id
stringlengths 4
5
| url
stringlengths 31
140
| title
stringlengths 1
79
| text
stringlengths 2.09k
110k
|
|---|---|---|---|
24168 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinka%20Davies | Yinka Davies | Yinka Davies (an haife shi a ranar sha shida 16 ga watan Yuli, a shekara ta alif dari tara da sabain 1970A.c) mawaƙin Najeriya ne, mai rawa, mawaƙa kuma alkali na wasan kwaikwayon gaskiya, Idol na Najeriya Yinka ya Kuma kasance a cikin masana'antar nishaɗi ta Najeriya tsawon shekaru ashirin da takwas 28.
Pitch Slogan Lokaci ya yi da za mu yi magana da kanmu
Bayanan Bayani Uba dangin Lisabi na Jamhuriyar Benin/Saliyo wanda ya koma Legas saboda asalinsa dan Najeriya ne.
Uwa daga Ikorodu, Jihar Legas.
Kakar uba daga gidan sarautar Shagamu
Waɗannan asalin sun shafi tasirin kiɗan ta. Ta tuna cewa mahaifinta yana da guitar. Ta girma har zuwa sautin Sam Cooke, Johnny Cash, Elvis da Jimmy Dean lokacin da ta girma saboda wannan ita ce kiɗan da mahaifinta ke so ya saurara.
Yayin da Davies ya yi girma a shekarun dubu daya da Dari Tara da saba'in 1970 da dubu daya dari tara da tamanin da takwas 1980 rediyo a gidan kakarta a koyaushe yana sauraron Rediyon Legas wanda ke kunna kiɗan Afirka iri -iri daga Manu Dibango (Kamaru Makossa), Mmaman Shata (mawaƙin gargajiya na Arewacin Najeriya), Dan Maria Jos Arewacin Najeriya), Orlando Julius (kudancin Najeriya highlife), Hadjia Funtua (arewacin Najeriya), Victor Uwaifo (kudancin Najeriya Joromi), Fela (kudancin Najeriya Afrobeat) don ambata kaɗan.
Ta kuma tuna kallon marigayi halayen TV Art Alade (mahaifin Dare Art-Alade wanda kuma ke da mashahurin shirin talabijin mai suna Bar Beach Show wanda ke nuna mawaƙa daban-daban har ma da ƙungiyar mazaunin sa. Ya zama a bayyane ga Yinka cewa akwai karancin mawaƙa mata a cikin shekarun dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin 1980s ta saurari Salawa Abeni (Yarbanci) da Dora Ifudu (mashahurin mawaƙi a cikin nau'in RnB) wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan mata da suka yi tasiri.
Nuna cikin kalmar Art da Kiɗa Ƙaunarta ta farko ita ce ainihin zane -zane da sassaka; zama mawaƙi ba shine fifikonta a farko ba. Ista Litinin dubu daya da dari Tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987 ita ce farkon tafiya ta cikin fasaha yayin da ta ziyarci gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa a Legas don bincika zama mai zane -zane. Ta je ta sadu da Abiodun Olaku shahararren mai zanen Najeriya. Ƙaunarta ta farko ita ce ainihin zane -zane da sassaka. Daga nan sai ta tsinci kanta cikin yanayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa. Daga baya marigayi Bassey Effiong (darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo) ya ba ta umarni don ta taimaka masa fenti mataki don samar da Auren Anansewa ta Efua Sutherland A lokacin wannan aikin ne ta dandana yadda mafarkin zanen ta mai girma 2 ya fara haɓaka tare da motsin su kuma zai iya ɗaukar rayuwar su.
A lokacin da ta ziyarci gidan wasan kwaikwayon na kasa, kasancewar tana da halin bincike, Yinka ta bincika duk sauran wuraren da ke cikin ginin don ganin abin da ke faruwa kuma ta yi tuntuɓe kan Elizabeth Hammond (ɗan rawa na Ghana) wanda ke gudanar da darussan rawa ita ce ta yi wahayi zuwa mai rawa Elizabeth Hammond ta yi tare da marigayi Christie Essien Igbokwe lambar yabo ta Azurfa a bikin Seoul na 6, Koriya ta Kudu a 1983. Kamar yadda Yinka ya sanya ta, ta haka ne ta “rufe ƙofa” da fasali/fannoni daban -daban na zane -zane.
Kaddamar cikin kiɗa/raira waƙa A cikin 1992, waɗanda suka shirya lambar yabo ta kiɗan Fame sun gan ta a matsayin mai zane-zane daga ko'ina cikin aikinta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, bidiyo, wasan kwaikwayo, muryoyin baya ga mawaƙan Najeriya daban-daban kuma sun zaɓa kuma sun ba ta lambar yabo ta farko mai zuwa.
Gudanar da wani kulob a Legas, Bread da Butter Jazz club sun haɗa ta a cikin gabatarwa ta ƙarshe a matsayin ƙungiya a ƙoƙarin gabatar da sabon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani wanda ake kira Lagbaja kuma tana da hannu sosai wajen samar da wannan faifan mawakin na farko mai suna Side by Side wanda aka saki a 1993. Daga baya ta mai da hankali kan kiɗa saboda wannan yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacinta. A cikin wannan lokacin ta kuma hada kai tare da mawakan rikodin Najeriya kamar Mike Okri (RnB), Shina Peters (Afro juju), Blackky (Reggae) da sauran su da yawa ba wai kawai a matsayin madadin mawaƙa ba amma har ma da mawaƙa don bidiyon kiɗan su. Wata babbar mawaƙa da ta yi aiki da ita ita ce marigayi Geraldo Pino (asali daga Saliyo) da Etienne T Boy (ɗan Kamaru) wanda ya yi aiki tare da Pino.
Ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 1994 ta kasance babbar juyi yayin da, abin takaici, ta yi karo da tasi a Legas lokacin da take tsallaka hanya. A cikin kalmomin ta, ta "tsallaka hanya ta bugi mota". Wannan ya haifar da babban aikin tiyata wanda ya shafi ikon rawa. Ta kasance tsakanin waƙa da rawa tana yin muryoyin baya ga sauran mawaƙa. Kiɗa a gare ta ya kasance a tsaye idan aka kwatanta da zane -zane, sassaka, wasan kwaikwayo, da rawa inda ta ji za ta iya ƙara kuzarin ta sosai.
Karancin mawakan mata a fagen wakokin Najeriya da sadaukarwar da Yinka ya yi don ci gaba da sana’ar ta ita ce dole ne a ga mace, a ji ta, a girmama ta kuma a yi mata biki a Najeriya. Tana son a tuna da ita a matsayinta na 'yar Najeriya da ake yawan gani, ji da kuma girmama ta. Daidaituwa ya kasance mafi girma a cikin ta, ta ƙuduri aniyar zama haske, fitila, kuma abin koyi ga mawaƙan mata na Najeriya mai zuwa kuma wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ba ta mai da hankali kan shiga cikin al'amuran duniya ba sai yanzu. Kamar mahaifiyar kaji tana son ta zama abin ƙarfafa ga abokan aikinta mata a masana'antar kiɗa kuma yayin da waɗannan mawakan mata masu zuwa ke ƙaddamar da ayyukansu yanzu tana iya mai da hankali kan nemanta na shiga cikin yanayin duniya. In an ambaci kadan daga cikin mawaƙan mata na Najeriya da take ɗauka a matsayin abokai, duk da cewa ba lallai ne su yi zamani da ita a masana'antar kiɗa ba, akwai Asa, Tiwa Savage, Omawunmi, Waje da dai sauransu.
Yinka wata gada ce daga tsohuwar (inda ake da karancin mata masu kida) zuwa sabon salon kiɗan na Najeriya inda mace ke tabbatar da kanta da kuma neman matsayin ta.
Motsawa Iyali abin ƙarfafa ne sosai yayin da ta ɗauki nauyin kula da 'yan uwanta tun suna ƙanana.
Mahaifinta yana cikin Sojojin Sama na Najeriya don haka tun suna ƙanana suna yawo sosai saboda mahaifinta yana jibge a sassa daban -daban na Najeriya. Tana tunawa da wani wuri da ake kira Mile na 9 wanda shine wurin triangle a Enugu inda hanyar ta kasu kashi 3 zuwa Arewa, Kudu, da Gabashin ƙasar. Mile na 9 a matsayin wurin taro shi ne, saboda haka, ya kasance mai ɗimbin ɗabi'ar dukkan al'adun Najeriya kuma saboda tana da ƙwazo sosai tun tana ƙarama ta ɗauki duk waɗannan abubuwan yayin da dangi suka ƙaura daga sansanin soja zuwa tushen wannan ƙwarewar ta kuma yi tasiri a cikin rubutunta na waka.
Binciken hoto
Kundaye aiki (1998
Ina ina (2002)
Black Chiffon (2010)
Haɗin kai Ina so in yaba (Florocka)
Lagbaja
Fatai Rolling Dollar
Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister
Fitattun Ayyuka Mawallafin Bayanin Alex O (1990-1992)
Ranar Kiɗa ta Duniya da Alliance Francaise ta shirya (1995 har zuwa yau)
Sauraren Kundin Emi Nlo na Carl Raccah (2000)
Yinka Davies a cikin Wakoki tare da 5 6 Band a Alliance Francaise Lagos Nigeria (2013, 2014, 2016)
Jazzville 7th Anniversary concert karkashin jagorancin Dattijon Steve Rhodes
1999-2002-ta kasance mazaunin mazaunin otal din Nicon Nuga Hilton a babban birnin Najeriya Abuja.
2006 yayi tare da Tony Allen a The Cave yayin sakin rikodinsa na Lagos Babu Shaking.
Yawon shakatawa na Fina -Finan Afirka Milan, Tunis, Cibiyar Goethe ta shirya Kaddamar da Kundin Black Chiffon (2011)
Alkalin Idol na Najeriya (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016)
Wasan kwaikwayo na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ajumogobia (2005-2015)
Bikin Waƙar Afirka London (2015)
Jazz Jihar Legas (2016, 2017, 2018)
Jazz Jihar Jahar (2017)
Jazz a Mazaunin Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka (2015. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo/Mataki Abubuwan Fall Baya Baya wanda Bassey Effiong ya jagoranta (1988)
Lion da The Jewel wanda Bassey Effiong ya jagoranta (1988)
Kungiyar Rawa ta Zamani ta jagoranci Elizabeth Hammond (1988 90)
Wind vs Polygamy wanda Sam Loco Efe ya jagoranta (1989)
Wakar Kakaki: Ben Tomoloju ne ya bada umarni (1990)
Mutuwa da Mai Dokin Sarki wanda Bayo Oduneye ya jagoranta (1990)
Greener Grass wanda Niji Akanni da Bakare suka jagoranta (1990)
Irara Alagbe wanda Felix Okolo ya jagoranta (1992)
Mekunu Melody na Felix Okolo (1992)
Area Boy ta Felix Okolo (1993)
Kyaututtuka FIM kiɗa Mawaki mai zuwa na shekara, 1992
Kyautar kiɗan Najeriya (NMA) Muryar Shekaru, 2007.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Tashar yanar gizon Pages with unreviewed |
22484 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa-ido%20akan%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam | Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam | Human Rights Watch (HRW) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya, wacce ke da hedikwata a cikin birnin New York, wacce ke gudanar da bincike da bayar da shawarwari kan hakkin dan adam. Kungiyar tana matsawa gwamnatoci, masu tsara manufofi, kamfanoni, da daidaikun masu cin zarafin bil adama kan yin tir da cin zarafi da mutunta 'yancin dan adam, kuma kungiyar galibi tana aiki ne a madadin' yan gudun hijira, yara, bakin haure, da kuma fursunonin siyasa.
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam a cikin shekarar 1997 ta raba a cikin Nobel Peace Prize a matsayin memba na kafa Kamfen na Kasa da Kasa na Haramta Nakiyoyi kuma ya taka rawa a cikin yarjejeniyar ta 2008 ta hana tashin bindiga. Kudaden da kungiyar ke kashewa duk shekara sun kai dala miliyan 50.6 a shekarar 2011, dala miliyan 69.2 a shekarar 2014, da dala miliyan 75.5 a shekarar 2017.
Tarihi Robert L. Bernstein da Aryeh Neier ne suka kafa kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar Ba-Amurke mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1978, karkashin sunan Helsinki Watch, don sa ido kan yarjejeniyar da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi da Helsinki. Helsinki Watch ta bi diddigin al'adar sanya suna da tozarta a bainar jama'a ta hanyar watsa labarai ta hanyar musayar labarai kai tsaye da masu tsara manufofin siyasa. Ta hanyar haskaka hasken duniya game da take hakkin bil adama a Tarayyar Soviet da kawayenta na Turai, Helsinki Watch ta ce ta ba da gudummawa ga sauye-sauyen dimokiradiyya na yankin a karshen shekarata 1980s. An kafa Amurkan Watch a shekarata 1981 yayin da yakin basasa da aka zub da jini ya mamaye Amurka ta tsakiya Dogaro da bincike mai zurfi a kasa, Amurkan Watch ba wai kawai ya magance cin zarafin da sojojin gwamnati ke yi ba ne amma kuma ya yi amfani da dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa don bincika da fallasa laifukan yaki na kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye. Baya ga nuna damuwarta a kasashen da abin ya shafa, Amurkan Watch ta kuma binciki rawar da gwamnatocin kasashen waje, musamman gwamnatin Amurka suka taka, wajen ba da tallafi na soja da siyasa ga gwamnatocin cin zarafi.
Asia Watch a shekarata (1985), Africa Watch a shekarata (1988) da Middle East Watch a shekarata (1989) an kira su akan abin da aka sani da Kwamitocin Kulawa A cikin shekarar 1988, duk waɗannan kwamitocin sun haɗu a ƙarƙashin laima ɗaya don kafa Human Rights Watch.
Bayani Dangane da Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR), Human Rights Watch (HRW) tana adawa da take hakki na abin da ake ɗauka na haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali a ƙarƙashin UDHR. Wannan ya hada da hukuncin kisa da nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i HRW tana ba da shawara ga 'yanci dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali, kamar yancin addini da 'yancin aikin jarida HRW na neman samun canji ta hanyar matsin lamba ga gwamnatoci da masu tsara manufofinsu don dakile take hakkin bil adama, da kuma shawo kan gwamnatoci masu karfi da su yi amfani da tasirinsu a kan gwamnatocin da ke take hakkin dan adam. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch tana wallafa rahotannin bincike kan take hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa kamar yadda kudurin kare hakkin dan adam ya tanada da kuma abin da take ganin wasu karbuwa ne na duniya, ka'idojin hakkin dan adam. Ana amfani da waɗannan rahotannin azaman tushe don jawo hankalin duniya ga cin zarafi da matsawa gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa yin garambawul. Masu binciken suna gudanar da bincike-bincike na gaskiya don bincika yanayin wadanda ake zargi kuma ta amfani da diflomasiyya, kasancewa tare da wadanda abin ya shafa, yin fa'idojin game da jama'a da daidaikun mutane, da samar da tsaro da ake bukata a gare su a cikin mawuyacin hali kuma a cikin lokaci mai kyau samar da labarai a kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida da na duniya. Batutuwan da kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch ta tabo a cikin rahotonninta sun hada da nuna wariya ta fuskar jinsi da jinsi, azabtarwa, amfani da kananan yara ta hanyar soji, cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, cin zarafi a tsarin shari'ar masu aikata laifuka, da halatta zubar da ciki HRW ta yi rubuce-rubuce da kuma bayar da rahoto game da take haƙƙin dokokin yaƙi da kuma dokokin ɗan adam na duniya Har ila yau Human Rights Watch na tallafa wa marubuta a duk duniya, waɗanda ake tsananta wa saboda ayyukansu kuma suna buƙatar taimakon kuɗi Tallafin na Hellman Hammett ana daukar nauyin ta ne daga mallakar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Lillian Hellman a cikin kuɗin da aka kafa da sunanta da na abokiyar aikinta na dogon lokaci, marubucin littattafai Dashiell Hammett Baya ga bayar da taimakon kudi, taimakon na Hellman Hammett na taimaka wajan wayar da kan kasashen duniya game da masu fafutuka wadanda ake yiwa shiru saboda yin magana don kare hakkin dan adam. Kowace shekara, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Human Rights Watch tana gabatar da lambar yabo ta masu kare hakkin dan adam ga masu fafutuka a duniya wadanda ke nuna jagoranci da jajircewa wajen kare hakkin dan adam. Wadanda suka lashe kyautar suna aiki tare da HRW wajen bincike da kuma tona asirin cin zarafin dan adam. Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta kasance daya daga cikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu shida na kasa da kasa wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Kawancen Dakatar da Amfani da Sojoji Yara a shekarata 1998. Har ila yau, ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban Kamfen din Kasa da Kasa na Haramta Nakiyoyi, kawancen kungiyoyin farar hula na duniya da suka yi nasarar shiga cikin gabatar da yarjejeniyar Ottawa, wata yarjejeniya da ke hana amfani da nakiyoyi.
Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch memba ce ta kafa kungiyar musayar ra'ayi ta 'Yancin Kasa da Kasa, wata cibiya ta duniya ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ke sa ido kan takunkumi a duniya. Har ila yau, ta kafa} ungiyar Hadin Kan Cluster, wacce ta kawo wani taron kasa da kasa na haramta makaman. HRW tana aiki da ma’aikata sama da 275 masana na ƙasa, lauyoyi, ‘yan jarida, da masana kuma tana aiki a cikin sama da ƙasashe 90 a duniya. Wanda yake da hedikwata a Birnin New York, yana da ofis a Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, Seoul, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington, DC, da Zürich HRW tana kula da samun damar kai tsaye ga yawancin kasashen da take rahoto akai. Cuba, Koriya ta Arewa, Sudan, Iran, Isra’ila, Masar, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Uzbekistan da Venezuela na daga cikin tsirarun kasashen da suka toshe hanyoyin samun ma’aikatan HRW. Babban daraktan HRW a yanzu shi ne Kenneth Roth, wanda ya rike wannan mukamin tun shekarar 1993. Roth ya gudanar da bincike kan cin zarafi a Poland bayan da aka ayyana dokar soja a shekarar 1981. Daga baya ya mai da hankali kan Haiti, wanda ya fito daga mulkin kama-karya na Duvalier amma ya ci gaba da fama da matsaloli. Tunanin Roth game da mahimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya fara ne da labaran da mahaifinsa ya ba da game da tserewa Nazi Jamus a shekarata 1938. Roth ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Yale Law da Jami'ar Brown Kwatantawa da Amnesty International Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International su ne kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama guda biyu na kasashen yamma da ke aiki a mafi yawan yanayi na tsananin zalunci ko cin zarafi a duniya. Babban bambance-bambance sun ta'allaka ne da tsarin kungiyar da hanyoyin inganta canji.
Amnesty International kungiya ce ta mambobi da yawa. Tattaunawar waɗancan membobin shine babban kayan tallata ƙungiyar. Manyan kayayyakin kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch su ne binciken da ta gabatar game da rikicin da kuma dogayen rahotanni, yayin da Amnesty International ta nemi izini da rubuta rahotanni dalla-dalla, amma kuma ta fi mayar da hankali kan kamfen din rubuto wasika, daukar mutane a matsayin fursunonin lamiri da kuma neman a sake su. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch za ta fito fili don neman takamaiman matakin da wasu gwamnatoci za su dauka a kan masu take hakkin bil adama, gami da sanya takamaiman mutane don kamewa, ko kuma sanya takunkumi kan wasu kasashe, kwanan nan yana kiran da a hukunta manyan shugabannin a Sudan wadanda suka kula. yakin kashe kashe a Darfur Kungiyar ta kuma yi kira da a saki masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam da aka tsare a Sudan. Rubuce-rubucensa game da keta hakkin ɗan adam galibi sun haɗa da cikakken nazarin tarihin siyasa da tarihin rikice-rikicen da aka damu, waɗanda aka buga wasu daga cikin littattafan ilimi. Rahotannin AI, a gefe guda, suna ɗauke da ƙananan bincike, kuma a maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan takamaiman haƙƙƙen haƙƙoƙin. A cikin shekarata 2010, The Times na London ya rubuta cewa HRW "ta rufe duhu" Amnesty International. A cewar The Times, maimakon samun goyan baya ta yawan membobi, kamar yadda AI ke, HRW ya dogara ne da masu hannu da shuni wadanda ke son ganin rahoton kungiyar ya zama kanun labarai. A saboda wannan dalili, a cewar The Times, HRW na yawan mai da hankali kan wuraren da kafafen yada labarai suka riga suka damu da su, musamman ma wajen yada labaran Isra'ila ba daidai ba.
Kudi da ayyuka Don shekarar kuɗi da ta ƙare a watan Yunin na shekarata 2008, HRW ta ba da rahoton karɓar kusan dala miliyan 44 a ba da gudummawar jama'a. A cikin shekarar 2009, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta bayyana cewa suna karbar kusan kashi 75% na tallafin kudi daga Arewacin Amurka, kashi 25% daga Yammacin Turai da kasa da 1% daga sauran kasashen duniya. Dangane da binciken kudi na shekara ta 2008, HRW ta bayar da rahoton cewa ba ta karɓar duk wani tallafi kai tsaye daga gwamnatoci kuma ana samun kuɗaɗen ta hanyar gudummawa daga mutane masu zaman kansu da tushe. Mai bayar da tallafi kuma mai taimakon jama'a George Soros na kungiyar Open Society Foundations ya sanar a shekarar 2010 niyyarsa ta ba da dala miliyan 100 ga HRW na tsawon shekaru goma don taimaka mata fadada kokarinta a duniya: "don zama mafi inganci," in ji shi, "Ina tsammanin dole ne a ga kungiya a matsayin kasa da kasa, kasa da kungiyar Amurka. Ya ce, "Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch na daga cikin kungiyoyi mafiya inganci da nake goyon baya. 'Yancin ɗan adam suna tallafawa mafi girman burinmu: suna cikin zuciyar al'ummu masu buɗewa. Gudummawar ta ƙara yawan ma'aikatan Human Rights Watch na 300 da mutane 120. Gudummawar ita ce mafi girma a tarihin kungiyar. Charity Navigator ya ba Human Rights Watch ƙimar tauraruwa uku gaba ɗaya don a shekarata 2018. Darajar kuɗaɗen ta ya karu daga taurari uku a cikin shekarar 2015 zuwa matsakaici huɗu kamar na Yuni na shekarar 2016. Ofishin Kasuwanci mafi Kyawu ya ce Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta cika ka'idojinta na ba da lissafin sadaka. Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta wallafa wannan shirin mai zuwa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarar kudi wacce za ta kare a watan Yunin shekarata 2011.
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta wallafa wannan shirin mai zuwa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarar kudi wacce za ta kare a watan Yunin shekarata 2008.
Sanannun ma'aikata Wasu sanannun ma’aikata na yanzu da tsoffin ma’aikatan kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam: Robert L. Bernstein, Shugaban Kafa Emeritus
Neil Rimer, mataimakin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ofasashen Duniya Kenneth Roth, Babban Darakta
Jan Egeland, Mataimakin Darakta kuma Darakta na Human Rights Watch Turai
John Studzinski, Mataimakin Shugaban; ci gaban hannun Turai; tsohon Darakta; memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa; Shugaban Kwamitin Zuba Jari Minky Worden, Daraktan Media
Jamie Fellner, Babban Mashawarci na Shirin Amincewa da Humanan Adam na Amurka
Brad Adams, Daraktan Asiya
Scott Long, 'yan madigo, Gay, Bisexual, da kuma Daraktan' Yancin Transgender
Sarah Leah Whitson, tsohuwar Daraktar Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
Joe Stork, Mataimakin Daraktan Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
Marc Garlasco, tsohon ma'aikaci ne, ya yi murabus ne saboda wata badakala da ta shafi tarin kayan Sharon Hom, mamba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch Asia
Tae-Ung Baik, tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin bincike
Nabeel Rajab, memba na Kwamitin Shawara na Sashin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Human Rights Watch
Tejshree Thapa, tsohon Babban mai binciken Kudancin Asiya Ben Rawlence, Dan Jarida kuma tsohon Mai bincike
Littattafai Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Human Rights Watch tana wallafa rahotanni kan batutuwa daban-daban kuma tana tattara rahoton Duniya na shekara-shekara wanda ke gabatar da bayyani game da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya. Jaridu Bakwai Bakwai ne suka buga shi tun shekarar 2006; Buga na yanzu, Rahoton Duniya na shekarar 2020, an sake shi a cikin Janairu shekarata 2020, kuma yana ɗaukar abubuwan da suka faru na 2019. Rahoton Duniya na shekarar 2020, HRW na 30 na shekara-shekara game da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama a duk duniya, ya hada da sake duba ayyukan al'adu da halaye a kusan kasashe 100, da kuma gabatarwar gabatarwa ta Babban Daraktan HRW Kenneth Roth "Barazanar Duniya ta China ga 'Yancin Dan Adam". Kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoto mai yawa a kan batutuwa kamar su kisan kare dangin na Ruwanda na shekarar 1994, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da rajistar masu yin lalata da Amurka saboda yawan su da kuma aikace-aikacen da suke yi wa yara. A lokacin bazara na shekarata 2004, Rare Book and Manuscript Library a Jami'ar Columbia a New York ya zama cibiyar adana kayan tarihi na Human Rights Watch Archive, tarin aiki wanda ke tattara bayanan binciken haƙƙin ɗan adam shekaru da yawa a duniya. An sauya tarihin daga inda yake a baya a Norlin Library a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder Rukunin tarihin ya hada da fayilolin gudanarwa, takaddun hulda da jama'a, da kuma harka da fayilolin kasa. Tare da wasu keɓaɓɓu don la'akari da tsaro, al'umman Jami'ar Columbia da jama'a suna da damar yin amfani da bayanan filin, ɗauka da kuma yin hira da wadanda ake zargi da keta hakkin ɗan adam, bidiyo da kaset, da sauran kayan aikin da ke rubuta ayyukan ƙungiyar tun kafuwarta a shekarata kamar yadda Helsinki Kalli. Koyaya, manyan sassa na tarihin HRW ba a buɗe su ga masu bincike ko ga jama'a ba, gami da bayanan tarurrukan kwamitin gudanarwa, kwamitin zartarwa, da ƙananan kwamitoci daban-daban, yana iyakance ikon masana tarihi don fahimtar shawarar cikin ƙungiyar- yin.
Suka An zargi HRW saboda ganin son zuciya daga gwamnatocin ƙasashe waɗanda ta bincika game da take haƙƙin bil adama, ta NGO Monitor, da kuma wanda ya kafa HRW, kuma tsohon Shugaban, Robert L. Bernstein Zargin nuna wariya sun hada da tasirin da bai dace ba da manufofin gwamnatin Amurka, da ikirarin cewa HRW na nuna son kai ga Isra'ila (kuma yana mai da hankali sosai kan rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila Har ila yau, an soki HRW saboda rashin kyakkyawar hanyar bincike da sassaucin binciken gaskiya, da kuma yin biris da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam na ƙananan gwamnatocin buɗe ido. HRW ya saba magana a bayyane, kuma galibi yana musantawa, sukan rahotonsa da bincikensa. A cewar Democracy Now, an kuma soki HRW saboda samun 'kofa mai juyawa' tare da gwamnatin Amurka, tuhumar da HRW ke rikici. A shekarar 2020, kwamitin Daraktocin HRW ya gano cewa kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ta karbi gudummawar dala 470,000 daga attajirin masarautar Saudiyya Mohamed Bin Issa Al Jaber, mamallakin wani kamfanin HRW "wanda a baya aka gano yana da hannu dumu-dumu a cin zarafin ma'aikata", a karkashin sharadin cewa ba za a yi amfani da gudummawa don tallafawa ba da shawara game da LGBT a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ba. An dawo da kyautar kuma kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da wata sanarwa da ke cewa karban tallafin wani "yanke shawara ne mai matukar nadama" dangane da rahoton bincike daga The Intercept game da gudummawar. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2020, babban daraktan HRW Kenneth Roth ya sanya takunkumi tare da shugabannin wasu dimokuradiyya hudu da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da Amurka da ‘yan majalisun Jamhuriyyar Amurka shida da gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi don tallafa wa kungiyar kare demokradiyya ta Hongkong a cikin shekarar 2019– 20 Hong Kong zanga-zangar Shugabannin kungiyoyin biyar sun ga sanya takunkumin, wanda ba a fayyace bayanansa ba, a matsayin matakin t-da-tat a matsayin martani ga takunkumin da Amurka ta ba da na farko na jami'an Hong Kong 11. Matakin na ƙarshe ya kasance martani ne ga aiwatar da Dokar Tsaro ta Kongasar Hong Kong a ƙarshen Yuni.
Duba kuma 'Yancin ilimi a Gabas ta Tsakiya
Gangamin 'Yancin Amurka
Avocats Sans Frontières
Gidan Yanci
Helsinki Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam
'Yancin Dan Adam Na Farko
Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta Bayyanar da Kasa da Kasa
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Shi'a
Haɗin Haɗin Dan Adam na Amurka
Hadin kan Duniya da Hukunci kan Mutuwar
Rikicin 'yan banga a Indiya
Manazarta Tarihi
Bayani
Kudi da Ayyuka
Sannanun Mutane
Majiya Pages with unreviewed |
15883 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyosi%20Akerele-Ogunsiji | Toyosi Akerele-Ogunsiji | Toyosi Akerele-Ogunsiji (an haife Oluwatoyosi Akerele ne a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 1983)ta kasan ce kuma ƙwararren yar kasuwa ne yar Nijeriya kuma masani ne kan ci gaban ɗan adam wanda aikin ta ya keɓance tsakanin kasuwanci, ilimi, ci gaban matasa da jagorancin jama'a Ita ce ta kafa, kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Rise Networks, wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Najeriya da ke tallafa wa harkokin kasuwancin matasa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Akerele-Ogunsiji ga dangin James Ayodele da Felicia Mopelola Akerele a jihar Legas, Najeriya Ta halarci makarantar Ebun Oluwa Nursery da Primary School, Oregun Lagos daga inda ta tafi Kwalejin Kwalejin Model ta Kankon Badagry, Legas don karatunta na karamar sakandare daga 1994 zuwa 1996 kafin ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Egbado (yanzu kwalejin Yewa) daga 1998 zuwa Yuni 2000 a gare ta. Babbar Ilimin Sakandire inda ta kammala a matsayinta na mafi kyawun Studentalibi a Gasar Essay wanda ionungiyar Makarantu na Aionian ta shirya a Jihar Ogun Ta samu digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Jos a watan Afrilun 2007. Akerele-Ogunsiji A Mason Fellow ne kuma Babbar Jagora a Fannin Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a na Harvard University Kennedy School of Government Ta yi karatun dabarun Gudanarwa a Matsayi na Darakta a Makarantar Kasuwancin Alkali ta Jami'ar Cambridge, ta sami Takaddar Shawara a Ayyukan Hadahadar Matasa na Kudi daga Jami'ar New Hampshire, Durham, Amurka, tana da Takaddar Shawara a Media Enterprise daga Makarantar Media da Sadarwa, Pan Jami'ar Atlantic da Takardar Jagora na Gudanar da Gudanar da Ayyuka daga Kwalejin Gudanar da Ayyuka, Burtaniya Har ila yau, ta yi karatun dabarun Tallace-tallace na Dijital a Cibiyar Bunkasar Digital Digital.
Kwarewar sana'a Akerele-Ogunsiji ta fara aiki a 2007 a matsayin Shugabar Sadarwa da Harkokin Harkokin Waje a Oando Oil and Gas PLC. Ta koma ma'aikatar matasa da ci gaban al'umma, jihar Ogun, Najeriya inda ta kasance mataimakiya ta musamman ga mai girma kwamishina kan ci gaban matasa kafin ta ci gaba da kafa Rise Human And Education Development Networks, kungiyar da ke mai da hankali kan samar da ci gaban ilimi da shirye-shiryen gina iya aiki ga matasa 'yan Najeriya tsakanin 16 zuwa 30. Akerele-Ogunsiji ta kafa Passnownow a shekarar 2012 da nufin taimakawa marassa galihu da hana yara 'yan makarantar sakandare samun dama da kuma amfani da Abun cikin Ilimin Ilimi na Manhaja, daga jin dadin Na'urorin Waya. Ita ma ta kafa, Kamfanin buga takardu, na buga Printing Princiag wanda ke bayar da sabis na Buga na awanni 24 a farashi mai sauki ga Kananan Kasuwanci ta hanyar Intanet. a 2017, Akerele-Ogunsiji ya jagoranci ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya na Harvard Kennedy School of Government da Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) zuwa Seungiyar Jama'a da Filin Innovation na mako guda a, Lagos, Nigeria An bayyana tafiyar a matsayin samar da "ingantaccen dandamali don Hadin gwiwa ga Dalibai da Harvard da kuma Malaman don kara koyo game da Bunkasar birane da kirkire-kirkire, Gasar Tattalin Arziki, Gudanar da Demokradiyya da Sauyi a Manufofin Jama'a na Legas da Najeriya.
Iyali A shekarar 2014 ta auri Adekunle Ogunsiji, wani kwararren masanin ilimin ICT, a wani muhimmin bikin aure da aka yi a gidansu da ke Ikeja, Legas.
Littattafai Akerele-Ogunsiji yana da takardu da wallafe-wallafe da yawa akan jagoranci, matasa da ci gaban kasuwanci, gami da yin rubuce-rubuce:
Dabaru-Dabaru: dabaru da dabaru, tsarin cin nasara ga kamfanoni masu tasowa Dole ne Mu Kasance tare da su: Dalilin da yasa Talakawan ofasashe Masu Arziki ba za su iya jira kuma ba wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi a Cibiyar Shugabancin Jama'a, Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a watan Mayu 2017. An wallafa rubuce-rubucenta da hirarrakin nata a jaridun The Nation, da Nigerian Guardian, da The Punch da kuma jaridar This Day Duba kuma Ade Olufeko
Obi Asika
Ade Hassan
Manazarta Mata
Ƴan |
35575 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Protection%2C%20Alaska | Port Protection, Alaska | Kariyar tashar jiragen ruwa Lingít Kél) wuri ne da aka ƙaddamar da ƙidayar (CDP) a cikin Yankin Ƙididdiga na Yariman Wales-Hyder, Alaska, Amurka Yawan jama'a ya kasance 36 a ƙidayar 2020, ya ragu daga 48 a cikin ƙidayar 2010 Geography Kariyar tashar jiragen ruwa tana nan (56.322078, -133.606706). A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, CDP tana da jimillar yanki na wanda, nasa ƙasa ne kuma daga ciki (2.61%) ruwa ne.
Tarihi A cikin 1975, Kariyar Port da Point Baker sun ba da labarai na ƙasa lokacin da Zieske v Butz, wata ƙarar ƙarar da ta kai ga Sabis ɗin gandun daji na Amurka wanda mazauna Point Baker Charles Zieske, Alan Stein da Herb Zieske suka kawo, Alkali James von der Heydt, Alaska Federal ya yanke hukunci. Alkalin kotun gunduma. Alan Stein da Ƙungiyar Baker Baker ne suka ƙaddamar da ƙarar wanda ke da mambobi kusan 30 masunta daga al'ummomin Pt Baker da Kariyar Port. A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1975, von der Hedyt ya ba da wani umarni game da duk wani yanke hukunci a Arewacin ƙarshen tsibirin Yariman Wales daga Red Bay zuwa Calder Bay. Shari'ar ta dakatar da shirin yanke karara a kan kadada 400,000 (kilomita 1,600) a arewacin tsibirin tsibirin. Majalisa ta ɗaga umarnin lokacin da ta zartar da Dokar Kula da gandun daji ta ƙasa a 1976.
Sau biyu ƙarin Kariyar tashar jiragen ruwa da Pt Baker sun yi kanun labarai A cikin 1989, a cikin ƙarar da ake kira Stein v Barton, da yawa daga cikin mazaunanta sun yi yaƙi don ɗaukar shinge a duk kogin salmon na Tongass da kuma kariya ga magudanar ruwa na Salmon Bay. A cikin 1990 Tongass Timber Reform Act, masu fafutuka na ƙungiyar muhalli a Washington sun yi sulhu tare da Sanata Ted Stevens kuma kawai an sami kariya daga ɓangaren ruwan Salmon Bay. An yi ciniki da katakon da ke kewaye da wani muhimmin rafin salmon. Wannan ka'ida ta kuma kare duk kogunan salmon a cikin Tongass tare ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa yayin ayyukan shiga.
</br>Mazauna yankin an nuna su a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen gaskiya na National Geographic Channel Life Below Zero: Kariyar tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma tsibiri na Lawless Alkaluma Kariyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta fara bayyana akan ƙidayar Amurka ta 1990 a matsayin wurin da aka ayyana ƙidayar (CDP).
A ƙidayar 2000 akwai mutane 63, gidaje 31, da iyalai 12 a cikin CDP. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 14.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (5.4/km 2 Akwai rukunin gidaje 52 a matsakaicin yawa na 11.6/sq mi (4.5/km 2 Tsarin launin fata na CDP ya kasance 87.30% Fari, 1.59% Asiya, da 11.11% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowane jinsi sun kasance 4.76%. Daga cikin gidaje 31, kashi 22.6% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 32.3% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 12.9% na da mace mai gida da babu mijin aure, kashi 51.6% kuma ba iyali ba ne. 48.4% na gidaje mutum ɗaya ne, kuma 12.9% mutum ɗaya ne mai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Wani gida yana da magajin gari Bill McNeff. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.03 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi ya kasance 2.80.
A cikin CDP yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 23.8% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 6.3% daga 18 zuwa 24, 31.7% daga 25 zuwa 44, 28.6% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 9.5% 65 ko fiye. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 42. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 152.0. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 152.6.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga gida shine $10,938 kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga iyali shine $41,250. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $0 akan 51,250 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na CDP ya kasance $12,058. Kimanin kashi 44.4% na iyalai da 57.5% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 73.3% na 'yan ƙasa da goma sha takwas da 60.0% na waɗanda suka haura 64.
Manazarta
Duba kuma Tushen Kariyar Jirgin Ruwa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50398 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20Grey-man | D. Grey-man | D.Gray-man jerin manga ne na Jafananci wanda Katsura Hoshino ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta.Saita a cikin wani madadin 19th karni,yana ba da labarin wani matashi Allen Walker,wanda ya shiga ƙungiyar masu fitar da fatara mai suna Black Order..Suna amfani da wani tsohon abu,Innocence,don yaƙar wani mutum da aka fi sani da Millennium Earl da rundunarsa ta aljanu na Akuma waɗanda suke da niyyar halaka ɗan adam.Haruffa da yawa an daidaita su daga ayyukan Hoshino na baya da zayyana,kamar Yanki .An lura da jerin don baƙar magana;Hoshino ta taɓa sake rubuta yanayin da take tunanin tashin hankali ga matasa masu karatun ta.
The manga ya fara serialization a cikin 2004 a cikin Weekly Shonen Jump mujallar, buga ta Shueisha.An dakatar da yin jerin shirye-shiryen sau da yawa saboda matsalolin lafiyar Hoshino.D.Gray-man yi sauyi daga mako-mako zuwa jerin kowane wata a watan Nuwamba 2009,lokacin da ya fara serialization a Jump Square. A cikin Janairu 2013,jerin sun ci gaba da raguwa mara iyaka.Ya sake komawa serialization a cikin Yuli 2015 bayan fitowar Jump SQ.Crown.juyawa daga mujallar Jump SQ Bayan Jump SQ. Crown ya daina bugawa, an canza silsilar zuwa Jump SQ.Tashi,farawa daga Afrilu 2018.An tattara surori na manga a cikin kundin tankobon 28 har zuwa Oktoba 2022. A watan Yuli 2021,Viz Media ta fitar da kundin 27 a Arewacin Amurka.
Silsilar labari mai juyowa,D.Gray-man:Reverse by Kaya Kizaki, ya bincika tarihin haruffa masu yawa..An daidaita manga zuwa jerin anime mai kashi 103 ta TMS Entertainment wanda aka watsa daga Oktoba 2006 zuwa Satumba 2008 a Japan kuma Funimation a Arewacin Amurka ya ba shi lasisi..A 13-episode sequel anime jerin, D.Gray-Man Hallow, wanda kuma TMS Entertainment ya samar..An watsa shi a Japan daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2016 a matsayin mabiyi ga jerin anime na D.Gray-man na farko.An samar da kayayyaki da dama,gami da wasannin bidiyo guda biyu game da jerin.
Manga ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu siyar da Shueisha,inda aka sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 25..A Japan da Arewacin Amurka,kundin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun mutane sun bayyana a cikin jerin manyan goma na mako-mako na manga masu siyarwa.Kodayake yawancin masu bita sun same shi kama da sauran manga na shōnen,sun kwatanta lokacinsa na asali da ingantattun haruffa da kyau ga sauran jerin alƙaluma iri ɗaya.Ayyukan zane-zane na Hoshino sun sami mafi yawa tabbatacce bita;Yawancin masu sukar sun yi sharhi cewa halayenta suna da ban sha'awa na gani kuma abubuwan Gothic a cikin fasaharta suna jin daɗin kallo.Koyaya,wata mai sukar aikinta ta ce jerin yaƙin Hoshino na iya zama da wahala a bi.
Takaitaccen bayani
Saita An kafa shi a cikin wani ƙarni na 19 na dabam,labarin ya mai da hankali kan ƙungiyar masu fitar da fatara, mai suna Black Order,yayin da suke kare ɗan adam a kan Iyalin Nuhu,reincarnations na Nuhu da manzanninsa goma sha biyu waɗanda ke nuna ƙiyayya ga ɗan adam kuma Allah ya jagoranta da wani mutum da aka sani da suna. Ƙarshen Millennium.Babban makamin masu fitar da 'yan ta'adda a kan Iyalin Nuhu,kayan tarihi ne masu tsarki da ake kira Innocence.Rashin laifi yana zuwa ta nau'i-nau'i iri-iri,ya bambanta daga abubuwan yau da kullun kamar takalma zuwa agogon kakanni,zuwa makamai kamar takuba da bindigogi;ba tare da la'akari da nau'in su ba,kowane Innocence yana da ƙwarewa na musamman da ƙwarewa kuma zai yi aiki ne kawai ga mai amfani da zaɓin su.Daga cikin rashin laifi guda 109 da ke boye da warwatse a ko'ina cikin duniya,daya daga cikinsu shi ne ma'abucin rashin laifi;Duk wanda ya fara samun wannan rashin laifi zai ci nasara a yakin. Sabanin rashin laifi,makaman dangin Nuhu an samo su ne daga tushen wutar lantarki da aka sani da Dark Matter.Dark Matter yana baiwa Nuhu manyan iko,tare da ikon ƙirƙirar da sarrafa aljanu.
Makirci Babban hali shine Allen Walker,sabon ma'aikaci ga Baƙar fata wanda ya fara horo don sarrafa rashin laifi bayan ya lalata Akuma na majiɓincins,Mana..Labarin ya fara ne a cikin wani mugun yanayi na mako,inda Allen ya haɗu tare da mambobi daban-daban na Black Order don neman rashin laifi yayin yaƙi da aljanu Nuhu a hanya. Daga baya,Allen da abokansa an umurce su da su bi diddigin exorcist Janar Cross Marian, malamin Allen da ya ɓace. Binciken nasu ya kare ne inda suka sace daya daga cikin na'urorin sufurin Nuhu, wanda ake kira jirgin Nuhu ;wannan ya yiwu tun lokacin da Allen ya zurfafa fahimtar Nea D. Campbell,ɗan'uwan Mana,da kuma ɗan gudun hijira na 14th na dangin Nuhu,wanda Earl yake so ya dawo.Cross ya bayyana cewa Nea yana shirin amfani da Allen a matsayin mai masaukin baki akan reincarnating, yadda ya kamata yana goge Allen daga ƙarshe. A lokacin na uku Exorcists tashin labarin baka,Nea ta sani ya fara superseding jikin Allen. Yanzu ana farautar da Baƙar fata,dangin Nuhu,da Innocence na ɗan adam da ake kira Apocryphos,Allen ya shiga ɓoye yayin da yake neman hanyar kawo ƙarshen tashin Nea. A lokacin tafiyarsa,ya gane cewa Marigayi waliyinsa,Mana,tare da Nea, yana da ƙaƙƙarfan hanyar haɗi zuwa Ƙarƙashin Ƙarni..Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar tafiya inda Mana da Nea suka taso don sanin gaskiya a kansu,da alakarsu da Kunnen.Bayan tserewarsa, Black Order,Apocryphos da Nuhu suna bin Allen.Sa’adad da Apocryphos ya shagala da Nuhu, Earl ya sami Allen wanda Nea yake mallaka. A lokacin wannan haduwa an bayyana cewa Earl na yanzu shine Mana D. Campbel, ɗan'uwan Ne. Dukansu sun kasance farkon Millennium Earl amma sun rabu kuma sun zama abokan |
21645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20ibn%20Isa%20al-Shaybani | Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani | Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani (ya mutu a shekara ta 898), ya kasance shugaban larabawa na kabilar Shayban. A cikin shekara ta 882/3 ya gaji mahaifinsa, mai suna Isa ibn al-Shaykh, a matsayin mai mulkin kusancin Diyar Bakr, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa ikonsa a wasu yankunan kudancin Armenia shi ma. Ya sami iko a kan Mosul a 891/2, amma fuskantar wani resurgent Abbasiyawa Khalifanci, ya aka hana birnin da kuma tilasta su a cikin wani wuri na vassalage da Halifa al-Mu'tamid. Jim kaɗan da mutuwarsa a shekara ta 898, Halifa ya hana ɗansa da magajinsa, Muhammad, yankuna na ƙarshe da suka rage a ƙarƙashin ikon dangin.
Rayuwa Ahmad dan Isa bin al-Shaykh al-Shaybani ne. A cikin shekarun 860s, ta hanyar amfani da hargitsin "Anarchy at Samarra", wanda ya gurguntar da Khalifanci na Abbasawa kuma ya karfafa rarrabuwar kai a lardunan, Isa ya dauki kansa a matsayin dan lokaci kadan ya zama shugaban wata kasar a zahiri ta makiyaya a Falasdinu. Daga ƙarshe an tilasta masa barin Falasɗinu ya zama gwamnan Armenia, amma ya kasa aiwatar da ikonsa a kan sarakunan yankin, sai ya bar lardin a shekara ta 878 ya koma garinsa na asali Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia). A can ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulkin Diyar Bakr, tare da Amid a matsayin babban birninta. A mutuwar Isa a shekara ta 882/3, Ahmad ya gaji mahaifinsa. Mutum ne mai son cika buri, ya yi amfani da matsayinsa a matsayin gwamna na Diyar Bakr mai cikakken 'yanci don faɗaɗa tasirinsa a duka sauran Jazira da arewa zuwa Armenia. Duk da cewa sabanin mahaifinsa bai rike wani mukami a madadin Kalifanci a Armenia ba, a shekara ta 887 Khalifa al-Mu'tamid ya aike shi don ya ba da sarautar ga yariman Bagratid Ashot I, ta haka ya kafa daular Armeniya mai zaman kanta. A cikin Jazira, kamar mahaifinsa da ya gabace shi, sarkin Turkiya na Mosul, Ishaq bn Kundajiq, wanda Halifa ya amince da shi a matsayin gwamnan Jazira ya yi adawa da Ahmad. Bayan mutuwar Ibn Kundajiq ne a cikin shekara ta 891/2 sannan Ahmad ya sami damar faɗaɗa ikonsa, ya kame Mardin kuma daga ƙarshe Mosul da kansa, yana fitar da ɗan Ibn Kundajiq Muhammad. Nasarorin nasa ba su dade ba, domin a cikin shekarar 893, sabon kazamin khalifa al-Mu'tadid ya yi kamfen a Jazira kuma ya sanya Mosul karkashin shugabancin halifa kai tsaye, yana iyakance Shaybanids zuwa asalin lardinsu na Diyar Bakr. Ganin farfadowar ikon Abbasiyawa karkashin al-Mu'tadid, Ahmad ya yi kokarin ganin ya sami yardar Halifa don tabbatar da matsayinsa. Don haka, bisa bukatar Halifa, ya aika da dukiyar Ibn Kundajiq zuwa Bagadaza kuma ya haɗa da kyaututtuka da yawa nasa, da kuma ɗan tawayen Khawarij da ya kama. Dan uwan Al-Mu'tadid kuma mai kula da hargitsi, Ibn al-Mu'tazz, ya yi murnar miƙa wuya ga Ahmad kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa "yana tunanin ƙetarewa zuwa yankin Byzantine kuma ya zama Kirista", amma Marius Canard yana ganin na biyun ba mai shakku ba ne. A cikin jagorancin Armenia, Ahmed ya fara faɗaɗa a cikin ya tsare Abu'l-Maghra bn Musa bn Zurara, sarkin Arzen a kudancin Armenia, wanda yake da dangantaka da Bagratids kuma har ma ya zama Kirista a ɓoye da kansa, kuma ya haɗa yankinsa da nasa. Amfani da damar yaƙin tsakanin magajin Ashot I Smbat I da Sajid Muhammad al-Afshin, Ahmad ya ƙaddamar da mamayar masarautar Taron, inda ya kame Sasun Bayan rasuwar yarima Dauda, Ahmad ya kirkiro kisan dan dan uwansa kuma magajinsa, Gurgen, kuma ya sami nasarar kwace dukkanin masarautar (shekarar 895 ko farkon shekara ta 896). Da yake sarakunan Taron membobin gidan Bagratid ne, wannan aikin ya sa Ahmad cikin rikici kai tsaye tare da Sarki Smbat I, wanda yanzu ya nemi sarkin Shaybanid ya bar Taron, don amintar da zaɓinsa a matsayin wakilin Kalifa a Armenia. Ahmad ya ƙi, kuma Smbat ya tara babbar runduna (wanda aka ba da rahoton 60,000 ko ma maza 100,000 bisa ga tushen zamanin da) don yin maci da shi. Yakin Smbat bai yi nasara ba, saboda yaudarar Gagik Apumrvan Artsruni, mai mulki na Vaspurakan: Sojojin Smbat sun dogara ga Gagik a matsayin jagoran su, kuma ya jagorance su da gangan akan hanyoyi masu wahala kan tsaunuka, don haka lokacin da suka isa Taron, Armeniyan sojoji sun gaji. Tare da Gagik da ke aiki don lalata ruhin, sojojin masarauta sun kusan hallaka a cikin yaƙin na gaba, kuma da ƙyar Sarki Smbat da kansa ya tsere. Ahmad ya mutu a shekarar 898, kuma dansa, Muhammad, wanda ya gaje shi ya yi mulki a takaice har zuwa, a shekara mai zuwa, al-Mu'tadid ya kawo karshen ikon Shaybanid kuma ya sanya Diyar Bakr karkashin shugabancinsa kai tsaye. A cikin Taron, wani dan uwan yariman da aka kashe Gurgen, Grigor ya karbe mulki Legacy A matsayinsu na "masu mulki ta hanyar kwace mulki" alā sabīl al-taghallub Ahmad da mahaifinsa suna yanke hukunci mai tsauri daga masana tarihi na musulmi na wannan zamani, amma a cewar M. Canard, "a cikin rikicewar lokacin da wadannan Larabawan Mesobotamiya suke rayuwa, ba su da kyau a ciki halayensu fiye da sauran sojoji na mulkin Abbasawa". Kamar sauran Shayban, duk da haka, Isa da Ahmad suma an girmama su saboda ingancin waƙoƙin larabcin su. Masanin tarihin al-Mas'udi shi ma ya rubuta cikakken tarihin rayuwar Ahmad a cikin Akhbar al-zaman, yanzu an rasa.
|
29778 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuncin%20Muhalli | Mutuncin Muhalli | Mutuncin muhalli ra'ayi ne na doka wanda ke ayyana wasu mahallin mahalli matsayin mutum na shari'a. Wannan yana ba wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, haƙƙoƙi, kariya, gata, nauyi da alhaki na shari'a na mutuniyar doka. Saboda mahallin mahalli kamar koguna da tsire-tsire ba za su iya wakiltar kansu a kotu ba, “masu kula” na iya yin aiki a madadin ƙungiyar don kare ta. Muhalli ya fito daga juyin halitta na mai da hankali kan doka don neman kare yanayi. A tsawon lokaci, mayar da hankali ya samo asali daga muradun ɗan adam wajen amfani da yanayi, don kare yanayi ga tsararrakin ɗan adam na gaba, zuwa tunanin da ke ba da damar kiyaye yanayi a matsayin mai mahimmanci. Ana iya amfani da wannan ra'ayi azaman abin hawa don gane alakar 'yan asalin ƙasar da abubuwan halitta, kamar koguna. Muhalli, wanda ke ba da yanayi (ko sassansa) wasu haƙƙoƙi, a lokaci guda yana ba da hanya ga daidaikun mutane ko ƙungiyoyi kamar ƴan asalin ƙasar don cika haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam dama muhalli.
Fage Farfesa Christopher D. Stone na Amurka ya fara tattauna ra'ayin danganta halayen shari'a ga abubuwa na halitta a cikin shekarata 1970s, a cikin labarinsa "Ya kamata bishiyoyi su tsaya? Zuwa ga haƙƙin shari'a don abubuwan halitta." Ba za a iya mallakar mutum na shari'a ba; don haka, ba za a iya dangana wani mallaka ga mahallin muhalli tare da kafaffen halayen doka ba. Tsaye (doka) yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuntakar doka. Ƙungiyoyi masu tsayuwa, ko locus standi, suna da haƙƙi ko ƙarfin kawo mataki ko bayyana a kotu. Hukumomin muhalli ba za su iya da kansu su kawo wani mataki ko bayyana a gaban kotu ba. Koyaya, ana iya cimma wannan aiki ko tsayin daka a madadin mahaluƙi ta wurin wani ma'aikacin doka mai wakiltar. Wakilci na iya ƙara kariya ga muhimman abubuwan al'adu na yanayin yanayi, ko wuraren da ke da rauni ga amfani, lalatawa dagurɓatawa.
Ko da yake babu wata doka ta tarayya a Amurka da ke aiwatar da mutunta muhalli, wata kotun koli ta Amurka ce ta ba da shawarar yin hakan. A cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta shekarar 1972 Saliyo Club v. Morton, Mai shari'a William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa yana jayayya cewa wasu "al'amuran muhalli" ya kamata su sami locus standi, kuma mutanen da ke da dangantaka mai ma'ana da wannan mahallin ya kamata su iya yin aiki a madadinsa don kariya. Saliyo Club, ƙungiyar kare muhalli, ta kawo wannan ƙara a kan Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka na lokacin, Roger CB Morton yana mai cewa gwamnatin tarayya, bisa ga Dokar Gudanarwa, ba za ta iya ba da izini ga masu haɓakawa don ginawa ba. kayayyakin more rayuwa musamman babbar hanya, wutar lantarki, da wurin shakatawa a cikin Ma’adinan King Valley, wani yanki na kasa. Sequoia na kasa. Ƙungiyar Saliyo ta yi niyyar kare wannan ƙasa da ba ta ci gaba ba a cikin gandun daji na ƙasa, amma Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa ba za a shafa kai tsaye ga membobin Saliyo ba ba za su iya kai ƙara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba, wanda "yana ba da ka'idoji don bitar shari'a" don lokutan da wani aikin hukuma ya cutar da mutum, kamar ba da izini. Kotun koli ta amince da cewa kungiyar Saliyo ba za ta iya shigar da kara a karkashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba, saboda ba za ta iya nuna cewa abin da wanda ake tuhuma ya yi ya jawo ko kuma zai haifar da rauni ga mambobinta ba. Wannan hukuncin ya sa Alkalin Kotun Koli William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayinsa na rashin amincewa, yana mai cewa ya kamata a bar mutane su kai kara a madadin abubuwan da ba su da rai a rubuce, "[t] wanda ke da kusanci da abin da ba shi da rai wanda zai ji rauni. gurbatattun masu magana da yawunta ne, ko kuma an wawashe su.” Wannan ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da waɗanda ke ci gaba da jayayya game da mutunta muhalli a Amurka Canada da ma duniya baki ɗaya.
Haƙƙin cikin gida na yanayi
New Zealand A cikin shekarata 2014, Te Urewera National Park da aka ayyana Te Urewera, wani mahallin doka mahalli. Yankin da Te Urewera ya kewaye ya daina zama wurin shakatawa na kasa mallakar gwamnati kuma an rikide shi ya zama fili mai zaman kansa, wanda ba zai iya raba shi da kansa ba. Bayan irin wannan yanayin, kogin Whanganui na New Zealand an ayyana shi a matsayin mutum na doka a cikin shekarata 2017. Ana kiran wannan sabuwar doka ta Te Awa Tupua kuma yanzu an gane ta a matsayin “ba za a iya raba ta kuma mai rai gaba ɗaya daga tsaunuka zuwa teku, wanda ya haɗa da Kogin Whanganui da duk abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da na zahiri.” Masu gadi biyu ne za su wakilci kogin, ɗaya daga Whanganui iwi ɗayan kuma daga Crown. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 2017, gwamnatin New Zealand ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta ba da irin wannan hali na doka zuwa Dutsen Taranaki da kuma yin alkawarin canza sunan Egmont National Park, wanda ke kewaye da dutsen dama wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan.
Indiya A halin yanzu ana daukar kogin Ganges da Yamuna a matsayin mutane na doka a kokarin yaki da gurbatar yanayi. Kogunan suna da tsarki ga al'adun Hindu saboda ikon warkarwa da kuma jan hankalin mahajjata waɗanda suke wanka da watsa tokar matattu. Kogunan dai sun samu gurbacewa sosai da kimanin lita biliyan 1.5 na najasa da ba a kula da su ba da kuma lita miliyan 500 na sharar masana'antu da ke shiga kogunan a kullum. Wata babbar kotu a jihar Uttarakhand da ke arewacin Indiya ta ba da umarnin a watan Maris na shekarata 2017 cewa a ba Ganges da babbar hukumarsa, Yamuna matsayin hukumomin shari’a. Kogunan za su sami “dukkan haƙƙoƙin da suka dace, ayyuka da haƙƙoƙin mai rai.” Wannan shawarar tana nufin gurbata ko lalata kogunan daidai yake da cutar da mutum. Kotun ta ba da misali da kogin Whanganui na New Zealand, wanda kuma aka ayyana shi da cikakken haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan ci gaban mutuntaka na muhalli ya fuskanci shakku yayin da kawai sanar da cewa Ganges da Yamuna rayayyun halittu ba za su cece su daga gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi ba. Akwai yuwuwar a canza dabi'un al'adu da aka dade ana yi game da Ganges, wanda ke ganin cewa kogin yana da kayan tsarkakewa. Akwai ƙarin sukar cewa ana ba da kulawar kogunan ne kawai ga Uttarakhand, yanki a arewacin ƙasar Indiya wanda ke da ɗan ƙaramin yanki na kogin. Ganges yana gudana akan 2,525 km ta Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand da West Bengal, tare da 96 kawai. km mike a guje ta Uttarakhand. Ƙananan sashe ne kawai na 1,376 km Yamuna tributary yana bi ta Uttarakhand wanda kuma ya ratsa ta cikin jihohin Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi da Uttar Pradesh. Ko da kuwa shakkun da ke tattare da hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Uttarakhand, shelar wadannan koguna masu rauni a matsayin hukumomin shari'a suna kiran yunkurin sauyi zuwa kare haƙƙin muhalli da al'adu. Za a iya gina yanke shawara a kan matsayin ginshiƙi don canjin muhalli na gaba Ko wani lokaci.
Amurka A cikin shekarata 2006, wata ƙaramar al'umma a Pennsylvania mai suna Tamaqua Borough ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar haƙƙin yanayi mai suna Community Environmental Legal Defence Fund (CELDF). Tare, kungiyoyin sun tsara doka don kare al'umma da muhallinsu daga zubar da najasa mai guba. Tun daga 2006, CELDF ta taimaka tare da fiye da al'ummomi 30 a cikin jihohi goma a duk faɗin Amurka don haɓaka dokokin gida waɗanda ke tsara haƙƙoƙin yanayi. CELDF ta kuma taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na 2008 bayan zaben raba gardama na kasa. Bayan Tamaqua, wasu garuruwa da dama a duk faɗin Amurka sun tsara dokoki waɗanda, a zahiri, za su ba da haƙƙin halitta. A cikin shekarata 2008, mazauna wani gari mai suna Shapleigh, Maine sun ƙara sabbin tanadi ga kundin doka na garin. Sabbin sassan sun ba da haƙƙoƙi ga yanayi da jikunan ruwa waɗanda ke kewaye da Shapleigh, kuma ana zargin su da kwace haƙƙoƙin kamfanoni da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya bayar. Abin da ya haifar da canji ga lambar shari'a ta Shapleigh shi ne wani shiri na Kamfanin Nestle, wanda ya mallaki nau'ikan kwalaben ruwa da yawa kamar Poland Spring, don jigilar manyan motocin da ke cikin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Shapleigh zuwa wurin tankar ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ba a shigar da kara a kan Shapleigh, Maine ba saboda canjin dokar garin, kuma Kamfanin Nestle bai zabi ya kalubalanci lambar ba. A wannan yanayin, CELDF ba ta taimaka wa mazaunan Shapleigh ba wajen tsara sashe na 99-11 da 99-12 na kundin dokokinsu, maimakon lauyoyi daga Vermont ne suka taimaka musu. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, Celdf ya taimaka wa jami'ai a cikin Mora County, sabon Mexico wajen kirkirar iskar gas da man na ruwa da kuma jikin ruwa da ke zaune a cikin County Mora da ke zaune a cikin County. Wannan doka ta sanya gundumar Mora ta zama wuri na farko a cikin Amurka don hana samar da iskar gas da mai, a wani yanki, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance. An shigar da kara a kan gundumar Mora a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2013 wanda ya tabbatar da cewa dokar gundumar Mora ta keta haƙƙin kamfanoni, musamman na farko, na biyar, da na goma sha huɗu. A cikin Janairu 2015, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka James O. Browning ya hambarar da dokar gundumar Mora yayin da yake kallon dokar ta keta haƙƙin fara gyara na kamfanoni. A farkon shekarata 2014, Grant Township, Indiana, Pennsylvania ya nemi taimakon CELDF wajen tsara dokar da za ta ba da yanayin ruwa da ke kewaye da Grant Township haƙƙin halitta. Wani kamfani mai suna Pennsylvania General Energy (PGE) ya mai da tsohuwar rijiyar mai da iskar gas zuwa rijiyar allurar ruwa,” kuma mazauna garin sun damu da abin da hakan zai iya nufi ga yanayin yanayin da ke kewaye da garinsu. Ruwan da ke cikin rijiyar allurar sharar gida sharar gida ce da ta ragu daga wani tsari da ake kira fracking Wannan ruwa yana iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu cutarwa da sinadarai masu cutar da ruwan ƙasa. A cikin Garin Grant, yawancin mazauna sun dogara da ƙaramin Mahoning Creek don buƙatun ruwa. Idan rijiyar allurar ruwan datti ta zubo, akwai yuwuwar ta iya gurbata karamar Mahoning. Hadarin kamuwa da cuta shine abin da ya sa mazauna garin Grant Township tambayar CELDF don taimako wajen tsara doka. Dokar Grant Township ta ba da haƙƙoƙin dabi'a ga yanayin muhalli da jikunan ruwa waɗanda ke cikin iyakokin garin Grant. Dokar Grant Township ta kuma tauye wa kamfanoni haƙƙoƙinsu na ganin cewa ba za a kalli kamfanoni a matsayin “mutane” a cikin iyakokin garin Grant Township ba. A watan Agusta 2014, PGE ta kai karar Grant Township wanda ya fara yakin shari'a wanda zai dauki kusan shekaru biyar. Grant Township ya rasa karar da PGE ta shigar a watan Afrilu 2019, kuma alkalin kotun Susan Baxter ya umarci Grant Township ya biya kudaden shari'a na PGE wadanda suka haura $100,000. Bugu da kari, an ayyana dokar Grant Township bata da aiki. A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2019, masu jefa ƙuri'a a Toledo, Ohio sun wuce Dokar Haƙƙin Lake Erie Babban abin da ke cikin Dokar Hakki na Lake Erie shi ne cewa Lake Erie yana da hakkin ya "girma." Mazauna Toledo, da kewaye, sun sha wahala sau da yawa inda ruwan famfo, wanda ke fitowa daga tafkin Erie, ba shi da aminci don sha, ko amfani da shi, saboda gurɓatacce. Lamarin rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da sauran matsalolin gurbacewar yanayi, shine ya sa mazauna Toledo su nemi taimako daga CELDF. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2019, ranar da masu jefa ƙuri'a suka zartar da Dokar Haƙƙin Lake Erie, wani manomi na Ohio ya shigar da ƙara. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Jack Zouhary ya karyata lissafin, yana yanke hukuncin "ba shi da ma'ana" kuma ya wuce "ikon gwamnatin gunduma a Ohio." A lokacin bazara na shekarata 2019, kabilar Yurok a arewacin California ta ba da matsayin kogin Klamath Ecuador Haƙƙoƙin yanayi “na wanzuwa, dagewa, kiyayewa da sake sabunta hanyoyinta” an yi shelar a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na shekarar 2008 Wannan ya faru ne bayan zaben raba gardama na kasa a shekara ta 2008, wanda ya baiwa kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador damar nuna hakki ga yanayi, a duniya ta farko. Kowane mutum da al'umma na da hakkin bayar da shawarwari a madadin yanayi. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi shelar cewa "Jihar za ta ba da ƙarfafawa ga mutane na halitta da ƙungiyoyin doka da kuma al'ummomi don kare yanayi da kuma inganta mutunta duk abubuwan da suka haɗa da yanayin An gabatar da shari'ar farko ta nasarar aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin dabi'a a ƙarƙashin dokar tsarin mulkin Ecuador a gaban Kotun Lardin Loja a cikin shekarata 2011. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi kogin Vilcabamba a matsayin mai shigar da kara, wanda ke wakiltar kansa da 'yancinsa na 'kasassu' da kuma 'kasance' yayin da yake ƙoƙarin dakatar da aikin gina babbar hanyar gwamnati da ke yin katsalandan ga lafiyar kogin. Wasu mutane biyu, Richard Frederick Wheeler da Eleanor Geer Huddle ne suka gabatar da wannan shari'ar a gaban kotu, a matsayin masu kula da shari'a da ke aiki don kare yanayi musamman kogin Vilcabamba. An ba da umarnin tsarin mulki don goyon bayan kogin Vilcabamba da kuma adawa da gwamnatin lardin Loja, yunƙurin gudanar da aikin da zai cutar da muhalli. An tilasta wa dakatar da aikin, kuma za a gyara wurin.
