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2665

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu%20Bello

Ahmadu Bello

Sir Ahmadu Bello an haife shi ne a ranar (12 ga watan Yuni, shekarar alif dari tara da goma (1910) miladiyya a ƙaramar hukumar Raɓa dake jihar Sakkwato) KBE ko Sardauna shine tsohon Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya kuma ya riƙe sarautar Sardauna a jihar Sakkwato. A shekarar 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin Arewa, yana kuma daga cikin mutum na uku da aka zaɓa acikin ƙungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.Sardauna ya kasance wani mutumi ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama faɗin ƙasar baki ɗaya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya ƙirƙiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin ƙasar gaba ɗaya. Kamar jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Gidan Rediyo dake jihar Kaduna, da sauransu. Duk da cewa Sardaunan sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. Farkon Rayuwarsa Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tara (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin Raba. kuma zuri'ar Usman Ɗan Fodio ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan Muhammad Bello kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba. Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da talatin da ɗaya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen turanci a Sokoto Middle School. Siyasa A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da huɗu (1934), an naɗa Ahmadu Bello hakimin garin Raba daga Sultan Hassan ɗan Mu'azu, inda yagaji ɗan uwansa. A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), an masa Ƙarin girma a matsayin Shugaban Gusau dake jihar Zamfara a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi ƙoƙarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir Siddiq Abubakar II wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da takwas(1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan Sokoto, sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Waɗannan muƙaman ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) daga alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da huɗu (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). Jam'iyya A kuma shekarun alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa ƙasar Ingila Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa Ƙarin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. Bayan dawowarsa daga Britain, an zaɓe shi ya wakilci yankin Sokoto a regional House of Assembly. A matsayinsa na member of the assembly, ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma haɗin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato Kano, Masarautar Borno da Sokoto. An zaɓeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee waɗanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a Ibadan. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zaɓe shi da yayi mulki a ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa. A zaɓukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional executive council as minister of works. Ahmadu Bello ya riƙe ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the Northern Region of Nigeria. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama Premier na farko a Northern Nigeria. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zaɓukan ƴancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar ƙasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla ƙawance da jam'iyar Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from Britain. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the Nigeria, Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na Arewacin Nijeriya sannan ya bayar da matsayi. Bibiliyo Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto his thoughts and vision in his own words selected speeches and letters of the great leader. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. ISBN 978-34637-2-1. OCLC 44137937. Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710 The Sokoto Caliphate history and legacies, 1804-2004. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. ISBN 978-135-166-7. OCLC 156890366 Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889 Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0. OCLC 696220895. Manazarta Mutanen Najeriya

13760

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesewa%20Josh

Adesewa Josh

Adesewa Hannah Ogunleyimu wacce aka sani da suna Adesewa Josh (an haife ta ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, 1985). yar jaridar nan ce ta Najeriya wacce ke ba da labarai na kasa da kasa a TRT World. A baya ta kasance mai aiko da labarai a Channels TV daga 2012 zuwa 2017. Farkon rayuwa da karatu An haife Josh ce a garin Ipetu-Ijesha a cikin jihar Osun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya don mahaifin Josiah Ogunleyimu, wanda ya fito daga jihar Osun Nigeria, da mahaifiyarsa Abimbola Ogunleyimu, wanda ya fito daga Epe, Legas A shekara ta 2009, Josh ta sami takardar sheda a Production News and Reporting daga BBC World Service A shekara ta 2010, ta sami takardar shedar samun digiri a cikin Gwamnati daga Alder Consulting kuma a shekarar 2012, takardar shaidar ce a cikin TV wanda ke gabatarwa daga Cibiyar gabatar da Aspire ta Burtaniya. Ita kuma tana da Takaddun Shafi a Tsarin Gabatarwa daga Rediyon Nigeria Josh ta samu digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kimiya na kere-kere daga Jami'ar Ado Ekiti, kuma yana da takardar shedar kwararru daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Najeriya. A shekarar 2011, Josh ta sami takardar digiri na biyu a fannin dangantakar kasa da kasa daga jami’ar jihar Legas A cikin 2017, Josh ya sami digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Digiri na Jami'ar Columbia Kulawa A farkon shekarun 1990, Josh ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na yara a Najeriya, inda ta bayyana a ABC Wonderland daga Galaxy Television (Nigeria) Ta kuma yi aiki a kan sabulu, Tinsel Josh ta kuma bayyana a cikin wakokin wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Ibadan Theater Art Hall inda ta bayyana a bikin aure na alloli, The Gods not to Blame, and Under the Moon A cikin 2007, Josh ta kasance memba na wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Najeriya wanda ake kira Next Movie Star, wanda ya mayar da hankali ga gano sabbin baiwa a harkar. A cikin 2012, Josh ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin na Lucozade Boost Freestyle tare da mawaki dan Najeriya Julius Agwu. Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin alkali a kan Idol Najeriya A watan Yuli na shekara ta 2012, Josh ta fara aikinta na 'yar jarida a zaman hadin-gwiwar ba da sanyin safiya ta hanyar fitowar rana ta Sunrise Daily akan gidan talabijin na gidan rediyon Najeriya na Channels TV a Legas, Najeriya Ta zama marubucin labarai na maraice na Channels TV kuma tayi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da rahoto game da al'amuran ƙasa, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa Oktoba 2017. Bayan ɗan taƙaitaccen aiki a Muryar Amurka a New York City a cikin 2017, Josh ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki na jerin shirye-shiryen labarai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda aka fi sani da Tsarin Duniya na 21st A cikin Nuwamba 2017, Josh ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari a labarai tare da TRT World wanda ke fitowa daga Istanbul, Turkiyya A wannan matsayin, Josh ya rufe al'amuran duniya don TRT World News da sauran dandamali na labarai kan ci gaban Afirka, siyasa, da dangantakar diflomasiyya. Josh ta samar da sashin labarai na Newsmakers kuma yana aiki a matsayin wakili a Afirka Desk na TRT World. Ta kuma dauki nauyin wani shiri mai suna Network Africa for TRT World. Josh ta yi aiki mai zurfi game da tasirin rayuwar Boko Haram a cikin mata da yara. Aikin jinkai Bayan shekaru da yawa na bayar da rahoto a cikin al'ummomin Afirka da yawa, a cikin 2013 Josh ta ƙaddamar da Project Smile Africa, ƙungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba wanda ta ke aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ci gaban al'umma, gano mahimman batutuwan ci gaba a cikin ƙauyukan ƙauyuka tare da samar da mafita ta hanyar samarwa mazaunan da ta horar da su horo. kamar yadda masu tasiri a cikin al'umma. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna bayar da jagoranci, karfafa ilimi, da kuma bunkasa walwala da jin dadin jama'a. A cikin 2014, Josh ya fara aikin Talk2urteens, wani shiri don wayar da kan jama'a game da yawaitar rayuwar mata matasa a Najeriya. Kyaututtuka 2016: Cibiyar Mata ta CHAMP Xceptional Women, Xceptional Women in Media Award 2017: Kyautar lada ta gaba ta Afirka, Kyautar lada ta kyaututtuka ta gaba game da mutum-mutumi (Kayayyakin gani), Nominee Memban kungiya 2016: Junior Nasarar Najeriya 2016: Jagorancin Shugabancin Najeriya, Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Matasan Shugabannin Matasan Afirka, Memba na Cibiyar YALI Cibiyar Binciken Jarida ta Duniya (GIJ) Manazarta Hadin waje Adesewa Josh a Duniyar TRT Adesewa Josh Pages with unreviewed

52781

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5

A5

A5 da bambance-bambancen karatu na iya komawa zuwa: Kimiyya da lissafi A5 tsarin tsari a cikin biochemistry A5, gajarta ga androgen Androstenediol Annexin A5, furotin na salula na mutum Lambar ATC A05 Bile da maganin hanta, rukuni na rukuni na Tsarin Rarraba Magungunan Magungunan Halittu. British NVC Community A5 (Ceratophyllum demersum community), al'ummar tsibiran Tsibirin Biritaniya Subfamily A5, rukunin masu karɓa kamar Rhodopsin Noradrenergic cell A5, ƙungiyar noradrenergic cell dake cikin Pons A5 pod, sunan da aka ba wa ƙungiyar orcas (Orcinus orca) da aka samu a bakin tekun British Columbia, Kanada. A5, damuwa a karyewar abu kamar yadda aka auna tare da gwajin lodi akan jikin silinda mai tsayin sau 5 diamita. A 5, ƙungiyar musanya akan abubuwa biyar Fasaha. Apple A5, da Apple mobile microprocessor ARM Cortex-A5, ARM aikace-aikace processor Wasanni da nishaɗi A5 (rarrabuwa), rarrabuwa na wasanni na yanke A5 (hawan hawa) A5, mai kera kayan hawan kayan taimako Fuskar Arewa ta mamaye A05, Réti Buɗe Encyclopaedia na lambar buɗewar Chess A-5, sunan gajeriyar hannu gama gari don Browning Auto-5 harbin bindiga Gibson A-5 mandolin, a Gibson mandolin Tippmann A-5, Alamar huhu ta atomatik don wasan ƙwallon fenti A5, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Atlanta Sufuri Motoci Arrows A5, motar tseren tseren Formula One ta Burtaniya ta 1982 Audi A5, a 2007-present Jamus m mota zartarwa Chery A5, 2006-2010 na Sinanci m sedan Soueast A5, 2019-present Chinese sedan Sehol A5, 2019-present Chinese sedan sedan, tsohon JAC Jiayue A5 Sauran amfani a sufuri Hanyar A5, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa Hall-Scott A-5, injin da ke ba da ƙarfin jirgin sama na H-2 na 1916 Prussian A 5, wani jirgin kasa na Jamus 1913 Hanyar A5 (WMATA), hanyar bas da Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Birnin Washington ke gudanarwa Airlinair, ta lambar IATA Bhutan, ta lambar rajistar jirgin sama ICON A5, wani jirgin sama amphibious na Amurka Pennsylvania Railroad class A5s, wani locomotive na Amurka Finnish Steam Locomotive Class A5 LNER Class A5, aji na 4-6-2T locomotives Soja Jirgin sama A-5, wani nau'in fitarwa na Nanchang Q-5, wani jirgin saman yaki na kasar Sin da aka gina. Curtiss Falcon ko A-5 Falcon, wani jirgin saman kai hari da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Curtiss ya kera Mitsubishi A5M, jirgin yakin Japan na 1930 A-5 Vigilante, wani jirgin saman dakon bama-bamai da aka kera don Sojojin ruwa na Amurka Focke-Wulf A 5, wani jirgin yakin duniya na Jamus Focke-Wulf Sturzkampfgeschwader 1, daga tarihin Geschwaderkennung code tare da Luftwaffe a yakin duniya na biyu Sauran amfani a cikin soja USS A-5 (SS-6) or USS Pike (SS-6), a 1903 United States Navy Plunger-class submarine HMS A5, an A-class submarine of the Royal Navy Aggregate 5, a German rocket design, scaled down precursor to the V-2, in World War II A 5, a Swedish regiment designation, see list of Swedish artillery regiments A5, the staff designation for air force headquarters staff concerned with plans or strategy In the United Kingdom, the Joint Force Air Component Headquarters A5 Air Strategy and GAT branch A5 Juggernaut, an armored fighting vehicle in the Star Wars fictional universe Sauran amfani Girman takarda A5, girman takarda na duniya ISO 216 (148 210 mm) A5, mafi girman darajar naman sa wagyu na Japan A cikin Tsarin Gari da ƙasa a cikin Burtaniya, A5 shine lambar izini don amfani da takamaiman filaye ko wuraren zama don ɗaukar kaya. Duba kuma A5/1, A5/2 da A5/3, sifofin da ake amfani da su a cikin wayoyin hannu AV (rashin fahimta) Alpha 5 (ƙasa) 5 5) All pages with titles beginning with A5 All pages with titles containing A5 

33585

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafalsafi

Mafalsafi

Mafalsafi ko mai falsafa shine masanin falsafa wanda kuma yake aiki da falsafar Kalmar Falsafa ta fito ne daga daɗaɗɗar Girka: Philosophos, ma'ana 'masoyin hikima'. Ƙirƙirar kalmar an danganta ta ga manazarcin Girka mai sunaPythagoras (ƙarni na 6 KZ). A kilasikiyance, mafalsafi shi ne wanda ya rayu bisa ga wata hanya ta rayuwa, yana mai da hankali kan warware tambayoyi na wanzuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam ba lallai ba ne su yi magana a kan ra'ayoyin ko yin sharhi kan marubuta. Wadanda suka sadaukar da kansu ga wannan salon rayuwa da an ɗauke su a matsayin mafalsafa, kuma yawanci sun bi falsafar Hellenanci A ma'anar zamani, mafalsafi intelekcuwal ne wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ɗaya ko fiye da ɗaya na rassan falsafa, kamar su aesthetics, ɗa'a, efistomalojiya, falsafar kimiyya, lojik, fiziyarmeta, Nazariyar zamantakewa, falsafar addini, falsafar siyasa Masanin falsafa kuma yana iya zama wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ilimin ɗan adam ko wasu ilimomin kimiya waɗanda a cikin ƙarnukan da suka wuce suka rabu da falsafar, kamar fasaha, tarihi, tattalin arziki, ilimin zamantakewa, soshiyolojiya, ilimin harshe, anturofolojiya, tiyoloji, da siyasa Tarihi Daɗaɗɗar Indiya da Bedas Ana iya kuma samun lissafin farko na falsafar da aka haɗa a cikin tsohuwar bedas na Hindu, wanda kuma aka rubuta tsakanin 1500 zuwa 1200 KZ Rigveda da kuma kusan 1200-900 KZ Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Atharva Veda Kafin a haɗa Vedas, an ba da su ta baki daga janereshan zuwa janereshan. Kalmar beda tana nufin "ilimi." A duniyar zamani, ana amfani da kalmar "kimiyya" don gano nau'in ilimin da ya ke da iko wajen samar da tushen da ci gaban ɗan adam. A zamanin Vedic, farkon abin da kimiyya ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne na har-abada; Ci gaban ɗan adam yana nufin ci gaban wayewar ruhi wanda zai kai ga samar da kuɓutar ruhi daga tarko material na jauhari da dai sauransu. Falsafar beda tana ba da amsa ga duk tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba, watau me yasa ake jin ciwo da jin daɗi, masu arziki da matalauta, masu lafiya da marasa lafiya; Ubangiji halayensa, yanayi da ayyukansa. Ruhi Halinsa da halayensa, rayukan mutane da dabbobi; reincarnation ta yaya yake faruwa, dalilin da yasa aka kuma haifi mutum kamar yadda yake. Menene manufar rayuwa? Me ya kamata mu yi? Ilimin beda ya ƙunshi bedoji guda huɗu (Rig, Yajur, Sāma, da Atharva) tare da Samhita masu yawa, 108 Upanishad, 18 Purāna, Mahabharata, rubutun Tantra da yawa. Dukkan Falsafar beda ta kasu kashi shida: Nyaya Falsafar lojik da nazari Vaisesika Asalin abubuwa Sankhya Nontheistic Dualism Yoga Horon Kai don Gane Kai Mīmāṁsā Tunanin dharma Vedanta Kammaluwar Wahayin Beda Fahimtar wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi pragmatic ilimin da ya dace na yadda za a tsara al'umma, yadda ya kamata a sarrafa tattalin arziki, da kuma yadda tsarin siyasa dole ne ya jagoranci al'umma. A taƙaice, dukkanin mazhabobi shida na falsafar Beda suna da nufin bayyana yanayin duniyar waje da dangantakarta da mutum, da wuce kammanin duniya da zuwa ga zahirin gaskiya, da kuma bayyana manufar rayuwa da hanyoyin cimma wannan manufa. Daɗaɗɗar Iran Mawaƙin Iran kuma masanin falsafa Zarathustra ya yi zamani da marubutan Beda amma koyarwarsa tana da individual character. Gathas ɗinsa ya ƙunshi ainihin koyarwar falsafar Zorastiya: ra'ayin yancin zaɓe, 'yantaccen zaɓi da ƙaddamar da kai na ɗan adam. A cewar Zarathustra sararin samaniya mai hankali ce, wanda Hikimar (mazda) ta halitta don haka mutum ya san sararin samaniya ta hanyar hankali (xratu). Mafi girman alheri (vohu vahishta) shine mafi girman ƙa'idar ɗa'a. Za a iya ɗaukar Zoroaster a matsayin masanin falsafa na farko. Daɗaɗɗar Girka da kuma Roma Rabuwar falsafa da kimiyya daga tiyoloji ya fara ne a Girka a cikin karni na 6 BC. Thales, masanin ilmin taurari da lissafi, Aristotle ya ɗauka a matsayin masanin falsafa na farko na al'adar Girkanci Yayin da Pythagoras ne ya ƙirƙira kalmar, sanannen bayani na farko game da batun Plato ne ya gudanar da shi. A cikin Taro nasa, ya kuma kammala cewa soyayya ita ce wacce ta rasa abin da take nema. Don haka, masanin falsafa shi ne mai neman hikima; idan ya sami hikima, da ya zama mai hikima Don haka, masanin falsafa a zamanin da, shi ne wanda ke rayuwa a cikin neman hikima, kuma yana rayuwa bisa ga wannan hikimar. An sami sabani game da abin da rayayyun falsafa ya ƙunsa. Waɗannan rashin jituwa sun haifar da mazhabobi na falsafar Helenawa daban-daban A sakamakon haka, tsohon masanin falsafa yayi tunani a cikin al'ada. Yayin da tsohuwar duniyar ta zama schism ta hanyar muhawarar falsafa, gasar ta kasance a cikin rayuwa ta hanyar da za ta canza dukan rayuwarsa a duniya. Daga cikin na ƙarshe na waɗannan masana falsafa akwai Marcus Aurelius, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin masanin falsafa a wannan zamani, amma da kansa ya ƙi kiran kansa da irin wannan laƙabi, tun da yake yana da hakki na rayuwa a matsayin emperor Sauyi A cewar Classicist Pierre Hadot, tunanin zamani na masanin falsafa da falsafanci ya haɓaka ta hanyar canje-canje uku: Na farko shi ne dabi'ar jauhari ta tunanin falsafa. Falsafa horo ne mai jaraba wanda zai iya ɗaukan mutum cikin sauƙi wajen tahalilin sararin samaniya da abstract theory. Na biyu shine canjin tarihi a duk medieval era. Da tasowar Kiristanci, hanyar rayuwa ta falsafa ta sami karbuwa ta hanyar tiyolojinsa. Don haka, an raba falsafar tsakanin hanyar rayuwa da conceptual, logical, physical, da metafizikal don tabbatar da wannan hanyar rayuwa. Falsafa a lokacin ita ce bawan tauhidi. Na uku shine bukatar zamantakewa tare da ci gaban jami'a. Jami’ar zamani na bukatar kwararru don koyarwa. Kula da kanta yana buƙatar koyar da ƙwararrun don maye gurbin faculty din. Don haka, horon ya ƙasƙanta zuwa harshen fasaha da aka keɓe don ƙwararrun, gaba ɗaya yana gujewa ainihin tunaninsa a matsayin hanyar rayuwa. Zamanin Tsakiya A ƙarni na huɗu, kalmar falsafa ta fara bayyana namiji ko mace da suka gudanar da rayuwar zuhudu. Gregory na Nyssa, alal misali, ya bayyana yadda ’yar’uwarsa Macrina ta rinjayi mahaifiyarsu ta bar “wahalar rayuwa ta abin duniya” don rayuwa ta falsafa. Daga baya a tsakiyar zamanai, mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin alchemy ana kiran su philosophers don haka, Dutsen Falsafa Zamanin Farko Farko Pages incorrectly using the Blockquote template Yawancin masana falsafa har yanzu sun fito daga al'adar kilasikiya, kamar yadda suke ganin falsafar su a matsayin hanyar rayuwa. Daga cikin mafi shahara akwai René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Nicolas Malebranche, da Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Da tasowar jami'a, tunanin zamani na falsafa ya qara shahara. Yawancin manyan masana falsafa na karni na sha takwas zuwa gaba sun halarci, koyarwa, da haɓaka ayyukansu a jami'a. Misalai na farko sun haɗa da: Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, da Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Bayan waɗannan mutane, coonception na kilasikiya ya mutu amma ban da Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, da Friedrich Nietzsche Babban jigo na ƙarshe a cikin falsafar da bai bi ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin ilimi ba shine Ludwig Wittgenstein Mafalsafa a zamanin Nazi A lokacin Naziyanci, a wannan lokaci sabuwar hanyar tunani ta shafi masana falsafa. Yayin da yawancin masana falsafa suka bar Jamus, galibi Yahudawa, wasu kuma sun kasance a buɗe ga tsarin Nazi kuma suna goyon bayansa. Wadannan sun hada da Alfred Rosenberg, Alfred Baeumler, Ernst Krieck, Hans Heyse, Erich Rothacker, da Martin Heidegger Duk da tanadin da NSDAP ta yi game da bil'adama, an inganta wasu masana falsafa. Ma'aikatar tsaro ta Reichsführer SS ta rubuta kimar akida na malaman jami'a a cikin "littafin SD akan malaman falsafa". Sabanin mafi yawan malaman falsafar Jamus, daga baya priest na Austria kuma masanin falsafa Heinrich Maier da kungiyarsa da aka kashe sun bijirewa Jamus na Nazi tare da tura bayanan da ke da mahimmanci ga yaƙin ga ƙawancen. Bayan yakin, yawancin masana falsafa sun sami damar ci gaba da aiki a jami'o'in Jamus. Sabanin Ernst Krieck, Baeumler da Heyse, Erich Rothacker ma ya koma jami'a. Ilimin Zamani A zamanin yau, waɗanda suka sami digiri mai zurfi a falsafa sukan zaɓi su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin sana'o'i a cikin tsarin ilimi a zaman wani ɓangare na faffadan tsarin ƙwararrun horo a cikin ƙarni na 20. Bisa ga binciken 1993 da Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa (kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka ta ruwaito), 77.1% na masu riƙe da 7,900 na PhD a falsafar da suka amsa sun kasance suna aiki a makarantun ilimi akadamiya). A daga wajen ilimin kimiyya, masana falsafa na iya amfani da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubuce da tunani a wasu sana'o'i, kamar likitanci. bioethics, kasuwanci, wallafe-wallafe, free-lance-writing, kafofin watsa labaru, da doka. Jiga-jigan masu tunani Wasu sanannun masu tunani na zamantakewa na Faransa sune Claude Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, da Émile Durkheim Tunanin zamantakewa na Biritaniya, tare da masu tunani irin su Herbert Spencer, sun magance tambayoyi da ra'ayoyin da suka shafi tattalin arzikin siyasa da juyin halitta Manufofin siyasa na John Ruskin sun kasance jigon tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa Har zuwa Wannan Ƙarshe yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga falsafar Mahatma Gandhi Muhimman masana falsafar Jamus da masu tunani na zamantakewa sun haɗa da Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, da Martin Heidegger Muhimman masana kimiyyar zamantakewa na Italiya sun hada da Antonio Gramsci, Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Franco Ferrarotti, da Elena Cornaro Piscopia Muhimman masana falsafa na kasar Sin da masu tunani na zamantakewa sun hada da Shang Yang, Laozi, Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Wang Chong, Wang Yangming, Li Zhi, Zhu Xi, Gu Yanwu, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, Kang Youwei da Lu Xun Masana falsafa na Indiya sun haɗa da Adi Shankaracharya, Ramanuja, Chanakya, Buddha, Mahavira, Śāntarakṣita, Dharmakirti, da Nagarjuna Mafalsafa mata Mata sun tsunduma cikin falsafa a tsawon tarihin fagen. Akwai mata masu ilimin falsafa tun zamanin da, kuma an yarda da mata a matsayin masana falsafa a zamanin da, da na zamani, na zamani da na zamani fiye da a cikin karni na 20 da 21, yayin da tsarin ilimi da al'umma suka zama masu haɗaka. Fitattun masana falsafar mata sun haɗa da Maitreyi, Gargi Vachaknavi, Ghosha, Hypatia, Hipparchia na Maroneia, Mary Wollstonecraft, GEM Anscombe, da Susanne Langer Sauran fitattun masana falsafar mata sun haɗa da: Judith Butler, Kaja Silverman, Simone de Beauvoir, da Gayatri Spivak. Kyaututtuka a falsafa Kyaututtuka daban-daban a falsafa sun wanzu; daga cikin mafi shahara: Kyoto Prize a Arts da Falsafa Kyautar Rolf Schock Kyautar Avicenna Berggruen Philosophy Prize Wasu manyan masana falsafa, irin su Henri Bergson, Bertrand Russell, Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Albert Camus, da Jean-Paul Sartre, sun kuma ci kyautar Nobel a fannin adabi Kyautar John W. Kluge don Nazarin Dan Adam, wanda Library of Congress ya kirkiro don gane aikin da kyautar Nobel ba ta rufe ba, an ba wa masana falsafa: Leszek Kołakowski a 2003, Paul Ricoeur a 2004, da Jürgen Habermas da Charles Taylor a shekarar 2015. Kuma sauran wasu abubuwan Sage (falsafa) Jerin masana falsafa Nassoshi 'Yan falsafa Masana falsafa Mafalsafi Falsafa Mafalsafa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

42532

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seydou%20Doumbia

Seydou Doumbia

Seydou Doumbia French pronunciation: sɛdu dumbja] an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Disambar a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ivory Coast wanda ya buga wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Maltese Premier League Ħamrun Spartans. Bayan ya fara aikinsa a Ivory Coast da Japan, ya isa Turai a shekarar 2008 don buga wasa a kulob din Swiss Youn taBoys, inda ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye kuma dan wasa na shekara a gasar Super League na Swiss a duka lokutansa. A shekara ta 2010, ya rattaba hannu a CSKA Moscow a kan kudi Yuro miliyan 15, inda ya lashe kofuna shida na cikin gida kuma sau biyu ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar Premier ta Rasha An canza shi zuwa Roma a cikin shekarar 2015, kuma ya yi amfani da yawancin lokacinsa a kan aro, ciki har da shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017 kakar a Basel, inda ya lashe gasar, Swiss Cup kuma ya kasance babban dan wasa na uku. Doumbia ya fara taka leda a Ivory Coast a shekara ta 2008. Ya kasance cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar 2010 da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2012 da 2015, inda ya lashe gasar karshe. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki Doumbia ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta Inter FC kuma ya fara taka leda a kulob na rukuni na biyu AS Athlétic Adjamé a shekarar 2003. Ya koma kungiyar rukuni na biyu Toumodi a matsayin aro na kakar shekarar 2004 zuwa 2005, kuma ya kasance a matsayin aro a shekarar, 2005 a AS Denguélé, inda ya zama babban dan wasan Cote d'Ivoire Premier Division da kwallaye 15. A cikin shekarar 2006, ya koma Japan, inda ya taka leda a Kashiwa Reysol sannan kuma Tokushima Vortis Ya bar Asiya a kan canja wuri kyauta kuma ya sanya hannu ga BSC Young Boys a Turai a lokacin rani na shekarar 2008, kafin ya kasa yin gwaji a Rapid Bucharest BSC Young Boys A cikin Super League na Swiss, ya zira kwallaye 20 a kakarsa ta farko da 30 a kakar shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010, wanda ya sa ya zama mai cin kwallaye sau biyu a gasar zakarun Swiss. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2009, Doumbia ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan yayin da ya zura kwallo a ragar mai tsaron gida Gorka Iraizoz don doke Athletic Bilbao da ci 1-0 a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a San Mamés Matasa Boys sun fado yayin da suka yi rashin nasara a wasa na biyu a gida 2–1 a ranar 6 ga Agusta, godiya ga kwallaye daga Fernando Llorente da Iker Muniain A cikin nasarar da kulob din ya yi a bayyanar su a gasar cin kofin Swiss na shekarar 2009, Doumbia ya ci kwallaye biyar, ciki har da biyu da suka ci FC Ibach da kuma burin daya tilo a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan FC Gossau na zagaye na 16 Doumbia ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko a kungiyar da Aarau a ranar 4 ga watan Oktobar a shekara ta, 2009, nasara da ci 4-0, kuma ya sake zura kwallo mai ban mamaki na rabin-farko makonni uku bayan haka a ci 7–1 da Bellinzona a ranar 29 ga Oktoba. A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2010, Doumbia ya nuna mahimmanci a wasan da kulob dinsa ya doke Lucerne da ci 2-1 yayin da ya zura kwallaye biyu a cikin mintuna 17 na farko na wasan. Hat-trick na karshe na dan wasan Ivory Coast a wasan kwallon kafa na Switzerland ya zo ne da ci 4-0 na Grasshopper a ranar 20 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2010. CSKA Moscow A ranar 5 ga Janairun 2010, kulob din CSKA Moscow na Rasha ya kammala canja wurin Doumbia a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar, kan farashin Yuro miliyan 15. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, zai ci gaba da zama a Young Boys har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kafin ya koma Rasha. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka doke Spartak Moscow da ci 2–1 a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2010, ta yadda ya zama dan wasan CSKA na 200 da ya bayyana a gasar Rasha. A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2010, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a CSKA Moscow a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin Europa da Anorthosis Famagusta sannan ya kara kwallo daya bayan mintuna bakwai. A karawa ta biyu, Doumbia ta rama kwallo saura minti 5 a tashi, CSKA Moscow ta yi nasara da ci 2-1 (jimillar 6-1). A ranar 30 ga Satumba, Doumbia ya zira kwallaye a kowane bangare na bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Mark González, wanda hakan ya sanya kungiyarsa ta samu nasara kan Sparta Prague da ci 3-0 don ci gaba da rike tarihin Rashan na 100% a wasan rukunin F na Europa League A cikin wasan na gaba, Sojojin Sojoji sun yi tafiya zuwa Stadio Renzo Barbera, inda Doumbia ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Palermo da ci 3-0 a ranar 21 ga Oktoba. Manufar Doumbia ta farko na sabon kamfen na gasar ta zo ne a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2011, a wasansu na uku na Premier lokacin da ya ci gaba da gicciye Tomáš Necid kuma ya tura shi ta hannun golan Rubin Sergey Ryzhikov Nasarar da aka yi a waje ta tura Sojojin zuwa matsayi na farko a teburin. A wasan su na Moscow derby da Dinamo a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, Doumbia da alama ta yi nasara a wasan da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 90, har sai da kuskuren tsaro ya sa Marko Lomic ya rama wasan da ci 2-2 a minti na 90. A wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Rasha a ranar 22 ga Mayun 2011, Doumbia ta zura kwallaye biyu yayin da CSKA ta lallasa Alania Vladikavkaz a mataki na biyu da ci 2-1. A wasan da CSKA ta yi da Tom Tomsk a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2011, Doumbia ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan daf da na biyu yayin da babban kulob din ya samu sauki da ci 3-0. A ranar 14 ga Satumba, ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar zakarun Turai da zakarun Ligue 1 Lille, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi kunnen doki 2-2 bayan da suka fado a baya da ci 2-0. Dan wasan na Ivory Coast din ya kara zura kwallaye biyu yayin da CSKA ta lallasa Trabzonspor ta Turkiyya da ci 3-0 a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, abin da ya sa Rasha ta samu nasarar farko a rukunin B. Bayan kwana biyar, Doumbia ya sha biyu a raga zuwa ikon CSKA zuwa nasara a cikin enthralling 5-3 game da gefen Anzhi Makhachkala A wasansu na gaba da Spartak Nalchik a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, Doumbia ya ci hat-trick na mintuna bakwai don samun nasarar kungiyarsa da ci 4-0, bayan abokin wasansa, Vagner Love, ya sa masu masaukin baki suka tashi 1-0 a minti na 34. Doumbia ne ya fara zira kwallo a ragar Internazionale a ranar 7 ga Disamba, inda ya jagoranci kungiyarsa zuwa nasara 2–1, wanda ya samu damar shiga zagaye na 16 da kungiyar Real Madrid ta kasar Sipaniya. A ranar 29 ga Disamba, an zabi Doumbia a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan gasar Premier ta Rasha bayan ya zura kwallaye 24 a wasanni 30 na gasar a cikin shekarar kalandar da kuma kwallaye biyar na gasar zakarun Turai a wasanni da dama. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2012, Doumbia ya zira kwallo a raga a kan abokan hamayyar Spartak na birni, inda ya samu nasara da ci 2-1. Ya zura kwallonsa ta karshe a gasar kakar wasan daga bugun fenariti, yayin da CSKA ta doke abokan hamayyar Lokomotiv na gida da ci 3–0 a ranar 2 ga Mayu. Doumbia ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare yayin da ya zira kwallaye 23 a cikin yakin neman zabe na farko, bakwai fiye da abokin hamayyarsa Alexandr Kerzhakov, kuma ya kara da karin kwallaye biyar a rukunin Championship tare da bayar da taimako na 11 a duk kakar wasa. Doumbia ya zura kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin na farko, wanda na farko ya kasance cikin mintuna biyu da fara wasan, yayin da CSKA ta ci Manchester City 2 1 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a matakin rukuni a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2014. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Seydou Doumbia at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) CSKA Moscow profile BSC Young Boys profile (bscyb.ch) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2 August 2008) Football.ch profile 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1987 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21374

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmond%20Dunbar

Rockmond Dunbar

Rockmond Dunbar (an haife shi a Janairu 11, 1973) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Ba'amurke. An san shi sosai saboda matsayinsa na Baines a jerin NBC Earth 2, Kenny Chadway akan Showtime wasan kwaikwayo Soul Food, da Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin akan wasan Fox laifi drama Prison Break. Ya kuma buga Sheriff Eli Roosevelt a cikin FX Drama jerin 'Ya'yan tashin hankali, Wakilin FBI Dennis Abbott a The Mentalist, da FBI Agent Abe Gaines a cikin Hulu jerin Hanya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Dunbar a Berkeley, California. Ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Oakland kuma ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Morehouse kafin ya ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Santa Fe da Jami'ar New Mexico. Ayyuka Talabijan Dunbar sananne ne saboda rawar da yake takawa a matsayin Kenny Chadway a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Soul Food, kuma TV Guide ta sanya masa suna ɗaya daga cikin "Tauraruwar 50 Mafi xiarancin Taurari na Duk Lokacin". Ya sami matsayi na yau da kullun kamar Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin akan jerin talabijin Prison Break. A cikin 2007, Dunbar ya yi fice a wasan kwaikwayo na TNT na ɗan gajeren lokaci mai suna Heartland. Ya gabatar da baƙo akan Arc na Nuhu kamar kansa don bawa Nuhu (marubucin allo da babban halayen wasan kwaikwayon) wasu ra'ayoyi game da fim ɗin sa Fine Art. Ya kuma kasance yana da rawa a kan jerin 'Yan Mata na UPN, sannan kuma an san shi da matsayin "Pookie" a jerin talabijin The Game. Ya kuma kasance na yau da kullun kan jerin FX na gajeren lokaci Terriers. Sauran kyaututtukan TV ɗin na Dunbar sun haɗa da bayyanar baƙi a Duniya 2, Felicity, The Pretender, Guys biyu da Wata yarinya, da Arewacin Shore. A cikin 2011, ya shiga cikin 'yan wasan FX na' Ya'yan Anarchy a matsayin sabon Sheriff na Charming, Eli Roosevelt. A cikin 2013, Dunbar ya shiga wasan kwaikwayon aikata laifuka na CBS The Mentalist a matsayin wakilin FBI Dennis Abbott. A cikin 2018, Dunbar ya shiga cikin 'yan wasan 9-1-1 a matsayin Michael Grant. Fim Ayyukansa na fim sun haɗa kai da Punks (wanda aka fara a 2000 Sundance Film Festival), Misery Loves Company, Marasa lafiya Puppies, Whodunit, Dirty Laundry, All About You, Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, da kuma Tyler Perry fim din da aka gabatar gabatarwa Iyalin Wannan Preys. Sauran Rockman dunbar ya ba da gudummawa ga duniyar fasaha ta hanyar nune-nunen kafofin watsa labarai, ARTHERAPY. Ya gabatar da batun Nuwamba 2003 na mujallar Playgirl. Rayuwar mutum Dangane da bincike na DNA, asalin Dunbar ya fito ne daga Yarabawan Najeriya. A ziyarar sa zuwa Najeriya, an bashi sunan Yarbanci, Omobowale (wani nau'i ne na Omowale) ma'ana "ouran mu ya dawo gida". Ya yi aure da Ivy Holmes daga 2003 zuwa 2006. Bayan sun yi soyayya da ƙasa da shekara ɗaya, Dunbar ya yi aure da budurwarsa Maya Gilbert, ’yar fim kuma marubuciya. An ɗaura auren ne a Montego Bay, Jamaica a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2012. Ma'auratan suna da yara 4. Filmography Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rockmond Dunbar at

13443

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamila%20Woods

Jamila Woods

Jamila Woods (an haife ta a ranar shida 6 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989) ta kasance yar asalin mazauniyar Chicago ce, Mawakiyar Amurka, marubuciyar wãƙa da wake. Woods ta kammala karatun digiri a St. Ignatius College Prep da Jami'ar Brown, inda ta sami BA a Nazarin Afirka da Nazarin Wasan kwaikwayon Theater. Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan jigogi na asalin kakannin baƙar fata, baƙar fata, da baƙon Baki, tare da maimaita mahimmancin ƙauna da ƙaunar City da Birnin Chicago. Waƙe A cikin shekarar 2012, Jamila Woods ta buga ɗakinta na farko, mai taken Gaskiya Game da Dolls Za a iya samun aikinta a cikin litattafan tarihin Mawallafin Breakbeat: Sabuwar Mawaƙan Amurka a cikin Hip-Hop (2015), Jarumtaka: Daring Poems for Gutsy Girls (2014), and The UnCommon Core: Contemporary Poems for Learning and Living (2013) Abubuwan da ta yi tasiri sun hada da Lucille Clifton, Gwendolyn Brooks, Toni Morrison, da Frida Kahlo. Woods ya kasance ɗayan editocin uku na The Breakbeat Poets Volume II, mai taken Black Girl Magic Bugawar 2018 sigar tsohuwar magana ce ta mawaka ta mata bakaken fata, "bincika jigogi na kyakkyawa, baƙar fata, baƙar magana, ma'anar kai, da ƙari." Shirya al'umma Woods shine Mataimakin Shugaban Kasuwanci na Matasa na Chicago (YCA), kungiya a cikin Chicago da aka sadaukar don haɓaka muryoyin matasa ta hanyar ilmantarwa da jagoranci. Ta hanyar YCA, Woods yana taimakawa wajen tsara Louder Than Bomb, babban taron mawaƙa na samari mafi girma a duniya. Har ila yau, tana gudanar da bitar bita da ƙirƙirar tsarin karatun Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago. Duk da yake a cikin Providence, Woods ya yi aikin sa kai a cibiyar fasahar ba da riba mai suna New Urban Arts. Waka An san ta sosai saboda aikin haɗin gwiwar ta tare da Chance the Rapper a kan waƙar da aka yi wa lakabi da "Lahadi Candy" daga kundin album Surf da kuma "Albarka" daga Littafin canza launi Hakanan ana nuna Woods akan waƙar Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Furucin Farko na II A watan Janairun shekarar 2016, Woods ya rattaba hannu kan tambarin hip-hop na Chicago mai suna, Closed Sessions/. Wakoki Albums na Studio Heavn Woods ta saki kundin album ɗinta na farko a ɗaukar nauyi a shafinta na SoundCloud a Yuli 11, 2016 zuwa acclaim mai mahimmanci. Kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwar tare da Chance the Rapper, Noname, Saba, Lorine Chia, Kweku Collins da Donnie Trumpet Hevn Hevn ya kasance mafi kyawun album na 36 na 2016 ta Pitchfork Ya dauke fasali daban-daban na masu samarwa, da suka hada da oddCouple, wani aboki mai rufe Sessions signee wanda ya samar da guda biyar daga cikin waƙoƙin kundin album 12. A cikin 2017, Woods abokan tarayya tare da Jagjaguwar da Closed Sessions don sake sakin kundin. Legacy Jamila ta fito da albam dinta na biyu Legacy! Legacy! ta Jagjaguwar a Mayu 10, 2019 ga rave reviews. Kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Nitty Scott, Saba, theMIND, Jasminfire, da Nico Segal Legacy! Legacy! ya hada da waƙoƙin ƙugiya "Eartha" wanda ke taimakawa wajen nuna tarihi da layin ƙasar da ya damu da mantawa. Manazarta Haɗin waje Official website (music) Official website

30431

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20muhalli%20a%20Karachi

Yanayin muhalli a Karachi

Karachi na da batutuwan muhalli da yawa, suna yin illa ga muhallinta da lafiyar ɗan adam Rashin Haɓaka masana'antu da kuma rashin kula da muhalli sun taimaka wajen magance matsalolin. Daban-daban nau'ikan gurbatawa sun karu kamar yadda Karachi ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli da lafiya. Gurbacewar iska, rashin ingantattun kayayyakin sarrafa sharar gida da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa sune manyan matsalolin muhalli a Karachi. Biota Yanayi Geography Ruwa Canjin yanayi Gurbacewa Lalacewa ita ce shigar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin yanayi wanda ke haifar da canji mara kyau. Gurɓatawa na iya ɗaukar nau'in sinadarai ko makamashi, kamar su amo, zafi ko haske. Masu gurɓatawa, da Kuma abubuwan ƙazanta, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana lasafta gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a matsayin tushen gurɓataccen wuri ko gurɓataccen tushe Bisa ga binciken da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta yi, chromium da matakan gubar suna da yawa a kusan dukkanin tushen ruwa na ƙasa, sannan duk da haka an sami babban taro a yankunan masana'antu. Kasancewar kowane ɗayan gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi yana buƙatar buƙatar kimanta sauran ƙananan ƙarfe kamar yadda aka sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin chromium da tattarawar gubar, yana nuna yuwuwar samun irin wannan tushen gurɓataccen abu a cikin Karachi Gurbacewar gabar teku Kogin Karachi, wanda ya kai sama da 135 km, yana fuskantar ƙazamin ƙazanta saboda haɗakar masana'antu, tashar jiragen ruwa, gundumomi, da harkokin sufuri a yankin. Yankin tekun yana cike da gurɓataccen ruwa da ake fitarwa a cikin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa yanayin ruwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin halittun ruwa sun gurbace da gubar dalma, wadanda idan mutane suka sha ta hanyar abincin teku ana danganta su da cutar karancin jini da gazawar koda da kuma lalacewar kwakwalwa Kuma A hakikanin gaskiya, binciken ya kuma gano cewa hatta dazuzzukan mangrove da ke kare rafukan ciyar da abinci daga zaizayar ruwa da kuma hanyar samar da abinci ga masunta na fuskantar barazana da wannan gurbatar yanayi. A yankin masana'antu na Korangi, rukunin masana'antu 2,500 da suka hada da masana'antar fatu 170 suna zubar da sharar da ba a kula da su ba cikin tekun Arabiya Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska shine sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Kuma Abubuwan gurɓataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun haɗa da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides waɗanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko ƙura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5 Iskar da ke Karachi tana gurbace da hayakin mota, musamman raksha da motocin bas, hayakin masana'antu, bude kone-kone na sharar gida, gobarar gidaje, da sauran barbashi amma gwamnati da kungiyoyin kare muhalli ba sa daukar lamarin da muhimmanci ko kuma a kan lokaci. Rickshaws Injin bugun bugun jini da ke kan raksha da babura na ɗaya daga cikin manyan gurɓatar iska a Karachi da sauran Pakistan Injin bugu biyu, da kuma motoci marasa lahani ko rashin kulawa, sune manyan gurɓata yanayi ta hanyar fitar da hayaƙin carbon dioxide .Kuma Injin bugun bugun jini da kuma motocin da ba su da inganci da ke amfani da man shafawa mara inganci sune manyan fitar da sulfur dioxide da hayaki. Motocin da ke aiki akan matsewar iskar gas da kuma iskar gas mai ruwa da tsaki sune manyan gurɓatattun iska. Hasken ƙazanta Lalacewar Hasken ya haɗa da ƙetare haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya Kuma Rashin gurɓataccen haske shine kasancewar hasken ɗan adam da hasken wucin gadi a cikin yanayin dare. Yin amfani da hasken da ya wuce kima, ɓarna ko ɓarna, amma ko da hasken da aka yi amfani da shi a hankali yana canza yanayin yanayi. Sharar gida Sharar gida shine laifin jefa abubuwan da basu dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, a kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri. Sannan Kamfanin Karachi na Karachi ya sha wahala saboda rashin gudanar da harkokin gudanarwa da kudi kuma a yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli sosai wajen gudanar da ayyuka na yau da kullun kamar tattarawa da zubar da sharar gari daga muhimman wuraren zama. Gurbacewar hayaniya Gurbacewar hayaniya wacce ta ƙunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da ƙarar sonar Kuma Hayaniyar Karachi ta kai 80 dB (A), Babban Hayaniyar Hayaniyar x (GNI) zuwa 460, da matakin gurɓacewar amo (NPL) zuwa 99 dB (A). Waɗannan ƙimar sun fi girma (P ƙasa da 0.01) fiye da samammun bayanan ƙasashen duniya. An gano hanyoyin samar da hayaniya kamar, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan mutane, ayyukan masana'antu da farar hula, bitar injiniyoyi da injiniyoyi. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su na gurɓatar hayaniya a Karachi, su ne motocin haya, kekuna masu tafiya da kuma ƙahonin jigilar jama'a. Hayaniyar da ke fitowa daga tushe iri-iri kamar; Babura, Auto-Rikshaws, Motoci, Wagons, Mini-buses Buses, Motoci, Taraktoci, Tankar ruwa, Bulldozers da Injin atisas da sauransu Gurbacewar ƙasa Gurɓataccen ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Sannan Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurɓataccen ƙasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons Naya Nazimabad Contamination An gina unguwar Naya Nazimabad a Karachi akan gurbataccen ƙasa wanda ke haifar da matsalolin lafiya ga mazauna yankin. Kuma An yi wani rufa-rufa don yin watsi da gurbacewar Naya Nazimabad a kafafen yada labaran Pakistan. Shunaid Qureshi, developer of Naya Nazimabad, CEO Al Abbas Sugar Mills da kuma tsohon shugaban Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (PASMA) an kama a Janairu 2014. Kamfanin Javedan Cement Limited (JCL) ya zama mai zaman kansa kuma an sayar da shi a kan farashi mai rahusa na Rs. 4.3 biliyan 43 miliyan) ga Haji Ghani da Shunaid Qureshi. Sabbin masu mallakar kusan nan da nan suka daina kera, kuma sun wargaza masana'antar siminti kuma suka mai da filin JCL mai girman eka 1,300 zuwa aikin gidaje na Naya Nazimabad wanda darajarsa ta haura Rs. biliyan 100 1 biliyan). Gurɓatar rediyoaktif Gurɓataccen rediyo wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan ƙarni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, ƙira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli Rukunin wutar lantarki na Karachi yana 50 km daga Karachi cikin gari. KANUPP -1 mai karfin megawatt CANDU reactor ne. Akwai biyu 1100 MW kowane CAP1400 Nuclear reactors da ake yi. A watan Nuwamba shekarata 2013, Pakistan da China sun tabbatar da cewa CAP1400 Nuclear reactor, bisa AP1000 Westinghouse Electric Company Pressurized water reactor, za a gina a Karachi. Ana kuma tada tambayoyi game da ƙirar ƙirar masana'antar wutar lantarki ta Karachi. Kuma An yi iƙirarin cewa ƙirar shuke-shuken Karachi, ACP-I000, har yanzu yana kan ci gaba kuma ba a gwada shi ba. Gurbacewar yanayi Gurɓataccen yanayi shine canjin yanayin zafi a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin injin wuta. Gurbacewar gani Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen ƙasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri buɗaɗɗen ajiyar shara, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya Hukumar Kula da Birni ta Karachi (KMC) ta sanya dokar hana sanya sabbin allunan talla, allunan tallace-tallace da sauran kudaden ajiya a cikin babban birnin na tsawon watanni uku masu zuwa. Sannan Kuma An dauki matakin ne a taron da manyan jami’an KMC suka yi bayan da kamfanin ya lura da gurbatar yanayi da ke lalata yanayin birnin. Akwai allunan talla sama da 3,000 a Karachi suna haifar da gurbacewar gani. InGurbacewar ruwa Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman fitar da najasa na cikin gida da ba a kula da su ba, da gurɓatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin kwararowar ƙasa da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, waɗanda za su iya ƙunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari zubar da sharar gida da leaching cikin ruwan karkashin kasa eutrophication da sharar gida. Galan miliyan 110 a kowace rana na danyen ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba daga kogin Indus ana hadawa da ruwan da aka dasa daga cibiyoyin kula da ruwan da hukumar kula da ruwa ta Karachi (KWSB) ke yi, kuma ana kawo wannan hadakar ruwan ga birnin. KWSB ta yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ruwan ya dace da amfani. Hakanan an ƙara adadin chlorine don tabbatar da cewa an kawar da kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Karachi yana da gurbacewar ruwan sha da rashin isa gare shi. Sannan Kuma Akwai rashin gamsuwa da zubar da shara a Karachi. Maimakon zubar da shara a masana'antar sarrafa shara, jama'a sun yi ta jefawa da kona shi a wurare daban-daban na zaman jama'a da na kasuwanci a cikin birnin, lamarin da ya haifar da kazanta mai yawa. Tanning Pakistan tana fitar da samfuran fata ta amfani da hanyoyin samar da fata gami da fata. Baya ga sauran tasirin muhalli na fata, hanyoyin samarwa suna da tasirin muhalli mai girma, musamman saboda: yawan amfani da sinadarai masu gurbata muhalli a cikin tsarin fata gurɓataccen iska saboda tsarin canji Hydrogen sulfide a lokacin dehairing da ammonia a lokacin deliming, sauran ƙarfi vapours). Ton ɗaya na ɓoye ko fata gabaɗaya yana haifar da samar da 20 zuwa 80 m3 na turbid da ruwan sha mai ƙamshi, gami da matakan chromium na 100-400. MG/L, matakan sulfide na 200-800 mg/L da manyan matakan mai da sauran ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, da kuma sanannen kamuwa da cuta. Kuma Har ila yau, ana yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don kiyaye ɓoye yayin jigilar kaya. Tare da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da ke wakiltar har zuwa 70% na nauyin rigar na asali na asali,sannan tsarin tanning yana zuwa da matsala mai yawa akan kayan aikin gyaran ruwa. Masana'antu Masana'antu na Karachi suna haifar da hadaddiyar giyar sinadarai da abubuwa masu guba, kuma ana fitar da datti mai yawa na masana'antu cikin rafuka, koguna, ko teku. Yadi Pakistan na fitar da kayayyakin masaku zuwa kasashen waje sannan kuma dattin masana'antar ke haifar da gurbatar ruwanta. Tushen niƙa (TMEs) sune fitar da ruwan sha daga masana'anta waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin aikin rigar kamar su zazzagewa, neutralizing, desizing, mercerizing, carbonizing, cikawa, bleaching, rini, Kuma bugu da sauran ayyukan kammala rigar. Ba a samar da su a wuraren da ke gudanar da sarrafa bushewa kawai (kati, kadi, saƙa da saƙa), wanki ko kera zaruruwan roba ta hanyar sinadarai. Gudanar da Muhalli Gudanar da muhalli ya ƙunshi kalmomi biyu: muhalli da gudanarwa. Don haka da farko, dole ne mu san, menene gudanarwa. Kuma Sa'an nan za mu iya sauƙi fahimta game da muhalli management. Gudanarwa shine tsari na tsarawa, tsarawa, sarrafawa, daidaitawa, daukar ma'aikata ko jagoranci don samun abin da ake so. Da farko, ra'ayi ɗaya game da gudanarwa yana aiki, kamar aunawa yawa, daidaita tsare-tsare, DA Kuma cimma burin. Wannan ya shafi ko da yanayin da ba a yi shiri ba. Daga wannan hangen nesa, Henri Fayol ya ɗauki gudanarwa ya ƙunshi ayyuka shida: Komai, kullun muna sarrafa komai, kowane ra'ayi. Yana jagorantar masu dacewa don cimma burin da ake so. Tsarin kula da muhalli tsari ne na tsare-tsare na tsarawa, ƙira, daidaitawa, jagoranci da sarrafa duk ayyuka da kuma waɗanne maƙasudai/ayyukan kowace mahalli don samun kyakkyawan sakamako dangane da haɓaka ingancin muhalli. Manufofin Gudanar da Muhalli Daga mahangar aiki, Muna son yanayin rayuwa mai lafiya. Don tabbatar da hakan dole ne mu kawar da kowane irin gurbataccen yanayi ko kafofin watsa labarai na muhalli. A cikin kulawar yanayi: inda muka sami matsala, muna sarrafa a nan. Ware tushen da mai karɓa kuma kiyaye yankin buffer a tsakanin su yayin da yake aiki kamar nutsewa. Wannan yanki na iya zama na zahiri ko ta nisa. Manufarta ita ce ƙirƙirar yankin buffer. Hasashen Tsare-tsare Tsara Yin umarni Gudanarwa Sarrafa Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli Duba wasu abubuwan Matsalolin muhalli a Pakistan Matsalolin muhalli a Siachen Geography na Pakistan Kiwon lafiya a Pakistan Jerin batutuwan muhalli Yankunan Pakistan masu kariya Namun daji na Pakistan Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin na waje Barazanar Tsaro Na Gargajiya A Pakistan Daga Ali Tauqeer Sheikh (Oktoba 2011) Kalubalen Tsaro na Muhalli da Na Gargajiya a Kudancin Asiya ta Dennis Pirages, Farooq Sobhan, Stacy D. VanDeveer da Li Li (Yuni 2011) Gurbacewa a Pakistan da mafita GURBATAWAR SAMA A KARACHI DALILAI DA ILLAR LAFIYA DAN ADAM. Haɓaka gurɓataccen iska yana cutar da Karachi Karachi na cikin birane 8 da suka fi gurbata muhalli a Asiya Tasirin gurbatacciyar iska a kan cututtuka na yau da kullun a Karachi, Pakistan Ingantacciyar iska a cikin yanayin birnin Karachi Bayani Karachi Coastline Case Ajiye Karachi Ajiye Duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52783

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Holm

Babban Holm

Steep Holm Welsh Old English kuma daga baya tsibiri ne na Ingilishi kwance a tashar Bristol Tsibirin ya rufe a babban tudu, yana faɗaɗa zuwa a ma'anar ƙananan ruwa. A mafi girman matsayi shine sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. Gudanarwa ya zama wani ɓangare na ikon yanki na North Somerset a cikin gundumar bikin Somerset tsakanin 1 Afrilun shekarar 1974 da 1 Afrilun Shekarar 1996, an kuma gudanar da shi azaman ɓangare na Avon Kusa da tsibirin Flat Holm Welsh wani yanki na Wales Tsibirin Carboniferous Limestone ya tashi zuwa kusan kuma yana aiki azaman guguwar iska da raƙuman ruwa, yana ba da kariya ta sama ta tashar Bristol. Tsibirin yanzu babu mazauna, in ban da masu gadi. An kiyaye shi azaman wurin ajiyar yanayi da Wurin Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI) tare da yawan tsuntsaye da tsirrai gami da peonies na daji Akwai tashar sigina ko hasumiya a tsibirin a zamanin Romawa, amma wataƙila an sami wurin zama na ɗan adam tun farkon zamanin ƙarfe A cikin karni na 6 gida ne ga St Gildas kuma ga ƙaramin Augustinian priory a cikin ƙarni na 12th da 13th. An gina masauki a cikin shekara ta 1832 kuma an yi amfani da shi don hutu a karni na 19. An kafa mafakar tsuntsaye a cikin 1931 kuma tun 1951 an yi hayar ga amintattun amintattu. Yanzu mallakar Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ne. A cikin shekarar 1860s tsibirin ya kasance mai ƙarfi tare da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 guda goma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Forts na Palmerston don tsaron bakin teku na tashar Bristol har sai an yi watsi da shi a cikin shekarar 1898. An sake amfani da kayan aikin a yakin duniya na daya da na biyu lokacin Mark<span about="#mwt43" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true,&quot;mandatoryTargetParams&quot;:[],&quot;optionalTargetParams&quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwNw" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span></span>VII<span about="#mwt44" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true,&quot;mandatoryTargetParams&quot;:[],&quot;optionalTargetParams&quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwOA" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span></span>An shigar da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu mai inci 6 da fitilun bincike. Don ba da damar motsin kayan, sojoji daga Rundunar Sojojin Indiya sun fara amfani da alfadarai sannan suka shigar da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai juyawa da ke aiki da kebul. Geology da muhalli An kafa tsibirin na Carboniferous Limestone kuma ana kwatanta shi sau da yawa a matsayin ci gaba da tudun Mendip a Brean Down duk da haka, tsoma yana a wani kusurwa daban zuwa wancan akan Brean Down. A kan Steep Holm tsomawa kusan digiri 30 ne zuwa arewa yayin da a Brean Down yana da digiri 30 zuwa kudu. Akwai wasu folds da karaya tare da kusurwoyi dip har zuwa digiri 75 da aka kirkira a lokutan karshe na Variscan orogeny kusa da ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous, 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Tsibirin ya kai kusan daga tekun da ke kewaye kuma ya rufe a babban igiyar ruwa, yayin da a ƙananan igiyar ruwa ya faɗaɗa zuwa saboda kewayon tidal na na biyu kawai zuwa Bay of Fundy a Gabashin Kanada Akwai kogo da yawa a tsibirin, da ramukan tukunya har zuwa zurfi a cikin kewayen gadon teku wanda aka yi imanin cewa ragowar tsarin kogo ne. Kogon da ke kan tsaunukan tsibiran sun kasance a matakai biyu daban-daban: kogon da ke cikin yankin inter-tidal na yanzu wanda ke ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa kuma suna samar da stalactites, da sauran mutane da yawa a kan dutsen da ke kan layin ruwa da yawa. dubban shekaru da suka wuce. An kiyaye Steep Holm azaman ajiyar yanayi da kuma Shafin Sha'awar Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI), sanarwar da ta faru a cikin 1952. Akwai babban yawan tsuntsaye, musamman na Turai herring gulls (Larus argentatus) da ƙananan gulls masu baƙar fata (Larus fuscus) Hakanan an sami ƙaramin barewa na muntjac Filin da ke saman tsibirin yana da shimfidar ƙasa tsakanin da zurfi. Yana da launin ja daga jijiyoyin ƙarfe a cikin dutsen kuma ya zo azaman yashi ƙasa da a diamita. Tsibirin ita ce kawai wurin da ke cikin Burtaniya wanda peonies daji (Paeonia mascula) ke tsiro, ko da yake waɗannan sun lalace ta hanyar botrytis naman gwari. An gabatar da peony na daji zuwa tsibirin Steep Holm, mai yiwuwa ta wurin sufaye, ko kuma Romawa suka kawo daga Bahar Rum. Alexanders Smyrnium olusatrum kuma na kowa tare da zinariya samphire, buck's-horn plantain Plantago coronopus da kuma daji leek Allium ampeloprasum Kadai dabbobi masu rarrafe a tsibirin su ne slowworms Anguis fragilis Tarihi Prehistoric zuwa Roman Alamar farko ta ayyukan ɗan adam a tsibirin ita ce kashin baya na jajayen barewa da gano a cikin kogon biyar na Johns yayin bincike a cikin 1975 tsakanin 1977 da 1992. Ragowar Roman, mai yiwuwa tashar sigina ko hasumiya, an gano su a tsibirin ta hanyar binciken juriya na lantarki Ingantacciyar bincike da fassarar wurin yana da wahala kamar yadda magina suka sake yin amfani da shi a zamanin Victoria da lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Wani shugaban dutse da aka sassaka da aka samu a tsibirin a cikin shekarar 1991 mai yiwuwa ya zama shugaban Celtic daga zamanin Romano-British, amma yana iya kasancewa daga zamanin Iron Baya ga tukwane na tukwane daga zamanin Romawa, an gano wasu kayan alatu ciki har da Arretine ware, La Tène style brooches, da amphora da ke tsakanin 90 zuwa 140. AD wanda aka yi a kudancin Spain. Hakanan an sami shards na Castor ware An gano gutsuttsuran rufin tukwane da fale-falen bututun hayaƙi da ke nuna kasancewar tsarin dumama da yuwuwar gidan wanka. Hakanan an samo tsabar Roman daga mulkin Claudius Gothicus (268-270) da Tetricus I (271-273). Tushen addini Bisa ga almara, wanda John Leland ya fara rubutawa a cikin karni na 16, Saint Gildas, marubucin De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, ya rayu a Steep Holm a lokacin karni na 6. Ya isa a Steep Holm bayan ya ziyarci abokinsa Saint Cadoc, wanda ya rayu a Flat Holm a matsayin hermit. Ana tsammanin Gildas ya bar tsibirin, bayan da 'yan fashin teku daga Orkney suka kwashe baransa da kayan daki, suka zama Abbot na Glastonbury Sauran tsarkakan almara kuma suna da alaƙa da tsibirin; a cikin John Rous's Historia Regum Angliae (c. 1480), Rous yayi iƙirarin cewa Saint Dubricius, saint ya ce ya nada Arthur, ya yi ritaya zuwa wani hermitage a tsibirin 'Stepeholm' a cikin kogin Severn. Vikings sun fake a Steep Holm a lokacin bazara na 914 sannan suka kai farmaki a gabar tekun Somerset a Watchet da Porlock, a cewar Anglo-Saxon Chronicle A ƙarshen karni na 12, akwai ƙaramin fifiko na Canons Regular na St Michael a tsibirin. Ginin da aka tono cikakke kawai ya auna tsayi da fadi, tare da ƙulli da sauran gine-gine har yanzu ba a gano su ba. Ba a san kwanan wata asalin kafuwar farko ba; duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na 13 majiɓinci shine William I de Cantilupe Iyalinsa kuma sun kasance majiɓintan Studley Priory a Warwickshire Jikansa ta auri Ubangiji Robert de Tregoz wanda ya sami 'yanci na dukan tsibirin; duk da haka, abubuwan ba da kyauta don kiyaye abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun ragu, wanda ya haifar da watsi da shi tsakanin 1260 zuwa 1265, sufaye sun koma Studley Priory. Wani dutse mai tunawa da Blue Lias daga abbey, wanda ke da Cross of Lorraine, an samo shi a cikin 1867 a lokacin katangar tsibirin. An shigar da shi cikin ma'ajiyar makamai da ke kaiwa ga sunan "batir dutsen kabari". Manufofin mallaka Tsibirin da alama an gudanar da shi, tare da haɗin gwiwar gida na Uphill da Christon, ta dangin Bek, waɗanda suka ba da shi ga Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl na Lincoln Kodayake tsarin ba a san shi ba, ya wuce zuwa dangin Berkeley tare da Maurice de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na biyu, yana riƙe da shi a cikin 1315. Warreners sun sake amfani da wurin a ƙarni na 14 da 15. Sun zauna a daya daga cikin rusassun gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa. A shekara ta 1453 James Butler, na 5th Earl na Ormond ya rike ikon mallakar tsibirin, kuma a cikin 1460 Margaret Talbot, Countess na Shrewsbury ta yi amfani da advowson Margaret Talbot (née de Beauchamp) ɗan uwan James Butler ne mai nisa kamar yadda dukansu suka fito daga 'ya'yan Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl na Warwick A wasu kalmomi, James Butler (ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Joan Butler, Countess na Ormond (née Beauchamp) da kakansa William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, yayin da Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth de Beauchamp (née Berkeley) da kuma jikanyar Thomas de Beauchamp., 12th Earl na Warwick A takaice, kakannin James Butler da Margaret Talbot's de Beauchamp 'yan'uwa ne. Abin lura shi ne, Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess na Warwick (da mijinta Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl na Warwick daga abin da rikici a cikin Berkeley iyali ya fito (duba ƙasa). Bugu da ƙari kuma, Elizabeth Berkeley ita ce kawai 'yar Thomas de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na 5, yana nuna cewa ikon mallakar har yanzu yana zama a cikin dangin Berkeley tun lokacin da Maurice de Berkeley ya karbi tsibirin a 1315 Margaret Talbot ita ce babbar, babba, babbar jika. Maurice de Berkeley. Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an yi gardama kan mallakar mallakar gidaje iri-iri, gami da Norton Beauchamp, wanda Steep Holm ke tare da shi. A tsakiyar wannan shi ne takaddama daga yadda aka ba da Barony daga Thomas Berkeley, Baron na 5. Waɗannan rigingimu sun kasance a gefe ɗaya James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, wanda kuma aka sani da 'James the Just' (kada a ruɗe shi da sauran 1st Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley wanda ya riga ya cika shekaru 150). Amma duk da haka ga James wanda Barony ya koma ƙarƙashin sabon halitta ta rubuce-rubuce tun daga kawunsa, wanda aka ambata Thomas de Berkeley (Baron na biyar) ba shi da magada maza duk da cewa ya sanya wa 'yarsa tilo (Elizabeth Berkeley) a matsayin magajinsa. Wannan zai zama farkon takaddamar shari'a da aka dade ana yi. A gefe guda na takaddamar da ta samo asali ta hanyar layin James, sabon Baron na farko, ya ci gaba ta hanyar dansa (Sir) William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess na Berkeley a 1463, wanda shine batu na farko na namiji daga aurensa na 3 da Lady Isabel de. Mowbray Hakan ya biyo bayan aure biyu da aka yi a baya da ba a samu ‘ya’ya ba. A gefe guda na jayayya akwai zuriyar Elizabeth Berkeley da aka ambata (James' the 1st Baron's, 1st cousin) musamman ta hanyar 'yarta Margaret (de Beauchamp) wanda ke nuna wasu makirci masu ban sha'awa. Ɗayan irin wannan shirin yana tare da John Talbot, 1st Earl na Shrewsbury wanda ya ɗauki Margaret de Beauchamp a matsayin matarsa ta 2. Aurensa na farko, ga Maud Neville ('yar ubansa Thomas Neville, Baron Furnivall kuma wanda ya haifar da Lady Joan Talbot, daga cikin yara 6 duk da haka sananne ne. Haka John Talbot da alama an sace shi kuma an daure su har zuwa mutuwarsu a 1452, matar James Berkeley na 3 (Baron na farko) kuma mahaifiyar Baron Berkeley na 2 da aka ambata (Sir William de Berkeley). Duk da haka, wannan James Berkeley, ya ɗauki mata ta 4, Lady Joan Talbot (watau 'yar John Talbot wanda ya sace matarsa ta 3! Wani ƙarin shirin, ko tsawaita na baya, ya sake komawa kusa da John Talbot amma wannan lokacin sakamakon aurensa da Margaret de Beauchamp. Babban ɗansu, John Talbot, 1st Baron na Lisle da 1st Viscount Lisle, shine mahaifin Thomas Talbot, Baron na 2 na Lisle da 2nd Viscount Lisle Wannan Thomas Talbot ya nemi yin da'awarsa a kan ƙasashen Baron Berkeley a kan mutuwar kakarsa Margaret de Beauchamp ('yar Elizabeth Berkeley da ba a ba da izini ba), wanda a cikin wucin gadi ya ci gaba da matsawa da'awarta ga ƙasar Baron Berkeley a kan James Berkeley Baron 1. Ya kawo shi cikin adawa kai tsaye tare da Sir William de Berkeley (Baron na biyu kuma dan James Berkeley kuma ya zo kan gaba a yakin Nibley Green (1470), biyo bayan abin da aka kwatanta da ƙalubalen da Thomas Talbot ya yi wa Sir William, wanda ya yi nasara. ya ƙare a ƙarshen rana mai zuwa tare da mutuwar Thomas Talbot da kuma korar Manor na gaba a Wotton-under-Edge A cikin karni na 16 Edward Seymour, Duke na Somerset na 1 kuma ɗan'uwan Jane Seymour (mata ta uku Henry VIII ya karɓi mulki, sannan ya ɓace, manyan gidaje ciki har da Brean, wanda Steep Holm ya haɗu. Auren 'yar uwarsa Jane da Henry na VIII a cikin 1536 ya zo daidai lokacin da aka sanya shi Viscount Beauchamp, mai yiwuwa ya danganta da auren kakanni tsakanin Sir Roger Seymour (c.1308 Kafin 1366), wanda ya auri Cicely, babbar 'yar'uwa kuma magajin John de. Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp na 3 Wannan yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Barony na Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset, wanda mahaifinsa Sir John Seymour ya yi a baya. The Seymour descendants recovered the estates, owning them into the 17th century, although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen. In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate (possibly in Kewstoke, Somerset, near Sand Bay, north of Weston-Super-Mare) was sold to Edward Ryder. It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11 years later in 1695, possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast; however, this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages. In 1699 the estates, including Steep Holm, were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol, whose descendants held it for the next 130 years. Freke's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament. During their ownership, probably around 1776, a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen. It was built using stones from the ruined priory. In 1830 the island was sold again, according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes; however, other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston-super-Mare named John Baker. A cikin 1832 an ba da hayar tsibirin ga Kanar Tynte na Gidan Halswell, wanda ya kafa masauki don masu jirgin ruwa. Iyalin Harris ne ke tafiyar da masaukin, ta hanyar amfani da rum da taba da aka siyo daga jiragen ruwa. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsibirin ya kasance a waje da ikon mutanen da aka ba da izini har sai da shari'ar kotu a 1884. Bayan dangin Harris, Mr W. L. Davies, wanda ya ba da kamun kifi, harbi da hutun kwale-kwale. Domin saukakawa tsibirin cikin sauƙi, an gina wani sabon rami kusa da masauki. A cikin 1835 limamin coci John Ashley daga Clevedon ya yi hidima ga jama'ar tsibirin da makwabciyar Flat Holm. Ashley ya ƙirƙiri Ofishin Jakadancin na Bristol don yin hidima ga masu aikin teku a kan jiragen ruwa 400 waɗanda ke amfani da tashar Bristol. Daga baya aikin zai zama Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Tekun Ruwa, wanda har yanzu yana ba da sabis na hidima ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa sama da 300. Palmerston Fort Dukansu Steep Holm da Flat Holm an ƙarfafa su a cikin 1860s azaman kariya daga mamayewa. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na layin tsaro, wanda aka sani da Palmerston Forts, wanda aka gina a fadin tashar don kare hanyoyin zuwa Bristol da Cardiff An gina tsibirin ne bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Victoria da Yarima Albert suka kai Faransa, inda suka damu da karfin sojojin ruwan Faransa. The Royal Commission on Defence of the United Kingdom, a karkashin jagorancin Lord Palmerston, ya ba da shawarar ƙarfafa gaɓar teku, kuma tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin tsaro na bakin teku. An fara ginin a cikin 1865 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1869 ta John Perry na Weston-super-Mare. Aikin ya hada da samar da hanyar da ke kewaye da tudun dutsen da tulin lemun tsami don kera turmi na lemun tsami don gina bariki da wuraren ajiye bindigogi tare da shagunan harsasai. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su ana kiran su Summit Battery, Batirin Laboratory, Batirin Lambun da Batirin Kabari. Tare da bariki an sanya su a matsayin Grade II da aka jera gine-gine Wuraren da aka girka sun haɗa da gidan master-gunners, ƙaramin masauki, da tankin ruwa mai ɗauke da na ruwan sama. Tankin ruwa yana ƙarƙashin bariki yana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin sa. Tankin bulo shine tsayi, fadi da mai tsayi tare da rufaffiyar rufi. Makamai sun haɗa da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 goma Mk III yada tsakanin batura shida. Daga baya, an maye gurbinsu da bindigogin RML na Armstrong 6-inch. Wasu daga cikin batir na bindiga an tsara su ne abubuwan tarihi, kuma akwai ragowar rukunin rukunin shingen da aka gina tubali. A cikin 1898 gwajin harbi da HMS Arrogant, wani jirgin ruwa mai <i id="mwAYw">girman kai</i>, a kan batirin Rudder Rock ya nuna cewa tsayayyen bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su a kan Steep Holm da sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun kasance masu saurin kai hari ta jiragen ruwan yaki na zamani, kuma shafin ba ya aiki. An kiyaye ikon soja a tsibirin har zuwa 1908 lokacin da aka ba da hayar James Sleeman da danginsa. A cikin 1927 gwajin farko na RAE Larynx (daga "Long Range Gun tare da injin Lynx") wani jirgin sama mara matuki na farko, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman makamin yaƙin jiragen ruwa jagora, ya faru kusa da Steep Holm. Yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya An sabunta waɗannan wurare a yakin duniya na ɗaya da na biyu Daga 1915 zuwa 1919 Admiralty ya bukaci tsibirin a matsayin tashar gadin bakin teku. Bayan yakin, Sleemans sun dawo don gudanar da aikin noma da kamun kifi kuma suna karbar bakuncin masu yawon bude ido lokaci-lokaci. A yakin duniya na biyu, an gina batura masu haske a kan Steep Holm. A cikin 1940 mai kula da tsibirin, Harry Cox, wanda ya haɓaka tsibirin ya zama wuri mai tsarki tun 1931, an nada shi a matsayin mai gadin bakin teku kuma ƴan sa kai na Local Defence daga Weston-super-Mare sun sami goyan bayansu. A cikin 1940 da 1941 sojoji daga Rundunar Sojan Indiya sun yi amfani da alfadarai don jigilar bindigogi da kayan aiki sama da tsaunin dutse. Makamin ya hada da Mark<span about="#mwt365" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true,&quot;mandatoryTargetParams&quot;:[],&quot;optionalTargetParams&quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAak" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span></span>VII<span about="#mwt366" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true,&quot;mandatoryTargetParams&quot;:[],&quot;optionalTargetParams&quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAao" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span></span>Bindigogi masu girman inci 6 da aka karbo daga jiragen ruwa na yakin duniya na daya da aka soke, kuma sun hada da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu na Lewis a kan harin da aka kai ta sama. An gina batirin Lambun sama da na'urori biyu na dutsen Victoria. Injiniyoyin Royal Pioneer Corps sun inganta abubuwan more rayuwa ciki har da shigo da tumaki don ciyar da sojoji da kuma, bayan kamuwa da zazzabin typhoid, jigilar ruwan sha daga kudancin Wales. Don ba da damar motsi na kayan aiki, injiniyoyi sun gina sabon jetty. Wannan an haɗa shi da filin jirgin ƙasa tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki da ke aiki da kebul ta hanyar amfani da riga-kafi layukan ma'auni waɗanda aka kama daga hannun Jamusawa a yakin duniya na 1. Hakanan an haɗa batirin Steep Holm, ta hanyar kebul na telegraph na karkashin ruwa, zuwa batir ɗin Brean Down Fort, amma an sace sassan na USB don tarkace bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu. Bayan yaki A cikin 1953 Steep Holm Trust ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gida: Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Bristol Naturalists Society, Mid-Somerset Naturalists da Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club. Sun gyara wasu gine-gine tare da kafa shirin ringing na tsuntsaye. A cikin 1974 hayar su ta ƙare kuma Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ta karɓe shi, wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista da aka kafa don tunawa da mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma masanin halitta Kenneth Allsop The Trust ya sayi tsibirin a cikin 1976. Sanarwar manufa ta Amintacciyar ita ce: "Don karewa, adanawa da haɓaka don amfanin jama'a shimfidar wuri, kayan tarihi, flora, fauna, kyawawan dabi'a da sha'awar kimiyya na tsibirin tsibirin. Steep Holm a cikin gundumar North Somerset da haɓaka ilimin jama'a a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta. Ana iya ziyartar tsibirin. Amincewar tana gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa na tsawon yini daga Weston-super-Mare. Ana amfani da shinge guda ɗaya don samar da wuraren baƙo. A cikin 1980 an shirya fim ɗin Bollywood na Shaan kuma an yi fim a wani ɓangare a tsibirin. Tsibirin ita ce wurin da aka fi sani da 2018 mai ban tsoro Arcam, na Jason Minick. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tsibirin Steep Holm da Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust Bayanan Bayani na Victorian Forts Tsibiri Holm Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32477

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Lee%20Guthrie%20%26%20Johnny%20Irion

Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion

Articles with hCards Sarah Lee Guthrie (an Haife ta a Fabrairun shekarar 17, 1979) shi kuma Johnny Irion (an Haifa shi a Fabrairu 3, 1969) duo ne na kiɗa. Guthrie da Irion sun yi aure a ranar 16 ga Oktoban shekarata 1999 kuma sun fara yin wasa tare a matsayin duo mai sauti a cikin faɗuwar 2000. Waƙarsu ta haɗu da ƙaunar Irion na rock da blues tare da tushen Guthrie na jama'a da ƙasa Kuruciya Guthrie Guthrie ita ce ƙaramar 'ya ga mawaki Arlo Guthrie kuma jikanyar Woody Guthrie A matsayin mawaƙa na ƙarni na uku Guthrie ta fito da kundi na farko mai taken kanta akan dangin mallakar Rising Son Records a cikin 2002. Tun tana karama ta shiga harkar wasan kwaikwayo da rawa. Sha'awarta ga kiɗa ya samo asali ne lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da hanya na mahaifinta a kan yawon shakatawa na Ƙari na 1997 kuma ta ga sauran membobin ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa suna jin daɗi a cikin dare. Ta ɗauki guitar ta fara wasa a matsayin hanyar shiga cikin nishaɗin. "A koyaushe ina rubuta wakoki, don haka bai yi nisa ba don in mayar da waccan waƙa." "Mahaifi na ya yi farin ciki sosai, kuma yana koya mani kaya kowace rana idan muna kan hanya tare. Wannan hanya ce mai daɗi don sanin mahaifina, domin ban taɓa saninsa haka ba. Kuma wannan wani abu ne da ya sauƙaƙa: mahaifina yana ba da taimako sosai.” Irion Irion ya samo asali ne daga dangin masu fasahar waka. Kawunsa marubuci ne Thomas Steinbeck, babban kawunsa marubuci ne John Steinbeck, kuma kakarsa, Rubilee Knight, ɗan wasan violin ne na gargajiya. Marigayi kakansa, Fred Knight, ya rera waka a wurare da dama. Irion da Guthrie sun hadu ta hanyar abokin juna Chris Robinson na Black Crowes yayin da su biyu ke aiki tare a Los Angeles. A cikin 1999 Guthrie da Irion sun haɗu da ɗan wasan jita wato Tao Rodríguez-Seeger, jikan Pete Seeger, kuma sun yi aiki azaman uku a ƙarƙashin sunan RIG. Sana'a Guthrie da Irion sun bayyana a wasan Newport Folk Festival, Philadelphia Folk Festival, da kuma Hillside Festival, da kuma gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, dakunan sauraron, wuraren wasanni, da makarantu. Lokacin da ba su yin wasan kwaikwayon nasu ba, suna yawon shakatawa a cikin ƙasa tare da Arlo Guthrie, suna buɗe wasan kwaikwayon, sa'an nan kuma tare da shi a kan dandalin wasan kwaikwayo na iyali, kwanan nan tare da shi a Carnegie Hall tare da Pete Seeger da Dillards Go Waggaloo, CD ɗinsu na yara na farko, an sake shi ne a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2009 akan lambar yabo na Smithsonian Folkways. Sarah Lee Guthrie tana tare da Irion da 'ya'yansu mata biyu, da kuma abokai da dangi da yawa ciki har da Arlo Guthrie, Pete Seeger da Tao Rodriguez-Seeger. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi guda uku waɗanda ke nuna waƙoƙin Woody Guthrie waɗanda ba a taɓa sanya wa kiɗa ba da waƙoƙi takwas waɗanda Sarah Lee da dangi suka rubuta. Gidauniyar Zaɓin Iyaye ta ba Go Waggaloo lambar yabo ta Zinariya. Shirin bayar da lambar yabo ta iyaye yana girmama mafi kyawun abu ga yara a cikin nau'ikan: littattafai, kayan wasan yara, kiɗa da ba da labari, mujallu, software, wasannin bidiyo, talabijin da gidajen yanar gizo. A shekara ta 2011, Sarah Lee da Johnny sun rattaba hannu tare da lakabin rikodin rikodin zaman kanta na Berkeley, Titin Titin Opus kuma sun fito da Misalai masu haske. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwarsu sun haɗa da furodusoshi Andy Cabic (jagorancin mawaƙa-mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyar Vetiver (band) da Thom Monahan Devendra Banhart, Vetiver (band) A shekara ta 2012 an saki sabon albam dinsu wato Sabbin Multitudes A wani taron karramawa na shekara ɗari da aka gudanar a ranar 10 ga Maris, 2012, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Brady a Tulsa, Oklahoma, Sarah Lee da Johnny sun yi tare da John Mellencamp, Arlo Guthrie, Del McCoury Band da Flaming Lips Jeff Tweedy ya samar da kundi na Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion, Wassaic Way, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2013. An yi rikodin shi ne a Chicago garin Tweedy kuma ya ba shi kyautar Grammy a matsayin furodusa. Guthrie da Irion sun daina yin wasa tare tun daga 2014. A cikin 2018, kowanne ya fara wakokinsa na daban, tare da Guthrie yana aiki a matsayin buɗe aikin mahaifinta Alice's Restaurant Back by Popular Demand" yawon shakatawa da Irion yana fitar da kundin dutsen Tuki Aboki Wakoki Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sarah Lee Guthrie Johnny Ironion gidan yanar gizon Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion akan MySpace Biography on Country Music Television (CMT) Sarah Lee da Johnny Irion a Opus Street Opus Iyalan Guthrie Kungiyar mawaka daga South

48705

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%20Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87

Filip Kovačević

Filip Kovačević marubuci ne na Montenegrin, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, kuma malamin jami'a. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Filip Kovačević a garin Kotor na Montenegrin da ke gabar tekun Adriatic, sannan wani yanki ne na Tarayyar gurguzu ta Yugoslavia. Ya sauke karatu summa cum laude daga Jami'ar Jihar California, Hayward a 1997. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Missouri a Columbia, Missouri yana samun digiri na uku a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a 2002. Ya koyar a Smolny College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, kwalejin zane-zane ta farko a Rasha daga 2003 zuwa 2005. A cikin 2005, ya koma Montenegro kuma shine mutum na farko da ya koyar da ilimin kimiyyar siyasa da ka'idar psychoanalytic a Jami'ar Montenegro kuma ya gudanar da laccoci kan geopolitics da manyan makarantun ka'idarsa. An gayyaci Kovačević don yin lacca a kan ilimin halin dan Adam na zamani da ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci a jami'o'i a Rasha, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Serbia da Amurka. Ya rubuta kasidu na geopolitical da sharhi don bugawa da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital daban-daban. Tun lokacin da ya koma Montenegro, Kovačević ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar neman sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya, da bin doka da oda, da kare hakkin dan Adam. Ya yi kakkausar suka ga mulkin oligarchy, da cin zarafin da ake yi wa albarkatun jihar Montenegrin da kuma tsananta wa abokan hamayyar siyasa da kuma manufofinta na ketare maras amfani. Mako -mako mai zaman kansa na Montenegrin mai zaman kansa yana gudanar da hira akai-akai tare da Kovačević kan batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa da zamantakewa. Jaridar Montenegrin ta yau da kullun Vijesti ta buga ginshiƙan Kovačević. Jaridar Viennese Die Presse ta buga labarin da ke nazarin ra'ayoyin Kovacevic game da tsarin dimokuradiyya na Montenegrin. A cewar labarin, Kovačević ya yi imanin cewa "a Montenegro, bangon danniya na siyasa bai riga ya fadi ba". Har ila yau, an ambaci shi a matsayin kwararre kan siyasar Montenegrin ta Kudu maso Gabashin Turai Times da Der Standard Ya sha yada ra'ayoyinsa a talabijin. Ana ganin Kovačević a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara na tsaka-tsakin soja na Montenegrin kuma a kan ƙofar Montenegro a cikin Ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic Shi ne na kusa da tsohon ministan harkokin waje na Montenegro Miodrag Lekić, wanda shi ne shugaban Democratic Front, babban kawancen siyasa na adawa a Montenegro. Kovačević shi ne shugaban kungiyar Movement for Neutrality na Montenegro. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Montenegrin kuma marubuci Milan N. Popović ya sanya Kovačević ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai a cikin littafinsa Ibrahim 2044-1994: Kratki roman o čovjeku i Bogu. Masu sharhi da masu suka Marubuciyar Ba’amurke kuma farfesa a jami’a Ellie Ragland ta bayyana cewa littafin Kovačević na Liberating Oedipus? Psychoanalysis a matsayin Critical Theory yana gabatar da "wani ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da ka'idodin 'yanci, farawa da Freud da Marx da kuma tafiya zuwa Alain Badiou Wannan littafi babban aikin yawon shakatawa ne da kuma karatun da ya dace ga duk wanda ya tsunduma cikin nazarin zamani na siyasa da ka'idar mahimmanci Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na New Zealand Chamsy el-Ojeili ya rubuta cikakken bita na littafin Kovačević don mujallar ilimin zamantakewar zamantakewa Thesis Eleven. Yantar da Oedipus? An kuma ambata a cikin masters da digiri na uku akan ilimin halin dan Adam a matsayin mahimmanci, ka'idar zamantakewa. Masanin falsafa dan kasar Crotia Lino Veljak ya rubuta cewa binciken Kovačević na ra'ayoyin masanin falsafar Faransa Michel Onfray yana wakiltar "muhimmiyar gudunmawa ga tabbatar da dabi'un wayewa". Har ila yau, wannan binciken ya sake duba shi da kyau daga darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma masanin fasaha Zlatko Paković a cikin jaridar Serbian yau da kullum Danas Kovačević ya kuma buga wasu littattafai guda uku da dozin na kasidu da labarai. An fassara ayyukansa zuwa Turanci, Jamusanci, Faransanci, Rashanci, Bulgarian, da Baturke Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan marubutan Montenegrin waɗanda za a iya samun aikinsu a cikin ɗakunan karatu na mafi kyawun jami'o'in Amurka. Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Geopolitics na Balkans da Bayan: Menene Rasha, China, da Amurka ke so? (Kindle E-Books, 2015). Teoretičari klasične geopolitike: Ciklus predavanja [Theorists of Classical Geopolitics: Lectures] (Centar za gradjansko obrazovanje, 2014). Maruse a cikin Yugoslavia, Binciken Falsafa na Radical, Vol. 16, Na 1, 205-222, 2013. Masochism a cikin Halayen Siyasa: Ra'ayin Lacanian, Jarida ta Duniya na Nazarin Ilimin Halitta, Vol. 8, Na 1, 58–73, 2011. Nihilismus der Macht in Montenegro: von Dubrovnik bis Afghanistan a Sprich gunstig mit dem Balkan, ed. Vedran Džihić da Herbert Maurer, Atelier, 2011. Lakan u Podgorici: Ciklus predavanja [Lacan in Podgorica: Lectures] (Centar za gradjansko obrazovanje, 2010). Montenegrin Counter-Lustration, 1991-2009 (tare da Milan Popovic) a cikin Rikici da Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa: Ƙaddamar da Baya da Gaba a Kudancin Gabashin Turai, ed. Wolfgang Petritsch da Vedran Džihić, Nomos, 2010. No Pasaran: Zbirka Tekstova, 2007–2009 [Babu Pasaran, Tarin Rubutu, 2007–2009] (Biro Konto, 2010). Montenegro da Siyasar Canjin Kwaminisanci: 1990 zuwa 2006, Rukunin Rubutun Kwata: Jaridar Al'amuran Duniya, Vol. 18, No.3, 72–93, 2007. Yantar da Oedipus? Psychoanalysis as Critical Theory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006). Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

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Shugaba

Boss na iya koma zuwa: Sana'o'i Mai duba, sau da yawa ana kiransa shugaba shugaban kula da iska, mafi bisa ga ka'ida, iska jami'in, mutumin da ke kula da ayyukan jirgin sama a kan wani jirgin dako Shugaban mai kula da masu laifi, shugaban kungiyar masu laifi Shugaban kashe gobara, mutum ne mai kula da tsaro na Shugaban caca, mutumin da ke kula da ma'aikatan da ke aiki a cikin gidan caca Shugaban siyasa, mutumin da ke iko da yanki ko yanki na siyasa Wurare Amurka Boss, Missouri, al'ummar da ba ta da haɗin kai Boss, Texas, al'ummar da ba ta da haɗin kai Bosstown, Wisconsin, al'ummar da ba ta da haɗin kai Wata Shugaba (rambu), ramin wata Mutane A matsayin ainihin suna Shugaba(sunan mahaifi) Shugaba Mustapha, dan siyasa, sakataren gwamnatin Najeriya A matsayin laƙabi ko sunan mataki 'Yan wasa Lance Armstr("Shugaba 1971), tsohon ƙwararren mai yin keke Sasha Banks (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992), ƙwararriyar kokawa ta Amurka Tomás Boy an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Mexico kuma koci na yanzu Bobby Lashley (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976), ɗan kokawa ƙwararren ɗan Amurka ne Helmut Rahn 1929–2003), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus Andrew Reynolds an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne ɗan wasan skateboarder na Amurka George Steinbrenner (1930–2010), wanda ya mallaki ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Yankees ta New York Jos Verstappen (an haife shi 1972), direban Formula One na Dutch Shugaba Hugo (dan wasan barkwanci), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda a da aka sani da Joe Lycett Ernest Shackleton (1874-1922), mai binciken Anglo-Irish Fasaha da nishaɗi Haruffa na almara Boss <i id="mwZA">Mazinger</i> daga anime Mazinger Z Babban Boss <i id="mwaA">COPS</i> shugabar laifi daga jerin masu rairayi COPS Babban Boss <i id="mwbA">Metal Gear</i> hali a cikin jerin wasan bidiyo na Metal Gear Boss Hogg, babban muguwar gidan talabijin The Dukes of Hazzard Boss mai gashi mai kauri, ma'aikacin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Dilbert The Boss <i id="mwdQ">Metal Gear</i> wani hali a cikin video game Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater "The Boss," taken da aka ba mai ba da labari na A Connecticut Yankee a Kotun Sarki Arthur "The Boss", Nicolas Lucifer III, daga jerin raye-rayen The Baskervilles "The Boss" (kawai aka sani da "playa" a farkon wasan), babban hali na <i id="mwfw">Saints Row</i> jerin. Fim <i id="mwhA">Shugaban</i> (fim na 1915), fim ɗin shiru wanda ya dogara da wasan kwaikwayon Edward Sheldon (duba ƙasa) <i id="mwhw">The Boss</i> (fim na 1956), wani fim na Amurka na Byron Haskin <i id="mwig">The Boss</i> (fim na 1973) ko Il Boss, fim ɗin laifin Italiyanci <i id="mwjg">The Boss</i> (fim na 1975) ko Boss Nigger, fim ɗin ɓarna The Boss, wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2005 tare da Jennifer Sciole <i id="mwlQ">Boss</i> (fim na 2006), fim ɗin Telugu na Indiya <i id="mwmA">Boss</i> (fim na 2011), fim ɗin Kannada na Indiya <i id="mwmw">Boss</i> (Fim na Bengali na 2013), wani fim na Indiya na Bengali wanda ya fito da Jeet <i id="mwng">Boss</i> (Fim din Hindi na 2013), wani fim na Indiya a cikin harshen Hindi tare da Akshay Kumar <i id="mwoQ">The Boss</i> (fim na 2016), wani fim na Amurka wanda ke nuna Melissa McCarthy Kiɗa Makada Shugaba(Ƙungiyar Australiya), ƙungiyar dutsen dutse ta 1980s Boss (band), ƙungiyar saurayin Koriya ta Kudu Albums <i id="mwrQ">Boss</i> (album), na Magik Markers, 2007 <i id="mwsA">The Boss</i> (Albam Diana Ross), 1979 <i id="mwsw">The Boss</i> (Albudin Jimmy Smith), 1968 <i id="mwtg">The Boss</i> (Albam Timati), 2009 Wakoki "shugaba" (Fifth Harmony song), 2014 "Boss" (Lil Pump song), 2017 "Boss" (NCT U song), 2018 "Boss" ta Mirror, 2021 "The Boss" (Diana Ross song), 1979 "The Boss" (Rick Ross song), 2008 "Shugaba", waƙar da 'yan wasan Carters suka yi daga kundin Komai Soyayya, 2018 "The Boss", waƙar James Brown daga waƙar Black Caesar, 1973 "The Boss", waƙar AR Rahman daga waƙar Sivaji, 2007 Talabijin <i>Shugaban</i> (jerin TV), jerin Amurka na 2011 wanda ke nuna Kelsey Grammer <i id="mw1g">The Boss</i> (jerin TV) ko The Peter Principle, sitcom gidan talabijin na Burtaniya "Boss", wani bangare na Ayyukan Rayuwa Mai Kula da Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Bimorphic, babban kwamfuta na almara a cikin jerin jerin talabijin na Doctor Who The Green Death 10 Bold, tashar TV ta Australiya wacce a da ake kira Boss 10 Sauran Boss (wasannin bidiyo), maƙiyi mai ƙarfi ko abokin gaba a wasan bidiyo Boss Radio, tsarin rediyon pop na shekarun 1960 Boss: Richard J. Daley na Chicago, littafin Mike Royko na 1971 The Boss, wasan Broadway na 1911 na Edward Sheldon Kimiyya da fasaha Boss (geology), jikin dutse mai ban tsoro Boss (injiniya), kalmar injiniya don fasalin nau'in haɓakawa Katalojin Janar na Boss, Kundin taurarin farkon karni na 20 BOSS (Makanikancin kwayoyin halitta) (Tsarin Kwayoyin Halitta da Tsarin Halitta), shirin ƙirar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta Daidaitaccen Optical SteadyShot, fasahar daidaita hoto da ake amfani da ita a cikin kyamarori na bidiyo na Sony Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Babban bangon BOSS, bangon galaxy mafi girma da aka sani Bharat Operating System Solutions, Linux rarraba ta NRCFOSS/C-DAC, Indiya Big Occultable Steerable Tauraron Dan Adam, tsarin lura da taurari masu nisa Amaryar marar bakwai, mai tallata kwayoyin halitta marasa bakwai "Boss", sunan barkwanci na mutum-mutumin da ya ci nasarar DARPA Grand Challenge na 2007 Yahoo! Bincika BOSS yunƙurin dandali na sabis na yanar gizo Sauran amfani Boss (ginin gine-gine), dutse mai fitowa, sau da yawa ana sassaka shi da ado Boss (abin sha mai laushi), alamar abubuwan sha masu ɗanɗanon kofi na Japan Boss Audio, kamfani ne wanda ke kera kayan aikin sauti don aikace-aikacen motoci da na ruwa Boss Corporation, kamfani ne da ke kera kayan haɗin gita da kayan sauti Boulder Outdoor Survival School (BOSS), a Boulder, Utah Ofishin Tsaro na Jiha (BOSS), Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar Afirka ta Kudu daga 1966 zuwa 1980 Garkuwan shugaba, da domed karfe cibiyar zuwa garkuwa The Boss (nadi nadi), katako na katako a Six Flags St. Louis Jerin injunan Ford da aka gyara da aka yi amfani da su don tseren NASCAR, gami da: Ford Boss 302 engine Shugaban 351 Shugaban 429 "Boss", garkuwar kashi na wasu manya manyan ƙahonin bijimin Bovinae Boss, yawan kasusuwa akan kwanyar wasu dinosaur daga dangin Ceratopsidae Boss, cibiyar farfasa Boss, madadin suna don nau'in mutuntaka ɗaya a cikin ka'idar Enneagram na Mutum Hugo Boss, sau da yawa salo kamar BOSS, gidan kayan gargajiya na Jamus BOSS GP, jerin tseren motoci na Turai Mai ɗagawa, ƙwanƙwasa ko ɓangarorin da magina suka bari a kan tubalan don sauƙaƙe levering ko ɗagawa. Jam'iyyar Bosnia, taƙaice: BOSS, jam'iyyar siyasa a Bosnia da

6174

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina%20%28birni%29

Katsina (birni)

Katsina ko Katsinna da Kachinna,daga Masinna, [Machinna] da Teshinna [Tachinna], mai yiwuwa daga "Tamashek" (ma'ana ɗa ko jinsi] ko mazza [maza] masu "inna" [uwa] Karamar Hukuma ce. Area kuma Babban Birnin Jihar Katsina, a Arewacin Najeriya. Katsina tana da nisan gabas da birnin, Sokoto da arewa maso yammacin Kano, kusa da kan iyaka da Nijar, Jamhuriyar. A shekarar 2016, adadin mutanen Katsina ya kai 429,000. Tarihi: Yusuf SahaBi Tarihi: Birnin kewaye yake da bango mai nisa kilomita 21(mil 13) a tsayi, an yi imanin cewa an kafa Katsina tun kusan shekaru sama da 1100. A zamanin da, idan aka samu Sarkin na Katsina da mulki na rashin sanin yakamata ana yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Daga karni na 17 zuwa na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci a kasar Hausa, kuma ta zama mafi girma a cikin jihohin Hausa guda bakwai. Fulani sun mamaye Katsina a lokacin yakin Fulani a shekarar 1807. A shekarar 1903, Sarki Abubakar dan Ibrahim ya karbi mulkin Birtaniya, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Nijeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 1960. A lokacin cinikayyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, an san birnin Katsina na daya daga cikin manyan wuraren kasuwanci da karin iko, kuma an yi imani da cewa ita ce mafi karfi daga cikin masarautun kasar Hausa ta fuskar ilmi na addini da kasuwanci da sana'o'i. Bajamushe mai binciken Friedrich Hornemann ya isa Katsina, Bature na farko da ya yi haka, a farkon karni na 19.[ana buƙatar hujja] Tarihin birnin na ilimi irin na yamma ya samo asali ne tun farkon shekarun 1950, lokacin da aka kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya Kwalejin Malamai ta Katsina Yanzu haka akwai manyan makarantu da dama da suka hada da jami’o’i uku: Jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar’adua da Jami’ar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Dutsinma da kuma Jami'ar Alqalam (mai zaman kanta), da Makarantar Fasaha ta Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, da Kuma Makarantar koyon jinya(School of nursing) wadda ke cikin babbar asibitin Katsina Haka nan birnin Katsina yana da wani masallaci da aka gina a karni na 18 wanda ke dauke da Hasumiyar Gobarau, mai mai tazarar kafa 50 (mita 15 Hasumiyar da aka yi daga kasa da rassan dabino. [2] Cibiyar Noma Birnin shi ne cibiyar yankin noma da ke samar da gyaɗa, auduga, fatu, gero da masara ta Guinea sannan kuma yana da injina na sarrafa man gyada, da karfe, ya kasance cibiyar kiwon shanu, awaki., tumaki da kaji. Mafi yawan al'ummar Birnin musulmi ne musamman daga al'ummar Hausawa da Fulani. Marigayi Shugaban Najeriya Umaru 'Yar'aduwa ya kasance dan asalin birni rike da sarautar gargajiya a Katsina. Gwamnan jihar Katsina mai ci a yanzu shi ne Mal. Dikko Umar Radda PhD, wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023, wanda ya gaji Aminu Bello Masari. Masarautar Katsina Gidan sarautar Katsina wanda aka fi sani da 'Gidan Korau' wani katon katafaren gini ne da ke tsakiyar tsohon birnin. Alama ce ta al'adu, tarihi da al'adun 'Katsinawa'. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, Muhammadu Korau ne ya gina shi a shekarar 1348, wanda ake kyautata zaton shi ne Sarkin Katsina Musulmi na farko. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa a al'adance ake kiransa 'Gidan Korau' (Gidan Korau). Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma a cikin manyan gidajen sarauta, tare da Daura, Kano da Zazzau. An kuma kewaye fadar da katanga mai suna 'Ganuwar Gidan Sarki' (wanda yanzu ya tafi). Babbar kofar da ke kaiwa fadar ana kiranta da 'Kofar Soro', yayin da kofar bayan gida ake kiranta da 'Kofar Bai' (yanzu tafi). Wurin zama na sarki da ke tsakiyar fadar wani babban fili ne da aka gina shi cikin tsarin gine-gine na al'ada[1]. Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji Abdulmumini Kabir Usman. Kananan Hukumomin jihar Katsina Jihar Katsina tanada kananan hukumomi 34 gasu kamar haka: Batagarawa Bindawa Rimi Charanchi Bakori Danja Funtua Jibiya Batsari Kankara Kankia Faskari Malumfashi Kafur Kurfi Matazu Musawa Dan-Musa Safana Dutsin-Ma Dandume Baure Katsina Mani Kusada Sabuwa Mashi Zango Sandamu Daura Madawa Ingawa Kaita Dutsi Hanyoyin haɗin waje By Yusuf SahaBi Manazarta Biranen Najeriya Birane a

22338

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Kare%20Kai

Haƙƙin Kare Kai

Haƙƙin kare kai (wanda ake kira, idan ya shafi kare wani, kare wasu, kare mutum Haƙƙi ne ga mutane su yi amfani da ƙarfi ko kuma kariya, don kare rayuwar mutum kare kansa ko rayukan wasu, gami da wasu halaye, yin amfani da ƙarfi Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda barazanar wani ko kuma cutar da wani, ko kuma ya fahimci irin wannan cutar, ana cewa mai ƙara yana da wata hujja ta "kare kai". Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda irin wannan fahimta, kuma tsinkayen bashi da ma'ana, wanda ake ƙara na iya samun kare kai mara kyau a matsayin uzuri Janar ra'ayi ƙa'idar doka Tabbatar da hujja baya sanya aikata laifi ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar halal; idan yin amfani da karfi yayi daidai, ba zai zama mai laifi ba sam. Tunanin farko bai nuna banbanci tsakanin kare mutum da kare dukiyar ba. Ko a sani ko a'a, wannan ya ginu ne bisa ƙa'idar Dokar Roman ta dominium inda duk wani hari akan membobin dangin ko dukiyar da ya mallaka ya kasance harin kai tsaye ne akan dangin dangiNamiji shugaban gida, mai mallakar duk wata dukiya ta gidan, kuma doka ta bashi ikon mallakar dukkan zuriyarsa ta hanyar layin maza komai shekarunsu. An fassara haƙƙin kare kai a matsayin ƙa'idar vim vi repellere licet ("an halatta ta tunkude ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙarfi") a cikin <i id="mwMQ">Digest</i> na Justitian (ƙarni na 6). Wani amfani na farko na wannan shi ne ra'ayin Martin Luther na adawa mai kyau ga mai mulkin Beerwolf, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin koyarwar ƙaramin majistare da aka gabatar a cikin Maganar ta shekara ta 1550 Magdeburg. A cikin Leviathan (1651), Hobbes (ta amfani da kalmar turanci ta kare kai a karo na farko) ya gabatar da ka’idar siyasa da ke rarrabe tsakanin yanayin yanayi inda babu wata hukuma da ta zamani. Hobbes yayi jayayya cewa kodayake wasu na iya zama masu ƙarfi ko masu hankali fiye da wasu a cikin yanayin su, babu wanda ya fi ƙarfin da zai iya wucewa daga tsoron mummunan tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da kariya ta kai a matsayin mafi buƙata. A cikin Yarjejeniyar Biyun na Gwamnati, John Locke ya tabbatar da dalilin da ya sa mai shi zai ba da ikon kansu:... jin daɗin dukiyar da yake da ita a wannan jihar bashi da aminci sosai, ba shi da tsaro sosai. Wannan ya sa ya yarda ya bar yanayin, wanda, duk da haka kyauta, yana cike da tsoro da haɗari na ci gaba: kuma ba tare da dalili ba, yake nema, kuma yana shirye ya shiga cikin jama'a tare da wasu, waɗanda sun riga sun kasance haɗe, ko suna da hankalin da za su haɗa kai, don kiyaye rayukansu, 'yanci da kadarorinsu, wanda da yawa ke kira da babban suna, dukiya.A lokutan da suka gabata kafin ci gaban aikin ƴan sanda na ƙasa, harin da aka kai wa gidan dangi ya zama mummunan hari ne ga mutanen da ke ciki ko kuma kai musu hari ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar hana su mafaka da ko hanyoyin samarwa. Wannan dangantakar tsakanin kai hari ta mutum da dukiya sun raunana yayin da al'ummomi suka ci gaba amma barazanar tashin hankali shine babban jigon. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ikon mallaka, a cikin jawabinsa na 1918 Siyasa als Beruf Siyasa a Matsayin Kira), Max Weber ya bayyana wata ƙasa a matsayin hukuma mai da'awar mallakar ita kanta ta halal ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi ta zahiri a cikin iyakokin yanki. Ganin cewa tsarin zamani na kasashe ya fito ne daga amfani da karfi, Weber ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da karfi ta hanyar cibiyoyin gwamnati ya kasance ba dole ba ne ga ingantacciyar gwamnati a kowane mataki wanda kuma hakan ya nuna cewa taimakon kai yana da iyaka idan ba a kebe shi ba. Ga masu ilimin zamani, batun kare kai yana daga cikin kyawawan halaye a cikin al'umma don saita iyaka ga yin biyayya ga jihar da dokokin ta da aka ba da hatsarin da ke yaɗuwa a cikin duniyar da ke cike da makamai.Kuma a cikin al'ummomin zamani, jihohi suna ta ƙara ba da izini ko bayar da ikon tilasta su ga kamfanoni masu ba da sabis na tsaro ko dai don ƙarin ko maye gurbin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin ikon. Gaskiyar cewa jihohin ba sa ƙara yin ikirarin mallakar withinan sanda a cikin iyakokinsu, yana haɓaka gardamar cewa mutane na iya amfani da dama ko damar amfani da tashin hankali don kare kansu. Tabbas, 'yanci na zamani ya nuna yawancin dokoki a matsayin masu kutse ga cin gashin kai na mutum kuma, musamman, yana jayayya cewa haƙƙin kare kai daga tilastawa (gami da tashin hankali haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na asali, kuma a cikin kowane hali, ba tare da togiya ba, yana ba da damar duka amfani da tashin hankali wanda ya samo asali daga wannan haƙƙin, ba tare da kariya ga mutum ko dukiya ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, ka lura da cewa Mataki na 12 Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ce:Ba wanda wani zai shiga sha'aninsa na sirri ba tare da yardarsa ba, ko danginsa, ko gidansa, ko wasiƙun sa, kuma ba wanda zai kai hari ga mutuncin sa da mutuncin sa. Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin kasancewa a cikin ja-gorancin ɗan adam.Haɗa kariya daga dangi da gida ya san amfanin da ake da shi a duniya wanda ya samo asali daga mallakar mallakar zaman lafiya na dangi na dangi. Wannan tsarin na gaba daya ya shafi mayar da hankali ga Hohfeld akan alaƙar da ke tsakanin dama da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na mu'amalar ɗan adam sabanin haƙƙoƙin da ake ganin yana da mahimmanci saboda sun haɗu da mutum ta hanyar mallakar mallakarsa. Bugu da ari, ya biyo baya cewa, a cikin wannan aikin daidaita dabi'un, dokoki dole ne lokaci guda su aikata laifin zalunci wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni, amma yanke hukunci daidai-dai da rikici wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni saboda ana amfani da shi wajen kare kai. A matsayin ƙuduri na wannan abin da ya bayyana na banbanci da bijire wa Hohfeld, Robert Nozick ya tabbatar da cewa babu kyawawan 'yancin jama'a, kawai' yancin mallakar abu ne da kuma ikon cin gashin kai. A cikin wannan ka'idar, "ka'idar mallakar" ta bayyana cewa mutane suna da ikon karewa da adana duk abin da suka mallaka ta hanyar da ta dace kuma "ka'idar gyarawa" tana bukatar duk wani keta ka'ida ta farko da za a gyara ta hanyar mayar da kadarori ga masu su a matsayin rarrabawa "sau daya" Saboda haka, a tsoran kariyar kai a matakin farko, duk wata lalacewar dukiya dole ne ta zama mai kyau ko ta wani fanni ko ta ƙima. Hakazalika, masana ilimin tunani irin su George Fletcher da Robert Schopp sun dauki ra'ayoyin Turawa game da cin gashin kai a ra'ayoyinsu na sassaucin ra'ayi don ba da hujja ga mai rike da madafun iko ta hanyar amfani da dukkan karfin da ya dace don kare ikonsa da 'yancinsa. Wannan haƙƙin ya jujjuya ƙa'idodin amfani da amfani tare da tashin hankali wanda ya kasance mafi alkhairi ga mutum, amma daidai yake nuna Jeremy Bentham wanda ya ga dukiya a matsayin ƙarfin motsawa don bawa mutane damar haɓaka ayyukan su ta hanyar saka hannun jari da kasuwanci. A ka'idar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, saboda haka, don ƙara yawan mai amfani, babu buƙatar ja da baya ko amfani da ƙarfi daidai gwargwado. An ce maharin ya sadaukar da kariyar doka lokacin da ya fara harin. A wannan yanayin, dokar aikata laifi ba kayan aikin jin daɗin ƙasa bane wanda ke ba da kariya ga kowa lokacin da suka ji rauni. Koyaya, dole ne a yarda da wasu iyakoki azaman inda ƙaramin hari na farko ya zama kawai dalilin azabtarwa da wuce gona da iri. Tsarin dokar farar hula yana da ka'idar "cin zarafin 'yanci" don bayyana kin yarda da hujja a irin waɗannan munanan lamura. Ka'idar ɗabi'a Hakkin kiyaye kai da makami ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Graeco-Roman Natural Rights, wanda wani dan kasar Roman Cicero (106–43 BC) da sauran masu ilimin falsafa suka fada a fili, wanda Aristotle ya yi tasiri. Miguel Faria, marubucin littafin Amurka, Bindigogi, da 'Yanci a shekarar (2019), da yake rubutu a Surgical Neurology International ya bayyana cewa mutane suna da haƙƙin kare mutanensu ta hanyar haƙƙinsu na ɗabi'a na kare kai; cewa mutane suna da hakkin kare kansu kawai amma kuma suna da kyawawan halaye na kare iyalai da makwabta; cewa haƙƙin kare kai da makami ya faɗaɗa ga al'umma don taƙaitawa ko hana azzalumar gwamnati. Haƙƙin 'yanci na maza su dauki makami don kare kai, ya zama aikin kare wadanda ke karkashin iyalansu da kulawa. Yawancin addinai, musamman a cikin al'adun Yahudu-Krista sun yarda da haƙƙin kare kai da kariya ta gida da makamai. Katolika ta katolika da aka samo asali daga aikin tauhidin na St Thomas Aquinas. Ya karanta cewa: "Tsaron doka na iya zama ba wai kawai hakki ba ne amma kuma babban aiki ne ga wanda ke da alhakin rayuwar wasu. Kare lafiyar gama gari yana bukatar a sanya zalunci mai zalunci ba zai iya cutar da shi ba. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda "ya faru cewa buƙatar sa mahaukaci ya kasa haifar da cutarwa wani lokacin ya ƙunshi ɗaukar ransa." Masanin falsafar Ingilishi John Locke (1632-1704) ya gabatar da cewa haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana a fili kuma sun ba mutum ikon "neman rayuwa, lafiya, 'yanci da mallaka," da kuma haƙƙin kare kansa. Waɗanda suka kafa Amurka ne suka ɗauki wannan ra'ayin kuma Thomas Jefferson ya tsara shi a bayyane na 'Yancin kai. A cikin sharhinsa game da David Kopel's ɗabi'ar kare kai da daukar matakin soja: Al'adar Yahudu da Nasara (2017), Faria ta kammala da cewa: "'Yanci da hakkin kiyaye rayuwa ta hanyar kare kai hakkokin mutane ne na dabi'a wato, kyaututtuka daga Allah ko Dabi'a zuwa mutum da gwamnatocin da ke yunƙurin ƙetare waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ba su da halattattun gwamnatoci sai ɓarnata. Mummunan gwamnatoci da kwace daga mulki sun riga sun yi tawaye ga Allah da mutum, don haka mutane suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin kare kai ta hanyar tawaye don kifar da waɗannan gwamnatocin. Kare wasu Dokokin iri ɗaya ne yayin amfani da ƙarfi don kare wani daga hatsari. Gabaɗaya, mai tuhuma dole ne ya yi imani mai kyau cewa ɓangare na uku yana cikin matsayi inda suke da haƙƙin kare kai. Misali, mutumin da ba da sani ba ga wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da suke yin faɗa zai iya kare ikonsu na wanda ya bayyana da zalunci. Kariyar doka don iƙirarin kare kai Da'awar shari'ar kare kai zai dogara ne ga barazanar. Wannan ya haɗa da ko barazanar magana ce ta sa mutum ya ji tsoro, har suka ji bukatar kare kansu. Hakanan zai dogara ne idan barazanar ta kusa ko a'a. Wasu tambayoyin da za ku yi shine barazanar tana faruwa kuma shin rayuwar mutum tana cikin haɗari da gaske? Shin sun tsokani mutum ne don harin ya faru? Lokacin da mutumin ya far wa mutumin, shin kare kansa ya yi daidai da barazanar, ko kuwa har ya kai ga mutun ya mutu lokacin da ba sa bukatar a kashe shi? Shin kariyar koyaswa tsaro? Shin da gangan suka fasa gidan mutum kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin cutar da mutumin ko danginsa har ta kai su ga kare kansu ko wasu ta amfani da ƙarfi? Dokar Final ta yanzi Dokar Final ta yanzu a Amurika mai lamba §3.04 ta ƙunshi ingantaccen tsari don amfani da ƙarfi, gami da lokacin da ya cancanta, da iyakancewa akan dalilin. Model Penal Code ba dokar hukuma bace a cikin Amurka, kodayake kotuna da jihohi da yawa suna cin bashi mai yawa daga gare ta. Shari'o'in gama gari A cikin Mutane v. La Voie, Kotun ƙoli na Colorado, 395 P.2d 1001 (1964), Kotun ta rubuta, "Idan mutum yana da dalilai masu ma'ana na yin imani, kuma a zahiri ya gaskata, cewa haɗarin kashe shi, ko na karɓar babban jiki cutarwa, ta gabato, yana iya yin aiki a kan irin wannan bayyani kuma ya kare kansa, har zuwa matakin ɗaukar ran mutum lokacin da ya cancanta, kodayake yana iya zama cewa bayyanuwar ƙarya ce, ko da yake yana iya kuskurewa game da girman ainihin hatsari. Ma'anar a takamaiman ƙasashe Ostiraliya Jamhuriyar Czech Sweden Ingila da Wales Amurka Duba kuma Koyarwar gida Siyasar bindiga Kariyar kai mara kyau Kisan kai mai adalci Ossian Mai Dadi Pikuach nefesh 'Yanci don kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai Assaultan cin mutunci Amfani da karfi ci gaba Manazarta Bibliography Sir Edward Coke, Sashi na Farko na Cibiyoyin Laws of England, ko, Bayani kan Littleton (London, 1628, ed. F. Hargrave da C. Butler, 19th ed., London, 1832) Dressler, Joshua, Sabbin Tunani Game da Ka'idar Tabbatarwa a cikin Dokar Laifi: Sanarwar Tunanin Fletcher da Tunawa, (1984) 32 UCLA L. Rev. 61. Fletcher, George P. (1990) Laifukan Kare Kai: Bernhard Goetz da Doka a Shari'ar, Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, Fletcher, George P. (2000) Rethinking Laifin Laifi, Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, Schopp, Robert F. (1998) Adalcin kariya da adalci, Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, Semeraro, (2006) Osservazioni sulla riforma della legittima difesa Vitu, Halayyar kare doka da keta doka, Revue de Science Criminelle, 1987, 865. Hanyoyin haɗin waje UseofForce.us, mai zaman kansa, zurfin rashi na dokokin kare kai na Amurka. Hakkin tsaro Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20gudanar%20da%20muhalli%20a%20Brazil

Yanayin gudanar da muhalli a Brazil

Gudanar da muhalli ra'ayi ne a manufofin muhalli wanda ke jagorantar kasuwanni, fasaha da al'umma don cimma burin dorewa Yana la'akari da al'amuran zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli a cikin yanke shawara na manufofinsa. A halin yanzu ƙasar Brazil tana tasowa cikin saurin gaske, kasashe irin su China da Indiya ne kawai ke aiwatar da su, duka ta fuskar cigaban tattalin arziki da farfadowa bayan rikicin kudi na duniya a ƙarshen shekarata 2000s. Maganar cewa "Brazil ita ce kasa a gaba kuma za ta kasance" ta cikin Brazil a shekaru da yawa. Amma sauye-sauyen manufofin tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan, da aka yi tun kafuwar sabuwar jamhuriyar, sun baiwa Brazil damar fara samun amincewar kasashen duniya. An kwatanta hakan ne lokacin da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya bayyana cewa "Ya kamata jama'ar Brazil su san cewa gaba ta zo" a ziyarar da ya kai Rio de Janeiro a watan Maris na 2011. Har ila yau, ba a kiran Brazil a m shekarata atsayin ƙasa mai tasowa, amma a matsayin ƙasa mai tasowa, sabuwar ƙasa mai masana'antu (NIC) kuma a matsayin memba na tattalin arzikin BRIC Sanna kuma Amma tare da wannan saurin haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana da nauyi mai yawa ta fuskar dorewa. Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Brazil yana samun goyon bayan babban bukatar albarkatun kasa daga kasar Sin, albarkatun da Brazil ke da su. Kuma A halin yanzu Brazil na samun nasarar daidaita bukatun masana'antun kasar Sin, kuma a halin yanzu ana zuba jari mai yawa don dorewar wannan bukatu daga kasar Sin, Brazil na gina sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da filayen jiragen sama, tare da kara karfin na yanzu. Duk da haka, wannan ɗimbin hakar albarkatun ƙasa yana zuwa a kan farashi ga yanayin yanayi. Tsohuwar Ministar Muhalli Marina Silva ta yi murabus a shekara ta 2008 saboda tana jin gwamnatin Brazil tana ba da fifiko ga muradun manyan ‘yan kasuwa da tattalin arziki, kuma tana jin cewa tana fafutukar rashin nasara wajen kare yawancin mahalli na Brazil, gami da dajin Amazon Rainforest. Duk da wadannan ikirari, an yaba wa Brazil saboda kokarin da take yi na dorewar muhalli da kuma yunƙurin rage hayakin da take fitarwa Gwamnatin Brazil ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli (MMA) a cikin shakarar 1985 kuma bayan haka, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi, kamar IBAMA a cikin shekarata 1989, da nufin kare yanayin yanayi. Har ila yau, Brazil ta hau kujerar na gaba dangane da harkokin gudanar da muhalli ta duniya ta hanyar samar da hadin gwiwa tare da jagorantar kungiyar kasashe masu ra'ayi na Megadiverse, wanda ya hada da kashi 70% na rayayyun halittu na duniya da kashi 45% na al'ummar duniya. Manufar Muhalli ta Kasa A cikin 1981, gwamnatin Brazil ta aiwatar da Dokar Muhalli ta Kasa (NEP), ta hanyar Dokar No. 6938. Babban makasudin wannan manufar ita ce kafa ka'idojin da ke ba da damar ci gaba mai dorewa, ta hanyar amfani da dabaru da kayan aikin da ke da ikon tabbatar da kariya ga muhalli. NEP ta ƙunshi batutuwan muhalli da yawa, gami da ma'anar ma'auni, lasisi, kimanta tasirin muhalli, wurare na musamman don adanawa, abubuwan ƙarfafawa don samarwa mai tsabta, da yanki na muhalli. An haɓaka ƙa'idodin wannan manufar ta hanyar ƙa'idodi da tsare-tsare don jagorantar ƙungiyoyin jama'a na tarayyar Brazil, daidai da ƙa'idodi goma da aka bayyana a cikin labarin. 2 na Shari'a 6938. Wadannan ka’idoji sune kamar haka: Matakin gwamnati na kiyaye daidaiton muhalli, la'akari da muhalli a matsayin kadarorin jama'a da ya kamata a tabbatar da shi kuma a kiyaye shi, bisa la'akarin amfani da hadin gwiwa; Amfani mai ma'ana na ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa da iska; Tsara da kulawa da amfani da albarkatun muhalli; Kariyar yanayin muhalli, adana wuraren wakilci; Sarrafa da rarraba ayyukan gurɓatawa ko yuwuwar gurbatawa; Ƙarfafawa don nazari da fasaha na bincike don amfani da hankali da kare albarkatun muhalli; Kula da yanayin ingancin muhalli; Maido da wuraren da suka lalace; Kare wuraren da aka yi barazanar lalacewa; Ilimin muhalli a duk matakan ilimi, gami da ilimin al'umma, an yi niyya don ba su damar shiga tsakani a cikin kare muhalli An gabatar da kayan aiki goma sha biyu na Dokar Muhalli ta ƙasa da ake amfani da su don haɓaka kariyar muhalli a cikin labarin 9 na Shari'a, kuma sune kamar haka: Kafa ka'idojin ingancin muhalli; Tsarin muhalli; Ƙimar tasirin muhalli Ba da lasisi da bitar ayyuka masu tasiri ko masu yuwuwar gurɓatawa; Abubuwan ƙarfafawa don samarwa da shigar da kayan aiki da ƙirƙira ko ɗaukar fasahar da aka tsara don haɓaka ingancin muhalli; Ƙirƙirar yankuna masu kariya ta musamman ta tarayya, gwamnatocin jihohi da na gundumomi, kamar wuraren kare muhalli masu mahimmancin sha'awar muhalli da tanadin cirewa; (Rubutun da aka gyara ta Doka Lamba 7804 na 18.07.89) Tsarin ƙasa na bayanan muhalli; Rijistar Fasaha ta Tarayya na Ayyuka da Kayayyakin Tsaron Muhalli; Hukunce-hukuncen ladabtarwa ga gazawar sanya matakan da suka dace don rigakafi da gyara lalata muhalli. Ƙaddamar da Rahoton Ingantattun Muhalli, wanda IBAMA za ta buga kowace shekara (Abin da aka ƙara da Dokar Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89) Don tabbatar da samar da bayanan da suka shafi muhalli, da kuma tabbatar da gwamnati ta samar da su a lokacin da ba su nan; (Abin da aka ƙara ta Doka Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89) Rijistar Fasaha ta Tarayya na ayyuka masu yuwuwar gurbatawa da/ko waɗanda ke amfani da albarkatun muhalli. (Abin da aka ƙara ta Doka Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89) Tsarin Muhalli na Kasa Brazil ita ce kasa ta biyar a duniya don haka ta tabbatar da cewa an samu cigaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar da ta dace kuma ba ta haifar da gurbacewar muhalli wani babban aiki ne. Kuma Don magance wannan, NEP ta kirkiro tsarin kula da muhalli na kasa (SISNAMA), wanda ya hada hukumomi da cibiyoyin kula da muhalli na kungiyar, jahohi, kananan hukumomi da gundumomi na tarayya, wanda babban manufarsa shi ne samar da ka'idoji da ka'idoji da suka dace. Kundin tsarin mulki ne ya sanya shi. Shugaban tsarin wannan tsarin shine Majalisar Gwamnatin Kasa, wacce ita ce babbar hukumar ba da shawara, ta shugaban kasar Brazil, don tsara ka'idoji da manufofin muhalli na kasa. Kuma A ƙasan wannan akwai Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (CONAMA), wacce ita ce hukumar da ke ba da shawara ga gwamnatin ƙasa da kuma yin shawarwari kan dokoki da ka'idojin da suka dace don kare muhalli, wanda dole ne gwamnatocin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi su bi. Bayan haka kuma Ma’aikatar Muhalli (MMA) ta zo, wacce ke tsarawa, daidaitawa, kulawa da kuma kula da manufofin muhalli na kasa da ka’idojin da aka kafa don muhalli, tare da gudanar da aikin hada kan hukumomi da hukumomi daban-daban da suka hada da SISNAMA. An ɗaure shi da MMA ita ce Cibiyar Muhalli da Sabunta Albarkatun Ƙasa ta Brazil (IBAMA), wacce ke tsarawa, daidaitawa, kulawa, kulawa, haɓakawa da aiwatar da NEP da adanawa da adana albarkatun ƙasa. Sannan Kuma a karshe, a kasan tsarin SISNAMA akwai hukumomin kananan hukumomi da na jihohi da ke da alhakin duba ayyukan lalata muhalli da aiwatar da shirye-shirye, ayyuka da sa ido kan ayyukan da ke cutar da muhalli. Kalubale Har yanzu yanayin yanayin Brazil yana fama da sakamakon mummunar manufar ma'amalar jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki da aka kirkira ta hanyar dabarun hadewar yanki, wanda aka aiwatar a lokacin gwamnatin soja daga shekarata 1964 zuwa 1985. Manufar hakan ita ce a sassauta matsin lambar da jama'a ke fuskanta a yankin kudu maso gabashin Brazil mai yawan jama'a, don samar da ayyukan yi da kuma amfani da dimbin albarkatun kasa na Brazil. Wannan ya kawo yawancin ƙaura zuwa Basin Amazon (musamman a cikin jihohin Rondônia, Mato Grosso, da Pará da kuma kayan aikin gine-gine da kuma fadada garin da suka zo tare da wannan ƙaura ya sanya matsin lamba a kan gandun daji na Amazon, wanda ya sha wahala sosai. sare itatuwa. Mayar da wannan matsala aiki ne mai wuyar gaske domin ya hada da kawar da al'ummar da a halin yanzu ta samu kanta a cikin wadannan wurare da kuma karfafa karancin zuba jari da ci gaban da ake samu a wadannan wurare, domin kare muhalli. Ƙirƙirar NEP, a lokacin mulkin gwamnatin soja, mai yiyuwa ne martani ga ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli na ci gaba da matsin lamba ba kawai ga gwamnatin ƙasa ba, har ma da masu ba da lamuni na duniya, kuma a wani yunƙuri na rage ci gaba da lalata muhalli, a wannan lokaci na ma'aikata. Bukatu na sirri da matsin tattalin arziki sune manyan shingaye ga cin nasarar gudanar da mulkin muhalli kuma kawar da son zuciya daga yanke shawara yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don kiyaye dorewa. Tushen samar da manufofin muhalli a Brazil shine ilimin kimiyya. Duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa, sannan a wasu lokuta, masu tsara manufofi a Brazil suna da sha'awar yin amfani da shaidar kimiyya da ke goyan bayan shawararsu, maimakon yin shawarwari kan duk ilimin kimiyyar da ke akwai. Matsayin ISO 14000 Wani muhimmin sashi na tabbatar da gasa ta Brazil a kasuwannin duniya shine ta kasancewa daidai da bukatun kasuwannin duniya. Sannna kuma Yawancin wuraren sinadarai na Brazil sun sami takaddun shaida na ISO 14000 kuma wasu da yawa suna kusa da samun takaddun shaida. Abin da ya sa hakan shi ne muradin Brazil na bunkasa martabarta a kasuwannin duniya da kuma kara yin cinikayya da abokan huldar kasashen waje. Brazil kuma tana shiga cikin kwamitin fasaha na ka'idojin ISO 14000. Gudanar da ruwa Yankin ruwa da na bakin teku Gudanar da muhalli a Brazil ana son aiwatar da shi ta hanyar sama-sama, ta yadda gwamnati ta sanya dokar da ya kamata kasuwanni su bi. Wannan tsari na oda da sarrafa shi yakan haifar da tashe-tashen hankula a wasu lokutan tsakanin gwamnatoci da ‘yan kasuwa da kuma al’ummomin yankin. Misalin wannan shi ne kafa wuraren kariya na ruwa da bakin teku a Brazil. Kuma Sau da yawa ana sanya takunkumi kan sana’ar kamun kifi ba tare da sa hannun al’ummomin yankin ba wajen yanke shawara, kuma mummunan tasirin rayuwar waɗannan al’ummomin ya haifar da rikice-rikice da dama. Har ila yau, an ce yanayin kamun kifi na bakin teku yana da tasiri ta hanyar sama da ƙasa na samar da tanadi. Rashin shiga cikin gida, sa hannun jama'a da gudanar da haɗin gwiwa ana tsammanin zai iyakance juriyar yanayin muhalli da rage tasirin gaɓar teku wajen kare lambobin namun daji. Manufar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa Brazil tana da wadataccen ruwa mai yawa tare da wasu manyan kogin kogi a duniya Kogin Amazon, kogin Paraná da kogin São Francisco Kare wannan albarkatun ba wai kawai yana da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli ba, har ma da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, saboda yawancin birane da yankunan Brazil sun dogara da su a matsayin tushen ruwa mai tsabta. Wani zaɓi na mulkin ruwa a Brazil don gudanar da wannan batu shine National Water Resource Policy (NWRP), wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1997 bayan fiye da shekaru goma na tattaunawar majalisa. NWRP na da nufin haɓaka ruwa a matsayin albarkatu tare da ƙimar tattalin arziƙi kuma "yana ƙirƙira tsare-tsare don haɗin gwiwar gudanar da duk wani amfani da ruwa a matakin ruwan ruwa majalissar rafukan ruwa (RBCs) waɗanda ke aiki tare da ƙarin sarrafa al'adun gargajiya kamar gundumomi da gundumomi. hukumomin ruwa da muhalli na jihar”. Duk da haka, an yi iƙirarin cewa wannan manufar ta fi mayar da hankali kan dabarun sama-sama, kamar gabatar da farashin ruwa da kuma cajin muhalli, maimakon magance tarurrukan jama'a, maido da kogi da tabbatar da muhalli Gudanar da gandun daji Duk da babban tsarin kula da muhalli a Brazil, akwai lokuta inda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamfanoni, gwamnatoci, da cibiyoyin bincike suka haɗa kai don haɓaka maido da muhalli. Yarjejeniyar Maido da dajin Atlantika (AFRP) misali ne na wannan. AFRP na da niyyar maido da kadada miliyan 15 na gurbatacciyar dajin Atlantika nan da shekara ta 2050 ta hanyar haɓaka: kiyaye halittu, da haɓaka ayyukan yi ta hanyar maido da samar da kayayyaki, da kuma kafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga masu mallakar ƙasa don bin dokar daji. Wannan yana nuna yadda ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli suka yi amfani da dokokin ƙasa (musamman yankin muhalli) don haɓaka kariyar muhalli da dorewa a Brazil. Gudanar da canjin yanayi Babban arzikin masana'antu da tattalin arzikin Brazil, tare da kasancewar ta na da manyan albarkatun kasa a duniya, ya sa ta zama babban jigo a harkokin tafiyar da sauyin yanayi a duniya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2009, Carlos Minc, Ministan Muhalli na Brazil, ya sanar da shirye-shiryen rage sare dazuzzuka a Brazil da 80% nan da shekarata 2020, wanda yayi daidai da raguwar 40% na gurɓataccen iskar gas. Brazil ta yi amfani da karfin tasirinta na kasa da kasa don tabbatar da cewa kasashen da suka ci gaba sun cika alkawuran da suka dauka na mika fasahohin zamani da samar da kudaden raya kasa, da nufin kare muhalli da samar da dorewa. Fasaha Injiniya Zagayen Rayuwa (LCE) An sami shawarwarin aiwatar da LCE don rage yiwuwar tasirin muhalli da haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam, Kuma yayin da har yanzu ana ba da damar tattalin arziki da daidaiton zamantakewa Wannan dabara tana amfani da kayan aikin injiniya da dabaru don haɓaka dorewar tattalin arziki mafi girma. Kuma Waɗannan kayan aikin sun haɗa da ƙirar ƙirar yanayi da ƙima na rayuwa, dabarun samarwa mai tsabta, kayan aikin baya, rarrabuwa, sake yin amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, sake amfani da tsarin bayanan ƙasa (GIS). Biofuels Ana yin man biofuels na ƙarni na farko ta hanyar amfani da kayan abinci da aka noma a sarari don samar da mai (misali ethanol da aka yi daga rake mai sukari) kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin amfanin muhalli. Advanced biofuels (2nd generation and sama) duk da haka ana ganin su a matsayin muhimmiyar hanya zuwa ci gaba mai dorewa Ministar Muhalli ta ƙasar Brazil Izabella Teixeira ta yi iƙirarin cewa "haɓakar albarkatun mai a Brazil yana gudana ne ta hanyar manufofin jama'a da ke neman haɓaka haƙarsa a cikin "tsayi mai dorewa", kiyaye yanayi, samar da ayyukan yi da raba fa'ida tsakanin al'umma. Dorewar samar da man biofuel ya ƙunshi ayyukan noma mai ƙarfi don haka dole ne a tsara shi da sarrafa a hankali. Brazil na daya daga cikin kan gaba a duniya masu samar da man fetur da shigo da su. Sannan Kuma Ministan muhalli ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa "dabarun haɓaka samar da ethanol da biodiesel sun samo asali ne akan haɗakar muhimman kayan aikin gudanarwa guda biyu da tsarin aikin gona da muhalli: Tsarin Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki da Agro-Ecological Zoning". An tsara waɗannan dabarun ta hanyar NEP kuma shari'ar da ke tattare da biofuels ta nuna yadda za a iya amfani da kayan aikin NEP cikin nasara ga tattalin arzikin, yayin da a lokaci guda inganta dorewa. Duba wasu abubuwan Cibiyar Muhalli na Brazil da Albarkatun Halitta masu Sabunta (IBAMA) sare itatuwa a Brazil Yanke dazuzzuka na Amazon Muhalli na Brazil Matsalolin muhalli a Brazil Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

28474

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20kwalejin%20Ilimi%20ta%20Tarayya%20Kontagora

