitar da 'yan wasan da ba su cancanta ba a gasar rukuni-rukuni na shekarar 2014. Akalla 'yan wasan Asiya biyar ba bisa ka'ida ba ne za su buga wa Swaziland a gasar, ciki har da biyu da suka buga wa Mozambique a shekarar 2012. Saliyo za ta shigar da kara ga kotun ICC, kuma ICC za ta yanke hukuncin cewa Swaziland ta keta ka'idojin cancantar 'yan wasa. Hakan na nufin Swaziland ba za ta iya shiga gasar rukuni-rukuni na shekarar 2016 ba, sai Saliyo da Rwanda za su maye gurbinsu.
Matsayin T20I Eswatini ya koma wasan kurket na kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICC T20 na 2018-2019 Wasan daya kacal sun samu nasara a kan Mozambique, kuma sun kare a karshe a wasan share fage na yankin kudancin kasar.
Rubuce-rubuce da Ƙididdiga Takaitaccen Match na Ƙasashen Duniya Eswatini An sabunta ta ƙarshe 8 ga Disambar 2022
Twenty20 na ƙasashen duniya Mafi girman ƙungiyar duka: 194/4 v. Lesotho a ranar 16 ga Oktobar 2021 a IPRC Cricket Ground, Kigali Mafi girman maki: 80, Muhammad Amin v. Lesotho akan 16 Oktoba 2021 a IPRC Cricket Ground, Kigali Mafi kyawun alkalumman wasan ƙwallon ƙafa: 4/28, Delisa Malinga v. Mozambique a ranar 31 ga Yuli, shekarar2022 a Malkerns Country Club Oval, Malkerns T20I rikodin tare da sauran ƙasashe An kammala rikodin zuwa T20I #1944. An sabunta ta ƙarshe 8 ga Disambar 2022.
Sauran matches Don jerin zaɓaɓɓun wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa da Eswatini/Swaziland ta buga, duba Taskar Cricket Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan kurket na duniya Eswatini Twenty20
Kungiyar wasan kurket ta mata ta Eswatini
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57617 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayerbox | Prayerbox | Prayerbox gidan yanar gizo ne na sada zumunta na addini wanda ke ba masu amfani damar raba wuraren addu'o'i da shaida tare da abokansu da mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya. An ƙaddamar da Disamba 10, 2014.
Yana yin aiki kamar Twitter amma shi na addini ne kaɗai. Masu amfani za su iya ƙirƙira asusu da aika buƙatun addu'a waɗanda mutane ke gani a cikin hanyar sadarwar su da sauran masu amfani da gidan yanar gizon. A madadin maballin retweet ko like, masu amfani za su iya cewa amin ga addu'a. Lokacin da aka amsa addu'o'i, mai amfani yana da ikon aika shaida wanda sai mutanen da suka yi mu'amala da addu'ar suka gani. Gidan yanar gizon ya girma sosai a farkon matakin ƙaddamarwa kuma yana da masu amfani sama da 100,000 masu aiki. An kuma ƙyale majami'u su ƙirƙira shafukan da za su iya haɗawa da ikilisiyar tasu.
Bayan raba addu'o'i da shaida, Akwatin Addu'a kuma ya ba wa masu amfani damar ba da zakka, kyauta ko gudummawa kai tsaye ga majami'unsu ta hanyar amintacciyar hanyar biyan kuɗi.
Adebambo Oyekan Oyelaja mai shirya shirye-shirye dan Najeriya ne ya kafa wannan ra'ayin kuma kamfanin 440.ng ne mai samar da hanzarin farawa da ke Legas, Najeriya An yi magana akan Forbes.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi Akwatin addu'a shafin hukuma
http://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2015/05/10/here-is-a-nigerian-social-network-that-allows-you-share-prayers-with-friends-and-strangers/
http://www.cp-africa.com/2015/04/21/sadu-oyelaja-oyekan-the-entrepreneur-behind-prayerbox-a-new-app-aiming-to-be-the-twitter-for- addini/ http://disrupt-africa.com/2014/12/nigerian-startup-prayerbox-twitter-religion/
https://web.archive.org/web/20150726205444/http://www.humanipo.com/news/47525/ourprayerbox-com-allows-christians-to-share-prayer-points-testimonies/
http://www.aleteia.org/it/tecnologia/articolo/cosa-essere-prayerbox-5824453036474368
http://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/social-network/2015/05/13/news/twitter_religione-114254879/
http://techcabal.com/2015/03/24/adebambo-oyelaja-i-learnt-to-code-saboda-i-love-building-things/
http://pulse.ng/tech/religious-technology-prayerbox-co-founder-ceo-speaks-with-pulse-tv-id3695951.html
http://pulse.ng/tech/prayerbox-young-nigerian-techpreneur-interviewed-by-forbes-id3741626.html
http://www.geektime.com/2014/12/16/nigerias-prayerbox-co-is-a-social-network-that-caters-to-devout-christians/ http://ventureburn.com/2015/03/social-media-religion-startup-prayerbox-connects-nigerians-churches-online/
http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/01/20/meet-the-boss-oyelaja-oyekan-prayerbox/
http://innovation-village.com/nigerias-religious-startup-prayerbox-co-records-over-42000-users/
http://yngvns.com/web-design/gods-twitter-prayerbox-co-fuses-religion-and-social-media/ http://techmoran.com/prayerbox-co-wants-africas-twitter-god-fearing/#sthash. Vg1w9yw2.dpbs
http://techpoint.ng/inside-the-business-of-prayerbox-with-bambo-oyelaja/
http://africansmakingmoney.com/adebambo-oyelaja-prayerbox/ http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/connecting-nigerias-faithful
Shafukan sada zumunta na Najeriya
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