Bolivia Canjin tsarin mulki a Ecuador ya biyo bayan doka ta Bolivia a cikin shekarata 2010, ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Uwar Duniya Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra Wannan dokar ta bayyana Uwar Duniya halin 'batun gamayya na maslahar jama'a tare da haƙƙoƙin da aka kayyade a cikin doka. Dokar Haƙƙin Uwar Duniya ta ba da wasu fannoni na mutuntakar doka ga yanayin yanayi. Ana iya ɗaukar matakin shari'a don cin zarafi ga daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Uwar Duniya a matsayin 'batun gamayya na muradun jama'a'. Dokar ta bayyana cewa "Uwar Duniya ita ce tsarin rayuwa mai ɗorewa wanda ya ƙunshi al'ummar da ba za a iya raba su ba na dukkan tsarin rayuwa, masu rai, masu alaƙa, masu dogaro da juna kuma masu dacewa, masu raba makoma guda ɗaya."
Colombia Kotun tsarin mulkin Colombia ta gano a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2016 cewa kogin Atrat yana da haƙƙin "kariya, kiyayewa, kulawa, da maidowa." Wannan hukuncin ya samo asali ne sakamakon gurbacewar kogi daga hako ma'adinai, da yin tasiri ga yanayi da cutar da 'yan asalin yankin da al'adunsu. Kotun ta yi nuni da sanarwar kogin Whanganui na New Zealand a matsayin mutum na doka da ke rike da mutunta muhalli. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa za a gudanar da aikin rikon kwarya na hadin gwiwa a cikin wakilcin rafin Atrato. Hakazalika ga sanarwar New Zealand, wakilan za su fito ne daga gwamnatin ƙasa da ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a cikin kwandon. Kotun ta ce:
(I) ita ce al'ummomin ɗan adam waɗanda ke da alaƙa da duniyar halitta kuma ba akasin haka ba kuma dole ne su ɗauki sakamakon ayyukansu da ƙetare tare da yanayin. Tambaya ce ta fahimtar wannan sabon gaskiyar zamantakewar zamantakewa tare da manufar samun canji mai mutuntawa tare da duniyar halitta da muhallinta, kamar yadda ya faru a baya tare da 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa… duniya da albarkatunta kafin ya makara… A cikin watan na shekarata 2018 Kotun Koli ta Colombia ta ba da shawarar amincewa da yanayin kogin Amazon a matsayin batun haƙƙoƙi da masu cin gajiyar kariya dokokin yankin.
Kanada An bai wa kogin Magpie a yankin Cote-Nord na Quebec wasu haƙƙoƙi, gami da yancin ɗaukar matakin shari'a, ta Majalisar Innu na Ekanitshit da gundumar Minganie Hukumomin yankin da Innu na iya nada wakilai da za su yi aiki a madadin kogin da kuma daukar matakin shari’a don kare hakkinsa wanda suka ayyana da: “Hakkin kwarara; 'yancin mutunta zagayowar sa; haƙƙin juyin halitta don a kiyaye shi da kiyaye shi; 'yancin kiyaye nau'in halittun halittu; 'yancin cika mahimman ayyukansa a cikin yanayin halittunsa; hakkin kiyaye mutuncinsa; 'yancin tsira daga gurbatar yanayi; 'yancin sake farfadowa da kuma mayar da shi; kuma a karshe, hakkin kai kara.” Wannan ya yi daidai da imani cewa kogin wani abu ne mai zaman kansa, rayayye daban da ayyukan ɗan adam.
Hujja da kuma adawa Tunanin mutuntakar muhalli yana da cece-kuce, har ma a tsakanin masana muhalli. Mutum na iya ba da shawara ga tsarin doka wanda ya yarda da haƙƙin yanayi, amma maiyuwa ba zai yarda cewa mutuniyar muhalli ita ce hanya madaidaiciya don aiwatar da shi ba. Masu ra'ayin kare muhalli suna jayayya cewa yana da daraja a iya shigar da kara a madadin muhalli, saboda zai ba da damar kare muhalli wanda ba ya dogara ga cutar da mutane. Muhalli kuma ya fi mutunta muhimmiyar alaƙar ƴan asalin ƙasar da muhallinsu. Duk da haka, akwai gardama a kan manufar mutumtakar muhalli. Wata damuwa ita ce matsayin mutum na shari'a yana nuna haƙƙin ba kawai a kai ƙara ba amma a kai ƙara. Shin kogi zai iya zama alhakin lalacewar da yake haifarwa a ambaliya? Shin za a ce ma'aikatan wannan kogin su biya diyya daga bala'o'i? Lauyan Asusun Kare Muhalli na Community Lindsey Schromen-Wawrin ya rubuta cewa wannan damuwa ita ce "daya daga cikin abubuwan da za su iya kawo cikas a ra'ayi na ikon hakki a cikin yanayi ya zama bincike kan ayyukan lalata kuma a maimakon haka zai iya kafa nau'i kamar masu kula da albarkatun kasa. muhallin da aka yi ambaliya kuma a yanzu dole ne tsarin halittu ya biya daga cikin asusun da in ba haka ba zai tafi don maido da mazaunin da aka lalata masu muhalli." Wani abin damuwa shi ne cewa ko da tare da haƙƙin doka don yin ƙara a madadin mahallin halitta, ƙararraki suna da tsada. Akwai al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na muhalli idan kudin da za a yi amfani da 'yancin yin kara bai isa ba. Wasu batutuwa sun taso lokacin da abubuwan muhalli suka wanzu fiye da iyakokin ikon da suka yanke shawara game da mutuntakar muhalli, wanda shine lamarin kogin da ke da haƙƙin ɗan doka a Uttarakhand, Indiya. A cewar rahoton da gidan rediyon Jama’a na kasa ya bayar, akwai kuma lokuta da ‘yancin mahalli na iya yin hannun riga da ‘yancin dan Adam, “Yawancin dokokin [muhalli] kuma sun fuskanci turjiya daga masana’antu, manoma da kogi. al’ummomin da ke jayayya cewa ba da dabi’a na tauye hakkinsu da rayuwarsu.”
Muhimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'adu Amincewa da kogin Whanganui a matsayin halayya ta doka a New Zealand Te Awa Tupua ya ƙunshi ma'anar al'adu "haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi ba" da iwi na gida da hapu na kogin. Al'adar Māori tana ɗaukar siffofi na halitta kamar kogin Whanganui, a matsayin kakanni kuma iwi suna da alaƙa mai zurfi tare da su azaman rayayyun halittu. Wannan haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi ba na al'adun ƴan asalin da mahallinsu na zahiri yana bayyana a wasu sassan duniya kamar Colombia inda aka yi shela irin wannan yanayin muhalli ga rafin Atrato.
Jagoran sasantawa na Whanganui iwi, Gerrard Albert, ya ce "muna daukar kogin a matsayin kakanni kuma koyaushe muna kula da kogin a matsayin rayayye shine hanyar da ta dace don kusanci shi, a matsayin wanda ba a iya raba shi gaba daya, maimakon tsarin gargajiya. a cikin shekaru 100 na ƙarshe na magance shi ta fuskar mallaka da gudanarwa." James DK Morris da Jacinta Ruru sun ba da shawarar cewa ba da “halin shari’a ga koguna hanya ɗaya ce da doka za ta iya tasowa don ba da dawwamammen alkawari na sulhu da Maori.” Wannan shi ne takaddamar shari'a mafi dadewa a New Zealand. Whanganui iwi sun kasance suna fafatawa don kwato hakkinsu cikin jituwa da kogin tun kimanin shekarun 1870.
Ecocide Manufar kare muhalli a madadin muhalli ba sabon abu bane, kuma cutar da muhalli ta yadu yana da suna: ecocide. Kwamitin Kwararru mai zaman kansa don ma'anar shari'a na Ecocide ya bayyana ecocide a matsayin "ayyukan da ba su dace ba ko kuma ba daidai ba da aka aikata tare da sanin cewa akwai yuwuwar mummunar lalacewa ko kuma ta yadu ko na dogon lokaci ga yanayin da waɗannan ayyukan ke haifarwa." Akwai masu fafutuka na mai da ecocide laifin kasa da kasa, kamar laifukan da yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun Duniya ta ICC ta yi. Wannan zai sanya ecocide tare da laifukan duniya da aka sani a halin yanzu kamar kisan kiyashi, laifuffukan yaƙi, da laifuffukan cin zarafin ɗan adam. Idan aka kara da cewa, ecocide zai zama laifi kawai "wanda cutar da mutum ba shine abin da ake bukata don gurfanar da shi ba." Wannan kariyar dabi'a don yanayin yanayi shine jigon bayar da shawarwari a bayan mutunta muhalli. Shin akwai bukatar a cutar da 'yan adam don ba da damar daukar matakin shari'a? Manufar ecocide ba sabon abu ba ne, kuma ba shawara ba ne don ƙara shi zuwa Dokar Roma ta ICC.
Sauran abunuwa Hakkokin yanayi
Mutuncin kamfani
Mutumin doka
Mutunci
Kogin Wanganui
Ta Urewera
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Whanganui River Maori Trust Board
Filin Yawon shakatawa na Hunganui
Te Urewera Gidan Gida na Tuhoe
Yanar Gizo na CELDF
2008 Tsarin Mulki na Ecuador
Dan adam
Muhalli
Amerika
Kanada
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20abinci%20a%20Malawi | Tsaron abinci a Malawi | Malawi na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba a duniya kuma tana matsayi na 170 cikin ƙasashe 187 bisa ga ƙididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta shekarar 2010. Tana da kusan mutane miliyan 16, 53% na waɗanda ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin layin talauci na ƙasa, kuma 90% waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙasa da dala 2 kowace rana. Asusun kula da yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya ƙiyasta cewa akwai yara 46,000 da ke fama da matsananciyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki A cikin shekarar 2002, an yi yunwa sosai a Malawi tare da ƙiyasin mutuwar daga 300 zuwa 3,000, a cewar ActionAid Kashi 85 na tushen samun kuɗin shiga na Malawi yana fitowa ne daga noma, alkama da dankalin turawa su ne farkon amfanin gona da ake nomawa. Don haka, lokacin da IMF ta bayar da rahoton cewa noman masara na shekarar 2000/2001 ya ragu daga miliyan 2.5 zuwa metric ton miliyan 1.7, abin da ya haifar da gibin ƙasa na metric ton 273,000, yawancin abin ya shafa. A watan Fabrairun 2002, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sami matsalar abinci ta gaggawa kuma ƙasar tana cikin wani yanayi na bala’i. Girbin girbi a ƙarshen rabin 2002 ya rage munin yunwar, amma a cikin shekarar 2005, fari ya haifar da matsalar abinci A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, 2005, gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin shugaba Bingu wa Mutharika, ta ayyana bala'i na kasa Tun daga lokacin da Malawi ta murmure daga rikicin na shekarar 2005, amma a halin yanzu tana fuskantar sabon karancin abinci yana buƙatar sabuntawa An sami rikice-rikicen abinci da suka biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2012 da 2015, wanda yawancin abubuwan da suka taimaka zuwa shekarar 2002 har yanzu suna nan, duk da haka matsanancin fari da ambaliya ya tsananta. A shekarar 2012, matsalar abinci ta faru ne saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi girbin masara na shekarun da suka haɗa da hauhawar farashin kaya saboda faɗuwar darajar kwacha. Bayan yanayi ya fara inganta a cikin shekarar 2014, shekara ta gaba ta ga matsanancin fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Hakan ya haifar da wani matsalar ƙarancin abinci a shekarar 2015 kuma shugaban Ƙasar ya ayyana dokar ta baci. A yau, ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye da yawa a Malawi don magance rashin zaman lafiya, talauci da rarrabuwar kawuna dangane da tattalin arziki da noma.
Tarihi 1970-2010 Masanan sun gano matsalar ƙarancin abinci da Malawi ta fuskanta a shekarun 1991 da 1992, lokacin da fari a kudancin Afirka ya yi matukar rage noman masara a Malawi. Farashin masara ya tashi: farashin masara, wanda shi ne kashi 54% na matsakaicin adadin kuzari ga mutanen Malawi, ya kusan ruɓanya tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa ta 1993. Duk da cewa an samu rarar masara a shekarar 1993 saboda ingantaccen ruwan sama da kuma tallafin irin nau’in masara da takin zamani da gwamnati ta ba su, amma cin abinci bai ƙaru ba saboda yadda mutane ke cin abinci da yadda suke jurewa lokacin yunwa. Wata hukumar gwamnati AMARC ce ke kula da saye da sayar da amfanin gona da taki na masu ƙaramin ƙarfi kafin shekarar 1998. Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma neman hayar a cikin hukumar ne ya sa ta riƙa cin gajiyar ƙananan manoma tare da gurbata farashin hatsi. Lokacin da farashin taba ya faɗi a shekara ta 1985, AMARC ta kusan faɗuwa. Domin samun lamuni daga bankin duniya, ADMARC ya zama wani kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya kawar da tallafin taki a shekarar 1988/1989. Rashin iya samar da taki da iri ga AMARC ga ƙananan manoma shi ma ya taimaka wajen matsalar abinci a shekarar 1992. Tun daga wannan lokacin, fari da ambaliyar ruwa na ci gaba da shafar Malawi. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2006, akwai bala'o'i 33 da suka shafi yanayi, haɓaka daga 7 da suka faru tsakanin 1970 da 1989, bisa ga ActionAid Tattalin arzikin Malawi yana da yawan noma; yawancin mutane suna rayuwa a kan girbin su kuma suna sayar da abin da ya wuce don samun ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi. Yawan adadin da kuma ƙaruwar tsananin fari da ambaliya tun daga shekarar 1990 ya shafi yawancin al'ummar ƙasar manoma ba su da ikon daidaitawa ko murmurewa daga bala'o'i, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu rauni ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba, kuma yanayin talauci da yunwa ya kara tsananta. Daga farkon shekarun 1970 zuwa 1994, gwamnati ta ba da tallafin noman masara. Lokacin da gwamnati ta dakatar da wannan shirin saboda tsadar da za a iya tallafawa, noman masara ya faɗi kuma farashin ya sake karuwa.
Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa
Siyasa Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1964, Malawi ta kasance ƙarƙashin shugabancin Hastings Banda Ko da yake jama'a na da 'yancin kaɗa kuri'a, Malawi ƙasa ce mai jam'iyya ɗaya, kuma Banda shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Malawi Congress Party (MCP), jam'iyya daya tilo da ake da ita a lokacin. Don haka Banda yana da ikon mulkin kama-karya, kuma an yi ta take hakkin ɗan Adam da dama a lokacin mulkinsa kamar kashe-kashen masu adawa da siyasa. Sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da mutane suka zaɓi jam'iyyu da yawa aka zabi Banda da MCP daga mulki. An kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1995, wanda ya samar da gwamnati mai zartarwa, majalisar dokoki, da ɓangaren shari'a. A cikin shekarar 1998, a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya na Bakili Muluzi, gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Ƙasa (NFRA) don sarrafa dabarun adana hatsi a cikin agajin bala'i. Hukumar ta NFRA, hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati tare da kwamitin amintattu da gwamnatin Malawi ta naɗa, kuma tana gudanar da ba wai kawai ajiyar hatsi ta zahiri ba, har ma da kuɗaɗe da shigo da kayayyaki da fitar da kayayyaki da ke tattare da ajiyar. Duk da haka, cikin sauri NFRA ta ci bashin 1 biliyan 1 na Malawi kwacha (MK) saboda yawan kuɗin ruwa na 56% wanda ta sayi masara metric ton 165,000, a cewar IMF A shekara ta 2001, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta sayar da ajiyar hatsi saboda girbi ya yi yawa a shekara ta shekarar 2000. Da alama ba a yi amfani da irin wannan babban tanadi ba, kuma hatsin da kansa ya ruɓe. Shawarar ta IMF ta kuma zo ne a sakamakon wani bincike na shekarar 2000 da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta bukaci a yi wanda ya nuna cewa metric ton 30,000-60,000 na masara ne kawai zai zama wajibi don tallafa wa ƙasar a cikin wani bala'i. Kula da irin wannan nau'in masara mai yawa yana da tsada, kuma binciken ya ba da shawarar samar da ingantattun dabarun shigo da kayayyaki a cikin matsalar ƙarancin abinci da ba zato ba tsammani. NFRA ta bi shawarar IMF kuma ta sayar da mafi yawan ajiyar ta ga Kenya da Mozambik inda ta rage ajiyar ta daga metric ton 165,000 na masara zuwa 60,000. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara game da musabbabin matsalar ƙarancin abinci, a cewar rahoton ActionAid na shekara ta 2002, shi ne cewa matsalar abinci ta kasance a wani ɓangare sakamakon shawarar da IMF ta bayar na sayar da ajiyar hatsi. Koyaya, IMF da ActionAid sun gane cewa hatsin ya tsufa kuma yana da tsada don adanawa, kuma a lokacin, yana da ma'ana don ba da shawarar NFRA don siyarwa. A shekara ta 2002, lokacin da yunwa ta fi ƙamari, ajiyar hatsi ya ƙare, kuma gwamnati ba ta da wani ƙarin kayan aiki. Lamarin ya ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin shiri da gwamnati ta yi na cike ma'adanan ajiyar kamar yadda ake amfani da su. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu sun sayi yawancin ajiyar hatsi, kuma suna sake sayar da shi akan farashi mai yawa lokacin da abinci ya yi ƙaranci a shekarar 2001. Gwamnati ta fara shigo da masara daga ƙasashe makwabta da ƙasashen waje, amma masara ta yi tafiyar hawainiya. Tun daga cunkoson tituna zuwa manyan motocin da ba su da inganci da cunkoson ababen hawa, akwai matsalolin sufuri iri-iri da ke kawo tsaikon zuwan kayan abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kyakyawar alaka da wasu ƙasashe masu ba da taimako ya sa su yi jinkirin mayar da martani; da yawa sun yi shakkun hannun IMF wajen rage dabarun sarrafa hatsi, wasu kuma sun yi kaffa-kaffa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufofin da ake da su na yanzu don magance matsalar abinci ba su wadatar ba. Manufofin Malawi na kula da bala'i, da ake kira National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), ba sa la'akari da jinsi da lafiya, kawai noma da muhalli. Yawancin bala'o'i da kula da sauyin yanayi suna faruwa ne a matakin ƙasa, kuma ba duk manufofi da ayyuka ke rugujewa ga al'ummomin gida ba; Shugabannin gundumomi a Nsanje da Salima ba su san cewa NAPA ta wanzu ba lokacin da aka tambaye su a shekarar 2006.
Manazarta Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP). "Halaye da tasirin farashin abinci na yau da kullun a cikin ƙasashe masu rauni." 2014. The Market Monitor. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp262781.pdf
Kwamitin Kula da Lalacewar Malawi (MVAC). "Sabuwar Oktoba 2012, Bulletin No. 8 Juzu'i na 2." 2012. Lilongwe: Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Malawi. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_1125.pdf
"Rikicin Abinci na Afirka: Burtaniya ta yi alkawarin E35m ga Malawi da Zimbabwe." Yuli 11, 2013. Labaran BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23276632
Musa, Madalitso. "Babu masara a ma'ajiyar Admarc ta Malawi." Satumba 30, 2013. Bnl Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/
"Tashin Kiwon Lafiya a Malawi." HUKUMAR LAFIYA TA DUNIYA. An dawo da 13 Afrilu 2014. www.who.int/disasters/repo/7958.doc
"Moving Windmills Project," Moving Windmills Project, isa 13 Fabrairu 2014, http://www.movingwindmills.org/
Kamkwamba, William. "William Kamkwamba: Yaron Da Ya Yi Amfani da Iska Game da." An shiga 30 Maris 2014. http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/about.html
"Matsalar karancin abinci a Malawi." ActAlliance. 20 Yuli 2012. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Alert%2025_2012_Looming%20food%20crisis_Malawi.pdf
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje UNICEF: Rikicin abinci a Malawi ya haɗa da HIV/AIDS Archived Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
61096 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Vesey | Jimmy Vesey | James Michael Vesey (an haife shi a watan Mayu 26, 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙanƙara ne na hagu na New York Rangers na National Hockey League (NHL). Ya taba bugawa Buffalo Sabers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vancouver Canucks da New Jersey Devils Nashville Predators ya zabe shi a zagaye na uku, 66th gabaɗaya, na Tsarin Shigar da NHL na 2012 Vesey ya lashe kyautar Hobey Baker Award a cikin 2016.
Sana'ar wasa
Kwaleji Vesey ya buga shekaru hudu tare da Jami'ar Harvard a cikin NCAA Karatun Arewa, ɗan asalin Massachusetts ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da maki 144 (maƙasudin 80, taimakon 64) a cikin wasannin 128 kuma an ba shi suna ECAC Player of the Year bayan kakar 2014–15. A cikin ƙaramin shekararsa, fitaccen wasan Vesey ya sami lada tare da zaɓi na sama-10 don lambar yabo ta Hobey Baker A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2015, an sanya sunan Vesey zuwa Hobey Hat Trick, 'yan wasan karshe na 3 don kyautar, tare da Jami'ar North Dakota Zane McIntyre da Jami'ar Boston Jack Eichel, tare da Eichel ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar. A cikin 2016, Vesey ya sake cancanta ga Hobey Hat Trick, tare da Michigan Wolverine 's Kyle Connor da Boston College 's Thatcher Demko, wannan lokacin yana ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Hobey Baker A Afrilu 8, 2016.
Kwarewa Nashville Predators ya zaɓi Vesey a zagaye na 3rd tare da zaɓi na 66 na gaba ɗaya na Tsarin Shigar NHL na 2012 Vesey ya yi kyau sosai ga babban manajan Nashville David Poile don ba da garantin babban matsayi don ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015–16 na yau da kullun da wasannin. Amma Vesey ya sanar da Predators cewa baya sha'awar sanya hannu. Vesey ya so ya zaɓi inda zai nufa, wanda kowane ɗan makaranta zai iya yin shekaru huɗu daga lokacin da aka tsara su. Matakin na Vesey ya zo ne a matsayin cikas ga ƙungiyar Predators. Koyaya, hakanan yana cikin iyakokin Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Kuɗi ta NHL, wanda ke ba ƙungiyoyin shekaru huɗu don sanya hannu kan ɗaliban kwaleji don haka ba da damar ɗan wasan da aka tsara ya ƙaura zuwa hukumar kyauta jim kaɗan bayan babban shekararsa. A kan Maris 30, 2016, kusan watanni biyar kafin a kafa shi bisa hukuma don zama wakili na kyauta, an ruwaito cewa Vesey zai shiga tare da tawagar garinsa, Boston Bruins. Duk da haka, waɗannan rahotannin ba su ƙare su zama gaskiya ba
A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2016, Buffalo Sabers sun sami haƙƙin Vesey daga Predators don musanya zaɓe na zagaye na uku a cikin Tsarin Shigar da NHL na 2016 An yi yarjejeniyar ne domin a bai wa Sabers ƙarin wasu 'yan makonni na keɓance haƙƙin yin shawarwari tare da Vesey kafin ya zama wakili mai 'yanci. Duk da haka, wakilin Vesey ya sanar da ESPN cewa har yanzu yana da niyyar zama wakili na kyauta. Yayin da tattaunawa tare da Sabers ya ci gaba, ba a kulla yarjejeniya ba kuma bisa ga NHL CBA, Vesey ya zama wakili na kyauta mara izini a kan Agusta 16.
New York Rangers (2016-2019) A kan Agusta 20, 2016, Vesey ya sanya hannu tare da New York Rangers. Bayan halartar sansanin horo, Vesey ya sami lambar yabo ta Lars-Erik Sjöberg, wanda aka ba wa mafi kyawun Rangers 'rookie a sansanin. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2016, Vesey ya ci burin sa na farko na NHL a nasarar 7–4 akan San Jose Sharks A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2017, a wasa da Boston Bruins, Vesey ya zira kwallaye 2 a cikin dakika 29. Wannan shi ne adadin mafi sauri da dan wasan Rangers ya ci tun lokacin da Jaromír Jágr ya yi haka a cikin dakika 26 a cikin 2006. A karshe Rangers ta yi nasara a wasan da ci 4-2. A kan Maris 12, 2018, Vesey ya yi rikodin aikinsa na farko na NHL hat a wasan da suka yi da Hurricanes Carolina, wanda Rangers ya ci 6–3.
Buffalo Sabers (2019-2020) A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2019, Sabers sun sake samun Vesey a musayar wani zaɓi na zagaye na uku ta hanyar ciniki tare da Rangers. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a wasanni masu kwarewa da aka yi cinikin dan wasa zuwa kungiya daya tare da diyya sau biyu. A cikin 2019-20 kakar, Vesey ya kasa ƙara da m naushi da ake tsammani ga Sabres, aika wani aiki low 9 a raga da 20 maki a cikin 64 wasanni, kafin a soke sauran na yau da kullum kakar saboda COVID-19 cutar
Toronto Maple Leafs da Vancouver Canucks (2020-2021) A matsayin wakili na kyauta daga Sabres, Vesey ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda, $900,000 ta Toronto Maple Leafs a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2020. A cikin jinkirin cutar ta 2020-21, Vesey da farko ya bayyana don Maple Leafs akan layi na biyu tare da John Tavares da William Nylander kafin ya koma cikin rawar gaba na ƙasa-shida, yana ba da gudummawa tare da burin 5 da maki 7 ta hanyar wasanni 30.
A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2021, Vancouver Canucks ya yi iƙirarin cire Vesey daga Toronto, wanda ke nuna alamar kulob din NHL na huɗu a cikin yanayi uku. Vesey ya buga wasanni na yau da kullun na 20 tare da Canucks, yana tattara taimako na 3, yayin da ƙungiyar ta rasa wasannin
Aljanun New Jersey (2021-2022) A matsayin wakili na kyauta daga Canucks, a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2021, an sanya hannu kan Vesey zuwa kwangilar gwaji na ƙwararru (PTO) ta New Jersey Devils. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2021, Vesey ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda, $800,000 ta shaidan, wanda ya nuna alamar kulob din NHL na biyar a cikin yanayi hudu. Vesey ya buga wasanni 68 tare da Shaidanun, da kwallaye takwas
Komawa ga Rangers (2022-yanzu) Bayan ba a sanya hannu ba a cikin hukumar kyauta, Vesey ya amince da sharuɗɗa da Rangers a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2022. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin gwaji, tare da Rangers sun yi niyyar amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida a layinsu na hudu. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Rangers sun rattaba hannu kan Vesey zuwa kwangilar shekara guda. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2023, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin zama tare da Rangers na wasu shekaru biyu.
Wasannin kasashen duniya Vesey ya lashe lambar zinare yayin da yake taka leda a kungiyar kananan yara ta Amurka a Gasar Cin Kofin Kankara ta Duniya ta 2013 kuma ya dauki lambar tagulla a matsayin babban kungiyar a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2015 IIHF Rayuwa ta sirri Mahaifinsa, Jim Vesey, St. Louis Blues ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na takwas na 1984 NHL Entry Draft, yana ci gaba da buga wasanni na 15 a cikin Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Kasa yana aiki a matsayin ɗan leƙen asirin Toronto Maple Leafs. Kanin Jimmy Nolan an tsara shi ta Toronto Maple Leafs a cikin Tsarin Shigar NHL na 2014. An yi cinikin shi a watan Yuni 2018 zuwa Edmonton Oilers kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar matakin shiga tare da su. Girma, Vesey ya kasance abokai tare da 2012 NHL Entry Draft pick Matt Grzelcyk Su biyun sun fara haduwa ne tun suna kusan shekara shida, suna wasan hockey tare don wata kungiya mai suna Middlesex Islanders. Mahaifin Vesey ne ya horar da 'yan tsibirin. Hakazalika dukansu sun halarci Makarantar Belmont Hill a Belmont, Massachusetts, kuma sun yi wasan hockey tare a can.
|
30300 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Ofosu-Adjare | Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare | Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare (an haife ta Maris 1, 1974) lauya ce kuma ƴan siyasa ƴan Ghana wacce ta yi ministar yawon buɗe ido, al'adu da kere-kere. Shugaba John Mahama ne ya nada ta a wannan mukamin a shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya kafa gwamnatinsa ta farko. Ita mamba ce ta National Democratic Congress. A halin yanzu ita mamba ce ta majalisar wakilai ta 8 a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Techiman ta Arewa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Misis Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare ita ce ta uku cikin ‘yan mata goma da iyayenta suka haifa, marigayi Hon Adjei-Mensah lauya, hamshakin dan kasuwa kuma ‘yar siyasa da Misis Adjei-Mensah ‘yar kasuwa. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St Monica da ke Mampong, Kumasi inda ta samu satifiket din matakin O A. Daga nan Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare ta wuce Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Zamani. Ta ci gaba da zuwa Jami’ar Ghana da ke Legon inda ta ci gaba da karatunta a fannin shari’a sannan ta samu karramawa a LLB a shekarar 2002. Daga nan ta samu digiri a fannin shari’a a shekarar 2004.
Aiki Misis Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare ta fara aikinta na shari'a tare da Holy Trinity Chambers a Kumasi, yankin Ashanti a cikin 2004 kuma ta tashi ta zama abokin tarayya na Firm. Ta kuma zama lauya a shirin ba da agajin doka a yankin Ashanti. Ta kasance mamba a hukumar Multi Trust Financial Company a Kumasi daga 2004 har zuwa yau. A halin yanzu ita mamba ce ta hukumar Tarayyar Commodities Limited.
Shugaban kasar Ghana ya nada ta a hukumar matatar mai ta Tema a shekarar 2009 kuma ta yi aiki daga 2009 zuwa 2013. Shugaba John Dramani Mahama ya nada Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare a ranar 1 ga Maris 2013 zuwa sabuwar ma'aikatar da aka kirkira/realigned. na Yawon shakatawa, Al'adu Ƙirƙira Arts.
Aikin siyasa
A Matsayin Ma'aikatar Yawon shakatawa, Al'adu Ƙirƙirar Fasaha Shugaba John Dramani Mahama ya nada Ofosu-Adjare a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2013 zuwa sabuwar ma'aikatar yawon shakatawa, al'adu da fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire. A matsayinta na Ministar Sashin, ta yi aiki tare da hukumomi goma sha huɗu (14) a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatarta sun gabatar da sabbin shirye-shiryen yawon shakatawa na zamani a matsayin ƙari ga samfuran yawon shakatawa na Ghana Offers.
Binciken ExploreGhana Abin da ya dace a ambata shi ne aikin ExploreGhana da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2014 don ƙarfafawa da fitar da yawon shakatawa na cikin gida a Ghana. Bayan shekaru uku na ƙaddamar da, yawon shakatawa na cikin gida ya sami rahotanni da yawa daga kafofin watsa labaru da kungiyoyi. Don haka tabbatar da cewa kasar tana inganta Yawon shakatawa mai alhakin wanda ke ba da nau'ikan kayan yawon shakatawa iri-iri, wanda masu yawon bude ido na gida da na waje ke amfana da su.
Bikin Ƙasa na Fasaha Al'adu Wani babban biki na gargajiya da aka gabatar shi ne Bikin Luwadi na Jihar Ga. A karon farko a Ghana, ma'aikatar ta raya wannan biki mai kama da juna don tabbatar da yankin Greater Accra ya sami nasa bikin tambari. Ta kuma sake fasalin bikin Fasaha da Al'adu na kasa (NAFAC) da kuma shahararriyar Carnival ta Ghana da aka gabatar a shekarar farko ta kan karagar mulki. Ana kuma yaba mata da kafa sakatariyar harajin yawon bude ido don taimakawa wajen inganta tarawa biyan harajin yawon shakatawa na kashi 1%. Wannan harajin ya samar da makudan kudade don gudanar da ayyukan yawon bude ido musamman a fannin bunkasa iyawa da bunkasa yawon bude ido.
Bill na fim Sauran nasarorin da Misis Ofosu-Adjare ta samu an yi su ne a fannin tsarin doka don tallafawa ayyukan masana'antar kere kere. Ta jagoranci zartar da kudurin dokar Fina-Finai, wanda ya ratsa ta majalisar ministoci kuma majalisar ta amince da shi ya zama doka. Wannan sabon kudiri ya maye gurbin tsohuwar dokar Fina-Finai ta 1961 kuma shi ne karo na farko da aka bullo da irin wannan sabon tsarin doka don tabbatar da cewa bangaren Fina-Finai da Talabijin ya samu goyon bayan doka da ake bukata a Ghana.
Komawa Tafiya Seychelles Ta jagoranci wata babbar tawagar gwamnati don raka dawowar Sarkin Ashanti, Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II tsibirin Seychelles inda aka tura Sarkin Ashanti, Nana Prempeh I zuwa gudun hijira a lokacin yakin Ashanti da Birtaniya a 1900. shi ne karon farko da Sarki Ashanti a zaune ya ziyarci tsibirin Seychelles.
Matsayin duniya A matakin kasa da kasa, ta jagoranci sashen yawon bude ido na Ghana ta hanyar bayyanuwa akai-akai a manyan wuraren baje koli da nune-nune irin su Kasuwar tafiye-tafiye ta Duniya, Kasuwancin yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa (ITB), FITUR International Travel Fair, Vakantiebeurs Holiday Fair, China Outbound Tourism Travel Market. (COTTM). Ba a taba samun kasuwar Ghana a matakin kasa da kasa ba tun shekaru ukun da ta yi tana ministar sashen.
Ta yi kira ga takwarorinta Ministocin Afirka da manyan jami'an Hukumar Kula da Yawon Bude Wa Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNWTO) don ganin Ghana ta karbi bakuncin taron Brand Africa karo na farko a Accra a watan Agustan 2015. Shaharar da take da shi da rawar da take takawa a harkokin yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa ya taimaka wa Ghana ta kasance An zabe shi a matsayin kwamitin zartarwa na hukumar yawon bude ido ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a taronta na UNWTO karo na 21 a Medellin Colombia.
Rayuwa ta sirri Ta auri Mista Lawrence Ofosu-Adjare, mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya mai ‘ya’ya 2, Lawrence Paapa Ofosu-Adjare da Lauren Maame Ofosu-Adjare. Ita ce diyar marigayi Isaac Kwadwo Adjei-Mensah, wadda ta taba rike ministan albarkatun ruwa, ayyuka da gidaje a zamanin gwamnatin Rawlings, sannan ta kasance ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar Techiman ta Arewa inda a halin yanzu take ‘yar majalisa.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1974
Rayayyun |
51559 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opral%20Benson | Opral Benson | Cif Opral Benson (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu, 1935) 'yar ƙasar Amurka ce kuma 'yar kasuwa 'yar Najeriya kuma 'yar kasuwa ce wacce ke riƙe da sarautar Iya Oge na Legas. Ta yi aure da Chief TOS Benson daga shekarar alif1962 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Benson, tsohon manajan jami'a yana kula da makarantar kayan ado da kyan gani a Legas kuma tsohon darekta ne na samfuran Johnson, haɗin gwiwar Najeriya. A shekarar 2012, an nada ta a matsayin Honorary consul na Laberiya a Legas.
Rayuwa An haifi Benson Opral Mason a Arthington, Laberiya ga dangin Johnson da Lilly Mason, membobin al'ummar Americo-Liberian aristocratic. Kakan kakanta da kakanta sun kasance baƙi daga South Carolina waɗanda suka isa Laberiya a shekarar 1869. Yayar mahaifinta, Aunty Margaret, ta sanya mata suna 'Opal' wanda wani nau'i ne na jauhari mai canza launi. Sunan ya kasance wakilci mai girma, sha'awa da mahimmanci, kuma Margaret ta yi imani cewa jaririyar zata zama abin ƙauna ga iyali. Ta kuma sami wata goggo, Amanda Mason wacce ta sanya mata suna Amanda. Yayin da yarinyar ta girma, sai ta fara tunanin tunaninta, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta canza sunanta daga 'Opal' zuwa 'Opral'. "Lokacin da na girma," daga baya ta tuna, 'Na ji dadi da sunan'. Ta yi tunanin ba ta cancanci yin irin wannan suna ba don ita ba dutse ba ce kuma ba za ta iya gano abin da yake da daraja a gare ta ba wanda ya bambanta ta da sauran mutane. Wataƙila ta kasance ƙaramar yarinya ce kawai" Benson ta fara karatu a makarantar firamare ta AME da ke Arthington, sannan ta wuce Arthington Central School, sannan ta halarci College of West Africa don karatun sakandare. Ta samu yaronta na farko a Makarantar Sakandare, mahaifinta, shine John Bilson, matashin malamin ilmin halitta a makarantarta, wanda daga baya ya zama likita a Ghana sakamakon samun tallafin karatu daga gwamnatin Laberiya. Bayan haihuwar jaririn, ta ci gaba da karatu kuma daga baya aka ba ta gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Morris Brown.
Lokacin da Opral ta koma Laberiya ta yi aiki a Sashen Noma. A shekarar 1961, ta kasance sakatariya a lokacin taron kungiyar Monrovia na kasashen Afirka, a shirye-shiryen kafa kungiyar OAU. A taron. TOS Benson ta zo tare da Tafawa Balewa, a can duka Benson da Miss Benson mai shekaru 26 sun saba kuma daga baya suka yi aure a shekarar 1962. A Najeriya, Opral Benson ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan harkokin dalibai a jami'ar Legas. A shekara ta 1973, Oba Adeyinka Oyekan ya ba ta mukamin Iya Oge na Legas. Bayan ta bar Unilag, ta shiga hukumar Johnson Products Nigeria a matsayin shugabar kuma ta kafa Opral Benson Beauty Institute da Chic Afrique Enterprises a Yaba, Legas. Ta kuma yi hidimar majagaba a hukumar hidima ta kasa kuma ta kasance memba a kwamitin Olympics na Najeriya a shekarar 1982. Akwai 'yan Afirka kaɗan da suka yi tafiya a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu na nahiyar na tsawon lokaci kuma tare da ciwo mai tsanani da shiga kamar Opral Benson. A Najeriya da Laberiya musamman, ta kasance Cardinal din al'adu mai tsayi fiye da rabin karni, tana bayyanawa, sake tunani, da sake haifar da kyawawan dabi'u da shahara a cikin al'adu da tattaunawa da diflomasiyya, da kyau da salo.
Opral ta kasance mai taka rawar gani a kullum, a yunkurin ci gaban mata a nahiyar, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa da ba wai kawai ta farkar da mata da yawa kan lamurra da dabarun ci gaba ba, har ma da kyakyawan shigar maza da shugabanni a matakai daban-daban, a cikin sanadin mata masu tasowa. A matsayinta na alamar kyau, ta kasance a sahun gaba wajen ayyana al'adu da al'adu ga mutanen zamaninta da kuma matasa. Ta kuma binciko kyau a matsayin masana'antu da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran sana'a, kuma ta ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin dubban matasa a cikin wannan tsari.
An yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da ita a kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, amma tarihin rayuwarta ya shiga cikin tarihin rayuwarta, 'Opral Benson: Life and Legend' wanda Udu Yakubu, PhD, kwararriyar marubuciya ce kuma Shugaba na Jami'ar May University Press Limited, ta wallafa tarihin rayuwarta a kamfanin wallafawa.
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
18421 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kwangila | Kisan kwangila | Kisan kwangila wani nau'i ne na kisan gill a inda wasu bangare suke daukan wata kungiya don ta kashe wani mutum da aka yi niyya ko mutane da yawa.Ya kunshi yarjejeniya ba bisa ka'ida ba tsakanin bangarori biyu ko sama da haka wanda bangare daya ya yarda ya kashe abin da aka nufa don musayar ta wani nau'i na ko yani da hanyan biyan kudi,na kudi ko akasin haka.Kowane bangare na iya zama mutum,rukuni,ko kungiya. Kashe kwangila yana da alada da aikata laifuka,kulla makircin gwamnati,da wuraren talla Misali,a ƙasar Amurka,gungun masu kisan kai,Inc.sun yi kisan gillar daruruwan mutane a madadin kungiyar Laifuka ta Kasa a tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa shekarar 1940.
Tsari Kisan kwangila tana ba wa mai daukar aikin damar ba tare da aiwatar da ainihin kisan ba, wanda ke sa ya zama da wahala ga jami'an tsaro su haɗa wannan bangaren da kisan. Da alama cewa hukumomi za su tabbatar da laifin wancan bangare na aikata laifin, musamman saboda rashin kwararan shaidun da ke da nasaba da bangaren da ke daukar kwangilar, ya sa lamarin ya zama mai wahala a jingina shi zuwa ga bangaren da aka dauka aikin.
Basaja Kisan kwangilar na iya nuna halaye na kisan kai, amma galibi ba a sanya su haka saboda manufofin kashe-ɓangare na uku da kuma cire kuɗi da motsin rai. Duk da haka kuma, akwai wasu lokuta wasu mutane waɗanda ake lakafta su azaman duka masu kai hari da masu kashe mutane. Wanda yake kisan kwangila ana kiransa da suna Makashi Waɗanda aka ba da kwangilar da ke aiki don ƙungiyoyin masu laifi kuma aka ba su kisan mutum da aka yi niyya galibi sanannu ne a matsayin masu tilastawa Bincike Wani bincike da Cibiyar Nazarin Laifin Laifin ta Australiya ta 162 ta yi ko kuma ainihin kisan gillar da aka yi a Ostiraliya tsakanin 1989 da 2002 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan dalilin kisan-da-haya shi ne biyan biyan inshorar Binciken ya kuma gano cewa matsakaicin kudin da aka biya na “bugawa” dala 15,000 tare da bambancin daga 5,000 zuwa 30,000 kuma makaman da aka fi amfani da su sune bindigogi Kashe kwangila ya kai kashi 2% na kisan kai a Ostiraliya a lokacin. Har ila yau, kashe-kashe na kwangila sun yi kama da kusan duk kashe-kashen a wani wuri. Misali, sun kai kusan 5% na duk kisan da aka yi a Scotland daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekarar 2002.
Sanannen lamari Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll, wani Ba'amurke dan asalin Amurka wanda ya yi aiki ga Dutch Schultz da Owney Madden
Glennon Engleman, likitan haƙori na Amurka wanda ya haskaka a matsayin mai bugawa
Ray Ferritto, Ba’amurken Ba’amurke mai buga jarumi kuma soja ga dangin Cleveland da Los Angeles, wanda aka fi sani da kisan Danny Greene daga baya ya zama mashaidin gwamnati kuma ya bayar da shaida akan gungun mutanen
Christopher Dale Flannery, sanannen dan Australia ne
Giuseppe Greco, ɗan Sicilian ne wanda ya kashe aƙalla mutane 58 a lokacin Yaƙin Mafia na Biyu
Charles Harrelson, Ba'amurke mai bugawa, mahaifin ɗan wasa Woody Harrelson
Marinko Magda, dan kasar Serbia da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa kan 11, ciki har da dangin Hungary
Tommy "Karate" Pitera, Ba'amurke dan asalin Amurka kuma soja a cikin dangin Bonnano Ya kasance sananne ne saboda yana da halaye irin na mai kisan kai, kuma ya kasance gwani ne a fagen fama Frank "Ba'amurke" Sheeran, wani jami'an kungiyar kwadago kuma fitinannun mutane, wainda suka hade da Russell Bufalino Sheeran ta yi ikirarin kashe tsohon shugaban Teamsters Jimmy Hoffa Biliyaminu "Bugsy" Siegel, Bayahude ne wanda ya jagoranci kwari da Meyer Mob kuma ya kasance mai kai hare-hare ga Murder, Inc Siegel shi ma babban dan adawar dan Italiya ne yayin Haramtawa
Alexander Solonik, fitaccen dan Rasha, wanda aka san shi da ɗaukar bindiga a kowane hannu, wanda ya kashe shugabanin mafia na Rasha fiye da 30
Robert Young, wanda aka fi sani da Willie Sanchez, wanda aka tsere da laifi kuma ya kashe kwangila wanda Majalisar ta yi aiki da shi, ƙungiyar ƙa'idar aikata laifuka ta Nicky Barnes Wadanda abin ya shafa Griselda Blanco, batun fim din Uwargidan Cocaine (2018), wani tsohon mashahurin mai safarar miyagun kwayoyi ne aka kashe a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2012
Li Fuguo, wani baban daular Tang wanda wani mashahuri wanda sarki Tang Daizong ya haya ya kashe
Harry Greenberg, abokin aikin Mafia na Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Meyer Lansky, da Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel's. Siegel, Whitey Krakower, Albert Tannenbaum, da Frankie Carbo ne suka kashe shi a shekarar 1939.
Shiori Ino, wani dalibin jami'a mai shekaru 21 wanda dan bindigar Yoshifumi Kubota ya kashe, wanda yayi shekaru 18 a gidan yari saboda kisan. Tsohon saurayin Ino da dan uwan tsohon saurayin ne suka biya Kubota.
Salvatore Maranzano, shugaban Mafia na Castellammarese kuma abokin hamayyarsa da Masseria a yakin Castellammarese wanda Siegel da wasu mazaje suka kashe a 1931
Dan Markel, wani lauya kuma masanin ilimin shari'a da aka kashe a Tallahassee, Florida a cikin 2014
Joe Masseria, Siegel, Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, da Joe Adonis suka kashe maigidan Mafia a cikin 1931
Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, shugaban masu zanga-zangar Las Vegas kuma mai gidan otal din Flamingo, wanda wasu da ba a san ko su waye ba suka kashe a 1947
Grady Stiles, wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda danginsa suka yi hayar wani mahaluki don ya kashe shi saboda zagin sa
John H. Wood Jr., wani alkalin Ba'amurke da aka fi sani da "Maximum John" saboda yanke hukuncin dauri mai tsanani a kan laifukan miyagun kwayoyi, wanda Charles Harrelson ya kashe bisa umarnin aikata laifi
Masu ɗauka Dana Ewell, wanda aka yankewa hukuncin daukar abokin karatun sa a kwaleji don kashe mahaifin Ewell, mahaifinsa, da ‘yar’uwar sa kan kadarorin dalar Amurka milian takwas 8,000,000. Yin wa'adin Ruthann Aron, da aka samu da laifin hayar wani dan daba don ya kashe mijinta da kuma wani lauya da ya yi nasara a shari’ar zamba da ita.
Mike Danton, tsohon dan wasan NHL, ya yi hayar wakilin tarayya don ya kashe wakilinsa na wasanni.
Shugaban laifi -Ba'amurke-Ba'amurke John Gotti ya yi hayar 'yan bindiga don su kashe Paul Castellano a wajen Sparks Steak House an aiwatar da kisan a watan Disambar 1985. Wanda Holloway Haƙiƙanin Gaskiya Kasada na zargin Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom ta dogara ne da hayar Holloway da wani dan damfara don kashe mahaifiyar yarinyar da ke gasa tare da 'yarta cikin farin ciki.
Lawrence Horn, mai gabatar da rikodi wanda hayarsa ta kai hari ya haifar da shari'ar Rice v. Paladin Latsa
Silas Jayne, Chicago -area mai mallakar barga, an yanke masa hukunci a 1973 na hayar mutane don kashe ɗan'uwansa ɗan'uwansa George. Tim Lambesis, mai raira waƙoƙin kidan karfe Kamar yadda na mutu, injin mutuƙar Austriya da Pyrithion, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin hayar wani don kashe matarsa ta hanyar tuntuɓar sa a gidan motsa jikin sa. Wanda ake zargin "hitman" ya zama dan sanda da ya yi kamannin mutum kamar mai bugawa. Charlotte Karin Lindström, 'yar bautar kasar Sweden samfurin wacce tayi yunƙurin ɗaukar hayar wani maharbi don ya kashe mutanen da ke ba da shaida game da saurayinta a shari'ar shan kwayoyi a Australia.
Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Mafia Ba'amurke da shugabar dangi masu aikata laifi An umarci Siegel, Tannenbaum, Genovese, Buchalter, Carbo, da Krakower su kashe Mustache Petes Joe Masseria da Sal Maranzano a cikin 1931, da kuma tantabaru Harry Greenberg a 1939.
Joseph Maldonado-Passage (wanda aka fi sani da sunan wasansa Joe Exotic wani mai gidan namun daji na Amurka a halin yanzu yana aiki shekaru 22 a kan laifuka biyu na yunƙurin kisan kai-da-haya (da kuma wasu tuhume-tuhumen Ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi hayar wani maharbi don ya kashe Carole Baskin, Shugaba na Babban Ceto Ceto (wanda yake tare da shi tsawon lokaci da rikice-rikicen jama'a), amma ya ƙare da yin magana da wani jami'in FBI da ke ɓoye da ke nuna cewa yana da ƙarfi. Shari'ar ita ce batun farko na jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye na 2020 Netflix Tiger King Diana Lovejoy, wata marubuciya a fannin fasaha, da malamarsa mai harbi Weldon McDavid an same su da laifin hada baki wajen kisan mijin Lovejoy a shekarar 2016. Jennifer Pan, wata 'yar kasar Kanada wacce ta dauki hayar wasu maza uku don yin fyaden gida domin kawar da iyayenta a shekarar 2010.
Nicole Doucet Ryan ta yi ƙoƙari ta ɗauki hayar wani ɗan sanda mai kula da Royal Canadian Mounted Police don kashe mijinta. Bayan mulki cewa ta iya yin amfani da tsaro na duress, da Kotun Koli da Canada da umarnin ta ba za a iya retried. Pamela Smart na Derry, New Hampshire, wacce ta yi fice a kanun labarai a 1991 saboda daukar saurayinta Billy Flynn da abokansa don su kashe mijinta Gregory Smart.
Wallace Souza,wani mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a Brazil wanda aka zarga da yin hayar mutane don kashe akalla mutane biyar a cikin 2009 don habaka kimar shirinsa Kwamitin,hukumar mulkin Mafia Ba'amurke ce ta ba da umarnin kisan Siegel a 1947.
Majalisar,kungiyar masu aikata laifuka da kuma daukar nauyin masu kashe kwangila kamar su Robert Young aka Willie Sanchez,wanda Nicky Barnes ke shugabanta Thomas Bartlett Whitaker, Ba'amurke wanda ya yi hayar mutane don su far wa iyayensa da dan'uwansa a mamayewar gida a 2003.
A al'adun gargajiya HBabu wani abu na sirri jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne wanda ke mai da hankali kan labaran kashe-kashen kwangila. An nuna shari'oin almara na kisan kwangila ko "hitmen" a cikin shahararrun nau'ikan almara a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21, gami da littattafan ban dariya, fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo. Kwangilar kwangila shine babban al'amari game da ikon mallakar bidiyo game da Hitman, in da mai kunnawa ke sarrafa wani dillalin da aka ɗauka haya wanda kawai ake kira Agent 47 A cikin wasan Hotline Miami, ɗan wasan yana sarrafa mutumin da aka karki kira mai ban mamaki yana gaya masa ya kashe membobin Mafia na Rasha.
Duba kuma Kisan kai
Kasuwar kisa
Emoƙari
Mai tsabta (laifi)
Laifin Tarayya a Amurka
Fixer (mutum)
Sojojin haya
Kisa, Inc.
Tsarukan laifi
Mutane v. Babban Kotun (Decker)
Kamfanin soja mai zaman kansa
Waya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kisan kai-da-haya: Harsunan Yanar Gizo na Wani Hali Mai Kyau FBI |
42435 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Ahmed%20%28mai%20gudu%29 | Mohammed Ahmed (mai gudu) | Mohammed Ahmed (An haife shi a 5 ga watan Janairun 1991), ɗan tseren nesa ne na Kanada Ɗan wasan Olympic sau uku, shi ne ɗan wasan ƙasarsa da ya fi samun nasara a tseren nesa, kasancewar shi ne na farko da ya samu lambar yabo a tseren mita 5000 a gasar cin kofin duniya (tagulla a shekarar 2019 da kuma na Olympics (azurfa a shekarar 2021).
Haka kuma shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa sau biyu a gasar Commonwealth a gasar tseren mita 5000 da 10,000 kuma ya kasance zakaran Pan American na shekarar 2015 a tseren mita 10,000 Ya rike tseren mita 5000 na goma sha daya mafi sauri a tarihi kuma ya kafa tarihin kasa da yanki da dama.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Ahmed a Mogadishu, Somalia ga Said Yusuf da Halimo Farah. Ahmed ya taso ne a garin El Afweyn da ke Somaliland, garin da kabilan Habr Je'lo na dangin Isaaq ke zaune. Iyalinsa sun koma Kenya, kuma Moh ya yi shekaru goma na farkon rayuwarsa a can. Sai danginsa suka ƙaura zuwa St. Catharines, Ontario a Kanada yana ɗan shekara 11. Ya fara guje-guje ne tun yana dan shekara 13 bayan ya kalli yadda ’yan uwansa ke gudu a makaranta.
Aikin Gudu
Matasa Kafin koleji, Mohammed Ahmed ya kasance zakaran dan wasan Canada na 5000m a lokuta hudu kuma sau biyu ya kammala a cikin manyan goma a gasar matasa ta duniya (na hudu a shekarar 2010, na tara a shekarar 2008), don tafiya tare da manyan mukamai guda biyu na Kanada a cikin taron. Ahmed kuma ya lashe kofin Pan American Junior.
Kwalejin Ahmed ya halarci St. Catharines Collegiate kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wisconsin Madison, daga nan ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar2014. A lokacin da yake kwaleji, ya tara kyaututtuka goma sha ɗaya na NCAA All-Amurka a cikin tsere da ƙetare ƙasa da kuma tseren tseren Olympics a cikin 10,000 m a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012 a London, inda ya ƙare a matsayi na goma sha takwas. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2013 a Moscow, Mohammed ya zama mafi kyawun lokacin sama da 10,000 a tarihin Kanada tare da kammala matsayi na tara, kusan daidai da mafi kyawun rayuwarsa a cikin tsari da sakamako 27:35.76. Ahmed ya kasance cikin tawagar Kanada don gasar Commonwealth ta shekarar 2014, inda ya fafata a tseren mita 5000 da 10,000, inda ya kare a matsayi na biyar da shida.
Kwararren Komawa zuwa fagen ƙwararru bayan aikin jami'a, Ahmed yana cikin ƙungiyar gida a 2015 Pan American Games a Toronto Ya yi takara ne kawai a tseren mita 10,000, inda ya lashe lambar zinare. Ya ci gaba da zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2015, inda ya yi takara a tseren mita 5000 kawai kuma ya kammala a matsayi na goma sha biyu. A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2016, Ahmed ya kafa mafi kyawun mutum da na Kanada a cikin 5000 m a Prefontaine Classic, ya ƙare a cikin lokaci na 13: 01.74 Yana fafatawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Olympics ta Kanada ta biyu, Ahmed ya sanya talatin da biyu. a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 a Rio de Janeiro Bayan wannan sakamako mai ban haushi, Ahmed ya kare a matsayi na hudu a tseren mita 5000 da dakika 13:05.94, da dakika 1.5 na cin lambar tagulla. Daga baya ya ce hakan ya sa shi "zubar da hawaye na radadi da shan kashi." Ahmed ya yi tseren mita 5000 mafi sauri na cikin gida na goma sha ɗaya a tarihi a Boston a cikin 2017, ya kafa tarihin ƙasar Kanada a cikin wannan tsari. A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2017, Ahmed ya kafa mafi kyawun mutum da rikodin ƙasar Kanada a cikin 10,000 m, inda ya sanya na takwas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 2017 tare da lokacin 27: 02.35 An zaɓi Ahmed don Gwarzon Mutum na Wasanni a gasar. Kyautar Somaliya ta Duniya 2018. Ya kuma lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a gasar Commonwealth a waccan shekarar, a cikin 5000 da 10000 m. Gasar a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya ta 2019, Ahmed ya lashe lambar tagulla a gasar tseren mita 5000, na farko ga dan tseren Canada. Ahmed ya jagoranci gasar a makare, inda a takaice ya sauka zuwa matsayi na biyar a matakin karshe kafin ya murmure ya samu matsayi na uku. Ya kasance na shida a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar. Duk da cutar ta COVID-19 da ta haifar da soke yawancin wasannin duniya na 2020 da jinkirta wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020 da shekara guda, Ahmed ya kafa mafi kyawun kansa da na Kanada a tseren mita 5000 na maza da lokacin 12:47.20 yayin fafatawa a Portland Intrasquad Meet II a Portland, Oregon akan Yuli 10, 2020. An nada Ahmed a cikin tawagarsa ta Olympics a shekara ta 2021. Gasar farko a gasar tseren mita 10,000 a Tokyo, Ahmed ya kare a matsayi na shida bayan da ya jagoranci tseren a takaice kuma ya yi mafi kyawun kakar wasa. Ya zo na gaba a gasar tseren mita 5000, inda ya kare na hudu a Rio shekaru biyar da suka wuce. Bayan da ya rigaya ya kwaikwayi rashin jin dadinsa na matsayi na shida a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar cin kofin duniya da ta gabata, Ahmed dole ne ya hada kansa a hankali don tsere na gaba. Ya shiga wasan karshe ne a matsayi na shida kafin ya ci gaba zuwa matsayi na biyu da mita 100 na karshe, inda ya lashe lambar azurfa. Shi ne dan kasar Kanada na farko da ya samu lambar yabo a wannan nisa a gasar Olympics kuma ya ce: "Duk tseren da ba a yi shiri ba ya sa ni nan." Abin takaici ya jira Ahmed a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar tseren guje-guje ta duniya ta 2022, inda ya sake kare matsayi na shida. Ya ce bayan haka "har yanzu ban gano 10K ba. Yana da ban takaici. Ina tsammanin na yi shiri sosai." Sannan ya zo na biyar a tseren mita 5000 da dakika 0.26 a bayan dan kasar Uganda Oscar Chelimo wanda ya samu lambar tagulla. Ahmed ya yi tsokaci game da karfin filin, inda ya ce, “maza hudu ne kawai a wannan filin ba su karya sub-13. Wannan yana gaya muku zurfin wannan taron. Dole ne in gyara wasu abubuwa, amma ba mummunan sakamako ba; mafi girma a duniya."
Sakamako
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mohammed Ahmed at Athletics Canada (archive)
Mohammed Ahmed at the Canadian Olympic Committee Mohammed Ahmed at the Commonwealth Games Federation Mohammed Ahmed at Olympics.com Mohammed Ahmed at Olympedia Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1991
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20673 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Basasar%20Chadi%20%282005%E2%80%932010%29 | Yaƙin Basasar Chadi (2005–2010) | Yaƙin basasar Chadi na kwanan nan ya fara ne a cikin Disamba 2005. Tun lokacin da ta samu 'yanci daga Faransa a shekarar 1960, yaƙin basasa ya mamaye yankin Chadi a tsakanin Larabawa-Musulmin arewa da Sahara Kiristocin kudu. A sakamakon haka, shugabanci da shugabanci a Chadi sun yi ta kai da komo tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da musulmin arewa. Lokacin da wani bangare ke kan mulki, ɗaya ɓangaren yakan fara yaƙin neman sauyi ne don dakile shi.
Faransa, tsohuwar mai ikon mulkin mallaka, da makwabciyar Chadi Libya ta arewa duk sun shiga cikin sahu daban-daban a duk lokacin yakin basasa. Zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990 yakin basasa ya dan daidaita, kuma a shekarar 1996 an tabbatar da Idriss Déby, dan arewa, a matsayin shugaban ƙasar a zaɓen farko na demokradiyya da aka yi a Chadi. A cikin 1998 aka fara tawaye dauke da makamai a arewa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban tsaron Shugaba Déby, Youssouf Togoimi Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar Libya a shekarata 2002 ta kasa kawo karshen fadan. A shekarar 2003, rikici a yankin Darfur da ke makwabtaka da Sudan ya bazu zuwa kan iyaka zuwa Chadi. 'Yan gudun hijirar daga Sudan sun kasance tare da fararen hula' yan ƙasar Chadi waɗanda ke kokarin gujewa tashin hankalin 'yan tawaye kuma daga karshe suka cika sansanonin. A bayyane yake cewa 'yan tawayen Chadi sun sami makamai da taimako daga gwamnatin Sudan. A lokaci guda, 'yan tawayen Sudan sun sami taimako daga gwamnatin Chadi. A watan Fabrairun 2008, kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye uku suka hada karfi wuri guda suka fara kai hari a N'Djamena babban birnin Chadi. Bayan kaddamar da farmakin da ya kasa mamaye fadar shugaban kasar, an fatattaki harin da kakkausar murya. Faransa ta aika da dakaru don su mamaye gwamnati. Da yawa daga cikin ‘yan tawayen tsoffin abokan kawancen Shugaba Idriss Déby ne. Sun zarge shi da cin hanci da rashawa ga 'yan ƙabilar.
Dalilin Yawancin shugabannin 'yan tawaye tsofaffin abokan Déby ne, waɗanda suka bijire masa bayan ya yanke shawarar sauya kundin tsarin mulki. Canjin tsarin mulki ya ba Déby damar sake tsayawa takara a 2006, tare da ba da ikon sauya kundin tsarin mulki ga shugaban, wannan matakin ya sa da yawa daga cikin abokan Déby suka fara yi masa tawaye. Yaƙin da aka yi a farkon Disamba 2005 a N'djamena babban birnin Chadi bai zo da mamaki ba. Shekaru kafin fashewar, gwamnatin Sudan din na kokarin hambarar da shugaban Chadi, Idriss Déby, ta hanyar amfani da ‘yan tawayen Chadi a matsayin mutane na tsakiya. Uku masu ɗauke da makamai da hannu a kai hare-hare a shekara ta 2008 da aka dauke da makamai da kasar Sudan jami'an tsaro niyyar kan yankan kashe da goyon bayan da Deby aka bai wa 'yan tawayen a yankin Darfur, musamman da Ƙungiyar Adalci da daidaito (JEM), wanda ya kasance a kan m a Darfur. Yaƙin da aka yi a Chadi sakamakon wasu runduna ne guda huɗu. Na ɗaya, yakin ya zama tamkar ci gaba ne na rikice-rikicen Darfur da Chadi, wadanda suka hada da gasar iko da kasa. Abu na biyu, akwai rikicin Cadi na cikin gida. Déby ya koma mulkin soja na mutum daya bayan da aka yi fatan fadada tushen mulkinsa a karshen shekarun 1990 wanda ya hade da ci gaban siyasar farar hula a N'djamena. Déby ya dogara sosai akan ƙungiyar dangi na kusa da kuma da'awar kuɗin da aka ba gwamnati don biyan bukatunsa, rarraba kayan agaji don biyayya ga farar hula. Na uku shi ne dabarun Khartoum (babban birnin Sudan) na kula da tsaro a cikin iyakarta, wanda ya hada da daukar kasashe marasa karfi da ke kewaye da ita kamar kawai fadada iyakarta. Tsaron Sudan ya taimaka wajen kawo Déby kan karagar mulki a 1990 a matsayin wani bangare na nauyin da ke kansu wanda kuma ya ga ta shiga soja a kasashen Eritrea, Habasha, Uganda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo (DRC), da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR) a cikin shekaru goma na soja. Kamar yadda Khartoum ta yi amfani da haɗin gwuiwa da azabtarwa don sarrafa manyan lardunan yankin na Darfur, ta yi amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin don yin tasiri a kan iyakarta zuwa iyakarta. Bugu da ƙari, gasar yanki don mamayewa ta hanyar babban yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya ba safai ke iko da ikon hukuma ba. Wannan yanki da ya keɓe ya haɗa da Chadi, CAR, da arewacin DRC, gami da yankunan Tripoli da Sudan, tare da Kinshasa, Kigali, Kampala, har ma da Asmara suna fafatawa don tasiri a wannan yankin, har da Khartoum.
Sakamakon Aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da aka yi alkawalin a cikin yarjejeniyar watan Agustan 2007 tare da jam'iyyun adawa ba a hankali ba kuma ba a daidaita ba. A duk fadin kasar, sojojin gwamnati sun ci gaba da kamewa da tsare fararen hula da wadanda ake zargi da tayar da kayar baya, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, galibi bisa la'akari da kabilanci, da kuma sanya su cikin mummunan hukunci da ba na al'ada ba. Yanayin gidan yarin Chadi na daga cikin mawuyacin hali a nahiyar Afirka. Institutionsananan hukumomi na adalci sun ba da gudummawa ga al'adar keɓewa. Gwamnati ba ta bincika ko gurfanar da mummunan cin zarafin da ake yi wa fararen hula ba, kamar kashe-kashe da fyaɗe da jami'an tsaron gwamnati da 'yan tawaye suka yi bayan arangamar da aka yi a Am Dam a watan Mayun 2009. Fiye da 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan 250,000 da' yan kasar Chadi 168,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu ke zaune a sansanoni da sauran wurare a gabashin Chadi. A watan Afrilun 2010, kusan sabbin 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan 5,000 sun zo daga Darfur ta Yamma, bayan sabon fada a can tsakanin kungiyar' yan tawayen Sudan Ƙungiyar Adalci
(JEM) da sojojin gwamnatin Sudan.