Makarantar kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya Kontagora

Makarantar Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya Kontagora (FCE Kontagora) tana a jihar Neja jahar dake arewa ta tsakiya Najeriya. An ƙirƙira/kafa makarantar a watan Satumba shekara ta 1978 a matsayin kwalejin malamai (Federal Advanced Teachers College, FATC) a lokacin Mulkin Olusegun Obasanjo (GCFR) mulkin soja kenan. Wannan ya faru ne bayan da Sir. Eric Ashby ya bada umurnin a ƙarƙashin dokar Najeriya mai no. 4 na shekara ta 1986, sai kuma aka dawo aka gyara shi a lamba no. 6 a shekarar 1993 An ɗaukaka matsayin kwalejin a ƙarƙashin Jami'ar Ilorin da kuma Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zariya. Tarihin shugabancin kwalejin Mr. O. O. Ogun shine shugaban makarantar na farko a wani wajen da aka kafa makarantar a matsayin wucin gadi bana din-din-din ba a shekara ta 1978 a wannan lokacin duk wasu aikace-aikacen da koyarwa anayinsu ne a wajajen da hukumar makarantar ta kama haya ko kuma tayi aro a cikin garin Kontagora har yau-wajiya Malamai da Ɗaliban makarantar suna zama ne kodai haya ko kuma wani gurin da ba cikin makarantar ba a cikin gari. A shekara ta 1981 Dr. S K Afolabi an naɗa shi a matsayin muƙaddashin shugaban makarantar ya zauna a wannan matsayin har watan Disamba shekara ta 1982. Sai kuma a watan Janairu shekara ta 1983. Dr. M A Uppal an tsammani ya zama shugaban makarantar bayan ya ɗau lokaci yana shugabantar makarantar na wuccin gadi, daga baya kuma sai aka maye gurbin shi da Dr. S A Abdurrahman a shekarar 1985 zuwa shekarar 1987. Bayan nan Alhaji Shehu Ɗalhatu ya zamo shugaban makarantar wanda yake da cikakken iko na shugabancin kwaleji har tsawon shekaru 6, wato tunda ya fara a shekarar 1987-1993 ya sauka. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarar 1993 Dr. Elisha G Kutara ya maye gurbin Alhaji Shehu Ɗalhatu a matsayin shugaban kwalejin, wanda ya rasa aikin shi daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Zariya. Bayan nan an naɗa Dr. A. M Tura a matsayin shugaban kwalejin a shekarar 1996 a dalilin wani rikicin da ya dabaibaye makarantar wanda yayi dalilin har sai shugabannin Ilimi na ƙasa suka baki a rikicin kuma suka sake daidaita tsarin shugabancin kwalejin. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba 1998 Dr. Emmanuel I. Makoju ya karɓe shugabancin kwalejin wanda ya shugabanci kwalejin har sau biyu shekara 8 kenan bayan saukar shi a (2006). A watan Oktoba shekarar 2006 an naɗa Alhaji Shehi T Sidi a matsayin shugaban kwalejin na wucin gadi har tsawon shekaru 3. Shugaban ƙasa Dr. An sake Dr. Nathaniel O. Odediran a matsayin shugaban kwalejin bayan ya gama zagaye na farko na shugabantar kwalejin, shugaban ƙasa Dr Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ya sake naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban kwalejin har shekara ta 2018. An naɗa Alhaji Jibril Garba a matsayin shugaban kwalejin na riƙon ƙwarya tsawon watanni 3. Ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta ta 2018 Gwamnatin tarayya ta naɗa Farfesa Faruk Rasheed Haruna a matsayin shugaban kwalejin, wanda har zuwa yanzu magana da ake shine shugaban makarantar. Kwasa-kwasai da ake koyarwa a kwalejin Waɗannan sune jerin darussan da ake koyarwa a kwalejin Kontagora Adult and Non-Formal Education Agricultural Science Agricultural Science and Education Arabic Christian Religious Studies Arabic English Arabic French Arabic Hausa Arabic Igbo Arabic Islamic Studies Arabic Social Studies Arabic Yoruba Biology Chemistry Biology Integrated Science Biology Mathematics Biology Physics Business Education Christian Religious Studies Economics Christian Religious Studies English Christian Religious Studies French Christian Religious Studies Geography Christian Religious Studies History Christian Religious Studies Hausa Christians Religion Studies Social Studies Christians Religion Studies Yoruba Computer Science Education Mathematics Early Childhood Care Education Economics English Economics Mathematics Economics Social Studies Education and Arabic Education and Biology Education and Christian Religious Studies Education and English Language Education and Hausa Education and Integrated Science Education and Islamic Studies Education and Mathematics Education and Physics Education and Social Studies English French English Hausa English History English Igbo English Integrated Science English Islamic Studies English Political Science French Social Studies French Hausa French History French Igbo French Yoruba Geography Mathematics Geography Social Studies Hausa Igbo Hausa Islamic Studies Hausa Political Science History Islamic Studies Igbo Social Studies Igbo Yoruba Integrated Science Mathematics Education Integrated Science Yoruba Islamic Studies Economics Islamic Studies Geography Islamic Studies Social Studies Islamic Studies Yoruba Mathematics Physics Mathematics Social Studies Physical and Health Education Political Science Social Studies Primary Education Studies Social Studies Yoruba Teacher Education Science Physical And Health Education (Double Major) Computer Science Biology Computer Science Chemistry Computer Science Physics Fine And Applied Arts (Double Major) Special Education (Double Major) Social Studies (Double Major) Primary Education Double Major) Home Economics (Double Major)

47510

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akpujiogu

Akpujiogu

Akpujiogu gari ne na ƙabilar Igbo a ƙaramar hukumar Orumba ta Kudu a jihar Anambra a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Sau da yawa ana kiran garin da sunan; "Akpu", garin yana tsakanin 6" 02'46 Arewa da 7" 12'36 Gabas. Ya yi iyaka da garuruwan; Ajalli, Ufuma, Nawfija, Ogboji, da Ndiowu. Tarihi Shahararrun bayanai guda biyu sun gano asalin garin: na farko zuwa Akpugoeze a jihar Enugu, na biyu da aka gano dalla-dalla da ke da alaƙa da Nri. Bayan mamayewar Arochukwu a 1902, Akpujiogu ya ba da hayar filaye ga ƴan gudun hijirar Aro, waɗanda akasarinsu sun tsere daga Birtaniya, wasu kuma suna zaune a tsakiyarsu, duk kungiyoyin mazauna da suka zama a yau garuruwan Ndiokolo, Ndiokpalaeke da Ajalli. Garuruwan maƙwabta kuma sun yi hayar filaye ga Aro, ayyukan da aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniya a cikin shekarar 1911. Wannan karamcin ya sa aka sami damar kafa gidajen mulkin mallaka a sashin da aka yi hayar Ajalli: kotu a 1907, ofishin gidan waya a 1909, da makarantar gwamnati a 1911. Baya ga al'ummomin masu haya na Aro, Akpujiogu, kuma gida ne ga Makarantar Katolika ta Saint Dominic Savio, wanda ke kan tudu inda, a cikin 1904-5, hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka gudanar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Pax Britannica, motsa jiki na lalata bindiga., wanda a dalilin haka ne aka kira hilllock da ake kira Ugwuntijiegbe Igbo don “The Hilllock Inda Aka Karye Bindiga”. Sannanun Wurare Garin ya shahara da wuraren tarihi da dama, musamman a addini. Babban kagara na Roman Katolika tun 1911, Cocin Saint Matthew ya ɗaukaka zuwa matsayin Ikklesiya a cikin 1945, wanda ya mai da ta, ta biyu mafi tsufa a Diocese Katolika na yanzu na Awka. Limamin coci na farko a wurin shi ne mai albarka Iwene Michael Tansi, wanda ya zuwa yanzu Najeriya kadai ce aka yi wa dukan tsiya. A cikin garin, wata makaranta mai suna: Makarantar Sakandare ta Tunawa da Baba Tansi. Wani wurin da ke cikin garin kuma akwai Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa: Cibiyar Heritage ta Ufesiodo, mai suna bayan laƙabin yanki na ƙananan hukumomin Orumba ta Kudu da Arewa, sunan laƙabi da ya samo asali daga kasancewar kogin Odo mai ban mamaki. Ufesiodo Ibo ne don "Ketare Kogin Odo". Garin ya kunshi kauyuka goma sha biyar: Ihebuebu, Mgboko, Ohemmiri, Okparaebutere, Uhuana, Umuanaga, Umudiana, Umuezeagu, Umuezeakpu, Umuezechukwu, Umuezeilo, Umuihu, Umuikpa, Umuokpara, da Upata. Babban koginsu shi ne kogin Aghommiri, wanda ke cikin kogin Mamu, wanda shi kansa mashigin kogin Anambra ne. Fitattun mutane Tsohon ɗan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazaɓar Orumba ta kudu da Arewa a majalisar dokokin Najeriya, Honorabul Ben Nwankwo, ya fito daga garin, haka kuma marigayi High Cif Ebenezer Onuigbo, babban attajirin hamshakin attajiri a shekarun 1960 kuma ya fito. 1970s. Babban Chief Sir Cyril Sunday Eze, Shugaban Jama’ar Igbo mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar a Jihar Legas, kuma fitaccen Dan Akpu ne a yankin Orumba ta Kudu. Ranar Akpu ita ce bikinsu na shekara a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba. Manazarta http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/2-anambra-communities-bicker-over-exclusion-from-proposed-lga/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160817015640/http://anambrariansnews.com.ng/?p=10579 Gari a Jihar

40666

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanin%20yanayin%20%C6%99asa

Masanin yanayin ƙasa

Masanin yanayin ƙasa masanin kimiyyar zahiri ne kuma masanin kimiyyar zamantakewar Dan Adam wanda yanke binciken sa akan labari ko yanayin ƙasa, nazarin muhalli, nazarin zamantakewar ɗan Adam, gami da yadda al'umma da yanayi ke cuɗanya. Ma'anar kalmar "geo" ta Helenanci tana nufin "duniya/ƙasa" ita kuma kalmar Helenanci ta, "graphy," tana nufin "bayani," don haka geographer shine wanda ke nazarin duniya. Kalmar “geography” kalma ce ta Tsakiyar Faransa wacce aka yi imanin cewa an fara amfani da ita a 1540. Duk da cewa anfi sanin masana yanayin kasa a tarihance da yin Nazarin taswira kadai, zana taswira na daga cikin ainihin fannin nazarin zane-zanen taswira, wani bangare na yanayin kasa. Masana ilimin kasa ba wai kawai suna nazarin yanayi ne ko zamantakewar ɗan adam kadai ba, suna nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan biyun. Alal misali, suna nazarin yadda muhalli na zahiri ke ba da gudummawa ga zamantakewar ɗan adam da kuma yadda zamantakewar ɗan adam ke shafar muhalli. Musamman ma, masana ilimin kasa/yanayi na zahiri suna nazarin muhalli na zahiri yayin da masu binciken nazarin dan adam ke nazarin zamantakewa da al'adun ɗan adam. Wasu masanan kimiyyar ƙasa suna aiki ne a fanninGIS tsarin bayanan kimiyyar yanki geographic information system) kuma galibi ana amfani da su a hukummomin cikin gida, jihohi, da hukumomin gwamnatin tarayya da kuma a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kamfanonin muhalli da injiniyoyi. Hotunan da Johannes Vermeer ya yi mai taken The Geographer da The Astronomer duk ana tsammanin suna wakiltar tasirin bunkasa da kuma daukakar binciken kimiyya a Turai a lokacin da sukayi zane a shekarun1668-69. Sassan nazari Akwai muhimman sassan nazari guda uku, wadanda aka kara karkasu su: Nazarin ɗan adam wanda ya haɗa da labarin ƙasa na birane, nazarin al'adu, nazarin tattalin arziki, nazarin siyasa, nazarin tarihi, nazarin kasuwanci, nazarin kiwon lafiya, da nazarin zamantakewa. Nazarin muhalli na zahiri ciki har da geomorphology, ilimin ruwa, ilimin kankarar gilashiya biogeography, ilimin yanayin sararin samaniya, ilimin gajeren yanayi, ilimin halittu, ilimin teku geodesy, da ilimin muhalli. Nazarin yankiuna gami da sararin samaniya, shashin duniya da ake rayuwa wato biosphere, da doron kasa wato lithosphere Ƙungiyar National Geographic Society ta gano manyan jigogi guda biyar ga masana kimiyyar kasa: hulda tsakanin mutum da muhalli wuri motsi wuri yankuna Sanannun masana ilimin ƙasa Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) ya wallafa Cosmos kuma tare da shi aka kirkiri fannin biogeography (wato nazarin tsirrai). Arnold Henry Guyot (1807-1884) lura da tsarin kankarar glaciers da ci-gaba fahimta a nazarin matsawar glacier, musamman hanzarin kwarara kankara. Carl O. Sauer (1889-1975) masanin ilimin kasa. Carl Ritter (1779-1859) ya mamaye kujerar shugaban farko na ilimin kasa a Jami'ar Berlin. David Harvey (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935) Mawallafin labarin kasa na Marxist kuma marubucin ka'idoji akan yanayin sararin samaniya da birane, wanda ya lashe kyautar Vautrin Lud Doreen Massey (1944-2016) masani a sararin samaniya da wuraren dunkulewar duniya da jam’insa; wanda ya lashe kyautar Vautrin Lud. Edward Soja (1940-2015) yayi aiki akan ci gaban yanki, tsare-tsare da gudanar da mulki kuma ya sanya kalmomin synekism da postmetropolis; wanda ya lashe kyautar Vautrin Lud. Ellen Churchill Semple (1863-1932) shugabar mace ta farko ta Ƙungiyar Ma’aikatan Geographers ta Amurka Eratosthenes 276-c. 195/194 BC) kirga girman Duniya. Ernest Burgess (1886-1966) mahalicci na concentric zone model Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594) mai zanen zane wanda ya samar da tsinkayar Mercator John Francon Williams (1854-1911) marubucin The Geography of the Oceans Karl Butzer (1934-2016) Masanin labarin kasa Ba-Amurke, masanin al'adu da kuma masanin ilimin kimiya na muhalli. Michael Frank Goodchild (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944) Masanin GIS kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta RGS a cikin 2003. Muhammad al-Idrisi (Larabci: Latin: Dreses) (1100-1165) marubucin Nuzhatul Mushtaq. Nigel Thrift (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) mafarin ka'idar ba wakilci Paul Vidal de La Blache (1845-1918) wanda ya kafa makarantar Faransanci na geopolitics, ya rubuta ka'idodin geography na ɗan adam. Ptolemy (C. 100–C. 170) an tattara ilimin Girkanci da na Roman a cikin littafin Geographia Radhanath Sikdar (1813-1870) ƙididdige tsayin Dutsen Everest Roger Tomlinson (1933 2014) farkon wanda ya kafa tsarin bayanan yanki na zamani. Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) co-kafa na London School of Economics, Geographical Association Strabo (64/63 BC c. AD 24) ya rubuta Geographica Geographica, daya daga cikin litattafai na farko da ke bayyana nazarin labarin kasa. Waldo Tobler (1930-2018) ya kafa dokar farko na labarin kasa Walter Christaller (1893-1969) ɗan adam geographer kuma mai ƙirƙira na tsakiyar wuri ka'idar William Morris Davis (1850-1934) mahaifin Amurka labarin kasa da developer na sake zagayowar zaizayarwa Yi-Fu Tuan (1930-2022) Masanin dan Chena kuma Ba’amurke da aka yaba da fara tarihin ɗan adam a matsayin horo. Cibiyoyi da al'ummomi Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographer na Amirka Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Amirka Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Anton Melik (Slovenia) Gamma Theta Upsilon (na duniya) Cibiyar Harkokin Watsa Labarun Kasa (Pakistan) Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya Karachi Geographical Society (Pakistan) National Geographic Society (US) Royal Canadian Geographical Society Royal Danish Geographical Society Royal Geographical Society (Birtaniya) Rukunin Geographical Society Duba kuma Nassoshi Kara karantawa Steven Seegel Maza Taswira: Rayukan Juyin Juya Hali da Mutuwar Ma'aikatan Geographers a Ƙirƙirar Gabashin Tsakiyar Turai. Jami'ar Chicago Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-226-43849-8 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Masana kimiyyar

34174

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s%20Not%20My%20Name

That's Not My Name

Articles with hAudio microformats Wannan Ba Sunana bane shine farkon farkon mawakan duo na Burtaniya mai suna Ting Tings An fara fitar da waƙar a matsayin gefen A-biyu tare da Babban DJ ta lakabin rikodin rikodin mai zaman kansa na Switchflicker, a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007. Bayan babban girma daga BBC Radio 1 da NME, a sake fitar da guda ɗaya daban-daban a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2008 akan Columbia Records Daga baya an haɗa shi akan kundi na farko na studio, Ba Mu Fara Komai ba a shekarar a ta (2008). Bayan sake fitowar Columbia, "Wannan ba Sunana ba ne" da aka yi muhawara a kan Chart na Singles na Burtaniya, ganin gasar daga ingantattun ayyuka kamar Rihanna, Madonna, da will.i.am. Waƙar ta kasance mai barci a Arewacin Amirka, tana cikin saman 40 na sigogi a Amurka a cikin watan Agusta shekarar ta 2009. Single ɗin ya sayar da kwafin dijital sama da miliyan ɗaya. YyAbun ciki "Wannan ba Sunana bane" an rubuta shi a cikin maɓalli na E major tare da ɗan lokaci na bugun 145 a cikin minti daya. Muryoyin da ke cikin waƙar sun bambanta daga G 3 zuwa G 5 Mawaƙa Katie White ta bayyana cewa an rubuta waƙar "tare da ni da ke nuna takaici game da masana'antar rikodin." Bidiyon kiɗa Waƙar tana da bidiyon kiɗa guda uku. Na farko yana fasalta Ting Tings akan farar bango yana yin waƙar akan saiti, tare da madaidaicin fage na Fari mai launin shuɗi da ruwan hoda. An yi amfani da wannan sigar bidiyon don inganta waƙar da kundi a lokacin da aka fitar da shi a shekara ta 2007. Wannan bidiyon yana kama da na gani na Toni Basil 's Mickey daidai da kamannin sauti. Sophie Muller da Stacey Hartly ne suka jagoranci wannan bidiyon. Columbia ta samar da bidiyo na 2008 don sakin Amurka, tare da darekta David Allain kuma tare da su suna sake yin wani tsari na daban, tare da ƙarin kayan aiki da fitilu masu walƙiya a bango. An fara fitar da bidiyon a kan mtvU.com a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2009. An yi wani bidiyo don sigar sauti. Duk bidiyon aiki ne kai tsaye. Bidiyon kiɗa na uku, wanda aka fi sani da madadin bidiyo, AlexandLiane ne ya jagoranta kuma ya ƙunshi Ting Tings a cikin garin fatalwa na hamada. 'Yan wasan dutch biyu, masu fara'a, 'yan wasan bugu na maƙiya da ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa suna fitowa daga cikin dazuzzuka sanye da baƙaƙen tufafi masu kyan gani. Ting Tings ne ke yin waƙar, yayin da a bayansu ƴan wasan dutch biyu suka tsallake igiya, masu fara'a suna murna, masu ganga, da kuma alamar masu jujjuya alamomin da ke nuna sunayen waƙoƙin waƙar a kansu. liyafar Mahimmanci Mawakin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu suka bayan sake sakewa, tare da NME yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "no-flab electro-pop nugget", yayin da mujallar Q ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙwaƙwalwar Hey Mickey -style handclaps da gobbily staccato. vocal, dinka tare don kera wani tsagi wanda yake nan take kuma sananne". Digital Spy kwatanta guda daya da "gwangwanin cola mai girgiza sosai", kuma ya kara da cewa "[waƙar tana da kyau] mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗano, kyakkyawa mai kauri". Kasuwanci A cikin United Kingdom, ɗayan ya shiga saman jadawalin Singles UK a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2008 na makon da ya ƙare ranar 24 ga Mayu 2008 ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Madonna da Justin Timberlake na makonni huɗu a saman tare da minti 4 A mako mai zuwa, duk da haka, ya zame zuwa lamba biyu bayan Rihanna 's Take a Bow ya haura zuwa lamba daya. A Ireland, ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu tsawon makonni biyar a jere. A Ostiraliya, bayan da sannu a hankali ya tashi ginshiƙi na marasa aure, daga ƙarshe ya kai saman 10, kuma an ba da takardar shaidar Platinum a cikin 2009. A kan Jadawalin Singles Jiki na Australiya, ya kai kololuwa a 20, kuma akan ginshiƙi na Dijital na Australiya a lamba takwas. A Amurka, "Wannan Ba Sunana bane" ya hau lamba 39 a kan <i id="mwWw">Billboard</i> Hot 100, wanda ya ba ƙungiyar 40 na farko a can. An ba wa waƙar shaidar Zinariya a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2009, tana sayar da fiye da kwafi 500,000. Rufewa da amfani a cikin kafofin watsa labarai Dizzee Rascal ya yi sigar wannan waƙa a cikin Live Lounge a gidan rediyon BBC 1, inda ya canza waƙar zuwa: "Suna kirana 'jini'/ Suna kirana' yaro mara mutunci '/Suna kirana oi/Suna kirana mate/ Suna amfani da N-word kamar wasa Wannan ba sunana ba ne. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Pittsburgh Penguins Stanley a shekara ta 2009, gidan rediyon Pittsburgh WDVE ya yi waƙar waƙar mai taken "Wannan Shine Sunana" game da ɗan wasan Penguins Evgeni Malkin, wanda wani mutum mai sauti kamar Malkin ya rera game da sunayen laƙabi da yawa. An kuma sanya waƙar a matsayin "He's Get My Name" don gwajin Johnny Network na Cartoon Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da waƙar a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na wasan kwaikwayo ta Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis a kan jawabinsu na kveld med YLVIS (Yau tare da YLVIS), mai suna "Jeg Heter Finn" ("Sunana Finn"). An yi amfani da kayan aikin waƙar a cikin tallan silima na Burtaniya don Rediyon BBC 1 a lokacin bazara na 2008. An kuma yi amfani da sigar waƙar da aka sake haɗawa azaman kiɗan don ɓangaren PINK na Nunin Kayayyakin Sirrin Victoria na 2008 (wanda Cho Dongho ya sake haɗawa). Hakanan ana amfani da waƙar a cikin kasuwancin Mobitel na Mobitel na Slovenia don fakitin biyan kuɗin su, Itak Džabest. "Wannan Ba Sunana ba" an yi amfani da shi a cikin trailer na fim ɗin rani na 2009 Post Grad, kuma a kan nunin 90210 akan The CW, Brothers &amp; Sisters akan ABC, Yin Matsayi, da City akan MTV, da kuma a cikin fina-finai. An Kori! (2009) da Horrible Bosses (2011), wanda Charlie Day 's hali Dale ya rera shi a cikin mota yayin da yake kan hodar iblis. An nuna waƙar a cikin CSI: NY a matsayin waƙar farkon jigon Batun Ba Komawa An kuma yi amfani da waƙar akan jerin Skins 3 episode "Katie da Emily". Wannan waƙar tana fitowa sau da yawa a cikin E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners kuma ta fito a cikin Fim ɗin Inbetweeners (waƙar sauti na hukuma). Bugu da ƙari, an nuna waƙar a cikin Suburgatory Avant-garde na Amurka da ƙungiyar gwaji Xiu Xiu ya yi amfani da layin "Wannan ba Sunana ba" a cikin murfin Yarinya Kadai (A Duniya) ta Rihanna An canza layukan don cewa "Kana kirana Jamie, ba sunana ba kenan." An kuma yi amfani da waƙar a cikin tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace don Despicable Me 2, Joe Fresh, The Lego Movie, Coca-Cola, da Amazon Alexa An kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin fina-finan La Famille Bélier, Gnome Alone, da Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway Shirin talabijin na Isra’ila Ha-Yehudim Ba’im ya yi amfani da waƙar a matsayin madogara ta satire game da dokar Yahudawa da ta hana a furta tetragrammaton, inda Allah ya koka game da kiransa da sunaye dabam-dabam da ba nasa ba. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2022, waƙar ta fara fara yaduwa akan TikTok lokacin da ta bayyana akan bidiyo a cikin shahararrun asusun dabbobi. Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, a ranar 19 ga wata, mashahurai irin su Alicia Silverstone da Drew Barrymore sun fara buga bidiyo ta hanyar amfani da waƙar da aka saita zuwa hotunan rawar da suka taka a baya. Ayyukan Chart Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

34295

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger%20Saffold

Rodger Saffold

Rodger P. Saffold III (an haife shi a watan Yuni 6, 1988) wani mai tsaron ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka don Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). Louis Rams ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na biyu, 33rd gabaɗaya a cikin 2010 NFL Draft Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Indiana Aikin makarantar sakandare Saffold ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Bedford a Bedford, Ohio inda ya taka rawar gani da kare kai. Ya kasance ƙungiyar farko ta 2005 All-Lake Erie League, duk gundumomi da daraja ambaton zaɓin jihohi duka a makarantar sakandare guda ɗaya wacce ta samar da tsoffin masu karɓar Wisconsin da NFL Chris Chambers da Lee Evans Ya rubuta tackles 18 a matsayin babba. An yi la'akari da daukar ma'aikata biyu kawai ta Rivals.com, Saffold ya zaɓi Indiana akan Illinois, Kansas da Ohio Aikin koleji Bai taɓa barin jeri na farawa ba bayan zamewa a hannun hagu a tsakiyar kamfen ɗin sa na gaskiya a Jami'ar Indiana. Ya fara wasanni 41 kuma ya bayyana a cikin 42 a cikin aikinsa. Kociyoyin taron sun zaɓe shi tawaga ta biyu All-Big Ten kuma kafofin watsa labarai na gasar sun ba shi suna mai daraja, kuma ya sami karramawar ƙungiyar duka-Big Ten na biyu daga mujallar Phil Steele Sana'ar sana'a Louis Los Angeles Rams St. Louis Rams ne ya tsara Saffold a zagaye na biyu, 33rd gabaɗaya, a cikin 2010 NFL Draft A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2010, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 4 na dala miliyan 6.3, wanda ya haɗa da dala miliyan 3.9. Saffold ya sami matsayin farkon tunkarar hagu na Rams a cikin kakar wasansa kuma ya fara a kowane wasa a waccan kakar don Rams. Saffold ya tattara rave sake dubawa don wasansa kuma an ba shi suna ga ƙungiyoyin Rookie da yawa, gami da Pro Football Weekly da Labaran Wasanni Saffold shine kawai rookie a cikin 2010 don fara duk wasannin ƙungiyar su a matakin hagu kuma Saffold ya ba da izinin buhu uku kawai a cikin ƙoƙarin wucewa 590 a cewar Statspass.com yayin da ya taimaka wa Steven Jackson ya yi sauri sama da yadi 1,000. A cikin 2011, ya buga wasa kuma ya fara wasanni 9 a matakin hagu kafin a saka shi a kan IR a kan Nuwamba 19, 2011. A cikin 2012 Saffold ya dawo ya buga wasa kuma ya fara wasanni 10 na ƙarshe na kakar a matakin hagu. A cikin 2013 Saffold ya buga a cikin wasanni 12 tare da farawa 9, kuma ya matsa kusa da layi mai ban tsoro tare da farawa 1 a matakin hagu, 3 yana farawa a matakin dama, kuma 5 yana farawa a gadin dama. A cikin 2014, Saffold ya buga a ciki kuma ya fara duk wasanni 16 galibi a gadin hagu, amma kuma ya fara a gadin dama kuma ya ga wasu ayyuka a daidai ma. A cikin 2015, Saffold ya buga kuma ya fara wasanni 5 a gadin dama. A cikin 2016, Saffold ya fara ciki kuma ya buga duk wasanni 11 a wurin gadi. Saffold ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, dala miliyan 42.5 tare da Oakland Raiders a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2014. Koyaya, bayan rashin jituwa a Oakland akan yanayin jikin Saffold, ya koma Rams don sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, 31.7 miliyan. Raiders suna da damuwa game da kafadar Saffold, wanda ya bambanta da Rams waɗanda ba su da "komai". Saffold ya sami babban matsayi na 73.7 daga Pro Football Focus, wanda aka zaba a matsayin matsayi na bakwai mafi kyau a tsakanin duk masu gadi masu cin zarafi a cikin 2018. A cikin 2018, Saffold ya taimaka wa Rams isa Super Bowl LIII inda suka yi rashin nasara a hannun New England Patriots 13–3. Tennessee Titans A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2019, Saffold ya rattaba hannu tare da Tennessee Titans akan kwangilar shekaru huɗu na dala miliyan 44. A cikin 2019, Saffold ya fara duk wasanni 16 tare da Titans yayin da suka gama kakar wasa 9-7 kuma sun yi wasan share fage, tare da toshewa Derrick Henry yayin da ya ci taken gasar tseren yadudduka. Daga nan ya fara duka uku na wasannin playoff na Titans, tare da toshewa Henry yayin da yake gudu kusan yadi 200 a cikin kowane wasa biyu na farko kafin ya sha kashi a gasar Super Bowl Kansas City Chiefs a gasar AFC A cikin 2020, Saffold ya kasance mai gadin hagu na farawa, yana farawa duk wasannin 16 kuma an toshe shi don Henry wanda ya ci takensa na yadudduka na biyu kuma aka nada shi Babban Dan wasa na Shekara ta hanyar zama ɗan wasa na takwas a tarihin NFL don yin gaggawar yadi 2000 a cikin kakar wasa. Titans sun lashe rabon tare da rikodin 11-5. Saffold ya fara don Titans a cikin zagaye na gandun daji inda Baltimore Ravens suka ci su. A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2022, Titans sun saki Saffold. Kuɗin Buffalo A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2022, Saffold ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Kuɗin Buffalo Shigar da shigo da kaya Saffold a halin yanzu shine ma'abucin gasa na Call of Duty team Rise Nation. Ya sayi kungiyar a watan Afrilun 2014. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Indiana Hoosiers bio Los Angeles Rams bio Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

17363

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa

Tuffa

Tuffa Malus domestica itace da ke samar da ɗan tuffa An fi saninsa da wannan 'ya'yan itace mai ɗanɗano, mai daɗi. Iccen yana girma a duniya. 'Ya'yan iccen ta masu daraja ne, kuma ana shuka su a duk sassanin duniya. Asalin Iccen ya fito ne daga Asiya ta Tsakiya Akwai Tuffa tun a dubban shekaru a Asiya da Turai. Turawa ne suka kawo su Arewacin Amurka. Tuffa suna da mahimmancin gaske a addini da na almara a cikin al'adu da yawa. Ana yaɗar da Tuffa ne ta hanyar dasawa, ko da yake Tuffa na daji suna girma da sauri daga zuriya. Itatuwan Tuffa suna da girma idan suka girma daga kwaya, amma kanana idan an ɗora su akan tushen (rootstock). Akwai fiye da 7.500 a san cultivars na tuffa, tare da kewayon so halaye. Anyi amfani da nau'o'in iri daban-daban don ɗanɗano da amfani iri daban-daban: dafa abinci, cin ɗanyen da kayan cider sune mafi yawan amfani. Bishiyoyi da itace ke afkawa, ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari A shekara ta 2010, an tsara jigidar halittar fruita a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincike game da kula da cututtuka da zaɓar kiwo a cikin samar da tuffa An samar da tuffa a duk duniya a shekarar 2013 ya kai tan miliyan 90.8. China kaɗai ta bunƙasa kashi 49% na jimillar. Bayanin Asalin Tsiro Tuffa na da ƙaramin itace mai zubar da ganye wanda ya kai mita tsayi Itacen tuffa yana da kambi mai faɗi mai kaifi A ganye suna alternately shirya sauki ovals Tsawon su yakai santimita 5 zuwa 12 kuma 3-6 (1.2-2.4in) faɗi. Yana da saman kaifi tare da taushi mai laushi. Furanni suna fitowa a lokacin bazara a daidai lokacin da ganyen suka fara toho. Furannin farare ne. Hakanan suna da launin ruwan hoda dan kadan. Suna da petaled biyar, kuma 2.5 zuwa 3.5 santimita (0.98 zuwa 1.4 a) a diamita 'Ya'yan itacen suna balaga cikin kaka Yawanci santimita 5 zuwa 9 (2.0 zuwa 3.5 a ciki) a diamita. Akwai katifu biyar da aka tsara a cikin tauraruwa a tsakiyar 'ya'yan itacen. Kowane carpel yana daya zuwa uku tsaba Tsaffin bishiyoyin Tuffa na cikin daji shine Malus sieversii Suna girma a cikin duwatsu na Asiya ta Tsakiya a arewacin Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, da Xinjiang, China, kuma mai yiwuwa ma Malus sylvestris Ba kamar tuffa na gida ba, ganyensu suna yin ja a lokacin kaka. Ana amfani da su kwanan nan don haɓaka Malus domestica don haɓaka cikin yanayin sanyi Tarihi Itacen tuffa na daga cikin itacen farko da aka fara nomawa. 'Ya'yan itacen ta sun fi shekaru dubbai kyau. Ance Alexander the Great ya gano tuffa dwarf a Asiya orarama a 300 BC Asiya da Turai sun yi amfani da tuffa na hunturu a matsayin abinci mai mahimmanci na dubunnan shekaru. Daga lokacin da Turawa suka iso, Ajantina da Amurka sun yi amfani da tuffa a matsayin abinci ma. An kawo apples zuwa Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1600s. A farko apple gõnaki a Arewacin Nahiyar Amirka da aka ce ya zama kusa Boston a 1625. A cikin 1900s, masana'antun 'ya'yan itace masu tsada, inda apple ke da matukar mahimmanci, sun fara haɓaka. A al'ada Maguzanci A cikin tarihin Norse, allahiya Iðunn tana ba da tuffa ga alloli a cikin Prose Edda (wanda aka rubuta a ƙarni na 13 da Snorri Sturluson wanda ya sa su matasa har abada. Masanin Ingilishi HR Ellis Davidson ya ba da shawarar cewa tuffa suna da alaƙa da ayyukan addini a cikin maguzancin Jamusawa Daga can ne, ta yi ikirarin, cewa arna na Norse ya ci gaba. Ta nuna cewa an gano bokitin tuffa a wurin da aka binne jirgin na Oseberg a Norway Ta kuma yi tsokaci cewa an gano fruita fruitan itace da goro (an bayyana I (unn da canzawa zuwa na goro a Skáldskaparmál a cikin kabarin farko na mutanen Jamusawa a Ingila An kuma gano su a wani wuri a cikin nahiyar Turai. Ta ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya kasancewa yana da ma'ana ta alama Kwayoyi har yanzu alama ce ta haihuwa a Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila. Dafa abinci Wani lokaci ana cin tuffa bayan an dafa shi Sau da yawa ana cin tuffa ba tare da an dafa ba. Hakanan ana iya sanya tuffa a cikin abubuwan sha. Naman 'ya'yan itacen yana da ƙarfi tare da ɗanɗano ko'ina daga tsami zuwa mai daɗi. Tuffa da aka yi amfani da su don girki suna da tsami, kuma suna buƙatar dafa shi da sukari, yayin da sauran tuffa suna da daɗi, kuma ba sa bukatar girki. Akwai wasu tsaba a cibiya, waɗanda za a iya cire su da kayan aikin da ke cire ainihin, ko ta amfani da wuƙa a hankali Sunan kimiyya na itacen apple na jinsin da ke cikin harshen Latin shine Malus Yawancin apples waɗanda mutane ke girma da su na Malus domestica ne. Yawancin tuffa suna da kyau a ci ɗanye (ba a dafa shi ba), kuma ana amfani da su a yawancin abinci da aka gasa, kamar su kek ɗin tuffa. Ana dafa tuffa har sai sun yi laushi don yin tufafin miya Ana kuma sanya tuffa a cikin ruwan apple na apple da cider Yawancin lokaci, cider ya ƙunshi ɗan barasa, kusan kamar giya Yankunan Brittany a Faransa da Cornwall a Ingila an san su da apple ciders. Yadda ake shuka Tuffa Idan mutum yana son shuka wani nau'in Tuffa ba zai yuwu ayi hakan ba ta hanyar shuka iri daga nau'in da yake so. Iri za su yi DNA daga Tuffa da cewa da tsaba zo daga, amma shi kuma za ta yi DNA daga cikin fulawar Tuffa cewa pollinated da tsaba, wanda zai iya da kyau ya zama daban-daban irin. Wannan yana nufin cewa itacen da zai tsiro daga dasa zai zama cakuda biyu. Don shuka wani nau'in apple, ƙaramin tsutsa, ko 'scion', ana yanka shi daga itacen da ke tsiro da irin tuffa ɗin da ake so, sa'annan a haɗa da wani kututturen kututture na musamman wanda ake kira rootstock. Itacen da ya girma zai haifar da apyam ne kawai na nau'in da ake buƙata. Akwai fiye da 7.500 da aka sani cultivars (iri) na apples. Akwai nau'o'in noma daban-daban don yanayin yanayi mai yanayi da yanayi. Largeayan tarin kayan gona na kayan lambu sama da 2,100 Frua Fruan ita Fruan Nationalasa a Englandasar Ingila Yawancin waɗannan nau'o'in noman suna girma ne don cin sabo (tuffa mai zaki). Koyaya, wasu suna girma ne kawai don girki ko yin cider Cider apples yawanci ma tart ci nan da nan. Koyaya, suna ba cider dandano mai ɗanɗano wanda apples ɗin zaƙi ba za su iya ba. Mafi yawan shahararrun nau'ikan Tuffa suna da taushi amma mai kaifi Hakanan ana buƙatar fata mai launi, saukin jigilar kaya, juriya na cuta, siffar Red Delicious da shahararren ɗanɗano. Tuffa na zamani yawanci sun fi na tsofaffin ɗakunan girki. Wannan saboda shahararrun dandano a cikin tuffa sun zama daban. Yawancin Arewacin Amurka da Turawa suna jin daɗin tuffa mai zaki. Tuffa mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano tare da wuya kowane ɗanɗano na acid ya shahara a Asiya da Indiya. A Ƙasar Ingila A kasar Ingila akwai kusan nau'ikan Tuffa iri 3000. Mafi yawan nau'in tuffa da ake shukawa a Ingila shine 'Bramley seedling', wanda shahararren Tuffa ne mai dafa abinci. Lambunan Tuffa ba su da yawa kamar yadda suke a farkon shekarun 1900, lokacin da ba safai ake kawo apple daga wasu ƙasashe ba. Kungiyoyi irin su Common Ground suna koyar da mutane game da mahimmancin ofa ofan itace da ƙananan ofa fruitan itace. A Arewacin Amurka Yawancin Tuffa suna girma a cikin yankuna masu yanayi na Amurka da Kanada A wurare da yawa inda noman Tuffa yake da mahimmanci, mutane suna da babban biki: Annapolis Valley Apple Blossom Festival ana yin kwanaki biyar a kowace bazara (Mayu-Yuni) a Nova Scotia Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival ana yin kwanaki shida a kowace bazara a Winchester, Virginia Bikin Fure na Apple na Jihar Washington wanda aka yi makonni biyu a kowane bazara (Afrilu-Mayu) a Wenatchee, Washington Ire-iren Tuffa Akwai nau'ikan apples iri daban-daban, gami da: Aport Cox's Orange Pippin Fuji (apple) Gala Abincin Daɗi (wani lokacin ana kiransa Green Green Apple) Goggo Smith Jonathan Jonagold McIntosh Lady Pink Red dadi Wine ruwan inabi Rukuni Tuffa suna cikin ƙungiyar Maloideae Wannan shi ne wani subfamily na iyali Rosaceae Suna cikin gida iri ɗaya da pears Manazarta

25732

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA

AAA

AAA, Triple A, ko Triple-A shi ne farkon haruffa uku ko taƙaice wanda zai iya nufin to: Mutane AA Attanasio, marubucin almara na kimiyya Tashar jiragen sama Filin jirgin sama na Anaa a cikin Faransanci Polynesia (lambar filin jirgin saman IATA AAA) Filin jirgin saman Logan County (Illinois) (lambar filin jirgin saman FAA AAA) Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Wasanni AAA (masana'antar wasan bidiyo) rukuni na manyan wasannin bidiyo na kasafin kuɗi TripleA, tushen wargame mai buɗewa Kiɗa Ƙungiyoyi da lakabobi AAA (band), ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Japan Against All Authority -AAA- ƙungiyar ska-punk ta Amurka Mala'iku &amp; Airwaves, wani madadin dutsen Amurka, wanda kuma ake kira "AVA" Sau Uku A (ƙungiyar kiɗa) ƙungiyar trance ta Dutch Ayyuka "AAA", waƙa ta shida akan <i id="mwLQ">City</i> (Strapping Young Lad album) <i id="mwMA">AAA</i> (EP) wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo ne da ƙungiyar AAA ta Najeriya ta yi Samun damar Duk Yankuna, jerin faifan CD na kiɗa ta ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland Runrig Sau Uku A, wani sunan Adult Alternative Songs, mai rikodin ginshiƙi wallafa Allon tallace-tallace Sauran amfani a cikin zane -zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Madadin kundin manya, tsarin rediyo AAA, lambar samarwa don 1970 Doctor Who serialhead daga Space &lt;AAA&gt; Aces of ANSI Art ƙungiyar fasahar dijital don ƙirƙirar da rarraba fasahar ANSI (1989-1991) AAA, manga na Jafananci na Haruka Fukushima Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan, fim ɗin Tamil a cikin 2017 Brands da kamfanoni Advanced Accelerator Aikace -aikace, kamfanin radiopharmaceutical Ansett Ostiraliya, kamfanin jirgin sama na Australiya (lambar jirgin saman ICAO AAA) Abokan Artwararrun Mawakan Amurka, gidan kayan gargajiya da kasuwancin tallan fasaha Abokan Artists na Argentine, ɗakin fina -finan Argentina Gwamnati da siyasa Hukumomin gwamnati Gudanar da Daidaita Noma, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Amurka da aka kirkira a cikin shekara ta 1930 Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority (AAA a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Dokar Daidaita Noma ta 1933, dokokin tarayya na Amurka Dokar daidaita aikin gona na 1938, dokokin tarayya na Amurka Kungiyoyin siyasa Alianza Americana Anticomunista ("American Anticommunist Alliance" a cikin Mutanen Espanya) ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Colombia, 1978-1979 Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista, a Spain Anti-Austerity Alliance, wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Ireland Anticommunist Alliance na Argentina, ƙungiyar mutuwa ta Argentina a tsakiyar 1970s Ƙungiyoyi Kungiyoyin fasaha Associationungiyar Mawakan Allied, wata ƙungiya mai baje kolin a London da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1908 Mawakan Abstract na Amurka, ƙungiya ce ta masu zane-zane da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1936 don haɓakawa da haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da zane-zane. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mawakan Amurka Taskar Amsoshi ta Amurka, Taskar Smithsonian Institution a Washington, DC Asiya Art Archive, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke yin rikodin tarihin kwanan nan na fasahar zamani a Asiya Ƙungiyoyin Motoci American Automobile Association, kulob na mota, wanda kuma ake kira "Triple A" Ƙungiyar Motocin Australiya Sauran ƙungiyoyi Shirin Karfafawa Matasa-An-Alleyway, San Francisco, California Ƙungiyar Tabbatar da Adventist American Academy of Actuaries Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka Ƙungiyar Ambulance ta Amirka Ƙungiyar Anthropological American Ƙungiyar sasantawa ta Amurka Ƙungiyar Tsohuwar Jirgin Sama Ƙungiyar 'yan saman jannati masu zaman kansu Ƙungiyar Archaeological Australia Kimiyya da fasaha Biology da magani AAA sunadarai (ATPases hade da ayyuka daban -daban na salula) Ciwon mara aortic aneurysm Ƙungiyar Anatomists ta Amirka Anti-actin garkuwar jiki Cavaticovelia aaa (aaa treader) kwari daga Hawaii Sau uku-A ciwo AAA, codon don amino acid Lysine Kimiyya Amalgam (sunadarai) wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun alchemical medieval tare da "aaa" Amino acid bincike Aromatic amino acid Arylalkanolamine Asymmetric allylic alkylation Kwamfuta AAA, mafi girma daga cikin matakai uku na isa ga rukunin yanar gizon da aka auna ta jagororin Samun Abubuwan Yanar Gizo AAA chipset, kayan masarufi don komfutar Amiga komputa AAA (tsaro na kwamfuta) "Tabbatacce, Izini da Ƙididdiga", ikon samun dama, aiwatar da manufofi da tsarin duba tsarin kwamfuta. ASCII ta daidaita bayan ƙari, lambar BCD ta Intel Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha AAA, matsayi a kan sikelin haruffan haruffa (darajoji biyu sama da "sa A") Batirin AAA, madaidaicin girman busasshen sel Kyautar Nasarar Amateur na Ƙungiyar Astronomical na Pacific Analog-analog-analog, ƙira don rikodin analog Angle-angle-angle, duba Kamani (geometry) Makamai masu linzami Wasanni Amateur Athletic Association na Ingila American Airlines Arena, filin wasanni da nishaɗi a Miami, Florida, da kuma wurin gidan Miami Heat Arkansas Activities Association, babbar hukumar gudanar da wasannin makarantar sakandare a waccan jihar ta Amurka Ƙungiyar Wasannin Wasannin Asiya Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide, gabatarwar kokawar Mexico wacce aka fi sani da "AAA" (daga tsohon sunan Asistencia Asesoría y Administración Montreal AAA, tsohuwar ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Kanada Triple-A (wasan ƙwallon baseball) mafi girman matakin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon Arewacin Amurka Sauran amfani "Shiga duk fannoni", wani nau'in wucewar bayan gida AAA, mafi kyawun ƙimar kuɗi Ayyukan taimakon dabbobi, nau'in maganin da ya shafi dabbobi a matsayin nau'in magani Harshen Ghotuo (ISO 639-3 lambar yare aaa) Lambar Morse don "maharin jirgin sama", wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da SOS Duba kuma A (rarrabuwa) AA (disambiguation) AAAA

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubuwan%20dake%20cikin%20ha%C9%93aka%20muhalli

Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli

Abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da haɓaka tsarin muhalli shi ne tasirin abubuwa masu guba daban-daban daga muhalli akan haɓaka tayin. Kuma Wannan labarin yana magana ne game da yiwuwar illar abubuwan maye na muhalli akan haɓakar mahaifa ko tayin, da kuma matsalolin ciki Muhallin. Dan Adam yana da ɗan saukin kamuwa da tasiri daga mummunan yanayi a cikin muhallin. Marasa ingantattun yanayin tayi yakan haifar da jinkiri iri-iri na cigaba, na zahiri da na badini, ga jariri mai girma. Ko da yake wasu sauye-sauye na faruwa ne a sakamakon yanayin kwayoyin halittar da suka shafi uba, da yawa ana kawo su kai tsaye daga gubar muhalli da uwa ke kamuwa da su. Dabbobi daban-daban suna haifar da babban haɗari ga tayin yayin haɓakawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya nuna cewa kusan dukkan mata masu juna biyu a ƙasar Amurka suna dauke da sinadarai masu yawa, ciki har da wasu da aka haramta tun shekarun 1970, a jikinsu. Masu bincike sun gano biphenyls polychlorinated, magungunan kashe qwari na organochlorine, mahaɗan perfluorinated, phenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perchlorate PBDEs, mahadi amfani da matsayin harshen retardants, da kuma dichlorochlorine intriphen. jikin kashi 99 zuwa 100 na mata masu juna biyu da suka gwada. Daga cikin sauran estrogens muhalli, an gano Bisphenol A (BPA) a cikin kashi 96 na matan da aka bincika. Yawancin sinadarai sun kasance a cikin ƙididdiga guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri a cikin yara daga wasu nazarin kuma ana tunanin cewa bayyanar da sinadarai masu yawa na iya yin tasiri fiye da bayyanar da abu ɗaya kawai. Tasiri Ana iya siffanta abubuwan da ke damun muhalli daban-daban ta irin tasirin da Kuma suke da shi, kamar rashin daidaituwa na tsari, canjin girma, gazawar aiki, neoplasia na haihuwa, ko ma mutuwa ga tayin. Haihuwa kafin haihuwa Ɗaya cikin goma na jarirai na Amurka ana haifan su kafin haihuwa kuma kusan kashi 5 cikin ɗari suna da ƙananan nauyin haihuwa. Haihuwa kafin haihuwa, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin haihuwa a ƙasa da makonni 37 na ciki, shi ne babban tushen mace-macen jarirai a duk lokacin ƙuruciya. Abubuwan da ke haifar da gubar muhalli kamar gubar, hayakin taba, da DDT an danganta su tare da ƙarin haɗari ga zubar da ciki nan da nan, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ko haihuwa kafin haihuwa. Halin yanayin haihuwa na tsarin Abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke da ikon haifar da rashin daidaituwa na tsarin haihuwa ana iya kiran su da teratogen s. Su ne wakilai na waje zuwa amfrayo ko tayin da ke haifar da mummunan sakamako wanda zai haifar da haɗarin rashin lafiya, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, canza aiki, ƙarancin girma ko zubar ciki An rarraba Teratogens zuwa manyan rukunai hudu: Magunguna da sunadarai. Baya ga sinadarai na muhalli, wannan rukunin kuma ya haɗa da na nishaɗi da magunguna a cikin ciki Cututtukan da ake ɗauka a tsaye Radiation, kamar X-ray Sojojin injina, irin su oligohydramnios Teratogens suna shafar tayin ta hanyoyi daban-daban ciki har da: Tsangwama tare da haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, irin su kamuwa da cutar hoto da ionization Canza hanyoyin biosynthetic, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin lahani na chromosomal Haɓakar hulɗar salon salula ko nama, kamar yadda ake gani a cikin ciwon sukari Abubuwan da ke waje Matsakaicin hulɗar kwayoyin halitta tare da teratogens muhalli Ciwon ci gaban Neuro Sakamakon Neuroplastic na gurɓatawa na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar neurodevelopment Yawancin lokuta na Autism suna da alaƙa da takamaiman wurare na yanki, yana nuna cewa wani abu a cikin mahallin yana haɓaka nau'in genotype mai haɗari don haifar da Autism a cikin mutane masu rauni. Sannan kuma Wadannan binciken game da autism suna da rigima, duk da haka, tare da masu bincike da yawa sun gaskanta cewa karuwar ƙididdiga a wasu yankuna shine sakamakon ƙarin ingantaccen bincike da hanyoyin bincike, kuma ba saboda kowane nau'i na muhalli ba Magunguna masu guba da tasirin su Abubuwan da aka gano suna da cutarwa musamman sun haɗa da gubar (wanda ake ajiyewa a cikin ƙasusuwan uwa), hayakin sigari, barasa, mercury (mai guba na ƙwayoyin cuta da ake cinyewa ta hanyar kifi), carbon dioxide, da ionizing radiation. Barasa Shan barasa a cikin ciki na iya haifar da rikice-rikice daban-daban da aka sani da rikice-rikicen barasa na tayin Mafi tsanani daga cikinsu shine ciwon barasa na tayin Shan taba Bayyanar tayin ga hayaƙin taba mai ciki na iya fuskantar ɗimbin wasu matsalolin ɗabi'a, jijiya, da ta jiki. Mummunan illolin sun haɗa da haihuwa, rushewar wuri, rashin haihuwa, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na jiki (lalacewa da dai sauransu), raguwar aikin huhu, ƙara haɗarin mutuwar jarirai. Mercury Elemental Mercury da methylmercury nau'i ne na mercury guda biyu waɗanda zasu iya haifar da haɗarin guba na mercury a cikin ciki. Methylmercury, gurɓataccen abincin teku a duniya da kifin ruwa mai daɗi, Kuma an san shi yana haifar da mummunan tasirin tsarin juyayi, musamman yayin haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwa. Cin kifi shine babban tushen bayyanar mercury a cikin mutane kuma wasu kifaye na iya ƙunsar isassun mercury don cutar da haɓakar tsarin juyayi na tayi ko tayi, wani lokaci yana haifar da nakasar ilmantarwa. Mercury yana cikin nau'ikan kifi da yawa, amma galibi ana samunsa a cikin wasu manyan kifin. Ɗayan da aka rubuta da kyau game da shigar da sinadarin mercury mai yaɗuwa da rikice-rikicen ci gaban tayin ya faru a cikin shekarata 1950s a Minamata Bay, Japan. Wani kamfanin masana'antu da ke kusa da shi ke amfani da shi wajen kera robobi, an fitar da methyl mercury a cikin ruwan Minamata Bay, inda jama'ar kauyen suka ci gaba da sha a kai a kai da suka yi amfani da kifin da ke zaune a bakin tekun a matsayin abincin abinci. Sannan Ba da daɗewa ba, yawancin mazaunan da ke cin naman da ke ɗauke da mercury sun fara fuskantar mummunan sakamako daga shan guba; duk da haka, mercury ya shafi mata masu juna biyu da 'yan tayin, wanda ya haifar da yawan zubar da ciki. Jarirai da suka tsira da suka kamu da cutar mercury a cikin utero suna da matsanancin nakasu na jiki da na hankali, da kuma rashin lafiyar jiki daga fallasa cikin mahaifa a lokacin mahimman matakai na ci gaban jiki na tayi. Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka da Hukumar Kare Muhalli sun shawarci mata masu juna biyu kada su ci takobi, shark, mackerel da tilefish da iyakance cin tuna tuna zuwa oza 6 ko ƙasa da mako guda. Matsakaicin matakin mercury a jarirai a Gaza ana hasashen cewa ya samo asali ne daga makamin yaki. Bayyanar Mercury a cikin ciki na iya haifar da lahani ga gaɓoɓi. Jagoranci Adverse effects of lead exposure in pregnancy include miscarriage, low birth weight, neurological delays, anemia, encephalopathy, paralysis, blindness, Tsarin jijiyoyi masu tasowa na tayin yana da haɗari musamman ga gubar gubar. Kuma Ana lura da cutar cututtukan jijiyoyi a cikin yara na mata da aka fallasa sakamakon ikon gubar don ketare shingen mahaifa. Wani abin damuwa na musamman ga mata masu juna biyu shi ne yadda wasu daga cikin tarin dalmar kasusuwa ke fitowa a cikin jini yayin da suke da juna biyu. Yawancin karatu sun ba da shaida cewa ko da ƙarancin bayyanar da uwaye don jagoranci yana haifar da gazawar hankali da halayya a cikin yara. Dioxin Dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi suna dawwama a cikin muhalli na dogon lokaci kuma suna da yawa, don haka duk mutane suna da adadin dioxins a cikin jiki. An danganta bayyanar da intrauterine zuwa dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi tare da sauye-sauye na ci gaba da dabara akan tayin. Sannan kuma Abubuwan da ke haifar da yaro daga baya a rayuwa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin aikin hanta, matakan hormone thyroid, matakan farin jini, da rage yawan aiki a cikin gwaje-gwajen koyo da hankali. Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga ciki wanda ke haifar da ɗimbin ƙima na haifuwa da wuri, ƙuntatawa girma, da matsalolin zuciya da huhu a cikin jariri. Haɗaɗɗen abubuwa kamar carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide da nitrogen dioxide duk suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar lalacewa lokacin da uwa mai jiran gado ta shaka. Ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, haihuwa kafin haihuwa, rashin girma a cikin mahaifa, da rashin haihuwa duk an gano suna da alaƙa da kamuwa da tayin ga gurɓataccen iska. Ko da yake ana iya samun gurɓatacciyar ƙasa a ko'ina, akwai takamaiman hanyoyin da aka san su don sakin abubuwa masu guba kuma waɗanda ke son su kasance marasa guba idan ya yiwu su guje su. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: kuma masana'antar ƙarfe, masana'antar sarrafa sharar ruwa, injina na gurɓata ruwa, masana'antar kera motoci, matatun mai, da masana'antar sarrafa sinadarai. Sarrafa gurbatar iska na iya zama da wahala. Alal misali, a Los Angeles, an kafa dokoki don sarrafa ƙazanta ta hanyar sanya ƙa'idodi game da hayaƙin masana'antu da abubuwan hawa. Kuma An yi gyare-gyare don biyan waɗannan ka'idoji. Duk da wannan cigaba, har yanzu yankin bai cika ka'idojin tarayya na ozone da particulate kwayoyin halitta ba. Kimanin haihuwa 150,000 na faruwa kowace shekara a Los Angeles. Don haka, duk wani tasiri da gurbatacciyar iska ke haifarwa ga ci gaban ɗan adam a cikin mahaifa yana da matukar damuwa ga waɗanda ke zaune a wannan yanki. Batsa (PM) ya ƙunshi cakuda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda ya rage a cikin iska, kuma ya bambanta zama yanki. Waɗannan barbashi ƙanana ne, daga PM10 zuwa PM 2.5, waɗanda ke iya shiga cikin huhu cikin sauƙi. An nuna ɓangarorin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da m cututtukan zuciya-numfashi da mace-mace. Kuma An nuna haɓakar ci gaban cikin mahaifa yana shafar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haifar da sakamako mara kyau don haɓaka tayi kamar rashin ƙarfi ko jinkirin girma tayin, da haɓaka cututtukan tayin da mace-mace. Wani bincike daga 2012 ya gano cewa bayyanar da PM 2.5 ya bambanta da kabilanci kabilanci, shekaru, da Kuma matsayi na zamantakewa, wanda ke haifar da wasu al'ummomi suna fuskantar sakamakon rashin lafiya mafi girma saboda gurbatar muhalli, musamman ma game da kwayoyin halitta Maganin kashe qwari An ƙirƙiri magungunan kashe qwari don takamaiman dalilin haifar da lahani (ga kwari, rodents, da sauran kwari), magungunan kashe qwari suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar illa ga ɗan tayi mai tasowa, idan an shigar da su cikin yanayin tayin. Kuma Nazarin ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari, musamman magungunan kashe qwari, sun nuna a cikin nazarin jinin igiyar jarirai, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa da gaske ana shigar da irin wannan guba a cikin jikin jariri. Gabaɗaya, magungunan kashe qwari guda biyu da aka fi sani da su a cikin jinin igiya sune diethyltoluamide (DEET) da vinclozolin (maganin fungicides). Ko da yake ba a yawan ambaton gubar magungunan kashe qwari kamar yadda wasu hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na gurɓataccen muhalli, kamar gurɓatacciyar iska, ƙazanta na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci daga shiga ayyukan yau da kullun kamar tafiya a kan hanya kusa da gurɓataccen yanki, ko cin abinci wanda zai iya faruwa a kowane lokaci. ba a yi wanka da kyau ba. A cikin shekarata 2007 kadai, an sami fam biliyan 1.1 na magungunan kashe qwari a cikin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari don samun sananne a matsayin sabon dalilin taka tsantsan ga masu son kiyaye lafiyarsu. Wani bita na shekarata 2013 na nazarin 27 akan abubuwan haihuwa da farkon yara zuwa ga magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphate ya sami duka amma ɗayan ya nuna sakamako mara kyau na neurodevelopmental. Kuma A cikin binciken guda goma da aka tantance bayyanar da haihuwa, "an sami raunin fahimi (wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki) a cikin yara a cikin shekaru 7, ƙarancin hali (wanda ke da alaƙa da hankali) ana gani galibi a cikin yara, da ƙarancin motsi (masu haɓakawa), wanda aka gani galibi a cikin neonates." An yi bita na yau da kullun game da tasirin ci gaban neurodevelopment na prenatal da postnatal organophosphate fallasa magungunan kashe qwari a cikin shekarata 2014. Binciken ya gano cewa "Yawancin binciken da ke kimanta bayyanar da haihuwa ya lura da mummunar tasiri a kan ci gaban tunani da kuma karuwar matsalolin kulawa a makarantun gaba da sakandare da yara." A cikin shakarar 2017, wani bincike ya duba yiwuwar illar magungunan kashe qwari na noma a cikin haifuwa sama da 500,000 a yankin noma na California kuma ya kwatanta bincikensu da sakamakon haihuwa a wasu yankunan California da ba su da ƙarancin noma. Gabaɗaya, sun gano cewa fallasa magungunan kashe qwari ya karu da sakamakon haihuwa da kashi 5-9%, amma a cikin waɗancan iyaye mata ne kawai aka fallasa ga mafi yawan magungunan kashe qwari. Benzenes An danganta bayyanar da benzene a cikin iyaye mata da lahani na kwakwalwar tayin musamman nakasar bututun jijiya. A cikin binciken daya, bayyanar BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) a lokacin farkon watanni uku na ciki yana nuna karara mara kyau tare da diamita na kwakwalwar biparietal tsakanin makonni 20 zuwa 32 na ciki. Sannan kumaMata masu yawan kamuwa da toluene sun ninka sau uku zuwa biyar na yawan zubar da ciki na wadanda ba su da yawa, kuma matan da ke fama da cutar benzene na sana'a an nuna suna da karuwar zubar da ciki. An danganta bayyanar da sana'ar uba ga toluene da formaldehyde da zubar da ciki a cikin abokan aikinsu. Ci gaban al'ada yana da iko sosai ta hanyar hormones, kuma rushewar sinadarai na mutum zai iya canza yanayin ci gaba na dindindin. Ambient ozone yana da alaƙa da mummunan haɗuwa da ƙwayar maniyyi a cikin maza, sinadarai masu alaƙa da ayyukan UOG (misali, benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol da ozone) suna da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri akan ingancin maniyyi, musamman rage yawan adadin maniyyi. Wani bincike na shekarata 2011 ya sami dangantaka tsakanin Neural Tube Defects da kuma bayyanar mahaifiyar mahaifiyar benzene, wani fili da ke hade da hakar iskar gas. Kuma Binciken ya gano cewa iyaye mata da ke zaune a wuraren kidayar jama'a na Texas tare da matakan benzene mafi girma sun fi samun 'ya'ya masu lahani na jijiyoyi, irin su spina bifida, fiye da iyaye mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ƙananan matakan benzene Sauran Hakanan an gano zafi da hayaniya suna da tasirin gaske akan ci gaba. Carbon dioxide Rage isar da iskar oxygen zuwa kwakwalwa, raunin hankali Ionizing radiation zubar da ciki, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na haihuwa na jiki, ciwon daji na yara Bayyanar muhalli ga perchlorate a cikin matan da ke da hypothyroidism yana haifar da babban haɗari na ƙananan IQ a cikin yaro. Gujewa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki Kwalejin Nurse-Ungozoma ta Amurka tana ba da shawarar matakan kiyayewa masu zuwa don rage girman kamuwa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki: Nisantar kayan fenti kamar kayan gilashi mai tabo, fenti mai da yumbu, a maimakon haka ta amfani da launi na ruwa ko acrylic paints da glazes. Duba ingancin ruwan famfo ko ruwan kwalba da canza yanayin shan ruwa idan ya cancanta. Idan zaune a gidan da aka gina kafin shekarar 1978, duba ko an yi amfani da fentin gubar. Idan kuwa haka ne, ba za a taba fentin da ke rugujewa ko bawon ba, sai kwararre ya cire fentin sannan a nisantar wurin yayin da ake cire fentin ko yashi. Don rage kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari wanke duk abin da ake nomawa sosai, bare fata daga 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ko siyan kayan lambu idan zai yiwu. Guje wa duk wani kayan tsaftacewa mai lakabin "mai guba" ko kowane samfur tare da gargadi akan lakabin, kuma a maimakon haka gwada samfuran halitta, soda burodi, vinegar da/ko ruwa don tsaftacewa. Haɓaka iskar gas A cikin nazarin yankunan karkara na Colorado na ci gaban iskar gas, wurin zama na uwa a cikin radius mai nisan mil 10 na rijiyoyin iskar gas an gano yana da alaƙa mai kyau ga yaduwar cututtukan zuciya (CHDs) da lahani na jijiyoyi (NTDs). Tare da wannan binciken, an sami ƙaramin ƙungiya tsakanin matsakaicin nauyin haihuwa da yawa da kusanci ga rijiyoyin iskar gas. Kuma Fitar da mahaifa ta hanyar rijiyoyin iskar gas na iya zuwa ta hanyar benzene, kaushi, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), da sauran gurɓataccen iska kamar toluene, nitrogen dioxide, da sulfur dioxide. A Pennsylvania, rijiyoyin da ke samar da iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba sun ƙaru daga sifili a shekarata 2005 zuwa 3689 a 2013. Wani bincike na shekarar 2016 na iyaye mata 9384 da 10946 neonates a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Geisinger a Pennsylvania ya gano bayyanar da yanayin zama na haihuwa zuwa ayyukan haɓakar iskar gas wanda ba a saba da shi ba yana da alaƙa da haihuwa da haihuwa da likita mai rikodin ciki mai haɗari. A kudu maso yammacin Pennsylvania, an gano kusancin uwaye da hako iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba yana da alaƙa da rage nauyin haihuwa. Kuma Ba a san ko wace hanya za a bi ta ba: iska, ƙasa ko ruwa za a iya danganta ga ƙungiyar. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da manyan karatu akan wannan batu. Endocrine disruptors sune mahadi waɗanda zasu iya rushe ci gaban al'ada da matakan hormone na al'ada a cikin mutane. Magungunan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan mahaifa (EDCs) na iya yin hulɗa tare da masu karɓar hormone, da kuma canza yawan adadin hormone a cikin jiki, wanda ke haifar da amsawar hormone ba daidai ba a cikin jiki da kuma rushe aikin enzyme na yau da kullun. An san hakar mai da iskar gas don ba da gudummawa ga EDCs a cikin mahalli, galibi saboda yawan haɗarin ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa da ke zuwa tare da waɗannan hakar. Kuma Baya ga gurɓataccen ruwa, hakar mai da iskar gas kuma yana haifar da mafi girman matakan gurɓataccen iska, ƙirƙirar wata hanyar fallasa ga waɗannan masu rushewar endocrine. Wannan matsala sau da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba, sabili da haka, ana la'akari da girman tasirin gaske. A cikin 2016, an gudanar da bincike don tantance buƙatar sashin endocrin zuwa kimantawar kiwon lafiya don hakowa da hako mai da iskar gas a wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a. Tare da babban yuwuwar sakin sinadarai na mai da iskar gas tare da hakar, musamman sinadarai waɗanda aka nuna don tarwatsa samar da hormone na al'ada da aiki, marubutan sun jaddada buƙatar wani ɓangaren da ke tattare da aikin endocrin da lafiya gabaɗaya tare da kima na kiwon lafiya, da kuma yadda wannan kuma yana tasiri ga muhalli. Matsayin mahaifa Matsayin lafiyayyen mahaifa wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta ne wanda ke haifar da shinge ga yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasu abubuwan xenobiotic Koyaya, ta hanyar ƙira shamaki mara kyau tunda dole ne ya jigilar abubuwan da ake buƙata don haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Jirgin wuri na iya zama ta hanyar rarrabawa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da narkewar lipid ko ta jigilar abubuwa waɗanda suka fi girma da/ko cajin lantarki. Ana iya jigilar wasu sinadarai masu guba da gaske. Matsakaicin adadin abin da tayin ya karɓa yana ƙayyade yawan adadin abin da aka ɗauka a cikin mahaifa da kuma yawan adadin kuzari da kuma kawar da abu. Kamar yadda tayin yana da rashin girma metabolism, ba zai iya lalata abubuwa da kyau sosai; kuma yayin da mahaifar mahaifa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen musayar abubuwa tsakanin uwa da tayin, ba tare da an ce duk wani abu mai guba da mahaifiyar ta kamu da shi ba ana kai wa tayin, inda za su iya shafar ci gaba. Carbon-dioxide, gubar, ethanol (giya), da hayakin sigari musamman duk abubuwa ne da ke da yuwuwar canja wurin wuri. Gano yuwuwar haɗari don haɓaka tayi yana buƙatar tushen bayanan kimiyya. A cikin 2004, Brent ya ba da shawarar saitin ma'auni don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa wanda kuma ya shafi gubar haɓakawa gabaɗaya Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune: Nazarin cututtukan cututtukan da aka gudanar da su akai-akai suna nuna alaƙa tsakanin tasirin musamman da fallasa abubuwan. Hanyoyin bayanai suna goyan bayan dangantaka tsakanin canza matakan fallasa da takamaiman tasiri. Nazarin dabba yana ba da shaida na alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar abubuwa da tasiri na musamman. Duba kuma Magunguna a cikin ciki Magana Ci gaba da karatu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasar%20Inyamurai

Kasar Inyamurai

Ƙasar Inyamurai (Standard Igbo), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya (amma ya wuce kudu maso kudancin Najeriya), shi ne asalin mahaifar ƙabilar Igbo. yanki ne na al'adu da na harshe gama gari a kudancin Najeriya. A geographically, an raba shi da ƙananan kogin Neja zuwa kashi biyu: gabas (mafi girma na biyu) da kuma yamma. Yawan al'ummarta yana da al'adun Igbo iri-iri da masu magana da harsunan Igbo iri-iri iri-iri. A siyasance, an raba yankin Igbo zuwa jihohin kudancin Najeriya da dama; A al'adance, ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Anioma, Ngwa, Aro, da Ezza, da Ibeku, da Ohuhu, da Ikwerre, da Ogba, da Omuma, da Ohafia, da Oyigbo, da Mbaise, da Isu da Ekpeye. Iyakokin yanki Ƙasar Igbo na kewaye da manyan koguna daga ko’ina, da sauran ƙabilu na kudanci da tsakiyar Najeriya, wato Igala, Tiv, Yako, Idoma da Ibibio. A cikin kalmomin William B. Baikie kuma,“Mazaunan kabilar Ibo, sun mamaye gabas da yamma a yankin Neja-Delta wanda mallakar Middle-belt, wanda a da ake kira Bendel, tun daga tsohon kogin Kalabar zuwa gabar kogin Kwora, kogin Neja, kuma suna zaune a wani yanki a Aboh. ƙabilar Ibo, zuwa yammacin rafi. A arewa ta yi iyaka da Igara da Igala da A’kpoto, kuma kananan kabilu ne kawai ke raba ta da teku, wadanda duk sun samo asali ne daga wannan babban jinsin.”Ta fara daga yankin dajin Lowland na Najeriya, ana kuma iya samun su a wasu sassan Neja-Delta. Anan magoya bayan kogin Neja suka fito zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika a cikin tarin ramukan. Matsugunan da aka fara ganowa na ƙasar Igbo sun kasance a shekara ta 4500 BC a tsakiyar yankin, inda aka yi imanin yawancin al'ummar Igbo sun yi ƙaura. Masarautar Nri ta arewacin ƙasar Igbo, wacce ta tashi a kusan karni na 10 miladiyya, ana ganin ita ne tushen yawancin al'adu, da ayyukan addini na Igbo. Ita ce sarauta mafi daɗewa a Najeriya a yau. A kudancin ƙasar Igbo ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun haɓaka, wanda mafi shaharar su shine ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy. A karshen karni na 19, kasar Igbo ta zama wani yanki na Kudancin Najeriya mai kariya na Daular Burtaniya kuma an hade shi zuwa Najeriya a dunƙule a shekarar 1914. Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙasar Igbo ta shiga cikin yaki mafi girma a lokacin yunkurin ballewar kasar Biafra. Yaƙin ya ƙare ne a shekarar 1970, lokacin da sojojin gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi galaba a rikicin. Labarin kasa da halittu A tarihance, yankin Igbo ta mamaye wani yanki mai yawa na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, galibi a gefen gabashin kogin Kogin Neja. Yankinsu ya mamaye yammacin Neja zuwa yankunan Aniocha, Ndokwa, Ukwuani, da Ika a jihar Delta a yau. Kogin Cross River ne ya ƙare gefensa na gabas, kodayake ƙananan al'ummomin sun wanzu a wancan gefen kogin; Yankin arewacinta ya shiga yanayin Savannah a kusa da Nsukka A Najeriya a yau, yankin Igbo ta mamaye kusan jihohin Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo, Delta ta Arewa da Rivers. Fiye da mutane miliyan 30 ne ke zaune a ƙasar Igbo kuma tare da yawan jama'a daga zai iya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka bayan Kogin Nile. Gabaɗaya ƙasar Igbo tana da yanki kusan Hanyoyin ciniki na zamunan baya An tsara al’adun Inyamurai ne ta yanayin dazuzzukan da suke ciki, da dadadden cinikin da yake yi a rafuka, hijira, da tarihin zamantakewa tsakanin kabilu da jama’arta daban-daban. Abokan huldar kasuwanci na da, abokan hulda, da kuma kwanan baya ta hanyar hulda da Turawa. Wani dan kasuwa a tsakiyar karni na sha tara WB Baikie ya ce, "Nayi amfani da dama, kuma, ta wurin fassararmu, na gaya wa Tshukuma, cewa mun zo ne don mu san shi da abota, da kuma tabbatar da ko mutane suna son yin kasuwanci da mu." Ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da sarkin Igbo, Tshukuma (Chukwuma) Obi daga dangin Aboh, daya daga cikin manyan kabilar Igbo, wadanda suka fara kasuwanci da Turai Hakazalika, Baikie ya ba da labarin cewa, "bayan gaisuwarmu, na yi magana game da abokantaka, kasuwanci, da ilimi, kuma na kara fadada kan illolin yaki, da kuma fa'idar zaman lafiya, wanda duk ya samu karbuwa sosai", lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci. a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 1885 tare da Ezebogo, sarkin Igbo a Asaba. Saboda ma'aunin harshe na gama gari da kuma al'adun da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar Inyamurai, ƙananan yarukan kogin Neja, wanda ya raba yankin Inyamurai zuwa gabas da yamma, ya samar da hanyoyin sadarwa cikin sauƙi, kasuwanci da haɗin kai a tsakanin Inyamurai a bangarorin biyu na kogin. Har ila yau, ta nan aka samaun damar yin cinikayya da kuma tafiye-tafiye na mutane zuwa ƙasar Inyamurai, da kuma tsakanin Igbo da sauran kasashen duniya. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin hanyoyin kasuwanci da fitar da kayayyaki a cikin ƙasar Igbo sun haɗa da shahararriyar ƙananan hanyoyin Niger da tafkin Njaba tafkin Oguta hanyoyin kewayawa na Orashi ta hanyar Asaba Onitsha Aboh, and Awo-omamma Oguta Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni Aboh Ferry services, bi da bi. Tarihi Zamanin baya Akwai shaidar tsofaffin zamunan duwatsu wato "Late Stone Age" (tsaffin duwatsun Paleolithic) kasancewar ɗan adam daga aƙalla shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Farkon matsugunan yankin Inymurai an yi shi ne a shekara ta 6000 BC bisa ga tukwane da aka samu a Okigwe, Oka Igwe, wanda aka fi sani da Awka a yau. A cikin 1978 wata tawagar karkashin jagorancin Thurstan Shaw, tare da Jami'ar Najeriya a Nsukka, sun hako dutsen dutse. Sun gano cewa ma'adanin ne na kayan aiki da tukwane don yin 'wayewar dutse' kusa da Ibagwa Masana ilimin dan adam a jami'ar Benin sun gano burbushin halittu da kuma amfani da kasusuwa da aka yi tun shekara ta 4500 BC a Ngodo da ke cikin garin Uturu. An gano ƙarin shaida na tsoffin ƙauyuka a abin da masu bincike suka yi imanin na iya zama yankin al'adun ƙarfe na Nsukka daga 3000 BC, kuma daga baya ƙauyukan da aka danganta ga al'adun Ngwa a AD 8-18. Ba a dai san irin alakar al'adu tsakanin wadannan kayayyakin tarihi na tarihi da al'ummar yankin a yau ba. Daga baya matsugunin dan Adam a yankin na iya samun alaka da wasu binciken da aka yi a yankin, musamman ma al'adun da ke da alaka da binciken terracotta a Nok, wanda ya mamaye wani yanki mai fadi a arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya a yau. Wasu mazauna ƙauyen suna riƙe da abin da suka yi imani na asali na daga sunayen ƙauyukan, kamar su Umuzuoka, Maƙeran Maƙera, Kigwe, Ịmọka, da sauransu. Yankin Nsukka-Okigwe ya zama tushen tushen tsarin al'adun Proto-Igbo wanda ya riga ya kasance ga al'adun Igbo na zamani. An yi imanin cewa yawancin al'ummar Igbo sun samo asali daga ƙaramin yanki a cikin wannan yanki, inda suka rikiɗe zuwa ƙabilu masu zaman kansu na Igbo, ƙungiyoyin ƙauye, masarautu da jahohi. Gabaɗaya ƙungiyoyin sun kasu kashi biyu na ƙaura: ƙungiyar 'yan arewa da ta faɗaɗa gaɓar kogin Nijer da babban kwata na kogin Cross River; dayan kuma bin hanyar kudu, ya taso ne daga al'ummar Isu da ke kusa da kuryar da mafi yawan al'ummomin kudancin Igbo suka fito. Mbaise sune mafi kyawun misalan ƙungiyar Igbo da ke da'awar autochthony; sun yi watsi da ka'idodin tarihin ƙaura da yawa game da asalinsu. Dangane da kusancin al'adu da na makwabtansu, da alakar iyali da siyasa, da yawa daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyin da alama al'ada ce ta arewa ko kudancin Igbo. Gano Igbo-Ukwu (AD 300-900) An tsinci karfe na farko na Igbo Ukwu na daga kayan tarihi masu daraja an yi su ne a shekarar 1939, lokacin da wani mazaunin garin mai suna Isiah Anozie ya same su a cikin aikin tona rijiya. Wannan ya haifar da gano babbar hanyar sadarwa na ayyukan ƙarfe da aka haɗa daga karni na 9. Ayyukan sun kasance a cikin Igbo Ukwu. Ƙungiyoyin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi da Thurstan Shaw suka jagoranta sun sami ƙarin binciken a cikin 1959-60, kuma a cikin 1964 a cikin fili na Jonah Anozie. Da farko dai, a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, masana sun yi imanin cewa, an yi kayayyakin Ibo Ukwu da jan karfe da tagulla da aka samu a nan a wani waje kuma kayan ciniki ne, ko kuma fasahar waje ta rinjayi su saboda fasahar zamani. An bayyana akasin haka: an yi amfani da ajiyar tagulla a cikin gida tun karni na 9 kuma shaidun ɗan adam, irin su Ichi-kamar scarifications a kan alkaluman ɗan adam, sun nuna abubuwan asalin al'adun Igbo ne. Tun daga lokacin an danganta ayyukan ga masana'antar tagulla ta keɓe, wacce ta ci gaba ba tare da tasirin waje ba tsawon lokaci kuma ta kai ga haɓaka. Hanyoyin kasuwancin Inyamurai na farkon karni na biyu sun isa har garuruwan Makka, Madina da Jeddah ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci da 'yan tsakiya ke bi. An gano beads da suka samo asali a Indiya a ƙarni na 9 a wuraren da aka binne 'yan kabilar Igbo Ukwu: An gano dubunnan ƙullun gilashi daga rugujewar rigar wani mai martaba. Wurin binnewa yana da alaƙa da Masarautar Nri, wacce ta fara kusan karni ɗaya, bisa ga tarihin ƴan asalin. Masarautar Nri (900–c. 1560) Masarautar Igbo ta Nri ta arewa, wacce ta soma daga karni na 10 bisa al'adun Umunri, ana danganta ta da tushen yawancin al'adu, al'adu, da ayyukan addini na Igbo. Ita ce sarauta mafi dadewa a Najeriya a yau. A tsakiyar karni na 10 ne aka ce Allah Eri ya yi hijira, a cewar Umunri lore, zuwa Anambra Igbo Basin kogi musamman a taronsa da kogin Ezu wanda aka fi sani da Ezu na Omambara a Aguleri na yau. Ba a san ainihin asalin Eri ba kuma yawancin al'adun Nri sun gabatar da shi a matsayin shugaba na allahntaka da farar hula da aka aiko daga sama don fara wayewa. Sabanin haka, asalin Eri gabaɗaya yana nuna asalin arewa maso gabas wanda ya haifar da muhawara dangane da yuwuwar Igala (ba gaskiya bane) dangane da asalin Eri. Saboda cinikai na tarihi da ƙaura na da, wasu mutane kuma sun shiga ƙasar Inyamurai a kusan ƙarni na sha huɗu ko na sha biyar kuma sun cakuɗe da ƴan asalin ƙasar. A yammacin karshen yankin Igbo, da ke gabar kogin Neja, wani mutumi da aka fi sani da Eze Chima ya tashi daga Benin tare da abokan aikinsa bayan rikici da Oba na Benin wanda ya yi gudun hijira a shekarun 1560. Yayin da suka tashi daga birnin Benin zuwa gabas, Eze Chima da mabiyansa sun zauna a kasashe da dama tare da kafa masarautu tare da 'yan asalin yankin. Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa Eze Chima ya fito ne daga Ife sakamakon Ekaladeran, wani basaraken Bini da ya yi hijira zuwa Ife daga Bini ya kwace asalin sarakunan Ibo. Igbo ne asalin Ife kafin 1300. Waɗannan sun girma zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙauye da garuruwa bayan ƙarni na 16. A dunkule, ana kiran wadannan wurare da Umuezechima wanda ke fassara a matsayin 'ya'ya ko zuriyar sarki Chima'. Yaƙin Igbo da haduwa da Turawa (1450-1750) Kasashen Inyamurai a da an fi sanin su da Ibo (e), Ebo (e), da Ibwo Ƙasar Ibwo a tarihi an san su da Ibo (e) da kuma Ƙasar Ibwo a farkon masu binciken Turai. Kasar Inyamurai dai ta samu galaba a hannun daular Burtaniya bayan shekaru da dama na tsayin daka ta kowane bangare; wasu daga cikin fitattun ‘yan adawa sun hada da kungiyar Ekumeku, yakin Anglo-Aro, da rikicin mata na Aba wanda matan kabilu daban-daban suka bayar a gabashin Najeriya. Arochukwu da cinikin bayi (1750-1850) Matsaloli da dama sun tashi kai tsaye ko a kaikaice sakamakon Nri; Masarautar da ta fi karfi a cikin wadannan ita ce kungiyar Aro Confederacy wacce ta tashi a yankin Kuros Riba a karni na 17 kuma ta ragu bayan turawan mulkin mallaka a farkon karni na 20. Jihar Aro ta mai da hankali kan Arochukwu ta biyo bayan koma bayan da Nri ya samu a kai a kai, inda ya danganta yawancin ayyukanta na tattalin arziki kan karuwar cinikin bayi ga turawa da matsakaita daga mutanen Afirka ke yi. A halin yanzu wurin da ake kira Arochukwu, asalinsa mutanen Ibibio ne suka zauna a karkashin masarautar Obong Okon Ita kafin cin galabarsu inda ta zamo Obinkita a karni na 17 da manyan kungiyoyin Igbo guda biyu suka yi: dangin Eze Agwu da Oke Nnachi wadanda Ibom Isi suka taimaka masa (ko Akpa) sojojin haya a karkashin jagorancin daular Nnubi. Agwu Inobia, zuriyar Nna Uru daga Abiriba ne ke jagoranta, dangin Eze Agwu sun kasance ne a babban birninsu wat Amanagwu inda mutanen Obong Okon Ita suka yi musu turjiya wanda ya kai ga fara yakin Aro-Ibibio. Yaƙin da farko ya zama jiya ayau. Bangarorin biyu sun shirya daurin aure tsakanin Sarkin Obong Okon Ita da wata mata daga Amanagwu. Auren ya kasa kawo zaman lafiya amma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin. Oke Nnachi ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Nnachi Ipia wanda dibia ne ko limamin coci a cikin mutanen Edda kuma Agwu Inobia ne ya kira shi ya taimaka a yakin da ake yi da Ibibio. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun biyo bayan wata kungiya ta uku wadda ba ta kabilar Igbo ta Ekoi ba, wato Akpa ko Ibom Oburutu wadanda Akuma Nnaubi, na farko Eze Aro, na sarautar Sarkin Aro ke jagoranta. A kudancin kasar Igbo, kungiyoyi da dama sun samu yancin kai daga mulkin Nri. Galibin wadannan kungiyoyin sun biyo bayan hijira ne daga al'ummar Isu a jihar Imo a yau, kodayake wasu al'ummomi, irin su kungiyar Mbaise na kauyukan gefe, sun yi ikirarin cewa su ne 'yan asalin yankin. Zamanin Mulkin Turawa (1850-1960) Bayan da majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta soke cinikin bayi a shekarar 1807, sojojin ruwan Burtaniya sun bude kasuwanci da garuruwan Bonny da Opobo da ke gabar teku da kuma har zuwa cikin kasar Nijar tare da Asaba a shekarun 1870. Masana'antar dabino, wacce ita ce mafi girma da ake fitarwa, ta girma kuma tana da mahimmanci ga Burtaniya da ke kasuwanci a nan. Zuwan Birtaniyya da kasuwancinsu ta haifar da karuwar cin karo da juna tsakanin Inyamurai da sauran hukumomi da kabilun da ke kusa da Kogin Neja wanda ya haifar da zurfafa fahimtar asalin kabilar Ibo. Masu mishan sun fara isowa a cikin 1850s. Ibo, da farko sun yi taka-tsan-tsan da addinin, sun fara rungumar addinin Kiristanci da ilimin Yammacin duniya, yayin da al’ummar gargajiya ta lalace. Kiristanci ya taka rawa sosai wajen shigar da akidun Turawa a cikin al'ummar Igbo da al'adun Igbo sau da yawa ta hanyar shafe ayyukan al'adu; Sau da yawa an hana masu bin mazhabobi wajen shiga cikin tsoffin al'adu da al'adu, kuma an hana shiga ƴan'uwa da ƙungiyoyin asiri yayin da cocin ke ƙaruwa. Saboda rashin daidaituwar tsarin mulkin da ake yi wa Inyamurai na mulkin kai tsaye na Birtaniyya, mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a yankin ya kasance da tashe-tashen hankula da firgici. Karkashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin manyan kabilun Najeriya ya ragu sannu a hankali, kuma bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Inyamurai da sauran manyan kabilu, kamar Hausawa da Yarbawa, ya kara kaimi. Mulkin ingila ya kawo sauye-sauye a al'adu kamar gabatar da sarakunan gargagajiya kamar Eze (sarakunan gargajiya) inda babu irin wadannan masarautu. 'Yancin Najeriya da yakin basasa (1960s) Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 1960, yawancin kasashen Inyamurai sun kasance cikin yankin Gabashin Najeriya. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1966 wanda akasarin sojojin kabilar Inyamurai ke kashe 'yan siyasa daga yankunan yammaci da arewacin Najeriya, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya kwace iko da birnin Legas, babban birnin kasar, ya kuma hau mulki a matsayin shugaban mulkin soja na Najeriya. A cikin tawaye da ramuwar gayya ga gwamnatin Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi, wasu sojojin Arewa ne suka yi masa kwanton bauna tare da kashe shi a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1966 a wata tawaye da akayi wanda ke dauke da kabilanci mai tsanani. Kashe Ironsi ya yi kaurin suna, saboda salon da aka bi aka kashe shi; An daure kafafun Ironsi a bayan wata mota kirar Land Rover kuma an ja shi ana zagaye gari dashi. Yankin Gabashin Najeriya ta zamo tushen Jamhuriyar Biyafra. Majalisar shiyya ta al'ummar Gabashin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar ballewar yankin a matsayin Jamhuriyar Biafra a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1967. Janar Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu na Najeriya a wannan rana ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga Biafra daga Najeriya kuma ya zama shugaban sabuwar jamhuriya. Yakin basasar Najeriya (ko "Yakin Najeriya da Biafra") ya kasance daga 6 ga Yuli 1967 har zuwa 15 ga Janairu 1970, bayan haka Biafra ta sake zama wani yanki na Najeriya. Anci Jamhuriyar Biyafara da yaki bayan yakin da aka kwashe shekaru uku da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya daga 1967 zuwa 1970 tare da tallafin soji daga kasar Birtaniya (dabarun da harsasai), Tarayyar Soviet (harsashi), da hadaddiyar daular Larabawa sojojin sama), kamar yadda haka kuma tare da tallafi daga wasu jahohin duniya. Illar dabarun yakin Najeriya irinsu yunwa ga farar hular Biafra (wadanda akasarin su 'yan kabilar Igbo ne) ya zamo batun tattaunawa. An ci gaba da fafutukar neman yancin Biafra tare da wasu tsiraru, mafi yawan su daga kungiyar MASSOB Manazarta Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Al'adu da Harshen Igbo, Igboguide.org Ziyarar hoto na kasar Igbo Yankunan Afurka ta Yamma Tarihin kasar Inyamurai Yankunan Gargajiya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57081

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafin%20Zaki%20Dam

Kafin Zaki Dam

Aikin madatsar ruwa ta Kafin Zaki wani aiki ne mai cike da cece-kuce na gina tafki a kogin Jama’are (wanda ake kira da kogin Bunga a samansa) a jihar Bauchi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Dam da tafki da aka tsara Dam din da ake shirin yi zai kasance na aikin gina kasa ne da aka ware kuma zai kasance tsawon kilomita 11. Za a tsara shi tare da yuwuwar shigar da injin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 15. Tafkin dai zai kasance yana da karfin ajiyar mita miliyan 2,700, kuma zai kasance na biyu mafi girma a Najeriya bayan Dam din Kainji. Za ta ba da ruwa mai fadin hecta 120,000 na gonakin noma wanda za a iya noman amfanin gona a kai. Mai yuwuwa aikin zai tallafawa samar da tan miliyan daya na rake a duk shekara tare da samar da ayyukan yi sama da miliyan daya a masana'antu da suka shafi noma. Tarihin aikin An fara yin la’akarin dam din ne bayan fari da aka yi a yankin Sahel a shekarar 1972-1974, kuma a zamanin mulkin Shehu Shagari a shekarar 1979-1982 aka ba Julius Berger Najeriya kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1984 aka daina kwangilar, amma a shekarar 1992 gwamnatin Ibrahim Babangida ta dawo da ita. A shekarar 1994 gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta sake soke kwangilar, sannan ta kafa kwamitin shari’a na bincike kan dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi aikin. In 2002, funding was allocated for the project, but then abruptly withdrawn. A shekara ta 2002, an ware kudade don aikin, amma sai aka janye ba zato ba tsammani. A shekarar 2008, Gwamna Isa Yuguda na Jihar Bauchi ya ba da kwangilar sake fara aikin dam da aka yi watsi da Kamfanin Dangote, matakin da Abdul Ahmed Ningi, wakilin Jihar Bauchi wanda shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa lokacin da aka soke aikin ya samu goyon baya. a shekara ta 2002. Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Mohammed Namadi Sambo ya ziyarci wurin dam din a watan Nuwambar 2013 inda ya ba masu ruwa da tsaki tabbacin cewa gwamnatin tarayya za ta gina shi. Da yake jawabi a wurin aikin a Bauchi, Sambo ya yi ikirarin cewa matakin zai kawo karshen tsinuwar da gwamnatocin jihohi da suka shude suka yi yunkurin karyawa sama da shekaru talatin. Sambo ya shaida wa mutanen kauyen da suka tarbe shi a wurin, "A bisa tsarin sauya fasalin shugaban kasa, ya umarce ni da in ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da wannan aiki domin amfanin al'ummar yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar nan." na shirin dam. Kamar yadda ma’aikatar albarkatun ruwa ta bayar da shawarar tantance tsarin, aikin madatsar ruwan zai tabbatar da samar da akalla kadada 125,000 na filayen noman noma. Hekta 80,000 na wannan fili zai kasance a Bauchi, hekta 25,000 a Yobe, hekta 15,000 a Borno, da kuma hekta 5,000 a Bauchi. Idan aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan da ke karkashin tafkin Jama’are-Yobe, a cewar Sambo, zai samar da tan dubu 100 na kifi a duk shekara baya ga megawatts 15 na wutar lantarki da kuma megawatts 45 na man fetur. Tare da mai masaukin baki Gwamna Yuguda da magabacinsa Ahmadu Adamu Mu'azu da Sarkin Ningi Yunusa Mohammed Danyaya a bangaren sa, Sambo ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta jajirce wajen ganin an samu nasarar aikin a matsayin wani bangare na manufar kawo sauyi. tsohon shugaban kasa, Goodluck Jonathan. Ya bayyana cewa, domin tabbatar da ganin dukkanin al’ummar da ke gefen kogin sun ci moriyar shirin, gwamnatin tarayya ta na yin nazari sosai kan ayyukan da aka tsara na samar da karin madatsun ruwa baya ga Kafin Zaki, kamar na Yobe da sauran jihohin. Rigima Takaddamar da goyon bayan dam daga magoya bayansa a jihar Bauchi suka hada da fa’idar noma ga noma a yankin, kamar noman rake, yayin da sakin da aka sarrafa zai kaucewa tasiri. Masu adawa da juna a jihar Yobe da kuma jihar Borno na ganin cewa madatsar ruwa za ta hana aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa a lokutan da manoman su ke dogaro da su wajen noma, kuma hakan zai sa ruwa ya ragu, ta yadda ruwa ke zubarwa da yawa. Masu kula da muhalli kuma sun damu da tasirin da ke tattare da dausayi na kasa. Manoma ambaliyar ruwa da masunta suna amfani da ruwa sosai fiye da manoman da suka dogara da ban ruwa daga madatsun ruwa. Wani bincike da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta gudanar ya nuna cewa tattalin arzikin ruwan da aka samu a magudanar ruwa ta Hadejia-Jama'are ya kai dalar Amurka 32.00 a kowace 1,000. m 3, yayin da darajar ruwa a aikin kogin Kano da madatsar ruwa ta Tiga da na Challawa suka yi ban ruwa ya kai dalar Amurka 1.73 a kowace 1,000. m 3, ko dalar Amurka 0.04 ga 1,000 m 3 bayan lissafin farashin aiki. Binciken ya yi kiyasin cewa idan aka aiwatar da shi, ko da tare da kayyade tsarin ambaliya don rage tasirin da ke cikin ruwa, aikin madatsar ruwan Kafin Zaki zai yi mummunan darajar kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 15. A watan Afrilun 2009, Dokta Hassan Bidliya, Sakataren Gudanarwa na Asusun Amincewa na Basin Basin Hadejia-Jama’are-Komadugu-Yobe, ya ba da shawarar cewa a dage duk wata shawara har sai an kammala tantance tasirin muhalli kan aikin. A watan Satumban 2009, wasu kungiyoyin manoma uku na jihar Borno sun yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatin jihar Bauchi da su ajiye aikin, saboda damuwa da irin tasirin da rayuwarsu ke yi. A watan Agustan 2009, Sanata Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan daga Yobe ta Arewa, shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai mai kula da asusun gwamnati, ya yi magana game da shirin dam din. Ya bayyana cewa madatsun ruwa na Tiga da Challawa da ke kogin Hadejia sun riga sun rage magudanar ruwa sosai, kuma kogin Jama’are a yanzu shi ne babban tushen ruwa a kogin Yobe. Ya ce madatsun ruwa sun haifar da matsanancin talauci, da karuwar hamada, hijira da kuma rikici tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Duba kuma Hadejia-Nguru wetlands Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52373

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro%20%28Mortal%20Kombat%29

Goro (Mortal Kombat)

Goro hali ne na da akafi sani almara a cikin Mortal Kombat faɗa game ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ta Midway Games da NetherRealm Studios Ya yi muhawara a matsayin babban mai kula da asalin 1992 Mortal Kombat kuma an kuma nuna shi a matsayin babban mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa na Mor tal Kombat 4 (1997), sake yi na 2011, da Mortal Kombat X (2015). Halin Shokan ne, jinsin rabin ɗan adam, rabin dragon wanda aka bambanta da hannunsu huɗu da girman girmansu. Goro ya fara jerin shirye-shiryen a matsayin zakaran gasar Mortal Kombat, taken da ya kwashe shekaru 500 yana rike da shi. Gabaɗaya ana nuna shi a cikin wani mugun aiki, yana yaƙi don Outworld da mayaƙan Earthrealm. Fitaccen mutumi a cikin ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, ana ɗaukar Goro a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da ba a mantawa da su ba kuma masu wahala a tarihin wasan bidiyo. Ya fito a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban a wajen wasannin. Zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo A cewar John Tobias, Goro an halicce shi ne lokacin da shi da Ed Boon suka tattauna batun kawo "babban hali" ga MortalaKombat na farko. Asalin ra'ayi na ainihin hali shine hali na mutum biyu Rokuro, memba na "kabila na aljanu da ake kira Rokuro-kubi (aljannu na duhu)" da kuskure "wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ɓangarorin dabbanci", wanda zai shiga gasar "zuwa". dawo da girman kai da mutunta jinsinsa”. Sun zana ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙira daga tasha motsi kasada fina-finai na Ray Harryhausen, musamman hoton Kali a cikin Zinare Voyage na Sinbad Ba kamar sauran haruffa a cikin Mortal Kombat na farko ba, Goro bai dogara ne akan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na dijital ba amma a maimakon haka akan wani sassaka na yumbu wanda abokin Richard Divizio Curt Chiarelli ya kirkira. Tobias, wanda ya dauki Goro watakila ya fi so a cikin jerin, ya tuna: “Asali Goro ana kiransa Gongoro, amma mun yanke shawarar rage sunansa. Zane na asali yana da Goro mai yatsu 3 da babban yatsan hannu a kowane hannu. Curt Chiarelli cikin hikima ya canza shi zuwa yatsu 2 da babban yatsa." Chiarelli ya yi karin bayani: "A cikin kwarewata da ra'ayi na, tsarin farko na babban tsarin zane na dabi'a shine kiyaye tunanin aikin jiki da ilimin halittar jiki a cikin tsarin daidaito, mutuncin kyawawan dabi'u; kuma na biyu shine mafi sauki da tsaftace siffofin, more iconic halitta zai zama. Na ba da shawarar yin wasu ƙananan bita, kamar raguwar diamita na biceps na Goro don sauƙaƙe motsin hannu, da kuma sanya adadin lambobi a hannayensa da ƙafafunsa su zama daidai, kamar yadda yake a cikin dukkanin vertebrates Bayan ƙirƙirar shi, ya yi amfani da shi azaman tushe don ƙirar latex don yin fenti kadan. Bayan yin rikodin bidiyo na wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo yana yin motsi irin na waɗanda Goro zai yi a wasan, kuma Tobias ya yi amfani da motsin motsa jiki tasha don motsa jikin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan wasan don daidaita tsarin motsin ɗan wasan don firam. A cewar Boon, sassaken yumbu da aka yi amfani da shi don raya Goro a farkon Mortal Kombat an karkatar da shi tare da lankwasa sau da yawa wanda kawai ya rushe. A cikin Katin Halitta na yaudara na Goro, lokacin da yake bayanin yadda aka raye Goro, Boon ya ambaci samfuri na biyu na Goro shi ma an yi; wannan samfurin na biyu ba a yi amfani da shi don rayarwa ba kuma har yanzu yana cikin yanayin amfani har yau, kuma a halin yanzu yana hannun Boon na sirri. Bayyanuwa Wasannin Mortal Kombat Goro ya zama Grand Champion na Mortal Kombat gasar bayan ya ci Babban Kung Lao Shekaru 500, ya kasance ba a ci nasara ba kuma ya taimaka wa Shang Tsung ya kara kusantar cimma burin Shao Kahn na mamaye Duniya. A cikin kare kambunsa na 10, duk da haka, ya fuskanci Liu Kang. Yin amfani da ƙin yarda da Goro bayan shekaru da yawa na kasancewa jarumin da ba a ci nasara ba, Liu Kang ya sami nasarar samun nasara. Goro ya bace ne a lokacin gasar da aka yi, kuma ana kyautata zaton ya mutu. An yi hasashen cewa a wannan lokacin ya koma mulkinsa. Goro ya gaje shi da wani memba na kabilarsa, Kintaro, a matsayin na hannun dama na Kahn a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na Mortal Kombat II Matsayin sirrin Layin Goro yana buɗewa a cikin Mortal Kombat II, kodayake Goro baya nan. Goro ya sake bayyana a cikin Mortal Kombat Trilogy azaman hali mai iya wasa da kuma a cikin wasan 2011 Goro ya zama Grand Champion na Mortal Kombat gasar bayan ya ci Babban Kung Lao Shekaru 500, ya kasance ba a ci nasara ba kuma ya taimaka wa Shang Tsung ya kara kusantar cimma burin Shao Kahn na mamaye Duniya. A cikin kare kambunsa na 10, duk da haka, ya fuskanci Liu Kang. Yin amfani da ƙin yarda da Goro bayan shekaru da yawa na kasancewa jarumin da ba a ci nasara ba, Liu Kang ya sami nasarar samun nasara. Goro ya bace ne a lokacin gasar da aka yi, kuma ana kyautata zaton ya mutu. An yi hasashen cewa a wannan lokacin ya koma mulkinsa. Goro ya gaje shi da wani memba na kabilarsa, Kintaro, a matsayin na hannun dama na Kahn a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na Mortal Kombat II Matsayin sirrin Layin Goro yana buɗewa a cikin Mortal Kombat II, kodayake Goro baya nan. Goro ya sake bayyana a cikin Mortal Kombat Trilogy azaman hali mai iya wasa da kuma a cikin wasan 2011 zai sake fitowa bayan faduwar Kahn, a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na Mortal Kombat 4 Duk da cewa yana da niyyar daukar fansa a hannun Liu Kang, Goro ya fara sha'awar al'amuran kabilarsa, ya shiga cikin 'yan uwansa Shokan a yakin da ake yi da Centaurians. Gimbiya Kitana ta shiga tsakani kuma ta yi shawarwarin sulhu da zaman lafiya tsakanin jinsin biyu. Kung Lao ne ya katse taron wanda ya so ya kalubalanci wanda ya kashe kakansa. Sufayen Shaolin ya fashe da wani yajin ramuwar gayya wanda ya bar kirjin Goro ya tabo. Da la'akari da maki ya daidaita, biyun suka yi musafaha. Lokacin da aka ci Shinnok da rundunarsa kuma Edenia ta sami 'yanci sau ɗaya, Goro da Shokan tseren sun yanke shawarar haɗa kansu da mutanen Eden, sun amince su rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Centaurs a matsayin sharaɗin sabon haɗin gwiwa. Shekaru daga baya, a lokacin Mortal KoƘaƙwalwa na Edenian da na Shokan sun kai farmaki ga raunanan sojojin Shao Kahn. An gaji da yaƙi, Noob Saibot ya buge Goro daga baya. An ji masa rauni, da alama yana mutuwa sakamakon raunin da ya samu, kuma Kitana ya gudanar da jana'izar sarki ga yarima Shokan da ya mutu. Duk da haka, Goro ya sami damar tsira, wanda Shao Kahn da kansa ya cece shi daga mutuwa, tare da alkawarin mayar da Shokans zuwa ga tsohon darajarsu da kuma korar Centaurs don musanya masa biyayya. Da yake yarda da waɗannan sharuɗɗan, Goro ya sanya hatiminsa na sarauta akan wani Shokan da ya lalace a kusa (wanda Kitana da sojojin Shokan suka same shi suka yi masa kuskure, suka yi nasarar yaudarar su yayin da yake ɓoyewa), ya koma wurinsa a gefen Shao Kahn. Goro kuma ya bayyana a matsayin maigidan hali a cikin Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, yana kai hari ga Liu Kang da Kung Lao. A cikin Yanayin Konquest na Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, Goro ya fuskanci kagara a sansanin Shao Kahn ta Taven wanda ke son kashe Quan Chi amma dole ne ya wuce Goro don yin haka. A karshe Taven ta doke Goro, wanda ya yi hadari. A wasan na 2011, Goro ya mayar da martani ga rawar da ya taka a gasar farko. Ana iya kunna Goro a cikin Mortal Kombat X na 2015 azaman ƙimar pre-oda hali. Rashinsa daga babban yanayin labarin yana amsawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na prequel: Shokan bai yi tarayya da Mileena ko Kotal Kahn ba, don haka duka biyu sun guje su kuma sun tilasta su zama masu watsi. Hakanan yana aiki azaman hali na ƙarshe da ɗan wasan ke fuskanta kafin Shinnok a cikin Yanayin Tsani na Classic. Ta Mortal Kombat 11, Goro ya bayyana cewa an kashe shi. Gawar tasa ma ta bayyana a cikin dakinsa. Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Goro yana da rawar gani sosai a cikin daidaitawar <i id="mwZA">littafin</i> barkwanci na Mortal Kombat na Malibu kuma shine mutum na farko da ya sami nasa miniseries guda uku, mai suna Goro: Prince of Pain Labarin Goro bai bambanta sosai da bayanan bayanansa na cikin wasa ba, kasancewarsa zakaran Mortal Kombat kuma a baya ya lashe Great Kung Lao. Har ila yau, an kwatanta shi a matsayin ƙarfin da ba za a iya tsayawa ba, yana aikawa da mayaƙan Earthrealm cikin sauƙi, kuma yana da wahala kawai a kan Raiden Ya kasance ba tare da nasara ba a cikin batutuwa uku na farko na jerin Jini Tsawa, bayan da ya yi rashin nasara a karon farko a fitowa ta biyu na Yarima Pain a kan halittar Zaggot, Kombatant. A cikin jerin jerin gwanon Battlewave masu zuwa, ya ci gaba da zama a doron kasa bayan cin nasararsa, kuma don jin daɗin rashin nasararsa, ya fara farautar mayaƙan Earthrealm; ya raunata Jax a yakin amma ya kasa cin nasara akan Liu Kang. A cikin fitowar ta huɗu yana da ƙaramin labari a ƙarshen ("Lokacin da Titans Clash") ya koma Outworld don yin yaƙi don Shao Kahn, ya daidaita kishiya tare da Kintaro a hanya. Goro ya fito a matsayin zakaran Mortal Kombat a fim din Mortal Kombat na farko, daidai da ainihin labarinsa. A cikin fim ɗin, an nuna Goro a matsayin mugun jarumi, wanda ya shiga cikin al'adun masu mulki na Outworld kuma baya kallon ɗan adam. Bayan ya ci nasara da dogon jerin abokan adawar, ciki har da abokin Johnny Cage Art Lean, shi kuma ya ci nasara kuma ya aika da fadowa daga wani dutse har ya mutu ta hanyar Cage. Don shirya fim ɗin, Goro ya kasance kwat ɗin animatronic (wanda ya kashe sama da dala miliyan 1 kuma yana buƙatar fiye da dozin dozin don yin aiki gaba ɗaya wanda Kevin Michael Richardson ya faɗa, tare da tasirin murya kuma Frank Welker ya bayar. A cikin novel din da aka yi kan fim din, an nuna Goro a matsayin wata halitta mai daraja dan kadan. Har yanzu Goro ya fado daga kan dutse har ya mutu, amma maimakon Johnny Cage ya yi masa wannan abu, Goro ya sauke kansa da gangan, yana mai bayyana cewa ya gwammace ya mutu da ya rayu cikin wulakanci, kuma jaruman Shokan sun mutu a cikin yaki. A cikin fim ɗin raye- rayen Mortal Kombat: Tafiya ta Fara, Goro ya fuskanci babban ɗan'uwansa Durak don wani kwai mai ado wanda wanda ya ci nasara zai ba da kyautar mahaifinsu Gorbak. Ya ƙare ya yi rashin nasara bayan ya rataye daga wani dutse yayin da Durak ke ƙoƙarin taimaka masa. Goro ya ci amanar dan uwansa ya afka cikin rami. Goro ya fito a cikin fim din 2021 Mortal Kombat wanda Angus Sampson ya bayyana. Sauran bayyanar Ya yi baƙo fitowar fim ɗin 2018 Ready Player One Goro ya bayyana a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na RoosterTeeth mai rairayi na Mutuwa, yana yaƙi da Macamp daga ikon amfani da sunan Pokémon A ciki, Goro ya sami fa'ida a cikin gwaninta kuma yana tsammanin saurin naushi amma a ƙarshe ya ɓace a kan ƙwarewar Machamp, motsin ƙarfinsa da babban ƙarfinsa da taurinsa. liyafar An ba shi matsayi na 20 a cikin "The 47 Most Diabolical Video-Game Villains of All Time" zabe ta GamePro a 2008, da kuma No. 67 a cikin jerin "Top 100 Videogame Villains" ta IGN UGO.com ta nuna shi a cikin jerin sunayensu na "Top 11 Mortal Kombat Character", tare da sharhin da suka mayar da hankali kan bayyanarsa saboda "karkatar" bayyanarsa ta farko da ya yi tun da ya bambanta da sauran haruffa. UGO kuma ta sanya shi a matsayin shugaba na 15 mafi wahala a wasannin bidiyo. Jerin GameSpot na "Top Goman Boss Fights" ya nuna Goro saboda yadda yake da wuya a kayar da shi a Mortal Kombat, tare da bayanin cewa duk da gabatarwar shugabannin kama da Goro a cikin jerin, Goro har yanzu ya kasance "babban zakara". An nuna Goro a cikin Uneality's "Shida Memorable Boss Fights in Video Games", wanda ya yi sharhi cewa yana da ban tsoro kuma wanda ya ji rashin taimako a kan waɗannan makamai hudu. GamePlayBook ya jera Goro a matsayin mafi kyawun halayen Mortal Kombat na bakwai, wanda ya yi sharhi cewa har yanzu yana da ban mamaki bayan duk waɗannan shekarun kuma ya yaba da motsin sa na kama-da-laba da cajin naushi. Cheat Code Central ya sanya Goro a matsayin na huɗu mafi kyawun hali na Mortal Kombat, wanda ya yi sharhi cewa "Midway gaba ɗaya ya wuce kansu" tare da aiwatar da shi a wasan farko na MK A cikin jerin manyan haruffan Mortal Kombat na 2012 na UGO Networks, Goro ya sanya na 22. Ƙarin sa zuwa tashar tashar Nintendo GameCube na Mortal Kombat: yaudara ya sami amsa mai kyau daga Greg Kasavin na GameSpot; Ya yi iƙirarin Goro da Shao Khan sun dace sosai a cikin yaudara duk da cewa suna da "anamic". Miguel Lopez na GameSpy ya bayyana Goro a matsayin "muguwar almara" amma kuma ya soki bayyanarsa ta zahiri daga yaudara kamar yadda "matsayin halittarsa ya yi kama da kadan". IGN ya lissafta shi azaman hali da suke son gani azaman abun ciki wanda za'a iya saukewa don Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, lura da "Goro shine ainihin ƙalubalen" na farko na Mortal Kombat ko da yake Shang Tsung shi ne shugaban karshe daga irin wannan wasan, ya kara da cewa "MK duk game da jin daɗin visceral ne, kuma ba ya samun ƙarin visceral fiye da bludgeoning maƙiyanku. har ya mutu da manyan hannaye masu tsoka guda hudu”. A cikin kasidar 1994 ta Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, an bayyana sigar fim ɗin Goro a matsayin "mafi kyawun halitta na injiniyan H[o] Hollywood da ya taɓa yin. Lokacin da aka sanar da sakin fim na uku na Mortal Kombat live-action, IGN ya lissafa shi a matsayin wani hali da suke so su ga yana fada a cikin fim din, amma an yi shi da fasahar CGI sabanin tasirin amfani da aka yi amfani da shi a fim na farko. Bayanan kula

31442

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Nassim%20Boushaki

Mohamed Nassim Boushaki

Mohamed Nassim Boushaki (Thenia, Fabrairu 14, 1985) digiri ne na Ph.D. Aljeriya a cikin injiniyoyin mutum-mutumi da abin hawa mai cin gashin kansa. Boushaki kuma mai tallata binciken kimiyya ne. Tarihin Rayuwa Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ɗan kasar Kabylia ne a ƙasar Aljeriya inda ya cigaba da karatunsa na asali a lardin Boumerdès kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Boumerdès a shekara ta 2003 don koyon fasahar kere-kere. Bayan ya kammala manhajar fasaharsa a shekarar 2008, ya kuma zaɓi yin digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki, tare da Robotics a matsayin zabi. Boushaki ya kare karatunsa na digirin digirgir a fannin fasahar ƙere-ƙere a ranar 30 ga Satumban shekara ta 2016 a gaban alkalai da suka haɗa da daraktan littafinsa Philippe Poignet, da kuma darekta Chao Liu, kuma wannan tsaron ya samu halartar masu magana Nicolas Andreff da Jérôme Szewczyk, masu jarrabawar Stephane Caro da Benoît Herman. da kuma bako Salih Abdelaziz. Ilimi Digiri na asali Sana'ar sana'a Abubuwan Bincike Mohamed Nassim Boushaki yana da aikin kimiyya a fagage daban-daban na fasaha: Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. Robotics and Rehalitative Robotics. Ingantacciyar ƙira da sarrafa robobin bututu mai ɗaukar hankali don samun damar yin amfani da laparoscopic guda ɗaya. Sarrafa robobin bututun da aka tattara. Aikin tiyatar endonasal endoscopic da kuma amfani da robobin bututun mai da hankali a cikin tiyatar laparoscopic ta hanyar samun damar daya. sarrafa bayanai na kwamfuta a cikin na'urori masu mahimmanci. Microelectronics da Microbotics. Robotic tiyata, Da Vinci Surgical System da Medical Robot. Micromachining and mechatronic engineering. Tsarin atomatik da microelectronic. Kinematics na concentric tube mutummutumi. Tallafin bincike da tallafin karatu Binciken Boushaki ya samo asali ne daga Laboratories don Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Kwamfuta (CAMI labex) na Jami'ar Grenoble a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar tsakanin Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics da Microelectronics na Montpellier (LIRMM) a Jami'ar Montpellier da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Laboratory of Engineering, Informatics and Imaging (ICUBE) a Jami'ar Strasbourg. A zahiri, lakabin CAMI ya ba da kuɗin karatun digiri na uku da na digiri na biyu tun daga shekarar 2012 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙira, ƙirar ƙira da sarrafa mutum-mutumi tare da bututu masu tattarawa da kuma fuskantarsu zuwa aikace-aikacen likita. Ayyukan kimiyya na Boushaki a karkashin kulawar dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙwarewa na CAMI shima yana samun hadin gwiwar Hukumar Bincike ta Faransa a karkashin shirin Investissement d'Avenir. Tiyatar Robotic Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ya shiga cikin bincike kan madaidaicin tiyata na mutum-mutumi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na LIRMM a Montpellier kuma daga baya a cibiyar SSSA a Pisa a cikin shekaru goma daga 2010 zuwa 2020. Ya ɓullo da tsarin lissafi na Jacobian don yin ƙima da ƙarancin kinematics da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa motsi na mutummutumi na likitanci da aka ƙera tare da fasahar bututu mai ma'ana. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan aikin tiyata mai zurfi ta hanyar amfani da mutum-mutumi na likita bisa tsarin endoscopy na hanci tare da tsarin sadarwa na bimanual. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da robobi da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin aikin tiyatar ciki da hanta ta hanyar amfani da fasahar laparoscopic tare da yankan kadan kadan tare da fasahar microwave. Motoci masu cin gashin kansu Tun daga shekarar 2020, Boushaki ya gudanar da bincike kan motoci masu zaman kansu a Cibiyar Robotics da Tsarin Mulki (KUCARS) a Jami'ar Khalifa, dake Abu Dhabi. Yana shiga cikin aikin mutum-mutumi da tsarin fasaha a wannan cibiya (KUCARS) wanda Farfesa Lakmal Seneviratne ke jagoranta, inda yake ba da gudummawar iliminsa tare da ƙungiyar kunnawa a fagen fasahar fasaha. Don haka Boushaki ya shiga tare da malaman KUCARS sama da 50 da masu bincike wajen gudanar da bincike na majagaba don gano sabbin hanyoyin da za a ciyar da injinan na'ura zuwa matsanancin yanayi, aikace-aikacen masana'antu, da kuma duba ababen more rayuwa. Buga Mujallu Task-space position control of concentric-tube robot with inaccurate kinematics using approximate Jacobian, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2014, 5877-5882. Endonasal Endoscopic Approach for Deep Brain Tumors Using Concentric Tube Robot, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, V. Trevillot, P. Poignet, In Proceedings of SURGETICA, 2014. Optimization of concentric-tube robot design for deep anterior brain tumor surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, B. Herman, V. Trevillot, M. Akkari, P. Poignet, in the Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV'14), Thailand, Nov. 2016. Design Optimization and Control for Concentric Tube Robot in Assisted Single-Access Laparoscopic Surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, LIRMM Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier, 2016. Conception, modélisation et commande des robots à tubes concentriques vers des applications médicales, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M.T. Chikhaoui, K. Rabenorosa, C. Liu, N. Andreff, P.Poignet, Techniques de l’Ingénieur: Conception, modélisation et commande en robotique (in French), Vol. TIB398DUO, pp. 1-29, May 2016, Workshop national. Experimental Validation of Concentric Tube Robot Control for Surgical Application with Uncertain Kinematics, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IFAC paper, 2017. A novel microwaves tool for robotic resection of the liver, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Frosini, F. Staderini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, 29th International Conference of the Society for Medical Innovation and Technology SMIT, 2017 November 9-10, Turin (Italy). Development of a robotic pre-coagulation device during hepatic surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Staderini, F. Frosini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, B. Badii, 9th Worldwide Congress if the Clinical Robotic Surgery Association CRSA, September 22-23, 2017, Chicago (USA). Haptic feedback in the Da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK): A user study based on grasping, palpation, and incision tasks, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, A. Saracino, A. Deguet, F. Staderini, F. Cianchi, A. Menciassi, E. Sinibaldi, International Journal of Medical Robots, 2019. Dynamic Modeling of the Da Vinci Research Kit Arm for the Estimation of Interaction Wrench, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Piqué, M. Brancadoro, E. De Momi, A. Menciassi, International Symposium on Medical Robotics (ISMR), 2019. A novel microwave tool for robotic liver resection in minimally invasive surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, F. Staderini, E. Sinibaldi, L. Capineri, F. Cianchi, G. Biffi, A. Menciassi, Minimum Invasive Thermal Allied Technology, 2020. Littafi Mai Tsarki Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Twitter Mohamed Nassim Boushaki LinkedIn Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Idref.fr Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Theses.fr Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Dblp Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Google Scholar Mohamed Nassim Boushaki IEEE Mohamed Nassim Boushaki IRIS SSSUP Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ORCID Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Pinterest Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Researchgate Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Scopus Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Bayt Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Archives-ouvertes.fr Haifaffun 1985 Kimiyya Iyalin Boushaki Pages with unreviewed

35233

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%E2%80%94Danforth

Toronto—Danforth

Toronto-Danforth (tsohon Broadview—Greenwood gundumar zaɓe ta tarayya ce a cikin Ontario, Kanada, wacce ke da wakilci a cikin House of Commons na Kanada tun 1979. Ya ta'allaka ne ga gabashin Downtown Toronto Shahararren dan majalisar ta shi ne shugaban New Democratic Party (NDP) kuma jagoran 'yan adawa Jack Layton Toronto—Danforth ya ƙunshi ƙabilu iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da manyan al'ummomin Girkanci, Sinawa, Musulmai da Kudancin Asiya. Tana da kaso mafi girma na kabila na Girka a cikin duk abubuwan hawan Toronto (7.3%). A tarihi, hawan ya karkata zuwa hagu, musamman tun 1990s. Galibin zabukan dai na faruwa ne tsakanin jam'iyyar NDP da kuma jam'iyyar Liberal Party Ko da ƙarshen rarrabuwar ƙuri'a a tsakiyar dama, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kusan babu su a cikin hawan; babu wani dan takarar jam'iyyar Conservative da ya haye kashi 15 cikin dari. Jam'iyyar NDP ta gudanar da hawan keke na tsawon shekaru tara na farkon wanzuwarta kafin Liberal Dennis Mills ya lashe kujerar a 1988 kuma ya rike ta a tsawon tsawon lokacin mulkin Liberal na fage na tarayya. Layton ne ya kwance shi a cikin 2004, wanda a baya ya yi takara da Mills a 1997 Layton ya rike kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2011. Kujerar ta kasance babu kowa har sai da zaben fidda gwani na ranar 29 ga Maris, 2012, wanda dan takarar jam'iyyar NDP kuma lauyan kare hakkin dan Adam Craig Scott ya lashe. Duk da haka, Scott ya sha da kyar a hannun Liberal Julie Dabrusin a zaben 2015 a wani babban tashin hankali. Alkaluma Bisa ga ƙidayar Kanada 2016 2013 wakilci Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci: 65.2% Fari, 12.3% Sinawa, 5.0% Baƙar fata, 2.3% Filipino, 2.0% Aboriginal, 1.4% Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 1.3% Latin Amurka, 1.7% Mahara</br> Harsuna: 67.7% Turanci, 6.3% Cantonese, 4.5% Girkanci, 2.6% Faransanci, 2.3% Mandarin, 1.4% Mutanen Espanya, 1.2% Tagalog, 1.1% Italiyanci</br> Addinai (2011): 48.7% Kirista (19.0% Katolika, 9.9% Kirista Orthodox, 4.7% Anglican, 3.5% United Church, 1.4% Presbyterian, 1.5% Pentecostal, 10.2% Sauran), 4.6% Buddhist, 4.4% Muslim, 1.9 Bayahude, 1.0% Hindu, 38.4% Babu addini</br> Matsakaicin kudin shiga (2015): $35,056</br> Matsakaicin samun shiga (2015): $54,560 Tarihi An halicci hawan a cikin 1976 a matsayin "Broadview-Greenwood" daga sassan Broadview da York East da wani karamin ɓangare na Greenwood Ya ƙunshi farkon ɓangaren Municipality na Metropolitan Toronto wanda ke iyaka da kudu ta hanyar Queen Street East, a yamma da Kogin Don, kuma a gabas da arewa ta layin da aka zana arewa daga titin Queen Street tare da Jones Avenue, gabas tare da Gerrard. Titin Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, yamma tare da O'Connor Drive, arewa tare da Titin Don Mills zuwa Kogin Don. A cikin 1987, an sake fasalinta ta ƙunshi ɓangaren birnin Toronto da Gundumar Gabashin York wanda ya yi iyaka da yamma ta Kogin Don, kudu da titin Sarauniya, kuma a gabas da arewa ta layin da aka zana daga tafkin arewa tare da titin Leslie, gabas tare da titin Sarauniya Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, gabas tare da Danforth Avenue, arewa tare da Coxwell Avenue da Coxwell Boulevard, da yamma tare da Taylor Creek da reshen Gabas na Don River zuwa Kogin Don. A cikin 1996, an ayyana shi ya ƙunshi sassan Birnin Toronto da Gundumar Gabashin York arewa tare da Leslie Street, gabas tare da titin Sarauniya Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, gabas tare da titin Gerrard Gabas, arewa tare da Coxwell Avenue da Coxwell. Boulevard, yamma tare da Taylor Creek, Kogin Don River Gabas da Kogin Don, arewa maso yamma tare da titin Millwood, kudu maso yamma tare da layin dogo na Kanada Pacific da iyakar gabashin birnin Toronto, kudu tare da Kogin Don zuwa Toronto Harbour. An canza sunan gundumar zaɓe a shekara ta 2000 zuwa "Toronto-Danforth" bisa shawarar Dennis Mills, dan majalisar wakilai mai hawa. ‘Yan kasar da dama sun ji haushin sauya sunan da aka yi musu, musamman saboda rashin bayyana ra’ayin jama’a kan lamarin. Layton ya nemi shigarwar unguwa don wani canjin suna zuwa hawan, amma ba a canza sunan ba. A cikin 2003, an ba ta iyakokinta na yanzu, wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren birnin Toronto wanda ke iyaka da kudu ta tafkin Ontario da Toronto Harbour, a gabas ta hanyar Coxwell da Coxwell Boulevard, a arewa ta Taylor Creek da Don. Reshen Kogin Gabas, kuma a yamma ta Kogin Don. Wannan hawan bai canza ba bayan sake rarraba zaɓe na 2012 Tsoffin iyakoki 'Yan Majalisa Wannan hawan dokin ya zabo 'yan majalisa kamar haka: Sakamakon zabe Toronto-Danforth, 2000-yanzu Lura: Canji daga 2000 don manyan jam'iyyu uku ya dogara ne akan sakamakon sake rarrabawa. Canjin Jam'iyyar Conservative ya dogara ne akan jimillar ƙuri'un Kanadiya Alliance da Ƙuri'un Jam'iyyar Conservative Party. Lura: An kwatanta ƙuri'ar Alliance ta Kanada da ƙuri'ar gyara a zaɓen 1997. Broadview-Greenwood, 1976-2000 Lura: An kwatanta fitacciyar ƙuri'ar ɗan takarar Progressive Conservative Peter Worthington da jimillar kuri'un da aka kada a zaɓen 1982 wanda ɗan takarar PC Bill Fatsis ya samu da Mista Worthington yana takara ba tare da alaƙa ba. Duba kuma Jerin gundumomin zaben tarayya na Kanada Gundumomin zaben Kanada da suka gabata Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Broadview—Greenwood federal riding history from the Library of Parliament Toronto—Danforth federal riding history from the Library of Parliament Campaign expense data from Elections Canada Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29787

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99o%C6%99i%20Masu%20Kyau%20da%20Marasa%20Kyau

Haƙoƙi Masu Kyau da Marasa Kyau

Hakkoki mara kyau da masu kyau, su ne haƙƙoƙin da ke wajabta ko dai rashin aiki (munanan haƙƙoƙin) ko aiki haƙƙoƙi masu kyau Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga haƙƙin 'yanci da mutahallin shi. Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya hana Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙi don x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian. Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka mara kyau na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, 'yancin yin addini, habeas corpus, shari'a ta gaskiya, da 'yancin kada a bautar da su. wani Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da haƙƙin 'yan sanda na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma ikon tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, gidaje, ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa, shiga yanar gizo, da mafi ƙarancin rayuwa A cikin lissafin "ƙarni uku" na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi. Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci. Karkashin ka’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da hakki ne na kada a yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya alal misali gwamnati yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi watsi da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin yin aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ƙara ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau. Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa 'yan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan. Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: kariyar kai. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya. Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan sanda yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa. Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da prima facie. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai babban wajibci na kare kai amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro na prima facie. Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da farko ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe. Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka: A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam. Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa Anarchy, State, and Utopia A cikin magani A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar zubar da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa Baxter v. Montana, Appel ya rubuta: Smith ya ba da amsa cewa wannan yana "ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa da canza shi zuwa wani aikin kisa", wanda ya ce "yana nuna mummunar rashin fahimtar aikin tsarin gwamnati". Suka Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta kowane hakki kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu. Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida. James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta: Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" don kada a hana su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga haƙƙin neman ilimi ko yancin kula da lafiya zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan. Wasu abubuwan Da'awar haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙoƙin yanci bambanci daban-daban, na asali zuwa wancan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki Tsarin tsarin mulki Hakki 'Yanci da lasisi Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka Dokar Hakki na Biyu Ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam Ra'ayoyi guda biyu na 'Yanci lacca ta Isaiah Berlin, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki Bayanai Manazarta Mawallafa bita na mako-mako na Stephen Holmes da Cass R. Sunstein, Kudin Haƙƙin: Me yasa 'Yanci Ya dogara da Haraji Nozick, Robert (1975). Anarchy, Jiha, da Utopia Oxford Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15680-1 Sterba, JP, "Daga 'Yanci zuwa Jin Dadi" a cikin Da'a: Babban Tambayoyi Maldan, MA Blackwell, 1998. (shafi na 238) Hodgson, D. (1998). Haqqin Dan Adam na Ilimi Aldershot, Ingila: Ashgate Publishing Hakki Mutuwa Yanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Basasar%20Chadi%20%282005%E2%80%932010%29

Yaƙin Basasar Chadi (2005–2010)

Yaƙin basasar Chadi na kwanan nan ya fara ne a cikin Disamba 2005. Tun lokacin da ta samu 'yanci daga Faransa a shekarar 1960, yaƙin basasa ya mamaye yankin Chadi a tsakanin Larabawa-Musulmin arewa da Sahara Kiristocin kudu. A sakamakon haka, shugabanci da shugabanci a Chadi sun yi ta kai da komo tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da musulmin arewa. Lokacin da wani bangare ke kan mulki, ɗaya ɓangaren yakan fara yaƙin neman sauyi ne don dakile shi. Faransa, tsohuwar mai ikon mulkin mallaka, da makwabciyar Chadi Libya ta arewa duk sun shiga cikin sahu daban-daban a duk lokacin yakin basasa. Zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990 yakin basasa ya dan daidaita, kuma a shekarar 1996 an tabbatar da Idriss Déby, dan arewa, a matsayin shugaban ƙasar a zaɓen farko na demokradiyya da aka yi a Chadi. A cikin 1998 aka fara tawaye dauke da makamai a arewa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban tsaron Shugaba Déby, Youssouf Togoimi Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar Libya a shekarata 2002 ta kasa kawo karshen fadan. A shekarar 2003, rikici a yankin Darfur da ke makwabtaka da Sudan ya bazu zuwa kan iyaka zuwa Chadi. 'Yan gudun hijirar daga Sudan sun kasance tare da fararen hula' yan ƙasar Chadi waɗanda ke kokarin gujewa tashin hankalin 'yan tawaye kuma daga karshe suka cika sansanonin. A bayyane yake cewa 'yan tawayen Chadi sun sami makamai da taimako daga gwamnatin Sudan. A lokaci guda, 'yan tawayen Sudan sun sami taimako daga gwamnatin Chadi. A watan Fabrairun 2008, kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye uku suka hada karfi wuri guda suka fara kai hari a N'Djamena babban birnin Chadi. Bayan kaddamar da farmakin da ya kasa mamaye fadar shugaban kasar, an fatattaki harin da kakkausar murya. Faransa ta aika da dakaru don su mamaye gwamnati. Da yawa daga cikin ‘yan tawayen tsoffin abokan kawancen Shugaba Idriss Déby ne. Sun zarge shi da cin hanci da rashawa ga 'yan ƙabilar. Dalilin Yawancin shugabannin 'yan tawaye tsofaffin abokan Déby ne, waɗanda suka bijire masa bayan ya yanke shawarar sauya kundin tsarin mulki. Canjin tsarin mulki ya ba Déby damar sake tsayawa takara a 2006, tare da ba da ikon sauya kundin tsarin mulki ga shugaban, wannan matakin ya sa da yawa daga cikin abokan Déby suka fara yi masa tawaye. Yaƙin da aka yi a farkon Disamba 2005 a N'djamena babban birnin Chadi bai zo da mamaki ba. Shekaru kafin fashewar, gwamnatin Sudan din na kokarin hambarar da shugaban Chadi, Idriss Déby, ta hanyar amfani da ‘yan tawayen Chadi a matsayin mutane na tsakiya. Uku masu ɗauke da makamai da hannu a kai hare-hare a shekara ta 2008 da aka dauke da makamai da kasar Sudan jami'an tsaro niyyar kan yankan kashe da goyon bayan da Deby aka bai wa 'yan tawayen a yankin Darfur, musamman da Ƙungiyar Adalci da daidaito (JEM), wanda ya kasance a kan m a Darfur. Yaƙin da aka yi a Chadi sakamakon wasu runduna ne guda huɗu. Na ɗaya, yakin ya zama tamkar ci gaba ne na rikice-rikicen Darfur da Chadi, wadanda suka hada da gasar iko da kasa. Abu na biyu, akwai rikicin Cadi na cikin gida. Déby ya koma mulkin soja na mutum daya bayan da aka yi fatan fadada tushen mulkinsa a karshen shekarun 1990 wanda ya hade da ci gaban siyasar farar hula a N'djamena. Déby ya dogara sosai akan ƙungiyar dangi na kusa da kuma da'awar kuɗin da aka ba gwamnati don biyan bukatunsa, rarraba kayan agaji don biyayya ga farar hula. Na uku shi ne dabarun Khartoum (babban birnin Sudan) na kula da tsaro a cikin iyakarta, wanda ya hada da daukar kasashe marasa karfi da ke kewaye da ita kamar kawai fadada iyakarta. Tsaron Sudan ya taimaka wajen kawo Déby kan karagar mulki a 1990 a matsayin wani bangare na nauyin da ke kansu wanda kuma ya ga ta shiga soja a kasashen Eritrea, Habasha, Uganda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo (DRC), da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR) a cikin shekaru goma na soja. Kamar yadda Khartoum ta yi amfani da haɗin gwuiwa da azabtarwa don sarrafa manyan lardunan yankin na Darfur, ta yi amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin don yin tasiri a kan iyakarta zuwa iyakarta. Bugu da ƙari, gasar yanki don mamayewa ta hanyar babban yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya ba safai ke iko da ikon hukuma ba. Wannan yanki da ya keɓe ya haɗa da Chadi, CAR, da arewacin DRC, gami da yankunan Tripoli da Sudan, tare da Kinshasa, Kigali, Kampala, har ma da Asmara suna fafatawa don tasiri a wannan yankin, har da Khartoum. Sakamakon Aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da aka yi alkawalin a cikin yarjejeniyar watan Agustan 2007 tare da jam'iyyun adawa ba a hankali ba kuma ba a daidaita ba. A duk fadin kasar, sojojin gwamnati sun ci gaba da kamewa da tsare fararen hula da wadanda ake zargi da tayar da kayar baya, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, galibi bisa la'akari da kabilanci, da kuma sanya su cikin mummunan hukunci da ba na al'ada ba. Yanayin gidan yarin Chadi na daga cikin mawuyacin hali a nahiyar Afirka. Institutionsananan hukumomi na adalci sun ba da gudummawa ga al'adar keɓewa. Gwamnati ba ta bincika ko gurfanar da mummunan cin zarafin da ake yi wa fararen hula ba, kamar kashe-kashe da fyaɗe da jami'an tsaron gwamnati da 'yan tawaye suka yi bayan arangamar da aka yi a Am Dam a watan Mayun 2009. Fiye da 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan 250,000 da' yan kasar Chadi 168,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu ke zaune a sansanoni da sauran wurare a gabashin Chadi. A watan Afrilun 2010, kusan sabbin 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan 5,000 sun zo daga Darfur ta Yamma, bayan sabon fada a can tsakanin kungiyar' yan tawayen Sudan Ƙungiyar Adalci (JEM) da sojojin gwamnatin Sudan. Manyan Yaƙe-yaƙe SCUD Raid akan Guéréda 'Yan tawayen Chadi sun kai hari a Guéréda, mai tazarar kilomita 120 arewa da Adré, a ranar 7 ga Disambar 2005, inda suka kashe mutane goma tare da raunata biyar. Harin (wanda aka danganta shi da Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy, SCUD, gungun wasu sojojin Chadi da suka gudu) ya nuna farkon kamfen din 'yan tawaye daga Darfur kuma ya sa gwamnatin Chadi ta la'anci Khartoum saboda goyon bayan' yan tawayen. RDL Raid on Adré A ranar 18 ga Disambar 2005, ƙungiyar (RDL), wata ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Chadi da ke zaune a Darfur, ta kai hari kan iyakar garin Adré, Chadi da ke kan iyaka. Adré shine mabuɗin dabarun kare Chadi daga hare-haren da aka ƙaddamar daga Sudan. Shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby, sakamakon fatattaka daga sojojin Chadi zuwa kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Chadi tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Disamba 2005, ya fara karfafa Adré, da kuma Abéché, babban birnin lardin gabashin Ouadda eastern, tun kafin harin 18 ga Disamba 2005. Yaƙin Farko na N'Djaména A watan Afrilun 2006 shugaban 'yan tawayen ƙasar Chadi Mahamat Nour Abdelkarim, bayan da ya hada kan kungiyoyin' yan tawayen na Chadi da dama a karkashin tutar ƙungiyar 'Front Uni pour le Changement' (United Front for Change, FUC), suka yiwa N'Djamena ƙawanya. A ranar 13 ga Afrilun 2006, 1,200 zuwa 1,500 ‘yan tawayen FUC a cikin manyan motocin ɗaukar kaya 56 suka fasa daruruwan kilomita a fadin Chadi daga sansanonin Darfur da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya don fafatawa da musayar wuta da jami’an tsaron Chadi a kan titunan babban birnin kasar. Fadan da aka yi a Ndjaména ya kasance ne daga 5 na safe zuwa 11 na safe kuma ya hada da motocin daukar sojoji masu sulke, na’urar kere kere (motoci masu taya hudu dauke da manyan makamai) da tankokin yaki, kuma an yi yakin ne a yankunan kudu maso gabashin kudu da kuma a Palais des Quinze, majalisar dokokin Chadi, wacce Sojojin 'yan tawaye da ba su san yadda aka tsara babban birnin ba sun yi wa fadar shugaban kasa tawaye. Tare da taimako mai yawa daga sojojin Faransa, yunƙurin karɓar ikon ya ci tura, tare da kashe ɗaruruwan. Akwai manyan kaburbura guda biyu a yankin kudu maso gabashin garin N'Djaména a wani wuri can nesa a Djari-Kawas, inda sojojin gwamnati suka yiwa wani rukunin 'yan tawaye kwanton bauna. An bayar da rahoton cewa kabari daya na dauke da gawarwaki 102, kodayake rahotanni sun yi sabani kan ko waɗanda suka mutu dukkaninsu sojoji ne masu tawaye ko kuma wasu ‘yan tawaye ne da fararen hula. Kabari na biyu a Djari-Kawas an ce yana dauke da gawarwaki 45 da aka binne a can da zarar an fito da su daga dakin ijiye gawar a babban asibitin. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2006 Chadi ta yanke hulda da Sudan ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Duk da cewa ƙasashen biyu sun sabunta alkawarinsu na korar 'yan tawaye daga yankunansu a watan Yuli kuma sun dawo da hulɗar jakadanci a watan Agusta, harin na watan Afrilu ya ci gaba da haifar da koma baya kan alaƙar ƙasashen biyu. Manazarta Crisis in Chad: implications for the EU, Analysis by Damien Helly, February 2008, European Union Institute for Security Studies Chad's spiralling conflict (Aljazeera) Safer Access Summary of Events Jan–Mar 08 The Small Arms Survey Sudan-Chad conflict Yaƙi Rikici Cadi Tarihin Cadi Tarihin Afrika Pages with unreviewed