Manyan Yaƙe-yaƙe
SCUD Raid akan Guéréda 'Yan tawayen Chadi sun kai hari a Guéréda, mai tazarar kilomita 120 arewa da Adré, a ranar 7 ga Disambar 2005, inda suka kashe mutane goma tare da raunata biyar. Harin (wanda aka danganta shi da Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy, SCUD, gungun wasu sojojin Chadi da suka gudu) ya nuna farkon kamfen din 'yan tawaye daga Darfur kuma ya sa gwamnatin Chadi ta la'anci Khartoum saboda goyon bayan' yan tawayen.
RDL Raid on Adré A ranar 18 ga Disambar 2005, ƙungiyar (RDL), wata ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Chadi da ke zaune a Darfur, ta kai hari kan iyakar garin Adré, Chadi da ke kan iyaka. Adré shine mabuɗin dabarun kare Chadi daga hare-haren da aka ƙaddamar daga Sudan. Shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby, sakamakon fatattaka daga sojojin Chadi zuwa kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Chadi tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Disamba 2005, ya fara karfafa Adré, da kuma Abéché, babban birnin lardin gabashin Ouadda eastern, tun kafin harin 18 ga Disamba 2005.
Yaƙin Farko na N'Djaména A watan Afrilun 2006 shugaban 'yan tawayen ƙasar Chadi Mahamat Nour Abdelkarim, bayan da ya hada kan kungiyoyin' yan tawayen na Chadi da dama a karkashin tutar ƙungiyar 'Front Uni pour le Changement' (United Front for Change, FUC), suka yiwa N'Djamena ƙawanya. A ranar 13 ga Afrilun 2006, 1,200 zuwa 1,500 ‘yan tawayen FUC a cikin manyan motocin ɗaukar kaya 56 suka fasa daruruwan kilomita a fadin Chadi daga sansanonin Darfur da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya don fafatawa da musayar wuta da jami’an tsaron Chadi a kan titunan babban birnin kasar. Fadan da aka yi a Ndjaména ya kasance ne daga 5 na safe zuwa 11 na safe kuma ya hada da motocin daukar sojoji masu sulke, na’urar kere kere (motoci masu taya hudu dauke da manyan makamai) da tankokin yaki, kuma an yi yakin ne a yankunan kudu maso gabashin kudu da kuma a Palais des Quinze, majalisar dokokin Chadi, wacce Sojojin 'yan tawaye da ba su san yadda aka tsara babban birnin ba sun yi wa fadar shugaban kasa tawaye.
Tare da taimako mai yawa daga sojojin Faransa, yunƙurin karɓar ikon ya ci tura, tare da kashe ɗaruruwan.
Akwai manyan kaburbura guda biyu a yankin kudu maso gabashin garin N'Djaména a wani wuri can nesa a Djari-Kawas, inda sojojin gwamnati suka yiwa wani rukunin 'yan tawaye kwanton bauna. An bayar da rahoton cewa kabari daya na dauke da gawarwaki 102, kodayake rahotanni sun yi sabani kan ko waɗanda suka mutu dukkaninsu sojoji ne masu tawaye ko kuma wasu ‘yan tawaye ne da fararen hula. Kabari na biyu a Djari-Kawas an ce yana dauke da gawarwaki 45 da aka binne a can da zarar an fito da su daga dakin ijiye gawar a babban asibitin.
A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2006 Chadi ta yanke hulda da Sudan ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Duk da cewa ƙasashen biyu sun sabunta alkawarinsu na korar 'yan tawaye daga yankunansu a watan Yuli kuma sun dawo da hulɗar jakadanci a watan Agusta, harin na watan Afrilu ya ci gaba da haifar da koma baya kan alaƙar ƙasashen biyu.
Manazarta Crisis in Chad: implications for the EU, Analysis by Damien Helly, February 2008, European Union Institute for Security Studies
Chad's spiralling conflict (Aljazeera)
Safer Access Summary of Events Jan–Mar 08
The Small Arms Survey Sudan-Chad conflict
Yaƙi
Rikici
Cadi
Tarihin Cadi
Tarihin Afrika
Pages with unreviewed |
26058 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI | CI | CI ko Ci na iya nufin to:
Kalmomin kasuwanci Hankalin abokin ciniki, horo ne a talla
Hankali mai gasa
Shaidar kamfani
Ci gaba na cigaba
Bayanin sirri
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
Ilimi da ilimi Jami'ar Jihar California, Tsibirin Channel
Makarantar Sakandare ta Channel
Collegium Invisibile
Cibiyar Confucius
Addini Josephites na Belgium, ikilisiyar Katolika
Shaidar Kirista
Cibiyar Kirista, wata ƙungiya ce ta Biritaniya wacce ke haɓaka ƙimar Kirista
Sauran kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Sadaka Intelligence Kanada
Kamfanin jirgin saman China (lambar IATA)
Sabis na kiwon lafiya na Cigna (alamar NYSE)
Masu amfani da Ƙasa
Keke na Ireland
CI Records, alamar rikodin kiɗa
Cambria da Indiana Railroad
CANZUK International, ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kanada, Australia, New Zealand da Ingila
Conservation International, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta muhalli ta duniya
Communications International, tsohon ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta duniya
Kwaminisanci na Duniya
Children International, wata kungiya mai daukar nauyin kananan yara
Doka da soja Ƙwarewar fahimta
Mai ba da labari na sirri
Binciken Yarda, Binciken Sojojin Sama na Amurka
Babban sufeto, matsayin dan sanda
Takaddun shaida
Fararen hula Internee, matsayi na musamman na fursuna a lokacin yaƙin
Mai koyar da farar hula, balagaggen mai sa kai a cikin Rundunar Koyar da Jiragen Sama ta Burtaniya
Wurare Ci Ci, a Hebei, China
Tsibirin Cayman
Chile (lambar ƙasa ta FIPS, tsohuwar lambar ƙasar NATO)
Tsibirin Coney
Tsibirin Cocos (Keeling), yankin waje na Australia
Cote d'Ivoire (lambar ƙasa ta ISO)
Tsibirin Channel
Tsibirin Channel na California
Carbonia-Iglesias, lardin kudancin Italiya
Ilimin halitta da magani cI furotin, furotin mai danniya na Enterobacteria phage Rashin jituwa na cytoplasmic, tsarin haihuwa
Alamar zuciya
Ci furotin, Cubitus interruptus -protein
Rashin kwanciyar aure
Rashin haɗin kai
Ƙididdigar daidaituwa
Matsalar tarawa, da aka yi amfani da ita azaman ma'aunin mitar cuta a cikin annobar cutar
Cochlear implant
Ciwon rauni na sinadarai, haɓaka ƙima ga sunadarai na yau da kullun wanda kuma ake kira ƙwarewar sunadarai da yawa.
Rashin lafiya na yau da kullun, yanayin da ke dawwama ko sake faruwa
Contraindication
Kwamfuta .ci, lambar yankin ƙasar Intanet na babban matakin matakin (ccTLD) don Cote d'Ivoire
Haɗin Haɗin kai, don Module Samun Yanayi
CI+, Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin
Ƙididdigar lissafi
Abun daidaitawa, sashin tsarin tsarin tsarin sarrafa sanyi
Core Image, fasahar sarrafa hoto mara lalacewa
Haɗin kai mai ɗorewa, aikin injiniyan software na haɗa lambar mai haɓakawa cikin babban lambar tushe akai-akai
CodeIgniter, tsarin PHP
Kimiyyar duniya Cirrus girgije
Rashin kwanciyar hankali
Lissafi Independenceancin 'yanci na yanayi, wani nau'in alaƙa na masu canjin canji a cikin ka'idar yiwuwa
Tazarar amincewa, kimanta tazara na ma'aunin yawan jama'a da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙididdiga
101 (lamba) (a cikin adadi na Romawa)
Ƙididdigar fili
Haɗin Cosine (daidaitattun alamomin lissafi "Ci" da "ci")
Physics Maƙallan madaidaiciya, wurin ɓarkewar ɓarna tsakanin jihohi biyu na lantarki
Curie (naúrar) (Alama: Ci), ma'aunin aikin rediyo mai suna bayan Marie Curie
Fassarar Copenhagen, fassarar makanikai masu ƙima
Cubic inch, naúrar girma
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Ƙungiyar CI, wani nau'in carbonaceous chondrite meteorite
Interferometry mai ɗaukar hoto, rediyo da fasahar lambar sadarwa ta gani
Chemical ionization, wata dabara da ake amfani da ita a cikin taro spectrometry
Hulɗar daidaitawa, hanyar bayan-Hartree-Fock da ake amfani da ita a cikin ilmin lissafi
Tambayar mahallin, hanyar bincike mai ƙira mai amfani
Hankali na gama -gari, wani yanki na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam
Index Index International, bayanan bayanai na lambobin CI don fenti da aladu
Bavarian CI, locomotive tururi tare da Royal Bavarian State Railways
Injin ƙonewa matsawa, wani suna don injin dizal
Talabijin Canadian Idol, jerin talabijin na Kanada
Doka & Umarni: Nufin Laifi, jerin talabijin na Amurka
Cibiyar Laifi & Bincike
Cibiyar Sadarwar Laifi & Bincike (Ostiraliya), kebul na Australiya da cibiyar tauraron dan adam da ke mai da hankali kan Laifuka
Cibiyar Laifuka da Bincike (Turai), tashar talabijin ta pan-Turai
Cibiyar Sadarwar Laifi da Bincike (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya)
Sauran amfani Ci (shayari), wani nau'in waƙoƙin waƙoƙin waƙoƙi na kasar Sin
Qi, babban tunani a cikin falsafancin gabas da yawa
Matsayi mai mahimmanci, a cikin falsafa
Index Index International, cibiyar bayanai
Cikakken bayani
Tuntuɓi haɓakawa, fasahar rawa
CI, bayan gida don Abokin oda na kambin Indiya
Ci, wani nau'in sunan mahaifiyar Qi, na mutanen Tungusic
Duba kuma C1 (rarrabuwa)
Cl |
29211 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigakafin%20Cutar%20Daji | Rigakafin Cutar Daji | Rigakafin cutar daji Ya kasan ce shi ne matakin farko da ake rage haɗarin cutar sankara da mace-macen da akeyi ta sanadiyyar ta. rigakafin kuma ta dogara ne akan ƙoƙarin daidaita da kuma inganta salon rayuwa da zamantakewar mutane da tattalin arziki ko manufofin jama'a masu alaƙa da rigakafin cutar kansa. Ana ɗaukar rigakafin cutar kansa ta duniya a matsayin muhimmin maƙasudi saboda zartar da shi ga ɗimbin jama'a, da kuma rage tasirin kansa na dogon lokaci ta hanyar haɓaka ayyuka da ɗabi'un kiwon lafiya masu fa'ida, da fa'idar ingancin farashi da yuwuwan sa Yawancin cututtukan daji na farawa ne daga tarin gurɓataccen muhalli wanda yana afkuwa ne ta hanyar lalacewar epigenetic amma ba duka ba ne ake kamuwa da cutar kansan ta hanyar gurɓataccen muhalli. Fiye da kashi 75 cikin 100 na mace-macen cutar daji za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwan haɗari da suka haɗa da: taba, kiba, rashin isasshen abinci, rashin motsa jiki, barasa, da dai sauran su, cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i, da gurɓataccen iska. Ba duk cututtukan kansar za a iya sarrafawa ba, irin abubuwan da ke faruwa ta zahiri da kuma sauran lokuta na ciwon daji ana haifar da su ta hanyar gado. Dabarun gyara kwayoyin halitta na yanzu da ke ƙarƙashin haɓakawa na iya zama matakan kariya a nan gaba. Hakanan za'a iya inganta matakan rigakafin nan gaba ta hanyar ingan tashi da haɓaka ƙayyadaddun abubuwa ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsarin halittar mutum ɗaya, wanda kuma aka sani da cutar kansa ta tushe."
Mai da hankali Yayin da kowa zai iya kamuwa da cutar kansa, shekaru na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da za su iya sa mutum ya fi kamuwa da cutar kansa: 3 cikin 4 na ciwon daji ana samun su ne a cikin mutane masu shekaru 55 ko fiye.
Abincin abinci Duk da yake an ba da shawara akan abincin da yake rage haɗarin ciwon daji, shaidar da za ta goyi bayan hakia kuma. Abubuwan abinci na farko waɗanda ke haɓaka karin haɗarin cutar su ne kiba da shan barasa tare da kuma rage yawan cin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jan nama mai yawa da akeci amma ba a tabbatar ba. Bincike na 2014 bai sami dangantaka tsakanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da ciwon daji ba. Yin amfani da kofi yana hade da rage hadarin ciwon hanta. Nazarin ya danganta yawan amfani da jan naman da aka sarrafa yana kara haɗarin ciwon nono, ciwon hanji, da ciwon daji na pancreatic, al'amari wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda kasancewar carcinogens a cikin naman da aka dafa. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da girmamawa ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabaɗaya, da kifi, da kuma nisantar sarrafa jan nama (naman sa, naman alade, rago), kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen carbohydrates.
Ayyukan jiki Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana taimakawa wajen rage kusan kashi 30% Na haɗarin nau'ikan ciwon daji iri-iri, kamar kansar hanji, kansar nono, kansar huhu da kansar endometrium. Har yanzu ba a fahimci hanyoyin ilimin halittu da ke ƙarƙashin wannan ƙungiyar ba amma an yi nazarin hanyoyin ilimin halitta daban-daban da ke tattare da cutar kansa wanda ke nuna cewa aikin jiki yana rage haɗarin kansa ta hanyar taimakawa sarrafa nauyi, rage hormones kamar estrogen da insulin, rage kumburi da ƙarfafa rigakafi.
Magunguna da kari Ma'anar cewa ana iya amfani da magunguna don hana ciwon daji yana da kyau, kuma shaida ta goyi bayan amfani da su a cikin wasu ƙayyadaddun yanayi. A cikin yawan jama'a, NSAIDs sun rage haɗarin ciwon daji na launi duk da haka saboda cututtukan zuciya da na gastrointestinal suna haifar da cutar gaba ɗaya lokacin amfani da rigakafi. An gano Aspirin yana rage haɗarin mutuwa daga cutar kansa da kusan kashi 7%. COX-2 inhibitor na iya rage adadin samuwar polyp a cikin mutanen da ke da polyposis na iyali adenomatous duk da haka suna da alaƙa da illa iri ɗaya kamar NSAIDs. An nuna amfani da tamoxifen ko raloxifene a kullum don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono a cikin mata. Fa'idar cutarwa ga mai hana 5-alpha-reductase irin su finasteride bai bayyana ba. An kuma yi wani binciken da ke nuna ƙa'idar hujja tare da sunadaran ɗan adam IFNalpha2a da macrophage-CSF, waɗanda kaji da aka gyara ta halitta suka samar. Ba a gano bitamin suna da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji ba, ko da yake ƙananan matakan bitamin D suna da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon daji. Ko wannan dangantakar tana da sanadi kuma ƙarin bitamin D yana da kariya ba a ƙayyade ba. An gano ƙarin beta-carotene yana ƙara yawan ciwon huhu a cikin waɗanda ke da haɗari. Ba a sami ƙarin folic acid mai tasiri a hana ciwon daji na hanji ba kuma yana iya ƙara polyps na hanji. Wani nazari na yau da kullum na 2018 ya kammala cewa selenium ba shi da wani tasiri mai amfani wajen rage hadarin ciwon daji bisa ga shaidar inganci.
Alurar riga kafi Maganin rigakafin ciwon daji na iya zama rigakafi ko kuma a yi amfani da shi azaman magani na warkewa. Duk irin waɗannan alluran suna haifar da rigakafi na daidaitawa ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) da kuma aikin antigens masu alaƙa ko ƙari (TAA da TSAs).
An samar da alluran rigakafin da ke hana kamuwa da cuta daga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogenic. Alurar rigakafin cutar papillomavirus Gardasil da Cervarix na rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mahaifa Alurar rigakafin ciwon hanta na B na hana kamuwa da cutar hanta ta B don haka yana rage haɗarin ciwon hanta. Ana ba da shawarar gudanar da maganin papillomavirus na ɗan adam da rigakafin hanta na B lokacin da albarkatu suka ba da izini. Wasu allurar rigakafin cutar kansa yawanci tushen immunoglobulin ne kuma suna hari antigens musamman ga kansa ko ƙwayoyin ɗan adam mara kyau. Ana iya ba da waɗannan alluran rigakafin cutar kansa don magance cutar kansa yayin ci gaban cuta don haɓaka ikon tsarin rigakafi na ganewa da kai hari kan antigens na cutar kansa a matsayin ƙasashen waje. Ana iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin rigakafin cutar kansa daga jikin majiyyaci (alurar rigakafi ta atomatik) ko daga wani majiyyaci (allogeneic alurar riga kafi). An sake fitar da wasu alluran rigakafi na autologous, irin su Oncophage don ciwon koda da Vitespen don ciwon daji iri-iri, ko dai an sake su ko kuma suna fuskantar gwaji na asibiti. Magungunan da FDA ta amince da su, irin su Sipuleucel-T don metastasizing kansar prostate ko Nivolumab don melanoma da kansar huhu na iya yin aiki ko dai ta hanyar yin niyya akan abubuwan da aka bayyana ko maye gurbi ta hanyar wuraren bincike na rigakafi ɗan lokaci don haɓaka ayyukan rigakafi.
Nunawa Hanyoyin tantancewa, waɗanda aka fi nema don ƙarin kamuwa da cutar kansa, irin su hanji, nono, da mahaifa, sun inganta sosai a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata daga cigaban gano ƙwayoyin halitta da ganowa. Gano farkon ciwon daji na pancreatic biomarkers an cika shi ta amfani da tsarin rigakafi na tushen SERS. A SERS-base multiplex proteinbiomarker gano dandamali a cikin guntu microfluidic don ganowa ana amfani da shi don gano furotin biomarkers da yawa don tsinkayar nau'in cuta da masu mahimmancin halittu da haɓaka damar ganowa tsakanin cututtuka tare da masu siyar da halittu masu kama (PC, OVC, da pancreatitis).
Ciwon mahaifa Yawanci ana yin gwajin kansar mahaifa ta hanyar gwajin vitro na sel da mahaifa (misali Pap smear), colposcopy, ko duba kai tsaye na cervix (bayan aikace-aikacen dilute acetic acid), ko gwajin HPV, kwayar cutar oncogenic wanda shine dalilin da ya dace na ciwon daji na mahaifa. Ana ba da shawarar dubawa ga mata masu shekaru 21, da farko mata masu shekaru 21 zuwa 29 ana ƙarfafa su ta hanyar karɓan hoton Pap a kowace shekara uku, kuma waɗanda suka wuce 29 a kowace shekara biyar. Ga matan da suka girmi shekaru 65 kuma ba su da tarihin kansar mahaifa ko rashin daidaituwa, kuma tare da fifikon da ya dace na sakamakon gwajin Pap na iya dakatar da dubawa akai-akai. Duk da haka, riko da tsare-tsaren tantancewa da aka ba da shawarar da ya dogara da shekaru kuma ana iya danganta shi da "matakin ilimi, al'adu, al'amurran da suka shafi tunanin mutum, da matsayin aure," yana kara jaddada mahimmancin magance waɗannan ƙalubalen dangane da gwajin cutar kansa.
Ciwon daji mai launi An fi duba ciwon daji mai launi tare da gwajin jini na fecal occult (FOBT). Bambance-bambancen wannan gwajin sun haɗa da FOBT na tushen guaiac (gFOBT), gwajin rigakafi na fecal (FIT), da gwajin DNA (sDNA). Ƙarin gwaji ya haɗa da sassauƙan sigmoidoscopy (FS), jimlar colonoscopy (TC), ko ƙididdigar hoto (CT) idan TC bai dace ba. Shawarar shekarun da za a fara nunawa shine shekaru 50. Koyaya, wannan ya dogara sosai akan tarihin likita da fallasa abubuwan haɗari na CRC. An nuna ingantaccen tantancewa don rage haɗarin CRC da kashi 33% da ɗabi'a na CRC da kashi 43%.
Ciwon nono An kiyasta adadin sabbin cutar sankarar nono a Amurka a cikin 2018 ya zarce miliyan 1.7, tare da mutuwar sama da dubu dari shida. Abubuwa kamar girman nono, rage yawan motsa jiki, kiba da matsayi mai kiba, rashin haihuwa da rashin haihuwa, maganin maye gurbin hormone (HRT), da kwayoyin halitta sune abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon nono. Ana amfani da mammogram sosai don auna cutar kansar nono, kuma ana ba da shawarar ga mata masu shekaru 50-74 ta Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Kariya ta Amurka (USPSTF). Duk da haka, USPSTF ta ba da shawarar a kan mammographies ga mata masu shekaru 40-49 saboda yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta fiye da kima.
Abubuwan da ake iya hana kamuwa da cutar daji Kamar yadda na 2017, amfani da taba, abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, aikin jiki, kiba kiba matsayi, cututtuka masu yaduwa, da sinadarai da carcinogens na jiki an ruwaito su zama manyan wuraren da za a iya yin rigakafin ciwon daji ta hanyar aiwatar da canje-canjen salon rayuwa, samun dacewa na yau da kullum. tantancewa, da yin allurar rigakafi. Ci gaban ciwon daji da yawa na kowa yana haifar da irin waɗannan abubuwan haɗari. Misali, shan taba da barasa, tarihin likitanci na warts da STDs, rigakafin rigakafi, jima'i mara kariya, da farkon lokacin jima'i da juna biyu duk na iya zama abubuwan haɗari ga kansar mahaifa. Kiba, jan nama ko cin nama da aka sarrafa, taba da barasa, da tarihin likitanci na cututtukan hanji masu kumburi duk abubuwan haɗari ne ga cutar kansar colorectal (CRC). A gefe guda, motsa jiki da cin kayan lambu na iya taimakawa rage haɗarin CRC.
An bayyana wasu abubuwan da za a iya hana kamuwa da cutar sankara a cikin binciken Doll da Peto na 1981, da aka kiyasta cewa kashi 75 80% na cututtukan daji a Amurka za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwa 11 daban-daban. Binciken 2013 na ƙarin wallafe-wallafen rigakafin ciwon daji na kwanan nan ta Schottenfeld et al., taƙaita binciken da aka ruwaito tsakanin 2000 da 2010, yana nuna yawancin abubuwan da za a iya kaucewa daga Doll da Peto. Koyaya, Schottenfeld et al. an yi la'akari da ƙananan abubuwa (misali rashin haɗa da abinci) a cikin bita fiye da Doll da Peto, kuma sun nuna cewa guje wa waɗannan ƙananan abubuwan zai haifar da rigakafin 60% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna adadin mutuwar ciwon daji wanda aka danganta da dalilai daban-daban, yana taƙaita abubuwan lura na Doll da Peto, Shottenfeld et al. da wasu marubuta da dama, kuma suna nuna tasirin manyan abubuwan rayuwa a kan rigakafin cutar kansa, kamar taba, abinci mara kyau, kiba da cututtuka.
Kunshe cikin abinci
Cututtukan ciwon daji sun haɗa da: ga cervix na mahaifa (human papillomavirus [HPV]), hanta (hepatitis B virus [HBV] da cutar hepatitis C [HCV]), ciki Helicobacter pylori H pylori ƙwayoyin lymphoid (Epstein-Barr). cutar [EBV]), nasopharynx (EBV), mafitsara urinary Schistosoma hematobium da biliary tract Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis Tarihin rigakafin ciwon daji An yi tunanin ciwon daji cuta ce da za a iya rigakafinta tun lokacin likitan Romawa Galen, wanda ya lura cewa cin abinci mara kyau yana da alaƙa da kamuwa da cutar kansa. A cikin 1713, likitan Italiyanci Ramazzini ya ɗauka cewa kauracewa ya haifar da ƙananan ciwon daji na mahaifa a cikin mata. Ci gaba da lura a cikin karni na 18 ya haifar da gano cewa wasu sinadarai, irin su taba, soot da kwalta (wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji a cikin masu shara, kamar yadda Percivall Pot ya ruwaito a 1775), na iya zama cutar kansa ga mutane. Ko da yake Potts ya ba da shawarar matakan kariya don share bututun hayaki (sanya tufafi don hana hulɗar jikin mutum tare da soot), shawarwarin nasa an aiwatar da su ne kawai a cikin Holland, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ƙwayar cutar kansar ƙwayar cuta a cikin bututun hayaki. Daga baya, karni na 19 ya kawo farkon rarrabuwa na sinadarai na carcinogens.
A farkon karni na 20, an gano cututtukan daji na zahiri da na halitta, irin su radiation na X ray ko Virus na Rous Sarcoma da aka gano a 1911. Duk da alaƙar yanayin muhalli ko abubuwan sinadarai tare da ci gaban kansa, an sami gazawar bincike na rigakafi na yau da kullun da canje-canjen salon rayuwa don rigakafin cutar kansa ba su yuwu a wannan lokacin.
A Turai, a cikin 1987 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ƙaddamar da dokar hana cutar daji ta Turai don taimakawa jama'a game da matakan da za su iya ɗauka don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. Sigar farko ta Code ɗin ta ƙunshi shawarwari guda 10 da suka shafi taba, barasa, abinci, nauyi, bayyanar rana, fallasa ga sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, ganowa da wuri da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen tantancewar nono da cutar kansar mahaifa. A farkon 1990s, Makarantar Kankara ta Turai ta jagoranci nazarin Code kuma ya kara dalla-dalla game da shaidar kimiyya a bayan kowane shawarwarin. Hukumar Bincike kan Ciwon daji ta Duniya ta haɗu da sabuntawa daga baya. Buga na huɗu na Code, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin 2012-2013, ya kuma haɗa da shawarwari game da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin rigakafin cutar hepatitis B (jarirai) da papillomavirus na ɗan adam ('yan mata), ciyar da nono da maye gurbin hormone, da shiga cikin tsarin launi mai tsari. shirye-shiryen gwajin cutar kansa.
Duba kuma Microplastics ci ta hanyar abinci
Haɓaka halittar ɗan adam
Asusun Kariya da Magani
Ranar Cutar daji ta Duniya
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abin da za ku iya yi-YANZU-don rage haɗarin ciwon daji
Manazarta Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25114 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20S%C3%BCleymaniye | Masallacin Süleymaniye | Masallacin Süleymaniye (Baturke: Süleymaniye Camii, furta nije]) masallaci ne na daular Usmaniyya da ke kan Tudun Uku na Istanbul, Turkiyyah. Suleiman Mai Girma ne ya ba da umarnin masallacin kuma masanin gine gine na Mimar Sinan ne ya tsara shi. Wani rubutu ya bayyana ranar kafuwar a matsayin 1550 da ranar da za a kaddamar da ita a matsayin 1557. Bayan bangon alkibla na masallacin akwai wani fili mai dauke da kabilu daban -daban na Suleiman Mai Girma da na matarsa Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana). Tsawon shekaru 462, Masallacin Süleymaniye shine masallaci mafi girma a cikin birni, har zuwa lokacin da Masallacin Çamlıca ya zarce shi a shekarar 2019. Masallacin Süleymaniye yana daya daga cikin sanannun abubuwan gani na Istanbul, kuma daga inda yake akan Tudun Uku, shi yana ba da umarni ga ra'ayi mai faɗi game da garin kusa da ƙahon zinare.
Tarihi Masallacin Süleymaniye, an gina shi ne bisa umurnin Sultan Süleyman (Süleyman the Magnificent), kuma masanin gine -gine na Mimar Sinan ne ya tsara shi. Rubutun harsashin Larabci da ke saman ƙofar arewa na masallacin an zana shi a rubutun thuluth akan bangarori uku na marmara. Yana ba da ranar kafuwar shekara ta 1550 da ranar kaddamar da 1557. A zahirin gaskiya an fara shirin masallacin kafin shekarar 1550 kuma ba a kammala sassan ginin ba sai bayan 1557.
Tsarin S theleymaniye kuma yana wasa akan wakilcin Süleyman na kansa a matsayin 'Sulemanu na biyu.' Ya ambaci Dome na Dutsen, wanda aka gina a wurin Haikalin Sulemanu, da kuma alfahari da Justinian bayan kammala Hagia Sophia: "Sulemanu, na zarce ku!". Süleymaniye, mai kama da ƙima ga sifofin da suka gabata, yana tabbatar da mahimmancin tarihin Süleyman. Duk da haka tsarin yana da ƙanƙanta da girma fiye da tsoffin archetype, Hagia Sophia.
Süleymaniye ya lalace a cikin babban gobara na 1660 kuma Sultan Mehmed IV ya maido da shi. Wani ɓangare na kumburin ya rushe yayin girgizar ƙasa na 1766. Gyaran gyare -gyare na gaba ya lalata abin da ya rage na asalin adon Sinan (tsaftacewa na baya -bayan nan ya nuna cewa Sinan ya gwada farko da shuɗi, kafin ya sanya ja ya zama babban launi na dome).
A lokacin yakin duniya na 1 an yi amfani da farfajiyar a matsayin wurin ajiye makamai, kuma lokacin da wasu harsasai suka kunna wuta, masallacin ya sake samun wata gobara. Ba har zuwa 1956 aka sake dawo da shi cikakke.
Gine -gine
Na waje Kamar sauran masallatan masarautar da ke Istanbul, ƙofar Masallacin da kanta an riga ta gaban ƙofar tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta tsakiya. Farfajiyar gidan tana da girma na musamman tare da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya tare da ginshiƙan marmara, granite da porphyry. An yi wa facade na arewa maso yamma na masallaci ado da kayan cin abinci na fale -falen fale -falen fale -falen buraka na Iznik. Masallaci shine gini na farko inda fale -falen Iznik suka haɗa da yumbu mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ƙarƙashin gilashi.
A kusurwoyi huɗu na farfajiyar akwai minare huɗu. Manyan minarets biyu masu tsayi suna da tashoshi uku (serifes) kuma suna hawa sama da 63.8 m (209 ft) ba tare da murfin jagoran su da 76 m (249 ft) gami da iyakoki. An yi amfani da ministoci guda huɗu don masallatan da sarkin musulmi ya ba su (sarakuna da sarakuna za su iya gina minina biyu; wasu guda ɗaya). Minarets ɗin suna da manyan gidajen tarihi 10, waɗanda bisa ga al'ada suna nuna cewa Suleiman I shine sarkin Ottoman na 10.
Babban dome yana da tsayin mita 53 (ƙafa 174) kuma yana da diamita na mita 26.5 (ƙafa 86.9) wanda shine daidai rabin tsayinsa. A lokacin da aka gina shi, dome ya kasance mafi girma a Daular Usmaniya, lokacin da aka auna shi daga matakin teku, amma har yanzu yana ƙasa daga gindinsa kuma ƙaramin diamita fiye da na Hagia Sophia.
Ciki Ciki na masallacin kusan murabba'i ne, tsayin mita 59 (ƙafa 194) da faɗin mita 58 (ƙafa 190), yana yin sarari guda ɗaya. Ƙananan gidaje suna gefen dome, kuma zuwa arewa da kudu arches tare da tagogin tympana, waɗanda ke tallafawa da manyan rufin asiri. Sinan ya yanke shawarar yin wani sabon tsarin gine-gine don rufe manyan buttresses na arewa-kudu da ake buƙata don tallafawa waɗannan ginshiƙan tsakiyar. Ya shigar da bututresses ɗin a cikin bangon ginin, tare da rabi yana yin ciki ciki kuma rabi yana nunawa a waje, sannan kuma ya ɓoye tsinkayen ta hanyar gina manyan ɗakuna. Akwai taswirar guda ɗaya a cikin tsarin, da gidan mai hawa biyu a waje.
An ƙawata kayan ado na ciki tare da tagogin gilashi masu ƙyalli waɗanda aka ƙuntata ga bangon alƙibla. Ana amfani da murfin tile Iznik kawai a kusa da mihrab. Fale-falen faranti masu maimaitawa suna da tsarin fure kamar stencil akan farar ƙasa. Furannin galibi shuɗi ne tare da turquoise, ja da baƙi amma ba a amfani da kore. A kowane gefe na mihrab akwai manyan da'irar kiran kira ta Iznik tayal tare da rubutu daga suratul Al-Fatiha na Alqur'ani (1:1-7). Farin marmara mihrab da mimbar suma suna da sauƙi a ƙira, kuma an ƙuntata aikin katako, tare da zane mai sauƙi a cikin hauren giwa da uwar lu'u -lu'u.
Makabartu A cikin katangar bango a bayan bangon alƙibla na masallacin akwai mausoleums daban -daban (türbe) na Sultan Suleiman I da matarsa Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana). An binne kabarin Hurrem Sultan a ranar 1558, shekarar mutuwarta. An ƙawata ciki mai gefe 16 tare da fale -falen Iznik. Gilashin kusurwoyi guda bakwai an mamaye su da fale -falen buraka da faranti. Tsakanin tagogin akwai wasu alfarma huɗu irin na mihrab. Rufin rufin yanzu an yi masa farar fata amma wataƙila an taɓa fentin shi cikin launuka masu haske.
Babban kabarin da ya fi girma na Suleiman Mai Girma yana ɗauke da ranar 1566, shekarar mutuwarsa, amma wataƙila ba a kammala ba sai shekara ta gaba. Mausoleum yana kewaye da peristyle tare da rufi mai goyan bayan ginshiƙai 24 kuma yana da ƙofar yana fuskantar gabas maimakon arewa da aka saba. A ƙarƙashin baranda a kowane gefen ƙofar akwai bangarori masu tayal na Iznik. Waɗannan su ne fale -falen faranti na farko waɗanda aka yi wa ado da launin koren emerald mai haske wanda zai zama fasali na kayan yumɓun Iznik. Ciki yana da dome na ƙarya da aka tallafa a kan ginshiƙai takwas a cikin harsashin waje. Akwai tagogi 14 da aka saita a matakin ƙasa da ƙarin windows 24 tare da gilashin da aka saka a cikin tympana ƙarƙashin arches. An rufe ganuwar da abin rufe fuska da fale -falen polychrome Iznik. A kusa da ɗakin sama da tagogin akwai ƙyallen fale -falen buraka. Nassin ya kawo ayar Al'arshi da ayoyi biyu masu zuwa daga Al-Qur'ani (2: 255-58). Baya ga kabarin Suleiman mai girma, kabarin yana binne kaburburan 'yarsa Mihrimah Sultan da na sarakuna biyu daga baya: Suleiman II (wanda ya yi mulkin 1687 1691) da Ahmed II (wanda ya yi mulkin 1691–1695).
Hadaddun Kamar sauran masallatan masarautu a Istanbul, Masallacin Süleymaniye an ƙera shi azaman külliye, ko hadaddun tare da tsarin kusa don biyan bukatun addini da al'adu. Ginin na asali ya ƙunshi masallacin da kansa, asibiti (darüşşifa), makarantar firamare, wanka na jama'a (hamam), caravanserai, makarantun Kur'ani huɗu (medrese), makarantar musamman ta koyon hadisi, kwalejin likita, da kicin na jama'a (imaret) wanda ke ba wa talakawa abinci. Yawancin waɗannan gine -ginen har yanzu suna nan, kuma tsohon imaret yanzu sanannen gidan abinci ne. Tsohuwar asibitin yanzu ita ce masana'antar buga littattafai mallakar Sojojin Turkiyya.
Kusa da bangon masallacin, a arewa akwai kabarin masanin gine -ginen Sinan. An maido da shi gaba daya a 1922.
Gallery
Manazarta
Majiyoyi
Kara |
34585 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plympton%E2%80%93Wyoming | Plympton–Wyoming | Plympton Wyoming birni ne, da ke a lardin Kanada na Ontario, wanda ke cikin Lambton County nan da nan gabas da Sarnia Ita ce wurin zama na Majalisar Lambton County. Magajin gari na farko na garin shine Patricia Davidson, wanda aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Kanada a zaben tarayya na 2006 a matsayin dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Sarnia-Lambton Davidson kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na ƙauyen Wyoming na tsawon shekaru goma kafin zaɓen ta a matsayin magajin gari na garin da aka haɗe. Davidson ya gaje shi a matsayin magajin gari ta tsohon kansila kuma mataimakin magajin garin Lonny Napper a cikin Maris 2006. Karamar hukuma ce mai mutane bakwai ke tafiyar da ita, gami da magajin gari da mataimakin magajin gari. Sunan Wyoming ya samo asali daga sunan Munsee xwé:wamənk, ma'ana "a babban kogi." Ana kiran Plympton bayan Plympton a Devon, Ingila.
Tarihi An ƙirƙiri garin a cikin 2001, yana haɗa garin Plympton tare da ƙauyen Wyoming mai zaman kansa.
An kafa garin Plympton a cikin 1833 ta mazauna ƙarƙashin ikon Ubangiji Egremont, kusan lokaci guda da mazaunin Camlachie, Ontario. Kauyen Plympton na farko ya kasance ƙungiya ga Kotun Koli ta Kanada a cikin 1980, Homex Realty and Development v. Wyoming, wanda ya magance batutuwan da suka shafi daidaiton tsari dangane da dokokin ƙauyen ƙauyen game da musayar kadarori. A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1983, guguwar F4 ta ratsa cikin garin, ta raunata 13 tare da daidaitawa share gidaje da yawa ta bar mutane da yawa marasa matsuguni. An gano shi don kwanaki 30 km (19 mi) kuma yana da mafi girman faɗin 400 m (1,300 ft). Ikku ya kai kimanin 400 km/h (250 mph).
Al'umma Babban cibiyar jama'a ita ce Wyoming Garin kuma ya ƙunshi al'ummomin Aberarder, Beverly Glen, Blue Point, Blue Point Bay, Bonnie Doone, Camlachie, Errol, Gallimere Beach, Hillsborough Beach, Huron Heights, Kennedy Acres, Kertch, Mandaumin, Reece's Corners, Uttoxeter, Wanstead da Wellington bakin teku.
Garin yana da makarantun jama'a guda uku, Makarantar Jama'a ta Errol Village, Aberarder Central School, da Plympton Wyoming Public School. Garin yana da makarantar Katolika guda ɗaya, Makarantar Katolika ta Rosary. Garin yana da Makarantar Kirista mai zaman kanta guda ɗaya, Wyoming John Knox Christian School, wanda ke aiki tun shekarun 1950, tare da gina makaranta a cikin 1958; makarantar tana da alaƙa da al'adar Reformed ta Kirista da kuma Edvance, cibiyar sadarwa ta Ontario ta makarantun Kirista. Yankin ba shi da makarantun sakandare, tare da yankuna daban-daban suna faɗowa cikin wuraren kamawa na sauran makarantun sakandare na gida kamar su North Lambton Secondary School, Lambton Central Collegiate Vocational Institute, St. Patrick's Catholic High School, da Northern Collegiate Institute da Vocational School Yankin yana da aƙalla rubuce-rubucen wuraren ibada guda takwas, waɗanda suka haɗa da majami'u biyu na haɗin gwiwa, Ikklisiya ta United Reformed Church a Arewacin Amurka, cocin Associated Gospel Church of Canada, Cocin Anglican, Baptists na Kanada na Ontario da cocin Quebec da Kirista Reformed Church a Arewacin Amirka coci. Cocin Roman Katolika na Wyoming ya rufe a watan Yuni 2007 a cikin sake tsara Ikklesiya ta Diocese na London Masana'antu Garin Wyoming yana da haɗin masana'antu, tare da masana'anta haske gami da kusan 100 da ke aiki a cikin bugawa da 25 a cikin sarrafa hatsi. Ƙananan ma'aikata sun haɗa da reshen ƙungiyar bashi, kantin daɗaɗawa, sabis na kera motoci, kantin keken lantarki, mai saka murhu, filin abinci, kantin cuku, kantin magani, dillalin kayan aikin noma, dillalin mota na mabukaci da sabis na arborist. Hakanan akwai Pizza na Godfather kuma dangin NHL Hunter suna da Pizza na Huntzy a Wyoming. A wajen garin, Ƙungiyar Manoman Wanstead tana ba da aikin sarrafa hatsi da ayyukan noma. A shekara ta 2005, an kafa gidan sayar da giya a kusa da ƙauyen Aberarder. Ana iya samun gidajen mai da yawa da sarƙoƙin abinci a cikin hamlet na Reece's Corners, wanda ke zama tasha tare da Babban Titin Ontario 402 Ƙauyen Camlachie gida ne ga darussan wasan golf guda biyu, waɗanda ke yin hidima a wani ɓangare na al'ummomin da ke da wadata a bakin Tekun Huron.
Alkaluma In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Plympton–Wyoming had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of With a land area of it had a population density of in 2021.
Canada census Plympton-Wyoming community profile
References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier"2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Yawan jama'a kafin haɗuwa (2001):
Yawan jama'a a 1941 Plympton (gari): 2,595
Wyoming (kauye): 518
Yawan jama'a a shekarar 1996: 7,344
Plympton (gari): 5,247
Wyoming (kauye): 2,131
Yawan jama'a a 1991:
Plympton (gari): 5,275
Wyoming (kauye): 2,071
Duba kuma Jerin ƙauyuka a cikin Ontario
Tashar jirgin kasa ta Wyoming (Ontario)
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48539 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masana%27antar%20sinadarai%20a%20kasar%20Sin | Masana'antar sinadarai a kasar Sin | Masana'antar sinadarai a ƙasar Sin na dayya daga cikin manyan masana'antun ƙasar Sin. Ya kai kusan dala tiriliyan 1.44 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu kasar Sin ita ce ƙasa mafi ƙarfin tattalin arzikin masana'antar sinadarai a duniya. Masana'antar sinadarai ita ce cibiyar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ta zamani. Yana amfani da hanyoyi na musamman don canza tsari, abun da ke ciki ko haɗin abubuwa don samar da sababbin kayayyaki, kamar karfe, filastik, da ethyl. Masana'antar sinadarai tana ba da kayan gini don ababen more rayuwa na kasar Sin, ciki har da jirgin karkashin kasa, jirgin kasa mai sauri, da babbar hanya.
Kafin shekarar 1978, yawancin kayayyakin kasuwancin mallakar gwamnati ne ke samar da su, kuma rabon kayayyakin da ‘yan kasuwar suka fitar ya ragu a shekarar 2002.
Har ila yau, masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin tana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da sinadarai na farko da ake sarrafawa da kuma wadanda ba a sarrafa su ba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na duniya ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman a cikin Golden Triangle, Mexico, Latin America da Turai, tare da manyan kundin waɗannan. abubuwan da ake siyar da su ta hanyar haɓakar masana'antar sinadarai (RC) akan layi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kan dandamali na B2B da gidan yanar gizo mai duhu.
Tarihi An haifi masana'antar sinadarai ta zamani bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu wanda ya faru a cikin 1760 zuwa wani lokaci tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1840. Wannan juyin juya halin ya haɗa da canji daga hanyoyin samar da hannu zuwa injuna, hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe da sabbin masana'antar sinadarai. Kafin haka, an fi samar da kayayyakin sinadarai na kasar Sin ne ta hanyar bitar hannu.
Kimiyyar likitanci Articles with hCards
No local image but image on Wikidata
Shennong ya gwada ɗaruruwan ganye don gano ƙimar lafiyar su, kuma ya rubuta "The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic". Wannan littafi ya rubuta ingancin magunguna 365 da aka samu daga tsirrai, dabbobi, da ma'adanai kuma ya ba da ƙima da ƙima. Aikin Shennong ya jagoranci hanyar zuwa likitancin kasar Sin. A daular Ming, Li Shizhen ya rubuta "Compendium of Materia Medica" wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'ikan magunguna 1,800. Hakanan ya bayyana yanayi, dandano, tsari, nau'in da kuma amfani da shi wajen warkar da cututtuka sama da 1000 ganye. Ana ɗaukar littafin a matsayin aikin tunani na farko don shirye-shiryen ganye. Wadannan ayyuka sun kasance masu muhimmanci ga bunkasa magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, kuma sun kafa harsashin kimiyyar likitancin kasar Sin na zamani.
Tu Youyou kwararre ne a fannin harhada magunguna na kasar Sin. Ta gano qinghaosu artemisinin kuma ta nemi maganin zazzabin cizon sauro. Qinghaosu ya ceci miliyoyin rayuka a Kudancin China, Amurka ta Kudu, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Afirka. Yana da muhimmin ci gaba a fannin likitanci a karni na karshe, kuma Tu Youyou ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2015 a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko magani da kuma Lasker Award a Clinical Medicine don aikinta. Ita ce mace ta farko ta kasar Sin da ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko kuma magani.
Kimiyyar Noma Aikin noma na kasar Sin ya bunkasa a karni na 20, saboda amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da takin zamani. A cikin 1909, Franklin Hiram King, Farfesa na Aikin Noma na Amurka,
ya yi rangadin kasar Sin. Littafinsa mai suna "Manoma na Karni Arba'in" ya bayyana noman kasar Sin. Wannan littafi ya zaburar da manoman kasar Sin da dama wajen gudanar da aikin noman muhalli da amfani da takin zamani. Tun daga shekarar 1978, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kirkiro tsarin daukar nauyin samar da iyali tare da karfafa gwiwar manoma da su yi amfani da taki. Sinadarin taki na iya kara yawan abin da ake samarwa da kashi 50% zuwa 80%. Masana'antar sinadarai suna samar da takin mai gina jiki wanda ya ƙunshi nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun amfanin gona daban-daban da tsarin ƙasa. A halin yanzu kasar Sin ita ce kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da takin nitrogen.
Kayayyakin sinadarai Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, a shekarar 1984, akwai kusan sinadarai miliyan 9 a duniya, wanda kusan kashi 43% na kayan aiki ne. Ko da yake adadin kayan yana da yawa, idan aka rarraba shi bisa ga tsarin sinadarai, ana iya taƙaita shi zuwa nau'i uku: kayan ƙarfe, kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba da kuma kayan haɗin gwiwa.
Ƙarfe Karfe wani muhimmin karfe ne a masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin. A shekarar 2016, yawan karafa na duniya a duk shekara ya kai tan miliyan 1621, daga ciki ana samar da ton miliyan 804 a kasar Sin (49.6%), ton miliyan 105 a Japan (6.5%), an samar da tan miliyan 89 a Indiya 5.5%), ton miliyan 79 ana samarwa a Amurka (4.9%).
Yawan karafa na kasar Sin ya karu daga tan miliyan 100 a shekarar 2000 zuwa tan miliyan 250 a shekarar 2004. Ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun albarkatun ƙasa waɗanda suka zama dole don samar da ƙarfe, sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe na alade, ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙura, lemun tsami da dolomite, coke da kwal. Farashin baƙin ƙarfe ya ƙaru da sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 daga 2004 zuwa 2005. Don haka, a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, kasar Sin ta yanke shawarar takaita samar da karafa zuwa tan miliyan 400 a kowace shekara cikin shekaru biyar, domin rage karuwar farashin albarkatun kasa.
Wanda ba karfe ba A cikin 2016, China ethyl barasa da sauran kasuwannin sinadarai na yau da kullun da kayan filastik da kasuwar resins an kimanta su akan dala biliyan 137 da dala biliyan 184 bi da bi, wanda ke da ƙimar girma 9% da 10%.
Kasar Sin ita ce kasuwa mafi girma wajen samarwa da fitar da kayayyakin robobi a duniya. Babban direban wannan kasuwa shine fadada aikace-aikacen ethanol a China. Bukatar ethanol a China ya kai tan miliyan 2.3 yanzu. Kasar Sin tana da mahimmin sashin aiki, Cibiyar Chenguang, wacce ta ɓullo da adadin ci-gaba na resin epoxy, silicone Organic, kayan polymer da robobi na injiniya na musamman. Ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta JV tare da babban aikin polymer na DuPont, don samarwa da siyar da robar da aka riga aka gama da shi da ɗanyen roba-roba. Yarjejeniyar JV ta haɗa da kafa wata masana'antar roba da aka riga aka haɗa ta zamani a Shanghai kuma ta fara aiki a cikin 2011.
Abun haɗaka Abubuwan da aka haɗa sabbin kayan gini ne. Yana da alaƙa da haɗuwa da ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfi da juriya na lalata akan kayan ƙarfe. Ya ƙunshi kayan matrix kamar guduro na roba, ƙarfe ko yumbu, da kayan ƙarfafawa wanda ya ƙunshi zaruruwan inorganic ko na halitta. Akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da kayan ƙarfafawa ta yadda za a iya yin zaɓi mai dacewa don samar da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da aiki mai gamsarwa, wanda ke da fa'ida ga kayan sinadarai.
Sinochem da Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Shanghai sun kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje don kayan haɗin gwiwa. Bangarorin biyu za su bunkasa fasaha tare, da canza sakamakon da kuma amfani da su a cikin masana'antar fiber carbon da resins na warkarwa, don haɓaka fasahohi da samfuran kayan haɗin gwiwar manyan ayyuka da sauƙaƙe masana'antu da tallata su. A halin yanzu, wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki don yin bincike da haɓaka kayan haɗin fiber na carbon fiber maras feshi. Da farko, za a yi amfani da wannan kayan zuwa sababbin motocin makamashi, wanda ba zai iya rage nauyin motoci kawai ba amma kuma ya rage farashin yin amfani da kayan haɗin gwiwa tare da inganta ingantaccen samarwa.
Kamfanoni Ƙasar Sin tana da kamfani wanda shi ne manyan kamfanonin sinadarai 3 a duk duniya. Wato Sinopec. Yana da dala biliyan 43.8 a cikin siyar da sinadarai a cikin 2015.
Jerin manyan kamfanonin sinadarai 20 na kasar Sin ta hanyar canji a cikin 2018 ya nuna a kasa. Kamfanonin kasar Sin sun yi shirin shiga bangaren sana'o'i na kasuwa, kuma tuni wasu daga cikinsu suka zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa a kasuwar, kamar Zhejiang NHU, mai samar da bitamin; Yantai Wanhua, mai yin isocyanates; da Bairun, shugaba a kasuwar kamshi da kamshi na kasar Sin.
Halin ci gaba
Dubawa Darajar kasuwar sinadarai ta kasar Sin ta karu a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A cikin 2015, yana wakiltar kusan 30% na sinadarai da ake buƙata a duk faɗin duniya. Bukatar da kasar Sin ta samu na masana'antar sinadarai ya ragu daga adadin lambobi biyu a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, amma har yanzu tana da karuwar kashi 60% na bukatun duniya daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2020. Ya zuwa karshen watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011, akwai kamfanoni 24,125 sama da girman da aka kayyade a cikin masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin, jimlar kudin da aka fitar ya kai yuan triliyan 6.0, wanda ya karu da kashi 35.2 cikin dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 58.61% na jimilar. ƙimar fitarwa na dukan masana'antu. A cikin watanni 11 na farko na shekarar 2011, an zuba jarin tsayayyen kadarorin da aka zuba a masana'antar sinadarai ya kai yuan biliyan 861.721, wanda ya karu da kashi 26.9 cikin dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 5.5 bisa madaidaicin matsakaicin masana'antu, wanda ya kai kashi 70.12%. A cikin watanni 10 na farko na shekarar 2011, jimilar ribar da masana'antar kemikal ta samu ya kai yuan biliyan 320.88, wanda ya kai kashi 44.4 bisa dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 47.1% na yawan ribar da masana'antu ke samu. Ana sa ran darajar fitar da masana'antar sinadarai a kowace shekara zai kai yuan tiriliyan 6.58, wanda zai karu da kashi 32 cikin 100 a duk shekara, kuma jimilar ribar ta kai yuan biliyan 350, wanda ya karu da kashi 35%. A cikin 2011, ƙarin darajar masana'antar sinadarai ta karu da kashi 14.8% a duk shekara, kuma yawan ci gaban ya ragu da kashi 1% kowace shekara. Jerin manyan samfuran masana'antar sinadarai ta China a cikin 2011 ya nuna a ƙasa.
Manufar manufofin gwamnati Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta tsara manufofin warware matsalar rashin aikin yi, da bunkasa tattalin arziki, domin fuskantar karuwar yawan jama'a. Manufofin gwamnati da manufofin gwamnati sun ci gaba yayin da aka bude tattalin arzikin a shekarar 1978. Ana iya raba shi zuwa lokuta uku:
1978-1990: An bude kasuwar kasar Sin ga duniya a shekarar 1978, kuma gwamnati ta san mahimmancin masana'antar sinadarai, don haka ta ba da damar zuba jari kai tsaye daga kasashen waje shiga cikin gida amma sarrafa sosai. A halin da ake ciki, bukatun sinadarai na cikin gida na kasar Sin ya karu, don haka yawancin kamfanoni sun yanke shawarar zuba jari a cikin kayayyakin noma.
1990-2000: An ba wa 'yan ƙasa damar shiga kasuwannin kasar Sin, don shiga cikin samar da sinadarai tare da kamfanonin kasar Sin.
2000-2011: Ba za a iyakance zuba jari kai tsaye na waje a wannan lokacin ba, yayin da al'ummomin kasa da kasa ke karuwa saboda kasar Sin ta zama babbar mai fitar da sinadarai a duniya.
gurbacewar muhalli Masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin ta samu bunkasuwa cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, daga koma bayan tattalin arziki zuwa mafi girman tattalin arzikin masana'antun sarrafa sinadarai, masu amfani da albarkatun kasa da makamashi. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wa daruruwan miliyoyin Sinawa daga kangin talauci amma ya gurbata iska da ruwan kasar Sin a lokaci guda. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi kokarin yaki da gurbatar yanayi. An hana buhunan siyayya na filastik kyauta a cikin 2008. Samar da buhunan robobi na haifar da almubazzaranci na albarkatu da makamashi da gurbacewar muhalli saboda ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba.
Masana'antun sinadarai a kasar Sin sun fara bincike da bunkasa fasahohin kore bisa shawarar gwamnati kamar amfani da madadin mai don samar da sinadarai. Wasu masana'antu suna amfani da carbon dioxide da wasu na halitta don samar da samfuran masana'antu, mai da sauran abubuwa. Misali, wani kamfani na ƙwararrun sinadarai mai suna Elevance Renewable Sciences yana samar da abubuwan wanke -wanke sosai ta hanyar amfani da koren fasaha metathesis, wanda ke rage yawan kuzari da rage gurɓata yanayi.
Nassoshi Masana'antu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22050 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Mallakar%20Gidaje | Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje | Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje Hakkin gida shine hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu na wadatar gidaje ko matsuguni. An san shi a cikin wasu kundin tsarin mulki na ƙasa da kuma cikin Sanarwar kofan Adam na Duniya da Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu daban daban.
Gida Hakki ne Na Dan Adam Hakkin mallakar gidaje an yarda da shi a cikin wasu kayan aiki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa. Mataki na 25 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ta amince da hakkin mallakar gidaje a matsayin wani bangare na ‘yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa. Ya ce:
Kowane mutum na da hakkin rayuwa, da zamantowa cikin lafiyar sa da ta iyalin sa, da suka hada da abinci, suttura, mahalli da kula da lafiya da hidimomin zamantakewar da ake bukata, da kuma ‘yancin samun tsaro yayin rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, zawarawa, tsufa ko wasu rashi na rayuwa a yanayin da ya fi karfinsa.
Barci, yara marasa gida a farkon karni na 20 a New York City da Jacob Riis ya ɗauka
Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) ita ma ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin zama a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa.
A dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya ana daukar haƙƙin mahalli a matsayin haƙƙin 'yanci. An bayyana wannan a cikin 1991 General Comment no 4 akan Cikakken Gidaje ta Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Yanci da Al'adu. [2] Jawabin na gaba ɗaya yana ba da fassarar ikon haƙƙin gidaje a cikin lamuran doka a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.
Ka'idodin Yogyakarta game da aiwatar da dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi ya tabbatar da cewa:
kowa na da 'yancin samun wadataccen gida, gami da kariya daga kora, ba tare da nuna wariya ba kuma Jihohin za su) auki duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan tabbatar da tsaron wa'adin mulkinsu da samun dammar zama mai sauki, zama, mai sauki, dacewa da al'adu da aminci, ba tare da matsugunai da sauran masaukin gaggawa ba, ba tare da nuna wariya ba dangane da yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi ko kayan aiki ko matsayin iyali; b) ɗauki duk matakan doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan da suka dace don hana aiwatar da fitinar waɗanda ba su dace da haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasashen ƙetare ba, da kuma tabbatar da wadatar da ingantacciyar doka ko wasu hanyoyin da suka dace ga kowane mutum da ke iƙirarin cewa haƙƙin kariya daga korar tilastawa an keta shi ko kuma yana fuskantar barazanar take hakki, gami da 'yancin sake tsugunar da shi, wanda ya hada da' yancin samar da wata kasa ta daban mafi inganci ko daidai da kuma samar da wadataccen gidaje, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.
Hakkin mallakar gidaje an kuma sanya shi a cikin Mataki na 28 na Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin 'Yancin Nakasassu, Mataki na 16 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (Mataki na 31 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai da Aka Gyara) da kuma Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkokin' Yan Adam da Jama'a. A cewar Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, bangarorin haƙƙin zama a ƙarƙashin ICESCR sun haɗa da: tsaron doka na lokacin aiki; samuwar ayyuka, kayan aiki, kayan aiki da kayan more rayuwa; iyawa; zama; isa; wuri da cancantar al'adu. A matsayinta na burin siyasa, an ayyana haƙƙin zama a cikin jawabin F. D. Roosevelt na 1944 akan Dokar haƙƙoƙin doka ta biyu.
Aikin TENLAW ya samar da ingantacciyar dama ga ƙasashen duniya da bincike daban-daban a cikin gidaje da kadarorin ƙasa. Ya kirkiro kujerar farko ta gidaje a Jami'ar Rovira i Virgili (Spain) a ranar 11 ga Yulin, 2013, wanda ya buɗe hanyoyin bincike da yaɗawa a wannan yankin.
UN Habitat Alamar da aka sauƙaƙa ta UN Habitat
Hakkin samun isassun gidaje ya kasance muhimmiyar magana a taron Habitat na 1996 a Istanbul kuma babban jigo ne a Yarjejeniyar Istanbul da Tsarin Habitat. Sakin layi na 61 na ajanda ya nuna matakan da gwamnatoci ke buƙata don "inganta, karewa da tabbatar da cikakken ci gaba da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje". Taron gidan Habitat na 2001, wanda aka fi sani da Istanbul +5, ya sake tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul ta 1996 da Agitat Agenda kuma ya kafa shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Tsara hakkin dan Adam don inganta haƙƙin zama tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Shirin wanda aka fi sani da UN HABITAT, shirin shine mafi mahimmin taro na duniya don haƙƙin mahalli. An ɗora mata alhakin inganta haƙƙin gidaje ta hanyar kamfen ɗin faɗakarwa, da haɓaka ƙididdiga da tsarin sa ido. Aiwatarwa
[icon]
Wannan bangare yana bukatar fadadawa. Kuna iya taimakawa ta ƙara da shi. (Janairu 2019)
Kanada
A Kanada, haƙƙin gidaje ya zama doka tare da zartar da Stratea'idar dabarun Gidaje ta [asa a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2019. Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 9 ga Yulin, 2019. Afirka ta Kudu
A Afirka ta Kudu, sashi na 26 a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kafa hujja da cewa "kowa na da 'yancin samun wadataccen gida". Ma'aikatar Mazaunan Humanan Adam an ɗora mata alhakin aiwatar da wannan ƙa'idar. Dangane da bayanan kwanan nan, kusan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu miliyan 3.6 har yanzu suna zaune a cikin shinge ko ƙauyuka mara kyau (bayanan 2013), yayin da aka kiyasta cewa kusan 200,000 ba su da gida ko zaune a kan tituna (bayanan 2015).
Amurka
Zanga-zangar 2020 game da korar mutane a Minneapolis, Minnesota
Informationarin bayani: Gidajen bada tallafi a Amurka
Yawancin yankuna da ke cikin Amurka ba su da ikon mafaka. Exceptionaya daga cikin abubuwan banbanci shine Massachusetts, inda iyalai (amma ba marasa gida ba) suna da 'yancin mafaka. A cikin Kalifoniya, yaran da suka gudu suna da 'yancin a shigar da su gidajen gaggawa ba tare da izinin iyayensu ba. Birnin New York kuma ya amince da haƙƙin bautar gaggawa.
|
60644 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20kimiyyar%20yanayi | Ilimin kimiyyar yanayi | Sinadarin yanayi wani reshe ne na kimiyyar yanayi wanda a cikinsa ake yin nazari kan sinadarai na yanayin duniya da na sauran duniyoyi. Hanya ce ta bincike da yawa kuma ta zana kan sinadarai na muhalli, kimiyyar lissafi, meteorology, ƙirar kwamfuta, ilimin teku, ilimin ƙasa da volcanology da sauran fannonin ilimi. Bincike yana ƙara haɗawa da sauran wuraren karatu kamar climatology.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na yanayin duniya suna da mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa, amma da farko saboda mu'amala tsakanin yanayi da rayayyun halittu. Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin duniya yana canzawa sakamakon tafiyar matakai na dabi'a kamar hayaki mai aman wuta, walƙiya da bama-bamai ta barbashi na rana daga korona. Har ila yau, an canza shi ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan canje-canjen suna da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, amfanin gona da kuma yanayin muhalli. Misalan matsalolin da masana kimiyyar yanayi suka magance sun haɗa da ruwan sama na acid, ragewar ozone, hayaƙin photochemical, iskar gas da ɗumamar yanayi. Masana kimiyyar yanayi suna neman fahimtar musabbabin wadannan matsalolin, kuma ta hanyar samun fahimtar fahimtar su, ba da damar a gwada hanyoyin da za a iya gwadawa da kuma tantance tasirin sauye-sauye a manufofin gwamnati.
Gas abun da ke ciki Bayan ƙarin manyan abubuwan da aka lissafa a sama, yanayin duniya yana da nau'ikan iskar gas da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta sosai dangane da tushen da ke kusa. Wadannan iskar gas na iya haɗawa da mahadi irin su CFCs/HCFC waɗanda ke cutar da Layer na ozone, da H</br> H S wanda ke da ƙamshin ƙamshi na ruɓaɓɓen ƙwai kuma ana iya narke shi da yawa ƙasa da 0.47 ppb. Wasu kimanin adadin kusa da saman wasu ƙarin iskar gas an jera su a ƙasa. Baya ga iskar gas, yanayin yana ƙunshe da ɓarna kamar aerosol, wanda ya haɗa da misali droplets, lu'ulu'u na kankara, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙura.
Tarihi Girkawa na dā sun ɗauki iska a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa huɗu. Nazarin kimiyya na farko game da abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na 18, kamar yadda masana kimiyya irin su Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier da Henry Cavendish suka yi ma'auni na farko na abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi. A ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20, sha'awa ta koma ga abubuwan da aka gano tare da ƙaramin ƙima. Wani muhimmin bincike na kimiyyar yanayi shine gano ozone na Christian Friedrich Schönbein a 1840.
A cikin karni na 20, kimiyyar yanayi ta ci gaba daga nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar zuwa la'akari da yadda yawan iskar iskar gas a cikin yanayi ya canza a tsawon lokaci da kuma tsarin sinadaran da ke haifar da lalata mahalli a cikin iska. Misalai biyu masu mahimmanci na wannan shine bayanin da Sydney Chapman da Gordon Dobson suka yi game da yadda ake ƙirƙirar da kuma kiyaye shi, da kuma bayanin smog na photochemical na Arie Jan Haagen-Smit. Ci gaba da karatu a kan al'amurran da suka shafi ozone ya kai ga kyautar Nobel ta 1995 a cikin ilmin sunadarai da aka raba tsakanin Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina da Frank Sherwood Rowland.. A cikin ƙarni na 21st yanzu mayar da hankali yana sake canzawa. Ana ƙara nazarin ilmin sunadarai na yanayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin Duniya. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan ilmin sunadarai na yanayi a ware, yanzu an mayar da hankali kan ganinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin guda ɗaya tare da sauran yanayi, biosphere da geosphere. Wani muhimmin abin da ke haifar da hakan shi ne alakar da ke tsakanin ilmin sinadarai da yanayi kamar illar sauyin yanayi kan farfadowar ramin ozone da akasin haka amma har ma da mu'amalar abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayi tare da tekuna da yanayin halittu.
Hanya Abubuwan lura, ma'aunin lab, da ƙirar ƙira sune manyan abubuwa uku na tsakiya a cikin sinadarai na yanayi. Ci gaba a cikin sinadarai na yanayi sau da yawa yana haifar da hulɗar da ke tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan kuma suna samar da haɗin kai gaba ɗaya. Misali, abubuwan lura na iya gaya mana cewa akwai ƙarin abubuwan sinadarai fiye da yadda ake tsammani zai yiwu. Wannan zai tada sabbin nazarce-nazarce da binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda zai kara fahimtar kimiyyar mu har zuwa inda za a iya bayyana abubuwan lura.
Lura Abubuwan lura da sinadarai na yanayi suna da mahimmanci ga fahimtarmu. Abubuwan lura na yau da kullun na abubuwan sinadaran suna gaya mana game da canje-canjen abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi na tsawon lokaci. Wani muhimmin misali na wannan shine Keeling Curve jerin ma'auni daga 1958 zuwa yau wanda ke nuna ci gaba da haɓakar ƙwayar carbon dioxide (duba ma'auni mai gudana na yanayi CO 2 Ana yin abubuwan lura da sinadarai na yanayi a wuraren kallo kamar na Mauna Loa da kan dandamali na wayar hannu kamar jirgin sama (misali Facility na Burtaniya don Ma'aunin yanayi na iska jiragen ruwa da balloons. Ana ci gaba da lura da abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi ta hanyar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci irin su GOME da MOPITT suna ba da hoton gurɓataccen iska da sinadarai a duniya. Abubuwan lura na saman suna da fa'idar cewa suna samar da bayanan dogon lokaci a babban ƙudurin lokaci amma suna iyakancewa a tsaye da sarari sarari waɗanda suke ba da abubuwan lura daga. Wasu kayan aikin da aka kafa misali LIDAR na iya samar da bayanan tattara bayanai na mahaɗan sinadarai da aerosol amma har yanzu ana iyakance su a cikin yankin kwance da za su iya rufewa. Ana samun abubuwan lura da yawa akan layi a cikin Rukunin Bayanai na Chemistry na Yanayi.
Karatun dakin gwaje-gwaje Ma'aunai da aka yi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar tushe da magudanar ruwa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri. Ana yin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen a cikin mahalli masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke ba da izinin kimanta daidaitattun halayen halayen sinadarai ko kimanta kaddarorin wani yanki na yanayi. Nau'o'in bincike da ke da sha'awa sun haɗa da duka waɗanda ke kan halayen gas-lokaci, da kuma halayen halayen da suka dace da samuwar da girma na aerosols. Har ila yau, babban mahimmanci shi ne nazarin yanayin photochemistry wanda ke ƙididdige yadda adadin kwayoyin da ke raba su da hasken rana da kuma abin da ke haifar da su. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun bayanan thermodynamic kamar ƙididdigar dokar Henry.
Yin samfuri Don haɗawa da gwada fahimtar ka'idar ilmin sinadarai na yanayi, ana amfani da ƙirar kwamfuta (kamar samfuran jigilar sinadarai Samfuran ƙididdiga suna warware ma'auni daban-daban waɗanda ke tafiyar da yawan sinadarai a cikin yanayi. Suna iya zama mai sauƙi ko rikitarwa. Ciniki ɗaya gama-gari a cikin ƙirar ƙididdiga shine tsakanin adadin mahaɗan sinadarai da halayen sinadarai waɗanda aka ƙirƙira tare da wakilcin sufuri da gauraya a cikin yanayi. Misali, samfurin akwatin na iya haɗawa da ɗaruruwa ko ma dubban halayen sinadarai amma kawai zai sami ainihin ɗanyen wakilcin haɗuwa a cikin yanayi. Sabanin haka, ƙirar 3D suna wakiltar yawancin tafiyar matakai na zahiri na yanayi amma saboda ƙuntatawa akan albarkatun kwamfuta zai sami ƙarancin halayen sinadarai da mahadi. Za'a iya amfani da samfura don fassara abubuwan lura, gwada fahimtar halayen sinadarai da kuma tsinkayar adadin mahaɗan sinadaran nan gaba a cikin yanayi. waɗannan samfuran na iya zama na duniya (simulating duk duniya) ko kuma suna iya zama yanki (mai da hankali kan takamaiman yanki kawai). Ciniki tsakanin hanyoyin biyu shine ƙudurinsu da kuma adadin dalla-dalla da za su iya bayarwa; Samfuran duniya yawanci suna da ƙananan ƙuduri a kwance kuma suna wakiltar ƙananan hanyoyin sinadarai amma suna kwaikwaya yanki mafi girma, yayin da ƙirar yanki ba sa kwaikwayi duk duniya amma suna mai da hankali kan yanki ɗaya mai ƙuduri mafi girma da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. Wani muhimmin yanayin da ake ciki yanzu shine na'urorin sinadarai na yanayi su zama sashe ɗaya na tsarin tsarin duniya wanda za'a iya yin nazarin alaƙa tsakanin yanayi, abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi da kuma yanayin halittu. Wadannan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna ba da damar haɗuwa da sassa daban-daban na duniya, kamar yanayi, biosphere da hydrosphere; kyale masu amfani su yi nazarin rikitattun hulɗar da ke tsakanin su.
Wasu samfura ana gina su ta hanyar janareta na lamba ta atomatik (misali Autochem ko Kinetic Preprocessor A cikin wannan tsarin ana zaɓar saitin abubuwan ƙira kuma janareta ta atomatik za ta zaɓi halayen da ke tattare da waɗancan abubuwan daga saitin bayanan bayanai. Da zarar an zaɓi halayen da aka yi, za a iya gina ma'auni daban-daban na yau da kullun waɗanda ke bayyana juyin halittar lokacin su ta atomatik.
|
24130 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa | Rawa | Rawa wani nau'in fasaha ne mai ɗauke da zaɓaɓɓun zaɓaɓɓu na motsin ɗan adam Wannan motsi yana da kyan gani da kwatanci na alama, kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin rawa ta masu yi da masu kallo a cikin wata al'ada. Dance za a iya kasafta kuma aka bayyana ta Choreography, ta sharhin na ƙungiyoyi, ko ta wurin tarihi lokaci ko wuri na asali Wani muhimmin bambanci shi ne za a zana tsakanin mahallin wasan kwaikwayo da rawar rawa, kodayake waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan ba koyaushe basa rabuwa gaba ɗaya; dukansu na iya samun ayyuka na musamman, ko na zaman jama'a, na bikin, na gasa, na batsa, na faɗa, ko na alfarma liturgical Sauran nau'ikan motsin mutum wani lokaci ana cewa suna da inganci irin na rawa, gami da wasan tsere, wasan motsa jiki, nishadantarwa, wasan motsa jiki wasan ninkaya, ƙungiyoyin motsa jiki, da sauran nau'ikan wasannin motsa jiki.
Ayyuka da haɓakawa Rawan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda kuma ake kira wasan kwaikwayo ko raye-raye na kide kide, an tsara shi da farko a matsayin abin kallo, yawanci ana yin wasan kwaikwayon ne a kan wasan kwaikwayo ta masu rawa na virtuoso. Sau da yawa yakan ba da labari, wataƙila ta amfani da mime, kayan ado da shimfidar wuri, ko kuma kawai yana iya fassara fassarar kayan kiɗa, wanda galibi keɓaɓɓe ne. Misalan wasan rawa ne irin na yamma da rawan zamani, Rawan Indiya na gargajiya da raye-raye na Sinanci da Jafananci. Yawancin nau'ikan sifofi na yau da kullun suna kan rawa ne kaɗai, amma rawar rawa na iya bayyana a cikin wasan opera da sauran siffofin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa.
Rawa ta shiga rawa, a wani bangaren, ko rawa ta jama'a, ta rawa, ta rawa, ta rawa irin ta layi, da'ira, sarka ko rawa ta murabba'i, ko rawar takwara kamar wacce aka saba da ita a yammacin rawa ta yamma da farko don manufa ɗaya, kamar hulɗar zamantakewa ko motsa jiki, na mahalarta maimakon masu kallo. Irin wannan rawar ba safai take da wani labari ba. A rukunin dance da kuma kungiyar soja de rawa, a social abokin dance kuma a Efes de deux, sãɓã wa jũna bayyananne. Ko da rawa za a iya yi don kawai don gamsar da mai rawa. Masu rawa masu rawa galibi suna amfani da ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya da matakai amma, alal misali, a cikin al'adun raye-raye na kiɗan lantarki, yawancin jama'a na iya yin rawa kyauta, ba tare da waɗanda suke tare da su ba. A gefe guda kuma, wasu al'adu suna shimfida dokoki masu tsauri game da wasu raye-raye wanda a misali, maza, mata da yara na iya ko dole ne su halarci.
Asali Shaidun archeological don raye-raye na farko sun hada da zane-zane na shekaru 9,000 a Indiya a Rock Shelters na Bhimbetka, da zane-zanen kabarin Masar waɗanda ke nuna adon rawa, kwanan wata c. 3300 BC. An ba da shawarar cewa kafin ƙirƙirar rubutattun harsuna, rawa ta kasance muhimmiyar ɓangare na hanyoyin baka da kuma yadda ake gabatar da labarai daga zuriya ɗaya zuwa na gaba. A amfani da dance a ecstatic trance jihohi da kuma warkar da rituals (as lura a yau a da yawa zamani "m" al'adu, daga Brazil Rainforest ga Kalahari Desert yana zaton sun kasance wani farkon factor a cikin zamantakewa da ci gaban dance. Za a iya samun nassoshi game da rawa a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta tun da wuri; Rawa ta Girkanci horos ana kiranta Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch da Lucian Baibul da Talmud suna nuni ne ga al'amuran da yawa da suka danganci rawa, kuma suna ƙunshe da kalmomin raye-raye sama da 30. A cikin tukwanen kasar Sin tun daga zamanin Neolithic, an nuna rukunin mutane suna rawa a layi suna rike da hannu, kuma an samo kalmar Sinanci da farko don "rawa" a rubuce cikin kasusuwa na oracle Anyi bayanin rawa a cikin Lüshi Chunqiu Rawa ta farko a tsohuwar kasar Sin tana da alaƙa da sihiri da al'adun shamanic. A lokacin karni na farko na KZ a Indiya, an kirkiro matani da yawa waɗanda suke ƙoƙari su daidaita al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun. Bharata Muni 's Natyashastra (a zahiri "matanin wasan kwaikwayo" ɗayan matani ne na baya. Ya fi dacewa da wasan kwaikwayo, inda rawa take taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Indiya. Ya karkasa rawa zuwa nau'ikan hudu na zamani, na al'ada, na yau da kullun, da kuma na fassara da kuma cikin nau'ikan yankuna hudu. Rubutun yayi bayani dalla-dallan hannu mudras da rarraba ƙungiyoyi da gabobi daban-daban, matakai da sauransu. Wata al'ada mai karfi ta cigaba da raye-raye tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba a Indiya, har zuwa zamanin yau, inda take ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin al'ada, al'ada, kuma, musamman, masana'antar nishaɗin Bollywood. Sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan raye-raye na zamani suma za'a iya samo su ga rawa ta tarihi, ta al'ada, ta al'ada, da ta kabilanci Rawa da kiɗa Rawa gaba ɗaya, kodayake ba ta musamman ba, ana yin ta tare da rakiyar kiɗa kuma mai yuwuwa ko ba a yi ta cikin lokaci zuwa irin wannan kiɗan. Wasu rawa (kamar su rawa rawa na iya ba da kayan aikin sa a madadin (ko ƙari) kiɗa. Yawancin nau'ikan kide-kide da raye-raye da yawa an ƙirƙiri juna kuma ana yin su tare tare. Fitattun misalai na raye-raye na gargajiya hada kiɗa sun haɗa da jig, waltz, tango, disko, da salsa .Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa suna da nau'in rawa iri ɗaya kamar kiɗa na baroque da raye-raye na baroque sauran nau'ikan rawa da kiɗa na iya raba nomenclature amma an haɓaka daban, kamar kiɗan gargajiya da rawa ta gargajiya Rawa da kari Rhythm da rawa suna da alaƙa mai zurfi a cikin tarihi da aiki. Dan rawa dan Amurka Ted Shawn ya rubuta; "Tunanin rhythm wanda ke ƙarƙashin duk karatun raye -raye wani abu ne wanda zamu iya magana akai har abada, kuma har yanzu ba mu gama ba." Waƙar kiɗa tana buƙatar manyan abubuwa guda biyu; na farko, bugun bugun-a-kai-akai (wanda kuma ake kira "bugun" ko "dabara") wanda ke tabbatar da ɗan lokaci kuma, na biyu, ƙirar lafazi da hutawa wanda ke tabbatar da halayen mita ko ƙirar rhythmic. Nauyin bugun jini yana daidai daidai da tsawon lokaci zuwa mataki mai sauƙi ko ishara.
Raye-raye gabaɗaya suna da yanayin halayyar mutum. Tango, misali, galibi ana rawa cikin 2</br> 2 lokaci a kusan 66 beats a minti daya. Asali a hankali, wanda ake kira da "sannu a hankali", yana ɗaukar tsiya ɗaya, don haka cikakken "dama hagu" yayi daidai da ɗaya 2</br> 2 auna. Asalin gaba da baya na rawa ana kidaya su "a hankali-a hankali" yayinda adadi da yawa ana kirga su "a hankali mai saurin-sauri. Kamar yadda ake fasalta sautunan kiɗa ta hanyar ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi da rauni, haka maimaitar motsa jiki sau da yawa ya dogara da sauya muscular ƙungiyoyi "masu ƙarfi" da "marasa ƙarfi". Idan aka yi la'akari da wannan canjin na dama-hagu, na gaba-baya da faduwa, tare da alaƙar haɗin jikin mutum, to abu ne na al'ada cewa raye-raye da yawa da kiɗa da yawa suna cikin mitsi biyu da rabi Koyaya, tunda wasu irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar ƙarin lokaci a cikin wani juzu'i fiye da ɗayan kamar tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata don ɗaga guduma fiye da bugawa wasu raye-rayen raye-raye suna faɗuwa daidai da yanayi cikin mita uku Lokaci-lokaci, kamar yadda a cikin raye-rayen gargajiya na Balkans, al'adun rawa suna dogara ne da rikitarwa masu rikitarwa. Bugu da ari, hadaddun raye-raye da aka hada da tsayayyen jerin matakai koyaushe suna buƙatar jimloli da karin waƙoƙin wani tsayayyen tsayi don su bi wannan jerin.
Aikin rawa, matakan kansu, suna haifar da "kwarangwal na farko na rawar rudu" wanda dole ne ya riga ya kasance ga kowane raye raye na kade-kade, yayin rawar kanta, kamar kida, tana buƙatar kiyaye lokaci kamar dai yadda maimaitattun maimaita motsi suke kamar yadda tafiya, jan ruwa da tonowa suke yi, yayin da suka zama masu ladabi, wani abu mai ingancin rawa. Don haka, raye-raye na kiɗa ya tashi a farkon rawa, don haka tsoffin Masarawa suka danganta asalin rawa zuwa ga Athotus na allahntaka, wanda aka ce ya lura cewa kiɗan da ke rakiyar al'adun addini ya sa mahalarta su yi tafiya a hankali kuma sun kawo waɗannan ƙungiyoyi zuwa mizani gwargwado. Irin wannan ra'ayin, cewa rawa ta samo asali ne daga rawar kide-kide, har yanzu ana samun sa a cikin renaissance Turai a cikin ayyukan maigidan rawa Guglielmo Ebreo da Pesaro wanda ke magana game da rawa a matsayin motsi na jiki wanda ya taso kuma ya bayyana a ciki, motsi na ruhaniya yana yarda da "matakan kuma cikakkun jituwa na jituwa "wanda ya faɗo kan kunnen ɗan adam, yayin da, a baya, Mechthild na Magdeburg, yana ɗaukar rawa a matsayin alama ce ta rayuwa mai tsarki wanda aka kwatanta a cikin faɗin Yesu" Na busa sarewa kuma ba ku yi rawa ba ya rubuta;
Thoinot Arbeau ya yi bikin bikin karni na 16 na karnin-rawa Orchésographie, hakika, ya fara ne da ma'anoni sama da tamanin da ke da ganga. Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, an wakilci rawa a cikin shekaru daban-daban kamar yadda ta fito a matsayin amsa ga kiɗa tukuna, kamar yadda Lincoln Kirstein ya nuna, aƙalla wataƙila mawuyacin kiɗan ya tashi ne daga rawa. Shawn concurs, yana mai cewa rawa "ita ce fasaha ta farko ta jinsin mutane, kuma matrix din da duk wasu fasahohin suka fito da ita" kuma har ma da mita a cikin wakokinmu na yau sakamako ne na lafazin da motsa jiki ya wajabta, kamar yadda rawa da karatu ana yinsu lokaci guda wata magana da aka goyi baya ta hanyar amfani da kalmar" ƙafa "don bayyana mawaƙan mawaƙan waƙoƙi.
Scholes, ba mai rawa ba amma mawaƙi, yana ba da goyan baya ga wannan ra'ayi, yana faɗi cewa tsayayyen matakan waƙa, na biyu, uku ko huɗu zuwa sandar, kalmomin daidai da daidaito, ƙididdigar yau da kullun, bambanci da maimaitawa, na iya zama duka dangana ga tasirin "ba shi da lissafi" na rawa a kan kiɗa. Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, da farko mawaƙi kuma malami, ya ba da labarin yadda binciken motsa jiki na masu kaɗa fiyani ya kai shi ga "gano cewa jin motsin kiɗa da ke tattare da yanayin yanayi yana kira ne ga jijiyoyin jiki da amsar jijiyoyin gabaɗaya", don haɓaka horo na musamman da aka tsara don daidaita halayen juyayi da haifar da haɗin gwiwa na tsokoki da jijiyoyi "kuma a ƙarshe don neman haɗi tsakanin" fasahar kiɗa da fasahar rawa wanda ya tsara cikin tsarin sa na eurhythmics Ya karkare da cewa "salon waka ne kawai a sanya shi cikin sautin motsi da motsi kai tsaye ba tare da nuna son rai ba". Saboda haka, kodayake babu shakka, kamar yadda Shawn ya tabbatar, "abu ne mai yiyuwa a ci gaba da rawa ba tare da kiɗa ba kuma kiɗa yana da cikakkiyar damar tsayawa da ƙafafunsa ba tare da wani taimako daga rawa ba", amma "fasahar biyu za ta kasance koyaushe mai alaƙa kuma dangantakar na iya zama mai fa'ida duka ga rawa da waƙa fifikon fasaha ɗaya a kan ɗayan yana da ma'ana. The kowa Ballad matakan na waka da jama'a-songs daukan su sunan daga dance, kamar yadda ya aikata da wakar, mai ban mamaki a da'irar dance Yawancin sunayen waƙoƙi da yawa an sanya musu suna waltz ko minuet misali, yayin da aka samar da raye-raye da yawa na raye-raye waɗanda suka dogara da kayan waƙoƙin da ba a fahimta ba, kamar su 2 da 3 Partungiyoyin Partirƙira, Adams Violin Concerto da Andantino Hakazalika, wakoki galibi an tsara su kuma ana sanya musu suna bayan raye-raye ko ayyukan kide-kide, yayin da rawa da kiɗa duk sun ja ra'ayinsu na "ma'auni" ko "mita" daga waƙa.
Shawn ya faɗi tare da amincewa da bayanin Dalcroze cewa, yayin da fasahar kiɗan kiɗa ta ƙunshi rarrabewa da haɗawar tsawon lokaci, ɗan hutu da lafazi "bisa ga tsarin ilimin lissafi", na "ririn roba" (watau rawa) "shine keɓe motsi a sarari, don fassara ƙimomin lokaci mai tsawo ta hanyar saurin motsi da gajere ta hanzari, daidaita lokutan dakatarwa ta hanyar sauye-sauye iri-iri da kuma nuna karin sauti a cikin maɓuɓɓugansu da yawa ta hanyar ƙarin nauyin jiki, ta hanyar jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki Shawn duk da haka yana nuni da cewa tsarin lokacin kade-kade wani "abu ne da mutum ya kirkira, abu ne na wucin gadi wani kayan aiki ne da aka kera, alhali kuwa kari wani abu ne da ya kasance koyaushe kuma ya dogara da mutum ba kwata-kwata", kasancewar shi "lokaci mai gudana ne wanda tunaninmu na mutane ya kasu zuwa raka'a masu dacewa yana mai ba da shawarar cewa za'a iya rayar da waka ta hanyar komawa ga dabi'u da hangen nesa na rawa. Ba'amurkiyar 'yar rawa a farkon ƙarni na 20 Helen Moller ta faɗi kawai cewa "yana da kari kuma yana da tsari fiye da daidaituwa da launi wanda, daga farkon, ya haɗa kiɗa, waƙa da rawa tare a cikin ƙungiyar da ba ta narkewa."
Hanyoyi don rawa
Wakar rawa Concert dance, kamar wasan kwaikwayo, kullum dogara ga ta manyan sikelin-nau'i a kan wani labari da ban mamaki tsarin. Movement sungiyoyi da motsin rai na waƙa an tsara su ne da nufin lalata halayen mutane da manufofin haruffa da ɓangarorinsu a cikin makircin. Irin waɗannan buƙatun wasan kwaikwayon suna neman tsawaitawa, ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci fiye da waɗanda aka saba da su cikin salon rawa mara rawa. A gefe guda, bellet blanket, wanda aka kirkira a cikin karni na 19, yana ba da damar tsaka-tsakin rawa mai rawa wanda ya zama cikakkiyar ballet "mara makirci" a cikin ƙarni na 20 kuma hakan yana ba da izinin saurin, rawar rawa mai saurin motsawa kamar ta petit ruwayar Sanannen sanannen shine Rawar Cygnets a cikin aiki biyu na Swan Lake Ballet ta samo asali ne daga wasan kwaikwayo na kotu na karni na 16 da 17 na Faransa da Italiya kuma na ɗan lokaci masu raye-raye suna yin raye-raye da aka haɓaka daga waɗanda suka saba da suite na kiɗa, duk an bayyana su ta hanyar amintattun kalmomin da ke kusa da kowane rawa. Waɗannan sun bayyana kamar raye-rayen ɗabi'a a zamanin soyayya ta ƙasa Ballet ta kai ga yaduwar abubuwa a cikin rayuwar soyayyar, tare da babbar ƙungiyar makaɗa da ra'ayoyin kiɗa masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba sa ran kansu cikin sauƙin fahimta da kuma rawa wanda ya jaddada mime mai ban mamaki. An bukaci mahimmin ra'ayi game da kari, wanda Rudolf Laban ya ambace shi da "kari da sifa" na motsi wanda ke sadar da ɗabi'a, motsin rai da niyya, yayinda wasu al'amuran kawai ke buƙatar daidaitaccen aiki da mataki da kiɗa mai mahimmanci ga sauran salon rawa, don haka, ga Laban, Turawan zamani ba su iya fahimtar ma'anar "dadaddiyar juyayyar motsi", yanayin da ya fara canzawa a cikin karni na 20 tare da ire-iren abubuwan da Igor Stravinsky ya gabatar na Ruwan bazara tare da sabonsa harshe mai ma'ana wanda ke nuna jin dad'in rayuwar zamanin baya. Salon rawa irin na gargajiya na Indiya, kamar rawa, galibi suna cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, don haka akwai kamantawa da juna tsakanin magana da rawa "tsarkakakke". A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, an bayyana abubuwan biyu daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake yin su daban ba. Abubuwan rhythmic, waɗanda ba su da fasaha da fasaha, an san su da nritta Duk wannan da rawa mai bayyana (nritya), kodayake, suna da alaƙa da tsarin rhythmic tala Malaman makaranta sun dace da tsarin motsa jiki wanda ake kira bol don bukatun masu rawa.
Tsarin gargajiya na Jafananci na rawa-gidan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Kabuki da Noh, kamar rawa-wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya, rarrabe tsakanin ba da labari da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rawa. Babban rukuni uku na kabuki sune jidaimono (na tarihi), sewamono (na gida) da kuma shosagoto (raye-raye). Da ɗan kamannin haka, Noh ya bambanta tsakanin Geki Noh, wanda ya danganci ci gaban makirci da labarin aiki, da Furyū Noh, raye-rayen da suka hada da wasan acrobatics, kayan wasan kwaikwayo, haruffa da yawa da kuma mataki na bayani dalla-dalla. Raye-raye na zamantakewar jama'a, waɗanda aka yi niyya don hallara maimakon na masu sauraro, na iya haɗa da nau'ikan mime da labarai, amma yawanci ana tsara su sosai da yanayin waƙar da ke motsawa, don haka kalmomin kamar waltz da polka suna nuni zuwa ga abubuwa na kiɗa kamar ga rawa kanta. Ofafafun ƙafafun 'yan rawa na iya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na kiɗan, kamar a rawa rawa Rawar Afirka, alal misali, ta samo asali ne daga tsayayyun matakai na yau da kullun, amma kuma na iya ba da izini mai yawa na fassarar rhythmic: ƙafafu ko akwati suna alama alamar bugun jini yayin da ake ɗaukar rudani da kafaɗa, gwiwoyi, ko kai, tare da mafi kyawun masu rawa a lokaci guda suna ba da filastik magana ga duk abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin polyrhythmic Al’adun gargajiya
Afirka Rawa a Afirka an haɗa ta sosai a cikin al'umma kuma manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin al'umma ana yawan nuna su cikin raye -raye: ana yin rawa don haihuwa da jana'iza, bukukuwan aure da yaƙe -yaƙe. Rawar gargajiya tana ba da ɗabi'a ta al'ada, gami da al'adun addini da ƙa'idodin jima'i; ba da motsin zuciyar da aka danne, kamar baƙin ciki motsa membobin al'umma su ba da haɗin kai, ko yaƙe -yaƙe ko niƙa hatsi; aiwatar da ayyukan ibada na ruhaniya; da ba da gudummawa ga haɗin kan zamantakewa. Ana yin dubban raye -raye a fadin nahiyar. Za a iya raba waɗannan zuwa na gargajiya, na al'ada, da na gargajiya: raye -rayen al'adun wata al'umma, raye -rayen da aka ƙirƙiri kwanan nan cikin kwaikwayon salo na gargajiya, da raye -rayen da ake watsawa da yawa a makarantu ko darussa masu zaman kansu. Sojoji da yawa, irin su mishan mishan na Turawa da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka, sun canza rawar Afirka, waɗanda galibi ke danne al'adun rawa na gida kamar na lalata ko jan hankali. Rawa a cikin al'adun Afirka na zamani har yanzu tana hidimomin ayyukanta na al'ada a cikin sabbin abubuwa; rawa na iya yin bikin ƙaddamar da asibiti, gina al'umma don ƙaura daga ƙauyuka a cikin biranen da ba a sani ba, kuma a haɗa su cikin bukukuwan cocin Kirista.
Asiya Duk raye -rayen gargajiya na Indiya suna da digiri iri -iri da aka kafe a cikin Natyashastra don haka suna raba fasali na gama gari: alal misali, mudra (matsayi na hannu), wasu matsayin jiki, motsi kafa da haɗar wasan kwaikwayo ko bayyananniya ko abhinaya. Kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya yana ba da rakiyar raye -raye da masu rawa na kusan duk salo suna sa ƙararrawa a kusa da idon sawun su don nuna ƙima da haɓaka haɓakar.
A yanzu akwai nau'ikan yanki na rawa na gargajiya na Indiya. Rawa kamar "Odra Magadhi", wanda bayan shekaru da yawa na muhawara, an gano shi don gabatar da Mithila na yau, nau'in rawar Odisha na Odissi (Orissi), yana nuna tasirin rawa a cikin mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin yankuna daban -daban. Yankin Punjab da ya mamaye Indiya da Pakistan shine asalin asalin Bhangra An san shi sosai a matsayin salon kiɗa da rawa. Yawanci yana da alaƙa da bukukuwan girbi na dā, ƙauna, kishin ƙasa ko al'amuran zamantakewa. An haɗa kiɗan ta da kayan kiɗan da ake kira 'Dhol'. Bhangra ba kawai kiɗa bane amma rawa ce, bikin girbi inda mutane ke bugun dhol (drum), rera Boliyan (waƙoƙi) da rawa. Ya ci gaba da haɓaka tare da bikin Vaisakhi na Sikhs Rawar da aka yi a Sri Lanka ta haɗa da raye-rayen shaidan yakun natima), al'adar da aka ƙera a hankali har zuwa cikin Sri-pre-Buddhist na baya wanda ya haɗu da tsoffin Ayurvedic dabarun cutar tare da yin amfani da hankali kuma ya haɗa fannoni da yawa ciki har da ilimin sararin samaniya na Sinhalese. Ana iya ganin tasirin su akan raye -rayen gargajiya na Sri Lanka Rawa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya galibi al'adun gargajiya ne na raye -raye waɗanda aka sabunta su zuwa wani zamani. Za su hada dabke, tamzara, Assuriyawa jama'a dance, Kurdish dance, Armenian dance kuma Turkish dance, da sauransu. Duk waɗannan nau'ikan raye -raye galibi sun haɗa mahalarta shiga juna ta hanyar riƙe hannu ko hannu (dangane da salon rawa). Za su yi motsi na rhythmic tare da ƙafafunsu da kafadunsu yayin da suke zagaya filin rawa. Shugaban raye -rayen gabaɗaya zai riƙe sanda ko mayafi Turai da Arewacin Amurka Rawar gargajiya ta bambanta a duk faɗin Turai kuma mai yuwuwa ta dawo shekaru ɗari ko dubban shekaru, amma da yawa suna da fasali iri ɗaya kamar hallartar ƙungiyar da mai kira ke jagoranta, riƙe hannu ko haɗa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mahalarta, da tsayayyun nau'ikan kiɗan da aka sani da caroles. Wasu, kamar rawar maypole gama gari ne ga al'ummomi da yawa, yayin da wasu kamar céilidh da polka suna da tushe sosai a cikin al'adu ɗaya. An kawo wasu raye -raye na al'adun Turai kamar rawar murabba'a zuwa Sabuwar Duniya kuma daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na al'adun Amurka.
Ballet ta haɓaka da farko a Italiya sannan kuma a Faransa daga tabarau na kotun da suka haɗa kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, waƙa, waƙa, kayan ado da rawa. Mambobin kotun sun ɗauki matsayin masu yin wasan. A lokacin mulkin Louis XIV, shi kansa ɗan rawa, rawa ta ƙara daidaitawa. Kwararrun masu rawa sun fara maye gurbin 'yan kootu, kuma gwamnatin Faransa ta ba da lasisi ga masu rawa. Kwalejin koyar da rawa ta farko ita ce Académie Royale de Danse (Royal Dance Academy), wanda aka buɗe a Paris a 1661. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an kafa ƙungiyar rawa ta farko da aka kafa, mai alaƙa da Kwalejin; wannan rukunin ya fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar maza duka amma a cikin 1681 an buɗe don haɗawa da mata ma. Rawan kide -kide na karni na 20 ya kawo fashewar bidi'a a cikin salon rawa wanda ke nuna fasahar fasahohin 'yanci. Farkon majagaba na abin da aka sani da rawa ta zamani sun haɗa da Loie Fuller, Isadora Duncan, Mary Wigman da Ruth St. Denis Dangantakar kiɗa da rawa tana zama tushen Eurhythmics, wanda Emile Jaques-Dalcroze ya ƙirƙira, wanda ya yi tasiri ga haɓaka rawa ta zamani da rawa ta zamani ta masu fasaha irin su Marie Rambert Eurythmy, wanda Rudolf Steiner da Marie Steiner-von Sivers suka haɓaka, sun haɗu da abubuwa na yau da kullun waɗanda ke tunatar da rawa ta gargajiya tare da sabon salo na 'yanci, kuma sun gabatar da sabon hadaddun ƙamus don rawa. A cikin shekarun 1920, muhimman wadanda suka kafa sabon salo kamar Martha Graham da Doris Humphrey sun fara aikinsu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an haɓaka nau'ikan salon rawa iri -iri; ga Rawan zamani Rawar Baƙin Baƙon Ba'amurke ta bunƙasa a wurare na yau da kullun, maimakon a cikin ɗakunan rawa, makarantu ko kamfanoni. Taɓa rawa, disko, rawa jazz, raye -raye, raye -raye na hip hop, lindy hop tare da alakarta da yin kida da kida da rawa da rawa sun yi tasiri a duniya. Hanyoyin raye-raye da ke haɗa fasahar rawa ta gargajiya tare da raye-raye na Ba'amurke suma sun bayyana a ƙarni na 21, gami da Hiplet Latin Amurka Dance rawa ce ga rayuwar zamantakewar Latin Amurka da al'adu. Samba na Brazil, tango na Argentina, da salsa na Cuba mashahuran raye -raye ne na abokan tarayya, da sauran raye -raye na ƙasa merengue, cueca, plena, jarabe, joropo, marinera, cumbia, bachata da sauransu muhimman abubuwan al'adun ƙasashensu ne. Bukukuwan Carnival na gargajiya sun haɗa waɗannan da sauran raye -raye a cikin manyan bukukuwa. Rawar rawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙira ƙira na gama gari tsakanin yawancin al'adu da ƙabilun Latin Amurka Rawar ta taimaka wajen haɗaka yawancin jama'ar Afirka, Turai, da 'yan asalin yankin. Wasu nau'ikan rawar rawa, kamar capoeira, da motsi na jiki, musamman halayyar quebradas ko canjin ƙashin ƙugu, an hana su daban -daban kuma an yi bikin su a duk tarihin Latin Amurka.
Amurka Hip -hop ya samo asali ne daga New York, musamman a yankin da ake kira Bronx. An halicce shi ne ga waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmaya a cikin al'umma kuma da alama ba su da murya a cikin al'umma da ke kewaye da su saboda rashin wadatarsu. Ya taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin yanayi ɗaya su taru su yi magana game da batutuwa masu wahala ta amfani da motsi da ji.
Ilimin rawa Ana ba da karatun rawa ta hanyar zane -zane da shirye -shiryen ɗan adam na cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa. Wasu jami'o'in suna ba da Bachelor of Arts da manyan digiri na ilimi a cikin Dance. A dance nazari manhaja iya kẽwayẽwa wani bambancin kewayon darussa da batutuwa, ciki har da dance yi da kuma yi, Choreography, ethnochoreology, kinesiology, dance tsarin rubutu, da kuma dance far Kwanan nan, an haɗa rawar rawa da motsa jiki a wasu makarantu cikin darussan lissafi don ɗaliban da ke da nakasa na ilmantarwa, naƙasasshiyar motsin rai/ɗabi'a da/ko rashin kulawa ta rashin hankali (ADHD).
Sana'o'i
Ƙwararrun masu rawa Kwararrun masu rawa suna yawan aiki akan kwangila ko don takamaiman wasanni ko samarwa. Rayuwar ƙwararrun dan rawa gaba ɗaya ɗaya ce ta canza yanayin aiki koyaushe, matsin lamba mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin albashi. Sakamakon haka, ƙwararrun masu rawa suna buƙatar ƙara yawan abin da suke samu don samun kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi. A cikin Amurka ƙwararrun masu rawa suna cikin ƙungiyoyi (kamar American Guild of Musical Artists, Screen Actors Guild and Actors 'Equity Association waɗanda ke kafa yanayin aiki da mafi ƙarancin albashi ga membobin su. Dole ƙwararrun masu rawa su mallaki yawan wasannin motsa jiki. Don jagorantar aiki mai nasara, yana da fa'ida kasancewa iri -iri a cikin salon rawa daban -daban, samun tushen fasaha mai ƙarfi da yin amfani da wasu nau'ikan horo na jiki don kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya.
Malaman rawa Malaman raye galibi suna mai da hankali kan koyar da wasan rawa, ko horar da masu rawa masu gasa, ko duka biyun. Yawanci suna da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin nau'ikan rawar da suke koyarwa ko koyawa. Alal misali, dancesport malamai da kocina ne sau da yawa gasa rawa ko tsohon dancesport aikatawa. Malaman raye-raye na iya zama masu zaman kansu, ko makarantun raye-raye ko cibiyoyin ilimi gaba ɗaya da shirye-shiryen rawa. Wasu suna aiki don shirye -shiryen jami'a ko wasu makarantu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwararrun rawa na gargajiya (misali, rawa) ko kamfanonin rawa na zamani. Wasu kuma suna aiki da ƙananan makarantun raye -raye masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da horon rawa da koyar da wasan kwaikwayo ga nau'ikan rawa daban -daban.
Mawaƙa Choreographers sune waɗanda ke tsara ƙungiyoyin raye -raye a cikin raye -raye, galibi ana koyar da su jami'a kuma galibi ana ɗaukar su aiki don takamaiman ayyuka ko, da wuya a iya yin aiki akan kwangila a matsayin mazaunin mawaƙa na wani takamaiman kamfanin rawa.
Gasar Gasar rawa rawa ce da aka shirya inda masu fafatawa ke yin raye -raye a gaban alkali ko alkali don samun kyaututtuka, kuma a wasu lokuta, kyaututtukan kuɗi. Akwai manyan nau'ikan wasannin raye -raye da yawa, waɗanda aka bambanta musamman ta hanyar salo ko salon raye -raye da aka yi. Manyan nau'ikan wasannin rawa sun haɗa da:
Rawar gasa, wacce aka yarda da nau'ikan salon rawa iri-iri, kamar su acro, ballet, jazz, hip-hop, lyrical, da tap Buɗe gasa, wanda ke ba da izinin salon rawa iri -iri. Misalin wannan shine shirin TV Don haka kuna tunanin zaku iya rawa Dancesport, wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga gidan rawa da rawa Latin Misalan wannan sune shirye -shiryen TV Suna rawa tare da Taurari da Rawanin Rawa Single-style gasa, kamar; rawa highland, ƙungiyar rawa, da rawa ta Irish, waɗanda ke ba da izinin salon rawa ɗaya kawai.
Bugu da kari, akwai wasannin gasa na rawa da yawa da aka gabatar a talabijin da sauran kafofin watsa labarai.
Gallery
Duba kuma Art
Shafin zane -zane
Shaci na rawa
Fihirisar labaran rawa
Jerin lambobin yabo na rawa
Jikin mutum
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Abra, Allison. "Tafi zuwa fadar sarauta: tarihin zamantakewa da al'adu na rawa da zauren rawa a Biritaniya, 1918 1960." Tarihin Biritaniya na zamani (Sep 2016) 30#3 pp. 432-433.
Blogg, Martin. Dance da Bangaskiyar Kirista: Wani Sanin Ilimi, Lutterworth Press (2011), Carter, A. (1998) The Routledge Dance Studies Reader Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16447-8 Cohen, S, J. (1992) Rawa A Matsayin Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo: Karanta Tushen a Tarihin Rawa daga 1581 zuwa Yanzu Kamfanin Princeton Book Co. Daly, A. (2002) Manyan Gestures: Rubutu akan Rawa da Al'adu Jami'ar Wesleyan Press ISBN 0-8195-6566-0 Miller, James, L. (1986) Matakan Hikima: Rawar Cosmic a Tsarin gargajiya da Kiristanci, Jami'ar Toronto Latsa ISBN 0-8020-2553-6 Hanyoyin waje Hotunan tarihi na rawa daga 3300 BC zuwa 1911 AD daga Project Gutenberg
Gidan Tarihi na Raye -raye na Amurka da Zauren Fame
Pages with unreviewed |
30639 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimbola%20Lagunju | Abimbola Lagunju | Abimbola Lagunju (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960 a Ibadan) marubucin Najeriya ne. Ya yi karatun likitanci a St Petersburg na kasar Rasha daga 1979 zuwa 1987. Ya dawo Najeriya ne a cikin tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da Bankin Duniya da IMF ya sanyawa Najeriya. Najeriya ce ta bambanta da wadda ya bari a 1979. Middle Class da ya kasance a yanzu ya zama marasa hali. Daga baya ya rubuta a cikin ‘ya’yan sa hannun (The Children of Signatures). Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar kasarsa ya sanya sha'awarsa ta sauya daga akidar akida zuwa tambayar kakkausan gwaje-gwajen tattalin arziki na siyasa da ya ziyarci kasashe masu tasowa, musamman ma kasashen Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara masu rauni da cibiyoyi na Bretton Woods suka yi. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan cibiyoyi da ƙasashen Afirka daga baya za ta zama batun yau da kullun a cikin rubuce-rubucensa.
Ya bar Najeriya zuwa ƙasar Portugal a shekara ta 1993 tare da iyalansa, kuma bayan wani dan lokaci na aiki da karatu a Lisbon, ya samu aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin Development Aid. Wannan abin da ya faru ya fallasa shi ga mawuyacin hali da ga alama ba zai ƙare ba na matsanancin talauci na mutanen karkara na Afirka. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama kan alakar da ke tsakanin shugabannin Afirka da 'yan kasarsu. A cikin littafinsa mai suna ‘Days of Ilusions’, ya zargi ‘yan siyasar yankin da ke da alhakin halin kuncin rayuwar ‘yan kasa kai tsaye, da kuma talakawa da suka bari ‘yan siyasar yankin su yi amfani da su.
Baya ga ƙasidu da dama a kafafen yada labarai na intanet a Najeriya, ayyukansa sun shafi nau'o'in adabi guda hudu: wakoki, kasidun siyasa, kace-nace na siyasa da gajerun labarai.
</br>Abimbola Lagunju ya rubuta littattafai goma sha hudu.
Guguwar Zuciyar Dan Adam
Inuwar Bakan gizo Bakan gizo tarin waqoqi ne da aka zuga daga ra'ayin marubuci game da Afirka ta yau da kuma matsayinta a duniya a yau dangane da kasashen da suka ci gaba. Tarin ya ƙunshi batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da siyasar Afirka, dangantaka tsakanin jihohi, soyayya, abota da yaki. Wannan hasashe ne na duniya da ake gani daga mahangar wani ɗan Afirka mai sha'awar zaburar da ƴan Afirka kan samar da kyakkyawar makoma ga Afirka. Ya'yan Sa hannu 'Ya'yan Sa hannu sun ƙunshi raɗaɗi na ƙauna da rashin jin daɗi. Yayin da ta ke nuna tsananin ƙauna ga Afirka, ta kuma bayyana matsalolin da nahiyar ke fuskanta a matsayin masu son kai. Tare da waiwayar tarihi, ta yi kamanceceniya da halin da nahiyar ke ciki a yanzu, kuma tana kalubalantar Afirka wajen kallon matsalolinta daga madubin ɗabi'a. Sauƙaƙan harshe, mai wadatar zurfafa da hoto, tarin kuma ya shafi wasu fannonin rayuwa. Afirka a cikin Mirror Afirka a cikin madubi ya ɗauke mu cikin mawuyacin hali na Baƙar fata Afirka daga lokacin bauta har zuwa yau. Yana neman kafa dalilin rauni na dan Afirka a cikin dangantakarsa da duniyar waje da kuma tunaninsa na tarihi ga bala'o'in da ya shafi kansa. Littafin ya yi nazarin bincike daban-daban da hanyoyin magance matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Afirka kuma ya tabbatar da rashin amfanin waɗannan hanyoyin. Tana gabatar da ka'idar motsin makamashi na zamantakewar al'umma kuma tana neman bayyana matsalolin da Afirka ke fuskanta ta hanyar zabin rarraba wannan makamashi. Tana kalubalantar bakar fata ta Afirka da ta tashi tsaye wajen daukar nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta na tarihi na fanshi kanta da kuma bakar fata.
Ranakun Ruɗe Hillview, unguwa mai tarin yawa kuma matalautan ma'aikata ita ce tukunyar narkewa ga duk masu mafarkin zuwa Plateau, tsakiyar gari mai kyau, alamar da ba ta da alaƙa ga masu cin zarafi a ƙasar. Har ila yau, taron jama'a ne ga wadanda suka kai ga Plateau, suka yi birgima da gangar jikinsu. Cikin rashin gamsuwa da yadda 'yan siyasa suka kasa cika alkawuran da yawa kafin zaben da kuma murkushe su a karkashin matsin tattalin arziki, mazauna Hillview sun kammala cewa suna gab da halaka. Ƙarƙashin jagorancin mashawarcin gida, Ƙungiya don Rigakafin Kashewa (APE) an yi niyya don samun kuɗi daga IMF da WWF. Gwagwarmayar mamaye muhimman mukamai a cikin kungiyar ta APE ya haifar da wargajewar kungiyar da wuri zuwa kashi uku. Akinola Igwe, mutum ne mai saukin kai, mai gaskiya kuma mai bin doka da oda mazaunin Hillview, kuma shugaban daya daga cikin bangarorin kungiyar APE nan ba da jimawa ba ya shiga cikin makirci, magudi, da barazana…. Days of Ilusions wani abin dariya ne akan siyasar Afirka ta zamani.
Cikin Rungumar Tsoro Shekaru aru-aru, Afirka na rayuwa da tsoro kuma, a cikin tsadar gaske, ta dace da ɓatanta. Kalubalen duniyar zamani ba wai kawai sun sa wannan tsarin ya zama wanda ya daina aiki ba amma yana da matukar haɗari ga ci gaba da rayuwar Baƙar fata Afirka. Ba za a iya ɗaukar rayuwa azaman abin bayarwa ba. Dole ne Afirka ta yi gwagwarmaya da ita. Wannan gwagwarmayar tana haifar da yunƙurin ƙauracewa rayuwa ta asali zuwa ingantacciyar rayuwa mai dorewa. Dole ne Afirka ta tashi tsaye don fuskantar wannan kalubale. Kudin rashin daidaituwa a fuskar tsoro shine tarwatsewa da bacewa. A cikin Rungumar Tsoro na neman kawar da Baƙar fata Baƙar fata da ke sarrafa tsoro ta hanyar gwada kai na gaskiya ba na son zuciya ba.
Fouta Yayi Murnar Rayuwa A cikin neman 'yancin rayuwa, gwamnati da masu mulki suna da hakki. Gwamnati tana da mafi ƙarancin nauyin da ba za a iya ragewa ba don samar da ingantattun kayayyaki da sabis na jama'a masu inganci, masu sauƙin isa, isassu kuma inganci na zamantakewa; da kuma sanar da jama'a, ba wai wanzuwar wadannan hidimomi ba, har ma da hakkokinsu da ba za a tauye su ba. Jama'a, a daya bangaren, suna da hakkin neman 'yanci daga kasuwanni masu inganta rayuwa da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Idan daya daga cikin bangarorin biyu ya gaza a cikin wajibai, rayuwa, daga ciki har zuwa tsufa ta rasa tsarkinta kuma tana wanzuwa ne kawai a matsayin kayayyaki a hannun sojojin kasuwa. Duk da rashin daidaito, Fouta da ƙarfin hali yana murna da rayuwa cikin salo….
Taron Pelting na Guguwa Tare da Okey Nwanyanwu A cikin Tattalin Arziki na Guguwa tarin wakoki ne game da bala'i na tarihi da na zamani na Afirka. Ya koka da rashin taimako da 'yan Afirka ke fuskanta wajen fuskantar bala'o'in da mutum ya haifar da shi, kuma yana ƙarfafa farfadowar da aka ɓullo da kan ƙwaƙƙwaran ainihi, girman kai da yunƙurin farfadowa da kai.
Gaffes Muammar Gaddafi na Libya, shugaban Libya tun 1969 mai yiwuwa yana daya daga cikin shugabannin da ke da cece-kuce a duniya. Shafukansa na wasan kwaikwayo da maganganunsa sun ba da mamaki da kuma ruɗe har ma mafi aminci daga cikin masoyansa. Gaffes na Gaddafi tarin zantuka ne daga jawaban Gaddafi da ayyana shi. Littafin ya ba da haske game da sabani, rashin daidaituwa, rashin fahimta da kuma yanayin barkwanci na wasu tunani da furucin Muammar Gaddafi.
Ayoyi daga Karkashin Sands Ayoyi daga Karkashin Sands tarin wakoki ne kan yanayin Afirka tun daga lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa yanzu. Wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] anda ke nuna rashin nasara a tsakanin Afrika kudu da hamadar Sahara da na waje da kuma tsakanin su kansu 'yan Afrika. Da yawa daga cikin waqoqin suna nuna gazawar masu aiki a fagen siyasa da tattalin arziƙin gargajiya da na al'ada ga talakawan da ke fama da wahalhalu da tsare-tsare da cibiyoyi waɗanda ya kamata su ba su kariya da kula da su. Wasu waqoqin suna mayar da hankali ne kan buri da buri, da martanin tsira nan take da kuma halin rashin taimako da aka karva a matsayin makoma ta waxanda aka wulakanta su ta fuskar gazawar shugabanninsu.
Gombii da Sauran Gajerun Labarai Gombii da sauran gajerun labarai tarin labarai ne na ban tausayi da ban dariya. Waɗannan labarai ne na batattu na al'adun gargajiya da kuma mummunan sakamako na rashin fahimtar tsarin shigo da rance da aro a ƙauye da biranen Afirka.
Lokacin Da Wayewa Yayi Mana Fuska A Cikin Motar Bus Na Afirka Lokacin da wayewa ta buge mu a kan motar bas ta Afirka labari ne mai ban sha'awa game da ra'ayoyin 'yan Afirka da ke hawa a cikin motar Afirka a zamanin da da na yanzu, shugabanninsu na gida da na waje, na gargajiya da kuma na gargajiya. addinan da aka shigo da su daga waje, da mugunyar siyasa a muhallinsu da dabarun rayuwarsu daban-daban. Littafin ya yi nuni ne da ban dariya, yadda al’ummar duniya ke gani da alaka da shugabannin Afirka.
Wannan Ba Har Yanzu Labari Na bane Wannan Ba Har Yanzu Labarina Ba labari ne na rayuwar wani babban ɗan ƙasa tun yana ɗan shekara biyar. Mista Ibukun Irewole, mai ba da labari ya ɗauke mu a shekarun farko da ya yi a Tilane ba tare da wahala ba da kuma kalubale daban-daban da ya fuskanta a lokacin balagagge. Ya yi brush da KGB na Rasha, da Polizei na Jamus da kuma a lokuta da dama, tare da hukumomin kasarsa. Yana ganin kansa a matsayin wanda aka zalunta da yawa.......
Guguwar Zuciyar Dan Adam Abimbola Lagunju, yana zana abubuwan tarihin Afirka maras lokaci, ya samar mana da waƙoƙin hotuna, littafin rubutu na abubuwan lura da kuma fayil ɗin fassarori masu fa'ida. Muna tafiya tare da wani balaguron asiri na tunaninsa, yana tsayawa kawai don yin la'akari da manyan jigogi, teburi masu sauƙi na ɗan adam da bayyananniyar wahayi. Ko muna kewayawa ta hanyar macrocosm ko kuma bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, mun gano cewa ya kasance a can kafin mu. Wannan tarin wakoki ne masu kyau wadanda suka kunshi cikakken kwarewar ɗan Adam daga soyayya da kauna, zuwa zalunci da cin amana. Abimbola Lagunju tana da aure da ‘ya’ya uku kuma tana zaune a garin Ibadan a Najeriya Magana Rayayyun mutane
Yarbawa
Yarbawa Mata
Yarbawa 'yan |
25853 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu | Nu | Nu ko NU na iya nufin to:
Zane-zane da nishaɗi
Kiɗa Nu karfe, nau'in nau'in ƙarfe mai nauyi
Nu jazz, nau'in wasan jazz
Nu-disco, nau'in kiɗan rawa
Nu gaze, nau'in shoegaze fusion
Nu prog, wani yanki ne na dutsen ci gaba
Nu-funk, nau'in kiɗan rawa
Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Nu-13, halin almara daga jerin wasan bidiyo na <i id="mwGw">BlazBlue</i>
Nu (Chrono Trigger), nau'in almara daga wasan bidiyo Chrono Trigger
<i id="mwIQ">NU</i> (fim), fim na shirin fim na 1948 wanda Michelangelo Antonioni ya jagoranta
Mista Nu, almara ce ta almara daga labari Hitman: Maƙiyi Cikin
Nu Gundam daga anime Mobile Suit Gundam: Coun's Counterattack
Nickelodeon Universe, filin shakatawa na cikin gida a Mall of America
Nu, tarin litattafan 1934 da Eugène Ionesco ya rubuta cikin Romanian
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
Jami'o'i Jami'ar Kasa (California), jami'a mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a La Jolla, California, Amurka
Jami'ar Niagara, jami'ar Roman Katolika ce a gundumar Niagara, New York, Amurka
Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, jami'ar bincike ce a Boston, Massachusetts, Amurka
Jami'ar Northwest (Washington), jami'a mai zaman kanta a Kirkland, Washington, Amurka
Jami'ar Northwwest, cibiyar bincike a Evanston, Illinois, Amurka
Jami'ar Norwich, sojoji ne masu zaman kansu da jami'a na gargajiya a Northfield, Vermont, Amurka
Jami'ar Nebraska Lincoln, Amurka
Japan Jami'ar Nagoya, jami'ar bincike ta ƙasa
Jami'ar Niigata, jami'a ce ta ƙasa
Jami'ar Nihon, jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Tokyo
Sauran ƙasashe Jami'ar Nazarbayev, jami'ar bincike ta duniya wacce ke Astana, Kazakhstan
Jami'ar Nanjing, jami'a ce ta ƙasa a China
Jami'ar Naresuan, jami'a ce ta jama'a a Phitsanulok, Thailand
Jami'ar Nile, jami'ar bincike mai zaman kanta a Masar
Jami'ar Kasa (Philippines), jami'a mai zaman kanta, ba ta addini ba a Manila, Philippines
NU Bulldogs, shirin wasannin motsa jiki na makarantar da ke sama
Jami'ar Nkumba, jami'a ce mai zaman kanta kusa da Entebbe, Uganda
Jami'ar Nirma, jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Ahmedabad, Indiya
Jami'ar Arewa, Nowshera, jami'a mai zaman kanta a Nowshera, Pakistan
Sauran kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Nahdatul Ulama, wata kungiya ta Musulunci a Indonesia
Northeast Utilities, kamfanin gas da lantarki a arewa maso gabashin Amurka
Northern Union, sunan farkon Rugby Football League
NU.nl, jaridar kan layi ta Dutch
Japan Transocean Air (mai tsara jirgin saman IATA NU)
Harshe Nu (cuneiform), alamar cuneiform
Nu (harafi), harafi a haruffan Girkanci: ƙaramin harafi babba Nu (kana), haruffan Jafananci da Nu (kalma), tsoma bakin Yiddish ma'ana "to menene" ko "yi sauri"
Harshen Nǀu, harshen Tuu (Khoisan) mai mutuwa wanda mutanen Nǁnǂe ke magana a Afirka ta Kudu
Mutane Nga Nu, mai yi wa kursiyin Ava (1367)
Saya Gyi U Nu, marubuci mashahuri ne a zamanin Sarki Bodawpaya (r. 1782–1819)
Me Nu, babban sarauniyar Sarki Bagyidaw (r. 1819–1837)
U Nu, Firayim Minista na Tarayyar Burma (1948–1958; 1960–1962); "U" take take daidai da "Mr."
Sauran mutane 'Yan kabilar Nu, wata kabila ce ta kasar Sin
Wurare Kogin Nu ko Kogin Salween, a China, Burma, da Thailand
Nicaragua (lambar ƙasar NATO NU)
Niue, (ISO 3166 lambar ƙasa NU)
.nu, babban matakin Intanet na Niue
Nunavut, mafi girma da sabuwa na yankunan Kanada
North Uist, tsibiri ne a cikin Hebrides na Scotland
Kimiyya da fasaha .nu, babban matakin Intanet na Niue
Nu (yaren shirye-shirye), harshe shirye-shirye ne wanda aka fassara
NuMachine, gine -ginen kwamfuta wanda aka haɓaka a MIT
Nucellar embryony (Nu+), wani nau'in haɓakar iri wanda ke faruwa a wasu nau'in tsiro
Lambar Nusselt (Nu), rabon canja wurin zafi mara girma
Nanodalton, yanki na taro; duba dalton (naúrar)
NU, gajarta ga uranium na halitta, yana nufin uranium tare da rabon isotopic iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka samu a yanayi
Matsayin Poisson, rabo mara girma wanda ya danganci matsin lamba akan kashi tare da ginshiƙi ɗaya zuwa gaɓoɓin da ke cikin ginshiƙi, alama ce ta harafin Helenanci Nu, Sauran amfani Nu (mythology), nau'in maza na allahiyar Masar Naunet
Kalmar China don crossbow, kamar yadda yake a cikin chu-ko-nu ko maimaita crossbow
Bhutanese ngultrum (Nu.), Kudin hukuma na Bhutan
Lambar jirgin saman Japan Transocean Air IATA
Duba kuma Nus (rarrabuwa)
Gnu, GNU
Sabon |
21097 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese%20Tirailleurs | Senegalese Tirailleurs | 'Yan Senegalese Tirailleurs sun kasance rukuni ne na sojojin mulkin mallaka a cikin Sojan Faransa. Da farko an ɗauke su aiki daga Senegal, Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa sannan daga baya a ko'ina cikin Yammaci, Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka: manyan yankuna kudu da Sahara na mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Sunan tirailleur, wanda ke fassara daban-daban a matsayin "mai jajircewa", "rifleman", ko "sharpshooter", wani suna ne da Sojojin Faransa suka ba wa 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka ɗauka a cikin yankuna daban-daban da kuma mallakar ƙasashen ƙetare na Daular Faransa a cikin ƙarni na sha tara 19 da ashirin 20.
Duk da daukar ma'aikata ba a iyakance shi a Senegal ba, wadannan rukunin dakaru sun dauki taken "sénégalais" tunda a nan ne aka fara kirkirar bakaken fata na Afirka Tirailleur. An kirkiro Tirailleurs na Senegal na farko a cikin Shekara ta 1857 kuma sun yi aiki a Faransa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, ciki har da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (wanda ya ba da kusan sojoji 200,000, fiye da 135,000 daga cikinsu sun yi yaƙi a Turai kuma an kashe 30,000 daga cikinsu) da Yaƙin Duniya na II (daukar sojoji 179,000, an tura 40,000 zuwa Yammacin Turai). Sauran tirailleur regiments an tashe su a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa daga larabawa da Berber na aljeriya, Tunisia da Morocco, ɗaya ana kiransu tirailleurs nord-africains ko Turcos. Hakanan an tayar da tsarin mulkin Tirailleur a cikin Indochina, ana kiransu Vietnamese, Tonkinese ko Annamites Tirailleurs.
Tarihi
Asali An kirkiro 'yan Senegal din ne a cikin shekara ta 1857 daga Louis Faidherbe, janar janar na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa, saboda ba shi da isassun sojojin Faransa da za su iya sarrafa yankin da kuma biyan wasu bukatun na farkon mulkin mallaka. An kuma sanya doka ta yau da kullun don kafa wannan rundinar a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1857 a cikin Plombières-les-Bains ta Napoleon III. Daga baya aka faɗaɗa daukar ma'aikata zuwa sauran yankunan da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A cikin shekarun ta na farko sojojin sun hada da wasu tsoffin bayi da aka siya daga masu mallakar bayi a Afirka ta Yamma da fursunonin yaki. Recruitaukar aiki na gaba ya kasance ta hanyar yin rajista na son rai ko wani lokaci ta hanyar yin rajista ba da izini ba.
1870–1914 Bayan yakin Franco-Prussian, 'yan kasar Senegal sun ci gaba da samar da yawancin sojojin Faransa a Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Lambobin su gaba ɗaya sun kasance iyakance. Koyaya, a cikin tsammanin yakin duniya na farko, Kanar Charles Mangin ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa na shekara ta 1910 mai suna La force ya faɗi ra'ayinsa game da rundunar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da ya faɗaɗa sosai, yayin da Jean Jaurès, a cikin littafinsa na L'armée nouvelle, ya ba da shawarar cewa Sojojin Faransa su nemi wani wuri don tara dakarunta saboda faduwar haihuwa a cikin kasar Faransa.
Wani rukuni mai girman kamfani na tirailleurs sénégalais ya shiga cikin mamayar Madagascar a shekara ta (1895), kodayake yawancin sojojin da ba na Turai ba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan kamfen sun kasance 'yan Algeria da na Hausa. An sake shigar da jerin gwano na tirailleurs malgache a Madagascar, ta yin amfani da sassan Senegal a matsayin abin koyi.
A cikin shekara ta 1896, ƙaramin balaguron da ya ƙunshi yawanci tirailleurs sénégalais 200 aka haɗu a Loango (Kongo ta Faransa) ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Jean-Baptiste Marchand. Wannan "Marchand Mission" ya dauki shekaru biyu kafin ya ratsa daruruwan mil na daji da ba a bincika ba har sai da suka isa Fashoda akan Kogin Nilu. Anan suka ci karo da sojojin Burtaniya da na Masar a karkashin Manjo-Janar Kitchener, wanda bai jima da fatattakar sojojin Mahadi na Dervish kusa da Khartoum ba. Yayin da "Faruwar Fashoda" ta tayar da yiwuwar yaƙi tsakanin Faransa da Birtaniyya, an biya haraji ga ƙarfin hali da juriya na Marchand da na Senegal wanda ya ke ɗinilleurs daga ɓangarorin biyu.
A wata doka da ta gabata a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1900, Tirailleurs Sénégalais, da Tirailleurs indochinas, malgach na Tirailleurs da "marsouins" ba sa ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Navy da na lonungiyoyin Mulkin Mallaka, amma an sake sanya su a matsayin rukunin rukunin Troupes, ya bambanta da abubuwan yankin Sojojin birni kuma sun banbanta da Armée d'Afrique na Maghreb. An sanya alamar anga na coloniales na Troupes a kan abin wuya daga shekara ta 1914, kuma lokacin da aka karɓi hular Adrian a WW1, Tirailleurs Sénégalais ne ya sa alama tare da anga a bayan gurnati mai walƙiya.
A farko farkon shekara ta 1900s, tirailleurs sénégalais sun ga sabis na aiki a cikin Kwango ta Faransa da Chadi yayin ci gaba da samar da rundunoni don abubuwan mallakar Faransa a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. A cikin shekara ta 1908, bataliyoyi biyu na tirailleurs sénégalais suka sauka a Casablanca don fara kusan shekaru ashirin na aiki a Marokko ta ɓangarorin Senegal. A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1913, 1e regiment de tirailleurs sénégalais suka gabatar da matsayinsu a Longchamp, karo na farko da aka ga sojojin Senegal a cikin babban birnin Faransa. An gabatar da sabbin tutoci ga 2e, 3e da 4e RTS a layi daya.
Yaƙin Duniya na 1 Akwai bataliyoyi 21 na Tirailleurs Sénégalais (BTS) a cikin Sojan Faransa a watan Agusta shekarar 1914, duk suna aiki a cikin Yammacin Afirka ko kuma suna aiki a Maroko.
Tare da ɓarkewar yaƙi bataliya 37 ta Faransa, Arewacin Afirka da ta Senegal ta tura su daga Maroko zuwa Faransa. Bataliyan batutuwan Senegal biyar ba da daɗewa ba suna aiki a Western Front, yayin da wasu suka zama wani ɓangare na ragin sojojin Faransa a Maroko. BTS na 5 ya zama wani ɓangare na rukunin Faransanci wanda aka goge kusa da Khenifra, yayin Yaƙin El Herri a ranar 13 Nuwamba Nuwamba 1914, tare da 646 da suka mutu. Na 10, 13, 16 da 21 BTS daga baya sun ga fada mai ƙarfi a Maroko, wanda aka ƙarfafa da 9,000 ƙarin San asalin Senegal waɗanda aka kawo daga Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka. A Yammacin Yammacin Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun yi aiki tare da bambanci a Ypres da Dixmude yayin Yaƙin Flanders a ƙarshen shekarar 1914, a lokacin kame Fort de Douaumont a watan Oktoba shekarar 1916, yayin yaƙin Chemin des Dames a watan Afrilu shekarar 1917 da kuma a Yaƙin Reims a cikin shekarar 1918. Asara ta yi nauyi musamman a Flanders (wanda aka kiyasta daga 3,200 zuwa 4,800) da Chemin des Mains (7,000 daga 15,00 da aka kashe a cikin tirailleurs). A cikin shekarar 1915 bataliya bakwai na Tirailleurs Sénégalais suna cikin bataliyar sojoji 24 da Faransawa suka aika zuwa Dardanelles a matsayin Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient Adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Faransa a cikin wannan kamfen sun kai 27,000 amma 'yan Senegal da na yau da kullun na mulkin mallaka an lura da su saboda babban halin ɗabi'a da suka kiyaye duk da asarar da ta kai biyu cikin uku a wasu sassan. Yan tiragenurs na Senegal sun bambanta kansu a cikin harin a lokacin saukar Faransa ta farko a gefen kudu na Dardanelles.
Sabuwar hanyar daukar ma'aikata Manufofin sojan Faransa game da amfani da sojojin Afirka a Turai sun canza a cikin shekara ta 1915. Babban kwamandan Faransa ya fahimci cewa yakin zai daɗe fiye da yadda suke tsammani. Don haka suka ba da izini ga babbar hanyar daukar ma'aikata a Afirka ta Yamma. Sakamakon haka, an kara ƙarin bataliyan Senegal 73 tsakanin shekara ta 1915 da shekara ta 1918, wanda 42 daga cikinsu sun ga sabis a Faransa kanta. Abunda aka saba yi shine hada bataliyan fararen mulkin mallaka ("les marsouins") da Tirailleurs na Afirka a cikin jerin gwanon coloniaux (Irin wadannan rundunonin guda hudu an kirkiresu ne daga tirailleurs guda bakwai da bataliyoyi biyar na Infanterie Coloniale da aka tura a Gallipoli Yanayin mummunan yanayin yakin ramuka ya kasance tushen musabbabin wahalar ga sojojin Afirka da ba su dace ba kuma, bayan shekara ta 1914 15, an zartar da aikin cire su zuwa kudancin Faransa don horo da sake ba su kayan aiki kowane lokacin hunturu. Duk da asarar da suka yi a kusan duk manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na Yammacin Yamma, da'a da ɗabi'ar "Coan mulkin mallaka" sun kasance masu ƙarfi yayin Yaƙin. A yayin bikin tunawa da cika shekaru 90 da yakin Verdun, shugaban kasar na lokacin Jacques Chirac ya gabatar da wani jawabi da ke nuna tsoffin mayaka 72,000 na mulkin mallaka da aka kashe a lokacin yakin, inda ya ambaci 'sojojin Moroccan, da tirailleurs daga Senegal, Indochina (Annam da Cochinchina), da kuma marsouins "na rukunin de marine Sana'ar Rhineland Armungiyar makamai ta watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1918 tana da tanadi don mamaye Oungiyar Rhineland da Faransa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan. Tsakanin sojoji dubu 25 zuwa dubu 40,000 na mulkin mallaka suna cikin wannan rundunar. An yi ƙoƙari na Jamusanci don bata sunan amfani da sojojin da ba Turawa ba daga Turawan Faransa yayin wannan mamayar, kamar yadda ya faru a baya lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Althoughaya.Kodayake ba a samar da kwararan hujjoji ba, yawancin masu fafutuka sun ce sojojin mulkin mallaka da kuma Senegal a musamman sune ke da alhakin yawan fyade da cin zarafin mata. Yaran da suka samo asali daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kwadagon an wulakanta su a matsayin Bastards na Rhineland kuma daga baya sun wahala a ƙarƙashin dokokin tseren Nazi.