19911

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima%20Ahmed%20Ibrahim

Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim

Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim -ta mutu a ranar 12 ga watan Augustan shekara ta 2017), marubuciya ce yar ƙasar Sudan, mai rajin kare hakkin mata kuma shugabar gurguzu. Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Ibrahim a Khartoum. Majiyoyi suna ba ta ranar haihuwa daban-daban kamar ranar 20 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1928, ko a shekara ta 1932 ko 1933. Ta fito ne daga dangi masu ilimi; Kakan nata ya kasance shugaban makarantar Sudan ta farko na yara maza har da Imam a masallacin unguwar su. Mahaifin Fatima ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Gordon Memorial kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malami. Mahaifiyar Fatima tana cikin thean matan farko da suka halarci makarantar. Fatima ta girma ne a lokacin mulkin mallakar turawan Ingila da Misira. An kuma kori mahaifinta daga koyarwa a makarantar gwamnati lokacin da ya ƙi koyar da darussan ta amfani da Turanci. Bayan haka mahaifinta ya karantar a wata makarantar. Sana`a Bayan ta fara a makarantar sakandaren mata ta Omdurman sai ta fara tallafawa 'yancin mata. Ta ƙirƙiri jaridar bango da ake kira Elra'edda, ko kuma da Larabci ko kuma a cikin Englishan matan Pioneer na Turanci. Jaridarta ta mai da hankali kan haƙƙin mata kuma ita ma ta yi rubuce rubuce a jaridu a wancan lokacin da sunan alkalami. Fatima ta gudanar da yajin aikin mata na farko a Sudan saboda hukumar makarantarta ta yanke shawarar soke darussan ilimin kimiyya kuma ta maye gurbinsu da darussan 'kimiyyar dangi'. Yajin aikin ya yi nasara. Ayyukanta sun wuce makaranta; a shekara ta 1947 ta kafa Ilimi mata Association, da kuma a shekara ta 1952 ta yi aiki tare da sauran mata da kuma kafa kasar Sudan mata Union (SWU, fassarar rubutu: Aletahad Elnees'y Alsodanni inda tayi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa tare da Fatima Talib da Khalida Zahir. Shugaban kungiyar na farko ita ce Fatima Talib Isma'il. Women'sungiyar Matan ta buɗe membobinsu ga dukkan mata a Sudan kuma SWU ta buɗe rassa a larduna daban-daban a cikin Sudan. Ajandar kungiyar mata a wancan lokacin, bisa kwaskwarimar da aka yiwa kundin tsarin mulkinta a shekarar 1954, ya maida hankali ne kan 'yancin kada kuri'a, zaɓen mata, da kuma damar mata su yi aiki a matsayin wakilai a dukkan majalisun dokoki, siyasa, da na gudanarwa. A SWU ta kuma yi aiki don tabbatar da daidaito da maza a cikin albashi da kuma horo na fasaha, kuma ta taimaka wajen cire jahilci tsakanin mata. Saboda manufofin SWU, an sami rikici tare da haƙƙin siyasa kamar su Jabihat El-methaiq elaslami ko Kungiyar Alkawarin Musulunci. A shekarar 1955 Fatima ta zama babban edita na mujallar Sawat al-Maraa ko Mujallar Muryar Mace (wacce kungiyar mata ta wallafa), kuma daga baya wannan mujallar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kifar da gwamnatin Ibrahim Abboud Yayin da yake a mujallar, Ibrahim ya yi karo da ƙaramin marubucin ma'aikacin kuma ɗan ƙungiyar Kwaminis, Suad Ibrahim Ahmed Sun yi sabani sosai game da matsayin mata, addini da kyawawan halaye da dabarun jam'iyyar. Duk da yake Ibrahim ya yi imanin cewa za a iya amfani da Musulunci a matsayin mai ci gaba a kan masu ra'ayin addini, Ahmed yana so ya kawar da gwagwarmayar mata a cikin akidun duniya. Ahmed ya ji cewa kasancewa cikin tsarin Musulunci zai tilasta wa masu ci gaba yin yaki a yankin abokan hamayyarsu. Fagen Siyasa Somawa A shekara ta 1954 Fatima ta shiga Jam'iyar Kwaminisanci ta Sudan (SCP), kuma na wani dan kankanin lokaci Fatima ta zama memba a kwamitin tsakiya na SCP (SCP ita ce Jam'iyar Sudan ta farko da ke da tsarin mata na ciki, tun a shekara ta 1946). A shekarar 1956–57, Fatima ta zama shugabar kungiyar mata. Ofaya daga cikin burinta shi ne samun independenceancin ƙungiyar daga alaƙar su da mamayar ta SCP, kuma ta faɗaɗa halartar mata masu banbancin ra'ayi. A shekarar 1965 aka zabi Fatima a majalisar dokoki, inda ta zama mata ta farko mata 'yar kasar Sudan. Rikicin tsarin mulki da ke faruwa sakamakon keɓance haramtattun membobin SCP da aka zaba daga majalisar dokokin Sudan, wanda Sadiq al Mahdi ke jagoranta, ya haifar da ƙiyayya tsakanin SCP da Umma Party A shekarar 1967, Ibrahim yana daya daga cikin mata hudu da aka zaba a cikin membobin kwamitin tsakiya na membobin Kwaminisancin Sudan su 33, tare da Mahasin Abd al-Aal, Naima Babiker al-Rayah da Suad Ibrahim Ahmed. Goyan baya A shekara ta 1969, lokacin da Jaafar Muhammad al-Nemieri ya karbi mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja da kungiyar SCP ta goyi bayansa, ayyukan kungiyar mata sun fadada kuma mata sun sami yanci da yawa a fannoni daban daban. Ruwan amarci tsakanin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sudan da Jaafar al-Nemieri ya ƙare bayan babbar takaddama wacce ta haifar da juyin mulkin soja a watan Yulin 1971 zuwa goyon bayan SCP wanda Hashim Elatta ya jagoranta, amma juyin mulkin bai ci nasara ba bayan fewan kwanaki kuma Nimiri ya dawo kan mulki, wanda ya jagoranci ga kisan shugabannin juyin mulkin SCP, daga cikinsu akwai Alshafi Ahmed Elshikh wani shugaban kungiyar ma’aikata kuma mijin Fatima. Bayan haka an sanya Fatima a tsare a gidan tsawon shekaru, kuma an kame ta sau da yawa a lokacin mulkin Nemieri. Hijira A shekara ta 1990 Fatima ta bar Sudan bayan juyin mulkin soja na Omar Hassan al-Bashir, kuma ta shiga cikin ‘yan adawa da ke gudun hijira a matsayin Shugabar kungiyar Matan Sudan da aka dakatar. A 1991 an zabi Fatima a matsayin Shugabar Mata ta Duniya. Ta koma Sudan ne a shekara ta 2005 bayan sulhu tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa, sannan aka nada ta mataimakiya a majalisar da ke wakiltar SCP. Heran’uwan nata ma marubuci ne kuma yana da hannu a siyasa Salah Ahmed Ibrahim, tana da ɗa guda daga mijinta Elshafi, mai suna Ahmed. Ritaya Ta yi ritaya daga shugabancin siyasa a shekara ta 2011. Lambobin yabo Kyautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Kwarewar Nasarori a Fannin 'Yancin Dan Adam. (1993) Kyautar Ibn Rushd don 'Yancin Tunani na shekara ta 2006 a Berlin. Ayyuka Hassadanna Khill'al Ashroon A'mm'a, Larabci ko (Girbinmu Cikin Shekaru Ashirin). Khartoum: Unionungiyar Sudaneseungiyar Mata ta Sudan, nd Tariqnu ila el-Tuharur (Hanyarmu ta 'Yanci). (nd el-Mara el-Arabiyya wal Taghyir el-Ijtimai, Larabci ko Matan Larabawa da Canjin Al'umma. 1986 Holla Gadie'a alahoal al-shekhssia, Larabci ko Al'amuran Halin mutum. Gadie'a Alm'ar'a el-A'mela Al-sodania, Larabci ko Al'amuran Ma'aikatan Sudan Mata. An'a Awaan Eltageir Lakeen!, Larabci! ko Lokaci ne na Canji amma! Atfallana we'l Re'aia El-sehi'a, Larabci ko Yaranmu da Kula da Lafiya. Kibiya a Huta A cikin Mata Masu Gudun Hijira, ed. Mahnaz Afkhami, 191–208: Jami’ar Jarida ta Virginia, 1994. Harin Sudan a kan 'Yancin Mata yana amfani da Musulunci Labaran Afirka 37, a'a. 5 (1992): 5. Mutuwa Ta rasu a Landan a ranar 12 ga Agustan shekara ta 2017, tana da shekara 84, kuma an yi jana’izarta a Khartoum a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta. Manazarta Haifaffun 1933 Mutuwan

8960

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ibn%20Musa%20Alkhwarizmi

Muhammad Ibn Musa Alkhwarizmi

Muḥammad dan Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ko kuma al-Khwarizmi, Turawa sun canja sunansa zuwa yanayi na latin a matsayin Algorithmi, shahararren mai ilimi ne dan kasar Persian Ya kasance fitacce kuma ƙwararren malami, wanda yayi ayyuka da dama a fannonin Lissafi, astronomy, da geography a ƙarƙashin kula da taimakon Halifancin Al-Ma'mun na Daular Abbasiyyah. A kusan shekara ta 820 AD an naɗa shi amatsayin astronomer kuma shugaban labari na House of Wisdom dake a Baghdad. Al-Khwarizmi's popularizing treatise on algebra (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, c. 813–833 CE tazo da hanyoyi na farko akan warware matsalolin linear da quadratic equations. Daya daga cikin babban nasararsa itace hanyar daya nuna tayadda za'a warware matsalar quadratic equations ta hanyar completing the square. dalilin shi kadaine ya fara warware algebra as an independent discipline sannan kuma ya shigo da hanyar "reduction" da "balancing" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation), An bayyana shi a matsayin Baba ko wanda ya kirkiri algebra. Kalmar algebra itama ta zo ne daga sunan littafinsa (musamman Kalmar al-jabr dake ma'anar "completion" ko "rejoining"). Sunansa ya haifar da wadannan kalmomin Algorism da algorithm. Har wayau sunansa itace mafarin sunan (Spanish) guarismo da kuma na (Portuguese) algarismo, wadanda dukkanin su ke nufin digit. A karni na 12th, fassarar Latin na littafin sa akan arithmetic (Algorithmo de Numero Indorum) which codified the various Indian numerals, Ita tazo da decimal positional number system zuwa yammacin duniya. The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, da aka fassara zuwa Latin wanda Robert of Chester yayi a 1145, anyita amfani dashi har zuwa karni na goma sha shida, a matsayin babban littafin lissafi na karatu a Jami'o'in turai.<ref>Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9S0XAQAAIAAJ|title=A History of the Islamic World|last=Fred James Hill, Nicholas Awde|publisher=|year=2003|isbn=978-0781810159|location=|page=55|quote="The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities, until the sixteenth century</ref>Cite web|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/people/patricia.backer/history/islam.htm|title=Islam Spain and the history of technology|website=www.sjsu.edu|access-date=2018-01-24 Kari akan mafi kyawun aikinsa, he revised Ptolemy's Geography, da jeranta longitudes da latitudes na birane da dama da garuruwa. Ya kai ga samar da a set of astronomical tables'' da kuma rubutu akan calendaric works,as well as the astrolabe and the sundial.. Manazarta

32922

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Anyi

Mutanen Anyi

Mutanen Agnis (ko Anyi) ƴan Akan ne da ke zaune a Yammacin Afirka. Akwai kusan 1,200,000 daga cikinsu, musamman a kasar Ivory Coast. Suna kuma zaune a Ghana. Su ne mutanen farko, a wannan yanki, da suka yi hulɗa da Turawan mulkin mallaka a ƙarni na 18. Kabilanci Bisa ga maɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, ana iya lura da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa na sunansu: Agnis, Ani, Anya, Anyi, Anyis, Ndenie. Tarihi Asali Mutanen Agnis sun samo asali ne daga kwarin Kogin Nilu. Sun kiyaye sunan ƙabilar farko da aka tabbatar da su don kafa Ta-Mery (Ƙasar Ƙaunataccen Ƙasa, a Ƙasar Misira): Anis, ya fito daga Ta-Khent (Ƙasa ta farko, farkon, a tsohuwar Habasha), wanda kuma ake kira. Ta-Neter (ƙasar allahntaka). Sarakunan Agnis suna riƙe da taken Amon, sunan ɗan adam a cikin duniyar Masar: Amon Azenia (ƙarni na 16), Amon Tiffou (ƙarni na 17), Amon Aguire (ƙarni na 19). A farkon karni na 18, Agnis na farko, wanda ya fito daga masarautar Ashanti daga Ghana, ya ketare iyakar Ivory Coast tare da wani rukuni na Akans. Lokacin da suka isa tafkin Aby, sun kafa masarautar Indenie, masarautar Sanwi da masarautar Moronous tare da Mrôfo Agnis. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa akwai wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, kamar Agnis-Assonvon kusa da Ebilassokro, a gabashin Ivory Coast. Yau 11% na Agnis suna zaune a Abengourou: babban birni a tsohuwar masarautar Indenie. Sauran mutanen sun bazu a yankunan N'zi-Comoé, Zanzan, masarautar Sanwi da kuma wasu tsiraru a Ghana. Garuruwan Kudu Daga shekara ta 1990, an samu rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin wadannan manyan biranen: dajin da suka taru a yankunan da mutanen savanna suka fi yin hijira zuwa. Al'adu Jagoranci Al'ummar Akan gabaɗaya suna aiki a ƙarƙashin tsarin sarauta wanda kuma gaskiya ne ga Anyi. Kafin Faransa ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankunan da Anyi ke zama akwai jiga-jigai guda uku: masu mulki, ’yantattu, da bayi. A yau yawanci akwai shugaban karamar hukuma, wanda majalisar dattawa ce ke jagoranta kuma mai wakiltar mazabarsa a siyasar yankin. Kamar sauran al’ummar Akan, Anyi suna da tsattsauran ra’ayi na al’umma wanda ya haɗa da tsarin mulki na siyasa tare da manyan jami’ai waɗanda ke nuna girman kai da girmansu. Mutanen Anyi mutanen aure ne, kuma mata suna da matsayi mai girma a cikin zamantakewar al'umma a fagen siyasa da tattalin arziki. Al'umma Anyi zaune ne a lungu da sako na rukunin gidaje na iyali wadanda gaba daya suka watsu. Hotunan jana'izar da abubuwan tunawa sune fitattun nau'ikan fasahar Anyi. Iyali sau da yawa suna nuna wadatar ta ta wurin raguwar abubuwan tunawa da su yayin da ake tunanin mafi girman kyau na nuna girmamawa ga waɗanda ake tunawa. Iyali Don auren mai neman aure dole ne ya samar da abubuwa uku: O-Bla-kale: Taimakon kudi don kula da tarbiyyar amarya Adyia-tila: siyan trousseau Be-ti-sika: ɗaure yarinya da iyayenta Zina ana jin kunya kuma a wani lokaci ana korar mutane daga ƙauyuka ko ma a kashe su. Mata dole ne su yarda da yawan masoyan da suka yi, don ceton rayukansu da na 'ya'yansu. Maza za su iya yanke shawarar gafarta musu ko a'a. Addini Anyi bin addinin gargajiya na Akan da kuma Musulunci da Kiristanci. A al'adance addinin Akan rayuwan mutum don tunawa da mutum a matsayin kakanni shine dalili na farko. Tsarin addininsu ya ginu ne a kan ci gaba da girmama kakanninsu da suka rasu. Idan mutun ya rasu ana gudanar da gagarumin biki, wanda ya hada da wanke-wanke, sanya wa mamacin tufafi masu kyau da kayan ado na zinare da za a ajiye har na tsawon kwanaki uku, da kuma zaman makoki da ke baiwa iyalai da sauran al’umma damar nuna girmamawar su ga Allah. tafi domin bada garantin maraba zuwa duniyar ruhi. Daga cikin mutanen Agnis, ana kiran féticheur Kômian. A cikin al'ummomin Akan na Ghana da kuma a gabar Tekun Ivory Coast, Kômian ya cancanci kowa da kowa da sanin ilimin asiri. Komiyawa suna iya koya wa sarakuna iliminsu ko kuma su faɗi abin da zai faru a nan gaba. Hankalinsu na sihiri/addini yana ba su damar koyan ra'ayoyin da ɗan adam ba zai taɓa iyawa ba. An taru 'yan Komiyawa a cikin ƙungiyoyin asiri. Harshe Harshen Agnis na cikin harsunan Nijar-Congo. Ana zargin, akwai masu magana 250 000 a cikin Sud-Comöe. Ilimin tattalin arziki Anyi aiki da farko a karkashin tattalin arzikin noma wanda ya shafi noman ayaba da taro. Doya kuma muhimmin amfanin gona ne. Yawancin amfanin gona da aka noma a cikin gida an fito da su daga Amurka a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Waɗannan sun haɗa da masara, manioc, barkono, gyada, tumatir, squash, da dankali mai daɗi. Dabbobin gona sun haɗa da tumaki, awaki, kaji, da karnuka. Kasuwannin da mata ke gudanar da su na gudana ne duk bayan kwana hudu kuma su ne cibiyar tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Ana sayar da kayan amfanin gida da na sana'a tare da shigo da kaya. Ana sayar da man dabino a matsayin kayayyaki a kasuwannin duniya. Aikin gandun daji ma Anyi. Manazarta Kabilu a Ghana Kabilu a Ivory

35044

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Adu%20Boahen

Albert Adu Boahen

Albert Kwadwo Adu Boahen (24 ga Mayu 1932 24 ga Mayu 2006) malami ne, ɗan tarihi, kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Ghana. Ya kasance malami a Jami'ar Ghana daga 1959 zuwa 1990, daga 1971 zuwa gaba a matsayin farfesa. A matsayinsa na dan siyasa, ya kasance dan takara a zaben shugaban kasar Ghana a shekarar 1992, mai wakiltar babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta New Patriotic Party. Aiki Ilimi An haifi Boahen a Oseim ga iyayen Presbyterian, kuma yana da tushen kakanninsa a Juaben a yankin Ashanti. Ya halarci makarantun addini tsakanin 1938 zuwa 1947. Sannan ya yi shekaru uku a makarantar Mfantsipim kafin ya shiga karatun tarihi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Gold Coast da ke Legon. Ya sauke karatu a shekarar 1956. A 1959 ya sami digiri na uku na Ph.D. a cikin tarihin Afirka daga Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka a London, a matsayin ɗan Ghana na farko. Ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Ghana a 1959, kuma Farfesa ne daga 1971 zuwa ritaya a 1990. Ya shugabanci Sashen Tarihi a can daga 1967 zuwa 1975, a matsayin dan Afrika na farko da ya taba yin haka, kuma ya kasance shugaban jami’a daga 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya kuma yi aiki a hukumar editocin The Journal of African History da aka buga ta Jami’ar Cambridge University Press, kuma malami ne mai ziyara a irin wadannan cibiyoyi kamar Jami'ar Kasa ta Ostiraliya a 1969, Jami'ar Columbia a 1970 da Jami'ar Jihar New York a 1990 da 1991. Tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, ya kuma yi aiki a cikin kwamitin UNESCO wanda ya buga littafin General History of Africa. Siyasa Aikin ilimi na Boahen ya ketare cikin siyasa. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1988 ya gabatar da jawabai kan tarihin Ghana a bainar jama'a daga 1972 zuwa 1987. Saboda haka ne ake masa rade-radin karya abin da ake kira "al'adun shiru" wanda ke nuna gwamnatin Shugaba Jerry Rawlings, wanda ya ci gaba da yin hidima tun 1981. An buga laccocin, waɗanda aka fara gudanar da su a zauren Majalisar Burtaniya a Accra, a cikin 1998 a matsayin The Ghana Sphinx: The Contemporary History of Ghana 1972–1987. A cikin 1990 ya kafa kungiyar Movement for Freedom and Justice, kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. An dage haramcin da aka sanya wa jam’iyyun siyasa a Ghana a shekarar 1992. A zaben shugaban kasa na 1992 da ya biyo baya, Boahen ya zama dan takarar New Patriotic Party (NPP), inda Roland Issifu Alhassan ya zama mataimakinsa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Boahen ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Jerry Rawlings, amma ya sami kashi 30.4% na kuri'un. Saboda rashin gamsuwa da zargin tafka magudi a wancan zaben, Boahen ya kauracewa zaben ‘yan majalisa na 1992. A zaben shugaban kasa na 1996, John Kufuor ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar NPP kuma ya fi Boahen kyau, inda ya samu kashi 39.6% na kuri'un. A cikin 1998, Boahen yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo a matsayin sabon ɗan takarar shugaban kasa na New Patriotic Party, amma an zaɓi Kufour maimakon. Daga karshe, Kufour ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2000 kuma ya zama shugaban kasa. Boahen yayi magana akan tarihin Marxist a farkon aikinsa. A siyasance, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi, mai imani da 'yancin kai, jin dadin jama'a, da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da tattalin arzikin kasuwa". Gado da mutuwa Boahen ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana, kuma a cikin 2003 an buga Festschrift mai suna Ghana in Africa and the World, wanda Toyin Falola ya gyara. UNESCO ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Azurfa ta Avicenna. Boahen ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2006, yana da shekaru 74 da haihuwa. Ya bar matarsa Mary Adu Boahen da ‘ya’yansa biyar. Jerry Rawlings na daga cikin makokin da suka kai wa iyalansa ziyara. An karrama shi da jana'izar jana'izar, kuma a watan Yunin 2006 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Star of Ghana. John Kufour ya kaddamar da ranar karramawa ta kasa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, kuma an baiwa wasu da dama lambar yabo. Tushensa za a iya samo shi daga Osiem, wani ƙauye a yankin Gabashin Ghana inda aka ba shi ginin majalisar yankin. Shugaban kasar Nana Addo Akufo-Addo ya nada dansa Charles Adu Boahen mataimakin ministan kudi a Ghana a shekarar 2017. Bangaren littafi mai tsarki Britain, the Sahara and the Western Sudan 1788-1861. London/Oxford, 1964 (dissertation). Topics in West African History. Harlow/London, 1966. Ghana: Evolution and Change in the 19th and 20th Centuries. London, 1975. The Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since 1800. Accra/London, 1975. "Politics in Ghana, 1800–1874", in, J. F. Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder History of West Africa. London, 1977 (3rd edition), Vol. 2, pp. 167–260. African Perspectives on Colonialism. Baltimore, 1987. The Ghanaian Sphinx: Reflections on the Contemporary History of Ghana, 1972–1987. Accra, 1989. Mfantsipim and the making of Ghana: A Centenary History, 1876–1976. Accra, 1996. Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante British War of 1900–1. Accra, 2003. Africa in the Twentieth Century: The Adu Boahen Reader. Trenton, NJ, 2005. With J. B. Webster and H. O. Idowu: The Revolutionary Years: West Africa since 1800. London, 1980. Manazarta Haifaffun 1932 Mutuwan

36597

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankunan%20Awori

Yankunan Awori

Yankunan Awori wasu yankuna ne na Najeriya da kabilar Awori reshen kabilar Yarabawa ke zaune a ciki, suna magana da yare daban na harshen Yarbawa. A al'adance, ana samun Awori a jihohi biyu na Najeriya: Ogun da Legas. Mutanen Awori sun yi hijira daga Ile Ife suka mamaye jihar Legas ta yau. Ƙirƙirar jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi bayan mulkin mallaka ya yi tasiri ga rarrabuwar kawuna a jihohin Ogun da Legas a Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Garuruwan Awori na jihar Ogun sune Otta, Igbesa, Ilobi da Tigbo. Yankin gargajiya na Awori ya fara daga latitude 60 30' N daga gabas mai tsananin gaske kuma wani yanki mai faɗin bakin teku ya haura hekta 350,000 (kilomita 3,500) tare da ƙasa da kashi ashirin cikin ɗari wanda ya ƙunshi lagos, raƙuman ruwa da magudanan ruwa. Yankuna masu yawan mazauna Ana iya raba Awori zuwa manyan sassa biyu. Waɗannan su ne farkon Awori da ƙungiyoyin Awori na ƙarshe. Daga cikin rukunin farko na Awori akwai Isheri, Otto-Olofin, Iddo, Ebute Metta, Apa, Ibereko da Otta da Ado-Odo a jihar Ogun ta Najeriya. Babban fasalin waɗannan ƙauyuka shine cewa an kafa su kafin 1500. Hakanan suna da tarihin ƙaura mai alaƙa kuma suna gane Ogunfunminire a matsayin zuriyarsu. The later settlement include Ojo, Itire, Mushin, Iba, Oto-Awori, Ijanikin, Ilogbo Elegba, Ilogbo-Eremi, Iworo, Agbara, Imoore, lsunba, Alapako, Mosabo, Agia, Ibasa, Irede, Ikaare, Iyagbe, Ilashe, Igbologun, Itomaro, Oko-Ata, Ayimorafide, da dai sauransu duk wanda ya kasance bayan 1500 mazauna. Awori wadanda gidan kakanninsu itace Isheri-Olofin a Legas kafin a kai wa Benin hari kamar yadda Olofin Adimula na Orile Isheri ya bayar da goyon bayan wasu kungiyoyin Awori irin su Apa, Ilogbo-Eremi, Ibereko, Oto, Ota, Ado-Odo da Igbesa. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na siyasa da aka kafa Jihohi ya ga tarwatsewar kabilan da suka watsu a jihohin Ogun da Legas na yanzu. Jihar Legas Ana daukan Awori a matsayin kabila na farko a Legas, duk da cewa sarautar Oba na Legas ta samo asali ne daga Benin. A wata hira da jaridar The Punch, lauyan Najeriya kuma dattijon jihar, Lateef Olufemi Okunnu ya bayyana Awori cewa sune asalin mazauna jihar Legas Ya bayyana cewa sun sauka a Legas kimanin rabin karni da suka wuce, tun kafin harin Bini na Legas. Sola Ebiseni, tsohon kwamishinan muhalli a jihar Ondo kuma haifaffen Awori a fannin shari'a a cikin wata jarida na Vanguard, ya jaddada cewa yankunan Awori na farko a Legas ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar sarakunan Idejo, waɗanda ke da manufofin da ke tabbatar da mallaka da kuma karuwar filayensu. Tarihi ya bayyana cewa Awori itace kabila na biyu mafi yawan al’umma a Legas, sai mutanen Ilaje Significant populations were explain to have settled in Apapa, Ajegunle, Makoko, Iwaya, Bariga, Oko Baba, Oto, Ebute-Metta, Oyingbo, Ijora, Igbo Elejo, Ojo, Aloro Island (off the Coast of Kirikiri) Ajah, Badore, Iton Agan, Oworonsoki, Agboyi, Bayeku etc. A cikin shekara ta 2017, Erelu Kuti na Legas, Abiola Dosunmu ya musanta ikirarin cewa Awori su ne ainihin "mazauna" Legas. Ta bayyana Legas a matsayin "sashin Birnin Benin" a farkon al'amari. Ta kuma bayyana cewa bayan hijirar kabilar Awori daga Ife, tun farko suna biyan Oba na Benin kudaden sarauta. Oba na Legas ya musanta matsayinta, wanda tun da farko ya nuna muhimmancin Bini wajen kirkiro Legas amma ya yi ikirarin cewa Benin ba su ne masu Legas ba. Awori sun mamaye kananan hukumomi goma sha shida, daga cikin kananan hukumomi ashirin da ke a Jihar Legas a shekarar 2003, sai dai kawai Epe, Ikorodu da IbejuLekki wadanda ke da karancin mazauna Awori. A waɗannan yankuna, sun haɓaka masarautu da masarautu da yawa. Da yake magana a kan shirin jihar Lagoon, kungiyar jin dadin jama’a ta Awori ta Najeriya (AWAN) ta bayar da shawarar kara yawan kananan hukumomi ga Aworiland, maimakon a samar da karin jahohi domin mayar da ‘yan tsiraru saniyar ware zai zo wasa idan aka yi. Har ila yau, sun gano rashin hankalin ’yan wasan saboda rashin tuntubar juna a matsayin dalilin kin amincewarsu. Apapa, Iganmu, Somolu, Bariga, Akoka, Eti-Okun, Iwerekun, Kosofe, Agboyi, Ketu, Obalende lkoyi, Iru/ Victoria Island, Eti-Osa East, Eti-Osa West, Eti-Osa Central, Etikun, Ibeshe and An bayyana garuruwan Majidun a matsayin Aworiland a cikin jihar da aka tsara. Jihar Ogun Al’ummar Awori da ke Jihar Ogun suna nan a gundumar Ogun ta Yamma, yankin da ke wakiltar kaso 37 na daukacin yankin da kuma kaso 31% na al’ummar jihar. Manazarta Lagos (jiha) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30048

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafkunan%20dake%20daidaita%20shara

Tafkunan dake daidaita shara

Tafkunan da ke daidaita sharar gida WSPs ko tafkuna masu daidaitawa ko lagoons na sharar sharar gida tafkunan da aka tsara da kuma gina su don maganin ruwan sha don rage abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin cuta da kuma kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa Bacin rai ne da ɗan adam ya yi wanda aka killace su da tsarin ƙasa. Kuma Ruwan sharar gida ko "tasiri" yana shiga a gefe ɗaya na kandami na daidaitawar sharar gida kuma yana fita a gefe guda a matsayin "mai tsabta", bayan ya shafe kwanaki da yawa a cikin tafkin, lokacin da tsarin kulawa ya faru. Ana amfani da tafkunan kwantar da shara a duk duniya don maganin sharar gida kuma sun dace musamman ga ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da yanayin zafi. Ana amfani da su akai-akai don magance najasa da gurɓataccen masana'antu, sannan Kuma amma kuma ana iya amfani da su don maganin gushewar ruwa na birni ko kuma ruwan sama Tsarin zai iya ƙunshi tafki guda ɗaya ko tafkuna da yawa a cikin jeri, kowane tafki yana taka rawa daban-daban wajen kawar da gurɓataccen abu Bayan jiyya, za'a iya mayar da magudanar zuwa ruwan saman ko kuma a sake amfani da shi azaman ruwan ban ruwa (ko ruwan da aka dawo da shi) idan magudanar ta cika ka'idojin da ake buƙata (misali ƙananan matakan ƙwayoyin cuta Tafkunan kwantar da sharar gida sun haɗa da hanyoyin jiyya na halitta waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci saboda ƙimar cirewa suna jinkirin. Sabili da haka, ana buƙatar manyan wurare fiye da sauran hanyoyin magani tare da abubuwan shigar da makamashi na waje. Tafkunan kwantar da sharar da aka kwatanta a nan ba sa amfani da iska. Da Kuma Fasahar lagoon mai girma da ke amfani da iska tana da alaƙa da yawa tare da aikin sludge mai kunnawa Irin wannan tafki mai iskar ruwa ba sa amfani da ƙasa fiye da yadda ake buƙata don tafkunan kwantar da tarzoma na gargajiya kuma suna da yawa a cikin ƙananan garuruwa. Tushen Manufar tabbatarwa Najasa da yawancin nau'ikan ruwan sharar masana'antu sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta. Kuma Idan aka fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da kula da shi ba cikin ruwa na saman (misali, koguna da tafkuna), kwayoyin halittarsu suna zama abinci ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin ruwan saman. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da kwayoyin halitta don samar da makamashi don girma da haifuwa. Sannan Ana yin wannan ta hanyar numfashin su, inda suke canza kwayoyin halitta zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa. Duk Wadannan tsayayyen sassan ba sa haifar da matsalolin gurbatar ruwa. Don haka ana kiran wannan akai-akai "kwantar da hankali" na kwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin numfashi, don haka rage yawan iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Wannan yana daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin gurɓataccen ruwa, Kuma wanda zai iya shafar yanayin ruwa na ruwa, ciki har da kifi. Tafkunan sharar gida suna haifar da waɗannan abubuwan al'amuran halitta kafin su faru a cikin ruwan sama mai karɓar kuma suna haifar da matsalolin ƙazanta saboda yawan iskar oxygen. Tafkunan suna karɓar ruwan sharar gida, kuma, ta hanyar hanyoyin dabi'a irin waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna aiwatar da daidaita yanayin kwayoyin halitta a cikin su, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jiyya. Kuma Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa suka karbi sunan tafkunan kwantar da hankali. Microorganisms Abubuwan da ke faruwa suna faruwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin tafki. To Amman Ana auna kwayoyin halitta azaman buƙatar oxygen na biochemical (BOD). Ƙimar BOD a cikin ruwan kandami sun fi ƙasa da tasiri, suna nuna kawar da kwayoyin halitta. Wannan tafki biome yana amfani da kwayoyin halitta daga ruwan datti a matsayin abinci. Ana canza abubuwan gina jiki zuwa kayan tantanin halitta da makamashi don tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ciki har da haifuwa da haɓakar sel masu rai. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sel masu rai za a cinye su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta a matakan trophic mafi girma a cikin tafki. To A cikin tafkunan, rukuni mafi mahimmanci na ƙwayoyin cuta sune kwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke amfani da yawancin kwayoyin halitta daga ruwan sha, amma kuma suna cinye oxygen. Algae wani muhimmin rukuni ne na ƙwayoyin cuta. Ba su dogara da kwayoyin halitta daga masu tasiri ba. Maimakon haka, suna ɗaukar photosynthesis, wanda suke samar da kwayoyin halitta don amfanin kansu kuma, mafi mahimmanci a nan, suna sakin oxygen. Kuma Yawan iskar oxygen da aka fitar yana tallafawa numfashin da kwayoyin halitta ke yi a cikin tafki. Hakanan ana narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye shimfidar iska a saman saman tafki. Matakan oxygen Matsakaicin iskar oxygen ya bambanta a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa: Kusa da ƙasa, haɓakawa yana da yawa kuma yana tallafawa haɓakar ƙwayoyin iska. Kusa da ƙasan kandami, shigar hasken rana ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, don haka aikin photosynthesis yana raguwa. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen ya zama ƙasa a can. A ƙarshe, a cikin sediments a cikin ƙasan Layer, babu iskar oxygen kwata-kwata. Anan, kwayoyin halitta ana cire su ta hanyar narkewa da kwayoyin anaerobic suka yi. Cire ƙwayoyin cuta Ana iya cire ƙwayoyin cuta da kyau a cikin tafkunan kwantar da sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Tsarin ya dogara da yawa akan tafkunan balagagge don kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, kodayake wasu cirewar kuma yana faruwa a cikin sauran tafkunan tsarin. Mafi girman adadin tafkunan a cikin jerin, mafi inganci da kawar da pathogen. Cire ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta yana faruwa musamman ta rashin kunnawa. Ana kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a sakamakon hadaddun hulɗar hanyoyin da suka haɗa da pH (ƙimar pH a cikin tafkuna yana da girma saboda algal photosynthesis), zafin jiki, hasken ultraviolet da ke cikin hasken rana wanda ya isa saman kandami da halayen photooxidative suna cin gajiyar babban narkar da su. yawan iskar oxygen. Protozoan pathogens suna nan a cikin ruwan datti a cikin nau'i na cysts ko oocysts. Helminths (tsutsotsi) suna samuwa a cikin nau'i na ƙwai. Kuma Za a iya cire ƙwayoyin cuta na protozoan da helminth ta hanyar tsarin lalata. Za'a iya samun ingancin cirewa sosai, musamman idan tafkunan maturation suna cikin tsarin jiyya. A wannan yanayin, ƙaƙƙarfan tafki na ƙarshe na iya kasancewa cikin bin ka'idodin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don ban ruwa tare da sharar da aka gyara (ko ruwan da aka kwato"). Duk da haka, a sludge (launi) daga tafkunan na iya zama gurbataccen ruwa tare da ƙwai helminth, wanda zai iya rayuwa ko da bayan shekaru da yawa na adana sludge a cikin kandami. Nau'ukan Tafkunan kwantar da sharar sun ƙunshi kwandunan da mutum ya yi wanda ya ƙunshi tafkunan anaerobic guda ɗaya (1) ko da yawa, na ƙwarewa ko maturation. Kasancewa ko rashin iskar oxygen ya bambanta da nau'ikan tafkunan guda uku, ana amfani da su a jere. Tafkunan sharar anaerobic suna da ƙarancin narkar da iskar oxygen, to don haka yanayin anaerobic ya mamaye. Nau'in tafki na biyu, tafkuna masu daidaitawa, suna ɗorewa wurin zama na sararin samaniya sama da mazaunin benthic na anaerobic. Maturation tafkunan suna ba da yanayin motsa jiki a ko'ina, daga saman zuwa ƙasa. Babban tsarin tsarin tafki shine: Facultative tafki kawai; Anaerobic tafki yana biye da tafki mai facultative; Facultative kandami bi da maturation tafkunan a jeri; Tafkin anaerobic yana biye da tafki mai ƙwarewa sannan kuma tafkunan maturation a jere. Idan tafkin anaerobic ya kasance, wani ɓangare na daskararrun da aka dakatar daga ruwa mai datti ya daidaita, don haka cire kwayoyin halitta BOD da waɗannan daskararrun ke bayarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana cire wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka narkar da su ta hanyar narkewar anaerobic To A lokacin mataki na biyu a cikin tafki mai facultative yawancin sauran BOD ana cire su ne ta hanyar kwayoyin heterotrophic waɗanda ke karɓar iskar oxygen daga photosynthesis da algae ke yi. Babban aikin mataki na uku a cikin tafkunan balagagge shine kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ko da yake yana iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan abinci (watau nitrogen Koyaya, kuma ƙayyadaddun nitrogen ta hanyar algae da ke zaune a cikin tsarin tafki mai daidaitawa na iya haɓaka matakan nitrogen a cikin ƙazamin kandami. Tafkunan anaerobic Tafkunan anaerobic suna samun danyen ruwan sharar gida Suna da ƙaramin yanki idan aka kwatanta da tafkuna masu ƙwarewa kuma suna da zurfi (yawanci 3.0 zuwa 5.0 m). Zurfin yana rage tasirin samar da iskar oxygen ta hanyar photosynthesis, yana haifar da yanayin anaerobic. Dangane da yanayin lodi da yanayin yanayi, waɗannan tafkunan suna iya cire tsakanin rabin zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na tasirin BOD. Wannan yana rage girman nauyin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke zuwa tafkunan masu fa'ida, don haka yana rage girman da ake buƙata. Tafkunan anaerobic stabilization suna da lahani na yuwuwar sakin iskar gas mai haɗari. Wannan musamman ya hada da hydrogen sulfide tare da warin ruɓaɓɓen qwai,Kuma idan tsarin yana da matsalolin aiki. Biome na farko na kandami a cikin jerin tafkunan kwantar da hankali yana narkar da daskararrun daskararrun da aka rataye a cikin ruwan datti da ake jiyya. Tafkunan anaerobic suna ba da damar daskararru su zauna a ƙasa a matsayin sludge. Kuma Wannan madaidaicin yana cire wani yanki na kayan ɓarkewar kwayoyin halitta. Babban juzu'in daskararrun daskararrun za su taru kusa da wurin da ruwan datti ya shiga cikin tafki. Don haka, dole ne a tsara tafkunan anaerobic don su yi zurfin zurfi fiye da tafkunan motsa jiki ko na fasaha. Zurfin yana rage matakan iskar oxygen don haka kwayoyin anaerobic zasu iya narkar da sharar yadda yakamata. Tafkunan anaerobic sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar anaerobic waɗanda ke iya wargaza hadaddun datti zuwa abubuwan da ba su da illa ga muhalli. Saboda kwayoyin halittar anaerobic suna iya bunƙasa a cikin yanayin zafi kawai, tafkunan anaerobic ba su dace da yanayi mai zafi ko sanyi ba sosai. Sludge yana taruwa a kasan tafkunan anaerobic kuma yana buƙatar cirewa kowane ƴan shekaru. Facultative tafkunan Facultative stabilization tafkunan da ke karɓar danyen ruwan sha ana kiran tafkuna na farko. Idan suna karbar ruwan sharar da aka riga aka yi magani a cikin tafkunan anaerobic, ana kiran su tafkunan facultative na sakandare. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tafkunan kwantar da hankali don jiyya biyo bayan wasu nau'ikan hanyoyin jiyya kamar su ma'aunin anaerobic sludge bargo (UASB) reactors, ramukan iskar oxygen ko lagoons mai iska. Idan aka kwatanta da tafkunan anaerobic, tafkuna masu fa'ida ba su da zurfi (zurfin 1.5 zuwa 2.5 m) kuma suna da filaye da yawa. Yankin saman yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ba da damar iskar oxygen ta narke da hasken rana don shiga cikin ruwa. Duk Wannan yana ba da damar aikin photosynthesis ya faru wanda ke samar da ƙarin oxygen. A mafi yawan tafkunan ana buƙatar ƙwayoyin cuta da algae don haɓaka lalata kwayoyin halitta da kuma kawar da wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Algae suna samar da iskar oxygen (photosynthesis) kuma suna cinye iskar oxygen (numfasawa), to amma suna barin iskar oxygen da yawa waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya amfani da su don numfashi da kuma hanyoyin iskar oxygen (ko daidaitawa) na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan sharar gida. Yawancin nau'ikan invertebrates suna nan a cikin tafkunan inda suke sarrafa yawan algae, wanda sannan ya zauna a ƙasa. Girman algashi mai nauyi na iya toshe hasken rana shiga cikin tafki. Wannan yana rage yuwuwar photosynthesis don ba da gudummawar iskar oxygen zuwa kandami. A cikin kula da najasa, tsarin da ya ƙunshi tafkunan anaerobic da ke biye da tafkuna masu fa'ida yawanci suna da ingantaccen cirewar BOD tsakanin kashi 75 da 85%. Mafi girman inganci yana da wuyar cimmawa saboda dattin yana ƙunshe da babban adadin kwayoyin halitta, a cikin nau'in algae, da aka samar ta halitta yayin jiyya. Lalacewar da ke kunshe da laka a cikin tafki yana shan narkewar anaerobic, kuma yana iya tarawa tsawon shekaru da yawa ba tare da buƙatar cirewa ba. Maturation tafkunan Ana iya samun ƙarin kawar da kwayoyin halitta da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin tafkunan maturation. Duka Waɗannan tafkunan ana haɗa su ne kawai a cikin layin jiyya lokacin da ake buƙatar babban inganci na kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ko dai don zubar da magudanar da aka yi da su a cikin ruwan saman, ko ace don amfani da ban ruwa ko kiwo. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da su bayan tafkuna masu fa'ida, amma kuma suna iya bin wasu hanyoyin jiyya, kamar su na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi anaerobic sludge bargo (UASB). Hakanan ana iya sanya su bayan aikin sludge da aka kunna. Maturation tafkunan dole ne su kasance m (kusan zurfin 1.0 m ko ƙasa da haka) tare da babban yanki mai girma don ƙarin oxygen zai iya narke cikin ruwa yana ba kwayoyin isassun iskar oxygen suyi aiki yadda ya kamata. Tafkuna masu zurfi suna fa'ida daga manyan ayyukan photosythetic da ke tasowa daga shigar hasken rana. Ma'auni na pH suna da girma saboda a tsananin photosynthesis, kuma shigar da hasken ultraviolet yana faruwa a cikin manyan yadudduka. Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu suna haɓaka kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Idan aka yi la'akari da babban yanki na tafkunan maturation, ana cire cysts na protozoan da ƙwai helminth, tare da lalata a matsayin babban injin. Tarin sludge yayi ƙasa sosai a cikin tafkunan maturation. Za a iya samun nasarar kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta sosai, dangane da dalilai da yawa: zafin jiki, lokacin riƙewar ruwa (yawan lokacin da ruwa ya kasance a cikin tsarin daga ƙofar zuwa fita), yawan tafkuna a cikin jerin, gaban baffles da zurfin tafkunan. Ana iya amfani da tafkunan balagagge a haɗe tare da tafki na ruwan sama don samar da tafki na ban ruwa mai tsarkake muhalli. Aikace-aikace da dacewa Tafkunan kwantar da sharar gida suna da inganci sosai a cikin ainihin manufarsu ta kawar da kwayoyin halitta kuma, a wasu yanayi, ƙwayoyin cuta. Ma'aunin ƙirar su ya canza kadan a cikin shekaru. Tafkuna suna da sauƙi don tsarawa, ginawa, sannan sarrafawa da kulawa, wanda ke da matukar mahimmanci a yankuna masu nisa da kuma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda kayan aiki na yau da kullun da ƙwararrun ma'aikata ba su da sauƙi. Kuma ’Yan kwangila na gida na iya yin gine-gine a cikin ƙananan garuruwa. Tafkunan kwantar da shara suna aiki da kyau a kusan dukkan mahalli kuma suna iya magance yawancin nau'ikan ruwan datti Sun dace musamman ga ƙasashe masu zafi da na ƙasa saboda tsananin hasken rana da zafin jiki sune mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ingantaccen tsarin cirewa. Ana amfani da tafkuna a duk faɗin duniyat. To A cikin ƙasashe da yankuna da yawa tafkuna sune tsarin jiyya da aka fi amfani da su. Don haka, suna daya daga cikin hanyoyin da WHO ta ba da shawarar yin maganin datti don sake amfani da su a aikin gona da kiwo, musamman saboda tasirinsu wajen cire nematodes (tsutsotsi) da ƙwai helminth Tafkunan ba za su iya cimma babban inganci wajen kawar da kwayoyin halitta ba, kuma yawanci suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi don cire nitrogen da phosphorus Ruwan ruwa yawanci yana da babban adadin da aka dakatar da shi, sakamakon samar da algal a cikin tafkunan. To Don haka, tafkuna ba fasaha ce da ta dace ba a wuraren da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitarwa ke wanzu, sai dai idan an haɗa ƙarin matakan jiyya bayan. Tunda tafkunan suna buƙatar manyan wurare, ƙila ba za su yi aiki ba a kusa da garuruwan da ƙasa ke da tsada. Ana kuma son yanayin yanayin da ya dace da tsarin ƙasa mai dacewa, don rage farashin gini. Aiki da kulawa Game da aiki da kulawa, ayyukan da ma'aikatan aiki ke yi suna da sauƙi kuma ba sa buƙatar ƙwarewa na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, Kuma babu amfani da makamashi don iska, babu buƙatar kulawa da kayan aiki mai nauyi kuma babu yawan cire sludge, jiyya da zubar da ruwa. Tafkunan suna buƙatar kulawa kaɗan, tunda babu kayan wuta mai nauyi ko na inji da ke buƙatar kulawa. Iyakar kulawa ta yau da kullun da ake buƙata shine akan jiyya na farko (tsaftace fuska da cire yashi), bincikar bututu na yau da kullun, magudanar ruwa da sauran tsarin injin ruwa, sannan da kawar da ci gaban ciyayi maras so a cikin tarkace. Cire sludge Sludge yana tarawa a cikin tafkunan. Yana buƙatar cire shi kawai a cikin tazarar shekaru da yawa. Wannan muhimmin amfani ne na tsarin. Koyaya, lokacin cirewa ya zama dole, yawanci aiki ne mai tsada da wahala. Kuma Cire ya fi sau da yawa a cikin tafkunan anaerobic (kowace ƴan shekaru), saboda ƙaramar ƙararsu da ƙananan ƙarfin ajiyar sludge, idan aka kwatanta da tafkunan masu ƙwarewa. A cikin tafkuna masu fa'ida, cire sludge na iya zama dole kawai a cikin tazara tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 25. A cikin tafkunan maturation, tarin sludge yana da ƙasa sosai. Cire sludge, wanda kuma ake kira desludging, ana iya yin shi ta hanyoyi biyu na asali: (i) katse aikin kandami don lalata ko (ii) kiyaye tafki yana aiki yayin lalata. A cikin shari'ar farko, sannan an rufe ruwan datti mai tasiri zuwa kandami da za a kwashe. Bayan haka, ana zubar da kandami kuma an bar sludge na kasa don bude bushewa na makonni da yawa. A wannan lokacin, ruwan dattin da za a yi amfani da shi yana buƙatar karkatar da shi zuwa wasu tafkunan da ke cikin tsarin. Bayan sludge ya bushe, ana iya cire shi da hannu (mai wahala sosai a cikin manyan tafkuna) ko kuma ta hanyar injina ta amfani da tarakta ko scrapers. A madadin na biyu, lokacin da aka bar kandami yana aiki a lokacin rarrabuwa, sludge da aka cire zai zama rigar kuma zai buƙaci ƙarin bushewa. Ana yin wannan a wajen tafkin. Cire sludge na iya zama ta hanyar tsotsawa da yin famfo ta amfani da manyan manyan motoci (don ƙananan tafkuna kawai), jujjuyawa, Kuma yin famfo daga jirgin ruwa ko haɗa wasu kayan aikin injiniya. A kowane hali, adadin sludge da za a cire yana da yawa sosai, idan aka yi la'akari da yadda ya taru tsawon shekaru. Wannan tsari yana da wahala sosai, tsada kuma yana buƙatar yin shiri sosai. Farashin A cikin zaɓin tsarin kula da ruwan sha, ban da abubuwan fasaha waɗanda suka dace da kowane madadin, abubuwan tsada kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ana iya raba na ƙarshe zuwa (i) farashin gini da (ii) farashin aiki da kulawa. Ana ɗaukar tafkunan kwantar da shara a matsayin madadin arha dangane da farashin gini. Koyaya, sannan Kuma farashin ƙarshe zai dogara da gaske akan girman tafkunan, kasancewar tafkunan maturation a cikin tsarin tsari, yanayin yanayin ƙasa, yanayin ƙasa, matakin ruwan ƙasa da farashin ƙasa. Saboda duk waɗannan abubuwan sun keɓanta da wurin, yana da wahala a ƙididdige yawan kuɗin gini gabaɗaya. A mafi yawan lokuta waɗannan za su yi ƙasa kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin magance ruwan sharar gida. Dangane da ƙayyadaddun yanayin yankin, Kuma farashin gini na iya ƙaruwa da haɓaka tare da sauran fasahohin. Tafkunan kwantar da shara suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi arha hanyoyin magance ruwan sha ta fuskar aiki da kulawa. Kwatanta da sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa Nau'o'in ruwa da abubuwan more rayuwa na sharar gida na iya kama da tafkunan sharar gida, amma ba iri ɗaya bane: Lagos masu iska sun dogara da injina don samar da iskar oxygen don daidaita kwayoyin halitta. Za a iya amfani da lagos masu iska a matsayin mataki na farko a layin jiyya maimakon tafkunan anaerobic don iyakance sakin iskar gas, amma tare da makamashi da bukatun kiyayewa yana haifar da tsadar aiki. An tsara wuraren dausayi da aka gina don haɓaka ingancin ruwa ta hanyar tallafawa ciyayi masu tushe da aka shirya don cire daskararru da abubuwan da ke cikin jiki yayin cire abubuwan gina jiki masu narkewa a cikin ruwa ta hanyar shigar da ƙwayar shuka da samar da iskar oxygen zuwa ruwa don rage BOD. Ana amfani da basin da ake ajiyewa don sarrafa kwararar guguwa don hana ambaliya da zaizayar ƙasa, da kuma inganta ingancin ruwa a cikin kogi, rafi, tabki ko bay Kuma Kwanakin da ake tsare da su iri daya ne amma “busassun tafkuna” ne da aka ƙera don ɗaukar kwararar ruwa na ɗan lokaci a matsayin ma’aunin sarrafa ambaliya. Tafkunan da ake shigar da su tafkuna ne da aka ƙera don cusa abubuwan da ke cikin su zuwa cikin ƙasa mai raɗaɗi. An ƙera kwandon shara don ware daskararru daga ruwan sha ba tare da tanadin maganin duk waɗannan daskararrun ba. Duba wasu abubuwan Maganin sharar gida na masana'antu Lagoon Jerin fasahar maganin sharar ruwa Tafkin iyo na halitta Kwayoyin da ake amfani da su wajen tsarkake ruwa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Littattafai akan tafkuna a ɗakin karatu na Ƙungiyar Tsabtace Mai Dorewa Hotunan kwantar da hankali: Shigar da "tafda" cikin filin bincike na SuSanA bayanan hoto akan Flicker Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32026

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawal%20Jafaru%20Isa

Lawal Jafaru Isa

Lawal Jafaru Isa, Soja ne Mai ritaya, Birgediya Janar na sojojin Najeriya, kuma ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na jihar Kaduna a watan Disambaa n 1993 zuwa Agusta 1996 a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha A 1996, ya kirkiro masarautu da dama ga mutanen kudancin Zariya ko Kaduna domin a samu zaman lafiya a jihar Kaduna. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2000, ya kasance jigo a sabuwar kungiyar tuntuba ta Arewa, wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman siyasa ta yankin arewa. Ya zama shugaban "United Nigerian Development Forum" kungiyar da ke da alaka da yakin neman sake zaben Janar Ibrahim Babangida a takarar shugaban kasa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma zama darakta na bankin PHB. Ifeanyi Nwolisa yayi rubutu game da shi: “A gaskiya zai wuya na iya tunawa da dukkan gwamnonin jihar Kaduna da suka wuce, amma akwai wanda na fi so wato Laftanar Kanal. Lawal Jafaru Isa wanda ya mulki jihar Kaduna daga watan Disamba shekara ta 1993 zuwa watan Satumba 1996. A lokacin mulkin sa ne Kaduna ta fi samun rashin tsaro domin lokacin akayi rikicin Zongon Kataf wato 1992. Saurin da ya yi da kyakkyawar fahimtar shugabanci sun tabbatar da cewa rikicin bai ta’azzara ba”. Nwolisa ya kara da cewa, “Na tuna wata haduwa da Laftanar Kanar, a lokacin ina a birged na yara a lokacin tare da mabiya darikar Anglican, a daya daga cikin tarukan da aka shirya a cocin St Michael’s Anglican Church. Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa, duk da cewa musulmi bai da matsala da wajen halartar taro. Hakan yana da kyau domin matakin ya tabbatar da cewa Kiristoci sun soma amincewa da shi kuma sun amince sosai da gwamnatinsa don ta kāre rayukan ’yan ƙasa ba tare da la’akari da addini ba. Kyakkyawar niyyar da Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa yake da ita wajen hada kan daukacin mazauna jihar Kaduna ya samar da abin koyi ga gwamnonin da suka biyo baya, wato yin gaggawar daukar mataki a duk wani abu da ya faru ko da ‘yar karamar matsala ce.” Rikicin siyasa Isa, babban mai goyon bayan shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari na Najeriya ne, ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jiharsa ta Kano sau biyu, tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a shekara ta 1999. Da farko dai ya tsaya takara ne a karkashin sabuwar jam’iyyar CPC ta Buhari a shekarar 2011 Zaben da ya shiga karo na biyu a kan karagar mulki a karkashin jam’iyyar APC shine a shekara ta 2015 bai ga hasken rana ba, bayan da gwamnan jihar na yanzu, Dakta Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya kada shi a zaben fidda gwani na yan takarar jam’iyyar. Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa A lokuta biyu mabanbanta Isa ya tsaya takarar gwamna, ya shirya yakin neman zabensa akan gaskiya. Da yawa daga cikin abokan takararsa da suka hada da Yakubu Ya'u Isa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi tsaftatacce ne kamar Muhammadu Buhari wanda wasu 'yan Najeriya ke yiwa lakabi da mai gaskiya. Sai dai a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, na shekarar 2015, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati wato (EFCC), ta kama shi a gidansa da ke Abuja, dangane da binciken da ake yi na yadda aka karkatar da makudan kudade daga ofishin tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Isa ya kasance jigo na farko a jam'iyyar APC da (EFCC) ta kama tun bayan fara bincike kan zargin karkatar da dala biliyan 2.1 da aka ware don sayen makamai da jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ta yi. An yi amannar cewa Isa babban aminin tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA) ne wato Col. Sambo Dasuki (Rtrd). An ce misalin karfe 9 na dare ne jami’an hukumar (EFCC) suka mamaye gidansa, sannan suka tafi da shi bayan ‘yan mintoci. Mako guda kafin a kama Birgediya-Janar, an aike masa da takardar gayyata da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu don sharewa daga “wasu tambayoyi akan rasidai” daga tsohon NSA. Masu bincike sun yi imanin ya karbi sama da Naira miliyan 100 daga hannun Col. Dasuki. An gano cewa maimakon girmama gayyatar, majiyoyin sun ce, Janar. Isa ya rubutawa hukumar (EFCC) wasika ta hannun lauyansa, yana neman a dage ranar bayyanarsa bisa dalilin mutuwar dan uwansa. Da alama dai hukumar ba ta gamsu da uzurin nasa ba, sai dai (EFCC) ta kama shi domin ya fayyace "rasidun da ake tambaya a kai". A baya ma dai an kama shugaban kamfanin <i>Daar Communications</i> Plc, wato Cif Raymond Dokpesi akan kudi naira biliyan 2.1 da aka gano a asusun sa na banki. Ya ce kudaden da ya karba daga ofishin mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin mulkin Goodluck Jonathan na biyan kudin yakin neman zabe da kuma yakin neman zabe na 2015 ne. Shima haka Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa tsohon gwamnan Sokoto yana fuskantar bincike akan kudi har naira miliyan 100 da ya ce ya karba ne domin addu'o'in neman samun nasarar jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shekara ta 2015 mai zuwa. Hakanan ma an kama tsohon ministan kudi, Bashir Yuguda bisa zargin karbar naira biliyan 1.5 daga ofishin tsohon NSA ta hannun wani kamfani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, kan wani dalili da shima ba a bayyana ba. Ba da dadewa ba, kakakin jam’iyyar PDP, Cif Olisa Metuh, shi ma an gayyace shi hukumar (EFCC) domin ya amsa tambayoyi akan wasu makudan kudade a asusun wani kamfani da yake da hannayen 0jari masu yawa. Wani ma’aikacin hukumar (EFCC) da ya tabbatar da wani kamfani mai suna Destra Investment Limited wanda Metuh ke da hannun jari a cikinsa, ya karbi kudi har naira biliyan 1.4 daga ofishin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Sauran wadanda ake tsare da su sun hada da dan Bafarawa, Sagir Bafarawa, da na tsohon ministan tsaro, Bello Mohammed, Abba Mohammed. Jerin sunayen ‘yan Najeriya da hukumar (EFCC) ta gayyato na karuwa a duk rana. Da alama ƙarshen binciken ba nan kusa yake ba. Jafaru Isa, jigon APC na farko, ya zama babban kifi a jikkar (EFCC). Manazarta Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23363

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%20Mount

Mason Mount

Mason Tony Mount (An haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta alif 1999) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingilishi wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai kai hare -hare ko kuma dan wasan tsakiya na Premier League Chelsea da Iƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila Mount ya fara babban aikin kulob din tare da Chelsea. Ya koma Vitesse da Derby County a jere rance tsakanin shekara ta (2017), da kuma shekara ta (2019), ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban dan wasan Chelsea a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA Mount ya lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara (19), ta UEFA tare da kungiyar yan kasa da shekaru( 19), ta Ingila a shekara ta( 2017), Ya yi babban wasansa na farko a duniya a shekara( 2019), yana dan shekara( 20), kuma yana cikin tawagar Ingila a UEFA Euro. Shekarar 2020) Rayuwar farko An haifi Mount a Portsmouth, Hampshire. Mahaifinsa, Tony, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda daga baya ya horar da kungiyoyin gida, wato Havant Town Tun yana yaro, Mount ya yi wasa a cikin gida don Boarhunt Rovers da United Services Portsmouth A cikin shekara ta( 2003), yana da shekaru( 4), ya shafe kwana ɗaya a mako yana yin horo a makarantun Portsmouth da Chelsea Da yake ambaton Frank Lampard, Luka Modrić da Andrés Iniesta a matsayin 'yan wasan da ya fi so, Mount ya koma Chelsea a shekara ta (2005), Aikin kulob Chelsea A shekaru( 18), an haɓaka Mount zuwa babbar ƙungiyar Chelsea; a baya ya yi muhawara ga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru( 18), a cikin shekara ta (2014), yana ɗan shekara( 15), kuma ya bayyana a kai a kai ga ƙungiyar' yan ƙasa da shekaru (21), tashekara ta 2016), Mount ya zira kwallaye 10 cikin wasanni 30 a gasar cin kofin Premier League na shekara ta (2016zuwa17 U18),Ya kuma lashe Kofin Matasa na FA guda biyu, UEFA Youth League, da Chelsea Academy Player of the Year ta shekara ta( 2017). Lamunin lamuni ga Vitesse da Derby County Mount ya koma kulob din Vitesse na Dutch Eredivisie a ranar( 24), ga watan Yuli shekara ta (2017), a matsayin aro na tsawon lokaci. Ya fara buga wasa na farko a ranar (26), ga Agusta, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin na minti( 77), yayin wasan da Vitesse ta doke AZ da ci( 2-1), Watan da ya biyo baya, an ba shi farkonsa a gasar cin Kofin KNVB na Vitesse a zagaye na farko zuwa ƙungiyar Swift ta biyar, yana wasa cikakken mintuna( 90 na wasan( 0-0), wanda Swift ya ci a bugun fenariti Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ga Vitesse a ranar (1 ga watan Oktoba a minti na( 76 na wasan gida( 1-1), da Utrecht Mount ya bayyana a cikin Kungiyar Eredivisie na Shekara kuma ya lashe Vitesse Player of the Year. Yayin wasan Vitesse na Eredivisie Turai wasan kusa da na karshe na wasan kusa da na karshe da ADO Den Haag a ranar( 9 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta( 2018), Mount ya ci kwallaye uku na farko, yayin da Vitesse ya ci+ 5-2), a waje. A karawa ta biyu, Mount ya zira kwallaye a wasan da aka ci (2-1), yayin da Vitesse ya ci (7-3), a jimilla. A wasan farko na wasan karshe da Utrecht, Mount ya fara zira kwallo amma an yi masa katin saboda haka aka dakatar da wasan na biyu. Mount ya buga wasanni (39), a dukkan gasa ga Vitesse, inda ya ci kwallaye( 14), kafin ya koma Chelsea. Mount ya koma kulob din Derby County na Championship a ranar( 17), ga watan Yuli shekara ta (2018), a kan aro na tsawon lokaci. Ya zira kwallaye na minti na?( 60 a wasansa na farko na Derby a ranar (3), ga Agusta a shekara ta (2018), yayin nasarar (2-1 a kan Reading Mount ya yi jinyar watanni biyu bayan raunin da ya samu a wasan cin kofin FA da Accrington Stanley Ya dawo cikin nasara (6-1), akan Rotherham United, ya lashe bugun fenariti ga abokin wasan sa Martyn Waghorn kuma daga baya ya zira kwallaye. Makonni biyu bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye na biyu a wasan ƙwallo a wasan (4-0), na gasar zakarun Turai da Bolton Wanderers, yana riƙe da Derby don fafatawa 2019–20: Nasarar ƙungiya ta farko A ranar( 15) ga watan Yuli shekara ta (2019), Mount ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Chelsea. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Chelsea ranar (11), ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2019 a wasan da suka tashi( 0-4), a hannun Manchester United a gasar Premier Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta Chelsea mako guda bayan da ta doke Leicester City a lokacin Frank Lampard na farko a matsayin koci a Stamford Bridge, an tashi (1-1), kuma ya kara wani a wasan na gaba da Norwich City, A ranar (17 ga watan Satumba, ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa a wasan da Valencia ta fara da gasar Zakarun Turai A cikin watan Maris shekara ta (2020), Chelsea ta yi magana da Mount don yin watsi da dokokin ware kai yayin bala'in COVID-19 Yayin da aka tilastawa daukacin 'yan wasan su ware kansu saboda gwajin COVID-19 na Callum Hudson-Odoi, Mount ya tafi buga kwallon kafa tare da abokai, gami da Declan Rice na West Ham. A ranar( 22), ga watan Yuli a shekara ta (2020), ya zama na farko da ya kammala karatun Kwalejin Chelsea da ya fara buga wa kungiyarsa ta farko da kammala wasanni( 50), a kakar wasa daya. A ranar ƙarshe na kakar Premier League ta shekara ta (2019zuwa2020), a wasan da suka doke Wolves da ci (2-1), Mount ya zura kwallon farko daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida kuma ya taimaka wa Olivier Giroud don kwallo ta biyu don taimakawa Chelsea ta sami gurbin shiga gasar UEFA na shekara ta 2020 2021), Gasar Zakarun Turai 2020–21: Gwarzon Dan Wasan Chelsea Mount ya fara kakar( 2020 zuwa2021), da kyau, kamar yadda ya fito a duk wasannin Chelsea ciki har da wanda ya fafata da Barnsley a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin EFL a ranar( 23), ga Satumba, wanda ya kare da ci( 6-0), a gida. Kwana uku bayan haka a ranar (26 ga watan Satumba, Mount ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasan da West Bromwich Albion a wasan da aka tashi( 3-3), A wasa na gaba, duk da haka, Mount ya rasa bugun fenariti mai mahimmanci a wasan da Chelsea ta doke Tottenham da ci (5 4), a wasan zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin EFL ranar (29),ga Satumba. Ya zira kwallaye a wasannin baya-baya a watan Janairu, da farko a nasarar (4-0), a Morecambe a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA sannan ya tafi Fulham a nasarar Premier League 1-0. A ranar (24), ga watan Janairu shekara ta( 2021), Mount ya zama kyaftin din Chelsea a karon farko a wasan da suka ci Luton Town( 3-1), a gida a gasar cin kofin FA. A ranar 4 ga Maris, Mount ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da Liverpool ta doke Liverpool da ci (1-0), inda ya baiwa Reds nasara a karo na biyar a jere a gasar a Anfield a karon farko a tarihin su. Mount ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a kwallon kafa ta Turai a wasan da Chelsea ta doke Porto da ci (2-0), a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar (7 ga watan Afrilu, ya zama dan wasan Chelsea mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci kwallo a matakin buga gasar Zakarun Turai. A ranar (27) ga Afrilu, ya yi wa Chelsea wasa na (100) a wasan da suka tashi( 1-1) da Real Madrid a wasan farko na kusa da na karshe na Zakarun Turai. A karawa ta biyu a Landan a ranar (5) ga watan Mayu, ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Real Madrid da ci( 2-0), wanda ya taimaka wa Chelsea ta tsallake zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da ci( 3-1) a jimilla. A farkon kakar wasa ta bana, magoya baya da kafafen yada labarai sun zargi kasancewar Mount a cikin jadawalin farawa na Chelsea da Ingila saboda fifiko daga manajojin kungiyar, Lampard da Gareth Southgate An kawar da waɗannan shakku bayan Thomas Tuchel ya amince da ci gaba da dogaro da Chelsea kan Dutsen yana kiransa "mai mahimmanci ga wasanmu" da "babban ɗan wasa" kuma ya amince da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a Turai. A ranar (18) ga Mayu, an zabi Mount a matsayin gwarzon dan kwallon Chelsea A ranar( 29) ga watan Mayu, Mount ya ba da taimako don burin Kai Havertz, yayin da Chelsea ta ci (1-0) da Manchester City a wasan karshe a Porto don cin Kofin Zakarun Turai a karo na biyu a tarihinsu, da kuma kofin farko na Mount tare da kulob din. Aikin duniya Matasa Mount ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru (16), yan kasa da (17),yan kasa da( 18), da (19), Mount ya wakilci 'yan ƙasa da shekaru (17), a gasar cin kofin Turai ta Turai ta' yan ƙasa da shekara (17), ta shekara( 2016) An haɗa Mount a cikin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru( 19), don Gasar Zakarun Turai ta' yan ƙasa da shekara (19) ta shekara( 2017),Ya ba da taimako ga Lukas Nmecha don ya zira kwallon da ta ci Portugal a wasan karshe. Daga baya aka ba shi suna Golden Player na gasar. A ranar( 27 ga watan Mayu, shekarar( 2019), an saka Mount a cikin 'yan wasa (23)na Ingila don Gasar Zakarun Turai ta' yan kasa da shekara (21 ta (2019) Babba Bayan kakar wasa mai ban sha'awa tare da Vitesse, manajan Gareth Southgate ya gayyaci Mount don yin horo tare da manyan ƙungiyar mako guda kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta( 2018) FIFA An kira shi zuwa babbar ƙungiyar don wasannin UEFA Nations League da Croatia da Spain a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2018), Mount ya fara buga wa babbar kungiyar Ingila wasa a ranar (7 ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2019), a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin na mintuna na( 67), a wasan da Ingila ta doke Bulgaria da ci (4-0 a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro a shekara ta(2020), Ya ci wa Ingila kwallonsa ta farko a ranar (17 ga Nuwamba a wasan da suka doke Kosovo da ci( 4-0) a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta shekara (2020). An sanya sunan Mount a cikin 'yan wasan Ingila( 26) da za su buga gasar Euro a shekara ta (2020), A ranar (22), ga watan Yuni shekara ta( 2021), Mount da abokin wasan Ingila Ben Chilwell an tilasta musu ware kansu bayan sun sadu da dan wasan Scotland Billy Gilmour, wanda ya gwada inganci ga COVID-19 bayan wasan Ingila (0-0 da Scotland a gasar. Rayuwar mutum Mount ya kasance mafi kyawun abokai tare da ɗan wasan Ingila Declan Rice tun suna ƙuruciya. Mount yana goyan bayan Portsmouth, yana ambaton tsoffin 'yan wasan Portsmouth kamar Peter Crouch, Jermain Defoe da Nwankwo Kanu a matsayin gwarzon ƙwallon ƙafa yayin girma. Ƙididdigar sana'a Kulob Kasashen duniya Game da wasan da aka buga( 11),ha watan Yuli a shekara ta 2021), An jera maki Ingila da farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Dutsen. Daraja Matasan Chelsea U(18 Premier League (2016zuwa2017), Kofin Matasa na FA 2015zuwa2016 2016zuwa2017), UEFA Youth League (2015zuwa2016) 6 Chelsea Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA 2020zuwa2021), Gasar cin Kofin FA (2019zuwa2020, 2020zuwa2021), Ingila U19 Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara( 19), ta UEFA 2017), Ingila Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Turai ta UEFA (2020), Na ɗaya Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Kafa na Chelsea 2016zuwa17), Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Turai ta 'Yan Kasa da Shekaru (19 ta Gasar:( 2017), UEFA European Under-19 Championship Golden Player 2017), Kwarewar Eredivisie na Watan: Janairu (2018), Vitesse Gwarzon Shekara:( 2017zuwa2018), Kungiyar Eredivisie na Shekara: (2017zuwa2018, Gwarzon dan kwallon Chelsea (2020zuwa2021), UEFA Champions League Squad of Season: (2020zuwa2021), Digiri na biyu na Kwalejin Firimiya ta Premier. Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Chelsea FC Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon hukumar kwallon kafa 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed

17710

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibald%20Alexis

Willibald Alexis

Willibald Alexis, sunan da ba a yarda da shi ba na Georg Wilhelm Heinrich Häring (An haife shi ne a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin Shekarar 179816 ga watan Disamba 1871), ya kasan ce ɗan littafin tarihin Jamusanci ne, wanda aka ɗauka wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Matasan Jamus Rayuwa An haifi Alexis a Breslau, Silesia Mahaifinsa, wanda ya fito daga dangin Faransa dan gudun hijira, mai suna Hareng, ya rike babban mukami a sashin yaki. Ya halarci Werdersche Gymnasium a Berlin, sannan kuma, a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa a cikin kamfen na 1815, ya shiga cikin kewaye da ƙauyukan Ardenne Bayan dawowarsa, ya yi karatun lauya a Jami’ar Berlin da ta Breslau ya kuma shiga aikin lauya, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya yi watsi da wannan aikin ya dukufa ga adabi Saita zama a Berlin, ya gyara, daga 1827 zuwa 1835, Berliner Konversationsblatt, wanda a cikin shekaru biyu na farko Friedrich Christoph Forster (1791-1868) ya taimaka masa; kuma a cikin 1828 aka kirkiro likitan falsafar ta Jami'ar Halle A 1852 ya yi ritaya zuwa Arnstadt a Thuringia, inda bayan shekaru da yawa na rashin lafiya ya mutu. Ayyuka Bayan an sanya sunansa a farko a matsayin marubuci ta hanyar wani adyll a hexameters, Die Treibjagd (1820), da kuma gajerun labaru da dama, sunan marubucinsa ya fara kafawa ne da littafin tarihin Walladmor (1823), wanda aka buga shi a matsayin "an fassara shi kyauta Ingilishi na Sir Walter Scott, tare da gabatarwa daga Willibald Alexis Wannan aikin ya zama sananne nan da nan kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna da yawa, gami da Ingilishi. Shi kuma Schloss Avalon (1827) ya biyo baya, wanda marubucin ya yi amfani da dabaru iri ɗaya kuma tare da nasarorin daidai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Alexis ya wallafa wasu gajerun labarai da suka yi nasara Gesammelte Novellen, juzu'i 4, 1830-1831), wasu littattafan tafiye-tafiye, kuma a cikin littattafan Das Haus Dusterweg (1835) da Zwölf Nächte (1838) da aka nuna na wani lokaci jingina ga makarantar "Matasan Jamusanci". A cikin Cabanis (1832), amma, labarin lokacin Frederick Mai Girma, ya shiga fagen soyayyar kishin ƙasa da tarihi, inda ya sami sunan "der Märkische Walter Scott" (Walter Scott na Mark). Daga 1840 zuwa gaba ya buga a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci jerin soyayya, kowane ɗayan yana ma'amala da wani zamanin a tarihin Brandenburg Littafinsa mai suna Der Werwulf an saita shi a lokacin Gyara Furotesta A cikin 1840 aka buga littafinsa na tarihi Der Roland von Berlin Wannan shine asalin wasan opera na Ruggero Leoncavallo mai wannan sunan. Wannan ya biyo bayan Der falsche Woldemar (1842), Die Hosen des Herrn von Bredow (1846-1848), Ruhe ist die reste Bürgerpflicht (1852), Isegrimm (1854), and Dorothe (1856). Alexis ya kuma yi suna ga kansa a fagen aikata laifuka ta hanyar farawa a cikin 1842, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da mai tallata Julius Eduard Hitzig (1780-1849), bugawar Der neue Pitaval (vols 36, Leipzig, 1842-1865; sabon fitowar), 24 vols., Leipzig, 1866-1891), tarin maganganu na laifuka da suka faru daga dukkan ƙasashe da kowane lokaci. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Works by Willibald Alexis at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Willibald Alexis at Internet Archive Works by or about Georg Wilhelm Heinrich Häring at Internet Archive Works by Willibald Alexis at LibriVox (public domain

60672

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Yeoman

Allan Yeoman

Allan James Yeomans (an haife shi 3 Oktoba 1931, a Sydney, Ostiraliya masanin aikin gona ne, injiniyan ƙira, marubuci, malami, kuma mai ƙirƙira. Yayi jayayya cewa zamu iya kawo ɗumamar yanayi da yanayi a ƙarƙashin kulawa da kuma maido da tsarin yanayin yadda ya kamata a farashi mara tsada yayin da muke haɓɓaka arziƙinmu da matsayin rayuwarmu a lokaci guda. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Ya halarci makarantun firamare a jerin garuruwan hakar zinare a duk gabashin Ostiraliya, sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Scots (Sydney) don makarantar sakandare. Ya halarci Jami'ar Sydney kuma ya karanta aikin injiniya, da kimiyyar lissafi a karkashin Farfesa Harry Messel. Ya bar jami'a kuma ya kera skis na ruwa. Duk da haka, daga baya ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a kan kwamfuta ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutar SILLIAC. ƙungiyar 'yar'uwar Jami'ar Sydney zuwa sabon ILLIAC "supercomputer" wanda aka haɓɓaka a Jami'ar Illinois. A Jami'ar Sydney kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu akan makamashin nukiliya da radioisotopes. Ya shiga sana’ar iyali, budaddiyar ma’adinan kwal. Sannan tare da mahaifinsa PA Yeomans ya kafa ayyuka acikin 1952 don kera Graham Hoeme Chisel Plow daga Amarillo, Texas. Ostiraliya ita ce ƙasa ta biyu a duniya da ta samar da wannan sabon nau'in kayan aikin noma. A shekarar 1957 ya fara sana’ar nasa, inda ya fara kera kayan daki. Kujerar Ayabaya zama kalmar gida a Ostiraliya. da samar da chaise longue a Los Angeles acikin 1961. Keyline da garma Ya kasance yana da hannu wajen haɓaka tsarin aikin gona na Keyline na mahaifinsa kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen snya wa tsarin suna "Keyline". Mahaifinsa PA Yeomans ya sayar da kasuwancin garma na chisel acikin 1964, kuma an sanya takunkumi kan uba da ɗansa don hana shigarsu cikin injinan noma na wani lokaci da aka kayyade. Acikin 1980, ya sayi kasuwancin masana'antar noma da ba ta da tushe a tsakiyar NSW kuma ya koma Forbes, inda ya sadu kuma ya auri matarsa ta biyu Chris. Tsarin garma na subsoiler, garma na zamani na biyu da ake ƙera kafin siyar da kasuwancin iyali, an ajiye shi; Daga karshe aka sake fara ci gabanta.An ƙaura aikin zuwa Queensland a cikin 1990 kuma kamfaninsa ya ci gaba da kerawa da kuma haɓɓaka wannan garmar chisel biyu. An isar da raka'a ga manoma masu dorewa a Afirka ta Kudu, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Turai da Amurka. Gine-gine Acikin 1960, ya zama magini kuma ya gina gidaje ɗari da yawa, tareda babban ginin zama na zamani na farko a Ostiraliya, a farkon shekarun 1960. Ginin shine "Colebrook" a Double Bay, Sydney, kuma yana da gidaje ɗari da sha takwas da labaru goma sha tara. Jirgin sama Ya kera kayan aikin jirgin sama don Qantas da Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Australian Air Force, ya gudanar da bincike na musamman ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Australiya, ya gina ƙananan kayan aikin jiragen ruwa da kayan sufuri ga Sojojin Australiya. Ya shiga tseren sa'o'i dubu da yawa, wasan motsa jiki inda ya riƙe babban darajar malami. Acikin 1968, ya zama mutum na farko da ya tsallaka tsaunukan Blue Blue a Australia acikin jirgin ruwa. Yana tuka jiragen sama masu sauƙi, jirage masu saukar ungulu da gyrocopters da kuma ultralights inda ya riƙe babban malamin Flying rating. Shi ƙwararren masanin yanayi ne kuma yayi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga masana yanayi da mai tsara ɗawainiya a Gasar Gliding na Jiha da na ƙasa a Ostiraliya. Acikin 2012, yana da shekaru 81, ya ɗauki aikin motsa jiki kuma ya sayi nasa Pitts Special S2B gasa biplane. Yanzu ya shiga gasar motsa jiki ta Jiha guda uku. Na ƙarshe shine Gasar Jihar New South Wales ta 2016 inda ya fafata a Classman Sports. Yana da shekaru 85 ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin matukan jirgi na jirgin sama a duniya. Ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi Ya fara tattara bayanai da gargadin mutane acikin tattaunawa da laccoci game da dumamar yanayi a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. Littafinsa PRIORITY ONE Tare Za Mu Iya Buga Ƙwararrun Duniya ya samo asali daga waɗannan ayyukan. Littafin ya dogara kacokan akan duk kwarewarsa acikin haɓaka haifuwar ƙasa, da kuma yanayin yanayi. Acikin 1990, shi ne kawai ba Ba'amurke da aka gayyata don halarta, kuma don shiga, kwanaki uku, mutum ashirin da biyu "tunanin tunani" don ayyana makomar noma a Amurka. An gudanar da shi a Cibiyar Esalen a Big-Sur, California. Ya haifar da sanarwar Asilomar akan Noma mai dorewa. A wannan taron ya gabatar da wata takarda "Maganin Aikin Noma ga Tasirin Greenhouse" inda ya bada shawarar sabon ra'ayi na shayar da carbon acikin ƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka matakan haɓakar ƙasa. Tunanin yana samun karɓuwa a duniya kuma ya zama tushen tushen ƙungiyar, Manoma Carbon na Amurka. Tunaninsa na raba iskar carbon dioxide na yanayi ta hanyar haɓɓaka haifuwar ƙasa shine, tun daga shekara ta 2010, jam'iyyun adawa na Tarayyar Australiya sun amince da shi a matsayin manufa. Allan Yeomans kuma yana goyan bayan gabaɗayan ɗaukar makamashin nukiliya don ƙarfin masana'antu. Ya bada shawarar a canza zuwa man fetur don duk abin hawa, kuma don samar da waɗannan acikin dazuzzuka masu zafi a halin yanzu. Yana jayayya cewa ba mu da wasu amintattun hanyoyin da zamu iya amfani da su. Ya soki abinda yayi la'akari da tsinkayar manyan ƙungiyoyin muhalli na duniya zuwa ga rayuwar nau'in halittu, tare da yin watsi da ma'anar rigakafin dumamar yanayi. Rayuwa ta sirri Wasanninsa da abubuwan sha'awa sun haɗa da ruwa na fata, ruwa mai ruwa da ruwa mai gasa (wani lokaci mai rikodin tsalle na ƙasa. 1953 Marathon Event 7 hours 55.5 minutes). Anyi aure a Landan a shekara ta 1953 kuma an sake shi a 1968. Yana da 'ya'ya mata biyar. Matarsa ta biyu Chris ta kirkiro agajin "Ajiye Asusun Farm" acikin fari da akayi fama da shi a shekarun 1990. Acikin 1995 an ba ta suna Gold Coast Citizen of the Year. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Queenslander of the Year don ranar Queensland a 1996 kuma ta zo ta zo na biyu a gasar Australian of the Year, kuma acikin 1996. An ba Chris Order of Australia a cikin 1997. An sanya wa wani wurin shakatawa suna "Chris Yeomans Park" don girmama ta. Mahaifinsa, PA Yeomans, da mahaifiyarsa Rita Yeomans duk sun mutu yanzu. Manazarta Haifaffun 1931 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29927

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadar%20Gobi

Hamadar Gobi

Hamadar Gobi: ɡ oʊ bi Wani babban hamada ne ko yanki mai buroshi a Gabashin Asiya Ya shafi sassan arewaci da arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin da kuma na kudancin Mongoliya. Mazaunan hamadar Gobi suna da iyaka da tsaunin Altai da ciyayi da ciyayi na Mongoliya a arewa, da hamadar Taklamakan a yamma, ta hanyar Hexi Corridor da Tibet Plateau zuwa kudu maso yamma da kuma filin da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin wato China zuwa kudu maso gabas. Gobi shi ne hamada na 6 mafi girma a duniya kuma na biyu mafi girma a Asiya bayan hamadar Larabawa Sanannen abu ne a tarihi a matsayin wurin da manyan biranen da yawa ke kan hanyar siliki Gobi hamada ce ta inuwar ruwan sama, wanda Tibet Plateau ya kafa, wanda ke hana hazo daga Tekun Indiya zuwa yankin Gobi. Ilimin sanin ƙasa Gobi ya auna sama da kimanin daga kudu maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas da daga arewa zuwa kudu. Hamada ta fi faɗi a yamma, tare da layin da ke haɗa tafkin Bosten da Lop Nor (87°-89° gabas). A cikin shekarata 2007, ta mamaye wani babban yanki a cikin yanki. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi faɗi, Gobi ya haɗa da dogon zangon hamada wanda ya tashi daga ƙafar Pamirs (77 gabas) zuwa tsaunin Khingan mafi girma, har 116-118 gabas, a kan iyakar Manchuria kuma daga tudun tudun Altay, Sayan, da Yablonoi a arewa zuwa tsaunukan Kunlun, Altyn-Tagh, da tsaunukan Qilian, waɗanda suka zama gefuna na arewa na Tibet Plateau, a kudu. Wani yanki mai girman gaske a gabas na babban kewayon Khingan, tsakanin kogin Songhua (Sungari) da na saman ruwan Liao-ho, ana la'akari da shi na Gobi ne ta hanyar amfani da al'ada. Wasu masana ilmin kasa da kuma nazarin halittu sun gwammace su yi la'akari da yankin yammacin yankin Gobi (kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama): rafin Tarim na Xinjiang da hamadar Lop Nor da Hami Kumul a matsayin hamada na daban kuma mai zaman kanta, wanda ake kira Desert Taklamakan Yawancin Gobi ba yashi ba ne amma ya tona asirin dutse. Yanayi Gaba ɗaya, Gobi hamada ce mai sanyi, tare da sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara a wasu lokuta ke afkuwa akan kururuwar sa. Bayan kasancewar arewa mai nisa, kuma tana kan tudu mai kusan kimanin sama da matakin teku, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin yanayin zafi. Matsakaicin kusan na ruwan sama duk shekara a Gobi. Ƙarin danshi yana kaiwa sassan Gobi a lokacin hunturu yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ke kadawa daga iska daga Siberian Steppes. Wadannan iskoki na iya sa Gobi ya kai a cikin hunturu zuwa a lokacin rani. Duk da haka, yanayin Gobi yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman matsayi, tare da saurin canjin yanayin zafi wanda ya kai Wadannan na iya faruwa ba kawai na yanayi ba amma a cikin sa'o'i 24. A kudancin Mongoliya, an yi rikodin yanayin zafi ƙasa da Akasin haka, a cikin Alxa, Mongoliya ta ciki, ya haura sama da a watan Yuli. Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin lokacin sanyi shine sanyi yayin da mafi yawan lokuta a lokacin rani yana da zafi Yawancin hazo yana faɗuwa a lokacin bazara. Duk da cewa damina ta kudu maso gabas ta isa yankin kudu maso gabas na Gobi, yankin a duk fadin wannan yanki yana da tsananin bushewa, musamman a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da kwayar cutar Siberiya ta fi karfi. Wasu Yankunan kudanci da tsakiyar hamadar Gobi suna da saurin girma na tsiro saboda wannan aikin damina Yawancin yankunan arewacin Gobi suna da sanyi da bushewa, wanda hakan ya sa ya kasa tallafawa girma da yawa; Wannan yanayin sanyi da bushewa ana danganta shi da ƙwayoyin cutar hawan jini na Siberiya-Mongoliya. Don haka, guguwar yashi mai ƙanƙara da dusar ƙanƙara na bazara da farkon bazara da farkon Janairu (hunturu). Kiyaye, muhalli, da tattalin arziki Hamadar Gobi ita ce tushen manyan burbushin halittu masu yawa, ciki har da ƙwayayen dinosaur na farko, ashirin da shida daga cikinsu, tsayin su ya kai inci 9 (23 cm), an gano su a cikin shekarata 1923. Masanan binciken burbushin halittu da masu binciken burbushin halittu sun yi tono a cikin Nemegt Basin a arewa maso yammacin yankin Gobi Desert (a Mongolia), wanda aka sani da dukiyar burbushinsa, gami da dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko, ƙwai dinosaur, da kayan aikin dutse na farko, kimanin shekaru a ƙalla 100,000. Duk da matsanancin yanayi, waɗannan hamada da yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna kula da dabbobi da yawa, ciki har da berayen baƙar fata, ƙwanƙolin marmara, raƙuman Bactrian daji, jakin daji na Mongolian da masu yashi Damisa dusar ƙanƙara, gobi bears da wolf ke ziyartan su lokaci-lokaci. Kadangare sun dace da yanayin hamadar Gobi, inda aka rarraba kusan nau'ikan 30 a iyakar kudancin Mongolian. Mafi yawan ciyayi a hamadar Gobi su ne ciyayi da suka dace da fari. Wadannan shrubs sun haɗa da gishiri sparrow's saltwort Salsola passerina launin toka mai launin toka, da ƙananan ciyawa kamar ciyawa da allura Sakamakon kiwo na dabbobi, adadin ciyayi a cikin hamada ya ragu. An kafa manyan wurare ne ajiyar yanayi da yawa a cikin Gobi, gami da Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park, Great Gobi A da Great Gobi B Yanki mai Kariya Wurin yana da hatsarin tattakewa da dabbobi da ababen hawa a kan hanya (sakamakon taimakon mutane ya fi yawa a cikin hamadar Gobi ta gabas, inda ruwan sama ya fi yawa kuma yana iya ɗaukar dabbobi). A Mongoliya, awaki sun lalatar da wuraren ciyayi, waɗanda makiyaya ke kiwon su a matsayin tushen abinci na ulun cashmere Hamada Hamadar Gobi tana fadada ta hanyar kwararowar hamada, cikin sauri a gefen kudu zuwa kasar Sin, wanda ya kai na ciyawar ciyawa da ake cinyewa kowace shekara. Guguwar kura ta karu a tsakanin shekarar 1996 zuwa shekarar 2016, lamarin da ya kara yin illa ga tattalin arzikin kasar Sin. Sai dai kuma, a wasu yankunan kwararowar hamada ta ragu ko kuma ta koma baya. Iyakar arewa da gabas tsakanin hamada da ciyayi suna canzawa kullum. Wannan yawanci saboda yanayin yanayi kafin lokacin girma, wanda ke yin tasiri akan ƙimar ƙashin ƙura da ci gaban shuka. Ana danganta fadada yankin na Gobi da ayyukan dan adam, a cikin gida sakamakon sare dazuzzuka, kiwo, da karanci albarkatun ruwa, da kuma sauyin yanayi Kasar Sin wato China ta yi kokari da tsare-tsare daban-daban na sassauta yaduwar hamada, wadanda aka samu wasu nasarori. Shirin gandun daji uku na arewa (ko "Green Great Wall") wani aikin dashen itatuwa na gwamnatin kasar Sin ne wanda aka fara shi a shekarar 1978 kuma zai ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 2050. Manufar shirin ita ce mayar da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar dasa bishiyar aspen da sauran itatuwa masu saurin girma a kan 36.5. hekta miliyan a fadin wasu kananan hukumomi kimanin 551 a larduna 12 na arewacin kasar Sin. Ecoregions Gobi, wanda aka fayyace, ana iya raba shi zuwa busassun bushes guda biyar, dangane da bambancin yanayi da yanayin yanayi: Gabashin Hamadar Gobi, gabas mafi kusa da yankin Gobi, wanda ya mamaye yanki Ya tashi daga Dutsen Mongoliya ta ciki a China zuwa Mongoliya. Ya haɗa da tsaunukan Yin da wurare da yawa masu ƙasƙanci tare da kwanon gishiri da ƙananan tafkuna. Tana da iyaka da yankin Mongolian-Manchurian ciyayi zuwa arewa, Kogin Yellow River zuwa kudu maso gabas, da yankin hamadar Alashan Plateau zuwa kudu maso gabas da gabas. Alashan Plateau wani yanki na hamada, yana yamma da kudu maso yammacin hamadar Gobi ta Gabas. Ya ƙunshi raƙuman hamada da ƙananan tsaunuka da ke kwance tsakanin kewayon Gobi Altai a arewa, tsaunin Helan zuwa kudu maso gabas, da tsaunin Qilian da yankin arewa maso gabashin Tibet Plateau a kudu maso yamma. Kogin Gobi Lakes Valley steppe hamada, ecoregion ya ta'allaka ne da arewa da hamadar Alashan Plateau, tsakanin tsaunukan Gobi Altai zuwa kudu da tsaunin Khangai a arewa. Dzungarian Basin Semi-hamada, ya haɗa da rafin hamada da ke kwance tsakanin tsaunukan Altai a arewa da kewayon Tian Shan a kudu. Ya hada da yankin arewacin lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin, ya kuma yadu zuwa kudu maso gabashin Mongoliya. Yankin hamadar Alashan Plateau yana a gabas, kuma kwarin Emin ya taka zuwa yamma, akan iyakar China da Kazakhstan Tian Shan kewayo, ya raba yankin Basin na Dzungarian da ke cikin hamadar Taklamakan, wanda wani yanki ne mara nauyi, mai yashi mai yashi wanda ke kewaye da manyan tsaunukan Tibet Plateau zuwa kudu da Pamirs zuwa yamma. Hamadar Taklamakan ta hada da Hamadar Lop Gabashin Gobi hamada steppe Filayen ya bambanta sosai, kodayake babu wani babban bambance-bambance a tsayin tsaye. Tsakanin Ulaanbaatar da ƙaramin tabkin Iren-dubasu-nor. fuskar ta lalace sosai. An raba faffadan ɓangarorin lebur da basins ta ƙungiyoyin tsaunuka masu saman lebur na ɗan ƙaramin tsayi a ƙalla ta hanyar da duwatsu masu banƙyama ke fitowa a matsayin tudu da keɓantattun talakawa. Kasan ɓangarorin suna kwance mafi yawa tsakanin sama da matakin teku. Gaban kudu, tsakanin Iren-dutiasu-nor da kogin Yellow, ya zo wani yanki mai faffadan tuddai masu juye-juye tare da filayen tudu, na karshen yana kan tsayin 1000-1100. m kuma na farko a cikin Gandun dajin suna da yawa ko ƙasa da ƙasa kuma a wasu lokuta "bays" na ciyayi suna shiga. Yayin da ake gabatowa kan iyakar Hyangan, ƙasar a hankali ta haura zuwa sannan zuwa Anan ƙananan tafkuna akai-akai suna cika ɓacin rai, ko da yake ruwan da ke cikin su galibi gishiri ne ko maras nauyi. Duk a nan kuma na kudancin Ulaanbaatar, rafuka suna yawan girma kuma ciyawa suna girma ko ƙasa da yawa. Ta cikin dukkan sassan tsakiya, har sai an kai tsaunuka masu iyaka, bishiyoyi da shrubs ba su nan. Laka da yashi sune manyan abubuwan da aka samu; magudanan ruwa, musamman a arewa, ana yawan tono su sau zurfi. A wurare da yawa a cikin ɗakin kwana, busassun kwari ko ɓacin rai a kudu, gadaje na loess, a Ikon lokacin farin ciki, an fallasa su. Yammacin hanyar daga Ulaanbaatar zuwa Kalgan, ƙasar tana ba da kusan siffofi na gaba ɗaya, sai dai cewa tsaunuka ba su warwatse ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin ƙungiyoyi amma sun fi ƙarfin ma'anar bugun jini, galibi gabas zuwa yamma, yamma-arewa-yamma zuwa gabas-kudu. -gabas, da yamma-kudu-yamma zuwa gabas-arewa-gabas. Tsawon tsaunuka sun fi girma, na tsaunukan da ke tsakanin da waɗanda ke cikin jeri daga Dari biyu mafi girma, kodayake a wasu lokuta sun kai tsayin Tsaunukan ba sa kafa sarƙoƙi masu ci gaba, amma sun haɗa da ƙugiya na gajerun ƙugiya da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke tasowa daga tushe ɗaya kuma suna tare da labyrinth na kwazazzabo, magudanar ruwa, glazs, da kwanduna. Amma filayen teburi, waɗanda aka gina su da jajayen rijiyoyin Han-gai Obruchev 's Gobi formation) waɗanda ke halayen yankunan kudancin gabashin Mongoliya, ba su nan a nan ko kuma suna faruwa ne kawai a wani yanki, kusa da kogin Shara-muren. Ana haɗuwa da su sosai ta hanyar gullies ko busassun magudanan ruwa. Ruwa ya yi karanci, babu rafuka, babu tafki, babu rijiyoyi, da hazo ba safai ba. Iskar da ta tashi daga yamma da arewa maso yamma, kuma turbaya ta mamaye kasar kamar a cikin Taklamakan da hamadar Lop Halayen flora sune tafarnuwa daji, Kalidium gracile, wormwood, saxaul, Nitraria schoberi, Caragana, Ephedra, saltwort da ciyawa Lasiagrostis splendens Albasar daji ta taana Allium polyrrhizum ita ce babban binciken da dabbobin kiwo da yawa ke ci, kuma 'yan Mongoliya suna da'awar cewa hakan yana da mahimmanci wajen samar da daidaitattun bayanai masu kama da hazelnut na raƙumi airag (madara mai ƙima). Babbar hamadar ya ketare ta hanyoyi da dama na kasuwanci, wasu daga cikinsu ana amfani da su tsawon dubban shekaru masu yawa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmanci akwai waɗanda daga Kalgan (a Babban Ganuwar) zuwa Ulaanbaatar daga Jiuquan (a Gansu zuwa Hami daga Hami zuwa Beijing daga Hohhot zuwa Hami da Barkul; kuma daga Lanzhou (a Gansu) zuwa Hami. Alashan Plateau Semi-hamada Yankin kudu maso yammacin Gobi, wanda aka fi sani da Xitao da Ƙananan Gobi, ya cika sarari tsakanin babban madauki na arewa na kogin Yellow a gabas, kogin Ejin a yamma, da tsaunin Qilian da ƙunƙarar sarkar dutse na Longshou., a tsayi, a kudu maso yamma. Hamadar Ordos, wacce ta mamaye yankin arewa maso gabas na Ordos Plateau, a cikin babban madauki na arewa na Kogin Rawaya, wani bangare ne na wannan yanayin. Yana cikin tsakiyar kwandon manyan ɓangarori Har guda uku waɗanda Potanin ya raba Gobi gaba ɗaya a cikinsu. "A zahiri," in ji Nikolai Przhevalsky, "launi ne mai kyau, wanda a cikin dukkan yiwuwar sau ɗaya ya kafa gado na babban tafkin ko teku." Ya kammala wannan ne bisa la’akari da matakin yanki na gaba daya, yumɓu mai tauri mai ƙarfi da ƙasa mai yashi da kuma, a ƙarshe, tafkunan gishiri waɗanda ke mamaye mafi ƙanƙanta sassa. Tsawon ɗarurruwan kilomita, ba a iya ganin komai sai yashi mara kyau; a wasu wuraren, suna ci gaba har zuwa yanzu ba tare da hutu ba cewa Mongols suna kiran su Tengger (watau sama). Waɗannan faɗuwar faɗuwar ruwa ba su da ruwa kwata-kwata, haka nan babu wani tsaunuka da ke kawar da yashi mai rawaya da ba a karye ba, wanda ke jujjuya shi da ɗimbin wurare na yumbu mai gishiri ko kuma, kusa da ƙafar tsaunuka, tare da shingle bakarare. Ko da yake a duk faɗin ƙasa mai matsakaicin tsayi mai tsayi wannan sashe, kamar sauran sassa na Gobi, yana da kambi ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa na tsaunuka da raguwa na akalla guda 300. m a cikin girma. Tsire-tsire yana iyakance ga wasu nau'ikan bushes da dozin iri iri na ciyawa da ganyaye, wanda ya fi dacewa shine saxaul Haloxylon ammondendron da Agriophyllum gobicum Sauran sun hada da prickly convolvulus, filin wormwood Artemisia campestris acacia, Inula ammophila, Sophora flavescens, Convolvulus ammanii, Peganum da Astragalus nau'in, amma duk dwarfed, nakasassu da yunwa. Dabbobin sun ƙunshi kaɗan amma tururuwa, kerkeci, fox, kurege, bushiya, marten, lizards masu yawa da wasu ƴan tsuntsaye, misali sandgrouse, lark, stonechat, sparrow, crane, Mongolian ground jay Podoces hendersoni ƙaho mai ƙaho Eremophila alpestris da kuma crested lark Galerida cristata Dzungarian Basin Semi-hamada Kwarin Yulduz ko kwarin Haidag-gol wani karamin hamada ne wanda wasu fitattun mambobi biyu na tsaunukan Shanashen Trahen Osh ke kewaye, wato chucis da kracenard pine rallies, suna tafiya a kai tsaye da nesa da juna. Kuma Yayin da suke tafiya kudu, suna hayewa da juyewa, suna komawa gabas da yamma bi da bi, tare da tafkin Bosten a tsakanin. Waɗannan jeri guda biyu suna nuna gefen arewa da kudanci bi da bi na babban kumburi, wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa gabas na kusan digiri ashirin na tsayi. A gefenta na arewa, Chol-tagh yana gangarowa da ƙarfi, kuma ƙafar ƙafarsa tana da ɗimbin ɓacin rai, kama daga Lukchun ƙasa da matakin teku) zuwa Hami sama da matakin teku). A kudancin Kuruk-tagh akwai hamadar Lop Nur, hamadar Kum-tagh, da kwarin Bulunzir-gol Ga wannan babban kumburi, wanda ke tasowa tsakanin iyakokin Chol-tagh da Kuruk-tagh, Mongols suna ba da sunan Ghashuun-Gobi ko "Desert Gishiri". Yana da kusan haye daga arewa zuwa kudu, kuma ana bi da shi ta wasu ƙananan jeri-jeri, rafuffukan da sarƙoƙi na tsaunuka. A ƙasan tsakiyarsa yana gudanar da wani babban kwari mai tsayi, fadi, a tsayin Chol-tagh, wanda ya kai matsakaicin tsayi na ba ta cika ba, kuma kafarta ta arewa tana kan kunkuntar bel na yashi mara kyau, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa ga bakin ciki da aka ambata a sama. Kuruk-tagh shi ne rarrabuwar kawuna, ɓarna da ɓarna na wani yanki na dutse wanda a da ya fi girma mara misaltuwa. A yamma, tsakanin Tafkin Bosten da Tarim, ya ƙunshi guda biyu, maiyuwa uku (3), manyan jeri, waɗanda, ko da yake sun karye a ci gaba, suna gudana gabaɗaya a layi daya da juna, kuma suna runguma a tsakanin su da yawa ƙananan sarƙoƙi na tsayi. Waɗannan ƙananan jeri, tare da manyan jeri, sun raba yankin zuwa jerin tsayi; ƴan ƴan ƴan ƙwari, galibi suna layi ɗaya da sarƙoƙin dutsen da ke kewaye, waɗanda suke gangarowa kamar matakai masu tsayi, daga gefe guda zuwa ga ɓacin rai na Lukchun, ɗayan kuma zuwa jejin Lop. A lokuta da yawa waɗannan kwaruruka na latudinal ana kange su ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa ko tudu, gabaɗaya tsayin daka a ƙasan kwarin. Inda irin wannan tsaunuka ke wanzuwa, gabaɗaya akan sami, a gefen gabas na ƙoramar maɗaukakiyar, wani baƙin ciki mai kama da kasko, wanda wani lokaci ko wani lokaci ya kasance gindin tsohon tafkin, amma yanzu ya kusa busasshen kwandon gishiri. Tsarin yanayin a haƙiƙa yana kama da wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na tsaunin Kunlun Tsarin ruwa na Ghashiun-Gobi da Kuruk-tagh an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da aka ambata na kwarin latudinal. Yawancin manyan rafukan, maimakon su gangara kai tsaye cikin waɗannan kwaruruka, suna ketare su a hankali kuma su juya yamma kawai bayan sun yanke hanyarsu ta ɗaya ko fiye na shingen karkata. Zuwa mafi girman kewayo akan babban kumburi Grigory Grum-Grshimailo yana ba da sunan Tuge-tau, tsayinsa shi ne sama da matakin teku kuma wasu sama da kambi na kumburi kanta. Wannan kewayon da ya ɗauka na cikin tsarin Choltagh ne, yayin da Sven Hedin zai sanya shi ga Kuruk-tagh. Wannan na ƙarshe, wanda tabbas yayi kama da kewayon Kharateken-ula (wanda kuma aka sani da Kyzyl-sanghir, Sinir, da Dutsen Singher wanda ke kallon kudancin gabar Tekun Bosten, ko da yake ya rabu da shi ta hanyar drift-yashi. Hamadar Ak-bel-kum (White Pass Sands), da farko yajin aikin yamma-arewa-maso-yamma zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas, amma a hankali yana kewayawa kamar scimitar zuwa gabas-arewa maso gabas kuma a lokaci guda a hankali yana raguwa a tsayi sosai. A 91º gabas, inda babban kewayon tsarin Kuruk-tagh zuwa gabas-arewa maso gabas, huɗu daga cikin rassan sa sun ƙare, ko kuma sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani, a kan bakin ciki mai zurfi (wanda Sven Hedin ya gani). gabar tekun arewa maso gabas na tsohon babban tafkin Lop-nor ta Tsakiyar Asiya), tare da gaba da su da tashoshi masu kama da tsarin Pe-shan (Boy-san) (duba ƙasa). Kuruk-tagh yana ko'ina cikin ɗan ƙaramin yanki, amma kusan gaba ɗaya bakarare, kasancewar gaba ɗaya ba ta da rayuwar dabbobi, sai dai ga kurege, kurege da raƙuma, waɗanda ke yawan ƴan ƙanana, tarwatsewar tsaunuka. Tsire-tsire, waɗanda ke iyakance ga waɗannan wuraren guda ɗaya, sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta kuma galibi an iyakance su ga bushes na saxaul (Haloxylon), anabasis, reeds (kamish), tamarisks, poplars, da kuma Ephedra Tarihi Binciken Turai Gobi dai na da dadadden tarihi na zaman mutane, galibin mazaunan makiyaya ne. A farkon a karni na 20, yankin yana karkashin ikon Manchu-China, kuma Mongols, Uyghurs, da Kazakhs ne suka fi zama. Hamadar Gobi gabaɗaya ta kasance sananne ne kawai ga waɗanda ba na waje ba, saboda bayanan sun keɓance ne ga abubuwan lura da kowane matafiya da ke shiga cikin hanyoyinsu na hamada. Daga cikin masu bincike na Turawa da suka ba da gudummawar fahimtar Gobi, mafi mahimmanci sune kamar haka: Duba wasu abubuwan Kurar Asiya Geography na Mongoliya Geography na kasar Sin Green bangon China Jerin hamada ta yanki Tsutsar mutuwa ta Mongolian olgoi khorkhoi an ce tana zaune a Gobi a Mongoliya ambato Gabaɗaya nassoshi Owen Lattimore (1973) "Komawa yankin Arewacin kasar Sin". Jaridar Geographical, Vol. 139, Lamba 2 (Yuni 1973), shafi. 233-242. Ci gaba da karatu Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswira, daga "China the Beautiful" Flicker: Hotuna masu alamar gobi Tarihi Hamada Ruwa Muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic

Titanic

Wani jirgin saman fasinja ne na kasar Biritaniya, wanda ke karkashin layin White Star, wanda ya nutse a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika a ranar 15 ga Afrilun 1912 bayan ta buge wani dutsen kankara yayin balaguron farko da ta yi daga Southampton, Ingila zuwa birnin New York na Amurka. Daga cikin fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin 2,224 da aka kiyasta, sama da 1,500 ne suka mutu, wanda ya zama mafi muni a nutsewar jirgin ruwa guda har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ya kasance mafi munin lokacin kwanciyar hankali nutsewar jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa Bala'in ya ja hankalin jama'a, ya ba da kayan tushe don nau'in fim ɗin bala'i, kuma ya ƙarfafa ayyukan fasaha da yawa. UpRMS Titanic RMS Titanic shi ne jirgin ruwa mafi girma a duniya da ke shawagi a lokacin da ta shiga sabis kuma na biyu na OlympicOlympics da ke karkashin White Star Line. Gidan jirgin ruwa na Harland da Wolff ne suka gina ta a Belfast Thomas Andrews, babban jami'in gine-ginen jiragen ruwa na filin jirgin ruwa, ya mutu a cikin bala'in. Titanic yana karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Edward Smith, wanda ya sauka tare da jirgin Jirgin ruwan ya dauki wasu daga cikin masu hannu da shuni a duniya, da kuma daruruwan bakin haure daga tsibirin Biritaniya, Scandinavia, da sauran wurare a Turai, wadanda ke neman sabuwar rayuwa a Amurka da Kanada. An tsara masaukin na matakin farko don zama kololuwar jin daɗi da jin daɗi, tare da dakin motsa jiki, wurin shakatawa, dakunan shan taba, manyan gidajen cin abinci da wuraren shaye-shaye, wurin wanka na Turkawa da ɗaruruwan ɗakuna masu dumbin yawa. Ana samun mai watsa shirye -shiryen rediyo mai ƙarfi don aika fasinja "marconigrams" da kuma aikin aikin jirgin. Titanic yana da manyan fasalulluka na aminci, kamar ɗakunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma kunna kofofin da ba su da ruwa daga nesa, suna ba da gudummawa ga sunansa a matsayin "marasa nitsewa". Titanic an sanye shi da jiragen ruwa na ceto guda 16, kowannensu yana iya sauke kwale-kwalen ceto guda uku, domin jimillar jiragen ruwa 48. Koyaya, a zahiri ta ɗauki kwale-kwale na ceto guda 20 ne kawai, huɗu daga cikinsu sun ruguje kuma sun nuna wuya a harba yayin da take nutsewa (Collapsible A ya kusan fadama kuma an cika da ƙafar ruwa har sai an ceto; Collapsible B gaba ɗaya ya kife yayin ƙaddamarwa). Tare, kwale-kwalen ceto 20 na iya ɗaukar mutane 1,178—kusan rabin adadin fasinjojin da ke cikin jirgin, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na adadin fasinjojin da jirgin zai iya ɗauka da cikakken iko (daidai da ka'idojin kiyaye teku na zamanin). Lokacin da jirgin ya nutse, kwale-kwalen ceton da aka saukar sun cika kusan kashi 60 ne kawai. Fage Sunan Titanic ya samo asali ne daga Titans na tatsuniyoyi na Girka An gina shi a Belfast, Ireland, a lokacin da United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, RMS Titanic shi ne na biyu a cikin OlympicOlympics uku na farko shi ne RMS Olympic kuma na uku shine HMHS Britanniya Britannic asalin ana kiransa Gigantic kuma ya kasance sama da dogon. Sun kasance da nisa mafi girma na jiragen ruwa na jirgin ruwa na kamfanin jirgin ruwa White Star Line na Birtaniya, 29 steamers da tender a 1912. Shugaban White Star Line, J. Bruce Ismay, da kuma mai ba da kudi na Amurka JP Morgan, wanda ke kula da iyaye na White Star Line, International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM). Layin White Star ya fuskanci ƙalubale daga manyan abokan hamayyarsa, Cunard wanda kwanan nan ya ƙaddamar da Lusitania da Mauretania, jiragen ruwa mafi sauri a lokacin da suke aiki da kuma layin Jamus Hamburg America da Norddeutscher Lloyd Ismay ya gwammace ya yi gasa a kan girma maimakon sauri kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙaddamar da sabon nau'in layin layi wanda zai fi duk wani abu da ya gabata, da kuma kasancewa kalma ta ƙarshe a cikin jin daɗi da jin daɗi. Layin White Star ya nemi haɓaka rundunarta da farko don amsa gabatar da kattai na Cunard amma kuma don ƙarfafa matsayinsa sosai kan sabis na Southampton Cherbourg New York wanda aka buɗe a 1907. Sabbin jiragen ruwa za su sami isasshen gudun don kula da sabis na mako-mako tare da jiragen ruwa uku kawai maimakon hudu na asali. Don haka, Olympic da Titanic za su maye gurbin RMS Teutonic na 1889, RMS Majestic na 1890 da RMS Adriatic ta 1907. RMS Oceanic zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanyar har sai an kawo sabon jirgi na uku.Za a dawo da Majestic akan sabis na White Star Line na New York bayan Titanic Gabaɗayan tsayinta, wanda aka auna daga gindin keel zuwa saman gada, ya kai Ta auna 46,329 GRT da 21,831 NRT kuma tare da daftarin aiki na ta raba tan 52,310. Dukkan jiragen ruwa guda uku na gasar Olympics suna da benaye goma (ban da saman guraben jami'an), takwas daga cikinsu na amfani da fasinja ne. Daga sama zuwa kasa, benen sun kasance:Harland &amp; Wolff na Belfast ne ya gina jiragen ruwa, wanda ke da dangantaka mai tsawo da White Star Line tun 1867. Hanyar da aka saba shine Wilhelm Wolff ya zana ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya, wanda Edward James Harland zai juya ya zama ƙirar jirgi. La'akarin farashi ya kasance mafi ƙarancin fifiko; Harland Wolff an ba su izinin kashe abin da suke buƙata a kan jiragen ruwa, da ribar kashi biyar cikin ɗari. A cikin yanayin jiragen ruwa na Olympics, farashin 3 miliyan (kimanin 310 miliyan a cikin 2019 na jiragen ruwa biyu na farko an amince da "karin kwangila" da kuma kuɗin da aka saba da kashi biyar. Harland da Wolff sun sanya manyan masu zanen su yin aikin kera jiragen ruwa na Olympics An kula da zane ta hanyar Lord Pirrie, darektan Harland da Wolff da White Star Line; Architecture na ruwa Thomas Andrews, Manajan Daraktan Harland da Wolff's zane sashen; Edward Wilding, mataimakin Andrews kuma ke da alhakin ƙididdige ƙirar jirgin, kwanciyar hankali da datsa; da kuma Alexander Carlisle, babban mai tsara aikin jirgin ruwa kuma babban manajan. Ayyukan Carlisle sun haɗa da kayan ado, kayan aiki, da duk shirye-shirye na gabaɗaya, gami da aiwatar da ingantaccen ƙirar davit jirgin ruwa A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1908, Harland da Wolff sun gabatar da zanen ga J. Bruce Ismay da sauran shugabannin White Star Line. Ismay ya amince da tsarin kuma ya sanya hannu kan "wasiƙun yarjejeniya" guda uku bayan kwana biyu, wanda ya ba da izinin fara ginin. A wannan lokacin, jirgin na farko wanda daga baya ya zama Olympic ba shi da suna amma an kira shi kawai "Lambar 400", kamar yadda Harland da Wolff na dari hudu. Titanic ya dogara ne akan sigar da aka sabunta na ƙirar iri ɗaya kuma an ba shi lamba 401. Titanic ya kasance tsawo tare da iyakar fadin Jirgin ruwan, wanda aka ajiye kwale-kwalen ceto. Daga nan ne a farkon 15 ga Afrilu 1912 aka saukar da kwale kwalen ceton Titanic zuwa Arewacin Atlantic. Gada da keken keken sun kasance a ƙarshen gaba, a gaban ɗakin kyaftin da jami'ai. Gadar ta tsaya sama da bene, yana shimfiɗa zuwa kowane gefe don a iya sarrafa jirgin yayin da yake docking. Gidan motar ya tsaya a cikin gadar. Ƙofar Babban Matakai na Ajin Farko da Gymnasium suna tsakiyar jiragen ruwa ne tare da ɗagarar rufin falon falon ajin farko, yayin da a bayan bene akwai rufin ɗakin hayaƙi na aji na farko da ƙofar aji na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta. An raba benen da aka lulluɓe da itace zuwa manyan hanyoyin balaguro guda huɗu: na jami'ai, fasinjojin ajin farko, injiniyoyi, da fasinjojin aji na biyu bi da bi. Kwale-kwale na ceto sun yi layi a gefen jirgin sai dai a yankin da ake kira First Class, inda aka samu gibi don kada abin ya lalace. Deck, wanda kuma ake kira filin jirgin sama, wanda aka shimfida tare da dukan tsayin babban tsari An keɓe shi ne kawai don fasinjojin aji na farko kuma yana ɗauke da ɗakunan ajiya na ajin farko, ɗakin kwana na farko, ɗakin hayaki, ɗakunan karatu da rubutu, da Kotun Dabino. B Deck, benen gada, shine babban bene mai ɗaukar nauyi da matakin babba na ƙwanƙwasa. Ana samun ƙarin masaukin fasinja aji na farko a nan tare da dakunan fasinja guda shida (cabin) waɗanda ke da nasu balaguron balaguro. A kan Titanic, gidan cin abinci na à la carte da Café Parisien sun ba da wuraren cin abinci na alfarma ga fasinjojin Class Class. Dukansu biyun suna ƙarƙashin wasu masu dafa abinci ne da ma'aikatansu; duk sun yi asara a cikin bala'in. Dakin shan taba mai daraja na biyu da zauren shiga duk suna kan wannan bene. Hasashen da aka taso na jirgin yana gaba da bene na gada, yana ɗaukar ƙyanƙyashe lamba 1 (babban ƙyanƙyashe har zuwa ɗimbin kaya), manyan injina da gidajen anka. Bayan benen gada shine bene mai ɗagawa, dogon, wanda fasinjojin aji na uku ke amfani da shi azaman balaguro. A nan ne yawancin fasinjojin Titanic da ma'aikatan jirgin suka tsaya tsayin na ƙarshe yayin da jirgin ya nutse. An raba wurin hasashe da bene na gada da rijiyoyin rijiyoyin C Deck, benen tsari, shine mafi girman bene don gudana ba tare da katsewa ba daga kara zuwa baya. Ya haɗa da ɗakunan rijiyoyin biyu; wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na balaguron aji na uku. An ajiye dakunan jirgin a ƙasan hasashe kuma an ajiye dakunan jama'a na aji na uku a ƙasan bene. A tsakanin akwai mafi yawan gidajen kwana na Ajin Farko da ɗakin karatu na aji na biyu. D Deck, bene na saloon, ya mamaye manyan dakuna uku na jama'a-ɗakin liyafar ajin farko, salon cin abinci na aji na farko da salon cin abinci na aji na biyu. An samar da fili ga fasinjojin aji na uku. Fasinjoji na farko, na biyu da na uku suna da dakuna a wannan bene, tare da wuraren kwana na masu kashe gobara a cikin baka. Ya kasance mafi girman matakin da manyan ɗigon ruwa na jirgin ya kai (ko da yake kawai takwas daga cikin goma sha biyar). E Deck, bene na sama, an fi amfani dashi don masaukin fasinja don duk azuzuwan uku tare da wuraren dafa abinci, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, masu kula da masu gyarawa Tare da tsawon sa an yi wata doguwar hanya mai suna 'Scotland Road', dangane da wani sanannen titi a Liverpool Fasinjojin aji na uku da ma'aikatan jirgin ne suka yi amfani da titin Scotland Road. F Deck, tsakiyar bene, shine cikakken bene na ƙarshe, kuma galibi yana ɗaukar fasinjoji na biyu da na uku da sassa da yawa na ma'aikatan jirgin. Salon cin abinci na aji uku yana nan, haka kuma wurin wanka, wankan Turkawa da dakunan kwana. G Deck, ƙananan bene, shine mafi ƙasƙanci cikakken bene wanda ke ɗaukar fasinjoji, kuma yana da ƙananan ramuka, kusa da layin ruwa. Kotun squash tana nan tare da gidan waya mai balaguro inda aka jera wasiƙu da fakiti a shirye don isarwa lokacin da jirgin ya tsaya. An kuma ajiye abinci a nan. An katse bene a wurare da yawa ta hanyar bene na orlop (bangare) akan tukunyar jirgi, injin da dakunan injin turbine. Wuraren orlop, da saman tanki da ke ƙasa da wancan, sun kasance a kan matakin mafi ƙasƙanci na jirgin, a ƙarƙashin layin ruwa. An yi amfani da bene na orlop a matsayin wuraren dakon kaya, yayin da babban tanki—ƙasa na cikin jirgin ruwa—ya samar da dandamalin da ake ajiye tukunyar jirgi, injina, injina da injinan lantarki. Wannan yanki na jirgin ya kasance a cikin injin da dakunan tanki, wuraren da za a hana fasinjoji gani. An haɗa su tare da matakan mafi girma na jirgin ta matakan matakan hawa; Matakan karkace tagwaye kusa da baka sun ba da damar zuwa D Deck. Siffofin Manazarta Webarchive template wayback

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20yin%20taro%20a%20Rasha

Ƴancin yin taro a Rasha

An amince da 'yancin yin taro a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ta Art. 31 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki da aka karɓa a shekarata 1993:Jama'ar Tarayyar Rasha za su sami 'yancin yin taro cikin lumana, ba tare da makamai ba, da kuma gudanar da tarurruka, zanga-zangar, da kumw zaɓe Bisa wata dokar Rasha da aka gabatar a shekara ta 2014, za a iya ba da tara ko tsarewar kwanaki 15 saboda gudanar da zanga-zanga ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, kuma za a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na laifuka uku. Masu zaɓen mutum ɗaya sun haifar da tara da daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari. Doka Tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 2004, an kuma tsara zanga-zangar a Rasha ta wata doka da babbar jam’iyyar Soviet ta farko ta bayar a shekara ta 1988 kuma ta sake tabbatar da, tare da ’yan gyare-gyare, ta dokar shugaban kasa a shekarata 1992 da 1993. A cikin 2004 waɗannan an maye gurbinsu da Dokar Tarayya ta Tarayyar Rasha No.54-FZ A Taro, Rallies, Zanga-zangar, Marises da Pickets (wanda shugaban Rasha ya sanya hannu a halin yanzu a ranar 19 ga Yuni Shekarata 2004, kuma ya fara aiki. ranar 4 ga Yuli, shekarar 2004). Idan ana sa ran taron a bainar jama'a zai ƙunshi mahalarta fiye da ɗaya, wajibi ne masu shirya ta su sanar da hukumomin zartarwa ko na ƙananan hukumomi game da taron da ke tafe kwanaki kaɗan a rubuce. Kuma Duk da haka, doka ba ta hango hanyar ba da izini ba, don haka hukumomi ba su da ikon hana taro ko canza wurinsa sai dai idan yana barazana ga tsaro na mahalarta ko kuma an tsara shi a kusa da wurare masu haɗari, mahimman hanyoyin jirgin kasa, viaducts, bututun mai, babban ƙarfin lantarki Layukan wutar lantarki, gidajen yari, kotuna, wuraren zama na shugaban kasa ko a yankin kula da iyaka Hakanan ana iya taƙaita haƙƙin tattarawa a kusancin abubuwan tarihi na al'adu da na tarihi. Hukumomin yanki da na ƙananan hukumomi na iya ba da ƙa'idodi na biyu, amma iyakancewa da hani kan al'amuran jama'a za a iya gabatar da su ta Dokokin Tarayya kawai. Kuma Masu shirya za su fuskanci alhakin gudanarwa don keta hanya bisa ga Art. 20 na Kundin Laifukan Gudanarwa A watan Yunin shekarata 2012, majalisar dokokin Rasha ta kada kuri'a kan dokar da ta nemi a kara tsayuwar tara ga gudanar da zanga-zangar ba tare da izini ba daga 5,000 rubles (kusan 150) zuwa 300,000 rubles (kusan 10,000) ga mahalarta kowane mutum kuma ya karu zuwa 600,000 rubles ga masu shirya zanga-zangar. Tarar masu shirya zanga-zangar da suka gaza bin ka'idojin tarayya game da zanga-zangar za su ƙaru daga 50,000 rubles 1,160) zuwa rubles miliyan 1.5 48,000). Hakanan, za a hana masu zanga-zangar sanya abin rufe fuska, ɗaukar makamai ko abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su azaman makamai. Kuma Jama'a ba za su iya shirya gangami ba waɗanda aka samu da laifin keta zaman lafiya da tsaro na jama'a ko kuma an fuskanci hukunci na gudanarwa saboda cin zarafi sau biyu ko fiye a cikin shekara guda. Tun daga shekara ta 2014, gudanar da zanga-zangar ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, ko da na lumana na mutum ɗaya, ana iya hukunta shi ta hanyar tara ko tsare shi har tsawon kwanaki 15, ko kuma ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari idan wannan shine karo na uku. Kididdiga Bisa kididdigar da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Rasha ta fitar, Rigingimu Gabaɗaya gwamnati ba ta mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba. A watan Mayun shekarata 2005, 'yan sanda na Moscow, bayan sun tarwatsa zanga-zangar a gaban zauren birnin, sun tsare 10 jama'a da magoya bayan Cocin Emmanuel Pentecostal Mambobi da magoya bayan cocin sun cigaba da gudanar da zanga-zangar, suna zargin cewa ana nuna musu wariya daga hukumomi da suka ƙi izinin cocin na gina coci da kuma gyara gine-gine a birnin Moscow da kuma wata gunduma. A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 2005 an kama da yawa daga cikin waɗannan masu zanga-zangar yayin zanga-zangar. Hukumomin birnin sun ce zanga-zangar ta sabawa doka, kuma sun shawarci masu zanga-zangar da su gudanar da zanga-zangar a wani wuri na daban. Masu zanga-zangar sun ce zanga-zangar ta doka ce kuma ba su taba samun irin wannan umarni daga hukumomin birnin ba. Kuma An tuhumi wasu masu zanga-zangar da laifin gudanar da zanga-zangar ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki biyar. Wata kotun gundumar Moscow ta yanke hukunci a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2005, cewa hukumomin yankin sun keta tsarin doka na tsara al’amuran jama’a a yadda suke tafiyar da zanga-zangar da Coci ta yi akai-akai. Kotun dai ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005 cewa jami’an ‘yan sanda 13 sun tsare mambobin Emmanuel bisa zalunci bayan wata zanga-zanga mako guda da ya gabata. Limamin cocin ya tabbatar da cewa tsoma bakin 'yan sanda ya kare bayan wadannan hukunce-hukuncen kotuna. A watan Mayun shekarar 2006 an hana masu fafutukar kare hakkin yan luwadi da aikace-aikacensu don gudanar da taron girman kai, Moscow Pride A cikin kwanaki kafin sauran taron 'yan adawar siyasa na Rasha a Moscow a watan Yuli shekarata 2006, a cewar Human Rights Watch wato (Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin Dan adam), hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙarin hana masu halartar taron barin garuruwansu da ƙarfi. A yayin taron G8 karo na 32 a St. Petersburg a watan Yulin shekarata 2006, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam sun yi ikirarin aikata laifuka 577 da ake zargin jami'an tsaro na aikata ba bisa ka'ida ba kan masu zanga-zangar, ciki har da shari'o'i 94 na 'yan sanda sun kai mutum ofishin 'yan sanda ba tare da wani bayani ba; shari'o'i 267 (ciki har da yara uku) na tsare wucin gadi kan tuhume-tuhume kamar "kananan hooliganism," "zagi," da "juriya ga jami'an tilasta bin doka"; da kuma shari'o'in 216 na mutanen da aka hana su tafiya ta bas ko jirgin kasa zuwa St. Bayan shirya wani picket a Moscow a ranar 3 ga Satumba, shekarata 2006, don tunawa da wadanda ke fama da rikicin garkuwa da su a makarantar Beslan, an kama Lev Ponomaryov mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam kuma an tsare shi har tsawon kwanaki uku, sabani kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, kamar yadda ya gabatar da shi. sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin taron, amma an zaɓi kar a kiyaye shawarar da ta biyo baya cewa ta faru a wani wuri ko a wata rana ta daban. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2006, 'yan sanda a Nazran sun watse da tashin hankali a zanga-zangar tunawa da Anna Politkovskaya, wanda aka kashe a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, tare da tsare masu fafutuka. Maris masu sabani Hukumomi sun dakatar da yawancin Maris na rashin jin daɗi, wanda ya faru a ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarata 2006, a Moscow, a ranar 3 Maris 2007, a Saint Petersburg, ranar 24 ga Maris 2007, a Nizhny Novgorod, 14 Afrilu shekarata 2007, a karo na biyu a Moscow, a ranar 15 Afrilu 2007, kuma a Saint Petersburg, a ranar 18 ga Mayu a Samara da kuma a ranar 19 ga Mayu a Chelyabinsk, ko kuma sun ba da shawarar canza wurin su. Yayin da masu zanga-zangar suka bijirewa takunkumin, ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma OMON sun lakadawa ko kuma tsare ’yan adawa masu yawa a lokacin zanga-zangar, tsare ko tashi daga jirgin kasa da bas wasu da ake sa ran shiga gaba (duba masu adawa da Maris A ranar 17 ga Disamba, shekarar 2006, hukumomin birnin Moscow sun hana kusan mambobin jam'iyyar siyasa 300 Yabloko da magoya bayansu yin gangamin tunawa da 'yan jarida da aka kashe. An ba Yabloko damar ganawa, amma an ki ba shi izinin yin maci. Moscow Pride A ranar 27 ga Mayu, shekarata 2007, an sake gudanar da zanga-zangar 'yancin luwadi da Yury Luzhkov a matsayin shaidan a Moscow kuma a shekara ta biyu tana gudana. Duba Moscow Pride A ranar 1 ga Yuni, shekarata 2008, wani girman kai ya faru a Moscow, wanda magajin gari ya sake dakatar da shi. Har ila yau duba Moscow Pride An gudanar da bugu na Moscow Pride na shekarar 2009 a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2009, a daidai wannan rana da wasan karshe na gasar wakokin Eurovision ta shekarar 2009 da Moscow ta shirya, da kuma jajibirin ranar yaki da 'yan luwadi ta duniya. An kira faretin Slavic Pride saboda zai inganta 'yancin 'yan luwadi da al'adu daga dukkanin yankunan Slavic na Turai. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙi izini. Duba Moscow Pride Fursunonin Bolotnaya Kwana daya gabanin rantsar da shugaba Putin, 'yan sanda sun dakatar da masu zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da zaben dandalin Bolotnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Sannan Masu zanga-zangar 19 sun fuskanci tuhume-tuhume da laifuka dangane da al'amuran da hukumomi suka bayyana a matsayin tarzoma An bayyana sunayen manyan masu fafutukar siyasa da dama a matsayin shaidu a lamarin kuma an bincikar gidajensu a ayyukan da gidajen talabijin da gwamnati ke yadawa. Sama da 6 da 7 ga Mayu, an kama ɗaruruwan mutane masu zaman lafiya a duk faɗin Moscow. Amnesty ta bukaci dukkanin fursunonin lamiri (POCs) guda 10 da ke cikin wannan shari'a a gaggauta sakin su ba tare da wani sharadi ba, sannan kuma a soke duk wani tuhuma da ke da alaka da tada hankulan jama'a dangane da duk wadanda ake tuhuma da wadanda ake bincike a kan wannan lamari. "Sakin dan kasuwa Mikhail Khodorkovsky, mawaƙan Pussy Riot Maria Alyokhina da Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, da ɗimbin fursunoni na Bolotnaya (uku) da ake tsare da su bai kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani aikin jinƙai ba, amma wani yunkuri na siyasa a cikin gudu har zuwa Gasar Olympics ta Sochi in ji John Dalhuisen, Daraktan Amnesty International. “Wadanda aka sako an daure su ne kawai saboda bayyana ra’ayoyinsu. Yayin da suke da 'yanci, har yanzu ana tuhumarsu da tuhumar da ake musu. Afuwar ba ta zama madadin ingantaccen tsarin adalci ba.” Dabaru-31 Tun a ranar 31 ga Yulin shekarata 2009 aka fara gudanar da gangamin neman ‘yancin yin taro a dandalin Triumfalnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Ana yin su ne a kowace rana ta 31 ga wata, wanda irin wannan rana ta kasance. Wannan ra'ayi, wanda ake kira Strategy-31, Eduard Limonov ya gabatar da shi kuma yana goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin adawa daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, Kuma ciki har da Moscow Helsinki Group karkashin jagorancin Lyudmila Alexeyeva Tun shekarar 2010 ana gudanar da zanga-zangar neman 'yancin yin taro a wasu biranen Rasha. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Maris, babu wani gangami a Moscow ko St.Petersburg da hukumomi suka yarda. 'Yan sanda sun tarwatsa tare da tsare mahalarta taron. Zaɓin mutum ɗaya A watan Mayun shekarata 2015, an yanke wa wasu masu fafutuka biyu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki goma a kan masu satar mutum daya a dandalin Bolotnaya na Moscow. A watan Yunin shekarar 2015, wata kotu a Murmansk ta ci tarar wata mace 20,000 rubles saboda gudanar da zanga-zangar da ba a ba da izini ba a ranar 1 ga Maris wani shiru-mutum daya na juyawa na tunawa da Boris Nemtsov Wata kotu a Moscow ta ci tarar wani mutum 10,000 rubles saboda zaɓen mutum ɗaya da ya yi a kan Ramzan Kadyrov A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2015, an yanke wa Ildar Dadin hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari saboda wasu mutane guda daya a cikin shekarar 2014. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, "Hukuncin ban mamaki da aka yanke wa Ildar Dadin ya nuna cewa hukumomin Rasha na amfani da doka kan tarukan jama'a wajen gaggauta kai masu zanga-zangar lumana zuwa gidan yari". Martani na duniya A watan Mayun shekarata 2016, Lithuania ta ba da mafaka ga Irina Kalmykova bayan Rasha ta zarge ta da shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ba ta da izini kuma ta aika da takardunta zuwa Interpol Duba wasu abubuwan Hakkin Dan Adam a Rasha Moscow Pride Nikolai Alekseyev Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT Gayrussia.ru Dabaru-31 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarihi na Cin Hanci Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Rasha, 2006, Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka 'Yancin taro, www.legislationline.org Dabaru-31 Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira

Shakira

Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll /ʃ ə k ɪər ə Spanish: ;An haifaita a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar alif 1977), mawakiyya ce yar kasar Kolombiya, mawakiyya, yar rawa, mawallafa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Barranquilla, ta fara wasan ta na farko a karon farko a karkashin Sony mawaki Colombia lokacin tana shekara 13. Hakan ya biyo bayan gazawar kasuwanci ta kundin kaskon farko na Colombia biyu, Magia (1991) da Peligro (1993), ta yi fice a kasashe masu magana da harshen Spanish tare da kundin wakokin ta na gaba, Pies Descalzos (1995) da Dónde Están los Ladrones? (1998). Shakira ta shiga kasuwa da harshen Turanci tare da kundin wakan nata na biyar, Loundry Service (2001). Ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan sha uku (13) sannan kuma ya lalata waƙaƙan na kasa-da-kasa Duk lokacin da, Duk Inda da Yourarbar Aikinku Nasararta ta kasance mai karfafuwa tare da kuma kundin gidan radiyon Spain Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (2005), Sale el Sol (2010), da kuma El Dorado (2017), duk wanda shugaba da <i id="mwMw">Allon tallace-tallace</i> Top Latin Wakokin ginshiki kuma aka bokan Diamante da Rikodi Masana'antu Kungiyoyin kasarAmurka. A halin yanzu, hotan nata na Ingilishi Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 (2005), She Wolf (2009) da Shakira (2014) duk sun kasance tabbataccen zinare, platinum, ko platinum da yawa a cikin kasashe daban-daban na duniya. Wasu wakokinta sun yi jerin gwano a lamba daya a kasashe da yawa, da suka hada da La Tortura Hips Kada Lie BmMasu kyauwun Karya Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci ga Afirka) Loca da Chantaje Shakira ta yi aiki a matsayin koci a lokutan biyu na gasar wakokin talabijin na Amurka mai taken Muryar Amurka daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekarar 2014. Shakira ta samu lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da Grammy Lamban yabo uku, Grammy Latin goma sha uku, Kyautar MTV Video waka Lanbobin yabo bakwai, Kyautar Takaitaccen Tarihi na Burtaniya, Kyautar Miliyan talatin da tara ta Kudin Latin Waka Lanban yabo da tauraruwa akan Hollywood Walk of Fame A shekara ta 2009, Billboard ya jera ta a matsayin Babban Mawakin Latin na Artade na Latinan shekaru. Bayan sayar da fiye da miliyan 75 na rikodin duniya, Shakira ta kasance Diyan manya masu fasahar kidan duniya An zabe ta a matsayin mai zane-zane ta Latin da aka fi sani a kan Spotify kuma ta zama dayan mata masu fasaha uku kawai don samun bidiyo biyu na YouTube da suka wuce dala biliyan biyu Saboda aikinta na kyauta tare da Barefoot Foundation da kuma gudummawar da ta bayar wajen kide-kide, ta sami lambar yabo ta Latin ta Academyan Wasan Kwafi ta Latin shakira ta kasance matar Gerrard Pique wanda yake kasan catalunya dake kasar Spain,wanda yake taka leda kulob din Barcelona dake kasan spain. Farkon rayuwa An haife ta ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar alif 1977, a Barranquilla, Columbia, ita kaɗai ce ɗa William Mebarak Chadid da Nidia Ripoll Torrado. Kakannin kakanta sun yi ƙaura daga Lebanon zuwa New York City, inda aka haife mahaifinta. Sannan mahaifinta ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Colombia yana da shekaru 5. Sunan Shakira Arabic Shi ne Larabci for "m", da mata nau'i na sunan Gumi Arabic Daga mahaifiyarta, tana da Mutanen Espanya da asalin Italiyanci Ta girma Katolika kuma ta halarci makarantun Katolika. Tana da olderan tsofaffin rabin-ɗiyan-miji daga ɗaurin mahaifinta na baya. Shakira ta kwashe yawancin samartakarta a Barranquilla, wani gari da ke bakin gabar arewacin Caribbean a gabar Kolombiya, ta kuma rubuta waka ta farko, wacce ake wa lakabi da "La Rosa De Cristal The Crystal Rose", lokacin tana shekara hudu. Lokacin da take girma, tana sha'awar kallon mahaifinta tana rubuta labarai a kan rubutun keken rubutu, sannan ta nemi daya a matsayin kyautar Kirsimeti. Tun tana da shekaru bakwai, ta sami wannan nau'in buga rubutun, kuma ta ci gaba da rubuta wakoki tun lokacin. Wadannan waƙoƙin ƙarshe sun samo asali zuwa waƙoƙi. Lokacin da Shakira ta kasance shekara biyu, wani ɗan uwan rabin ya mutu a cikin haɗarin babur; Shekaru shida bayan haka, tana da shekara takwas, Shakira ta rubuta waƙarta ta farko, mai taken "Tus gafas oscuras Gilashin duhu mai duhu", wanda mahaifinta ya yi wahayi, wanda tsawon shekaru ya rufe gilashin duhu don ɓoye baƙin cikin. Lokacin da Shakira ta kasance hudu, mahaifinta ya kai ta wani gidan cin abinci na Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda Shakira ta fara jin doumbek, daddaren gargajiyar gargajiya da ake amfani da ita a cikin waƙar Larabci kuma wacce ke tare da raye-rayen ciki Ta fara rawa a kan tebur, kuma kwarewar ta sa ta fahimci cewa tana son zama mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ta ji singing ga makaranta da kuma malamai (har ma da nuns) a ta Katolika makaranta, amma a na biyu aji, ta yi watsi da makaranta mawaka saboda ta vibrato ya yi karfi. Malamin waƙoƙin ya gaya mata cewa ta yi kara "kamar akuya". A makaranta, ta sau da yawa ya aiko daga aji saboda ta Hyperactivity (ADHD). Ta ce an kuma santa da "yarinyar rawa na ciki", kamar yadda za ta nuna kowace Juma'a a makaranta adadin da ta koya. Ta ce "Na gano yadda nake sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayon rayuwa," in ji ta. Don nuna godiya ga Shakira game da tarbiyyar da ta yi, mahaifinta ya kai ta wani wurin shakatawa na gida don ganin marayu da ke zaune. Hotunan sun kasance tare da ita, sannan ta ce wa kanta: "Wata rana zan taimaki waɗannan yaran lokacin da na zama mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo." Tsakanin shekarun 10 zuwa 13, an gayyaci Shakira zuwa wasu al'amuran daban-daban a Barranquilla kuma ya sami yabo a yankin. A wannan lokacin ta sadu da mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na gida Monica Ariza, wanda ya burge ta kuma a sakamakon hakan ya yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa aikinta. A lokacin da yake tashi daga Barranquilla zuwa Bogotá, Ariza ya shawo kan zartarwa mai gabatarwa Sony Kolombiya Ciro Vargas don yin duba ga Shakira a harabar otal. Vargas ya riƙe Shakira cikin girmamawa kuma, yayin da ya dawo ofishin Sony, ya ba kaset ɗin waƙa da daraktan zane-zane. Koyaya, daraktan bai yi matukar farin ciki ba kuma yana tunanin Shakira wani abu ne na "asarar rai". Ba a manta kuma har yanzu ya yarda cewa Shakira yana da baiwa, Vargas ya kafa duba a cikin Bogotá. Ya shirya wa shugabannin zartarwar na Sony Columbia don isa wurin binciken, tare da tunanin mamakinsu da aikin Shakira. Ta yi waƙoƙi uku ga masu zartarwar kuma ta burge su har ta isa a sanya mata hannu don rakodin kundin hotuna uku. Aiki 1990–1995: Farko Wakar Shakira ta farko, Magia, an yi ta ne tare da Sony Music Columb a shekarar alif 1990, lokacin tana 'yar shekara 13 kacal. A songs ne mai tarin sanya ta ta tun ta kasance guda takwas, gauraye pop-rock ballads kuma disco uptempo songs tare da lantarki masu raka. An saki kundin a watan Yuni na shekarar alif 1991, kuma an nuna "Magia" da wasu wayoyi ukun. Kodayake ya yi kyau sosai a rediyo na Colombian kuma ya ba wa Shakira matasa da yawa, kundin bai inganta sosai ba saboda an sayar da kwafin 1,200 kawai a duk duniya. Bayan ƙarancin aikin Magia, alamar Shakira ta bukaci mata ta koma ɗakin karatun don sakin wani abin biyo baya. Duk da cewa ba a san ta sosai ba a wajen kasarta ta asali a lokacin, amma an gayyace ta Shakira da ta halarci Gasar Rauni ta Duniya na Viña del Mar a watan Fabrairun, shekarar alif 1993. Bikin ya baiwa masu son Latin Amurka fatan samun damar yin wakokinsu, sannan kuma kwamitocin mahukunta suka zabi wanda ya lashe gasar. Shakira ta yi wasan siraran "Eres" ("Kuna") kuma ta lashe ganima a matsayi na uku. Ofaya daga cikin alƙalai waɗanda suka zabe ta don cin nasarar shine ɗan shekaru 20 Ricky Martin, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali daga kasancewarsa memba a Menudo Shakira album na biyu na studio, mai taken Peligro, an sake shi a cikin Maris, amma Shakira bai ji daɗin sakamakon ƙarshe ba, galibi yana ɗaukar batun samarwa. An fi karɓar kundin album ɗin fiye da na Magia, kodayake ana ganin cinikayyar kasuwanci saboda ƙin Shakira ya ƙi tallata shi ko inganta shi. Shakira daga nan ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar hiatus daga yin rikodi don ta iya kammala karatun sakandare. A wannan shekarar, Shakira ta tauraro a cikin jerin fina-finai na kasar Columbia mai suna The Oasis, ba tare da dogara da bala'in Armero ba a cikin shekarar alif 1985. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka jawo kundin albums din daga fitarwa kuma ba a dauke su a matsayin kundin tarihin Shakira amma a maimakon hakan Albums na ingantawa. Shakira ta fara rikodin waƙar ó Dónde Estás Corazón? (Daga baya aka sake ta kan kundin nata mai suna Pies Descalzos don kundin shirya fim ɗin Nuestro Rock a shekarar alif 1995, wanda aka fito dashi na musamman a Kolumbia. Hoton Pies Descalzos ya kawo babban shahara a Latin Amurka ta hanyar mawakan "Estoy Aquí", "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" da "Dónde Estás Corazón". Shakira ya kuma yi rikodin waƙoƙi guda uku a cikin harshen Portuguese, mai taken "Estou Aqui", "Um Pouco de Amor", da "Pés Descalços". 1995–2000: Juzuwar Latin Shakira ta dawo zuwa rakodin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin Sony Music tare da Columbia Records a shekarar alif 1995, tare da Luis F. Ochoa, ta yin amfani da tasirin kiɗa daga ƙasashe da dama da kuma Alanis Morissette -oriented mutuma wanda ya shafi kundin kundin wakoki na biyu na gaba. Wadannan rakodin sun lalata kundin shirye-shiryen na ukunsu, da kundin kasida na ta na duniya, mai taken Pies Descalzos Rikodi don kundin ya fara a watan Fabrairu 1995, bayan nasarar ta "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" An saki kundin, Pies Descalzos a watan Fabrairu 1996. Ya kai lamba biyar akan ginshiƙi na Manyan Labarai na Allon Amurka. Kundin ya ba da lambar yabo shida, Estoy Aquí wanda ya kai lamba ta biyu a kan taswirar Latin Amurka, Dónde Estás Corazón? Wanda ya kai lamba biyar akan taswirar Latin Amurka, Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos wanda ya kai lamba 11 akan taswirar Latin ta Amurka, Un Poco de Amor wanda ya kai lamba shida akan ginshiƙi na Amurka, Antología wanda ya kai lamba 15 akan ginshiƙi na Amurka, da Se quiere, Se Mata wanda ya kai lamba ta takwas akan Amurka Tsarin Latin. A watan Agusta 1996, RIAA ta sami tabbacin matsayin kundin platinum. A watan Maris na shekarar 1996, Shakira ta ci gaba da rangadinta na farko na kasa da kasa, wanda aka sanya wa suna kawai Tour Pies Descalzos Yawon shakatawa ya kunshi wasan kwaikwayo 20 kuma ya ƙare a 1997. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, Shakira ta karbi kyaututtuka na Billboard Latin Music na Kyauta don Album na Year don Pies Descalzos, Bidiyo na shekara don "Estoy Aqui", da Mafi kyawun Artist Pies Descalzos daga baya ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 5, haifar da sakin kundin remix, kawai mai taken The Remixes Har ila yau, remixes sun hada da juzu'i na Portuguese na wasu sanannun wakokinta, wadanda aka yi rikodin su saboda nasarar da ta samu a kasuwar ta Brazil, inda Pies Descalzos ta sayar da kwafin kusan miliyan daya. Album ɗinta na hudu mai taken Dónde Están los Ladrones'? Shakira tare da Emilio Estefan, Jr. a matsayin mai gabatarwa na zartarwa an sake shi a watan Satumbar 1998. Kundin, wanda aka yi wahayi da abin da ya faru a filin jirgin sama wanda a ciki an sace akwati mai cike da rubutattun wakoki, ya zama babban abin birgewa fiye da Pies Descalzos Kundin kundi ya kai matsayi mafi girma na lamba 131 akan Billboard 200 kuma ya sami matsayi mafi girma akan ginshiƙi Albums na Amurka na makwanni 11. Tun daga yanzu an sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 7 a duk duniya da 1.5 miliyan kofe a cikin Amurka kadai, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi kyawun sayar da kundin wakokin Spanish a cikin Amurka guda takwas an karɓa daga kundi da suka hada da Ciega, Sordomuda Moscas En La Casa da Babu Creo wanda ya zama ta farko guda zuwa chart a kan Amurka Allon tallace-tallace <i id="mw9A">Allon tallace-tallace</i> Hot 100, Inevitable tu Si Te Vas Octavo Dia da kuma Ojos asi Shakira ita ma ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy Award na farko a 1999 don Mafi kyawun Latin Rock Album Shakira's album's first live, MTV Unplugged, an yi ta a cikin New York City ranar 12 ga Agusta 1999. Amincewa da manyan masu sukar Amurkawa ke yi, an nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wasannin da ta fi yin fice. A watan Maris din 2000, Shakira ta fara ziyarar shakatawar Anfibio, yawon shakatawa na watanni biyu na Kudancin Amurka da Amurka. A watan Agusta, 2000, ta sami kyautar MTV Video Music Award a cikin taken Zaɓaɓɓun Mutane Mashahurin Mawakin Kasa da Kasa na "Ojos Así". A watan Satumbar 2000, Shakira ta yi "Ojos Así" a wajen bikin kaddamar da lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy, inda aka ba ta jerin gwanoni guda biyar: Album of the Year da Mafi kyawun Vaukar hoto ta MTV Unplugged, Mafi kyawun Rockwar Dutse na Mace don "Octavo Día Mafi kyawun Vwafin Tsarin Mace Mai Tsayi da Mafi kyawun Musicaramar Bidiyo na Bidiyo don bidiyon don" Ojos Así 2001 --2004: Canjin Ingilishi tare da Sabis ɗin Laundry Bayan nasarar Dónde Están los Ladrones? da MTV Unplugged, Shakira ya fara aiki a kan kundin kida na Ingilishi. Ta koyi Turanci ne da taimakon Gloria Estefan Ta yi aiki sama da shekara guda kan sabon kayan don kundin. Duk lokacin da, Duk inda da ake kira" Suerte "a cikin ƙasashen masu magana da harshen Spanish, aka fito da shi a matsayin na farko kuma yana jagoranci guda ɗaya daga cikin kundin waƙoƙin Ingilishi na farko da kundin studio na biyar a cikin tsawon tsakanin Agusta 2001 da Fabrairu 2002. Waƙar ta sami tasiri mai ƙarfi daga waƙar Andean, gami da charango da panpipes a cikin kida. Ya zama babban nasarar duniya ta hanyar kai lamba ta farko a yawancin ƙasashe. Wannan kuma shine nasarar ta farko a cikin Amurka, ta hanyar kaiwa lamba ta shida akan Hot 100. Shakira album na biyar na studio da kundin harshen Turanci na farko, mai taken Laundry Service a cikin kasashen da ke magana da Turanci da Servicio De Lavanderia a Latin Amurka da Spain, an sake su a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2001. Kundin album din ya yi karo da lamba uku akan kwalin Billboard 200 na Amurka, yana sayar da sama da adadi 200,000 a satin farko. Daga baya RIAA ta sami ingantaccen kundin platinum sau uku a cikin Yuni 2004. Ya taimaka wurin kafa rawar kidan Shakira a babbar kasuwar Arewacin Amurka. An dauki waƙoƙi guda bakwai daga cikin kundin kamar "Duk lokacin da, Duk Inda" "Suerte", Carƙashin Kayanka ƙin yarda (Tango) Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango) The Daya Te Dejo Madrid Que Me Quedes Tú da" Waka zuwa Doki Saboda an kirkiro kundin ne saboda kasuwar Turanci, sai dutsen da kidan yaddar shakatawa ta kasar Sipaniya ta sami nasarorin mai sauki, tare da wasu masu sukar cewa kwarewar turancin ta ba ta iya rubuta wakoki; Rolling Stone, a ɗayan, ya bayyana cewa "tana jin muryar wauta" ko "sihirin Shakira ya ɓace cikin fassarar". Elizabeth Mendez Berry ta bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin Vibe "Yayin da kundin wayoyinta na harshen Spanish suka haskaka da kyakkyawar kade-kade, wannan rikodin ya cika da kima, cikin kiɗa da na kiɗa. Ga masoyan Anglophone Latin, waƙoƙin Shakira an bar su da hasashe. Duk da wannan gaskiyar, kundin ya zama mafi kyawun sayar da kundin 2002, yana sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 20 a duk duniya. kuma ta zama album mafi nasara na aikinta har yau. Kundin ya sami lakabi a matsayin babbar mai zane ta Latin a duniya. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Shakira kuma ta fitar da waƙoƙi huɗu don Pepsi don haɓakawa a cikin kasuwannin Turanci: "Ka nemi ƙari", "Pide Más", "Knock on Door na", da "Pídeme el Sol". A 2002, a MTV Icon na Aerosmith a watan Afrilun 2002, Shakira ya yi Dude (Yayi kama da Mata) Ta kuma shiga cikin Cher, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Mary J. Blige, Anastacia, da Dixie Chicks don VH1 Divas Live Las Vegas A watan Satumba, ta ci lambar yabo ta Zabi na Masu kallo a Duniya a MTV Video Music Awards tare da "Duk lokacin da, Duk inda". Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy Award don mafi kyawun Musicaukaka Tsarin Kiɗan Kiɗa don fassarar bidiyon Sifen. A watan Oktoba, ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Video Music Awards Latin America don Mafi kyawun Mawakin Mata, Mafi kyawun Mashahuran Art, Mafi Artist Arewa (Yankin), Bidiyo na shekara (don "Suerte"), da kuma Artist of the Year. A watan Nuwamba, ta fara yawon shakatawa na Mongoose tare da nishaɗi 61 waɗanda ke faruwa daga Mayu 2003. Yawon shakatawa kuma ita ce farkon ziyararta ta duniya, kamar yadda aka buga ƙafafu a Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka, Turai da Asiya. Alamar Shakira, Sony BMG, ita ma ta fito da mafi girman rubuce-rubucen Spanish ɗin, Grandes Éxitos Hakanan an fitar da DVD da kundin waƙoƙi 10, mai taken Live &amp; Off Record, kuma an sake shi a cikin 2004, don tunawa da Yawon Mongoose. 2005–2007: Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno da Gyara Oral, Juz'i na biyu Shakira ta shida na studio album, Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno, an saki a watan Yuni 2005. Jagoran guda daya daga kundin kundin, La Tortura ya kai kan 40 a kan Hot 100. Waƙar kuma ta ƙunshi tauraron sararin samaniya Alejandro Sanz Shakira ta zama mawaki na farko da ya yi waƙar yaren Sifen a MTV Video Music Awards a 2005. An karɓi kundin album ɗin sosai. An debi lamba ta hudu a kan kwalin Billboard 200, inda aka sayar da kofi 157,000 a satin farko. Tun daga nan ta sayar da kofi fiye da miliyan biyu a cikin Amurka, ta sami takardar shaida 11 Platinum (filin Latin) daga RIAA. Sakamakon tallace-tallace na sati na farko, kundin ya zama mafi girma na halarta na farko don kundin harshen faransanci. Bayan kawai ranar saki a Latin Amurka, kundi ya sami takaddun shaida. A Venezuela, ta sami takardar shedar Platinum, a Columbia, takardar shaidar Platinum ta sau uku, yayin da a Mexico ke buƙatar karɓar jigilar kayayyaki kuma kundi bai kasance ba bayan kwana ɗaya kawai da aka sake. Har ila yau, an sake fitowar wasu guda huɗu daga cikin kundin: A'a Día de Enero La Pared da Las de La Intuición Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 tun lokacin da aka sayar da kofi sama da miliyan hudu a duk duniya. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2006, Shakira ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy ta biyu tare da cin nasarar Best Latin Rock Alternative Album for Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy guda huɗu a cikin Nuwamba 2006, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo na Rajkodin na shekarar, Song of the Year for "La Tortura", Album of the Year da kuma mafi kyawun Vaukar hoto na Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 Jagora na daya don kundin album na bakwai na Shakira, Oral Fixation, Vol. 2, Kar ku damu ya kasa cimma nasarar ginshiƙi a Amurka ta hanyar rasa manyan 40 akan Hot 100. Amma ya kai ga manyan kasashe 20 a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashe na duniya. Shakira album na biyu na Ingilishi na biyu da kundin studio na bakwai, Gyaran Oral, Vol. 2, an sake shi a ranar 29 Nuwamba 2005. Kundin kundi ya buga a lamba biyar akan Billboard 200, yana sayar da kwafin 128,000 a satin farko. Kundin ya ci gaba da sayar da 1.8 rikodin miliyan a Amurka, da fiye da miliyan takwas kwafin a duk duniya. Duk da gazawar kasuwancin kundin jagora guda a Amurka, ya ci gaba da kawo karin wasu mata biyu. Hips Kada Kuyi Layi wanda ya nuna Wyclef Jean, an sake shi azaman na biyu na kundin a watan Fabrairu 2006. Zai zama lambar farko ta Shakira ta farko a kan Billboard Hot 100, ban da ta kai lamba ta daya a cikin kasashe 55. Shakira da Wyclef Jean suma sun yi rikodin wakokin Bam din don zama wakar bikin rufe gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2006 Daga baya Shakira ta saki na uku kuma na karshe daga kundin, Ba bisa doka ba wanda ya fito da Carlos Santana, a cikin Nuwamba 2006. Daga nan sai ta fara zagayawa cikin yawon shakatawa wanda aka fara a watan Yunin 2006. Yawon shakatawa ya kunshi hotuna 125 tsakanin Yuni 2006 da Yuli 2007 tare da ziyartar nahiyoyi shida. A watan Fabrairu 2007, Shakira yi karo na farko a cikin 49th Grammy Awards kuma aikata da gabatarwa domin Best Pop tare da haɗin gwiwar Vocals for "kwatangwalo kada ka karya" da Wyclef Jean. A ƙarshen 2006, Shakira da Alejandro Sanz sun haɗu don mawak'in Te lo Agradezco, Pero No wanda ke fitowa a cikin kundi na Sanz El Tren de los Momentos Waƙar ta kasance mafi girman goma da aka buga a Latin Amurka, kuma ta karɓi taswirar waƙoƙin Billboard Hot Latin Tracks. Shakira ya kuma yi aiki tare da Miguel Bosé akan mawakan Si Tú Babu Vuše wanda aka saki a cikin kundin gidan Papito na Bosé A farkon 2007, Shakira ya yi aiki tare da mawakiyar R&amp;B Beyoncé Knowles don waƙar Kyawawan Liar wanda aka saki a matsayin na biyu da aka fito daga fitowar kundin wakokin Beyoncé B'Day A watan Afrilun 2007, ɗayan ya tsallake wurare 91, daga 94 zuwa uku, akan ginshiƙi na Billboard Hot 100, yana kafa rikodin don motsi mafi girma a cikin tarihin ginshiƙi a lokacin. Wannan kuma lambar ta farko ce a jerin Yarjejeniyar Singles ta UK Waƙar ta samo musu lambar yabo ta Grammy don Kyautata Haɓakar Popwazo da Vaukaka Shakira ita ma an ba ta a wakar Annie Lennox Sing daga kundin waƙoƙin Mass Destruction, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi sauran mata mawaƙa 23. A ƙarshen 2007, Shakira da Wyclef Jean sun rubuta jigon biyu, "Sarki da Sarauniya". An nuna waƙar a wajan Wyclef Jean ta 2007 Carnival Vol. II: Memoirs na Baƙi Shakira ta rubuta wakoki, tare kuma suka hada kade-kade, don sabbin wakoki guda biyu wadanda suka fito a fim din soyayya a Lokacin Cholera, dangane da littafin da mawaki dan kasar Colombia Gabriel García Márquez ya rubuta García Marquez da kansa ya nemi Shakira don rubuta waƙoƙin. Waƙoƙin da Shakira suka bayar don sautin waƙoƙin sun kasance "Pienso en ti", waƙoƙi daga kundin waƙar Shakira na Pies Descalzos, "Hay Amores", da "Despedida". An zabi "Despedida" don Mafi Kyawun Rawa a Kyauta ta 65 ta Zinare 2008–2010: Ta Wolf A farkon 2008, Forbes mai suna Shakira ta kasance mace ta huɗu da ta sami kuɗi a masana'antar kiɗa. Sannan, a watan Yuli na waccan shekarar, Shakira ya sanya hannu a kan 300 miliyan kwangila tare da Live Nation, wanda zai kasance yana aiki har shekaru goma. Uringungiyar masu yawon shakatawa kuma ta ninka matsayin rakodin rikodi wanda ke inganta, amma ba ya sarrafawa, waƙar da masu fasahar sa ke sakewa. Yarjejeniyar Shakira tare da Epic Records ya kira ƙarin kundin hotuna guda uku kuma daya cikin Ingilishi, ɗayan Spanish, da tarawa, amma an tabbatar da rangadin da sauran haƙƙin yarjejeniyar Live Nation ta fara aiki nan take. A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Shakira ya yi a bikin Lincoln Muna Daya Mu don girmama bikin rantsar da Shugaba Barack Obama Ta yi Mafi Girma ƙasa tare da Stevie Wonder da Usher She Wolf, an sake shi a watan Oktoba na 2009 a cikin gida kuma a ranar 23 Nuwamba 2009 a Amurka Kundin ya karɓi mafi kyawun ra'ayoyi daga masu sukar, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙarshen shekara ta "All Albusic Albums," "umsan Albums na Latin," da kuma jerin sunayen "Abubuwan Aljihunan Pop Albattu". Ita Wolf ta isa lamba ta daya a jerin hotunan Argentina, Ireland, Italiya, Mexico da Switzerland. Hakanan an tsara shi cikin manyan biyun a Spain, Jamus da United Kingdom. An kirga shi da lamba goma sha biyar akan <i id="mwAdg">Billboard</i> 200 Ita Wolf ta sami karbuwa na platinum sau biyu a Columbia da Mexico, da platinum a Italiya da Spain, da zinare a kasashe da dama ciki har da Faransa da Ingila. Kundin ya sayar da 2 miliyan biyu kofe a duk duniya, zama ɗaya daga cikin albuman wasan kwaikwayon Shakira mafi ƙarancin ingancin studio har yau dangane da tallace-tallace. A watan Mayu, Shakira ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu Freshlyground don kirkirar waka ta zahiri a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA a Afirka ta Kudu a 2010 Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci for Afirka) wanda dogara ne a kan wani gargajiya na Kamaru sojoji ta Fang song mai taken Zangalewa da kungiyar Zangalewa ko Golden Sauti Daga baya ya kai ga manyan kasashe 20 a Turai, Kudancin Amurka da Afirka da kuma manyan 40 a Amurka kuma Shakira ce ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya zama mafi girman-sayar da Gasar cin Kofin Duniya na kowane lokaci. 2010-2015: Sale el Sol da Shakira A watan Oktoba na 2010, Shakira ta fito da kundin shirye-shiryenta na tara, mai taken Sale el Sol Kundin ya karɓi yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an haɗa shi a cikin 'All Albusic' Albums na 2010 da aka fi so da jerin sunayen itean Wasannin Latin na 2010 "na ƙarshen shekara. A yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Latin Latin ta 2011, an zabi Sale el Sol don Album of the Year da Mafi kyawun Maballin Var Popaukakar Mace inda ya lashe kyautar a rukunin na ƙarshe. Kasuwanci wannan kundin nasara ce a duk faɗin Turai da Kudancin Amurka, Sale el Sol ya nuna alamun attajirin ƙasashen Belgium, Croatia, Faransa, Mexico, Portugal da Spain. A cikin Amurka, an yi <i id="mwAgM">lissafin</i> lamba 7 a kan <i id="mwAgM">taswirar Billboard na</i> Amurka 200 wanda ke nuna mafi girma na farko ga kundin Latin a shekara kuma shi ne kundin album na biyar da Shakira ya fara a lamba ta farko. A cewar Billboard, kashi 35% na tallace-tallace na makon farko an yaba da su ne don siyayya mai ƙarfi na dijital. Hakanan kundin ya sanya lamba daya a duka manyan kundin kundin Latin, da taswirar Latin Pop Albums, tare da samun babban tallace-tallace na dijital a yankin. Jagoran guda daya, Loca shine lamba daya a cikin kasashe da yawa. Kundin ya sayar da kofi fiye da miliyan 1 a duk duniya cikin makonni 6, kuma sama da miliyan 4 tun lokacin da aka fito da shi. A watan Satumbar, Shakira ta hau kan Sun Sunzo Yawon Duniya, don tallafawa wasu kundin wakoki biyu da ta kwanannan. Ziyarar ta ziyarci kasashe a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, da Afirka tare da nishadi 107 cikin duka. Wadanda suka so yin yawon shakatawa sun nuna shakku kan lamarin, wadanda suka yaba da kasancewar matakin Shakira da kwazonta yayin wasanninta. A 9 Nuwamba 2011, Shakira ya kasance mai daraja a matsayin Latin na Kwalejin Hoto na Latin kuma ya yi murfin waƙar Joe Arroyo "En Barranquilla Me Quedo" a Cibiyar Ayyukan Mandalay Bay a matsayin kyauta ga mawaƙin, wanda ya mutu a baya cewa shekara. A shekara ta 2010 Shakira tare da hadin gwiwar rakumi Pitbull don rera taken Samu Ya Fara wanda aka shirya shi zai zama jagora guda daya daga cikin kundin shirye-shiryen Pitbull mai zuwa, Duniya Warming An sake ɗayan ɗayan ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012. An kuma sanya ta a Roc Nation a karkashin jagorancin gudanar da kundin shirye-shiryenta mai zuwa. A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Shakira da Usher za su maye gurbin Christina Aguilera da CeeLo Green don wasa na huɗu na TV na Amurka Muryar, tare da Adam Levine da Blake Shelton Shakira ta sanar da cewa za ta mai da hankali kan sabon kundin wakinta a cikin bazara kuma daga karshe ta dawo domin wasan ta na shida a watan Fabrairun 2014. Shakira da farko ta yi shirin fito da sabon kundin wakinta a shekarar 2012, amma saboda haihuwarta, an yi jinkiri kan sakin guda da bidiyon. A watan Disambar 2013, an ba da sanarwar cewa sabuwar Shakira ta yi jinkiri har zuwa watan Janairun 2014. Shakira's album mai taken lakabi na goma na fim din aka sake shi daga 25 Maris 2014. Kasuwanci album ɗin sun yi ƙibla a lamba biyu a kan <i id="mwAjw">taswirar Billboard na</i> Amurka 200 tare da tallan tallan farko na kwafin 85,000. Yin hakan, Shakira ta zama mafi girman mawaƙan mawaƙa akan ginshiƙi, kodayake ta sami mafi ƙarancin siyar da aka siyar a sati na farko (don kundin harshen Ingilishi). Kundin katange guda uku. Bayan fitowar mawaƙa guda biyu ta farko daga kundi, Ba za ku iya tunawa ba ku manta da ku da Empire RCA ta zaɓi "Dare (La La La)" a matsayin na uku. An fito da nau'in gasar cin kofin duniya a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Mayu don tasirin tashoshin rediyo, yana da fasalin mawaƙin Brazil Carlinhos Brown A ranar 13 Yuli 2014, Shakira ya yi La La La (Brazil 2014) tare da Carlinhos Brown a wurin bikin rufe gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na 2014 a filin wasa na Maracanã Wannan wasan ya zama bayyanuwa ta uku a jere a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. 2016 yanzu: El Dorado da Super Bowl LIV Shakira tana da rawar murya a cikin Disney animation fim din Zootopia, wanda ya nuna guda ɗaya Gwada Komai wanda aka saki a 10 Fabrairu 2016. Shakira ta fara aiki a kan kundin shirye-shiryenta na goma sha ɗaya a farkon 2016. A watan Mayun 2016, ta yi aiki tare da mawakiyar Kolombiya Carlos Vives akan waƙar La Bicicleta wacce ta je lashe lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy don rakodin shekarar da Song of the Year A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2016, Shakira ta saki Chantaje guda ɗaya tare da mawakiyar Kolombiya Maluma duk da cewa waƙar waka ce daga kundin shirye-shirye na goma sha ɗaya mai zuwa, ba a yi niyyar zama shi kaɗai ba. Waƙar ta zama bidiyon YouTube da aka fi gani a YouTube, sama da 2.1 biliyan biliyan tun daga 1 Yuni 2018. A 7 Afrilu 2017, Shakira ya saki waƙar Me Enamoré a matsayin jami'in hukuma na biyu da aka karɓa daga kundin shirye-shiryenta na goma sha ɗaya El Dorado wanda aka saki a 26 Mayu 2017. Ta kuma fito da waƙar Perro Fiel wanda ke nuna Nicky Jam a matsayin wacce ta inganta don kundin a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2017. Sanarwar hukumarta a matsayin na uku ta faru a 15 Satumba 2017, a wannan ranar bidiyon kiɗan nata, wanda aka yi fim a Barcelona a ranar 27 Yuli 2017, an sake shi. Kafin a sake shi azaman guda, "Perro Fiel" an riga an tabbatar dashi azaman zinare a Spain don siyar da kofen 20,000 akan 30 ga Agusta 2017. An ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na El Dorado a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, ta hanyar asusun Shakira ta hanyar Twitter, kuma Rakuten ya shirya shi. Sauran abokan aikin da aka sanar da rangadin sune Live Nation Entertainment 's's World Toing Division (wacce a baya tayi hadin gwiwa da Shakira akan ita The Sun Comes World Tour da Citi, wacce sanarwar ta fitar mai suna, bi da bi, mai samarwa da kuma katin bashi na wasan Arewacin Amurka na yawon shakatawa. Za a fara rangadin, a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, a Cologne, Jamus. Amma saboda matsalolin muryar da mawakiyar ta samu lokacin karatun ta, an soke ranar wata daya kafin jadawalin balaguro na asali, kuma an sanar da cewa za a sake sabunta ta zuwa wani lokaci mai zuwa. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, saboda wannan dalili, ita ma ta ba da sanarwar jinkirtawa zuwa ranakun da za a sanya a gaba, don tantancewa da sanarwa, ga duka wasannin a Paris, da kuma wadanda ke biye a Antwerp da Amsterdam A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, Shakira ta ba da sanarwar, ta hanyar shafukan sada zumuntarta, inda ta bayyana cewa ta sami jinya a cikin murfin dama na ƙarshenta a ƙarshen Oktoba, a jerin karatunta na ƙarshe, kuma don haka ta buƙaci ta saki muryarta don wani lokaci don murmurewa; wannan ya tilasta jinkiri game da rangadin na balaguron Turai zuwa 2018. Ana sa ran za a sanar da ranakun Latin ta Amurka daga baya, lokacin da yawon shakatawa ya ci gaba. Akwai shirye-shiryen kawo ziyarar, lokacin da ya dawo, zuwa kasashe kamar Jamhuriyar Dominica Bugu da kari, wani dan jarida daga mujallar jaridar Brazil mai suna Destak ya sanar, a shafinsa na Twitter, cewa mawaki dan kasar Columbia zai ziyarci Brazil a watan Maris mai zuwa. Koyaya, a cewar wannan jaridar, saboda yanayin Shakira don ta murmure daga cutar sankarar macen-ta, an kuma sanya ranakun Latin Amurka zuwa rabin na biyu na 2018. Daga qarshe, Shakira ta murmure sosai daga cutarwar jinin da ta sha ta kuma sake komawa ranta, tana yin a Hamburg, Jamus ranar 3 ga Yuni 2018. A watan Janairun 2018 ta sanar da ranakun zagayowar ranar balaguronta ta El Dorado Ta fara farkon tafiyarta a Turai, daga Hamburg, Jamus a ranar 3 Yuni sannan ta ƙare a Barcelona, Spain a 7 Yuli. Daga nan sai ta ɗan dakata a Asiya a ranakun 11 da 13 ga Yuli, bayan haka ta tafi Arewacin Amurka. Ta fara lokacinta a can ranar 3 ga watan Agusta a Chicago kuma ta kare a San Francisco ranar 7 ga Satumba. Ziyarar ta ta zama ta Latin Amurka, an fara ne a Mexico City a ranar 11 ga Oktoba kuma ta ƙare a Bogota, Columbia ranar 3 Nuwamba. A watan Fabrairu na 2020, ita da Jennifer Lopez sun yi wasan share fage na wasan Super Bowl LIV A cewar <i id="mwAqU">Billboard</i>, wasan rabin-lokaci yana da ra'ayin mutane miliyan 103. A YouTube, ya zama mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayon hutun lokaci a wancan lokaci. Game da wakokinta, Shakira ta faɗi cewa, "kiɗan da nake yi, ina tsammanin, haɗuwa ne da abubuwa daban-daban. Kuma koyaushe ina yin gwaji. Don haka na yi kokarin kada in takaita kaina, ko sanya kaina a wani rukuni, ko kasance mai zanen gidan kaso na. Shakira ta faɗi a koyaushe cewa ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙar juyayi da waƙar Indiya, waɗanda suka rinjayi yawancin ayyukanta na baya. Har ila yau, al'adunta na larabawa sun yi tasiri a kansu, wanda hakan babban abin alfahari ne ga nasarar da ta samu a duniya da ta buga Ojos Así Ta gaya wa Talabijin na Portuguese, "Yawancin ƙungiyoyi na sun kasance al'adun Arabiya ne." Ta kuma ambaci iyayenta da cewa sun kasance manyan masu bayar da gudummawa ga salon rawarta. Tana kuma yin tasiri sosai ta kade-kade ta Andean da kade- kaden gargajiya na Kudancin Amurka, ta yin amfani da kayan kida don wakokin Latin-pop-Latin. albunan ta na Spanish na baya, ciki har da Pies Descalzos da Dónde Están los Ladrones? kasance wani mix na jama'a kiɗan da Latin dutsen. Kundin kundin turanci na Girka, Laundry Service da kuma kundin albums daga baya ya rinjayi pop pop da pop Latino "Sabis ɗin wanki" shine farko album na dutsen pop, amma kuma yana jawo tasiri daga nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa. Mawaƙar ta yaba da wannan ga ƙabarta da aka hade ta, tana cewa: "Ni mai rikicewa ne. Wannan na ne. Ni sabani ne tsakanin baƙar fata da fari, tsakanin pop da dutsen, tsakanin al'adu tsakanin mahaifina na Lebanon da kuma mahaifiyar mahaifiyata ta Sifen, wasan gargajiya na Columbia da kidan Arab da nake ƙauna da kidan Amurika. Abubuwan larabawa da na Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai akan Dónde Están los Ladrones? Har ila yau suna nan a cikin Sabis na Laundry, galibi a kan "Eyes like Yours" "Ojos Así". Hanyoyin kiɗa daga ƙasashe Kudancin Amurka sun haɗu akan kundin. Tango, wani salon rawa mai cike da rawa da sauri wanda ya samo asali daga Argentina, ya fito fili a kan "Objection (Tango)", wanda kuma ya hada abubuwan dutsen da kuma zane A uptempo hanya siffofi da wani guitar solo da wata gada a wadda Shakira kai rap -like maher. She Wolf ita ce kundin tsari na electropop wanda ya haɗu da tasiri daga tsarin kide kide na ƙasashe da yankuna daban-daban, kamar Afirka, Kolumbia, Indiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Shakira cinye da album a matsayin "Sonic gwaji tafiya", ya ce cewa ta gudanar da bincike kaden daga kasashe daban-daban domin "hada lantarki da duniya sauti, kuwaru, clarinets, na Gabas kuma Hindu music, Dancehall, da dai sauransu" Kwakwalwar ta 2010, Sale el Sol, dawowa ne ga farkonta wanda ya kunshi balands, waƙoƙin dutsen, da waƙoƙin Latin kamar Loca Lokacin yana yarinya, Shakira ya rinjayi kiɗan kiɗan dutsen, yana sauraron manyan kiɗa kamar Led Zeppelin, Beatles, Nirvana, 'Yan Sanda da U2, yayin da sauran tasirinsa sun haɗa da Gloria Estefan, Madonna, Sheryl Crow, Alanis Morissette, Marc Anthony, Meredith Brooks da The Cure Rawa Shakira sanannu ne saboda rawar da take yi a cikin bidiyon kide-kide iri-iri da kuma kide-kide. Yunkurin da ta yi ya danganta ne da yanayin wasan rawa, wani bangare ne na al'adun Lebanon Kullum tana yin daddare Shakira ta ce ta koyi irin wannan rawar yayin ƙuruciya tun ƙuruciya don shawo kan jin kunya. Ta kuma ambata a cikin wata hira ta MTV cewa ta koyi yadda ake ciki rawar ciki ta ƙoƙarin jefa wani tsabar kudin tare da ita. Sabanin rawar rawar Shakira an ce ta kebanta da ita a masana'antar da ta haɗu da rawar tsakiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya da rawar Latin. An ambaci rawar gwiwa hip a cikin waƙoƙi, kamar Fifth Harmony 's “Brave Honest kyakkyawa kyakkyawa”. HOTO Nasarori Shakira ta sami lambobin yabo da yabo da yawa ga aikinta. Shakira ta sayar da fiye da miliyan 75 na rikodin duniya. Tsarin Kayan Watsa Labarai na Nielsen ya ce Hips Kada Kuyi Layi shine mafi kyawun waƙar da aka fi so a cikin mako guda a tarihin rediyo na Amurka. An buga shi sau 9,637 cikin sati daya. Shakira ta zama mawaki na farko a tarihin zane-zane na Billboard wanda ya sami lambar kwatankwacin lamba ta biyu akan Manyan Maina na 40 da kuma Yarjejeniyar Latin a cikin mako guda tare da yin haka "Hips Kada Kuyi Layi". Ari ga haka, ita kaɗai ce ɗan zane daga Kudancin Amurka da ta isa wurin lamba-aya a jerin Billboard Hot 100 na Amurka, jadawalin ARIA na Australiya, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Singles UK Waƙarta La Tortura a lokaci ɗaya ta riƙe rikodin don ginshiƙi na Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks ginshiƙi, yana fitowa a lamba-daya fiye da kowane guda tare da jimlar makonni 25 ba a jere ba, rakodin da a yanzu Enrique Iglesias ke riƙe da shi Bailando "tare da makonni 41. Nokia ta bayyana a cikin shekarar 2010, cewa akwai karin waƙoƙin Shakira a cikin shekarar da ta gabata fiye da kowane mawakiyar Latino a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, kuma She Wolf ta kasance a cikin manyan abubuwanda aka saukar da 10 Latino. A shekarar 2010, ta kasance lamba 5 a kan Video Video's Mafi Yawancin Kwalliyar Horar da Mazauni na shekarar 2010 'tare da ra'ayoyi 404,118,932. A shekarar 2011, an karrama Shakira a Latin Grammys a matsayin Mutumin Cibiyar Rajista na Latin na shekarar 2011 Hakanan ta sami tauraro akan Hollywood Walk of Fame wacce take a 6270 Hollywood Blvd. Tun da farko, an ba ta tauraruwa ne akan Hollywood Walk of Fame a shekarar 2004, amma ta ki karbar tayin. A shekarar 2012, ta samu karramawar ta Chevalier De L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres A cikin 2014, Shakira ya zama wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na farko da ya yi sau uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. A wannan shekarar, Aleiodes shakirae, an sanya sunan wani sabon nau'in cutar parasitic bayan ta saboda yana sa mai masaukin ya 'girgiza kuma yayi biris' A cikin shekarar 2018, Spotify ta hada Shakira a cikin jerin manyan 10 mata masu zane-zane mata na shekaru goma akan dandamali, wanda ya sanya ta zama mafi girman zane-zane na Latin. Yanzu ta cancanci dala miliyan 300. Monumenti A shekara ta 2006, an sanya wani mutum-mutumi mai tsini shida, tsayin kafa 16 na Shakira wanda mawakiyar Jamusawa Dieter Patt ya kafa a Barranquilla ta mahaifar Shakira a wurin shakatawa kusa da Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez, inda Shakira ta yi yayin Tafiya Gyarawar Oral A watan Yuli na shekarar 2018 Shakira ta ziyarci Tannourine a Lebanon wanda shi ne ƙauyen iyayen kakarta. A yayin ziyarar Shakira ta ziyarci cibiyar ajiyar dabbobi a Tannourine, inda aka sanya mata wani fili a gandun daji, suna riƙe da suna “Shakira Isabelle Mebarak” Legacy Shakira fitacciyar mawakiya ce a waƙar Latin, kuma haɓakarta ga kasuwannin duniya ita ce irin da jaridar New York Times ta kirata da "Titan of Latin Pop" saboda matsayinta na musamman kuma jagorar kida a cikin kidan Latin tana cewa "Shakira ta titan Latin pop ce. Duk da cewa sababbin tsararrun masu fasahar masu magana da harshen Spanish suna tsallaka zuwa fagen wakokin Amurka, fitowar Shakira ita kadai. Haka kuma, Forbes tana daukar Shakira a matsayin “abin mamaki” saboda nasarar da ba ta iya cim ma ta da daya daga cikin Latinas mafi karfi a duniya. Kwakwalwarta wacce ba a taɓa gani ba ta sa wa sauran masu fasaha na Latin Amurka ƙoƙarin hayewa, misali guda ɗaya shine tauraruwar mawakiyar Mexico Paulina Rubio, tana da MTV tana cewa "babu wata tambaya cewa Shakira ta buɗe ƙofofin a wannan ƙasa don masu zane-zane kamar Rubio su yi nasara." Bayan crossover, kasancewarta ta duniya da kuma yadda take kasancewa ta zama babba don <i id="mwA28">mujallar TIME</i> ta kira Shakira a matsayin "tatsuniyar tatsuniya." Yawancin masu zane-zane sun ambaci Shakira a matsayin gumakansu ko kuma wahayi kuma suna shafar ta, kamar Beyoncé, Rihanna, Lauren Jauregui, Rita Ora, Justin Bieber, Maluma, Karol G, Natti Natasha, Lele Pons, Andres Cuervo, da Camila Cabello Sauran hanyoyin Shakira ya shiga cikin sauran kasuwanni da masana'antu da yawa. Ta yi aiki ne a cikin gidan Telebijin na El Columbia a shekarar 1994, tare da halayen Luisa Maria. Shakira ta fara layin nata mai kyau, S ta Shakira tare da kamfanin iyayen Puig, a shekara ta 2010. Daga cikin turare na farko da ta fitar sun hada da "S ta Shakira" da "S ta Shakira Eau Florale", tare da kayan shafawa da feshin jiki. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ta fitar da kamshi guda 30, baya kirga ire-iren gasa. A 17 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2015, an nuna ta a matsayin tsuntsu mai iya samarwa a cikin wasan Angry Birds POP! na karamin lokaci, kuma a cikin gasa ta musamman a wasan Angry Birds abokai bayan makwanni kadan. A 15 Oktoba 2015, Love Rocks wanda aka yiwa wajan Shakira shine wasan bidiyo na farko da ya nuna tauraron pop. A 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, a Disney 's D23 Expo, an ba da sanarwar cewa Shakira za ta taka rawa a cikin fim din Zootopia na Disney Za ta yi wa Gazelle babbar murya a Zootopia. Shakira kuma ta ba da gudummawar waƙa ta asali ga fim ɗin, mai taken Gwada Komai wanda Sia da Stargate suka rubuta kuma suka haɗa shi. Wannan ya buɗe wa ofishin nasara rikodin ofishi a ƙasashe da yawa kuma ya sami ribar sama da 1 a duk duniya biliyan, wanda ya sa ya zama fim na huɗu mafi girma na shekara ta 2016 da fim na 43 mafi girma-na kowane lokaci Aiki agaji da siyasa A shekara ta 1997, Shakira ta kafa gidauniyar Pies Descalzos, wata cibiyar ba da gudummawa ta Colombia tare da makarantu na musamman ga yara matalauta a duk ƙasar Colombia. Shakira da sauran kungiyoyi na duniya da daidaikun mutane sun tallata shi. An dauki sunan kafuwar daga kundin zane-zane na Shakira na uku, Pies Descalzos, wanda ta saki a 1995. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shine tallafawa ta hanyar ilimi, kuma kungiyar tana da makarantu guda biyar a duk fadin Columbia wadanda ke ba da ilimi da abinci ga yara 4,000. A 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2014 Shakira ta sami karimci tare da Gwarzon Hero a Kyautar Rawar Rediyon Sadarwa na Radio Disney saboda aikinta na Fundación Pies Descalzos. Shakira jakadan UNICEF ne na son alheri kuma yana daya daga cikin wakilansu na duniya. Ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2006, Shakira ta sami karbuwa a wajen bikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kirkirar Gidauniyar Pies Descalzos. A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta ba shi lambar yabo don nuna girmamawarsa, kamar yadda Shugaban kwadago na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Juan Somavia ya sanya shi, “jakada na gaskiya ga yara da matasa, don ingantaccen ilimi da adalci na zamantakewa”. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2010, bayan kammala a matsayin lambar yabo ta MTV Turai Music Awards, mawakiyar Columbia ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Free Your Mind saboda ci gaba da kwazo don inganta damar neman ilimi ga dukkan yara a duniya. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011, Gidauniyar FC Barcelona da Pies descalzos sun cimma yarjejeniya game da ilimin yara ta hanyar wasanni. An karrama Shakira a Latin Grammys a matsayin Mawallafin Kwafi na Latin na shekarar a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2011, saboda kyakyawan aikinta da kuma gudummawar da aka bayar a Latin Music. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2010, Shakira ya nuna rashin jituwa da shugaban Faransa Nicolás Sarkozy da kuma manufofinsa na korar mutanen Romani daga kasar A cikin Spanish edition na mujallar GQ, ta kuma umarci 'yan kalmomi ga Sarkozy, "Mu ne duk gypsies A cikin hirar ta bayyana ra'ayinta a fili cewa: "Abin da ke faruwa a yanzu ga su (abubuwan motsa jiki) zai faru da yaranmu da yaranmu. Dole ne mu juyo ga 'yan kasar mu muyi hakkokin bil'adama tare da la'antar duk abin da muke tsammani ba A ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2018, yayin wata ziyara zuwa mahaifarta, Barranquilla, don gina makaranta ta hanyar Barefoot Foundation (Pies Descalzos Foundation), Shakira ya yi magana game da manufofin ilimi na gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Ivan Duque (Shugaban Columbia, 2018–2022). Da take magana a kan manufofin gwamnati na rage kasafin kudin ilimi na kasa daga kashi 13% zuwa 7%, ta ce, "Wannan abu ne da ba za a yarda da shi ba. Ya nuna cewa maimakon ci gaba gaba muna tafiya da baya. Muna bukatar kara saka hannun jari a harkar ilimi kuma muna bukatar gina karin makarantu a wuraren da babu Ta kuma yi magana game da rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa da rashin zuwa makaranta Rayuwar ta Shakira ya fara dangantaka da lauya dan kasar Argentina Antonio de la Rúa a shekara ta 2000. A cikin hirar shekarar 2009, Shakira ya ce dangantakar tasu ta riga ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aurata, kuma "ba sa bukatar takaddar hakan". Bayan shekaru 10 tare, Shakira da de la Rúa sun rabu cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2010 a cikin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "yanke shawara don ɗaukar lokaci ban da dangantakarmu ta soyayya". Ta rubuta cewa ma'auratan "suna kallon wannan lokacin rabuwa a zaman na ɗan lokaci", tare da de la Rúa da ke lura da "sha'anin kasuwanci da aiki kamar yadda ya saba koyaushe". Kamar yadda aka bayar da rahoton farko a watan Satumba shekarar 2012, de la Rúa ya kai kara ga Shakira a watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, yana neman 100 Miliyon da ya yi imanin ya ci bashi bayan Shakira kwatsam ta dakatar da kawancen kasuwanci da shi a watan Oktoba shekarar 2011 Wani alkalin kotun lardi na Los Angeles County ya kori kararsa a watan Agusta shekarar 2013. Shakira ta shiga dangantaka da dan wasan kwallon kafa na Spain Gerard Piqué, wanda ke taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Barcelona da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Sipaniya a shekarar 2011. Piqué, wacce shekarunta sun kai shekaru goma, sun fara haduwa da Shakira a cikin bazarar 2010, lokacin da ya fito a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar Shakira Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci don Afirka) wakar hukuma na 2010 FIFA World Cup Shakira ta haifi ɗa ta fari ta Milan a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2013 a Barcelona, Spain, inda dangin suka koma zama. Shakira ta haifi ɗa na biyu Sasha a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2015. N Magia (1991) Peligro (1993) Pies Descalzos (1995) Dónde Están narayanan? (1998) Sabis ɗin Laundry (2001) Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (2005) Gyaran Oral, Vol. 2 (2005) She Wolf (2009) Sale el Sol (2010) Shakira (2014) El Dorado (2017) Yawon shakatawa AautunZiyarci Pies Descalzos (1996-11997) Yafiya Anfibio (2000) Zagayen Mongoose (2002-2003) Tafiya na Gyara Harafi (2006-2007) Rana Tazo Yawon Duniya (2010-2020) Balaguron Duniya na Do Do (2018) Shakira 2021 Yawon Duniya (2020) Filmography Dubi kuma link=|class=noviewer Portal Portal link=|border|class=noviewer Portal portal link=|class=noviewer Filin kiɗan Latin Jerin lambobin yabo da nadin da Shakira ta bayar Jerin wakoki da Shakira suka rera Jerin masu zane da suka kai lamba ta daya a Amurka Jerin masu fasahar zane waɗanda suka kai lamba ɗaya akan jadawalin wasannin Dancewallon Ruwa na Amurka Artistswararrun masu fasahar kasa da kasa a Brazil Jerin manyan masu fasahar kiɗan Latin Jerin sunayen masu fasahar kiɗan mafi kyawu a cikin Amurka Jerin masu fasahar kiɗan kiɗan Jerin jerin gwanon kiɗa mafi kyau Jerin masu zane-zane na Billboard Social 50 50-daya Jerin manyan masu fasahar kiɗan wakoki a Amurka Mnaazarta Pages with unreviewed

30651

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20yanayin%20muhalli

Ilimin yanayin muhalli

Ilimin yanayin muhalli, wani ƙaramin horo ne na ilimin ɗan adam wanda ke yin nazarin hadaddun alaƙa tsakanin mutane da Kuma muhallin da suke ciki. Wannan yana da siffofi da yawa, ko dai yana nazarin yanayin farauta /tara mutane dubun dubatar shekaru da suka wuce, binciken archaeological na farkon masu noma da tasirinsu a kan sare bishiyoyi ko zaizayar ƙasa, ko kuma yadda al'ummomin ɗan adam na zamani ke daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi. sauran al'amuran muhalli na anthropogenic. Wannan ƙaramin fannin ilimin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne a cikin shekarata 1960s daga ilimin kimiyyar al'adu kamar yadda masana ilimin ɗan adam suka aro hanyoyi da kalmomi daga cigaba da haɓakawa a cikin ilimin halitta sannan aka yi amfani da su don fahimtar al'adun ɗan adam. Ilimin yanayin muhalli wani yanki ne mai girma na ilimin ɗan adam saboda ƙalubalen fahimta da magance ɗan adam ya haifar da matsalolin muhalli kamar sauyin yanayi, ɓarna nau'in, gurɓataccen filastik, kuma da lalata wuraren zama suna buƙatar fahimtar tsarin al'adu, siyasa, da tattalin arziƙi waɗanda suka haifar. wadannan matsalolin. Ci gaban tarihi An ba da izinin kafa kashen ilimin halin ɗan adam ga Julian Steward, masanin ilimin al'adu wanda ya yi nazarin yadda Shosone na Babban Basin tsakanin Saliyo Nevada da Dutsen Rocky ya daidaita yanayin su. Ƙoƙarin da ya yi na ayyana al'adu ya dogara ne akan yanayin ƙasa, yanayi, da albarkatu da samun damarsu. Sauran mahimman masana ilimin al'adu na farko sune Roy Rappaport da Marvin Harris. Ayyukan su sun yi amfani da ka'idodin tsarin don bayyana yadda al'ummomi ke aiki don kiyaye homeostasis ta hanyar madaukai na amsawa. Sannan kuma Ayyukan Harris a Indiya, alal misali, yayi nazarin saniya mai tsarki a Indiya a matsayin daidaitawar muhalli saboda mahimmancinta ga samar da madara, taki don man fetur da taki, da kuma aikin noma. Tun daga lokacin ake sukar waɗannan hanyoyin don ɗaukar yanayin al'ummomi a matsayin tsayayye da rashin bincika hanyoyin da al'adu ke canzawa da haɓaka kan lokaci. Wani muhimmin fanni da ya ba da gudunmawa wajen samar da ilimin halin ɗan adam shi ne ethnoecology Masana ilimin halittu kamar Harold Conklin, Darrell Posey, da Wade Davis sun kalli ilimin ilimin halittu na gargajiya don fahimtar yadda ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin duniya ke gudanar da yanayin yanayin da suke rayuwa a ciki. Bincike a cikin ethnobotany ya kuma haifar da samar da sababbin magunguna bisa ga tsire-tsire da ake amfani da su a maganin gargajiya. Ilimin kimiyyar siyasa, hangen nesa na kimiyyar zamantakewa na tsaka-tsaki kan al'amuran muhalli, sannan kuma yana da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ilimin ɗan adam na muhalli. Ilimin muhalli na siyasa ya binciko hanyoyin da hanyoyin kimiyya da gudanarwa ga muhalli sau da yawa kan iya rufe dangantakar da ba ta dace ba na iko, kuma musamman a cikin saitunan bayan mulkin mallaka. Misali, ana iya kallon fadada wuraren da aka ba da kariya a matsayin fadada ikon gwamnati zuwa yankunan karkara, maimakon kawai shirin kiyaye namun daji. Bincike na yanzu Canjin yanayi An sake samun sabon sha'awa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don sake nazarin dangantakar al'adu da muhalli a fadin duniya saboda barazanar da ke kunno kai na ci gaban kasa, asarar rayayyun halittu, da karancin ruwa, dukkansu, a bangare guda, saboda sauyin yanayi Yayin da bincike kan zamantakewar al'umma kan sauyin yanayi ke tasowa kuma yana cigaba, kuma akwai yunƙurin fahimtar al'ummomin duniya game da yanayin muhallinsu, da kuma wuraren da suke cikin tarihi. Bayan haka, a cikin tarihi, yanayin yanayi na takamaiman wurare ya ba wa wasu ƙasashe damar bunƙasa, ko a cikin Crescent mai Haihuwa ko kuma a cikin kwarin Indus shekaru dubbai da suka wuce. Bambance-bambancen al'adu An sake mayar da hankali kan ilimin ɗan adam na muhalli akan bambancin al'adu da bambancin. Irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar bala'o'in muhalli ambaliyar ruwa, girgizar ƙasa, sanyi), ƙaura, farashi rabo mai fa'ida, lamba ƙungiyoyi, ra'ayoyin waje (cinikin jari-hujja bunƙasar jari-hujja), tare da na ciki, dabaru masu zaman kansu da tasirin haɗin gwiwa a yanzu sun kasance. lura. Roy A. Rappaport da Hawkes, Hill, da O'Connell na amfani da mafi kyawun ka'idar cin abinci ta Pyke don aikin ƙarshen wasu misalan wannan sabon mayar da hankali ne. Wannan hangen nesa ya dogara ne akan ma'auni na gabaɗaya kuma an soki su don rashin magance nau'ikan martanin da Kuma kwayoyin halitta zasu iya samu, kamar "aminci, haɗin kai, abokantaka, da tsarki" da yuwuwar "ƙarfafa ko masu hanawa" cikin alaƙa da ɗabi'a. Rappaport, wanda sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin mai ragi a hanyoyin nazarin al'adunsa, ya yarda, "Ƙungiyar zamantakewa ba ta da kyau a koyaushe yana nuna wani aibi a cikin wannan hangen nesa, ɓarna abubuwan nazari da ƙayyadaddun sharuddan. Jerin shirye-shiryen ilimi a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam Jami'ar Jihar Portland. Digiri na biyu da Jagora a cikin Anthropology Jami'ar Utrecht M.Sc. Al'adu Anthropology: Dan kasa Mai Dorewa Jami'ar Stanford. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Muhalli Kwalejin Jami'ar London. M.Sc. Ilimin Anthropology, Muhalli, da Ci gaba Jami'ar California, Davis. Yankunan Digiri na Musamman: Ilimin Halitta na Muhalli Jami'ar Jojiya. Ilimin Halitta da Muhalli. PhD. Shirye-shiryen Kare Haɗin Kai (ICON). Takaddun shaida na Digiri na farko a cikin Dorewa, Da'a na Muhalli, da Ilimin Kimiya. Jami'ar Kent. MA a cikin Ilimin Anthropology na zamantakewa: Rikicin Bil Adama da Muhalli Jami'ar Pennsylvania. Muhalli Anthropology Jami'ar Maine. BA Anthropology: Girman Mutum na Canjin Yanayi. MA a cikin Tsarin Anthropology da Tsarin Muhalli Jami'ar Maryland. Ilimin Halitta da Muhalli. BA, BS, MA. A., da kuma Ph.D. shirye-shirye Jami'ar Texas a San Antonio. Ph.D. a Environmental Anthropology Makarantar Yale na Gandun daji da Kimiyyar Muhalli da Sashen Nazarin Anthropology. J oint Shirin Digiri na Digiri a cikin Anthropology da Muhalli Duba wasu abubuwan Ecological Anthropology Ethnoecology Yanayin al'adu Yanayin muhalli Ilimin yanayin siyasa Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha Adalci na muhalli

19720

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbo%20Daramola

Bimbo Daramola

Abimbola Oluwafemi Daramola (An haife shi ne a ranar Tara 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1967), Abimbola ya kuma kasance dan asalin kasar Najeriya ne kuma masanin kimiyya,kuma dan majalisar Wakilan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Arewa, Jihar Ekiti,Kudu Maso Yammaci,kuma yafito ne daga jinsin yarbawa,Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2011.Dan jam'iyyar siyasan APC ne (All Progressive Congress). Rayuwar farko An haifi Bimbo Daramola a Ado Ekiti, Jihar Ekiti ta Francis Adebayo Daramola, wani tsohon shugaban (Magajin) na Oye karamar a lokacin karamar hukumar Oye na karkashin Jihar Ondo, daga bisani aka kirkiri Jihar Ekiti a shekarar 1996 wanda kuma gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Nijeriya a lokacin karkashin jagorancin marigayi Janar Sani Abacha. Ilimi Daramola ya fara karatun firamare a Emmanuel Anglican Primary School, Ado-Ekiti da St. Joseph Primary School,Aramoko-Ekiti a shekarar 1973.Yayi karatun sakandare a Christ School Ado Ekiti,wanda Archdeacon Henry Dallimore ya kafa.Yayi karatun ilimin Geology a shekarar 1984 a jami'ar jihar Ondo ta lokacin, wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa jami'ar Ado Ekiti,yanzu kuma ta zama jami'ar jihar Ekiti. Ya kammala karatunsa a 1989 sannan daga baya aka tura shi jihar Kaduna, Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya,inda ya shiga aikin bautar kasa na tsawon shekara daya a Ruwayar Ruwa (Nig) Ltd.Ya sami digiri na biyu a kan Kasuwanci,a Jami'ar Ilorin a shekarar 1995. Ayyuka Binciken Ruwa (Nig) Ta ɗauki Bimbo Daramola aiki na dindindin tsawon watanni hudu a shirin NYSC a Kaduna. Ya yi murabus daga hukumar ruwa (Nig) Ltd, a shekarar 1993, kuma ya dau alkawarin aiki a Bankin savannah. Bayan Bankin Savannah,Daramola ya kafa Rucie Communications kuma ya zama Mataimakin Manajan Darakta. Kamfanin ya samar da shirin fim, mai taken Daga Kurkuku zuwa Fadar Shugaban Kasa, wanda ya kawo tarihin rayuwa,lokuta da ayyukan tsohon Shugaban Kasa Olusegun Obasanjo.Daramola shine babban jami'in kamfanin The Bridge Concepts Nigeria Limited Siyasa A shekarar 1998,Daramola ya haɗu da kungiyar Bola Ahmed Tinubu Campaign Organisation wacce a lokacin ita ce ke da alhakin hada kan Asiwaju Bola Tinubu wanda ke takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Legas a karkashin kungiyar Alliance for Democracy don yin amfani da wayar hannu hukumar lissafi don kamfen dinta. Ya kuma ɗauki rundunarsa mobile talla tsari ga yakin tawagar sa'an nan tukuna-to-a-zabe shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo wanda shi ne shugaban takarar na jam'iyyar PDP. Kungiyar ta amince da shawarar sa kuma "ta hanyar haɗuwa, "ya zama memba na PDP".A shekarar 2011, Action Congress of Nigeria ta tsayar da shi don ya tsaya takarar kujerar mazabarsa, Ekiti ta Arewa 1 (Oye-Ikole Local Govt. Yankuna) Mazabar Tarayya, wacce ya ci.A yanzu haka shine babban dan takarar neman tikitin takarar gwamna a jihar Ekiti na shekarar 2018 karkashin inuwar jam'iyyar APC a matsayin Matasa, Mai jama'a da kuma masoyya dabban daban a fadin kasar Nijeriya. Ayyukan dokoki Daramola ya karɓi rantsuwar zama dan majalisar wakilai, mai wakiltar mazabar Oye Ikole Ekiti-ta Arewa mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta 1 a jihar Ekiti, a ranar Litinin, 6 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2011 yayin kaddamar da majalisar wakilai ta bakwai. Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Burin Bunkasar Millennium, kuma mamba ne a cikin kwamitocin Majalisar Wakilai kamar su: Soji, Banki Kuɗi, kungiyoyin Jama'a da kungiyoyin Ba da Tallafi, da kuma sashen Waje. Daramola ya gabatar da kudiri mai taken Barazana ta Cikin Gida da Bukatar Kafa Sashen Tsaron Cikin Gida, don magance matsalar tsaro da ke addabar Najeriya, kamar yadda kungiyar Boko Haram ke kawowa. Daramola ya gabatar da kudiri don bincikar ikirarin da Kamfanin Gudanar da kadara na Nijeriya ya yi na cewa Naira biliyan 140.9 (kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan daya), wanda kamfanin Zenon Petroleum da Gas Limited da kuma kamfanin Forte Oil Plc ke bin su sakamakon badakalar tallafin man fetur. Kwamitin wucin gadi, karkashin jagorancin Femi Gbajabiamila don tabbatar da ikirarin biyan kudin. aka kafa Majalisar Wakilai ce ta nada Daramola ya shugabanci kwamitin wucin gadi da zai binciko yadda aka raba filaye ga kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane a Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT) da kuma yiwuwar shari’ar zamba cikin tsarin daga shekarar 2010 zuwa yau. Ƙudirorin da Daramola ya gabatar a majalisa Sharhi kan al'amuran kasa Cire tallafin man fetur A yayin muhawarar kasa game da cire tallafin mai wanda a karshe ya haifar da zanga-zangar mamaye Najeriya, Daramola yana daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya da aka gayyata zuwa ganawa da Dr. Goodluck Jonathan, Shugaban Najeriya. A karshen taron, Daramola ya ce "Mista Shugaban kasa bai ishe ni ko sauran abokan aikina na Majalisar Wakilai ba. Ba na son yin hoto kan abin da ya faru a can amma ina gaya muku cewa faux pax ne. Ba na tsammanin ya cimma wata manufa. Ba na tsammanin ya ciyar da labarin gaba. Ina iya cewa dalilan nasa ba su yi kira ga mambobin majalisar wakilai ba. Kusa da faduwar babbar kasuwancin Najeriya Daramola ya kasance memba na kwamiti na biyu na wucin gadi wanda Majalisar Wakilai ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike kan kusan rugujewar Babban Kasuwar. An bayyana shi a matsayin wanda "ke da halin rashin daidaito" Ya gaya wa Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Nijeriya, (CBN), Kingsley Moghalu wanda ke kokarin wanke CBN daga rikicin kudi da ya dabaibaye fannin hadahadar kudi na Najeriya, da ya karbi laifin "gazawar dokokin hukumomi". “Cin zarafin ya faru kai tsaye a karkashin agogonku. Ya kasance saboda ba ku yi aikinku ba. Laifin ku ne; gazawa ce daga hukumomi". CBN, ta hannun Moghalu a baya ya zargi lalacewar kasuwar babban birnin Najeriya da cin zarafin bankuna.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy%20Kot

Serhiy Kot

Articles with hCards Serhiy Ivanovych Kot mutanen Ukraine; 22 ga watan Yuni 1958 28 Maris 2022) masanin tarihi ne ɗan kasar Ukraine. Wani babban jami'in bincike ne a Cibiyar Tarihi na Ukraine na National Academy of Sciences na Ukraine, ya mayar da hankali kan adana kayan tarihi da al'adu, tarihin kiyayewa da ayyukan binne-binne a kasar Ukraine, dawo da arzikin gargajiya da mayar dasu asalin wurin zamansu. Ya kasance memba na hukumar gidan kayan tarihi, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo na Ma'aikacin Al'adu na Yukren Rayuwa da aiki An haifi Kot a Kyiv. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Sahen Tarihi da Ma'adanai wato Faculty of History and Pedagogy na Kyiv State Pedagogical Institute a 1980. A cikin shekara ta 1990, an kara masa girma zuwa digiri na uku na tarihi, tare da takardar shaidar mai suna 500). Kiyaye abubuwan tarihi da al'adu a cikin Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Ukrainian Soviet Socialist (1943-post-1960s) An gyara Kot a cikin tarihi a cikin 2021; an yi masa lakabin gyaran lafiyarsa. Komawa da Mayar da Ƙimar Al'adu a cikin Siyasa da Al'adu na Ukraine (20th-farkon 21st karni) National Academy of Sciences na Ukraine Kot ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihi ta Ukraine na National Academy of Sciences na Ukraine Ya zama shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Matsalolin Komawa da Maido da Taskar Al'adu a 1999, matsayin da ya rike har tsawon rayuwarsa. A cikin ayyukan bincikensa, ya mayar da hankali kan adana abubuwan tarihi da al'adu, tarihin kafa ka'idodin kiyaye al'adun gargajiya a Ukraine, dawowa da kuma maido da kayan gargajiya. Daga 2006, ya kasance "babban mai bincike" a Cibiyar Tarihi da Al'adu ta Ukrainian, wanda aka inganta shi zuwa shugaban sashen a 2012. A cikin shekara ta 2009, ya yi bincike daga Maris zuwa Yuni akan malanta na Fulbright game da Manufofin Amurka na Maido da Al'adun Al'adu Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II Daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa mutuwarsa, Kot ya kasance shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi da Al'adu na Ukraine a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kot ya taka rawar gani wajen neman maido da wani zanen Lucas Cranach, diptych na Adam da Hauwa'u an kai su Saint Petersburg ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma yana nan yanzu a gidan tarihi na Norton Simon a Pasadena, zuwa Ukraine. Sauran amfani A cikin shekara ta 1999 da 2000, Kot ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Majalisar Koli ta Ukraine don Al'adu da Ruhaniya, wanda ya shirya wani daftarin doka "A kan Kariyar Al'adun gargajiya" da aka gabatar a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2000; ya rubuta gyare-gyare da tsare-tsare 35 na edita waɗanda ke cikin rubutun dokar. Wallafe-wallafe Wallafe-wallafe da Kot yayi sun haɗa da wani littafi na 1989 game da tarihin gida a cikin SSR na Ukrainian, da littattafai game da dabi'un al'adun Ukraine a Rasha, da matsalolin dawowar su a cikin mahallin tarihi da doka, wanda aka buga a 1996 da 1998. Ya shirya wani littafi wanda ya bayyana a cikin 2006 a London da Kyiv: Lancelot Lawton, Ukrainian Question. Tarin labarai ne na ɗan jaridar Burtaniya Lancelot Lawton game da matsayin Ukraine a shekarun 1930s; Kot ya kwashe shekaru biyu yana bin diddigin labaran asali na Lawton, wanda Library of Congress a Amurka ke gudanarwa A cikin 2010, ya buga bincike game da makoma da matsayin doka na nunin tafiye-tafiye na 1941 na Gidan Tarihi na Jiha a cikin Crimea, da aka gudanar a cikin gidajen tarihi na Crimea. Ya rubuta ayyukan kimiyya game da tarihin yunkurin juyin juya hali na kasa, yankin Bukovina, da kuma kisan kiyashin Babyn Yar Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Serhiy Kot publications indexed by Google Scholar World War II and the (Re)Creation of Historical Memory in Contemporary Ukraine uibk.ac.at 23 September 2009 (1991–2012) (Ukrainian-German Relations with Regard to Return and Restitution of Cultural Property (1991–2012), in Ukrainian) in: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF UKRAINE: SCIENTIFIC RELATIONSHIPS AND KNOWLEDGE irbis-nbuv.gov.ua 2012, pp 161–180 Presentation of the Concept of complex memorialization of Babyn Yar babynyar.gov.ua 20 November 2019 Mutuwan 2022 Haihuwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru%20Musa%20Yar%27Adua

Umaru Musa Yar'Adua

Umar Musa Yar'adua G.C.F.R (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da ɗaya, 1951) haifaffen cikin birnin Katsina ne dake arewacin Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ya kasance tsohon ministan birnin Lagos na farko a jamhuriya ta farko, kuma kafin rasuwar sa shine Matawallen Katsina, sarautar da shi marigayin Umaru Musa Ƴar'adua ya gada daga wajen mahaifinsa wato Musa Yar'adua. Akwai dan uwansa (babban yayan sa) watau Shehu Musa Ƴar'adua, wanda shima shahararren ɗan siyasa ne a ƙasar Najeriya; kuma shiya kafa jam'iyyar 'PDM' (People's Democratic Movement), Shehu Musa Ƴar'adua ya rasu a gidan yari a shekarar alif ɗari tara da chasa'in da tara, 1997.. Ilimi Marigayi Umaru Musa Ƴar'aduwa ya fara makarantar Firamarensa ne a Rafukka a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da takwas, 1958, kafin a mayar da shi makarantar sakandare ta kwana dake ƙaramar hukumar Dutsin-ma a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da biyu, 1962. Ya kuma halarci kwalejin gwamnati dake Keffi daga shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da biyar, 1965 zuwa shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da tara, 1969. Sai ya wuce kwalejin Barewa a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da ɗaya, 1971, inda ya samu takardar shedar karatunsa ta HSC. Tsohon shugaban ƙasa Umaru Ƴar'aduwa ya halarci Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya daga shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu, 1972 zuwa shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da takwas, 1978 inda ya samu takardar shedar Digirinsa akan kimiyyar haɗa sinadirai (Chemistry) da Koyarwa, kafin ya koma domin samun babban digiri duk dai akan kimiyyar hada sinadarai Chemistry. Marigayin yayi bautar ƙasarsa ne a Jihar Lagos inda ya koyar a makarantar Holy Trinity daga shekarar alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975 zuwa shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da shida, 1976. Bayan da ya kammala aikin yiwa kasa hidima ya fara aikin koyarwa kadan-kadan a kwalejin share fagen shiga jami'a da ake kira CAST da ke Zaria a tsakanin shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1979. A shekara ta 1983, marigayi Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya bar aikin koyarwa ya fara aiki da Gonar Sambo Farms a Funtua, da ke a jihar Katsina inda ya zama GM daga shekarata 1983 zuwa shekara ta 1989. Daga shekara ta 1984 bayan da Sojoji suka yi juyin mulki, an kira Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa domin zama wakili a hukumar gudanarwar kanfanoni da hukumomin gwamnati da dama da suka hada da hukumar samar da kayan no noma, kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar katsina, Bankin Habib, Hamada Carpets, Madara Limited da kuma kanfanin buga Jaridu da Mujallar The Nation, da ke Kaduna wanda kuma wansa Marigayi Janar Shehu Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya mallaka. Siyasa A lokacin da marigayi Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya shiga siyasa, ya samu sabani da mahaifinsa, wanda a wancan lokacin yake mataimakin shugaban Jam'iyar NPN, inda shi kuma ya zama wakili a jam'iyar PRP ta Malam Aminu Kano mai adawa da NPN. A lokacin da Janar Badamasi Babangida ya kada gangar siyasa ya zama sakataren jam'iyar SDP a jihar ta Katsina kuma dan takararta na gwamna, amma kuma dan takarar jam'iyar NRC na wancan lokacin Malam Saidu Barda ya kada shi a zaben. To sai dai duk da haka bai hakura ba inda a shekara ta 1999, lokacin da aka koma mulkin damokaradiyya, Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya tsaya takarar mukamin gwamnan jihar ta Katsina kuma ya samu nasarar cin zabe a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. Haka kuma ya sake samun nasara a zaben da aka yi a shekara ta 2003 duk dai a jam'iyyarsa ta PDP. A shekarar 2007, Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya zama dan takarar mukamin shugaban kasa na Jam'iyar PDP bayan ya samu taimakon tsohon shugaban kasa Cif Olusegun Obasanjo inda ya zama shugaban kasa a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2007, wannan ya bashi daman sanya rigar siyasa na koli a shekarar. To sai dai rashin lafiya da tsohon shugaban ya yi fama da ita, ta sanya bai samu sukunin gudanar da harkokin mulkinsa kamar yadda ya yi fata ba, musamman kudirorinsa guda bakwai (7) daya tsara na ciyar da kasar ta Najeriya gaba kafin nan da karni na 2020. Kudurorinsa guda 7 (7 point Agenda) A lokacin da marigayi Umaru Musa ya zama shugaban kasar Najeriya ya zayyana kudurorinsa na mulki kyawawa guda bakwai (7) da yake so ya cimmawa a matsayinsa na shugaba kafin shekara ta 2020, wanda aka sanyawa laqabi da 'mahangar shekarata 2020' watau (Vision 2020),wanda suka hada da; Samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki a ko ina a fadin kasar. Samar da isasshiyan lafiyayyen abinci a kowane sako da loko dake fadin kasar. Samar da arziki a kasa musamman a harkokin noma, kere-kere da kuma haqe-haqen albarkatun kasa da karafa da kuma sarrafa su a cikin kasar ta Najeriya. Inganta fannin harkokin sufuri ta hanyar gyara hanyoyin da suka samu matsala da kuma ababan hawa zuwa na zamani. inganta fannin filaye da samar da muhalli da filayen noma, da na manyan masana'antu ga yan Nageria. Samar da tsaro acewarsa tabbatar da tsaro wajibi ne don cigaban kasa, domin wanzuwar zaman lafiya kadai kan bunqasa harkokin kasuwancin kasa baki daya da kuma tabbatar da adalci tsakanin talakawa da Gwamnatin Tarayya. Ilimi zai inganta harkokin ilimi a kasa wacce zata riski tsarin ilimi na duniya. Wanda za'a iya cimma wannan buri ne kadai ta hanyar yin gyara managarci a fannin ilimi a Najeriya. Rasuwar sa Marigayi Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'adua ya rasu ne a sanadiyar rashin lafiya da ya dade yana fama da ita, ya rasu a ranar 5 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2010 a fadar gwamnati da ke Abuja watanni biyu bayan komowarsa gida daga kasar Saudiya inda yake jinya. Iyalin sa Umaru Musa ya rasu ne ya bar mahaifiyarsa da 'yan'uwansa da matan aure guda biyu Hajiya Turai Yar'Adua tare da 'ya'ya bakwai da ya haifa da ita da suka hada da mata biyar, Maza biyu. Haka kuma yana da wasu 'ya'ya biyu Maza da matarsa ta biyu Hajiya Hauwa Umar Radda. ta haifa. Bibiliyo Adeniyi, Olusegun, 1965- (2011). Power, politics and death a front-row account of Nigeria under the late President Umaru Musa Yar'Aduwa. Lagos, Nigeria: Prestige. ISBN 978-978-50726-0-0. Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. Northern women development. [Nigeria]. ISBN 978-978-906-469-4. Manazarta Haifaffun 1961 dan siyasan Najeriya Gwamnonin jihar Katsina Shugabannin Nijeriya Fulani Mutuwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Hauwanga

Benjamin Hauwanga

Benjamin Hauwanga, shine wanda aka fi sani da BH, (An haife shi ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, 1961) a Tsumeb, Oshikoto. ɗan kasuwar Namibiya ne. Iyayensa sun rabu yayin da yake saurayi; mahaifiyarsa ita kadai ta goya shi, kodayake mahaifinsa yakan ziyarci gidan a kai a kai. Yana da kannai takwas. Tarihin Kasuwanci Ya kasance yana da matukar sha’awar kasuwanci tun yana karami; san nan tun yana yaro ya sayar da abinci na asali bayan makaranta don bayar da gudummawa ga kuɗin gida yayin da mahaifiyarsa ke aiki a matsayin mai aikin gida. Kamar yadda yake a kowane kasuwanci, kuɗi shine mabuɗi kuma babbar manufa: Duk lokacin da ya samu, yakan yi amfani da canjin ne don siyo kayan zaki kuma ya siyar dasu a makaranta don samun ƙarin kuɗi da haɓakar kasuwanci. Tun yana dan shekara tara (9), ya fara aikin tsabtace yadi kuma ana biyan shi kowane mako. Wannan babban kwarin gwiwa ne a gareshi amma daga baya ya fahimci cewa kudin da suke shigowa duk sati basu isa su sayi kayan da zasu biya bukatar kayan (kayan zaki) a makaranta ba. Ya shirya karbar kudin karshen wata; wanda ya inganta canjin kuɗi da matakan hannun jari. Yayin da aka samu karin kudi, sai ya sayi keke don tsawaita ayyukansa. Keken ya dauke shi shekara uku ya biya. Shagonsa na farko shine kwali-kwali a gaban gidan mahaifiyarsa a cikin baƙar fata, wanda ake kira "Wuri". Mista Watyako Mumbala daga Elim Omunda gwambala shi ne wanda ya kafa Wamu Group of Companies Kasuwancin sa Hauwanga ya buɗe shagon sa na farko a cikin Ongwediva, yana sayar da sassan mota. Ya bunkasa wannan kasuwancin ne daga masu samar da kayayyaki a cikin Windhoek da Johannesburg sannan kuma zuwa duniya. Yana da ayyuka da yawa a cikin ƙasar kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa makwabciyar Angola Ayyukansa a Angola ci gaban ƙasa ne; ya kammala ayyuka da yawa a Angola. Biliyaminu "BH" yana da rassa na rukunin kamfanonin BH a duk faɗin Namibia tare da rassa a Kavango, Oshana, Omusati, Khomas da Ohangwena Benjamin Hauwanga ya haɗu da wasu fitattun ofan kasuwar Namibiya wajen mallakar jirgin sama na kashin kansa. Jirgin sa na Beechcraft 55 Baron ana tsammanin kudin sa ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 3. Ya ce ya saya shi ne don inganta yanayin tsarin ayyukan kasuwancinsa. Ya siye shi ne daga Rami Barnes, ɗan kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu. Hauwanga shine mamallakin Bennies Entertainment Park da Lodge a Ongwediva Rigima A cikin shekara ta 2008, Hauwanga ya shiga cikin shari'ar doka tare da wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwa, Harold Pupkewitz Zanga-zangar shari’ar da ta barke ta kasance ne kan kudin da ‘yan kasuwar BH ke ikirarin sun yi asara a cikin umarnin da babu su da kuma kayan da aka shigo da su daga Pupkewitz: kudin da aka tattauna a kai ya kai 4 947 250.60. Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga biyan kudaden da BH Motor Spares ke zargin sun yi wa Pupkewitz na kayayyakin da ba su umarce su ba kuma ba su karba ba daga mashahurin mai motocin. BH ta yi ikirarin cewa Pupkewitz ya biya kuma ya tara kuɗi don umarnin. Jimlar N 4 947 250.60 daidai ne, saboda kuma wanda ake kara zai biya wa mai karar wanda ya biya, wanda ake tuhumar, duk da bukatar, ya gaza da ko kin biyan mai kara. Hauwanga ya samu wakilcin Sisa Namandje lauya yayin da Pupkewitz ya samu wakilcin kamfanin Lorentz Hangula Inc. A shekarar 2009, BH shima ya shiga cikin rikici tare da jikan tsohon shugaban kasar Sam Nujoma Joseph Nakanyala, jikan Nujoma, ya yi ƙoƙari ya karɓi Hauwanga ta hanyar amfani da wayar salula ta Nujoma a watan Yuni yana mai cewa shi tsohon shugaban ne. A cikin SMS, Nakanyala yayi barazanar kashe Hauwanga idan bai bashi kudi ba. Nakanyala ya shiga hannun ‘yan sanda ne yayin da ya saci jaka dauke da kudi daga gidan Nujoma sannan daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa Hauwanga ne ya aiko shi. Ta sosai da bincike da aka kammala da cewa Nakanyala sanya, duk labarun da har a wani ƙoƙari don su samu Hauwanga. Nakanyala ya janye ikirarin nasa kuma ya nemi afuwar Hauwanga a bainar jama'a ta hannun lauya Sisa Namandje. A wata sanarwa da Nakanyala ya sanya wa hannu, ya amince da yin wadannan zarge-zargen yana mai cewa: "Ba ni da tushe da kuma daidai a lokacin da nake irin wannan zargin na tuhumar Mista Benjamin Hauwanga. Na yarda kuma na fahimci cewa zarge-zargen da na yi sun bata suna da sunan Mr Hauwanga, kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba kuma babu gaira babu dalili ina neman afuwa a gare shi, danginsa, abokansa da duk wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda ba su dace da zargin karya da na yi ba sanarwa karanta kara. Hannun biyu suka yi musafaha suka rungumi juna bayan Nakanyala ta gama karanta uzurin nasa. Daraja A shekarar 2011, Hauwanga ya sami digirin girmamawa na digirgir a fannin kasuwanci (honisis causa) daga Jami'ar Gudanarwa ta Duniya (IUM). Ya karɓi Kyautar Gwarzon Junarami a Kasuwanci a shekara ta 2008. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

36642

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badagry%20Division

Badagry Division

Sashen Badagry yanki ne na gudanarwa na jihar Legas a Najeriya. Tarihi Rukunin Badagry na cikin tarihin da dangantaka tsakanin Najeriya da kasashen Turai, kasancewar ta kasance babbar cibiya a cinikin bayi kafin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila. A nan ne kuma, a shekara ta 1842, aka fara wa’azin Kiristanci a Nijeriya; Agia Cenotaph yana tunawa da wannan. Ƙananun Hukumomi Tana da ƙananun hukumomi hudu: Idanu Amuwo-Odofin Ajeromi-Ifelodun Badagry Garuruwa masu mahimmanci Badagry Ibeko Yi yawa Ajara Iwo-Ajido Akarakumo Karya The Aseri Egan An watsar da shi Ahanfe Epe Posi Kai Don tashi Rayuwa Ekupa Aradagun A yi albarka Zane mai hoto Gayingbo-Topo Kankon Moba Lopoji/Ropoji Lemu Tafi-Awori Yeketome Ku zo Yankin rai Mrs Dogon Zamani Mushin Garin Awori A gundumar Awori akwai: Awodi-Ora Ishasi Oto-Awori Janikin Ilogbo Oko-Afo Sibiri Away Tsibirin da ba kasafai ba A lokacin girma kakar Ibeshe Don boyewa Iresa Mebamu Bar Mikiya Ajangbadi Iyagbe Ci gaba Yabo Birnin Festac Garin tauraron dan adam Yana tafiya Zagaya Agboju-Amuwo Okokomaiko Idanu Amukoko Alaba-Ore Shiga Banki Soyayya Don tafiya Mushin Don bi Ota Ilemba-Awori Tafiya Karya Shekaru Ibeko Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon buɗe ido da abubuwan tarihi Agia Cenotaph, Badagry inda aka fara wa'azin Kiristanci a Najeriya a 1842. Hanyar Bawan Atlantika Harbor [Badagry São Marina da Tekun Gberefu]. British Museum, Marina, Badagry. Tsohuwar Mishan Jana'izar Ground [1845], Titin Asibiti, Ahovikoh Quarters, Badagry. Jami'ar likitanci da kimiyyar lafiya ta Eko tana cikin sashin Badagry. Ginin farko a Najeriya wanda CMS [Anglican Mission] ya gina a shekarar 1845. Lagos State University, [LASU], Ojo. Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Benin International Border, Seme, Badagry. Kauyen Harshen Najeriya da Faransanci, Badagry, Cibiyar Nazarin Harshen Faransanci tsakanin Jami'a Gidan dajin Ologe, Ologe, Garin Oto Awori, Babban Titin Badagry Jami’ar Ilimi ta Jihar Legas, [LASUED], Oto Awori. Drums [Sato] da aka bayar a cikin 1543 Ogu Toplisen Shrine, Hunto Quarters, Badagry inda aka nada sarakunan Badagry [Aholu]. Fadar De Wheno Aholu [King] Menu Toyi 1, Akran of Badagry, Jegba Quarters. Monuments of the Slave Trade, Badagry-Mobee Compound, Seriki Abass Slave Barracoon [1847]; Boeko, Boekoh Quarters, Vlekete Market Market, Posukoh Quarters São Badagry inda aka gwada Brothers na Lander a 1825. Kabarin George Fremingo, [1620] wanda aka fi sani da Huntokonu, ɗan kasuwan bawa na farko a Badagry. Trade Fair Complex, Ojo [inda ake gudanar da bikin baje kolin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa na Legas duk shekara]. Hannun Raɗaɗi [Recreation Resort], Iworo. Hotuna

50741

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uduak%20Isong%20Oguamanam

Uduak Isong Oguamanam

Uduak Isong Oguamanam marubuciyar rubutun (scriptwriter) Nollywood ce ta Najeriya, furodusa kuma 'yar kasuwa wacce ke Legas, Najeriya. An fi saninta da fina-finan barkwanci Okon Lagos (2011) da mabiyin sa Okon Goes To School (2013), Lost In London (2017), da Desperate Housegirls (2015). Falling (fim) (2015) shine fim ɗin farko na Isong Oguamanam a ƙarƙashin kamfaninta mai suna Closer Pictures, wanda ke Legas, Najeriya. Ƙuruciya da ilimi Oguamanam ta fito ne daga jihar Akwa Ibom, Kudu-maso-Kuducin Najeriya. Ta auri Chidi Oguamanam, likita. Yar uwarta ita ce darekta kuma furodusa Emem Isong Misodi. Isong Oguamanam ta karanci fasahar sadarwa da harsunan Rasha daga Jami'ar Ibadan, Ibadan, Najeriya. Tana da digiri na biyu a New Media and Society daga Jami'ar Leicester. Hakanan tana da Diploma a Faransanci daga Alliance Francaiein, Lagos, Nigeria. Sana'a Aikin farko na Oguamanam shine a masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar cabin na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ta kuma yi aiki a kasuwar babban birnin kasar da kuma harkar sadarwa. Oguamanam ta fara rubuta litattafai da wakoki. Ta tsunduma cikin fim "lokacin da aka ga kamar shi ne mafi riba a yi". Fina-finan nata na farko an shirya su ne ta hanyar Royal Arts Academy, Legas, mallakin 'yar uwarta, Emem Isong Misodi. Oguamanam ta kafa Closer Pictures, Legas. Falling shine fim na farko da aka samar a ƙarƙashin Closer Pictures. Falling tana ba da labarin soyayya da cin amana. Kasafin kudin Falling ya kai Naira miliyan 10 na Najeriya. A shekarar 2010, Oguamanam ta shirya fim dinta na farko To Live Again. Ya samo asali ne daga gajeriyar labarinta wanda mujallar Farafina da ke Legas ta buga. Horarwa Oguamanam ta halarci ɗaukar horo da abubuwan da suka shafi fim. Ta halarci harabar Talent ta Berlinale, a Berlin, Jamus a sakamakon wasan kwaikwayon da ta yi na kasuwancin da ba a gama ba. A shekarar 2012, Majalisar Biritaniya, Najeriya ta zaɓi Isong Oguamanam zuwa shirin haɗin gwiwar duniya na Burtaniya da Najeriya, a London, Burtaniya. Ta kuma halarci taron bita a Raindance a Burtaniya. Kyauta A shekarar 2006, Oguamanam ta sami lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Short Story Prize. Shawara da aikin zamantakewa Oguamanam ta magance matsalolin al'umma ko da yake aikinta. Aikinta na farko, To live Again, ya shafi rashin mutuncin mutanen da ke fama da cutar HIV. A shekarar 2012, ta fito da kuma rubuta Kokomma wanda ya magance cin zarafin mata. Fim dinta, Fine Girl (2016), labarin wata yarinya ce da ta koma karuwanci don ceto mahaifinta da ke shirin mutuwa. Oguamanam ta kuma yi magana kan batutuwan da suka shafi Nollywood. A cikin watan Fabrairu 2018, ta shawarci ƴan'uwanta masu shirya fina-finai da su "bari wasu mutane su rera yabonsu" a mayar da martani ga furodusoshi suna fitar da adadi na ofishin akwatin da ba a tantance ba. Okon Oguamanam ta kirkiro halin Okon tare da na farko a cikin jerin, Okon Lagos (2011). Jarumi Imeh Bishop Umoh yayi a matsayin Okon. Akwai wasu fina-finai a cikin jerin irin su Okon Goes To School (2013). Lost In London (2017) shine na baya-bayan nan a cikin jerin, wanda ke ci gaba da al'amuran Okon a Legas. Filmography Okon Lagos (2011), Okon Ya tafi Makaranta (2013), Kokomma (2012) Lost In London (2017), Kiss and Tell (2011), Desperate House Girls (2015), Fine Gir l (2016), It's about your husband 2016), American Boy (2017), Falling (fim) (2015), A Piece Of Flesh (2007), Holding Hope (2010), Stellar 2015), Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba (2007 Edikan (2009), Through the fire and Entanglement (2009), Ƙaunar Ƙaunar Zamani (2011), Fashewa Ou t (2010) Ruwan Ruwa 2017), Zan Dauka Na Dama 2011), Tafiya ta mako 2012 2015), Cin abinci Tare da Dogon Cokali (2014), Akan Gwiwoyi (2013), Sace Gobe (2013), Mrs Somebody (2012), Mantawa Yuni (2012), Duk Wannan Glitters (2013), Ba daidai ba (2013), Kadai Zukata (2013), Samun Sama da Shi (2018), Apaye (2014), Sashen (2015), Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

35831

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20tarayyar%20africa%20dake%20kula%20da%20layin%20dogo

Kungiyar tarayyar africa dake kula da layin dogo

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kungiya ce da ke karkashin sabuwar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ke hulda da layin dogo. Yana kama da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Railways (UIC). Dubawa Layukan dogo na kasashen Afirka sun rabu kuma sun katse. AUR na fatan gyara abubuwa. A cikin shekarata 2012, da alama akwai adadi mai yawa na ayyukan layin dogo da ke shirin sauka daga kan jirgin, wasu daga cikinsu za su haɗu da tsarin layin dogo a ƙasashe daban-daban. Ƙarin haɗin kai, ƙarin buƙatar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi. Matsayi Ma'auni AUR tana ganin cewa jujjuyawa zuwa ma'aunin gama gari yana da wahala da tsada sosai saboda lakan ma'aunin, amma bisa ga rahotanni daga Bankin Duniya, yana ganin ma'auni masu zuwa kamar yadda aka fi so a cikin yankuna masu zuwa: Arewa 1,435 mm Yawancin layin dogo irin su kasashen, Senegal, Guinea da Tanzaniya sun yi magana game da sauya sheka zuwa ma'auni, ko da yake ya rage a gani idan magana ta ci gaba da aiki. Guinea ta gina sabon reshe guda ɗaya a matsayin ma'aunin ma'auni duk da cewa ana buƙatar ma'aunin mita don ɗaukar ma'adinan zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Najeriya ta gina guntun reshe daya mai dauke da ma'aunin ma'auni masu barci, kuma cibiyar sadarwa da ke da niyyar hidimar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Warri ita ma ma'auni ne. Ana shirin tsawaita daga Tanzaniya zuwa Ruwanda a matsayin ma'aunin ma'auni, kodayake yana farawa daga tashar da ta riga ta kasance tashar busasshiyar jigilar kwantena Layukan dogo na hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ke ɗaukar manyan tonnes metric tonnes 10,000 a kowace shekara) gabaɗaya daidaitattun ma'auni ne. Duk da haka, m ta rashin su, shi ne yiwuwar dual ma'auni, kwantena, m ma'auni axles, Bogie musayar, piggy baya aiki har ma da sau uku ma'auni Sai dai kuma kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a halin yanzu tana goyon bayan shirin na tsawon shekaru 50 na gina hanyar jirgin kasa mai saurin tafiya a kasashen Afirka Tsarin lokaci 2014 An fara gina daidaitattun layukan ma'auni a ciki Habasha da Eritrea Kenya Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Tanzaniya Najeriya Karyewar ma'auni Saboda manyan layukan ƙasashe daban-daban na ma'auni daban-daban ba su cika haɗuwa ba, in banda Kidatu, karya ma'aunin ba shi da matsala a halin yanzu. Haɗin kai Abubuwan haɗin gwiwar da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da: Ƙwararren salon Turai da sarkar ma'aurata, tazara da kuma tsawo na buffers daban-daban tare da ma'auni; Yaren mutanen Norway chopper couplings iri-iri iri-iri, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi da ƙarfi. AAR coupler nau'in nau'in atomatik da ake amfani da shi a ko'ina a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Kudancin Afirka. SA3 coupler nau'in atomatik da ake amfani dashi a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet. Fiye da ɗaya na sama, kamar buffers da AAR coupler. Akwai wasu nau'o'in nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba da kuma waɗanda ba su da amfani, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a Benin Na'urar AAR ta Amurka ita ce mafi yawan amfani da nau'ikan zamani, sannan kuma ana iya amfani da ita tare da manyan jiragen ƙasa mafi nauyi na akai-akai. Duk fa'idodin SA3 na zamani, ba a amfani da shi sosai kamar AAR kuma yana cikin ƴan tsiraru. An kuma yi amfani da ma'aunin SA3 a cikin jirgin ƙasa mai nauyin don haka ko dai dacewa ko ya zarce ƙarfin haɗin AAR. Kekunan matches na iya shawo kan rashin jituwa a farashin ƙarin mataccen nauyi. Hakazalika tare da adaftan haɗakarwa. Nau'in haɗakarwa ba shi da mahimmanci lokacin da jiragen kasa ke tafiya cikin ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin toshe. Kekunan zamani galibi ana gina su ne da kayan zane da aka ƙera don sauƙin juyawa zuwa wani nau'in haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya kamar AAR ko SA3. Birki Birki na iska na Westinghouse da vacuum birki (ko babu ci gaba da birki kwata-kwata) yawanci ana haɗa su. Birki biyu ko bututu kawai zai iya shawo kan rashin jituwa. Ana ɗaukar birki na Vacuum kuma a matsayin wanda aka daina amfani da shi. An fara sanya birki na pneumatic ta hanyar lantarki (ECP) akan jiragen ƙasa masu nauyi da sauri don ƙarin aiki, kuma tsarin ECP guda biyu sun dace. Ya kamata a fifita birki na iska zuwa vacuum birki saboda girman ƙarfinsu. Wutar lantarki Yawancin layin dogo a Afirka suna amfani da dizal, amma wutar lantarki a inda yake yawanci ya dace da daidaitattun zamani na 25 kV AC, tare da wasu tsarin da ba a gama ba suna amfani da tsofaffin 3 kV DC Trams a cikin birane yawanci ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki ne kamar 750 VDC Dual da Multi voltage locomotives da lantarki mahara raka'a (EMUs) an tabbatar da fasaha. Nahiyar Afirka na da babban karfin wutar lantarki da za ta iya tafiyar da jiragen kasa masu amfani da wutar lantarki da su, ko da yake hakan ba zai faru cikin dare daya ba. Ma'aunin lodi Ma'aunin lodi ya bambanta sosai, kuma ta hanyar jiragen ƙasa za a tilastawa yin amfani da ma'aunin ɗaukar nauyi mafi ƙanƙanta akan hanyarsa. Ma'aunin tsarin tunnels da gadoji yana buƙatar zama kusan tsayi don ba da izinin aikin piggy baya na jiragen ƙasa na ma'auni ɗaya akan kekunan wani ma'aunin. Faɗin ma'aunin lodi don sabbin ma'auni na daidaitattun layin dogo a Habasha da Kenya yana bin daidaitattun layukan saurin gudu wanda Shinkansen suka yi a Japan, sannan Koriya ta Kudu da China suka biyo baya. Za a kuma iya biye da Tanzania da Najeriya Ya kamata a daidaita tsayin dandali da karusai, da kuma rata tsakanin dandamali da karusai. Axle lodi Nauyin axle ya bambanta sosai, ya danganta da ƙarfin waƙar, musamman ma nauyin layin dogo waɗanda gabaɗaya suka yi nauyi ga zirga-zirgar zamani. Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin nauyin jirgin ƙasa shine ko da yake za a fi so don amfani mai nauyi. Tsawon jirgin kasa da tsallaka tsayin madauki Tsallake madaukai ya kamata ya kasance muddin jirgin kasa mafi tsayi, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a duniya. Kuma wasu ma'auni na UIC sune Saboda hatsarori da namun daji irin su zakuna ke haifarwa, sarrafa madaukai da hannu ba lallai ba ne kyakkyawan ra'ayi ba ne, kuma wani mataki na sarrafa kansa na waɗannan fitowar, da kuma shinge, yana da kyawawa. Mafi ƙarancin radius Yana iyakance saurin gudu, kodayake saurin ba su da mahimmanci akan ƙananan layin reshe. Mafi ƙarancin radius shima yana shafar manyan jiragen ƙasa masu nauyi, saboda ɗabi'ar cire kekunan daga layin dogo da karkatar da su. Harshe Rudani har ma da hatsarori na iya faruwa idan an yi amfani da yare fiye da ɗaya (ko lafazin) don sarrafa hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Sauƙaƙan harshe kamar ƙwanƙolin teku zai yi amfani don rage irin waɗannan matsalolin. Jirgin dogo na Pécrot tare da rudani na masu magana da harshen Holland da Faransanci. Za'a iya sauƙaƙa rikitattun kalmomi ta hanyar amfani da lambobi na waya. Lambobin telegraphic Great Railway Western Lambobin layin dogo na Australiya Lambar toshe layin dogo Lambar kasuwanci Ana iya fitar da kalmomi a kan layukan hayaniya ta amfani da kuma faɗin haruffan sauti na NATO Ya kamata a bambanta sunayen tashoshi da juna. Hakanan ma gidan waya ba ya son garuruwan da ake magana ko rubuta iri ɗaya. Don haka ƙauyen Perth yana samun saƙon da aka yi niyya don Perth, Scotland da Perth, Western Australia, don haka aka sake masa suna Perthville Don haka Makutopora da Makutupora yankuna ne daban-daban. Namibiya Ya zuwa shekarata 2007, layin dogo Namibia ya gina kusan na layi tare da Angola. Namibiya ta kasance tana amfani da Tubular Modular Track Tubular Modular Track yana kiyaye juriyar waƙarsa har ma a cikin mafi tsananin yashi na hamada. Transnet Freight Rail a Nahiyar Afirka ta Kudu yana amfani da Tubular Modular Track a cikin babban filin Ermelo akan ton miliyan 70 a kowace shekara. Ci gaba da tallafawa da Tubular Modular Track ke bayarwa yana haɓaka rayuwar dogo da fitowar mutane da ninki biyu da rayuwar walda da kashi goma (idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada da slabtrack suna ba da takamaiman tallafi don dogo). Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (PRASA) tana amfani da Tubular Modular Track a cikin tashoshi don tabbatar da daidaitacce a tsaye tsakanin dandamali da jiragen kasa. Najeriya Shirye-shiryen da Najeriya ke yi na canza musu 1,067 mm layukan ma'auni zuwa 1,435 mm Libya Libya ta fara gina sabbin 1,435 a cikin shekarar 2007 mm Tanzania, Kenya da Uganda Tanzaniya, Kenya da Uganda sun kasance maza marasa kyau a cikin 1,067 mm shiyyar Kudu Gabas kamar yadda suke amfani 1,000 mm Tsare-tsare na baya-bayan nan na fadada layin dogo tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa zuwa ƙasashen da ke maƙwabtaka da su shine gina sabbin layukan cikin ma'aunin ma'auni da yuwuwar haɓakawa da canza layukan ma'aunin mitoci da ake da su zuwa ma'auni mai faɗi iri ɗaya. Zambiya Mchinji connects to Malawi Railways Chipata railhead opened 2010 Titin dogo na ƙarfe Layukan dogo na ƙarfe masu nauyi a Afirka suna ɗaukar zirga-zirga fiye da na yau da kullun don haka kusan koyaushe suna ɗaukar daidaitattun ma'auni don amfani da kuma ingantattun fasahar shiryayye. Sabbin irin wadannan layukan na kara kunno kai a kasashen Kamaru da Senegal da Guinea. Gabon ta riga ta zama 1,435 mm Layi Mai Girma Layin Babban Gudu AIHSRN Taro taron da aka gudanar a Brazzaville akan 10-14 Afrilun shekarar 2006. Babban Taro na 35 2006 Tsarin lokaci 2010 Dakar-Port Sudan Railway 2007 Hanyar Railway a cikin Nahiyar da za a Haɗawa UAR an tsara shi don tsara hanyoyin da za a haɗa dukkan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a nahiyar. Ƙungiyoyi masu dangantaka Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority Ƙungiyar Railway ta Kudancin Afirka Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci gaba (UNCTAD) Ƙungiyar Railway ta Kudancin Afirka ECOWAS dogo Makamantan kungiyoyi Ƙungiyar Railroads na Amurka (AAR) Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Railways (UIC) OSShD Duba wasu abubuwan

40791

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Presley

Elvis Presley

Elvis Aaron Presley (Janairu 8, 1935 Agusta 16, 1977), ko kuma kawai Elvis, mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke. An yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Rock and Roll", ana masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan al'adun gargajiya na karni na 20. Fassarar kuzarinsa na waƙoƙi da salon wasan motsa jiki haɗe tare da tasirin tasirin guda ɗaya a cikin layukan launi yayin lokacin canji a cikin dangantakar tsere, ya kai shi ga babban nasara ta farko. Articles with hCards An haifi Presley a Tupelo, Mississippi, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Memphis, Tennessee, tare da danginsa lokacin yana ɗan shekara 13. Ayyukan kiɗansa ya fara a can a cikin 1954, yana yin rikodi a Sun Records tare da mai shirya Sam Phillips, wanda ya so ya kawo sautin kiɗa na Afirka na Amurka zuwa ga masu sauraro. Presley, a kan gitar acoustic na rhythm, kuma tare da jagoran guitarist Scotty Moore da bassist Bill Black, ya kasance majagaba na rockabilly, mai haɓakawa, haɗakar kiɗan ƙasa da rhythm da blues A cikin 1955, drummer DJ Fontana ya shiga don kammala jeri na Presley's classic quartet kuma RCA Victor ya sami kwangilarsa a cikin yarjejeniyar da Kanar Tom Parker ya shirya, wanda zai sarrafa shi fiye da shekaru ashirin. Presley na farko RCA Victor guda, "Heartbreak Hotel", an sake shi a cikin Janairu 1956 kuma ya zama lamba-daya a Amurka. A cikin shekara guda, RCA za ta sayar da Presley guda miliyan goma. Tare da jerin nasarorin fitowar talabijin na cibiyar sadarwa da kuma bayanan ginshiƙi, Presley ya zama babban jigo na sabon mashahurin sauti na dutsen da nadi, kodayake salon wasan kwaikwayonsa da haɓaka sautin da ba a taɓa gani ba na Ba-Amurkawa ya haifar da hakan. ana yi masa kallon a matsayin barazana ga zaman lafiyar matasan farar fata Amurkawa. A cikin Nuwamba 1956, Presley ya fara fitowa a fim a Love Me Tender. An zana shi cikin aikin soja a cikin 1958, Presley ya sake buɗe aikinsa na rikodi shekaru biyu bayan haka tare da wasu ayyukan da ya yi nasara na kasuwanci. Ya gudanar da kide-kide kadan, duk da haka, kuma Parker ya jagoranta, ya ci gaba da ba da mafi yawan shekarun 1960 don yin fina-finai na Hollywood da kundi na sauti, mafi yawansu abin ba'a ne. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun fina-finansa sun haɗa da Jailhouse Rock (1957), Blue Hawaii (1961), da Viva Las Vegas (1964). A cikin 1968, bayan hutu na shekaru bakwai daga wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa, ya koma mataki a cikin gidan talabijin na musamman na Elvis mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita wurin zama na kide-kide na Las Vegas da jerin balaguron fa'ida. A cikin 1973, Presley ya ba da kide-kide na farko ta wani mawakin solo don watsa shirye-shirye a duniya, Aloha daga Hawaii. Shekaru da yawa na shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma halayen cin abinci mara kyau sun yi mummunar illa ga lafiyarsa, kuma ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a cikin 1977 a gidansa na Graceland yana da shekaru 42. Bayan sayar da fiye da miliyan 500 rikodin a duk duniya, Presley an gane shi a matsayin mafi kyawun siyar da kiɗan solo na kowane lokaci ta Guinness World Records Ya kasance mai nasara ta kasuwanci a nau'o'i da yawa, ciki har da pop, ƙasa, rhythm &amp; blues, babba na zamani, da bishara Presley ya lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy guda uku, ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award yana da shekaru 36, kuma an shigar da shi cikin ɗakunan kiɗa da yawa na shahara. Yana riƙe da bayanai da yawa, ciki har da mafi yawan RIAA ƙwararrun zinare da albam ɗin platinum, mafi yawan kundin da aka tsara akan <i id="mwUw">Billboard</i> 200, mafi yawan kundi guda ɗaya ta wani mawaƙin solo akan Chart Albums na UK, da kuma mafi yawan adadin-daya ta kowane aiki. akan Chart Singles UK. A cikin 2018, an ba Presley lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci. Rayuwa da aiki 1935–1953: Shekarun farko Yarinta a Tupelo An haifi Elvis Aaron Presley a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1935, a Tupelo, Mississippi, zuwa Vernon Elvis (Afrilu 10, 1916 Yuni 26, 1979) da Gladys Love (née Smith; Afrilu 25, 1912-Agusta 14, 1958) Presley a cikin gidan bindiga mai daki biyu wanda mahaifinsa ya gina don bikin. Elvis's tagwaye iri ɗaya, Jesse Garon Presley, an ba da minti 35 a gabansa, haifaffen. Presley ya kasance kusa da iyayen biyu kuma ya kulla dangantaka ta musamman da mahaifiyarsa. Iyalin sun halarci cocin Majalisar Allah, inda ya sami wahayinsa na farko na kiɗa. Mahaifin Presley, Vernon, ɗan Jamus ne, asalin Scotland da Ingilishi. Ya kasance zuriyar dangin Harrison na Virginia ta wurin kakansa Tunis Hood. Mahaifiyar Presley, Gladys, Scots-Irish ce tare da wasu zuriyar Norman ta Faransa. Mahaifiyarsa da sauran dangin sun yi imanin cewa kakar kakarta, Morning Dove White, ita ce Cherokee. Jikan Elvis Riley Keough ya sake maimaita wannan imani a cikin 2017. Elaine Dundy, a cikin tarihin rayuwarta, yana goyan bayan imani. Vernon ya ƙaura daga aiki mara kyau zuwa na gaba, yana nuna ɗan buri. Iyalin sukan dogara da taimako daga makwabta da taimakon abinci na gwamnati. A cikin 1938, sun rasa gidansu bayan an sami Vernon da laifin canza rajistan da mai gidansa da kuma wani ma'aikaci ya rubuta. An daure shi na tsawon watanni takwas, yayin da Gladys da Elvis suka koma tare da dangi. A watan Satumba 1941, Presley ya shiga aji na farko a Gabashin Tupelo Consolidated, inda malamansa suka dauke shi a matsayin "matsakaici". An ƙarfafa shi ya shiga gasar waƙa bayan ya burge malamin makarantarsa tare da fassarar waƙar ƙasar Red Foley "Old Shep" a lokacin sallar asuba. Gasar, da aka gudanar a Mississipi–Alabama Fair da Nunin Kiwo a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1945, ita ce wasansa na farko na jama'a. Presley mai shekaru goma ta tsaya kan kujera don isa makirufo ta rera "Old Shep". Ya tuna sanya na biyar. Bayan 'yan watanni, Presley ya karbi guitar ta farko don ranar haihuwarsa; ya yi begen wani abu dabam-ta lissafin daban-daban, ko dai keke ko bindiga. Presley ya tuna, "Na ɗauki guitar, kuma ina kallon mutane, kuma na koyi wasa kadan. Amma ba zan taɓa yin waƙa a cikin jama'a ba. Na ji kunya sosai game da shi." A cikin Satumba 1946, Presley ya shiga sabuwar makaranta, Milam, don aji shida; an dauke shi a matsayin shi kadai. A shekara mai zuwa, ya fara kawo guitar ɗinsa zuwa makaranta a kullum. Ya yi wasa da rera waƙa a lokacin cin abinci, kuma sau da yawa ana yi masa ba'a a matsayin ɗan "shara" mai kunna kiɗan tudu A lokacin, dangin suna zaune ne a unguwar da baƙar fata. Presley ya kasance mai sadaukarwa ga wasan kwaikwayon Mississippi Slim a gidan rediyon Tupelo WELO An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai hauka game da kiɗa" ta kanin Slim, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin abokan karatun Presley kuma sau da yawa yakan kai shi tashar. Slim ya kara wa Presley koyarwar gitar ta hanyar nuna fasahohin kida. Lokacin da abokinsa ya kasance ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, Slim ya tsara shi don wasanni biyu na kan iska. An shawo kan Presley da fargabar mataki a karon farko, amma ya yi nasarar yin wasan mako mai zuwa. Manazarta Haihuwan 1935 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50412

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Midnight%20%28mai%20zane%29

Lady Midnight (mai zane)

Adriana Rimpel, wanda akafi saninta a matsayin Lady Midnight, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce na Amurka mai tsara zane zane, mawaƙiya, marubuciyar waƙa,malama kuma shugaban al'umma wanda ke zaune a Minneapolis, Minnesota Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Rimpel a St. Paul 's West Side a Minnesota. Mahaifinta ya kasance mai ganga kuma mahaifiyarta mawaƙiya ce a rukunin salsa na farko na Minnesota, Sabroson. Ta kasance mai horarwa akan Kada ku Gaskanta da Hype ,shirin talabijin akan Twin Cities' PBS wanda matasan POC suka samar wanda ta ba da damar samar da basirar matasa. Tana da Bachelor of Fine Arts a Hoto daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Minneapolis kuma ta yi karatun Dance Studio sama da shekaru 12. Rimpel tana da yare biyu kuma tana bayyana a matsayin Afro-Indigenous, Mexican, Haitian, da Aztec. Aikin kiɗa Rimpel tana da asali a cikin kiɗan Afro-Cuban, hip-hop, pop, R&B,da kiɗan gwaji. Ta fara yin kade-kade ne a matsayin mawakiya a kungiyar Afro-Cubana Malamanya da ke Minneapolis a shekara ta 2000. Ta kasance tare da Malamanya na tsawon shekaru hudu kuma ta yi tare da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na layin The Lowertown, wani rikodin kai tsaye da hira ta TPT Twin Cities PBS. Ita ma memba ce a rukunin tagwayen birane na electro-pop VANDAAM. A cikin 2016 ta fitar da EP mai waƙa 5 tare da Afrokeys a ƙarƙashin sunan Parables of Neptune wanda ta haɗa da waƙar "Wax Line". Rimple ta ƙirƙira sunan Lady Midnight a cikin 2012, kuma ta ƙaddamar da aikinta na solo na suna iri ɗaya yayin wasanta mai taken Midnight Special at First Avenue 's 7th Street Entry a 2016. Ayyukan Lady Midnight sun haɗa da sauti, abubuwan gani,da kaya. Haɗe kayan ado na ƴan asali da na gaba,tana amfani da kaya da gashi don ƙirƙirar sassaka masu iya sawa. Ta yi aiki tare da mai zanen gashi na tushen Minneapolis kuma mai fafutuka Dre Demry-Sanders don ƙirƙirar rigunan kai na musamman da salon masara don wasan kwaikwayo. Waƙarta ita ce bayanin abubuwan da ta samu game da al'ada, mata,da launin fata.Ta yi imanin cewa kiɗan tana da ikon warkarwa da maidowa. Rimpel ta buga wasanta na farko na Chicago a cikin 2018 a Kombi Chicago tare da buɗe wasan DJ Just Nine. Ta yi a Pilsen Fest a Chicago a cikin 2018. Kundin solo dinta na farko, Mutuwa Kafin Makoki,an yi rikodin shi a Kudancin Minneapolis's Woodgrain Studios kuma an sake shi a cikin 2019. An gudanar da nunin sakin kundi nata a St.Paul's Turf Club kuma an nuna ayyukan budewa Ziyad, Booboo,da DJ Keezy. Rimpel ta yi kuma ta rubuta tare da masu fasaha ciki har da Brother Ali, Bon Iver, Common, Sarah White, Moby,Andra Day, POS., Maria Isa, Mike the Martyr,da Aloe Blacc Wayar da kan al'umma Rimpel ita ce Manajan Shirye-shiryen Matasa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Matasa ta Walker Arts Council a cikin 2010 inda ta ƙarfafa matasa su koyi fasaha da fasaha na warware matsala tare da samun ilimin fasaha da yuwuwarsu ta gudummawar jama'a. Ita ce mai koyarwa mai zaman kanta a Jami'ar Minnesota,St. Paul's Community Library da Rec Centers, da Minneapolis Institute of Arts Ta koyar da wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa da samarwa ga matasa a Kulture Klub Collaborative, Minnesota arts ba riba ga matasa fuskantar rashin gida. Ta yi magana a kan bangarori kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga bincike a duk faɗin ƙasar game da tasirin zane-zane a kan matasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Walker Art,Gidan Tarihi na Whitney, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani,da Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Houston. A cikin Yuli 2020,Rimpel ta haɗu tare da DJ Keezy da Sophia Eris don ƙaddamar da tara kuɗi akan dandamali GoFundMe. Tallafin, wanda ta tara kusan dala 30,000 a ranar farko,tana da niyyar bayar da kuɗin buɗe wani wurin waƙa da ake kira Aunties, wanda zai kasance wurin kiɗan kawai a Minnesota da mata masu launi za su mallaki.Masu zane-zanen sun bayyana kwarin gwiwarsu na fara wani wurin taron ta fito ne daga tarzomar da ta biyo bayan kisan George Floyd da kuma bukatar samar da wani wuri mai aminci sakamakon zargin cin zarafi a masana'antar waka ta tagwaye. Masu zane-zane sun yi alkawarin kawo ma'aikata a fagen kula da lafiyar hankali da cin zarafin jima'i da kuma membobin al'umma don ƙirƙirar tsarin kasuwanci wanda ke nuna manufofinsu da manufarsu. Kyaututuka An nada Rimpel ɗaya daga cikin Mawakan Nunin Gida don Kallo a cikin 2016. An ba ta suna Best Twin Cities Vocalist na 2017 ta Shafukan birni, da 3 An zaɓa don Dannawa a cikin 2017 ta Shafukan birni Album dinta,Mutuwa Kafin Makoki, ta lashe Kyawun Album daga Shafukan Birni 'Mafi kyawun Biranen Twin 2020. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Lady Midnight akan Bandcamp Lady Midnight, Bloodsong, akan YouTube Lady Midnight ba ta da ƙarfi, hira da CW Twin Cities Uwargidan Tsakar dare Live Akan KFAI Radio Pocho akan

22284

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace%20Brigades%20International

Peace Brigades International

Peace Brigades International (PBI) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 wacce "ke kare 'yancin dan adam da kuma inganta rikice-rikicen da ba na tashin hankali ba". Da farko tana yin hakan ne ta hanyar tura masu sa kai na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa yankunan da ake rikici, wadanda suka samar da kariya, ba tashin hankali ga mambobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, kungiyoyin kwadago, kungiyoyin manoma da sauransu wadanda ke fuskantar barazanar siyasa. PBI kuma yana ba da damar wasu manufofi na samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙasashe masu rikici. Kungiya ce ta "mara bangaranci" da ba ta tsoma baki cikin harkokin wadanda suke tare da su. A halin yanzu, a cikin Shekara ta 2020, PBI yana da ayyukan filin a Ƙasar Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico da Nepal Tarihi Byarfafawa da aikin Shanti Sena a kasar Indiya, Peace Brigades International an kafa shi a cikin Shekara ta 1981 ta ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmayar tashin hankali, ciki har da Narayan Desai, George Willoughby, Charles Walker, Raymond Magee, Jamie Diaz da Murray Thomson A cikin shekarar 1983, yayin yakin Contra, PBI ya aika da tawagar zaman lafiya na gajeren lokaci zuwa Jalapa, Nicaragua suna sanya kansu tsakanin ɓangarorin da ke yaƙi. Wannan aikin ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa shi ta hanyar Shaida don Zaman Lafiya An fara aikin PBI na farko mai tsawo a waccan shekarar a Guatemala (1983-1999, an sake farawa a 2003), sai El Salvador (1987-1992), Sri Lanka (1989-1998), Amurka ta Arewa (1992-1999, a Kanada da Amurka), Colombia (tun 1994), Balkans (1994-2001, haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi), Haiti (1995-2000), Mexico (tun 1998), Indonesia (1999–11, da kuma tun 2015), Nepal (2005 2014), Kenya (tun daga 2013) da Honduras (tun shekara ta 2013). A cikin shekara ta 1989, masu aikin sa kai na PBI sun yi wa rakiyar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Rigoberta Menchú ziyararta ta farko zuwa Guatemala daga gudun hijira. Sauran mutanen da PBI ta kare sun hada da Amílcar Méndez, Nineth Montenegro da Frank LaRue a Guatemala; da Mario Calixto da Claudia Julieta Duque a Colombia. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na kariya na ƙasa da PBI suka haɓaka kuma suka fara, ya faɗakar da irin wannan aikin ta wasu ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Shuɗi don Aminci, ƙungiyoyin Aminci na Kirista, ƙungiyoyin Salama na Musamman, ƙungiyoyin Aminci na vioasa ƙasa ta Kariya, ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya da Meta Peace ƙungiyar Ƙungiya PBI ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiya wacce take amfani da yanke shawara Ba tsari bane a tsari. Akwai bangarori daban-daban guda uku ga tsarin PBI gabaɗaya, waɗanda sune ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, Ayyuka na ,ƙasa, da Matakin ƙasa (wanda ya ƙunshi Babban Taron PBI, Majalisar Internationalasa ta Duniya (IC), da ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya (IOC)) Ana gudanar da taron kasa da kasa duk bayan shekaru uku, wanda mambobi daga ko'ina cikin kungiyar ke halarta, don nazari da kuma gyara alkiblar shirin kowace kasa. Yan agaji PBI na jan hankalin masu sa kai daga bangarori daban-daban don aikinta a cikin ayyukan filin. Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, da Amurka a tsakanin sauran kasashe da yawa duk sun samu wakilci a tsakanin kungiyar bada agaji ta PBI. Dole ne masu aikin sa kai su dage sosai don ba da tashin hankali ba, kuma duk masu neman izini dole ne su halarci horo mai zurfi inda suke koyon falsafar rashin tashin hankali, dabarun rashin tashin hankali, da ƙarfin ƙungiya. Duk masu aikin sa kai dole ne su kasance masu iya magana da Sifanisanci don ayyukan Mexico, Guatemalan da Colombia, kuma duk masu aikin sa kai don shirin Nepalese dole ne su iya Turanci sosai kuma su sami fahimtar Nepali. Mai nema bazai zama ɗan ƙasa ba na ƙasar da suke son aiki a ciki, kuma dole ne ya iya yin ƙaramar ƙaddamarwa na shekara guda. Baya ga shiga cikin ayyukan filin, akwai kuma damar mutane su sami damar yin aikin sa kai a cikin kungiyoyin ƙasar PBI. Lambobin yabo Peace Brigades International ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa saboda aikinta, ciki har da Memorial Per la Pau "Josep Vidal I Llecha" (1989), da Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze Förderpreis (1995, PBI-Germany), Memorial de la Paz y la Solidaridad Entre los Pueblos (1995), Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya (1996) da Aachener International Peace Prize (1999), Medalla Comemorativa de la Paz (1999), lambar yabo ta Martin Ennals na Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (2001, aikin Colombia), da Kyautar Jaime Brunet (2011). Ayyuka da ƙungiyoyi Ayyukan filin Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa Duba kuma Jerin kungiyoyin yaki da yaki Ambato Manazarta Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗin waje Muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin muhalli Pages with unreviewed

25302

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata

Tata

Tata ko TATA na iya nufin to: Wurare Jamshedpur, birni ne a Jharkhand, Indiya kuma ana kiranta Tatanagar ko Tata Tata, Hungary, birni ne a Hungary Tsibirin Tata, wasu kananan tsibirai biyu a bakin gabar New Zealand Tata, Morocco, birni ne a lardin Tata Lardin Tata, Morocco Kogin Țâța, wani yanki na Kogin Ialomiţa a Romania Kamfanoni Tata Sons, babban kamfani na Indiya kuma mai Tata Group Tata Group, wani kamfani mai haɗin gwiwa na ƙasashe da yawa na Indiya Jerin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da Tata Group Mutane Sunan mahaifi Iyalan Tata, dangi mai tasiri na Indiya mallakar Tata Group Jamsetji Tata (1839-1904), wanda aka sani da uban masana'antar Indiya Dorabji Tata (1859–1932), masanin masana’antu na Indiya kuma mai taimakon jama’a Ratanji Tata (1871–1918), mai ba da kuɗi da taimakon jama’a, ɗan Jamsetji Tata JRD Tata (1904–1993), matukin jirgin saman Indiya na farko kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin jiragen sama na Tata Naval H. Tata (1904-1989), masanin masana'antu, mai karɓar Padma Bhushan Ratan Naval Tata (an haife shi 1937), shugaban Tata Group (1991-2012) Simone Tata (an haife a shekara ta1930), shugabar Trent Noel Tata (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), mataimakin shugaban Trent Ltd kuma manajan darakta na Tata International, ɗan Simone Tata Bob Tata (1930 2021), ɗan siyasan Amurka Daniel Tata (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Indonesiya Herabai Tata (1879-1941, ɗan ƙasar Indiya Joe E. Tata (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Jordan Tata (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Amurka Mithan Jamshed Lam (née Tata) (1898–1981) Lauyan Indiya kuma lauya a Babbar Kotun Bombay Sam Tata (1911 2005), mai ɗaukar hoto na Kanada Terry Tata (an haife shi a 1940), alkalin wasan ƙwallon baseball na Amurka Tony Tata, janar na sojan Amurka kuma dan siyasa An ba da suna ko sunan barkwanci Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006), mai mulkin kama -karya na Chile, wanda galibi ake kiransa da suna "El tata" Carlos Manuel Baldomir (an haife shi a 1971), ɗan dambe na ƙasar Argentina wanda ake wa laƙabi da "Tata" Gerardo Martino (an haife shi 1962), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma manajan yanzu, wanda aka fi sani da "Tata" Nelson Mandela (1918–2013), Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka fi sani da Tata a Afirka ta Kudu Tata Amaral (an haife shi a 1960), darektan Brazil, marubuci, furodusa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Tata Esteban (1954–2003), babban darektan furodusa Tata Giacobetti (1922-1988), mawaƙin Italiya Tata Güines (1930 2008), Cuban percussionist Tata Simonyan (an haifi 1962), mawaƙin Armeniya Táta Vega (an haife shi 1951), mawaƙin Amurka Tatá Werneck (an haifi 1983), 'yar wasan Brazil Tata Young (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), mawaƙin Thai, abin ƙira da wasan kwaikwayo Tatá (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil Sauran amfani Sir Dorabji Tata da Allied Trusts, amanar da Dorabji Tata ya kafa Akwatin TATA, jerin DNA Tata Manavadu, fim na Telugu na 1972 TTFN ko "ta ta for now", wata hanya madaidaiciya don yin ban kwana Tata (Tsakiyar ƙasa), ɗayan Elves na farko a cikin JRR Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. Lambar tashar tashar Tatanagar Tata Jagriti Yatra, wani shiri ne na Tata Group da Jagriti Sewa Sansthan a Indiya Duba kuma Ta-Ta, reshen Uruguay na Almacenes_Tía Tatar (fassarar) Tatra (rarrabuwa) Bayanai (disambiguation) Dada