Tsakanin Yakin Duniya A lokacin Yaƙin rundunar sojojin Faransa da ta ragu sosai a Maroko ta ƙunshi yawancin bataliyar Tirailleurs Sénégalais, waɗanda ba sa shafar fannoni masu biyayya na sojojin da aka tattara a cikin gida kuma waɗanda za a iya samun sauƙin tsira daga aiki a Yammacin Yammacin fiye da sojojin Faransa. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1925 yakin Rif ya bazu zuwa Maroko ta Faransa lokacin da mayaka Berber dubu takwas suka kai hari kan layin wasu sansanonin Faransawa da aka kafa kwanan nan a yankin da ake rikici a kansa a arewacin Kogin Ouerghala. Mafi yawan waɗannan mukamai sun kasance 'yan Senegal da tirailleurs na Arewacin Afirka. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1925 39 daga cikin mukamai 66 sun faɗi kuma an karkashe kayan aikinsu, ko kuma an yi watsi da su. Fuskantar abin da ya zama babban yaƙi Faransawa suka haɓaka rundunoninsu a Maroko kusan maza dubu Dari 100,000. Yan Afirka na Yammacin Afirka sun ci gaba da taka rawa a ayyukan da suka biyo baya a cikin Kare Mutanen Espanya (har zuwa shekara ta1926) da Kudancin Maroko (zuwa shekara ta 1934). A daya daga cikin alkawurra da yawa, Bataliya ta 2 ta Runduna ta 1 na Tirailleurs Sénégalais ta ci ayoyi 91 na jaruntaka yayin fada a kusa da Ain-Gatar a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1926.
Yakin Duniya na Biyu A jajibirin yakin duniya na biyu, rundunoni biyar na Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun kasance a Faransa ban da wata brigade da ke Algeria. An tura turawan mulkin mallaka na 2e yanki na dindindin a kudancin Faransa saboda barazanar Italiya. Hakanan an yi dalilin cewa yanayin ya fi dacewa da sojojin Afirka. Wannan tura Tirailleurs, a waje da yankunansu na daukar ma'aikata da kuma zaman lafiya na gargajiya, ya tashi ne saboda mummunan asarar rayukan yakin duniya na farko. Wannan ya shafi adadin Faransawan birni masu girma a cikin rukunin matasa masu shekaru ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar da fiye da rabi. Har zuwa tirailleurs 200,000 suna aiki yayin yaƙin, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi tara na sojojin Faransa. Yayin Yaƙin Faransa, Senegalese da sauran sassan tirailleur na Afirka sun yi aiki tare da bambanci a Gien, Bourges, da Buzancais. Sojojin Jamusawa, waɗanda aka cusa musu koyarwar wariyar launin fata ta 'yan Nazi, sun nuna fushinsu da yaƙin da suka yi da' yan adawa "marasa ƙima". A Montluzin, waɗanda suka kame Jamusawa sun kashe fursunonin Senegal. Senegalese Tirailleurs sun ga sabis mai yawa a Afirka ta Yamma, Italiya, da Corsica. A lokacin shekara ta 1944, sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da kudancin Faransa. 9th DIC (Divisionungiyoyin Infan Mulkin mallaka) sun haɗa da runduna ta 4, ta 6, da ta 13 na Senegalese Tirailleurs, kuma sun yi yaƙi daga Toulon zuwa iyakar Switzerland tsakanin watan Agusta da watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1944.
Bayan Yancin Faransa yan Tirailleurs sun kammala hidimarsu a Turai. An maye gurbinsu da sabbin ersan aikin sa kai na Faransa, bisa umarnin Charles de Gaulle Wannan tsari ya zama sananne da "blanchiment." Ganin ƙuntatawa na Amurka akan girman sojojin Faransa, de Gaulle ya zaɓi haɗa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin tsarin rundunar sojan. Tsarin rikitarwa na fitarwa da dawo da Tirailleurs, haɗe da ƙin Faransa ta biya bashin albashi saboda fursunonin yaƙi da aka saki, ya haifar da tashin hankali da dama. Mafi shaharar wadannan shine kisan kiyashin Thiaroye, a cikin 1944, lokacin da Faransawa suka kashe tsakanin 35 zuwa 300 (kafofin sun bambanta) Tirailleurs. An yi wa Tirailleurs Sénégalais alƙawarin cewa don amincewa da aikin su za su zama 'yan ƙasa ɗaya na Faransa, ba a kiyaye wannan alƙawarin ba bayan ƙarshen tashe-tashen hankula.
Bayan shekarar 1945 8724e Regiment de Marche de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, wanda ya ƙunshi bataliyoyi biyu, sun yi aiki a cikin Indochina War tsakanin shekara ta 1946 da shekara ta 1954. Alungiyoyin sojoji masu zaman kansu da yawa na Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun yi faɗa a cikin gidan wasan yaƙi ɗaya. Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun hada da kashi 16 na sojojin Faransa a lokacin Yaƙin Indochina. Har ila yau a cikin danniyar boren da aka yi a Madagascar game da mulkin mallaka na Faransa Tirailleurs sun shiga ciki. A cikin shekara ta 1949 har yanzu akwai ragowar tara na Tirailleurs Sénégalais a cikin Sojan Faransa, suna aiki a Afirka ta Yamma, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia da Indochina.
A lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya, Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun ga sabis mai fa'ida sosai daga shekarar 1954 zuwa shekara ta 1962, akasari a matsayin ɓangare na adan tawayen grid na ƙungiyoyin mamaye waɗanda aka yi niyya don kare gonaki da hanyoyi a yankunan karkara. Kimanin rukuni 12 na Senegal (ko dai runduna bataliya uku ko bataliya ɗaya) sun yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa tsakanin shekara ta 1954 da shekara ta 1967, lokacin da aka janye sojojin Faransa na ƙarshe. A shekara ta 1958-1959 aka rarraba sassan Tirailleur a wani bangare, yayin da aka sauya ma'aikatan Afirka zuwa sabbin rundunonin sojojin kasa lokacin da turawan Faransa suka mallaki Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Adadin tsoffin tirailleurs sun ci gaba da aiki a cikin Sojan Faransa amma a matsayin ɗayan masu sa kai a cikin rukunin lonian Mulkin mallaka (daga baya Marine) Infantry ko Artillery. Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun rasa asalin tarihin su na musamman yayin wannan aikin. A matsayin misali, 1er RTS, wanda aka tashe shi a shekara ta 1857, ya zama runduna ta 61 ta rundunar soja a watan Disambar shekarar 1958. Rabaren Senegal na karshe a cikin Sojan Faransa ya wargaje a cikin shekara ta 1964. Mutumin Senegal na karshe da yayi aiki a yakin duniya na farko Abdoulaye Ndiaye, ya mutu yana da shekaru 104 a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1998. An yi masa rauni a cikin Dardanelles Inifom Daga shekara ta 1857 zuwa shekara ta 1889 'yan Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun sa rigar zouave mai shuɗi mai duhu mai launin shuɗi mai ɗorawa (duba hoto na farko a sama). Wannan aka maye gurbinsu da wani sako-sako da cancantar duhu blue zilaikar, da wando sawa tare da wani ja sash da chechia Fez. An saka farin wando a cikin yanayin zafi kuma an ɗauki rigar filin wasan motsa jiki mai haske a cikin shekara ta 1898. Rakunan Senegal da aka tura zuwa Faransa a cikin shekara ta 1914 sun sanya sabon tufa mai launin shuɗi wanda aka gabatar a watan Yuni na waccan shekarar a ƙarƙashin manyan jakunkunan matsakaitan-shuɗi na sojojin Faransa. Wannan ya canza zuwa shuɗi-shuɗi a cikin shekara ta 1915 sannan kuma duhun kaki na duniya na sojojin ƙetare na Faransa a shekara mai zuwa. Duk tsawon waɗannan canje-canjen an riƙe madaurin rawaya mai banbanci da abin ɗora abin wuya, tare da fez (sawa tare da murfin katako don rage ganuwa). Har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na II 'yan Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun ci gaba da sanya tufafin khaki da aka bayyana a sama, a cikin ko dai kyalle mai nauyi ko rawar motsa jiki gwargwadon yanayi. A m kamfen da suka sa wannan filin kayan kamar yadda sauran Faransa raka'a, yawanci tare da duhu blue forage hula na infanterie coloniale. Jan fes ya tsira a matsayin abun fareti har zuwa shekara ta 1950s.
Filmography Emitaï (1971) yana nuna illar tilasta mutane a ƙauyen Diola.
Baƙi da fari a Launi (1976), daga darektan Faransa Jean-Jacques Annaud, 1hr 30mins
Camp de Thiaroye, ta darektan Senegal Ousmane Sembene, 1987, mintuna 153.
Le Tata, payages de pierres, na darektan Faransa Patrice Robin da Marubuciya Eveline Berruezo, 1992, mintuna 60. Rafael Gutierrez da Dario Arce Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay mémoires du 25 RTS "Fim ɗin fim, 52 2007. Ayyukan Chromatiques- TLM, Faransa.
Adabi A Dare Duk Jinin Baƙi ne Ruhi ɗan'uwana labari ne daga marubucin Faransa David Diop. Da farko aka buga shi cikin Faransanci a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2018, daga Éditions du Seuil, ya lashe Prix Goncourt des Lycéens a waccan shekarar. Littafin yana zagaye da Alfa Ndiaye, dan asalin Senegal wanda ya rasa babban amininsa Mademba Diop yayin yaƙin duniya na ɗaya. Fassarar Ingilishi da Anna Moschovakis ya yi ta lashe kyautar Littattafan Duniya ta shekara ta 2021. An buga shi a Burtaniya ta Pushkin Press kuma a Amurka ta Farrar, Straus da Giroux.
Articles containing French-language text
Duba kuma Tirailleurs: tarihin asalin faransawa masu wannan gwagwarmaya tare da mulkin mallaka (misali: Algeria, Senegal da sauransu) rakailleur
Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Pierre Messmer
Tutocin mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransa da mulkin mallaka
Manazarta 2-7025-0142-7
978-1-47-282619-0
Myron Echenberg, "Bala'i a Thiaroye: Yunkurin Sojojin Senegal a 1944", a cikin Peter Gutkind, Robin Cohen da Jean Copans (eds), Tarihin Kwadago na Afirka, Beverly Hills, 1978, p. 109-128
Myron Echenberg, Kundin Tsarin Mulki: The Tirailleurs Senegalais a Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka, 1857-1960. Heinemann (1990), Kirista Koller »Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt«. Die Diskussion um die Verwendung von Kolonialtruppen in Europa zwischen Rassismus, Kolonial- und Militärpolitik (1914-1930) Beiträge zur Kolonial- und Überseegeschichte, Bd. 82). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, Nancy Ellen Lawler. Sojoji na Bala'i: Ivoirien Tirailleurs na Yaƙin Duniya na II. Ohio Univ Latsa (1992) 978-1-85-532516-6
Filmography Eveline Berruezo da Patrice Robin Le Tata biya mai yawa. Takaddun fim, 60 1992. Espace Mémoire, Faransa.
Rafael Gutierrez da Dario Arce Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay mémoires du 25 RTS "Fim ɗin fim, 52 2007. Ayyukan Chromatiques- TLM, Faransa.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje 'Yan Senegal na Tirailleurs a cikin WWI
Mai Gida ko Bauta? Tunani game da wakilcin jikin ɗan adam na 'yan'illeilleurs (1880-1918) na Nicolas Bancel da Pascal Blanchard
Shafuka kan Yaƙin Flandres, mai da hankali ga Tirailleurs Sénégalais Kirista Koller: Kasancewar Sojan Mulkin Mallaka a Turai (Afirka), a cikin: 1914-1918-kan layi. Encyclopedia na kasa da kasa na yakin duniya na farko Pages with unreviewed |
33538 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osita%20Chidoka | Osita Chidoka | Osita Benjamin Chidoka (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1971) tsohon soja ne na Corps Marshal kuma babban jami'in hukumar kiyaye haɗɗura ta tarayya kuma tsohon ministan sufurin jiragen sama a Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan. Shi ma ɗan uwa ne ga Obinna Chidoka.
Osita Chidoka, ya kasance Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama a Najeriya har zuwa kwanan nan.
Kafin wannan rawar, ya kasance Corps Marshall na Hukumar Kare Haɗurra ta Tarayya inda ya canza hukumar daga wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ta kusan zama ta koma wacce ta samu lambobin yabo daban-daban na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ta zama abin koyi sauran ƙungiyoyin kiyaye Haɗurra a faɗin Afirka.
Osita Chidoka ya samu digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin Gudanarwa daga Jami’ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama’a daga babbar makarantar kula da manufofin jama’a a jami’ar George Mason da ke kasar Amurka. Yana da Certificate a Global Strategy and Political Economy daga Jami'ar Oxford, UK, sannan ya yi Diploma a fannin Maritime Ports Management daga Jami'ar ƙasa ta Singapore.
A lokacin da yake hidimar matasa masu yi wa ƙasa hidima, ya yi aiki a babban birnin tarayya inda ya zama wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, sannan ya samu aiki kai tsaye a hukumar raya babban birnin tarayya Abuja. A lokacin da yake hidima a can, ya ba da gudunmawa sosai ga ci gaban ƙasa ta hanyar ayyukan da ya yi a matsayin sakataren kwamitin ƙasa na ziyarar Papa Roma John Paul na biyu a Najeriya a 1998, wanda ya ba shi yabo Papal. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin nazarin babban tsarin Abuja; Shugaban tawagar, kwamitin da ke da alhakin daftarin manufofin kasa kan hanyoyin zirga-zirgar babura a Najeriya; kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Sakatare, Kwamitin Sojoji na 1999 zuwa hannun farar hula, da sauransu. Ya taba rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban kasa a ma’aikatar ayyuka da gidaje ta tarayya; Mataimaki na sirri ga Ministan Sufuri; da kuma mataimaki na musamman ga babban mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin shari'a.
Bayan da ya yi fice kuma ya samu lambar yabo, Chidoka ya koma Mobil Producing Nigeria, reshen kamfanin Exxon Mobil Corporation, a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin gwamnati da kasuwanci. A cikin wannan rawar ne, a shekarar 2007, shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na lokacin, Cif Olusegun Obasanjo, ya neme shi, ya naɗa shi a matsayin Corps Marshal da kuma shugaban hukumar kiyaye Haɗurra ta ƙasa (FRSC).
Jagorancin sa na hukumar FRSC ya kai ga sauya hukumar zuwa hukumar gudanarwar kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da tabbatar da tsaro a kasar nan ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa. Wannan sauye-sauyen yana da tasirin da ake iya gani na raguwar mace-mace da kashi 15 cikin 100 daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2009 da kashi 28 cikin 100 a shekarar 2010 da kuma karuwar tarar daga Naira biliyan 0.5 a shekarar 2006 zuwa Naira biliyan 1.4 a shekarar 2010. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, FRSC ta gina amintaccen rajistar masu laifi da kuma bayanan direbobi da ababen hawa a kasar, wanda hakan ya sa kungiyar ECOWAS ta yi amfani da tsarin Najeriya a tsarin da aka tsara na sarrafa bayanan motocin yankin na sauran ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. Ƙirƙirar dabarun kiyaye hanya ta Najeriya (2012-2016) an cimma ta ta hanyar da ta haɗa da dukkan hukumomin da ke tabbatar da mallakin tsarin tsakanin hukumomin.
Ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, hukumar kiyaye Haɗurra ta tarayya ta lashe babbar lambar yabo ta yarima Michael International Safety Award a watan Disamba 2008; kyautar lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar ƙwadago da Samar da Samfura ta Ƙasa a watan Oktoba, 2010. Haka kuma, bin ka’idojin da hukumar ta FRSC ta yi a duk duniya ya kai ga ba wa Hukumar Takaddun Shaida ta Kasa (SON) takardar shedar Samar da Takaddun Shaida (ISO 9001:2008) ga Hukumar a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2013.
Domin ganin irin gagarumar gudunmawar da Osita Chidoka ya bayar wajen ci gaban kasa da al’umma, an saka masa jarin da aka saka masa da sunan gargajiya na Ike-Obosi (Karfin Obosi) da kuma mamba na Ndi-Ichie, wanda shi ne mafi ƙololuwar majalisar zartarwa ta Obosi Traditional Council of Anambra State. Mayu, 2009. Ya samu lambar yabo ta Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria Merit Award a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2010, da kuma Institute of Logistics Management of Nigeria Fellowship Award a watan Yuli, 2011.
An ba shi lambar yabo ta Distinguished Alumnus Award for Good Governance and Model on Road Safety daga Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2011. Kuma bisa nuna kishin ƙasa ga ƙasarsa, shugaban ƙasa kuma babban kwamandan sojojin tarayyar Najeriya, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, 2011, ya ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Najeriya. na Tarayyar Tarayya, OFR. Ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon Ma’aikacin Jaridun Sun da Hallmark na Shekarar 2012 kuma a qarqashin sa FRSC ta lashe lambar yabo ta Hukumar Jarida ta Leadership na shekarar 2012.
Bisa la'akari da ƙwarewarsa, Mista Shugaban ƙasa ya naɗa shi ya jagoranci ƙaramin kwamitin sufuri na kwamitin shugaban ƙasa kan cika shekaru 100 na Najeriya. Wannan nasarar da aka samu ta kai shi ga naɗinsa a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Sufuri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya da aka gudanar a watan Mayun 2014 a Najeriya, daga ƙarshe kuma, Mista Shugaban kasar ya nada shi Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya a ranar Laraba 23 ga Yuli 2014.
Osita Chidoka (Ike Obosi) mai fafutukar kare manufofin jama'a ne. Ya rubuta ƙasidu da yawa da ƙasidu da gabatar da jawabai a fagage da dama na manufofin jama'a da kula da tsaro. Ya rubuta wani shafi na yau da kullun, “Mai Gina Gada” don Jaridun Jagoranci, inda ya zayyana dabaru masu inganci don shugabanci nagari.
</br>A shekarar 2017 Chidoka ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Anambra dake kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar United Progressive Party amma Willie Obiano na jam'iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance ya doke shi. Chidoka ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. A shekarar 2019, an ƙaddamar da wani shiri na wayar da kan jama’a kan harkokin kiwon lafiya a garinsu Obosi, kuma an shirya shi ne don isa ga al’ummai 179 na jihar Anambra Za ta ƙunshi nau’o’in gwaje-gwajen lafiya da dama da kuma kula da yanayin kiwon lafiya kamar hawan jini, ciwon ido, ciwon suga, ciwon hanta, zazzaɓin cizon sauro, Typhoid, da dai sauransu, gami da samar da gilashin ido kyauta da sarrafa magunguna. An fahimci cewa Osita Chidoka na shirin yin amfani da tallafin da likitocinsa na gida da na waje suke ba shi don ganin an shawo kan lamarin.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22661 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo%20Salami | Adebayo Salami | Adebayo Ayoade Salami (an haife shine a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1951 7 ga watan Janairun 2021) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka zaɓa matsayin sanata a mazabar Osun ta tsakiya na jihar Osun, Najeriya a farkon jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Najeriya. Ya fito takara ne a jam'iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD) dandali. Ya koma aiki ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1999. Bayan ya hau kujerar sa a majalisar dattijai a watan Yunin 1999, daga nan aka nada shi kwamiti akan asusun gwamnati, na kwadago (mataimakin shugaban), wutar lantarki da ke karafa da albarkatun ruwa. A cikin muhawara a watan Mayun shekarar 2001 kan shigo da wake daga Burkina Faso, Bayo Salami yana cikin tsirarun mutane lokacin da ya bayar da hujjar cewa duk abin da za a yi don ciyar da 'yan Najeriya da sanya abinci mai araha ga mutane ya kamata a yi.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Adebayo Ayoade Salami ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1951 a gidansa da ke Osogbo.
Iyaye Mahaifin Adebayo shine Busari Oladiti Salami, Babban sufeton kula da tsafta ne wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a cikin masu dabarun sa Na siyasa Osogbo. Mahaifiyarsa, Rafatu Ayinke mace ce mai ƙwazo a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Ta kasance yar kasuwa kuma yar kwangila a zamanin ECN (Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya) da NEPA (Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa) baki daga.
Ilimin Farko "Amusa," kamar yadda aka kira shi yana yaro, wanda shine asalin yaren Yarbawa na sunan Musulunci Hamzat, ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Michael, Ilobu a cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Irepodun ta jihar Osun a yau Domin karatun sakandare, matashi Amusa Adebayo Salami ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Ife-Olu, daga baya kuma, makarantar nahawu ta Akinorun Ikirun inda ya sami shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1969. Sannan ya kira Adebayo, ya halarci Kwalejin Oduduwa da ke Ile-Ife don karatun Digiri sa’na Babbar Makaranta a tsakanin shekara ta 1970 zuwa 1971.
Babban Ilimi Adebayo Salami ya karanci lissafin kudi ne,a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara, Ilorin tsakanin shekarar 1972 zuwa 1974, sannan ya sami OND (Difloma National Diploma). Ya kasance a shahararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba, Legas, don HND tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 1978. Daga baya a farkon shekarun 2000 Adebayo ya sami digirinsa na Babbar Jagora na Kasuwanci ne daga Jami'ar Jihar Imo National Service Service Corps An tattara Adebayo a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a shekarar 1978 kuma ya yi aikin tilas na shekara daya na bautar kasa a matsayin akawu a tsohuwar jihar Kaduna Adebayo Salami a matsayin matashin akawu ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Kaduna tsakanin shekarar 1978 zuwa 1979. Ya kasance mai aiki tuƙuru da tasiri yayin shekarar hidimarsa ta yadda kulawar National Freight ta ba shi aiki ta hanyar riƙe shi bayan shekarar hidimarsa. Ya yi aiki kuna a matsayin matashin akawu a wannan ofishin kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama babban akawu na kamfanin.
Kasuwanci Matashin mai burin, Adebayo, daga baya ya bar Kamfanin Sufurin Jiragen Sama na National Freight don kafa Aolat Nigeria Limited, injiniyan gine -gine da gine -gine a can Kaduna. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai bunƙasa a cikin gari kuma abokai da abokan kasuwanci sun kira shi da suna "The Young Millionare".
Aikin siyasa
Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Olorunda Adebayo Salami ya fara gwada rigingimun siyasar Najeriya a shekarar 1990 lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Shugaban Karamar Hukumar, (karamar hukumar Olorunda) a zaben kananan hukumomi na ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1990 kuma ya ci nasara. Adebayo, wanda kuma yanzu aka fi sani da Bayo Salami, ya lashe wannan zaɓen a dandalin Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican A cikin mafi rinjayen muhallin Social Democratic Party (SDP) wanda tsohuwar jihar Oyo ta kasance, Bayo ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Shugabannin Kananan Hukumomi guda uku da sabuwar Jihar Osun ta samu a shekarar 1991 akan kirkiro jihar. Sauran biyun sune kananan hukumomin Boripe da Ife-North. Sauran kananan hukumomin duk shugabannin SDP ne ke tafiyar da su.
Kwadayin Gwamna Adebayo Salami ya lashe tikitin zama dan takarar gwamnan NRC na jihar Osun. Ya tsaya takarar gwamna a ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 1991 a jihar Osun amma ya sha da kyar a hannun Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke na SDP wanda ya zama Gwamna na farko na sabuwar jihar Osun da aka kafa a watan Janairun 1992. Bayo Salami daga wannan yunƙurin zaɓen ya zama sananne da suna a siyasar Osun. Idan ya yi rashin nasara sosai ga Isiaka Adeleke lokacin da yake cikin jam'iyyar NRC da ba ta da farin jini a yankin Kudu maso Yamma, zai iya yin abin da ya fi kyau idan ya shiga Kungiyar 'Yan Siyasa Masu Ci Gaba.
Dabarun Bayo Salami ya auna zaɓin sa kuma ya haɗu tare a cikin 1998 tare da masu cigaba, jagorancin Marigayi Bola Ige Aiki tukuru da biyayya ga wata manufa ya sa Salami ya shiga cikin zukatan shugabannin sabuwar kungiyar siyasarsa. An kuma ba shi tikitin takarar Sanata ta Osun ta Tsakiya don tsayawa takarar sanata.
Majalisar Dattawa Adebayo ya lashe zaben a watan Janairun 1999 sannan ya zama sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya a watan Yunin 1999. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta 4 (1999-2003). Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Kwadago na Majalisar Dattawa sannan daga baya ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Al'adu da yawon bude ido na Majalisar Dattawa. A lokuta daban -daban ya kasance memba ne a kwamitocin majalisar dattijai akan asusun gwamnati, mai da gas, tsaro, yawan jama'a, da babban birnin tarayya.
Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Sanata Adebayo Salami shi ma jigo ne na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) mai wakiltar jihar Osun kafin rasuwarsa a watan Janairun 2021.
Iyali da Addini Bayo Salami mutum ne na dangi kuma ya dauki lokaci mai yawa tare da danginsa na kusa da na kusa. Yana da mata biyu, Ayisat Abosede da Muslimat Folasade, da kuma yara 5 da manyan yara da yawa. Bayo Salami Musulmi ne mai ibada kuma ya ba da komai nasa wajen tallafawa Musulunci da yada shi. Yana da kuma tsauraran manufofinsa na "Mugunta ga kowa" wanda ya bi a duk rayuwarsa. Sanatan yana da abokai da yawa waɗanda suka yanke kan addini, kabila, siyasa, al'adu, da ƙabila.
Nassoshi Mutanen Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
5632 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos%20%28birni%29 | Lagos (birni) | Birnin Legas, ko kuma Birnin Ikko, shi ne babban birnin Jihar Legas da ke Najeriya. Legas yana daya daga cikin birane mafi girma da yawan jama'a a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya. Legas ne birni na biyu mafi girma a Afirka, kuma na bakwai a duniya. Kimanin mutum miliyan 15.3 (a shekara ta 2022) ke rayuwa a Legas. Garin Legas na da mutane kimanin 23.5 million a shekara ta 2018, wanda ya maida shi babban birni mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Legas ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci a jihar Legas da Najeriya gaba daya.
Legas tana daya daga cikin birane goma masu habbaka da sauri a duniyaBabban birnin yana matsayin na hudu a kawo kudin shiga (GDP) a Africakuma akwai daya daga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi hada-hada Afirka.Birnin Legas cibiya ne na ilimi, gargajiya a sassan Afirka da ke kudancin sahara.
Legas a da gida ne ga mutanen Awori, wani reshe ne na Yarbanci na yammacin Afirka. Amma yanzu ta zama birnin tashoshin jiragen ruwa wanda ya samo asali daga tsibirai dabam-dabam. Gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanar da harkokin wannan babban birni har izuwa shekarar 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba birnin zuwa kananan hukumomi 7 da muke da su a yau. da kuma karin birane 3 wanda ya sa kananan hukumomin suka koma 13 wanda suka samar da jihar Legas na yau. Har wa yau, an mai da Ikeja ta zamo babban birnin jihar a shekara ta 1976, sannan Abuja ta koma babban birnin tarayya a shekara ta 1991. Wuraren da ake kira birnin Legas watau "Lagos Metroplitan Area" sun hada da manyan biranen jihar guda 16 har da Ikeja. Wannan manyan birane sun mamaye kashi 37% na fadin kasar Legas, sannan tana dauke da fiye da kaso 86% na mutanen jihar Legas. Akwai rudani game da ainihin yawan mutane birnin Legas. A kidaya da akayi na shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa akwai adadin mutane miliyan 8 a birnin. Sai dai gwamnatin jihar ta nuna rashin amincewarta ga adadin kidayan inda ta daki nata adadin da kimanin mutane miliyan 16. A shekara ta 2015 wani kundi wanda gwamnati bata tantance shi ya sanya mutanen Legas har zuwa kusa da jihar Ogun kimanin mutum miliyan 21.
Tarihi Mutanen Awori (reshen yaren yarbanci) ne suka fara zama a ainihin garin a karni na 15. Daga baya mutanen Awori sun koma wani tsiburi da ake kira Iddo sannan sai kuma babban tsiburin Lagos.A karni na 16, Daular Benin ta ci nasarar mutanen mamaye mutane Awori sannan tsibirin ya zama tushen yaki wanda ake kira Eko a karkashin Oba (sarki) na lokacin. Har yanzu ana kiran garin Lagos Eko a gargajiyance.v
Lagos wanda ke nufin "tafki" (lakes) a You Portugal suna ne wanda mutanen Portugal suka baiwa wajen. A tarihance, garin ya kasance na yaruka daba daban wanda suke rayuwa a wajen. Bayan mutanen Awori da kuma mamaye ta daga jaruman mayakan Bini, jihar ta jawo ra'ayin turawan Portugal a karni na 15.
Mai binciken kasashe dan Portugal ya ziyarci wajen a shekara ta 1472, inda ya sanya wa wajen suna Lago de Curamo watau Tafkin Curamo.
A farkon karni na 19, Turawa sunyi kokarin kawo karshen cinikayyar bayi na "Transatlantic Slave Trade" ta hanyar kafa kungiyoyin "West Africa Squadron" ko kuma "Preventative Squadron" wanda sukayi ta bibiyar jiragen ruwa da ke daukan bayi daga yankunan da ke kusa da ruwa kama daga Sierra Leone har zuwa Kogin Niger Delta (watau Najeriya a yau) da kuma can nesa da kudancin yankin Congo don kafa dokaki da manyan mutane dake yankin Afurka ta yamma.A shekara ta 1849 Turawa sun nada John Beecroft a matsayin karamin jakadan Benin da Biafra matsayin da ya rike (a karkashin gwamna Fernando Po) har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1854. An nada John Duncan a matsayin maitamakin karamin jakada kuma an maida shi Wydah. A lokacin da aka nada Beecroft, masarautar Lagos (a karkashin mulkin Oba Kosoko) tana yammacin yakin Benin da Biafra wanda daya ne daga cikin manyan tashoshin fataucin bayi a yankin.A cikin shekara ta 1851 tare da matsi don tsaida cinikayyar bayi, turawa sun karbe Lagos wanda ake kiran lokacin da 'yantar da Lagos (Bombardment of Lagos ko Capture of Lagos), inda aka sauke Kosoko kuma aka daura Oba Akitoye.
Oba Akitoye ya sanya hannu a wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Turawa da Lagos don haramta kasuwanci bayi a yankin. Sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar a shekara ta 1952 ya kawo natsuwa a Lagos inda turawa suka bada kariya ga mutanen Lagos.
Turawa sun fara mulkan Lagos a ran 5 March shekara ta 1962. An amso ragowar sashen Najeriya a shekara ta 1887, sannan kuma a lokacin da aka kaddamar yankin mulkin mallakan turawa na Najeriya a shekara ta 1914, Lagos ta zamo babban birnin kasan, har zuwa farkon samun 'yancin kasar a shekara ta 1960. Tun a karni na 19 ga wata Lagos ta zamo cibiyar hada-hada tsakaninta da turawa. An samar da hanyoyin titunan jirgin kasa da wayoyin tarho da suke hada sadarwa tsakanin Najeriya da London 1886.An kawo wutan lantarki a cikin gari a shekara ta 1898.A cikin lokaci kankani, Lagos ta samu cigaba da bunkasa a dalilin ribar man-fetur a Njeriya.
Kafin kirkirar jihar Lagos a 27 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1967, Lagos ta kasance babban birni mai cin gashin kanta wanda gwamnatin tarayya ta nata a karkashin Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs, a yayinda Lagos City Council (LCC) ke gudanar da harkokin gwamnatin jihar.Lagos tare da sauran birane daga mulkin turawa (Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe da kuma Badagry), aka hada aka samar da jihar Lagos. An rarraba Birnin Lagos zuwa kananan hukumomi 7 da muke da su a yau, a yayinda sauran biranen suka rarrabu zuwa kananan hukumomi (13) na jihar. Birnin Lagos na taka rawa biyu a matsayin babban birnin jihar da kuma babban birnin Kasa har zuwa shekara ta 1976 lokacin da aka maida Ikeja ta zamo babban birnin Jihar. Lagos ta sama sauye-sauye da yawa a lokacin mulkin sojojin Najeriya.Har wayau, an canza babban birnin Najeriya daga Lagos zuwa Abuja a ranar 12 ga watan December shekara ta 1991.
Labarin Kasa An kasa Lagos zuwa kashi biyu, kasa (mainland) da kuma tsiburi (Island)
Sashin Birnin Gini mafi tsawo a Najeriya yana Lagos. A iya samun tsarin gine-gine na zamani na turawa iri-iri a birnin Lagos. Ana iya samun tsarin gine-ginen Brazil kamansu Water House da Shitta Bey Mosque.Benaye na skyscrappers na nan a tsakiyar tsibirin sannan akwai gine-gine masu tsawo a sashen cikin gari (mainland).A kwanan nan ne gwamnati ta tada tsofaffin wuraren shakatawa da kuma dazuka da nufin fadada filayen zaman al'umma. Akwai gine-gine na ado na ban sha'awa da kece raini da yawa a cikin birnin.
Tsibiri (Island) Island shine kalmar geography wacce ake amfani da ita wajen kiran wuraren da ke kan hanyoyin ruwan da suka hadu da tekun Atlantic Ocean wanda ya samar da bakin tekun Lagos, da waje mai turbaya a Lagos (mainland). Tsibirin din ya hada da tsibirai daban-daban wanda koramu ke tsakaninsu wanda aka hade su da gadoji. Wannan sashin na Lagos shine ainihin wurin kasuwanci da bushasha. Kuma a wannan yankin ne benaye na zamani suke. Kananan hukumomi dake cikin tsibirin sun hada da Lagos Island da Eti-Osa. Sannan kuma ainihin wuraren dake da manyan gidaje sun hada da Ikoyi da kuma Victoria Island. Wani sashi mai mahimmanci na tsibirin Lagos shine Marina. yana nan dab da kasuwannin idumota da Balogun kuma a nan ne mafi akasarin bankuna da wuraren cinikayya suke. Gadoji guda uku suka hade tsibirin da kuma sashin doron kasa na Lagos. Sune gadar Carter Bridge wacce ta fara daga Iddo, gadar Eko Bridge wacce akafi sani da a da da gadar mainland ta biyu, sai kuma gada ta uku watau Third Mainland Bridge wacce ta taho daga sashin mai tarin jama'a zuwa koramar Lagos (Lagos lagoon). Akwai kuma gadar Ikoyi wanda ke cikin tsibirn, wacce ta hada Ikoyi da Lekki Phase 1.Za'a fara ginin gada na hudu a shekara ta 2022 a cewar gwmanan Lagos, Babajide Sanwo-Olu.
Lagos Island Lagos Island shi ke dauke da cibiyar kasuwancin garin (central business district). Gundumar na dauke da manyan benaye. Wurin har wayau na dauke da manyan wararen kasuwanci kamar Idumota da kuma kasuwar Balogun.
Ikoyi Ikoyi wani yanki ne dake gabacin tsibirin Lagos. Har wayau, Ikoyi ta hade da Victoria Island ta gadar Falomo Brigde. Hedikwatocin gwamnatin tarayya da sauran wuraren gwamnatin kamar Federal secretariat Complex duk suna cikin Ikoyi.
A cikin Ikoyi akwai barikin sojojin da na 'yan sanda da gidajen yari masu tsaro sosai.
Victoria Island Tsibirin Victoria Island na yankin kudancin Lagos Island. Tana da wuraren haya masu tsadan gaske da kuma wuraren holewa da shakatawa duk auna can. Wannan tsibiri tare da Ikoyi na da wuraren kasuwanci sannan kuma akwai gabar teku na shakatawa da aka tsara.
Ajah/Lekki Itama Lekki tana da wurare masu alfarma kaman makwabtan ta Ikoyi da Victoria Island. Girman yankin ya fara daga Lekki toll gate, (inda nan ne aka gudanar da zanzangar #EndSars a watan October shekara ta 2019) har zuwa Ibeju-Lekki da sauran kananan yankuna da ke gefen ta. Akwai wurare na gani na fada acikin Lekki, kamar su Lekki Conservation Centre da Novare Mall daLekki Free Trade Zone Dangote, Lagos Business School, Eleko Beach, Elegushi Beach, La Campaigne Tropicana beach/tourist getaway, jami'ar Pan-Atlantic University. Har wayau wurin na takama da babban mutuware na Catholica dake Lekki.
Iddo Akan hanyar ruwa na tafkin tsibirin Lagos akwai wani karamin garin da ake kira Iddo. Iddo ta kasance akan hanyar titin jirgin kasa kuma tana karkashin karamar hukumar Lagos mainland
MainLand Akwai tarin mutanen Lagos a Lagos Mainland sannan mafi akasarin ma'aikatu suna can. An san yankin da mawaka da kuma wuraren rawa na dare kamar Yaba da Surulere.
Yanayi Lagos na da yanayi na tropical savanna climate (Aw) a tsarin rabon yanayi na "Köppen climate classification". Wato akwai ruwan sama na tsawon watanni hudu na ruwa mai karfi 60mm (2.4in). Damuna na farawa ne daga watan Aprelu zuwa October, a yayin da rani kan fara daga watan Nuwamba zuwa March. Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine June akalla 315.5 mm ko kuma 12.42in a watan. Sannan kuma wata mafi karancin ruwan sama shine January wanda ke da kasa da 13.2 mm (0.52in).
Lagos na da yanayi na zafi/sanyi da ke tsakanin 28.3 zuwa 32.9°C (82.9 zuwa 91.2 °F). Lagos na da irin yanayi na Southern Hemisphere, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan March da kimanin 32.9 zuwa 24.1 °C (91.2 zuwa 75.4 °F). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine August 28.3 to 21.8 °C (82.9 to 71.2 °F).
Al'umma
Tattalin Arziki
Al'adu
Wuraren Shakatawa
Manazarta
Biranen Najeriya
|
51166 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20sa%20ido%20kan%20tattalin%20arzikin%20kasashen%20yammacin%20Afrika | Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika | Kungiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOMOG) runduna ce mai dauke da makamai ta Yamma ta Afirka da kungiyar Tattalin arzikin Yammacin Afrika (ECOWAS) ta kafa. ECOMOG tsari ne na yau da kullun don sojoji daban-daban su yi aiki tare. Ma'aikata da albarkatun Sojojin Najeriya sun goyi bayansa sosai, tare da rukunin ƙarfin battalion da wasu mambobin ECOWAS suka ba da gudummawa Ghana, Guinea, Saliyo, Gambiya, Laberiya, Mali, Burkina Faso, Nijar, da sauransu.
Tarihi Najeriya da sauran mambobin ECOWAS sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Taimako na Tsaro, a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981. Daga cikin sauran gabobin kamar Kwamitin Tsaro da Majalisar, ya samar da kafa rundunar Sojojin Allied Armed Force of the Community (AAFC) kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Mambobin ECOWAS masu magana da Ingilishi sun kafa ECOMOG a cikin 1990 don shiga tsakani a yakin basasa a Laberiya (1989-97). Masanin Najeriya Adekeye Adebajo ya rubuta a shekara ta 2002 cewa "akwai cancanta... a cikin gardamar cewa kafa ECOMOG bai dace da bukatun shari'ar ECOWAS ba". Kwamitin Tsakanin Tsakanin, hukumar da ta kafa ECOMOG a taron da ta yi a Banjul, Gambiya a ranar 6-7 ga watan Agusta 1990, 'a kan tushe na shari'a'. Adebajo ya kammala cewa muhawara da aka yi amfani da ita don kafa ECOMOG tana da tushe mai ƙarfi a siyasa fiye da doka. Ba a bi jagororin Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ba, kuma an tabbatar da ECOMOG da yawa a kan dalilai na jin kai.
A cikin Afirka, ECOMOG ta wakilci ƙoƙari na farko na amintacce na shirin tsaro na yanki tun lokacin da Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) ta yi ƙoƙarin kafa 'Sojojin Afirka' don shiga tsakani a Chadi a 1981.
Membobin ECOMOG masu magana da Ingilishi sun yi aiki ne saboda yawancin mambobin ECOWAS masu magana da harshen Faransanci sun yi tsayayya da turawa. Shugabannin Burkina Faso da Cote d'Ivoire sun goyi bayan Charles Taylor a yunkurinsa na kawar da Samuel Doe. Ba kamar aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yau da kullun ba, turawa ta farko ta ECOMOG ta haifar da yaƙi da hanyar shiga cikin yakin basasa na bangarori da yawa, a cikin ƙoƙari na tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi. Kwamandan Sojoji na farko shi ne Lieutenant Janar Arnold Quainoo na Ghana, amma wani layin jami'an Najeriya ne ya gaje shi. Manjo Janar Joshua Dogonyaro ya maye gurbin Quainoo bayan Quainoo ya bar Monrovia don tattaunawa da manyan jami'an ECOWAS jim kadan bayan mutuwar Samuel Doe a hannun Yarima Johnson's Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1990.
Bayan wasu abubuwan da Taylor ya yi cewa 'yan Najeriya masu magana da Ingilishi sun yi adawa da shi, an kawo sojojin Senegal tare da wasu tallafin kudi daga Amurka. Ayyukansu, duk da haka, ba su da tsawo, bayan babban rikici da sojojin Taylor a Vahun, Lofa County a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1992, lokacin da aka kashe shida lokacin da taron magoya bayan NPFL suka kewaye motansu kuma suka bukaci su mika jeep da makamai. Dukkanin sojoji 1,500 na Senegal an janye su a tsakiyar watan Janairun 1993.
A duk lokacin da aka yi aikin, cin hanci da rashawa da aka shirya ta hanyar sojojin ECOMOG sun jagoranci wasu 'yan Liberiya su sake yin amfani da acronym ECOMOG a matsayin "Kowane Motar ko Abu Mai Motar da ta Fitar". Stephen Ellis ya ba da rahoton daya daga cikin misalai mafi banƙyama kamar yadda aka cire kayan aikin sarrafa ƙarfe don siyarwa gaba ɗaya yayin da mahaɗin Buchanan ke ƙarƙashin ikon ECOMOG.
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da wasu tallafi ga rundunar ta hanyar kamfanin Amurka Pacific Architects Engineers, wanda ya ba da motoci da direbobi. Sojojin Sama guda biyar C-130 Hercules sun kuma tura sojojin Afirka da kayayyaki a lokacin Operation Assured Lift a watan Fabrairu-Maris 1997.
Bayan zaben Charles Taylor a matsayin Shugaban Laberiya a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1997, Kwamandan filin karshe, Janar Timothy Shelpidi, ya janye rundunar gaba daya a ƙarshen 1998.
ECOWAS ta tura sojojin ECOMOG daga baya don sarrafa rikici a wasu lokuta:
1997 Saliyo, don dakatar da tawaye na RUF.
1999 Guinea-Bissau, don kawo karshen yakin basasar Guinea-Bisau
A shekara ta 2001, ECOWAS ta shirya tura mutane 1,700 a kan iyakar Guinea-Liberia don dakatar da shiga cikin 'yan tawaye da ke adawa da sabuwar gwamnatin bayan zaben 1998. Koyaya, fada tsakanin sabuwar gwamnatin Charles Taylor da sabuwar ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta LURD, tare da rashin kuɗi, yana nufin ba a taɓa tura karfi ba.
A shekara ta 2003 ECOWAS, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Amurka, ta kaddamar da irin wannan aikin da ake kira ECOMIL don dakatar da mamayar Monrovia da sojojin 'yan tawaye yayin da ake ci gaba da kokarin zaman lafiya, a lokacin yakin basasar Liberia na biyu. Ko da yaushe an yi niyya a matsayin dakarun wucin gadi, nan da nan ne aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na UNMIL ya yi nasara.
Kwamandojin ECOMOG Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin lokutan kwamandojin ECOMOG:
Laberiya
Saliyo
Bayani
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Adekeye Adebajo, 'Yaƙin basasar Liberia: Najeriya, ECOMOG, da Tsaron Yankin a Yammacin Afirka,' Lynne Rienner Kwalejin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, 2002
Haɗin waje Binciken shigar ECOMOG a Laberiya da aka buga a cikin "Human Rights Watch World Reports", Volume 5, fitowar No. 6, Yuni 1993,
ECOMOG: Misali don Afirka? ta Comfort Ero, Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro, Kwalejin Sarki ta London a cikin Monograph No 46, Fabrairu 2000 da Cibiyar Nazaren Tsaro ta buga.
Bayanan martaba: Ecomog, BBC News Online, 17 Yuni 2004.
ECOMOG: Mai Zaman Lafiya ko Mai Kasancewa?, BBC News Online, Fabrairu 11, 1998.
Ofishin 'yan kasa da shige da fice na Amurka, Saliyo: Bayani game da juyin mulkin 1997 cin zarafin fararen hula na ECOMOG, da halin da ake ciki a Saliyo, 5 ga Janairun 2000
Tattalin Arziki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59493 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Yanayi | Ƙungiyar Yanayi | Kungiyar Climate kungiya ce mai zaman kanta,wacce ke aiki tare da kamfanoni da shugabannin gwamnati a duk duniya don magance canjin yanayi.Kungiyar tana da shirye-shiryen da ke mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa da rage hayaƙin gas.An ƙaddamar dashi a shekara ta 2004,ƙungiyar tana aiki a duniya tare da ofisoshi a Burtaniya (headquarters),Amurka da Indiya.
Tana aiki a matsayin sakateriyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa biyu,haɗin gwiwoyi na gwamnatoci da yankuna a duk duniya,waɗanda suka himmatu ga rage fitar da iskar gas zuwa matakan zero a shekarar 2050.I zuwa 2022, Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa ta haɗu da gwamnatoci sama da 270 waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane biliyan 1.75 da kashi 50% na tattalin arzikin duniya.
Shirin kasuwanci na kungiyar, wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ''We Mean Business'', tana da niyyar haɓɓaka buƙatun kamfanoni don makamashi mai sabuntawa,yawan makamashi da sufuri na lantarki,hanzarta sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin fitar da iska, yayin da yake taimakawa wajen jagorantar kasuwancin don rage hayakin carbon, zama mafi ƙarfi da haɓaka riba.
Sauran ayyukan da suka gabata da na yanzu,sun haɗa da gwajin LED "LightSavers"na duniya, wanda ya faru a birane kamar New York City, Hong Kong da Kolkata;aikin ƙa'idodin Yanayi,wanda a ƙarƙashinsa cibiyoyin kuɗi (ciki har da Credit Agricole, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Swiss Re,F C Asset Management da BNP Paribas),sun yarda suyi la'akari da canjin yanayi yayin tsara ayyukansu da samfuran su; Jihohi da Yankin Alliance,waɗanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa manufofin canjin yanayi na lardin,da kuma inganta manufofin canji da ƙarancin carbon.
Sun yi haɗin gwiwa a kan shirye-shirye da rahotanni tareda kungiyoyi,gami da Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSi),International Emissions Trading Association (IETA),CDP, Gidauniyar Basel ta Duniya, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York,Gidaunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,Asusun Marshall na Jamus,Ofishin Tony Blair da Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Duniya kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba.
Ƙungiyar Climate ta ɗauki baƙuncin taron ƙoli na ƙasa da ƙasa, da abubuwan da suka faru, tare da Climate Week NYC a Birnin New York, wani taron mako-mako na duniya, wanda ke inganta aikin yanayi na duniya, da kuma taron India Energy Access Summit a New Delhi.
Tarihi Anfara kungiyar Climate Group a shekara ta 2003,kuma an ƙaddamar da ita a shekara ta 2004,ta tsohon Shugaba da kuma Steve Howard,tareda tsohon Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa Jim Walkerda tsohon Darakta na Sadarwa Alison Lucas.Ya samo asali ne daga bincike da Asusun Rockefeller Brothers ya jagoranta kuma an kafa shi don ƙarfafa manyan kamfanoni da gwamnatocin ƙasa don ɗaukar mataki kan canjin yanayi.Don shiga, kamfani ko gwamnati dole ne su sanya hannu kan ƙa'idojin jagorancin ƙungiyar.Tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya goyi bayan kungiyar tun lokacin da'aka ƙaddamar da ita kuma ya bayyana yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na ƙungiyar.
Cibiyar sadarwa ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Jihohi da Yankuna ta Climate Group ta haɗa da wasu fitattun shugabannin gwamnatocin dake cikin ƙasa, waɗanda suka kasance, ko suna da hannu a cikin aikin manufofinta na haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa da rage hayakin gas.Waɗannan sun haɗa da, Ministan farko na Scotland Alex Salmond; Ministan farko na Welsh Carwyn Jones; Yarima Albert na Monaco; tsohon Gwamnan California, Arnold Schwarzenegger; tsohon Firimiya Minista na Manitoba, Gary Doer; tsohon Firaministan Quebec, Jean Charest; tsohon Firimiya na Kudancin Australia Mike Rann da Shugaban Poitou-Charentes,Ségolène Royal. Acikin shekaru masu zuwa,Schwarzenegger, Charest da Salmond,kowannensu ya sami:Kyautar jagorancin yanayi ta ƙasa da ƙasa daga shugaban Mike Rann. Cibiyar sadarwar ta haɗa da sama da kamfanoni 80 da gwamnatoci mafi girma a duniya (ciki harda, alal misali, Birnin New York, Miami, Los Angeles, Jihar California,yawancin lardunan Kanada da Australiya,da Birnin London).
A shekara ta 2011, Mark Kenber,wanda a baya ya kasan ce mataimakin Shugaba, ya maye gurbin Steve Howard a matsayin Shugaba. Yayi murabus daga mukamin a shekarar 2016.
A cikin 2017, Helen Clarkson ta zama Shugaba.
Kudin Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta bayyana cewa, tana aiki ba tare da wata ƙungiya ta gwamnati ba. Tana tallafawa aikin ta daga hanyoyin kuɗaɗen shiga daban-daban. Ƙungiyar ta 2004 ta sami goyon baya da farko daga ƙungiyoyin agaji, gami da Asusun Rockefeller Brothers,Gidauniyar DOEN,Gidaunin John D da Catherine T. MacArthur, da Gidauniyoyin Esmee Fairbairn. Rahoton shekara-shekara na kungiyar na 2007-2008 ya nuna cewa sama da kashi 75% na kuɗaɗen da ta bayar a lokacin sun fitone daga gudummawar agaji,tushe da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma daga kungiyar HSBC Climate Partnership da'aka dakatar yanzu.
Har zuwa kwanan nan, 'yan kasuwa da membobin gwamnati sun biya su zama membobin The Climate Group, kuma wannan kudade sun kai kusan 20% na kasafin kuɗin aiki na kungiyar. Yawancin shirye-shiryenta ana gudanar da su ne tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da membobin, waɗanda tallafawa sau da yawa shine tushen tushen kudaden shiga ga waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Kungiyar Climate ta bayyana cewa ma'aikata ne ke jagorantar dabarun gaba ɗaya wani lokacin a cikin shawarwari tare da membobinta kuma kwamitin ta ya amince da ita, kuma babu wata alaƙa tsakanin membobin da shugabancin kungiyar.
HSBC Yanayin Yanayi A cikin 2007, HSBC ta ba da sanarwar cewa The Climate Group, tare da WWF, Earthwatch, da Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, za su zama abokin tarayya a cikin HSBC Climate Partnership, kuma sun ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 100 don tallafawa aikin hadin gwiwa mafi girman gudummawar kamfanoni ga muhalli. Ana iya ganin sakamakon wannan shirin a cikin HSBC's 2010 Partnership Review, da kuma fim din HSBC'n Clean Cities na Disamba 2010. Fim din Clean Cities musamman ya tsara wasu nasarorin da kungiyar Climate Group ta samu ta wannan shirin, gami da matukan jirgi na LED a New York, kudaden fasaha masu tsabta a Mumbai, kamfen din mabukaci a London, da kuma yanke sawun carbon na ma'aikaci a Hong Kong.
Littattafai Kungiyar Climate ta wallafa rahotanni na bincike waɗanda ke neman haskaka damar da makamashi mai tsabta zai iya samarwa dangane da ci gaban tattalin arziki da rage hayaki. Wasu sun hada da:
Bayyanawa ta shekara-shekara kowace shekara, Ƙungiyar Yanayi da CDP suna raba bayanan da aka bayyana a fili daga gwamnatocin jihohi da yankuna game da manufofi da ayyukansu na yanayi, kayan fitarwa da sauran bayanan yanayi. An buga mafi kwanan nan a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 a tattaunawar yanayi ta duniya ta UNFCCC COP23.
Going Beyond wannan rahoton na 2017 ya tattara abubuwan da kamfanoni uku suka samu wadanda suke daga cikin shirin The Climate Group RE100 Apple Inc., BT Group da IKEA Group don nuna abin da kamfanoni zasu iya yi don shawo kan kalubale da kuma shigar da masu samar da su cikin sauyawa zuwa 100% mai sabuntawa.
Dandalin sauya makamashi wannan shirin na duniya wanda ke tallafawa gwamnatocin masana'antu, masu amfani da carbon mai yawa da na yankuna wajen bunkasa da aiwatar da sabbin manufofi na makamashi mai tsabta, a kai a kai yana sakin nazarin shari'a daga yankunan abokan hulɗa Alberta, Basque Country, California, Hauts-de-France, Lombardy, Minnesota, North Rhine-Westphalia, Silesia, South Australia, Upper Austria da Wales don haka za su iya koyo daga takwarorinsu na duniya. Misali na baya-bayan nan shine wanda ke kimanta yiwuwar rikice-rikice na yanayi da batutuwan makamashi tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban a cikin jihar North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bijli Tsabtace makamashi ga kowa galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar Lottery na Postcode na Dutch, wannan rahoton na 2016 ya nuna yadda aikin batun ya taimaka wajen rage hayakin gas da kuma inganta rayuwar mazauna ƙauyuka a Indiya ta hanyar haɗa su zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu arha, masu tsabta da kuma abin dogaro.
American Clean Revolution wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2012, wannan rahoton yana kallon yadda Amurka za ta iya amfana daga ribar dala tiriliyan 3 don tattalin arzikin su ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai tsabta da ayyukan yi.
Smart 2020: Bayar da ƙananan tattalin arzikin carbon a cikin shekarun bayanai wannan rahoton na 2008, wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwar Global e-Sustainability Initiative, ya gabatar da bincike wanda ke nuna cewa IT mai basira zai iya rage hayaki na duniya da 15% kuma adana Yuro biliyan 500 a cikin farashin makamashi na shekara-shekara nan da 2020.
The UK-India Business Leaders Climate Group an ƙaddamar da shi a watan Fabrairun 2010 don ba da shawara ga Burtaniya da Indiya kan "yadda za a hanzarta hadin gwiwa, ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dacewa da yanayi".
Jerin Tsabtace Juyin Juya Halin China zuwa Disamba 2010, an saki rahotanni uku game da manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa na kasar Sin. An saki rahoton na baya-bayan nan a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2010, don ya dace da COP16 a Cancun, shine Rahoton Tsabtace Juyin Juya Halin China III: Low Carbon Development in Cities.
Shirye-shiryen Kungiyar Yanayi tana jagorantar kuma tana tallafawa ayyukan da yawa, kamfen, da taron koli. Sun hada da:
Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa 2
Kungiyar Yanayi tana aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Ƙasashen 2 kuma tana aiki kai tsaye tare da masu sa hannu na gwamnati da abokan hulɗa na Ƙasashen Duniya 2 don fitar da burin da aiki. MOU na kasa da kasa 2 sadaukarwa ce ta gwamnatocin da ke cikin kasa don rage iskar gas (GHG) zuwa ga net-zero nan da shekara ta 2050. Babban abin da ya shafi wannan shi ne sadaukarwar jama'a ta duk masu sanya hannu don rage hayakin GHG da kashi 80-95% a matakan 1990, ko kuma tan 2 na carbon dioxide-daidai da kowane mutum, nan da shekara ta 2050. Ya zuwa 2022, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa ta haɗu da gwamnatoci 270 daga ƙasashe daban-daban waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane biliyan 1.75 da kashi 50% na tattalin arzikin duniya waɗanda suka yi alkawarin rage hayakin GHG zuwa zero a shekara ta 2050.
Scale-Up na LED
Wannan aikin yana da niyyar hanzarta yaduwar amfani da fasahar hasken LED (diode mai fitar da haske). Manufar shirin ita ce hasken LED don wakiltar kashi 25% na kasuwar hasken wuta ta cikin gida da waje ta duniya ta hanyar 2020, rage amfani da wutar lantarki da farashi da kuma hayakin CO2 da ke tattare da shi da 50-70%. Ayyukan zanga-zangar yanzu suna aiki a birane da yawa a duk faɗin duniya ciki har da Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kolkata, London, Birnin New York da Sydney.
RE100
Kungiyar Yanayi ce ta shirya tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da CDP, RE100 wani shiri ne na duniya don shiga, tallafawa da nuna kamfanoni masu tasiri da suka himmatu ga amfani da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa 100%. Kamfanoni suna samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da fa'idodin kasancewa 100% sabuntawa da amfana daga ilmantarwa na tsara-zuwa-tsara da kuma karɓar jama'a game da burinsu da nasarorin su yayin da suke aiki don cimma burinsu. Ya zuwa 2017, jimlar kamfanoni 100 sun himmatu ga kamfen ɗin.
EP100
EP100 ya nuna kasuwancin duniya da suka himmatu ga ninka yawan amfanin makamashi (EP). EP100, wanda The Climate Group ke aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar, yana ba da wani taro don raba ayyukan mafi kyau da nuna jagorancin kamfanoni da ke ci gaba zuwa ga ƙarfin zuciya, alkawuran jama'a game da samar da makamashi.
EV100
EV100 wani shiri ne na duniya wanda ke tattara kamfanoni da suka himmatu don hanzarta sauyawa zuwa motocin lantarki (EVs) da kuma yin jigilar lantarki "sabon al'ada" nan da 2030. Sashin sufuri shine mai ba da gudummawa mafi sauri ga canjin yanayi, yana da kashi 23% na iskar gas mai guba a duniya. Sufurin lantarki yana ba da mafita wajen yanke miliyoyin ton na hayaki a kowace shekara, da kuma hana iska da gurɓataccen amo.
Yanayi Week NYC
Climate Week NYC, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2009 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The Climate Group, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkinobho, Birnin New York, Gwamnatin Denmark, Tck Tck Tc Campaign da CDP, suna faruwa a kowace shekara a Birnin Nework. Taron ya faru ne tare da Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya tara shugabannin kasa da kasa daga kasuwanci, gwamnati da jama'a don nuna matakin yanayi na duniya. Climate Week NYC shine sararin hadin gwiwa don abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi don tallafawa aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris da kuma cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 2017, akwai abubuwan da suka faru 140 a duk faɗin Birnin New York a matsayin wani ɓangare na Climate Week NYC.
Jihohi da Yankuna Ƙungiyar Yanayi da Yankuna ta Ƙungiyar Yanayin Yanayi ta sami goyon baya ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmiyar rawar da gwamnatocin ƙasashe ke takawa wajen magance canjin yanayi a ƙasa. Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa 50-80% na ayyukan da ake buƙata don ɗaukar iyakance yawan zafin jiki na duniya zuwa 2 C zai buƙaci ya taso daga matakan gwamnati na ƙasa. Kungiyar Climate ta yi jayayya cewa yayin da tattaunawar duniya ke ci gaba da zama da wahala, membobinta na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Jiha da Yankuna, da sauran gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina yarjejeniyar canjin yanayi ta duniya daga ƙasa zuwa sama.
Ta hanyar shirin su na Jihohi da Yankuna, Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta kawo shugabannin gwamnatocin ƙasashe tare a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kamar Ranar China ta Cancún da Taron Shugabannin Yanayi na 2010. Sanarwar da aka amince da ita daga waɗannan abubuwan, waɗanda membobin kungiyar suka sanya hannu, sun haɗa da Sanarwar Copenhagen ta 2009 da Sanarutar Cancun ta 2010. Shirin Jihohi da Yankuna ya kuma sauƙaƙa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa, suna haifar da ayyukan kamar kimantawar rauni na yanki ga tasirin canjin yanayi.
Shirye-shiryen da suka gabata Shirin Kashewa da Adana Carbon, wanda ke da niyyar bunkasa tsire-tsire na nunawa da adana carbon a China, Indiya, Amurka, Turai da Ostiraliya.
Shirin SMART 2020, wanda ke da niyyar amfani da fasahar bayanai da sadarwa, kamar fasahar grid mai wayo da tsarin gudanar da gine-gine, don rage hayaki har zuwa 15% nan da shekarar 2020.
Shirin EV20, wanda ke da niyyar gina ƙarfin kasuwar motocin lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da masana'antun mota da batir, kayan aikin lantarki, cibiyoyin kuɗi da gwamnatoci.
Tare A cikin 2007, The Climate Group ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin haɗin gwiwar mabukaci a Burtaniya da ake kira Together, wanda Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, Boris Johnson, David James, Claudia Schiffer da Annie Lennox suka goyi bayan. Tare sun yi aiki tare da manyan sunayen alama don kawo masu amfani da hanyoyi masu sauƙi da za su iya taimakawa wajen yaki da canjin yanayi. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, Kamfen ɗin Together ya ba da rahoton cewa abokan hulɗarsa sun taimaka wa masu amfani da Burtaniya adana fiye da tan miliyan 1 na carbon dioxide da kusan fam miliyan 200 a kan kuɗin gidajensu. Tare kuma sun gudu a Ostiraliya da Amurka.
An ƙaddamar da ka'idar Carbon (VCS) a watan Nuwamba 2007. Manufar VCS ita ce ta bunkasa amincewa da kasuwar carbon ta son rai ta hanyar samar da sabon tabbacin inganci da ake buƙata don takaddun shaida na amintaccen carbon na son rai.
Kashe Yanayin Yanayi A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, wakilai sun taru a UNFCCC COP-15 a Copenhagen. Kungiyar Climate ta nemi taimakawa wajen karfafa yarjejeniya mai adalci da tasiri, tare da tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair.
Greenhouse Indicator, mai nuna alamar mako-mako na hayakin gas da aka samar daga ƙarni na makamashi a jihohin Australia ciki har da New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria da Tasmania. Ana bayar da rahoton fitarwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen jarida ciki har da The Age Ka'idodin Yanayi, tsarin bangaren kudi wanda manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa kamar su Credit Agricole, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Swiss Re, F&C Asset Management da BNP Paribas suka karɓa. Wadanda suka sanya hannu kan ka'idojin suna aiki don hada la'akari da canjin yanayi a duk samfuran kuɗi da ayyukansu.
Hadin gwiwar HSBC Climate, wanda ya hada da The Climate Group, Cibiyar Kula da Duniya, Cibiyar Nazarin Tropical ta Smithsonian da Asusun Duniya don Yanayi (WWF). Haɗin gwiwar yana da niyyar rage manyan hayakin carbon na birni, saka idanu kan tasirin canjin yanayi a kan gandun daji da hanyoyin ruwa, da kuma karfafa mutane a cikin al'ummominsu da wuraren aiki don ba da gudummawa ga aikin canjin yanayi da bincike.
Kungiyar Airs Global Deal Group wacce ta kunshi British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, Air France KLM, Virgin Atlantic Airways, BAA ta nemi magance fitar da iskar gas daga jirgin sama na duniya.
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
8385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Annabi | Masallacin Annabi | Masallacin Annabi (Larabci Al-Masjid An-Nabawi) Masallaci ne a birnin Madina na kasar Saudiyya, wanda Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shine mallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a duniya. Shine kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a Musulunci bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin Makka na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai.
Asalin wajen shine gidan Annabi (s.a.w) anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin Musulunci. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin umara ga mahajjata da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu Sahabbai nasa guda biyi (kalifofin Khulafa'hur-Rashidun na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.
Tarihi
Tarihin farko Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene Sahal da Suhail, wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 35.62 kafa 100.1 kafa 116.9) an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas.
Bayan kammala yakin Khaibar an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato Sayyadina Abubakar yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin Sayyadina Umar sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan Ummuna Aisha domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha.
Kalifa na uku wato Sayyadina Usman, ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba.
Shekarun tsaka tsakiya A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da Koriyar Hasumiya
Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato Madrasah domin koyar da Alkur'ani.
Saudiyya Lokacin da Sarki Saud bin Abdul-Aziz ya karbe Madina, ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen.
Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci.
A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar Amurika biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6.
Tsarin ginin
Raudah
Babbar Hasumaya
Mihirabi
Mimbari
Hasumaya
Hotunan masallacin Annabi |
24188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG%20Corporation | LG Corporation | Kamfanin LG (ko LG Group) Korean tsohon Lucky-Goldstar daga shekarar alif ta 1983 zuwa shekarar alif ta 1995 (Koriya: Leokki Geumseong Korean Shi ne a Kudu Korean manyan conglomerate kamfani kafa ta Koo In-hwoi da kuma gudanar da m ƙarnõni na iyalinsa. Ita ce chaebol na huɗu mafi girma a Koriya ta Kudu. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin ginin LG Twin Towers a Yeouido-dong, Gundumar Yeongdeungpo, Seoul LG yana kera kayan lantarki, sunadarai, da samfuran sadarwa kuma yana aiki da rassa kamar LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus, LG Innotek, LG Chem, da LG Energy Solution a cikin ƙasashe sama da guda tamanin 80.
Tarihi An kafa LG Corporation a matsayin Lak Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. a shekarar alif ta 1947 ta Koo In-hwoi. A cikin shekarar alif ta 1952, Lak Hui (mai suna "Sa'a"; yanzu LG Chem) ya zama kamfani na Koriya ta Kudu na farko da ya shiga masana'antar robobi Yayin da kamfanin ke fadada kasuwancinsa na robobi, ya kafa GoldStar Co. Ltd. (yanzu LG Electronics Inc.) a cikin shekarar alif ta 1958. Dukansu kamfanonin Lucky da GoldStar sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar Lucky-Goldstar a shekarar alif ta 1983. GoldStar ya samar da rediyon ƙasar Koriya ta Kudu na farko. An sayar da kayan lantarki da yawa masu amfani a ƙarƙashin sunan GoldStar, yayin da wasu sauran samfuran gida (babu su a wajen Koriya ta Kudu) an sayar da su ƙarƙashin sunan Lucky. Alamar Lucky ta shahara da kayayyakin tsafta kamar sabulun sabulun wanki da sabulun wanki na HiTi, amma galibin alamar tana da alaƙa da man goge baki na Lucky da Perioe. LG yana ci gaba da kera wasu waɗannan samfuran don kasuwar Koriya ta Kudu, kamar kayan wanki.
Koo In-hwoi ya jagoranci kamfanin har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar alif ta 1969, a lokacin, dansa Koo Cha-kyung ya hau kan karagar mulki. Daga nan ya ba da jagoranci ga ɗansa, Koo Bon-moo, a shekarar alif ta 1995. Koo Bon-moo ya sake sunan kamfanin zuwa LG a shekarar alif ta 1995. Kamfanin kuma yana alakanta haruffan LG tare da alamar kamfanin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau". Tun daga shekara ta 2009, LG ya mallaki sunan yankin LG.com.
Koo Bon-moo ya mutu sakamakon bugun kwakwalwa a ranar 20 gawatan Mayu shekara ta 2018. A watan Yulin Shekara ta 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa Koo Kwang-mo, dan dan uwan kuma dan Koo Bon-moo, zai zama sabon Shugaba na LG. Koo Bon-moo ya karɓi ɗan ɗan'uwansa a cikin shekara ta 2004, bayan ya rasa ɗansa guda ɗaya a shekarar alif ta 1994, yana ambaton "al'adar iyali ta maye gurbin maza kawai".
Hadin gwiwa LG da Hitachi sun kirkiro haɗin gwiwa mai suna Hitachi-LG Data Storage a shekarar ta 2000 da LG Hitachi Water Solutions a shekara 2011; tsakanin sauran haɗin gwiwar da ta yi, LG yana da dangantaka mai tsawo tare da Hitachi tun farkon shekarun Goldstar. Tun daga wannan lokacin Hitachi ya canza fasaha don samfuran LG kamar rediyo, wayoyi, talabijin, kayan gida, semiconductors, da sauransu. JV na farko tsakanin su biyun shine LG Hitachi, wanda ya kasance tun shekara ta 1980s lokacin da aka kafa shi don shigo da kwamfutoci zuwa Koriya. LG yana da haɗin gwiwa guda biyu tare da Royal Philips Electronics LG Philips Display da LG Philips LCD, amma Philips ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2008. A cikin shekara ta 2005, LG ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Nortel Networks, ƙirƙirar LG-Nortel Co. Ltd.
a cikin shekara ta 2020, LG da kamfanin samar da motoci na Kanada Magna International sun ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa wanda aka sani da LG Magna e-Powertrain. Sabuwar haɗin gwiwar za ta ƙera abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin motocin lantarki kamar injin lantarki, inverters da caja na cikin ruwa.
Kasashen duniya A ranar 30 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 2012, comScore ya fitar da rahoto na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Wayar Wayar hannu na Oktoba na shekara ta 2012 wanda ya gano LG ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayi na biyu a cikin kasuwar wayar hannu ta Amurka ga Apple Inc. A ranar 20 gawatan Janairu shekara ta 2013, Binciken Counterpoint ya ba da sanarwar cewa LG ya wuce Apple don zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kasuwar Amurka. A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, comScore ya fitar da rahoto na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Wayar Wayar Wayar salula na watan Yuni na shekara ta 2013 wanda ya sami LG ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na biyar a cikin kasuwar kasuwancin Amurka. GS Group
Kamfanin LS
Kungiyar LIG
Group Heesung
Kamfanin SPC
Tsarin da matsayin kuɗi LG Corporation kamfani ne mai riƙewa wanda ke aiki a duk duniya ta hanyar kamfanoni sama da guda talatan 30 a filayen lantarki, sinadarai, da filayen sadarwa. Kamfanoni na lantarki suna kera da siyar da samfura daga kayan lantarki na gida da na dijital zuwa talabijin da wayoyin hannu, daga Nunin-fim-transistor ruwa-crystal nuni zuwa na'urorin tsaro da semiconductors A sinadaran masana'antu, rassa tsirar da sell kayayyakin ciki har da kayan shafawa, masana'antu Textiles, sauya baturin da Toner kayayyakin, polycarbonates, magunguna, da kuma surface ado kayan. Kayayyakin sadarwarsa sun haɗa da sabis na waya mai nisa da na ƙasa da ƙasa, sabis na sadarwa ta wayar hannu da ta wayar hannu, da sabis na tuntuba da tallan tallan. LG kuma yana aiki da Coca-Cola Korea Bottling Company, yana sarrafa kadarori, yana ba da shawarwari na gudanarwa, kuma yana gudanar da ƙwararrun kungiyoyin wasanni.
Iyalan ƙungiya
Masana'antar lantarki
Masana'antun sinadarai
Sadarwa
Jayayya
Hardware Ƙoƙarin magudi na akwati A watan Yuni shekara ta 2021, tashar YouTube Hardware Unboxed ta buga bidiyon da ke zargin yunƙurin wakilin LG don yin amfani da bita na ɗaya daga cikin masu saka ido na caca na LG. Wakilin, a cikin imel ɗin da aka nuna a bidiyon, yana ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ga sakamakon edita na bita ta hanyar nuna hanyoyin gwaji da fannonin nuni da tashar za ta bi. Wannan ya zo 'yan watanni bayan irin wannan lamari tsakanin masu kirkira da Nvidia inda Nvidia ya gargaɗe su cewa idan sun ci gaba da mai da hankali kan rasterization maimakon raƙuman ruwa a cikin katunan zane na Nvidia, ba za su ƙara samun samfuran bita ba.
Tallafin wasanni LG ya mallaki LG Twins kuma shine babban mai tallafawa Changwon LG Sakers kuma abokin tarayya na Texas Rangers Jakadu na alama David Warner shekara ta (2014)
Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed |
25153 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO | SO | SO ko makamancin haka na iya nufin to:
Fasaha da nishaɗi
Kiɗa <i id="mwDQ">Don haka</i> (album), kundi na Peter Gabriel
Don haka (band), duo daga 1980s wanda membobi biyu na The adawa suka kafa
"Don haka" (waƙar Static-X), waƙar Static-X
Sō (Sabuwar Ƙaunar Sabuwar Duniya) waƙar Masaharu Fukuyama
"Don haka", waƙar da War daga Me yasa ba za mu iya zama abokai ba?
"Don haka", waƙar Fates Gargadi daga wanda aka yanke
SO (rapper)
Sauran "SO" <i id="mwIA">'Ya'yan Anarchy</i> farkon kakar wasa ta uku na jerin talabijin na FX Ya'yan Anarchy.
Kasuwanci Ayyukan Jirgin Sama na Austrian (tsohon mai ƙirar jirgin saman IATA SO)
Sosoliso Airlines (tsohon mai ƙirar jirgin saman IATA SO)
Southern Airways (tsohon mai ƙirar jirgin saman IATA SO)
Kamfanin Kudancin (alamar hannun jari SO)
Babban Jirgin Sama (IATA mai tsara jirgin sama SO)
Don haka yare (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo), yaren Bantu
Yaren Sô, yaren Katuic (Mon-Khmer) na Laos da Thailand
Harshen Swo, harshen Bantu na Kamaru
Yaren Soo, yaren Kuliak na Uganda
Yaren Somaliya (lambar yaren ISO 639 "haka")
Don haka (kana), kanaren Jafan
Don haka (kalma), kalmar Ingilishi
Wurare Don haka, Iran, ƙauye ne a Lardin Isfahan, Iran
Canton na Solothurn, Switzerland
Don haka gundumar Phisai, lardin Bueng Kan, Thailand
SO lambar lambar gidan waya, UK, yankin lambar akwatin gidan waya na Southampton
Somaliya (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 lambar ƙasa SO)
Kudancin Otago, wani ɓangare na Tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand
Kudancin Jihar Parkway, babbar hanya ce a New York, Amurka
Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi
Kwamfuta .so, babban matakin Intanet na Somaliya
.so, a filename tsawo domin a raba abu (a tsauri library ko module) a Unix da Linux
Shift Out, halin sarrafa ASCII a cikin lissafi
Ƙananan-shaci hadedde kewaye
StackOverflow, rukunin Q&A na shirye -shirye
Lissafi SO (rikitarwa), dabaru na tsari na biyu a cikin sarkakiyar sifa
Ƙungiyar orthogonal ta musamman, wani ƙaramin rukuni na ƙungiya
SO (2), wani kalma da ake amfani da shi a cikin lissafi, ƙungiyar juyawa game da madaidaicin wuri a cikin jirgin Euclidean
SO (3), wani kalma da ake amfani da shi a cikin lissafi, ƙungiyar juyawa game da madaidaiciyar ma'ana a cikin sararin Euclidean mai girma uku.
SO (4), wani lokaci da ake amfani da shi a cikin lissafi, ƙungiyar juyawa game da madaidaiciyar ma'ana a cikin sararin Euclidean mai girma huɗu.
SO (5), wani lokaci da ake amfani da shi a cikin lissafi, ƙungiyar orthogonal ta musamman ta digiri 5 akan filin R na lambobi na ainihi
SO (8), wani lokaci da ake amfani da shi a cikin lissafi, ƙungiyar orthogonal ta musamman da ke aiki akan sararin Euclidean mai girman girma takwas.
Physics da sunadarai Sulfur monoxide
SO (10) (kimiyyar lissafi), wani lokaci da ake amfani da shi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar barbashi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ka'idojin da aka haɗa sun dogara ne akan ƙungiyar SO (10) Ƙarya.
Sunaye Sō, sunan mahaifi na Jafananci kuma an ba shi suna
Su (sunan mahaifi) sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin da sunan mahaifiyar Koriya wanda aka samo daga gare ta
Don haka (sunan Koriya) ko Sauran amfani Don haka Sarkin Misira, yawanci ana danganta shi da Osorkon IV
Don haka (samfurin kiwo), nau'in samfurin kiwo da aka yi a tsohuwar Japan
Odar tallace -tallace, odar da kasuwanci ya karɓa daga abokin ciniki
Sao wayewa ko So, wayewar Afirka da yawan jama'ar da suka bunƙasa daga ca. karni na 6 zuwa ca. Karni na 15
Shell on, wani nau'in gabatarwa a tallan jatan lande
Muhimmancin sauran, abokin tarayya a cikin alaƙar soyayya
Strikeout, a wasan ƙwallon baseball
Duba kuma Esso, sunan kasuwanci na Exxon, sigar sautin SO
Don haka da haka (disambiguation)
Só (rashin fahimta)
S0 |
32862 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Tau | Percy Tau | Percy Muzi Tau (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Premier League ta Masar Al Ahly SC a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Tau ya fara wasan kwallon kafa ne da kungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta Premier inda ya buga wasanni 100 a kowanne bangare na aro ga Witbank Spurs. A lokacin da yake tare da Sundowns, ya lashe gasar lig sau biyu da kuma CAF Champions League sau daya kuma an ba shi kyautar Gwarzon Kwallon Kafa na Shekara da kuma wanda ya zura kwallaye a kakar wasansa ta karshe da kulob din.
Ya koma Brighton a cikin shekarar 2018 amma, saboda rikice-rikicen izinin aiki, an ba shi rance ga ƙungiyar SG ta Belgium wanda tare da shi ya ci kyautar Proximus League Player of the Season. Tsarinsa ya ba shi damar tafiya na ɗan lokaci zuwa Club Brugge, inda ya ci lambar yabo ta masu cin nasara a kakar wasa ta gaba, kafin a ba shi rancen a karo na uku a jere lokacin da ya rattaba hannu a kan abokan hamayyar Anderlecht a shekarar 2020.
Tau ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Al Ahly SC ta kasar Masar a shekara ta 2021 kan kwantiragin shekara biyu.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Mamelodi Sundowns An haife shi a eMalahleni, Tau ya fara aikinsa tare da Mamelodi Sundowns a gasar Premier League. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a kulob din a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2014 a gasar da Orlando Pirates. Ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Domingues na mintuna 85 yayin da Sundowns ta sha kashi 1-0. Tau sa'an nan ya zira kwallaye na farko na sana'a burin ga kulob din a lokacin Nedbank Cup wasa a ranar 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 2014 da Golden Arrows. Kwallon da ya ci a minti na 90 ita ce ta hudu kuma ta karshe ga Sundowns yayin da suka ci 4-1 a kan Arrows. Sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2015 a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afirka ta CAF da TP Mazembe. Ya zura kwallo daya tilo da Sundown ta ci a wasan a minti na 84 da fara wasan inda Mamelodi Sundowns suka tashi 3-1. Bayan yanayi biyu kuma da wuya ya fito Mamelodi Sundowns, an sanya Tau cikin jerin fitattun kulob na kakar 2014 zuwa 2015.
Bisa shawarar kocin matasa na lokacin Rhulani Mokwena, an ba da shi aro ga kungiyar Witbank Spurs ta National First Division a maimakon haka. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2016 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan African Warriors kuma ya ci kwallaye 3 a wasanni 11 da ya buga a lokacin aro. Bayan kakar wasa tare da Witbank Spurs, Tau ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns kuma an saka shi a cikin 'yan wasan da za su buga gasar cin kofin zakarun kulob na CAF. Ya taka leda a ko'ina kuma yana taka leda a kowane minti na duka ƙafafu biyu na jimlar 3-1 a kan Zamalek na Masar a gasar cin kofin CAF Champions League. Nasarar ita ce nasara ta farko da Sundowns ta samu a gasar ta nahiyar. Sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar lig a kulob din a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2016 da Polokwane City. Ya zura kwallo ta farko a ragar kungiyar yayin da suka ci 2-0. Tau ya fara buga wa gefe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Club World Cup a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2016 da Kashima Antlers. An fitar da Sundowns daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Japan da ci 2-0. A wasan matsayi na biyar, Tau ya zura kwallo daya tilo a ragar Sundowns yayin da suka tashi 4-1 a hannun Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors ta Koriya ta Kudu. A lokacin kakar 2017 zuwa 2018, Tau ya zira kwallaye 11 don taimakawa Mamelodi Sundowns zuwa taken gasar. Tsarinsa a duk tsawon kakar ya gan shi ya raba kyautar takalmin zinare na Lesley Manyathela tare da Rodney Ramagalela kuma ya ba shi kyautar Kwallon Kwallon Kaya da na Playeran Wasan Wasanni. Sakamakon nasarorin da ya samu, wasu kungiyoyin Turai sun yi zawarcin Tau a lokacin bazara. Yayin da ake ta cece-kuce a kan makomarsa, ya ki shiga Sundowns a shirye-shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa ta bana a kokarinsa na daukar matakin.
Brighton Hove Albion A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 2018, Tau ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da kulob din Premier League na Ingila Brighton & Hove Albion, don kudin canja wuri da ba a bayyana ba, ya ruwaito yana cikin yankin R 50 miliyan (UK 2.7 miliyan), wani tarihin cinikin dan wasan cikin gida a Afirka ta Kudu. Manajan Brighton, Chris Hughton, ya tabbatar da cewa Tau za a ba da lamuni ba da daɗewa ba bayan canja wurinsa, bayan da ya kasa samun izinin aiki na Burtaniya, da kuma son ɗan wasan Afirka ta Kudu don samun ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turai. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021, ya koma Brighton & Hove Albion, bayan an tuna da shi daga lamunin aronsa a Anderlecht Lamuni zuwa Union SG A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Tau ya shiga ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu na Belgium Union SG, mallakin shugaban Brighton Tony Bloom, a kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. Nan da nan aka shigar da shi cikin tawagar farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar cin kofin Belgium a farkon rabin kakar wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni shida don taimaka wa kulob din zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe bayan ya rubuta nasarorin tarihi a kan Anderlecht da Genk. A cikin watan Afrilu 2019, bayan ya zira kwallaye shida a raga da taimakawa akaci bakwai don taimakawa kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyu, Tau yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da aka zaba don kyautar Player of the Season, tare da abokin wasan Faïz Selemani. A karshe ya lashe kyautar kuma an sanya shi a cikin tawagar da ta fi fice a gasar.
Lamuni zuwa Club Brugge A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 2019, Tau ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Club Brugge ta Belgium a matsayin aro na kakar 2019-20. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019 da Sint-Truiden inda ya zura kwallo a wasan da kungiyar ta samu nasara a gida da ci 6-0. A ranar 13 ga Agusta, an kore shi da laifin yin laifi na biyu yayin wasan da suka tashi 3 3 a waje da Dynamo Kiev a wasansa na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai. Brugge ta samu nasara ne da ci 4-3. Tau ya bayyana a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Real Madrid a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, inda ya taimaka wa kwallon ɗin a farko. An kawo karshen gasar a watan Mayu tare da sauran wasa daya da za a buga saboda Covid-19. Tau ya buga wasannin lig 18 inda ya zira kwallaye 3 yayin da aka sanar da Club Bruges a matsayin zakara, maki 15 tsakaninta da matsayi na 2.
Lamuni zuwa Anderlecht A ranar 4 ga Agusta 2020, Tau ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Anderlecht na Belgium, kan lamunin shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2020, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 da Sint-Truiden, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko yayin da Anderlecht ta ci wasan 3-1.
Komawa Brighton A ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021, ƙungiyar Brighton ta sake kiran Tau, bayan watanni huɗu kacal a Anderlecht, bayan ƙungiyar ta sami amincewar Hukumar Mulki, sabon tsarin tushen maki don 'yan wasan da ba na Ingilishi ba wanda ya fara aiki lokacin da lokacin canji ya biyo baya. Ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai ya kare, daga FA ga Tau. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, 2021, kwanaki 905 bayan sanya hannu kan The Seagulls Tau ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a gasar cin kofin FA a Newport County inda a karshe Brighton ta yi nasara a bugun fenareti. Bayan kwana uku ya fara buga gasar lig na Brighton wanda ya fara a gasar Premier da suka tashi 1-0 a Manchester City. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, yayin da yake bayyanar da bayyanarsa ta uku a gasar Premier Tau ya aika ta hanyar kwallo zuwa Danny Welbeck wanda ya zura kwallon a kan mai tsaron gida Łukasz Fabiański ya sa The Seagulls gaba a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 gida da West Ham.
Al Ahly Tau ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin a gasar Premier ta Masar Al Ahly a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2021. Tau ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin CAF na shekarar 2021 a ranar 22 ga Disamba, inda ya taimaka wa Al Ahly kwallon a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, inda ya ci.
Ayyukan kasa Tau ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2015 a ci 0-2 da Angola ta yi a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2016. A ranar 25 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a minti na 69 a karawar da suka yi da Guinea-Bissau bayan da ya karbi katin gargadi minti biyu da suka wuce.
A ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2018, Tau yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu da suka zira kwallaye yayin da al'ummar kasar suka sami nasara mafi girma da aka taba samu tare da doke Seychelles da ci 6-0 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2019, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Libya da ci 2-1 don tabbatar da cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019. Kwallon da ya yi ya kai shi kwallaye hudu a gasar neman tikitin shiga gasar, inda ya sanya shi cikin wadanda suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar. An saka sunan Tau a cikin 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu don buga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2019. Ya fara ne a dukkanin wasanni biyar da ya bugawa kasarsa inda suka yi wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, inda Najeriya ta sha kashi a hannun Najeriya har ta hana su zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Kwallayensa na kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Afirka ta Kudu ta ci a farko.
Girmamawa
Kulob Mamelodi Sundowns
Premier League 2013–14, 2017–18
Kofin Nedbank 2014-15 Telkom Knockout 2015 CAF Champions League 2016
CAF Super Cup 2017
Club Brugge
Belgian Pro League 2019-20 Al Ahly
CAF Super Cup 2021
Ƙasashen Duniya Afirka ta Kudu
Gasar Kasashe Hudu na 2018
Mutum Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot 2017–18 PSL Kwallon Kafa na Shekara 2017–18 PSL Players' Player of the Season 2017–18 Belgian First Division B Player of the Season: 2018–19 Ƙungiyoyin Farko na B na Belgium na Lokacin: 2018-19
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59542 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi%20a%20Ostiraliya | Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya | Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya ya kasance muhimmiyar matsala tun farkon karni na 21. Ostiraliya tana ƙara zafi kuma tana fuskantar matsanancin zafi, gobarar daji, fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da lokutan wuta masu tsawo saboda canjin yanayi. Batutuwan yanayi sun haɗa da gobarar daji, raƙuman zafi, guguwa, hauhawar matakin teku, da rushewa.
Tun farkon karni na 20, Ostiraliya ta sami karuwar sama da 1.4 C a matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara, tare da dumama da ke faruwa sau biyu a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 50 da dama da suka gabata. Abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan kamar yanayin zafi mai yawa da fari mai yawa sun mayar da hankali ga gwamnati da jama'a kan tasirin canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya. Ruwan sama a kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya ya ragu da kashi 10-20% tun daga shekarun 1970s, yayin da kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ta sami raguwa mai matsakaici tun daga shekarun 1990. Ana sa ran ruwan sama zai zama mai nauyi kuma ba sau da yawa, da kuma ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani maimakon a cikin hunturu. Ana sa ran matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara na Ostiraliya zai karu da 0.4-2.0 C sama da matakan 1990 ta shekara ta 2030, da kuma 1-6 C ta 2070. Matsakaicin ruwan sama a kudu maso yamma da kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ana sa ran raguwa a wannan lokacin, yayin da yankuna kamar arewa maso yamma na iya fuskantar karuwar ruwan sama.
Canjin yanayi yana shafar yanayin nahiyar da yanayin halittu. Ostiraliya tana da rauni ga tasirin dumamar yanayi na duniya da aka tsara don shekaru 50 zuwa 100 masu zuwa saboda yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma yankunan da ke da zafi, da kuma yanayin zafi, yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Babban haɗarin wuta na nahiyar yana ƙara wannan saukin kamuwa da canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da yanayi. A halin yanzu, bakin tekun Australia za su fuskanci rushewa da ambaliyar ruwa daga kimanin karuwar 8-88 cm a matakin teku na duniya. Tsarin halittu na musamman na Ostiraliya kamar Great Barrier Reef da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa suma suna cikin haɗari.
Canjin yanayi kuma yana da tasiri daban-daban ga tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya, noma da lafiyar jama'a. Tasirin da aka tsara sun haɗa da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, fari, da guguwa. Bugu da ƙari, yawan mutanen Ostiraliya sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a yankunan bakin teku da ke cikin haɗari daga hauhawar matakin teku, kuma matsin lamba na yanzu akan samar da ruwa zai kara tsanantawa. Bayyanawar 'yan asalin Australiya ga tasirin canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rashin fa'idodin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ke akwai waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka. Al'ummomin da sauye-sauyen yanayi suka fi shafa sune a Arewa inda Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander suka kai kashi 30% na yawan jama'a. Al'ummomin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander da ke arewacin bakin teku sune mafi talauci saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da dogaro da ƙasar gargajiya don abinci, al'adu, da kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya tayar da tambaya ga yawancin membobin al'umma a waɗannan yankuna, "Ya kamata mu zauna ko mu ƙaura?"
Ostiraliya kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi, tare da fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum sama da matsakaicin duniya. Kasar ta dogara sosai da kwal da sauran burbushin burbushin halittu, kodayake samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa yana ƙaruwa. Kokarin rage yawan jama'a ya haɗa da sadaukarwa don cimma matsakaicin fitarwa ta hanyar 2050 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Paris, kodayake Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin matsayi mara kyau a cikin Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da sauran matsayi na duniya don burinta na yanayi da aiwatarwa. Ana iya yin daidaitawa a matakin ƙasa da na gida kuma an gano shi a matsayin fifiko ga Ostiraliya a cikin Garnaut Review na 2007.
Canjin yanayi ya kasance batun rarrabuwa ko siyasa a cikin siyasar Australiya tun daga shekarun 2000, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga gwamnatoci masu zuwa da ke aiwatar da kuma soke manufofin canjin yanayi, kamar farashin carbon. Wasu kafofin watsa labarai na Australiya sun inganta bayanan da ba daidai ba na yanayi. Batun ya haifar da zanga-zangar don tallafawa manufofin canjin yanayi, gami da wasu manyan zanga-zaye a tarihin Australia.
Rashin iskar gas
Tasirin yanayi
Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi Rubuce-rubucen kayan aiki na Ostiraliya daga 1885 zuwa yanzu yana nuna hoto mai zurfi mai zuwa:
Yanayi daga 1885 zuwa 1898 gabaɗaya suna da ruwa sosai, kodayake ƙasa da haka fiye da lokacin tun 1968. Shekaru kawai da aka sani da bushewa a wannan zamanin sune 1888 da 1897. Kodayake wasu mahimman bayanai na murjani sun nuna cewa 1887 da 1890 sun kasance, tare da 1974, shekarun da suka fi ruwan sama a fadin nahiyar tun lokacin da aka zauna, bayanan ruwan sama na Alice Springs, sannan babbar tashar da ke rufe ciki na Yankin Arewa da Yammacin Ostiraliya, sun nuna cewa 1867 da 1890 gabaɗaya ba su da ruwan sama kamar 1974 ko ma 2000. A New South Wales da Queensland, duk da haka, shekarun 1886-1887 da 1889-1894 sun kasance da ruwa sosai. Ruwan sama mai yawa a wannan lokacin an haɗa shi da babban fadada yawan tumaki kuma Fabrairu 1893 ya ga ambaliyar Brisbane ta 1893.
An bushe yanayin daga 1899 zuwa 1921, kodayake tare da wasu katsewa daga shekaru masu laushi na El Niño, musamman tsakanin 1915 da farkon 1918 da kuma a cikin 1920-1921, lokacin da belin alkama na kudancin ciki ya bushe ta ruwan sama mafi tsanani a cikin rikodin. Abubuwa biyu masu muhimmanci na El Niño a cikin 1902 da 1905 sun samar da shekaru biyu mafi bushewa a duk nahiyar, yayin da 1919 ya bushe a gabashin jihohi ban da Gippsland.
Lokacin daga 1922 zuwa 1938 ya bushe sosai, tare da kawai 1930 yana da ruwan sama na Australia sama da matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci da matsakaitan ruwan sama na Ostiraliya na waɗannan shekaru goma sha bakwai yana da kashi 15 zuwa 20 cikin dari a ƙasa da wannan don wasu lokuta tun 1885. Wannan lokacin bushewa an danganta shi a wasu tushe ga raunanawar Kudancin Oscillation kuma a wasu don rage yanayin zafi na teku. Yanayin zafi a cikin waɗannan lokutan uku sun fi sanyi fiye da yadda suke a halin yanzu, tare da 1925 suna da mafi ƙarancin sanyi na kowace shekara tun 1910. Koyaya, shekarun bushewa na shekarun 1920 da 1930 sun kasance sau da yawa masu dumi, tare da 1928 da 1938 suna da manyan matsayi.
Lokacin daga 1939 zuwa 1967 ya fara ne tare da karuwar ruwan sama: 1939, 1941 da 1942 sune rukuni na farko na kusa da juna na shekaru masu laushi tun 1921. Daga 1943 zuwa 1946, yanayin bushewa gabaɗaya ya dawo, kuma shekaru ashirin daga 1947 sun ga ruwan sama mai canzawa. 1950, 1955 da 1956 sun kasance da ruwa sosai ban da 1950 da 1956 a kan yankunan busasshiyar alkama na Yammacin Australia. 1950 sun ga ruwan kasa mai ban mamaki a tsakiyar New South Wales da mafi yawan Queensland: Dubbo na 1950 na 1,329 mm (52.3 in) ana iya kimantawa yana da lokacin dawowa tsakanin shekaru 350 da 400, yayin da Tafkin Eyre ya cika a karo na farko shekaru talatin. Sabanin haka, 1951, 1961 da 1965 sun bushe sosai, tare da cikakkiyar gazawar ruwan sama a 1951/1952 da matsanancin fari a cikin ciki a lokacin 1961 da 1965. Yanayin zafi a wannan lokacin da farko ya fadi zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci na ƙarni na 20, tare da 1949 da 1956 suna da sanyi sosai, amma sai suka fara haɓaka wanda ya ci gaba da raguwa kaɗan zuwa yanzu.
Tun daga shekara ta 1968, ruwan sama na Ostiraliya ya kasance kashi 15 cikin dari fiye da tsakanin 1885 da 1967. Lokacin da ya fi ruwan sama ya kasance daga 1973 zuwa 1975 da 1998 zuwa 2001, wanda ya ƙunshi bakwai daga cikin shekaru goma sha uku mafi ruwan sama a nahiyar tun 1885. Mafi karancin yanayin zafi na dare, musamman a cikin hunturu, ya kasance mafi girma fiye da kafin shekarun 1960, tare da 1973, 1980, 1988, 1991, 1998 da 2005 masu ban mamaki a wannan bangaren. An sami raguwar raguwa a cikin yawan sanyi a duk faɗin Ostiraliya.
A cewar Ofishin Meteorology, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na Ostiraliya na shekara ta 2009 ya kasance 0.9 C sama da matsakaicin 1961-90, yana mai da shi shekara ta biyu mafi zafi a kasar tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin inganci a 1910.
Dangane da Bayanan Yanayi na Australiya na 2011 na Ofishin Yanayi, Ostiraliya tana da ƙasa da matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin 2011 sakamakon yanayin yanayi na La Niña; duk da haka, "ƙasar ta shekaru 10 tana ci gaba da nuna yanayin hauhawar yanayin zafi, tare da 2002-2011 mai yiwuwa ya kasance a cikin manyan lokutan shekaru 10 mafi zafi a rikodin Ostiraliya, a 0.52 C (0.94 F) sama da matsakacin dogon lokaci". Bugu da ƙari, shekara ta 2014 ita ce shekara ta uku mafi zafi a Ostiraliya tun lokacin da aka fara lura da zafin jiki na kasa a 1910.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23634 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Obiagboso%20Enukeme | Anthony Obiagboso Enukeme | Anthony Obiagboso Enukeme (21 ga Janairu 1944 9 Yuni 2020) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Najeriya daga jihar Anambra, kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa, Shugaba kuma Manajan Darakta na Tonimas Nigeria Limited, kamfanin kera kayayyaki da kasuwanci na cikin gida. Ya kasance Papal Knights na St. Gregory mai karɓa, kuma memba na Knights na St. John International (KSJI). Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin amintattu na jam’iyyar siyasa ta APGA a Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Anthony Obiagboso Enukeme a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 1944 ga dangin Enukeme na Obiuno Umudioka Neni a ƙaramar hukumar Anaocha ta jihar Anambra, a gefen titin Akwaeze daga Kasuwar Nkwo a garin Igbo Ukwu. Shi kaɗai ne ɗa, kuma yana da ƙanwa ɗaya. Bayan kammala karatunsa na Firamare, ya yi horon shirin koyon harshen Igbo na tsawon shekaru 15 a matsayin mai kula da gidan mai a Oturkpo, jihar Benue, da kuma kasuwar Aba Ngwa a jihar Abia. A shekarar 1975, ya ci gaba da neman ilimi wanda ya ga ya kammala karatun sakandare da na sakandare a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a ta 1985. Daga nan ya sami Digiri na biyu na Masters a Harkokin Duniya da diflomasiyya, duka daga Jami'ar Jihar Abia, Uturu, Jihar Abia. An ba shi digirin digirgir na digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami’ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Sana'ar kasuwanci Cif Enukeme ya kafa kamfanin Tonimas Nigeria Limited a 1981 kuma ya hada shi a matsayin kamfani mai iyakance abin alhaki a 1982. Kamfanin yana tallace -tallace kuma yana rarraba samfuran albarkatun mai, yana ƙera faranti na rufi da kusoshi. Daga baya ya bambanta zuwa baƙunci, ƙera filastik, gonakin tankuna, jigilar kaya, da kasuwancin jigilar kayayyaki.
Rayuwar mutum
Aure da yara Cif Enukeme ya yi aure da Iyam Mary Uzoaku Enukeme (Iyom Mmiliaku) kuma an albarkaci auren tare da yara shida.
Mutuwa kuma daga baya Ya rasu a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2020 bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya wanda ya faru saboda rashin iya tafiya don duba lafiyarsa ta yau da kullun sakamakon cutar COVID-19 da ta shafi kulle-kullen a Najeriya Daraja, kayan ado, kyaututtuka da take Memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Jam'iyyar Siyasa ta All Progressive Grand Alliance.
Shugaban, Knights na Saint John's International (KSJI), Commandery 445, Aba, Jihar Abia
Babban Shugaban Owerri Grand Commandery
Memba na Paparoma Knight, Umarnin Saint Gregory the Great (KSG)
Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Fastoci na Diocesan Katolika na Awka na Cocin Katolika
Shugaban, Majalisar Firayim Ministocin Gargajiya ta Jihar Anambra (Ndi Onowu)
Tsohon shugaban, Aba Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (ACCIMA)
Shugaban Kungiyar Man Fetur ta Najeriya (LUPAN)
Mai karɓa Kyautar Kyauta akan Kyawun Kasuwanci ta Ƙungiyar Al'amuran Ƙasa ta Najeriya
Mai karɓa Kyautar Kyauta akan Ayyukan Kasuwanci ta Cibiyar Shugabannin Kamfanoni na Najeriya
Mai karɓa Kyautar Zinariya daga Saint Peter's Christian Fathers Association, Christ the King Church Cathedral Parish, Aba
Mai karɓa Kyautar Sabis na Al'umma ta Rotary Club International
Mai karɓa Kyakkyawar lambar yabo ta Patriotic Merit ta Ƙungiyar Pan -African da Philanthropic Organization
Mai karɓa Kyautattun Mutane da Kyautar Sabis na Al'umma ta Gidan Rediyon Anambra (ABS), Awka
Taken Al'umma Karramawar al'umma ta Aku-Uvom
Darajojin al'umma na Onowu Neni
Gwamnatin jihar Abia ta karrama sarautar Enyi Abia
Al'umman karrama Ogbata Onuo Akwaeze
Karramawar Anya-Anaocha daga majalisar sarakunan gargajiya na ƙaramar hukumar Anaocha
Abubuwan da suka faru Cif Enukeme ya gina Cocin Katolika na Saint James a Neni wanda ya haɗa da ɗakin kwana, ɗakin sujada, zauren coci, ginshiƙan Maryamu Mai Albarka sannan ya miƙa shi ga Diocese Awka na Cocin Katolika don wurin bautar. An gudanar da babban taro na girmamawa a cocin bayan mutuwarsa. Ya kuma gina cocin Katolika na St. Agatha, Umuarakpa, Aba.
Manazarta Mutuwar 2020
Yan kasuwan igbo
Yan siyasan |
20594 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba%20Gumel | Abba Gumel | Abba Gumel Babban Malami ne sannan Farfesa ne a Fannin Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona. Babban burin bincikensa shine ilimin lissafi, tsarin tsayayyar tsari da lissafi. Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa kamar su Mataimakin Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi Lissafi da Lissafi, Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, Darakta, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Masana'antu da Sakataren Kwalejin Aiwatar da Lissafi na Masana'antu.
Tarihin rayuwa Gumel ya karɓi B.Sc. da kuma Ph.D. digirin sa daga Jami'ar Bayero (Kano, Nijeriya) da Jami'ar Brunel ta Landan (Ingila), bi da bi.
Ya kasance Cikakken Farfesa ne a Sashin Lissafi, Jami'ar Manitoba,ne kafin ya zama Furofesa. Farfesa ne na Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona a shekara ta 2014. Yana amfani da ka’idojin lissafi da kuma ka’idoji don samun fahimta game da tsarin cancantar tsarin layin da ba na layi ba wanda ya samo asali daga tsarin ilimin lissafi na abubuwan al'ajabi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta da na injiniya, tare da girmamawa kan tasirin watsawa da kula da bullowar mutum da sake dawowa (da wata dabba) cututtukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a da zamantakewar tattalin arziki.
An zabi Gumel a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka a shekarar 2009. Sannan kuma an zabe shi a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010. Ya karɓi lambar girmamawa ta Dokta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta shekarar 2009 don kyakkyawar takarda da aka buga a cikin Kanar na Kanada na Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Magunguna Farfesa Gumel ya rubuta a kan 150 tsara-sake nazari da bincike wallafe, da yawa littafin surori da edited uku littattafai.
Littattafai Abba B. Gumel. Lissafi na Cigaba da Hannun Dynamical Systems. Jerin Lissafi na Zamani, Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka. Umeara 618 (Shafuka 310), 2014.
Abba B. Gumel da Suzanne Lenhart (Eds. Abubuwan Nunawa da Nazarin Tsarin Gudanar da Cututtuka. Jerin DIMACS a cikin Lissafi na Lissafi da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta na Kwarewa. Mujalladi na 75. Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, 2010 (Shafuka 268).
Abba B. Gumel (Babban Edita), Carlos-Castillo-Chavez (ed. Ronald E. Mickens (ed.) Da Dominic Clemence (ed.) Nazarin ilimin lissafi a kan Cutar Humanan Adam Dynamics: Abubuwan da ke Faruwa da Kalubale. Amfani da Lissafi na Matungiyar Lissafin Amurka na Zamani, Volume 410, 2006 (Shafuka 389).
Inganta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Nijeriya A shekara ta 2014, Gumel ya zama daya daga cikin masana kimiya guda takwas mazauna Amurka wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da wasu jami’o’in Najeriya guda bakwai da nufin taimaka musu wajen bunkasa karfin fada aji a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu da koyarwa. An nada shi a matsayin Babban Malami a Sashin Lissafi da Aiwatar da Lissafi, Jami'ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018 sannan aka sake nada shi a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2021.
Kyauta da yabo Addamar da Fellowwararren ,asa, Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazarin ASU-Santa Fe don Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Rayuwa Rayuwa da Rayuwa.
An nada Babban Farfesa, Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu (2015-2021).
Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2011, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Mayu 2012). Ana ba da kyaututtuka takwas kowace shekara, a ƙarƙashin rukunin bincike, a ko'ina cikin harabar.
Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2010, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2011).
Zaɓaɓɓen Fellowungiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (FAS): 2010.
Zaɓaɓɓen Fellowwararren Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka (FAAS): 2009.
An sami lambar yabo ta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta 2009 don mafi kyawun takarda da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Kanada ta Cutar Cututtuka da Magungunan Microbiology. Yuni 2009, Toronto, Kanada. (Kyautar, ana bayarwa kowace shekara, ga marubucin ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga cututtuka da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda aka nuna ta tasirin tasirin bincikensu na asali da aka buga a mujallar).
Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2008, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2009).
Jami'ar Manitoba ta ba da kyauta don Kwarewa, Disamba 2008 (ana ba da kyauta ɗaya kowace shekara).
Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a 2007, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Yunin 2008).
Rh. Kyauta don gagarumar gudummawa ga karatun ilimi da bincike, 2004. Wannan ita ce babbar kyauta ta bincike da aka ba ƙaramin malami a Jami'ar Manitoba.
Matashin Matashin Lissafin Matasan Afirka (Ilimin Lissafi), wanda Matungiyar Ilimin Lissafi ta Afirka ta ba shi (Taron Internationalasa na Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Aikin Gona, Abeokuta, Nijeriya, Nuwamba 2003). Ana ba da wannan lambar yabo ga masanin lissafi na Afirka, ƙasa da shekaru 40, don gudummawar bincike da ƙwarewa.
Takardar Kwarewar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Manitoba, 2003.
An jera a matsayin ɗayan manyan masana lissafi na 1990s a kan bayanan Masanan Lissafi na Diasporaasashen Afirka.
Gidan yanar gizon mutum
Bayani
Edit Edit
"Abba Gumel". Arizona State University. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
"Gumel, Abba". African Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
"Fellows of the Academy". Nigerian Academy of Science. Archived from the original on November 9, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
"The Dr Lindsay E Nicolle Award". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases Medical Microbiology. 20 (3): 92. Autumn 2009. doi:10.1155/2009/716034. PMC 2770300. PMID 20808468.
Fatunde, Tunde (July 17, 2014). "US diaspora scholars pledge help for home universities". University World News. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Kanada
Rayayyun mutane
|
2151 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar%20Imam | Abubakar Imam | Alhaji Abubakar Imam O.B.E, C.O.N, L.L.D, (Hon.) N.N.M.C, shahararren marubucin Hausa ne wanda ya wallafa littattafan Hausa da dama, cikinsu akwai irinsu Magana Jari Ce, Ruwan Bagaja da sauransu. Marubucin ya samu shahara a Duniyar Nazarin Harshen Hausa. Ya zamo edita na farko a gidan jaridar Arewa, Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo yanzu haka a na nazarin wallafe-wallafen da ya yi a manya da kananan makarantu a Nijeriya. Abubakar Imam shine marubucin littattafan Hausa na farko-farko a karni na (20), a tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa watan Agusta na shekara ta alif(1934).
Tarihi An haifi Alhaji Dr. Abubakar Imam, O.B.E; C.O.N.; LL.D (Hon.) N.N.M.C. a Cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da sha daya (1911),a cikin garin Kagara sa'an nan tana cikin lardin Kontagora, yanzu kuwa Jihar Neja. Ya yi makarantar horarwa wato Katsina Training College, kuma ya kama aikin malanta a Makarantar Midil ta Katsina a shekara ta alif (1932), Yana da shekara (22), ya rubuta littafin hikaya na 'Ruwan Bagaja Ganin kwazonsa wajen kago labari mai ma'ana ya sa Dr. R.M. East, shugaban Ofishin Ta'alifi na Zariya, ya roki a bada shi aro daga Katsina ya yi aikin rubuce-rubuce a Zariya. A zamansa na Zariya ne Abubakar Imam ya wallafa littafin gajerun kagaggun labarai na Magana Jari Ce (1-3), Ikon Allah (1-5) da Tafiya Mabudin Ilimi. Nothern Privinces Newsheet ne kamfani na farko da ke buga rubutun ajami a kasar Hausa, wanda aka kafa a Kano. Daga baya kuma an kafa Nothern Nigeria Publishing Company (NNPC) wadanda suke wallafa litattafai a cikin Harshen Hausa. Sannan aka kafa gidan jarida ta farko mai suna “Gaskiya Tafi Kwabo” Ma’ana Truth is Worth More Than a Penny” wacce aka kirkira a shekara ta (1939), wanda a lokacin Abubakar Imam shine mai kula da harkokin rubutu a kamfanin.Abubakar Imam ne mutum na farko da ya fara wallafa littafin labarin Hausa a kasar Hausa mai suna “Ruwan Bagaja” a shekara ta (1934), a lokacin yana da shekara (23), sai Bello Kagara, wanda yaya ne ga Abubakar Imam, wanda ya wallafa littafin Gandoki littafi mai shafi (45). Sai littafi mai suna “Idon Matambayi” na Muhammadu Gwarzo a shekara ta (1911 zuwa shekara ta 1971), Littafi na biyar shine “Jiki Magayi”, amman littafain Magana Jari ce tafi kowanne littafi karbuwa a karnin.
1- Ruwan Bagaja Abubakar Imam
2- Shaihu Umar Tafawa balewa
3- Idan Matambayi Muhammadu Gwarzo
4- Gandoki Bello Kagara
5- Jiki Magayi John Tafida da Rupert East
6- Magana Jari ce Abubakar Imam
Abubakar Imam yace ya dauke shi kimanin watanni shida yana rubuta littafin magana jari ce. Yawancin labaran dake cikin littafin Magana Jari Ce ya samo ne daga labarun tatsuniya na Grimon, labarun larabawa da dan Indiya kuma kimanin labarai 80 ya samo su daga wasu lttatafan da Rupert East ya ara mai, shi kanshi Abubakar Imam Yace “shi kanshi Rupert East ya tattaro bayanai daga cikin littatafai daban-daban na turawa da tatsuniyan larabawa, domin yin amfani dasu a matsayin abun amfani na sharan fage”. Magana Jari ce ta kasance babban littafin da tafi kowanne a jadawalin tsarin rubuta littafi ga Hausawa har ila yau.
Ruwan Bagaja Ruwan Bagaja yana daya daga cikin shahararrun littafin da Abubakar Imam ya wallafa, littafin labarai ne a cikin labari, inda Alhaji Imam ke bada tarihin rayuwarsa da kansa. A littafin, yakan tara mutane yana basu labarinsa, su kuma suna jinsa. Labarin littafin ya kunshi inda Imam ke barin gida wajen neman Ruwan Bagaja domin neman ma wanda ya rike shi magani da kuma fitar dashi daga kunya. Daga bisani ya fita gida tun da kuruciyarsa inda yawo ya kai shi har Indiya, inda daga bisani ya dawo gida yana dan shekara arba'in.
Gyara Ruwan Bagaja Rupert East ya sanya gasar littattafai inda aka kai ‘Ruwan Bagaja’ don gyare-gyare a lokacin ta hanyan Katsina Middle School. A watan Aprilu 30th, 1934, Rupert East ya rubutawa Mr. Allen, Shugaban Makarantar Katsina Middle School ga Mallam Abubakar Imam,cewa suna godiya, da turo takardan Abubakar Imam da aka yi zuwa wajen su amma a wannan lokacin ba za su iya wallafa littafin ba domin littafin ya ruwaito labarinsa da yawa daga wasu littattafan kuma babu wasu canje canje. Duk da cewa littafin ya tsaru kuma sun yabe shi. Inda ya bashi shawaran da ya rubuta wasu labaran da kanshi domin a sanya su domin samun daman wallafa littafin da sunanshi shi Abubakar Imam. A watan Augusta East ya sake rubutawa Abubakar Imam wasika inda yake sanar dashi cewa sun kusa gama gyare-gyaren littafin nasa a cikin littafin.
Aiki Ya fara nazarin littafin shi wanda yasa masa suna ‘RUWAN BAGAJA’ a wannar shekaran. Inda shekara mai zuwa baturen mulkin mallaka ’Rupert East’ ya sanya gasan littattafai inda aka kai Ruwan Bagaja domin gyare-gyare. Masana Harshen Hausa sun tabbatar da cewar har ya zuwa yanzu babu wani marubuci da ya baiwa Adabin Hausa gudunmowa ta musamman fiye da Alhaji Abubakar Imam, domin kasancewarsa marubuci mai cikakkiyar basira da fasahar shirya labarai iri daban-daban. Duba da muhimmancinsa ne ma, ya sa masana su ka sanya talifinsa cikin jadawalin darussan Hausa a Makarantun Sakandire da kuma Jami'o'i. Wadansu littatafan da Alhaji Abubakar Imam ya rubuta sun hada da Tarihin Annabi (S.A.W) Kammalalle da kuma Karamin Sani Kukumi.Hakika,Alhaji Abubakar Imam yana sahun gaba a manyan taurarin adabin Hausa Kuma wanda Har ila yau bashida tamka a Fannin Kaga Labarai
Nagarta Duba ga irin gudunmuwa da ya bayar ga Tallafi da Aikin Jarida, Masarautar Burtaniya ta girmama Alhaji Abubakar Imam da lambar girma ta O.B.E, Order of British Empire. Daga bisani kuma gwamnatin Nijeriya ta girmama shi da tata lambar makamanciyar O.B.E, wato C.O.N. Yanzu haka gwamnatin Jihar Kano ta sanya sunanss a Babban Asibitin Kula da ma su Yoyon Fitsari, wato Abubakar Imam Urology Hospital, da ke Birnin Kano.
Shafin Waje
Babban Shafinsa
Bibiliyo Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9. OCLC 648578425.
Imam, Abubakar (1977). Magana Jari Ce Yaro, Bada Kudi a Gaya maka (in Hausa) (Littafi Na Uku ed.). ZARIA: NORTHERN NIGERIAN PUBLISHING COMPANY.
Manazarta Marubutan Najeriya
Mutanen Najeriya
Hausawa
Mutanen |
33252 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Goretzka | Leon Goretzka | Leon Christoph Goretzka (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasa ƙwallon kafa ƙafa ne na ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bundesliga ta Bayern Munich da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus Aikin kulob
VfL Bochum A cikin shekarar, 1999, Goretzka ya fara aikinsa tare da Werner SV 06 Bochum.Ya zauna tsawon shekaru biyu tare da WSV kafin ya koma VfL Bochum a shekarar, 2001. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, na shekarar, 2012, an ba Goretzka lambar yabo ta Fritz Walter ta shekarar, 2012 karkashin 17 a zinare A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2012, ya yi ƙwararriyar halarta ta farko don Bochum a cikin 2. Bundesliga da Dynamo Dresden a cikin rewirpowerSTADION Goretzka ya kasance mai ban sha'awa na shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013 a Bochum kuma ya kasance fitaccen dan wasansu yayin da Bochum ya kaucewa faduwa daga gasar ta 2. Bundesliga. A lokacin kakar, Goretzka aka nasaba da dama manyan clubs a kusa da Turai ciki har da Bayern Munich, Manchester United, Arsenal da kuma Real Madrid Matthias Sammer, darektan wasanni na Bayern Munich a lokacin, an ruwaito ya gana da Goretzka don kokarin shawo kansa na shiga Bayern a lokacin rani na shekarar, 2013.
Schalke 04 A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2013, Schalke 04 ta tabbatar da canja wurin Goretzka daga Bochum. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar har zuwa 30 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2018. An bayar da rahoton cewa kudin canja wurin ya kai Yuro miliyan 3.250.
2013-14 kakar A lokacin kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014, Goretzka yana da kyakkyawan yanayi na farko, inda ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni 32 a duk gasa. Ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a cikin rabin na biyu na kakar kuma ya taimaka Schalke ta gama matsayi na uku a Bundesliga bayan zakarun Bayern Munich da Borussia Dortmund A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an gayyaci Goretzka zuwa tawagar ‘yan wasa 30 na share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar, 2014 a Brazil. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan sada zumunci da Poland kafin gasar cin kofin duniya.
2014-15 kakar A lokacin kakar shekarar, 2014 zuwa 2015, Goretzka ya iyakance ga wasanni 11 kawai a duk gasa saboda raunin cinya. Ya dawo daga rauni a ranar Matchday 24 da TSG a shekara ta, 1899 Hoffenheim Goretzka ya buga wasanni 10 kacal a gasar Bundesliga a kakar wasa ta bana. Schalke ta yi rashin nasara a kakar wasa kuma ta kare a matsayi na shida a gasar Bundesliga.
2015-16 kakar A lokacin kakar shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016, Goretzka ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasanni 34 a duk gasa. Ya dawo cikin koshin lafiya a farkon kakar wasa, amma ya sami raunuka da yawa a duk lokacin kakar. An kuma gano Goretzka yana da ciwon hanji mai kumburi a lokacin kakar kuma ya ce "An gano ni da ciwon hanji na yau da kullun, wanda ke yin mummunan tasiri ga iyawar murmurewa." Goretzka ya ci gaba da cewa: “Don haka na canza abin da nake ci gaba daya ya na yanke alkama, madarar shanu, naman alade da goro. Sakamakon haka, ina da ƙarancin al'amura game da lafiyata kuma zan iya murmurewa daga wasa da sauri.
2016-17 kakar A lokacin kakar shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, Goretzka ya taka leda a cikin wasanni na 41 mai girma a duk gasa, inda ya zira kwallaye takwas. Ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin mafi kyawun lokacin Goretzka har zuwa yau yayin da ya bunƙasa cikin rawar kai hari. A ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu, Goretzka ya sami rauni kuma ya sami karaya sau biyu na muƙamuƙinsa yayin da yake wasa da Ajax a gasar cin kofin Europa Ya ci gaba da buga kusan dukkan wasan har sai da aka sauya shi a minti na 84. Schalke dai ta kare ne a matsayi na 10 da bai taka kara ya karya ba a gasar Bundesliga kuma ba ta samu gurbin shiga Turai ba.
2017-18 kakar A lokacin kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018, Goretzka ya buga wasanni 29 a duk gasa kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu. Wannan ita ce kakarsa ta farko ba tare da kwallon kafa na Turai ba tun zuwansa Schalke a shekarar, 2013. Ya sami matsala game da yanayin damuwa a ƙasusuwan ƙafarsa na ƙasa, wanda ya hana shi yin aiki sama da watanni biyu. Goretzka ya taimaka wa Schalke ta zama ta biyu a bayan zakarun Bayern Munich don samun tikitin shiga gasar zakarun Turai a karon farko tun kakar shekarar, 2014 zuwa 2015. A ranar 25 ga Watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2017, ya buga wasan Bundesliga na 100 a wasan da suka yi da abokan hamayyar Schalke, Borussia Dortmund. A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta, 2018, Goretzka ya sanar da cewa zai bar Schalke a lokacin rani na shekarar, 2018 kuma ya shiga abokan hamayyar Bayern Munich. Matakin nasa bai yiwa magoya bayan Schalke dadi ba. Shugaban hukumar kula da harkokin Schalke, Clemens Tönnies, ya bayyana martaninsa na farko game da shawarar da Goretzka ya yanke kan wasan wasan kwallon kafa. Tönnies ya ce: "Abin da na fara yi shi ne, kada ka sake saka rigar Schalke." Tönnies ya ce za a iya tilastawa Goretzka zama a tsaye idan shawarar da ya yanke ya yi mummunan tasiri ga kungiyar.
Bayern Munich
2018-19 kakar A ranarn 1 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2018, Goretzka a hukumance ya shiga Bayern ta hanyar sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu har zuwa Yuni shekara ta, 2022. A kan 12 Agusta a shekara ta, 2018, a cikin DFL Super Cup, ya zo don Thomas Müller a cikin minti na 64th. Wannan shine farkon bayyanar Goretzka a Bayern. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ga kulob din a nasarar da ta yi waje da VfB Stuttgart da ci 3–0. A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu shekarar, 2019, ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar Bundesliga, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Hoffenheim da ci 3-1. A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta, 2019, Goretzka ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan Bundesliga bayan dakika 13; har yanzu babu wani dan wasan Bayern da ya taba kwallo. A ranar 18 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta, 2019, Goretzka ya lashe gasar Bundesliga ta farko yayin da Bayern ta kammala maki biyu a saman Dortmund da maki 78. Mako guda bayan haka, ya ci DFB-Pokal na farko yayin da Bayern ta doke RB Leipzig da ci 3-0 a wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal na shekarar, 2019 Bai fito a wasan ba saboda ya samu rauni.
kakar 2019-20 A ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2019, Goretzka ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai yayin nasarar da suka tashi 6-0 a Red Star Belgrade Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar Bayern a karkashin Hansi Flick Ya buga mafi yawan wasanni, ciki har da dukan gasar zakarun Turai yaƙin neman zaɓe, yin Midfield duo tare da Joshua Kimmich Bayan Benjamin Pavard ya ji rauni kuma an nemi Kimmich ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya, Goretzka ya taka leda a dan wasan tsakiya na gaba da Thiago, ciki har da wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai 2020-21 kakar A ranar 24 ga watan Satumba Shekarar, 2020, Goretzka ya ci kwallo a ci 2-1 a kan Sevilla bayan karin lokaci a gasar cin kofin UEFA Super Cup na shekarar, 2020 A cikin watan Afrilu a shekara ta, 2021, bai buga wasa na biyu da Paris Saint-Germain a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ba saboda matsalolin tsoka. Duk da haka, ya kawo karshen kakar wasa ta lashe kofin Bundesliga na uku a jere.
2021-22 kakar Gaba da kakar wasa, Goretzka aka sanya lambar 8 rigar da Javi Martínez ya bari. A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta a shekarar, 2021, Goretzka ya ci a shekara ta, 2021 DFL-Super Cup tare da Bayern, yana wasa cikakkun mintuna 90. A ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, Bayern ta sanar da cewa Goretzka ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragi, wanda zai ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa shekara ta, 2026.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Matasa A ranar 15 ga Watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2010, Goretzka ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta U-16 a wasan sada zumunci da Ireland ta Arewa Ya zura kwallo a cikin nasara da ci 3–2. A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekarar, 2011, ya buga wasansa na farko na tawagar kwallon kafar Jamus ta U-17 da Turkiyya a ci 4-0. A watan Mayun shekarar, 2012, ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta U-17 ta kasar Jamus a gasar zakarun Turai na Under-17 na shekarar, 2012 a Slovenia kuma ya jagoranci tawagar U-17 ta Jamus har zuwa wasan karshe da Netherlands A wasan karshe, Goretzka ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan; An biya diyya burinsa a lokacin tsayawa, inda aka tashi 1-1. An tashi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ne Netherlands ta samu nasara. A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta a shekarar, 2013, ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta U-21 ta Jamus a ƙarƙashin Horst Hrubesch a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Faransa, inda ya yi wasa mai ban mamaki. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Poland ta tuntubi Goretzka amma ya ki amincewa da tayin saboda bai san ko wane dan kasar Poland bane.
Babban A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta, 2014, Goretzka ya kasance cikin tawagar farko na 30-maza na tawagar Jamus don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar, 2014 da manajan Jamus, Joachim Löw A ranar 13 ga Mayu shekara,r 2014, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Poland Bayan wasan da Jamus ta buga da Poland, inda Goretzka ya samu rauni a tsoka, an cire shi daga sansanin atisayen shirye-shiryen da kungiyar ta yi da kuma 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya da za a yi a Brazil a shekara ta, 2014. A watan Mayun a shekarar, 2017 ne aka saka sunan Goretzka a cikin tawagar Jamus a gasar cin kofin nahiyoyi da aka yi a Rasha. A wasan farko da kasar ta buga na gasar a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, ya ci wa Jamus kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Australia da ci 3–2 a rukunin B. Goretzka ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Mexico a wasan kusa da na karshe. Goretzka ya kammala wasan tare da Timo Werner da Lars Stindl a gasar da kwallaye uku. Tawagar kasar Jamus ta lashe gasar, inda ta doke Chile a wasan karshe a Saint Petersburg A ranar 4 ga watan Yuni a Shekarar, 2018, Goretzka ya kasance cikin tawagar 23 na karshe na Jamus don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, ya fara buga gasar cin kofin duniya a wasan karshe na matakin rukuni a gasar cin kofin duniya da suka doke Koriya ta Kudu da ci 2-0 yayin da tawagarsa ta fice daga gasar cin kofin duniya a karon farko tun a shekarar, 1938 A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2021, an zaɓi shi cikin tawagar don gasar Euro na shekarar, 2020 Ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan karshe na rukuni, inda suka tashi 2-2 da Hungary.
tawagar Olympic Tare da abokin wasan Schalke Max Meyer, an saka sunan Goretzka a cikin tawagar wasan Olympics na bazara na shekarar, 2016 Ya zama kyaftin din Jamus a wasansu na farko da Mexico, amma ya samu rauni a kafada, ya koma Gelsenkirchen.
Salon wasa A cikin shekarar, 2013, an kira Goretzka a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun basira a kwallon kafa na Jamus Peter Neururer, babban kocin Goretzka a Bochum, ya ce bai taba ganin dan wasan kwallon kafa mai shekaru goma sha takwas ba wanda ke da damar kamar Goretzka, kuma ya sanya shi a matsayin "basirar karni". Goretzka yana da kwazon zura kwallo a raga kuma an san yana da karfin sarrafa ƙwallo kuma yana da ikon zabar bugun fanareti ga abokan wasansa. Yana haifar da harbe-harbe masu ƙarfi daga wajen yankin hukuncin Haka kuma an san shi da kyakykyawan iya bugun kai wanda yake ganin yakan zura kwallaye da kai akai-akai. ku 1.89 m, Ƙarfin tsalle-tsalle na Goretzka yana taimaka masa ya yi nasara a yaƙin iska da masu ƙarfi da tsayi masu tsayi Babban matsayinsa shine dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, ko da yake ana iya tura shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na tsaro, winger na dama kuma mai buga wasa Wasan Goretzka sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi da biyu daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Jamus, Lothar Matthäus da Michael Ballack Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Goretzka a Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia Ya kammala Abitur kuma ya sauke karatu daga Alice-Salomon-Vocational School a Bochum. Mahaifinsa, Konrad, injiniyan kera motoci ne kuma injiniyan lantarki na Opel Mahaifiyarsa, Katharina, ta kasance pres kibyter a Ikklesiya ta Furotesta na Altenbochum- Laer kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan kasuwanci a cibiyoyi da yawa a Bochum.
Goretzka ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri na kan layi, "Mun Kick Corona", tare da abokin wasansa na Bayern Munich Joshua Kimmich, don taimakawa cibiyoyin agaji, zamantakewa ko na likita yayin bala'in COVID-19 Goretzka ya kasance mai fafutukar yaki da laifuffukan kiyayya, yana ziyartar wurin tunawa da Holocaust na Dachau, da saduwa da wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust Margot Friedlander. Shi mai suka ne ga jam'iyyar siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Alternative for Germany, yana mai hrff kiransu da "abin kunya ga Jamus" yana mai cewa "lokacin da jam'iyya ta sami goyon baya da jagorancin masu ra'ayin Holocaust da masu musun Corona, to suna tona kansu". Bayan kwallon kafa, Goretzka shima ya saka hannun jari sosai a wani kamfani na talla a cikin shekarar, 2014, a cikin watan Agusta a shekarar, 2020 Goretzka ya fara kasuwancinsa a cikin gidaje, LivinCG inmobilien GMBH, wanda budurwarsa ke gudanarwa.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 11 Nuwamba 2021. Makin Jamus da aka jera a farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Goretzka.
Girmamawa Bayern Munich Bundesliga 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22
DFB-Pokal 2018-19, 2019-20
DFL-Supercup 2018, 2020, 2021 UEFA Champions League 2019-20 UEFA Super Cup 2020 FIFA Club World Cup 2020 BaJamus U17
Gasar cin Kofin Turai na Under-17 na UEFA 2012 Jamus Olympic
Lambar azurfa ta wasannin Olympics na bazara 2016 Jamus
Mutum
Fritz Walter Medal a Zinare (U-17): 2012 Kofin Azurfa na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta FIFA: 2017 Kwallon Tagulla na Kwallon Kafa na FIFA: 2017 Tawagar UEFA Champions League na kakar wasa: 2019-20 Kungiyoyin Bundesliga na kakar wasa: 2017-18, 2020-21 Kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020-21 Ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta VDV 2020-21
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Leon Goretzka at fussballdaten.de (in German) kicker profile
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
41986 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao%20Fan | Bao Fan | Bao Fan Chinese An haife shi a shekara ta 1970) ma'aikacin bankin zuba jari ne na kasar Sin, kuma shugaban kamfanin Chaina Renaissance na kasar Sin, kamfanin da ya kafa a shekara ta 2005.
A cikin 2015,( Bloomberg Markets) ta saka Bao akan a matsayin na 22 cikin jerin mutane 50 Mafi Tasiri.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Bao a Shanghai ga iyayen da suka yi aiki a gwamnati. Dangane da matsayin iyayensa a cikin gwamnati, Bao ya lura cewa ba wani abu bane babba, ni ba daya daga cikin yarima ba. Ya yi makarantar sakandare a Amurka.
Ya sami digiri daga Jami'ar Fudan ta Shanghai da Norwegian School of Management.
Sana'a Bao ya sake yi wa Morgan Stanley, Credit Suisse da Morgan Stanley aiki a London, New York da Hong Kong. A shekara ta 2000, Bao ya bar Morgan Stanley ya zama babban jami'in tsare-tsare a farawar sa aiki a ChinaInfo Holdings. A shekara ta 2005, Bao ya kafa kasar Chaina Renaissance, wata babbar cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta kasar Sin da aka sadaukar da ita ga sabbin kasuwancin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin. Kamfanin ya fara aiki a matsayin kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi, babban aikin Renaissance na kasar Sin a yanzu ya kunshi hada-hadar bankin zuba jari, sarrafa zuba jari da sarrafa dukiya.
Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 2020, Chaina Renaissance ya ba da shawara akan cinikayya/kasuwancin da ya gudana kusan 980 da darajar kudin kididdigar kasuwancin ta kai dala biliyan 146 tun daga lokacin da aka kafa kamfanin, kuma asusun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na da AUM kusan RMB39.0 biliyan a sabbin jarin tattalin arziki.
China Renaissance Holdings Limited ana jera su akan Babban Hukumar HKEX a cikin 2018, a ƙarƙashin hannun jari (1911. HK).
Tun a shekara ta 2013, kamfanin ya fara gudanar da harkokin zuba jari mai zaman kansa. Bao shi ne abokin kafa kuma babban jami'in zuba jari na kasuwancin kula da zuba jari na kamfanin. Huxing Capital Growth Capital, alamar zuba jari na Chaina Renaissance ya zuba jari a cikin sabbin 'yan kasuwa na tattalin arziki da kamfanoni na gida sama da 100, kuma ya taimaka sama da 30 daga cikin wadannan kamfanoni shiga bainar jama'a a kasar Sin da kasuwannin duniya. Kuɗaɗen sa na sirri sun ƙididdige matsakaicin babban jari (MOIC) na 2.5x da ƙimar dawowa (IRR) na kashi 33 cikin ɗari kamar na 30 ga watan Yuni 2020. Kamfanonin, portfolio companies of Huaxing Growth Capital, sun hada da Pop Mart, Kuaishou, Beike Zhaofang Lianjia Jiangxiaobai, Didi Chuxing, Meituan, Li Auto, WuXi AppTec, MININGLAMP Technology, Focus Media, LEXIN da Micro-Tech Endoscopy.