38780

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%AEra%20Kwara

Ȯra Kwara

Jihar Kwara (da yaren Yoruba: Ȯra Kwara), Jiha ce a Yammacin Najeriya, tana iyaka da Gabas da Jihar Kogi, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da Jihar Neja, daga kudu kuma ta yi iyaka da jihohin Ekiti, Osun, da Oyo, yayin da iyakarta ta yamma ke da iyaka da kasar Benin Jamhuriyar Babban birninta haske Ilorin kuma jihar tana da kananan hukumomi 16 A cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, Kwara ita ce ta tara mafi girma a yankin, amma ta shida mafi karancin al'umma, tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.2 kamar yadda aka yi a shekarar 2016. A geographically, jihar Kwara ta rabu tsakanin savanna ta yammacin Sudan a gabas, da gandun daji na Guinea-savanna mosaic ecoregion a sauran jihar. Muhimman abubuwan da jihar ke da shi sun hada da koguna, inda Nijar ke bi ta kan iyakar arewa zuwa tafkin Jeba, kafin a ci gaba da zama kan iyaka, yayin da kogunan Awun, Asa, Aluko, da Oyun ke bi ta ciki. A arewa maso yammacin jihar akwai yankin Borgu na gandun dajin Kainji, wani babban wurin shakatawa na kasa wanda ke dauke da al'umman jarumtaka masu launin toka, kob, hippopotamus, giwar daji na Afirka, babin zaitun, da kututtuwa, tare da wasu na karshe da suka rage. Zakunan Afirka ta Yamma a Duniya. A kudu maso yamma mai nisa, wani karamin yanki na Old Oyo National Park yana dauke da mikiya mai rawani, mikiya, baffa na Afirka, oribi, da yawan birai na patas Jihar Kwara dai ta shafe shekaru da dama tana zaune da kabilu daban-daban, musamman Yarbawa mafi rinjaye da ke zaune a fadin jihar, amma akwai ’yan tsirarun ’yan kabilar Nupe a arewa maso gabas, Bariba (Baatonu) da Busa (Bokobaru) a yamma, da kananan Fulani ne a Ilorin, suna tafiya a cikin jihar a matsayin makiyaya. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, yawancin yankin da a yanzu yake jihar Kwara yana cikin Daular Oyo, tare da wani yanki na yamma a Masarautar Borgu ta mutanen Bariba, Boko da Bissa, da Masarautar Nupe (1531-1835). A tsakiyar shekarun 1800, jihadin fulani suka mamaye wani yanki na jihar Kwara a yanzu tare da sanya yankin karkashin yankin Gwandu na Daular Sokoto A cikin shekarar 1890s da 1900s, balaguron Burtaniya ya mamaye yankin kuma ya shigar da shi cikin Arewacin Najeriya Protectorate Daga baya Arewacin Najeriya ya hade da Najeriyar Burtaniya a shekarar 1914, kafin ta samu 'yancin kai a matsayin Najeriya a shekarar 1960. Asali, jihar Kwara ta zamani tana cikin yankin Arewa bayan samun ‘yancin kai har zuwa shekarar 1967, lokacin da yankin ya rabu, yankin ya zama jihar yamma ta tsakiya A shekarar 1976, jihar ta koma jihar Kwara, kuma sunan ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1990, lokacin da aka raba yankin kudu maso gabas ta jihar Kogi, aka mayar da yankin Borgu mai nisa zuwa yankin Borgu na jihar Neja Ta fannin tattalin arziki, jihar Kwara ta fi dogara ne akan aikin noma, galibin kofi, auduga, gyada, koko, dabino, da noman kola Sauran manyan masana’antu sun hada da ayyuka, musamman a birnin Ilorin, da kiwo da kiwo na shanu awaki, da tumaki Jihar Kwara tana da haɗin gwiwa na ashirin da ashirin mafi girma na ci gaban ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar da cibiyoyin ilimi masu yawa. Tarihi An kirkiro jihar Kwara ne a ranar 27 ga Mayun shekarar 1967, lokacin da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar Yakubu Gowon ta karya yankuna hudu da suka zama Tarayyar Najeriya zuwa jihohi 12. A lokacin da aka kirkiro jihar, ta kunshi tsoffin lardunan Ilorin da Kabba na yankin Arewa a lokacin, kuma da farko an sanya mata suna Jihar Yamma ta Tsakiya amma daga baya ta koma “Kwara”, sunan da ake kira kogin Neja a cikin harshen Hausa Jihar Kwara tun a shekarar 1976 ta ragu sosai a sakamakon kara yin atisayen samar da jihohi a Najeriya. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairun 1976, an sassaka yankin Idah Dekina na jihar tare da hadewa da wani yanki na jihar Benue/Plateau a lokacin don kafa jihar Benue A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1991 kuma an fitar da kananan hukumomi biyar da suka hada da Oyi, Yagba, Okene, Okehi da Kogi don zama wani bangare na sabuwar jihar Kogi, yayin da ta shida karamar hukumar Borgu ta hade da jihar Neja Manyan kananan hukumomi masu yawan jama'a sune Ilorin da Offa Jihar Kwara na da albarkatun ma'adinai masu yawa kamar su tourmaline, tantalite, da ma'adanai masu yawa a yankin arewa. Cocoa da Kolanut a Kudancin Oke Ero, Ekiti da Isin LGA Yanayi Yanayin babban birnin jihar Kwara, Ilorin, yana da zafi da bushewa kuma yana da ruwan sama a shekara, wanda kuma ke tsakanin 990.3 mm zuwa 1318mm ma'ana Garin yana da yanayin zafi dabam dabam daga 33 0 C zuwa 37 0 C, tare da wata na uku na shekara, Maris, shine mafi zafi. Mafi ƙanƙanta da matsakaicin zafin jiki, da kuma yanayin zafi na babban birnin jihar, yana ƙaruwa tsakanin shekarun 1978 da 2017. Iskar da ke kadawa a wannan yanki ta kunshi Kudu-maso-Gabas da kuma Arewa-maso-gabas iskar nahiyar. Yawan jama'a Kamar yadda a shekarar 2006, yawan mutanen Kwaran ya kai miliyan 2.37, bisa ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya a shekarar 2006 Wannan girman yawan jama'a ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 1.69% na jimlar yawan al'ummar ƙasar bayan sun dogara da ƙaura don haɓaka yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki Manyan kabilun su ne Yarbawa, Nupe, Fulani da Baruba. A wani lokaci ana kiran mazauna jihar a matsayin Kwaran. Harsuna Harsunan Jihar Kwara da LGA ta lissafa: Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Kwara ta kunshi kananan hukumomi goma sha shida Su ne: Asa Baruten Edu Ekiti Ifelodun Ilorin East Ilorin South Ilorin West Irepodun Isin Kaiama Moro Offa Oke Ero Oyun Pategi Gwamnan jihar Kwara Gwamnan jihar Kwara na yanzu shine Gwamna Abdulrazaq Abdulrahman, wanda ya yi nasara a zaben gwamnan jihar da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2019, tare da jam'iyyar siyasa ta APC. An rantsar da AbdulRahman AbdulRazak ne a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2019, wanda ya zama gwamnan jihar Kwara na dimokuradiyya na 4 sannan kuma na 20 a jihar Kwara gaba daya. Kayode Alabi yana rike da mukamin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Kwara a karkashin gwamnatin AbdulRahman. Ilimi Jihar Kwara tana da jami'ar tarayya, Jami'ar Ilorin, jami'ar jiha, Jami'ar Jihar Kwara da sauran Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu: Jami'ar Al-Hikmah, Jami'ar Landmark, Jami'ar Summit, Jami'ar Crown Hill, Jami'ar Thomas Adewumi, Jami'ar Ahman Pategi da Jami'ar Offa. Jihar Kwara kuma tana da makarantun kimiyya da fasaha guda biyar; Polytechnics na tarayya, Federal Polytechnic Offa, Polytechnic na jihar, Kwara State Polytechnic da masu zaman kansu guda uku: The Polytechnic Igbo Owu, Lens Polytechnic da Graceland Polytechnic. Daga cikin kwalejojin ilimi goma sha biyar a jihar Kwara, goma sha daya mallakin kamfanoni ne masu zaman kansu: College of Education Ilemona, Muhyideen College of Education, Kinsey College of Education, Ilorin, Jihar Kwara, Moje College of Education, Erin-Ile, Imam Hamzat College of Ilimi, ECWA College of Education, College of Education Offa, Nana Aisha College of Education, Adesina College of Education da Pan African College of Education. Kwalejoji hudu na ilimi a jihar Kwara suna samun tallafin gwamnatin star: Kwara State College of Education Ilorin, College of Education Oro, Kwara State College of Education (Technical) Lafiagi da kuma wata cibiyar gwamnatin tarayya daya bayar da NCE, Nigerian Army School of Education. Akwai kuma makarantar sojan ruwa, Makarantar Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojojin Ruwa ta Najeriya, Irra Road, Offa da kwalejin jiragen sama, Kwalejin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya, Ilorin Yawon shakatawa Muhimman wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido a jihar Kwara sun hada da gidan kayan tarihi na Esie, Waterfalls Owu, daya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma ban mamaki a yammacin Afirka. Imoleboja Rock Shelter, Ogunjokoro, Kainji Lake National Parks, now in Niger state and Agbonna Hill-- Awon Mass Wedding in Shao. Hakanan akwai tudun Sobi da sauransu, wanda shine mafi girma a cikin Ilorin, babban birnin jihar. Katafaren ajiyar yanayi kuma ya raba jihar zuwa Gabas da Yamma. Ruwan Ero Omola shi ma wuraren shakatawa ne Sufuri Hukumar kula da sufurin jiragen kasa ta Najeriya na kara zirga-zirga daga Legas zuwa jihar zuwa yankin arewacin kasar. Filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Ilorin babbar cibiya ce ta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na cikin gida da na waje kuma a yanzu an gina shi a matsayin cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki Tattalin Arziki Noma shine babban tushen tattalin arzikin jihar kuma manyan kayan amfanin gona sune: auduga, koko, kofi, kolanut, taba, benieed da dabino. Jihar Kwara gida ce ga gonakin Shonga wanda ya samo asali ne daga aikin Komawa zuwa gona na daya daga cikin tsofaffin shugabannin jihar, Dakta Abubakar Bukola Saraki Farms na Shonga ya ƙunshi manoma 13 na kasuwanci. Albarkatun ma'adinai a jihar sun hada da man fetur, Zinariya, farar ƙasa, marmara, feldspar, yumbu, kaolin, quartz da dutsen granite Kayan aiki Tsafta da Tsafta Gwamnatin Najeriya na kara fahimtar matsalolin da ke fitowa daga rashin tsaftar muhalli, kuma jihar Kwara na kokarin inganta muhallinta da tsaftar muhalli. A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2020, gwamnan jihar Kwara ya fara gangamin ‘Clean Kwara’ a hukumance domin kawo karshen bayan gida da kuma inganta tsafta a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar na kokarin gyara dukkan hanyoyin da magudanan ruwa don tabbatar da kwararar ruwa kyauta, da yin kokarin tabbatar da tsaftar ruwa, gina bandaki da samar da ruwa mai tsafta. Wannan kuma shi ne don haɓaka Manufofin Ci Gaba mai Dorewa 3 6 (babban damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai araha da samun isassun tsaftar tsafta, tsafta ga kowa da kowa, da kawo ƙarshen bayan gida nan da 2030 Wasanni Hukumar wasanni ta Jiha ce ke tafiyar da harkokin wasanni. Muhimmancin da aka baiwa wasanni ya kai ga gina filin wasa, mai suna Kwara State Stadium Complex. Kayayyakin da ake da su a hadaddun filin wasa sune babban kwanon kwando, dakin wasanni na cikin gida, dakunan kwanan dalibai, cibiyar yada labarai na nishadi da kuma wurin ninkaya girman Olympics. Ana wakilta jihar sosai a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon kwando. Jihar ita ce gidan kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kwara United, ABS FC da Kwara Falcons Basketball Club Fitattun mutane AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq, politician Bukola Saraki, politician David Abioye, cleric Cornelius Adebayo, politician Femi Adebayo, actor and film producer Tunde Adebimpe, musician Kemi Adesoye, screenwriter Abdulfatah Ahmed, banker and politician Simon Ajibola, politician Mustapha Akanbi, lawyer Sheik Adam Abdullah Al-Ilory, Islamic scholar Sarah Alade, former CBN governor Lola Ashiru, architect and politician Adamu Atta, politician Kunle Afolayan, actor, film director and producer Ayeloyun, musician Joseph Ayo Babalola, cleric David Bamigboye, soldier Theophilus Bamigboye, soldier and politician Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore, jurist and former Chief Justice of Nigeria Oga Bello, actor and producer (real name Adebayo Salami) Ibrahim Gambari, diplomat Yusuf Gobir, administrator Ola Ibrahim, naval officer Rafiu Adebayo Ibrahim, politician Tunde Idiagbon, soldier Ahmed Mohammed Inuwa, politician Joana Nnazua Kolo, Commissioner for Youth and Sports Development Farooq Kperogi, journalist Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi, politician Lágbájá, musician Salaudeen Latinwo, soldier Mohammed Lawal, naval officer Lai Mohammed, lawyer and politician Ibrahim Yahaya Oloriegbe, politician Abdulkadir Orire, first Grand Khadi of the Kwara State Sharia Court of Appeal David Oyedepo, cleric Wasiu Alabi Pasuma, musician Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki, politician Olusola Saraki, politician Toyin Saraki, healthcare philanthropist Abdulfatai Yahaya Seriki, politician AbdulRazzaq Ibrahim Salman, cleric Bola Shagaya, businessman Tony Tetuila, musician Rashidi Yekini, soccer player Abimbola Abolarinwa, urologist Duba kuma Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Kwara Nassoshi Jihohin

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity%20Ngilu

Charity Ngilu

Charity Kaluki Ngilu (an haife ta 28 ga Janairu 1952) ɗan siyasan Kenya ce kuma gwamna na biyu da aka zaɓa a gundumar Kitui Ba ta yi nasarar zama Shugabar Jamhuriyar Kenya ba a 1997. Ta rike mukamin ministar lafiya daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007 da kuma ministar ruwa da ban ruwa daga Afrilu 2008 zuwa 2013. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015. Charity Ngilu ta halarci makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Alliance, sannan ta shiga Kwalejin Sakatariyar Gwamnati, Kwalejin Kianda, da Cibiyar Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta Kenya don karɓar ƙwarewar gudanarwa da sakatariya. Ta fara sakatariya kafin ta zama ’yar kasuwa mai wadata a masana’antar robobi da biredi. Tare da Joyce Laboso da Anne Waiguru, Ngilu na ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka zama gwamnonin mata na farko a Kenya a 2017. Rayuwar Siyasa An zabi Ngilu a matsayin wakilin mazabar Kitui ta tsakiya a shekarar 1992 akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democrat An sake zaɓe ta a kujera ɗaya kuma ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓe na 1997 akan tikitin jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Kenya, ta ƙare ta biyar a bayan wanda ya ci nasara, Daniel arap Moi Tare da Wangari Maathai, ta zama 'yar takarar shugabancin Kenya mace ta farko Daga baya, ta shiga jam'iyyar National Party of Kenya A babban zaben watan Disamba na 2002, jam'iyyarta na cikin kungiyar National Rainbow Coalition (NARC). Gamayyar ta ci gaba da lashe zaben, kuma shugaba Mwai Kibaki ya nada ta a matsayin ministar lafiya lokacin da ya nada majalisar ministocinsa a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2003. An kuma nada ta shugabar NARC. Ana ganin Ngilu a matsayin sabon dan makaranta a gwamnati, sabanin tsofaffin ‘yan makaranta kamar John Michuki da Shugaba Kibaki. Sai dai kuma an bar ta a makale bayan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta fice daga kawancen bayan da gwamnati ta sha kaye a kan daftarin tsarin mulkin kasar, yayin da mafi yawan mambobin NARC da suka rage suka kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar Narc-Kenya karkashin jagorancin Martha Karua A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2007, Ngilu ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga Orange Democratic Movement da dan takararta na shugaban kasa, Raila Odinga, a babban zaben watan Disamba na 2007 ta kwatanta Odinga da Nelson Mandela Da farko ta ce ta ci gaba da zama a gwamnati, duk da goyon bayan babban abokin hamayyar Kibaki. Sai dai kuma Kibaki ya sanar da korar ta daga gwamnati a ranar 6 ga Oktoba. An sake zaben Ngilu a kujerarta daga Kitui Central a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na Disamba 2007 Kibaki ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa bisa ga sakamakon hukuma, amma jam'iyyar ODM ta yi sabani da hakan, kuma rikicin ya barke. A ƙarshe an warware rikicin tare da yarjejeniyar raba madafun iko, kuma a cikin babban majalisar ministocin da aka ambata a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2008 kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, an nada Ngilu a matsayin Ministan Ruwa kuma Ban ruwa. Ngilu ya nuna goyon bayansa ga Raila Odinga a takarar neman shugabancin kasar a zaben Kenya na 2013. Daga baya ta kaddamar da takarar shugaban kasa ta hannun jam'iyyarta ta Narc Political Party, inda daga karshe ta zabi tsayawa takarar sanata a gundumar Kitui sannan ta sha kashi a hannun David Musila a cikin wannan tsari. Bayan nasarar da ta yi, Ngilu ta nada Ngilu a matsayin sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane ta shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta, amma ta yi murabus daga mukamin sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Gwamnan gundumar Kitui Ngilu ya tsaya takarar gwamnan gundumar Kitui a babban zaben shekarar 2017, inda ya doke Julius Malombe mai ci kuma ya zama daya daga cikin zababbun gwamnonin mata uku. Umarni kan Kariyar Muhalli Zaman Charity Ngilu a matsayin Hakimin Kitui ya fara ne da yanke shawara mai cike da cece-kuce da kuma wasu mutane da suka hada da hana tara yashi da konewa da safarar gawayi a yankin. Umurnin a cewar Ngilu ya kasance don kare muhalli a yankin. Haramcin safarar gawayi ya kawo zargin tayar da kabilanci. Wannan ya haifar da kiraye-kirayen da tambayoyi na Ngilu da Hukumar Haɗin kai da Haɗin kai ta ƙasa ta yi. Gwamnan lardin Kiambu, Ferdinand Waititu, ya kai kara Charity Ngilu saboda tada zaune tsaye. Matakin Ngilu ya jawo tsaro daga shugabanni a yankin gabashin Kenya, wanda aka fi sani da Ukambani Ngilu ya samu umarnin kotu da ya hana ‘yan sanda kama ta kan garwashin. Aiwatar da dokar hana safarar gawayi na da matsala dangane da zargin cewa jami'an gwamnatin karamar hukumar Kitui na hada baki da masu safarar gawayi domin karya umarnin Ngilu. Matsalar kuma ta ja hankalin jama'a kan yadda za a aiwatar da haramcin. Dangantaka da Majalisar Karamar Hukuma A cikin shekaru biyun farko na mulkinta na Gwamna, Charity ta samu rashin jituwa tsakaninta da mambobin Majalisar Kitui. A watan Disamba na 2018, an zargi Charity da jinkirta sakin albashi ga 'yan majalisar gundumar. An ba da rahoton sadaka da membobin majalisa don haɓaka kyakkyawar alaƙar aiki a cikin 2019. Charity ta zargi majalisar da jinkirta gabatar da karin kasafin kudi ba bisa ka'ida ba har zuwa watan Mayun 2020 yayin da ya rage saura wata guda a karshen shekarar kudi. Matsalolin Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta County A farkon rabin shekarar 2020, Majalisar gundumar ta ki amincewa da wadanda ta zaba zuwa Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a (CPSB). Wa'adin hukumar da'ar ma'aikata ta farko a karamar hukumar ya kare a shekarar 2019. Kin amincewar ta taso ne bayan abin da Charity Ngilu ta yi la'akari da jinkirin da bai dace ba da ta dora wa shugaban majalisar Mista George Ndoto. Charity ta ci gaba da dora laifin kin amincewar da aka yi mata a kan abin da ta dauki katsalandan a siyasar cikin gida da Kalonzo Musyoka, shugaban jam'iyyar Wiper Democratic Party ya yi. An ba da rahoton jinkiri na nadin membobin Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a na County na kawo cikas ga daukar karin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don inganta yakin da gundumar ta yi da cutar ta COVID-19 Babban Zaben 2022 A zaben 2022 Ngilu ya goyi bayan takarar Raila Odinga na neman shugabancin kasar. Ko da yake hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta (IEBC) ta wanke ta don kare kujerarta a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Kitui, daga baya za ta janye takararta domin goyon bayan Julius Malombe na jam'iyyar Wiper Ana zargin ta na neman wani babban mukami a karkashin jagorancin Raila Odinga Azimio la Umoja gwamnatin hadaka ta Kenya idan har kawancen zai lashe zaben watan Agusta. Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Kenya A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2012 kungiyar lauyoyi ta Kenya ta bayyana Ngilu a matsayin daya daga cikin jami'an gwamnati a cikin rahotanni daban-daban kan batutuwan da suka hada da cin hanci da rashawa zuwa laifukan tattalin arziki. Al’ummar ta shawarci masu kada kuri’a da kada su kada kuri’ar wadanda aka ambata a cikin rahoton kamar yadda suka yi a baya. Tashin hankali 2013 A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013, majalisar dokokin Kenya ta 11 ta yi muhawara game da halinta a matsayinta na sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane. Majalisar dai na aiki ne da shawarwarin da wani kwamiti na musamman wanda aikin sa shi ne ya binciki yadda ta nada sabon darakta a ma'aikatarta ba tare da shigar da majalisar dokokin kasar ba kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Kenya ya tanada. Rayuwa ta sirri Mijinta, Michael Mwendwa Ngilu, ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2006 a Afirka ta Kudu. Charity Ngilu tana da yara uku Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/1125.cfm Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1952 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Ajiba

Tafsir Ibn Ajiba

Al-Bahr al-Madeed fi Tafsirul Qur'an al-Majeed Teku Mai Fadi A cikin Tafsirin Alqur'ani Mai Girma ko kuma ba da jimawa ba mai suna al-Baḥr al-Madīd English: wanda aka fi sani da Tafsiri Ibn 'Ajiba aiki ne na tafsirin Sufanci na Sunna, wanda Malikiyya malamin Ash'ari Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1224/1809), wanda ya kasance yana bin umarnin Shadhili Darqawi Articles containing Arabic-language text Ita ce kawai tafsirin Ƙur'ani na gargajiya wanda ya ba da tafsirin tsattsauran ra'ayi da na sufanci, ishara ta ruhi ga kowace aya ta Kur'ani, tana haɗa tafsirin gargajiya tare da tunani na ruhaniya, da bincika ma'anar zahiri da ɓoye na nassi mai tsarki. Mai karatu zai sami tafsiri mai ban sha'awa da na esoteric a kan mafi yawan ayoyin Ƙur'ani, sannan zai gano zurfafan da Sufaye suka fahimci maganar Ƙur'ani tsawon shekaru aru-aru har zuwa zamanin marubuci. An rubuta tafsirin Ibn Ajiba a cikin kimanin shekaru biyar. Fage Ibn Ajiba ya dogara da tafsirinsa da madogara da dama, kamar yadda shi da kansa ya ambata a ƙarshen tafsirinsa, daga cikinsu akwai: Anwar al-Tanzil wa Asrar al-Ta'wil na NasirulDin al-Baydawi (d. 685/1286). Irshad al-Aql al-Salim ila Mazaya al-Kitab al-Karim na Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982/1574). Hashiya (labari) akan Tafsir al-Jalalayn na Abu Zayd 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi (d. 1096/1685). Al-Tashil li-Ulum al-Tanzil na Ibn Juzayy (d. 741/1340). Al-Kashf wa al-Bayan na Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi (d. 427/1035). Lata'if al-Isharat na Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri (d. 465/1074). Amma mabubbugar Hadisinsa, su ne manyan tarin Hadisai guda shida al-Kutub al-Sittah na Musulunci Ahlus Sunna da tafsirinsu masu daraja. Madogararsa na harshe su ne: Al-Alfiyya, al-Kafiyya al-Shafiyya na Ibn Malik, al-Tasheel na Ibn Hisham da littafan ma’anoni na Alkur’ani, kamar Ma’ani al-Qur’an na al-Farra’ da al-Zajjaj da kuma littattafan ƙamus/kamus, kamar al-Sihah na al-Jawhari, da Asas al-Balagha na al-Zamakhshari Yawancin mabubbugar Sufaye na tafsirinsa sun fito ne daga Arewacin Afirka, Andalus, ko Masar Ya kawo daga malamai kamar al-Junayd, al-Qushayri, al-Ghazali, al-Shadhili, al-Mursi, al-Sakandari, al-Darqawi, Muhammad al-Buzidi, al-Jili, al-Shushtari, al-Bistami, Zarruq ɗan Ruzbihan al-Baqli Har yanzu dai abin da Ibn Ajiba ya kawo daga Ruzbihan ba a kula da shi ba, domin Ibn Ajiba ya ambace shi da “al-Wartajbi” [Note 1] Game da marubucin Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba Shadhili ne Shaihin Darqawi wanda ya rubuta littafan Sufanci sama da 30. An haife shi a wani ƙauye kusa da Tetouan ga dangin sharifian, waɗanda suka samo asali daga ƙauyen tsaunin Andalusia da ake kira 'Ayn al-Rumman ("Baƙin Ruman"). Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna basirar ilimin addini kuma ya zama almajiri na gargajiya Hankalinsa ya canza lokacin da ya karanta (hikimomi ko aphoriss na Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari tare da sharhin Ibn 'Abbad al-Rundi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 792 AH/1390 miladiyya), wanda ya ba da gudunmawa wajen yaduwar ɗa'ar Shadiliyya a Magrib (arewa maso yammacin Afirka). Bayanan kula Duba kuma Tafsirin Nisaburi Jerin ayyukan tafsiri Jerin littafan Sunna Manazarta Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tafsir Ibn Ajiba Esoteric Hermeneutic na Ibn 'Ajiba Suratul Kausar: Sufi Tafsir: ibn 'Ajiba Abin lura Daga Mai Fassara: Tafsirin Ibn Ajiba na Aya ta 1-5 ta Suratul Kahf. Soyayyar Allah a cikin Al'adun Sufaye na Moroko: Ibn 'Ajība (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1224/1809) da tafsirinsa na Alkur'ani a cikin teku. Hanyar Falsafa a Tafsirin Kur'ani

9893

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi%20Amin

Idi Amin

Idi Amin Dada Oumee n; an haife shi a 16 August shekarar 2003) yakasance Dan'siyasan kasar Uganda ne kuma babban hafsan soja. Yazama Shugaban kasar Uganda daga shekarar 1971 zuwa 1979, mulkin ya samu suka dalilin irin yadda ya kunktata wa al'ummar kasar sa. An haife Amin a Koboko ko a Kampala a gidan mahaifinsa mutumin Kakwa da mahaifiyarsa ita kuma yar Lugbara ce. A 1946 ya shiga King's African Rifles (KAR) na sojojin mulkin mallakan Biritaniya. Da fari shi mai dafa abinci ne, inda yakaiga matsayin laftanar, yana daga cikin wadanda sukayi yaƙi a Somaliya Shifta War da kuma yan'ta'addan Mau Mau a Kenya. Bayan samun yancin Uganda daga United Kingdom a shekarar 1962, Amin yacigaba da kasancewa a Uganda People's Defense Force|armed forces, har yakaiga amatsayin manjo, inda aka nadashi kommanda a 1965. Amin nada sanayyar cewa Shugaban Uganda Milton Obote na shirin kama shi, domin ya barnatar da kudaden soja, sai Amin ya kaddamar da Kuu 1971 Ugandan coup d'état kuma ya tabbatar da kansa Shugaban kasa. Lokacin mulkin sa, Amin ya canja mulkin sa daga danrajin mulkin kasashen yamma, da samun cikakken taimako daga kasar Israela da taimakon da yasamu daga Muammar Gaddafi, Shugaban kasar Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko, kasar Soviet Union, da Gabashin Germany. A 1975, Amin yazama chairman na Organisation of African Unity (OAU), wanda me kokarin kawo cigaba da hadin kai a kasashen Afirika. lokacinsa daga 1977–1979, Uganda takasance mamba a United Nations Commission on Human Rights. a 1977, bayan UK ta yanke alaka tareda kasarsa ta Uganda, Amin ya bayyana cewar yasamu nasara cin kasar Britaniya da yaki kuma yafara amfani da "CBE", Wanda me nufin "Conqueror of the British Empire" wato wanda yasamu galabar daular Biritaniya, amatsayin lakabinsq. Sai gidan radiyon Uganda Broadcasting Corporation|Radio Uganda ta bayyana dukkanin lakabin da za'a rika kiransa dasu: "His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Alhaji Dr. Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, CBE". Bayan Amin yacigaba da mulkin har 1970s, sai karin rashin yarda yacigaba da karuwa sanadiyar cutarwarsa da yarika nunawa wasu kabilu da yan'siyasan da basu goyon bayansa, tareda irin talaucin da kasar Uganda me ciki, da taimakawa yan ta'addan Operation Entebbe, haka yasa kasar fadawa cikin rikici. Sanda Amin me shirin komawa Tanzania zuwa Yankin Kagera a shekarar 1978, sai Shugaban kasar Tanzania Julius Nyerere yatura mayakansa suka farma Uganda–Tanzania War|invade Uganda; suka kowace birnin Kampala Dan tunbuke Amin daga mulki. Sai Amin yafice gudu kasar waje, da farko yasauka a Libya da kuma Saudiya, inda yacigaba da rayuwa harsanda yarasu a 16 August 2003. Ana danganta Mulkin Amin amatsayin wadda ke tattare da cinzarafin dan'adam human rights, abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, political corruption|corruption, da kuma gross Financial mismanagement|economic mismanagement. Mutanen da aka kashe karkashin mulkin sa, ankiyasta cewar sunkai dubu Dari zuwa sama, daga nazarin international observers to 500,000. Farkon Rayuwarsa Shiga makarantar sojojin King's African Rifles Tasowa acikin sojojin Uganda Karbar mulki Shugabancin Kasa Kirkira da jagoranci akan mulkin soja Kisan wasu kabilu da kuma bangarorin siyasa Alaka da kasashen waje Korarsa da kuma guduwa Rashin lapiyarsa da kuma mutuwa Yanuwansa da abokan arziki Dabi'a Sunayen lakabi dabiu marar kyau, sunayen daya sakawa kansa, dakuma wadanda ya samu Abubuwan tunawa Al'ada sananna MAnazarci 'Yan siyasan Uganda Shugabannin

31369

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwan%20gurabatattun%20Robobi

Ruwan gurabatattun Robobi

Ruwan gurbatattun robobi wani nau'i ne na gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar robobi, wanda ya bambanta da girman girman daga manyan kayan asali kamar kwalabe,da jaka, har zuwa microplastics da aka samo daga rarrabuwar kayan filastik. tarkacen ruwa an fi zubar da dattin ɗan adam wanda ke yawo a kai, ko kuma aka dakatar da shi a cikin teku. Kashi tamanin na tarkacen ruwa robobi ne. Matsalolin Microplastics da nanoplastics suna haifar da lalacewa ko lalatawar sharar filastik a cikin ruwan saman, koguna ko tekuna. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun gano nanoplastics a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa, musamman game da tan 3000 da ke rufe Switzerland kowace shekara. An yi kiyasin cewa akwai tarin tarkacen ruwan robobi na tan miliyan 86 a cikin tekun duniya ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2013, inda aka yi zaton kashi 1.4% na robobin da ake samarwa a duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2013 sun shiga, cikin tekun kuma sun taru a can. An ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na robobi na zubewa cikin halittun ruwa a cikin shekara. Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Tekun 2017 ya kiyasta cewa tekuna na iya ƙunsar nauyi a cikin robobi fiye da kifi nan da shekara ta 2050. Tekuna suna gurɓatar da ɓarbashi na robobi masu girma daga manyan kayan asali kamar kwalabe da jakunkuna, har zuwa microplastics da aka samu daga rarrabuwar kayan filastik. Wannan abu yana raguwa a hankali ko kuma an cire shi daga cikin teku don haka barbashi na robobi a yanzu sun yaɗu a ko'ina cikin tekun kuma an san suna da illa ga rayuwar halittun ruwa. Jakunkuna na robobi da aka jefar, zoben fakiti guda shida, buhunan sigari da sauran nau'ikan sharar robobi da suka ƙare a cikin teku suna ba da haɗari ga namun daji da kamun kifi. Ana iya yin barazana ga rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar ruɗewa, shaƙewa, da sha.ref>Six pack rings hazard to wildlife helpwildlife.com</ref> Tarun kamun kifi, wanda yawanci aka yi da filastik, masunta za su iya barin ko ɓace a cikin teku. An san shi da ragamar fatalwa, waɗannan kifaye masu haɗaka, dolphins, kunkuru na teku, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, tsuntsayen teku, kaguwa, da sauran halittu, suna hana motsi, haifar da yunwa, laceration, kamuwa da cuta, kuma, a cikin waɗanda suke buƙatar komawa saman zuwa ga numfashi, shaƙewa. Akwai nau'ikan robobin teku daban-daban da ke haifar da matsala ga ruwa. An gano kwalabe a cikin kunkuru da tsuntsayen teku, waɗanda suka mutu saboda toshewar hanyoyin numfashi da na narkewar abinci. Rukunin fatalwa kuma nau'in robobin teku ne mai matsala saboda suna iya ci gaba da kama rayuwar ruwa a cikin tsarin da aka sani da "fatalwa kifi". Mafi girma 10 da ke fitar da gurɓacewar filastik teku a duniya, daga mafi ƙanƙanta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Masar, Malaysia, Nigeria, da Bangladesh, sun fi girma ta cikin kogin Yangtze, Indus., Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the Mekong, da kuma lissafin kashi 90 cikin 100 na dukkan robobin da ke isa tekunan duniya. Asiya ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da sharar robobi da ba a sarrafa ba, inda China kaɗai ke da nauyin metric ton miliyan 2.4. Filastik suna taruwa ne saboda ba sa lalacewa kamar yadda sauran abubuwa ke yi. Za su yi photodegrade a kan fallasa rana, amma suna yin haka da kyau kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin bushe, kuma ruwa yana hana wannan tsari. A cikin mahalli na ruwa, robobin da aka lalatar da su yana tarwatsewa zuwa ƙananan ƙananan guda yayin da sauran polymers, har zuwa matakin ƙwayoyin cuta. Lokacin da ɓarbashi na filastik masu iyo suna yin hoto zuwa girman zooplankton, jellyfish yayi ƙoƙarin cinye su, kuma ta wannan hanyar filastik ta shiga cikin sarkar abinci na teku. Magani ga gurɓataccen filastik na ruwa, tare da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin gaba ɗaya za a haɗa su tare da canje-canje a cikin masana'antu da ayyukan marufi, da raguwar amfani, musamman, samfuran filastik guda ɗaya ko gajere. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa don tsaftace robobi a cikin tekuna ciki har da tarko ɓarɓashi na robobi a bakin kogi kafin shiga cikin teku, da kuma tsaftace magudanar ruwa. Iyakar matsalar Ana gane gurɓacewar ruwa da abubuwan filastik ke haifarwa a matsayin batu mafi girman girma, daga yanayin ƙazanta. Yawancin robobin da ake amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane ba a sake yin amfani da su, har zuwa kashi 90% kuma sama da tan miliyan 8 na sharar filastik ana jefa su cikin teku duk shekara. Idan aka ci gaba da haka, to nan da shekara ta 2050 za a samu robobi fiye da kifaye a duniya da nauyi. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni, an ƙirƙiri ƙarin robobi fiye da duk filastik a tarihi har zuwa shekara ta 2000 kuma yawancin robobin ba a sake sarrafa su ba. Akwai kimanin nau'in filastik tiriliyan 15 zuwa 51 a cikin dukkan tekunan duniya da suka tashi daga saman teku zuwa benen teku. Tekuna su ne mafi zurfi a duniya kuma mafi fa'ida ta ruwa tare da matsakaicin zurfin filayen abyssal yana da kusan kilomita 4 ƙarƙashin matakin teku. Ƙarƙashin nauyi zai motsa a dabi'a da canja wurin kayan daga ƙasa zuwa teku, tare da tekun ya zama wurin ajiyar ƙarshe. Ɗaya daga cikin kiyasin samar da filastik na tarihi ya ba da adadi na metric tonnes (Mt) miliyan 8300 don samar da robobi na duniya har zuwa 2015, wanda kashi 79 cikin 100 an tara a cikin wuraren zubar da ruwa ko kuma yanayin yanayi. Kimanin tan miliyan 8 na sharar filastik na shiga cikin tekunan kowace shekara. A cewar ICUN, wannan adadin ya ƙaru zuwa tan miliyan 14 na filastik. Rashin gurɓataccen filastik na teku yana da ban mamaki don girman kasancewarsa, daga ramukan teku, a cikin zurfin ruwa mai zurfi, a kan tekun teku da ƙwanƙolin teku zuwa saman teku da gaɓar teku. Ko da tsibirin atolls masu nisa na iya samun rairayin bakin teku masu cike da robobi daga tushe mai nisa. A saman teku, tarkacen filastik yana mai da hankali a cikin sifofin madauwari na babban yanki, wanda ake kira da gyres ocean. Gine-ginen teku suna samuwa a cikin dukkan tekuna, saboda mu'amalar igiyoyin tekun na duniya. Magudanar ruwa na teku suna tattara sharar filastik a cikin gyres. Ana ƙara ƙera robobi saboda sassauƙansu, gyare-gyare da halaye masu ɗorewa, wanda ke ba da filastik tare da ɗimbin aikace-aikace masu amfani. Filastik suna da matuƙar juriya ga tsarin yanayin yanayi wanda ke rushe wasu abubuwa da yawa a saman duniya. Tsarin teku, gami da guguwa, aikin igiyar ruwa, magudanar ruwa, hydration, da fallasa saman ga tsarin yanayin yanayi (misali iskar shaka) da hasken ultraviolet, ayan karya ɓarɓashi filastik cikin girma masu raguwa (sakamakon microplastics), maimakon organically narkewa. ko sinadarai canza kayan filastik. Ƙididdiga na jimlar adadin da nauyin robobi a cikin yankuna biyar na tekun gyre filastik sun kasance na tsari na ɓarɓashi tiriliyan 5.25 masu nauyin kusan tan 300,000. Rage girman ƙwayoyin filastik zuwa millimita da ƙananan ma'auni suna ba da damar filastik don daidaitawa a cikin ruwan teku mai zurfi, tare da watakila sau hudu fiye da filastik da ke ƙarewa a cikin sediments idan aka kwatanta da ruwan teku. Filastik yanzu wani bangare ne na hadaddun kemikal na kwayoyin halitta tare da rayayyun halittu, irin su cetaceans, tsuntsun teku, dabbobi masu shayarwa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, masu shigar da robobi. Fiye da tan miliyan 300 na robobi ake samar da su kowace shekara, rabinsu ana amfani da su a cikin samfuran amfani guda ɗaya kamar kofuna, jakunkuna, da marufi. An kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na robobi na zubewa cikin halittun ruwa a shekara. Ba shi yiwuwa a san tabbas, amma an kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin tan miliyan 150 na robobi a cikin tekunan mu. Gurbacewar robobi na samar da kashi 80% na duk tarkacen ruwa daga saman ruwa zuwa magudanan ruwa mai zurfi. Saboda robobi suna da haske, yawancin wannan gurɓacewar ana ganin su a ciki da wajen tekun, amma a halin yanzu ana samun sharar filastik da barbashi a mafi yawan wuraren zama na ruwa da na ƙasa, gami da teku mai zurfi, Manyan Tafkuna, murjani reefs, rairayin bakin teku, koguna, da rairayin bakin teku. Shaidar da ta fi daukar hankulan jama’a kan matsalar robobin teku ita ce tarkacen datti da ke taruwa a yankunan gyale. Gire shine madauwari mai da'ira ta hanyar iskar duniya da kuma ƙarfin jujjuyawar duniya. Akwai manyan ginshiƙan teku guda biyar: Arewa da Kudancin Pacific Subtropical Gyres, Arewa da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika Gyre, da Gyre Subtropical Tekun Indiya. Akwai mahimman facin datti a kowanne ɗayan waɗannan. Manyan sharar robobi za a iya cinye su ta hanyar nau'in ruwa, suna cika cikinsu kuma ya kai su ga yarda cewa sun cika yayin da a zahiri ba su da wani abu na abinci mai gina jiki. Wannan na iya kawo tsuntsayen teku, Whales, kifi, da kunkuru su mutu saboda yunwa tare da cike da robobi. Hakanan ana iya shaƙa nau'in magudanar ruwa ko kuma a haɗa su cikin dattin filastik. Babbar barazanar gurɓacewar filastik teku ta fito ne daga microplastics. Waɗannan ƙananan tarkace ne na tarkacen filastik, wasu daga cikinsu an samar da su don zama wannan ƙananan kamar microbeads. Sauran microplastics sun fito ne daga yanayin babban sharar filastik. Da zarar manyan sharar filastik sun shiga cikin teku, ko kowace hanyar ruwa, hasken rana, yanayin zafi, zafi, raƙuman ruwa, da iska suna fara karya robobin zuwa guntu mai tsayi fiye da millimita biyar. Hakanan za'a iya rushe robobi ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su ci tarkacen robobi, su wargaje su ƙanƙanta, ko dai su fitar da waɗannan microplastics ko kuma su tofa su. A cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, an gano cewa amphipods na nau'in Orchestia gammarellus na iya cinye guntuwar buhunan robobi cikin sauri, tare da tarwatsa buhu ɗaya zuwa gaɓoɓin ɓangarorin microscopic miliyan 1.75. Duk da cewa robobin ya karye, amma har yanzu wani abu ne da mutum ya yi wanda ba ya lalacewa. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 90% na robobi a cikin mahallin marine pelagic sune microplastics. Wadannan microplastics ana yawan cinye su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ruwa a gindin sarkar abinci, kamar plankton da tsutsa na kifi, wanda ke haifar da tarin filastik da aka ci sama da sarkar abinci. Ana samar da robobi ne da sinadarai masu guba, don haka wadannan abubuwa masu guba suna shiga cikin sarkar abinci na ruwa, ciki har da kifin da wasu mutane ke ci. Nau'in tushe da adadin kuɗi Sharar da robobin da ke shiga cikin teku yana karuwa kowace shekara tare da yawancin robobin da ke shiga cikin tekun suna cikin barbashi kasa da milimita 5. an kiyasta cewa akwai kusan tan miliyan 150 na gurbacewar filastik a cikin tekunan duniya, wanda aka ƙiyasta ya kai tan miliyan 250 a shekarar 2025. Wani bincike ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 2012, ya kai kusan tan miliyan 165. A shekara ta 2020 wani bincike ya gano cewa Tekun Atlantika ya ƙunshi robobi kusan sau goma fiye da yadda ake zato. Mafi girman nau'in gurɓataccen filastik guda ɗaya (~10 kuma yawancin manyan robobi a cikin teku ana watsar da su kuma ana asarar gidajensu daga masana'antar kamun kifi. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Wani bincike da aka yi kiyasin cewa akwai fiye da tiriliyan 5 na robobi (wanda aka siffanta su zuwa nau'o'i huɗu na ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, manyan microplastics, meso- da macroplastics) suna shawagi a teku. A cikin 2020, sabbin ma'auni sun sami fiye da ninki 10 na filastik a cikin Tekun Atlantika fiye da yadda aka yi ƙiyasin a can. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, lokacin da bincike ya nuna yawancin gurbatar robobin teku suna fitowa ne daga jiragen dakon kaya na kasar Sin, mai magana da yawun tsaftar teku ya ce: “Kowa yana magana ne game da ceton tekunan ta hanyar dakatar da amfani da jakunkuna, bambaro da marufi guda daya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, amma idan muka tashi a kan teku, ba lallai ba ne abin da muke samu ba." Kusan kashi 20% na tarkacen filastik da ke gurbata ruwan teku, wanda ke fassara zuwa tan miliyan 5.6, ya fito ne daga tushen teku. MARPOL, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, "ta sanya cikakken hana zubar da robobi a teku". Jiragen ƴan kasuwa suna korar kaya, najasa, kayan aikin likita da aka yi amfani da su, da sauran nau'ikan sharar da ke dauke da robobi a cikin teku. A Amurka, Dokar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta 1987 ta hana fitar da robobi a cikin teku, gami da jiragen ruwa na ruwa. Jiragen ruwa da na bincike suna fitar da sharar gida da kayan aikin soja waɗanda ake ganin ba lallai ba ne. Sana'ar jin daɗi tana sakin kayan kamun kifi da sauran nau'ikan sharar gida, ko dai da gangan ko ta hanyar sakaci. Mafi girma tushen tushen gurbataccen robobi a cikin teku ana jefar da kayan kamun kifi (ciki har da tarkuna da taruna), an ƙiyasta ya kai kashi 90% na tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare. Litattafan roba na nahiyoyi na shiga cikin tekun ta hanyar guguwar ruwa, da ke kwarara cikin magudanan ruwa ko kuma a watsar da su kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwan bakin teku. An nuna robobi a cikin teku yana bin magudanar ruwa wanda a ƙarshe ya zama abin da ake kira Great Garbage Patches. Sanin hanyoyin da robobi ke bi a cikin magudanan ruwa na zuwa ne daga fadowar kwantena na bazata daga masu jigilar kayayyaki. Alal misali, a watan Mayun 1990 Jirgin Hansa, wanda ya tashi daga Koriya zuwa Amurka, ya rabu saboda guguwa, wanda ya haifar da dubban takalma da aka zubar; Waɗannan daga ƙarshe sun fara nunawa a gabar tekun yammacin Amurka, da Hawaii. Tasirin microplastic da macroplastic a cikin teku ba a fuskantar kutse kai tsaye ta hanyar zubar da robobi a cikin halittun ruwa, amma ta gurbatattun koguna waɗanda ke kaiwa ko ƙirƙirar hanyoyin shiga tekuna a duk faɗin duniya. Koguna na iya yin aiki azaman tushen tushe ko nutsewa dangane da mahallin. Koguna suna karɓa kuma suna tattara yawancin filastik amma kuma suna iya hana kaso mai kyau shiga cikin teku. Koguna sune tushen gurɓacewar filastik a cikin yanayin ruwa suna ba da gudummawa kusan 80% a cikin binciken kwanan nan. Adadin robobin da aka rubuta yana cikin teku ya yi ƙasa da adadin robobin da ke shiga cikin teku a kowane lokaci. A cewar wani binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya, akwai manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan macroplastic "manyan goma" waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mabukaci kawai (wanda ke cikin teburin da ke ƙasa). A cikin wannan binciken, an ƙidaya abubuwa 192,213 da aka ƙidaya tare da matsakaita na 71% kasancewa filastik kuma 59% sune abubuwan macroplastic masu alaƙa da mabukaci. Ko da yake gurbatar ruwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwan robobi a cikin ruwa, babu wani bincike da aka yi da kuma tattara bayanai na yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga ruwa zuwa ruwa. Yawancin takardu sun kammala cewa akwai ƙarancin tattara bayanai na tarkacen filastik a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da kuma yanayin ƙasa, kodayake waɗannan sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa. Bukatar canjin manufofi a cikin samarwa, amfani, zubarwa, da sarrafa sharar gida yana da mahimmanci don rage adadin da yuwuwar filastik don shiga wuraren ruwa mai tsabta. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1994 a kan gadon teku ta hanyar amfani da tarunan kwalwa a arewa-maso-yammacin Bahar Rum a kusa da gaɓar tekun Spain, Faransa, da Italiya, ya ba da rahoton ma'anar tarin tarkace na abubuwa 1,935 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. tarkacen filastik ya kai kashi 77%, wanda kashi 93% na buhunan filastik ne. Tushen tushen gurɓacewar filastik teku Ƙididdiga don gudummawar robobi na tushen ƙasa sun bambanta sosai. Yayin da wani bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 na tarkacen robobi a cikin ruwan teku sun fito ne daga tushen ƙasa, wanda ke da alhakin kowace shekara. A cikin 2015, an ƙididdige cewa na sharar filastik an samar da shi a cikin ƙasashe 192 na bakin teku a cikin 2010, tare da shiga cikin teku kashi na kawai har zuwa 5%. A cikin wani binciken da Kimiyya ta buga, Jambeck et al (2015) ya kiyasta cewa 10 mafi girma masu fitar da gurɓata ce filastik na teku a duniya, daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Masar, Malaysia, Najeriya, da Bangladesh. Wata majiya da ta haifar da damuwa ita ce zubar da ƙasa Yawancin sharar gida a cikin nau'in filastik a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa abubuwa ne masu amfani guda ɗaya kamar marufi. Yin watsi da robobi ta wannan hanya yana haifar da tarawa. Ko da yake zubar da sharar robobi a cikin wuraren shara yana da ƙasa da haɗarin hayaƙin iskar gas fiye da zubarwa ta hanyar ƙonawa, tsohon yana da iyakokin sarari. Wani abin damuwa shi ne cewa masu layin da ke aiki a matsayin matakan kariya tsakanin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa da muhalli na iya karyewa, ta haka za su zubar da guba da kuma gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa da ke kusa. Wuraren da ke kusa da teku sukan ba da gudummawa ga tarkacen teku saboda abubuwan cikin sauƙi ana share su kuma ana jigilar su zuwa teku ta hanyar iska ko ƙananan magudanan ruwa kamar koguna da koguna. Har ila yau, tarkacen ruwa na iya haifar da ruwan najasa wanda ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba, wanda a ƙarshe ake kai shi cikin teku ta koguna. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar abubuwan robobin da aka jefar ba daidai ba zuwa cikin tekuna ta cikin ruwa da mai haɗari. Nurdles Ƙananan Robobis Babban damuwa game da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa shine amfani da microplastics. Microplastics gefe ne na filastik ƙasa da faɗin milimita 5, kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin sabulun hannu, masu wanke fuska, da sauran abubuwan cirewa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da waɗannan samfuran, ƙwayoyin microplastics suna bi ta hanyar tsarin tace ruwa zuwa cikin teku, amma saboda ƙananan girmansu da alama za su iya tserewa kamawa ta hanyar allon jiyya na farko akan tsire-tsire na ruwa. Waɗannan gefen suna da illa ga halittun da ke cikin teku, musamman masu tace abinci, domin suna iya shiga cikin sauki cikin robobi kuma su yi rashin lafiya. Microplastics suna da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana da wuya a tsaftace su saboda girmansu, don haka mutane na iya ƙoƙarin guje wa amfani da waɗannan robobi masu cutarwa ta hanyar siyan samfuran da ke amfani da abubuwan da ba su dace da muhalli ba. Saboda ana amfani da filastik sosai a duk faɗin duniya, microplastics sun zama tartsatsi a cikin yanayin ruwa. Misali, ana iya samun microplastics akan rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da ruwan saman da kuma a cikin ginshiƙin ruwa da zurfin ruwan teku. Ana kuma samun nau'ikan halittun ruwa kamar matattun kayan halitta (nama da harsashi) da wasu barbashi na ƙasa (waɗanda iska ke hura su kuma a kai su cikin teku ta koguna). Bayan isa ga mahalli na ruwa, makomar microplastics tana ƙarƙashin direbobin da ke faruwa a zahiri, kamar iskoki da igiyoyin ruwa na saman teku. Samfuran ƙididdiga suna iya gano ƙananan tarkacen filastik (micro- da meso-robobi) da ke yawo a cikin teku, don haka yin hasashen makomarsu. Microplastics suna shiga hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da lalacewar fenti na titi, lalacewar taya da kurar birni da ke shiga magudanan ruwa, pellet ɗin robobi da suka zubo daga kwantena na jigilar kayayyaki, tarun fatalwa da sauran yadudduka na roba da aka zubar a cikin teku, kayan kwalliya da kayan wanki da ke shiga cikin ruwan najasa da kayan rigunan ruwa. a kan jirãge wulãkanci. Wasu microplastics suna barin teku suna shiga iska, kamar yadda masu bincike daga Jami'ar Strathclyde suka gano a cikin 2020. Wasu sun kasance a saman teku; Microplastics suna da kashi 92% na tarkacen filastik a saman teku, a cewar wani bincike na 2018. Wasu kuma suna nutsewa zuwa saman teku. Hukumar kimiya ta kasa ta Ostiraliya CSIRO ta kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 14 na microplastics sun riga sun kasance a saman teku a cikin 2020. Wannan yana wakiltar ƙaruwa daga ƙiyasin 2015 cewa tekunan duniya sun ƙunshi metric ton dubu 93-236 na microplastics da kuma kiyasin 2018 na tan dubu 270. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Nazarin rarraba tarkacen filastik saman gabashin tekun Pacific (ba musamman microplastic ba, ko da yake, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yawancin yuwuwar microplastic) yana taimakawa wajen kwatanta karuwar yawan robobi a cikin teku. Ta hanyar yin amfani da bayanai akan ƙwayar filastik ta saman (yankuna na filastik a kowace km 2 daga 1972 zuwa 1985 (n=60) da 2002-2012 (n 457) a cikin yanki ɗaya na tara filastik, binciken ya gano ma'anar ƙimar ƙwayar filastik tsakanin saitin bayanai guda biyu, gami da haɓakar ninki 10 na 18,160 zuwa 189,800 na filastik a kowace kilomita 2 Microplastics na Arctic Ocean sun fito ne daga tushen Atlantic, musamman Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Wani bincike ya gano cewa, an gano wasu na'urorin da ake kira da microplastics daga tekuna a cikin iskar teku. An tabbatar da shigar da robobi ta halittun ruwa a cikin zurfin teku. An samo microplastic a cikin ciki na amphipods na magana da aka samo daga Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, Kermadec, New Hebrides da kuma ramukan Peru-Chile. Amphipods na Mariana Trench an gwada su a 10,890 m kuma duk sun ƙunshi microfibres. Microplastics na iya maida hankali a cikin gills da hanji na rayuwar ruwa kuma suna iya tsoma baki tare da halayen ciyar da su, yawanci yana haifar da mutuwa. Ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin microplastics na iya yin babban tasiri akan hanyar samun abinci, don haka canza yanayin muhalli da ba da gudummawa ga asarar bambancin halittu

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville

Greenville

Greenville nvɪl a gida nvəl birni ne, da ke a yankin, kuma kujerun yankin Greenville County, na Kudancin Carolina, na Amurka.Tare da kimanin mutane 70,635 kamar na 2019, shine birni na shida mafi girma a cikin jihar. Greenville yana da kusan rabin tsakanin Atlanta, Georgia, da Charlotte, North Carolina, tare da babbar hanyar 85, kuma babban birninta ya hada da Interstates 185 da 385. Greenville shine birni na huɗu mafi saurin ci gaba a Amurka tsakanin 2015 da 2016, a cewar Ofishin alkaluman Amurka. Yawan yankuna da ke kewaye ya kasance 400,492 kamar na 2010, yana mai da shi na uku-mafi girma a cikin birane a cikin South Carolina da kuma ci gaba cikin sauri. Greenville shine birni mafi girma a cikin Yankin Metididdigar Metropolitan na Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin. MSA tana da yawan mutane 920,477 a cikin 2019, yana mai da ita mafi girma a South Carolina kuma na uku mafi girma a cikin Carolinas. Greenville ita ce birni mafi girma a cikin villeididdigar Greenididdigar Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, wani yanki na gundumomi 10 na arewa maso yammacin South Carolina da aka sani da "The Upstate". A cewar ensusidayar Bureauidaya ta Amurka, CSA tana da yawan mutane 1,475,235 kamar na 2019, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama CSA mafi girma a cikin jihar. Tarihi Daga Cherokee Land zuwa Gundumar Greenville Falls Park da McBee's Mill a cikin 1844. Ofasar Greenville ta yau ta kasance filin farauta na Cherokee, wanda aka haramta wa masu mulkin mallaka. Wani hamshakin mai kudi daga Virginia mai suna Richard Pearis ya isa South Carolina a wajajen 1754 kuma ya kulla dangantaka da Cherokee. Pearis yana da ɗa tare da matar Cherokee kuma ya karɓi eka dubu 100 (ar 40,000) daga Cherokee a kusa da 1770. Pearis ya kafa shuka a kan Kogin Reedy da ake kira Great Plains a cikin garin Greenville na yanzu. Juyin Juya Halin Amurka ya raba ƙasar Kudancin Carolina tsakanin Masu biyayya da Patan ƙasa. Pearis ya goyi bayan yalan Aminci kuma tare da ƙawayensu, Cherokee. Bayan Cherokee ya kai hari ga Patriots, Patriots sun rama ta hanyar kona gonar Pearis kuma suka kulle shi a Charleston. Pearis bai sake komawa gonarsa ba amma an kira sunan tsaunin Paris da shi. Yarjejeniyar Kusurwa ta Dewitt a cikin 1777 ta ba da kusan duk ƙasar Cherokee, gami da Greenville ta yau, zuwa South Carolina. An kirkiro gundumar Greenville ne a shekarar 1786. Wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa an sanya mata sunan ne saboda kamanninta, yayin da wasu kuma suka ce an sanya wa yankin sunan Janar Nathanael Greene ne don girmama aikinsa a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka. Lemuel J. Alston ya zo Gundumar Greenville a cikin 1788 kuma ya sayi kadada 400 (160 ha) da wani yanki na tsohuwar shukar Pearis. A cikin 1797 Alston yayi amfani da mallakar ƙasarsa don kafa ƙauye mai suna Pleasantburg inda ya kuma gina katafaren gida. A 1816, Vardry McBee ya sayi ƙasar Alston, wanda kuma ya bayar da hayar gidan Alston din don hutun bazara, kafin ya gina gidan daga 1835 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1864. An ɗauka shi ne mahaifin Greenville, McBee ya ba da gudummawar ƙasa don gine-gine da yawa kamar su coci-coci, makarantu, da kuma injin auduga. McBee ne ya dauki nauyin Jami'ar Furman wanda ya taimaka aka kawo jami'ar zuwa Greenville daga Winnsboro, South Carolina a 1851. A 1853 McBee da sauran shugabannin Greenville County sun ba da gudummawar sabuwar hanyar jirgin kasa da ake kira Greenville da Columbia Railroad. Greenville ya bunkasa zuwa kusan 1,000 a cikin 1850s saboda haɓakar gudummawar McBee da kuma jan hankalin garin a matsayin wurin hutu na baƙi. A cikin Pleasantburg an haɗa shi azaman Greenville. Terarshen karni na 19 Greenville da Railway na Arewa a cikin 1890s wanda aka canza shi zuwa Swamp Rabbit Trail a cikin 2010.A watan Disamba 1860 Greenville ya goyi bayan babban taro don mahawara kan batun ballewa daga Kudancin Carolina. Yankin Greenville ya tura James Furman, William K. Easley, Perry E. Duncan, William H. Campbell, da James P. Harrison a matsayin wakilan taron. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1860, babban taron jihar South Carolina, tare da wakilan Greenville, suka kada kuri’ar ballewa daga Tarayyar. Greenungiyar Greenville ta ba da sojoji sama da 2,000 ga Statesungiyar edeasashe. Garin ya ba da abinci, tufafi, da bindigogi ga edeungiyoyin edeungiyoyi. Greenville bai ga wani aiki ba daga yaƙin har zuwa 1865 lokacin da sojojin Union suka zo ta cikin garin suna neman Shugaba Jefferson Davis na edeungiyoyin edeungiyoyi waɗanda suka gudu kudu daga Richmond, Virginia. A watan Yunin 1865 Andrew Johnson ya nada ɗan asalin County Benjaminville Benjamin Franklin Perry a matsayin Gwamnan South Carolina. A watan Fabrairu 1869, Babban taron Majalisar S. C. wanda ya kafa Greenville, garin, birni ne ya gyara kundin tsarin mulkin garin Greenville. Gine-gine ya bunƙasa a cikin 1870s kamar kafa gada a kan Kogin Reedy, sabbin masarufi a kan kogin da sabbin hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. An kafa Greenville News ne a cikin 1874 a matsayin jaridar farko ta Greenville ta yau da kullun. Southern Bell sun saka layukan tarho na farko a cikin garin. Mafi mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa da suka zo garin sune masana'antar auduga. Manyan sanannun kasuwancin auduga sun yi aiki kusa da Greenville wanda ya mai da shi garin niƙan garin auduga. Zuwa shekarar 1915 Greenville ya zama sananne da "Cibiyar Masakar ta Kudu Daga shekarar 1915 zuwa 2004, garin ya karbi bakuncin wani muhimmin bikin baje kolin kayayyakin masaku, watau Bayyanar Kudancin Kudu. 20th karni Babban titin kusa da 1910 A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Greenville ya kasance cibiyar sansanin horar da sojoji. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya an faɗaɗa ayyukan kasuwanci tare da sabbin gidajen silima da manyan shagunan kasuwa. An rusa Gidan ansionasa kuma an maye gurbinsa da Poinsett Hotel a 1925. Babban Tsananin Cutar ya cutar da tattalin arzikin Greenville wanda ya tilasta masana'antun barin ma'aikata. Jami’ar Furman da Kwalejin Mata ta Greenville suma sun yi gwagwarmaya cikin durkushewar tattalin arziki wanda hakan ya tilasta musu hadewa a shekarar 1933. Yajin aikin Ma’aikatan yadika a shekarar 1934 ya haifar da irin wannan hayaniya a cikin gari da biranen da ke kusa da masu nika wanda ya zama dole ne Sojojin Kasa su shawo kan hargitsin. Sabuwar Yarjejeniya ta kafa Filin Wasannin Sirrine da sabon Makarantar Highville High School. An kafa sansanin sojin sama na Greenville Army a 1942 a lokacin yakin duniya na II wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Greenville. Greenville Main Post Office A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1947, wasu gungun galibin direbobin motocin tasi suka dauke shi, wani bakar fata da ake zargi da dabawa wani direban tasi wuka, daga dakin da yake kurkuku kuma suka kashe shi. An fara shari’ar maza farare talatin da daya a kan laifin; yawancin wadanda ake tuhumar sun sanya hannu kan ikirari, da yawa daga cikinsu sun sanya sunan Roosevelt Carlos Hurd a matsayin shugaban masu zanga-zangar da kuma mutumin da ya kashe Earle da bindiga. Ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1947, masu yanke hukunci na wasu fararen fata 12 sun yanke hukuncin rashin laifi ga kowane mai kare su.Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II tattalin arzikin Greenville ya haɓaka tare da kafa sabbin shaguna a cikin gari da faɗaɗa iyakokin birni. Jami'ar Furman ta ninka yawan dalibanta kuma ta koma sabon wuri. An kafa manyan makarantu kamar su Jami'ar Bob Jones a 1947 da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville a 1962 a Greenville. An kafa Filin Jirgin Sama na Greenville Spartanburg a Greer na kusa a cikin 1962. Tattalin arzikin Greenville a ƙarshe ya ɓace a cikin 1970s yana barin fanko a cikin garin Greenville saboda jirgin da yawa yan kasuwa suka yi. Magajin gari Max Heller sannan ya sake farfado da cikin garin Greenville tare da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Greenville County da Hughes Main Library. Daga nan aka sauya Main Street zuwa hanya mai layi biyu wacce aka yi layi da bishiyoyi da titunan titi. Tare da tallafin tarayya na 1978, an gina cibiyar taro da otal, wanda ya kawo kasuwancin yankin. Labarin kasa Greenville tana a 34 50'40 N 82 23′8 W (34.844313, −82.385428), daidai yake tsakanin Atlanta (mil mil 145 (nisan 233 kudu maso yamma), da Charlotte, North Carolina (mil mil 100) [Kilomita 160] arewa maso gabas). Columbia, babban birnin jihar, tana da nisan mil 100 (kilomita 160) zuwa kudu maso gabas. Cikin gari Greenville daga iska Greenville tana cikin tsaunukan tsaunukan Blue Ridge, wani yanki ne na yanayin tsaunukan tsaunukan Appalachian, kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan tsaunuka da yawa. Mountain tsaunin Sassafras, wuri mafi girma a Kudancin Carolina, yana arewacin Pickens County, ƙasa da mil 40 (kilomita 64) arewa maso yamma na Greenville. Yawancin gidajen telebijin da hasumiyar gidan rediyo suna kan Dutsen Paris, na biyu mafi shahara a wurin, mil 8 (kilomita 13) arewa da garin Greenville. Bisa ga Cidayar Ofishin ensusidaya na Amurka, Greenville tana da jimillar yanki na murabba'in mil 28.8 (74.6 km2), wanda a cikin murabba'in kilomita 28.7 (74.3 km2) ƙasa ce kuma murabba'in mil 0.2 (0.4 km2), ko 0.51%, ruwa ne. 23] Kogin Reedy, wani yanki ne na Kogin Saluda, yana ratsa tsakiyar garin. Greenville yana cikin Yankin Laifi na Brevard kuma yana da ƙananan ƙananan girgizar ƙasa lokaci-lokaci. Yanayi Greenville, kamar yawancin yankin Piedmont na kudu maso gabashin Amurka, yana da yanayin yanayin ruwa mai zafi (Köppen Cfa), tare da yanayi guda huɗu; garin na cikin USDA Hardiness zone 7b 8a. Winters gajere ne kuma gabaɗaya yana da sanyi, tare da matsakaicin matsakaiciyar Janairu a kowace rana na 42.2 F (5.7 C). A matsakaita, akwai dare 59 a kowace shekara waɗanda ke sauka zuwa ƙasa da daskarewa, kuma kwana 1.3 ne kawai waɗanda suka kasa tashi sama da daskarewa. [25] Afrilu shine watanni mafi bushewa, tare da matsakaita na inci 3.36 (mm 85) na hazo. Yanayin bazara suna da zafi da zafi, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin rana a watan Yuli na 79.9 F (26.6 C). Akwai matsakaita kwanaki 43 a kowace shekara tare da tsawo ko sama da 90 F (32 C). [25] Rikodin rikodin hukuma ya fara daga 107 F (42 C) a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012, zuwa -6 F (-21 C) a Janairu 30, 1966; Matsakaicin rikodin sanyi a kowace rana shine 19 F (-7 C) a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1917, yayin da, akasin haka, mafi ƙarancin rikodin rikodin yau da kullun shine 80 F (27 C) a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1937, na ƙarshe na lokuta uku [25] Matsakaicin taga don daskarewa yanayin yanayi shine 4 ga Nuwamba zuwa 1 ga Afrilu, yana ba da damar tsiro na 217. Kusan yawan ruwan sama ba kasafai yake faruwa ba a lokacin kaka fiye da lokacin bazara kuma, a matsakaici, Greenville yana karɓar inci 47.2 (1,200 mm) na hazo a kowace shekara, wanda ake rarraba shi daidai a ko'ina cikin shekara, kodayake lokacin rani yana da ɗan kaɗan; yanayin ruwan sama na shekara shekara ya kasance daga 31.08 a cikin (789 mm) a 2007 zuwa 72.53 a (1,842 mm) a cikin 1908. [25] Bugu da kari, akwai matsakaicin inci 4.7 (11.9 cm) na dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke faruwa galibi daga Janairu zuwa Maris, tare da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa a Nuwamba ko Afrilu. Frequentarin ruwan guguwa da kankara mai hade da ruwan sama suna faruwa a yankin Greenville; saukar dusar kankara ta wani yanayi a tarihi ya kasance daga adadin da aka gano kamar kwanan nan kamar yadda 2011-12 zuwa 21.4 a cikin (54 cm) a cikin 1935-36. Waɗannan guguwar na iya yin babban tasiri a yankin, saboda galibi suna jan ƙafafun bishiya a kan layukan wutar kuma suna sa tuki cikin haɗari. Doka da gwamnati Hallin garin Greenville Garin Greenville ya karɓi tsarin Majalissar-Manajan gwamnatin birni a shekarar 1976. Majalisar ta Greenville City ta ƙunshi magajin gari da mambobin majalisar shida. Magajin gari da membobin majalissar biyu an zaba su baki daya yayin da aka zabi sauran mambobin majalisar daga gundumomi masu mambobi daya. Kotun Karamar Hukumar ta Greenville tana kula da take hakki na laifi, keta haddi, da kuma keta dokar gari. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, magajin garin shine Knox H. White, wanda yake wannan matsayin tun watan Disambar 1995. An kafa Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda ta Greenville a 1845 a matsayin thean sanda na Greenville. A shekara ta 1876 Policean Sanda na Greenville sun zama Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda ta Greenville. A cikin 1976 Ofishin 'yan sanda na Greenville ya koma cikin Cibiyar Kula da Dokoki ta Greenville County tare da Ma'aikatar Sheriff ta Greenville County. Ofishin ‘yan sanda na Greenville yana yiwa Greenville hidima tare da ma’aikata kusan 241 tare da jami’ai da aka rantsar da su 199.Gundumomi 22-25 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu ta Kudu suna ɗaukar sassan Greenville, kamar yadda gundumomin majalisar dattijai na jihar ke yi 6-8. Garin yana cikin gundumar majalisa ta 4 ta Kudu ta Carolina, wanda William Timmons ya wakilta tun daga 2019. Jan hankali A matsayin gari mafi girma a cikin Upstate, Greenville yana ba da ayyuka da yawa da jan hankali. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Greenville da wuraren taron a kai a kai suna karɓar manyan kide kide da rangadi da kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo. Gidaje huɗu masu zaman kansu suna gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa a shekara. Wuraren taro Bon Secours Wellness Arena Bon Secours Wellness Arena, gidan Greenville Swamp Zomaye na ECHL, filin wasa ne mai kujeru 16,000 a cikin garin Greenville wanda aka buɗe a 1998 a matsayin Bi-Lo Center. [32] Peace Center, cibiyar wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗa da zauren kade kade tare da kujeru 2,100 da wurin zama na wasan kwaikwayo 400. [33] Timmons Arena, wurin zama mai yawan kujeru 5,000 a harabar Jami'ar Furman. Filin Fluor a Yammacin ,arshe, gidan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Greenville Drive, Classungiyar Class-A reshen Boston Red Sox. Filin wasan an tsara shi don ya maimaita abubuwa da yawa na Fenway Park, gidan gidan kula da iyaye, gami da wakilcin Fenway's Green Monster wanda ke tsaye ƙafa 30 (tsayin mita 9.1) a filin hagu. [35] Cibiyar Taron TD, babban taro mai fadin murabba'in kafa 280,000 (26,000 m2) da kuma wurin taro wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1964 a matsayin sabon jerin jerin Majami'un Yadi, asalinsu sun fara ne a shekarar 1915 a matsayin Kudancin Yankunan Kudancin. [36] Gidan Kofi na Karkashin Kasa (wanda aka kafa a 1995 gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne mai kujeru 75 wanda ke dauke da nishadi kai tsaye gami da Alchemy Improv Comedy, Wits End Poetry Abubuwan da suka faru a daren Lahadi (tun daga 2002), live music, tsayuwa mai tsayi, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a littafin. AlamuGr eenville Zoo Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi Falls Park a kan Reedi Mills Mill ya canza zuwa manyan gidajen haya Falls Park a kan Reedy, wani babban yankin shakatawa a West End tare da lambuna da ruwa da yawa, tare da samun damar zuwa Swamp Rabbit Trail. An keɓe shi a 2004, wurin shakatawa na dala miliyan 15.0 gida ne ga Liberty Bridge, gadar dakatar da masu tafiya a ƙafa suna kallon Kogin Reedy. Ci gaban dajin ya haifar da ci gaban 75 miliyan na jama'a-masu zaman kansu, Riverplace, kai tsaye ta hanyar Main Street. An kira Falls Park wurin haifuwar Greenville, amma a tsakiyar karni na 20 yankin ya kasance cikin mummunan rauni, kuma an gina Gadar Camperdown a duk faɗin Falls, yana hana gani. A tsakiyar 1980s, Birnin ya amince da wani babban shiri na wurin shakatawar, wanda ya kai ga cire Gadar Camperdown da kuma samar da hanyar yin gyare-gyare da yawa, don haɗa da kadada 20 (81,000 m2) na lambuna da kuma Liberty Bridge. Duk da yake an gina gadoji tare da tsarin tsari iri ɗaya a Turai, Liberty Bridge babu irinta a cikin yanayin yanayin sa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Greenville County na Kwarewa akan fasahar Amurka, akai-akai tare da hangen nesa na Kudancin da ya samo asali tun ƙarni na 18. Andrew Wyeth da Jasper Johns ne suka lura dashi saboda tarin kayan aikinsa, da kuma tarin zamani wanda yake dauke da manyan mutane kamar Andy Warhol, Georgia O'Keeffe, da sauransu. Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Roper Mountain tana gida ne mai dauke da madubin hangen nesa na 23, wanda shi ne na takwas mafi girma a cikin Amurka. An kafa gidan shakatawa na Greenville a shekara ta 1960 kuma yana cikin Cleveland Park. Ilimi Greenville County Hughes Babban Laburaren Makarantun gwamnati Gundumar Makarantar County ta Greenville ita ce gundumar makaranta mafi girma a cikin jihar ta South Carolina kuma ita ce ta tara a gundumar ta 49 mafi girma a Amurka, tare da manyan makarantu 14, da makarantun tsakiya 18, da kuma makarantun firamare 50 a cikin gundumar. Tare da kasafin kuɗin 2012 na dala miliyan 426, gundumar tana amfani da malamai 5,200, 63.1% daga cikinsu suna riƙe da digiri na biyu ko mafi girma. Baya ga makarantun gargajiya na gargajiya, yankin cikin gari na Greenville gida ne ga Makarantar Kwalejin Gwamnan Kudancin Carolina don Arts Humanities, makarantar kwana don matasa masu fasaha. Koleji da jami’o James B. Duke Library a Jami'ar Furman Greenville tana da kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa, gami da Jami'ar Furman, Jami'ar North Greenville, Jami'ar Bob Jones, da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville. Furman ya fara ne a matsayin Furman Academy da Institution of Theology a 1825 mai suna Richard Furman. Makarantar tauhidin ta Furman ta rabu a 1858 kuma ta zama Kudancin Baptist tauhidin Seminary yanzu a Louisville, Kentucky. An kafa Jami'ar North Greenville a 1893 kuma tana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta South Carolina. An kafa Jami'ar Bob Jones a shekara ta 1927 ta Bob Jones Sr a matsayin jami'ar Furotesta mai zaman kanta wacce ba darikar ba. An kafa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville a 1962 a matsayin kwalejin fasaha. Jami'ar Clemson tana da haraba a Greenville da ake kira Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research wanda ke mai da hankali kan binciken mota. Makarantar Medicine ta Jami'ar South Carolina Greenville wata makarantar likitanci ce ta shekaru hudu tana aiki a harabar Prisma Health campus.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaida

Shaida

SHAIDA kungiya ce ta kare hakkin bil 'adama ba daga Brooklyn ba, New York. Manufarta ita ce hada hannu da kungiyoyin kasa-da-kasa don tallafawa rubuce-rubucen take hakkin bil adama da sakamakonsu, domin cigaba da shiga cikin jama'a, sauya manufofi, da adalci. Mashaidi ya yi kawance da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sama da 300 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 80. Bayanin Ofishin Jakadancin SHAIDA kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke koyar da kuma tallafawa mutane masu amfani da bidiyo a yakin su na kare hakkin dan'adam. Kowace rana, masu gwagwarmaya da 'yan ƙasa suna sa rayuwa a cikin haɗari don fallasa gaskiyar su. Mun taimaka don tabbatar da cewa ƙoƙarin su bai zama banza ba. SHAIDI jagora ne na wani motsi na duniya wanda ke amfani da bidiyo don ƙirƙirar canjin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Tarihi An kafa shaida a cikin shekarata 1992 ta Peter Gabriel, tare da taimakon Rightsancin Dan Adam na Farko (wanda a lokacin ake kira Kwamitin Lauyoyi na 'Yancin Dan Adam da babban darektan kafa Michael Posner Mawaki kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Peter Gabriel ya sami tasiri ta hanyar kwarewarsa ta amfani da Sony Handycam, ɗayan ƙaramin kamara ta farko da aka tallata wa masu amfani da ita, don yin rikodin labaran da ya ji yayin tafiya tare da Amnesty International ta 1988 Human Rights Now! Yawon shakatawa Ya yanke shawarar samo Mashaidi bayan mummunan halin da 'yan sanda suka shiga a shekarar 1991 wanda ya shafi Rodney King Jr., a cikin faifan bidiyon wani mai kallo game da duka da King ya yiwa' yan sanda na Los Angeles yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma samar da hankalin jama'a. Zuwa ga Gabriel, wannan bidiyon ya nuna ikon bidiyo don ɗaukar hankalin duniya da kuma sadarwa ta hanyar keta hakkin ɗan adam da mutane. An kafa SHARADI a shekara mai zuwa, a shekarar 1992, tare da tallafin dala miliyan daya daga Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Reebok da kuma kawance da Kwamitin Lauyoyi na Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (yanzu na Farko na 'Yancin Dan Adam A cikin shekarata 1999, WITNESS.org tana amfani da yawo bidiyo a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta kuma ya kasance mai ƙarshe ga RealNetworks, Inc. Streamers Progressive Award a matsayin mafi kyawun shekara ƙungiyar masu watsa labarai mai gudana wacce ba ta riba ba ga Media Assistive A cikin shekarata 2001, SHAIDI ya zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta. A cikin 2012, WITNESS ta fitar da jerin lokuta na shekara 20 game da kafa kungiyar. A shekara ta 2004, SHAIDAN ya fara daukar nauyin cin abincin dare da kide kide da ake kira "Maida hankali ga Canji." Taron ya haɗu da masu gwagwarmayar bidiyo, masu ba da kuɗi, da masu shahararrun mutane don raba aikin abokan SHAIDA. In 2009, WITNESS initiated a focused use of social media as a part of its outreach for video for change. Since 2009, the organization started reporting social media statistics in the organization's performance reports. A shekarar 2012, SHAHADAR ta kaddamar da wani aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Storyful da YouTube ake kira Channel Human Rights SHAIDA ta yi aiki a cikin sama da ƙasashe 80 don haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da bidiyo don canji. A yau, SHAIDA tana da ma'aikata na 30 da 3.9 kasafin kudi miliyan. Gangamin SHAIDA ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi sama da 300 a cikin sama da ƙasashe 80 tun kafuwarta. A ranar 18 ga Fabrairun shekarata 2015, labarin New York Times, “Kafofin watsa labarai ba su damu da abin da ke faruwa a nan ba”, nuna aikin SHAHADA a Brazil da bidiyo mai ban mamaki a matsayin shiri na shaida tare da masu fafutuka na kafafen yada labarai da ke aiki a cikin kasar. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun hada da: Horarwa WITNESS ta kirkiro kayan horo don taimakawa masu gwagwarmaya da masu daukar bidiyo suyi amfani da bidiyo yadda ya kamata kuma cikin aminci don tallafawa kamfen din neman shawarwarin su. SHAIDI yana ba da damar zuwa kayan karatun su ta hanyar laburaren karatun su na kan layi. Sauran albarkatun: Español, Français, Português, Sun fito da Bidiyo na SHAHADI don Littafin Canji, daftarin aiki da aka shirya don koyar da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, muhalli, da ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewar jama'a yadda za a yi amfani da bidiyo sosai a cikin kamfen. Sun kuma ƙirƙiri Kayan Aiki na Ba da Shawara, jagorar mataki-mataki don hulɗa don taimakawa masu ba da shawara da ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka dabarun bayar da shawarwarin bidiyo. Kyamarori ko'ina SHAIDA ta haɗu da Guardian Project don fara shirin kyamarar Ko'ina tare da manufar tabbatar da cewa an ƙirƙiri bidiyon bidiyo na haƙƙin ɗan adam cikin aminci, da inganci, da ɗabi'a. Babban aikin Kamara a Ko ina shine SecureSmartCam, shiri ne wanda yake gudana akan wayoyi don tabbatar da tsaro da sahihancin bidiyon kare hakkin dan adam. Amincin masu gwagwarmaya shine manufar ObscureCam, wanda ke ganowa da kuma ɓata fuskoki a cikin hotuna da bidiyo. Tallafin bidiyo yana kan ci gaba har zuwa Maris 2012. Ingancin bidiyo shine manufar InformaCam, wanda ke yin rikodin da ɓoye bayanai ta atomatik kamar haɗin GPS na kamara yayin yin fim, da sigina mara waya ta kusa. Rahoton Kamara a Ko ina gabatar da kira ga kamfanonin fasaha, masu saka jari, masu tsara manufofi da kungiyoyin fararen hula da suyi aiki don amfani da fasaha don amfanin yan Adam. 2015 Neman Adalcin Zamani Ya Tafi Waya Tashin hankalin jinsi SHAIDAN na bayar da tallafi ga masu gwagwarmaya da wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin jinsi ta hanyar basu karfi ta amfani da bidiyo don raba labaran su, sanya muryoyin su da kuma bunkasa canjin da suke nema a rayuwarsu. Albarkatun da ake dasu: Español, Français, Português, Mutuwar kai a Meziko A watan Maris na 2009, Babban Lauyan Mexico da Ministan Cikin Gida sun himmatu wajen bin diddigin lamarin kan shari'ar Neyra Cervantes, wacce aka yi wa kisan gilla a 2003, da dan uwanta, David Meza wanda ya kwashe shekaru uku a kurkuku bayan an azabtar da shi cikin ikirarin kisan nata. Wannan yarjejeniyar ita ce sakamakon ganawa tsakanin Peter Gabriel, dan wasan kwaikwayo Diego Luna, Jaguares Saúl Hernández, Patricia Cervantes (mahaifiyar Neyra) da Shugaban Mexico Calderón, suna neman shi ya kawo karshen kashe mata a Ciudad Juárez da Chihuahua, Mexico Tun bayan taron, abokiyar aikin SHAIDI Comisión Mexicana ta sadu sau biyu tare da jami’an gwamnati, wadanda ke yin nazarin halin da ake ciki na shari’ar Neyra David da kuma nazarin jerin manufofin fifiko da suka shafi kawo karshen mace-macen. Labarin Neyra shi ne abin da fim din ya fi mayar da hankali a kai, Dual Injustice, wanda kamfanin WITNESS da (CMDPDH). Bidiyon wani bangare ne na kamfen din Shaida na kasa da kasa da aka yi nasara a 2006 yana kira da a saki Miguel David Meza da kuma ci gaba da bincike kan shari'ar Neyra don tabbatar da cewa za a yi adalci ga dukkan iyalai masu fama da makamancin wannan. Nuna Bambanci ga Matan Akhdam a Yemen A shekara ta 2009, Mashaidiya ta haɗu da Sisters Arab Forum (SAF) don samar da shirin fim mai suna “Rushe Shirun,” game da halin da matan Akhdam ke ciki a Yemen. A yanzu haka an dakatar da bidiyon a Yemen, kuma duka Shuhada da SAF suna aiki don soke haramcin. Canjin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka Mashaidin ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri a cikin 2011 don tallafawa sauyawa zuwa dimokiradiyya a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka bayan juyin juya halin Larabawa. Wannan shirin ya hada da: haɗin gwiwa tare da Masarautar Dimokuradiyya ta Masar (EDA); karbar bakuncin wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam da ke taro a yankin dan gano bukatun gaggawa; ganowa, yadawa da fassara sabbin kayan aiki da dabaru; da kuma kirkirar sabbin manhajoji domin kare hakkin dan adam a yankin. Sojojin Yara 2007 SHAIDA ta haɗu da AJEDI-Ka PES don ƙirƙirar bidiyo don adawa da ɗaukar yara sojoji a Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo (DRC). Kawancen ya nemi gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifukan da suka haifar da tuhumar laifukan yaki da kotun kasa da kasa da ke hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta tuhumi shugaban yakin Congo na Congo Thomas Lubanga Dyilo Fim din da aka samo, Aikin Kare an nuna shi ne a wani babban taron tattaunawa a Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Nuwamba na 2007 bayan kamun da ICC ta yi na wani shugaban yakin DRC na biyu don amfani da yara sojoji. Mashaidi ya yi aiki tare da Amnesty International don haɓaka tsarin karatun aboki don fim ɗin. 2009 An fara shari'ar Mista Dyilo a watan Janairun 2009. An sake kame wasu shugabannin yaki uku kuma yanzu haka suna jiran hukunci a kotun ta ICC don amfani da kananan yara a DRC. 2012 Ranar 14 ga Maris, 2012, aka yanke wa Thomas Lubanga hukunci na amfani da kananan yara laifin yaki. 2015 Kotun daukaka kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke wa Shugaban Sojan Kwango Thomas Lubanga Kayan more rayuwa Bayan bincikar da aka yi wa masu yanke shawara a Chechnya da kuma duniya baki daya a shekarar 2009, Tunawa da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta sami gagarumar nasarar bayar da shawarwari ta hanyar samar da kudaden da gwamnatin Chechen ke samu don sake gina gidaje da sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa a Zumsoy, Chechnya. Fataucin mutane Bautar Zamani a Brazil A shekarar 2007, an undulla ta Alkawura, wani fim game da bautar zamani a ƙauyukan Brazil, an nuna shi a gaban Hukumar Yancin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dattawan Brazil, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani wajen kai Insungiyar Masu Kula da Wayoyi zuwa ci gaba da binciken da'awar da bayi suka rinka yi. Haɗa ta alkawura ya kuma haifar da ƙarin saka hannun jari a cikin shirye-shiryen ma'aikata. Fataucin Jima'i na 'Yan Adam a Amurka: A cikin 2012, SHAIDAN sun kirkiro wani faifan bidiyo na ba da shawarwari na minti 21 mai suna Abin da Na Kasance Ba Ba Ni bane, tare da ECPAT -USA. Shortan gajeren shirin ya ba da labarin Katrina, yarinyar da aka sayar da ita don yin jima'i a Amurka. Zagin dattijo Cin zarafin dattijo a Amurka A cikin 2009, SHAHADA da Majalisar Kula da Tsufa (NCOA) sun samar da Shekaru don Adalci: Cin Mutuncin Dattijo a Amurka, fim ɗin da ke ba da hujja na cin zarafin kuɗi, motsin rai da na jiki wanda ya kai kimanin kiyasta tsofaffin Amurkawa miliyan biyar suna fuskantar kowace shekara. Canjin yanayi Witness joined the "iMatter Trust Campaign" with Our Children's Trust, the iMatter Campaign and students from Montana State University’s MFA in Science and Natural History Filmmaking to co-produce a series of videos highlighting how climate change and government inaction is affecting the everyday lives of our youth. 'Yan Gudun Hijira (IDPs) 2007 An yi amfani da Hotuna daga Labaran Burma don yin amfani da wani abu mai muhimmanci ga BBC Newsnight wanda ya soki gwamnatin Kwadago a Burtaniya kan karamin kudin da take bayarwa ga 'Yan Gudun Hijira (IDPs) a Burma. Wannan watsa shirye-shiryen ya taimaka wajen ingiza gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gudanar da bita a hukumance wanda, a cikin watan Yulin 2007, ya ba da shawarar a ninka har sau hudu a cikin tallafi ga 'yan gudun hijirar da ke Burma Cibiyar: Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta 'Yan Adam Mashaidi ya ƙaddamar da Hub ɗin a cikin 2007 a matsayin wuri guda don masu amfani don ɗora bidiyo na haƙƙin ɗan adam, wannan mai yiwuwa ba za a iya loda shi a wani wuri ba. Saboda waɗancan buƙatun sun cika ta wasu kafofin, Hub ɗin yanzu ya zama wurin ajiyar abubuwan da aka ɗora a baya. Outside ratings Charity Navigator ya bada shaidar SHAHADA 3 daga taurari 4 gabaɗaya, kuma 4 daga cikin taurari 4 akan “Lissafi da Bayyanar Gaskiya”. Jaridar Global Journal ta fitarda martaba 83 daga cikin kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu a shekara ta 2012. Jaridar Global Journal ta tantance SHAHADA 52 daga cikin kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu a cikin shekarar 2013. Duba kuma Shaidar bidiyo Laifin 'yan sanda Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje innova t ions (MIT) Spring 2008 "Duniyar shaidu", wata kasida a cikin The Economist Peter Gabriel yana yaƙi da rashin adalci tare da bidiyo, magana da aka bayar a TED Topungiyar NGOungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta 100 ta Duniya ta Duniya Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Kwayoyin%20Halitta

Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta

Ciwon kwayoyin halitta matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya ta hanyar daya ko fiye da rashin daidaituwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta Ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta guda daya (monogenic) ko wasu kwayoyin halitta masu yawa (polygenic) ko ta rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal Ko da yake cututtukan polygenic sun fi na kowa, ana amfani da kalmar mafi yawa lokacin da ake magana da cuta tare da dalili guda ɗaya, ko dai a cikin kwayar halitta ko chromosome Maye gurbin da ke da alhakin zai iya faruwa ba da jimawa ba kafin haɓakar amfrayo (a de novo maye gurbi), ko kuma ana iya gadonsa daga iyaye biyu waɗanda suke ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta mara kyau autosomal recessive inheritance ko kuma daga iyaye masu fama da cuta autosomal rinjaye gado). Lokacin da cutar ta gado ta gado ɗaya ko duka biyun, ana kuma rarraba ta azaman cuta ta gado. Wasu cututtuka ana haifar da su ta hanyar maye gurbi a kan X chromosome kuma suna da gado mai alaƙa da X. Cututtuka kaɗan ne ake gado akan Y-chromosome ko DNA mitochondrial (saboda girmansu). Akwai sanannun cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 6,000, kuma ana bayyana sabbin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta koyaushe a cikin littattafan likitanci. Fiye da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta 600 ana iya magance su. Kusan 1 a cikin 50 mutane suna fama da sanannen rashin lafiya-kwayoyin halitta, yayin da kusan 1 cikin 263 ke fama da cutar chromosomal Kusan kashi 65% na mutane suna da wata irin matsalar lafiya sakamakon maye gurbi na haihuwa. Saboda babban adadin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, kusan 1 cikin mutane 21 suna fama da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta da aka rarraba a matsayin rauni (wanda aka fi sani da yana shafar ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 2,000). Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta ba su da yawa a kansu. Ciwon kwayoyin halitta yana samuwa kafin haihuwa, kuma wasu cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta suna haifar da lahani na haihuwa, amma kuma nakasa na iya zama ci gaba maimakon gado Kishiyar cuta ta gado cuta ce da aka samu Yawancin ciwon daji, ko da yake sun haɗa da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta zuwa ƙaramin adadin sel a cikin jiki, an samu cututtuka. Wasu cututtukan ciwon daji, duk da haka, irin su maye gurbi na BRCA cututtukan gado ne na gado. Single-gene Ciwon kwayar halitta guda daya (ko rashin lafiya na monoogenic shine sakamakon maye gurbi guda daya. Za'a iya yada cutar ta kwayar halitta guda ɗaya zuwa tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Bugawa na al'ada da rashin aikin yi, duk da haka, na iya shafar tsarin gado. Rabe-raben da ke tsakanin nau'ikan koma-baya da masu rinjaye ba "masu wahala ba ne", ko da yake rarrabuwa tsakanin nau'ikan autosomal da nau'ikan X sun kasance (tunda nau'ikan na ƙarshe an bambanta su zalla bisa ga yanayin chromosomal na kwayar halitta). Alal misali, nau'i na dwarfism na kowa, achondroplasia, yawanci ana la'akari da rashin lafiya mai mahimmanci, amma yara masu kwayoyin halitta guda biyu don achondroplasia suna da mummunar cuta mai tsanani kuma yawanci mai kisa, wanda achondroplasics za a iya la'akari da masu ɗaukar hoto. Sickle cell anemia kuma ana la'akari da yanayin koma baya, amma masu ɗaukar heterozygous sun ƙara juriya ga zazzabin cizon sauro a farkon ƙuruciya, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin yanayin da ya fi girma. Lokacin da ma'auratan da ɗaya ko duka biyu ke fama da cutar ko kuma masu ɗauke da kwayar cutar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya suna son haifuwa, za su iya yin hakan ta hanyar hadi a cikin vitro, wanda ke ba da damar tantance ƙwayoyin halittar preimplantation don bincika ko tayin yana da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta. Yawancin rikice-rikice na rayuwa na haihuwa da aka sani da kurakuran haifuwa na metabolism suna haifar da lahani guda ɗaya. Yawancin irin waɗannan lahani guda ɗaya na iya rage dacewar mutanen da abin ya shafa kuma saboda haka suna cikin yawan jama'a a ƙananan mitoci idan aka kwatanta da abin da za a sa ran bisa ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu sauƙi. Autosomal rinjaye Kwafi guda daya kawai da aka canza na kwayar halitta zai zama dole don mutum ya shafe shi ta hanyar rashin lafiyar da ta mamaye. Kowane mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci yana da iyaye ɗaya da abin ya shafa. Damar da yaro zai gaji maye gurbi shine kashi 50%. Yawancin yanayi na autosomal wasu lokuta sun rage shiga cikin jiki, wanda ke nufin ko da yake ana buƙatar kwafi ɗaya kawai, ba duk mutanen da suka gaji wannan maye gurbin suna ci gaba da haɓaka cutar ba. Misalan irin wannan cuta sune cutar Huntington, neurofibromatosis nau'in 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, Marfan ciwo, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal ciwon daji, hereditary mahara exostoses (wani sosai shiga autosomal rinjaye cuta), tuberous sclerosis, Von Willebrand cuta, da kuma m intermittent porphyria Ana kuma kiran lahanin haihuwa. Autosomal recessive Dole ne a canza kwafi biyu na kwayar halitta don mutum ya shafa ta hanyar rashin bacci. Mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci yana da iyayen da ba su shafa ba waɗanda kowannensu ke ɗauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da ta canza kuma ana kiranta da masu ɗaukar kwayoyin halitta Kowane iyaye da ke da lahani na kwayoyin halitta yawanci ba su da alamun cutar. Mutane biyu da ba su kamu da cutar ba wadanda kowannensu ke dauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza suna da hadarin kashi 25% tare da kowane ciki na haihuwa da cutar ta shafa. Misalan irin wannan cuta sune albinism, matsakaicin sarkar acyl-CoA dehydrogenase rashi, cystic fibrosis, sikila cell cuta, Tay-Sachs cuta, Niemann-Pick cuta, spinal muscular atrophy, da kuma Roberts ciwo Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan dabi'u, kamar rigar da bushewar kunun kunne, ana kuma ƙaddara ta cikin yanayin koma baya na autosomal. Wasu cututtuka na autosomal recessive sun zama ruwan dare gama gari saboda, a da, ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin kuskuren kwayoyin halitta ya haifar da ɗan kariya daga cututtuka masu yaduwa ko guba kamar tarin fuka ko zazzabin cizon sauro Irin waɗannan cututtuka sun haɗa da cystic fibrosis, cutar sikila, phenylketonuria da thalassaemia X mai alaƙa da rinjaye Rikicin da ke da alaƙa da X yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta akan X chromosome 'Yan cuta kaɗan ne kawai ke da wannan tsarin gado, tare da babban misali shine rickets hypophosphatemic mai alaƙa da X. Maza da mata duka suna fama da wannan cuta, yayin da maza suka fi fama da cutar fiye da mata. Wasu yanayi masu rinjaye na X-linked, irin su Rett syndrome, incontinentia pigmenti type 2, da Aicardi syndrome, yawanci suna mutuwa a cikin maza ko dai a cikin mahaifa ko jim kadan bayan haihuwa, sabili da haka ana ganin su a cikin mata. Keɓancewa ga wannan binciken sune lokuta masu wuyar gaske waɗanda yara maza masu fama da cutar Klinefelter (44+xxy) suma suka gaji yanayin da ke da alaƙa da X kuma suna nuna alamun kama da na mace dangane da tsananin cutar. Damar kamuwa da cuta mai alaƙa da X ta bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. 'Ya'yan mutumin da ke da cutar da ke da alaka da X, duk ba za su sami matsala ba (tun da sun karbi chromosome na mahaifinsu na Y), amma 'ya'yansa mata duk za su gaji yanayin. Matar da ke da babbar cuta mai alaƙa da X tana da damar kashi 50% na samun ɗan tayin da ya shafa tare da kowane ciki, kodayake a lokuta irin su incontinentia pigmenti, zuri'ar mata ne kawai ke iya yiwuwa. Recessive mai alaƙa da X Halin koma bayan da ke da alaƙa da X shima yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta akan X chromosome. Maza sun fi mata yawa akai-akai, saboda kawai suna da X chromosome da ake bukata don yanayin ya bayyana. Damar kamuwa da cutar ta bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. 'Ya'yan mutumin da ke da matsalar koma baya mai alaka da X ba za a shafa ba (tun da sun karɓi chromosome na mahaifinsu na Y), amma 'ya'yansa mata za su kasance masu ɗaukar kwafi ɗaya na kwayar halittar da ta canza. Matar da ke dauke da cutar ta koma baya (X R X r tana da kashi 50% na samun 'ya'ya maza da abin ya shafa da kuma damar samun 50% na 'ya'ya mata masu dauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza. Halin da ke da alaƙa da X sun haɗa da cututtuka masu tsanani na hemophilia A, Duchenne Muscular dystrophy, da Lesch-Nyhan ciwo, da kuma yanayi na yau da kullum da marasa mahimmanci kamar gashin gashi na namiji da kuma ja-kore launi makanta Halin rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da X na iya bayyana a wasu lokuta a cikin mata saboda skewed X-inactivation ko monosomy X Turner syndrome Raunin da ke da alaƙa da Y yana faruwa ne ta hanyar maye gurbi akan Y chromosome. Ana iya yada waɗannan sharuɗɗan ne kawai daga jima'i na heterogametic (misali maza) zuwa zuriyar jinsi ɗaya. Mafi sauƙaƙa, wannan yana nufin cewa cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da Y a cikin ɗan adam ba za a iya yada su kawai daga maza zuwa 'ya'yansu ba; Mata ba za su taɓa yin tasiri ba saboda ba su mallaki Y-allosomes ba. Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da Y suna da wuya sosai amma sanannun misalan yawanci suna haifar da rashin haihuwa. Haihuwa a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi yana yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar hana haihuwa ta hanyar taimakon likita. Mitochondrial Wannan nau'in gadon, wanda kuma aka sani da gadon uwa, shine mafi ƙarancin kuma ya shafi kwayoyin halitta 13 da DNA mitochondrial ke ɓoye. Domin ƙwayoyin ƙwai ne kaɗai ke ba da gudummawar mitochondria ga amfrayo masu tasowa, uwaye (waɗanda abin ya shafa) kaɗai za su iya ba da yanayin DNA na mitochondrial ga 'ya'yansu. Misalin irin wannan rashin lafiya shine Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa mafi yawan cututtukan mitochondrial (musamman lokacin da alamun bayyanar cututtuka suka tasowa a farkon rayuwa) suna haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda mitochondria ya fi girma ta DNA wanda ba mitochondrial ba. Wadannan cututtuka galibi suna bin gadon gado na autosomal. Multifactorial cuta Cututtukan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama hadaddun, multifactorial, ko polygenic, ma'ana ana iya danganta su da tasirin kwayoyin halitta da yawa a hade tare da salon rayuwa da abubuwan muhalli. Cututtuka masu yawa sun haɗa da cututtukan zuciya da ciwon sukari Kodayake rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa sukan taru a cikin iyalai, ba su da tsayayyen tsarin gado. Wannan yana da wahala a iya tantance haɗarin da mutum ke da shi na gado ko kuma kamuwa da wannan cuta. Cututtuka masu rikitarwa suma suna da wahalar nazari da kuma magance su domin har yanzu ba a gano takamaiman abubuwan da ke haifar da mafi yawan wadannan cututtuka ba. Nazarin da ke nufin gano dalilin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa na iya amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don ƙayyade ƙungiyoyin genotype phenotype Hanya ɗaya, tsarin genotype-farko, yana farawa ta hanyar gano bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin marasa lafiya sannan kuma ƙayyade alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Wannan ya saba wa mafi al'ada phenotype-farko hanya, kuma zai iya gano dalilan haddasawa da a baya an rufe su da asibiti iri -iri, shiga, da kuma bayyanawa. A kan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun cututtuka, cututtuka na polygenic sun kasance suna "gudu a cikin iyalai", amma gadon bai dace da tsari mai sauƙi ba kamar cututtukan Mendelian Wannan baya nufin cewa kwayoyin halitta ba za a iya gano su a ƙarshe kuma su yi nazari ba. Hakanan akwai wani bangaren muhalli mai ƙarfi ga yawancin su (misali, hawan jini Sauran abubuwan sun haɗa da: asma cututtuka na autoimmune irin su sclerosis ciwon daji ciliopathies tsinke baki ciwon sukari cututtukan zuciya hauhawar jini cutar kumburin hanji rashin hankali rashin lafiyan yanayi kiba Kuskure mai karɓuwa rashin haihuwa Cutar chromosomal Rashin lafiyar chromosomal wani yanki ne na chromosomal ɓatacce, ƙari, ko mara daidaituwa na DNA. Yana iya kasancewa daga adadi mai ƙima na chromosomes ko rashin daidaituwar tsari a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da chromosomes. Misalin waɗannan cututtuka shine trisomy 21 Down syndrome wanda a ciki akwai ƙarin kwafin chromosome 21. Bincike Saboda nau'ikan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka sani, ganewar asali ya bambanta kuma ya dogara da cutar. Yawancin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ana gano su kafin haihuwa, a lokacin haihuwa, ko kuma lokacin ƙuruciyar yara duk da haka wasu, irin su cutar Huntington, na iya tserewa ganowa har sai majiyyaci ya fara girma. Abubuwan asali na rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta sun dogara ne akan gadon kayan gado. Tare da zurfin tarihin iyali, yana yiwuwa a hango yiwuwar rashin lafiya a cikin yara wanda ke jagorantar ƙwararrun likitocin zuwa takamaiman gwaje-gwaje dangane da rashin lafiya da ba da damar iyaye su shirya don canje-canjen salon rayuwa, tsammanin yiwuwar haihuwa, ko tunanin ƙarewa Ciwon ciki na iya gano alamun rashin daidaituwa a cikin ci gaban tayin ta hanyar duban dan tayi, ko gano kasancewar sifofin halayen ta hanyoyin ɓarke waɗanda suka haɗa da shigar da bincike ko allura a cikin mahaifa kamar na amniocentesis Hasashen Ba duk cututtukan kwayoyin halitta ba ne kai tsaye ke haifar da mutuwa; duk da haka, babu wasu sanannun magunguna na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta suna shafar matakan ci gaba, irin su Down syndrome, yayin da wasu ke haifar da bayyanar cututtuka na jiki kawai kamar dystrophy na muscular Sauran cututtuka, irin su cutar Huntington, ba su nuna alamun ba har sai sun girma. A lokacin aiki na rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, marasa lafiya galibi suna dogara ne akan kiyayewa ko rage jinkirin lalacewar ingancin rayuwa da kiyaye ikon kai na haƙuri. Wannan ya haɗa da jiyya na jiki, kula da ciwo, kuma yana iya haɗawa da zaɓi na madadin shirye-shiryen magani Magani Maganin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta yaƙi ne da ke gudana, tare da fiye da 1,800 na gwajin asibiti da aka kammala, ana ci gaba, ko kuma an amince da su a duk duniya. Duk da haka, yawancin zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da magance alamun rashin lafiya a ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar marasa lafiya. Maganin kwayoyin halitta yana nufin wani nau'i na magani inda aka gabatar da kwayar halitta mai lafiya ga majiyyaci. Wannan ya kamata ya rage lahani da ke haifar da kuskuren ƙwayar cuta ko rage ci gaban cutar. Babban cikas shine isar da kwayoyin halitta zuwa ga tantanin halitta, nama, da gabobin da cutar ta shafa. Masu bincike sun bincika yadda za su iya shigar da kwayar halitta a cikin yuwuwar triliyoyin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen kwafin. Samun amsar wannan ya kasance shingen hanya tsakanin fahimtar cutar kwayar halitta da kuma gyara matsalar kwayoyin halitta. Epidemiology Kusan 1 a cikin 50 mutane suna fama da sanannen rashin lafiya-kwayoyin halitta, yayin da kusan 1 cikin 263 ke fama da cutar chromosomal Kusan kashi 65% na mutane suna da wata irin matsalar lafiya sakamakon maye gurbi na haihuwa. Saboda babban adadin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, kusan 1 cikin mutane 21 suna fama da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta da aka rarraba a matsayin rauni (wanda aka fi sani da yana shafar ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 2,000). Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta ba su da yawa a kansu. Akwai sanannun cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 6,000, kuma ana bayyana sabbin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta koyaushe a cikin littattafan likitanci. Tarihi Sanannen yanayin kwayoyin halitta na farko a cikin hominid yana cikin nau'in burbushin halittu Paranthropus robustus tare da sama da kashi uku na mutane suna nuna amelogenesis imperfecta Duba kuma FINDbase (Mai yawan bayanai na cuta na gado) Kwayoyin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta Jerin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta Ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin kwayoyin halitta Kuskuren Mendelian Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer%20Ako-Adjei

Ebenezer Ako-Adjei

Dr. Ebenezer Ako Adjei (17 ga Yuni 1916 14 ga Janairun shekarar 2002) ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana ne, ɗan siyasa, lauya kuma ɗan jarida. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko ta Ghana (sannan Gold Coast). A matsayinsa na uban kafa na Ghana, yana daya daga cikin shugabannin UGCC da aka tsare a lokacin fafutukar neman 'yancin kan Ghana daga Burtaniya, kungiyar da aka fi sani da Manyan Shida. An haife shi a Adjeikrom, ƙaramin ƙauye a yankin Akyem Abuakwa, Ako Adjei ya yi karatun sa na manyan jami'a a Amurka da Ingila. Bayan karatunsa a ƙasashen waje, ya dawo gida don shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Gold Coast don samun 'yancin siyasa ta hanyar shiga United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a matsayin memba na kafa. Ako Adjei ya taka rawa wajen shigar da Kwame Nkrumah cikin fagen siyasar Ghana lokacin da ya bashi shawarar cikakken mukamin Sakataren Shirye -shiryen UGCC. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Ghana, Ako Adjei ya yi aiki a wurare daban -daban na siyasa ciki har da zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Adalci na sabuwar ƙasar da aka haifa, Ghana. Ya kuma zama Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana na farko lokacin da aka canza mukamin daga Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Mayun shekarar 1961. Ako Adjei duk da haka an hana shi harkokin siyasa bayan an tsare shi bisa zargin shirya makircin kashe shugaban kasa na lokacin Kwame Nkrumah a harin bam na Kulungugu a 1962. Bayan sakinsa a 1966, Ako Adjei ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa cikin duhu. Ya kasance ba a gan shi ko ba a ji ba a cikin bahasin ƙasar Ghana da siyasa. Ya kuma yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan danginsa da aikinsa a matsayin mai aikin shari'a. A cikin 1992 ya buga tarihin ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙasar Ghana Mr.George Grant. A shekarar 1997 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Star of Ghana- babbar lambar yabo ta kasa mafi girma ta Jamhuriyar Ghana, saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Ghana. Ako Adjei ya rasu bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya a 2002. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Kogin Zinariya An haifi Ebenezer Ako Adjei a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1916 a Adjeikrom a yankin Akyem Abuakwa. Adjeikrom ƙaramin al'umma ne masu aikin gona da aka samu a Yankin Gabashin Ghana (sannan Kogin Zinariya). Mahaifinsa shine Samuel Adjei, manomi kuma dan kasuwa, wanda ake tunanin sunan Ako Adjei inda aka haife shi, kuma mahaifiyarsa Johanna Okaile Adjei. Duk iyayen sun fito ne daga La, wani yanki kusa da tekun bakin teku a Accra. Yana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata da yawa amma shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin yaran mahaifinsa. Iliminsa na farko ya fara ne a Yankin Gabas a Makarantar Firamare ta Busoso Railway, inda ya yi tafiyar mil 14 zuwa makaranta ya dawo gida. An kai shi Accra inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Junior ta La Presbyterian tun daga aji 3. Bai iya yaren Ga wanda shine yaren mahaifiyarsa ba, duk da haka, yana iya karatu da rubuta Twi, kuma yana magana da Dangme. Ya ci gaba a Babban Makarantar La Presbyterian har zuwa 1933 lokacin da ya isa Standard Six. A cikin Maris 1933 ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu don yin karatu a Makarantar Grammar Christ Church, makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta wacce ke kan gaba. Ya koma Babban Makarantar La Presbyterian bayan wata guda a Makarantar Grammar Christ Church saboda baya son makarantar. Daga nan aka shawo kan mahaifinsa don ya tura shi Accra Academy, sannan wata makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta tana ƙoƙarin neman ƙafafunta ta hanyar taimakon matasa masu ƙwazo. A watan Afrilu 1933 ya shiga Accra Academy kuma yana son ta a can. Ya yi tafiyar mil hudu daga La zuwa Jamestown (inda makarantar take a lokacin), saboda ba zai iya biyan kudin motar bas wanda kusan pence biyu ne. A cikin 1934 ya zauna don jarrabawar Junior Cambridge kuma ya wuce. Yayin da yake Accra Academy, ya sami matsala wajen biyan kuɗin littattafan, duk da haka, wani memba na ma’aikatan, Mista Halm Addo (ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar), ya kasance yana taimaka masa da kuɗin littattafai. A watan Disamba, 1936 yana ɗaya daga cikin candidatesan takarar da Accra Academy ta gabatar don Babban Makarantar Cambridge da ta bar Jarrabawar Shedar. Daga cikin 'yan takarar da suka ci jarabawar, guda biyu ne kacal suka samu kebewa daga Hukumar Jarabawar Matriculation London. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan ɗaliban shine Ako Adjei. Ya yi koyarwa na ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Accra a 1937 kafin ya shiga ƙaramin ma'aikacin farar hula a watan Yuni 1937. Daga Yuni 1937 zuwa Disamba 1938 ya kasance Babban Jami'in Ma'aikata na Ƙasa na biyu a cikin Ma'aikatan farar hula na Gold Coast. An ba shi aiki don taimakawa Harold Cooper, Mataimakin Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka na Turawa, da JES de Graft-Hayford don tsarawa da kafa Sabis ɗin Watsawa na Gold Coast. A lokacin da yake karatu a Accra Academy Ako Adjei yana sha’awar aikin jarida, ya rubuta wa jaridar African Morning Post, wata jarida ta Nnamdi Azikiwe, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Najeriya na farko. Azikiwe ya kuma nuna sha'awar sa kuma ya shirya masa karatu a Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania, Amurka. A watan Nuwamba 1938, ya yi murabus daga aikin farar hula ya tafi Ingila a watan Disambar wannan shekarar. Amurka A cikin Janairu 1939, ya isa Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania don maraba da K.A.B. Jones-Quartey, ɗalibi daga Gold Coast wanda Ako Adjei ya sani saboda aikinsa tare da Accra Morning Post. Jones-Quartey ya kasance tare da shi don maraba da shi ta wani ɗalibin Gold Coast wanda aka gabatar da shi a matsayin Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah (Kwame Nkrumah). A Jami'ar Lincoln an zaunar da shi a Zauren Houston kuma ya buga wa jami'ar ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa). Ya yi rajista don kwasa -kwasai a Kimiyyar Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki, Sociology, Turanci, Latin da Falsafa. Ako Adjei ya raba daki ɗaya a Hall Houston tare da Jones-Quartey kuma ɗakinsu yana gaban ɗakin Nkrumah, wanda ya fi girma girma saboda Nkrumah ɗalibi ne na gaba da digiri. Ako Adjei ya kulla alaka ta kud -da -kud da Nkrumah duk da gibin shekaru da da alama akwai tsakanin su. Tare da gungun ɗalibai, galibi suna tattaunawa mai zafi (wanda aka sani da zaman bijimin) game da 'yantar da ƙasashen Afirka daga mamayar mulkin mallaka. Daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka waɗanda ke shiga cikin tattaunawar akai-akai akwai Jones-Quartey, Ozuomba Mbadiwe, Nwafor Orizu da Ikechukwu Ikejiani. Bayan shekara daya da rabi a Lincoln, ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu na Asusun Phelps-Stokes don halartar Cibiyar Hampton a Virginia, kuma ya koma can don kammala digirinsa na jami'a. Ya sake samun gurbin karatu a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a watan Yuni 1943. Ya sami aiki a matsayin malami a Sashen Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Fisk ta hanyar taimakon Dr. Edwin W. Smith, mishan. Dokta Smith ya zo daga Ingila don kafa sabuwar sashen kuma ya gayyaci Ako Adjei don ya zama mataimaki a lokacin kafa ta. Ƙasar Ingila Ako Adjei ya koma Ingila don ci gaba da burinsa na zama lauya. Aikin koyarwarsa a Jami'ar Fisk ya ba shi kuɗi don yin rajista a Haikali Mai Ciki a farkon watan Mayu 1944. Ko da yake ya sami isasshen kuɗi don fara karatun yana buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi don kammala shi. Mahaifinsa ya yi hayar wani ɗan gidan dangi wanda ke Lane na Ofishin Jakadancin da ke Accra ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Lebanon kan fam 10 a shekara don shekaru hamsin (50) kuma ya ɗauki hayar shekaru talatin (30) a gaba. Mahaifinsa ya mutu kafin a kammala tattaunawar don haka shi da 'yan uwansa sai da suka rattaba hannu kan takardu kafin dan kasuwa na Lebanon ya biya jimlar 300. A Biritaniya, Ako Adjei ya kasance mai sha'awar siyasa mai mulkin mallaka. Bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu, wasu yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Asiya sun sami 'yancin kai, wannan ya sanya daliban mulkin mallaka daga Yammacin Afirka sun fi damuwa da yanayin gida kuma ya sa suka nemi a soke mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Yamma. Ako Adjei ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Yamma (WASU) kuma ya zama shugabanta. Nkrumah ya isa Biritaniya a cikin 1945, 'yan makonni bayan isowarsa London, Ako Adjei ya rutsa da shi a lokacin zagayen sa a matsayin shugaban WASU. Nkrumah yana fuskantar matsalolin masauki kuma a sakamakon haka ya karɓe shi a lambarsa ta No.25 Lauvier Road, har sai ya sami masauki (Nkrumah) a lamba 60 Burghley Road, kusa da Tufnel Park Tube Station. Nkrumah yana zaune a wurin har ya bar London a 1947. Daga nan Ako Adjei ya gabatar da Nkrumah ga WASU da Kojo Botsio wanda daga baya ya zama na hannun daman Nkrumah. Da yake tunawa da kwanakinsa na WASU, Ako Adjei ya ba da labari, “Lokacin da Nkrumah ya isa London na kasance Shugaban WASU a lokacin. Na dauki Nkrumah zuwa Sakatariyar WASU inda na gabatar da shi ga Kankam Boadu da Joe Appiah, wadanda sauran membobin kwamitin zartarwa ne na WASU, da Kojo Botsio wanda a lokacin muka yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Dakunan kwanan dalibai, a No.l South Villas, Garin Camden, London NWI Dole ne in ce zuwan Nkrumah da shiga cikin aikin WASU ya ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar. A kan wannan yanayin ne muka shirya Babban Taron Pan-African Congress wanda aka yi a Manchester a 1945 tare da George Padmore da Nkrumah a matsayin Sakatarorin Hadin gwiwa da ni kaina a matsayin daya daga cikin masu shirya ayyukan. Ako Adjei ya yi rajista a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London don M.Sc. shirin digiri yayin karatun doka a Haikali na ciki. An ba da taken taken karatun, The Dynamics of Social Change, duk da haka, karatun, tare da ayyukansa na siyasa sun hana bincikensa saboda ƙuntataccen lokaci. Ako Adjei ya ci dukkan jarabawar sa ta Bar kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na ciki a cikin Janairu 1947. Koma zuwa Kogin Zinariya Ako Adjei ya dawo Kogin Zinariya a watan Mayu 1947 kuma a watan Yuni 1947, ya yi rajista a mashayar Ghana. Nufinsa na farko shi ne ya kafa "sarkar jaridu" don ci gaba da tayar da zaune tsaye, kwas ɗin da ya sadaukar da kansa yayin da yake London. Duk da haka, bai iya fara jaridu ba saboda yanayin kuɗin sa a lokacin, daga baya ya shiga ɗakin Adumoa-Bossman da Co don yin aiki a matsayin mai aikin lauya mai zaman kansa. United Gold Coast Convention Bayan ya zauna a Accra na 'yan kwanaki, ya ziyarci J. B. Danquah wanda a lokacin yana tare da wasu suna tattaunawa kan yiwuwar kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa kuma Ako Adjei ya shiga cikin tattaunawar. Ako Adjei kamar yawancin ɗaliban Gold Coast a Biritaniya a lokacin sun ƙoshi da rahoton jaridar Burtaniya wanda ya haifar da tunanin cewa Gold Coast ita ce mafi aminci a mulkin mallaka. Danquah ya tabbatar masa da cewa ana kan gudanar da ayyuka da dama don kafa ginshikin siyasar kasa. A cikin kwanaki huɗu da isowarsa gida J.B. Danquah ya ɗauke shi zuwa taron Kwamitin Tsare -Tsare na United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). Daga nan ya zama memba na kwamitin kuma a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1947 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da babban taron a Saltpond, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobi. A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 1947, aka kaddamar da reshen taron na Accra kuma aka zabe shi sakatare tare da Edward Akufo-Addo a matsayin shugaban kasa da Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey tare da J. Quist-Therson a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. Yayin da membobin babban taron ke ƙaruwa, manyan membobin sun yanke shawarar cewa ya fi kyau a canza motsi zuwa wata ƙungiya ta siyasa. A sakamakon haka, akwai bukatar sakatare na cikakken lokaci. J. B. Danquah ya ba da shawarar Ako Adjei, duk da haka, ya ƙi tayin saboda dalilan gudanar da jaridarsa ta African National Times da yin aikin lauya tare. Daga baya ya ba da shawarar Kwame Nkrumah wanda a lokacin yake jagorantar Sakatariyar Ƙasa ta Yammacin Afirka (WANS) a 94 Grays 'Inn, London. A cewar Ako Adjei ya ba da shawarar Kwame Nkrumah saboda ya girma ya san ƙwarewar ƙungiyarsa kuma ya san zai yi sha'awar aikin. Wannan saboda, kafin ya bar London zuwa Accra Nkrumah ya gaya masa: "Ako kuna kan gaba da ni. Lokacin da kuka isa yankin Gold Coast kuma akwai wani aiki da kuke tunanin zan iya yi, sanar da ni nan da nan don in zo in yi aiki na ɗan lokaci; ajiye kuɗi kaɗan sannan in dawo zuwa London don kammala karatuna na doka a Gray 'Inn. Wannan alkawari ne da ya ɗauka don haka lokacin da ya ji cikakken aikin babban sakataren bai yi jinkirin ba shi shawara ba. Taron ya karɓi shawararsa kuma ya rubuta wa Nkrumah game da hakan sannan daga baya ya aiko masa da fam 100 wanda George Alfred Grant, wanda ya kafa, shugaban ƙasa kuma mai ba da kuɗi na UGCC ya bayar don tafiyarsa zuwa Gold Coast. Bayan isowar Nkrumah, Ako Adjei ya gabatar da shi ga manyan membobin jam'iyyar: "Ya isa a watan Disamba 1947 kuma na gabatar da shi ga G. Grant, J. B. Danquah, R. S. Blay da sauran membobin UGCC." Manyan Shida Lokacin da Nkrumah ya zama mukamin babban sakataren UGCC sai ya fara ƙaddamar da matakai don faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka da haɓaka membobinta. Manyan membobin UGCC sun kuma nuna sha’awa ta musamman ga halin tsoffin ma’aikatan da ba su karɓi abubuwan tunawa da su ba bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Tsofaffin yaƙin duniya sun gayyace su don tarurrukan tsoffin mayaƙan su kuma a lokuta daban -daban an mai da su baƙi. Saboda kyakyawan mu'amala da fahimtar juna tsakanin bangarorin biyu, lauyoyin cikin 'yan siyasar UGCC sun taimaka wa tsoffin ma'aikatan su rubuta takardar koken su ga gwamnan. Gabatar da koken a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1948 ya haifar da harbin kan titi wanda a lokacin ya yi daidai da Nii Kwabena Bonnie III (Osu Alata Mantse) ya jagoranci kamfen na kauracewa sakamakon rikicin na Accra na 1948. Ako Adjei da sauran manyan membobin UGCC wato JB Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, Edward Akufo-Addo, William Ofori Atta da Kwame Nkrumah, wadanda daga baya aka fi sani da Manyan Shida, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sa aka kama su tare da zarge su. don tashin hankalin da ke faruwa a cikin mazaunin kuma Ako Adjei an tsare shi a Navrongo. Sakin Big Six ya ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Nkrumah da sauran membobin UGCC da Nkrumah daga ƙarshe suka rabu a 1949 don samun Convention People's Party (CPP). Ako Adjei duk da haka ya ci gaba da zama tare da UGCC sannan daga baya ya zama mai sukar Nkrumah a jaridunsa, African National Times da Star of Ghana. Zaben 1951 da Jam'iyyar Congress ta Ghana A lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin yankin Gold Coast na 1951, Ako Adjei ya tsaya akan tikitin UGCC don wakiltar gundumar zaɓen gundumar Accra ta Tsakiya a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Ya samu kuri'u 1,451 yayin da Nkrumah (CPP) 20,780, T. Hutton Mills '(CPP) 19,812, da Emmanuel Obetsebi Lamptey (UGCC) 1,630. Biyo bayan nuna rashin gamsuwa da UGCC a zaɓen, ya shiga cikin wasu don roƙon haɗuwar jam’iyyun adawa. Ya zama Sakataren Jam'iyyar Ghana Congress Party (GCP) lokacin da aka kafa ta a watan Mayun 1952. Bayan wani lokaci tare da GCP, Ako Adjei ya ki halartar tarurruka yayin da ake ta sukar sa akai -akai saboda gabatar da Nkrumah don bata UGGC. Convention People's Party A watan Maris 1953 Ako Adjei ya sha wuya ga matsin lamba daga abokai kamar E. C. Quaye, Sonny Provencal da Paul Tagoe, kuma ya yarda ya shiga Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Babban Taro. A farkon Maris 1953 an gabatar da shi a cikin babban taro a Arena, Accra inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na farko akan dandamali a matsayin memba na CPP. A lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin Gold Coast na 1954, ya tsaya kan tikitin CPP don wakiltar Accra Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Ya samu kuri'u 11,660 yayin da Nai Tete ya samu 768, Kwamla Armah-Kwarteng ya samu 471, da Nii Kwabena Bonnie III ya samu kuri'u 317. Ya shiga majalisa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1954. Bayan rikodin sa a rumfunan zaɓe yayin zaɓen 1954, Ako Adjei ya zama memba a majalisar ministocin Gold Coast a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1954 ta Nkrumah, wanda a lokacin shine firayim minista kuma shugaban kasuwancin gwamnati. An nada shi ministan kasuwanci da kwadago. Daya daga cikin dalilan nadin nasa shine kasancewar shi ɗan aji ne da ba a wakilta a cikin CPP, kasancewar shi mai hankali da ƙwazo a aji na tsakiya, ana ɗaukar matakin a matsayin dabarar jawo mutane na matsayin sa zuwa CPP. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kasuwanci da Kwadago, ya kasance yana da alhakin fannoni da dama na rayuwar kasar nan, ya kasance yana kula da Hukumar Talla da Noma, Kwamitin Talla na koko, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Masana’antu, Kungiyoyin Kwadago da Hadin gwiwa. A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 1956, an nada shi Ministan Cikin Gida da Adalci, matsayin da Archie Casely-Hayford ya fara rike shi da farko. A waccan shekarar, an sake zaɓen shi a zaɓen majalisa na Gold Coast na 1956 don wakiltar yankin zaɓen gundumar Accra ta Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Buga 'yancin Ghana Ministan cikin gida da shari'a Bayan samun 'yancin kan Ghana a ranar 6 ga Maris 1957, Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin Dakta Kwame Nkrumah ya yi manyan nade -nade a majalisar ministoci, duk da haka, Ako Adjei ya ci gaba da kasancewa Ministan Cikin Gida da Adalci, wanda aka raba bayan watanni shida. A watan Agustan 1957, an raba Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Adalci zuwa Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Ma’aikatar Shari’a. Ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida Krobo Edusei ce ke jagoranta yayin da Ako Adjei ya zama Ministan Shari'a. An ji jita-jitar cewa Nkrumah, Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin ne ya ɗauki wannan matakin, saboda Ako Adjei duk da cewa Ga da kansa ana ganinsa a matsayin "mai taushin hali" don magance matsalolin da Ga-Adangbe Shifimo Kpee (ƙungiya mai ƙabilanci) ta haifar, wanda aka kaddamar ba da dadewa ba a Accra. Wasu sun kasance masu gamsarwa game da sabon nadin nasa suna ganin yana cikin mafi kyawun matsayin da zai magance al'amurran da suka shafi bangaren shari'a na Ghana a matsayin ƙwararren lauya. A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, shi ne ke da alhakin ayyukan Kwamitin Kafa Ƙasa, al'amuran kuɗi da na minista dangane da Kotun Koli, Kotun cikin gida da Dokar Al'ada, da hanyoyin ketare. Ministan Kwadago da Hadin Kai Bayan shekara guda, Ako Adjei ya koma Ma'aikatar Kwadago da Hadin Gwiwa. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kwadago da Hadin Kai, ya taimaka wa kungiyar kwadago ta Ghana wajen samar da sabbin gine -gine da suka ci gaba har zuwa yau. A lokacin da yake kan wannan mukami ya kan jagoranci wakilan Ghana zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ministan Mahalli a Guinea kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje A watan Fabrairun 1959, Ako Adjei ya maye gurbin Nathaniel Azarco Welbeck a matsayin Ministan Gini. Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin babban wakilin Ghana a Guinea, an nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Afrilun wannan shekarar. Ya rike mukaman biyu a matsayin ministan mazaunin Ghana a Guinea da kuma ministan harkokin waje na Ghana har zuwa watan Satumba 1959 lokacin da aka sauke shi daga mukaminsa a Guinea. An maye gurbinsa da J. H. Allassani a matsayin Ministan Mahalli na Guinea. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1961, Ako Adjei yana birnin New York lokacin da Nkrumah shugaban Ghana na lokacin ya sanar a cikin watsa shirye -shiryen asuba cewa ya cire Harkokin Afirka daga ikon Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta haka ya nada Imoru Egala a matsayin karamin Ministan Afirka. Al'amura, wani matsayi da Egala ya riƙe na ɗan gajeren lokaci ba tare da wanda zai gaje shi ba. Ako Adjei ya dawo Ghana ba tare da izini ba don roƙon hanyarsa don ƙarin daidaiton manufofin ƙasashen waje. Ya yi imani cewa makasudin hadin kan Afirka ba zai zama gaskiya ba idan aka nisanta dangantakar Afirka daga ma'aikatar sa. Kokarinsa, na mayar da shawarar shugaban kasa, ya ci tura. A watan Mayu 1961 aka canza fayil ɗin Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa Ministan Harkokin Waje. Ta haka Ako Adjei ya zama Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana na farko a jamhuriya ta farko. A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin wajen Ghana na farko, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara manufofin ketare na kasar da matakin da kasashen duniya ke dauka. A cewar Sheikh I. C. Quaye, ya "taimaka wajen aza harsashin dangantakar mu ta duniya a lokacin yakin sanyi lokacin da kasar ke bukatar tafiya da igiyar diflomasiyya ba tare da son kai ba". Kwesi Armah da ke yin tunani game da lokacin Ako Adjei a ofis ya ce "ya gabatar da hoto mai kyau na Ghana kuma da ƙarfi ya gabatar da matsayin Ghana ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran taron ƙasa da ƙasa." A matsayinsa na Ministan Harkokin Waje, ya ba da sanarwar kauracewa kayyayaki, jiragen ruwa da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa cikin kasar, ya kuma ci gaba da cewa za a ba 'yan Afirka ta Kudu damar shiga kasar ne kawai idan sun ayyana adawa da wariyar launin fata. A lokacin da yake rike da mukami a ma'aikatar, Ako Adjei ya yi kira da "Hadin gwiwar Kasashen Afirka, don samar da tsarin da duk wani shiri na hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu a zahiri zai iya aiki da shi. A yayin taron Ministocin Harkokin Waje na Afirka a Addis Ababa a watan Yunin 1960, ya ba da shawarar manufar "cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa" ga Afirka kuma ya himmatu ga kafa Ƙungiyar Kwastam ta Afirka, Yankin Cinikayya na Afirka, da Asusun Ci gaban Afirka; Manufofin da suka yi daidai da waɗannan shawarwarin sun sami karbuwa daga Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) wanda aka haifa yayin da yake cikin kurkuku a 1963 da Tarayyar Afirka (AU) waɗanda suka gaji OAU a 2001. Ako Adjei ya ci gaba da rike Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje har zuwa watan Agustan 1962 lokacin da aka tuhume shi da cin amanar kasa dangane da harin bam na Kulungugu, yunkurin kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban kasa na lokacin, Dakta Kwame Nkrumah a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962. Nkrumah ya maye gurbinsa. ta hanyar ɗaukar mukamin Ministan Harkokin Waje a 1962. Shari'ar cin amanar kasa da tsarewa Kwame Nkrumah ya tafi Tenkodogo a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1962 don yin taro da Maurice Yameogo shugaban Upper Volta yanzu Burkina Faso. Taron ya kasance don tattauna ƙarin shirye -shiryen kawar da shingen kwastam tsakanin Ghana da Upper Volta. Yunkurin da ake ganin ƙaramin mataki ne ga haɗin kan Pan-Afirka. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya rikitar da dawowar dawowar daga Tenkodogo a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962, lamarin da ya sa umarnin da aka saba yi na jerin gwanon ya lalace a kan mummunan hanyar da ta hada kasashen biyu. An ba da rahoton cewa an jefa bam a kan shugaban a Kulungugu, wani gari a Yankin Sama na Ghana lokacin da aka tilasta masa tsayawa ya karbi bouquet daga wani karamin yaro. Ako Adjei, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje, tare da Tawia Adamafio, sannan Ministan Watsa Labarai, Hugh Horatio Cofie Crabbe, sannan Babban Sakataren CPP, Joseph Yaw Manu, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma ana zargin memba ne na United Party (UP) da Robert Benjamin Otchere tsohon dan majalisar UP, ana zarginsa da yunkurin kashe shugaban. Kotun Koli ta yi wa Ako Adjei, Tawiah Adamafio da Cofie Crabbe tuhuma kan cewa hujjojin da aka gabatar a kansu sun kasance na yanayi da yaudara, kuma sun fi mai da hankali kan rarrabuwar kawuna a Convention People's Party(CPP) a matsayin tushen su zargi. Wani dan majalisar Ghana ya bayyana laifin nasu kamar haka: An ce sake tabbatar da shari'ar ya zama dole saboda shaidar wani firist wanda ya zargi mutanen uku da hada baki don kashe shugaban. Alkalai uku da suka wanke mutanen uku Mai shari'a Sir. Kobina Arku Korsah, Justice Edward Akufo-Addo (Manyan Shida) da Mai Shari'a Kofi Adumua Bossman-daga baya an tilasta musu yin murabus. An kori wasu alkalai guda biyu, William Bedford Van Lare da Robert Samuel Blay (wanda ya kafa kungiyar United Gold Coast Convention) saboda nuna rashin amincewa da korar alkalan uku. Daga nan Nkrumah ya ci mutuncin alkalan mutane 12 karkashin Mai Shari'a Julius Sarkodee-Addo, wanda ya sami wanda aka wanke, laifin da ya danganci shaidar firist na cikin. A sakamakon haka ne aka yankewa Ako Adjei da wasu biyun hukuncin kisa, duk da haka, shugaban ya sauya hukuncin zuwa daurin rai-da-rai sannan daga baya, zaman gidan yari na shekaru 20 a wani jawabi ga majalisar a ranar 26 ga Maris 1965. Ako Adjei yana yin tunani game da taron 1 ga Agusta 1962 yana da wannan cewa: "Na yi laifi kuma na san cewa abokaina guda biyu, Tawia Adamafio da Cofie Crabbe suma ba su da laifi. Abin da ya faru shi ne na raka Nkrumah a matsayina na Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa wani ƙaramin taro tsakanin Shugaba Nkrumah da Shugaba Yameogo a Tenkudugu a iyakar arewa tsakanin Togo, Ghana da Upper Volta a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1962. A lokacin dawowar mu, ina cikin jam'iyyar Shugaban kasa wacce ta tsaya ba tare da bata lokaci ba a wata karamar makaranta a Kulungugu. Cikin 'yan mintoci kadan bayan da Shugaban ya sauka sannan ya karbi bouquet daga wani yaro dan makaranta, an jefa masa gurneti. Yaron marar laifi ya sami bugun kai tsaye kuma an kashe shi nan take. An yi sa’a, gurneti na hannu ya rasa Shugaban duk da cewa wasu pellets sun sami hanyar baya. Mun samu Osagyefo zuwa Bawku inda daga baya aka tura shi Tamale. Komawa Accra komai ya tafi daidai. Kuma a karshen watan Yulin 1962 na sami takarda daga Dokta Okechuku Ekejeani, tsohon abokin aiki a Jami'ar Lincoln kuma abokin Nkrumah da ni kaina. Yana tafiya daga Landan kuma ya aika da katin waya a cikin jirgin sa ga Shugaban ƙasa da ni. Lokacin da na nuna wa Nkrumah wayata, sai ya ce in je masa in aike shi gidana in yi masa nishadi a madadinsa. Zan zo da shi washegari gidan Flagstaff don wani liyafar kafin ya tafi Legas da rana. Muna nishadantar da shi a waccan Laraba, 29 ga Agusta, 1962 lokacin da aka kama ni aka tafi da ni. Tsawon shekaru hudu masu zuwa Allah ne kaɗai ya san abin da ya faru da ni. Ako Adjei tare da abokan aikinsa guda uku suna daga cikin fursunonin siyasa da dama da National Liberation Council ta sake bayan hambarar da shugaba Nkrumah da Gwamnatin Republican ta farko a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1966. An sake shi daga tsarewar da aka yi masa a gidan yari na Tsaron Tsaro na Nsawam a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1966 ta hanyar afuwa daga National Liberation Council. Rayuwa daga baya A jajibirin fitowarsa daga gidan yarin Nsawam a 1966, Ako Adjei ya bar siyasa gaba daya bayan gogewa gaba daya; abin da ya yi imani ya kasance zargin ƙarya ne da lokacin ɗaurin kurkuku. Bayan an sake shi, ya sadaukar da kansa ga danginsa da rayuwarsa ta doka. Ya mai da hankali sosai ga matarsa da yaransa. A cewarsa, matarsa da yaransa sun taimaka sosai a lokacin da aka yi masa shari'a, aka sake gurfanar da shi sannan aka daure shi. Ya kuma sake tsara rayuwarsa ta kwararru, ya yi nasarar sake tsara dakunansa, Teianshi Chambers, sannan ya sake fara aikin zaman kansa a matsayin likitan doka. Bayan juyin mulkin soji na biyu a Ghana, Supreme Military Council ta sanya Ako-Adjei a matsayin mamba a hukumar don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Ghana. A cewar The Ghanaian Chronicle, karo na ƙarshe da aka ga Ako Adjei a cikin kowane babban taro shine a cikin manyan mutanen da tsohon shugaban ƙasa Rawlings ya shirya a ƙarshen lokacin mulkinsa. Saboda halin da yake ciki a lokacin, danginsa sun hana manema labarai damar yin hira da shi. Mutuwa da binne jihar Ako Adjei shine mamba na ƙarshe na shahararren Manyan Shida da ya mutu. Bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya, ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2002 a Asibitin Koyarwa na Korle-Bu, yana ɗan shekara 85. Ya rasu ya bar mata da ‘ya’ya hudu. Mutuwar sa ta yi yabo daga gwamnatocin jihohi ciki har da shugaban kasar Ghana na lokacin, John Agyekum Kufour wanda ya bayyana cewa za a yi masa jana'izar jihar. Ya ce “al’umma na da godiya ga Dokta Ako-Adjei a matsayin gwarzo, wanda ya bauta wa kasa tun yana matashi, don mulkin dimokuradiyya a nan gaba. A matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan shida a tarihin siyasar Ghana, rasuwar Dakta Ako-Adjei ya kawo karshen zagayen farko na tarihi dangane da matsanancin yanayin siyasa a kasar a wancan lokacin. Amma ba za a iya share tunanin wancan zamanin ba ".Ya kuma kara da cewa" Sun kaddamar da tsarin jam'iyyun siyasa wanda gwamnati ke amfana da shi. 'Yan Ghana da ke cin gajiyar wannan babban abin gado da nasarori ya zama wajibi su bi sahun dangin da aka yi wa rasuwa don yiwa Dokta Ako-Adjei jana'izar da ta dace a jihar". Babban Lauyan Janar na lokacin kuma Ministan Shari’a kuma shugaban kasar Ghana na yanzu, Nana Akufo-Addo ya jinjinawa ya ce; "Mutuwar Dakta Ako-Adjei ya kawo ƙarshen zamanin magabatan ƙasar kuma 'yan Ghana yanzu an bar su da kansu don tsira." Ya kara da cewa "hangen nesan da ya basu karfin gwiwa don tabbatar da mulkin dimokradiyya na yanci yanzu ya mamaye kasar, sun yi wa kasarmu ayyuka da yawa kuma yana daya daga cikin jaruman kasar nan". Yayin da Marigayi Jake Obetsebi-Lamptey, Ministan Watsa Labarai na wancan lokacin shi ma yana da wannan magana: "ba a goge babin zamanin Manyan Shida ba tare da mutuwar Dokta Ako-Adjei saboda abubuwan da suka samu suna samuwa ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Akwai da yawa daga cikin 'yan Ghana tare da Manyan Shida, waɗanda suka yi fafutukar tabbatar da mulkin dimokuraɗiyya." Jana'izar jaha A ranar da aka binne shi, dukkan tutoci sun tashi sama-sama don girmama shi. An gudanar da hidimar jana'izar jihar a farfajiyar gidan gwamnatin jihar. Wadanda suka halarci bikin akwai 'yan siyasa,' yan majalisa, ministocin jihohi, membobin Majalisar Jiha, kungiyar diflomasiyya, sarakuna, dangi, abokai da masu tausayawa. Shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin, Kufour ya sanya furanni a madadin gwamnati da mutanen Ghana, Mista Hackman Owusu-Agyeman, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje sannan ya ajiye wani a madadin Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje, Mista Paul Adu-Gyamfi, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ta kasar Ghana ya ajiye furanni na uku a madadin kungiyar yayin da wani dan uwa ya ajiye furanni na hudu a madadin dangin mamatan. Joseph Henry Mensah, sannan Babban Minista, ya karanta harajin gwamnati, yana mai cewa: "Dakta Ako Adjei yana cikin wadanda suka bayyana mafarkin hadin kan Afirka da tashin hankalin siyasa a cikin kasar. Bayan ficewar jam'iyyar Convention Peoples Party (CPP) daga United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), Dakta Ako-Adjei ya zama gadar tsakanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa guda biyu. Ghana ta yi hasarar ƙima saboda ba za ta iya amfana da gogewarsa da hikimar da ba ta da tabbas. Lokacin da muka yi koyi da rayuwarsa mun yanke shawarar ba za mu sake samun wani mutum tsayinsa ya sha wahala ƙaddararsa ba." Bayan jana'izar jihar, an gudanar da jana'izar sirri a kabarin Cocin Holy Trinity Church of God, Okoman, Dome, a Accra. Rayuwar mutum Ako Adjei ya auri Theodosia Ako Adjei (née Kote-Amon) kuma tare suke da 'ya'ya mata huɗu. Shi Kirista ne kuma memba na Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana. A matsayinsa na Kirista, ya yi imani kuma ya nanata a matsayin falsafar rayuwarsa cewa Allah ne ke sarrafa dukkan al'amuran kuma yana da manufa ga kowa a duniya. "Don haka abin da kowane mutum zai yi shine ya ƙyale Allah ya yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki don bauta masa." Daraja A cikin 1946, an mai da shi memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya A cikin 1952 an sanya shi memba na Cibiyar Kimiyya da Siyasa ta Amurka A 1962 an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Laws daga almajirinsa, Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania, Amurka A ranar 7 ga Maris 1997 a matsayin wani bangare na bikin cika shekaru 40 da samun 'yancin kai na Ghana, Ako Adjei ya ba Jami'in Order of the Star of Ghana lambar girmamawa mafi girma ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hannun shugaban kasar na lokacin Jerry John Rawlings saboda "gudummawar da ya bayar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana" A cikin 1999, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award ga Fitattun Jihohi. Gada An canza masa suna Musayar Ako Adjei a Accra, wanda a da can ne Musayar Sankara. Hakanan akwai filin shakatawa na Ako-Adjei a Osu, Accra. Sa farashi "Ghana ita ce ƙasarmu. Ba mu da inda za mu je. Anan ne Allah ya sanya mu kuma tun da farko mun gane wannan shi ne mafi alheri a gare mu duka." Duba kuma Manyan Shida

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20yan%20sanda%20ta%20pakistan

Hukumar yan sanda ta pakistan

Doka a Pakistan dokar na ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassa uku na tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Pakistan, tare da shari'a da kuma gidajen yari. Kasar dai na da tarin jami’an ‘yan sandan tarayya da na Jahohi da na kananan hukumomi masu aiki na gama-gari da na musamman, amma manyan jami’an jahohi da galibin na tarayya ‘yan sanda ne na Pakistan (PSP). PSP tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman sassan Sabis na Babban Ma'aikata, babbar ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Pakistan. Ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta gwamnatin Pakistan ce ke kula da hukumomin tilasta bin doka ta tarayya gaba daya, yayin da jami'an 'yan sandan lardin jihar ke kula da wani sashen gwamnatin jihar. Hukumomin 'yan sandan tarayya Wasu daga cikin hukumomin da ke ƙasa wani bangare ne na dakarun sa-kai na Pakistan, yayin da wasu kuma ƙungiyoyin tilasta bin doka ne na ma'aikatun gwamnati na musamman. Ba a haɗa da Rundunar Sojojin Pakistan ta Rundunar 'Yan sandan Soja ba, wacce ke da hurumin jami'an soji kawai. Rundunar Tsaro ta Filayen Jiragen Sama (ma'aikatan 8,945) wani ɓangare ne na Sashin Jirgin Sama (wanda kuma ya haɗa da Pakistan International Airlines, da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama kuma ke da alhakin kare filayen jiragen sama, wurare da jiragen sama (a kan ƙasa ko cikin iska). Yana kiyaye masana'antar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga tsangwama ba bisa ka'ida ba, ɗaukar matakan yaƙi da ta'addanci, hana aikata laifuka da kiyaye doka da oda a cikin iyakokin filayen jirgin saman Pakistan. Rundunar Anti-Narcotics Force (ma'aikata 3,100) tana da alhakin yaƙar fasa-kwauri da amfani da su a cikin Pakistan. Babban Darakta na Leken Asiri da Bincike shine reshen bincike na Hukumar Tara Haraji ta Tarayya. Hukumar binciken ta tarayya, ita ce hukumar kula da iyakoki, da bayanan sirri da tsaro a karkashin ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida, wacce ke da hurumin bincike a kan gudanar da ayyukan yaki da ta’addanci, leken asiri, laifuffukan tarayya, farkisanci, fasa-kwauri da kuma keta haddi da sauran laifuka na musamman. Frontier Corps (ma'aikata 80,000) wasu dakarun sa kai ne guda biyu da ke aiki a kan iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan da kan iyakar Iran da Pakistan. Frontier Constabulary (ma'aikata 26,000) rundunar 'yan sanda ce ta 'yan sanda da ke da alhakin kiyaye doka da oda da kuma magance al'amuran da ba su da ikon rundunar 'yan sandan farar hula na lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa An kafa ta a cikin Daular Indiya ta Burtaniya a cikin 1913, kuma an yi mata suna bayan tsohon lardin Arewa maso Yamma. Gilgit Baltistan Scouts (ma'aikata 2,481) runduna ce ta 'yan sanda da ke aiki a arewa maso gabashin Pakistan a kan iyakar China da Pakistan Hukumar Yaki da Ta'addanci ta Kasa (NACTA) kungiya ce ta hadin kai da tsare-tsare da ke hada kungiyoyi da dama wadanda kudadensu ya shafi yaki da ta'addanci. Suna da alhakin haɗin kai na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa, samar da dabaru da tsare-tsare na gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci, da gudanar da bincike da nufin yaƙar ta'addanci. 'Yan sandan manyan tituna da manyan motoci na kasa suna da alhakin aiwatar da dokokin zirga-zirga da aminci, tsaro da farfadowa a kan babbar hanyar kasa da babbar hanyar sadarwa. NH&MP suna amfani da SUVs, motoci da manyan babura don sintiri, da kyamarori masu sauri don aiwatar da iyakokin gudu. Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta kasa cibiya ce ta horar da manyan jami'an 'yan sandan farar hula. Ofishin 'yan sanda na kasa yana aiki a matsayin cibiyar tunani ga ma'aikatar cikin gida don tsara sauye-sauye da manufofin 'yan sanda. Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Pakistan (ma'aikata 7,000) runduna ce ta 'yan sanda da ke aiki a gabar tekun Pakistan. 'Yan sandan layin dogo na Pakistan suna aiki akan tsarin layin dogo na Pakistan. Pakistan Rangers (ma'aikata 41,000) wasu dakarun sa kai ne guda biyu da ke aiki a kan iyakar Indiya da Pakistan Hukumar kwastam ta Pakistan tana aiki a tashoshin jiragen sama da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Pakistan. 'Yan sandan Tarayyar Pakistan 'Yan sandan babban birnin kasar ita ce 'yan sanda na yau da kullun na babban birnin Islamabad Saboda matsayin birnin, rundunar 'yan sanda na karkashin ikon gwamnatin Pakistan. Ya hada da 'yan sandan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na Islamabad. 'Yan sandan lardi da na yanki Jahohi guda hudu na Pakistan Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh da Balochistan kowannensu yana da 'yan sanda na kansa, wanda aka tsara don dacewa da kalubale na wannan yanki, tare da nasu na musamman da manyan sassan. Kowace rundunar ‘yan sanda tana da Kwamishinan ‘yan sanda da aka nada a matsayin Sufeto-Janar wanda babban jami’i ne daga hukumar ‘yan sandan Pakistan. Wasu jami’an ‘yan sandan jiha na samun tallafi daga jami’an tsaro na tarayya da ke aiki a yankin. Dukkanin jami'an 'yan sandan jihar suna dauke da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci. Tufafin gargajiya na jami'an 'yan sandan jihohin Pakistan bakar riga ce mai dauke da wando. A cikin shekarar 2017, 'yan sanda a Punjab sun sauya sheka zuwa kakin zaitun, amma sun koma kakin gargajiya a shekarar 2019. A cikin shekarar 2020, jihohin duk sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da rigar da ake sawa a Islamabad shuɗi mai haske ko farar riga mai launin shuɗi mai duhu. The Balochistan Police (38,000 personnel) operates in 7 districts of Balochistan province. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Adae%20Kese

Bikin Adae Kese

Bikin Adae Kese (babban wurin hutawa) muhimmin biki ne duk da cewa ba kasafai ake samun irin sa ba tsakanin mutanen Ashanti a Ghana. Akwai kuma manyan lokutta biyu na wannan bikin. 1 Shi ne awukudae da akwadidae Yana ɗaukaka nasarorin masarautar Asante. An fara yin bikin ne don samun nasarar mulkin jama'a, bayan yaƙin da Ashantis ta samu 'yancin kai, a Yaƙin Feyiase wanda suka yi yaƙi da mutanen Denkyira. Haka nan shi ne lokacin da ake yin bikin tsarkake Odwira a wuraren ibada na ruhohin kakanni. Gaba ɗaya, wannan ya yi daidai da lokacin girbin doya kuma saboda haka Turawa suka kira wannan al'ada "al'adan Doya". Ana yin bikin kowane sati biyu da mutane bisa ga kalandar Akans dangane da zagayowar kwanaki arba'in da biyu da watanni tara a kalandarsu. Galibi ana gudanar da wannan biki don bukukuwan ƙarshe na takamaiman nasarori da muhimman al'amuran mutanen masarautar Ashanti. Bikin ranar hutu ce don haka an hana yin aiki a ranar. Kiyayewa Shi ne bikin ƙarshen shekara na kalandar Akan. Bikin Adae na tara (wanda ke faruwa kowane mako shida). Adae Kese yana shigo da Sabuwar Shekara, tare da ranakun tsakanin watan Yuli zuwa Oktoba, kodayake wasu Akans kamar Akim, Akwamu, da Ashanti suna bikin Sabuwar Shekara a cikin Janairu. Ana kuma yin bikin a Fadar Manhyia. Ya ƙumshi abubuwan ibada waɗanda ke da nufin tsarkake ruhun dakunan gidan sarki daga membobin gidan sarauta da sauran manyan mutane. Tarihi Al'adar gudanar da wannan biki ta shahara tsakanin 1697 zuwa 1699 lokacin da aka sami mulkin ƙasa ga mutanen Ashante bayan yakin neman 'yancin kai, Yaƙin Feyiase, a kan Denkyira. An lura da bikin daga baya har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Stool na Zinariya (kursiyin) a cikin 1700. Bikin ya kasance lokacin keɓe ragowar sarakunan da suka mutu. An ajiye gawawwakin a cikin kabarin da aka binne Bantama, wani yanki na masarautar Kumasi. Adae Kese ya kawo hanyar haɗi da matakin ban gaskiya da haɗin kai tsakanin rayayyu da ruhohin kakanni. A farkon zamaninsa, wannan biki yana da fa'ida ta sadaukarwa, ta mutum da dabba. Da farko ana yin babban bikin ne a Hemmaa, kusa da fadar sarki kusa da wurin da kakannin kakanni na sarakuna. An yi kashi na biyu kuma mafi mahimmancin bikin a Bantama, wanda kuma shi ne makabartar ƙarshe ta sarakunan Asante, kuma an san shi da "sanannen al'adar Bantama" saboda sadaukarwar da aka yi ta kasance babba. Lokacin da aka sanar da bikin, ta hanyar buga ganguna, mutane sun buya don tsoron kada a zaɓe su don sadaukar da ɗan adam. A matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada, hadayar tumaki ma ta kasance. Ko sadaukarwar ɗan adam ta kasance ko ba ta kasance batun muhawara ba, amma gaskiyar ita ce al'ummomin Afirka sun ɗauki waɗannan bukukuwan a matsayin "haɗuwa tsakanin masu rai da matattu." Al'adu Bikin Adae Kese yana biye da al'adu iri ɗaya kamar na Adae, duk da haka, bambanci a cikin bukukuwan shi ne babban yana ɗaukar tumaki don yin hadaya ga Stool. Ana yin bikin tsarkake Odwira yayin Adae Kese a wuraren ibada na ruhohin kakanni. Gaba ɗaya, wannan ya yi daidai da lokacin girbin doya, don haka ne ma Turawa suka kira wannan al'adar ta doya. Ana yin bikin a wannan kakar don gode wa alloli da kakanni don girbi mai kyau. Haka nan ana amfani da lokacin don fitar da sabuwar doya. Kowace shekara biyar, babban mai mulkin Asante ne ke karɓar bakuncin Bikin Adae Kese wanda ke ɗaukar makonni biyu ana yinsa. A matsayin biki na jihar, ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka da garuruwa da yawa, a cikin yankin gargajiya da aka sani da Odwira, yana haɗa Ashanti daga kowane fanni na rayuwa (Odwira yana nufin tsarkakewa), wanda ke halarta kuma ya rungumi bikin. Asantehene, mai sarautar Kumasi, yana riƙe da sarauniyar sarauniya da sarauniyarsu a wannan lokacin lokacin da dukkansu suka fito cikin cikakken tsari. Rawa da bugun ganguna wani bangare ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Bikin kuma shi ne lokacin da mutane ke ba da tabbacin amincewarsu ga sarkin Ashante na yanzu. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka cancanta ana ba su lambobin yabo a wannan ranar aukuwa. Har ila yau, sarkin yana yin biki mai zaman kansa a cikin ɗakunan fadarsa tare da waɗanda aka keɓe na gidan sarauta da sauran jami'ai. Sharhi kan kalangu Mai Magana Daga cikin sauran ayyukan da ke faruwa a ranar bikin, ana ɗaukar sarkin ta cikin titunan Kumasi cikin jerin gwano. Robert Sutherland Rattray ne ya rubuta sigar da ke tafe na bugun a 1923:"Oh, Mai Ruwan Allah, Da kyar na farka na tashi. Ni, mai bugun sarkin masara ta Ashanti, Da kyar nake farkawa. Na sanya kaina in tashi, "Oh, Mai Ruwan Allah, Da kyar na farka na tashi. Ni, mai bugun sarkin masara ta Ashanti, Da kyar nake farkawa. Na sanya kaina in tashi, Da wuri sosai, Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta. Akwai fadama, fadama, fadama, Wanda zai iya hadiye giwa. Kogi na iya zama ƙarami a cikin kwarin Tsakanin manyan tsaunuka. Amma yana gudana har abada abadin. Idan kun tafi wani wuri kuma ina kiran ku (ruhun giwa) Ku zo. Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe, Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara, Da wuri sosai, Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta. Na kwanta, amma ban ji bacci ba, Na kwanta amma idanuna basu rufe ba, Ga agogo uku na dare. Ina tunanin abokaina da suka bar ni suna barci, Amoafo-Awuku-Zakara-tsohon-tsuntsu wanda kasusuwansa suka yi ƙarfi. Tsuntsu, barka da safiya, barka da safiya. Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe, Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara, Da wuri sosai, Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta. Sama tana da fadi, fadi, fadi, Duniya tana da fadi, fadi, fadi, An ɗaga sama, An saita ɗayan, A zamanin d, a, tuntuni, tuntuni. Allah Maɗaukaki, wanda mutane ba su dogara gare shi, ba su faɗuwa a kansa, Muna yi muku hidima. Lokacin da Ubangiji Allah ya nuna muku wani abu Da fatan za ku amfana da shi. Idan muna son 'fari' za mu samu, Idan muna son 'ja' za mu samu. Shi wanda muka dogara kuma ba mu fadowa, Allah, barka da safiya. Kai wanda muke bautawa a ranar Asabar, Barka da safiya, Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe, Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara, Da wuri sosai, Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta. Ruwa ya tsallaka hanya, Rantsuwa ta haye rafi; Wane ne babba a cikinsu? Shin ba mu yanke hanyar da za mu hadu da wannan rafi ba? Kogin ya samo asali tun da daɗewa, Kogin ya samo asali ne daga Mahalicci. Ya halicci abubuwa, Tano mai tsarki, mai tsabta (yana nufin babban allahn Ashantis) Zo nan, Tano; Yana cin raguna, Ta, mai girma, mai ƙarfi Wanda muke bautawa ranar Litinin. Yana zuwa, yana zuwa, A hankali kadan, a hankali, a hankali, Yi hankali kada ku yi tuntuɓe, A hankali kadan, a hankali, a hankali. Za ku zo ku zauna, Cif, za ka zo ka zauna. Kon! Kon! Kon! Babban mutum, ɗan Osai, ya zauna. Sarki ya zauna Wanda ya ruguza garuruwa ya zauna, Wanda ba ya gafartawa, Ya ɗauki kujera ya zauna."