A watan Fabrairun 2016, Chaina Renaissance na kasar ya sami lambar yabo ta FinanceAsia Achievement Awards a mastsayin gwarzon "Best China Deal" da "Best Private Equity Dea". "Best China Deal" hakan ya biyo baya, laakari da rawar da kamfanin ya taka a matsayin mai ba da shawara a kan kudi don "haɗin gwiwar dabarun" Meituan da Dianping. Meituan-Dianping shi ne gidan yanar gizo mafi girma na rukunin jerin gidajen yanar gizo na China, kuma a cikin watan Janairu 2016 ya samu dala biliyan 3.3, yana kimanta kamfanin da aka hade akan dala biliyan 18. Kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan shi ne mafi girma na bayar da kuɗi na China don fara Intanet mai samun goyon bayan kasuwanci.
Rayuwa ta sirri Bao yana zaune a birnin Beijing.
Bacewa
A watan Fabrairun 2023, BBC da wasu majiyoyi sun ba da rahoton cewa Bao ya bace tsawon kwanaki biyu kuma ba su san inda yake ba. Bacewar ta sa, ta sa hannun jarin kamfanin na Chaina Rennesaence na kasar Sin ya ragu da kashi 50 cikin 100, ko da yake, kamfanin ya fada a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, cewa "Ayyukan za su ci gaba bisa ka'ida".
Manazarta Haifaffun 1970
Rayayyun |
19521 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juwayriya%20bint%20Al-Harith | Juwayriya bint Al-Harith | Juwayriya bint al-Harith c. 608 676) matar Muhammadu (S A W) ce kuma Uwar Muminai Ta auri Annabi musulinci Muhammad (S A W) yana da shekara 58 kuma tana da shekara 20, don haka sanya auren a 627/8.
Asalin iyali Ita 'yar al-Hārith ibn Abi Dirar, shugaban Banu Mustaliq, wanda aka ci shi da ƙabilarsa a yaƙi.
Rikici tsakanin Musulmi da Banu Mustaliq Watanni biyu da Annabi Muḥammad S A W) ya dawo daga balaguron Dhū Qarad, ya fara jin jita-jita cewa Banu al-Muṣṭaliq suna shirin kai masa hari, don haka ya aika wani ɗan leƙen asiri, Buraydah ibn Al-Ḥasīb Al-Aslamī, ya tabbatar da hakan. Banū al-Muṣṭaliq kuma sun yi amannar cewa Muḥammad (S A W) na shirin kai musu hari. Don haka su ma sai suka aika wani dan leken asiri dan gano matsayin musulmai, amma sai suka kama shi suka kashe shi.
Rundunonin biyu suna jibge a wata rijiya da ake kira Al-Muraysī kusa da teku, da ɗan tazara daga Makka. Sun yi yaƙi da baka da kibau na awa ɗaya, sannan kuma musulmai suka ci gaba cikin sauri, suka kewaye al-Muṣṭaliq kuma suka ɗauki ƙabilun duka fursunoni, tare da danginsu, garkensu da garkensu. Yakin ya kare cikakkiyar nasara ga musulmai. An kwashe iyalai dari biyu a matsayin kamammu, rakuma dari biyu, tumaki dubu biyar, awaki, da kuma kayan gida da yawa wadanda aka kama ganima. An sayar da kayan gidan cikin gwanjo ga mai siyarwa mafi girma.
Mustaliq ya rasa mazaje goma. Musulmi daya ne aka kashe bisa kuskure da Mataimaki. Juwayrīyah bint al-Ḥārith, diyar shugaban Banū al-Muṣṭaliq na daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama.
Juwayriya an kama ta a matsayin baiwa, an sake ta kuma an yi mata aure Bayan raunuka kaɗan, sojojin musulmai suka yi nasara. Daga cikin dimbin wadanda aka kama akwai Juwayriya, wanda aka kashe mijinta, Mustafa bin Safwan a yakin. Da farko ta faɗi cikin abokin Muhammad Thabit b. Qays b. Al-Shammas. Juwayriya ta firgita da wannan, ta nemi aikin fansa daga Muhammad. Muhammad ya nemi aurenta kuma, sakamakon haka, ya 'yanta ta daga bautar Thabit b. Qais kuma saboda haka ya inganta yanayin ƙabilarta da aka kama. Dama ta farko da ta samu bayan an kamata, sai taje gurin Annabi Muḥammad S A W tana son wato rikicin ya koma hannun shi sai ta gaya mashi cewa ita fa Yar manya ce wato yar command, kuma saboda haka ne ta samu kanta a wannan mummunan halin da take ciki. Ta Fadi daga gadon sarauta na zinari zuwa na kaskqnci. Sai take ganin taya zata iya rayuwa a matsayin baiwa ita kuma can da ta kasance sarauniya, sai ta roki Annabi Muḥammad (S A W) da ya kalla halin da ta samu kanta a ciki.
Annabi, ya damu da roƙon da take yi na baƙin ciki kuma ya tambaye ta idan za ta so ta rayu a matsayin mace mai 'yanci kuma ta kasance cikin gidansa idan ya biya fansarta. Ba ta taɓa tsammanin cikin wannan mafarkin ba. Matsayi sosai game da wannan matsayin da ba zato ba tsammani a matsayinta, sai ta ce za ta fi farin ciki da karɓa. .Wani lokaci daga baya mahaifinta da duk mazajen ƙabilarta da aka 'yanta suma sun karɓi Musulunci a matsayin addininsu.
A sakamakon haka ne, ta auri Muhammad (S A W), Annabin Islama yana da shekara 58 kuma tana da shekara 20, don haka ya sanya auren a shekarar 628. Bayan aurenta, an ambata cewa ta kasance mai yawan ibada kuma mafi yawan lokacinta ta shagaltu da addu'a.
Mutuwa da binnewa Ta rasu tana da shekara sittin da biyar a shekara ta 50 bayan hijira kuma an binne ta tare da sauran matan Annabi Muḥammad (S A W) a Jannatul Baqi Halayenta An bayyana Juwayriya da cewa kyakkyawa ce kuma mai kyau:
An haife ta a cikin halin yalwa da alatu, kuma tana da duk gyare-gyare da alherin gimbiya. Mai hankali da hikima, ta kware a yare da salon adabi. Wannan nasara ce wacce Larabawa sukeyi a wannan zamanin. Duk wanda ya ga [Juwayriya] ya yi mamakin kyawawan halayenta. Yawo kamar yadda ta kasance a cikin ɗayan manyan magabata na wannan lokacin, ba kyakkyawa ba ce kawai amma tana da kyawu, da ladabi, da iya magana. Lokacin da matar Muhammadu 'Aisha' ta fara ganinta sai aka ce tayi ihu cewa Juwayriyah "kyakkyawa ce kamar almara".
Legacy Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith ruwaito: Annabi ya fito daga daki da safe kamar yadda na kasance ina shagaltuwa da yin sallar alfijir. Ya dawo da hantsi ya same ni zaune. Annabi ya ce, "Shin har yanzu kuna matsayin daya kamar yadda na bar ku.Na amsa da amin. Sai Annabi ya ce,
"Na karanta kalmomi hudu sau uku bayan na bar ku. Idan za a auna waɗannan da duk abin da kuka karanta tun da safe, waɗannan za su yi nauyi. Wadannan su ne:
Subhan-Allahi wa bihamdihi, `adada khalqihi, wa rida nafsihi, wa zinatah` arshihi, wa midada kalimatihi
Allah ya barranta daga ajizanci kuma na fara da yabonsa, sau dayawa kamar adadin halittunsa, gwargwadon yardarsa, yayi daidai da nauyin Al'arshinsa kuma daidai yake da tawada da za'a iya amfani da shi wajen nadar kalmomin domin yabon). Muslim
Manazartai A duba a cikin littafin Pages with unreviewed |
23795 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwatsu%20%28geology%29 | Duwatsu (geology) | Duwatsu wasu halitu ne dunkulallalu/daskararru da ake samu acikin kasa ko awajenta. Mafi akasarin wadanannan duwasu suna dauke da ma'adanai bugu da kari masana kimiyya Geology, Geography da sauran sciencitists sun tabbatar da cewa duwatsu suna murmushewa su zama kasa bayan sun dauki lokaci mai tsawo weathering. An kasafta shi ta hanyar ma'adanai da aka haɗa, da sinadarinsa da yadda aka kafa shi. Duwatsu suna samar da dunƙule mai ƙarfi na duniya, ɓawon burodi, da mafi yawan abin cikinsa, ban da ruwa na waje da aljihun magma a cikin asthenosphere Yawancin lokaci ana rarrabe duwatsu zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: duwatsu masu ƙanƙara, duwatsu masu ɗimbin yawa da duwatsun metamorphic Ana samun duwatsu masu ƙonewa lokacin da magma ta huce a cikin ɓawon duniya, ko lava ta huce a farfajiyar ƙasa ko cikin teku. Sedimentary kankara an kafa ta diagenesis ko lithification na sediments, wanda bi da bi aka kafa ta weathering, kai, da kuma shaida na data kasance kankara. An kafa duwatsun metamorphic lokacin da duwatsun da ake da su ke fuskantar irin wannan babban matsin lamba da yanayin zafi da ake canza su wani abu da ke faruwa, misali, lokacin farantan nahiyoyi sun yi karo. Nazarin kimiyya na hali da asalin duwatsu da ake kiranta petrology, wanda shine mahimmin sashin ilimin geology Rabe-Rabe an haɗa Duwatsu da farko na hatsi na ma'adanai, waɗanda sune daskararru masu ƙyalƙyali waɗanda aka samo daga sinadaran atom da aka haɗa cikin tsari mai kyau. Wasu duwatsun kuma sun ƙunshi ma'adanai, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi, abubuwa masu kama da ma'adinai, kamar gilashin volcanic, waɗanda ba su da tsarin crystalline. Nau'ikan da yawa na ma'adanai a cikin dutse ana tantanche su ta hanyar da aka yi shi.
Yawancin duwatsun suna ɗauke da ma'adanai na silicate, mahaɗan da suka haɗa da silica tetrahedra a cikin bututunsu na lu'ulu'u, kuma suna da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk nau'in ma'adinai da aka sani da kusan kashi 95% na ɓawon ƙasa Yawan silica a cikin duwatsu da ma'adanai shine babban abin da ke tantance sunayensu da kaddarorin su. Duwatsu suna classified bisa ga halaye kamar ma'adinai da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki, permeability, irin zane na bijiro da batun kafa gaɓũɓuwa, da kuma barbashi size Waɗannan kaddarorin na zahiri sune sakamakon hanyoyin da suka kafa duwatsun. A kan hanya na lokaci, kankara za a iya canza kama daga daya irin a cikin wani, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta a ma'aunan kasa model kira da dutse sake zagayowar Wannan canjin yana samar da azuzuwan dutse guda uku: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic Waɗannan azuzuwan uku an raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Akwai, duk da haka, babu iyaka mai tsauri tsakanin duwatsu masu haɗin gwiwa. Ta hanyar ƙaruwa ko raguwa a gwargwadon ma'adanai, suna wucewa ta hanyar jeri daga ɗayan zuwa wancan; ta haka ne za a iya gano tsarukan wani nau'in dutsen, sannu a hankali suna haɗewa zuwa na wani. Don haka ma'anonin da aka karɓa cikin sunayen dutsen suna daidai da zaɓaɓɓun maki a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen ci gaba da samun digiri.
Dutsen Igneous Dutsne Igneous dutse ne (da aka samu daga Latin kalma igneus, ma'ana daga wuta, daga ignis ma'ana wuta) an kafa ta hanyar sanyaya kuma solidification na magma ko lawa Wannan magma iya samu daga m melts na pre-data kasance kankara a ko dai wani taurãro 's alkyabbar ko ɓawon burodi Yawanci, narkewar duwatsu yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye na matakai uku: ƙaruwa da zafin jiki, raguwar matsin lamba, ko canji a cikin abun da ke ciki. An raba duwatsun igneous zuwa manyan fannoni guda biyu:
Dutsen Plutonic ko intrusive dutse be haifar lokacin magma cools kuma crystallizes sannu a hankali a cikin Duniya ta ɓawon burodi Misali na kowa na wannan nau'in shine dutse Dutsen mai aman wuta ko tsautsayi yana fitowa daga magma ya isa saman ko dai kamar lava ko gutsuttsuran ejecta, yana yin ma'adanai kamar supumice ko basalt Ruwan wuta mai bullowa daga kasa wato magma sukan zama masu wadata a cikin silica yayin da suke hawa zuwa saman Duniyar, wani tsari da ake kira rarrabe magma Wannan yana faruwa duka saboda ma'adanai masu ƙarancin silica suna ƙyalli daga cikin magma yayin da ya fara sanyaya jerin halayen Bowen kuma saboda magma yana haɗe da wasu daga cikin dusar ƙanƙara ta inda yake hawa dutsen ƙasa kuma dutsen ɓawon burodi yana da girma a cikin siliki. Don haka abun cikin silica shine mafi mahimmancin ma'aunin sunadarai don rarrabe dutsen mai ƙarfi. Abun cikin abubuwan ƙarfe na alkali na gaba yana da mahimmanci. Kimanin kashi 65% na karkashin kasan duniya ta ƙarar ya ƙunshi duwatsun wuta. Daga cikin waɗannan, 66% basalt ne gabbro, 16% sune dutse, kuma 17% granodiorite da diorite Kawai 0.6% syenite ne kuma 0.3% sune ultramafic Ruwan teku yana da kashi 99% na basalt, wanda shine dutse mai ƙyalli na abun da ke ciki. Dutse da makamantan duwatsu, waɗanda aka sani da granitoids, sun mamaye ɓawon burodi na nahiyar Dutsen Sedimentary An kirkirar duwatsun da aka kwaso daga wani wuri wato sedimentary masu ɗimbin yawa a saman ƙasa ta hanyar tarawa da ciminti gutsutsayen duwatsun da suka gabata, ma'adanai, da ko kamar yadda keɓantaccen sinadarai da bunƙasa kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa sedimentation Wannan tsari yana sa clastic sediments (guda na dutse) ko Organic barbashi detritus ya yi hukunci da tara ko don ma'adanai zuwa chemically precipitate evaporite daga wani bayani Bayan haka kwayoyin halittu masu rarrafe suna shaƙuwa da ciminti a matsakaicin yanayin zafi da matsin lamba diagenesis Kafin ana ajiye, sediments aka kafa ta weathering na baya kankara ta yashewa a wani tushen yankin sa'an nan hawa zuwa wuri na shaida da ruwa, iska, kankara, taro motsi ko glaciers (jamiá na denudation Kimanin kashi 7.9% na ɓawon burodi ta ƙarar ya ƙunshi duwatsun ƙasa, tare da kashi 82% na waɗanda ke shales, yayin da ragowar ya ƙunshi limestone (6%), sandstone da arkoses (12%). Sedimentary duwatsu sau da yawa dauke da burbushin Duwatsu masu ɗimbin yawa suna samuwa ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi kuma galibi ana ajiye su a kwance ko kusa da yadudduka a kwance ko madaidaiciya, kuma ana iya kiransu da madaidaicin duwatsu.
Dutsen metamorphic An samar da duwatsun metamorphic ta hanyar sanya kowane irin abu mai kama da dutsen ɗanɗano, dusar ƙanƙara ko wani dutsen metamorphic daban -daban zuwa yanayin zafi da matsin lamba daban -daban fiye da waɗanda aka kafa dutsen na asali. Ana kiran wannan tsari metamorphism, ma'ana "canzawa cikin tsari". Sakamakon shine babban canji a cikin kaddarorin jiki da sunadarai na dutse. Dutse na asali, wanda aka sani da protolith, yana canzawa zuwa wasu nau'ikan ma'adinai ko wasu nau'ikan ma'adanai iri ɗaya, ta sake maimaitawa Yanayin zafi da matsin lamba da ake buƙata don wannan tsari koyaushe suna sama da waɗanda ake samu a farfajiyar Duniya: yanayin zafi ya fi 150 zuwa 200 C da matsin lamba sama da 1500 sanduna. Dutsen metamorphic ya tsara 27.4% na ɓawon burodi ta ƙara. Manyan azuzuwan uku na dutsen metamorphic sun dogara ne akan tsarin samuwar ta hanyar canji. Shigar da magma da ke dumama dutsen da ke kewaye yana haifar da tuntuɓar metamorphism-canjin da ya mamaye yanayin zafi. Matsakaicin metamorphism yana faruwa lokacin da aka binne ramuka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa; matsin lamba ya mamaye, kuma zazzabi yana taka ƙaramin rawa. Wannan ana kiransa metamorphism na binnewa, kuma yana iya haifar da duwatsu kamar jade Inda duka zafi da matsin lamba ke taka rawa, ana kiran injin ɗin metamorphism na yanki. Ana samun wannan yawanci a yankuna masu ginin dutse. Dangane da tsarin, an raba dutsen metamorphic zuwa manyan jigogi na gida biyu. Wadanda suka mallaki kamshi ana kiransu foliated ana kiran wadanda suka rage ba su da kaifi. Sannan an ƙaddara sunan dutsen bisa ga nau'ikan ma'adanai da ake da su. Schists sune duwatsun duwatsu waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da ma'adanai na lamellar kamar micas Gneiss yana da madaidaicin madaidaicin haske, tare da misali na yau da kullun shine gneiss granite. Sauran nau'ikan dutsen da suka lalace sun haɗa da slates, phyllites, da mylonite Misalan da aka sani na duwatsun metamorphic marasa tushe sun haɗa da marmara, sabulun sabulu, da serpentine Wannan reshe yana ƙunshe da ma'adini wani nau'in ƙwallon ƙwallo mai ƙyalli da ƙahoni.
Amfanin mutane Amfani da dutsen ya yi babban tasiri ga ci gaban al'adu da fasaha na ɗan adam. Mutane da sauran hominids sun yi amfani da dutsen na aƙalla 2.5<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwARI"> </span>shekaru miliyan Fasahar Lithic alama wasu tsoffin fasahohin da aka ci gaba da amfani da su. Hakar dutsen don abun cikinsa na ƙarfe ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan ci gaban ɗan adam, kuma ya ci gaba a matakai daban -daban a wurare daban -daban, a wani ɓangare saboda irin ƙarfe da ake samu daga dutsen wani yanki.
Gine-Gine Dutsen ya bambanta ƙwarai da ƙarfi, daga ma'adini waɗanda ke da ƙarfin tashin hankali wanda ya wuce 300 MPa zuwa dutsen da ke cike da laushi don taushi za a iya murƙushe shi da yatsun hannu (wato, abin ƙyama ne (Don kwatantawa, ƙirar ƙarfe na ƙarfe yana da ƙarfin ƙarfi na kusan MPa 350. An ɗan sassaƙa shi, mai sauƙin aiki wanda aka sassaƙa shi don yin gini tun farkon 4000 KZ a Misira, kuma ana amfani da dutse don gina shinge a cikin Mongoliya ta ciki tun farkon 2800 KZ. Dutsen mai laushi, tuff, ya zama ruwan dare a Italiya, kuma Romawa sun yi amfani da shi don gine -gine da gadoji da yawa. An yi amfani da ƙaramin dutse a cikin gini a tsakiyar zamanai a Turai kuma ya kasance sananne a cikin karni na 20.
Hako Ma'adinai Hakar ma'adanai wato mining shi ne hakar ma'adanai ko wasu ma'aunan kasa kayan daga ƙasa, daga wani tama jiki, jijiya ko kabu Kalmar kuma ta haɗa da cire ƙasa. Abubuwan da aka samo ta hakar ma'adinai sun haɗa da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙarfe masu daraja, ƙarfe, uranium, kwal, lu'u -lu'u, farar ƙasa, shale mai, gishirin dutse, potash, jimlar gini da dutse mai girma Mining ake bukata kafin su sami wani abu da ba za a iya girma ta hanyar aikin gona da matakai, ko halitta artificially a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje ko factory Hakar ma'adanai a cikin mafi ma'ana ta ƙunshi hakar kowane albarkatu (misali man fetur, gas, gishiri ko ma ruwa daga ƙasa. Ana aikin haƙa dutse da karafa tun zamanin da Hanyoyin hakar ma'adanai na zamani sun haɗa da sa ido don ajiyar ma'adinai, bincika yuwuwar fa'idar hakar ma'adinan da ake so, hakar kayan da ake so, a ƙarshe maido da ƙasa don shirya shi don wasu amfani da zarar ma'adinan ya ƙare. Hanyoyin hakar ma'adanai na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli a duk lokacin da aka hako ma'adinai da kuma shekaru bayan hako ma'adinan. Waɗannan illolin da suka haifar sun sa yawancin ƙasashen duniya suna bin ƙa'idodi don sarrafa mummunan tasirin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai.
Duba kuma Zuwa
Hanyoyin waje
Nassoshi Kayan da aka kwaso
Duwatsu
Dutse
Ilin kimiyyar sannin duwatsu
Pages with unreviewed |
51529 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia%20Haj-Omar | Dalia Haj-Omar | Dalia Haj-Omar (wani lokaci ana rubuta Haj Omar) 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam kuma kwararriya kan harkokin yaki da tashe-tashen hankula wacce ta yi aiki da yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Ta sarrafa, tsarawa, kulawa, da kimanta ayyukan Hukumar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka/ Ofishin Ƙaddamarwa na Transition Initiatives a Sudan, kuma an bayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin Babbar Jami'in Raya Ci Gaba a Alternatives, Inc., kuma kamar yadda yake. hadewa da GIRIFNA, the Sudanese Non-Volent Resistance Movement. Ta kuma yi aiki da Human Rights Watch, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, Bankin Duniya, da Chemonics. Rahotonta da ra'ayoyinta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar The New York Times da Foreign Affairs.
Haj-Omar tana zaune a Faransa. A cewar wata majiya, "ta ji cewa dole ne ta bar" Sudan "saboda gwamnatin tana kallon aikinta." Tana jin Larabci da Ingilishi kuma tana ƙware a Faransanci.
Ilimi Ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin raya kasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga jami'ar Johns Hopkins da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa daga jami'ar Notre Dame.
Ayyukan aiki da rubutu Haj-Omar ta rubuta a watan Yunin 2009 cewa "Kore juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran ya nuna cewa 'yanci da 'yancin zama 'yan kasa na duniya ne, kuma hatta gwamnatin Musulunci da ta zo ta hanyar halaltacciyar zabuka na iya yin tambaya da watsi da wadanda suka dora ta." Duk da haka, "Sudan ta yi nisa sosai daga yanayin siyasar Iran da kuma samun cibiyoyin siyasa da ke aiki." A cikin muƙalar watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Haj-Omar ta koka da cewa Sudan ba ta yi kama da kasar da ke shirin gudanar da zabukan kasa na farko a cikin shekaru 24 ba, duba da yadda ake ci gaba da tantance jaridu da kuma "cikakkiyar rashin halartar jama'a daga jam'iyyun siyasa." Da take lura da cewa yanayin siyasa yana da matukar tauyewa, ta ci gaba da cewa "dole ne jam'iyya mai mulki ta bude fagen siyasa ga dukkan manyan mahalarta taron," in ba haka ba "zaben zai fuskanci rashin amincewa sosai tun kafin a yi shi." Ta ba da misali da kalaman da jam'iyyar National Congress Party (NCP) mai mulki ta yi game da taimakon kasashen waje daga Amurka da Norwegian Church Aid a matsayin shaida cewa "NCP na kokarin yin kira ga al'ummar Sudan ta hanyar nuna tsoma bakin kasashen yamma ko na kasashen waje a matsayin wata alama. cewa ana kai wa kasar hari kuma su ne jam’iyyar da ta fi dacewa da kare martabar kasar.” Ta yarda cewa zaben ba "kwayoyin sihiri bane," amma ta kara da cewa "zaben da aka gudanar cikin gaskiya da adalci zai iya kawar da kasar daga tashe-tashen hankula masu nasaba da zabe da kuma mika mulki cikin lumana zuwa dimokuradiyya." Haj-Omar ta rubuta wa gidan yanar gizon TechChange a cikin watan Oktoba 2011 akan batun "Mene ne Matasan Sudan ta Kudu ke Koyi daga Harkar Intanet?" Ta yi gardama a cikin muƙalar watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011 cewa lokacin tarihin Sudan na yanzu, wanda ya fara daga hawan mulki na Jam'iyyar National Congress Party, shine "mafi duhu, ba ga 'yan Sudan kawai ba amma ga bil'adama gaba daya," an ba da cewa "bayan Hitler, Stalin da Mao Omar Al Bashir ne ya jagoranci kisan gilla mafi girma a tarihin bil'adama." Duk da haka, yawancin 'yan Sudan ba su ga wata hanya ba, an rufe tunaninsu "a cikin akwati yana hana su yin tunani mai zurfi da kirkire-kirkire[,] musamman idan ya zo ga tambayar alakar da ke tsakanin gwamnati da addini." Haj-Omar ta rubuta a cikin jaridar The New York Times a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, 2012, cewa gwamnatin Sudan da ke mulkin Sudan “ta damu da ci gaba da rike madafun iko kawai” don haka za ta “yi wani abu don murkushe sabuwar tawaye a tsaunin Nuba.” Ta yi kira ga Amurka da "ta yi la'akari da farashi da fa'idar hadin gwiwarta da NCP kan harkokin tsaron kasa da kuma yaki da ta'addanci, da kuma yin la'akari da tattaunawa mai mahimmanci da himma tare da kungiyoyin adawa na Sudan game da makomar ba tare da NCP ba" Da take rubutawa a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, 2013, game da kama jami'an 'yan sanda na jama'a (POP) na 'yar gwagwarmaya kuma injiniya Amira Osman a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, "saboda kin cire rigarta," Haj-Omar ta lura cewa POP ta samo asali ne daga abin da ake kira "Ayyukan Wayewa", shirin Musulunci na gwamnati "wanda ya kai ga kowane bangare na rayuwar zamantakewar Sudan, kuma ya sanya takunkumi kan ka'idojin gargajiya da aka dade ana amfani da su kamar masu zaman kansu da kiɗa, cakuɗe tsakanin jinsi da yin giya da shan barasa.” Haj-Omar ta bayyana cewa, mafi munin irin wannan takunkumin da aka sanya mata shine na tufafin mata, wadda ta bayyana cewa al'amura sun kara tabarbarewa tun bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu a shekarar 2011. Haj-Omar ta yarda a cikin wata kasida a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2013, cewa ita da sauran 'yan adawar gwamnati a baya ba su shirya ba "don girman zanga-zangar da ake bukata don yin kira ga sauyin gwamnati yadda ya kamata," "Tare da aka yi" na ƙarshen watan Satumba 2013 "ya canza sauye-sauyen madafun iko a Sudan,” tare da kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na murkushe turjiya da ya haifar da fushin jama’a. Ko da yake Amurka, EU, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da sauran gwamnatoci sun yi Allah wadai da zaluncin Khartoum ga masu zanga-zangar, "al'ummar kasa da kasa," in ji Haj-Omar, da alama "ba su koyo daga dogon lokaci da ta yi da Sudan," a cewar ta ci gaba da "don shiga kawai a matakin sarrafa rikice-rikice na kwaskwarima," yana ba da lada ga NCP "don aiwatar da rabin zuciya" na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya (CPA). A wata hira da aka yi da ita a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, 2013, Haj-Omar ta lura cewa "matakin shiga" a zanga-zangar Sudan ta baya-bayan nan ta "firgita gwamnati," saboda abin da ya kasance "motsi na zanga-zangar matasa" ya zama "motsi na yau da kullun a ko'ina. kasar,” tare da manyan matakan fushi. "Sun yi tunanin za su iya tsoratar da mutane ta hanyar amfani da tashin hankali, amma hakan ya sa mutane suka fusata sosai," in ji ta. Haj-Omar ta rubuta a watan Maris na 2014 cewa: "Hakikanin nasarar da gwamnatin Sudan ta samu ita ce ta katse huldar 'yan kasa ta hanyar sanya labaransu ba a ganuwa ga junansu, don haka wahalarsu ta ragu; kuma tare da wannan ƴan adam gamayya. Don haka muna buƙatar motsa jiki na ƙasa don dawo da mutuntakarmu da sanin ɗayan. Kuma ba za a iya yin hakan ba tare da ba wa ’yan gudun hijira ba, musamman ma wadanda ke fama da yake-yake da gwamnati ke yi, sararin bayyana labaransu ta yadda suka ga dama.” Ta ce wannan bangare na gwagwarmayar Sudan "shine inda muke rabuwa da juyin-juya-halin baya-bayan nan a yankin Larabawa," domin akwai "kabilanci ko kabilanci ya kebanta da Sudan." Don haka "Babban kalubalen da ke fuskantar masu neman sauyi a yau shi ne yadda za a samar da wata kungiya mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da za ta magance korafe-korafen dukkan 'yan kasar Sudan maimakon yin garkuwa da su ga tsattsauran ra'ayi na akida da kuma wani lokaci na utopian."
Sharhin littafin da Tsokaci A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, 2013, ta yi bitar marubuciyar 'yar Najeriya Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novel Americanah, tana mai cewa "zai yi tasiri tare da ɗimbin masu karatu saboda ta bayyana tunanin al'ummomi da yawa daga nahiyar Afirka daga Sudan tamu. ciki har da wadanda suka tafi da wadanda suka zauna da kuma wadanda suka dawo bayan dogon shekaru a kasashen waje.” A cikin nazarin littafin Amir Ahmad Nasr na watan Yuli 2013 na My Isl@m: Yadda Asali Ya Sace Hankalina-Da Shakku Ya 'Yantar da Raina, Haj-Omar ta kira shi a matsayin misali na cewa sabuwar tsara a Sudan ta ƙarshe tana tattaunawa "dangantakar da ke tsakanin Musulunci da kuma asali." Da take lura da tattaunawar da ya yi kan yadda Musulunci na “hankali” da ‘yancin son rai” ya rasa ga Musulunci na “al’ada” da kuma ilimin Kur’ani, ta kira littafinsa “kyauta ga tsararrakin da suka girma a karkashin duhun mulkin kisa na Sudan. (ko a ciki ko wajen Sudan), jam'iyyar National Congress Party. Waka ce ga 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yancin tunani da bincike mai zurfi, da 'yanci daga tsarin addini. Zai girgiza ginshikan musulmi da dama wadanda ba su taba fuskantar falsafar Musulunci ko na Turawa ba; zai haifar da rudani a cikin rufaffiyar al'umma kamar Sudan inda aka dakile muhawarar addini, da mulkin da ba ruwansu da addini, da kuma asalinsu."
Sauran ayyukan sana'a Haj-Omar ta zauna a kan wani kwamiti game da tattara kudade a RightsCon a Silicon Valley a cikin Maris 2014, kuma an shirya yin magana a Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo a watan Mayu 2014.
Kafofin watsa labarai Haj-Omar tana yawan aika sakon twitter a @daloya, yana rubutawa a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, 2014, misali: "Idan mun kasance kasa ta gaza a da, menene muke yanzu?" Ta yi rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo a "Tunani, Fata, da Hasashe" da kuma a "The Udhiya Project Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27761 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olu%20Jacobs | Olu Jacobs | Articles with hCards
Oludotun Baiyewu Jacobs, (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da arba'in da biyu (1942A.c), wanda akafi sani da sana'a da Olu Jacobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya kuma mai gudanarwar fina-finai. Ya fito a matsayin tauraro a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Burtaniya da dama da fina-finai na duniya. Olu Jacobs ya samu yabo daga mutane da yawa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ’yan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a zamaninsa. Tare da Pete Edochie, kafofin watsa labaru da yawa, masu sharhi na fina-finai, masu sharhi, da sauran ƴan wasan kwaikwayo suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a kowane lokaci, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar al'adu. Ana ganinsa a matsayin tsani tsakanin tsofaffin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sabbi.
Jacobs yayi fice a fannin harkar fim a Najeriya. Tare da kwarewar a fannin harkan wasan kwaikwayo fiye da shekaru 40, ana kallonsa a matsayin gada tsakanin tsofaffi da sababbin nau'in 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. horarwa, a Royal Academy of Arts ban mamaki, Ingila, ya yi aiki tare da daban-daban repertoire sinimomi a kasar Birtaniya da kuma alamar tauraro a cikin wasu kasashen duniya fina-finai.
A cikin shekara ta (200) ya lashe kyautar African Movie Academy Award don Mafi hazakar Jarumi a rawar Jagoran fim. Olu Jacobs ya banbanta kansa a matsayin ubangida a Nollywood, inda ya bayar da kyakkyawar turba ga ’yan fim da dama da suka fito a masana’antar. Soyayyar wasan kwaikwayo ta samo asali ne daga wurin shagalin shagalin shekara na Marigayi jarumin fina-finai, Hubert Ogunde wanda aka gudanar a Otal din Colonial dake Kano, daga nan ya wuce Ingila inda ya karanci wasan kwaikwayo a Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts da ke Landan. An bayyana shi a matsayin 'daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Nollywood, mafi kyawun aikin fassara da kuma mafi kyawun sarrafa kalmomi'. Domin sadaukarwar da ya yi ga aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo sama da shekaru 50 da suka wuce, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta masana'antu saboda fitattun nasarorin da ya samu a wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta (2013) Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards.' Hakanan, AMAA ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Nasarar Rayuwa a gare shi a cikin shekara ta (2016). Olu Jacobs ya auri tsohuwar yar wasan kwaikwayo Joke Silva. Ma'auratan sun kafa kuma suna aiki da Lufodo Group, kamfanin watsa labaru wanda ya ƙunshi shirya fina-finai, rarrabawa kadarori da kuma sha'anin fasahohin Lufodo Academy of Performing.......
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Oludotun Baiyewu Jacobs ga iyaye 'yan asalin Egba Alake. Ya yi kuruciyarsa a Kano kuma ya halarci makarantar Holy Trinity inda ya kasance memba a kungiyoyin muhawara da wasan kwaikwayo. Ya samu kwarin gwuiwar samun damar yin wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da ya halarci bikin shekara-shekara na Cif Hubert Ogunde a Otal din Colonial Hotel da ke Kano. Bayan haka, ya sami takardar visa kuma ya tafi Ingila don yin karatun acting.
A Ingila, Jacobs ya sami horo a Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts da ke Landan. Daga nan ya fito a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da shirye-shirye daban-daban na Burtaniya a cikin shekara ta( 1970) a ciki har da The Goodies, Till Death Us Do Part, Barlow at Large, The Venturers, Angels, 1990, The Tomorrow People and The Professionals). A cikin a shekara ta (1978) ya taka rawar Shugaba Mageeba a cikin gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo wanda Michael Codron yayi kokarin gabatar da Sir Tom Stoppard a shirinsa na Night and Day.
A cikin shekara ta (1980) s Jacobs ya fito a cikin fina-finai na duniya da dama, ciki har da fim din yakin John Irvin The Dogs of War, Roman Polanski 's adventure-comedy Pirates a shekara ta (1986) da kuma fim din iyali-kasada Baby: Sirrin Lost Legend a shekara ta (1985). A talabijin ya kasance memba na wasan kwaikwayo a TVS 's The Witches da Grinnygog Daga baya Jacobs ya fito a fina -finan Nollywood sama da fim guda (120) Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan jaruman Nollywood na Najeriya.
Rayuwa ta sirri Jacobs ya auri yar wasan Nollywood Joke Silva tun a shekara ta (1989) Suna da yara. Da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa har yanzu matarsa ke da sunanta, Jacobs ya amsa: “Ita ce tata. Lokacin da na hadu da ita, yar wasan kwaikwayo ce da aka fi sani da Joke Silva to me zai hana aurena yanzu ya hana ta da masu sauraronta sunanta<Ita ce Miss Joke Silva wacce ita ce Mrs. Barkwanci Jacobs. Yana da sauƙi kamar wancan. Yanzu mutane sun fara faɗin abin da suke so. Har ma sun rubuta cewa mun rabu da kowane irin kaya. Lokacin da take aiki, ita ce Joke Silva amma ita ce Mrs. Barci Jacobs a gida. Jita-jita ya nuna cewa Olu Jacob ya mutu a cikin shekara ta (2021) amma ya halarci Afriff a watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2021) inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award. Matarsa Joke Silva daga baya ta bayyana yanayin lafiyarsa a wata hira da Chude Jideonwo cewa yana fama da Dementia tare da jikin Lewy.
Lambobin Yabo Olu Jacobs ya sami karramawa da lambar yabo ta masana'antu saboda fitattun nasarorin da ya samu wajen wasanninsa na kwaikwayo a kyautar Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da aka gabatar a shekara ta (2013).
Zababbun Shirye-shiryensa
Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Olu Jacobs at the TCM Movie Database
Manazarta Yan Najeriya da sukayi karatu a Ingila
'Yan wasa maza daga sinima ta yarbawa
Memba na Order of the Federal Republic
'Yan wasan gidan telebijin maza 'yan Najeriya
Jaruman fim maza na karni na 21
Jaruman fim maza na karni na 20\
Tsaffin daliban makarantar Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Haihuwan 1942
Fitaccen jarumi na Africa Movie Academy Award winners
Jaruman fim maza 'yan Najeriya
Jaruman fim maza yarbawa
Jarumai maza daga Abeokuta
Rayayyun |
30877 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVIP%20%28hip%20hop%20group%29 | VVIP (hip hop group) | Articles with hCards
VVIP, wanda aka fi sani da VIP (Vision In Progress) ƙungiyar kiɗan Hiplife ne na kasar Ghana da ta ƙunshi Zeal, wanda aka fi sani da Lazzy (Abdul Hamid Ibrahim), Prodigal (Joseph Nana Ofori) da Reggie Rockstone (Reginald Ossei) daga Nima wata unguwa. Accra, Ghana
Kafuwa Wanda ya assasa wannan kungiya wani matashi ne mai suna Friction (Musah Haruna) tare da wani abokinsa wanda daga baya ya bar kungiyar zuwa kasar Amurka domin ya karasa karatunsa. Don haka Friction ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga mutane hudu (Promzy, Lazzy, Prodigal, Bone-daga baya sun bar kungiyar) kuma kafin su san shi, biyar daga cikinsu suna yin wasan kwaikwayo a ghetto, kulake, bukukuwan titi da sauransu.
Karen Friction, Chicago, ya kasance shi ma dan kungiyar ne a hukumance. Kuna iya jin kare yana kara a ƙarshen waƙoƙin su daga ƙarshen 1990s. A ƙarshe Chicago ta mutu.
Kundi A cikin shekarar 1997, an gabatar da VIP a wani bikin bikin titi. A lokacin ne wani mai gabatar da talabijin na Ghana, Blakofe (aka Akua Manfo) da mai gabatar da rediyo mai suna Michael Smith suka gano kungiyar. Blakofe ya zama manajansu, kuma Michael Smith ya ba su kwangila mai suna, Precise Music. A cikin 1998, sun fitar da albam na farko, Bibi Baa O, sun shahara a duk faɗin Accra. Sun zama ƙungiyar Hiplife mafi shahara a Ghana. A cikin 2000, sun fito da kundi na biyu, Ye De Aba, wanda ya fi nasara fiye da kundin su na farko. Bayan kundi na biyu, Friction ya ji cewa lokaci ya yi da zai yi aiki a matsayin mutum mai fasaha kuma ya bar kungiyar. Kungiyar a yanzu tana da mambobi uku (Promzy, Prodigal da Lazzy) kuma ta fitar da kundi na uku a cikin 2001 mai suna Lumbe Lumbe Lumbe tare da buga "Daben na Odo Beba". Duk da haka ƙungiyar rayuwa ta hip sun mamaye jadawalin kiɗan Ghana tare da albam ɗin su na 2003 Ahomka Womu wakar tasu mai suna "Ahomka Womu" ita ce ta daya a jadawalin Ghana sama da makonni 20. VIP ta lashe kyautuka biyar a Ghana Music Awards daga jarumar da suka yi fice kuma kungiyar ta samu fice a duniya bayan wannan nasarar. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar ta fara yawon shakatawa a duniya. Yanzu suna cikin shahararrun masu fasaha a Ghana. Daga baya Promzy ya bar kungiyar ya yi aiki a matsayin mawakin solo amma a cewarsa bai fita daga kungiyar ba Bayan ficewar Promzy, Reggie Rockstone, wanda aka sani da baban rap na Ghana wanda ya dawo a tsakiyar 1990s ya yi baftisma sabon nau'in Hiplife, ya shiga kungiyar. Sunan sabon rukunin ya koma VVIP kuma tun daga lokacin sun yi ƙwaƙƙwaran waƙoƙi kamar "Selfie", "Skolom" da "Dogoyaro".
Bidiyon Labari VIP sun kaddamar da wani shirin nasu na mintuna 110 mai suna Home Grown:Hiplife in Ghana Ba'amurke mai shirya fina-finai mai zaman kansa, Eli Jacobs-Fantauzzi ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni. Wasu mawakan da suka halarci bikin kaddamarwar sun hada da Reggie Rockstone, Hashim, Tinny, Sidney, Tic Tac, Mzbel, Rab Bakari, Faze na Najeriya da sauran mawakan Afirka da Caribbean. Kuma don murnar fitowar Gidan Grown, BDNP (Boogie Down Nima Productions) za ta yi rangadin sakin fim ɗin a duniya a ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da Brazil, UK, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya, Kanada, Italiya, Norway, Jamaica, da kuma Amurka.
Kyaututtuka Kundin Hip-life Of The Year-Ahomka Wo Mu (Ghana Music Awards)vipHip-life Artiste Of The Year (Ghana Music Awards)vipvipMafi kyawun rukunin Afirka Channel O (Afirka ta Kudu)vipvvipMafi kyawun zane-zane na shekara na 4syte Music Awards (Ghana)
Sanannun ayyukan su 2003- "Hip-Life Explosion" Tour (London, Amsterdam, Sweden, Denhaag) 2004- Back Stars (Tawagar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa) na nunin tattara kudade don wasannin Olympics a Athens (Girka)
2004- "Wasan Wasan Zaman Lafiya da Zaman Lafiya" wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Gwamnatin Laberiya suka shirya. 2005- Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Gwamnatin Saliyo sun shirya kide-kide na "Na gode".
2006- Yawon shakatawa na Hip-Life (Amurka daga New York zuwa Los Angeles) 2008-Yanzu Gida Grown Hiplife Documentary Tour World
Manazarta Wanda suka lashe kyautar Headies
Kungiyar mawaka na kasar |
26375 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20Political%20Bureau%20of%201986 | Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986 | Ofishin Siyasar Najeriya na shekarar 1986, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ne ya kafa shi jim kadan bayan hawansa mulki a juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1985. An ƙaddamar da ofishin don gudanar da muhawara ta kasa kan makomar siyasar Najeriya, kuma an tuhune shi a tsakanin sauran abubuwa don "Duba tarihin siyasar Najeriya da gano manyan matsalolin da suka haifar da gazawar mu a baya tare da bada shawarar hanyoyin warwarewa da magance wannan matsalolin. Wannan atisayen shi ne mafi yawan shawarwarin siyasa da aka gudanar a tarihin Najeriya.
Tarihi
Kafin kafuwar ofishin, Najeriya tayi manyan kundin tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya guda biyu: Jumhuriyar Nijeriya ta Farko da Jamhuriya ta Biyu, duk sun cika da gazawar hukumomi kuma sojoji sun kifar da su. A lokacin shugabancin ofishin, ya samu bayanai sama da 27,000 daga ‘yan Najeriya a duk fadin kasar, kan batutuwan da suka shafi addini, kabila da akida. A watan Maris na shekarar 1987, ofishin ya mika rahotonsa na karshe ga gwamnatin soja ta Janar Babangida tare da shawarwari.
Sai dai wasu suka na ganin ofishin siyasa a matsayin wani yunkuri na halatta kutsawar sojoji cikin siyasa ta hanyar kafa wasu daga cikin samuwarsa don komawa mulkin dimokuradiyya kamar muhawara a bude da kuma kammala dawowar dimokradiyya. A cikin 1987, <i id="mwEg">mujallar Newswatch</i> ta fitar da rahoton da ba na hukuma ba na ofishin, don ladansa, an hana shi na 'yan watanni yana ba da tabbaci ga wasu sukar gwamnatin, kamar ɗaukar ɗan Najeriya kan gwajin dimokiraɗiyya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Membobi Janar Babangida ya sanar da sunayen membobin Ofishin Siyasa su goma sha bakwai (17) a bikin kaddamar da ofishin a Abuja ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1986.
Dr Samuel Joseph Cookey Shugaba
Abdullahi Augie Babban Sakatare
Bala Takaya
Edwin Madunagu (Dr. Marxist, "kwaminisanci mai son kai", mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga jaridun The Guardian. Da farko an dakatar da Madunagu a matsayin malamin jami'a a lokacin mulkin Obasanjo na 1979 Kuma daga baya zai bar ofishin a cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa. Ya kasance kamar yadda yake a 2011 mai ba da gudummawa ga lamuran ƙasa)
Oye Oyediran
Mrs. Hilda Adefarasin
EO Awa
Tunde Adeniran
Mrs. R. Abdullahi
AD Yahaya
Sam E. Oyovbaire (Farfesa na Kimiyyar Siyasa 1984-86 shugaban kungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Najeriya NPSA. Oyovbaire ya ci gaba da zama mai bai wa Babangida shawara kan harkokin siyasa, daga baya kuma ya zama Ministan Labarai da Al’adu a karkashin mulkin IBB. Oyovbaire)
Ola Balogun (Dakta; Balogun ya bar ofishin a cikin rigingimu.
Haroun Adamu
Ibrahim Halilu
OY Yaya
Pascal Bafyau Sannan shugaban ƙungiyar Railways. Daga baya ya zama shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya, ya kwace shugabanci daga Ciroma wanda shine shugaba lokacin Babangida ya zama shugaban kasa. An ba da rahoton cewa yana da cibiyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun a zamanin mulkin soja na Babangida. Bafyau daga baya zai yi burin zama abokin takarar Abiola a zaben 1993 kuma zai jagoranci ragowar kungiyar yayin gwagwarmayar soke zaben 12 ga watan Yuni.
Sani Zahradeen
Shawarwarin Ofishin Majalisar dokoki ta unicameral
Tallafin jihar jam’iyyu bisa wasu sharuɗɗa
Amincewa da wa'adin shugabanci na shekara biyar guda daya
Kin amincewa da tsarin karba -karba
Barin sarakunan gargajiya daga lissafin siyasa: an kuma ƙi su ne rashin son kai da mulkin kama-karya (bi da bi: haɗin gwiwar farar hula da sojoji, da tsarin mulkin farar hula-soja-na gargajiya). Rahoton ya ce: dangane da sarakunan gargajiya, ba za mu iya ganin ta wace hanya shigar su za ta iya ba da haɗin kai suna fafatawa da al'umma don yin mubaya'a, suna wakiltar wani ƙarfi da ya saba wa ƙa'idar mulkin dimokraɗiyya kuma abin tunasarwa ne. na bambance -bambancen kasa. Demokradiyya na ikon zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar shiga siyasa da tattalin arziƙi a cikin dukkan sifofi da ƙungiyoyin iko, wanda ke haifar da tsarin gurguzu
Yakamata farfadowa da tattalin arziƙi ya dogara da dogaro da kai, adalci na zamantakewa
Keɓe kashi 10% na zaɓaɓɓun kujerun mata da shugabannin ƙwadago
Mass janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a a matsayin ginshiƙin a newfound siyasa fuskantarwa
Ƙirƙirar wasu jihohi shida.
Wasu shawarwarin da aka amince da su Yarda da Haɗuwa da Jama'a don Dogaro da Kai, Adalcin Jama'a, da Mayar da Tattalin Arziki
Amincewa da jam’iyya mai jam’iyyu biyu tare da Social Democratic Party na hagu da Babban Taron Jamhuriyyar Republican na dama
Ofishin siyasa ya ba da shawarar kirkiro jihohi biyu kawai Katsina (Arewa) da Akwa Ibom (Niger Delta). Janar Babangida ya kirkiro jihohin Katsina da Akwa-Ibom a shekarar 1987.
Wasu sun ƙi shawarwarin Majalisar dokoki ta unicameral
Kin amincewa da tsarin karba -karba
Wa'adin shekara biyar na takarar shugaban kasa
Demokradiyya na ikon zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar shiga siyasa da tattalin arziƙi a cikin dukkan sifofi da ƙungiyoyin iko, wanda ke haifar da tsarin gurguzu
Babangida da masana Najeriya Kafa ofishin siyasa wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa. Abun da ke cikin ofishin da kyar aje iya yin kuskure domin ya hada da maza da mata masu hali da ilmantarwa; Hakanan ya kasance farkon farawa don Babangida ya bada haɗin kai, noma da shigar da masu ilimi a cikin Tsarin Mulki. A cikin shiri, Babangida ya saki fursunonin siyasa, ya soke Dokar 4 ta shekarar 1984 kuma yayi alkawarin girmama muhimman hakkokin dan adam. A cikin shekaru biyu na kwace mulki, Babangida ya samu goyon bayan wani babban yankin kasae; akwai rashin jituwa kaɗan. A ƙarshe, lokacin da Janar Babangida ta nufi fara zama a bayyane zuwa shiryayye mambobi na hukumar, kawai 'yan daga cikin mambobin dauki hukunci mataki bayan abin da aka sani a matsayin mai da komowa zuwa soja amincewa nufi samu a karkashin Janar Muhammadu Buhari. Edwin Madunagu, fitaccen ɗan jaridar jaridar mai sassaucin ra'ayi The Guardian, an sauke shi daga ofishin saboda ra'ayoyi da halaye na "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi". Daga baya zai saki rahoton ofishin da ba na hukuma ba ta hanyar Newswatch, sannan 'yan sandan sirri sun yi wa Madunagu barazana da tsoratarwa.
Farfesa Sam E. Oyovbaire yayi aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara na musamman ga Admiral Augustus Aikhomu (Aikhomu ya zama mataimakin Babangida a watan Oktobar 1986, bayan da yayi rashin jituwa da Commodore Ebitu Ukiwe ya tsunduma cikin daidaita tsarin siyasar gwamnatin. Oyovbaire ya daukaka kimar Tsarin Mulki, Hukumar Zabe ta Ƙasa (NEC), MAMSER (Mass Mobilization for Self-Reliance Social Justice, and Recovery Economic), SAP (Tsarin Gyara Tsarin-sigar "gida-girma" da Babangida ya aiwatar. Tsarin mulki ba tare da cibiyar jiran aiki ta Asusun bada lamuni na Duniya ba). A watan Fabrairun 2002, Oyovbaire, tare da Chidi Amuta, sun yi rubutu don kare shirye -shiryen Babangida. Zuwa 2002, ana iya karanta Oyovbaire kare gwamnatin Babangida: “Sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin mulkin IBB ya haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga ƙarni na ƙwararrun Najeriya waɗanda suka dogara da kansu, suna da ƙarfin gwiwa kuma suna ƙalubalantar karya sabbin filaye a Najeriya. tattalin arzikin siyasa. kuma ya gabatar da mulkin Babangida a matsayin gine -gine kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin zamanantar da tattalin arzikin siyasar Najeriya. Dangane da "ɓacewar" dala biliyan 12.2 na iskar gas ɗin Gulf War, Oyovbaaire ya rubuta: "Gwamnatin IBB ta yi abin da ya shafi kuɗin da aka sadaukar. Don haka, banbancin ra’ayoyi tsakanin kwamitin Okigbo da gwamnatin IBB kan wannan al’amari yana da asali kuma ba hujja ba ce. Waɗannan a sama suna da alama sun tabbatar da karatun masu sharhin jama'a, gami da masu hankali da masana, na nasarar siyasar babangida. Ƙirƙiro shirye -shirye da yawa ya ci gaba da samun kuɗin shiga ga ɗaliban ilimi da yawa, duk da cewa shirye -shiryen sun cika da almundahana da ke nuna mulkin Babangida na musamman. An yi wa membobin ofishin siyasa alƙawarin rawar gani wajen aiwatar da shawarwarinsu; amincin mutum ya ɓullo a matsayin lamari. Dangane da shirin mika mulki na Janar Babangida, Prof. Adebayo Willians a cikin "Masu Hankali da Rikicin Demokradiyya a Najeriya: Zuwa ga Ka'idar Anomie postcolonial" ya rubuta: "Wani babban rukuni na masu ilimi yana cikin wannan ɓarna ta dimokiraɗiyya, kuma halayensa suna ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da tasirin alaƙar ilimi a cikin jihar soja neopatrimonial. A shekarar 2010, Oyovbaire ta zama mai kula da ayyukan dan takarar shugaban kasa na PDP, Abubakar Atiku. Oyovbaire ya kuma wallafa littafin "Hoton Sabon Jagoran Najeriya: Zaɓaɓɓun Jawabin IBB" (Tunji Olagunju da Sam Oyovabaire). A cikin gabatarwar, Adele Jinadu ya rubuta: “Furucin da Shugaba Babangida ya yi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin babban jigon mulkinsa ba kawai ba ne kawai a cikin hatsari ko kuma damar da za a iya amfani da ita don cin gajiyar dambarwar da aka gudanar da mulkin Buhari a ciki don haka ya sami yabo daga jama'a. Maimakon haka yana yin zurfin zurfin imani da ra'ayin jama'a kuma ya dogara ne da ingantaccen tunani mai zurfi game da rawar soja a siyasar Afirka Jinadu, wani masani ne na Najeriya, da alama ya makance kamar yadda Williams zai rubuta "cin zarafin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba kuma da aka yi rubuce -rubuce a kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da gwamnatin Babangida ta yi".
A shekarar 2010, lokacin da Babangida ya sake shayar da burin tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa, an nada Farfesa Oyovbaire a matsayin "Daraktan Manufofi da Dabara". A watan Disambar 2010, lokacin da aka cire Badangida daga zaben 2011, an ruwaito Oyovbaire a matsayin shugaban yakin neman zaben Atiku Abubakar na shugaban kasa a Kudu maso Kudu; Wannan ya biyo bayan "daidaita tsarin ƙungiyoyin kamfen ɗin Babangida, Gusau, Atiku da Saraki a Kudu maso Kudu bayan ɗaukar Atiku Abubakar a matsayin ɗan takarar da Ciroma ya jagoranci masu hikima daga Arewa. Babban ra'ayin Oyovbaire game da Babangida na iya bambanta da kimantawa da wasu masana biyu. A cikin tantance Rotimi da Julius Ihonvbere: "Halin Babangida ...ya bar abin da ake so. Ya kasance mai cin hanci da rashawa, mai son kai, ba a iya hasashe, mai son zuciya, mai rikon amana, ba abin dogaro da rashin son barin ofis. |
32478 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safa | Safa | Safa wani yanki ne na tufa da ake sawa a ƙafafu kuma galibi ana rufe idon sawu ko wani sashe na maraƙi. Wasu nau'ikan takalmi ko rufaffen takalmi yawanci ana sanya su akan safa. A zamanin da, ana yin safa da fata ko gashin dabba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, an fara samar da safa masu saƙa da injin. Har zuwa shekarun 1800, ana ƙera safa na mutum da na inji, amma fasaha ta ƙarshe ta zama ruwan dare a ƙarni na 19.
Ayyuka Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan safa shine shaƙar gumi. Kamar yadda ƙafar ke cikin mafi yawan masu samar da gumi a cikin jiki, tana iya samar da fiye da gumi a kowace rana; Safa na taimakawa wajen shanye wannan gumin da kuma jawo shi zuwa wuraren da iska ke kawar da gumi. A cikin yanayin sanyi, safa da aka yi daga auduga ko ulu na taimakawa wajen ɗumama ƙafafu masu sanyi wanda hakan ke taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da sanyi An fi sa safa masu bakin ciki a cikin watannin bazara don sanya ƙafafu su yi sanyi. Yawancin safa masu launin haske ana sawa da takalman wasanni da safa masu launin duhu tare da takalman riguna (sau da yawa baƙar fata ko safa na blue). Bugu da ƙari, safa masu launin duhu suna ɗaukar zafi wanda hakan zai taimaka wajen sa ƙafar ta zama ɗumi yayin da safa masu launin haske ke nuna zafi wanda hakan yana taimakawa ƙafafu su yi sanyi.
Etymology Kalmar safa ta zamani ta Ingilishi ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Ingilishi socc, ma'ana "Slippa mai haske". Wannan ya fito ne daga kalmar soccus na Latin, kalmar don kwatanta "haske, takalma maras nauyi" wanda ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman ke sawa, kuma ya samo asali daga kalmar Helenanci sykchos.
Tarihi Safa sun samo asali a cikin ƙarni daga farkon samfura, waɗanda aka yi daga fatun dabbobi da aka tattara kuma an ɗaure su a kusa da idon sawu. Saboda ƙera safa ya kasance yana ɗaukar lokaci a lokacin masana'antu kafin masana'antu, masu arziki ne kawai ke amfani da su. Talakawa sun sa rigar ƙafafu, tufafi masu sauƙi a nannaɗe a ƙafafu. Ana amfani da waɗannan a cikin sojojin Gabashin Turai har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20.
A cewar mawaƙin Hesiod na Girka, a cikin ƙarni na 8 BC, Helenawa na dā sun sa safa da ake kira "piloi", wanda aka yi daga gashin dabbar da aka yi. Romawa kuma suna naɗe ƙafafunsu da fata ko saƙa. A kusan ƙarni na 2 AD, Romawa sun fara ɗinka yadudduka tare suna yin safa-safa da ake kira "udones". A ƙarni na 5 AD, safa da ake kira putees mutane masu tsarki a Turai suke sawa don nuna alamar tsarki.
A lokacin tsakiyar, an tsawaita tsawon wando kuma safa ya zama, zane mai launi wanda ya rufe ƙananan ƙafa. Tun da safa ba ta da bandeji na roba, an sanya garters a saman safa don hana su faɗuwa. Lokacin da breeches ya zama guntu, safa ya fara yin tsayi (kuma mafi tsada). A shekara ta 1000 AD, safa ya zama alamar wadata a tsakanin manyan mutane. Tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, an kira wani zane na ado a kan idon sawu ko gefen safa da agogo. Ƙirƙirar injin ɗin da aka yi a shekara ta 1589 yana nufin cewa ana iya saƙa safa da sauri sau shida fiye da hannu. Duk da haka, injunan saƙawa da masu saƙa hannu sun yi aiki tare da gefe har zuwa 1800.
Juyi na gaba a cikin samar da safa shine ƙaddamar da nailan a cikin 1938. Har zuwa lokacin ana yawan yin safa daga siliki, auduga da ulu Naylon shine farkon haɗa yadudduka biyu ko fiye a cikin samar da safa, tsarin da ke ci gaba a yau.
Ƙera Ana iya ƙirƙirar safa daga nau'ikan kayan aiki iri-iri, irin su auduga, ulu, nailan, acrylic, polyester, olefins (irin su polypropylene Don samun ƙarar matakin laushi sauran kayan da za a iya amfani da su yayin aikin na iya zama siliki, bamboo, lilin, cashmere, ko mohair Bambance-bambancen launi na zaɓin safa na iya zama kowane launi da masu zanen kaya suka yi niyya don yin safa akan halittar sa. Safa 'launi' na iya zuwa cikin launuka masu yawa. Wani lokaci kuma ana sanya zane-zane akan safa don ƙara kamannin su. Safa masu launi na iya zama maɓalli mai mahimmanci na riguna don wasanni, yana ba da damar ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa su bambanta lokacin da ƙafafunsu kawai ke bayyane.
Ana ɗaukar Fort Payne, Alabama a matsayin "Babban birnin Sock na duniya" saboda kusan rabin safa da aka ƙera a farkon ƙarni na 21st aka yi a nan. Masana'antar sock ta Fort Payne ta ɗauki ma'aikata kusan 7000 aiki a ƙololuwarta a kusan 2000. Fort Payne, yayin da har yanzu ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da safa kawai ke samar da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na safa, saboda ya rasa wannan take ga Datang.
Gundumar Datang da ke birnin Zhuji na lardin Zhejiang na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, ta zama birni mai suna Sock City A halin yanzu garin yana samar da safa biliyan 8 a kowace shekara, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na samar da safa a duniya, yadda ya kamata ya samar da safa guda biyu ga kowane mutum a duniya a cikin 2011.
Salo Ana ƙera safa da tsayi iri-iri. Babu nuni, ƙananan yanke, da safa na ƙafar ƙafa ko ƙasa kuma galibi ana sawa a hankali ko don amfanin motsa jiki. Babu nuni da ko ƙananan safa da aka ƙera don ƙirƙirar kamannin ƙafar ƙafa lokacin da aka sawa da takalma (sock ba a gani). Wani lokaci ana danganta safa mai tsayin guiwa da riguna na yau da kullun ko kuma kasancewar wani ɓangare na uniform, kamar a wasanni (kamar ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon baseball) ko kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin suturar makaranta ko rigar ƙungiyar matasa. Safa-safa ko safa da suka shimfiɗa sama (safa masu girman cinya) wani lokaci ana kiransu da tufafin mata a zamanin gama gari. Yara maza da mata ne suka fi sanya su a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20; ko da yake, shahararsa ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da manyan mata ke sawa, safa mai tsayin gwiwa ko cinya na iya zama abin sha'awa da sha'awar jima'i daga wasu mazan. Safa na lilin safa ne waɗanda ake sawa ƙarƙashin wani safa da nufin hana ƙura.
Safa na yatsan yatsa ya ƙunshi kowane yatsan yatsa daban-daban kamar yadda yatsa yake a cikin safar hannu, yayin da sauran safa suna da ɗaki ɗaya don babban yatsan ƙafa kuma ɗaya don sauran, kamar mitten musamman abin da Jafananci ke kira tabi yayin da sauran sassan duniya ke kiranta da tabi Duk waɗannan biyun suna ba mutum damar saka flops tare da safa. Ƙafafun ƙafa, waɗanda ba yawanci safa ba, za a iya maye gurbinsu da safa a cikin yanayin sanyi kuma suna kama da leggings saboda gaskiyar cewa yawanci kawai suna kiyaye ƙafafunku ɗumi a cikin yanayin sanyi amma ba duka ƙafar ƙafa ba.
Safa na kasuwanci ko safa na sutura kalma ce ta safa mai launin duhu (yawanci baƙi ko shuɗi na ruwa) don na yau da kullun da/ko takalma na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana kiransa safa da safa na aiki ko safa na yau da kullun don lokuta na yau da kullun, misali bukukuwan aure, jana'izar, bikin kammala digiri, prom, coci, ko aiki.
Safa na ma'aikata gajeru ne kuma masu kauri ko siraran safa na yau da kullum. Waɗannan safa galibi suna ribbed a saman idon sawu Ana iya amfani da su ta hanyar da za a ɗumi ƙafafu idan an ja su har zuwa sama. Farkon sananniyar al'adar ma'aikatan safa ya kasance a cikin 1948. Safa na ma'aikata yawanci unisex ne. Ƙananan safa wani nau'i ne na safa wanda ke kwatanta hanyar da za a yanke a ƙasa da idon sawun Ana yin ƙananan safa da aka yanke don rufe kwandon ƙafafun mutum. Ko da yake ƙananan safa na unisex ne, amma mata da 'yan mata suna amfani da su. Ƙananan safa da aka yanke yawanci ana sawa da takalma irin su takalman jirgin ruwa, Oxfords, moccasins da loafers Salon safa na d a na Masar gaura ya ne tsakanin safa na yamma na zamani da tabi na Jafananci, dukansu ya riga ya wuce. Kamar tabi, safa na Masar suna da ɗaki ɗaya don babban yatsan ƙafa, ɗayan kuma ga sauran, suna ba da izinin amfani da takalma; kamar safa na yamma, suna dacewa da ƙafa sosai kuma basa amfani da fasteners kamar tabi.
Girman girma Ko da yake gaba ɗaya yana riƙe da tsari na rarraba zuwa ƙananan-matsakaici-manyan girma, da dai sauransu, wane nau'in girman takalmin waɗannan girman safa yayi daidai da ɗauka a cikin kasuwanni daban-daban. Wasu ma'auni masu girma suna daidaitawa ta daidaitattun ƙungiyoyi amma wasu sun taso daga al'ada. Tsawon safa ya bambanta, daga ƙafar ƙafa zuwa matakin cinya.
Wasanni Yawancin wasanni suna buƙatar wani irin safa, yawanci tsawon gwiwa ko safa na tsakiyar maraƙi don kare ƙafafu daga gogewa yayin shiga ayyukan wasanni. A cikin kwando, ana amfani da safa na bututu, kuma a cikin lacrosse, ana buƙatar safa na tsakiyar maraƙi. ƙafa, ana amfani da safa na gwiwa. Yawancin su ne don hana ciyawa ƙonewa.
Sauran amfani da kalmar Layer na fata ko wasu kayan da ke rufe kwandon takalma kuma ana kiransa safa. Lokacin da kawai wani ɓangare na insole ya rufe, yana barin gaban gaba, ana kiran wannan da rabin safa.
Rubutun ƙafa Ƙafafun ƙafa, ɗigon tufafin da aka nannaɗe a cikin ƙafafu, an sa su da takalma kafin safa ya zama ko'ina. Sojojin sun kasance suna amfani da su a Gabashin Turai har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21.
Thermal safa Don amfani a cikin yanayin sanyi, safa masu zafi sun fi kauri. An saba amfani da su don wasan ski, skating, da sauran wasannin hunturu. Suna samar da ba kawai rufi ba, amma har ma mafi girma padding saboda kauri.
Safa masu ciwon sukari wani nau'in safa ne na zafi wanda aka yi daga acrylic, auduga, nailan, da na roba. Ana yin waɗannan don inganta ta'aziyya yayin da a lokaci guda kiyaye ƙafafun sanyi da bushewa. Duk da haka, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ke nuna cewa suna taimakawa.
Abubuwan hutu Hakanan ana amfani da safa azaman abin hutu lokacin Kirsimeti Yara suna rataye babban safa na bikin da ake kira safa na Kirsimeti da ƙusa ko ƙugiya a jajibirin Kirsimeti, sannan iyayensu suna cika shi da ƙananan kyaututtuka yayin da masu karɓa ke barci. Bisa ga al'ada, Santa Claus yana kawo waɗannan kyaututtuka ga yara masu kyau, yayin da yara masu lalata a maimakon haka suna karɓar gawayi.