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan%20Atkinson

Rowan Atkinson

Rowan Sebastian Atkinson CBE (an haife shi 6 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1955) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Turanci mai barkwanci, kuma marubuci. An fi saninsa da aiki na "sitcomsoms Blackad" wanda yayi tsakanin er (daga shekarar 1983-1989) da sunan Mr. Bean (1990 1995). Atkison ya fara shahara ne a wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Not the Nine O'Clock News (1979-1982), yana karɓar BAFTA na 1981 don Nishaɗi Mafi Kyawu, kuma ta hanyar shiga cikin Ballwallar Polan sanda mai tsaro (1979). Sauran ayyukan nasa sun hada da fim din James Bond Kada Ka sake Cewa (1983), da yin wasa mai cike da rudani a bukukuwan aure hudu da Jana'iza (1994), da bayyana yadda aka fara yin kaho da Zazu a cikin The Lion King (1994), da kuma wasa Rufus mai tallan kayan ado cikin Soyayyar Gaskiya (2003). Atkinson ya kuma fito a cikin sitcom din The The Blue Blue Line (1995-1996). Ayyukansa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da farfadowar 2009 West End na kiɗa Oliver! An sanya Atkinson a cikin mujallar The Observer''' a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo 50 masu ban dariya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya a shekarar 2007, kuma a cikin manyan masu wasan barkwanci 50 da aka taɓa yi, a cikin zaɓen shekarar 2005 na ƴan uwan masu wasan barkwanci. A tsawon rayuwarsa, ya yi aiki tare da marubucin rubutu Richard Curtis da mawaƙi Howard Goodall, waɗanda duka ya haɗu da su a ƙungiyar Wasannin kwaikwayo ta Jami'ar Oxford a cikin shekarun 1970s. Baya ga BAFTA na shekarar 1981, Atkinson ya sami lambar yabo ta Olivier don wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 1981 West End da ya yi a Rowan Atkinson a cikin Revue Ya sami nasarorin silima tare da wasan kwaikwayon da ya nuna a cikin fim ɗin Mista Bean wanda ya haɗu da Bean (1997) da Mista Bean's Holiday (2007), haka kuma a cikin jerin fina-finan Johnny na Turanci (2003-2018). Ya kuma bayyana azaman halin ɗabi'a a cikin Maigret (2016-2017). An naɗa Atkinson a matsayin CBE a cikin Girmamawar Ranar Haihuwa ta shekarar 2013 don aiyuka zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da sadaka. Rayuwar farko An haifi Atkinson a cikin Consett, County Durham, Ingila, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1955. Ƙarami daga cikin yara maza huɗu, iyayensa sune Eric Atkinson, manomi kuma darektan kamfanin, da Ella May (née Bainbridge), wacce ta yi aure a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1945. 'Yan uwansa maza uku sune Paul, wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri; Rodney, masanin tattalin arziki na Eurosceptic wanda ya sha kaye sosai a zaɓen shugabancin Jam’iyyar Indifenda ta Burtaniya a 2000; da Rupert. Atkinson ya girma cikin Angilikan, kuma ya yi karatu a Durham Choristers School, makarantar share fagen shiga, sannan a St Bees School Rodney, Rowan da babban yayansu Rupert sun girma ne a cikin Consett kuma sun tafi makaranta tare da Firayim Minista, Tony Blair, a Durham Choristers. Bayan ya sami maki na farko a karatun A, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami’ar Newcastle, inda ya samu digiri a Injin Injin lantarki da Lantarki. A shekarar 1975, ya ci gaba da digirin digirin digirgir na MSc a Injin Injiniya a Kwalejin Sarauniya, ta Oxford, kwalejin da mahaifinsa ya yi kwazo a shekarar 1935, wanda hakan ya sanya Atkinson ya zama abokin girmamawa a 2006. Takardun sa na MSc, wanda aka buga a cikin 1978, yayi la'akari da aikace-aikacen sarrafa kai tsaye. Atkinson ya ɗan fara aikin digirgir kafin ya mai da hankalinsa ga yin wasan kwaikwayo. Farkon nasarar da ya samu na kasa a cikin The Oxford Revue a Edinburgh Festival Fringe a watan Agusta 1976, ya riga ya rubuta kuma ya yi zane-zane don nunawa a Oxford ta Etceteras kungiyar farfado da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji (ETC) kuma ga Ƙungiyar Dramatic University ta Oxford (OUDS), marubucin ganawa Richard Curtis, da mawaƙi Howard Goodall, wanda zai ci gaba da aiki tare da shi a lokacin aikinsa. Ayyuka Rediyo Atkinson ya yi fice a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ban dariya ga Rediyon BBC 3 a 1979 da ake kiraThe Mutanen People. Ya ƙunshi jerin hirarraki na ban dariya tare da fitattun manyan mutane, waɗanda Atkinson da kansa ya buga. Atkinson da Richard Curtis ne suka rubuta jerin, kuma Griff Rhys Jones ne ya shirya su Talabijan Bayan kammala jami'a, Atkinson ya yi tuƙin jirgin sama sau ɗaya a gidan talabijin na ƙarshen mako a Landan a 1979 da ake kira Dariyar Gwangwani Atkinson ya ci gaba da yin Ba Labari na Nine O'Clock na BBC, wanda abokinsa John Lloyd ya samar. Ya kasance cikin wasan kwaikwayon tare da Pamela Stephenson, Griff Rhys Jones da Mel Smith, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan zane-zane. Nasarar Ba da Nine O'Clock News ta haifar da jagorantar Edmund Blackadder a Blackadder Jeri na farko The Black Adder (1983), wanda aka saita a zamanin da, Atkinson ya sake yin rubutu tare da Richard Curtis. Bayan ratar shekaru uku, a wani bangare saboda damuwar kasafin kudi, an watsa shirye-shirye na biyu, wanda Curtis da Ben Elton suka rubuta Blackadder II (1986) ya bi sahun ɗayan zuriyar Atkinson na asali, wannan lokacin a zamanin Elizabethan An maimaita irin wannan yanayin a cikin ƙarin jerin abubuwa biyu Blackadder na Uku (1987), wanda aka saita a zamanin Regency, da Blackadder Goes Forth (1989), waɗanda aka saita a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Jerin Blackadder ya zama ɗayan mafi nasara cikin duk halin da BBC ke ciki. comedies, spawning special special television including Blackadder's Christmas Carol (1988), Blackadder: The Cavalier Years (1988), and later Blackadder: Back &amp; Forth (1999), wanda aka saita a ƙarshen Millennium. Yanayin karshe na "Blackadder Goes Forth" (lokacin da Blackadder da mutanensa suka tafi "kan saman" kuma suka caje zuwa No-Man's-Land) an bayyana shi da "mai ƙarfin hali da mai daɗi sosai" Mallaka mai hankali da kuma ɗauke da makamai da yawa (waɗanda galibi ana ɓata su a kan waɗanda ake jagorantarsu), a cikin zaɓen 2001 Channel 4 Edmund Blackadder ya kasance na uku (a bayan Homer Simpson daga The Simpsons da Basil Fawlty daga Fawlty Towers a jerin sunayen manyan Mawallafin TV 100 A lokacin shekara ta 2014 da fara yakin duniya na 1, dan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Michael Gove da masanin tarihin yaki Max Hastings sun koka game da abin da ake kira "Blackadder version of history". Sauran halittar Atkinson, Mista Bean maras kyau, ya fara bayyana ne a Ranar Sabuwar Shekara a cikin 1990 a cikin rabin sa'a na musamman don Thames Television Halin Mr. Bean an kwatanta shi da Buster Keaton na wannan zamani, amma Atkinson da kansa ya bayyana cewa halin Jacques Tati Monsieur Hulot shine babban wahayi. Lissafi da yawa ga Mista Bean sun fito a talabijin har zuwa 1995, kuma halayen daga baya ya fito a cikin fim mai fasali. Bean (1997) shi ne wanda Mel Smith, abokin aiki na Atkinson ya ba da umarni a cikin Ba Labari na Nine O'Clock Fim na biyu, Mista Bean's Holiday, an sake shi a cikin 2007. Atkinson ya zana Sufeto Raymond Fowler a cikin The Blue Blue Line (1995-96), sitcom na talabijin wanda Ben Elton ya rubuta, wanda ke faruwa a ofishin 'yan sanda da ke cikin gagararrun Gasforth. Atkinson ya gabatar da kamfen na Kronenbourg, Fujifilm, da Give Blood. Atkinson ya fito ne a matsayin wakilin leken asiri wanda ba shi da kyau kuma mai saurin kuskure ne mai suna Richard Lathum a cikin jerin talla na dogon lokaci na Barclaycard, wanda a kansa aka nuna matsayin sa a Johnny English, Johnny English Reborn da Johnny English Strikes Again A cikin 1999, ya buga Doctor a La'anar Mutuwar Mutuwa, Doctor na musamman wanda aka gabatar da silsilar don sadaka telethon Comic Relief Atkinson ya bayyana a matsayin Tauraruwa a cikin Mota Mai Saukin Kuɗi kan Manyan Labarai na BBC a watan Yulin 2011, yana tuka Kia Cee'd kusa da waƙar a cikin 1: 42.2. Sanya shi a saman allon jagora, lokacin cinyarsa ya fi sauri sauri fiye da wanda ke riƙe da babban rikodin bayanan da ya gabata Tom Cruise, wanda lokacinsa ya kasance 1: 44.2. Atkinson ya bayyana a bikin buɗe wasannin Olympics na bazara a shekarar 2012 a Landan a matsayin Mista Bean a cikin wani zane mai ban dariya a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon Chariots of Fire yana buga maimaita rubutu guda daya a kan mahada Daga nan sai ya faɗi cikin tsarin mafarki inda ya haɗu da masu tsere daga fim ɗin suna iri ɗaya (game da wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na 1924 inda ya doke su a wasan su na gwaninta tare da West Sands a St. Andrews, ta hanyar hawa a cikin ƙaramar minista da kuma yin tuntuɓe gaban mai gudu. Atkinson ya yi fice kamar Jules Maigret a cikin Maigret, jerin fina-finan talabijin daga ITV. Ritayar Mista Bean A watan Nuwamba na 2012, ya bayyana cewa Rowan Atkinson yana da niyyar yin ritaya Mista Bean. "Abubuwan da suka kasance mafi nasara a gare ni a kasuwanci asali na zahiri, na yara Na kara jin zan yi kasa da yawa, "Atkinson ya fada wa jaridar Daily Telegraph Review. "Baya ga gaskiyar cewa iyawar ku ta fara raguwa, ina kuma ganin wani a cikin shekarun su na 50 da ya zama kamar yara ya zama dan bakin ciki. Dole ne ku yi hankali. Ya kuma ce cewa gudummawar typecast shi zuwa wani mataki. Duk da waɗannan maganganun, Atkinson ya faɗa a cikin 2016 cewa ba zai taɓa yin ritaya da halayen Mista Bean ba. A watan Oktoba 2014, Atkinson shima ya fito a matsayin Mista Bean a cikin tallan TV na Snickers A cikin 2015, ya yi fice tare da Ben Miller da Rebecca Front a wani hoto na BBC Red Nose Day inda Mista Bean ya halarci jana'iza. A shekarar 2017, ya fito a matsayin Mista Bean a fim din kasar Sin Huan Le Xi Ju Ren A watan Oktoba 2018, Atkinson (a matsayin Mr. Bean) ya karɓi Button Playton na YouTube don tashar sa ta wuce biyan kuɗi miliyan 10 a dandalin bidiyo. Daga cikin tashoshin da aka fi kallo a duniya, a cikin 2018 yana da ra'ayoyi sama da biliyan 6.5. Mista Bean yana daga cikin shafukan Facebook da aka fi bibiya tare da mabiya miliyan 94 a watan Yulin 2020, "fiye da irin su Rihanna, Manchester United ko Harry Potter Hoto mai motsi na Mista Bean A watan Janairun 2014, ITV ta ba da sanarwar sabon fim mai motsi wanda ke nuna Mista Bean tare da Rowan Atkinson da ke komawa matsayin. An yi tsammanin za a sake shi ta yanar gizo azaman jerin Yanar gizo daga baya a cikin 2014, yayin da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin suka biyo baya jim kaɗan. A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2018, Mai sanarwa ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami zango na biyar na Mista Bean: The Animated Series a cikin 2019 (wanda Atkinson ya faɗi). Wanda ya kunshi aukuwa 26, bangarori biyu na farko, "Game Over" da "Isar da Musamman", an nuna shi a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2019 a CITV a cikin Burtaniya da kuma kan hanyoyin Turner a duk duniya. An kuma siyar da dukkanin silsilar biyar (aukuwa 104) ga tashar yara ta China CCTV-14 a watan Fabrairun 2019. Fim Ayyukan fim na Atkinson ya fara ne tare da wani ɓangare na tallafawa a cikin fim ɗin "mara izini" fim ɗin James Bond Kada Ka taɓa Cewa (1983) da kuma jagorantar fim ɗin Dead on Time (shima 1983) tare da Nigel Hawthorne Ya kasance a cikin ɗan gajeren fim na 1988 wanda ya lashe Oscar Alƙawura na Dennis Jennings Ya fito a karon farko na darektan Mel Smith The Tall Guy (1989) kuma ya fito tare da Anjelica Huston da Mai Zetterling a cikin The Witches (1990), fim ɗin ya dace da littafin yara Roald Dahl Ya taka rawar Dexter Hayman a cikin Hot Shots! Sashe na Deux (1993), waƙar Rambo III, tare da Charlie Sheen Atkinson ya zama sannanne kara amincewa a matsayin wani verbally bumbling vicar a Four Wedding and a Funeral(1994, rubuta da kuma mai ba da umarni da dogon lokaci collaborator Richard Curtis kuma featured a Disney ta The Lion King (wato 1994) a matsayin murya na Zazu da ja-billed ƙaho Ya kuma rera wakar Ba Na Iya Jiran Zama Sarki a cikin Zakin Sarki Atkinson ya ci gaba da bayyana a matsayinsa na mai bayar da tallafi a wasannin barkwanci, ciki har da Rat Race (2001), Scooby-Doo (2002), mai saida kayan kwalliya Rufus a wani Richard Curtis wanda aka gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya, Soyayyar Gaskiya (2003), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Kiyaye Mama 2005), wacce kuma ta fito tare da Kristin Scott Thomas, Maggie Smith, da kuma Patrick Swayze Baya ga matsayinsa na tallafawa, Atkinson ya kuma sami nasara a matsayin jagora. Halinsa na talabijin Mista Bean ya fara aiki a kan babban allo tare da Bean (1997) zuwa nasarar duniya. Wani abin da ya biyo baya, Mista Bean's Holiday (2007), (wanda Jacques Tati ya sake yin wahayi zuwa ga shi a fim din sa 'Les Vacances de M. Hulot'), shi ma ya zama babban rabo na duniya. Ya kuma yi fice a fim din James Bond parody Johnny na Turanci (2003-2018). Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Rowan Atkinson ya yi wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye shima yana bayyana tare da mambobin Monty Python a cikin Kwallan 'Yan Sanda na Asiri (1979) a London don Amnesty International Atkinson ya yi rangadin wata huɗu na Burtaniya a cikin 1980. Bayan haka an fitar da rikodin wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin Live a Belfast .A cikin 1984, Atkinson ya fito a cikin Yammacin ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo The Nerd tare da ɗan shekaru 10 Christian Bale Sneeze da Sauran Labaran, takaitaccen wasan kwaikwayon Anton Chekhov guda bakwai, wanda Michael Frayn ya fassara kuma ya daidaita shi, waɗanda Rowan Atkinson, Timothy West da Cheryl Campbell suka yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aldwych, London a cikin 1988 da farkon 1989. A cikin 2009, yayin farfadowar West End na kiɗa Oliver! Dangane da littafin Charles Dickens na Oliver Twist, Atkinson ya taka rawar Fagin Bayyanar sa da kuma rera wakokin Fagin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Theater, Drury Lane a Landan ya sami kyakkyawar bita kuma an zabe shi don Kyautar Olivier don fitaccen ɗan wasa a cikin kade-kade ko nishaɗi. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2012, Rowan Atkinson ya sake buga rawar Blackadder a bikin "Mu ne Mafi Amused" don bikin Amintaccen Yarima a Royal Royal Hall Hall a London. Tony Robinson ya kasance tare da shi kamar Baldrick. Zane ya shafi sabon abu na farko na Blackadder na tsawon shekaru 10, tare da Blackadder a matsayin Shugaba na Melchett, Melchett da bankin Darling suna fuskantar bincike kan rikicin banki. A watan Fabrairun 2013, Atkinson ya hau kan matsakaicin matsayi a cikin samarwa na mako 12 (wanda Richard Eyre ya jagoranta) na Simon Gray ya buga Sharuɗɗan Quartermaine a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Wyndham a London tare da costars Conleth Hill Game da kursiyai da Felicity Montagu Ina Alan Partridge A watan Disambar 2013, ya sake dawo da zane-zanen makarantarsa don Rocks Hospital Free Rocks tare da Dariya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Adelphi. 'Yan kwanaki da suka gabata, ya yi zane-zane na zane a cikin ƙaramin wurin shan kofi a gaban mutane 30 kawai. Salon barkwanci Wanda aka fi sani da amfani da wasan kwaikwayo na jiki a cikin Mista Bean mutum, sauran halayen Atkinson sun dogara da yare. Atkinson sau da yawa taka iko Figures (musamman firistoci ko vicars) magana m Lines tare da wata gaba daya deadpan bayarwa. Aya daga cikin sanannun kayan wasan barkwancin nasa shine yawan bayyana sauti na "B", kamar lafazin Bob a cikin fim ɗin Blackadder II Karrarawa Atkinson yana da stammer, kuma yawan bayyana magana wata dabara ce don shawo kan baƙin baƙi. Salon Atkinson na gani, wanda aka kwatanta shi da na Buster Keaton, ya banbanta shi da yawancin talabijin na zamani da masu ban dariya na fim, waɗanda ke dogaro da tattaunawa, da kuma wasan tsayuwa wanda yawanci ya dogara ne da maganganu ɗaya. Wannan baiwa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta gani ta haifar da kiran Atkinson "mutumin da ke da fuskar roba"; An yi nuni da wasan barkwanci ga wannan a cikin wani fim na Blackadder na Uku Ji da hankali inda Baldrick Tony Robinson ke ishara zuwa ga maigidansa, Mr. E. Blackadder, a matsayin "malalaci, babba-hanci, roba- fuskantar dan iska Tasiri Atkinson ta farkon comedy tsoma su ne zane comedy nagartattu Yammacin gẽfe, ya tashi daga Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller da Alan Bennett, manyan Figures na 1960s Birtaniya satire albarku, sa'an nan Monty Python Atkinson ya ce, "Ina tuna kallon su da kyau kamar ɗaliban jami'a." Ayyukan John Cleese sun ci gaba da rinjayi shi bayan kwanakin sa na Monty Python, dangane da Cleese a matsayin "babban jagora, babban wahayi", ya kara da cewa, "Ina tsammanin ni da shi mun banbanta sosai a tsarin mu da tsarin mu, amma tabbas ya kasance ban dariya Ina son kallo. Ya kasance mai jiki sosai. Haka ne, na jiki sosai kuma na yi fushi sosai. Hakanan Peter Sellers ya rinjayi shi, wanda halayensa Hrundi Bakshi daga The Party (1968) da Inspekta Clouseau daga fim ɗin The Pink Panther suka rinjayi halayen Atkinson Mr. Bean da Johnny English. A kan Barry Humphries Dame Edna Everage, ya ce, "Ina son wannan halin kuma, shi ne batun girmamawa yana ɓata nuna bambanci a cikin gari. Daga masu wasan barkwanci na gani, Atkinson yana ganin Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton da Harold Lloyd a matsayin masu tasiri. Hakanan wani ɗan wasan barkwanci na Faransa Jacques Tati ya yi masa wahayi, yana mai cewa, Hutun Mista Hulot na tuna lokacin da na ke shekara 17 wannan babban abin ƙarfafawa ne. Ya buɗe taga ga duniyar da ban taɓa sa ido a kanta ba a baya, kuma na yi tunani, "Allah, wannan abin ban sha'awa ne," yadda za a iya haɓaka yanayi mai ban dariya kamar na gani kawai amma duk da haka ba a ƙasan kansa ba, ba shi da sauri- up, ya fi hankali; yana daukar lokacinta. Kuma na ji daɗin hakan. Rayuwar mutum A watan Maris na 2001, yayin da Atkinson ke hutu zuwa Kenya, matukin jirgin sama na kashin kansa ya suma Atkinson ya sami nasarar kula da jirgin sama har sai matukin jirgin ya murmure kuma ya sami damar sauka da jirgin a filin jirgin sama na Wilson na Nairobi Aure da yara Rowan Atkinson ya auri Sunetra Sastry a watan Fabrairun 1990. Suna da yara biyu, Ben da Lily. Ma'auratan sun fara haduwa ne a karshen shekarun 1980, lokacin da take aikin kwalliya da BBC Sun rabu a cikin 2014 kuma sun sake su a ranar 10 Nuwamba 2015. Atkinson ya kasance cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan barkwanci Louise Ford tun daga 2014, wanda ya sadu da shi a cikin 2013 lokacin da suka yi wasa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Westarshe na Endarshe na ararshen Quartermaine Ta haifi ɗa na uku Atkinson a cikin Disamba 2017. Yunkurin siyasa A watan Yunin 2005, Atkinson ya jagoranci gamayyar manyan mashahuran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da marubuta na Burtaniya, ciki har da Nicholas Hytner, Stephen Fry, da Ian McEwan, zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya a wani yunkuri na tilasta tilasta yin bita game da Kudirin Dokar Kabilanci da Kiyayya ta Addini, wacce sun ji zai ba da cikakken iko ga kungiyoyin addinai don sanya takunkumi kan zane-zane. A shekarar 2009, ya soki homophobic magana dokokin, suka ce cewa House Iyayengiji dole zabe kan gwamnatin yunkurin cire wani free jawabin magana a cikin wani anti-gay kiyayya dokar. Atkinson ya yi adawa da Dokar Tsarukan Laifuka da Dokar 'Yan Sanda ta 2005 don hana haifar da kiyayya ta addini, yana mai cewa, yanci na kushe ra'ayoyi duk wani ra'ayin ko da kuwa an yi imani da shi da gaske yana daya daga cikin muhimman 'yanci na al'umma. Kuma dokar da take kokarin cewa za ku iya kushe ko yin izgili da ra'ayoyi muddin ba ra'ayin addini ba ne, hakika doka ce ta musamman. A watan Oktoba na 2012, ya nuna goyon bayansa ga yakin neman sake fasalin Sashe na 5, wanda ke da nufin sake fasalin ko soke Sashi na 5 na Dokar Kula da Jama'a ta 1986, musamman bayanin da ya yi cewa cin mutunci na iya zama dalilin kamewa da hukunci. Hakan martani ne ga kame kame da yawa da aka yi kwanan nan, wanda Atkinson ke gani a matsayin ƙuntatawa ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. A watan Fabrairun 2014, Majalisar ta zartar da sake dokar wacce ta cire kalmar zagi bayan matsin lamba daga 'yan kasa. A cikin 2018, Atkinson ya kare maganganun da Boris Johnson yayi game da saka burka Atkinson ya rubuta wa The Times cewa, "a matsayina na mai cin gajiyar 'yancin yin barkwanci game da addini, ina jin cewa barkwancin Boris Johnson game da masu sanya tufafin da ke kama da akwatinan wasiƙa kyakkyawa ce." A watan Agusta na 2020, Atkinson ya kara sa hannu a wata wasika da kungiyar Humanist Society Scotland ta hada kai tare da wasu mutane ashirin na jama'a da suka hada da marubucin marubuci Val McDermid, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Alan Bissett da mai fafutuka Peter Tatchell wanda ya nuna damuwa game da gabatar da Kiyayyar Laifi da Tsarin Jama'a na Jam'iyyar Scottish. Lissafi Wasikar ta ce takaddar za ta "tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki." A watan Janairun 2021, Atkinson ya soki hauhawar soke al'adun sokewa a shafukan sada zumunta, yana mai kamanta shi da "mutanen zamanin da." Ya ci gaba da cewa "yana da muhimmanci mu bayyana ra'ayoyi da dama, amma abin da muke da shi yanzu shi ne irin na dijital na mutanen zamanin da, suna yawo a tituna suna neman wanda zai kona," kuma "matsalar da muke da ita a kan layi ita ce cewa algorithm yana yanke shawarar abin da muke son gani, wanda ya ƙare har ya haifar da sauƙaƙa, ra'ayin binary na al'umma. Ya zama batun ko dai kuna tare da mu ko kuma kuna adawa da mu. Kuma idan kuna gaba da mu, kun cancanci sokewa Atkinson ya kuma goyi bayan Speungiyar Yancin Fada da Yanci kuma ya ba da mahimmin jawabi a taron ƙungiyar. Motoci Atkinson yana da rukunin C E (a da "Class 1") lasisin tuki na babbar mota, wanda aka samu a 1981, saboda manyan motoci suna ba shi sha'awa, kuma don tabbatar da aiki a matsayin matashi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kuma yi amfani da wannan fasaha lokacin yin fim ɗin kayan ban dariya. A cikin 1991, ya yi fice a fim din da aka rubuta mai suna The Driven Man', jerin zane-zane da ke nuna Atkinson yana tuka mota a kewayen Landan yana kokarin shawo kan sha'aninsa na motoci, kuma tattauna shi da direbobin tasi, 'yan sanda, dillalan motocin da masu kwantar da hankali. Mai kauna kuma mai shiga cikin gasar tseren mota, ya bayyana a matsayin direban tseren Henry Birkin a cikin wasan talabijin yana cike Cikakken Kwata a 1995. Atkinson ya yi tsere a cikin wasu motoci, gami da Renault 5 GT Turbo na tsawan yanayi biyu don jerin samfuransa Daga 1997 zuwa 2015, ya mallaki wata McLaren F1 wacce ba kasafai ake samu ba, wacce ta yi hadari a Cabus, kusa da Garstang, Lancashire, tare da Austin Metro a watan Oktoba na 1999. Ya sake lalacewa a wani mummunan hadari a cikin watan Agustan 2011 lokacin da ta kama da wuta bayan da aka ruwaito Atkinson ya rasa iko ya bugi bishiya. Wannan hatsarin ya haifar da babbar illa ga abin hawa, ya kwashe sama da shekara daya ana gyara shi kuma ya haifar da biyan inshora mafi girma a Biritaniya, a 910,000. Ya riga ya mallaki Honda NSX, da Audi A8, da Škoda Superb, da Honda Civic Hybrid Dan siyasan nan na jam'iyyar Conservative Alan Clark, mai bautar manyan motoci na zamani, ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na Diaries damar ganawa da wani mutum wanda daga baya ya fahimci cewa shi ne Atkinson yayin da yake tukawa ta hanyar Oxfordshire a cikin Mayu 1984: "Bayan barin babbar hanyar a Thame sai na lura da duhu ja DBS V8 Aston Martin a kan zamewar hanya tare da bonnet sama, wani mutum yana farin ciki yana lanƙwasa ta. Na gaya wa Jane ta shiga ciki na koma baya. DV8 a cikin matsala koyaushe yana da kyau don farin ciki. Clark ya rubuta cewa ya ba Atkinson dagawa a cikin motar sa ta Rolls-Royce zuwa akwatin waya mafi kusa, amma ya yi takaicin abinda ya faru a lokacin da aka gane shi, yana mai cewa: "bai yi haske ba, ya kasance abin takaici ne da kuma farin ciki A watan Yulin 2001, Atkinson ya fado da Aston Martin V8 Zagato a wurin taron masu sha'awar, amma ya yi tafiyarsa babu rauni. Wannan ya kasance yayin da yake fafatawa a gasar Aston Martin Owners Club, a Croft Racing Circuit, Darlington Wata motar da Atkinson ya ce ba zai mallaka ba ita ce Porsche "Ina da matsala da Porsches. Motoci ne masu ban mamaki, amma na san ba zan iya rayuwa tare da ɗaya ba. Ko ta yaya, mutanen Porsche na al'ada kuma ban yi musu fatan rashin lafiya ba ba haka bane, ina jin, irin mutane na ne. A watan Yulin 2011, Atkinson ya fito a matsayin Tauraruwa a cikin Mota Mai Saukin Kyau a Top Gear'', yana tuka Kia Cee'd a kusa da waƙar a cikin 1: 42.2, wanda a lokacin ya ba shi matsayi na farko a kan jagorar, tare da Matt LeBlanc kawai bayan saita lokaci mai sauri a cikin Cee'd. Daraja An naɗa Atkinson a matsayin Kwamandan Umurnin Masarautar Burtaniya a cikin Girmamawar Ranar Haihuwa ta 2013 don aiyuka zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da sadaka. Manazarta Yan fina-finai Ƴan fim Pages with unreviewed

19712

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Akindele

Bola Akindele

Adebola Ismail Akindele wanda aka sani da Bola Akindele (An haife shine a 25 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar,1963) a Ibadan babban birnin jahar Oyo (birni). ɗan kasuwa ne a Najeriya, masanin Kasuwanci, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Shi ne Manajan darakta na kamfanin Kasuwancin courtville, Kungiyar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka (EABN).Mujallar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta karrama shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Shugabannin fasahar kere-kere 21 na Najeriya da ke kan sharafin su." Tarihin Rayuwa da Karatu Bola Akindele an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1963 a garin Ibadan, na Jihar Oyo. Ya girma a Legas, Nijeriya. Kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Ansar-Ud-deen, Isolo, Legas daga 1974–1979. Tsohon dalibi ne na Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife inda ya kammala karatun digirinsane na farko a fannin Aikin Noma. Ya yi digiri na biyu ne a harkar banki da hada-hadar kudi a jami'ar Lagos a 1993 sannan ya kuma mallaki digirin digirgir na harkokin kasuwanci (DBA) daga makarantar International Management of Paris, Paris. Hakana shi tsohon ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Kasuwancin Landan da Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas. Ayyuka Bola Akindele shi ne Manajan Daraktan Rukunin Kamfanin Courteville Business Solutions Plc., Mai ba da shawara kan Fasahar Sadarwa, da kuma kamfanin ba da izinin kasuwanci. Yayinda yake matashi mai sana'a, ya shiga KPMG, Peat, Marwick, Ani, Ogunde Co. wanda yanzu ake kira KPMG Nigeria, kamar Audit Trainee. Akindele ya shiga Babban Bankin Najeriya ne a shekarar 1989, inda ya zama Babban Ma'aji Mai Kula da Kudi na Tsarin Garanti na Karancin Noma (ACGS). Yayin da yake a CBN, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mai Binciken Banki a kan ayyukan duba kudi daban-daban. Ya ci gaba da aiki a bankin Oceanic a 1993, kuma ya zama Shugaban Kungiya, Bankin Kasuwanci. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da babban bankin Fountain Trust Bank, na Najeriya a yanzu a matsayin Shugaban Bangare, Kasuwanni. A 2004, ya zama Babban Jami'in Kamfanin Courteville Investment Limited. Bayan haka, Courteville Investment Limited ya zama kamfani mai iyakance na jama'a, kuma an sake sanya shi a matsayin Courteville Business Solutions Plc a cikin 2011, kuma daga baya Bola Akindele ya zama Babban Manajan Darakta. An yaba masa tare da fadada kamfanin zuwa aiki a jihohi 20 a Najeriya da kuma aiwatar da kamfani sama da 200. Akindele shine Shugaba, Virtuality Consulting Limited, Bolbis Ventures, Shugabannin Yan Kasuwa, Dajayaal Limited da Asibitin Regis Reinas. Ya kuma zauna a kan Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwar Babban Birni da Shawara Mai iyaka. Membersungiyoyin andungiyoyi da Haɗa kai Bola Akindele yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ci gaban yankuna da na ƙasa da ƙasa na ci gaban kasuwanci. Shi kadai ne ɗan Afirka a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na ofungiyar Kasuwanci da Tattaunawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (EPDI), ƙungiyar da ke da rijista ta Burtaniya, mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kafa gada ta fahimtar juna tsakanin ’yan majalisa da kamfanoni. Memba, Kwamitin Shawara na Kungiyar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka (EABN). Kyautututuka da Ganowa Bola Akindele ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa ciki har da girmamawa ta girmamawa daga Kwalejin Ravensbourne, Burtaniya saboda tasirin sa na musamman kan tsarin ilimi a Afirka. An kuma bashi lambar yabon ne a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Nijeriya 21 da ke ciyar da bangaren Fasaha, kuma a matsayin sa na daya daga cikin manyan Daraktoci 25 a Nijeriya. Kyautar Fasaha ta Najeriya Halin Fasaha na Shekara, 2015. Kyautar Babban Taron Titan na Najeriya Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ga Ci gaban Masana'antu ta ICT ta Najeriya, 2016. Kyautar Nite-Out na Media na Najeriya Fitaccen Shugaba na shekara, 2015. Kyautar Fellowship Award Ravensbourne College, Burtaniya Tasiri mai Tasiri kan Tsarin Ilimi a Afirka. Rayuwar sa Bola Akindele ya rike sarautun gargajiya na Otunba Tayese na Ogijo Land a jihar Legas, da Otunba Bobaselu na Ejirin Land a Epe, Legas. An kuma ba shi sarautar Balogun Adinni na Babban Masallacin Olorun Gbebe da ke Mushin, Legas. Ya auri Olabisi Sidiquat Akindele. Suna da yara hudu, kuma membobin Ikoyi Club Lagos ne. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

13497

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Margaret%2C%20Countess%20na%20Snowdon

Princess Margaret, Countess na Snowdon

Margaret, Gimbiya Snowdon, CI ,GCVO GCStJ,CD (Margaret Rose;an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin(1930).Ta mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002) ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth, kuma ƙwararrakin Sarauniya ta II Margaret ta gudanar da yawancin yarinta tare da iyayenta da 'yar uwarta. Rayuwartaa ta canza sosai a cikin shekarar alif 1936, lokacin da kawun mahaifinta Sarki Edward VIII ya nesanta kansa da ya auri Wallis Simpson Mahaifin Margaret ya zama sarki, 'yar uwarta kuma ta zama magajiya, tare da Margaret ta biyu a kan kujerar sarauta. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, 'yan uwan biyu sun kasance a Windsor Castle duk da shawarwarin a kwashe su zuwa Kanada. A cikin shekarun yaƙi, an ɗauki Margaret ƙarama don yin duk wani aikin hukuma kuma a maimakon haka ta ci gaba da karatun ta. Bayan yakin, Margaret ta ƙaunace Kaftin ɗin kungiyar Peter Townsend A cikin shekarar alif 1952, mahaifinta ya mutu, 'yar uwarta ta zama sarauniya, kuma Townsend ta saki matarsa, Rosemary Ya gabatar da shawarar zuwa Margaret a farkon shekara mai zuwa. Da yawa a cikin gwamnati sun yi imanin cewa zai iya zama miji wanda ba ya dace da 'yar'uwar' yar shekara 22, kuma Cocin Ingila ta ƙi ɗaurin aure ga mutumin da ya sake ta. Daga baya Margaret ta watsar da shirinta tare da Townsend kuma ta auri mai daukar hoto Antony Armstrong-Jones a shekarar alif 1960; Sarauniyar ta sanya shi Earl na Snowdon Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, Dauda, da 'ya mace, Sara Galibi ana kallon Margaret a matsayin mai rikice-rikice a cikin dangin Sarautar Burtaniya Sakin ta a shekarar alif 1978 ya samu bainar jama'a sosai, kuma tana da alaƙa da wasu maza da yawa. Kiwan lafiyarta yayi rauni sannu a hankali shekaru 20 na rayuwarta. Ta kasance mai shan sigari mai yawan gaske a rayuwarta ta girma kuma ta yi aikin huhu a shekarar alif 1985, cutar tarin fuka a cikin shekarar alif 1993, kuma aƙalla sau uku tsakanin shekarar 1998 da shekarar 2001. Ta mutu a Asibitin King Edward VII da ke Landan bayan ta yi fama da bugun karshe a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2002. Farkon rayuwa An haifi Margaret a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1930 a Glamis Castle na Scotland, mahaifiyar mahaifiyarta, kuma wacce aka fi sani da suna Margot cikin dangin sarauta. Sir Henry Simson, yar uwar sarauta ce ta haihu. Sakataren Cikin Gida, JR Clynes, ya kasance don tabbatar da haihuwar. Rajistar haihuwarta ba ta jinkirta ba kwanaki da yawa don gudun kar a kirga ta lamba 13 a cikin Ikklesiya Lokacin da aka haife ta, ta kasance ta huɗu a cikin jerin mutanen da za su gāji gadon sarauta Mahaifinta shi ne Duke na York (daga baya Sarki George na shida ɗa na biyu na Sarki George V da Sarauniya Maryamu Mahaifiyarta ita ce Duchess ta York (daga baya Sarauniya Elizabeth Sarauniya Sarauniya ƙaramin 'yar 14th Earl da Countess of Strathmore da Kinghorne Duchess na York da farko ta so ta sanya sunanta na biyu Ann Margaret, kamar yadda ta bayyana wa Sarauniya Maryamu a wata wasika: “Ina matukar damuwa in kira ta Ann Margaret, kamar yadda nake tsammanin Ann na York tana da kyau, kuma Elizabeth da Ann sun tafi haka tare sosai. King George V bai ƙi sunan Ann amma ya amince da wani madadin "Margaret Rose". Margaret yayi baftisma a cikin majami'ar ta sirri ta Fadar Buckingham a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1930 daga Cosmo Lang, Babban Bishop na Canterbury [14] Margaret na rayuwar farko an kashe shi ne a gidajen mazaunan Yorks a 145 Piccadilly (gidansu garin London) da Royal Lodge a Windsor. Jama'a sun fahimci cewa dangi ne na kwarai: uba, uwa da yara, amma jita-jita mara tushe cewa Margaret kurma ce da bebe ba a watsar da ita ba har sai lokacin farko da Margaret ta fito a wurin bikin kawun Yarima George George a 1934 Ta samu ilimi ne tare da 'yar uwarta, Princess Elizabeth, ta wurin shugabar gwamnatin Scotland din Marion Crawford Mahaifiyarta ce ta fi kula da ilimin Margaret, wadanda a cikin kalmomin Randolph Churchill "ba su da burin tayar da 'ya'yanta mata har su zama masu kyawawan halaye na samari". Lokacin da Sarauniya Maryamu ta dage kan mahimmancin ilimi, Duchess na York yayi sharhi, "Ban san me take nufi ba. Bayan haka ni da 'yan uwana mata kawai muna da gwamnoni kuma munyi aure mai kyau ɗayanmu yana da kyau Margaret ta kasance mai saurin fushi game da karancin ilimin ta, musamman a cikin shekarun baya, da nufin sukar mahaifiyarta. Koyaya, mahaifiyar Margaret ta gaya wa aboki cewa ta yi "nadama" cewa 'ya'yanta mata ba sa zuwa makaranta kamar sauran yara, da kuma aiki da keɓaɓɓiyar gwamnati maimakon tura girlsan matan zuwa makarantar ƙila an yi su ne kawai da nacewar Sarki George V. Yayinda take yara ita da 'yar uwarta Labari ne daga JM Barrie, marubucin Peter Pan Kakanin Margaret, George V, ya mutu tun yana ɗan shekara biyar, kuma kawun nata ya zama Sarki Edward VIII Kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1936, Edward ya sake neman Wallis Simpson, Ba'amurke wanda ya yi aure sau biyu, wanda Cocin Ingila da gwamnatocin Dominion ba za su yarda da matsayin sarauniya ba. Ikilisiya ba za ta amince da auren wata mace da aka sake ta tare da tsohon miji na da inganci ba. Komawar Edward ya bar Duke na York mai son zama a matsayin sa na Sarki George na shida, kuma ba tsammani Margaret ta zama ta biyu a layin sarauta, tare da taken Gimbiya Margaret don nuna matsayin ta a matsayin mai ikon sarauta. Iyalin sun koma Fadar Buckingham Dakin Margaret ya tsallake The Mall Margaret ta kasance Brownie a cikin Buffaham Palace na 1st Buckingham Palace, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1937. Hakanan ta kasance jagorar 'yar Mata sannan kuma daga baya ta zama mai kula da Teku. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ta Girlguiding UK daga shekarar 1965 har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2002. A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na II, Margaret da 'yar uwarta sun kasance a Birkhall, a cikin tsibirin Balmoral, inda suka zauna har zuwa Kirsimeti 1939, suna jurewa dare mai sanyi wanda ruwan sha a cikin carafes a gefen gadonta. Sun shafe Kirsimeti a Sandringham House kafin su koma Windsor Castle, kusa da London, don ragowar yakin. Viscount Hailsham ya rubutawa Firayim Minista Winston Churchill don ba da shawara game da korar sarakunan zuwa ga amincin Kanada, wanda mahaifiyarsu ta amsa da girmamawa cewa, 'Ya'yan ba za su tafi ba tare da ni ba. Ba zan tafi ba tare da Sarki ba. Kuma Sarki ba zai taba barin komai ba. Ba kamar sauran 'yan gidan sarauta ba, ana tsammanin Margaret za ta iya yin kowane aiki na jama'a ko na hukuma yayin yaƙin. Ta bunkasa kwarewar ta wajen yin waka da kuma yin kidan. Abokan rayuwar ta sun zaci cewa iyayenta ne suka lalata ta, musamman mahaifinta, wanda ya ba ta damar cin gashin kanta ba ta halatta ba, kamar a bashi damar halartar cin abincin dare yana da shekaru 13. Crawford ta yanke kauna daga hankalin Margaret, tana rubutawa abokai: "Shin a wannan shekarar za ku iya tambayar Princess Elizabeth kawai ga taron ku? Gimbiya Margaret tana jan hankalin gaba kuma Gimbiya Elizabeth ta kyale ta ta yi hakan. Elizabeth, ba ta damu da wannan ba, kuma ta yi sharhi, "Oh, yana da sauƙin lokacin da Margaret ta kasance kowa yana dariya da abin da Margaret ta ce". Sarki George ya bayyana Alisabatu a matsayin girmanta da Margaret a matsayin farincikinta. Shekaru bayan yakin A karshen yakin a shekarar 1945, Margaret ta bayyana a baranda a Buckingham Palace tare da iyalinta da Firayim Minista Winston Churchill Bayan haka, da Alisabatu da Margaret duka sun haɗu da taron jama'a a wajen fadar, ta ɓoye, suna ta hargowa, "Muna son Sarki, muna son Sarauniya!" Ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1946, Margaret ta tabbatar da zama Ikilisiyar Ingila A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1947, ita da Elizabeth tare da iyayensu suka fara ziyarar aiki a Kudancin Afirka. Ziyarar ta tsawon watanni uku ita ce farkon ziyarar Margaret a kasashen waje, kuma daga baya ta ce ta tuna "a kowane minti na ta". Peter Townsend, mai wasan King ne ya raba shi da Margaret Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Margaret amarya ce a bikin Alisabatu. A cikin shekaru uku na gaba Elizabeth ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Charles da Anne, waɗanda haihuwar su ta motsa Margaret gaba zuwa cikin jerin magaji. A cikin shekarar 1950, tsohuwar mai mulkin, Marion Crawford, ta buga wani tarihin ba tare da izini ba game da rayuwar yarinyar Elizabeth da Margaret, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Little Princesses, inda ta bayyana Margaret mai farin ciki da annashuwa da ita "abin dariya da ban tsoro. antics A matsayinta na kyakkyawar budurwa, wacce ke da nauyin 18-inch da “kwalliya mai idanu”, Margaret ta ji daɗin yin hulɗa tare da manyan mutane da kuma samari, ciki har da Sharman Douglas, 'yar jakadan Amurka, Lewis Williams Douglas Kyakkyawan kyan gani wacce aka santa da kyawun fuskarta da salonta na zamani, Margaret galibi ana buga ta a gidajen jaridu a bukukuwa, bukukuwan, da kuma wuraren wasannin dare. Adadin ayyukanta na hukuma sun karu (sun haɗa da rangadi a Italiya, Switzerland, da Faransa), kuma ta shiga cikin yawan ƙungiyoyi masu ba da agaji kamar shugaba ko kuma majiɓinci. Aka yi bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarta na 21st a Balmoral a watan Agusta shekarar 1951. A watan da ya biyo mahaifinta ya yi tiyata don cutar kansa, kuma an nada Margaret a matsayin daya daga cikin Mashawarcin Gwamnati da ta gudanar da ayyukan Sarki yayin da take fama da rauni. Mahaifinta ya mutu bayan wata biyar, a cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 1952, kuma ƙanwarta ta zama Sarauniya. Kalaman soyayya tare da Peter Townsend Margaret ta yi baƙin ciki da mutuwar mahaifinta kuma an ba ta allurar rigakafi don taimaka mata bacci. Game da mahaifinta ta rubuta, "Ya kasance mai wannan kyakkyawan mutum, ainihin zuciyar kuma tsakiyar dangin mu mai farin ciki." Ta kasance ta'azantar da ita game da imani da imani na Krista. Tare da mahaifiyarta wadda mijinta ya mutu, Margaret ta fice daga Buckingham Palace da kuma zuwa cikin Clarence House, yayin da 'yar uwarta da iyalinta suka fice daga gidan Clarence House kuma suka shiga cikin Buckingham Palace Peter Townsend aka nada Comptroller na mahaifiyarta ta restructured iyali A shekarar 1953, ya sake ya saki daga matar sa ta farko inda ya ba da shawarar aurar da Margaret. Yana da shekara 15 babba kuma yana da yara biyu daga auren da ya gabata. Margaret ta yarda kuma ta sanar da 'yar uwarta, Sarauniya, game da sha'awar ta auri Townsend. Sarauniyar Aikin Sarauta ta shekarar 1772 ta bukaci izinin Sarauniya. Kamar yadda a cikin shekarar 1936, Ikilisiyar Ingila ta ƙi ɗaukar auren sakewa. Sarauniya Maryamu ta mutu kwanan nan, kuma Alisabatu na gab da naɗa Bayan kawancen ta, ta yi shirin ziyartar Commonwealth har tsawon watanni shida. Sarauniyar ta ce wa Margaret, "A karkashin yanayin, ba wauta bane a gare ni in ce ku jira shekara guda." Sakatarenta na sirri, Sir Alan Lascelles, ya shawarci sarauniyar da ta sanya Townsend zuwa kasashen waje, amma ta ki, maimakon haka ta sauya shi daga gidan Sarauniya zuwa nata. Majalisar ministocin Burtaniya ta ki amincewa da auren, kuma jaridu sun ba da rahoton cewa auren "ba shi da makama" kuma "zai tashi a fuskar al'adun masarauta da na Kirista". Churchill ta sanar da Sarauniya cewa Firayim Minista na Dominion baki daya sun yi adawa da wannan auren kuma majalisar ba za ta amince da wani auren da Cocin Ingila ba zai yi mata ba sai dai idan Margaret ta yi watsi da hakkinta na sarauta. Churchill ya shirya yadda za a tura Townsend zuwa Brussels. Polls wanda sanannun jaridu suka gudanar ya nuna cewa jama'a sun goyi bayan zabin na Margaret, ba tare da yin la'akari da koyarwar Cocin ba ko ra'ayin gwamnati. Shekaru biyu kenan, aka ci gaba da yada jita-jita. Malaman fada sun fada wa Margaret cewa ba za ta sami ikon yin tarayya ba idan ta auri wani wanda ya sake ta. Takardu wadanda aka saki a shekarar 2004 zuwa ga Alkaluman Labarai na kasa sun nuna cewa a cikin shekarar 1955 Sarauniya da sabon Firayim Minista Sir Anthony Eden (wanda ya sake ta, ya sake yin aure) ya fito da wani tsari a karkashin da Gimbiya Margaret za ta iya auren Townsend ta cire Margaret da kowane yara daga aure daga layin jagora. Za a ba Margaret damar rike matsayin sarauta da izinin ta na farar hula, ta ci gaba da zama a kasar har ma ta ci gaba da aikinta na jama'a. Eden ta taƙaita halayyar Sarauniyar a cikin wata wasiƙa a kan batun Firayim Minista ɗin cewa "wouldancinta ba zai fatan tsayawa kan hanyar yar'uwarta ba." Adnin da kansa ya kasance mai juyayi; "Banke daga cikin maye ba zai haifar da wani canji ba a matsayin Gimbiya Margaret a matsayinta na memba na Gidan Sarauta," in ji shi. An samar da daftarin karshe na wannan shawara a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1955. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Margaret ta ba da sanarwa: Randolph Churchill ya damu da jita-jitar jita-jita game da Archbishop Fisher tare da shirin Gimbiya Margaret tare da Townsend. A ra'ayinsa, jita-jita "Fisher ya sa baki don hana Gimbiya ta auri Townsend ya cutar da Cocin Ingila". An sami korafi na gaba a Burtaniya game da rikicewar Ikilisiya yayin da ta shafi kisan aure. Gimbiya Margaret ta fara haduwa da mai daukar hoto Antony Armstrong-Jones a wajen bukin cin abinci a shekarar 1958. Sun tsunduma cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 1959. Armstrong-Jones ya gabatar wa Margaret tare da zoben daukar hoto na yin lu'ulu'u wanda lu'u-lu'u ke zagaye da shi irin na fure-fure. An ba da rahoton cewa ta yarda da shawararsa kwana guda bayan koyo daga wurin Peter Townsend cewa ya yi niyyar aure da wata budurwa, Marie-Luce Jamagne, wacce ke da shekaru rabinta kuma ta yi kama da Princess Margaret. Sanarwar Margaret game da kasancewar ta, a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1960, ta ba manema labarai mamaki; ta lura sosai don ɓoye soyayyar daga masu ba da rahoto. Margaret ta auri Armstrong-Jones a Westminster Abbey a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1960. Bikin shine bikin aure na sarauta na farko da za'a watsa a talabijin, kuma ya jawo hankulan mutane miliyan 300 a duk duniya. An gayyaci baƙi 2,000 don bikin auren. Norman Hartnell ne ya shirya bikin aure na Margaret kuma ya suturta da tilas na Poltimore Tana da yara matasa masu amarya guda takwas, karkashin jagorancin danta, Princess Anne Sauran matan ango sune budurwarta, Marilyn Wills, 'yar dan uwanta Jean Elphinstone da Manjo John Lycett Wills; Annabel Rhodes, 'yar dan uwanta Margaret Elphinstone da Denys Rhodes Lady Virginia Fitzroy, 'yar Hugh Fitzroy, Earl na Euston Sarah Lowther, 'yar Sir John Lowther; Catherine Vesey, 'yar Viscount de Vesci Lady Rose Nevill, 'yar Marquess na Abergavenny da Uwargida Angela Nevill, 'yar Ubangiji Rupert Nevill Ta yi tafiya tare da Duke na Edinburgh daga Clarence House a cikin Gilashi Coach, ta isa cocin a 11:30. Duke ya raka amarya, kuma mafi kyawun mutum shine Dr Roger Gilliatt. Archbishop na Canterbury Geoffrey Fisher ne ya jagoranci hidimar aure. Bayan bikin, ma'auratan sun sanya al'adun gargajiya a kan baranda na Buckingham Palace. Gasar amarcin wata jirgi ne na makwanni shida na Caribbean a cikin jirgin ruwan masarautar Britannia A matsayin bikin aure, Colin Tennant ya ba ta fili a tsibirin Caribbean mai zaman kansa, Mustique Sabbin matan sun koma cikin dakuna a Fadar Kensington A shekarar 1961, aka kirkiro mijin Margaret Earl na Snowdon Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu (waɗanda sashin Caesarean suka haife su a kan bukatar Margaret David, an haife shi 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1961, da Sara, waɗanda aka haifa 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1964. Auren ya fadada da'irar Margaret wacce ba ta wuce Kotun ba sannan kuma ta hada da nuna shahararrun 'yan kasuwan da bohamian A lokacin, ana tsammanin zai iya zama daidai da rushewar matsalolin bangayen Ingila. Snowdons sun yi gwaji tare da salon da finafinan 1960s. Rayuwar jama'a da aikin sadaka Daga cikin ayyukan Margaret na farko da ya fara aiki shine ya samar da gidan Wutar Edinburgh Castle a Belfast a shekara ta 1947. Bayan haka, Margaret ta tafi yawon shakatawa da yawa na wurare daban-daban; A cikin manyan rangadinta na farko ya kasance tare da iyayenta da 'yar uwarta don yin balaguro zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1947. Ta yawon shakatawa a kan Britannia.A zuwa Birtaniya mazauna a cikin Caribbean a shekarar 1955 halitta abin mamaki a ko'ina cikin West Indies, kuma calypsos aka sadaukar domin ta. Kamar yadda mulkin mallaka na British Commonwealth of Nations ya nemi zama dan kasa, Gimbiya Margaret ta wakilci Crown yayin bukukuwan samun 'yancin kai a Jamaica a shekarar 1962 da Tuvalu da Dominica a shekarar 1978. Rashin lafiyarta da aka kawo ta gajarta wannan gajarta, wacce mai yiwuwa cutar huhun ciki ce, kuma an kaurace ta zuwa Australia domin murmurewa. Sauran yawon shakatawa na kasashen waje sun hada da Amurka a 1965, Japan a shekarar 1969 da shekarar 1979, Amurka da Kanada a shekarar 1974, Australia a 1975, Philippines a 1980, Swaziland a 1981, da Sin a shekarar 1987. Babban bukatunta shine bayar da agaji, kide-kide da rawa Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Jama'a ta ƙasa da Royal Scottish Society don Rigakafin Zaluntar da Yara da Invalid Taimakon Nationancin Nationasashe (kuma ana kiranta 'I CAN'). Ta kasance Babban Shugaba na St John Ambulance Brigade da Kanar-in-Chief of the Royal Army Nursing Corps na Sarauniya Ta kasance shugabar kasa ko kuma mai ba da agaji na ƙungiyoyi da yawa, kamar Olympicungiyar Wasannin Olympics ta West Indies, Jagororin 'Yan mata, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arewa, Birmingham Royal Ballet, Scott Ballet, Yara 1st, Tenovus Cancer Care, Royal College of Nursing, da kuma London Lighthouse (sadaka kan cutar kanjamau wacce tun daga nan ta hade da Terrence Higgins Trust A wasu wuraren Margaret an soki shi saboda ba shi da ƙarfi kamar sauran membobin gidan sarauta. Rayuwa mai zaman kanta An ba da rahoton cewa, Margaret tana da al'amuran aurenta na farko a 1966, tare da mahaifinta Anthony Barton, mai gabatar da giya na Bordeaux. Wata guda daga baya ta sami haɗin kai na wata guda tare da Robin Douglas-Home, dan uwan tsohuwar Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Alec Douglas-Home Margaret ta ce dangantakarta da Douglas-Home ta kasance platonic ce, amma harrufan da aka aika masa (waɗanda daga baya aka sayar da su) suna da kusanci. Douglas-Home, wanda ya sha wahala daga bakin ciki, ya mutu ta hanyar kisan kansa watanni 18 bayan rabuwa da Margaret. Buƙatun cewa ta romantically da hannu tare da mawaki Mick jagger, actor Peter masu sayarwa, da kuma Australia cricketer Keith Miller ne unproven. A cewar masanin tarihin rayuwar Charlotte Breese, mai gabatarwa Leslie Hutchinson tayi 'yar takaitacciyar hulda' tare da Margaret a 1955. Bayanan tarihin 2009 na actress David Niven sun haɗa da tabbatarwa, dangane da bayanan da matar Niven da kuma aboki aboki na Niven, cewa ya sami matsala da gimbiya, wacce ke ɗan shekara 20. A shekarar 1975, an lissafa Gimbiya cikin matan da actress Warren Beatty ya yi soyayya ta soyayya. John Bindon, wani dan wasan kwaikwayo na Cockney wanda ya kwashe lokaci a kurkuku, ya sayar da labarinsa ga Daily Mirror, yana alfahari da kusancin da Margaret. A farkon shekarun 1970, dusar kankara ta rabu biyu. A watan Satumbar 1973, Colin Tennant ya gabatar da Margaret ga Roddy Llewellyn Llewellyn yana ɗan shekara 17 yana ƙarami. A shekarar 1974, ta gayyace shi a matsayin bako a gidan hutu da ta gina akan Mustique Wannan dai shi ne farkon ziyarar da yawa. Margaret ta bayyana dangantakar tasu da cewa "abokantaka ce mai kauna". Sau ɗaya, lokacin da Llewellyn ya tafi hutu don tafiya zuwa Turkiyya, Margaret ta damu sosai kuma ta ɗauki allunan bacci da yawa. Ta ce, "Na gaji sosai saboda komai", in ji daga baya, "abin da kawai nake son yi shi ne barci." Tun tana murmurewa, mayanta na cikin gida sun nisanta ubangijin Snowdon daga gare ta, suna tsoron kada ganin sa zai kara mata damuwa. A watan Fabrairu 1976, hoton Margaret da Llewellyn a cikin kayan wanka a Mustique an buga su a shafin farko na shafin talla, Labaran Duniya 'Yan jaridu sun nuna Margaret a matsayin wata dattijuwa mace da Llewellyn a matsayinta na mai wasan Toyboy A 19 Maris 1976, Snowdons a fili ya ba da sanarwar cewa aurensu ba makawa ya wargaje. Wasu 'yan siyasa sun ba da shawarar cire Margaret daga cikin jerin sunayen fararen hula Yan majalisar kwadago sun musanta ta a matsayin“ ma’abocin sarauta da“ floosie A cikin Mayu 1978, ta kamu da rashin lafiya, kuma an gano ta tana fama da cututtukan gastroenteritis da hepatitis na giya. A ranar 11 ga Yuli 1978, an gama da sakin Snowdons. Wannan shine kisan aure na farko da wani jigo a gidan sarautar Burtaniya tun lokacin da Princess Victoria Melita ta Edinburgh ta 1901. A 15 ga Disamba 1978, Snowdon ya auri Lucy Lindsay-Hogg. A watan Agusta 1979, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten na Burma, da membobin gidansa suka mutu sakamakon fashewar bam a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Jamhuriyar Republican na Yankin A watan Oktoba, yayin wata ziyarar ba da tallafi na Amurka a madadin Royal Opera House, Margaret ta zauna a liyafa a liyafar cin abincin dare a Chicago tare da jigon masana’antar Abra Anderson da Magajin gari Jane Byrne Margaret ta gaya masu cewa da yawa daga cikin wasiƙar ta'aziyyar daga Ireland sun koma gidan sarauta. Kashegari, abokin adawar Anderson, Irv Kupcinet ya wallafa wata sanarwa cewa Margaret ta ambaci Irish a matsayin "aladu". Margaret, Anderson da Byrne duk sun bayar da sanarwar musantawa nan da nan, amma an riga an yi lalacewa. Sauran rangadin sun jawo zanga-zangar, kuma Margaret din tsaro ya ninka har sau biyu yana fuskantar barazanar ta jiki. A cikin 1981, Llewellyn ya auri Tatiana Soskin, wanda ya sani shekaru 10. Margaret ta kasance aminan su biyu. A cikin Janairu 1981, Margaret baƙi ce a cikin shirin Gidan Rediyon BBC 4 na Desert Island Discs An bayyana bayyanar da jaridar The Guardian "Tana da kwazon gaske, ta zabi Rule Britannia a matsayin daya daga cikin fayafan nata, sannan ta nemi Scotland the Brave wacce bututun da kera ta 'my regiment', watau Royal Highland Fusiliers." Rashin lafiya da mutuwa Daga baya rayuwar Princess ta kasance ta rashin lafiya da nakasa. Ta sha taba sigari tun tana ɗan shekara 15 ko a baya, kuma ta daɗe tana shan taba sosai. A kan 5 Janairu 1985, ta cire wani ɓangare na ta huhu huhu; Wannan aikin ya yi daidai da na mahaifinta sama da shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A 1991, ta daina shan taba, kodayake ta ci gaba da shan giya sosai. A watan Janairun 1993, an kwantar da ita a asibiti domin cutar huhu Ta samu raunin ne a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun 1998 a gidanta hutu da ke Mustique A farkon shekara mai zuwa Gimbiya ta kamu da ciwo mai nauyi a ƙafafunta a cikin haɗarin gidan wanka, wanda ya shafi motsirta har zuwa lokacin da ta buƙaci tallafi yayin tafiya kuma wani lokacin amfani da keken hannu. An kwantar da ita a asibiti a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2001 saboda rashin abinci da kuma matsalolin hadiye, bayan sake bugun jini. Zuwa Maris 2001, bugun jini ya bar ta da hangen nesa kaɗan da na nakasa a gefen hagu Margaret ta bayyana a bainar jama'a ta karshe ita ce a bikin cikar haihuwar mahaifiyarta karo na 101 a cikin watan Agusta 2001 da kuma bikin cikarta shekaru 100 da kawarta, Princess Alice, Duchess na Gloucester, a watan Disamba. Gimbiya Margaret ta mutu a Asibitin King Edward VII, Landan, a 06:30 GMT a 9 ga Fabrairu 2002 yana da shekara 71, kwana daya bayan da ya sake fama da wani bugun jini wanda ya haifar da matsalolin zuciya. Yarima Wales ya ba dan uwan sa yabo a wata hira ta talabijin. An dauki akwatin gawa na Margaret, wanda aka zana bisa tsarinta na sirri, an dauke shi daga Fadar Kensington zuwa Fadar St James kafin jana'izarta. An yi jana'izar ne a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2002, shekara ce ta 50 da aka yi jana'izar mahaifinta. Dangane da burin ta, bikin ya kasance wani sabis na sirri a St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, ga dangi da abokai. Ba kamar sauran sauran membobin gidan sarauta ba, an kashe Princess Margaret, a Slough Crematorium. An sanya toka a cikin kabarin iyayenta, Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth Sarauniya Sarauniya (wacce ta mutu makonni bakwai bayan Margaret), a cikin Masallachin tunawa da Sarki George VI a cikin Masallacin St George watanni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da taron tunawa da jihar a Westminster Abbey a ranar 19 ga Afrilun 2002. Legacy Masu lura da al'amurra sau da yawa halin Margaret matsayin spoiled snob iya yankan jawabinsa da kuma hauteur. Masu sukar sunyi ikirarin cewa ita ma sun raina kakarta Sarauniya Maryamu saboda an haife Mariya a matsayin yar gimbiya da ƙananan Serene Highness yayin da Margaret ta kasance Royal Highness ta hanyar haihuwa. Haruffarsu, duk da haka, ba su da wata alamar rikici tsakanin su. Hakanan Margaret na iya zama kyakkyawa kuma ba na yau da kullun ba. Mutanen da suka yi hulɗa da ita za su iya rikicewa ta hanyar abubuwan da take faruwa tsakanin rashin aminci da ƙa'idar aiki. Tsohuwar shugabar gwamnatin Marion Crawford ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta: "Ra'ayoyin masu ban sha'awa da haske da ta yi sun zama kanun labarai kuma, idan aka dauke su daga yanayin su, sun fara yin fito-na-fito da jama'a a idon jama'a wadanda ba su da kama da Margaret da muka sani." Margaret wacce ta san Gore Vidal, marubuciyar ba'amurkiya, ta rubuta: "Tana da matukar fahinta game da matsayinta na rayuwa." Ya tuno wata tattaunawa da Margaret wanda a yayin da yake tattauna batun sanin yakamata a bainar jama'a, ya ce: "Ba makawa ne, idan akwai 'yan'uwa mata biyu kuma daya Sarauniya ce, wacce dole ne ta zama tushen abin girmamawa kuma duk abin da ke da kyau, yayin da ɗayan dole ne ka zama mai jan hankalin mafi kirkirar mugunta, 'yar uwa. Bayan mutuwar Margaret, matar mai jiran gado, Lady Glenconner, ta ce "[Margaret] ta sadaukar da Sarauniya sosai kuma tana goyon bayanta sosai." An bayyana Margaret ta dan uwanta Alisabatu Elizabeth Shakerley a matsayin "wani mutum wanda ke da kyakkyawan iyawa don baiwa mutane da yawa jin daɗi kuma tana da kyakkyawar abokantaka da aminiya." Wani dan uwan, Oluwa Lichfield, ya ce "[Margaret] tayi matukar bakin ciki har karshen rayuwarta saboda rayuwar da ba ta cika ba." A rayuwarta, arzikin Margaret an kiyasta kusan miliyan 20, wanda galibinsu ke gado daga wurin mahaifinta. Har ila yau, ta gaji fasahohin zane-zane da kayayyakin tarihi daga Sarauniya Mary, sannan Dame Margaret Greville ta bar fam 20,000 a 1943. A cikin 1999, ɗanta, Lord Linley, ya sayar da mahaifiyarsa Les Jolies Eaux ta Caribbean akan dala miliyan 2.4. A lokacin rasuwarta Margaret ta karɓi fam 219,000 daga jerin ƙungiyoyin Bayan rasuwarta, ta bar wa £a twoanta 7.6 miliyan mallakar, wanda aka yanke zuwa 4.5 miliyan 4.5 bayan harajin gado A watan Yuni na 2006, yawancin kayayyakin Margaret ne Christie's suka siya don biyan haraji kuma, a cikin kalmomin ɗanta, "bukatun yau da kullun dangi kamar ilmantar da jikokinta", kodayake an sayar da wasu daga cikin kayan taimakon taimakon agaji kamar Stungiyar Bugun jini A rahoton, Sarauniyar ta baiyana cewa ragin da aka samu daga duk wani abu da aka baiwa yar'uwar ta a matsayin hukuma dole ne a bayar da ita ga masu ba da agaji. Farashin rikodin duniya na 1.24 miliyan ya saita ta agogon Fabergé Poltimore Tiara, wacce ta sanya wa bikin aurenta a shekarar 1960, ta sayar da fam miliyan 926,400. Sayar da sakamakonsa ya kai 13,658,000. A watan Afrilun 2007, wani nune-nunen mai taken Gimbiya Gimbiya Matsayin Kayan Gwiwar Gimbiya Margaret ya bude a Fadar Kensington, ya nuna salon zamani daga masu zanen Burtaniya kamar su Vivienne Westwood wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Gimbiya Margaret. Christopher Bailey tarin Guga na 2006 don Burberry ya kasance mai jan hankali daga kallon Margaret daga shekarun 1960. Rayuwar Gimbiya Margaret ta kasance shekaru da yawa tana magana game da jita-jita ta kafofin watsa labarai da masu lura da sarauta. Gidanta a Mustique, wanda ƙwararren mijinta Oliver Messel, wanda ƙirar ƙira ne, ya kasance maƙasudin hutun da ta fi so. An yi jita-jitar jam’iyyun daji da shan muggan kwayoyi a cikin shirin watsa shirye-shirye bayan mutuwar Gimbiya. Masanin tarihin rayuwar Warwick ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi kyawun gadojin Margaret abu ne mai haɗari. Wataƙila ba da niyya ba, Margaret ta ba da hanya don yarda da jama'a game da kisan aure. Rayuwarta, idan ba ayyukanta ba, sun yanke shawara da zaɓin 'ya'yan' yar'uwarta, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu sun sake su, sun fi sauƙi kamar yadda ba za su kasance ba. Tituna, yanayi, girmamawa da makamai Lakabobi da kuma salon 21 ga Agusta 1930 11 Disamba 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret na York 11 ga Disamba 1936 6 Oktoba 1961: Darajar Sarauniya Gimbiya Margaret 6 Oktoba 1961 9 Fabrairu 2002: Girma Sarauniya Gimbiya Margaret, Gimbiya Snowdon Girmamawa CI Abokin oda na Sarautar Indiya, 12 Yuni 1947 DJStJ Dame of Justice of Order of St John na Urushalima, 23 Yuni 1948 GCVO Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victoria Victoria Order, 1 Yuni 1953 GCStJ Dame Grand Cross of Order of St John na Kudus, 20 ga Yuni 1956 Sarkar Royal Victoria, 21 ga Agusta 1990 Dokokin Iyalin Sarauta na Sarki George V Dokokin Iyali na Sarki na Sarki George VI Sarautar Sarauniya Sarauta Sarauniya II CD Canadian Forces ado Kasashen waje suna girmama Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1948 Member of the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, First Class, 1956 Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, 1960 Recipient of the Order of the Lion, Crown and Shield of Toro Kingdom, 1965 Grand Cordon (or First Class) of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1971 Alƙawarin soja Australia Colonel-in-Chief of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps Bermuda Colonel-in-Chief of the Bermuda Regiment Canada Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess Louise Fusiliers Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment United Kingdom Colonel-in-Chief of the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment) Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps Deputy Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Anglian Regiment Honorary Air Commodore, Royal Air Force Coningsby Bayarwa Zuriya Manazarta Bibliography Aronson, Theo (2001), Princess Margaret: A Biography, London: Michael O'Mara Books Limited, ISBN 1-85479-682-8 Botham, Noel (2002), Margaret: The Last Real Princess, London: Blake Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-903402-64-6 Bradford, Sarah; Harrison, B.; Goldman, L. (January 2006). "Margaret Rose, Princess, countess of Snowdon (1930–2002)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised October 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76713. Retrieved 7 December 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Crawford, Marion (1950), The Little Princesses, London: Cassell and Co Heald, Tim (2007), Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2 Warwick, Christopher (2002), Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts, London: Carlton Publishing Group, ISBN 0-233-05106-6 Haɗin waje Bayanan martaba a shafin yanar gizon masarautar Burtaniya Princess Margaret British Columbia Archives: bidiyon Gimbiya Margaret a wurin liyafar, HMS Hood Discovery, 1958 Newspaper clippings about Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Pages with unreviewed

51529

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia%20Haj-Omar

Dalia Haj-Omar

Dalia Haj-Omar (wani lokaci ana rubuta Haj Omar) 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam kuma kwararriya kan harkokin yaki da tashe-tashen hankula wacce ta yi aiki da yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Ta sarrafa, tsarawa, kulawa, da kimanta ayyukan Hukumar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka/ Ofishin Ƙaddamarwa na Transition Initiatives a Sudan, kuma an bayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin Babbar Jami'in Raya Ci Gaba a Alternatives, Inc., kuma kamar yadda yake. hadewa da GIRIFNA, the Sudanese Non-Volent Resistance Movement. Ta kuma yi aiki da Human Rights Watch, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, Bankin Duniya, da Chemonics. Rahotonta da ra'ayoyinta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar The New York Times da Foreign Affairs. Haj-Omar tana zaune a Faransa. A cewar wata majiya, "ta ji cewa dole ne ta bar" Sudan "saboda gwamnatin tana kallon aikinta." Tana jin Larabci da Ingilishi kuma tana ƙware a Faransanci. Ilimi Ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin raya kasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga jami'ar Johns Hopkins da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa daga jami'ar Notre Dame. Ayyukan aiki da rubutu Haj-Omar ta rubuta a watan Yunin 2009 cewa "Kore juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran ya nuna cewa 'yanci da 'yancin zama 'yan kasa na duniya ne, kuma hatta gwamnatin Musulunci da ta zo ta hanyar halaltacciyar zabuka na iya yin tambaya da watsi da wadanda suka dora ta." Duk da haka, "Sudan ta yi nisa sosai daga yanayin siyasar Iran da kuma samun cibiyoyin siyasa da ke aiki." A cikin muƙalar watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Haj-Omar ta koka da cewa Sudan ba ta yi kama da kasar da ke shirin gudanar da zabukan kasa na farko a cikin shekaru 24 ba, duba da yadda ake ci gaba da tantance jaridu da kuma "cikakkiyar rashin halartar jama'a daga jam'iyyun siyasa." Da take lura da cewa yanayin siyasa yana da matukar tauyewa, ta ci gaba da cewa "dole ne jam'iyya mai mulki ta bude fagen siyasa ga dukkan manyan mahalarta taron," in ba haka ba "zaben zai fuskanci rashin amincewa sosai tun kafin a yi shi." Ta ba da misali da kalaman da jam'iyyar National Congress Party (NCP) mai mulki ta yi game da taimakon kasashen waje daga Amurka da Norwegian Church Aid a matsayin shaida cewa "NCP na kokarin yin kira ga al'ummar Sudan ta hanyar nuna tsoma bakin kasashen yamma ko na kasashen waje a matsayin wata alama. cewa ana kai wa kasar hari kuma su ne jam’iyyar da ta fi dacewa da kare martabar kasar.” Ta yarda cewa zaben ba "kwayoyin sihiri bane," amma ta kara da cewa "zaben da aka gudanar cikin gaskiya da adalci zai iya kawar da kasar daga tashe-tashen hankula masu nasaba da zabe da kuma mika mulki cikin lumana zuwa dimokuradiyya." Haj-Omar ta rubuta wa gidan yanar gizon TechChange a cikin watan Oktoba 2011 akan batun "Mene ne Matasan Sudan ta Kudu ke Koyi daga Harkar Intanet?" Ta yi gardama a cikin muƙalar watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011 cewa lokacin tarihin Sudan na yanzu, wanda ya fara daga hawan mulki na Jam'iyyar National Congress Party, shine "mafi duhu, ba ga 'yan Sudan kawai ba amma ga bil'adama gaba daya," an ba da cewa "bayan Hitler, Stalin da Mao Omar Al Bashir ne ya jagoranci kisan gilla mafi girma a tarihin bil'adama." Duk da haka, yawancin 'yan Sudan ba su ga wata hanya ba, an rufe tunaninsu "a cikin akwati yana hana su yin tunani mai zurfi da kirkire-kirkire[,] musamman idan ya zo ga tambayar alakar da ke tsakanin gwamnati da addini." Haj-Omar ta rubuta a cikin jaridar The New York Times a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, 2012, cewa gwamnatin Sudan da ke mulkin Sudan “ta damu da ci gaba da rike madafun iko kawai” don haka za ta “yi wani abu don murkushe sabuwar tawaye a tsaunin Nuba.” Ta yi kira ga Amurka da "ta yi la'akari da farashi da fa'idar hadin gwiwarta da NCP kan harkokin tsaron kasa da kuma yaki da ta'addanci, da kuma yin la'akari da tattaunawa mai mahimmanci da himma tare da kungiyoyin adawa na Sudan game da makomar ba tare da NCP ba" Da take rubutawa a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, 2013, game da kama jami'an 'yan sanda na jama'a (POP) na 'yar gwagwarmaya kuma injiniya Amira Osman a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, "saboda kin cire rigarta," Haj-Omar ta lura cewa POP ta samo asali ne daga abin da ake kira "Ayyukan Wayewa", shirin Musulunci na gwamnati "wanda ya kai ga kowane bangare na rayuwar zamantakewar Sudan, kuma ya sanya takunkumi kan ka'idojin gargajiya da aka dade ana amfani da su kamar masu zaman kansu da kiɗa, cakuɗe tsakanin jinsi da yin giya da shan barasa.” Haj-Omar ta bayyana cewa, mafi munin irin wannan takunkumin da aka sanya mata shine na tufafin mata, wadda ta bayyana cewa al'amura sun kara tabarbarewa tun bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu a shekarar 2011. Haj-Omar ta yarda a cikin wata kasida a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2013, cewa ita da sauran 'yan adawar gwamnati a baya ba su shirya ba "don girman zanga-zangar da ake bukata don yin kira ga sauyin gwamnati yadda ya kamata," "Tare da aka yi" na ƙarshen watan Satumba 2013 "ya canza sauye-sauyen madafun iko a Sudan,” tare da kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na murkushe turjiya da ya haifar da fushin jama’a. Ko da yake Amurka, EU, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da sauran gwamnatoci sun yi Allah wadai da zaluncin Khartoum ga masu zanga-zangar, "al'ummar kasa da kasa," in ji Haj-Omar, da alama "ba su koyo daga dogon lokaci da ta yi da Sudan," a cewar ta ci gaba da "don shiga kawai a matakin sarrafa rikice-rikice na kwaskwarima," yana ba da lada ga NCP "don aiwatar da rabin zuciya" na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya (CPA). A wata hira da aka yi da ita a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, 2013, Haj-Omar ta lura cewa "matakin shiga" a zanga-zangar Sudan ta baya-bayan nan ta "firgita gwamnati," saboda abin da ya kasance "motsi na zanga-zangar matasa" ya zama "motsi na yau da kullun a ko'ina. kasar,” tare da manyan matakan fushi. "Sun yi tunanin za su iya tsoratar da mutane ta hanyar amfani da tashin hankali, amma hakan ya sa mutane suka fusata sosai," in ji ta. Haj-Omar ta rubuta a watan Maris na 2014 cewa: "Hakikanin nasarar da gwamnatin Sudan ta samu ita ce ta katse huldar 'yan kasa ta hanyar sanya labaransu ba a ganuwa ga junansu, don haka wahalarsu ta ragu; kuma tare da wannan ƴan adam gamayya. Don haka muna buƙatar motsa jiki na ƙasa don dawo da mutuntakarmu da sanin ɗayan. Kuma ba za a iya yin hakan ba tare da ba wa ’yan gudun hijira ba, musamman ma wadanda ke fama da yake-yake da gwamnati ke yi, sararin bayyana labaransu ta yadda suka ga dama.” Ta ce wannan bangare na gwagwarmayar Sudan "shine inda muke rabuwa da juyin-juya-halin baya-bayan nan a yankin Larabawa," domin akwai "kabilanci ko kabilanci ya kebanta da Sudan." Don haka "Babban kalubalen da ke fuskantar masu neman sauyi a yau shi ne yadda za a samar da wata kungiya mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da za ta magance korafe-korafen dukkan 'yan kasar Sudan maimakon yin garkuwa da su ga tsattsauran ra'ayi na akida da kuma wani lokaci na utopian." Sharhin littafin da Tsokaci A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, 2013, ta yi bitar marubuciyar 'yar Najeriya Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novel Americanah, tana mai cewa "zai yi tasiri tare da ɗimbin masu karatu saboda ta bayyana tunanin al'ummomi da yawa daga nahiyar Afirka daga Sudan tamu. ciki har da wadanda suka tafi da wadanda suka zauna da kuma wadanda suka dawo bayan dogon shekaru a kasashen waje.” A cikin nazarin littafin Amir Ahmad Nasr na watan Yuli 2013 na My Isl@m: Yadda Asali Ya Sace Hankalina-Da Shakku Ya 'Yantar da Raina, Haj-Omar ta kira shi a matsayin misali na cewa sabuwar tsara a Sudan ta ƙarshe tana tattaunawa "dangantakar da ke tsakanin Musulunci da kuma asali." Da take lura da tattaunawar da ya yi kan yadda Musulunci na “hankali” da ‘yancin son rai” ya rasa ga Musulunci na “al’ada” da kuma ilimin Kur’ani, ta kira littafinsa “kyauta ga tsararrakin da suka girma a karkashin duhun mulkin kisa na Sudan. (ko a ciki ko wajen Sudan), jam'iyyar National Congress Party. Waka ce ga 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yancin tunani da bincike mai zurfi, da 'yanci daga tsarin addini. Zai girgiza ginshikan musulmi da dama wadanda ba su taba fuskantar falsafar Musulunci ko na Turawa ba; zai haifar da rudani a cikin rufaffiyar al'umma kamar Sudan inda aka dakile muhawarar addini, da mulkin da ba ruwansu da addini, da kuma asalinsu." Sauran ayyukan sana'a Haj-Omar ta zauna a kan wani kwamiti game da tattara kudade a RightsCon a Silicon Valley a cikin Maris 2014, kuma an shirya yin magana a Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo a watan Mayu 2014. Kafofin watsa labarai Haj-Omar tana yawan aika sakon twitter a @daloya, yana rubutawa a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, 2014, misali: "Idan mun kasance kasa ta gaza a da, menene muke yanzu?" Ta yi rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo a "Tunani, Fata, da Hasashe" da kuma a "The Udhiya Project Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

46143

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabi%20Hassan%20Olajoku

Alabi Hassan Olajoku

Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku (1947–2005) ɗan kasuwa ne a Najeriya, kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda wasu da ba a san ko su wanene ba suka kashe shi, a ranar 15 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2005. Rayuwar farko An haifi Alabi Hassan Olajoku a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, 1947, a Mushin, Jihar Legas, ga dangin Aristocratic na Alhaji Kehinde Asani Olajoku (Ile Oloosa Oko), na Isale Imole, llobu, Jihar Osun. Mahaifinsa ya zauna a Waigbo, wani yanki mai ban sha'awa na Mushin. Asani Olajoku ya kasance wani babban jigo a harkar sufuri da aka tsara a birnin Legas, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu safara tsakanin farkon shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970, ya mallaki daya daga cikin manya-manyan motoci ƙirar (BOLEKAJA). Shi ne Ekerin na Waigbo, Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria. Alabi Hassan Olajoku shi ne ɗa na farko. A 1959 Alhaji Hassan Olajoku ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantar Mrs. F. Kuti's Class, Mallakar ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi, Mrs. Olufunmilayo Ransome Kuti. Ilimi Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku ya halarci makarantar Ansaru-deen Grammar School da ke lamba 63 Randle Avenue, Surulere, Legas, inda ya fara karatunsa na sakandire daga 1964 zuwa 1968. A shekarar 1972, Alhaji ya tafi ƙasar Amurka, sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Al'umma ta North Virginia dake Alexandria, Virginia, inda ya samu digiri a fannin kasuwanci, daga nan kuma ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci, Har-wayau ya kuma samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar George Washington, Washington DC (Karkashin tallafin Gwamnatin Jihar Legas), sannan ya samu. BBA Bachelor of Business Administration a fannin kuɗi a shekarar 1976. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci a jami’a, inda ya karanta MBA (Finance and Investment) a shekarar 1978, kafin ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1979 domin yin hidimar matasa na ƙasa a ƙasar da basu wuce shekara 30 da haihuwa ba. Hassan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jerin shugaban a duk zaman da ya yi a Jami'ar George Washington. Sana'a A shekarar 1970 Alhaji Hassan ya samu aiki a sashen ketare na National Bank of Nigeria Limited akan Broad street (Banuso House), Lagos, Nigeria. A shekarar 1983, Alhaji Hassan ya sha ruwa a kamfanin sa na Gudanar da Shawarwari. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoninsa, Constructive Alternative Limited, ya kasance sanannen mashawarcin masu ba da shawara kan haraji zuwa Legas, Ribas da Babban Birnin Tarayya, Abuja. Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku shi ne shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa rusasshen bankin Mushin Central Community. Kamfanonin nasa sun hada da Lone Star Consulting Limited, Hassan-Olajoku Construction Limited, Hassan-Ola Consultancy da Paramo Development Ventures. Siyasa Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku ya shiga harkokin siyasa a shekarar 1987 ƙarƙashin rusasshiyar jam’iyyar sifiri ta gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar lbrahim Babangida. Ya kasance sakataren rusasshiyar jam'iyar NRC ta jihar Legas, Najeriya da ya taimaka wajen kafa jam'iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD). Wani abin burgewa ne ganin yadda irin siyasar da suka shuka tun daga lokacin ta yi tsiro zuwa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), a yanzu jam’iyya ce mai karfi wacce ta sauya fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Najeriya. Rayuwa ta sirri Alhaji Hassan Olajoku Musulmi ne mai tsoron Allah kuma ya riƙe mukaman addinin Musulunci kamar su Baba Adeeni na Ilobu Jihar Osun da kuma Oganla Adeeni na Alakuko, Jihar Legas. Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku mutumin iyali ne. Yayi aure da Hon. Fausat Hassan Olajoku. Ya haifi ƴaƴa shida ƴaƴan da su ka haɗa da; Ajibade Olajoku, Babatunde Hassan Olajoku, Dr. Folawiyo Kareem Olajoku, Abisoye Mojeed Olajoku, Toyosi Olajoku da Omoboroji Fasilat Olajoku. Bayan nan, Kafin a kashe shi Fitaccen dan Iobu Land ne kuma mai alfahari, ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen bunƙasa jihar Osun ta kowane fanni da suka haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, noma, ilimi, masana'antu da siyasa. A ci gaba da gudanar da wannan mugunyar hangen nesa da kuma fafutukar neman kuɗi da dabarun zaben Rauf Aregbesola a matsayin gwamnan jihar Osun, wasu ƴan bindigar da ba a san ko su wanene ba, suka kashe shi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, 2005, a mahadar Gbongan, jihar Osun, yana da shekaru 58 a duniya. Don tunawa da shi Rauf Aregbesola ya zama gwamnan Osun a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2010. wanda aka ce ya yi wa Alabi Hassan Olajoku rai, cewa bai mutu a banza ba. Rauf Aregbesola ya gina wurin shakatawa na duniya a daidai wurin da aka kashe shi don tunawa da shi, wurin an saka masa sunan: Hassan Olajoku Park Gbongan. Manazarta Haifaffun 1947 Mutuwan 2005 Ƴan siyasan Najeriya 2005 Kashe-kashe a

25170

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piolo%20Pascual

Piolo Pascual

Piolo Jose Nonato Pascual Tagalog Paskwɐl], an haife shi 12 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1977) da fim ne na Filipino da mai wasan talabijin, mawaƙa, abin ƙira, kuma mai samarwa. An haifi Piolo Jose Nonato Pascual, a ranar (12) ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (1977) a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ospital ng Maynila da ke Malate, Manila Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan Amelia "Amy" Nonato Pascual da Philip Victoriano Pascual. Yayin girma, Pascual ya ji daɗin kusanci da 'yan uwansa -Chiqui, Paulette, Pam, Choi, da Patricia duk da mutuwar mahaifinsu da farko. Mahaifinsa babban darakta ne na shirya fina -finai na duniya wanda ake harbawa a Philippines, kodayake Piolo ba zai iya tuna idan hakan ya shafi burinsa na zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, abin hawa ko mai yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya yi rayuwar talakawa; ya je makaranta kuma ya ba da lokacin fita da biki tare da danginsa. Piolo ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Makarantar St. Francis da ke Santa Ana, Manila. Lokacin da yake aji na biyar (5) Piolo ya shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta makaranta, Teatro Ni Kiko, inda aka gabatar da shi ga duniyar wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo. Yayin da yake cikin makarantar sakandare na shekara ta uku, Piolo ya fara fitowa a cikin Nishaɗi, sanannen wasan kwaikwayo na matasa wanda aka watsa a cikin shekara1990s. Daga ƙarshe ya bar Wannan Nishaɗi, duk da haka, don shiga cikakken lokaci na kwaleji, yana karatu a Jami'ar Santo Tomas (UST), inda ya karanta AB General Education. Daga baya ya koma aikin motsa jiki don shirye -shiryen hijirarsa zuwa Amurka awajajen shekara ta (1996) duk da haka, Piolo ya dakatar da karatunsa da tsare -tsaren aikinsa saboda ƙaurarsa zuwa Amurka Piolo ya haɗu da danginsa a Amurka a waccan shekarar. Sun zauna a Los Angeles, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin ER a asibitin da mahaifiyarsa ke aiki. Lokacin da Pascual ya cika shekara( 21) ya yanke shawarar komawa Manila don ci gaba da yin wasansa na wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekara ta (1994) Pascual ya fara aikinsa a cikin Nishaɗi Sannan ya fito a wasu shirye -shiryen TV ciki har da Mara Clara, da Gimik Ƙaunarsa tare da Judy Ann Santos ta zama abin mamaki a farkon dububiyu (2000s). Fim ɗin su huɗu, Kahit Isang Saglit, Bakit Di Totohanin, Till There You You, kuma Kada Ku Bada Ƙaunar Mu, sun sami sama da (P100) miliyan a akwatin akwatin. Fim dinsa tare da Claudine Barretto, Milan, ya zama babban fim ɗin sa na yau da kullun. A farkon aikinsa na waƙa, ya haɗu da Diether Ocampo, Bernard Palanca, Jericho Rosales da Carlos Agassi don kafa The Hunks, ƙungiyar maza duka. A cikin shekara ta (2002) Pascual ya taka rawar Jules a fim ɗin da ya ci lambar yabo, Dekada ('70). Ya karɓi kyaututtuka takwas a cikin Mafi kyawun Tallafin Jarumi kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta musamman don kyautar babbar slam lambar yabo a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Mai Tallafi don irin wannan rawar ta GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards A cikin shekara ta (2003) Pascual ya shiga cikin kiɗa tare da kundi na farko Piolo wanda ya tafi platinum. Kundin sa na biyu Kyautar ta ta kai matsayin Platinum. Kundin solo na biyar 5th na Timeless ya buga matsayin Triple Platinum. Pascual memba ne na ABS-CBN 's Star Magic Ya yi bikin cika shekara (10 a shekara ta (2007 tare da littafin teburin kofi Piolo: Imani kundin solo na biyar maras lokaci da waƙoƙin solo a Araneta Coliseum. A cikin shekara2008, ya yi tauraro a cikin jerin fina -finan fantasy na Lobo tare da Angel Locsin Nunin ya sami yabo daga Banff World Media Festival da Emmy Awards A cikin shekara (2009) Pascual ya zama mai samarwa don Manila, fim ɗin tagwaye biyu mai zaman kansa a ƙarƙashin Hotunan Keke Bayan fitowar sa ta farko a bikin Fina -Finan Cannes a watan Mayu shekara ta (2009) Manila tana da babban jami'in Philippine a gidajen sinima a cikin Yuli shekara2009 a matsayin fim ɗin buɗewa na Fim ɗin Cinemalaya biyar (5). Ya yi tauraro a sigar Philippine na Masoya a Paris tare da KC Concepcion a wannan shekarar. Tare da wasu daraktoci da marubuta, Pascual ya ƙirƙiri ɗakin finafinan sa, Fim ɗin bazara, wanda aka san shi da sanannen jerin fina -finan Kimmy Dora. A cikin shekara (2013) Pascual ya sake zuwa Cannes tare da fim ɗin Aikin Pascual yana da ɗa, Iñigo Dominic Lázaro Pascual, an haife shi a shekara ta (1997 tare da tsohuwar budurwa Donnabelle Lazaro. Pascual shima kawu ne ga ɗan wasan Philippines Benjamin Alves A cikin shekara ta (2013) Pascual ya shiga kamfen na PETA, Free Mali, wanda manufarsa ita ce ta tura Mali, giwar da ke kadaita a cikin gidan namun dajin Manila zuwa yanki mafi girma. Pascual Kirista ne wanda aka Haifar da shi. A cikin shaidar sa ta sirri, ya raba cewa, "Na kasance a saman aikina lokacin da na mika raina ga Allah. Abubuwa da yawa suna faruwa da ni a lokacin. Na gama Dekada( 70) inda muka ci lambobin yabo goma(10). Lokacin da nake ɗan shekara (25) ina lashe lambobin yabo kuma na riga na sami miliyoyi. Ina aiki tare da Donita Rose kuma ta ba ni Littafi Mai Tsarki Donita ta ce in karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki kuma hakan zai canza rayuwata. Haifaffun 1977 Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20dan%20Adam%20a%20Aljeriya

Hakkin dan Adam a Aljeriya

A shekara ta 2011, shugaban Aljeriya na wancan lokacin Abdelaziz Bouteflika ya ɗaga dokar ta baci wacce ta kasance tun bayan karshen yakin basasar Aljeriya a shekara ta 2002, sakamakon zanga-zangar Larabawa da ta faru a duk faɗin duniyar Larabawa. Babban kalubalen ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a Aljeriya sun haɗa da ƙuntatawa mai yawa na 'yancin tarayya, taro da motsi, tare da ikon gwamnati kan' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na manema labarai, cin hanci da rashawa mai yawa, rashin hukunci na hukuma, yawan amfani da tsare-tsare kafin shari'a, rashin daidaito na kurkuku, cin zarafin fursunoni, tashin hankali da nuna bambanci ga mata, iyakance haƙƙin ma'aikata, da kisan da jami'an gwamnati suka yi. A cikin 2017, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya ta kara yin shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, 'yan jarida, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai don magana ta zaman lafiya, ta hanyar labarai a cikin dokar azabtarwa ta kasar da ke aikata laifukan "ƙaryata shugaban kasa", "tsaryata jami'an gwamnati" da "ƙaryatãwa ga Islama", ban da korar zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a matsayin "taro da ba tare da izini ba". Bouteflika ya yi murabus a shekarar 2019 bayan watanni na zanga-zangar bayan da ya bayyana niyyarsa ta tsaya takara a karo na biyar a matsayin shugaban kasa. Bayan wani lokaci na wucin gadi, an zabi Abdelmadjid Tebboune a matsayin shugaban kasa, wanda ya yi magana don goyon bayan masu zanga-zangar. Duk da wannan, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a cikin 2021 cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya ta ci gaba da kamawa da kuma ɗaure masu zanga-zangar, masu gwagwarmaya, da 'yan jarida daga ƙungiyar Hirak, tare da yin gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar don ƙuntata' yancin magana da ci gaba da rage' yancin shari'a. Tarihi Freedom House ta rarraba Aljeriya a matsayin "ba kyauta ba" tun lokacin da ta fara buga irin wannan ƙididdigar a cikin 1972, ban da 1989, 1990, da 1991, lokacin da aka lakafta ƙasar "a wani ɓangare kyauta". Har zuwa inda akwai dimokuradiyya a Aljeriya ta yau, an kafa shi a cikin dokoki uku: Dokar Jam'iyyun Siyasa (1989, an gyara 1997), wanda ya ba da izinin jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa Dokar Ƙungiyoyi (1987, an yi gyare-gyare 1990), wanda ya ba da izinin kafa ƙungiyoyi Dokar Bayanai (1990), wanda ya shirya hanya ga kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu An gudanar da zabubbuka na kyauta a kasar tun daga shekarar 1988, amma nasarar da kungiyar 'yancin Islama (FIS) ta samu a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1991 ya haifar da juyin mulkin soja da kuma sanyawa, a watan Fabrairun 1992, na dokar ta baci wanda aka dakatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. An hana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya, da taro sosai, kuma an kama mutane da yawa ba tare da tuhuma ba kuma an tsare su ba tare da shari'a ba. Yaƙin basasa ya ɓarke daga 1991 zuwa 1999, kuma tun lokacin da ya ƙare babu wani bincike na hukuma game da manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka faru a lokacin rikici. Babbar abokiyar hamayyar gwamnati a cikin yakin shine Armed Islamic Group (GIA), kungiyar ta'addanci ta Islama da kuma ƙungiyar Al Qaeda wacce John R. Schindler ya bayyana a cikin The National Interest a watan Yulin 2012 a matsayin "mai yawan tashin hankali" kuma a matsayin mai aikata "tsarin bama-bamai a Paris a lokacin rani na 1995" wanda shine "harin farko na Al Qaeda a Yamma". Schindler ya lura cewa "shekaru masu ban tsoro na Aljeriya na 1993-191997 sun kasance abin da al'ummar kare hakkin dan adam na duniya suka mayar da hankali ga al'ummar 'yancin dan adam na kasa da kasa" amma "mummunar kisan gillar da aka yi a cikin shekarun 1990 ya sami karamin ɗaukar hoto a kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, duk da cewa mai yiwuwa ya yi ikirarin sau biyu fiye da rikicin Bosnian, wanda ya gudana a lokaci guda kuma ya sami kulawa ta Yamma ba tare da tsayawa ba. Schindler ya kara da cewa "yaƙin basasar Aljeriya, wanda ya fara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, bai ƙare ba". Disamba 2010 ta nuna farkon lokacin zanga-zangar da ake yi akai-akai da na kasa da kasa wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira "Arab Spring" kuma ya haifar da fushin da ya yadu game da rashin aikin yi, ƙarancin gidaje, farashin abinci mai yawa, cin hanci da rashawa mai yawa, da kuma ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yancin ɗan adam. Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙasa domin Canji da Dimokuradiyya (CNCD) kungiya ce ta jam'iyyun adawa, kungiyoyi, da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a watan Janairun 2011 bayan tashin hankali na zanga-zangar da aka kashe mutane da yawa kuma ɗaruruwan suka ji rauni ko aka kama su. CNCD ta shirya tafiya a Algiers a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2011, don neman kawo karshen dokar ta baci da maido da dimokuradiyya da 'yanci. Gwamnati ta nemi hana zanga-zangar ta hanyar toshe hanyoyi zuwa Algiers, dakatar da jiragen kasa zuwa Algièrs, kafa wuraren dubawa da shingen a cikin Algiers، kin amincewa da biza ga wakilan kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, tsare abokan adawar gwamnati da 'yan jarida, da rufe Intanet. Duk da haka, zanga-zangar ta ci gaba, tare da hukumomi suna kimanta yawan mahalarta a 800 kuma masu shirya suna kimanta adadin a 2000. An yi wa masu zanga-zangar da yawa duka kuma an kwace kyamarori. An ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, amma ƙuntatawa mai yawa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, shugaban kasar Abdelaziz Bouteflika, wanda ya kasance a cikin mukamin tun 1999, ya yi murabus bayan zanga-zangar jama'a bayan ya sanar da niyyarsa ta tsaya takara a karo na biyar. Abdelmadjid Tebboune ne ya gaje Bouteflika, wanda ya yi magana da yardar rai ga masu zanga-zangar. A lokacin annobar COVID-19 ta 2020 a Aljeriya, gwamnati ta yi amfani da lafiyar jama'a don tabbatar da warwatsewar zanga-zangar Hirak ta hanyar aiwatar da kulle-kulle. Lokacin da aka ɗaga kulle-kulle a watan Yunin 2020, an dakatar da zanga-zangar a manyan biranen Aljeriya, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a Béjaïa. Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Aljeriya tun 1972 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".1 A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Aljeriya a matsayin 32 daga cikin 100 (ba kyauta ba). Hakki na asali Nuna bambanci bisa ga haihuwa, kabilanci, jinsi, da sauran halaye da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kodayake mata, musamman, suna fuskantar nuna bambanci mai yawa da tsarin. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, gwamnati tana sa ido kan sadarwa na abokan adawar siyasa, kafofin watsa labarai, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da masu zargin ta'addanci. Ana bincika gidaje ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma tabbatar da 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, amma tare da gargadi daban-daban. Magana ta jama'a game da halin da sojojin gwamnati ke yi a cikin shekarun 1990 ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kamar yadda zargi da Islama, jawabin da ke zagi shugabannin gwamnati, ko duk abin da ke barazanar "haɗin kan kasa" ko kuma ya ɓata wa "girman mutum". Gwamnati tana matsa lamba a kan kafofin watsa labarai, galibi ta hanyar kama 'yan jarida don ɓata suna, wanda aka bayyana shi sosai kuma aka hukunta shi da tsanani a karkashin dokar Aljeriya. Censorship na kai da wasu 'yan jarida suka yi ya zama ruwan dare, kodayake wasu' yan jarida ba sa jinkirin sukar gwamnati a bayyane. Rediyo da Talabijin, waɗanda gaba ɗaya mallakar gwamnati ne, suna ba da ɗaukar hoto mai laushi kuma suna hana samun dama ga abokan adawar gwamnatin. Yawancin jaridu ana buga su a na'urorin buga littattafai na gwamnati, kuma gwamnatin tana amfani da wannan gaskiyar don yin tasiri ga editoci da manema labarai. Har ila yau, yana nuna tasiri ta hanyar amfani da ikon kamfanin talla na gwamnati don sanya ko a sanya tallace-tallace a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban. Samun damar yanar gizo yawanci ba matsala ba ce, kodayake gwamnati tana sa ido kan asusun imel da ɗakunan tattaunawa. Taron ilimi da makamantansu wani lokacin suna ƙarƙashin tsangwama na gwamnati, tare da biza wani lokacin ana hana su ga malaman kasashen waje waɗanda aka gayyace su shiga cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan. Masana ilimin Aljeriya suna buƙatar amincewar hukuma kafin su halarci tarurruka a kasashen waje, kuma galibi ana hana su wannan amincewar. Kodayake kundin tsarin mulkin Aljeriya ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin ibada, ya kuma ayyana Islama addinin jihar kuma ya haramta ayyukan da ba su dace da dabi'un Islama ba, kuma a zahiri 'yancin addini ga wadanda ba Musulmai ba an iyakance shi da dokoki da ayyuka da yawa. Yin rajistar kungiyoyin da ba Musulmai ba yana da wahala, ana iya hukunta masu tuba har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku, kuma kungiyoyin Kirista galibi suna da matsala wajen samun biza, kodayake wannan matsala ta ƙarshe a bayyane ta ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Cocin Protestant na Aljeriya an yi niyya musamman, tare da goma sha takwas daga cikin majami'unsu rufe tsakanin Nuwamba, 2017 da Oktoba, 2019. Wannan ya sanya shakku game da yanayin 'yancin addini a Aljeriya. Gabaɗaya, waɗanda ba Musulmai ba ana jure su a cikin al'umma, amma akwai wasu nuna bambanci da cin zarafi, kuma Kiristoci da yawa suna da ƙarancin matsayi. Kodayake kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da haƙƙin taro da na ƙungiya, an rage su sosai a aikace. An dakatar da zanga-zangar a Algiers tun shekara ta 2000. Ana buƙatar izini don tarurrukan jama'a, kuma sau da yawa suna da wuyar samun su. Ana buƙatar amincewar hukuma don kafa jam'iyyun siyasa da sauran kungiyoyi da yawa, kamar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Yayinda yake taya Aljeriya murna don ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun 2011, Human Rights Watch ta bukaci gwamnati har yanzu tana buƙatar "maido da 'yanci na asali" ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na "dokoki masu yawa da kuma kawo karshen ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda ba su da tushe na doka". Sarah Leah Whitson ta HRW ta ce ɗaga dokar ta baci ya yi "ƙananan tasiri ga 'yancin farar hula saboda dukkan dokoki suna kan littattafan da za su iya zama masu zalunci, ko kuma a yi amfani da su a hanyar zalunci". 'Yancin taro, HRW ya lura, "har yanzu an hana shi a Algiers, kuma ba tare da daidaituwa ba kuma an zaɓi shi a larduna". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, HRW ta koka cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya tana amfani da "kama da sauran dabaru don hana mutane yin zanga-zanga a babban birnin a lokacin da ya kai ga zaben 10 ga Mayu, 2012". Ana tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a Algiers, ciki har da akalla dan takara daya don zaben, kuma an hana wasu mutane shiga birnin. HRW ta lura cewa yayin da aka ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun 2011, jami'an tsaro har yanzu suna aiwatar da "dokokin zalunci kan tarurrukan jama'a, gami da haramtacciyar tarurruka a Algiers". HRW ta bayyana wadannan dokoki a matsayin "sun saba wa Aljeriya ta tilasta wa'adin kare hakkin dan adam a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa" kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnatin kasar da ta "kawar da takunkumin da ba daidai ba game da 'yancin taro a Algiers". Hakazalika, kodayake kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da motsi na 'yanci, wannan ma, an ƙuntata shi a aikace. Akwai iyakoki kan tafiya zuwa da kuma ta lardunan kudancin kasar. Ministan cikin gida yana da ikon sanya mutane a tsare gida. Matasa da har yanzu suna bin aikin soja na kasar ba za su iya barin kasar ba tare da izini ba. Mata masu aure ba za su iya tafiya kasashen waje ba tare da izinin mazajensu ba. Dokar dokar ta baci ta 1992 ta ci gaba da aiki, kuma gwamnati ta damu musamman game da aiwatar da ƙuntatawa kan taro da ƙungiya. Wadannan ƙuntatawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su don iyakance ayyukan jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa da sauran abokan adawar gwamnatin, suna daga cikin manyan matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Aljeriya. A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun daure masu kare hakkin dan adam, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, 'yan adawa da' yan jarida don yin amfani da hakkinsu na yin magana da taro. A ranar 2 ga Maris 2022, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun kara kai hari kan jama'a, tare da masu kare hakkin dan adam 27 da masu fafutuka masu zaman lafiya da aka kama a watan Fabrairu. A cewar rahotanni, hukumomi sun nemi murkushe zanga-zangar Hirak, sun kama daruruwan masu gwagwarmaya, masu kare hakkin dan adam da 'yan jarida, kuma sun tsare su kafin a yi musu shari'a ko kuma sun yanke musu hukunci a karkashin tuhume-tuhumen da ba a fahimta ba. Ƴancin mata Dokar Iyali ta Aljeriya ta 1984, a cewar Amnesty International, "ta sanya iyakoki masu yawa kan haƙƙin mata, gami da haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka da haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai". A karkashin dokar Aljeriya, fyade ba tare da aure ba ba ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma fyade na aure ba haka ba ne. Mata galibi suna zaɓar bayar da rahoton fyade, amma tabbacin na iya zama da wahala a samu, abubuwa sun inganta a waɗannan bangarorin tun daga shirin kasa na 2007-2011 don yaki da tashin hankali ga mata. Matan da mazajensu suka yi wa zalunci ba za su iya gabatar da tuhuma ba sai dai idan za su iya ba da tabbacin likita cewa ba su iya aiki aƙalla kwanaki 15. Yawancin kungiyoyin mata suna gudanar da cibiyoyin rikicin fyade kuma suna ba da shawara ga matan da aka zalunta, amma suna da iyakantaccen albarkatu kuma suna da matsala wajen cin zarafin ma'aurata da gaske. Cin zarafin jima'i laifi ne wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da tarar. Mata suna samun kulawa mai kyau a lokacin daukar ciki da haihuwa. Kodayake maza da mata sun yi daidai a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki, akwai abubuwa masu nuna bambanci na shari'a a cikin dokar Aljeriya. Mata Musulmi ba za su iya auren wadanda ba Musulmai ba, alal misali. Mata suna da ikon samun saki kuma galibi ana ba su kula da yara, kodayake wasu yanke shawara game da rayuwar yara sun kasance a hannun uba. Maza na iya auren mata huɗu, kodayake ana zaton an ba da izini ne kawai idan matar farko ta amince kuma idan namiji zai iya biyan shi. Mata na iya zaɓar mazajensu. 'Ya'ya mata suna gaji ƙasa da' yan'uwansu ta hanyar doka. Ana nuna wariya ga mata a wurin aiki. A cikin birane, ana ƙarfafa mata su nemi ilimi, kuma 'yan mata da yawa fiye da maza sun shiga makarantar sakandare. Yawancin masu kula da kiwon lafiya da masu sana'a na kafofin watsa labarai mata ne, kamar yadda alƙalai da masu kasuwanci da yawa suke. A cikin wani rahoto na 2012, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya yi kira ga Aljeriya da ta dauki mataki don inganta daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kawar da halayen shugabanci da kuma zurfin ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci game da matsayi da nauyin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma". Ya tambayi Algeria musamman don inganta daidaito a wurin aiki, don kawar da ra'ayoyin jima'i daga tsarin karatun makaranta, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma tsakanin shari'a, don aiwatar da dokoki game da cin zarafin mata, tabbatar da cewa ma'anar fyade ta haɗa da fyade na mata. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, kashi 66% na masu jefa kuri'a sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a cikin raba gardama, tare da yawan masu jefa a na kasa da kashi 23%, ƙarancin tarihi. Sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya haɗa da kariya ga mata daga "duk nau'ikan tashin hankali a kowane wuri da yanayi" ban da samar da "mazauna, cibiyoyin kulawa, hanyoyin da suka dace na gyarawa da taimakon shari'a kyauta". Duk da wannan, an ruwaito cewa kisan mata ya ci gaba zuwa 2020, tare da akalla kisan mata da 'yan mata 36. Hakkin yara Yaro na iya gaji 'yan asalin Aljeriya daga kowane iyaye. Yaron mahaifin musulmi Musulmi ne ta atomatik. Ilimi ta hanyar makarantar sakandare kyauta ne kuma, har zuwa shekaru 16, tilas ne. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba, cin zarafin yara matsala ce, wanda aka danganta da "al'adun tashin hankali". Ƴancin Taron Human Rights Watch ta ce a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara -2015-2016- cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun ci gaba da murkushe zanga-zangar zaman lafiya ta hanyar hana kowane irin taron da aka gudanar ba tare da amincewar da ta gabata ba. Dangane da Mataki na 97 na dokar hukunci, shirya ko shiga cikin taron da ba a ba da izini ba, koda kuwa yana da zaman lafiya, game da laifi ne kuma yana sanya hukuncin har zuwa shekara guda a kurkuku. A watan Fabrairu, kotun ta yanke wa mambobi takwas na Kwamitin Kasa na Tsaro na 'Yancin Ma'aikatan Rashin Aiki hukuncin shekara guda a kurkuku bayan da ta yanke musu hukunci kan "taro mara izini" da kuma "matsi kan yanke shawara na majistare". Hakkin nakasassu Nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma wannan dokar ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba, kuma nuna bambanci na zamantakewa ya zama ruwan dare. Hakkin yan Luwadi da Madigo Ana iya hukunta luwadi da maɗigo da shekaru 3 a kurkuku tare da tarar har zuwa dinar 10,000, azabtarwa, duka, ko kisa. 'Yan sanda sun shiga cikin hare-haren, suna da hannu, ko kuma sun yi watsi da ido. Akwai nuna bambanci mai tsanani na zamantakewa, kuma 'yan luwadi kalilan ne ke rayuwa a bayyane. An haramta nuna jima'i kuma nuna bambanci yana da yawa. Hakkin HIV AIDS Akwai nuna bambanci mai tsanani ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau AIDS. Yancin ƴan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka Kasar tana da tanadi don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, kuma tana aiki tare da Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR) da sauran kungiyoyi. Aljeriya ta taimaka wa wasu irin wadannan mutane daga Afirka ta kudu da Sahara yayin da ta juya wasu da yawa. A cikin 2020, an kori 'yan gudun hijira 17,000 mafi yawa daga yankin Sahara daga kasar, gami da wasu masu neman mafaka. ƘasarHakkin ma'aikata Ana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati don kafa ƙungiyoyi, kuma ƙungiya na iya rasa matsayinta na doka saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ana ba da izinin yajin aiki, amma yana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati, kuma ana ba da izini ne kawai bayan makonni biyu na sulhu ko sulhu. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. An haramta aikin tilas. Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ya kamata ta tilasta haramtacciyar aikin yara, amma yara miliyan 1.5 na Aljeriya suna aiki, galibi a gonaki da shaguna. Akwai ƙananan albashi, amma tilasta shi ba daidai ba ne. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Aljeriya tana taimaka wa ma'aikata da fa'idodi. Akwai dokoki game da lokutan aiki da makamantansu waɗanda aka fi aiwatar da su a cikin jama'a fiye da a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ba a aiwatar da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki yadda ya kamata ba, ko dai. Manazarta Yancin dan Adam a Afrika

52869

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra%20Kazemi

Zahra Kazemi

Zahra "Ziba" Kazemi-Ahmadabadi (Persian; 1948-11 ga watan Yulin 2003) ta kasance 'yar jarida mai zaman kanta na Iran-Kanada. Ta sami sananne saboda kama ta a Iran da kuma yanayin da hukumomin Iran suka tsare ta, wanda aka kashe ta. Rahoton binciken gawawwakin Kazemi ya nuna cewa jami'an Iran sun yi mata fyade kuma sun azabtar da ita yayin da take kurkukun Evin, wanda ke cikin babban birnin Tehran. Kodayake hukumomin Iran sun nace cewa mutuwarta ba ta da gangan kuma ta mutu daga bugun jini yayin da ake tuhumar ta, Shahram Azam, tsohon likitan soja wanda ya yi amfani da ilimin da ya yi game da shari'ar Kazemi don neman mafaka a Kanada a shekara ta 2004, ya bayyana cewa ya bincika jikin Kazemi kuma ya lura cewa ta nuna alamun azabtarwa, gami da karyewar kwanyar, karyewar hanci, alamun fyade, da mummunan rauni na ciki. Mutuwarta ita ce karo na farko da mutuwar Iran a hannun gwamnati ta ja hankalin manyan kasashen duniya. Saboda 'yan kasa biyu da kuma yanayin mutuwarta, tun daga lokacin ta zama sananniyar kasa da kasa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2003, 'yan jaridar Kanada don Magana ta kyauta sun girmama Kazemi tare da lambar yabo ta Tara Singh Hayer Memorial don nuna godiya ga ƙarfin hali wajen kare' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Rayuwa da mutuwa An haifi Kazemi a Shiraz, Iran, kuma ta koma Faransa a 1974 don nazarin adabi da fina-finai a Jami'ar Paris Tare da ɗanta, Stephan Hachemi, ta yi hijira zuwa Kanada a 1993 kuma ta zauna a Montreal, Quebec, inda daga baya ta sami 'yancin Kanada kuma ta zama ɗan ƙasa biyu. Ta yi aiki a Afirka, Latin Amurka, da Caribbean sannan kuma akai-akai a kasashe daban-daban na Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da yankunan Palasdinawa, Iraki, da Afghanistan. Ta ziyarci kasashen biyu na ƙarshe kafin da kuma lokacin mamayar Amurka. Nan da nan kafin tafiyarta zuwa Iran, Kazemi ta sake komawa Iraki, ta rubuta aikin Amurka. Jigogi masu maimaitawa a cikin aikinta sune rubuce-rubuce na talauci, talauci, tilasta gudun hijira da zalunci, da kuma ƙarfin mata a cikin waɗannan yanayi. Kamawa Tafiya zuwa ƙasar haihuwarta ta amfani da fasfo ta Iran, an ba Kazemi damar shiga Iran don ɗaukar hotuna na yiwuwar zanga-zangar da ake sa ran za ta faru a Tehran a watan Yulin 2003. An gudanar da zanga-zangar kuma an murkushe su yadda ya kamata bayan rana ta shida ta hanyar tura manyan jami'an tsaro da masu tsaron gida, ko kuma "masu sutura". Bayan clampdown, kimanin dalibai 4000 "sun ɓace" kuma an yi tunanin an kama su ne saboda zanga-zangar kuma an kai su kurkukun Evin, gidan tsare fursunonin siyasa na Tehran. Kamar yadda ya saba bayan irin waɗannan abubuwan, dangin waɗanda suka ɓace sun taru a waje da gidan yarin Evin a arewacin Tehran da fatan sanin abin da ya faru da yaransu. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2003, Kazemi ta tafi kurkuku don daukar hotuna na waɗannan dangin, tana da katin manema labarai da gwamnati ta bayar wanda ta yi tunanin ya ba ta izini ta yin aiki a Tehran, gami da Evin. A cewar Shirin Ebadi, lauyan Iran kuma tsohon alƙali wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya a shekara ta 2003 kuma daga baya ya zama babban wakilin dangin Kazemi a shari'ar mutuwar Kazemi, wani ma'aikacin kurkuku ya ga Kazemi yana ɗaukar hotuna kuma ya bukaci ta ba shi kyamararta, yayin da aka haramta daukar hoto a gaban kurkuku.Da yake damuwa cewa jami'ai na iya tayar da iyalan da ta riga ta dauki hotuna, sai ta nuna katin manema labarai kuma ta fallasa fim din ga haske. Mai tsaron ya yi mata ihu da fushi, 'Ban tambaye ka ka ka ka fallasa fim dinka ba, na gaya muku ka ba ni kyamarar ka' 'Za ka iya samun kyamarar,' ta amsa, 'amma fim din na ni ne.' Jami'an 'yan sanda, masu gabatar da kara, da jami'an leken asiri sun tsare ta kuma suka yi mata tambayoyi a cikin kwanaki uku masu zuwa.Ma'aikatan gidan yarin Evin, wanda lauyoyin iyalin Kazemi suka yi la'akari da shi a cikin duka da suka haifar da mutuwar Kazemi, sun ce ta kasance a cikin wani yanki mai rikitarwa, tana daukar hotunan sassan gidan yarin. Kwanaki da yawa bayan kama ta, jaridu masu tsananin layi sun buga labarai "suna kiranta ɗan leƙen asiri wanda ya shiga ƙasar a ɓoye a matsayin ɗan jarida". Kazemi ta nace cewa ba ta dauki hoton wani bangare na kurkuku ba, kawai titin da masu zanga-zangar, wadanda suka kasance dangin daliban masu fafutuka da aka daure a kurkuku. Mutuwa A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, kwanaki goma sha tara bayan an kama ta, Kazemi ta mutu a hannun Iran a asibitin Sojojin Baghiyyatollah al-Azam Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, kamfanin dillancin labarai na IRNA na Iran ya ba da rahoton cewa Kazemi ta yi wa bugun jini yayin da ake tuhumar ta kuma ta mutu a asibiti. Wannan labarin ya canza zuwa wanda Kazemi ya mutu bayan ya fadi kuma ya buga kansa. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, mataimakin shugaban kasar Iran, Mohammad Ali Abtahi, "ya yarda cewa Kazemi ya mutu sakamakon bugawa". Mohammad Ali Abtahi (Mataimakin Shugaban Harkokin Shari'a) da Masoud Pezeshkian (Ministan Lafiya da Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya) sun yarda cewa ta mutu ne daga karyewar kwanyar sakamakon bugawa a kai. Abtahi ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don dawo da amincewar, amma ya yi tsayayya da shi. Shirin Ebadi ta ba da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro sun bincika gidan wani aboki wanda ba a san sunansa ba wanda Kazemi ke zaune a ciki kuma "ya ci gaba da tambayar" abokinta game da "'yanayin likita" na Kazemi da kuma waɗanne magunguna da take shan kowace rana". Jami'ai sun kuma hana tsohuwar mahaifiyar Kazemi, mai rauni, wacce ta yi tafiya daga Shiraz don ganin ɗanta kaɗai, daga ganin Kazemi har sai sun tambaye ta game da magungunan da suka nace cewa dole ne 'yarta ta yi amfani da su. Abokin Kazemi ya gaya wa Ebadi cewa daga baya ta fahimci wannan yana nufin Kazemi ya mutu, kuma jami'an "suna so su yi iƙirarin cewa Ziba yana da yanayin da ya riga ya kara muni a kurkuku". Labarin bai zama babbar gardama ba har sai kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da Shahram Azam, tsohon likitan ma'aikatar tsaro ta Iran, ya fitar da wata sanarwa cewa ya bincika Kazemi a asibiti kwana hudu bayan kama ta kuma ya sami alamun azabtarwa, ciki har da: Shaidar fyade mai tsanani Kashewar kwanyar, yatsunsu biyu da suka karye, yatsun da suka ɓace, babban yatsan da aka murkushe, da hanci da ya karye. Rashin rauni mai tsanani a cikin ciki, kumburi a bayan kai, da kuma kafada mai rauni. Rashin zurfi a wuyan da kuma shaidar bulala a kan kafafu.Daya daga cikin jami'an leken asiri na Iran guda biyu da ake tuhumar mutuwarta an wanke ta a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003. Sauran wakilin, Mohammed Reza Aghdam-Ahmadi an tuhume shi da "kisan kai da gangan" kuma an fara shari'arsa a Tehran a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003. A cikin wannan watan, majalisar dokokin Iran ta yi Allah wadai da Saeed Mortazavi, mai gabatar da kara na Tehran, saboda sanar da cewa Kazemi ya mutu daga bugun jini. A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2004, an wanke Aghdam-Ahmadi. Duba kuma Kashe Mahsa Amini 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran Jerin shahararrun matan Farisa Jerin 'yan kasashen waje da aka tsare a Iran Zahra Bani Yaghoub Manazarta Haɗin waje Labarin labarai na CBC Montreal Labarin Labaran BBC Binciken BBC News game da shari'ar Kabari a Iran BBC This World, Iran: Asirin Kisan kai, wanda aka watsa a Burtaniya a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2004 Reports of the 17 July 2004 trial session in Vaghaye and Shargh, newspapers Labarin Zahra Kazemi. na Khosro Naghed (Persian) 'Yan jaridar Kanada don Magana ta 'Yanci suna buƙatar Aiki Ƙungiyoyin Magana ta 'Yanci suna kira ga Adalci IFEX CBC: Tarihi a kan Kazemi Shugaba da aka nada mai gabatar da kara Mortazavi ya kashe Zahra Kazemi WWF: Labaran Zahra Kazemi Matattun 2003 Haifaffun 1948 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

53502

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Elantra

Hyundai Elantra

Hyundai Elantra, kuma aka sani da Hyundai Avante Korean ƙaƙƙarfan mota ce da kamfanin kera na Koriya ta Kudu Hyundai ya kera tun 1990. An fara sayar da Elantra a matsayin Lantra a Ostiraliya da wasu kasuwannin Turai. A Ostiraliya, wannan ya faru ne saboda irin wannan samfurin Mitsubishi Magna Elante mai suna; Hakazalika, a wasu kasuwanni, ba a amfani da sunan Avante saboda kamanceceniya da sunan "Avant" na Audi, wanda ake amfani da shi don jigilar motocin tasha. An daidaita sunan a matsayin "Elantra" a duniya a 2001 (sai dai a Koriya ta Kudu da Singapore). ƙarni na farko (J1; 1990) An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Oktoba 1990, Elantra (codename J1 ya sami gyaran fuska na tsakiyar lokaci a cikin 1993. An sayar da shi a Turai daga bazara na 1991. Ya maye gurbin ɗan ƙaramin girma a waje Stellar, kodayake ba a ba da wannan samfurin a kasuwanni da yawa ba. Elantra ya yi gasa da irin su Ford Sierra da Vauxhall Cavalier Opel Vectra, amma a farashi mai rahusa. An yi amfani da Elantra ta hanyar Mitsubishi -tsara 1.6 (1595 cc) madaidaiciya-hudu Wannan DOHC 16-bawul 1.6 Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na 113 PS (83 kW) a 6000 rpm kuma zai iya tura Elantra zuwa da 9.5 seconds. Mile kwata (0.4 km) gudu ya ɗauki 17.1 seconds kuma ya samar da Babban gudun shine 187 km/h (116 mph) Elantra ya samu a cikin zagayowar birni. Farawa a cikin 1993 Mitsubishi-tsara 1.8 (1836 cc) Akwai zaɓi na layi-hudu; wannan rukunin yana samar da 135 PS (99 kW) a 6000 rpm kuma ya maye gurbin twin-cam 1.6 a cikin kasuwar gida. Gyaran fuska An sabunta motar a cikin 1992 don kasuwar Turai, tana ƙara tambarin Hyundai na yanzu a cikin grille, kodayake samfuran Arewacin Amurka sun riƙe kamannin shekarar da ta gabata. A 1993, an sake sabunta motar. Na uku (na biyu a Arewacin Amurka) da gyaran fuska na ƙarshe na wannan ƙarni ya faru a cikin 1994 don duka gaba da baya.Motar na ABS, jakunkunan iska na gaba, fitilun hazo, madubi masu sarrafa ƙarfi, da ƙafafu bakwai masu magana da zaɓin zaɓi. Tsakanin 1995 zuwa 1998, an samar da Elantra na farko kuma an sayar da shi ga kasuwar Indonesiya a matsayin Bimantara Nenggala, yana samuwa ne kawai a can tare da 1.6. L injin. Zamani na biyu (J2/RD; 1995) An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1995, an ba da ƙarni na biyu (codename RD ko J2 azaman sedan da wagon tasha. An sayar da shi a kasuwar Koriya ta Kudu a matsayin "Hyundai Avante" a sigar sedan da kuma "Avante Touring" a cikin salon jikin wagon. Wasu kasuwannin fitar da kayayyaki irin su Ostiraliya da Turai sun karɓi jerin a matsayin "Hyundai Lantra" kamar yadda ƙarni na farko. An bai wa kekunan kasuwar Australiya sunan "Lantra Sportswagon". A cikin Turai, samfuran sedan na 1996 zuwa 1997 sun ɗauki grille na ƙarfe na Mercury na azurfa, yayin da keken ke ɗauke da gasa na gaba. A lokacin shigarwa, 1.5 L Alpha SOHC injin layi-hudu da 1.8 L Beta DOHC man fetur I4 an samu a cikin gida. Bayan haka, 1.5 L ƙonawa an ƙara injin petur bisa injin Alpha DOHC. Sigar Philippine, da kuma a wasu kasuwannin Turai, tana da 1.6 L (1599 cc) Beta, DOHC G4GR wanda ya samar (a wasu kasuwannin Turai Gyaran fuska Sabbin grilles sun isa a cikin 1998 don shekarar ƙirar 1999. Lantra a Turai ya haɗu zuwa ƙirar ƙarshen gaba ɗaya, na sedan da wagon. Samfurin ya karɓi lambobin ƙirar "RD2" ko "J3". PSA-gina 1.9 An kuma ƙara zaɓin dizal ɗin da ake so a zahiri don wasu kasuwannin Turai, yana samar da .Wani sabon 2.0 L injin zaɓi ya zama samuwa. A Ostiraliya, ƙirar GLS haɓakawa ne akan ƙirar GL kuma tana ba da 2.0 L engine, velor datsa, kujerun tufafi masu laushi, da ƙafafun gami. GLS tana da mariƙin faranti na baya mai launin jiki da madubin kallon gefen waje. Webarchive template wayback

20516

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Olympic%20Committee

Nigeria Olympic Committee

Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Najeriya NOC shine Kwamitin Wasannin Kasa na Najeriya, wanda ke da alhakin daidaitawa da tallafawa masu fafatawa a Najeriya a wasannin Olympics Hakanan ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin wakilcin Najeriya a wasannin Commonwealth Shugabanci Shugaban NOC har zuwa shekara ta 2011 shine Sani Ndanusa wanda ya kasance Ministan Wasanni daga ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekara t 2008 zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. Ndanusa ya fara cewa yana da burin zama Shugaban NOC a lokacin da yake Ministan Wasanni, amma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009 kwamitin binciken NOC ya kuma soke shi bisa hujjar cewa takardun da ya gabatar ana zargin "na jabu ne, an kuma canza su kuma ba su kwanan wata". Don samun cancanta ga Shugaban NOC dan takarar dole ne yayi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin shugaban zartarwa a tarayyar kungiyoyin wasanni na duniya. NOC ta ce har yanzu Ndanusa bai yi aiki ba na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar Tennis ta Afirka, kuma ya yi zargin cewa zaben nasa a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Tennis ta Najeriya bai dace ba tunda bai halarci zaben ba. Ndanusa ya mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatar da shugaban NOC mai ci Habu Gumel daga mukaminsa na shugaban kungiyar kwallon kwallon Volley ta Najeriya tare da kafa kwamitin bincike kan zarge-zargen. An zabe shi ne a watan Satumban 2010 domin maye gurbin tsohon shugaban kasa Habu Gumel, sannan an zabi Tunde Popola a matsayin Sakatare Janar da kuri’u 21 a kan kuri’u biyu na mai ci Banji Oladapo. Da farko, IOC ta bayyana cewa zaben bai inganta ba tunda Shugaban mai barin gado da Sakatare Janar na NOC ba su halarci taron ba. An gudanar da zabe na biyu inda Ndanusa ne kadai dan takarar kuma IOC ta amince da sakamakon. Ayyuka Saboda karuwar kararraki a kotu da suka shafi wasanni a Najeriya, a watan Janairun 2011 NOC ta fara aiwatar da kafa wani reshe na kotun sasanta wasanni Injiniya Sani Ndanusa ya ce "Mun damu matuka da yawan kararraki a kotu da ake yi a wasannin Najeriya. Idan ba mu bincika wannan mummunan lamarin ba, wasannin Najeriya za su ruguzo zuwa kwarin A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2011, NOC ta sake jinkirta bikin rantsar da sabon shugaban hukumar kwallon Rugby ta Najeriya (NRFF) lokacin da manyan mambobin kwamitin NRFF suka kasa zuwa. A ranar 14 ga Yulin 2011 NOC a ƙarshe ta tattara ƙungiyoyin adawa na NRFF, ta ƙaddamar da sabon kwamiti. Magatakardar NOC, Honorabul Tunde Popoola ya share hawaye a wajen bikin. Najeriya ba ta taka rawar gani ba a wasannin Satumba na 2011 na Afirka a Maputo, Mozambique, ta zo ta uku bayan Afirka ta Kudu da Masar. Sai dai kuma mataimakin shugaban NOC na 1 Jonathan Nnaji ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda zabin abubuwan da mai shirya taron ya yi ba tare da son kai ba, ban da wasanni kamar daga nauyi, kokawa da dagawa wanda Najeriya ta yi fice a al’adance. Ya ce bai kamata a dauki sakamakon yana nuna irin rawar da kasar za ta taka a wasannin Olympics ba. A watan Oktoban 2011, an kori Super Eagles, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, daga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na 2012 da za a yi a Equatorial Guinea da Gabon. Sani Ndanusa, Shugaban NOC, ya yi kira da a kara samun horo sosai domin tabbatar da nasara a gasa nan gaba. Gasar Olympics A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 NOC ta sanar da cewa ta zabi Jami'ar Loughborough a matsayin sansanonin horar da Team Nigeria gabanin wasannin Olympics na London na shekara ta 2012, wurin da kuma 'yan wasan na Japan za su yi amfani da shi. A watan Yunin 2011 NOC ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don ƙungiyarta su horar a Jami'ar Surrey Da yake jawabi a wurin bikin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, Ndanusa ya ce Najeriya a shirye take ta tunkari Duniya. Ya ce "A wasannin Olympics da suka gabata, mun kasance muna shiga amma mun zo shekara ta 2012, za mu yi gogayya da sauran Kasashe". A watan Yulin 2011 aka nada Youdees Integrated Services Limited (YISL) a matsayin Kawancen Jami'ai na NOC don kula da shirin tallata Wasannin Olympics na 2012 Masu ba da shawara kan harkar kasuwanci sun kasance sun sake sanya matsayin kungiyar tare da samar da kudade don wasannin shekara ta 2012 a Landan. A waccan watan ne aka sanar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Bankin Masana’antu da kwamitin Gasar Olympics na Najeriya. Manufar ita ce amfani da duk damar kasuwancin da za a samu kafin, lokacin da bayan Gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012. Shugabar Bankin, Evelyn Oputu, ta ce "Aikin zai samar da ayyukan yi, fallasa damar saka jari da kuma samar da sabon hoto da muke so ga Najeriya". A watan Agustan 2011 NOC ta ce tana da kasafin kudi na 220,000 tare da burin samun lambobin zinare 11 a Gasar Olympics ta shekara ta 2012. NOC ta ce 'yan wasa 11 kowannensu zai karbi 4,000 duk bayan watanni uku a kan gaba a wasannin, kuma wadannan kudaden sun fara ne a watan da ya gabata. Ba a ambaci sunayen 'yan wasan ba, amma an zabo su ne daga wasannin motsa jiki, daga nauyi, kwale-kwale da taekwando. Crest Haɗa kai NOC tana da alaƙa da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na duniya (IOC) kuma memba ne na ofungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta ƙasa (ANOC) da ofungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta Afirka (ANOCA). Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa a Najeriya sun hada da: Tarayyar Dambe ta Amateur ta Najeriya Tarayyar kokawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya Leungiyar Wasanni ta Najeriya Nigeria Baseball &amp; Softball Federation Hawan keke na Tarayyar Najeriya Fungiyar Wasannin Zangon Najeriya Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Najeriya Tarayyar Gymnastics Ballungiyar kwallon ƙwallon hannu ta Nijeriya Tarayyar Hockey ta Najeriya Tarayyar kwallon kafa ta Rugby ta Najeriya Tableungiyar Wasannin Tebur ta Najeriya Tarayyar Taekwondo ta Najeriya Tarayyar Tennis ta Najeriya Tarayyar Nauyin Nauyin Najeriyar Rolungiyar Wasannin Roller ta Najeriya Tarayyar kwallon raga ta Najeriya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo Tarihin Najeriya Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

19935

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obolon%2C%20Kyiv

Obolon, Kyiv

Obolon Ukrainian lɔnʲ] ya kasan ce wani tarihi ne a gargariyance wanda ya hada da wani yankin (masyv), tare da wasu masana'antu na shakatawa a cikin Ukraine 's babban birnin Kyiv cewa an samar wuri a kan arewa, a cikin wani eponymous dake cikin Gundumar Obolonskyi (har 2001 Minskyi Gundumar). A yaren Yukreniyanci kalmar na nufin 'ƙaramar ƙasa kusa da kogi' ambaliyar ruwa ko makiyaya mai ambaliya Ukrainian:)). Kamar yadda ƙasar Obolon take yawan ambaliyar ta hanyar kogin Dnieper akwai wuraren kiwo na garin Kyiv da haymakings. Labarin kasa Gundumar tana cikin Kudancin Polesian Lowland, a arewacin wani yanki na yankin garin Kyiv. An yi amfani da Dnieper din, kananan koguna, kududdufai da tabkuna a kusa da Obolon a matsayin tushen yashi don tsawan tsawa don ci gaba da ginin, ta amfani da fasaha mai cike da ruwa. Don haka mutane sun canza yanayin Obolon. Obolon ya keɓe daga wasu sassan garin Kyiv ta bakin kogin Dnieper tare da raƙuman ruwansa da gungun tabkuna Tana iyaka da tsarin tafkuna a yamma, wanda ake tsammani an kirkireshi ne a wurin da almara ya kasance A cikin 2016 wasu masana tarihi sun bayyana cewa kogin yana ci gaba da wanzuwa kuma yana cikin kusancin tsarin da aka ambata na tabkuna. Iyakar gabas ta yankin ita ce Dnieper tare da bays: the Sobache hyrlo bakin kogin Kare da kuma Obolon bay (tsoffin sunaye Starytsa, wanda za a iya fassara shi azaman tsohon kogi, ko Bratsky Staryk). Akwai Kogin Redkyne Ministerka da kuma gaɓar Verbliud Rakumi a arewacin Obolon, wanda aka ƙirƙira shi ta girman faɗaɗa tafkin Lukove (Ulukovo) lokacin da ake karɓar ƙasa daga gare ta. Willow da kuma Vovkuvata bay suna kudu da yankin. Yankin da ke kusa da Obolon shine Redkyn Khutir, Petrivka na Obolon Raion shima da Kurenivka, Rybalsky Ostriv na Podil Raion na Kyiv Ta hanyoyi, an sami yankin bayan gari: Kilomita 10 zuwa tsakiyar garin Kyiv. Kilomita 13 zuwa tashar tsakiyar garin Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi Railway Station 16 kilomita zuwa Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) Kilomita 43 zuwa tashar jirgin saman babban birni Filin jirgin saman Boryspil na Kasa. Akwai P69, Kyiv Vyshhorod Desna Chernihiv suna wucewa ta yammacin ɓangare na yankin. Nazarin taswirar tarihi Masanin tarihin dan kasar Ukraine ya zana jerin taswirar tarihi na Kyiv, tun lokacin Gimbiya Olga, karni na 20 har zuwa karni na 19. A duk maps map Obolon fara da zarar gari ta babbar katanga a kusa Podil a dama banki na kusa da tashar tashar jirgin Taras Shevchenko na yanzu A taswirar Kyiv na shekara ta 1902 wanda mai binciken filayen birni Tairov ya kirkira, Obolon an zana shi a gefen hagu na bakin Kogin Pochaina, inda yankin Rybalsky Ostriv na zamani yake. Akwai wuraren kiwo na gari da waƙoƙi waɗanda aka yiwa alama a wurin yankin Obolon na yau. Duk waɗannan filayen mallakar mallakar Kyiv ne na sashen gudanarwa a lokacin Plosky Uchastok Flat Area Tarihi Lokacin farko Kewayen tarihin a zamanin yau shine tsarin tafkuna, an samo wuraren adana kayan tarihi na Mesolithic da Zarubintsy. An sami ragowar ƙauyuka na karni na 1 BC 2nd AD ƙarni na 6 7th a Obolon. Na farkon da ya ja hankali na musamman ga Obolon shi ne ɗan tarihin Baƙi ɗan Yukren nan Volodymyr Antonovych, wanda ya sami kuɗin azurfa ɗari biyu na tagulla na Roman a can a 1876, waɗanda aka raba rabin rabin na 3 rabin farko na ƙarni na 4. Sannan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai sulhu a Obolon, wanda mazaunansa suka gudanar da musaya da biranen tsufa na Arewacin Baƙin Baƙin Arewa An cigaba da binciken Obolon musamman ta hanyar Turvont Kybalchych, Mykola Biliashivsky, AA Piantkovsky, da Kafin zamanin Kievan Rus yanki ne na Polans na Gabas. Wurin bautar Veles yana wurin a lokacin maguzawan A lokacin Kievan Rus da Grand Duchy na Lithuania ƙasar mallakar Sarakunan Kyiv ne Obolon sau da yawa ya zama wani wuri na fadace-fadace tare da makiyaya da kuma a lokacin 'ya'yan sarakuna ba feuds Bayan Tarayyar Lublin wannan yankin wani yanki ne na Kyiv Voivodeship na Masarautar Masarautar Poland ta Tarayyar Poland-Lithuanian A lokacin Cossack Hetmanate, Obolon na toungiyar Obolon ta makiyaya da kuma haymakings sun sau da yawa wani abu na muhawara tsakanin Cossacks, da birni majistare, gidajen lama da sojojin na Tsardom na Muscovy a Kyiv. A lokacin Yaƙin Russo-Turkish, ana gina palisades a wurin. A cikin 1911 aka buɗe jirgin sama na Kurenivka a filayen Obolon. Zamanin Soviet Sakamakon Yakin Yukiren-Soviet (1917-1921) da Yakin Poland-Soviet (1919-1919) Kyiv City da kewayenta daga ƙarshe rundunar Red Army ta kama su. A shekarar 1967 aka amince da tsarin ci gaban Kyiv, gwargwadon yadda za a gina wuraren zama a yankin dausayi a bangarorin biyu na Dnieper. Don haka, ta amfani da fasaha mai cike da ruwa, yashi yashi mita 4-5 a tsayi an halicce shi sama da Obolon-makiyaya. A cikin 1972 1980 an gina babbar rukunin gidaje na rukunin hasumiya a Kyiv a Obolon. A cikin 1975 sabon rukunin gudanarwa Minsky Raion aka kafa. Ya haɗa da rukunin gidaje na Obolon. Tunda aka sake fasalin tsarin mulki na Kyiv a 2001 Obolon suburbude mallakar mallakar Obolon Raion ne wanda aka kirkireshi akan Minsky Raion. A 1972 1980 akwai babbar Kyiv ta gidaje da dukiya na 9 da 16 storey hasumiya tubalan gina a cikin Obolon. Gidajen gine-ginen sune MI Kulchynsky, ZG Klebnikova da IG Verymovska. Sanannen sanannen gida ne saboda tsarin makwabtaka kamar zuma wanda aka tsara ci gaba tare da ɗakunan gidaje masu hawa da yawa masu hawa (duba gidajen jama'a A cikin 1980 a Obolon aka buɗe hukuma a hukumance kamfanin giya na Obolon wanda ake bikin tunawa da shi a wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na 1980 Ginin yanzu Tun daga 1992 ana gina rukunin gidaje na zamani Obolon Lypki tsakanin Kogin Dnieper da wanda ya hada da tubalin hasumiya da kuma gidajen zama An kira shi a kan kwatankwacin babbar unguwa Lypky a cikin Pechersk Raion Hoto Hanyoyin haɗin waje Obolon a cikin Art Wasu hotunan Obolon na yanzu Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

48693

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20jama%27a%20a%20Burtaniya

'Yancin jama'a a Burtaniya

'Yancin jama'a a Burtaniya wani ɓangare ne na dokar tsarin mulkin Burtaniya kuma suna da dogon tarihi mai inganci. Ana ɗaukar wannan yawanci da ya fara da Magna Carta na 1215, takarda mai mahimmanci a tarihin tsarin mulkin Birtaniyya Haɓaka yancin ɗan adam ya ci gaba a cikin dokar gama-gari da ka'ida a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, musamman tare da Bill of Rights 1689 A cikin karni na 19, mutane masu aiki sun yi kokawa don samun 'yancin kada kuri'a da shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Majalisa ta amsa da sabuwar doka da ta fara da Dokar Gyara ta 1832 Halayen zaɓe da 'yanci sun ci gaba da ci gaba bayan yakin duniya na farko da na biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, dangantakar Burtaniya da 'yancin ɗan Adam ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar kasancewarta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Bil'adama Ƙasar Ingila, ta hannun Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe, ta jagoranci tsara Yarjejeniyar, wanda ke bayyana ka'idar 'yanci na gargajiya. Ya zama mai aiki kai tsaye a cikin dokar Burtaniya tare da aiwatar da Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta 1998 'Yancin jama'a na raguwa sannu a hankali a cikin Burtaniya tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. An tabbatar da cire su gabaɗaya ta hanyar roƙon kare lafiyar jama'a da Tsaron ƙasa da rikice-rikice kamar harin 11 ga Satumba, harin bam na 7/7 da cutar ta COVID-19 na 2020.Barkewar cutar ta lura da gabatarwar Dokar Coronavirus 2020, wanda tsohon Alkalin Kotun Koli Ubangiji Sumption ya bayyana a matsayin "mafi girman mamayewa na 'yancin kai a tarihin [Birtaniya]." Dangantaka tsakanin 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam ana yawan kallon su azaman bangarori biyu na tsabar kuɗi ɗaya. Haƙƙi wani abu ne da za ku iya nema a wurin wani, yayin da 'yanci shine 'yanci daga tsoma baki daga wani a cikin haƙƙoƙin da kuke zato. Duk da haka, haƙƙin ɗan adam sun fi girma. A cikin takardu masu yawa a duniya, sun ƙunshi ƙarin tabbaci na ɗabi'a akan abin da ya wajaba, alal misali, don "rayuwa, yanci da neman farin ciki", "don haɓaka halayen mutum ga cikakkiyar damar" ko "kare mutuncin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba" "'Yancin jama'a" tabbas hakan ne, amma suna da alaƙa da shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a Kamar yadda Farfesa Conor Gearty ya rubuta,'Yancin jama'a wani suna ne na 'yancin siyasa wanda dole ne mu samu duka idan har gaskiya ne a ce game da mu muna rayuwa a cikin al'ummar da ke bin ka'idar wakilci, ko dimokuradiyya, gwamnati. Ma'ana, 'yancin ɗan adam shine "yancin" ko "'yanci" waɗanda suke ƙulla dimokuradiyya. Wannan yawanci yana nufin 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a, 'yancin rayuwa, haramcin azabtarwa, tsaron lafiyar mutum, 'yancin walwala da tsarin shari'a, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin yin tarayya Dokar 'Yan Sanda da Shaidar Laifuka ta 1984, ta ba da izinin tsare kwanaki hudu ba tare da shari'a ba (a baya sa'o'i 24 ne). CCSU v Minister for Civil Service [1985] AC 374, inda Margaret Thatcher (kuma ministar ma'aikatan farar hula) ta haramtawa membobin GCHQ shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi. House of Lords sun yi imanin cewa ikon sarauta yana ƙarƙashin sake dubawa na shari'a. Haramcin kungiyoyin ya kasance bisa ga shawarar Ministan. Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Malone v Metropolitan [1979] Ch 344, Megarry VC ya ce zartarwa na iya yin duk wani abu da doka ba ta hana ba (da nufin juyawa Entick v Carrington Wannan yana nufin cewa ba za a iya gurfanar da dillalan kayan gargajiyar dodgy don sarrafa kayan da aka sata ba bisa ga shaidar da aka samu daga bututun waya cewa 'yan sanda ba su da ikon yin duk wata doka. Malone v United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR 14, ya ce Burtaniya barin latsa wayar ya saba wa wajibcinta a karkashin ECHR, saboda babu wata doka da ta nuna 'karara mai ma'ana da iyawa da kuma yadda ake aiwatar da abin da ya dace. An ba da shi ga hukumomin jama'a." Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Control of Disease) Dokar 1984 ta baiwa gwamnati damar sanya hani ko buƙatu akan daidaikun mutane a cikin lamarin lafiyar lafiyar jama'a. An yi amfani da wannan dokar don tabbatar da martanin gwamnati game da cutar ta COVID-19 ta 2020. Interception of Communications Act 1985, da gwamnati ta mayar da martani ga hukuncin, ƙyale kowane waya tapping. Dokar Dokar Jama'a ta 1986, ta wuce a cikin mahallin rikice-rikice na masana'antu, musamman ma masu hakar ma'adinai, Sashe na II iyakacin jerin gwanon jama'a da zanga-zangar ta hanyar buƙatar 6 kwanaki gaba da sanarwar da za a ba wa 'yan sanda. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 1998 Text of the Civil liberties in the United Kingdom as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. Rights Brought Home: Government white

30183

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalolin%20muhalli%20a%20United%20Kingdom

Matsalolin muhalli a United Kingdom

Wannan shafin yana lissafin batutuwan da Burtaniya ke da su a halin yanzu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawa da gurɓatawa Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli suna da illa na ayyukan ɗan adam akan muhallin halittu. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, yanayin muhalli a Burtaniya ya tabarbare sosai a birane da karkara. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 67, irin wannan ƙasa mai yawan jama'a da ci gaban fasaha na haɓaka matsalolin muhalli. Sannan kuma A cewar Hukumar NEA ta Burtaniya, gurbacewar iska da kuma karfin sauyin yanayi ya shafi yankunan tsaunuka na Burtaniya sosai. Saboda sauyin yanayi; hauhawar yanayin ruwan teku da kuma amfani da albarkatun ruwa ya haifar da mummunar asarar inganci a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na Burtaniya. Gurbacewar iska, canjin yanayi, datti, sharar gida, da Kuma gurɓacewar ƙasa duk wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da waɗannan batutuwan muhalli a Burtaniya. Batutuwa 1 Gurbacewar iska Gas da ke haifar da gurɓacewar iska sun haɗa da carbon, nitrogen da sulfur oxides. Yayin da wasu daga cikin wadannan iskar gas ke faruwa ta dabi'a, sannan kamar kamar carbon dioxide a cikin fitar da iska daga huhu, masu gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi suna fitowa ne daga konewar makamashin burbushin halittu: gawayi, mai da iskar gas. Ana fitar da iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska ta hanyar hayakin da masana'antu da masana'antun sinadarai ke fitarwa. An san gurɓacewar iska a matsayin cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na mutum a cikin iskar da muke shaka. Wasu misalan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbacewar iska a Burtaniya sun hada da kura da pollen yayin da misalan abubuwan da mutum ya kera ke haifar da matsalar iskar gas da ke fitowa daga motoci da hayakin mota. Bugu da kari kuma, gurbacewar iska ita ce sanadin kashi 10% na duk mace-mace a Burtaniya da ke zuwa na biyu bayan China da kashi 17%, wannan kididdigar ce mai ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da yawan mutanen China sun fi Burtaniya girma. Mutanen da ke da cututtukan zuciya da na huhu sun fi shafar gurɓatar iska, amma kuma ana danganta kamuwa da cutar shanyewar jiki, ciwon sukari, kiba da ciwon hauka. An ba da rahoton a cikin kanun labarai da yawa cewa gurɓatacciyar iska tana kashe mutane 29,000 a shekara a Burtaniya. Wadannan kididdigar sun nuna yadda gurbacewar iska ke da hadari da kuma kisa amma kuma yadda hakan zai iya shafa da kuma haifar da wasu munanan matsalolin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutane. 2 Canjin yanayi A cewar Lord Stern na Brentford, ambaliyar ruwa da hadari a Birtaniya a cikin shekarata 2014 sun kasance alamun sauyin yanayi. Marubucin 2006 Stern Review ya ce yanayi na shekarar 2013-2014 wani bangare ne na tsarin kasa da kasa kuma yana nuna bukatar gaggawa na yanke hayakin carbon. Sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne lokacin da yanayin yanayin duniya ya canza, wanda ke haifar da sabbin yanayin yanayi na tsawon lokaci. Canjin yanayi yana da babban tasiri a kan halittun ruwa da na ƙasa. A cikin ruwan Burtaniya, sauyin yanayi da na teku na iya yin tasiri da yin tasiri ga nau'ikan da ke barazana ta hanyar yin tasiri kan ingancin matakan da aka tsara don kare su. Fitar da iskar gas kuma sanannen dalili ne na wasu manyan ci gaban sauyin yanayi a duniya cikin shekaru. Sannan Biranen da ke bakin ruwa, wadanda su ne akasarin Birtaniyya, an ba da rahoton cewa, suna da babban kalubale a gabansu ta fuskar juriyar sauyin yanayi Wannan ya sa biranen da ake da su kamar waɗannan garuruwan da ke bakin ruwa za su sake farfado da su tare da inganta su don magance tasirin sauyin yanayi. 3 Littattafai Sharar gida shine aikin zubar da kowane irin kayan da ba daidai ba, zubar da shara a Burtaniya matsala ce mai mahimmanci. Kungiyar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservation Society (MCS) ta bayyana cewa rahotonta na shekara-shekara na sharar rairayin bakin teku ya nuna karuwar sharar datti a gabar tekun Burtaniya sama da shekaru 20, don haka suka yanke cewa a fili babu isasshen abin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke yi wajen kokarin. don rage wannan matsala. Sakamakon baya-bayan nan daga babban taron Tsabtace Tekun Biritaniya ya nuna cewa ɓangarorin filastik sune abubuwan da aka fi samu akai-akai akan rairayin bakin teku na Burtaniya, ba wai kawai sakamakon ba amma sakamakon ya nuna cewa filastik ya kai sama da kashi 50% na duk zuriyar da aka yi rikodin. Baya ga wannan, datti a cikin tekunan Burtaniya sun yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar tekun. Kuma Sharar gida yana da matukar damuwa da teku saboda yana lalata matsuguni na rayuwar ruwa kuma shine dalilin kisa ga halittun teku marasa adadi. Kuma Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da sharar gida a matsayin babbar matsala a cikin tekunan su kuma ta fara wani tsari na ciyar da dabarun da za su yi aiki don hana cutar da rayuwar ruwa da muhalli. 4 Sharar gida Sharar gida wani bangare ne na yanayin rayuwa; sharar gida yana faruwa ne lokacin da kowace halitta ta dawo da abubuwa zuwa muhalli. 'Yan Adam suna samar da ragowar abubuwan sharar da suka wuce kima wanda ke wuce gona da iri na hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su. Yin takin zamani muhimmin abu ne a cikin kula da sharar gida mai ɗorewa ga Burtaniya kuma yana iya samun muhimmiyar rawar da za ta taka wajen biyan wajibcin Dokar Fill. A halin yanzu Burtaniya tana cika tan 27,000,000 na sharar gida a shekara tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na iya zama mai lalacewa Za a rage yawan abubuwan da za a iya lalatar da su a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa sosai ta hanyar yin takin, ta yadda za a samar da ƙarancin iskar gas da leach Ko da yake ba duk abubuwan da za a iya lalata su sun dace da takin zamani ba, farawa ne na samun sarrafa shara a cikin Burtaniya. Sanna Lalacewa ga muhalli saboda rashin kula da sharar gida abu ne da za a iya kauce masa ta hanyar aiwatar da dabaru ta hanyar ka'idar zaɓin yanayi mafi kyawun aiki (BPEO). Rage sharar gida, sake amfani da su, sake amfani da su, da dabarun dawo da su duk hanyoyin da za a rage buƙatun wuraren zubar da ƙasa cikin wannan ƙa'idar. Sake amfani da/sake amfani da takin zamani sun zama manyan hanyoyin sarrafa sharar gida a Burtaniya, wanda ya kai kashi 42.2% na jimillar MSW. A cikin shekarata 2012, tan miliyan 13.1 na MSW aka takin ko kuma aka sake yin fa'ida a cikin United Kingdom, wanda ke wakiltar karuwar 27.3% tun daga 2002. 5 Gurbacewar ƙasa Gurbacewar ƙasa wani bangare ne na gurɓacewar ƙasa wanda ke haifar da kasancewar sinadarai kuma wannan gurɓataccen abu yana da matuƙar haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kuma Gurbacewar ƙasa a Burtaniya ya kasance al'amari mai gudana a wasu yankuna kuma ba kwanan nan ba ne ke tasowa ba, rikodin Hg na samfurori da aka ɗauka daga Diss Mere, United Kingdom ya nuna cewa ƙasa ta gurɓata tun shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wannan yana ƙara haɗarin yuwuwar gurɓata yanayi don shiga cikin yanayi. Gurɓatar ƙasa, kamar sharar gida, yana faruwa ne ta hanyar zubar da kayan da ba daidai ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sami rahotannin gurɓacewar ƙasa da tsire-tsire masu yawa a sassan Ingila waɗanda a da ake kira wuraren hakar ma'adinai, wanda ke haifar da lalata ƙasa. Dazuzzuka Kasar Burtaniya tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarar 2018 yana nufin maki 1.65/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 161 a duniya cikin kasashe 172. Duba wasu abubuwan Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Koren Makamashi a Burtaniya Ayyukan muhalli kai tsaye a cikin Burtaniya Rashin daidaiton muhalli a Burtaniya Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30321

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20yin%20%C6%99orafe-%C6%99orafe%20na%20amurka

Ƴancin yin ƙorafe-ƙorafe na amurka

A Amurka an lissafta yancin yin koke a cikin Gyaran Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasar Amurka, wanda musamman ya haramtawa Majalisa dage "yancin jama'a a cikin lumana na hallara, da kuma shigar da kara ga Gwamnati don gyara koke-koke". Ko da yake sau da yawa ba a manta da su ba don neman wasu shahararrun ƴancin yanci, kuma wani lokaci ana ɗaukar su ba tare da izini ba, yawancin sauran 'yancin ɗan adam ana aiwatar da su a kan gwamnati kawai ta hanyar amfani da wannan ainihin haƙƙin. A cewar Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa, tun lokacin da aka rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki, haƙƙin neman koke ya faɗaɗa. Ba a taƙaice kawai ga buƙatun "gyara korafe-korafe" a kowace ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi ba, amma yana fahimtar buƙatun na yin aiki da gwamnati na ikonta don ci gaban sha'awa da wadata ga masu kora da kuma ra'ayoyinsu a kan. Kuma al'amuran siyasa masu rikitarwa. Haƙƙin ya shafi “kusantar ƴan ƙasa ko ƙungiyoyin su ga hukumomin gudanarwa (waɗanda duka halittu ne na majalisa, da kuma hannun zartarwa) da kuma kotuna, sashe na uku na Gwamnati. Lallai ‘yancin yin koke ya shafi dukkan sassan gwamnati. Haƙƙin shiga kotuna hakika wani bangare ne na ‘yancin kai ƙara”. Tushen tarihi A cikin <i id="mwIw">Sharhin</i> Blackstone, Amurkawa a cikin Mallaka goma sha uku sun karanta cewa "haƙƙin neman koke GA sarki, ko kuma ko dai majalisar dokoki, don magance korafe-korafe" ya kasance "haƙƙin da ya shafi kowane mutum". A cikin shekarata 1776, Bayanin Independence ya ambaci gazawar Sarki George don magance korafe-korafen da aka jera a cikin koke-koke na mulkin mallaka, kamar Bukatun Reshen Zaitun na shekarata 1775, a matsayin hujjar ayyana 'yancin kai:A kowane mataki na waɗannan Zaluncin Mun Koka don gyarawa cikin mafi ƙasƙanci: Koke-kokenmu da aka maimaita an amsa su ne kawai ta maimaita rauni. Basarake, wanda halinsa ke da alamar kowane irin aiki da zai iya ayyana Azzalumi, bai dace ya zama shugaban mutane masu 'yanci ba. A tarihi, ana iya gano haƙƙin a baya zuwa takaddun Ingilishi kamar Magna Carta, wanda, ta hanyar karɓuwa daga masarauta, ya tabbatar da haƙƙin a fakaice. 14 Dokar Edw III 1 Babi na 5 (1340) ya sanya koke a kan ƙa'idar doka. Sannan kumaYa bukaci a samar da wata Hukuma a kowace Majalissar da za ta “ji karar da aka kai musu, korafe-korafen duk wadanda za su yi korafin irin wannan jinkiri ko korafin da aka yi musu”. Sa'an nan kuma daga baya, Mataki na ashirin da 5 Bill of Rights 1689, wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa "Hakkin wadanda ake zargi da kai karar Sarki ne kuma duk alkawurra da kararrakin da ake yi na irin wannan karar ba bisa ka'ida ba ne." "Maganin korafe-korafe", da aka samu a cikin sashe na gabatar da gyare-gyare na farko na ƙasar Amurka yana samuwa a cikin Mataki na 13 na Dokar Hakki na 1689 "Kuma don Gyara dukkan Korafe-korafe da inganta ƙarfafawa da kiyaye Dokokin da ya kamata a gudanar da su. akai-akai." wanda ke nuni da cewa ‘yancin gabatar da kara yana hade da ‘yancin gyara koke-koke a majalisar. Ana samun irin wannan magana a cikin Ƙoƙarin Haƙƙin Scotland. Yarima William na Orange (Sarki na gaba William III) ya bayyana a cikin Sanarwar Dalili na korafe-korafen da zai haifar da Dokar Haƙƙin a shekarata 1688. Game da 'yancin yin koke ya yi tsokaci game da gwaji na Bishops Bakwai inda Ubangijin Ruhaniya ciki har da Arch Bishop na Canterbury suka sadaukar da Hasumiyar kuma suka yi ƙoƙari don Seditious Libel don ƙin bin umarnin karanta sanarwar Indulgence. alkalai sun yi musu shari'a kuma suka wanke su. An gano cewa ba za a iya hukunta Bishops da laifin Seditious Libel ba saboda suna yin haƙƙin neman koke da ke ƙunshe a wancan lokacin a cikin Dokar Ta'addanci ta 1661. Wannan halin da ake ciki kuma yana da alaƙa da Art.1 Bill of Rights (1688) inda irin wannan dakatar da dokoki ba tare da izinin majalisar ba, ba tare da la'akari da "lalacewar hujja" an gane shi ba bisa doka ba "Cewa ikon da aka yi na dakatar da dokoki ko zartar da dokoki. ta Hukumar Gudanarwa ba tare da amincewar Majalisa ba haramun ne." Amfani na farko Babban motsa jiki na farko da kare haƙƙin koke a cikin ƙasar Amurka shi ne bayar da shawarar kawo ƙarshen bauta ta hanyar aika Majalisar da koke fiye da dubu kan batun, wanda wasu 'yan ƙasa 130,000 suka sa hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 1836, Majalisar Wakilai ta amince da jerin ka'idoji na gag wanda kai tsaye ya gabatar da duk irin wadannan koke-koke na yaki da bautar ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma suka haramta tattaunawarsu. Majalisar dattawa ta dauki irin wannan mataki. Kuma Tsohon shugaban kasa John Quincy Adams da sauran Wakilai daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar soke waɗannan dokoki a cikin 1844 bisa ga cewa ya saba wa yancin Tsarin Mulki (a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko don "koken gwamnati don magance koke- koke Iyakar Yayin da haramcin tauye haƙƙin neman koke a asali ana magana ne kawai ga majalisar tarayya Majalisar dokoki da kotuna, koyarwar haɗakarwa daga baya ta faɗaɗa kare haƙƙin da yake da shi a halin yanzu, kuma a kan dukkan kotunan jihohi da tarayya da majalisun dokoki da zartarwa. rassan jaha da gwamnatocin tarayya. Haƙƙin shigar da ƙara ya haɗa da a ƙarƙashin inuwarta haƙƙin doka na gurfanar da gwamnati, da haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi da yuwuwar ƙungiyoyi don shigar da gwamnati. Wasu masu shigar da kara sun ce ‘yancin kai karar gwamnati ya hada da wata bukata da gwamnati ta saurara ko kuma ta mayar da martani ga jama’a. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ƙi wannan ra'ayi a cikin shekarata 1984:Babu wani abu a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko ko kuma a cikin dokar shari'ar wannan Kotun da ke fassara cewa 'yancin yin magana, tarayya, da koke ya buƙaci masu tsara manufofin gwamnati su saurara ko mayar da martani ga hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a kan al'amuran jama'a. Duba kuma Smith v. Ma'aikatan Babban Titin Jihar Arkansas, inda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin la'akari da korafe-korafen ma'aikata lokacin da ƙungiyar ta shigar da su, sannan maimakon ma'aikacin Ma'aikatar Babban Titin ta Jiha, bai keta gyare-gyaren farko ga Amurka ba. Tsarin Mulki. Kotun Koli ta fi fassara Faɗin Ƙoƙarin a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da Maganar Magana ta Kyauta na Gyaran Farko, amma a cikin yanke shawara na shekarata 2010 a Borough na Duryea v. Guarnieri (2010) ya yarda cewa za a iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin su biyun: Ƙuntatawa Dokar South Dakota ta hana masu laifin yin lalata da su yada koke, suna da hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da tarar dala 2,000. Bayar da koke na wani fursuna a Ofishin Gidan Yari na Tarayya (BOP) haramun ne a ƙarƙashin 28 CFR 541.3, kuma ana azabtar da shi ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku Kalmar “Koke” kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin waɗannan ka’idoji guda biyu ta taƙaita ne ga waɗannan korafe-korafen da ke gudana a ɓangaren zartarwa ko na majalisu na gwamnati, kuma ba ta haɗa da takaddun da aka shigar a gaban kotu ba, waɗanda kuma ake kira da “koke”, kamar koke-koke na coram nobis, mandamus, habeas corpus, haramci, da certiorari, da sauransu. Kuma A yayin da aka fi kiran wadannan a matsayin "koke" nau'i ne na karan-tsaye ga gwamnati wanda zai iya sa kotuna ta fitar da wata takarda ta umurci gwamnati ta yi aiki, ko kuma ta daina aiki, ta hanyar da aka kayyade. ‘Yancin ma’aikatan gwamnati na magance korafe-korafe da ma’aikatansu kan al’amuran da suka shafi aiki za a iya takaita shi ga tsarin gudanarwa a karkashin tsarin kotun koli. Sannan A cikin Pickering v. Hukumar Ilimi, Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa dole ne kotu ta daidaita 'yancin ma'aikaci na yin magana a kan sha'awar gwamnati na kasancewa mai inganci da tasiri a ayyukan jama'a da take yi. Daga baya Kotun Koli Connick v. Myers, Garcetti v. Ceballos, da Gundumar Duryea v. Guarnieri ya kafa cewa dole ne ma'aikatan gwamnati su nuna cewa sun yi magana a matsayinsu na ɗan ƙasa a kan abin da ya shafi jama'a lokacin da suke tuhumar ma'aikacin su a ƙarƙashin Magana na Farko ko Ƙa'idar Ƙorafi. Duba wasu abubuwan Mu Jama'a (tsarin shigar da kara) Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

34359

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-all

Take-all

Articles with 'species' microformats Take-all cuta ce ta tsire-tsire da ke shafar tushen ciyawa da tsire-tsire na hatsi a cikin yanayin yanayi mai zafi wanda naman gwari Gaeumannomyces tritici (wanda aka fi sani da Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Duk nau'in alkama da sha'ir suna da saukin kamuwa. Yana da muhimmiyar cuta a cikin alkama na hunturu a Yammacin Turai musamman, kuma yana da sha'awar yanayin samar da karfi da kuma monoculture Cutar Kwayar cuta tana rayuwa a cikin ƙasa akan ƙwayar hatsi da sauran ciyawa masu kamuwa da cuta. Naman gwari yana cutar da tushen tsire-tsire na matasa kuma yana iya yaduwa daga shuka zuwa shuka a cikin nau'in hyphae da ke girma a cikin ƙasa wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake yawan ganin cutar a cikin faci. Naman gwari yana toshe nama mai ɗaukar hoto na tsire-tsire kuma yana rage ɗaukar ruwa. Alamomin farko na cutar sun haɗa da rawaya da tsagewa, ana rage tillering kuma tsire-tsire suna girma da wuri kuma galibi suna nuna kawunan iri. Tushen da abin ya shafa sun yi baki kuma tsire-tsire suna da sauƙin cirewa daga ƙasa. Wadannan alamomin suna haifar da madadin sunan cutar, "whiteheads". Matakan asarar amfanin gona na kashi 40 zuwa 50 ana yin rikodin su a cikin munanan hare-hare. Ko da yake matakan cututtuka yawanci ba su da ƙasa a cikin amfanin gona na alkama na farko a cikin juyawa, ƙwayar fungal yana tasowa a cikin ƙasa kusa da tushen alkama, wanda aka sani da take-all inoculum build-up (TAB). A cikin shekaru 2-4 masu zuwa matakan cututtuka suna ƙaruwa, wanda zai iya biyo baya ta hanyar ɗaukar-duk (TAD). Sarrafa Matakan sarrafa sinadarai a al'adance suna da ɗan nasara kaɗan, kodayake maganin iri na zamani yana nuna alkawari. Rashin daidaituwar abinci mai gina jiki na amfanin gona yana kara tsananta cutar, kamar yadda ya wuce kima Na zamani iri ne m da gajere-strawed wanda damar in mun gwada da high spring nitrogen aikace-aikace ba tare da tsanani masauki Wannan zai iya iyakance lalacewa daga cutar. Ma'aunin kulawa mafi dacewa shine amfani da amfanin gona mai tsabta na shekara guda na amfanin gona maras hatsi. Wannan yana rage naman gwari zuwa ƙarancin gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin kusan watanni 10 duk da cewa ciyawar sa kai bace na iya rage duk wani tasiri mai fa'ida. Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a sanannen filin "Broadbalk" a Rothamsted Research inda ake ci gaba da noman alkama na hunturu na monoculture, ya nuna cewa ci gaba da haɓakawa (TAB) yana faruwa a cikin amfanin gona masu zuwa don kai kololuwa a cikin shekara ta 3 zuwa 5, bayan haka cuta ta ragu (TAD), a ƙarshe tana maido da amfanin gona zuwa 80 zuwa 90% na matakan 1st da 2nd shekara. Ana lalata sake zagayowar raguwa ta hanyar gabatar da amfanin gona ban da alkama ko sha'ir. Ko da yake a halin yanzu babu nau'in alkama mai juriya da ake samarwa a kasuwa, an gano cewa layukan alkama sun bambanta da ƙarfinsu na haɓaka ɗaukar-dukkan inoculum a cikin ƙasa a cikin shekarar farko ta juyawa. Halin Low-TAB yana rinjayar tsananin cutar da yawan alkama a cikin alkama na biyu, kuma yana da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin rhizosphere microbiome. Har yanzu ba a san tsarin kwayoyin halitta na Low-TAB ba, amma ƙananan TAB na iya amfani da shi ta hanyar manoma, yana sa gajeriyar jujjuyawar alkama ta fi riba. Wasu dangin alkama kamar nau'in T. monococcum suna da kwatankwacin juriya ga nau'in alkama waɗanda aka riga aka ƙirƙira don juriya, amma nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa suna da tushe daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta don wannan, duka sun bambanta da na alkama da kuma ma. daga juna. Wannan yana iya zama albarkatun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don zana su don shiga cikin alkama. Runduna, Alamu, da Alamu Gaeumannomyces tritici yana haifar da cututtuka a cikin tushen, kambi, da tushe na alkama, sha'ir, hatsin rai, tare da ciyawa da yawa irin su Bromegrass, Quackgrass, da Bentgrass. Oats shine kawai amfanin gona na hatsi waɗanda ke da juriya kasancewa masu juriya ta dabi'a. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta na iya jure kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi kuma suna bayyana marasa alama. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta da za a iya shafa gabaɗayan filayen, amma yawanci mutuwar da ba a kai ba tana faruwa a cikin madauwari a cikin filin. Tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta ana iya gano su ta hanyar stunting, m chlorosis (yellowing), da kuma rage yawan tillers, waxanda suke da ƙarin mai tushe da cewa ci gaba da babban harbi na shuka. Lokacin da masu noma suka mutu saboda cututtuka sun zama fari, suna haifar da "farar kai" wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin yanayi mara kyau wanda ba zai iya yin fure ba. Alamun sun haɗa da perithecia da ake nunawa a tushen kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta da ƙumburi masu launin baki. Wannan baƙar fata na kambi da tushe mai tushe yana ba da damar shuka a sauƙaƙe daga ƙasa ba tare da tsarin tushen tushen ba. Da aka ba da sunansa "Take-all", an san shi yana lalata dukan tudun alkama. Muhalli Gaeumannomyces tritici shine naman gwari na ƙasa wanda aka fara gano shi sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata a Ostiraliya. Kodayake kalmar cutar ta samo asali ne daga wannan yanki na duniya, ana ganinta a ko'ina cikin duniya a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai zafi da kuma yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi ko tsayi. Ganin cewa ascomycete ne, yana son yanayin dami, amma zai iya ci gaba da dawwama a cikin busasshiyar yanayin da ake amfani da ban ruwa. Shan-duk yana ƙara tsananta a cikin yashi, maras haihuwa, ƙanƙara, da ƙasa mara kyau, inda iska, don haka yanayin ƙasa ya kasance 11. °C zuwa 20 °C. Rabin na biyu na lokacin girma yana da kyau. Kwayar cutar ta fi son yanayin asali kuma yana ƙaruwa da tsananin cutar lokacin da pH ya kai 7. Ƙasar da ke da ƙarancin nitrogen, phosphorus, da jan ƙarfe kuma yana ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda haka, liming ba nau'in sarrafawa ba ne da ya dace. An gwada wuraren da aka gwada a Larslan da Toston, Montana, inda daban-daban naman gwari guda biyu da aka samu musamman ƙasa sun rage girman shan duk ta hanyar mycoparasitism. Zagayowar cuta Gaeumannomyces tritici yana ci gaba ta hanyar yanayi mara kyau a cikin tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta da tarkace. Ana iya yada shi daga yanki zuwa yanki ta wannan tarkace. Akwai inoculum guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta, hyphae da ascospores. Hyphae sune galibin inoculum, saboda tushen ya kamu da cutar yayin da suke girma ta cikin ƙasa mara kyau. Yawancin yaduwar shuka-zuwa shuka na ɗaukar-duk yana faruwa ta hanyar tseren tseren motsa jiki ta hanyar "tushen gadoji". Bugu da ƙari, ascospores suna motsawa ta hanyar fantsama kuma a wasu lokuta iska. Sannan cutar ta haifar da farar fata su taru a saman shukar. Lokacin da shuka ya mutu a ƙarshe, sake zagayowar ta sake sake zagayowar kuma fungi ya sake mamayewa kamar ascocarp a cikin tsire-tsire da tarkace. Ana iya la'akari da wannan ƙwayar cuta ta polycyclic saboda farkon inoculum ta hanyar haɓakar mycelial ta wurin hutawa spores, ascomata. Alloinfection na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa akai-akai a cikin lokaci guda, duk da haka inoculum na biyu kuma na iya faruwa a lokacin wannan kakar. Duba kuma Injiniyan halitta Injiniyan Halitta a Amurka Nassoshi Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Farashin Fungorum USDA ARS Fungal Database Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25090

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu

Tu

Tu ko TU na iya nufin to ko "A". Harshe Harshen Tu tu ko tú mutum na 2 mai magana da magana ɗaya a cikin yaruka da yawa; duba wakilin suna Bambancin T –V (daga furcin latin tu da vos amfani a cikin wasu yaruka, na sunan mutum daban don ƙa'ida ko tazarar zamantakewa. Mutane da Sunaye Tū (Tūmatauenga), wani allahntaka a cikin tarihin Māori Mutanen Tu, mutanen Monguor na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Harshen Tu Tu (sunan sunan dangin Sinawa da ba kasafai ake samun su ba Du (sunan ko Tu, sunan dangin Sinawa gama gari. Kiɗa Tú (ƙungiyar Kanada), duo na mawaƙin pop na Kanada a ƙarshen 1980s Tu (American band), duo Ba'amurke, wanda memba na Sarki Crimson ya kafa Wakoki "Tu" (Waƙar Umberto Tozzi), 1978 "Tu", waƙar Umberto Bindi, 1959 "Tu", waƙar Ewa Farna, 2015. Sauran Tu (fim) <i id="mwNA">A nan</i> (fim na 2003) ko Tu, fim ɗin Croatian Tu, alama ce ta sutura daga Sainsbury Tu (cake), irin wainar Tibet Acronyms Kamfanoni da kungiyoyi TU (ƙungiyar), ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa don ma'aikatan T-Mobile TU Media, Kamfanonin tafi -da -gidanka na Watsa shirye -shiryen Watsa Labarai na Dijital a Koriya Toimihenkilöunioni (Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata Masu Albashi), ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Finland Tunisair (lambar jirgin saman IATA TU) Transunion, kamfanin bayar da rahoto game da bashi Tupolev, wani kamfanin sararin samaniya da tsaro na Rasha Teknisk Ukeblad, mujallar injiniyan Norway The Times Union, jaridar Albany ce New York City Teachers Union (1916–1964), wanda aka fi sani da “TU” Trout Unlimited, ƙungiyar kiyayewa Rukunin aunawa TU (Unit Time), naúrar lokaci daidai da 1024 microseconds Na'urar watsawa, sashin tarihi na asara a cikin wayar tarho mai nisa Unit Tritium, ma'aunin tritium taro a cikin ruwa Rukunin Tuberculin, ma'aunin ƙarfin tuberculin Jami'o'i A Amurka Jami'ar Taylor, Indiana Jami'ar Haikali, Pennsylvania Jami'ar Thomas, Georgia Jami'ar Touro California, California Jami'ar Touro Nevada, Nevada Jami'ar Towson, Maryland Jami'ar Trinity, Texas Jami'ar Troy, Alabama Jami'ar Tulane, Louisiana Jami'ar Tuskegee, Alabama Jami'ar Tulsa, Oklahoma tu, abin tsokaci ne game da Jami'ar Texas a Austin ta ɗalibai da magoya bayan abokin hamayya na Jami'ar Texas A&amp;M. A wasu ƙasashe Jami'ar Tartu Tartu iklikool Estonia Duk wani Technische Universität, watau jami'ar fasaha a ƙasashen da ke magana da Jamusanci Technische Universiteit Delft, Netherlands Jami'ar Tezpur, Assam, Indiya Jami'ar Thapar, Patiala, Indiya Jami'ar Thammasat, Thailand Jami'ar Tianjin, Tianjin, China Jami'ar Tibet, Lhasa, yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kanta, China Jami'ar Tooling, wani kamfani ne na fasahar ilimantarwa na Amurka mara riba Jami'ar Tribhuvan, Kathmandu, Nepal Jami'o'in Fasaha na Myanmar Sauran amfani Tren Urbano, tsarin metro a San Juan, Puerto Rico Tu ɗari, gundumar Vccästmanland a Sweden Lokaci na Duniya, "Tempus Universalis" Thulium, wani sinadarin sinadarai ne mai alamar Tu Bangaren Fassara, sashin fahimi guda ɗaya na rubutu Bangaren fassarar (shirye -shirye), babban shigarwar ga mai tarawa Duba kuma Tú (disambiguation) UT (rarrabuwa)

24481

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Gotze

Mario Gotze

Mario Gotze (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan yuni, shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da biyu 1992), a garin Memmegen na kasar jamus. ɗan ƙasar Jamus ɗin kwararen ɗan wasan ƙwallon kafa ne. Yana ɗaya daga cikin kwararrun yan wasa a shekarar, 2010 wanda shine yayi sanadiyyar lashe kofin Duniya a shekarar. Farkon rayuwa Mario Gotze (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan yuni shekara ta 1992), a garin Memmegen na kasar jamus. Manazarta 1. "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players: Germany" (PDF). FIFA. 14 July 2014. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2020. 2. "Bayern Profile Mario Götze" FC Bayern. Retrieved 22 May 2014. 3. "Mario Götze" FC Bayern Munich. Retrieved 8 February 2015. 4. a b c "Warum Götze als Stürmer unter Favre funktioniert" kicker.de (in German). 29 October 2018. 5. a b "Borussia Dortmund comeback kid Mario Götze ready for a Germany recall?" bundesliga.com the official Bundesliga website. Retrieved 13 May 2020. 6. "Mario Gotze to join Bayern Munich from Borussia Dortmund" BBC. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013. 7. "Gotze goal hands Germany World Cup" ESPN FC. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. 8. "Mario Götze seals Dortmund return from Bayern" bundesliga.com Fußball-Bundesliga. Retrieved 18 August 2016. "He joined Borussia at the age of eight" 9. "Borussia Dortmund vs. Mainz 05 0 0" Soccerway. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2016. 10. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 11. "Mario Götze" ESPN FC. Retrieved 20 April 2014. 12. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 13. "Matthias Sammer Praises Borussia Dortmund's German Wunderkind Mario Goetze" goal.com. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011. 14. a b c "Fährmann bringt BVB zur Verzweiflung" (in German). kicker. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 15. Whitney, Clark (24 January 2012). "Borussia Dortmund's Mario Gotze set for lengthy injury lay-off" goal.com. Retrieved 29 April 2012. 16. "Trotz Ausstiegsklausel: Götze bleibt mindestens bis 2014 in Dortmund" (in German). fussballtransfers.com. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013. 17. Whitney, Clark (27 May 2012). "Mario Gotze extends Dortmund contract until 2016" goal.com. Retrieved 29 April 2012. 18. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 19. a b c "Die Bayern holen den ersten Titel der Saison" (in German). kicker. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 20. "Dortmund cruise through" ESPN FC. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012. 21. Salisbury, Rob (1 December 2012). "Beckenbauer: Gotze and Reus world's best midfield duo" goal.com. Retrieved 21 April 2014. 22. "Borussia Dortmund coasted into the Champions League quarter-finals with a comfortable victory over a disappointing Shakhtar Donetsk" BBC Sport 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013. 23. "Devastating Dortmund sweep Shakhtar aside" UEFA. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013. 24. "Borussia Dortmund dash Málaga's hopes with two injury-time goals" The Guardian 9 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013. 25. "Borussia Dortmund prepared for Champions League final without Mario Götze video" The Guardian 24 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. 26. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 27. Röckenhaus, Freddie (23 April 2013). "Von Guardiola ins Paradies gelockt" Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 23 April 2013. 28. "Götze wechselt für 37 Millionen zum FC Bayern" Die Welt (in German). 23 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 29. "Mario Götze to join Bayern Munich from Borussia Dortmund" The Guardian 23 April 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013. 30. "Mario Gotze to join Bayern Munich from Borussia Dortmund" BBC Sport 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 31. "Bayern confirm Gotze signing" FIFA. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 32. "Transfer-Hammer: Özil wechselt zu Arsenal" Österreich (in German). 2 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013. 33. Maston, Tom (23 April 2013). "Klopp: Guardiola signed Gotze" goal.com. Retrieved 24 April 2013. 34. "Jürgen Klopp annoyed at timing of Mario Götze's Bayern Munich deal" The Guardian 23 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013. 35. Uersfeld, Stephan (29 May 2013). "Bayern chose Gotze over Neymar" ESPN FC. Retrieved 13 June 2013. 36. "Mario Gotze scores twice on debut" ESPN FC. 11 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013. 37. Schrader, Matthias (19 October 2013). "Mario Götze inspires Bayern to comeback win; more Bundesliga" Sports Illustrated Retrieved 20 October 2013. 38. "Remorseless Bayern brush Plzeň aside" UEFA. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013. 39. "Mandzu and Götze inspire winning fightback" FC Bayern Munich. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013. 40. Koylu, Enis (23 November 2013). "The Ghost of Gotze: Super Mario returns to haunt crisis-hit Dortmund" goal.com. Retrieved 28 November 2013. 41. "Sub Mario Götze scored Bayern's opener against ex-employer Borussia Dortmund, didn't celebrate 101 Great Goals" Football greatest goals and highlights 101 Great Goals Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018. 42. Hamley, Chris (27 November 2013). "Ten straight CL wins for imperious Bayern" FC Bayern Munich. Retrieved 28 November 2013. 43. "Remorseless Munich thrash woeful Werder" FC Bayern Munich. 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013. 44. "Bayern Munich's Franck Ribéry leads rout of Guangzhou Evergrande" The Guardian 17 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013. 45. a b c "Bayern im Finale Guangzhou kein Prüfstein" kicker (in German). 17 December 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2014. 46. a b c d "FCB holt sich den fünften Titel" kicker (in German). 21 December 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2014. 47. Hamley, Chris (24 January 2014). "Assured FCB stretch lead and unbeaten run" FC Bayern Munich. Retrieved 25 January 2014. 48. "Hertha BSC 1–3 Bayern Munich" BBC Sport 25 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014. 49. "Champions Bayern leave Hamburg on the brink" bundesliga.com. 3 May 2014. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014. 50. Peters, Jerrad (17 May 2014). "Borussia Dortmund vs. Bayern Munich: DFB Pokal Live Score, Highlights, Report" Bleacher Report. Retrieved 18 May 2014. 51. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 52. a b c d e f "Mario Götze Club matches" World Football. Retrieved 1 January 2016. 53. a b c "Aubameyang köpft BVB zum Supercup-Sieg" (in German). kicker. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014. 54. "Holders FCB ease into second round" FC Bayern Munich. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014. 55. "Bayern Munich 2 1 VfL Wolfsburg" BBC. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. 56. "Bayern Munich 4–0 Paderborn: Brace from Götze shoots Bayern to the top of the Bundesliga" Vavel. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014. 57. "Bayern Munich 6–0 SV Werder Bremen" BBC Sport 18 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014. 58. Hayward, Paul (28 October 2014). "Fifa Ballon d'Or 2014: English football not included among nominees" The Telegraph Retrieved 28 October 2014. 59. Bhardwaj, Vaishali (22 November 2014). "Mario Gotze scores brilliant goal for Bayern Munich against Hoffenheim" Metro Retrieved 23 November 2014. 60. "Götze's stunner voted Matchday 12 goal of the week" bundesliga.com 25 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014. 61. "Bayern München 8 0 Hamburger SV" goal.com. 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015. 62. "Bayern Munich 1–1 Borussia Dortmund" BBC 29 April 2015. 63. Fay, Sean (7 May 2015). "Bayern Legend Franz Beckenbauer Says Mario Gotze Is Behaving Like a Child" bleacher report Retrieved 3 June 2015. 64. Uersfeld, Stephan (21 May 2015). "Arjen Robben backs Mario Gotze to break out of recent slump" ESPN FC Retrieved 3 June 2015. 65. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 16 May 2015. 66. a b c "Joker Bendtner ist zweimal zur Stelle" kicker.de (in German). 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. 67. Lovell, Mark (9 August 2015). "Mario Gotze shows confidence in Bayern Munich cup triumph" ESPN FC Retrieved 5 October 2015. 68. Wright, Joe (17 September 2015). "Guardiola: I love Gotze" goal.com Retrieved 5 October 2015. 69. Wright, Joe (22 September 2015). "Bayern Munich 5–1 Wolfsburg: Lewandowski nets FIVE IN NINE MINUTES as the Bavarians cruise" goal.com Retrieved 5 October 2015. 70. "Bayern Munich 5–0 Dinamo Zagreb: Lewandowski hits treble in five goal win" goalcom 29 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. 71. "Bayern Munich 5–1 Borussia Dortmund: Lewandowski and Muller send Pep's men further clear" goal.com 4 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. 72. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). kicker. Retrieved 9 July 2018. 73. "Mario Götze rejoins Borussia Dortmund" Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "Mario Götze is leaving FC Bayern to rejoin his former club Borussia Dortmund, where he played between 2001 and 2013." 74. "Götze becomes Dortmund's latest prodigal son" UEFA Champions League UEFA. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "Germany's most expensive player when he left for Bayern München in 2013, Mario Götze has returned to Borussia Dortmund, maintaining their trend for welcoming back famous old boys." 75. "Borussia Dortmund re-sign Mario Götze" Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V. Dortmund. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "Eight-time German champions Borussia Dortmund have re-signed 24-year-old Germany international Mario Götze... the attacking midfielder will sign a contract with the club until 30 June 2020 and recommence training at the beginning of August." 76. "Götze's return to BVB confirmed" Deutscher Fußball-Bund. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "The return of World Cup winner Mario Götze from Bayern München to Bundesliga rivals Borussia Dortmund is official. Both clubs confirmed this on Thursday, 21st July. Götze is under contract with BVB until 2020." 77. Baldwin, Matthew (21 July 2016). "Borussia Dortmund bring Mario Götze back from Bayern Munich for £22m" The Guardian Retrieved 29 July 2016. 78. Uersfeld, Stephan (13 September 2016). "Mario Gotze praised despite Dortmund return ending in defeat at Leipzig" ESPN FC Retrieved 15 September 2016. 79. Buczko, Stefan (14 September 2016). "Borussia Dortmund turn in superb team display, thrash Legia Warsaw 6–0" ESPN FC Retrieved 15 September 2016. 80. "Borussia Dortmund 1–0 Bayern Munich" BBC Sport 19 November 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016. 81. "Hoffenheim 2 2 Borussia Dortmund Match report 12/16/16 Bundesliga" Retrieved 23 December 2016. 82. Oltermann, Philip. "Mario Götze: the 'once in a century talent' who is now fighting to save his career" The Guardian Retrieved 21 March 2017. 83. Röckenhaus, Freddie. "Mario Götzes Körper muss neu justiert werden" Sud Deutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 21 March 2017. 84. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). Retrieved 2 October 2016. 85. "Mario Gotze makes Borussia Dortmund playing return after metabolic illness" ESPN FC 15 July 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. 86. Ridge, Patric (20 August 2017). "Wolfsburg 0 Borussia Dortmund 3: Pulisic shines as Bosz makes ideal start" Goal.com Retrieved 21 August 2017. 87. "Bosz lauds 'special' Gotze after star's return" FourFourTwo 20 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. 88. a b "Mario Götze" kicker.de (in German). Retrieved 10 October 2017. 89. "Hoffenheim produce magnificent comeback to stun leaders Borussia Dortmund" Bundesliga. 9 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019. 90. "Paco Alcacer, Jadon Sancho, Julian Brandt and Marco Reus inspire Borussia Dortmund to an opening-day triumph" Bundesliga. 17 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019. 91. "Borussia Dortmund: 'Gotze is leaving' Football Italia. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. 92. "Borussia Dortmund v Bayern München starting lineups" Bundesliga. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. 93. "BVB bid farewell to Mario Götze" Borussia Dortmund. 27 June 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020. 94. "PSV sign Mario Götze" PSV Eindhoven. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020. 95. "Mario Götze Caps PSV Debut With Opening Goal" PSV 18 October 2020. 96. "Zahavi nets a hat-trick as PSV rout Galatasaray" Football Oranje 21 July 2021. 97. a b "Madueke: Nigeria prospect's brace powers PSV past 10-man Ajax in Dutch Super Cup" Goal. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021. 98. "Mario Götze signs contract extension with PSV" PSV Eindhoven. 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021. 99. "Schweden Deutschland" (in German). kicker.de. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 100. "Goldene Aussichten: Mit 18 schon Meister und Nationalspieler" (in German). dfb.de. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. 101. "Youngest Debutants" schwarzundweiss.co.uk. 10 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. 102. "Euro 2012: Germany's Joachim Löw names his 23-man squad" The Guardian Retrieved 4 July 2018. 103. "Germany overpower Greece in Gdansk" UEFA. Retrieved 4 July 2018. 104. "Germany World Cup 2014 squad" The Telegraph 2 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014. 105. "Germany 4–0 Portugal" BBC 16 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014. 106. "Germany vs Ghana" BBC 22 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014. 107. Smith, Ben (26 June 2014). "USA 0–1 Germany" BBC Sport Retrieved 16 July 2014. 108. Ornstein, David (1 July 2014). "Germany 2–1 Algeria" BBC Sport Retrieved 16 July 2014. 109. Ornstein, David (4 July 2014). "France 0–1 Germany" BBC Sport Retrieved 16 July 2014. 110. McNulty, Phil (8 July 2014). "Brazil 1–7 Germany" BBC Sport Retrieved 16 July 2014. 111. Fifield, Dominic (14 July 2014). "Joachim Löw: I told Mario Götze to 'show you are better than Messi' The Guardian Retrieved 16 July 2014. 112. Raish, Dave (13 July 2014). "Götze volley gives Germany their fourth World Cup title" Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 14 July 2014. 113. "Germany 1–0 Argentina" BBC. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. 114. "Numbers Game: All the stats from Germany's fourth World Cup triumph" Firstpost 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. 115. "Awards" FIFA. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2015. 116. ESPN staff (19 June 2016). "Germany's Mario Gotze shrugs off pundit criticism after Euro struggles" ESPN. Retrieved 2 January 2020. 117. "Mario Gotze misses out on Germany's provisional squad" BBC Sport 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018. 118. "Gotze pleased with false nine spot" Soccerway 23 March 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2014. 119. "Matthias Sammer Praises Borussia Dortmund's German Wunderkind Mario Goetze" goal.com. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2014. 120. "Beckenbauer: Gotze is Germany's Messi" FIFA. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2014. 121. Bourgeois, Blaise (29 April 2020). "Lothar Matthäus says Mario Götze is too slow for the Bundesliga" OneFootball Retrieved 20 July 2020. 122. Kohout, Tito (19 July 2020). "Report: Fiorentina interested in Mario Götze" Viola Nation Retrieved 20 July 2020. "While [Götze] doesn’t have much pace left, he’s devastating with the ball at his feet and still has the technique and vision that made him one of the world’s best attackers in his prime." 123. "Die Geschichte eines Wunderkindes Mario Götze" Rheinische Post (in German). 6 December 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2017. 124. "Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Götze" (in German). e-technik.uni-dortmund.de. 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. 125. Hoß, Dieter (11 August 2011). "Der 'kleine Gott' des deutschen Fußballs" Stern (in German). Retrieved 4 November 2011. 126. "Felix Götze departs for FC Augsburg" SB Nation. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018. 127. Tate, Amethyst (14 July 2014). "Who Is Ann-Kathrin Brommel? Mario Gotze's Girlfriend Is German Lingerie Model" International Business Times Retrieved 17 July 2014. 128. "Mario Götze und Ann-Kathrin Brömmel haben geheiratet" spiegel.de (in German). 7 May 2018. 129. "Ann-Kathrin Götze Co.: Diese Stars brachten ein Sommer-Baby 2020 zur Welt" rtl.de (in German). 31 July 2020. 130. Moore-Bridger, Benedict; Bryant, Miranda (14 July 2014). "Mario Gotze: the story behind Germany's 'miracle boy' after his stunning World Cup-winning goal" London Evening Standard Retrieved 20 July 2014. 131. Hinrichs, Miriam (26 June 2014). "Ich danke Gott!" (in German). jesus.ch. Retrieved 26 June 2014. 132. "Götze dankt Gott bei Facebook" Bild (in German). 26 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014. 133. Sarmah, Bhargab (28 February 2017). "Borussia Dortmund's Mario Goetze Sidelined From Football Indefinitely" NDTVSports.com Retrieved 3 March 2017. 134. "Mario Götze remains sidelined, metabolic disturbances diagnosed" bvb.de 27 February 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017. 135. "Borussia Dortmund's Mario Gotze lands €15m endorsement deal with Nike report" Goal.com. 29 September 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2014. 136. "Nike GS2 Football Boots" FootballBoots.co.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2014. 137. "Andres Iniesta and Mario Gotze star in Nike's magista boots vine videos" LiveSoccerTV.com. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014. 138. Newman, Andrew Adam (18 December 2013). "Samsung's Video Campaign Pits Earth's Soccer Stars vs. Aliens" The New York Times Retrieved 24 July 2020. 139. Pereira, Chris (5 August 2014). "FIFA 15's Cover Has Messi, and Now PES 2015 Has Mario Gotze" gamespot.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014. 140. "Götze, Mario" National Football Teams Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 15 October 2018. 141. a b c "M. Götze" Soccerway. Retrieved 18 July 2014. 142. Gartenschläger, Lars (6 June 2013). "Khedira, Özil, Neuer Aufstieg der Euro-Helden" Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 17 July 2014. 143. "FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 voting results" (PDF). 144. "UEFA European Under-17 Championship Golden Player" 145. "Team of the tournament UEFA European Under-17 Championship" 146. a b "Ausgezeichnet! Diese Jungstars holten Gold" kicker.de (in German). Retrieved 18 July 2014. 147. Doyle, Mark (5 December 2011). "Borussia Dortmund's Mario Gotze lands 'Golden Boy' award for 2011" goal.com Retrieved 11 December 2013. 148. "GÖTZE'S WORLD CUP WINNER VOTED GERMANY'S GOAL OF THE YEAR" dfb.de German Football Association Retrieved 21 June

22777

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Jirgin%20Sama%20na%20Imperial

Filin Jirgin Sama na Imperial

Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways shi ne kamfanin jirgin sama dake da dogon zango na Birtaniyya,wanda ke aiki daga shekarar 1924 zuwa shekarar 1939 kuma yana gudanar da hidimomin hanyoyin Masarautar Burtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu,Indiya da Gabas ta Gabas, gami da Australi Malaya da Hong Kong.Fasinjoji galibi 'yan kasuwa ne ko masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka, yawancin jirage suna ɗaukar fasinjoji 20 ko ƙasa da haka.Haɗari sun kasance m:a cikin shekaru shida na farko, mutane 32 sun mutu a cikin abubuwa bakwai.Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways bai taba samun matakan kirkirar kere-kere na kere-kere ba,kuma an hade shi zuwa Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na kasashen waje (BOAC) a cikin shekarar 1939.BOAC kuma ya hade da British European Airways (BEA) a shekarar 1974 don samar da British Airways. Asali Kafa Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya faru ne don dabbaqa ƙasashen ƙetare ta hanyar yin balaguro zuwa da dawowa daga yankuna cikin sauri, kuma wannan jirgin zai kuma hanzarta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin da har zuwa lokacin ya dogara da jiragen ruwa. Kaddamar da kamfanin jirgin ya biyo bayan fashewar hanyar jirgin da aka gudanar a cikin Daular Birtaniyya bayan yakin duniya na farko, da kuma bayan wasu gwaje-gwajen gwaji (kuma galibi masu hatsari) masu nisan zango zuwa iyakokin Daular. Samarwa An kirkiri filin jirgin Imperial Airways ne a bayan gasa mai tsananin gaske daga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Faransa da na Jamus waɗanda ke bunkasa da tallafin gwamnati da yawa da bin shawarwarin Kwamitin Caca na gwamnati (wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Tallafin CAT) ƙarƙashin Sir Herbert Hambling Kwamitin, wanda aka kafa a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1923, ya gabatar da rahoto a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 1923 yana mai ba da shawarar cewa hudu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanzu, da Instone Air Line Company, mallakar babban mai jigilar kaya Samuel Instone, Noel Pemberton Billing na British Marine Air Navigation (bangare na kamfanin Supermarine mai tashi da jirgin ruwa), da Daimler Airway, karkashin kulawar George Edward Woods, da Handley Page Transport Co Ltd., ya kamata a hade su. An yi fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da kamfani wanda zai iya yin takara da gasar Faransa da ta Jamus kuma zai iya zama mai ƙarfi don haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama na Burtaniya tare da rage tallafin da gwamnati ke bayarwa don ayyukan riɓi biyu. Tare da wannan duba, an bada tallafin 1m sama da shekaru goma don karfafa haɗakar. An kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama da British, Foreign and Colonial Corporation a ranar 3 ga Disambar 1923 ga kamfanin, a karkashin taken 'Imperial Air Transport Company' don mallakar ayyukan sufurin jiragen sama na yanzu a Burtaniya. Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana tallafin gwamnati ga sabon kamfanin: 137,000 a cikin shekarar farko ta ragu zuwa 32,000 a shekara ta goma gami da mafi karancin nisan tafiyar da za a cimma da kuma hukunci idan ba a sadu da su ba. An kafa Kamfanin Imperial Airways a ranar 31 ga Maris 1924 tare da kayan aiki daga kowane abin da ke ba da gudummawa: British Marine Air Navigation Company Ltd, Daimler Airway, Handley Page Transport Ltd da Instone Air Line Ltd. An nada Sir Eric Geddes shugaban hukumar tare da darekta guda daga kowane kamfanin suka hade. Gwamnati ta nada daraktoci biyu, Caca (wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Bankunan da Manjo John Hills, tsohon Sakataren Kudi na Baitul malin. Hada-Hadan filayen sun kasance ne a Filin jirgin saman Croydon da ke kudancin London. Nan da nan kamfanin IAL ya dakatar da aikin magabata zuwa arewacin London, kamfanin jirgin yana mai da hankali ne kan bautar ƙasa da ƙasa maimakon na cikin gida. Bayan haka jirgin IAL kawai da ke aiki 'Arewacin Watford' yawo ne na haya. Matsalolin masana'antu tare da matukan jirgin sunyi sanadiyyar jinkirta fara ayyukan har zuwa 26 ga Afrilu 1924, lokacin da aka buɗe hanyar London zuwa Paris kowace rana tare da de Havilland DH.34 Bayan haka aikin faɗaɗa hanyoyi tsakanin Ingila da Nahiyar ya fara, tare da Southampton Guernsey a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1924, London-Brussels Cologne a ranar 3 ga Mayu, London Amsterdam a 2 Yuni 1924, da hidimar bazara daga London Paris Basel –Zürich a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1924. Sabon jirgin sama na farko da Imperial Airways ya umarta, shine Handley Page W8f City na Washington, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 3 Nuwamba 1924. A cikin shekarar farko ta aiki kamfanin ya dauki fasinjoji 11,395 da haruffa 212,380. A watan Afrilu 1925, fim din Thearshen Duniya ya zama fim na farko da aka fara duba fasinjoji a kan jirgin jirgin sama da aka shirya lokacin da aka nuna shi a kan hanyar London zuwa Paris. Hada Hadan Empire Tabbatar da Hanya Tsakanin 16 Nuwamba 1925 da 13 Maris 1926, Alan Cobham ya yi jirgin binciken jirgin Imperial Airways daga Burtaniya zuwa Cape Town ya dawo cikin Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar –powered de Havilland DH.50J floatplane G-EBFO Hanyar waje ita ce London Paris Marseille Pisa Taranto Athens Sollum Alkahira Luxor Aswan Wadi Halfa Atbara Khartoum Malakal Mongalla Jinja Kisumu Tabora Abercorn Ndola Broken Hill Livingstone Bulawayo Pretoria Johannesburg Kimberley Blomfontein Cape Town Bayan dawowars Cobham ya sami lambar yabo ta Air Force Cross saboda ayyukansa na jirgin sama. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1926, Cobham ya tashi daga Kogin Medway a Rochester a G-EBFO don yin binciken hanyar jirgin sama na Imperial Airways don sabis zuwa Melbourne, yana zuwa 15 ga Agusta 1926. Ya bar Melbourne a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1926, kuma, bayan ya kammala a cikin awanni 320 na yawo sama da kwanaki 78, ya sauka a Thames a Westminster a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1926. Sakataren Harkokin Jirgin Sama, Sir Samuel Hoare ya sadu da Cobham, kuma daga baya HM King George V ya yi masa kyakkyawa. A ranar 27 ga Disamba 1926, Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.66 Hercules G-EBMX City na Delhi sun bar Croydon don binciken jirgin zuwa Indiya. Jirgin ya isa Karachi a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1927 da Delhi a kan 8 Janairu 1927. Lady Irwin, matar Viceroy ne ya sanyawa jirgin suna a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1927. Jirgin dawowa ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1927 kuma ya isa Heliopolis, Alkahira a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1927. Lokacin tashi daga Croydon zuwa Delhi ya kasance awanni 62 na mintina 27 da Delhi zuwa Heliopolis awanni 32 da mintuna 50. Hanyar Gabas Sabis na yau da kullun akan hanyar Alkahira zuwa Basra ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1927 ta amfani da jirgin DH.66, ya maye gurbin jirgin saman RAF na baya. Bayan tattaunawa na tsawon shekaru 2 tare da hukumomin Farisa game da haƙƙin sararin samaniya, sabis ɗin London zuwa Karachi ya fara a ranar 30 ga Maris 1929, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 7 kuma ya ƙunshi jirgi daga Landan zuwa Basle, jirgin ƙasa zuwa Genoa da Short S.8 Calcutta jirgin ruwan da ke tashi zuwa Alexandria, jirgin kasa zuwa Alkahira sannan a ƙarshe jirgin DH.66 zuwa Karachi. An faɗaɗa hanyar zuwa Delhi a ranar 29 Disamba 1929. Hanya tsakanin Turai da Bahar Rum ya canza sau da yawa a cikin fewan shekaru masu zuwa amma kusan koyaushe yana da titin jirgin ƙasa. A watan Afrilu 1931 an yi gwajin jirgi mai tashi a iska daga Landan- Australia; an canza wasikar a Dutch East Indies, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 26 gaba ɗaya don isa Sydney Don jirgin fasinja da ya tashi daga Landan a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1932, hanyar ta Gabas ta sauya daga Farisa zuwa bangaren Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, kuma an gabatar da jiragen saman Handley Page HP 42 a kan Alkahira zuwa bangaren Karachi. Yunkurin ya ga an kafa tashar jirgin sama da hutawa, Mahatta Fort, a cikin cialasar Trucial ta Sharjah yanzu wani ɓangare na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu 1933 bincike da akayi tsakanin Ingila zuwa Australiya ya tashi, wanda ke karkashin Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTL Astraea Manjo HG Brackley, Imperial Airways 'Air Superintendent, shi ke kula da jirgin. Astraea ta tashi zuwa Croydon Paris Lyon Rome Brindisi Athens Alexandria Alkahira inda ta bi hanyar da ta dace zuwa Karachi sannan ta zarce zuwa Jodhpur Delhi Calcutta Akyab Rangoon Bangkok Prachuab Alor Setar Singapore Palembang Batavia Sourabaya Bima Koepang Bathurst Island Darwin Ruwan Newcastle Camooweal Cloncurry Longreach Roma Toowoomba ya isa Eagle Farm, Brisbane a ranar 23 ga Yuni. An ziyarci Sydney a ranar 26 Yuni, Canberra a ranar 28 Yuni da Melbourne a 29 Yuni. Sannan an fadada gabacin filin jirgin. Birnin Landan farko zuwa sabis na Calcutta ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1933, London na farko zuwa Rangoon a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1933, London da Singapore na farko zuwa sabis a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1933, da kuma London da Brisbane na farko a ranar 8 Disamba 1934, tare da Qantas ke da alhakin bangaren Singapore zuwa Brisbane. (Farawa ta 1934 don ta wasiƙa ne; jiragen fasinjoji zuwa Brisbane sun fara watan Afrilu mai zuwa. Fasinjojin Landan na farko zuwa Hong Kong sun tashi daga Landan ranar 14 ga Maris 1936 biyo bayan kafa reshe daga Penang zuwa Hong Kong. Hanyar Afirka A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu 1931 aka fara hidimar mako-mako tsakanin London da Mwanza a tafkin Victoria a Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar da aka tsara zuwa Cape Town A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1931 aka shimfida sabis na Imperial Airways na Afirka ta Tsakiya ta gwaji zuwa Cape Town don ɗaukar wasikun Kirsimeti. Jirgin da aka yi amfani da shi a sashin da ya gabata, DH66 G-AARY City of Karachi ya isa Cape Town a ranar 21 Disamba 1931. A ranar 20 ga Janairun 1932 aka buɗe hanyar hanyar aika wasiƙa zuwa London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu an buɗe wannan hanya ga fasinjoji kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 10. A farkon 1933 Atalantas ya maye gurbin DH.66s akan hanyar Kisumu zuwa Cape Town na hanyar London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936 kamfanin sufurin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Afirka tsakanin Khartoum da Kano a Najeriya. An faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa Lagos a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1936. Jirage masu tashi daga ruwa Short A cikiin shekarata 1937 tare da gabatar da Jirgin Ruwa na Short Empire wanda aka gina a Short Brothers, Imperial Airways zai iya ba da sabis ta hanyar aiki daga Southampton zuwa Daular. Tafiya zuwa Cape din ya bi ta Marseille,Rome, Brindisi,Athens, Alexandria, Khartoum, Port Bell, Kisumu kuma daga nan ta hanyar sana'ar ƙasa zuwa Nairobi,Mbeya kuma daga ƙarshe Cape Town Hakanan an yi jigilar jiragen sama a tsallaken Tekun Atlantika zuwa New Zealand A tsakiyar 1937 Imperial ya kammala hidimarsa ta dubu ga Daular. Farawa a cikin 1938 jiragen ruwa masu tasowa kuma sun tashi tsakanin Birtaniyya da Ostiraliya ta Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A watan Maris, shekara ta 1939 Shorts uku a mako guda sun bar Southampton zuwa Australia, suna isa Sydney bayan kwana goma na tashi da jirage tara na dare. Sauran uku sun bar Afirka ta Kudu, suna ɗaukar kwanaki shida na tashi zuwa Durban. Fasinjoji Jirgin na Imperial karami ne, mafi yawancin wuraren zama ba su wuce wajen fasinjoji ashirin ba; kimanin fasinjoji dubu 50 suka yi amfani da Imperial Airways a cikin shekarun 1930. Yawancin fasinjoji a kan hanyoyin ƙasashe ko kan sabis tsakanin da masarautun Biritaniya maza ne ke gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kasuwanci ko bincike. Da farko dai attajirai ne kawai zasu iya biyan kudin jirgi, amma jerin fasinjoji ya yawaita a hankali. Kwarewar tafiye-tafiye masu alaƙa da tashi da ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma an ba da rahotonsu da farin ciki a cikin jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Akwai dama don yawon buɗe ido daga sama da tasha. Ƙungiyoyi Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya girka ma'aikatan jirgin saman jirgin maza da mata, da ma'aikatan jirgi da ma'aikatan ƙasa tare da tsawon hanyoyin sa. Injiniyoyin injiniyoyi da sifetoci da ma'aikatan ƙasa kan juyawa ko tafiya sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin ba tare da samar da kuɗin shiga ba. Da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin sama sun rasa rayukansu a cikin hadari. A ƙarshen 1930s lambobin ƙungiya sun kusan 3,000. Ana sa ran dukkan ma’aikatan za su kasance jakadun Burtaniya da daular Biritaniya. Wasikar Jirgin Sama A cikin shekara ta 1934 Gwamnati ta fara tattaunawa da Imperial Airways don kafa sabis Tsarin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Sama don ɗaukar wasiƙa ta iska a kan hanyoyin da kamfanin jirgin ke amfani da su. Kai tsaye wadannan tattaunawar sun kai ga sallamar a cikin 1936 na Sir Christopher Bullock, Babban Sakatare na Dindindin a Ma’aikatar Jiragen Sama, wanda Kwamitin Bincike ya gano ya yi amfani da matsayinsa wajen neman mukami a kwamitin kamfanin yayin tattaunawar. suna cikin jirgin. Gwamnati, ciki har da Firayim Minista, ta yi nadamar shawarar sallamar sa, daga baya ta gano cewa, a zahiri, ba a zargin rashawa kuma ta nemi a dawo da Bullock wanda ya ki. Shirin Wasikar Jirgin Sama ya fara ne a watan Yulin 1937, ana aikawa ko'ina don 1 d./oz. A tsakiyar 1938 an aika tan ɗari na wasiƙa zuwa Indiya da irin wannan adadin zuwa Afirka. A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara ginin a kan Terminal Empire a Victoria, London, wanda A. Lakeman ya tsara kuma tare da mutum-mutumi na Eric Broadbent, Speed Wings Over the World yana ɗaukar tashar da ke saman babbar ƙofar. Daga tashar jirgin akwai haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa jiragen ruwan Imperial a Southampton da masu horarwa zuwa tashar jirgin saman ta a filin jirgin saman Croydon Tashar tayi aiki kwanan nan kamar 1980. Don taimakawa da inganta amfani da sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, a cikin Yuni da Yuli 1939, Imperial Airways sun halarci tare da Pan American Airways wajen samar da sabis na musamman "a duk duniya"; Imperial ya ɗauki wasiƙar tun daga Foynes, Ireland, zuwa Hongkong, daga gabashin gabas zuwa New York zuwa hanyar New York. Pan American ya ba da sabis daga New York zuwa Foynes (tashi 24 ga Yuni, ta jirgin farko na FAM 18 na Arewa) da Hongkong zuwa San Francisco (ta hanyar FAM 14), kuma Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na United ya ɗauka a ƙafa na ƙarshe daga San Francisco zuwa New York, zuwa ranar 28 Yuli. Kyaftin HWC Alger ne matukin jirgin for karon iska mail jirgin dauke mail daga Ingila zuwa Australia a karon farko a kan Short Empire flyingboat Castor ga na mallaka Airways 'dauloli Air hanyoyi, a 1937. A watan Nuwamba she kara ta 2016, shekaru 80 daga baya, jirgin Crete2Cape Vintage Air Rally ya tashi wannan tsohuwar hanyar tare da jiragen saman girbi goma sha biyar bikin ƙwarewar ƙwarewar waɗannan ƙwararrun jiragen. Yakin Duniya na Biyu Kafin barkewar yaki a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 1939, gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta riga ta aiwatar da Dokar Kewaya Na iska ((kuntatawa a Lokacin Yaƙin) Dokar 1939. Hakan ya ba da umarnin karbe ikon sojoji filayen jiragen saman fararen hula da yawa a Burtaniya, dakatar da duk wasu jirage masu zaman kansu ba tare da izinin kowane jirgin ba, da sauran matakan gaggawa. Wani sashen doka ne na ma'aikatar iska mai taken National Communications Communications (NAC). Zuwa 1 ga Satumba 1939, an tura jiragen da gwamnatocin Imperial Airways da British Airways Ltd zuwa filin jirgin saman Bristol (Whitchurch), don yin aiki tare da NAC. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1940, Imperial Airways Ltd da British Airways Ltd an hade su a hukumance zuwa wani sabon kamfani, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), wanda tuni an kirkireshi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1939 tare da shirye-shiryen hada-hadar kuɗi. Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru Mummunar Haɗari Cikin shekarata 1920 24 ga Disamba 1924: de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBX City of Delhi ta yi hadari kuma gobara ta tashi jim kadan da tashinsa daga Filin jirgin saman Croydon, inda matukin jirgin da dukkan fasinjojin bakwai suka mutu. 13 ga Yuli 1928: Vickers Vulcan G-EBLB sun yi hadari a Purley yayin jirgin gwajin, inda mutane hudu daga cikin shida da ke cikin jirgin suka mutu. Sakamakon hatsarin, Imperial Airways ya dakatar da tashiwar ma'aikata (wanda ake kira hawan farin ciki) yayin jigilar gwaji. 17 Yuni 1929: Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT City na Ottawa ditched a cikin harshen Turanci Channel wadannan ingine gazawar alhãli kuwa a kan wani jirgin daga Croydon zuwa Paris tare da asarar bakwai rayuwarsu. 6 ga watan Satumba 1929: de Havilland Hercules G-EBMZ Birnin Kudus ya yi hadari ya kone a kan saukarsu a Jask, Iran a cikin duhu saboda matukin jirgin ya yi rashin fahimta da tsayar da jirgin, ya kashe uku daga biyar a cikin jirgin. 26 Oktoba 1929: Short Calcutta G-AADN City na Rome da ƙarfi ya sauka daga La Spezia, Italiya a cikin yanayi mara kyau; kwale-kwalen da ke tashi sama ya nutse cikin dare yayin kokarin jawo shi zuwa gabar teku, ya kashe bakwai din da ke cikinsa. A tsakanin shekarun 1930 30 ga Oktoba 1930: Shafin Handley W.8g G-EBIX Birnin Washington ya buge da doguwar ƙasa a cikin hazo a Boulogne, Paris, Faransa, inda ya kashe uku daga shida a cikin jirgin. 28 Maris 1933: Armstrong Whitworth Argosy G-AACI City na Liverpool ya yi hadari a Diksmuide,Belgium bayan wata gobara a cikin jirgin. Wannan ana zargin shine farkon lamarin ɓarna a cikin iska. Duk mutanen goma sha biyar da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu. 30 ga Disamba 1933: Avro Ten G-ABLU Apollo ya yi karo da mashin rediyo a Ruysselede, Belgium kuma ya fadi Duk mutanen goma da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu. 31 Disamba 1935: Short Calcutta G-AASJ City na Khartoum ya fado daga Alexandria, Misira lokacin da dukkanin injina huɗu suka kasa zuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda yunwar mai; goma sha biyu daga 13 da ke cikin jirgin sun nitse a lokacin da jirgin da ke shawagi ya nutse. 22 ga Agusta 1936: Short Kent G-ABFA Scipio ya nitse a Mirabello Bay, Crete bayan saukar jirgi mai nauyi, ya kashe biyu daga 11 da ke cikin jirgin. 24 Maris 1937: Short Empire G-ADVA Capricornus ya yi hadari a tsaunukan Beaujolois kusa da Ouroux, Faransa sakamakon kuskuren kewayawa, ya kashe biyar. 1 ga Oktoba 1937: Short Empire G-ADVC Courtier ya yi hadari a kan sauka a Phaleron Bay, Girka saboda rashin gani sosai, ya kashe biyu daga 15 a cikin jirgin. 5 ga Disamba 1937: Short Empire G-ADUZ Cygnus ya yi hadari a kan tashinsa daga Brindisi, Italiya saboda ba daidai ba saitin filin, ya kashe biyu. 27 ga Yuli 1938: Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTG Amalthea ya tashi zuwa wani tsauni kusa da Kisumu, Kenya jim kaɗan bayan tashinsa, inda ya kashe duka mutanen da ke cikin jirgin. 27 ga Nuwamba 1938: Short Empire G-AETW Calpurnia ta yi hadari a Tafkin Habbaniyah, Iraki a cikin mummunan yanayi bayan matukin jirgin ya sauko don ci gaba da ganin ido da kasa bayan rikicewar sararin samaniya, ya kashe dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin hudu. 21 Janairu 1939: Short Empire G-ADUU Cavalier ditched a cikin Atlantic 285 tashi daga New York saboda icing na carburettor da asarar ƙarfin injiniya;uku sun nitse yayin da masu tsira goma suka dauke ta tankin Esso Baytown Bayan haka kuma Imperial Airways da Pan-American trans-ocicic boats masu jirgi suna da saman saman fuka-fukan da aka zana manyan alamun ganuwa mai ruwan lemu. 1 ga Mayu 1939: Short Empire G-ADVD Challenger ya yi hadari a cikin lagon Lumbo yayin da yake kokarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Lumbo, ya kashe biyu daga shida a cikin jirgin. 1940 1 ga watan Maris 1940: Jirgin 197, wanda ke aiki da Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX Hannibal, ya bace a kan Tekun Oman dauke da mutane takwas; ba a sami tarkacen jirgin ruwa, kaya ko mazaunan ciki ba. Dalilin faduwar jirgin har yanzu ba a san shi ba, amma yunwa na man fetur, yajin tsuntsaye da ke lalata farfadiya kuma ya haifar da injin ko reshe ya rabu, fashewar jirgin sama ko rashin aikin injiniya da yawa an tsara. Watanni biyu bayan hadarin, an cire HP42 daga ayyukan fasinjoji. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa duk jiragen kasuwanci da ake amfani da su a dogon jirage a kan ruwa su kasance da kayan aiki na sirri da na rayuwa; wannan daga baya zai zama ingantacce a duk masana'antar kamfanin jirgin sama. Hadarin da bai muni ba 21 ga Oktoba 1926: Shafin Handley W.10 G-EBMS Garin Melbourne wanda aka liƙa a Tashar Ingilishi daga gabar tekun ingila bayan injin ya fadi. Dukkanin mutane 12 da ke cikin jirgin FV Invicta ne ya ceto su. 19 ga Afrilu 1931: de Havilland DH.66 Hercules tare da rajista G-EBMW, sun lalace ba za a iya gyara su ba a saukowar tilas bayan yunwar mai a Surabaya.Jirgin ya yi aiki ne a jirgin jirgi na gwaji daga Indiya zuwa Melbourne tare da tsayawa a hanyar Semarang, Soerabaja da Kupang 8 ga watan Agusta 1931: Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX Hannibal yana gudanar da jigilar fasinjan fasinjoji daga Croydon zuwa Paris lokacin da injin ya faskara kuma tarkace suka tilasta wa injin na biyu rufe.Saukewar tilastawa zuwa Five Oak Green,Kent ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Babu raunin da ya faru. Hannibal ya warwatse kuma ya yi jigilar kaya zuwa Croydon don a sake gina shi. 9 ga Nuwamba 1935: Short Kent G-ABFB Sylvanus ya kama da wuta kuma ya kone yayin shan mai a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Brindisi; ma'aikatan man sun sami damar tsallakewa daga jirgin da ke kone suka tsira. [nb 1] 29 Satumba 1936:Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTK ya ƙone a cikin wutar hangar a Delhi, Indiya. 31 ga Mayu 1937:Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 (tsohon HP42) G-AAXE Hengist ya lalace a cikin wutar hangar a Karachi, Indiya. 3 Disamba 1938: de Havilland Express G-ADCN ya ƙone a Bangkok. 12 ga watan Maris 1939: Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk 1 G-ADUY,ya lalace fiye da gyara a Tandjong, Batavia,Netherlands East Indies.Buga wani abu mai nutsuwa yayin hawa motar haya bayan sauka. Jirgin jirgin sama ya lalace amma ya lalace baya gyarawa ta nutsewa da mishandling yayin rashi.Jirgin sama ya warwatse ya shigo dashi England amma bai dawo aiki ba. 7 ga Nuwamba 1939: Shafin Handley Shafin HP42 G-AXXD Horatius an rubuta shi biyo bayan saukar sa da aka yi da karfi a filin wasan golf a Tiverton, Devon. 19 Maris 1940: Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 G-AAXC Heracles da HP42 G-AAUD Hanno an rubuta su bayan an busa su cikin guguwar iska yayin da suka tsaya a Filin jirgin saman Whitchurch. Jirgin sama Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways yana aiki nau'ikan jirgin sama da yawa daga samuwar sa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1924 har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 1940 lokacin da duk jiragen da ke aiki ke canzawa zuwa BOAC Bibliyo Baldwin, N.C. 1950.Imperial Airways (and Subsidiary Companies): A History and Priced Check List of the Empire Air Mails. Sutton Coldfield, England: Francis J. Field. Budd,Lucy "Global Networks Before Globalisation: Imperial Airways and the Development of Long-Haul Air Routes" Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Bulletin 253,5 December 2007. Cluett, Douglas; Nash, Joanna; Learmonth Bob. 1980.Croydon Airport 1928–1939,The Great Days. London Borough of Sutton Davies, R.E.G 2005. British Airways: An Airline and Its Aircraft, Volume 1: 1919–1939—The Imperial Years. McLean, VA: Paladwr Press. ISBN 1-888962-24-0 Doyle, Neville. 2002. The Triple Alliance: The Predecessors of the first British Airways. Air-Britain. ISBN 0-85130-286-6 Higham, Robin. 1960. Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939: The Story of Britain's Overseas Airlines. London: G.T. Foulis; Hamden, CT: Shoe String. Jackson, A.J. 1959 and 1974. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 2 vols (1st ed.); 3 vols (2nd ed.) London: Putnam. Moss, Peter W. 1962. Impressments Log (Vol I-IV). Air-Britain. Moss, Peter W. October 1974. British Airways. Aeroplane Monthly. Pirie, G.H. 2004. Passenger traffic in the 1930s on British imperial air routes: refinement and revision. Journal of Transport History, 25: 66–84. Pirie, G.H. 2009. Air Empire: British Imperial Civil Aviation 1919–39. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4111-2. Pirie, G.H. 2009. Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. Journal of Tourism History, 1: 49–66. Pirie, G.H. 2012.Cultures and Caricatures of British Imperial Aviation: Passengers, Pilots, Publicity. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8682-3. Pudney, J. 1959. The Seven Skies A Study of BOAC and its forerunners since 1919. London: Putnam. Salt, Major A.E.W. 1930.Imperial Air Routes. London: John Murray. Sanford, Kendall C. 2003. Air Crash Mail of Imperial Airways and Predecessor Airlines. Bristol: Stuart Rossiter Trust Fund. ISBN 0-9530004-6-X Stroud, John 1962.Annals of British and Commonwealth Air Transport 1919–1960. London: Putnam. Stroud, John. 2005. The Imperial Airways Fleet. Stroud, England: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2997-3 Hanyoyin haɗin waje www.imperial-airways.com yanar gizo mai himma a archive.org British Airways "Binciko abubuwan da suka gabata" Tsarin Lokaci na Jirgin Sama na Imperial Tarihi Hanyar Jirgin Sama Na Gabas Yanar gizo don bayanan tarihi akan kamfanin jirgin sama Yanar gizo don Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Sama na Imperial Yanar Gizo don Haɗaɗɗen Jirgin Sama na Crete2Cape Documents and clippings about Imperial Airways Manazarta Tsaffin filayen jirage Filin jirgin sama Filin jiragen da aka kafa Filin Jirgin Imperial Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijede

Ijede

'''Ijede''' yanki ne na ci gaban kansiloli a jahar Legas, Najeriya. Shugaban majalisar ta na yanzu shine Hon. Motunrayo Gbadebo-Alogba. Ƙaramar Hukumar Ijede tana ɗaya daga cikin LCDA guda 37 da Gwamnatin Sanata Bola Ahmed Tinubu (Jagaban Burg;uyata kirkiro daga ainihin ƙananun hukumomi 20 na jihar Legas a shekarar 2003. An sassaka Ijede Lcda ne daga tsohuwar karamar hukumar Ikorodu. Lcda ta kunshi al’umma kamar haka: Ijede, Egbin, Oke Eletu, Ginti, Igbodu, Abule Eko, Igbopa, Ilupeju, Igbe Kapo, Igbe Ogunro, Igbe Oloja, Ayetoro, Ipakan, Iponmi, Ewu Owa, da sauransu. Jama'a a al'adance manoma ne. Lcda kuma na iya yin alfahari da babbar tashar wutar lantarki a yankin yammacin afirka, tashar wutar lantarki ta Egbin. Ijede Lcda ta kasance tana da zababbun Shugabanni da Sakatarorin Zartaswa da kuma Sole Administrator tun kafuwarta shekaru 14 da suka gabata. Lcda tana da kyakkyawar ƙasar noma mai albarka wacce za ta iya yin noma mai yawa tare da ayyukan noma da haɗin gwiwa. Don yanayin kwanciyar hankali, Ijede tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wuri don neman comfort/jaje bayan dogon aiki da gajiyar aiki da kwantar da hankali. Ana shakatawa a kowane ɗayan wuraren shakatawa a cikin Ijede Lcda zai zama abin tunawa wanda ba za a manta da shi cikin gaggawa ba. An samu zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a garin Ijede da kewaye kuma jama'a sun samu nutsuwa. Ijede Lcda tana da unguwannin siyasa guda 4 da suka haɗa da Ward ABC da D. Ward A Consist na Egbin, Ipakan, Ebute Olowo, yayin da Ward B ya kunshi Aledo, Oju Ayepe, Ayegbami, Etita, Oju Ogun, Itundesan, Oko Mabude. Ward C kunshi Oke Oyinbo, Madan, Pacific, Barka da zuwa, Oko Ope, Igbe. Yayin da Ward D ya kunshi Abule Eko, Igbopa, Oke Eletu, Gbodu, Igbodo Jabe, Ilupeju. A halin yanzu majalisar tana karkashin jagorancin Alhaji Fatiu Salisu a matsayin shugaban gudanarwa. Ijede Lcda tana da hedikwata a No 1, Madan Street Ijede wanda ke kallon kwanciyar hankali a tafkin da Legas ta yi fice. Tarihi Ijede a matsayin al'umma ta fara ɗanɗano abin da ake nufi da zama mai cin gashin kanta a mulkin zamani a 1937 wanda aka fi sani da Ijede Native Authority tare da hafsan gundumar a matsayin shugaban zartaswa. A shekarar 1952 a karkashin rusasshiyar mulkin yankin yamma na marigayi Cif Obafemi Awolo, karamar hukumar Ijede ta cancanci kallo. Lamarin dai ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 1976 yayin da karamar hukumar Ijede ta haɗe da ƙaramar hukumar Ikorodu karkashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Olusegun Obasanjo. A shekarar 1980 lokacin mulkin Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Cif Lateef Kayode Jakande, an sassaka Ijede daga jikin garin Ikorodu a matsayin mazabar Ikorodu ta II zuwa ƙaramar hukumar Irepodun karkashin jagorancin Cif Amusa. A lokacin gwamnatin Gen. Ibrahim Babangida a shekarar 1985 cewa ƙaramar hukumar Irepodun ta koma ƙaramar hukumar Ikorodu. Daga baya an sake kirkiro ƙaramar hukumar Ijede a shekarar 2003, tare da sabbin ƙananan hukumomin raya kananan hukumomi 37 a lokacin gwamnatin Governor Ahmed Bola Tinubu, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Legas. Wuri Ƙaramar hukumar Ijede tana da iyaka da karamar hukumar Imota ta Gabas sannan kuma ta yi iyaka da yankin Arewa ta Ikorodu ta Arewa lcda sannan ta yi iyaka da kananun hukumomin Ikorodu ta Tsakiya da Igbogbo Bayeku. Mazauna Mazauna Ijede sun fi rinjaye Ijebus amma tare da wasu kabilu kamar Igbo, Hausawa da sauran su mazauna cikin al'umma. Sana'o'i An san mutanen Ijede manoma ne da kuma masunta. Yawan jama'a Al’ummar karamar hukumar Ijede sun kai kusan 1,600,000 bisa ga kidayar shekarar 2006. Yawon shakatawa Karamar Hukumar Ijede tana da wuraren yawon bude ido da yawa, kamar ruwan bazara na Odoro, Lagon Legas. Ijede kuma na iya alfahari da otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa da yawa. GARURUWAN: Oke-Eletu, Abule-Eko, Igbopa, Ipakan, Egbin da Ayetoro da dai sauransu. Masana'antu Ijede ba zata iya yin fahariya da kowace babbar masana'anta in ban da yashi. Ilimi Akwai makarantun firamare na gwamnati guda 4 da sakandare guda 1 da ke da makarantun firamare da sakandare sama da 40 a garin Ijede kamar yadda take a yau. Hospital/Health Centers Ijede Primary Health Center Ijede, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Farko Oke-Eletu Cibiyar lafiya ta farko Abule-Eko

13409

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilkisu

Bilkisu

Sarauniyar Sheba (Hebrew; Arabic Al Malikah Balqis) suna ne na wata shahararriyar mace da aka fara ambata a cikin littafin Hibranci. A cikin asalin labarin na farko, ta kawo kyautuka cikin amalanku da yawa ga Sarki Sulemanu na Isra'ila. Wannan labarin ya sami cikakkun karin bayanai game da yahudanci, da Islama, da Habasha, kuma ya zama batun dayan manyan labarai na tarihin Afirka Masana tarihi na zamani sun kuma gano da cewa Sheba itace dake Daular Sheba a Kudu Arabiya a yanzu itace Yemen An yi jayayya game da kasantuwar Sarauniyar a tsakanin masana tarihi. Labaran tarihi Littafin Injila Amfani da kalmar doiddot ko' tatsuniyoyi 1 Sarakuna 10: 1), kalmar lafazin Aramaic wacce siffarta ke nuna motsi mai motsi bai wuce karni na shida kafin haihuwar Yesu ba, yana nuna ƙarshen asalin rubutun. Tunda babu ambaton faɗuwar Babila a cikin 539 BC, Martin Noth ya riƙe cewa Littafin Sarakuna ya sami cikakkiyar ma'amala a kusan 550 BC. Kusan dukkan malamai na zamani sun yarda cewa Sheba ita ce masarautar Arab ta Kudu ta Saba, wadda ke kewaye da yankin Marib, a cikin Yemen yau. Sheba sanannun sanannun duniya ne, kuma ana kiran ƙasarsa Arabia Felix A kusan tsakiyar karni na farko BC, akwai kuma mutanen Sabiya a yankin Afirka, a yankin da daga baya suka zama daular Aksum Akwai biyar wuraren a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki inda marubucin ya bambanta Sheba Watau Yemenite Sabaeans, daga Seba watau 'yan Sababin Afirka. A cikin Zab. 72:10 an ambace su tare: "Sarakunan Sheba da Seba za su ba da kyaututtuka". Wannan bambance-bambancen kalma, koyaya, na iya zama ma'anaitaccen bayani ne; Rubutun 'yan asalin ƙasa ba su da wannan bambanci, kuma duka' yan Yaman da na 'yan Afirka ba a can aka haife su daidai iri ɗaya. Rubuce-rubucen haruffan daga Kudancin Arabia ba su da wata hujja ga mata masu mulkin, amma rubutattun bayanan Assuriyawa sun ambaci sarakunan Arabiya a arewa. Queens suna da kyau sosai a cikin Arabia, duk da cewa bisa ga Kitchen, ba bayan 690 BC ba Furthermoreari kabilun Sabae sun san taken mqtwyt ("babban jami'in"). Makada ko Makueda, sunan sarauniyar a cikin tatsuniyar Habasha, ana iya fassara shi a matsayin sanannen ma'anar fassara ta taken mqtwyt Wannan taken ana iya samo shi daga tsohuwar m'asar Masar ta m'kit "uwargida, uwargida". Ziyarar sarauniyar na iya zama manufa ta kasuwanci Kasuwancin farko na Kudancin Arabiya tare da Mesopotamiya wanda ya haɗa da itace da kayan yaji waɗanda raƙuma ke jigilar su an tabbatar da su a farkon karni na tara BC kuma watakila an fara shi har zuwa na goma. Tsohuwar Masallacin Awwām na Sabaic, wanda aka fi sani da tatsuniyoyi kamar Maḥram ("Wuri Mai Tsarki") Bilqīs, ba da daɗewa ba masana archaeoji sun haƙa, amma ba a gano asalin Sarauniyar Sheba ba har yanzu a cikin rubutattun rubuce-rubuce da dama da aka samu a wurin. Wani Sabean Haikalin, da Barran Haikali Arabic kuma ana kiranta da 'Arash Bilqis ("Al'arshi na Bilqis"), wanda kamar gidan nan na Awam mai kusa kuma an sadaukar dashi ga allahn Almaqah, amma haɗin da ke tsakanin gidan ibadar Barran da Sheba ba a kafa shi ba ta hanyar archaeologically ko dai. Labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da Sarauniyar Sheba da jiragen ruwa na Ofir sun kasance tushen al'adar tatsuniyoyi game da Isra'ilawa suka yi tafiya a cikin Sarauniyar Sheba yayin da ta dawo ƙasarta don ta haife shi da Sulemanu. Kiristanci Nassosin Kirista sun ambaci wata “sarauniyar Kudu” Greek Latin wanda “ya zo daga ƙarshen duniya”, watau daga ƙarshen duniya ta sanannu, don ya ji hikimar Sulemanu Mt 12:42; Lk. 11:31). Ma'anar su ta asali game da Waƙar Waƙoƙi, wacce ake jin tana iya samar da ainihin tushen ra'ayoyin waɗanda ake zargin, ta bayyana a farkon ta a cikin Origen, wanda ya rubuta sharhi mai zurfi game da Waƙar Waƙoƙi. A cikin sharhinsa, Origen ya bayyana amarya ta Waƙar Waƙoƙi tare da "sarauniyar Kudu" ta Linjila, watau Sarauniyar Sheba, wacce ake zaton ta Habasha ce. Wasu sun ba da shawarar ko dai auren Sulaiman tare da 'yar Fir'auna, ko kuma aurensa da wata mace Ba'isra'ile, Shulamite Tsohon shine ra'ayin da aka fi so daga masu fassarar asusai har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18; na ƙarshen ya samu tun farkon gabatarwar ta Good (1803). Ana zaton amaryar Canticles ta kasance baƙaƙen saboda wani sashi na Waƙar Waƙoƙi 1: 5, wanda Revised Standard Version (1952) fassara a matsayin "Ina da duhu, amma kyakkyawa", kamar yadda Jerome Latin Nigra jimla, sed formosa yayin da New Revised Standard Version (1989) yana da "Ni baƙi ne kyakkyawa", kamar yadda Septuagint Ancient Greek Wata almara tana nuna cewa Sarauniyar Sheba ta kawo wa Sulemanu duk irin kyaututtukan da Magi daga baya suka ba wa Kristi. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Kiristocin wani lokaci sukan bayyana Sarauniyar Sheba da sibyl Sabba 'Yan Koftik Labarin Sulaiman da sarauniya ya shahara tsakanin 'yan Kofi, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu gungun almara na' yan Koftik a cikin Papyrus na Berlin. Sarauniyar, tun da yaudarar ta ya ba ta, ta ba wa Sulemanu wani ginshiƙi wanda duk aka yi rubutu a kimiyyan duniya. Sulaiman ya aiko da ɗaya daga aljannunsa ya jero dutsen daga Habasha, inda ya sauka nan take. A cikin waƙar gargajiyar waƙoƙi, Sarauniyar Yesaba ta Cush tana tambayar gumbuka na Sulaiman. Habasha Cikakken kuma ingantaccen juzu'in labari ya bayyana a cikin Kebra Nagast (Daukaka na Sarakuna), Fadan Habasha wanda aka fassara daga Larabci a 1322. Anan Menelik Ni ɗan Sulaiman ne da Makeda (sunan Italiyanci ga sarauniyar Sheba) daga wanda daular Habasha ta ce daga yau. Yayin da labarin Abisiniya ya ba da cikakkun bayanai, amma ba a ambaci wani ambaton kafafun Sarauniya ba ko wani abin da zai yi tasiri a kan ta. Dangane da Linjilar Matta (12:42) da Luka (11:31), "sarauniyar Kudu" ana iƙirarin itace sarauniyar Habasha. A waɗancan lokatai, sarki Sulemanu ya nemi merchantsan kasuwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya don siyan kayayyakin don ginin Haikalin Daga cikinsu akwai Tamrin, babbar 'yar kasuwar Sarauniya Makeda ta Habasha. Bayan da ta koma Habasha, Tamrin ta faɗa wa sarauniyar abubuwan ban al'ajabi da ya gani a Urushalima, da kuma hikimomi da karimcin Sulemanu, inda ta yanke shawarar ziyartar Sulaiman. An yi mata maraba sosai, aka ba ta fadar inda take zama, ana karɓar kyaututtuka masu yawa kowace rana. Sulaiman da Makeda sun yi magana da hikima sosai, kuma suka koyar da shi, sai ta koma addinin Yahudanci. Kafin ta tafi, an yi babban biki a gidan sarki. Makeda ta kwana a gidan dare, bayan da Solomon ya rantse ba zai yi mata wata lahani ba, alhali kuwa ta rantse cewa ba za ta yi sata daga gare shi ba. Tun da abinci ya ke yaji, Makeda ta farka da daddare, da dare ta sha ruwa, lokacin da Sulaiman ya bayyana, yana tunatar da shi rantsuwa. Ta amsa: "Yi watsi da rantsuwar ka, kawai bari in sha ruwa." A wannan daren, Sulaiman ya yi mafarki game da rana ta fito kan Isra’ila, amma da yahudawa suka wulakanta su suka raina shi, rana ta karkata ta haskaka kan Habasha da Rome (watau daular Byzantine). Sulaiman ya ba wa Makeda zobe kamar alamar imani, sannan ta tafi. Tana kan hanyarta ta zuwa gida, ta haifi ɗa, wanda ta sanya wa suna Baina-leḥkem (watau Bin al-ḥakīm, "ofan Mai hikima", wanda ake kira Menilek daga baya). Bayan yaron ya girma a Habasha, ya je Urushalima yana ɗaukar zoben, kuma aka karɓe shi da babbar daraja. Sarki da jama'a sunyi kokarin banza don shawo kansa ya zauna. Sulemanu ya tattara manyansa ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai aiko ɗan farinsa zuwa Habasha tare da Ethiopiaa firstansu na fari. Ya kara da cewa yana tsammanin yana da dan na uku, wanda zai auri Sarkin 'yar Rome ya kuma yi mulkin Rome, ta yadda zuriyar Dauda za ta mallaki duk duniya. Zadok babban firist kuwa ya naɗa shi sarki, ya sa masa suna Dawuda. Manyan noan fari da suka biyo shi suna, kuma har wa yau wasu iyalai na Habasha suna da'awar zuriyarsu daga wurinsu. Kafin su tafi, 'ya'yan firistocin sun sace akwatin alkawari, bayan shugabansu Azaryas ya miƙa hadaya kamar yadda malaikan Allah ya umurce shi. Tare da kuka da yawa, rundunarsu ta bar Urushalima a kan motar jigilar iska kuma shugaban mala'ikan Mika'ilu ya ɗauka. Bayan sun isa Jar Teku, Azaryas ya bayyana wa mutane cewa jirgin yana tare da su. Dauda ya yi wa akwatin alkawari, mutanen kuwa suka yi murna, suna raira waƙa, suna rawa, masu busa ƙaho, suna busa kakoki. Akwatin ya nuna ikonsa na mu'ujiza yayin tsallaka Tekun Hadari, kuma dukkansu sun iso ba a tsira ba. Da Sulemanu ya ji an saci akwatin, sai ya aika da mahayan dawakai bayan masu satar, har ma ya ba da kansa, amma ba su iya kama su. Sulemanu ya koma Urushalima, ya kuma umarci firistocin su yi shuru game da sata kuma su sanya akwatin a cikin Wuri Mai Tsarki, don al'umman baƙi ba za su iya cewa Isra'ila ta yi fice ba. A cewar wasu bayanai, Sarauniya Makeda wani bangare ne na daular da Za Besi Angabo ya kafa a 1370 kafin haihuwar Kristi, tare da kakanta da mahaifinta kuma sune mazan karshe na masarautar. Zabi dangi ya zabi sarauta Aksum shine dan uwan Makeda, Yarima Nourad, amma rasuwarsa a farkon shine ya haifar da magajin nasa. A bayyane ta mallaki masarautar Habasha sama da shekara 50. A cikin Littafin Aksum na Habasha, an bayyana Makeda da kafa sabon birni a Azeba Edward Ullendorff ya ce Makeda cin hanci ce ta Candace, sunan ko taken sarakunan Habasha da dama daga Meroe ko Seba Candace sunan waccan Sarauniyar Habasha wanda shugabansu ya karɓi Kristanci a ƙarƙashin wa'azin Philip mai Bishara Ayukan Manzanni 8:27) a cikin 30 AD A cikin karni na 14 Siffar bidiyon bidiyon soyayyar Alexander, Alexander the Great of Macedonia (Ethiopic Meqédon an ce ya hadu da wata sarauniya Kandake ta Nubia Masana tarihi sun yi imani da cewa daular Sulemanu ta fara ne a 1270 tare da mai martaba Yekuno Amlak, wanda, tare da goyon bayan Cocin Habasha ya kifar daular Zagwe, wanda ya mallaki Habasha tun daga wani lokaci a cikin karni na 10. Haɗin da Sarki Sulaiman ya ba da tushe mai ƙarfi ne ga haɗin kan Habasha. "Habasha suna ganin kasarsu a matsayin ƙasar da Allah ya zaɓa, wurin hutu na ƙarshe da ya zaɓa don jirgin kuma Sheba da ɗanta sune hanyar da ta shigo wurin". Duk da cewa daular ta kasance a hukumance a 1769 tare da Emperor Iyoas, sarakunan Habasha sun ci gaba da gano alakar tasu, har zuwa lokacin da sarki na karni na 20, Haile Selassie A cewar wata al'ada, Yahudawan Habasha Beta Isra'ila, "Falashas") su ma suna bin asalin zuriyarsu ne ga Menelik I, ɗan Sarki Solomon da Sarauniyar Sheba. Wani ra'ayin da ya fi bayyana tarihi shi ne cewa Falashas sun fito ne daga waccan yahudawan da suka zauna a Masar bayan hijira na farko, kuma wanene, bayan faduwar mulkin Farisa (539-333 BC) a kan iyakar Kogin Nilu, ya shiga cikin Sudan., daga nan suka shiga sassan yamma na Abisiniya. Sarakuna da yawa sun jaddada mahimmancin Kebra Negast Misalin farko na wannan za'a iya samo shi a cikin wata wasika daga Yar Kasa Kasa (King John IV) zuwa ga Sarauniya Victoria a 1872. Kasa ta ce, "Akwai wani littafi mai suna Kebra Nagast wanda ya ƙunshi dokar ƙasar Habasha gaba ɗaya, kuma sunayen shuwagabannin (gwamnoni), majami'u da larduna suna cikin wannan littafin. Ina rokon ku gano wanda ya sami wannan littafin, ya aika min, gama a ƙasata mutanena ba za su yi biyayya ga umarnina ba tare da shi ba. Duk da mahimmancin tarihi da aka baiwa Kebra Negast, har yanzu akwai shakku kan ko Sarauniya ta hau kujerar. Bayahude A cewar Josephus Ant. 8: 165 173), sarauniyar Sheba ita ce sarauniyar Misira da Habasha, kuma ta kawo wa Isra’ila samfurori na farko na balsam, wanda ya girma a cikin ƙasa mai tsarki a lokacin masanin tarihin. Josephus (Antiquities 2.5‒2.10) yana wakiltar Cambyses kamar yadda ya mamaye babban birnin Aethiopia, da canza sunansa daga Seba zuwa Meroe Josephus ya tabbatar da cewa Sarauniyar Sheba ko ta Saba ta fito daga wannan yankin, kuma tana ɗauke da sunan Saba kafin ta san Meroe. Haka kuma akwai kusanci tsakanin kalmar Saba da suna ko taken sarakunan Aethiopians, Sabaco Talmud Bava Batra 15b) ya nace cewa ba mace ba ce amma kuma mulkin Sheba (wanda ya danganci fassarorin fassarar Ibrananci mlkt da ya je Urushalima, a fili yake da niyyar rage labarun da ke akwai game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Sulemanu da Sarauniya. Baba Bathra 15b: "Duk wanda ya ce malkath Sheba (I Sarakuna X, 1) yana nufin mace ta yi kuskure; yana nufin masarautar na Sheba". An yi bayanin wannan da ma'anar cewa ita mace ce da ba ta kasance a matsayinta ba saboda ta auri sarki, amma ta iyakancinta. Mafi kyawun bayani dalla-dalla game da ziyarar da Sarauniya ta kawo wa Sulaiman an ba shi cikin Targum Sheni ga Esta (duba: Colloquy na Sarauniyar Sheba Wani hoopoe ya sanar da Sulaiman cewa masarautar Sheba ita ce masarautar da ba ta da iko a duniya kuma sarauniya tana bauta wa rana. Ya aika da shi ga Kitor a ƙasar Sheba tare da wasiƙar da aka haɗe da reshensa wanda ke umurta sarauniya ta zo masa da batun. Bayan haka sai ta aika masa da dukkan jiragen ruwa na teku waɗanda aka ɗauke da kyautai masu tamani da samari 6,000 masu daidaita, waɗanda duka aka haife su a lokaci guda, suka sa riguna masu launin shunayya. Sun dauki wasika suna shelanta cewa za ta iya zuwa Urushalima cikin shekaru uku dukda cewa tafiyar ta dauki shekaru bakwai. Lokacin da Sarauniyar ta zo, ta zo gaban gidan Sulemanu, tana tunanin ƙasan gilashin ruwa ne, sai ta ɗora rigarta, ta buɗe ƙafafunta. Sulaiman ya sanar da ita kuskurensa kuma ya tsauta mata saboda gashin ta. Ta nemi shi uku Targum Sheni zuwa Esta 1: 3) ko kuma, bisa ga Midrash Mis. Ii 6; Yalḳ. Ii., 1085, Midrash ha-Hefez mafi tsarguwa don gwada hikimarsa. Rubutun wani dan kasar Yemen mai taken "Midrash ha-Hefez" (wanda S. Schechter ya buga a Folk-Lore, 1890, pp. 353 et seq.) Yana ba da gwanaye goma sha tara, yawancinsu ana samunsu warwatse cikin Talmud da Midrash, wanda marubucin "Midrash ha-Hefez" ya ba Sarauniyar Sheba. Yawancin waɗannan tsarukan roƙo ne kawai tambayoyin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wasu basu da haɓaka mai haɓaka. Abubuwa biyu wadanda suke da tatsuniyoyi na hakika sune: "Ba tare da motsi ba yayin da yake raye, yana motsa yayin da aka yanke kan kansa", da kuma "An samar da shi daga ƙasa, mutum yana samarwa da shi, yayin da abincin shi ne 'ya'yan ƙasa". Amsar tsohuwar ita ce, "itace, wanda idan an cire saman sa, za a iya sanya shi cikin jirgin ruwa mai motsi"; Amsar ƙarshen ƙarshen ita ce, "wick". Malaman da ke tir da Sulaiman sun fassara 1 Sarakuna 10:13 da ma'anar cewa Sulemanu ya yi ma'amala da Sarauniyar Sheba, wacce ita ce Nebukadnesar, wanda ya rushe haikalin (hada. Rashi ad local. A cewar wasu, zunubin aka danganta wa Sulaiman a cikin 1 Sarakuna 11: 7 et seq. kawai alamu ne: ba ana nufin cewa Sulaiman ya faɗi cikin bautar gumaka bane, amma yana da laifin ƙin hana matansa ayyukan gumaka Shab. 56b). Haruffan Sirach sun nuna cewa Nebukadnezzar ɗan itacen ne na haɗin tsakanin Sulemanu da Sarauniyar Sheba. A cikin Kabbalah, ana daukar Sarauniyar Sheba a matsayin daya daga cikin sarakunan aljanu kuma wani lokacin ana danganta shi da Lilith, da farko a cikin Targum na Ayuba (1:15), daga baya kuma a cikin Zohar da litattafai masu zuwa. Wani camfi na Yahudu da na Larabawa ya tabbatar da cewa Sarauniya hakika aljannu ce, rabin mutum da rabin aljan. A cikin tarihin Ashkenazi, ita ana haɗa ta da sanannen hoton Helen na Troy ko kuma Frau Venus na tatsuniyoyin Jamusanci. Haushin Ashkenazi yawanci suna wakiltar Sarauniyar Sheba a matsayin mawakiya mai lalata. Har zuwa tsararraki da suka gabata an nuna hotonta a matsayin mai satar yara da maita. Musulunci A cikin ayar da ta gabata, bayan ta tsinkaye ƙasashe na kusa, tsuntsayen da aka sani da hud-hud hoopoe ya koma wurin Sarki Sulemanu yana ba da labarin cewa Sarauniya ce ta mallake ƙasar Sheba. A cikin wata wasika, Sulaiman ya gayyaci Sarauniyar Sheba, wanda kamar mabiyanta sun bauta wa rana, don miƙa wuya ga Allah Ta bayyana cewa wasikar tana da daraja kuma tana tambayar manyan masu ba da shawara ga abin da ya kamata a ɗauka. Sun ba da amsa ta ambaton cewa an san masarautarta don ƙarfin ƙarfinta da karkata zuwa yaƙi, kodayake umarnin yana hannun ta kawai. A wani mataki da ke nuna halayen diflomasiya na shugabancinta, ta amsa da karfin gwiwa ba, amma ta hanyar tura jakadanta don gabatar da kyauta ga Sarki Sulaiman. Ya ki yarda da kyautar, yana mai cewa Allah ya ba mafi kyautuka kyauta kuma jakadu su ne kawai kyautar da kyautar suke bayarwa. Sarki Sulaiman ya umarci jakadun da su koma hannun Sarauniya da sakon batanci cewa idan ya yi mata nasiha, zai kawo abin da ba za ta iya kayar da ita ba. Daga nan Sarauniya ta yi shirin ziyartarsa a fadarsa. Kafin tazo, Sarki Sulaiman ya sa kursiyinsa ya koma fadarsa tare da taimakon masanin littafi, wanda ya sami damar motsa kursiyin a cikin idanuwa. Sarki Sulaiman ya rushe da kursiyinsa don gwada wayewarsa, ya tambaye ta ko da alama ta saba. Ta ba da amsa cewa yayin tafiyarta zuwa gare shi, koturta ta sanar da ita cewa kursiyin ya shuɗe kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ita da mabiyanta sun ƙuduri niyyar yin biyayya ga Allah. Daga nan sai Sarki Sulaiman ya yi bayanin cewa Allah ne kawai abin bautawa da za ta bauta, kada a hada shi da sauran allolin da ta kasance suna bauta wa. Daga baya aka nemi Sarauniyar Sheba ta shiga babban zauren. Da farko kallonta yayi kuskure zauren don tafki kuma ta ɗaga rigarta don kar rigar rigarta. Sarki Sulaiman ya sanar da ita cewa ita ba ruwa ba ce face taushi ce ta gilashi. Ganin cewa wannan abin al'ajabi ne wanda ba'a ta'ba ganin irinta ba, ta bayyana cewa a baya ta cutar da ranta amma yanzu tayi biyayya ga Sarki Sulaiman, ga Allah (27: 22 44). Labarin Sarauniyar Sheba a cikin Alqur’ani ya yi musayar wasu kamanni da na Baibul da kuma sauran kafofin yahudawa. Wasu masu sharhi kan al'amuran musulmai kamar Al-Tabari, Al-Zamakhshari da Al-Baydawi sun kara bada labarin. Ga suka yi da'awar cewa Sarauniya sunan ne Bilqīs Arabic mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga Greek ko da Hebraised pilegesh "ƙwarƙwarar"). The Quran ba suna da Sarauniya, nufin ta a matsayin "wata mace wadda tanã su" Arabic al'ummar Sheba. Yarbanci The Yoruba Ijebu clan of Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria, claim that she was a wealthy, childless noblewoman of theirs known as Oloye Bilikisu Sungbo. They also assert that a medieval system of walls and ditches, built sometime around the 10th century, was dedicated to her. After excavations in 1999 the archaeologist Patrick Darling was quoted as saying, "I don't want to overplay the Sheba theory, but it cannot be discounted The local people believe it and that's what is important The most cogent argument against it at the moment is the dating." A rubuce-rubuce Medieval Harkar da Sulaiman a cikin adabi, zane-zane, da kade-kade sun hada da maudu'in Sarauniyar Sheba da Shulammite na Waƙoƙin Waƙoƙi Sarki Sulemanu da Sarauniyar Sheba ba batun gama gari ba ne har zuwa ƙarni na 12. A cikin tarihin kirista Sulemanu ya wakilci Yesu, kuma Sheba yana wakiltar Ikilisiyar da ke mara baya; Saboda haka haduwar Sheba tare da Sulemanu wanda ke ɗauke da kyaututtukan kyaututtuka ya nuna matsayin masu sihiri A gefe guda, Sheba ya hau kujerar mulki wakilcin matsayin budurwa An samo zane-zane na Sarauniyar Sheba a kan manyan mashahuran Gothic kamar Chartres, Rheims, Amiens, da Wells Katolika na ƙarni na 12 a Strasbourg, Chartres, Rochester da Canterbury sun haɗa da zane-zane na zane-zane a cikin windows gilashi da kayan ado na ƙofar. Hakanan zane-zane na Romanesque, zane mai ban dariya na mace baƙar fata a gidan sufi na Klosterneuburg Sarauniyar Sheba, tana tsaye a ruwa a gaban Sulaiman, an nuna hoton ta a wata taga a Masarautar Kwalejin King, Cambridge Renaissance Liyafar sarauniyar ta kasance wani sanannen zance a lokacin Renaissance na Italiya Ya bayyana a cikin ƙofofin tagulla zuwa Florence Baptistery ta Lorenzo Ghiberti, a cikin frescoes daga Benozzo Gozzoli Campo Santo, Pisa da kuma cikin Raphael Loggie Vatican Misalan zane-zane na Venetian na Tintoretto Prado da Veronese Pinacotheca, Turin A cikin karni na 17, Claude Lorrain ta zana Zangon Sarauniyar Sheba Gidajen Kasa, Landan Piero della Francesca's frescoes a Arezzo (c. 1466) akan Legend of the True Cross na dauke da panels biyu akan ziyarar sarauniya Sheba zuwa ga Solomon. An aiyana yadda sarauniyar tayi mamakin rukuni rukuni na pillars da a fadar Sarki Sulaiman.. Literature Boccaccio's On Famous Women ya biyo Josephus da yake kiran sarauniyar Sheba Nicaula. Boccaccio ya bada bayanin cewa bawai kadai ita sarauniya ce a Ethiopia da Egypt, amma ita sarauniya ce ga Arabia. Har wayau an rawaito ta da mallakar wata babbar fada a Meroe, wanda ke kusa da Nile river, "practically on the other side of the world". From there Nicaula crossed the deserts of Arabia, through Ethiopia and Egypt and up the coast of the Red Sea, to come to Jerusalem to see "the great King Solomon". O takaitaccen labarin O. Henry Kyautar' yan Magi "ya ƙunshi bayanin da ya gabata don isar da darajar gashi na mata:" Da a ce Sarauniyar Sheba ta zauna a ɗakin bayan ƙetaren jirgin sama, Della za ta kyale gashinta ya rataye taga wata rana ta bushe dan kawai taji darajar kayanta da kyaututtukan girmamawa. Littafin Christine de Pizan Littafin Birnin Ladies ya ci gaba da babban taron da ake kira Sarauniyar Sheba "Nicaula". Mawallafin ya yaba wa Sarauniya saboda hikimar wayewar kai da ta addini kuma ya jera ta ban da matan Annabawan Ibrananci da na Ibrananci kamar yadda ta farko a jerin jarumai mata masu daraja. Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus refers to the Queen of Sheba as Saba, when Mephistopheles is trying to persuade Faustus of the wisdom of the women with whom he supposedly shall be presented every morning. r daGérard de Nerval's autobiographical novel, Voyage to the Orient (1851), details his travels through the Middle East with much artistic license. He recapitulates at length a tale told in a Turkish cafe of King Soliman's love of Balkis, the Queen of Saba, but she, in turn, is destined to love Adoniram (Hiram Abif), Soliman's chief craftsman of the Temple, owing to both her and Adoniram's divine genealogy. Soliman grows jealous of Adoniram, and when he learns of three craftsmen who wish to sabotage his work and later kill him, Soliman willfully ignores warnings of these plots. Adoniram is murdered and Balkis flees Soliman's kingdom. Léopold Sédar Senghor 'Elégie zuba la Reine de Saba wanda aka buga a cikin fitattun labarun Elégies a 1976, ya yi amfani da Sarauniyar Sheba cikin waƙar soyayya da kuma saƙon siyasa. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ya yi amfani da Sarauniyar Sheba tatsuniya don fadada ra'ayinsa game da Negritude da Eurafrique ta hanyar "Arab-Berber Africa". Littafin Rudyard Kipling Just So Labarun ya hada da tatsuniyar "The Butterfly That Stffin". A ciki, Kipling yana bayyana Balkis, "Sarauniya wacce ta kasance ta Sheba da Sable da Kogin Zinare na Kudu" mafi kyau, kuma watakila kawai, ƙaunatattun matan 1000 na Suleiman-bin-Daoud, Sarki Sulaiman. A bayyane ya nuna babban hikima, "Balkis, kusan mai hikima ne kamar Mafi Sulaiman-bin-Daoud"; amma duk da haka Kipling na iya nuna wata hikima a wurin ta fiye da mijinta, ta yadda zata iya yin amfani da miji a hankali, azancinsa da kuma abubuwan da ya yi umarni, da sauran matan 999 na Suleimin-bin-Daoud, marubucin malam buɗe ido da taken matar malam buɗe ido, ta haka ne ya kawo jituwa da farin ciki ga duka. Sarauniyar Sheba ta bayyana a matsayin hali a cikin The ring of Sulaiman, littafi na huɗu a cikin Jonathan Stroud 's Bartimaeus Sequence An nuna shi a matsayin macen da ba ta da amfani, wanda, yana tsoron girman ikon Sulemanu, ya aika da shugaban maigidansa don kashe shi, yana saita abubuwan da ke cikin littafin a motsi. Fim Music Sulaiman (wanda aka haɗa a 1748; an fara yi a 1749), oratorio na George Frideric Handel da "Zuwan Sarauniyar Sheba" daga wannan aikin yawanci ana yin ta azaman yanki ne La reine de Saba (1862), wanda Charles Gounod ya sarrafa Die Königin von Saba (1875), ta Karl Goldmark ta opera La Reine de Scheba (1926), ta Reynaldo Hahn ta opera Belkis, Regina di Saba (1931), ballet ta Ottorino Respighi Sulaiman da Balkis (1942), Randall Thompson ne suka kunna opera "Black kyakkyawa" (1970), waƙa ta Maimaitawa "Makeda" (1998), R&B na Faransa daga Chadian duo Les Nubians Aïcha (1996), na Khaled "Balqis" (2000), waƙa ta Siti Nurhaliza Talabijin Manazarta labī, Qiṣaṣ (1356 AH), 262 -4 ī, Qiṣaṣ (1356 AH), 285–92 G. Weil, Littafi Mai-Tsarki, Kur'ani, da Talmud (1846) G. Rosch, Die Königin von Saba als Königin Bilqis (Jahrb. F. Prot. Theol., 1880) 524‒72 M. Grünbaum, Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sagenkunde (1893) 211‒21 E. Littmann, Tarihin Sarauniyar Sheba a al'adar Axum (1904) L. Ginzberg, Legends of the Yahudawa, 3 (1911), 411; 4 (1913), 143–9; (1928), 288–91 H. Speyer, Die biblischen Erzählungen im Qoran (1931, repr. 1961), 390–9 E. Budge, Sarauniyar Sheba da danta guda daya Menyelek (1932) J. Ryckmans, L'Institution monarchique en Arabie Emiridionale avant l'Islam (1951) E. Ullendorff, Candace (Ayyukan Manzanni VIII, 27) da Sarauniyar Sheba (Nazarin Sabon Alkawari, 1955, 53-6) E. Ullendorff, Abubuwan Hebraic-Yahudawa a Abisiniya (monophysite) Kiristanci (JSS, 1956, 216-55) D. Hubbard, Tushen rubuce-rubuce na Kebra Nagast (Jami'ar St. Andrews Ph. D. thesis, 1956, 278‒308) La Persécution des chrétiens himyarites au sixième siècle (1956) Bulletin na Makarantun Amurkawa na Nazarin Oriental 143 (1956) 6-10; 145 (1957) 25-30; 151 (1958) 9-16 A. Jamme, La Paléographique sud-arabe de J. Pirenne (1957) R. Bowen, F. Albright (eds.) Binciken Gano kayan tarihi a Kudancin Arabia (1958) Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Bible (1963) 2067-70 T. Tamrat, Coci da Jihohi a Habasha (1972) 1270–1527 W. Daum (ed. Die Königin von Saba: Kunst, Legende und Archäologie zwischen Morgenland und Abendland (1988) J. Lassner, Nuna Sarauniyar Sheba: Iyakokin Jinsi da Al'adu a Bayanin Yahudanci da Matsayi Na Islama (1993) M. Brooks (ed. Kebra Nagast (Daukakar Sarakuna) (1998) J. Breton, Arabia Filik daga lokacin Sarauniyar Sheba: Karnin na takwas BC zuwa karni na farko AD (1999) D. Crummey, Land and Society in the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: Daga karni na goma sha uku zuwa karni na Ashirin (2000) A. Gunther (ed. Masarautun Caravan: Yemen da Kasuwancin Tsohuwar Turawa (2005) Pages with unreviewed

22723

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitila

Fitila

Fitila, Fitiloli ko fitila na iya nufin: Haske Fitilar mai, ta amfani da tushen mai Fitilar kananzir, ta yin amfani da kananzir a matsayin mai Fitilar wutar lantarki, ko kwan fitila, abin da ake iya maye gurbinsa wanda ke samar da haske daga wutar lantarki Hasken haske, ko dacewa da haske ko haske, na'urar lantarki ce mai ɗauke da fitilun lantarki wanda ke ba da haske. Fitilar sigina, ko fitilar Aldis ko fitilar Morse, tsarin semaphore don sadarwar gani Fitilar tsaro, kowane nau'in fitilar da ke ba da haske a ma'adinan kwal Davy fitila masu zane zanen nishaɗi da kafofin watsa labarai Fim da talabijin <i id="mwIA">Fitilar</i> (fim na 1987), ko The Outing, fim mai ban tsoro <i id="mwJA">Lamp</i> (fim na 2011), wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka <i id="mwJw">Lamp</i> (talla), tallan talabijin da silima na 2002 don IKEA Kiɗa Lamp (band), ƙungiyar indie ta Japan "Fitila", waƙa ta Bump of Chicken daga kundin 1999 Rayayyun Matattu Adabi Lamp, jarida a Delaware <i id="mwNg">The Lamp</i> (mujallar), Mujallar Katolika na bi-monthly, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2019 Lamp, ɗan littafin Katolika na lokaci-lokaci, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1846, wanda Frances Margaret Taylor ta gyara na ɗan lokaci. Fitilar: Katolika na wata-wata mai sadaukarwa ga Haɗin kai da Mishan Ikilisiya, ɗan littafin Amurka na lokaci-lokaci wanda Society of the Atonement ya buga, 1903-1973 Fitilar, na lokaci-lokaci wanda Kwamitin Amurka don Kariyar Haihuwar Ƙasashen waje ya buga Kasuwanci da kungiyoyi Shirin Magnet Na Ilimi mara Ƙauna, makarantar sakandare a Montgomery, Alabama, Amurka LAMP Community, ƙungiyar sa-kai na tushen Los Angeles Shirin Hasken Archaeological Maritime Shirin, a St. Augustine Light, Florida, Amurka Mutane Lamba (sunan mahaifi), gami da jerin sunayen mutane masu suna Frank Lampard (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Fitila", ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila kuma manaja LAMP (bundle software) (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Perl/Python) Samun Laburare zuwa Aikin Kiɗa, ɗakin karatu na kiɗa kyauta don ɗaliban MIT Shirin MOS na Jirgin Sama (LAMP), tsarin ƙididdiga na fitarwa na samfuri da ake amfani da shi wajen hasashen yanayi Ƙwararren isothermal na madauki, dabarar bututu guda ɗaya don haɓaka DNA Lyman Alpha Mapping Project, kayan aiki akan NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lysosome-haɗe da membrane glycoprotein, ciki har da fitila1, fitila2, fitila3 Sauran amfani Tsarin Manufa Masu Mahimmanci (LAMPS), shirin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka Duba kuma Lamping (disambiguation) Lighting Lampadarius, a slave who carried torches Fragrance lamp, a lamp that disperses scented alcohol using a heated stone attached to a cotton wick :Category:Types of

6438

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa

Kinshasa

Kinshasa (lafazi /kinshasa/) Birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango. Shi ne babban birnin ƙasar Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango. Kinshasa tana da yawan jama'a 12 071 000, bisa ga jimillar 2016. An gina birnin Kinshasa a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Birnin Kinshasa kuma yana daya daga cikin larduna 26 na DRC Saboda iyakokin gudanarwa na lardin birni sun ƙunshi yanki mai faɗi, sama da kashi 90 cikin 100 na ƙasar lardin birni ƙauye ne, kuma yankin birni yana da ɗan ƙaramin yanki amma faɗaɗawa a gefen yamma. Kinshasa ita ce yanki na uku mafi girma a Afirka bayan Alkahira da Legas Har ila yau, shi ne yanki mafi girma a duniya wanda aka fi sani da harshen Faransanci, wanda Faransanci ya kasance yaren gwamnati, ilimi, kafofin watsa labaru, sabis na jama'a da kasuwanci mafi girma a cikin birnin, yayin da Lingala ke amfani da shi azaman yare a kan titi. Kinshasa ta karbi bakuncin taron Francophonie na 14th a watan Oktoba 2012. Mazauna Kinshasa an san su da Kinois (a cikin Faransanci kuma wani lokacin cikin Ingilishi) ko Kinshasans (Turanci). Mutanen yankin sun hada da da Teke Birnin ya fuskanci Brazzaville, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Congo makwabciyarta Kodayake tazarar kogin yana tsakanin 2 zuwa 3 km fadi a wannan lokacin, biranen biyu sune manyan biranen biyu mafi kusa a duniya (bayan Vatican City da Rome Tarihi Henry Morton Stanley ya kafa birnin a matsayin wurin kasuwanci a shekara ta 1881. An ba shi suna Léopoldville don girmama Sarki Leopold II na Belgians, wanda ke iko da Jamhuriyar Kwango 'Yanci, babban yanki wanda a yanzu Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, ba a matsayin mulkin mallaka ba amma a matsayin dukiya mai zaman kansa. Matsayin ya sami bunƙasa a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na farko da ake kewayawa a Kogin Kongo sama da Livingstone Falls, jerin hanzari sama da ƙasa da Leopoldville. Da farko, duk kayan da suka isa ta teku ko kuma aka aika ta teku dole ne ’yan dako su ɗauke su a tsakanin Léopoldville da Matadi, tashar jiragen ruwa da ke ƙasa da rapids da daga bakin teku. Kammala hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Matadi-Kinshasa, a cikin 1898, ya ba da madadin hanya a kusa da rapids kuma ya haifar da saurin ci gaba na Léopoldville. A cikin 1914, an shigar da bututun mai don a iya jigilar danyen mai daga Matadi zuwa masu tudun ruwa a Leopoldville. A shekara ta 1923, an ɗaukaka birnin zuwa babban birnin Kongo Belgian, wanda ya maye gurbin garin Boma a cikin yankin Kongo. Garin, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Léo" ko "Leopold", ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci kuma ya girma cikin sauri a lokacin mulkin mallaka Bayan samun 'yencin kai a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 1960, bayan tarzoma a shekara ta 1959, Jamhuriyar Kongo ta zabi firaministanta na farko, Patrice Lumumba wanda ake kallon ra'ayinsa na goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin barazana daga muradun kasashen yamma. Wannan kasancewar kololuwar yakin cacar baka, Amurka da Beljiyam ba su so su rasa ikon mallakar dabarun tattalin arzikin Kongo, musamman ma sinadarin Uranium. Kasa da shekara guda da zaben Lumumba, 'yan Belgium da Amurka sun sayi goyon bayan abokan hamayyarsa na Kongo tare da fara aiwatar da al'amuran da suka kai ga kisan Lumumba. A cikin 1964, Moïse Tshombe ya ba da umarnin korar dukkan 'yan Jamhuriyar Kongo, Burundi da Mali, da kuma duk 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga Rwanda A cikin 1965, tare da taimakon Amurka da Belgium, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu ya karɓe mulki a Kongo. Ya ƙaddamar da manufar Gaskiya ƙoƙarin sake sabunta sunayen mutane da wurare a cikin ƙasar. A cikin 1966, Léopoldville aka sake masa suna Kinshasa, don wani ƙauye mai suna Kinshasa wanda ya taɓa tsayawa kusa da wurin, a yau Kinshasa (kwamfuta) Birnin ya girma cikin sauri a karkashin Mobutu, inda ya jawo mutane daga ko'ina cikin kasar da suka zo neman dukiyarsu ko kuma su guje wa rikicin kabilanci a wasu wurare, wanda ya kara yawan kabilu da harsunan da aka riga aka samu a can A shekara ta 1991 birnin ya zama tilas ya kare sojojin da suka tayar da tarzoma, wadanda ke nuna adawa da gazawar gwamnati na biyansu albashi. Daga baya aka fara boren 'yan tawaye, wanda a shekarar 1997 ya kawo karshen mulkin Mobutu. Kinshasa ta sha wahala sosai daga wuce gona da iri na Mobutu, cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa, son zuciya da yakin basasa wanda ya kai ga faduwarsa. Duk da haka, har yanzu ita ce babbar cibiyar al'adu da ilimi ga Afirka ta Tsakiya, tare da bunƙasa al'umma na mawaƙa da masu fasaha. Har ila yau, ita ce babbar cibiyar masana'antu ta kasar, inda ake sarrafa yawancin kayayyakin da ake kawowa daga ciki, Joseph Kabila, shugaban Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango daga 2001 zuwa 2019, bai yi fice a Kinshasa ba. Tashin hankali ya barke bayan sanarwar nasarar Kabila a zaben 2006 da aka fafata; Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta tura dakaru EUFOR RD Congo domin shiga rundunar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin. Sanarwar da aka fitar a shekarar 2016 na cewa za a jinkirta wani sabon zabe shekaru biyu ne ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka yi a watan Satumba da Disamba wanda ya hada da shingaye a kan tituna tare da kashe mutane da dama. An rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. Manazarta Biranen Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya

51480

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Pere%20Ajuwa

Christopher Pere Ajuwa

Christopher 'Pere' Ajuwa (23 ga Nuwamba 1941 31 ga Janairu 2017) shi ne mutum na farko daga yankin Neja Delta na Najeriya da ya tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗan kasuwa mai basira a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, kuma an fi saninsa da taimakon jin kai. Bayani na gaba ɗaya An haifi Christopher 'Pere' Ajuwa a jihar Bayelsa, da ke Kudancin Najeriya, a yankunan Neja Delta. Ya kasance dan kasuwa mai cin nasara, mai ba da agaji, kuma ɗan siyasa. A ƙarshen 80s, Pere shine Deltan na farko na Nijar a tarihin ƙasar Najeriya na zamani don yin tsayayya da ruwan siyasa mai haɗari na ƙasar Najeriya. Ya yi kamfen kuma ya ba da shawara ba tare da tsoro ba a duk faɗin Najeriya yana ba da shawara game da bukatar mutanen yankin, Ijaws. Ya ji cewa mutane sun fito ne daga yankin Neja Delta, wanda ke samar da kudaden shiga masu yawa waɗanda ke kula da lafiyar jihar Najeriya, ya kamata su faɗi kuma su amfana da yawa daga albarkatun da yankin su ke bayarwa. Cif Pere Ajuwa ya goyi bayan duk wani yunkuri na gaske na mutanen Ijaw don a gane su yadda ya kamata kuma a ba su girman kai na matsayi a siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kuma wasu fannoni na kokarin ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun kansa don yin yaƙi don samun 'yancin siyasa da tattalin arziki na' yan tsiraru na Kudu-Kudancin, musamman ma kabilunsa da mata, waɗanda suka sha wahala shekaru na watsi da hana su ayyukan kamfanonin mai. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1993 Pere ya shiga zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa da Alhaji Bashir Tofa a ƙarƙashin dandalin jam'iyyar National Republican Convention (NRC). Daga baya, a cikin 2003 da 2007, ya tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya a kan Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari (2015-2019) a karkashin jam'iyyar jam'iyyar All Nigeria People Party (ANPP). Kodayake Pere bai lashe kowanne daga cikin zaɓen ba, himma da ruhunsa na dogmatic sun shirya hanya ga matasa 'yan siyasa da yawa daga yankin Neja Delta don neman ofishin Shugaban Najeriya. Ya kasance mutum ne mai wadata, kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga rayuka da yawa daga Neja Delta da bayan. A duk rayuwarsa, Pere ya manne wa al'ada da al'adun danginsa na Izon. Cif Dr. Christopher Pere Ajuwa ya mutu a shekarar 2017 a Port Harcourt yana da shekaru 76. Iyali da ƙuruciya Shekaru na farko An haifi Christopher Pere Ajuwa a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1941 ga iyalan Babban Cif Pa Ogongolo Vurudu Ajuwa na Egbesubiri Quarter, da Cif Ma Mrs. Rachael Diriayefa Ajuwa da Erubiri Quarter na masarautar Gbaranraun, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Ijaw da ke cikin Jihar Bayelsa. Masarautar Gbaranraun tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masarauta tsakanin mutanen Ijaw a cikin Neja Delta, Kudancin Najeriya kuma babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Mutanen yankin suna ɗaukar haihuwar Pere a matsayin alamar mu'ujiza kuma an yi magana game da ita kamar an rufe ta da asiri. An ruwaito, cewa mahaifiyar Pere ta fada cikin aikin haihuwa yayin kamun kifi, kuma ba tare da mai juna biyu ba ta haife shi a cikin jirgin ruwa. Dangane da haka, a wannan rana mai ban mamaki Rachael Diriayefa Ajuwa ta kama kifinta mafi girma kuma ta kira ɗanta 'Pere' wanda aka fassara a zahiri yana nufin "Dukiya" a Turanci. Ilimi Pere ya halarci Ade Oshodi, makarantar firamare a Yammacin Najeriya, daga 1954 zuwa 1960 kuma ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko. Daga 1961 zuwa 1964, ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Stella Maris, Okitipupa, a yankin karamar hukumar Ondo na Jihar Ondo. Abin takaici, saboda rashin kuɗi, Pere bai iya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Stella Maris ba mai yiwuwa. Binciken da ya yi na ilmantarwa bai tsaya ba, ya sami hanyar halartar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati Ijebu-Ode, Cibiyar Ciniki ta Yaba, Legas kuma ya sami City da Guide Intermediate a shekarar 1968. Daga nan sai ya bar Najeriya kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba a Jami'ar Glasgow, Scotland inda ya sami takardar shaidar Advanced Technological a 1975. Bayan haka, a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, Pere ya kasance a Jami'ar Worcester, Ingila yana karatun Injiniyanci da sauran darussan injiniya kuma ya zama Injiniyan Fasaha na Burtaniya a farkon 1980. Sa'an nan a shekara ta 2006, Pere ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti Wasanni A lokacin da yake makaranta, an dauki Pere a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ban sha'awa. A farkon shekarun 1970s ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Yammacin Jihar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya duka a Ibadan Yammacin Najeriya. An kira Pere a matsayin mai kunnawa a filin kwallon kafa kuma an dauke shi babban dan wasa. Ya ci gaba da lashe laurels tare da waɗancan kungiyoyi. A duk rayuwarsa, ya ci gaba da jin daɗin rayuwa mai aiki na wasan tennis, yin iyo da tseren jirgin ruwa. Aure da yara Kafin ya yi aure, Pere mutum ne a sassa da yawa. Ya haifi 'ya'ya bakwai ba tare da aure ba. Koyaya, a cikin 1972, yayin da yake halartar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba, Pere ya sadu da Helen Kemi Olayiwola, 'yar Akandi Olayiwola. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1974. Ya haifi 'ya'ya goma sha uku tare da Helen Kemi Olayiwola kuma ya yi aure da farin ciki tare da Helen har zuwa mutuwarsa. A matsayinsa na uba, a bayyane yake yana da karfi a horo kuma ya sha a cikin 'ya'yansa masu aiki tuƙuru da biyayya ga ikon da aka kafa. Bangaskiya Yayinda yake yaro, an yi wa Pere baftisma a Cocin Katolika. Daga baya ya tuba zuwa bangaskiyar Pentecostal kuma ya zama memba na Ikilisiyar Manzanni ta Kristi. A farkon shekarun 1980 ya halarci Ikilisiyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Deeper Life a garin Rumuodara, Jihar Rivers. Sa'an nan a farkon shekarun 1990s, ya zama memba na tushe na Ma'aikatar Ceto kuma ya bauta a can har zuwa mutuwarsa. Pere ya yi la'akari da ayyukan jin kai don ya dace da bangaskiyarsa ta Kirista. Pere ya sadaukar da kansa kuma yana son ba da yabo da bautar. Mutuwa A cikin fall of 2016 Pere ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya shiga asibiti. An gano shi da ciwon daji na prostate. Ya koma gidansa amma ya janye daga ayyukan jama'a da na jama'a. Ya mutu a ranar Litinin, 31 ga Janairun 2017 a gidansa a Port Harcourt Kalmominsa na ƙarshe sun kasance "Yesu ya yi mini jinƙai". Ya wuce cikin barcinsa daga rikitarwa saboda ciwon daji na Prostate. Gwamna Seriake Henry Dickson ya bayyana mutuwar Pere a matsayin bakin ciki, abin mamaki da kuma asarar gaske ga Gwamnati da mutanen Jihar Bayelsa. Da yake magana a wani jana'izar da aka gudanar a Cif DSP Alamieyeseigha Banquet Hall a Yenagoa, don girmama marigayin, Dickson ya ce za a tuna da gudummawar Pere ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa na jihar Bayelsa da Najeriya har abada. Don gudummawar Pere da yawa da kuma fitaccen gudummawa, gwamnan ya sanar da sake sunan sanannen hanyar Azikoro bayan shi wanda ya ce ya zama al'adun gwamnatinsa don girmama kowane ɗan gaskiya da 'yar jihar wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a wurare daban-daban. A cikin godiya, 'yar farko ta Pere da kwamishinan jihar na Yawon Bude Ido, Ci gaba, da Mrs Ebiere Irene Ajuwa-Musa sun gode wa Gwamna Dickson da mutanen jihar saboda rawar da suka taka wajen girmama mahaifinta. Ayyukan jana'izar sun jawo hankalin 'yan siyasa, sarakunan gargajiya, kyaftinonin masana'antu, shugabannin ra'ayi, mata da matasa daga ciki da waje na jihar. Mutane sun yi layi a kan tituna cikin baƙin ciki kuma suna ba da ta'aziyya ga iyali. Tun bayan mutuwarsa, mutane suna magana game da lokacin da yake da rai a matsayin "ranar Pere Ajuwa". Marigayi Cif Pere Ajuwa an kwantar da shi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2017 a gidansa a cikin ɗakin sujada na Ayibawari Villa Ayyuka Farkon aiki A shekara ta 1969, Pere ya fara aiki a matsayin mai fasaha tare da Kamfanin Ruwa na Yammacin Jihar Ibadan Daga nan sai ya bar Kamfanin Ruwa na Yammacin Jihar kuma ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Cocoa ta Najeriya kuma a Ibadan (CRIN) a matsayin ƙwararren Injiniya wanda ke kula da Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Cibiyar a cikin 1970; ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu. Pere daga baya ya kira shi ya bar a Cibiyar Nazarin Cocoa ta Najeriya don ci gaban ilimi a Jami'ar Glasgow a Ingila a ƙarshen 1970s. Da ya dawo Najeriya, Pere ya zama Babban Injiniya mai ba da shawara, SP Group Engineers a shekarar 1977. Ya shiga cikin kasuwanci mai zaman kansa a matsayin mai kwangila da kuma sayar da man fetur a farkon shekarun 1980. Ya ci gaba da zama Babban Injiniya tare da Prefab Overseas Limited A shekara ta 1993, ya taimaka wajen ganowa da gudanar da Pere Roberto Nigeria Limited a matsayin Sakataren Kamfanin sannan kuma manajan darektan. A wannan lokacin, ya aiwatar da wasu ayyukan tarihi waɗanda suka haɗa da gina Helipad a Bonny Camp, Victoria Island, Legas da wasu gine-gine a Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur a Warri (yanzu Jami'ar Man Fetur) da sauran ayyukan da yawa a cikin Neja Delta. Rayuwar siyasa A shekara ta 1986, Pere ya shiga cikin nasara a birnin Port Harcourt kuma ya gudu ya lashe Shugaban Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Port Harcoort. Ya kawo wasu sababbin abubuwa masu kyau a cikin ƙungiyar. A karkashin jagorancinsa an shirya baje kolin kasuwanci na Port Harcourt na farko. Nasarar Pere a harkokin kasuwanci ba ta rufe ƙaunar da yake yi wa Najeriya da kuma sha'awarsa ta inganta wahalar da ake fama da ita da kuma mutanen da aka ware a yankin Neja Delta ba. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Port Harcourt a ƙarshen shekarun 1980; ya kaddamar da kansa cikin yanayin siyasa na Najeriya lokacin da damar ta zo don tsara sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki ga Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya don sanar da ƙarshen mulkin Soja. Koyaya, a cikin 1989 ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar mazabar Tarayya ta Yenagoa a cikin majalisa ta lokacin. Pere ya bayyana matsayi mai karfi kamar haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, soke dokar amfani da ƙasa, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Abubuwan da Pere ya yi a cikin majalisa na 1989 sun sa ya ƙaunaci manyan 'yan siyasa a kasar kuma lokacin da aka kafa jam'iyyun siyasa, ya zama memba na kafa Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Najeriya (NNC). A wannan lokacin, daya daga cikin sanannun mutane da suka karfafa matashin siyasa na Pere a cikin yanayin siyasa mai duhu shine Cif Gina Yeseibo A shekara ta 1992, an sake fasalin tsarin siyasa a Najeriya wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa (NRC) da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP). Pere daga ƙarshe ya zama memba mai kafa NRC kuma ya goyi bayan Cif Rufus Ada George don fitowa a matsayin Gwamna (Janairu 1992 zuwa Nuwamba 1993) na tsohuwar Jihar Rivers. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Port Harcourt a ƙarshen shekarun 1980; ya kaddamar da kansa cikin yanayin siyasa na Najeriya lokacin da damar ta zo don tsara sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki ga Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya don sanar da ƙarshen mulkin Soja. Cif Pere Ajuwa ya kasance misali na tsayin daka da juriya a yaƙi don adalci. Pere ya zama shugaban 'yan tsiraru na farko na Nijar Delta wanda ya yi ƙarfin hali ga dabarun siyasa na yawancin kabilun a kasar. Muradinsa na yin takara a matsayin dan takara na kujerar shugaban kasa ya bayyana a shekarar 1992 lokacin da Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa a Yarjejeniyar Kasa a Port Harcourt Pere ya kasance mai neman zama shugaban kasa a dandalin tsohuwar Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican (NRC), a cikin shirin sauyawa na tsohon shugaban kasar Ibrahim Babangida ya kuma kalubalanci matsayin gwamnan jihar Rivers kafin kirkirar jihar Bayelsa. An tilasta wa Pere ya sauka don Alhaji Bashiru Torfa wanda daga baya ya zama Mai ɗaukar tutar NRC tare da dan takarar shugaban kasa na Social Democratic Party -SDP Alhaji MKO Abiola ya gudu a zaben shugaban kasa na 12 ga Yuni, 1993 wanda aka soke. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1993, ita ce ranar taron kasa don tseren shugaban kasa. NRC ta sanar da Port Harcourt, garin Pere, a matsayin wurin taron tare da wakilai sama da dubu biyar ga kowane taron. Pere ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a taron, kuma ya biya mafi yawan lissafin don Yarjejeniyar Port Harcourt. Taron Port Harcourt ya halarci manyan shugabannin jam'iyyar ciki har da Alhaji Bamanga Tukur, Alhaji Ibrahim Mantu da Alhagi Ibrahim Shinkafi A taron, Alhaji Ahmed Kusamotu ya kayar da Sanata Lawrence Adekunle Agunbiade wanda aka fi sani da LAKO don fitowa a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. Sanata Agunbiade ya fito ne daga Ise a jihar Ekiti ta yanzu yayin da Dokta Kusamotu ya fito ne na dangin sarauta a Ikirun a jihar Osun ta yanzu. A shekara ta 1994 ya fara sabon yaƙi don tayar da hankali ga al'ummar Izon don rungumar hadin kan manufa a cikin bin burinmu da burinmu. A yau, al'ummar Izon musamman da dukan yankin Neja Delta sun fi kyau a gare ta. A karkashin jagorancin Ijaw National Congress (INC) da Ijaw Youth Council (IYC a duk duniya), ya zama wanda ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba yayin da sha'awar siyasa ke girma kowace rana. Kira na siyasa ya sake dawowa a cikin 1998 kuma Pere ya zama memba mai kafa jam'iyyar All People Party (APP) wanda daga baya ya canza zuwa All Nigerian Peoples Party (ANPP). Shekaru bayan haka, burinsa na shugaban kasa ya sake farfadowa kuma ya yi takara a zaben fidda gwani da shugaban kasar Mohammadu Buhari na yanzu kuma ya fadi a 2003 da 2007 bi da bi. Ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa a zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2003 da 2007 a kan dandalin jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party of Nigeria (LDPN) da Alliance for Democracy (AD) bi da bi. A shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ya bayyana cewa APP wanda ya canza zuwa ANPP, an tilasta masa ya sauka a cikin All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) lokacin da Janar Mohammadu Buhari, wanda aka zaba a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa, ya sa Pere ya bar jam'iyyar. Tun da ANPP ba za ta ba shi tikitin shugaban kasa ba, sai ya sauya bangarorin zuwa Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party of Nigeria (LDPN kuma ya fito da dan takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2003. A cikin shirin zaben 2007, ya koma ANPP kuma an tilasta masa ya sauka don Janar Mohammadu Buhari Daga baya Alliance for Democracy ta karbe shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa bayan mutuwar kwatsam na dan takarar Shugaban kasa na lokacin, Cif Adebayo Adefarati A shekara ta 2011, ya yi takara don cika kujerar Sanata ta Tsakiya ta Bayelsa a dandalin ANPP kuma ya rasa dan takarar PDP mai mulki. Mai ba da shawara Duk a lokacin aikinsa, an san Pere a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga mutane da yawa. A cikin girmamawa, tsoffin 'yan majalisa a majalisar dattijai, John Brambaifa, Inatimi Rufus-Spiff, Kakakin Majalisar Jiha, Rt. Hon. Konbowei Benson da Shugaban Ma'aikatan Gwamnatin, Rt. Hon. Talford Ongolo duk ya yaba da marigayi Cif Ajuwa, yana ambaton shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Mai fafutuka Wani babban masanin masana'antu wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan miliyoyin daga zuriyar Ijaw, Ajuwa ya yi yaƙi da Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Shell (SDPC) yana neman inganta rayuwar mutanen da ke dauke da man fetur. Yunkurinsa ya zo ne a shekara ta 2006 lokacin da Ajuwa ya jagoranci al'ummomin Ijaw 145 a karkashin jagorancin Aborigines na Ijaw kuma ya ja Shell kafin zaman hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dokoki. Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta baiwa al'ummomin dala biliyan 1.5 a matsayin diyya ga lalacewar muhalli da kamfanin ya haifar tun lokacin da ya fara binciken mai a shekarar 1956. Kyaututtuka da girmamawa A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1995, don nuna godiya ga kokarin da ya yi a ci gaban ilimi, Jami'ar Calabar ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) Degree (Honoris causa) a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci. Ayyukansa na taimakon jama'a sun yanke a kan iyakokin kabilanci lokacin da mutanen Enugu Uku suka fitar da karawa don murna lokacin da suka ba shi IKEMBA na ENUGU UKU. Pere ya kawo babban ci gaban ilimi da al'umma ga Gbanraun saboda haka babban mai mulki a cikin majalisa, Sarki E.G Ojogbo da duk masu ruwa da tsaki sun ba shi daya daga cikin manyan lakabi a masarautar; Egbesu XVI na Egbesubiri a 1986. Darajar da aka samu bayan mutuwarsa ta hada da Gwamna Seriake Henry Dickson na Jihar Bayelsa wanda ya girmama Pere ta hanyar sake sunan babbar hanya bayan shi. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

20611

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Brazil%20a%20Najeriya

Yan Brazil a Najeriya

'Yan Brazil a Najeriya, Amaros ko Agudas sun ƙunshi zuriyar bayi' yan Afro-Brazil da aka 'yanta waɗanda suka bar Brazil suka zauna a Najeriya Kalmar 'yan Brazil a Najeriya na iya komawa zuwa baƙin ƙaura daga Brazil. Farawa daga shekarun 1830, yawancin ƴan Afirka da aka kwato waɗanda suka sha wahala ta hanyar tilasta musu aiki da nuna bambanci a cikin Brazil sun fara komawa Lagos, tare da wasu dabarun al'adu da zamantakewar da suka dace da zamansu a Brazil. Waɗannan ean Afirka da suka sami 'yanci galibi ana kiransu "Aguda" ko "Amaro", kuma sun haɗa da waɗanda suka dawo daga Cuba. Tarihi A lokacin da ake tsaka da cinikin bayi a Afirka ta Yamma, fursunonin yaƙi da yawa ko waɗanda aka sace don sayarwa a kasuwannin bayi an sayar da su ga Turawa kuma an yi jigilar su zuwa ƙetaren Tekun Atlantika. Kimanin adadin bayi daga Gulf of Guinea zuwa Brazil sun kai kimanin 300,000 a cikin karni na sha tara. Wadanda aka kaman sun sauka a Bahia kafin su kara matsawa kudu don aiki a gonaki, taimakawa 'yan kasuwa ko kayan shaho na fararen Brazil. Kamar yadda wasu tsiwirwirinsu ƴan mishan, sanã'anta tanadi ko samu tura a sakamakon wariyar launin fata, tãguwar ruwa na Afirka hijirarsa baya ga ƙasashen yammacin Afrika Coast ci gaba. Zuwa tsakiyar goma sha tara, al'ummar Afro-Brazil ta fara fitowa tare da gabar yammacin Afirka, waɗanda kuma zuriyar bayi suka haɓaka waɗanda suka tsallaka Tekun Atlantika sau biyu. Waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun dawo da hankalin Afro-Brazilian game da abinci, noma, gine-gine da addini. Maido da mutanen Afirka na farko da aka yi rubuce-rubuce daga kasar Brazil zuwa Kasar da ake kira Najeriya a yanzu shi ne kora da gwamnatin ta yi a shekarar 1835 bayan wani boren Yarbawa da Hausawa a garin Salvador da aka fi sani da Revolt na Malê Bayan tawaye, gwamnatin Brazil da tsoron kara tawaye ta ba da izinin 'yantar ko kuma nuna wa' yan Afirka zaɓi su koma gida ko ci gaba da biyan haraji mai yawa ga gwamnati. Ƴan Afirka da suka sami ƴanci kuma suka adana wasu kuɗi sun sami damar komawa Afirka sakamakon mawuyacin hali, haraji, wariyar launin fata da rashin gida. A cikin 1851, Mina Afirka 60 sun haɗa dala 4,000 don siyan jirgi zuwa Badagry. Bayan an daina bautar a Cuba da Brazil a 1886 da 1888 bi da bi, ci gaba da ƙaura zuwa Lagos ya ci gaba. Da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka dawo sun zaɓi dawowa Najeriya saboda al'adu, mishan da kuma tattalin arziki. Yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Yarabawa A cikin Legas, an ba su filayen ruwa na Popo Aguda a matsayin mazauninsu. Zuwa shekarun 1880, sun ƙunshi kusan 9% na yawan jama'ar Legas. Zuwa ƙarshen 1920, ƙaura ta tsaya. Kodayake Legas da ke bakin teku ita ce hanyar da aka fi so, amma yawancin wadanda suka dawo daga zuriyar kungiyoyi ne kamar Ijeshas, Oyos, Ijebu da Egba wadanda ke cikin gida. Agudas suna sane da garuruwansu na asali amma sun gwammace su kafa shago a Legas saboda yana da kyau ga kasuwanci, an karbe su sosai a Badagry sannan kuma saboda yaƙe-yaƙe da ke faruwa a ciki. Jirgin da ke tare da Agudas a tashar jirgin ruwa a Badagry zai sami tarba daga taron yara da ke yabonsu yayin da suka sauka daga jirgin, yayin da a ƙetaren bakin haure ana kallon baƙi. A wasu lokuta, Oba na Legas ya ba su filaye don gina gida kuma ya ba su maza da za su taimaka musu a canjinsu zuwa rayuwar gida. Wannan duk da cewa, Legas ta bambanta da Bahia. Manyan wadanda suka dawo din suna cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma da yawa daga cikin yaran baƙi ne zuwa Legas. Sun ci gaba da bin al'adun Bahia kamar Katolika kuma sun kafa wata ƙungiyar haɗin kai a cikin Tsibirin Lagos Saboda riƙe da ɗariƙar Katolika da sutturar Yammacin Turai, 'yan asalin Afirka sun kira su "baƙin fata" ko Agudas. Game da neman arziki a Afirka, wasu daga cikin mutanen Agudas na farko sun kasance masu rikitarwa ta ɗabi'a akan batutuwa kamar su bayi kuma sun zama yan kasuwar bayi kansu, kamar Francisco Felix de Sousa da Domingo Martinez. Mazauni Lokacin da Agudas ya dawo daga Bahia da Pernambuco, sai suka zauna a sassan gabashin Legas a filin da Oba Ojulari ya bayar A shekara ta 1852, an shata wannan yankin a matsayin mazaunan Brazil (abin da daga baya aka san shi da suna Popo Aguda). A wannan lokacin, Lagos babban birni ya bi halaye na kabilanci da al'adun da ke bayyane a cikin garin. 'Yan Saros din sun rayu ne a Olowogbowo, wani yanki a gefen yamma na tsibirin Lagos, Turawan sun rayu kuma sun yi ciniki a tsayin Marina kuma' yan asalin Lagos sun zauna a yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin tsibirin. A kusurwar yamma mafi kusurwa na yankin Brazil ya isa sassan gabashin Olowogbowo a Filin Tinubu, yayin da tsakiyar yankin yankin Brazil din shi ne Campos Square wanda aka sa wa sunan Cuban da ya dawo Hilario Campos. Sauran manyan titunan sun hada da Bamgbose da Tokunboh. A cikin ƙididdigar abubuwan da ke tattare da rikice-rikice sun bayyana, jama'ar ba su da alamun nuna ƙabilanci, kuma an sami ruwa a cikin ayyukan addini na mazauna. Popo Aguda kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci, tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar rarraba kayan da aka shigo dasu. Shugabanta, Onipopo, a yau yana jagorantar bukukuwa daban-daban na tunawa da ke faruwa a cikin kwata-kwata. Akwai kuma wata ƴar uwa ta zan ƙasar ta Brazil a cikin Ago Egba, yankin mulkin mallaka na Egba a cikin garin Legas, wanda yake a babban yankin Ebute Metta. Al'adu Wadanda suka dawo daga Brazil da zuriyarsu ta yau ana kiransu "Agudas" (daga kalma mara dacewa ta Portuguese don auduga da kyau fassara azaman ko "Amaro". Yawancinsu 'yan Katolika ne, amma wasu suna bautar Orishas na Afirka waɗanda suka kawo daga Brazil. Wasu daga cikin 'yan Aguda ma musulmai ne. Yawancin su har yanzu suna da sunayen Portuguese Wasu sunayen dangin Fotigal da aka saba dasu a Najeriya sun haɗa da Da Silveira, De Silva, De Souza, da Moreira. A cikin 1800s, babban rarrabewar rarrabuwa shine ta haihuwa, Agudas da aka kama daga Yammacin Afirka wadanda suka yi kaura zuwa Legas ana kiransu Papae ko Mamae kuma waɗanda aka haifa a Brazil sannan kuma aka dawo ana kiransu Yaya ko Yayo. Turawan Birtaniyya da suka hade da Legas a 1861 da kuma bunƙasa kasuwanci sun amfani al'umar Brazil. Tare da Saros, sun zama masu haɓaka burgesois Sun yi amfani da salon ado na yamma, dawakai na tsere da shirya waltzes, raye-rayen murabba'i da soirees na kida inda aka yi Molière. Koyaya, da lokaci da yawa sun fara rungumar al'adunsu kuma lokacin da 'ya'yan waɗanda suka dawo suka girma, sai suka zo suka rungumi Legas a matsayin gidansu. Haɗin garin na Legas wanda ya haifar da haɓakar wannan ajin ma ya zo ne tare da fahimtar cewa masu mulkin mallaka ba sa barin nan da nan kuma duk wani fata na kafa ajin siyasa ya dushe. 'Yan Brazil din sun fara kulla alaka da hukumomin gargajiya a Legas, yayin da wasu suka sabunta dangantaka da' yan Afirka a can bayan kasa ta hanyar wadata su da makamai. Agudas ya samar da makamai ga Ijeshas a yakin da suka yi da Ibadan. Farawa a cikin 1880s, da yawa sun fara canza sunayensu zuwa na Afirka yayin da aka kirkiro reliefungiyar Agaji ta Aurora don bincika al'adunsu. Abincin Agudas a farkon 1920s ya haɗa da abincin da ake ɗauka na Afirka a Bahia amma ana ɗaukarsa daban da waɗanda 'yan asalin tsibirin ke ci. Sun ci pirão de caranguejo a lokacin hutu kuma sun shirya (porridge) da (wake na madarar kwakwa) a matsayin kayan abinci. A harkar noma, wadanda suka dawo sun kuma yaɗa amfani da Rogo a matsayin amfanin gona. Agudas ya yi bikin Ista tare da fitowar Caretas ko adadi na burrinha a Epiphany da Nosso Senhor do Bonfim (Ubangijinmu na ƙarshe) wanda ke da alaƙa da Obatala an yi bikin a lokacin yuletide. Popo Aguda jama'a ce da ke da kusanci sosai kuma an san mazauna da iya tattalinsu da kuma ƙa'idodin aiki. Addini Mafi yawan 'yan Agudas mabiya ɗarikar Katolika ne, amma jama'ar yankin suna da adadi mai yawa na dangin musulmai da wadanda har yanzu suke bin addinin gargajiya. Bambancin addini ba shi da mahimmanci ko rarraba kamar yadda yake ga 'yan asalin Afirka, kuma suna jin daɗin yin aure daga ɗayan addinan uku. Kafin a gina katafaren cocin, an yi taro a cikin ginin gora a kan Broad St, filin da daga baya aka gina St Mary Convent. Firist na farko shi ne Padre Anthonio, shi ne mai kula da cocin Katolika kafin zuwan mishaneri na Faransa. Yin baftisma yana da mahimmanci ga jama'ar yankin kuma hakan ma wata hanya ce ta shiga yankin Aguda. Wani babban coci, an gama Holy Cross Pro-Cathedral a cikin 1881, wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar kuɗi daga ƙungiyar taron. An tsara shi don zama mafi mahimmancin tsari a cikin mulkin mallaka na Legas lokacin kammala shi. Asali an gina shi da hasumiya guda, bayan fewan shekaru bayan haka kuma an ƙara wata hasumiya tare da tsarin da ke kafa gicciyen gicciye tare da hasumiyoyi biyu. Agudas ne ya gina Cocin, amma mishanan Faransa ne suka lura da ginin. Daga cikin magina akwai rukuni na Francisco Nobre (wanda aka gina ɗayan hasumiyoyin), Balthazar dos Reis, João da Costa da Lázaro Borges da Silva (ƙwararren magina) tare da waɗanda suka koya musu aikin. Wannan rukuni kuma ya gina tsohon Masallacin Masallaci, wanda ake kira Jamiu Central Mosque. Ciniki Ciniki tsakanin Lagos da Brazil ya tashi a cikin 1860s kuma a 1869, Brazil ce ta uku mafi girma zuwa Lagos zuwa Lagos, ta kasance bayan Biritaniya sosai amma ta sha gaban Faransa. Wadanda suka dawo daga Legas suka mamaye kasuwancin tare da Brazil suka sayar da auduga, kayayyakin gargajiya da kayan goro ga ’yan Afirka a Bahia. Koyaya, wannan kasuwancin Transatlantic ya ragu a hankali kuma a farkon karni na ashirin babu kusan babu shi. Sun fara hidimar kasuwanci tare da Brazil a tsakiyar karni na sha tara amma a shekarun 1880, masu gasa masu lalata da kuma koma bayan tattalin arziki ya tilasta da yawa yin watsi da kasuwancin fitarwa. Noma ba da daɗewa ba aikin gona ya zama hanya don haɓaka guntun aiki a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki. Kafin koma baya, yan kasuwa da yawa sun sami wadata kuma sun zama sanannun iyalai a cikin garin na Legas. Irin wadannan magabatan sun hada da Angelo Campos, Esan da Rocha da Joaquim Branco (wadanda aka fara zama a Dahomey) wadanda suka sami damar daukar nauyin 'ya'yansu don karin ilimi a Bahia, Havana ko Turai. A cikin Bahia, Afro-Brazilawa sun kafa yawancin ƙwararrun ƙwadago, Aguda da suka dawo sun kawo ƙwarewar kasuwanci da suka ƙware a Bahia kuma sun gwammace koyawa yaransu sana'a ko sana'ar hannu kamar masan, aikin kafinta ko ɗinki. Wasu sun yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na kamfanonin ciniki na Turai. A cikin 1897, daga cikin ƙwararrun masanan Aguda 96 da aka lissafa a cikin kundin adireshi, 11 sun kasance magina ne da magina, 6 magina ne, tela 9, masassaƙa 21, magatakarda 17 da kuma yan kasuwa 24 Wanda ke kan gaba a kera suttura a Legas Victoria shine Yaya Clemencia Guinaries. Har ila yau, 'yan kasar ta Brazil da ke cinikin kayayyaki sun kuma samu fa'idar amfani da alakar da ke tsakanin su da garuruwan su na asali don tsallake hanyoyin kasuwanci na gargajiya ta hanyar bude hanyoyi kai tsaye daga Legas zuwa cikin gida da kuma yin biris da biranen kasuwar gargajiya da matsakaita. Baya ga fataucin kayayyaki, saka hannun jari cikin kadarori ya kasance ruwan dare tsakanin iyalai masu wadata. Gine-gine Gine-ginen Brasil a Najeriya kyauta ne na dubban slavesancin bayi da suka dawo gida a cikin ƙarni na 19. Horar da matsayin kafintoci, cabinetmakers, magina, da bricklayers a Brazil, da tsohon bayi sun musamman a zahiri gwani sana'a kuma aka san su da exuberant da kuma abinda ya shafi style a kan doorways, haske fentin facades da chunky kankare ginshikan wanda aka kafe a cikin Baroque styles rare a Brazil a cikin ƙarni na 18. A farkon 1800 Lagos, babban tsarin gine-ginen shine gidajen laka da gidaje tare da shinge ta amfani da ciyawar ganye a matsayin rufi; waɗannan gidajen galibi an kasasu gida-gida don rike dangin dangi. Gidan Oba da sarakuna sun fi girma, suna da manyan farfajiyoyi, ginshiƙai da baka, haɗuwa da salon Turawa da na asali. Tasirin Turawa ya samo asali ne a lokacin mulkin Oba Akinsemoyin wanda ya gayyaci masu bautar Fotigal zuwa Lagos, kuma bayin sun sake gyara fadarsa ta amfani da tubalin da aka shigo da su daga Fotigal don tsari da farantin rufin rufi. A cikin 1830s, hijirar waɗanda suka dawo daga ƙasarsu ta sake canza salon ginin. Sakamakon tasirin tsarin gidan mulkin mallaka na Brazil, sun gabatar da sabon salon gine-gine zuwa Lagos wanda ba da daɗewa ba attajirai masu hannu da shuni suka rungume shi. Tsarin gine-ginen Brazil ya zama sananne a Tsibirin Lagos a ƙarshen karni na 19. Gine-ginen gidaje ne masu hawa daya da aka gina don mazauna masu matsakaici kuma wasu kuma hawa biyu ko uku ne masu kyan gani (sobrados) waɗanda aka gina don abokan arziƙi. Gine-ginen benaye da aka ware sun ba da daraja ga masu su. An gina su da rufaffiyar tagogi, suna da sarari tsakanin saman bango da rufin kuma tare da mahadi. Falon ƙasa yawanci ana buɗe shi zuwa kan titi kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman ajiya, kantin sayarwa ko gidaje taimakon gida. Gidajen an gina su ne don dangin nukiliya sabanin tsarin dangi na tsarin gine-ginen Yarbawa na farko. Wannan salon ya shahara a tsohuwar Legas a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara da ashirin amma yayin da birni ya haɓaka, da yawa daga cikin gidajen an sake fasalta su ko rushe su don ba da damar manyan gidaje. Gine-ginen tarihi Gidan mashaya na Hephzhi: An kammala wannan gidan a shekarar 1924. Gidajan PH Williams ne, wani ɗan kasuwar Legas wanda iyayensa suka koma Afirka daga Trinidad lokacin yana ƙarami. Gidan bene ne mai hawa uku wanda Herbert Macaulay ya tsara Ofar ta buɗe zuwa babban hanyar da za ta kai baƙi zuwa falo, ɗakuna biyu da ke kusa da juna sun kasance a gefe. Matakalar katako tana hawa bene tare da tsari iri ɗaya kamar ƙasa a ƙasa amma tare da ƙananan hanyoyi da ɗakuna. Tagayen suna da girma kuma suna gefen duka ginin da kuma bayan ginin. Holy Cross Cathedral Wannan ita ce Cocin Katolika na farko kuma cocin farko na tubali da aka gina a Legas. Ginin an fara shi ne a 1878 kuma a ƙarshe aka kammala shi a 1880. Bayyanannun tsarin gicciye ne tare da naves na hanya, transepts da hasumiyoyi biyu. Kodayake ma'aikatan Brazil sun fi son salon baroque, mishanaran Faransa waɗanda suka kula da gini sun sanya salon Gothic da aka yi amfani da shi. Bayan shekaru masu yawa, an rusa hasumiyoyin biyu kuma an fadada ƙarshen Gabas. Gidan Ruwa Wannan gidan ne Joao Esan da Rocha ya gina sannan kuma ɗansa, Candido ya faɗaɗa shi. An kira shi Gidan Ruwa ne saboda Joao Esan ya haƙa rijiya a bayan gidan wanda aka yi amfani da shi don sayar da ruwan bututu ga 'yan Legas. Ya so a gina gidan a cikin salo irin na gidan da yake zaune a Bahia bayan da ya sami kulawa sosai karin yan uwa. Manazarta Al'ada Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun Najeriya Mutanen Najeriya Mutanen

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93atar%20%C6%99asa

Gurɓatar ƙasa

Gurɓatar ƙasa, ƙazantar ƙasa, ko ƙazantar ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na lalacewar ƙasa yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar sinadarai na xenobiotic (wanda ɗan adam ya yi) ko wani canji a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan masana'antu, sinadarai na aikin gona ko zubar da sharar da bai dace ba. Mafi yawan sinadaran da ke tattare da su sune man fetur hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (kamar naphthalene da benzo (a) pyrene kaushi, magungunan kashe qwari, gubar, da sauran ƙananan karafa An haɗu da gurɓatawa tare da ƙimar masana'antu da ƙarfin abubuwan sinadarai. Damuwa game da gurɓacewar ƙasa ya samo asali ne daga haɗarin lafiya, daga hulɗar kai tsaye tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa, tururi daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, ko kuma daga gurɓacewar ruwa na biyu a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Taswirar wuraren gurɓataccen ƙasa da sakamakon tsaftacewa suna ɗaukar lokaci da ayyuka masu tsada, kuma suna buƙatar gwaninta a cikin ilimin geology, hydrology, sunadarai, ƙirar kwamfuta, da GIS a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli, da kuma godiya ga tarihin sunadarai na wasu masana'antu. A Arewacin kasar Amurka da Yammacin Turai an fi sanin girman gurɓataccen ƙasa, tare da kuma yawancin ƙasashe a waɗannan yankuna suna da tsarin doka don ganowa da magance wannan matsalar muhalli. Kasashe masu tasowa ba su da ka'ida sosai duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun sami ci gaban masana'antu. Dalilai Ana iya samun haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa ta abubuwan da ke biyowa (jerin da ba ya ƙarewa) Microplastics Mai ya zube Ma'adinai da ayyukan da sauran manyan masana'antu Zubewar haɗari na iya faruwa yayin ayyuka, da sauransu. Lalacewar tankunan ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (ciki har da bututun da ake amfani da su don watsa abubuwan da ke ciki) Ruwan acid Noma mai zurfi Agrochemicals, irin su magungunan kashe qwari, herbicides da takin mai magani Petrochemicals Hadarin masana'antu Barazanar hanya Magudanar da gurbataccen ruwan saman cikin ƙasa Harsasai, sinadarai masu guba, da sauran abubuwan yaƙi Sharar gida Zubar da mai da mai Sharar da makaman nukiliya Fitar da sharar masana'antu kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa Zubar da najasa Kisan shara da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba Kwal ash Sharar gida An gurɓace da duwatsu masu ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na abubuwa masu guba Pb ya gurɓata saboda shaye-shayen abin hawa, Cd, da Zn wanda lalacewan taya ya haifar. Lalacewa ta hanyar ƙarfafa gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar ƙona albarkatun burbushin halittu. Duk wani aiki da ke haifar da wasu nau'ikan lalacewar ƙasa zaizayar ƙasa tattarawa, da dai sauransu) na iya ƙara tsananta tasirin gurɓataccen abu a kaikaice a cikin wannan gyaran ƙasa ya zama mai matuƙar wahala. Ajiye tokar kwal a tarihi da ake amfani da shi don zama, kasuwanci, da dumama masana'antu, da kuma hanyoyin masana'antu kamar narka tama, sun kasance tushen gurɓata da yawa a wuraren da aka haɓaka masana'antu kafin kusan shekarata 1960. Coal a dabi'ance yana maida hankali da gubar da zinc yayin samuwarsa, da kuma sauran karafa masu nauyi zuwa karami. Lokacin da gawayi ya ƙone, yawancin waɗannan karafa suna taruwa a cikin toka (babban abin da ya rage shi ne mercury). Coal toka da slag na iya ƙunsar isasshiyar gubar don cancanta a matsayin sharar da ke da haɗari", wanda aka ayyana a cikin Amurka kamar yadda ya ƙunshi fiye da 5 mg/l na gubar cirewa ta amfani da hanyar TCLP Baya ga gubar, kwal ash yawanci yana ƙunshe da madaidaicin amma mahimman ma'auni na hydrocarbons na polynuclear aromatic (PAHs; misali, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, indeno (cd) pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene, da sauransu). Waɗannan PAHs sanannu ne na ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam kuma yawan adadin su a cikin ƙasa yawanci kusan 1 ne. mg/kg. Ana iya gane tokar kwal da slag ta kasancewar ƙwaya mara-fari a cikin ƙasa, ƙasa mai launin toka mai launin toka, ko (ƙwanƙarar kwal) mai kumfa, hatsi masu girman dutsen vesicular. Magance sludge na najasa, wanda aka sani a masana'antu a matsayin biosolids, ya zama mai jayayya a matsayin taki Da yake shi ne sakamakon maganin najasa, gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙarin gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma magungunan kashe qwari, da ƙarfe masu nauyi fiye da sauran ƙasa. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Dokar Kula da Sharar Ruwa ta Birane ta ba da damar fesa najasa a ƙasa. Ana sa ran adadin zai ninka zuwa tan 185,000 na busassun daskararru a cikin shekarata 2005. Wannan yana da kyawawan kaddarorin noma saboda babban abun ciki na nitrogen da phosphate A cikin Shekarun 1990/1991, an fesa jika 13% akan 0.13% na ƙasar; duk da haka, ana sa ran wannan zai tashi sau 15 nan da shekarata 2005. bukatar sabuntawa Masu ba da shawara ya ce akwai buƙatar sarrafa wannan don kada ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa su shiga cikin darussan ruwa da kuma tabbatar da cewa babu tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi a saman ƙasa. Maganin kashe kwari da ciyawa Maganin kashe qwari wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi don kashe kwaro. Maganin kashe qwari na iya zama sinadari, wakili na halitta (kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta), maganin rigakafi, maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta ko na'urar da ake amfani da ita ga kowace kwaro. Ƙwararrun sun haɗa da kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta na tsire-tsire, ciyawa, mollusks, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, nematodes (roundworms) da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke yin gasa da mutane don abinci, lalata dukiya, yadawa ko kuma su ne cututtukan cututtuka ko haifar da damuwa. Ko da yake ma akwai fa'idodi ga amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, akwai kuma nakasu, kamar yuwuwar cutar da mutane da sauran halittu. Ana amfani da maganin ciyawa don kashe ciyayi, musamman a kan titina da layin dogo. Sun yi kama da auxins kuma yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa suna iya lalata su. Koyaya, rukuni ɗaya da aka samo daga trinitrotoluene (2: 4 D da 2: 4: 5 T) suna da dioxin na ƙazanta, wanda yake da guba sosai kuma yana haifar da mutuwa ko da a cikin ƙananan ƙima. Wani maganin ciyawa shine Paraquat Yana da guba sosai amma yana saurin raguwa a cikin ƙasa saboda aikin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma baya kashe namun ƙasa. Ana amfani da maganin kashe kwari don kawar da kwari daga gonakin da ke lalata amfanin gona da aka shuka. Kwarin yana lalata ba kawai amfanin gona da ke tsaye ba har da wanda aka adana kuma a cikin wurare masu zafi an yi la'akari da cewa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar abin da ake nomawa ya ɓace yayin ajiyar abinci. Kamar yadda yake tare da fungicides, magungunan kashe qwari na farko da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarni na sha tara ba su da tushe misali. Paris Green da sauran mahadi na arsenic An kuma yi amfani da nicotine tun daga ƙarshen karni na sha takwas. Yanzu akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na maganin kwari na roba 1. Organochlorines sun haɗa da DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin da BHC. Suna da arha don samarwa, masu ƙarfi da tsayin daka. An yi amfani da DDT akan ma'auni mai girma daga shekarun 1930, tare da kololuwar tan 72,000 da aka yi amfani da su a shekarata 1970. Sannan amfani ya faɗi yayin da aka gane illolin muhalli masu cutarwa. An samo shi a duniya a cikin kifi da tsuntsaye kuma an gano shi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Antarctic Yana da ɗan narkewa a cikin ruwa amma yana narkewa sosai a cikin jini. Yana shafar tsarin juyayi da tsarin endocrin kuma yana haifar da kwai na tsuntsaye don rasa sinadarin calcium yana sa su zama masu saurin karyewa. Ana tunanin shine ke da alhakin raguwar adadin tsuntsayen ganima kamar ospreys da pergrine falcons a cikin shekarar 1950s yanzu suna murmurewa. Haka kuma ƙara yawan maida hankali ta hanyar sarkar abinci, an san shi yana shiga ta hanyar membranes masu lalacewa, don haka kifaye suna samun ta cikin gills. Da yake yana da ƙarancin narkewar ruwa, yana ƙoƙarin tsayawa a saman ruwa, don haka kwayoyin da ke zaune a wurin sun fi shafa. DDT da aka samu a cikin kifin da ya zama wani ɓangare na jerin abinci na ɗan adam ya haifar da damuwa, to amma kuma matakan da aka samu a cikin hanta, koda da nama na kwakwalwa bai wuce 1 ppm ba kuma a cikin mai ya kai 10 ppm, wanda ke ƙasa da matakin da zai iya haifar da lahani. Koyaya, an dakatar da DDT a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka don dakatar da haɓakar sa a cikin sarkar abinci. Masana'antun Amurka sun ci gaba da sayar da DDT ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ba za su iya samun tsadar sinadarai masu tsada ba kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin da ke kula da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. 2. Organophosphates, misali parathion, methyl parathion da kuma sauran 40 sauran kwari suna samuwa a cikin ƙasa. Parathion yana da guba sosai, methyl-parathion ya yi ƙasa da haka kuma ana ɗaukar Malathion gabaɗaya lafiya saboda yana da ƙarancin guba kuma yana rushewa cikin sauri a cikin hanta mammalian. Wannan rukuni yana aiki ta hanyar hana watsawar jijiya na al'ada kamar yadda aka hana cholinesterase daga rushewa mai watsawa acetylcholine, wanda ke haifar da motsin tsoka mara sarrafawa. Wakilan yaki Zubar da alburusai, da rashin kulawa wajen kera alburusai da gaggawar kerawa ke haifarwa, na iya gurɓata ƙasa na tsawon lokaci. Amman Babu wata shaida kaɗan da aka buga akan wannan nau'in gurɓataccen abu musamman saboda takunkumin da gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa suka sanya akan buga abubuwan da suka shafi ƙoƙarin yaƙi. Duk da haka, gas ɗin mustard da aka adana a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya gurɓata wasu wurare har tsawon shekaru 50 da gwajin Anthrax a matsayin makamin kwayoyin halitta ya gurɓata dukan tsibirin Gruinard Lafiyar dan Adam Hanyoyin fallasa Gurbatacciyar ƙasa ko gurɓatacciyar ƙasa tana shafar lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye ta hanyar tuntuɓar ƙasa kai tsaye ko ta shakar gurɓataccen ƙasa wanda ya yi tururi; Akwai yuwuwar barazana mafi girma ta hanyar kutsawa daga cikin gurɓacewar ƙasa a cikin magudanan ruwa na ƙasa da ake amfani da su don amfanin ɗan adam, wani lokaci a wuraren da ake ganin ba su da nisa daga duk wani tushen gurɓacewar ƙasa a sama. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa Yawancin bayyanar da haɗari ne, kuma fallasa na iya faruwa ta hanyar: Shigar ƙura ko ƙasa kai tsaye Ci abinci ko kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin ƙasa maras kyau ko tare da abincin da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen abu Alamar fata tare da ƙura ko ƙasa Tururi daga ƙasa Shakar ƙura yayin aiki a cikin ƙasa ko yanayin iska Duk da haka, wasu nazarin sun kiyasta cewa kashi 90% na fallasa su ta hanyar cin gurɓataccen abinci ne. Sakamako Sakamakon lafiya daga kamuwa da gurɓacewar ƙasa ya bambanta sosai ya danganta da nau'in gurɓataccen abu, hanyar kai hari da raunin mutanen da aka fallasa. Bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum ga chromium, gubar da sauran karafa, man fetur, masu kaushi, da magungunan kashe qwari da Kuma magungunan herbicide da yawa na iya zama carcinogenic, na iya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa, ko kuma zai iya haifar da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a masana'antu ko na mutum, kamar nitrate da ammonia da ke da alaƙa da takin dabbobi daga ayyukan aikin gona, an kuma gano su a matsayin haɗarin lafiya a cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa. Bayyanuwa na yau da kullun ga benzene a isassun yawa an san yana da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar sankarar bargo. An san Mercury da cyclodienes don haifar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa na lalacewar koda da wasu cututtuka marasa jurewa. PCBs da cyclodienes suna da alaƙa da gubar hanta. Organophosphates da carbonates na iya haifar da sarkar martani da ke haifar da toshewar neuromuscular Yawancin chlorinated kaushi yana haifar da canje-canjen hanta, canjin koda da damuwa na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Akwai nau'i-nau'i na ƙarin illolin kiwon lafiya kamar ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, gajiya, ciwon ido da kurjin fata don abubuwan da aka ambata a sama da sauran sinadarai. A isassun allurai, adadin gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar saduwa ta kai tsaye, shaka ko sha da gurɓatacce a cikin ruwan ƙasa da aka gurbata ta ƙasa baki daya. Gwamnatin Scotland ta umurci Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Ma'aikata ta gudanar da nazarin hanyoyin da za a tantance haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa. Babban manufar aikin shine a samar da jagora wanda yakamata ya zama mai amfani ga Hukumomin Yankin Scotland wajen tantance ko shafuka suna wakiltar babbar yuwuwar cutarwa (SPOSH) ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ana sa ran cewa fitowar aikin zai zama ɗan gajeren takarda da ke ba da jagora mai girma game da kimanta haɗarin lafiya tare da la'akari da jagorar da aka buga da kuma hanyoyin da aka gano a matsayin masu dacewa da taimako. Aikin zai bincika yadda aka samar da jagororin manufofi don ƙayyade yarda da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da kuma ba da shawarar hanyar da za a iya yin la'akari da abin da ke tattare da hadarin da ba a yarda da shi ba daidai da ka'idojin SPOSH kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin doka da Jagorar a ciki Dokokin Scotland. Tasirin muhalli Ba zato ba tsammani, gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yanayin halittu. Akwai sauye-sauyen sinadarai na ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya tasowa daga kasancewar sinadarai masu haɗari da yawa ko da a ƙarancin ƙarancin nau'in gurɓataccen yanayi. Duk Wadannan canje-canje na iya bayyanawa a cikin canjin canjin ƙwayoyin cuta na endemic microorganisms da arthropods mazauna a cikin yanayin ƙasa da aka ba. To Amman Sakamakon zai iya zama share wasu daga cikin sarkar abinci na farko, wanda hakan na iya haifar da babban sakamako ga mafarauta ko nau'in mabukaci. Ko da tasirin sinadarai kan ƙananan sifofin rayuwa kaɗan ne, ƙananan matakan pyramid na sarkar abinci na iya shigar da sinadarai na baƙon, wanda yawanci ya fi maida hankali ga kowane nau'in sarkar abinci. Yawancin waɗannan illolin yanzu an san su sosai, kamar tattara kayan DDT na dindindin ga masu amfani da jiragen ruwa, wanda ke haifar da rauni na bawo, ƙara yawan mace-macen kaji da yuwuwar bacewar nau'ikan. Tasirin yana faruwa ga filayen noma waɗanda ke da wasu nau'ikan gurɓataccen ƙasa. Abubuwan gurɓatawa galibi suna canza canjin shuka, galibi suna haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Wannan yana da tasiri na biyu akan kiyaye ƙasa, tunda albarkatun gona masu lalacewa ba za su iya kare ƙasan ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa ba To Sai Dai Wasu daga cikin waɗannan gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tsawon rabin rayuwa kuma a wasu lokuta ana samun wasu sinadarai masu tasowa daga ruɓar gurɓataccen ƙasa na farko. Mahimman tasirin gurɓatawa ga ayyukan ƙasa Karafa masu nauyi sosai da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya yin illa ga aiki, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da yawa na ƙasa, don haka suna barazanar ayyukan ƙasa kamar hawan keke na carbon da nitrogen. Koyaya, gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma na iya zama ƙasa da samuwa ta lokaci, kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da tsarin halittu zasu iya dacewa da yanayin da suka canza. Kaddarorin ƙasa kamar pH, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta da rubutu suna da mahimmanci sosai kuma suna canza motsi, haɓakar halittu da gubar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Adadin gurɓataccen abu ɗaya na iya zama mai guba a cikin ƙasa ɗaya to amma gaba ɗaya mara lahani a wata ƙasa. Wannan yana jaddada buƙatar tantance takamaiman kasada da matakan ƙasa. Zaɓuɓɓukan tsaftacewa Masana kimiyyar muhalli ne ke nazarin tsaftacewa ko gyaran muhalli waɗanda ke amfani da ma'aunin sinadarai na ƙasa kuma suna amfani da samfuran kwamfuta GIS in Environmental Contamination to Amman Duk DA yake don nazarin jigilar kayayyaki da makomar sinadarai na ƙasa. An ƙirƙiro fasahohi iri-iri don gyara ƙasa da gurɓataccen mai Akwai manyan dabaru da yawa don gyarawa: Cire ƙasa kuma ɗauka zuwa wurin zubarwa daga shirye-shiryen hanyoyin don tuntuɓar yanayin muhalli ko ɗan adam. Wannan dabara kuma ta shafi ɗigon laka mai ɗauke da guba. Iskar ƙasa a wurin da aka gurbata (tare da haɗarin haifar da gurɓataccen iska Gyaran zafin jiki ta hanyar gabatar da zafi don ɗaga yanayin zafi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa sosai don daidaita gurɓataccen sinadarai daga cikin ƙasa don hakar tururi. Fasaha sun haɗa da ISTD, wutar lantarki juriya dumama (ERH), da ET-DSP. Bioremediation, hade da ƙwayoyin cuta narkewa na wasu kwayoyin halitta. Dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bioremediation sun haɗa da aikin gonakin ƙasa, biostimulation da bioaugmentating ƙasa biota tare da samun microflora na kasuwanci. Cire ruwan ƙasa ko tururin ƙasa tare da tsarin lantarki mai aiki, tare da cire gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka cire daga baya. Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa (kamar ta hanyar rufewa ko shimfidawa a wuri). Phytoremediation, ko amfani da tsire-tsire (kamar willow) don fitar da karafa masu nauyi. Mycoremediation, ko amfani da naman gwari don daidaita gurɓatattun abubuwa da tara ƙarfe masu nauyi. Gyaran gurɓataccen mai mai gurbataccen ruwa tare da ruɗewar iska mai ruɗewa Surfactant leaching Ta ƙasa Ma'auni daban-daban na ƙasa don tattara abubuwan gurɓatawa na musamman sun haɗa da Manufofin Gyaran Farko na Yankin EPA 9 (US PRGs), Yankin EPA na ƙasar Amurka 3 Risk Based Concentrations (US EPA RBCs) da Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasa na Jagoran Ostiraliya kan Matakan Bincike a cikin ƙasa da Ruwan karkashin kasa. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Babban ci gaban da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin ta samu tun daga shekarun 1970 ya haifar da tsadar farashi daga kasar sakamakon karuwar gurbatar yanayi. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Muhalli ta yi imanin cewa barazana ce ga muhalli, ga lafiyar abinci da kuma noma mai dorewa. Wani samfurin kimiya ya nuna cewa, an gurbata muhallin mu miliyan 150 (kilomita murabba'in 100,000) na kasar Sin da aka noma, inda aka yi amfani da gurbataccen ruwa wajen ban ruwa fiye da murabba'in mu miliyan 32.5 (kilomita murabba'i 21,670) da kuma wani murabba'in mu miliyan 2 (kilomita 1,300). ko lalata ta da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida. Gabaɗaya, yankin ya kai kashi ɗaya bisa goma na ƙasar da ake nomawa a ƙasar Sin, kuma ya fi yawa a yankunan da suka sami ci gaban tattalin arziki. Kimanin tan miliyan har 12 na hatsi na gurɓatar da karafa mai nauyi a kowace shekara, yana haifar da asarar yuan biliyan 20 kai tsaye (dalar Amurka biliyan 2.57). Tarayyar Turai Dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga ƙasashe membobin, a cikin Tarayyar Turai adadin da aka kiyasta yiwuwar gurɓataccen wuraren ya fi miliyan 2.5 da wuraren da aka gano gurɓatattun wuraren kusan 342 dubu. Sharar gida da masana'antu suna ba da gudummawa mafi yawa ga gurɓacewar ƙasa (38%), sai kuma fannin masana'antu/kasuwanci (34%). Man ma'adinai da ƙarfe masu nauyi sosai sune manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda ke taimakawa kusan kashi 60% ga gurɓacewar ƙasa. Ta fuskar kasafin kudi, ana kiyasin kula da gurbacewar muhallin zai kai kusan Yuro biliyan 6 duk shekara. Ƙasar Ingila Jagorar gamayya da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin Ƙasar Ingila sune Ƙimar Jagorar ƙasa da Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA) da Hukumar Muhalli suka buga. Waɗannan dabi'u ne na nunawa waɗanda ke nuna ƙaramin matakin abin karɓa. Sama da wannan ba za a iya samun tabbaci dangane da gagarumin haɗarin cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam ba. An samo waɗannan ta amfani da Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙasa (CLEA UK). Wasu sigogin shigarwa kamar Kimar Ma'aunin Lafiya, shekaru da amfani da ƙasa ana ciyar da su cikin CLEA UK don samun fitowar mai yiwuwa. Jagorar da Kwamitin Sashe na Internation na Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙasa (ICRCL) ya yi watsi da shi a hukumance ta DEFRA, don amfani da shi azaman takaddun shaida don sanin yiwuwar buƙatar gyara ko ƙarin daraja. Samfurin CLEA da DEFRA da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli (EA) suka buga a cikin Maris 2002 ya tsara tsarin da ya dace don kimanta haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, kamar yadda Sashe na IIIA na Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 1990 ta buƙata. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin, a halin yanzu an samo manyan Jigon Jagoran Ƙasa na Ƙimar Ƙasa (SGVs) don gurɓatawa guda goma da za a yi amfani da su azaman "ƙimar sa baki" Wadannan dabi'u bai kamata a dauki su azaman maƙasudin gyara ba amma ƙimar da ke sama da waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da ƙarin ƙima; duba ka'idojin Dutch An samar da nau'ikan CLEA SGVs guda uku don amfanin ƙasa daban-daban guda uku, wato: wurin zama (tare da kuma ba tare da ɗaukar shuka ba) rabo kasuwanci/masana'antu Ana nufin SGVs su maye gurbin tsoffin ƙimar ICRCL. CLEA SGVs suna da alaƙa da tantance haɗarin na yau da kullun (dogon lokaci) ga lafiyar ɗan adam kuma ba sa amfani da kariya ga ma'aikatan ƙasa yayin gini, ko wasu yuwuwar masu karɓa kamar ruwan ƙasa, gine-gine, tsirrai ko sauran yanayin muhalli. CLEA SGVs ba su da amfani kai tsaye ga wani rukunin da aka rufe gaba ɗaya cikin tauri, saboda babu wata hanyar fallasa kai tsaye zuwa gurɓataccen ƙasa. Har zuwa yau, an buga goma na farko na SGVs masu gurɓata guda hamsin da biyar, don masu zuwa: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury inorganic, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene. An samar da Draft SGVs na benzene, naphthalene da xylene amma ana ci gaba da buga su. An buga bayanan Toxicological (Tox) ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa da kuma na benzo[a] pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans da dioxin-kamar PCBs, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane da 1, 1,1,2 tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachlorethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane da xylene. SGVs na ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene sun dogara ne akan abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa (SOM) (wanda za'a iya ƙididdige shi daga jimlar kwayoyin carbon (TOC) abun ciki). A matsayin allo na farko ana ɗaukar SGVs na 1% SOM sun dace. Kanada As of February 2021, there are a total of 2,500 plus contaminated sites in Canada. One infamous contaminated sited is located near a nickel-copper smelting site in Sudbury, Ontario. A study investigating the heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of the smelter reveals that elevated levels of nickel and copper were found in the soil; values going as high as 5,104ppm Ni, and 2,892 ppm Cu within a 1.1 km range of the smelter location. Other metals were also found in the soil; such metals include iron, cobalt, and silver. Furthermore, upon examining the different vegetation surrounding the smelter it was evident that they too had been affected; the results show that the plants contained nickel, copper and aluminium as a result of soil contamination. Indiya A cikin Maris shekarata 2009, batun gubar Uranium a Punjab ya ja hankalin manema labarai. An yi zargin cewa ta faru ne sakamakon tafkunan tokar kuda na tashoshin wutar lantarki, wadanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna haifar da lahani mai tsanani ga yara a yankunan na Faridkot da Bhatinda na Punjab Rahotannin labarai sun yi iƙirarin cewa matakan uranium sun fi ninki 60 iyakar aminci. A cikin shekarata 2012, Gwamnatin Indiya ta tabbatar da cewa ruwan ƙasa a cikin Malwa bel na Punjab yana da ƙarfe na uranium wanda ya kai kashi 50% sama da iyakokin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gindaya. Nazarin kimiyya, bisa sama da samfurori 1000 daga wuraren samfuri daban-daban, ba za su iya gano tushen tashi da toka ba da duk wata tushe daga masana'antar wutar lantarki ko masana'antu kamar yadda ake zargi da farko. Sannan Kuma Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan sinadarin Uranium a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa na gundumar Malwa bai ninka adadin da WHO ta kayyade ba sau 60, amma kashi 50% ne kawai ke sama da iyakar WHO a wurare 3. Wannan mafi girman maida hankali da aka samu a cikin samfuran bai kai wanda aka samu a cikin ruwa na ƙasa a halin yanzu da ake amfani da shi don dalilai na ɗan adam a wasu wurare, kamar Finland Ana ci gaba da bincike don gano abubuwan halitta ko wasu hanyoyin samar da uranium. Duba wasu abubuwan Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta Portal don sarrafa ƙasa da ruwa a Turai Ƙofar bayanai mai zaman kanta ta asali ta samo asali daga Hukumar Turai don batutuwan da suka shafi ƙasa da ruwa, gami da gurɓataccen ƙasa, ƙasa da sarrafa ruwa. Portal Soil Portal na Turai: Gurɓatar ƙasa A matakin EU, batun gurɓataccen wuraren gurɓatattun wurare gurɓacewar ƙasa) da gurɓataccen ƙasa (ƙasar da ke yaduwa) an yi la'akari da shi ta: Cibiyar Bayanan ƙasa ta Turai (ESDAC). Labari kan gurbatar ƙasa a China Arsenic a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa Littafin akan arsenic a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa ta IAH's Netherlands Chapter da Netherlands Hydrological Society Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52475

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bori%20Da%20Girka

Bori Da Girka

Bori Da Girka Bori Wata hanƴa ce ta bautar Iskoki, kamar yadda Musulmai ke bautar Allah (SWT) da nufin neman biyan buƙata. Bunza 1990, Haka kuma Bori wata daɗaɗɗiyar al’ada ce da ake yi a ƙasar Hausa tun kafin zuwan addinin Musulunci. Hanya ce da ake bi wajen bautar iskoki a matsayin addini. Domin nema da samun dukkan buƙatu daga Aljanu ko Iskoki. [{https://amsoshi.com}] Masu riƙo da wannan al’ada ta Bori, sun yarda kuma sun amince cewa bautar irin waɗannan Iskoki ita ce hanƴar samun duk wani magani ga marasa lafiya ko masu lalura. Uba 2006:304 Sai dai sharuɗan dake cikin wannan addini na Bori shi ne, dole ne sai ka kasance kana da Iskoki da suke a kan ka ko kan ki, kafin ka zamo Ɗan Bori. Idan kuma kana da sha’awar ka shiga wannan addini kuma baka da irin waɗancan Iskoki, sai ka zauna da manƴan Sarakunan Bori da manƴan Bokaye a girka ka, kafin ka samu shiga cikin irin wannan addini. Haka kuma Bunza, (2006:25) Ya raba Bori ya zuwa kashi huɗu kamar haka: 1- Borin Fage 2- Borin magani 3- Borin giri 4- Borin girka Bambancin Bori da Tsafi Bori wata dabarar warkarwa ce da bokaye suka yi fice da ita. Da Musulunci ya bayyana a ƙasar Hausa ya tarar da ƴan bori ne jagororin al’umma. Da aka rinjaye su, suka miƙa wuya karkace. Kasancewarsu cikin summa kafaru summa amanu sai bori da Musulunci suka cakuɗe wuri ɗaya Musuluncin, sai bori ya koma barbarar yanyawa. Taho-mu-gaman aƙidojin addinin Musulunci da aƙidojin bori ya sa da wuya a tantance kama da wane ba wane ba ne. Bori ba addini ba ne, wata hidima ce da wasu ‘yan tsiraru ke yi wa iskoki tsakanin ƙarya da gaskiya, har abin ya bi jikinsu da hankalinsu suka ɗabi’antu da ɗabi’aɗaya da ake iya rarrabe su da sauran wasu ba su ba (Bunza, 2016:37). Tsafi yana nufin bin wasu hanyoyi na gargajiya musamman yi wa iskoki hidima da yanka da bauta domin biyan wata buƙata ko samun wani amfani ko tunkuɗe wata cuta. Hidima a nan, tana nufin yi musu wasu ayyuka ko taimaka musu da abinci ko wasu abubuwa (Bunza, 2006:35). Shi kuma, Gobir (2013:370) yana ganin cewa ƴanbori suna cikin nau’i na bokaye a ƙasar Hausa, domin duk wani ƙasurgumin boka daga bori ya fara. ‘Yanbori su suka fi hulɗa da Iskoki, musamman miyagu masu haddasa ciwon hauka da sauran rashin lafiya. Hanyoyin bayar da magungunansu su ne ta fuskar wasan bori da girka. Asali da Dalili Ƴanbori da Matsafa kan yi sanƴa wasu sunaye, musamman na aljanu domin girmamawa da kuma camfi a yanayi na tsoron kar su cutar da su, ko kuma, domin neman biyan buƙata da waɗannan aljanu da sukan sanƴa sunayensu. Da kuma dalili na nisanta kai da cutarwa da kuma dangantankar aljanun da magani da kuma waraka. Girka Wannan na nufin kafe wani abu ko ɗora wani abu a kan wani da nufin a zaunar da wannan abin akan wani. Za a iya tabbatar da wannan ma’ana idan aka dubi Kalmar ‘Girki’. Kowa ya san cewa idan aka ce “Furera tana yin girki”. Abin da mutum zai sa ran ya gani shi ne, ya ga an ɗora tukunya a kan murhu ana dafa abinci. Waccan ɗora tukunƴar da ake yi a kan murhu, ita ce girkawar. Amma a harshen Bori idan aka ce ‘girka’ ana nufin zaunar da wasu gungun Aljanu ko Iskoki a kan wani Bil’adama da nufin su saba da shi su riƙa yi masa hidima, ta fuskar bayar da magungunan dukkan cututtuka. Sannan girka na daga cikin lamura masu wahalar aiwatarwa a cikin aikin Bori, domin sai an tanadi kayayyakin da za a yi amfani da su a wannan aiki na girka. Hakan ta sa ba a iya yin girka a lokaci guda. Kuma dole sai an yi tarayya da juna, wato mutum guda ba zai iya aiwatar da girka shi kaɗai ba. Bahaushen Girka Waƙar Bahaushen Girka wadda Sulaiman Ahmad Tijjani (Farfesan Waƙa) wadda yayi Waƙar Bahaushen Girka, waƙa ce da a cikin ta mawaƙin ya zayyano ma’anar Bori da kuma Ɗan Bori. Da irin zurga-zurgar da ake yi kafin a zama Ɗan Bori. Har ya kwatanta shi da ‘Hurtumin Sa’ wato irin artabu da ake yi da gawurtattun Shanu. Da irin yadda suke dalalar da yawu mai yauƙi da kumfa kamar dai yadda Sa mai asurka yake yi. A gaba kuma ya ambace shi da irin Amalen Raƙuma, da irin tsallen da Amalen Raƙumi yake yi a dokar daji, ko a duk lokacin da wani abu ya taso, haka Ɗan Bori yake yi, a lokacin da ake yi masa girka. An rera wannan waƙa ne domin zayyano lamarin Bori da kuma yadda idan lamura sun gawurta ake tashi daga Ɗan Bori gama-gari a koma ‘girkakken ƊanBori. Kamar yadda mawaƙin ya faɗa tun a farkon buɗe waƙar kamar haka: Jagora: "Yin baitukan Bahaushen Girka, na san muna da turka-turka Farfesan Waƙa nai waƙa na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka Har na aza shi bisa misalin ga nan na hurtumi na Sa da asurka" Amshi: "Bauri da Bori ware bare baubauniya rawarsu ta dauri Na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka" Amshi: "Bauri da Bori ware bare baubauniya rawarsu ta dauri Ya bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka" Jagora: "Yin baitukan Bahaushen Girka na san muna da turka-turka Farfesan waƙa nai waƙa na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka Har na aza shi bisa misalin nan na hurtumi na Sa da asurka" Da sauran baitukan dake cikin Waƙar yadda ya fayyace dukkan yadda bori da girka yake a ƙasar Hausa. Madogara Gobir, Y. A. (2012). Tasirin Iskoki ga Cutuka da Magungunan Hausawa. Kundin Digiri na uku (Ph.D Thesis). Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Sokoto: Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo. Gobir, Y. A. (2013). Najasa a Mahaɗin Maganin Iska. In Harsunan Nijeriya Volume XXIII, Special Edition. Kano: Centre for the Study of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University. Zariya: Ahmadu Bello University Press. Guo, Ƙ. (2010). Cultural Difference in Chinese and English Euphemisms. In Cross-Cultural Communication, 6(4), 135-141. Canadian: Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture.[{Http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu}] Kuta, H. M. (2014). Kwatantacin Borin Hausawa da na Gbagyi. Kundin Digiri na Biyu (M.A.Thesis). Sashen Harsunan Afirka da Al’adu, Zariya:Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello. Yahaya, N. (2012). Euphemism Expressions for Death in Hausa Language. In Amfani, A.H. da Alhassan, B.S.Y. da Malumfashi, A. I. da Tsoho, M. Y. da Amin, M.L. da Abdullahi, B. (Editoci). In champion of Hausa cikin Hausa a festchrift in honour of Ɗalhatu Muhammad. Zaria: Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya da Afrika, Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press. Yahaya, N. (2013). Sááyèn Suna a Ƙasar Hausa: Jiya da Yau Taɓarɓarewar Al’adun Hausawa. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Presss

58458

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology%20na%20Nsukka

Archaeology na Nsukka

Nsukka yanki ne dake cikin jihar Enugu dake kudu maso gabashin Najeriya wanda ya jawo sha'awa ta musamman a fannin binciken kayan tarihi.Wannan yanki ya samar da misalan karfe, karafa,yumbu, da duwatsu wadanda suka taimaka wajen ci gaban kasar tsawon shekaru.A cikin yankin da ake kira Igboland,wanda Nsukka ke zaune,an san Alumona a matsayin wurin da ake aiki da ƙarfe,yayin da Opi,Obimo,Lejja,Orba,Nrobo,Onyohor,Ekwegbe,da Umundu ke da alaƙa da narkewar ƙarfe Tarihin al'adu Onyohor,Ekwegbe,da Obimo, duk ana daukar su a matsayin wani yanki na tsohon yankin Nsukka,wanda kuma yanki ne na yankin kabilar da aka fi sani da Igboland. Wuraren narka na Onyohor da Ekwegbe tare sun zama iyakar kudancin yankin Nsukka,yayin da ake samun wurin da ake narka baƙin ƙarfe a Obimo a yammacin yankin.Waɗannan yankuna kaɗai sun ba da tabbacin cewa yankin Nsukka ya ƙunshi halaye na al'adu daban-daban bisa ga waɗannan garuruwan da ke cikin tudu.Hakazalika da sauran yankunan kasar Igbo,wuraren da aka ambata kowannensu yana da nasa tarihin da labaran asali.Wadannan labaran sun taso ne daga wurin da ake zaton asalin kabilar Ibo ne zuwa hijira da cudanya. Tarihin baka na mutanen Onyohor na da'awar cewa kauyuka biyar da suka kafa garin,'ya'yan Elunyi Ugwunye ne,wanda ya kafa Onyohor.A cewar wani Igwe Mathew Ukpabi,hijira ba ta faru a wannan yanki ba.Ga mutanen Ekwegbe,an yi ta cece-kuce bisa ’yan asali,amma kuma akwai yiwuwar hijira daga Aku da ta hannun Umma kafin isa Ekwegbe.Ekwegbe ya auri Nome na Ideke Aruona,don haka sunan,Ekwegbe Odike Arumona,wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga cikakken sunan yankin Nsukka Asadu Ideke Alumona.Obimo a gefe guda,yana da nau'ikan tarihin sa waɗanda ke jingina zuwa ko dai tasirin Igala ko tasirin Eri-Nri.Abin da ya fi shahara shi ne cewa Attah na hawan Igala ya fi jin dadi daga mazaunan Obimo na farko.Wadannan al'ummomi sun kasance masu bin addini a al'ada da kuma tattalin arziki,sun kasance masu aikin gona,sun fi amfani da kayan aiki kamar gatari,farat, da adduna.Wadannan garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da juna a fili sun yi mu'amala da juna ta hanyar irin wannan ayyukan nasu, wadanda suka hada da ayyukan fasaha kamar saƙa,sassaƙa, yin kwando, da maƙera. Ƙarfe mai narkewa Aikin ƙarfe na ɗaya daga cikin sabbin abubuwan da aka fara a Nahiyar Afirka.Tarihin waɗannan hanyoyin ba su da kyau a wakilta saboda ra'ayin Eurocentric cewa "'yan Afirka sun kasance abin da Turawa suka yi".Wannan a bayyane yake ba haka lamarin yake ba,domin wuraren da ke kama da tudun Nsukka suna da shaidar narkewar ƙarfe,nau’in ƙarfe na gama-gari,wanda aka samu a yankin.Tabbacin waɗannan fasahohin yana zaune a wurare kamar Obimo,Onyohor,Ekwegbe,da Lejja. An kamanta wannan al’ada da al’adar kirkire-kirkire a Najeriya.Daban-daban nau'ikan fasahohin narke ana samun su daga tanderun narke daban-daban,kamar tanderun kwanon rufi,murhu,da murhun murhu,wanda ke nuna yuwuwar ci gaban karin lokaci.Binciken binciken kayan tarihi a yankin Nsukka ya bankado wasu abubuwa da aka zabo da hannu kamar gutsutsutsun yumbu,gawayi,tarkacen karfe,bawo na dabino,da guntun karafa. Manya-manyan,ƙarin abubuwa masu banƙyama sun haɗa da nozzles tuyere, kafuwar gida, da slags na silindi.Kowanne daga cikin wadannan kasidu yana a wuraren Obimo,Onyohor,da Ekwegbe,wanda ke nuni da cewa mutanen farko sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar narka karfe. Akwai nau'ikan tanderu iri-iri da aka gama a sakamakon narkewar ƙarfe:murhun kubba,murhu,da tanda ko tanderun rami.Ramin tanderu shine salon da ya fi dadewa har zuwa yau a shiyyar Nsukka.Ana ɗaukar murhun murhun gida a matsayin ingantaccen sigar tanda na asali saboda ingantattun tsarin sa wanda ke ba da damar ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa yanayin zafi mai zafi.Tanderun murhu sun ƙunshi kayan aiki na ƙwanƙwasa wanda ke jan narkakken narke daga cikin tanderun zuwa cikin ramin slag.An yi amfani da wannan tanderu ta musamman daga mutanen Berom da kuma masarautar Sukur, wanda ke wakiltar juriyar al'adu ta la'akari da yadda wannan fasaha ta ɓace a wasu yankunan ƙasar. Samar da kayan aiki An yi amfani da albarkatun kamar dutse,yumbu,da ƙarfe a tarihi don yin farauta da ayyukan noma a ƙoƙarin samar da ingantattun kayan aikin da za a yi amfani da su a matsugunan mutane.Kayan aikin duwatsu sun yi tasiri a sassa da dama na Najeriya.Nau'ikan maɓalli guda biyu na kayan aikin dutse sune kayan aikin flake da kayan aikin gogewa.An yi amfani da kayan aikin tudu da yawa lokacin sarrafa fatu da zaruruwa don amfanin ɗan adam.Wataƙila an ƙirƙira kayan aikin gogewa sakamakon mafarauta suna son ƙarin ingantattun fasaha wanda ke ba da damar gogewa mara kyau. Waɗannan kayan aikin da aka goge sun ɗauki nau'in gatari,wuƙaƙe na ƙarfe,da faratiyoyi,kayan aikin da za a iya amfani da su da hannu kuma an fi aiwatar da su a cikin ayyukan farauta da noma. Amfani da yumbu ko yumbu na da mahimmanci a rayuwar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar ƴan Najeriya tun daga karni na huɗu BC zuwa yanzu.An yi amfani da yumbu da kuma samar da tukwane don ayyuka kamar dafa abinci,adanawa,musamman na ibada ko bukukuwa. An gano al'adun tukwane daban-daban a Najeriya tare da bincike daga wuraren da aka gano kayan tarihi a Daima, Ife,da Nok. Samar da tukwane ya haɗa da samun tukunya mafi girma tare da ƙwanƙolin tushe mai zagaye don ƙirar.Ana sanya dunƙule yumbu a matsakaici a kusa da tukunyar,yana ba da damar cikakken santsi da

27016

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyautar%20Finafinai%20ta%20Ghana%202010

Kyautar Finafinai ta Ghana 2010

finKyautar Fina-finan Ghana na shekarar 2010 ita ce bugu na farko na bikin don ba da lada ga nasarar fina-finai a masana'antar fina-finai ta Ghana. An gudanar da taron ne a otal din Golden Tulip, Accra a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2010. Sinking Sands, Juliet Ibrahim, Nadia Buari, Yvonne Okoro, Majid Michel, John Dumelo Genevieve Nnaji na cikin wadanda suka lashe gasar. Kyauta Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) Senanu Gbedawu (Check Mate) Majid Michel (The Beast) J.O.T Agyemany (I Sing of a Well) Prince Osei (Kiss Me If You Can) Eddie Nartey (Kiss Me If You Can) Van Vicker (Dna Test) Ruffy Samuel (Love Lust) Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) Martha Ankomah (Kiss Me If You Can) Akorfa Edjeani Asiedu (I Sing of a Well) Ama K. Abebrese (Sinking Sands) Lydia Forson (A Sting in a Tale) Lucky Lawson (Desperate To Survive) Jackie Appiah, Yvonne Okoro, Juliet Ibrahim Roselyn Ngissah (4 Play) Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora (Na gida) Kofi Adu a.k.a. Agya Koo (Ama Ghana) Akwesi Boadi A.K.A Akrobetu (Sika Akuaba) Francis Kusi (Yaa Asantewaa War) Timothy Bentum (Devil's Seed) Ebenezer Donkor (Madam Moke) Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora (Na gida) Rose Mensah AKA Kyeiwaa Emelia Brobbery Tumi Vivian Jill Ama Ghana Mercy Asiedu Abrokyire Beyie Theresah Mensah Yaa Asantewaa War Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci) John Dumelo (The Game) Ekow Blankson (Check Mate) Ekow Smith Asante (Naked Faces) Kofi Adjorlolo (Beast) Adjetey Anang (A Sting in a Tale) Kweku Sintim Misa (Check Mate) Omar Sheriff Captan (4 Play) Gavivina Tamakloe (Black Mail) Chris Attoh (Sinking Sands) Mafi kyawun jaruma a ɓangaren taimakawa jaruma Nadia Buari (Check Mate) Yvonne Nelson (The Game) Beverly Afaglo (The Game) Rama Brew (Who Loves Me) Kalsoume Sinare (Trinity) Naa Ashorkor (Check Mate) Khareema Aguiar (Check Mate) Nana Hayford (Beast) Doris Sackitey (Sinking Sands) Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Local) Kofi Davis Essuman (Adults Only) Ofori Attah (Awieye) Clement Bonney (Ama Ghana) Kofi Laing (Ama Ghana) Lord Kenya (Devil's Seed) Samuel Ofori (Akrasi Burger) William Addo (Madam Moke) Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Local) Nana Ama McBrown (Madam Moke) Barbara Newton (Abrokyire Bayie) Pearl Kugblenu (Devil's Seed) Alexis Ntsiakoh (Abrokyire Bayie) Gloria Osei Safo (Madam Moke) Best Writing/Adapted/Original Screenplay Leila Djansi (I Sing Of a Well) Leila Djansi (Sinking Sands) Shirley Frimpong-Manso (A Sting in a Tale) Benjamin K. Adu (Ama Ghana) Kobbi Rana (Kiss Me If You Can) Mafi kyawun Mai haɗa hoto Barry Isa Quaye (Flash Fever) Afra Marley (The Game) Ken Attoh (A Sting in a Tale) Godfrey Grant (A Sting In A Tale) Kalifa Adams (Devil’s Seed) Best Wardrobe Mabel Germain (Sinking Sands) Lydia Laryea (A Sting in a Tale) Samira Yakubu (Black Mail) George Atoba (Ama Ghana) Gangariyar waƙa Who Loves Me (Wutah) Delilah (Ofori Amponsah) Kiss Me If You Can (Rana) A Sting In A Tale (VIP) Ama Ghana (Patrick Adu) Game (Bisa Kdei) A Sting in a Tale (4×4) Chelsea (Dasebre Dwamena) Mafi Kyawun Darakta Turanci Shirley Frimpong-Manso (A Sting in a Tale) Kobbi Rana (Kiss Me If You Can) Leila Djansi (Sinking Sands) Patrick Yadaah (DNA Test) Socrate Safo (Adults Only) Mafi Kyawun darakta na gida Omar Sheriff Captan (Delilah) Asare Bediako (Tumi) Frank Gharbin (Ama Ghana) Albert Kudovu (Abrokyire Bayie) Kweku Twumasi (Yaa Asantewaa) Mafi Kyawun Edita Afra Marley (The Game (2010 film)) Afra Marley (Trinity) Nana A. Manso (A Sting in a Tale) Fred Agyepong (Flash Fever) Best Cinematography Bob J (Check Mate) Bob J (A Sting in a Tale) Prince Nyarko (Ama Ghana) Samuel Gyandoh (Chelsea (film)) Mai bada umarni na shekara Emoimogen Hogen (Trinity) Joshua Sarpong (Ama Ghana) Nadia Acha-Kang (The Game (2010 film)) Diana Pealore (Beast) Mafi kyawun Mai Kwalliya Lydia (Trinity) Jude Odeh (Ama Ghana) Jane A. Williams (Check Mate) Ruth Mensah (I Sing Of a Well) Lyrdyna Abuhipsah (Beast) Mafi Kyawun hoto Ama Ghana I Sing of a Well Sinking Sands A Sting in a Tale Chelsea (film) Check Mate Mafi Kyawun Labari Who Loves Me Sinking Sands A Sting in a Tale The Game (2010 film) Mafi kyawun Mai zane The Game (2010 film) Check Mate Sinking Sands Ama Ghana Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa West Africa Collaboration Yemi Blaq (Sinking Sands) Ramsey Noah (Guilty Pleasures) Desmond Elliot (Guilty Pleasures) Uti Nwachukwu (Busting Out (film)) Mafi Kyawun ƴar wasa West Africa Collaboration Genevieve Nnaji (Silent Scandals) Nse Ikpe Etim (Guilty Pleasures (2009 film)) Tonto Dikeh (Love Lust) Uche Jombo (Nollywood Hustlers) Omotola Jalade Ekeinde (Private Storm) Mercy Johnson (Shakira) Mafi Kyawun Fim African Collaboratin Sinking Sands Guilty Pleasures (2009 film) Love Lust Private Storm Bursting Out (film) Mafi kyawun Fim The Game (2010 fim) Ama Ghana A Sting in a Tale Kiss Me If You Can 4 Play (film) Sinking Sands Mafi shahararren ɗan wasa Kofi Adjorlolo Favorite Actress Yvonne Nelson Manazarta Sinima a Ghana Sinima a

42373

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulaye%20Faye

Abdoulaye Faye

Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye (an haife shi 26 Fabrairun shekarar 1978), wanda aka fi sani da Abdoulaye Faye, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Senegal wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida Faye ya fara taka leda a ASEC Ndiambour da Jeanne d'Arc a ƙasar sa Senegal kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Lens ta Faransa a shekara ta 2002. Bayan shafe lokaci a kan aro a Istres ya ja hankalin Sam Allardyce wanda ya sanya hannu a Bolton Wanderers a watan Yulin 2005. Bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu a Bolton ya bi Allardyce zuwa Newcastle United inda ya shafe kakar wasa daya kafin ya koma Stoke City a watan Agustan 2008 kan fan miliyan 2.25. Faye ya zama sanannen ɗan wasa a filin wasa na Britannia a cikin 2008 2009 yayin da ya ci gwarzon shekara kuma Tony Pulis ya naɗa shi kyaftin na kakar 2009–2010 Ya rasa iya aiki ga Ryan Shawcross na 2010 2011 sannan ya yi aiki na uku tare da Allardyce a West Ham United Faye ya taimaka wa Hammers samun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a cikin 2011-2012 kafin ya koma Hull City inda ya sake shiga cikin kakar cin nasara a 2012-13 kafin a sake shi a karshen kakar 2013-2014 Aiki Farkon aiki An haifi Faye a Dakar, Senegal kuma ya fara aikinsa a ASEC Ndiambour, kafin ya bar ƙungiyar ta uku zuwa Jeanne d'Arc Daga nan ya ci gaba da shiga Lens a watan Yulin 2002, yana hadewa cikin tawagar da a wancan lokacin ya hada da dan kasar Senegal Papa Bouba Diop. Bolton Wanderers Faye ya kulla yarjejeniya da Bolton Wanderers ta Ingila a watan Yulin 2005 a matsayin aro. Faye ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Bolton da Newcastle United inda ya ji dadin halarta a karon farko a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida, inda ya fitar da Alan Shearer da iska. Ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Radhi Jaïdi wanda ya ji rauni kuma bai taba waiwaya baya ba bayan da ya yi fice. Kocin Wanderers Sam Allardyce ya yaba da salon Faye tun farkon aikinsa na Bolton. A cikin Disambar 2005 Faye ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dindindin tare da Bolton. Bayan haka Faye ya bayyana jin dadin zamansa a Ingila. A cikin kakar 2006–2007 Faye ya yi aiki kusan na musamman a matsayin mai tsaron baya bayan tafiyar Bruno Ngotty da Jaïdi zuwa Birmingham City A cikin lokacin kakar wasan ya haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa tare da Ivory Coast Abdoulaye Méïté, yana tabbatar da cewa Bolton yana da rikodin kariyar gida mai ƙarfi kafin sabuwar shekara. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da suka fado a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa kawai sun tsallake zuwa gasar cin kofin UEFA tare da ƙungiyoyin neman hanyar shiga Faye da Meite. Faye ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Arsenal a kakar wasanni daban-daban inda ya taimaka wa Bolton da ci 2-0 da kuma 3–1 saboda tabbatacciyar kwarewarsa ta iska wadda masu tsaron bayan Arsenal ba su da amsa. An san shi da manyan baje kolinsa a fagen tsaron tsakiya a duk tsawon kakar wasa kuma ya zama wanda aka fi so a tsakanin magoya bayan Bolton. Newcastle United A ranar 15 Agusta 2007, akwai labaru a cikin jaridu da dama da ke nuna cewa Faye zai koma Newcastle United a kusan 2m don shiga tare da tsohon Manajan Sam Allardyce A ranar 31 ga Agustan 2007, Faye ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a Newcastle United. An gabatar da Faye ga magoya bayan Newcastle a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci yayin wasan gida da Wigan Athletic a ranar 1 ga Satumba. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 2008, Faye ya zira kwallo daya tilo a ragar Newcastle United yayin shan kashi da ci 5-1 a gida da Manchester United Stoke City A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2008, Faye ya shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Stoke City daga Newcastle United akan fan miliyan 2.25 akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara bugawa Stoke wasa a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 3–2 a watan Agustan 2008. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a kan tsohuwar kungiyarsa Newcastle, wadda ta zo a cikin minti na 90 na wasan inda Stoke ta samu maki a wasan da suka tashi 2-2. Ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Newcastle daga baya a kakar wasa ta bana a wani canjaras tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Faye mai ban sha'awa a kakar wasan farko ba a lura da sauran 'yan wasan Stoke da magoya bayansa ba yayin da ya lashe kyautar 'yan wasa da magoya bayan Stoke City. Haka kuma dukkan kungiyoyin magoya bayan kungiyar ne suka zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon shekara. Bayan kakar wasansa ta farko a Stoke an ba shi lambar yabo ta kyaftin na dindindin na kakar 2009–10. Faye ya sake samun wani yanayi mai kyau a City amma kuma ya samu cikas sakamakon raunin da ya samu kuma sai da ya bar filin kafin mintuna 30 a lokuta da dama. Manajan Tony Pulis ya ba Ryan Shawcross mukamin kyaftin na kakar 2010–11. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tasiri sosai a kakar wasa ta bana kuma an sake shi a ƙarshensa bayan ba a ba shi sabon kwangila ba. Manajan Stoke Tony Pulis da Sentinel sun yaba wa Faye bayan an sake shi a watan Mayu 2011. West Ham United A watan Yunin 2011, bayan da aka sake shi daga Stoke City, Faye ya rattaba hannu a gasar Championship ta West Ham United a kan musayar kyauta tare da kocin Sam Allardyce a karo na uku kuma ya ce: "Na yi matukar farin ciki da kasancewa a nan West Ham wannan. babban kulob ne, babban kulob kuma ba zan iya jira don farawa a nan ba," Faye ya shaida wa gidan yanar gizon kulob din. Faye ya fara buga wa West Ham wasa a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2011 a ci 4-0 a waje da Watford A karshen kakar wasa Faye ya bar West Ham bayan taimaka musu su sami nan take komawa ga Premier League Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye at Soccerbase Senegal's invasion of Stoke City Article on BBC Sport Premier League profile Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

31089

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiku%20Salga

Atiku Salga

Shehu Abubakar Atiku ko Atiku Salga Marigayin ɗan Halliru dan Abubakar dan Musa (Mairisala) an haife shi a shekarar alif dari takwas da casa'in da shida 1896 a garin Katsina. Asalin sa da Tashin sa Mahaifinsa Malam Halliru da kakansa malam Abubakar duk haifaffun Katsina ne. Amma kuma mahaifin kakansa Mallam Musa (Mairisala) yazo ne daga kasar Tunis shi da jama’arsa; shi yasa a ke ce musu Rumawa. Dalilin kiransa da Mairisala kuwa shi ne malamin fikhu na farko da ya kawo littafin Risala kasar Hausa lokacin da ya je aikin Hajji ya gamu da ‘yan’uwansa Larabawan kasar Tunis sai ya fansheta daga wajensu ya kuma taho da ita kasar Hausa ya kuma yaɗa ta. Shehu Abubakar Atiku ya girma a hannun ‘yar’uwar kakarsa mai suna Rahmatu (Yaya Babba) matar malam Abba Dan Fannah a Dandalin Turawa da ke Kano. Ta dalilin kulawarta ne har yay i karatun alkur’ani a hannun mijinta. An shaidi Rahmatu da maca ce mai ibada da tsananin riko da addini. Jajirtacciya mai bin tafarkin darikar Tijjaniya sau da kafa. Sannan mai zartaccen Imani cikin Shehu Ahmadu Tijjani. Ita ce ta tsaya, tsayin daka a tarbiyyarsa har zuwa lokacin da Allah ya yi mata rasuwa a shekarar 1972. Karatun Addini Shehu Atiku ya fara da karatun al-kur’ani a hannun mijin kakarsa Malam Abba Dan Fanna haka ya yi ahalari da kurdabi da alburda da Badamasi duk a wajensa. Daga nan sai ya koma da karatu a wajen Shaihu Muhammadu Salga dan Alhaji Umaru inda ya karanci risala da Iziyya da arshada ta ibn Rushidi da Mukhtasarul Khalil har zuwa babin aure, sannan ya kuma karanta littattafan akida kamar Mukaddamatul Burhamiyya ta Imamu Sunusi da Akidatul wusda da sauransu. Ya karanci littatafan darika kamar su ‘Su’al wal jawab’ na shehu Muhammadu Salga da ‘Yakutul faridah’ na shehu Nazifi. Ya ci gaba da neman ilimi a fannoni da dama kamar tafsiri da Hadisi da harshen Larabci inda ya karanci littattafan Alfiyya ta dan Malik da Ajrumiyya da Mulhatul I’irab da sauransu. Ilimin Addini mai zurfi Shehu Atiku ya zurfafa iliminsa da neman ilimi a fannonin fikhun darika da tasawwuf da sauran fannonin harshen Larabci a wajen Shehu Abubakar Mijinyawa Bakin ruwa. Ya karanta littafai kamar haka a gun Shehu Mijinyawa kamar su Jawahirul ma’any da Durratul Kharidah Sarhin Yakutatul Faridah) da Bugyatul mustafida na shehu Arabi da Alfiyatul tasawwuf ta shehu Mustapha da sauran littattafai da dama Shehu Atuku Sanka ya karbi darikar Tijjaniya a hannun Shehu Muhammadu Sanka a shekarar 1916. Sannan ya yi tarbiyyar Ruhi a hannun Shehu Abubakar mijinyawa. Shehu Atiku na Shehu bai tsaya a karatun littattafai ba, a’a har da harshen Larabci saboda shi ne harshen da malamai kan yi muhawara da shi a tsakaninsu a garin Kano a wancan lokacin. Ya karanta ilimin hisabi a wajen Muhammadu dan Ajurum da Mulhatul-irab ta Imamu Hariri mai littafin mukamah da sauran littattafan da suka shafi adabi da kuma lugga (Harshe) da kuma ka’idojin Larabci. Shehu Atiku na daya daga cikin manyan shaihunnan malamai na garin Kano da ma Afrika baki daya wanda tarihi ba zai taba mantawa da sunansa da gudummawarsa musamman a garin Kano da Najeriya da ma Afrika baki daya. Shehi Atiku ya kasance Shaihin darika wadda ya yi mata hidima jini da tsoka da tunaninda da lokacinsa da ruhinsa. Shehu Atiku ya wallafa litttattafai da daman gaske wadanda a kiyasi ana da tabbacin sun haura casa’in tun daga na rubutun zube da rubutattun wakoki wanda mafi yawa suna Magana ne a kan al’amuran addini da harshen larabci da kuma sufanci. A takaice rubuce-rubucensa sun kasu gida uku wato Sufanci da Adabi da kuma Fikhu. Wallafa Littafi da Wakoki Babu shakka Shehu Atiku ya yi gagarumin kokarin da ba za a raina ba dangane da rubuce-rubucensa na litattafai, da kuma tsara wakoki a harshen Hausa da Larabci a kan abubuwa daban-daban. Misali ya rubuta wakoki na Yabon Annabi S.A.W, Yabon Shehi Tijjani da Shehi Ibrahim Inyass, Wa’azi da gargadi Akida, Ibada. da sauransu. daga cikin wakokinsa akwai; -Tusamma -Taimakon Dakiki -Asma’u zatil jamali -Matserar mata -Nasiha ga ‘yan’uwa -Yabon fiyayyen halitta -Arzikin masoya -Tarihin kwaki -Begen Muhammadu -Rakada’u Matsayin sa Shehu Atiku Sanka yana da madaukakiyar daraja a wajen malaman amaninsa musamman ta bangarorin ilimai daban-daban tare da karfin hujja da kwarewa wajen bincike da gogewa wajen hujja da fasahar zance. Kuma ya nutse aa cikin ilimin sanin darikar Tijjaniyya hakan ta sanya ya himatu da darussan ta da bincike a kanta har sai da ya zamana ba shi da wanda za a kwatanta shi da shi a wannan fanni. Shehi Atiku malami ne da har a karshen rayuwarsa yana neman sani, mai hakuri da rashin gazawa da kyauta da daukar nauyi. Gidansa ya zama sansani na neman sani inda almajirai ke zuwa daga ko’ina a fadin kasar nan har da Nijar. Daga cikin Almajiransa akwai:- Shehu Balarabe Jega Shehu Ibrahim Alti Funtua Shehu Ahmad Abulfathi Maiduguri Shehu Muhammadu Jibiya Shehu Yahya Jibiya Shehu Muhammadu Birnin magaji Shehu Ibrahim Kaya Shehu Adamu Katibi Shehu Imrana Damari Rasuwar sa Allah ya yi wa Shehi Atiku rasuwa ranar laraba 9 ga watan rabi-ul thani 1394 Hijiriyya. Yana da shekaru 64 an binne shi a makabartar Gwauron Dutse.

21028

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umukabia

Umukabia

Umukabia Igbo don yaran Ukabiarana kauy neen a Ohuhu al'umma na Umuahia karamrHukuma Arewar Jihar Abiya, Najeriya Hakanan akwai wasu ƙauyuka da yawa a Najeriya masu suna iri ɗaya. Umukabia ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙauyuka 3 wato; Okpuala shine babba, sai Umuagbom da Azummiri. A cikin waɗannan kuma ƙananan ƙauyuka akwai mahaɗa guda 6-Ga Okpuala, sun ƙunshi-Agbom Na Omurumba da Umu Eze Aguma. Azumiri ana ɗaukarsa azaman mahaɗa ɗaya. A game da Umuagbom, akwai mahadi guda uku, sune, Umuezeocha, Ibeneze kuma Uhu Ukwu Na Ezegiri da Ukwu Udara. Abin lura shine kowane ɗayan waɗannan mahaɗan sun sami ƙarin ɓangarori, waɗanda suka haɗa da rukunin iyali, kowane ɗayan shugabanta ne ke shugabantar shi, yawanci mafi tsufa memba na wannan ƙungiyar. Hakanan ana ɗaukar wannan tsoho namiji a matsayin babban matattarar ilimi, al'adu da al'adun gidan dangi kuma wani lokacin Umukabia gabaɗaya. Yana yin duk wasu al'adu da bukukuwa game da mahaɗan kuma yana neman ra'ayoyi tare da kakannin ta hanyar maganganu da al'adu. Dangane da nuna fifikon Ibo, waɗannan dattawan ko magabatan sun kasance rukunin tsarin mulkin dimokiradiyya da samar da manufofi na Umukabia, ta yadda suke yin yanke shawara tare a madadin ɗaukacin al'ummar Umukabia. Duk shawarar da suka yanke ta zama dole ta ratsa ƙauyen har ma har zuwa ga asa Dian ƙabilar Diasporic na uka daughtersan Umukabia (Ogbuagu, 2013). Sanannen ranar kasuwar Umukabia ana kiranta da Orie Umukabia Orie Umukabia tana da babban kogi da aka fi sani da Ikwu, wanda ya ratsa ƙauyukan Umuire, Umuegwu Okpula Tsohon Firayim Ministan Gabashin Najeriya, ƙauyen Dr. Michael Iheonukara Okpara kuma ya malala zuwa shahararren Kogin Imo da ke Imo Abia States, Nigeria Labari ya nuna cewa Umukabia na zaune a kan wani babban dutse wanda ya sanya ba zai yuwu ba ayi nasarar tona ramuka a kowane yanki na ƙauyen da nufin nemo ruwa. Theauyen na gudanar da Kuma shagulgulan shekara-shekara wanda aka fi sani da bikin Iri Ji (sabon yam) da kuma bikin Ekpe wanda ake kira Kirsimeti na ƙauye kuma ana yin sa ne a kasuwar Orie bayan Kirsimeti amma ba a ranar Lahadi. Tarihi Mahaifin Umukabia shine mutumin da ake kira Ukabia (sic. Karni na 18) wanda ake zaton ya yi ƙaura daga jihar Imo mai makwabtaka. Mai yiyuwa ne kamar yadda sunayen suka nuna cewa ya kuma kafa wasu kauyukan Umukabia da ke kusa da kasar Igbo kuma wadannan kauyukan sun san sun ziyarci juna. Yawancin iyalai a Umukabia sun fito ne daga zuriyar kakan Ukabia; wasu na iya yin ƙaura zuwa yankin. Ukabia Ukabia Uga shine mahaifin Umukabia kuma yana iya rayuwa wani lokaci tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 17. Allahn kakannin Umukabia shine Alumeze, wanda shine haɗin jini na duk zuriyar Ukabia. Al'adu Babban sunan da aka yiwa Umukabia shine Ojim Ukwu Nnu Egbe, wanda ya dogara da iyawar Umukabia baƙi masu sintiri na zamanin da suka gabata don ƙirƙirar bindigogin musket 400 a takaice. Da wannan karfin, jaruman Ukabia suka sami damar yin biki da kuma bi duk wata fitina daga kauyukan da ke makwabtaka da ita, wadanda suka kalubalance ta. Umukabia an san ta da al'adu da al'adun ta da suka hada da kiɗa da rawa daga cikinsu akwai Brass Band, Kokoma-I stand by, Igborokiti, Onye oria agba, da sauransu. Tabbas, yawancin yan damfara wadanda suka halarci bukukuwa a Umukabia sun ki dawowa kuma daga baya sun yi tsalle tare da samari a ƙauyen. Kwanan nan a cikin shekarun 1990 wasu matasa masu ƙarfin zuciya sun ƙalubalanci al'umma ta hanyar gabatar da wani nau'in kayan masarufi, "Ekpe" wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Nkwoegwu da Umuopara. Dattawan sun yi gwagwarmaya ba kakkautawa, duk da rashin nasarar murkushe wannan sabuwar al'adar, wacce suka ɗauka abar ɗabi'a, tashin hankali kuma mafi yawan marasa kunya, saboda halaye da bayyanar masu yi mata magana [goga gawayi gauraye da mai da ɗaukar bulala da suke fatattakar 'yan kallo da su], ana yawan shaye-shaye yayin taron. A duk sauran raye-rayen gargajiya, akasin haka, mahalarta suna da kyawawan tufafi na ƙawa, yayin da suke ɗaukar kansu da mutunci da girmamawa. A halin yanzu, wasu sassan Umukabia suna rawar "Ekpe" yayin da wasu ke ci gaba da turjewa. Aure Kodayake Umukabia a matsayinta na mai ikon cin gashin kanta tana da yawan jama'a, amma wata al'umma ce mai nuna wariya, wanda ke nufin cewa aure da duk wani soyayyar suna faruwa ne a wajen ƙauyen ban da ƙauyukan da ke kusa da su kamar Nkata Alike. Wani lokaci a baya, ana yin al'adar da ake kira "Isu Ogwu" don ƙaddamar da auren wuri [aure tsakanin ƙauye ko auratayya]. Koyaya, babu wanda har yanzu baiyi ƙarfin halin ƙalubalantar haramtaccen ɗaurin aure ba. Jana'iza da Bukukuwan Jana'iza Jana'iza da al'adun da suka shafe su sun samo asali ne daga al'adu da al'adun da suka haɗa Umukabia da sauran ƙauyuka a Ohuhu. Kafin amfani da gawawwaki da kuma tsarin sanyaya daki domin adana mafi yawan jana'izar sun faru ne tsakanin awanni arba'in da takwas bayan wucewar. A halin yanzu, yawancin jana'izar suna da mahimmanci kuma wani lokacin suna da tsada kuma suna iya zuwa dubban dubban Naira ko dubban daloli (Ogbuagu, 2011). Akwai manyan ranakun kasuwa guda hudu a Ohuhu, sune, Eke, Nkwo, Orie da Afor. Wuraren da suke faruwa a ranakun kasuwar Eke kuma ba'a sanar dasu ba, saboda ana mutuwa a ranar kasuwar Eke a matsayin abin ƙyama. Har zuwa wannan, ba a sanar da sassa a ranakun kasuwar Eke ba sai washegari. Wannan ya haifar da karin magana "A gam amugbu onwu Eke n'anya" ma'ana, Zan ƙi mutuwa a kasuwar Eke, komai irin hukuncin da mutuwa ta yanke. Yawancin jana'izar da jana'izar suna cikin mahallin kasancewar Umukabia ba ta da hurumi na al'umma. Mutuwa tana jawo bakin ciki gama gari kamar yadda kowane ɗan Umukabia yake da alaƙa da asalin kakanninsa, Ukabia, da kuma wani abin bauta na gama gari wanda ake kira "Alumeze." Dangane da wannan, dukkan al'umma suna shiga cikin zaman makoki da na jana'iza kuma za su kasance tare da dangin mamacin na ɗan lokaci. Surukai, da abokai daga wajen Umukabia suma suna cikin waɗannan ayyukan jana'izar (Ogbuagu, 2011). A al'adance, babu mutuwa ba tare da wani dalili ba. Dangane da wannan kuma kamar yadda aka saba, ana duba maganganu don bincika asalin wannan mutuwar. Idan mamacin ba “ɗan ƙasa nagari ba ne” galibi ana barin iyalai su yi ma'amala da jana'izar da kanta kuma babu wani dangi da yake son wannan. A kwanakin da suka wuce, idan mamacin ya ƙudura cewa ba mutumin kirki ba ne, ko kuma ya aikata abubuwan ƙyama lokacin da yake raye, sai a jefa su cikin "mugayen daji." A halin yanzu, Kiristanci ya ɓata yawancin al'adun nan. Ya dace da yadda yawancin al'adu suke kallon mutuwar samari, mutuwar yaro tana da zafi musamman kuma ya sabawa al'adun gargajiya ga iyaye su binne ɗansu maimakon akasin haka. A cikin Umukabia na farko kuma har ma a yau da yawa, an hana yawancin iyaye ganin fuskar ɗan su da ya mutu, musamman ma idan mamacin saurayi ne. A irin wannan halin, aikin da ya rataya a wuyan mahaifa shi ne nuna wani wurin da za'a binne shi kuma yaron ya shiga layin, ba tare da nuna farin ciki da bakin ciki ba kamar yadda wannan mutuwa ta nuna dacewar tsammanin ci gaba a tsakanin dangi da dan adam. sake zagayowar (Ogbuagu, 2011). Labarin kasa Umukabia tana cikin karamar hukumar Umuahia ta Arewa kuma tana makwabtaka da kauyukan Umule a arewa da kuma Nkatalike a kudu. Duba kuma Umuahia Jihar Abia Ohuhu Jama'ar Igbo Bayani http://ohuhu.com/Origin%20of%20Ohuhu_People.htm Ogbuagu, B.C. (2013). “Diasporic Transnationalism”: Towards a Framework for Conceptualizing and Understanding the Ambivalence of the Social Construction of “Home” and the Myth of Diasporic Nigerian Homeland Return. Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol.3 (2). ISSN 2239-978X. doi:10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n2p189. Ogbuagu, B.C. (2011). We Who Are Strangers: Insights into How Diasporic Nigerians Experience Bereavement Loss. Journal of African American Studies, Volume 16, Number (2), 300-320, doi:10.1007/s12111-011-9187-9. Springer Publications. Ogbuagu, BC (2013). "Tsarin asasashen waje" Jaridar Nazarin Ilimi da Zamani Vol.3 (2). Ogbuagu, BC (2011). Mu da muke Baƙi: Basira game da yadda Nigeriansan Nijeriya masu fama da Diasporic suka Gamu da Asarar Makoki. Jaridar Nazarin Afirka ta Afirka, Volume 16, Lamba (2), 300-320, Littattafan bazara. Kauyuka a

40775

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (/ɡaʊs/; German: [kaʁl ɡaʊs] Latin; Afrilu 30, 177723 Fabrairu 1855) ɗan ƙasar Jamus masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga fage da yawa a fannin lissafi da kimiyya. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da Princeps mathematicorum (Latin da "mafi girman mathematician tun zamanin da", Gauss yana da tasiri na musamman a fannonin lissafi da kimiyya da dama; yana cikin manyan masanan lissafi na tarihi. Tarihin Rayuwa Shekarun farko An haifi Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1777 a Brunswick (Braunschweig), a cikin Duchy na Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (yanzu wani yanki na Lower Saxony, Jamus), matalauta, ne iyayensa masu aiki. Mahaifiyarsa ba ta da rubutu kuma ba ta taɓa rubuta ranar haihuwarsa ba, yana tunawa kawai an haife shi ne a ranar Laraba, kwanaki takwas kafin idin hawan hawan Yesu sama (wanda ke faruwa kwanaki 39 bayan Ista). Daga baya Gauss ya warware wannan wuyar warwarewa game da ranar haihuwarsa a cikin mahallin gano ranar Ista, inda ya samo hanyoyin ƙididdige kwanan watan a cikin shekaru da suka gabata da na gaba. An yi masa baftisma kuma aka tabbatar da shi a wata coci kusa da makarantar da yake yaro. Gauss yaro ne mai bajinta. A cikin tarihin tunawa da Gauss, Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen ya rubuta cewa lokacin da Gauss ke da shekaru uku kawai ya gyara kuskuren lissafi da mahaifinsa ya yi; da kuma cewa lokacin da yake ɗan shekara bakwai, ya warware matsalar lissafin lissafi cikin sauri fiye da kowa a cikin aji na ɗalibai 100. Akwai nau'ikan wannan labari da yawa, tare da cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin silsilar- mafi yawanci shine matsalar al'ada ta haɗa dukkan lambobi daga 1 zuwa 100. (Duba kuma a ƙarƙashin "Ƙarancin Labarai" a ƙasa.) Akwai wasu labarai da yawa game da kasancewarsa tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya fara binciken ilimin lissafi na farko tun yana matashi. Ya kammala magnum opus, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, a cikin 1798, yana da shekaru 21, kuma an buga shi a cikin 1801. Wannan aikin yana da mahimmanci wajen ƙarfafa ka'idar lamba a matsayin horo kuma ya tsara filin har zuwa yau. Ƙwararrun basirar Gauss ya jawo hankalin Duke na Brunswick, wanda ya aika shi zuwa Collegium Carolinum (yanzu Jami'ar Fasaha ta Braunschweig wanda ya halarta daga 1792 zuwa 1795, da kuma zuwa ga Jami'ar Göttingen daga 1795 zuwa 1798. Yayin da yake jami'a, Gauss da kansa ya sake gano wasu mahimman ka'idoji. Ci gabansa ya faru ne a cikin 1796 lokacin da ya nuna cewa ana iya gina polygon na yau da kullun ta hanyar kamfas da madaidaiciya idan adadin bangarorinsa samfurin Fermat primes ne da kuma ikon 2. Wannan babban bincike ne a cikin wani muhimmin fanni na lissafi; Matsalolin gine-gine sun shagaltar da masana ilimin lissafi tun zamanin Girkawa na dā, kuma binciken ya jagoranci Gauss ya zaɓi ilimin lissafi maimakon ilimin falsafa a matsayin aiki. Gauss ya ji daɗin wannan sakamakon har ya nemi a rubuta wani cagon heptade na yau da kullun akan dutsen kabarinsa. Masan dutse ya ƙi, yana mai cewa aikin mai wahala zai yi kama da da'irar. Shekarar 1796 ta kasance mai amfani ga duka Gauss da ka'idar lamba. Ya gano ginin heptadecagon a ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Ya ƙara haɓaka ilimin lissafi na zamani, yana sauƙaƙa manipulations a ka'idar lamba. A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu ya zama na farko da ya tabbatar da dokar musanyawa ta quadratic. Wannan babbar doka ta gama gari ta baiwa masu lissafin lissafi damar tantance iyawar kowane ma'auni huɗu a cikin lissafi na zamani. Babban ka'idar lambar, wanda aka zayyana a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, yana ba da kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda ake rarraba manyan lambobi a tsakanin lambobi. Gauss ya kuma gano cewa kowane intiger mai kyau yana iya wakiltar a matsayin jimlar aƙalla lambobi uku na uku a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli sannan ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinsa bayanin kula: num A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba ya buga sakamako akan adadin mafita na polynomials tare da ƙididdiga a cikin filayen iyaka, wanda bayan shekaru 150 ya haifar da zato na Weil. Bayan shekaru da mutuwa A 1807, Gauss ya zama farfesa a fannin lissafi a jami'ar Göttingen. Gauss ya kasance mai fa'ida a hankali tun lokacin da ya tsufa, har ma yayin da yake fama da gout da rashin jin daɗi. Alal misali, yana ɗan shekara 62, ya koya wa kansa Rashanci. A cikin 1840, Gauss ya buga tasirinsa Dioptrische Untersukungen, a cikin abin da ya ba da bincike na farko na tsari game da samuwar hotuna a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙima (Gaussian optics). Daga cikin sakamakon nasa, Gauss ya nuna cewa a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun tsarin gani za a iya siffanta shi da mahimman maki kuma ya samo dabarar ruwan tabarau na Gaussian. A cikin 1845, ya zama memba mai alaƙa na Cibiyar Royal na Netherlands; lokacin da ya zama Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Royal Netherlands a 1851, ya shiga a matsayin memba na kasashen waje. A cikin 1854, Gauss ya zaɓi batu don lacca na farko na Bernhard Riemann "Über die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde ligen" (Game da hasashe da ke ƙarƙashin Geometry). A hanyar gida daga laccar Riemann, Weber ya ruwaito cewa Gauss yana cike da yabo da farin ciki. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Okorie

Angela Okorie

Angela Okorie ‘yar fim din Najeriya ce. A cikin 2015, ta sami lambar yabo ta City People Nishaɗi don Mafi Kyawun Actan Wasan Supportan wasa. An kuma lura cewa ta yi finafinai sama da 100 tsakanin 2009 da 2014. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Okorie, na uku a cikin yara biyar, an haife shi kuma ya girma a Cotonou, Jamhuriyar Benin Tana karatun zane-zane a Jami’ar Legas Ta kuma halarci Jami’ar Jihar Legas, inda ta karanci harkokin mulki Ita ‘yar asalin Ishiagu ce a karamar hukumar Ivo a jihar Ebonyi Ayyuka Okorie ya tsunduma cikin Nollywood a shekarar 2009, bayan ya shafe shekaru goma yana tallan kamfanin sabulu. Fim dinta na farko shi ne Ikhlasi a shekarar 2009. Stanley Egbonini da Ifeanyi Ogbonna ne suka shirya kuma suka ba da umarni, sannan taurarin suka hada da Chigozie Atuanya, Nonso Diobi, Yemi Blaq da Oge Okoye A cewar Pulse Nigeria, karyewarta cikin shahararren ya zo ne bayan ta yi fice a cikin Maciji Mai Tsarki Ta kuma bayyana burinta na yin rikodin kiɗan bishara a nan gaba. A shekarar 2014, Jaridar <i id="mwJw">Vanguard</i> ta bayyana ta a matsayin daya daga cikin "jarumai mata da ake nema" a cikin Nollywood, haka kuma "fitacciyar 'yar fim" wacce ke fassara matsayin da sauki a jaridar <i id="mwKQ">The Nation</i> Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana da niyyar shiga harkar fim Da take magana kan burinta na kide-kide, ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta wakoki da yawa kuma za ta fitar da kundin wakoki nan ba da jimawa ba, tana mai bayyana waka a matsayin wani abu da ya kasance wani bangare ne na ta. A watan Janairun 2014, an yi mata rikodin cewa ta yi finafinai fiye da 80. A shekarar 2015, ta lashe lambar yabo ta City People Entertainment don Mafi Kyawun Cityan wasa mai tallafawa a cikin fim ɗin Turanci. A watan Agustan 2014, ta yi fina-finai sama da 100 tun daga shekarar 2009. A cikin hirar da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2014, ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta ba ta gamsu da aikin ta ba bisa dalilai na addini. Ta kuma bayyana cewa ba za ta yi tsiraici ba tare da la’akari da kudin ba, tana mai bayanin cewa hatta wadanda za ta yi koyi da su a masana’antar Najeriya, kamar Genevieve Nnaji ba ta bukatar zuwa rashin lafiya don zama tauraruwa. Ta kuma ambaci abubuwan da ta yi imani da su na al'adu a matsayin dalilai na sanya tufafin mazan jiya a fina-finai. Rayuwar kai da ra'ayoyi kan madigo Ta yi aure tare da ɗa. A wata bugawa da jaridar Dailypost ta yi, ta bayyana cewa yawanci tana yin iya kokarinta don raba iyalinta da kafafan yada labarai. Ta kuma karyata jita-jitar rabuwar aurenta. Da take magana a kan madigo a Najeriya, ta bayyana cewa tana adawa da shi, musamman saboda "Al'adarmu ta hana. Laifi ne kuma ba'a san shi ba. Me yasa mace za ta yi soyayya da wata mace? A cikin rubutun 2015, ta raina rawar da kafofin watsa labarun maza ke takawa a cikin dangantaka. Biyo bayan gayyatar da Jami’an DSS suka yi wa Manzo Suleman Johnson, Okorie ya bukaci dukkan Kiristocin da su goyi bayan malamin domin ra’ayinsa ya nuna na akasarinsu. A ranar 25 ga Yulin 2020 Angela Okorie ta sake yin aure, ta yi ƙawancen da ƙaunarta ta sirri, Nwele Michael Chukwudi wanda aka fi sani da Chuchu. Wata 'yar fim din, Chita Agwu Johnson, ta raba hotuna daga neman auren ta yanar gizo. Sun yi bikin aure na rairayin bakin teku a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2020. Bayan 'yan kwanaki kadan, Angela ta mayar da martani ga labarai, ta ce bidiyon waka ce ga sabuwar wakarta mai taken "Baby Chuchu". Ta yi ba'a ga kafofin watsa labarai don faɗar dabarun waƙarta. Filmography Gaskiya game da (2009) Sirrin Sirri Zuciyar bazawara Tsarkakakken Maciji (tare da Kenneth Okonkwo) (2011) Royal Vampire Fadar Vampire Duba kuma Jerin mutanen da suka fito daga jihar Ebonyi Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya Rayayyun