Addini A cikin Musulmai, safa sun fara tattaunawa game da rikitattun alwala, wankin da ake yi kafin sallah. Wasu limaman musulmi, da suke lura da yuwuwar wahala a tsakanin musulmi a cikin yanayi mara kyau, sun fitar da hukunce-hukuncen musulmi da ke ba musulmi damar shafa ruwa a kan safa ko yayyafa wa safa. Wannan zai ba da damar yin salla a inda babu wurin zama, ko kuma idan akwai layi. Wannan shi ne ra'ayi na musamman na Malikiyya Ahlus- Sunnah Duba kuma Beoseon (safa na gargajiya na Koriya)
yakin basasa sock
Dumin kafa
Leggings
Bace safa
Puttee
Hannun jari
Tights
Yar tsana
Safa da sandal
Safa mai ƙamshi
Tabi
Manazarta Safa
Kayan rufe ƙafa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32545 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal%20Mejbri | Hannibal Mejbri | Hannibal Mejbri Larabci: an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League United da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Tunisia.
Mejbri ya shiga tsarin matasa na Manchester United a cikin 2019 daga AS Monaco. A baya ya shafe lokaci a makarantar Clairefontaine. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a gasar Premier a watan Mayun 2021.
An haife shi a Faransa iyayensa 'yan Tunisia, ne Mejbri ya wakilci ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a matakin ƙasa da 16 da 17. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a Tunisia a shekarar 2021.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Mejbri a Ivry-sur-Seine (suburban Paris Faransa, kuma ya koma Paris FC a 2009. A cikin 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa kungiyoyin Ingila da yawa suna neme shi, ciki har da Manchester United, Manchester City, Liverpool da Arsenal, kuma ya shafe lokaci a kan wasa tare da na baya. Ya kuma shafe lokaci yana karatu a babbar makarantar INF Clairefontaine. Babban ɗan'uwansa, Abderrahmen Mejbri, shine kocin wasanni na yanzu yana aiki a Pho Hien FC, ƙungiyar ci gaban matasa na Vietnamese wanda Hannibal ya taɓa ziyarta kuma ya horar da shi.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Farkon aiki Duk da sha'awar kungiyoyin Ingila, Mejbri ya ɗan yi ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt, kafin ya koma AS Monaco a 2018 akan farashin €1. miliyan. Kodayake ci gaban matasa na Monaco ya burge shi da farko, Mejbri ya ji kunya daga kulob din Monégasque a cikin shekara guda da sanya hannu, tare da iyayensa suna iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta keta yarjejeniyar kwangila. A cikin shekarar 2019, kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Turai suna bin sa, gami da zakarun Jamus, Faransa da Spain, Bayern Munich, Paris Saint-Germain da Barcelona bi da bi.
Manchester United A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2019, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United ta bayyana a shafinta na yanar gizo cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya da Monaco kan sayen Mejbri, inda aka ruwaito matashin ya ki amincewa da komawa wasu kungiyoyin Ingila. An yi imanin kudin da kulob din Manchester ya biya ya kai kusan Yuro 5 miliyan, zai iya tashi zuwa 10 miliyan a add-ons. Mejbri ya zauna cikin sauri a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na Manchester United, yana ci gaba zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da 23 duk da cewa yana da shekaru 17. Mejbri ya fara buga wasa a kungiyar U21 ta Manchester United da Salford City a gasar 2020–21 EFL Trophy a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2020. Ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragi da United a cikin Maris 2021. A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2021, ya ci kyautar Dezil Haroun Reserve Player of the Year. Mejbri ya fara bugawa United babban wasa a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na gasar Premier a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2021; Ya zo ne ya maye gurbin Juan Mata a minti na 82.
Ayyukan kasa
Faransa Mejbri ya buga wa Faransa wasanni 12 a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 16 sannan ya buga wasanni uku a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 17.
Tunisiya Ya cancanci wakiltar Tunisia ta hanyar iyayensa, tare da mahaifinsa, Lotfi, an ruwaito cewa ya buga wasa a Tunisia, Mejbri an kira shi zuwa tawagar kasar Tunisia a karon farko a watan Mayu 2021, yana mai da hankali kan makomarsa ta duniya. ga al'ummar mahaifansa. Ya fafata a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke DR Congo da ci 1-0 a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2021. Hannibal ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta FIFA a shekarar 2021, inda ya fara wasa a dukkan wasanni biyar na Tunisia yayin da suka kai ga wasan karshe. Hannibal ya zura kwallaye biyu a karawar da suka yi da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Masar a matakin rukuni da na kusa da na karshe. Hannibal ya fara wasan karshe ne da Algeria a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2021, inda daga karshe ta sha kashi a hannun Algeria da ci 2-0.
Salon wasa Dan wasan tsakiya wanda aka sanya a kan kwallon, tsohon shugaban kungiyar farko na ci gaba a Manchester United, Nicky Butt, ya kwatanta Mejbri da tsohon abokan wasansa David Beckham da Roy Keane a kwarewar jagoranci. Kocin Neil Ryan ya kuma yaba wa Mejbri, yana mai cewa yana da bege ga matashin dan wasan.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Tunisiya
FIFA Arab Cup ta biyu: 2021 Mutum
Dezil Haroun Reserve na Shekara 2020–21 Wahayin Afirka na Shekara (Africa d'Or): 2021
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hannibal Mejbri at FootballDatabase.eu 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Tunisiya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paswan | Paswan | Paswan, wanda aka fi sani da Dusadh, ƙabilar Dalit ce daga gabashin Indiya Ana kuma samun su galibi a cikin jihohin Bihar, Uttar Pradesh da Jharkhand Kalmar Urdu Paswan na nufin mai tsaron gida ko "wanda ya kare". Asalin kalmar, bisa abin da al'umma ta yi imani da shi, ya ta'allaka ne da shiga yakin da aka yi da Siraj-ud-daulah, Nawab na Bengal bisa umarnin kamfanin British East India, bayan haka an ba su lada da mukamin Chowkidars kuma mai karɓar haraji mai amfani ga Zamindars. Suna bin wasu al'adu kamar tafiya akan wuta don tabbatar da ƙarfin su.
Bayanin Lantarki Paswans suna da'awar asalinsu daga yawancin mutane da almara don neman haɓaka a cikin zamantakewar su. Wasu Paswan sun yi imanin cewa sun samo asali ne daga Rahu, wanda ya fi kowa ɗa kuma ɗayan duniyoyi a cikin tatsuniyoyin Hindu, yayin da wasu ke da'awar asalinsu daga Dushasana, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Kaurava. Abubuwan da suka shafi asali daga "Gahlot Kshatriya" suma suna ci gaba tsakanin wasu daga cikin masu ba da umarnin, to amma wasu suna kallon irin waɗannan iƙirarin da ƙyama, saboda ba sa son a haɗa su da Rajputs Har ila yau, wasu Bhumihars sun yi jayayya cewa su zuriyar auren mutuƙar ne tsakanin maza da mata na mutane biyu daban-daban. Koyaya, jama'ar Paswan sun ƙi waɗannan ka'idojin kuma suna jayayya cewa asalin sunan 'Dusadh' ya ta'allaka ne a Dusadh, wanda ke nufin "mai wahalar kayarwa"
Tarihi An dauke su a matsayin al'ummomin da ba'a iya taba su. A Bihar, da farko su marasa filaye ne, ma'aikata ne masu aikin gona kuma a tarihance sun kasance masu gadin ƙauye da manzanni. Kafin 1900, suma sun kasance suna raya aladu musamman a Uttar Pradesh da Bihar. Passan sun kare aikin kiwon aladu ta hanyar bayyana shi a matsayin wata dabara ta adawa da Musulmai Sun tabbatar da cewa, don kare kansu daga Musulmai, ‘yan matan Paswan sun kasance suna sanya layu da aka yi da kashin aladu kuma suna ajiye aladu a kofofinsu, saboda kiyayya da Musulmai da aladu. Tunda Rajputs na Rajasthan suma sun goyi baya har ma da aladun daji da ake farauta, wannan gaskiyar suna amfani da ita ne don kare wannan aikin wanda ya tabbatar da cewa bayan ƙarshen tsarin Zamindari, aikin gargajiya na yin aiki a matsayin masu gadi ba zai iya samar da abinci ba. su. Paswans sun kuma kasance suna da alaƙa ta tarihi tare da ayyukan yaƙi kuma da yawa sun yi yaƙi a madadin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya a lokacin ƙarni na 18 a cikin Sojojin Bengal. Cididdigar Indiya ta 2011 don Uttar Pradesh ta nuna yawan Paswan, wanda aka lasafta shi azaman Jadawalin Jadawalin, kamar 230,593. Wannan ƙidayar ta nuna yawan mutane 4,945,165 a Bihar. Jarumin mutanen Paswans shine Chauharmal A cikin al'adun gargajiya na Paswan, labarin Chauharmal da Reshma sananne ne sosai. Reshma, diyar wani mai gidan Bhumihar mai iko, ta lallashi Chauharmal ya aure ta sabanin yadda mahaifinta ya so. Daga ƙarshe Chauharmal ya tunkari mahaifinsa ƙaunataccensa kuma ya kayar da shi, yana nuna nasarar da al'umma ta samu a kan azzaluman Bhumihar ɗinsu. Sauran labaran labarin sun ki amincewa da wannan sakon mai karfafa gwiwa ta hanyar da'awar Chauharmal a cikin dangin Brahmin a cikin haihuwar da ta gabata yayin da aka haifi Reshma a matsayin matar sa. Baya ga Chauharmal Baba, wasu Dusadh suna bautar Gauriya Baba. Wannan gwarzo na jama'a kamar yadda al'adunsu na gargajiya suka yi zamani da mulkin Mughal a Indiya. Dangane da almara na gargajiya ya kasance yana hawa doki kuma yana kare ba masu jifan sa kawai ba har ma da sauran Hindu da suka hada da Rajputs daga farmakin sojojin Mughal da kuma tilasta musulunta Baba ya kasance yana binne kan alade a gaban gidansa wanda ke gefen gabar gari. Tunda aladu sun kasance la'anane ga musulmai, hakan ya kare ƙauyen daga shigowar sojojin Mughal wadanda galibinsu musulmai ne.
Siyasa A cikin 1900, ƙungiyar caste ta zama babbar hanyar da za a tsara don haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a da siyasa. Saboda haka, an kafa wasu ƙungiyoyi masu yawa waɗanda aka sani game da siyasa a halin yanzu. Kamar Koeri, Kurmi da Yadav, Paswans suma sun kafa nasu Paswan Sabha a cikin 1911 don yin da'awar matsayin Kshatriya. Su ne na farko a tsakanin Dalisi don cimma wannan nasarar. Paswans sun zama ƙarfi na siyasa a Bihar, da farko bayan farfaɗowar shugaban gurguzu Ram Vilas Paswan Paswan ya mamaye Jam'iyyar Lok Janshakti, wacce ta zama abokiyar kawancen Lalu Prasad Yadav mai dauke da Rashtriya Janata Dal Tun da farko, Dalit din da suka hada da al'ummar Paswan sun zabi Majalisa amma a yayin kawancen RJD-LJP sun zama masu goyon bayan wata kungiya wacce ta hada da Majalisar da suka fi so a baya da kuma sabon zabi na LJP Yana da wahala a iya hasashen ainihin bayanan game da yawan kungiyoyin kungiyoyi daban-daban amma a cewar masu sharhi kan siyasa, wannan sabuwar kungiyar ta RJD-Congress wacce LJP ta taimaka ta ba da babban goyon baya daga Yadav, Musulmai da kuma al'ummar Paswan. Wannan tsarin zamantakewar ya ci nasara don daidaita ƙawancen JDU-BJP a 2004 Lok Sabha zaɓen Bihar. Tun da farko, yunƙurin jawo hankalin Paswans don sonsa shi ma shugaban RJD ne Laloo Yadav Babban Ministan Bihar na wancan lokacin), wanda ya nuna Chauharmal a matsayin babban mutum kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sasanta su da siyasarsa ta adalci tsakanin jama'a. Ya kuma shirya Chauharmal Mela a 1995. Ram Vilas Paswan shi ma ya kasance a cikin wannan fadan, wanda ya yi nufin duka biyun don yin nasarar kansa a matsayin ainihin fuskar wannan al'umma tare da tattara goyon baya ga sabuwar ƙungiyarsa, Dalit Sena.
Manazarta Jadawalin Caste na Bihar da Uttarpradesh
Socialungiyar Jama'a ta Bihar
Dalungiyoyin Dalit
Gehlot Rajput
Putungiyoyin |
25828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elize%20Cawood | Elize Cawood | Elize Cawood (28 ga Yuni 1952 18 Yuli 2020) yar wasan kwaikwayo ƴar ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu. Shahararriyar TV ɗin da ta shahara shine na Pop a cikin Verspeelde lente (1984) kuma akan allon azurfa daura da Marius Weyers da Peter Sepuma a matsayin hamshakiyar ƴar Afrikaner a Taxi zuwa Soweto. An kuma gan ta a fina -finai kamar Die wonderwerker (2012) da Lien se lankstaanskoene (2012).
Rayuwa da aiki An haifi Elize Cawood a 1952 kuma ta yi karatu a Hoërskool Sentraal a Bloemfontein. Daga nan ta karanci wasan kwaikwayo a Jami’ar Free State, inda ta samu digirin ta na BA. Ta fara aikinta a 1974 tare da Sukovs na lokacin. Ta fito a cikin Paul Ziller's The Effect of Gamma Rays (wanda Ernst Eloff ya jagoranta) da Bertolt Brecht's The Good Man of Setzuan (wanda William Egan ya jagoranta). Ta kuma yi shirye-shirye a makaranta da ɗakin karatu.
Daga baya ta yi aiki a Truk sannan ta zama mai wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kanta. A kan mataki, ta zama sanannu mafi kyau a matsayin Olive Schreiner a cikin Stephen Gray's Schreiner Woman One Play (wanda Lucille Gillwald ya jagoranta), a matsayin Elsa a farkon samar da Athol Fugard's Road to Mecca a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasuwa a Johannesburg, da kuma Stella a Tennessee Sunan Tram na Williams: So (wanda Lucas Malan ya fassara kuma Bobby Heany ya jagoranta).
Rayuwar mutum Cawood ta auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wilson Dunster a cikin 1982, tare da wanda ta fito a cikin Paul Slabolepszy's The Art of Charf and Dinner For One. Brotheran uwanta Bromley fim ne kuma darektan talabijin, kuma 'yarta, Jenna Dunster, ita ma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce.
Elize Cawood Dunster ta mutu a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2020 tana da shekara 68.] Dalilin mutuwarta shine cutar kansa ta huhu, wacce aka gano a watan Satumba na 2019.
Fina-finai 1979: Wat Jy Saai
1980: Masu ziyartar Les
1981: Oh George!
1983: Verspeelde Lente
1983: Koöperasiestories
1986: Arme moordenaar
1987: Wolwedans a cikin mutuwar Skemer
1990: Reich na Hudu
1991: Taxi zuwa Soweto
1993: Daisy de Melker
1999: Labarin Tsohuwar Matar
2001: Der lange Weg zum Sieg (The Long Run)
2001: Lyklollery (Kinofilm; Südafrika)
2004: Red Dust
2004: Der weiße Afrikaner
2007: Villa Rosa
2007: Andries Plak
2009: Zama
2010: Gabatarwa
2010: Mutu Uwe Pottie Potgieter
2010: Fim ɗin Liefling
2012: Mutuwa Mai Girma
2013: Lien se Lankstaanskoene
2014: Labarin Pandjieswinkel (Labarun Pawnshop)
2015: Dis ek, Anna
2016: Vir Altyd
2016: Na yi farin ciki sosai
2016: Vir mutu Voëls
2018: Stroomop
Mutuwa
Ranar 18 Yuli 2020
Manazarta Haifaffun 1952
Mata yan |
53304 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20bin%20Faisal%20Al%20Saud | Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud | .mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}
Articles with hCards
Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud Mohammed bin Faysal Āl Sa'ud 1937-14 Janairun shekarar 2017) yariman Saudiyya ne kuma dan kasuwa. Ya kuma kasance dan Sarki Faisal kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka jajirce wajen kafa bankin Musulunci da inshorar Musulunci.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Mohammed bin Faisal a Taif a shekara ta 1937. Shi ne yaro na biyu kuma babban ɗan Sarki Faisal da Iffat Al Thunayan Cikakkun 'yan uwansa su ne Sara bint Faisal, Latifa bint Faisal, Saud bin Faisal, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Bandar bin Faisal, Turki bin Faisal, Luluwah bint Faisal da Haifa bint Faisal Har ila yau Mohammed yana da ƴaƴan ƴan uwa rabi daga sauran auren mahaifinsa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Abdullah, Khalid da Saad Mohammed bin Faisal ya fara karatunsa a Al Madrasa An Numuthagiya (The Model School) wanda iyayensa suka bude a Taif a shekara ta 1942. Shine dan uwansa na farko da ya fara karatu a kasar waje. Ya halarci Makarantar Lawrenceville da Makarantar Hun Sa'an nan, ya sauke karatu daga Swarthmore College a 1961. A shekara ta 1963 ya sami digirinsa na farko na kimiyya a fannin harkokin kasuwanci a Kwalejin Menlo da ke California.
Farkon aiki Mohammed bin Faisal ya fara aikinsa ne a shekarar 1963 a Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Saudiyya (SAMA) kuma ya yi aiki karkashin Anwar Ali, darektan SAMA. A wannan shekarar ne Yarima Mohammed ya kafa kungiyar Red Sea a Jeddah wadda ta shirya gasar ninkaya da nune-nunen fasaha. Duk da cewa an rufe shi nan ba da dadewa ba, kungiyar ita ce mafarin hukumar wasan ninkaya ta Saudiyya. A watan Agusta 1965 Mohammed aka nada shi darakta a ofishin canza ruwan gishiri a ma'aikatar ruwa da aikin gona. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa shirin kawar da ruwan sha a wannan lokaci. Ya zama mataimakin ministan ruwa da noma mai kula da harkokin ruwan gishiri a shekarar 1974 sannan kuma an nada shi gwamnan sabuwar kamfanin canza ruwan saline da aka kafa a watan Nuwamba a wannan shekarar. Ya yi murabus daga ofishin a watan Yuli 1977.
Ayyukan kasuwanci Mohammed bin Faisal ya fara shiga harkokin kasuwanci bayan murabus dinsa. A wannan lokacin ya tallafa wa wani bincike kan yiwuwar kawo dusar kankara ta Antarctic zuwa Makka. Ya kafa kamfani don wannan burin, Iceberg Transport International. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1977, ya gabatar da shawararsa a wani taro a London. Shirin nasa shi ne tsarin da ya fi dacewa da aka tattauna a taron. Duk da haka, sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa ba zai yiwu ba, tun da babu wani dutsen kankara da zai iya rayuwa idan ya wuce equator Babban jarin da ya zuba shi ne a fannin banki da hada-hadar kudi, wanda hakan ya sa ya kasance daya daga cikin jagororin bankin Musulunci. Yarima Mohammed shi ne ya kafa bankin Musulunci na Faisal na Masar da aka kafa a birnin Alkahira a shekarar 1977. An kaddamar da bankin a hukumance a shekarar 1979. An kuma bude reshen bankin na Sudan a shekarar 1977. Abin da ya sa ya zuba jari a Masar maimakon kasarsa ta Saudiyya, shi ne yadda iyalan gidan sarautar Saudiyya suka shiga shakku dangane da manufofin bankin Musulunci. Ya hada Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust (DMI group) a 1981. Sauran wadanda suka kafa kamfanin sun hada da manyan mutane masu zuwa: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Ibrahim Kamel, Mohammed Zia Ul Hak, da kuma manyan mambobi na Al Saud. An kafa kamfanin ne a birnin Geneva kuma kungiyar kudi ce ta Musulunci ta kasa da kasa, kuma cibiyar iyaye ce ga bankunan Musulunci 55. Kamfanin mallakar Bahamas ne. Haifaffun |
29614 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz-Art | Wiz-Art | LISFF Wiz-Art biki ne na gajerun fina-finai na kasa da kasa na shekara-shekara, wanda ke gudana a Lviv, Ukraine a ƙarshen watan Yuli. An fara bikin ne ta hanyar fasahar al'adun Wiz-Art, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2008. Bikin yana nuna sabbin gajerun fina-finai sama da 100 duk shekara. Wiz-Art wani dandamali ne mai ƙarfi na al'adu da ilimantarwa wanda zae haɗa jaruman fina-finan na ƙasa Ukrain da na waje da gabatar da su ga masu sauraron Ukrain ƙwararrun jarumai. Har ila yau, bikin ya ƙaddamar da fina-finan da aka nuna a matsayin wani ɓangare na Bikin Gajerun Fim na Brussels, baya ga haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran shirye-shiryen bikin.
Shirin gasa Ana sanya gajerun fina-finai daga ko'ina cikin duniya a bikin. Mahalarta daga kowace ƙasa na iya aika fam ɗin neman aiki. Bikin yana nuna sabbin gajerun fina-finai sama da 100 duk shekara. Fina-finan da aka zaɓa a kowane fanni sun cancanci samun lambobin yabo da yawa. Hakanan, masu kallo suna iya kallon fina-finai daga shirin ba gasa ba. Kowace shekara, ƙungiyar bikin suna zaɓar wani jigon da ya dace da zamantakewa wanda suke amfani da shi azaman tushen zane na gani a taron.
Kyautuka GRAND PRIX OF LISFF Wiz-Art (a cikin gasa biyu)
gasar kasa da kasa:
KYAUTA DARAKTA
KYAUTATA MASU SAURARO
gasar kasa:
KYAUTA FILM
KYAUTATA MASU SAURARO
Alƙalai Hukumar gudanar da bikin ne ke zaben alkalan na gasar. Yawancin lokaci akwai baƙi na kasashen waje da yawa a cikin juri kuma dole ne wakilin Ukrainian cinema. Mahalarta juri ɗin ƙwararrun daraktoci ne, masu yin fim da furodusa. Domin shekaru takwas na bikin zama wakilan juri kasance: Ruth Paxton Scotland David Lindner Jamus Vincent Moon Faransa Igor Podolchak Ukrain Achiktan Ozan Turkiya Anna Klara Ellen Aahrén Sweden Katarzyna Gondek Poland Christoph Schwarz Austria Gunhild Enger Norway Szymon Stemplewski Poland Philip Ilson UK da sauransu.
Tarihin bikin
2008 20-22 na Nuwamba shekara ta 2008 I International Festival of Visual Art Wiz-Art. Akwai nunin fina-finai na Sean Conway Birtaniya Boris Kazakov Rasha Milos Tomich Serbiya Volker Schreiner Jamus fina-finai da kuma nunin baya-bayan nan na ayyukan shahararriyar avant-gardist Maya Deren Amurka An nuna fina-finai 50, 10 daga cikinsu gajerun fina-finai ne na matasa 'yan fim na Ukraine.
Shekara ta 2009 23 zuwa 25 na Mayu 2009 Bikin Duniya II na Bikin shirye-shiryen telijin naWiz-Art. Baƙi na musamman sun haɗa da mai shirya fina-finai na Burtaniya kuma mawaki Julian Gende, darektan Jamus Martin Sulzer (Landjugend) da Kevin Kirhenbaver, furodusa kuma malamin Rasha Vladimir Smorodin. Akwai wasan kwaikwayo na VJs Shifted Vision da band (2sleepy). Akwai nunin baya na ayyukan Scott Pagano da David Orayli da mafi kyawun fina-finai na Makarantar Fim a Zlín (Jamhuriyar Czech), Stockholm (Sweden), da Hamburg (Jamus). Golden Apricot Yerevan International Film Festival da Slovak Festival Early Melons (Bratislava) sun gabatar da shirye-shiryen su. Gabaɗaya, an nuna gajerun fina-finai 100.
2010 20 zuwa 23 Mayu 2010 Bikin Gajerun Fina-Finai na Duniya na III Wiz-Art na shekara ta 2010. Baki na musamman da mambobin alkalan sun hada da daraktan Turkiyya Ozan Achiktan, mai fasahar yada labaran Slovakia Anton Cerny, mai shirya fina-finan Sweden Anna Klara Oren, da furodusa dan kasar Ukraine Alexander Debych. Bikin ya samu halartar daraktoci daga Ireland (Tony Donoh'yu), Spain (Fernando Uson), Portugal (Ana Mendes), Poland (Tomasz Jurkiewicz), Ukraine (Anna Smoliy, Gregory wani Dmitry Red, Mrs. Ermin). Akwai nunin faifai na gajerun fina-finai na Finland da Asiya. An gabatar da mafi kyawun fina-finai na bukukuwa a Italiya (A Corto di Donne) da Rasha (Farko). Grand Prix ya sami fim ɗin "Ranar Rayuwa" (wanda Joon Kwok ya jagoranta, Hong Kong). Fina-finai 105 daga kasashe 30 ne suka halarci gasar da kuma shirye-shiryen da ba na gasa ba.
2011 26 zuwa 29 Mayu 2011 IV Gajeran Fina-Finai na Duniya na huɗu na Wiz-Art 2011. Baƙi na musamman da membobin alkalan sun haɗa da mai shirya fina-finan Scotland Ruth Paxton, ɗan ƙasar Jamus David Lindner da daraktan Ukrainian Igor Podolchak. Tommy Mustniyemi (mai wasan kwaikwayo na bidiyo, Finland), Mike Mudgee (mai shirya fina-finai, Jamus), Emil Stang Lund (darektan, Norway), Morten Halvorsen (darakta, Denmark), Armin Dirolf (darektan, Jamus) da sauransu sun ziyarci bikin. Akwai nunin gajerun fina-finai na baya-bayan nan na sashin Faransanci na Kanada, wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci da shirin musamman na gajerun fina-finai na Ukraine. An nuna fina-finai 98 a cikin shirye-shiryen gasa da ba gasa ba. Grand Prix ya sami fim mai rai The Little Quentin (Albert 'T Hooft Paco Vink Netherlands 2010).
2012 26 zuwa 29 Yuli 2012 V International Bikin Gajerun Fina-finai kari na biyar Wiz-Art 2012. Baƙi na musamman da membobin alkalan sun kasance ɗan fim na Faransa kuma matafiyi Vincent Moon, ɗan fim ɗin Icelandic Isolde Uhadotir, mai gudanarwa na Molodist na kasa da kasa Ilko Gladstein (Ukraine), ɗan fim ɗan Irish Paul Odonahyu, wanda aka fi sani da Ocusonic, darektan Kanada da furodusa Felix Dufour-Laperyer. (Félix Dufour-Laperrière). Bikin ya samu halartar daraktan kasar Hungary da mai shirya bikin BUSHO Tamas Habelli da daraktan Ukraine Alexander Yudin da Max Afanasyev da Larisa Artyuhina. Akwai retrospective shows na Hungarian da Italiyanci short fina-finan, kazalika da nuna na matasa Ukrainian fina-finan "Cry, amma harbi" (quote na Alexander Dovzhenko) shafe darektoci. A matsayin ɓangare na Wiz-Art 2012 masu sauraro sun sami damar ziyartar Wiz-Art Lab makarantar fina-finai tare da laccoci da manyan azuzuwan da mahalarta da baƙi na bikin suka bayar. An nuna fina-finai 98 daga kasashe 38 a cikin shirye-shiryen gasa da kuma wadanda ba na gasa ba. Grand Prix ya karɓi fim ɗin Fungus (Charlotte Miller, Sweden, 2011).
2013 24 zuwa 29 na watan Yulin 2013 VI Taron Bikin Gajerun Fina-finai Duniya na Wiz-Art karo na shida a shekara ta 2013. Baƙi na musamman su ne Philip Illson, darektan London Short Film Festival, Maria Sigrist, mai shirya fina-finai na Austrian, Dmytro Sukholitkiy-Sobchuk, mai shirya fina-finai na Ukraine, Florian Pochlatko, mai shirya fina-finai na Austrian, da kuma Romas Zabarauskas, darektan fina-finan Lithuania. Grand Prix ya karɓi fim ɗin Maybes (Florian Pochlatko, Ostiriya, 2012) labari na kud da kud tare da manyan batutuwan da suka shafi lokacin da muke rayuwa a ciki. Sauran masu nasara na Wiz-Art 2013 sune: Babban Darakta Tarquin Netherway don fim ɗin The River (Australia, 2012), Mafi kyawun Rubutun Prematur (Gunhild Enger, Norway, 2012), ambaton Musamman Jamon (Iria Lopez, United Kingdom, 2012), Kyautar Masu Sauraro Taɓa kuma Duba (Taras Dron, Ukraine, 2013).
2014 24-27 na Yuli 2014 VII Bikin Taron Gajerun Fina-finai Duniya na Wiz-Art karo na bakwai, shekara ta 2013. Baƙi na musamman da membobin juri sune: Gunhild Enger, darektan fim ɗin Norwegian, Kateryna Gornostai, darektan fim ɗin Ukrainian, Szymon Stemplewski, darekta na Short Waves Festival Poland Mykyta Lyskov, Ukrainian director-animator, Volodymyr Tykhyy, darektan fasaha na aikin Babila'13, Olha Makarchuk, darakta-animator na Ukrainian, Lisa Weber, mai shirya fina-finan Austriya, da Ismael Nava Alejos, darektan fina-finan Mexico. Shirin gasar ya kunshi gajerun fina-finai 15 daga sassan duniya. Shirin gasar kasa yana da guntun wando na Ukrainian guda 11. Har ila yau, Wiz-Art 2014 yana gabatar da shirin shirin na musamman wanda aka sadaukar don gajeren fina-finai game da Euromaidan da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na mafi kyawun gajeren fim na Ukrainian na karni na XX. Makarantar Fim ta Wiz-Art, shingen ilimi, ya ƙunshi laccoci, zaman tambayoyi da amsa, tarurruka da tarurrukan bita tare da baƙi bikin.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Bikin Gajerun Fina-finai duniya
Bikin fina-finai
Bikin shekara shekara
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17736 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaat%20Harb | Talaat Harb | Talaat Harb Pacha An haife shi a ranar 25 ga wwtan Nuwamba 1867 13 ga watan Agusta 1941), ya kasan ce shi ne mashahurin dan kasuwar Masar kuma wanda ya kafa Banque Misr, da rukunin kamfanoni, a cikin Mayu 1920.
Ayyukansa Kafa Banque Misr, babban banki na farko na Misira mallakin masu hannun jari na Masar kuma ma’aikata ne na Egyptianan ƙasar Masar, inda ake amfani da larabci (yaren ƙasar) a duk hanyoyin sadarwa, ya kasance babban matakin kafa asalin tattalin arzikin ƙasa.
Tunanin kafa Banque Misr ya fara bayyana ne a 1907, lokacin da Talaat Harb, mashahurin masanin kishin ƙasa, ya wallafa wani littafi da ke kira da a kafa bankin ƙasa tare da kuɗin Misira. Ya yi kira ga kudaden da baƙi ke sakawa don wasu dalilai ban da bukatun Masar. Ya ci gaba da kiran wannan kiran a kowane lokaci, tare da nacewa ba tare da gajiyawa ba. A shekarar 1911, ya sake fitar da wani littafi mai taken "Gyara tattalin arzikin Masar da aikin Bankin Kasa", inda ya bayyana ra'ayinsa na tattalin arziki.
Dangane da mahimmancin yada wayar da kan banki a ciki da wajen Masar, bankin ya nemi yada rassa a duk fadin kasar da kuma cikin jihohi da dama: Lebanon, Syria, Sudan, Yemen da Saudi Arabia Bankin, a karkashin jagorancin Talaat Harb, ya kafa kamfanoni da dama da ke aiki a bangarori daban-daban, kamar: masaku, jigilar kayayyaki, wallafawa, shirya fina-finai, inshora da kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa na farko: Egypt Air Ya kasance yana da mukamai da yawa a cikin rikicin tattalin arzikin Masar na zamani da abubuwan da suka faru kamar rikicin Kom Ombo na sukari kuma kamar cinikin auduga. Bayan ayyana Jamhuriya a Misira, an girmama Talaat Harb ta hanyar sanyawa tituna da filaye da yawa a Alkahira da sauran biranen suna. Mutum-mutumin nasa ya kawata dandalin Talaat Harb a cikin garin Alkahira. A cikin 1980, a lokacin bikin cikar shekaru 60 na Banque Misr, marigayi Shugaba Anwar Sadat, ya ba da Talaat Harb bayan Kogin Nilu, wanda shi ne mafi girma a cikin duk kayan ado na Masar. Ana bayar da ita ne kawai ga sarakuna, shugabannin ƙasashe da waɗanda suka yi manyan aiyuka a matakin ƙasa ko na ɗan adam gaba ɗaya.
Ya kuma fara ayyukan tattalin arziki da yawa a Saudi Arabiya wanda aka yarda da shi ta hanyar gabatar da kaso biyu na Kiswa na Kabaa wanda HM King Abdul-'Aziz Al-Sa'ud na Saudi Arabia ya yi a 1936. A cikin 2002 jikokin jikokin sun ba da sadaka ga gidan kayan gargajiya.
Rayuwar mutum Talaat Harb ya rasa matarsa tun yana ɗan ƙarami. Ya aka tsira da hudu da 'ya'ya mata: Fatma, Aisha, Khadiga da Hoda (Kafin ta mutuwa ta bayar da wani yanki na ƙasar da kuma kudi don gina wani ilimi cardiac institute a Ain Shams Faculty of magani).
An yi bikin tunawa da shi a rubuce-rubuce da wakoki na marubucin wakoki na lokacin Ahmed Shawqi, Abbās al-Aqqād, Ihsan Abdel Quddous, Salah Gawdat da kuma Ba'amurke-Ba'amurken nan Kahlil Gibran Ayyukan da Talaat Harb ya kafa An gabatar da wasu daga cikinsu a cikin wannan jeri: 1920: Banque Misr; babban birnin LE80,000 1922: Misr House Printing; babban birnin LE5,000
1923: Kamfanin Masarawa don Takarda Takarda; babban birnin LE30,000
1923: Kamfanin Misr don Samun Auduga; babban birnin LE30,000
1925: Kamfanin Misr na Acting da Cinema Studio Misr babban birnin LE15,000 1926: Kamfanin Masarautar Masar Co.; babban birnin LE116,000
1926: Bankin Masar-Faransa; babban birnin Tarayya miliyan 5. Fran
1927: Misr Sakar Co.; babban birnin LE300,000
1927: Misr Fishery Co.; babban birnin LE20,000
1927: Misr Silk Sakar Co.; babban birnin LE10,000
1927: Misr Linen Co.; babban birnin LE45,000
1929: Masar-Syria Bank; babban birnin kasar Siriya miliyan Lira
1930: Misr Transport da Shipping Co.; babban birnin LE160,000
1932: Kayayyakin Masarautar Siyarwa Co.; babban birnin LE5,000
1932: Misr Air Co.; babban birnin LE40,000
1934: Egypt Travel Co., babban birnin kasar LE7,000
1934: Kamfanin Masarawa na Fata da Tanning
1935: Misr na ma'adinai da Quarries Co babban birnin LE40,000
1937: Misr don Masana'antu da Cinikin Mai; babban birnin LE30,000
1938: Misr al-Beida don Rini, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Bradford, babban birnin LE250,000
1940: Magungunan Magunguna na Misira, babban birnin LE10,000
1907 Al-Ahly (The National) Sporting Club (ta hanyar bayar da yabo ga kwamitin kafa kungiyar.
Duba kuma Banque Misr
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
31875 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekarau%20Angyu | Shekarau Angyu | Shi ne Aku-Uka na 27. Sarki ne mai daraja ta ɗaya, kuma shugaban majalisar sarakunan Jahar Taraba (chairman Taraba council of chiefs). Shi ne (Dr.) Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II, CFR, Aku-Uka na Wukari. Shi ne na 27 a jerin Aku-Uka da aka yi a tarihin wannan sarauta ta Aku-Uka. Sannan kuma shi ne mafi daɗewa a kan karagar mulki. Mutum ne shi mai nagarta. Yana da haƙuri, jajircewa, ƙwazon aiki, son jama’a, da kuma iya zama da jama’a. Mutum ne mai matuƙar son ci gaba a dukkan abin da ya saka a gabansa. Yana da gogayyar rayuwar aiki tun zamanin turawa har zuwa yau ɗin nan; abin nufi shi ne cewa ya yi aiki da Turawa tun kafin samun ‘yancin kan Najeriya har zuwa bayan samun ‘yanci. Shekarau Angyu, direban mota ne, ɗankasuwa, sannan kuma basarake. Dukkan waɗannan abubuwa da aka ambata, su ne burikan rayuwarsa, kuma Allah cikin ikonsa ya cika masa su ɗaya bayan ɗaya kamar yadda ya ambata a lokacin da yake amsa tambayar malaminsa na makaranta a lokacin da yake karatu a garin LMakarantun rin Ibi, cewa, “so na ke na zama direba, ɗankasuwa sannan kuma sarki”. Ɗan wannan rubutu da mai karatu zai karanta, taɓa-ka-lashe ne game da kuma rayuwar wannan managarcin sarki wanda ya sauya tarihin Jukunawa da tsohuwar daular Kwararrafa a wannan zamani da mu ke ciki. Dr. Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II,
Sarki ne mai daraja ta ɗaya, kuma shugaban majalisar sarakunan jahar Taraba (chairman Taraba council of chiefs).
Haihuwa An haifi Shekarau a ranar Lahadi 18 ga watan Afirilu na shekarar 1937; wato yau yana da shekaru 80 (1937 2017) cur a duniya. Shi ɗa ne ga Ashumanu II Angyu Masa Ibi; Aku-Uka na 22, wanda ya yi zamani 1940 1945. Sunan mahaifiyarsa Buvini Awudu. Ya fito daga zuriyar Ba- gya; ɗaya daga cikin gidajen sarautar Wukari. Wannan suna nasa Shekarau, suna ne da ya samo asali daga Hausa. A al’adar Hausa, idan mace mai ciki ta haura wata tara bata haihu ba, to akan kira abin da ta haifa da suna shekarau idan namiji ne, mace kuma a ce da ita shekara. Wato ana nufin mutumin da ya shekara a ciki. Sunansa na yare kuma shi ne Agbunshu. Kenan, sunansa ya zama Shekarau Agbunshu.
Karatu 1. 1950 1954: Makarantar Elimantare ta Wukari (Wukari Elementary School).
2. 1954 1957: Babbar Makarantar Mishan ta Lapwe da ke Ibi (Missionary
Senior School Lapwe). Gogayyar Aiki
1. 1958 1960: Ya yi aiki da Hukumar Gargajiya ta Wukari a matsayin Jami’in rarraba wasiƙu (mail officer), daga baya aka ɗaukaka matsayinsa zuwa jami’in sufuri; wato babban direba kenan (transport officer), sauyin da ya cika masa burinsa na Farko na son zama direba. Ayyukansa a wannan matsayi sun haɗa da tabbatar da lafiyar dukkan ababen sufuri mallakin wannan hukuma, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an bayar da su ga wanda ya dace a duk lokacin da buƙatar amfani da su ta taso, sannan kuma a halin da za su iya amfanuwa.
2. 1960 1962: Jami’in Taimako (personal assistance) ga ‘executive officer’ na ma’aikatar kula da lafiyar dabbobi (ministry of animal health) na gwamnatin arewa da ke Kaduna a wancan lokacin Dr. Samuel Ɗanjuma A. Gani.
3. 1962 1963: Jami’in Taimako (personal assistance) a ofishin
sakataren mulki (parliamentary secretary) na gwamnatin arewa da ke Kaduna a wancan lokacin, Ambasada Jolly Tanko Yusuf.
4. 1963 1966: Jami’in Taimako (personal assistance) a ofishin
shugaban ma’aikatar wutar lantarki ta Najeriya (Electricity Corporation of Nigeria), Malam Ibrahim Sangari Usman.
5. 1966 1976: Jami’in Ciniki (sales manager) a gidan man-fetur na Makurɗi (Texaco filing station, Makode). Wannan sabon ci gaba da kuma sauyin aiki daga ma’aikatar gwamnati zuwa kamfani mai zaman kansa shi ne abin da ya tabbatar wada Shekarau burinsa na biyu na son zama ɗan kasuwa. Tun da farko, gaskiya da riƙon amana su ne halayen da suka shugabansa a ma’aikatar wutar lantarki ya ɗora shi a wannan babban matsayi a kuma wannan sabon gidan mai nasa. Zaman shekarau a wannan kamfani ya kafa kamfanin, dan abin da ya yi ya fi ƙarfin a ce ya samar da ci gaba. Ya riƙe wannan gidan mai tun yana guda ɗaya tilo a lokacin da aka buɗe shi har ya hayayyafa tare kuma da ƙarin samar da wasu sababbin abubuwan yi da ba sayar da man-fetur ba. Daga cikin irin waɗannan ayyuka da shekarau ya shigo da su wannan kamfani akwai sabis na mota, sayar da wasu kayayyaki, yin faci da sauran su.
Sarauta
A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 1976, aka bayar da sanarwar naɗin Shekarau Angyu a matsayin sabon Aku-Uka na Wukari. Naɗin da ya saka shi zamowa Aku-Uka na 27 a garin na Wukari. Wannan mataki da ya taka a rayuwa, shi ne abin da ya cika masa burinsa na ƙarshe kamar yadda ya ambata a shekaru 20 da suka gabata, cewa, yana so ya zama direba, ɗan kasuwa, daga ƙarshe kuma ya zama sarki. Haƙiƙa wannan naɗi na Dr. Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II, ya samu karɓuwa tare kuma da amincewar ‘yan majalisar sarki kuma masu zaɓen sabon sarki guda huɗu, da kuma yarjewar iyalan gidajen sarauta guda biyu; Ba-gya(Kuvyo) da kuma Bama. Tun da ga wannan lokaci zuwa yau (1976 2017), Dr. Shekarau Angyu shi ne Aku-Uka na Wukari. Wato kenan, zuwa yau (2017), yana da shekaru 41 a kan karagar mulkin Jukunawa mai helikwata a Wukari. Sannan kuma shi ne Aku-Uka mafi daɗewa a kan karagar mulki.
Gudunmawa Masu iya magana sun ce, mai kamar zuwa akan aika, a wani faɗi kuma suka ce kowa ma ya yi rawa bare ɗan makaɗa. Haƙiƙa wannan maganganu haka suke.
Dr. Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II, mutum ne da ya samu horo tun daga tushe na yi wa jama’a hidima, sannan kuma aka yi gam-da-katar cewa mutum ne mai shawa’ar yin hakan. Wato zani ce ta taras da mu je mu. Gudunmawa da Dr. Shekarau ya bayar a wannan gari sannan kuma cibiyar sabuwar Daular Kwararrafa, tana da tarin yawan gaske. Gari ne da ya same shi a matsayin ƙaramin gari, a yau kuma ya maishe shi katafariyar alƙariya mai kusan dukkan abubuwan da birane ke buƙata na kayan more rayuwa. Saboda haka sai dai mu ɗan tsakuro mu rubuta kamar haka:
1. Fannin Raya Al’adu da farfaɗo da daular Kwararrafa: Haƙiƙa Dr. Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake raya al’adun Jukunawa da kuma farfaɗo da daular Kwararrafa. Tun farkon hawansa mulki yake ƙoƙari a wannan fannin har ta kai a yau ana iya tunawa da waccar tsohuwar daula ta Kwararrafa tare kuma da ganin al’adu da kyawawan halayen Jukunawa na son zaman lafiya, karɓar baƙi da sauran su. Tabbas a yau duniya tana iya banbance tsohuwar suturar Jukunawa, salon rawarsu ta gargajiya, da kuma ta zamani.
2. Abubuwan More Rayuwa: A wannan fanni na wadata Wukari da ababen more rayuwa, kusan ana iya cewa dukkan wani abin more rayuwa da ake buƙatar sa a alƙarya, to akwai shi a wannan gari na Wukari, kamawa tun daga layukan tarho na dauri da na zamani, cibiyar aika wasiƙu, tituna, wutar lantarki, kasuwannin zamani, ababen hawa, gidajen man-fetur, manya da ƙananan otel, gidajen saukar baƙi, da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa rankacakam.
3. Ilimi: Ilimi gishirin zaman duniya, garin Wukari, gari ne da ke cike da makarantu kamawa tun daga firamare har zuwa jami’o’i; ba fa jami’a ba, a’a, jami’o’i. Saboda akwai jami’o’i guda biyu a garin Wukari, ɗaya ta gwamnatin tarayya, ɗayar kuma mai zaman kanta wacce ake kira Kwararrafa University. Makarantun.firamare, sikandire da kwalejoji ma kuma duk akwai su birijik a garin na Wukari.
|
50594 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena%20Bonner | Yelena Bonner | Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner 15 Fabrairu 1923 18 Yuni 2011) mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ce a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet kuma matar masanin kimiyyar lissafi Andrei Sakharov A cikin shekarun da ta yi a matsayin mai adawa, Bonner an santa da halinta na gaskiya da jaruntaka.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Bonner Lusik Georgiyevna Alikhanova a Merv, Turkmen SSR, Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu Mary, Turkmenistan Mahaifinta, Georgy Alikhanov (sunan Armen Gevork Alikhanyan), Armeniya ne wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ya kasance memba mai girma na Comintern mahaifiyarta, Ruf Ruth Bonner yar gwagwarmayar Kwaminisanci Bayahudiya ce. Tana da ƙane, Igor, wanda ya zama jami'in sojan ruwa. Iyalinta suna da dacha lokacin rani a Sestroretsk kuma Bonner suna da abubuwan tunawa a wurin. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, NKVD ta kama mahaifin Bonner kuma aka kashe shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Tsabtace Stalin An kama mahaifiyarta bayan 'yan kwanaki a matsayin matar maƙiyin mutane, kuma ta yi shekaru goma a Gulag kusa da Karaganda, Kazakhstan, bayan shekaru tara na gudun hijira na cikin gida. An kashe kawun Bonner mai shekaru 41, Matvei Bonner, yayin da ake tsarkakewa, kuma matarsa ta yi gudun hijira. An wanke su hudu (gyaran) bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekarar 1953. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya 1941, ta ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Red Army lokacin da aka mamaye Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ta zama babban ma'aikaciyar jinya. Yayin da take aiki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Bonner ta ji rauni sau biyu, kuma a cikin 1946, an sake shi da mutunci a matsayin nakasassu tsohon soja. A shekarar 1947, Bonner aka yarda da matsayin ɗaliba a Leningrad cibiyar. Bayan yakin ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin yara daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta First Leningrad, a halin yanzu Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Pavlov ta St. Peterburg Aure da yara A makarantar likita ta sadu da mijinta na farko, Ivan Semyonov. Suna da 'ya mace, Tatiana, a 1950, da ɗa, Alexey, a 1956. 'Ya'yanta sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1977 da 1978, bi da bi. Bonner da Semyonov sun rabu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da biyar kuma a ƙarshe sun sake aure. A cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970 yayin da suke halartar shari'ar 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama Revol't (Ivanovich) Pimenov da Boris Vail a Kaluga, Bonner ya sadu da Andrei Sakharov, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya da mai kare hakkin bil'adama; sun yi aure a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bitu. A shekara kafin su hadu, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da tara 1969, Sakharov aka takaba daga matarsa, Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa.
Ayyukan aiki Tun daga farkon shekarun 1940, Bonner ta taimaka wa fursunonin siyasa da danginsu. Ko da yake Bonner ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Soviet a 1964 yayin da take aiki a matsayin likita, kawai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka ta kasance mai aiki a cikin yunkurin kare hakkin dan Adam na Soviet. A watan Agustan shekarar 1968, an karfafa yunƙurinta na rashin amincewa bayan da sojojin Tarayyar Soviet suka yi birgima zuwa cikin Czechoslovakia don murkushe ƙungiyar Prague Wannan lamarin ya ƙarfafa imaninta cewa ba za a iya gyara tsarin daga ciki ba. A shari'ar Kaluga a 1970, Bonner da Sakharov sun sadu da Natan Sharansky kuma suka fara aiki tare don kare Yahudawa da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda yunkurin tserewa daga USSR a cikin jirgin da aka sace A karkashin matsin lamba daga Sakharov, gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da izinin Yelena Bonner ta yi tafiya zuwa Yamma a 1975, 1977 da 1979 don magance raunin da ta samu a lokacin yakin. Lokacin da Sakharov, wanda aka ba da kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1975, hukumomin Soviet sun hana shi tafiya, Bonner, a Italiya don jinya, ya wakilce shi a bikin a Oslo Bonner ta zama memba na kungiyar Moscow Helsinki a shekarar 1976. Lokacin da a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 1980, aka kai Sakharov gudun hijira zuwa Gorky, wani birni da aka rufe ga baƙi, Bonner wanda aka azabtar da shi a fili ya zama rayuwarsa, yana tafiya tsakanin Gorky da Moscow don fitar da rubuce-rubucensa. Kame ta a watan Afrilu shekarar 1984, saboda tashin hankali da farfaganda da kuma hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na shekaru biyar a Gorky ya sake rushe rayuwarsu. Yajin yunwa da yawa na Sakharov ya tilasta wa sabuwar shugaban Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev barin ta tafiya zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1985, don sextuple ta hanyar tiyatar zuciya Kafin wannan, a cikin shekarar 1981, Bonner da Sakharov sun ci gaba da yajin cin abinci mai haɗari amma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara don samun jami'an Soviet don ba da izinin surukarsu, Yelizaveta Konstantinovna ("Lisa") Alexeyeva, takardar izinin fita don shiga mijinta, Bonner's. dan Alexei Semyonov, a Amurka. A watan Disamban shekarar 1986, Gorbachev yarda Sakharov da Bonner su koma Moscow. Bayan mutuwar Sakharov a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, acikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara, ta kafa gidauniyar Andrei Sakharov, da Archives a Moscow. A cikin shekarar 1993, ta ba da gudummawar takaddun Sakharov a Yamma ga Jami'ar Brandeis a Amurka; a shekarar 2004, an mayar da su zuwa Jami'ar Harvard Bonner ya ci gaba da magana kan dimokiradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam a Rasha da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ta shiga cikin masu kare majalisar dokokin Rasha a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Agusta kuma ta goyi bayan Boris Yeltsin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a farkon shekarar 1993.
Shekarun baya da mutuwa Daga shekarar 2006, Bonner ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Moscow da Amurka, gida ga 'ya'yanta biyu, jikoki biyar, jikoki daya, da kuma daya. Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2011, na ciwon zuciya a Boston, Massachusetts, tana da shekaru 88, a cewar 'yarta, Tatiana Yankelevich. An kwantar da ita a asibiti tun ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu. Mutuwan 2011
Haifaffun |
20608 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igede | Igede | Mutanen Igede ƙabilun Najeriya a Yankin Binuwai na Lower Nigeria .'Yan asalin ƙaramar hukumar Oju da Obi ne a Najeriya, inda alkaluman yawan mutane a shekarar 2006 suka kai kimanin mutane 267,198. Koyaya, yawancin mutanen Igede sun tarwatse a duk faɗin jihar da ƙasar. Misali, ana kuma amfani da yaren Igede a Jihar Kuros Riba ta Nijeriya, kuma yawancin al'ummomin Igede sun wanzu a Jihar Osun da Jihar Ogun Harshen Igede memba ne na rukunin Benuwe-Kongo a cikin yaren Nego-Congo.
Yanayin wuri An ƙirƙiro ƙaramar Hukumar Oju ne a shekarar 1976 kuma tana da iyaka tare da kananan hukumomin Obi na yanzu, Ado, Konshisha da Gwer ta Gabas ta Jihar Benuwai, Ebonyi da Izzi na kananan hukumomin Ebonyi, da Yala karamar Hukumar Kuros Riba Yana da hedikwata a Garin Oju.
An kirkiro karamar hukumar Obi ne a shekarar 1996 kuma tana da hedikwata a Obarike-Ito. Karamar hukumar ta samo sunanta ne daga rafin Obi wanda ke gudana a yankin kuma ya raba iyaka da kananan hukumomin Ado, Otukpo da Oju na jihar Benue.
Tarihi
Asali: Al'adar baka Igede sun gano asalinsu daga Sabon Gida Ora a cikin jihar Edo ta yanzu. An ce su zuriyar Agba ne, wani babban sarki a Sabon Gida Ora. Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Igede da ‘yan asalin Ora ya sa suka yi hijira daga wannan yankin zuwa jihar Benuwai ta yanzu ta hanyar Nsukka a jihar Enugu. Wannan labarin na tarihi a cikin tarihin Igede ana yawan ambata shi cikin waƙa da wasan kwaikwayo, misali rikodin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo "Ego ny'Igede".
Asali: Bayanan tarihin Bayanan tarihin suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan cirani daga lardin Ogoja waɗanda suka ƙara karɓar al'adu da al'adun Idoma Gudanarwa da siyasa A siyasance, Igede ya faɗa ƙarƙashin gundumar sanatan Benue ta Kudu.
Al'adun Igede Igede galibi manoma ne da ke noma masara, rogo, gyada da dawa. Igede gida ne na shahararren bikin Igede-Agba, wani biki ne na shekara-shekara wanda kuma ke nuna lokacin girbin doya a watan Satumba. Tufafin gargajiya na Igede shuɗi ne masu launin shuɗi, baƙi, da fari.
Fitattun mutanen Igede Ode Ojowu, Babban Mashawarcin Shugaba Obasanjo da Shugaba mai kula da tsare-tsare na kasa Oga Okwoche, Tsohon Jakadan Najeriya a Faransa Peter Okwoche, mai masaukin baki na shirin BBC Focus on Africa TV na mujallar labarai ta labarai Sunayen Igede Da Ma'anar Haisa
Lissafin da ke ƙasa akwai sunayen Igede da ma'anar su na turanci. An tsara wannan jeri a rukuni biyu, duka Nau'in Maza da Mata, jerin sunaye a cikin 1-10 na na mata ne yayin da 11-20 na na maza ne bi da bi.
Adiya -Yana nufin sarauniya
Erima- ma'ana "Allah ya ji kukana"
Agbo Ma'ana mace mai iko Ohiama Ma'ana kyakkyawar yarinya
Omeje Ma'ana mace mai sarauta
Onwanyi -Yana nufin kyakkyawar budurwa Aladi Ma'ana sabon farawa Ojobo Ma'ana Allah mai girma Egbe -Yana nufin mace mai hayayyafa Inori Ma'ana mace mai kyau, mai laushi mai laushi Agocha mutum mara tsoro wanda ke yaƙi da makiyansa. Adegwu, Ukenya Babban firist na gari Oko Odugbo tsuntsu da ke ci gaba da cin 'ya'yan itacen dabino Onda abin al'ajabi, abin da mutum ba zai iya bayanin Onah ba shugaban gidan Adoga wanda kowa ya dogara da shi a gidan Akwuma wanda zai iya yin aure -da hannu sun kayar da kambin jarumai Edor mai kyau don saka jari ga yaro Edu Edeh wanda ke yaƙi da mutanensa Ogbaji ƙato wanda ake girmamawa a cikin al'umma
Sunaye da Sunaye Na Mata Igede
Iyaji Ma'anar tsoro don rayuwa Ogeyi Ma'ana karami mai girman kai amma ana girmama shi da babbar daraja Erima macen da duk Inori ke so Ma'ana mace kyakkyawa, mai fatar jiki mai santsi.
Odu Ma'ana mace mai kuɗi
Eko Ma'ana kira zuwa ga ɗaukan aiki Uduma Ma'ana mace mai aiki Abeyi Ma'ana mace mai hikima, wayo da kyau wacce ke kiyaye sirrin danginta Ocheri-Nuna wata mace mai kyau Onwaji -Yana nufin yarinyar da aka haifa bayan dogon lokaci na rashin haihuwa Ugwodenyi (Ugwo) -Bin bashi yana lalata abota Oganya Ma'ana shugabar mata Onyeje Ma'ana waye ya san gobe
Sunayen Igede da Ma'ana
Eje Ma'ana babban mafarauci wanda ya kashe damisa Ebah Ma'ana ƙwararren ɗan ganga Egiri Ma'ana wanda mahaifiyarsa ta daɗe a cikin ɗakin haihuwa kafin ta haihu. Ode Ma'ana mutum ne mai magani, mai maganin gargajiya Ominyi -Mai nufin wanda ya kashe giwa Akira -Mana ma'anar mai rikodin Eworo -Ma'anar masquerade Ajah Ma'ana da aka haifa yayin rashin fahimtar iyaye Ahonye -Maing da rago amma mai kyau Ajigo Ma'anarsa haifaffiyar mahaifiya yana nika kan nika dutse Ijeh Ma'ana daya a kan tafiya Abi Ma'ana daya da hangen nesa Ohiero Ma'ana babban manomi Ogireji Ma'ana wanda yake da doya da yawa kuma ya ci yunwa a cikin gidansa Omiragi -Ma'ana wanda ya kashe damisa Onwakpo Ma'ana wanda ya kashe bauna
Manazarta Al'ummomi
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'umma
Kabila
Harsunan Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
22293 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUSTICE | JUSTICE | KUNGIYAR ADALCI ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da gyara dokokin da ke zaune a Kingdomasar Ingila Sashin Birtaniyya ne na Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Masu Shari'a, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ta lauyoyi masu kishin kare hakkin dan'adam a duk duniya. Saboda haka, 'yan JUSTICE ne yawanci barristers da Lauyan, da alƙalai, da shari'a da malaman jami'a, da kuma dokar dalibai.
ADALCI yana zaman kansa ne kuma yana da dukkan jam'iyya, yana da wakilai na manyan jam'iyyun siyasa uku a Majalisar da ke mulki. Sadaka ce mai rijista a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingilishi.
Daraktan JUSTICE Andrea Coomber ne, kuma shugaban Majalisar JUSTICE ita ce Baroness Kennedy na Shaws QC.
Tarihi An kafa KUNGIYAR ADALCI a shekarata 1957, bayan ziyarar da kungiyar lauyoyi ta Burtaniya suka kai don lura da shari’ar cin amanar da mambobin Jam’iyyar African National Congress (ANC) suka yi a Afirka ta Kudu da nuna wariyar launin fata a Hungary. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Hartley Shawcross, babban mai shigar da kara na Burtaniya a Nuremberg, sannan wani mai kafa Peter Benenson wanda daga baya zai kafa kungiyar Amnesty International Tabbas, lokacin da AI ta fara farawa a cikin shekarata 1961, ta raba ofisoshinta tare da ADALCI.
A cikin shekarata 1958, ya zama sashen Birtaniyya na Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Duniya ('ICJ'). Sharuɗɗan asali na tsarin mulki na ADALCI sun yi alƙawarin don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa ƙa'idodin Dokar a cikin yankuna waɗanda Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ke da alhakin kai tsaye ko a ƙarshe suke da alhakinsu: musamman, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da shari'a da kuma kiyaye abubuwan 'yanci na mutum'. Tabbas, ADALCI da kansa ya haifar da wasu rassa masu yawa a ƙasashen da har yanzu Turawan mulkin mallaka da yankuna masu dogaro. Kamar yadda kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe ya yunƙura zuwa samun 'yanci a cikin shekarata 1960s, rassan sun sake dawo da kansu a matsayin ɓangarorin ƙasa na ICJ. Wannan, bi da bi, ya canza girmamawar aikin ADALCI ga Burtaniya kanta.
Don haka, kodayake an kafa shi ne dan ƙiran ƙasa da ƙasa, ADALCI da sauri ya kafa takamaiman mai da hankali kan bin doka da kiyaye haƙƙoƙin asali a Burtaniya. Ta hanyar aikin sakatarenta na farko, Tom Sargant OBE, ADALCI cikin hanzari ya bunkasa kwarewa a shari'o'in da suka shafi rashin adalci, kuma ya tabbatar da sakin fursunoni da dama wadanda aka tsare bisa kuskure. Sargant ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kafa jerin shirye-shiryen BBC <i id="mwJw">Rough Justice</i>, wanda ya kai ga sako daga gidan yari na mutum goma sha takwas da aka yiwa rashin adalci.
A dai-dai wannan lokacin JUSTICE ta cigaba a matsayin kungiyar siyasa, ta samar da rahotanni wadanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin Ombudsman na Burtaniya, da Hukumar Kula da Raunin Laifuka, da Dokar Bayar da Dokar Masu Laifi a shekarar 1974, da Dokar Kare Bayanai na shekarar 1998, da Hukumar Binciken Laifukan Laifuka Hakazalika, yawancin matakan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar sake fasalin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 2005 ADALCI ya gabatar da su a baya. Ta hanyar 1990s ta kafa da kuma inganta shirye-shirye kan dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam, shari'ar masu laifi, mafaka da shige da fice, nuna wariya da sirrin mutane. Tana yin gwagwarmayar shigar da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin dokar Burtaniya ta hanyar Dokar Yancin Dan Adam na shekarata 1998 Dame Anne Owers CBE, Babban Sifeta mai kula da gidajen yari, a baya ita ce Daraktar JUSTICE har zuwa shekarata 2001. Kujerun JUSTICE da suka gabata sun hada da Lord Alexander na Weedon QC, Lord Goodhart QC, da kuma tsohon Doka Lord, Lord Steyn Aikin yanzu Babban fannonin aikin ADALCI sune:
'Yancin ɗan'adam
Adalci na laifi
Dokar EU
Tsarin doka
Hankalin JUSTICE yana kan dokar Burtaniya amma aikinta ya haɗa da bayyana mahimmancin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kawo fahimtar nazarin kwatankwacin sauran ikon. Dokar Turai tana ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin wannan aikin. Yana aiki ne da farko ta hanyar yiwa 'yan majalissar da masu tsara manufofi bayani game da tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na doka. A matsayinta na kungiyar siyasa ba ta da hannu cikin yakin neman zabe da kararrakin kowane mutum da kuma samar da zaman kanta, kwararren masanin shari'a kan al'amuran da suka shafi 'yanci. Hakanan yana aiki a matakan Turai da na duniya, yana neman cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai Majalisar Turai da ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban.
Kowane yanki na ADALCI a wuraren aiki bi da bi yana ɗaukar batutuwa da yawa, ciki har da mafaka da shige da fice, yaƙi da ta'addanci, daidaito da wariya, tsare sirri, yanci EU da Tsaro, taimakon shari'a da samun adalci, da kuma batutuwan tsarin mulki zuwa ga matsayin bangaren shari'a da bin diddigin dokoki.
ADALCI shima yana da dadadden tarihi na tsoma baki cikin lamuran da suka shafi jama'a da suka shafi kare hakkoki na yau da kullun. Don wannan, ta shiga tsakani a cikin shari'o'in da ke gaban Kotun ofaukaka andara da Gidan Iyayengiji, Majalisar Tarayya, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin' Yan Adam, da Kotun Tarayyar Turai A watan Oktoba na shekarata 2009, ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta farko da ta sa baki a cikin shari'ar da ke gaban Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya Duba kuma Dokar doka
Mulki Dangane da Doka Mai Girma
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje ADALCI
Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa da Kasa
Pages with unreviewed translations
Tarihi
|
53347 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20shugaban%20kasa%20na%20Pakistan%202013 | Zaben shugaban kasa na Pakistan 2013 | An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2013 a Pakistan don zaben shugaban Pakistan na 12 An shirya wa'adin shugaban kasa mai ci Asif Ali Zardari zai kare a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2013; don haka, Mataki na 41 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan ya buƙaci a gudanar da zaɓe ba da daɗewa ba bayan 8 ga Agusta 2013. Kwalejin zabe ta Pakistan taron hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dattawa, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da Majalisun Larduna an dora wa alhakin zaben sabon shugaban da zai gaji Shugaba Zardari, wanda ya ki neman wa'adi na biyu a kan karagar mulki. Bayan da jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party da kawayenta suka kauracewa zaben shugaban kasa, 'yan takarar biyu sun hada da Mamnoon Hussain wanda kungiyar musulmin Pakistan (N) ke marawa baya, da Wajihuddin Ahmed da Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ke marawa baya. An zabi Hussaini dan Agra ne a matsayin shugaban kasa da kuri'u 432. Zaben dai shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Pakistan inda aka zabi shugaban farar hula yayin da shugaban farar hula mai ci ke ci gaba da rike madafun iko, wanda ya kammala mika mulki mai dimbin tarihi da dimokiradiyya wanda ya fara da babban zaben shekarar 2013.
Fage Bayan zaben gama gari na shekarar 2013, ana sa ran cewa jam'iyyar da ta yi nasara a jam'iyyar da ta samu jam'iyyar jam'iyyar za ta zabi sabon shugaban kasa kuma ta haka ne firaminista Nawaz Sharif ke jagoranta, kungiyar musulmin Pakistan (N). Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko a kasar da aka zabi zababben shugaban kasa a gaban shugaba mai ci Jadawalin Hukumar zaben Pakistan ta sanar da jadawalin zaben farko a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2013. Dole ne a gabatar da duk takardun tsayawa takara a ranar 24 ga Yuli, tare da binciken ya faru a ranar 26 ga Yuli. Daga nan ne ‘yan takarar suka kara wa’adin kwanaki 3 don janye sunayensu, daga nan ne aka fitar da jerin sunayen ‘yan takara a hukumance. Tun da farko dai za a gudanar da zaben ne ta hanyar jefa kuri’a a asirce a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, kuma sakamakon hukuma ya tabbatar washegari. Manyan alkalan kotun Islamabad da na manyan kotunan larduna 4 ne za su jagoranci zaben. Kotun kolin Pakistan a ranar 24 ga Yuli, ta sake sabunta ranar zaben shugaban kasa kan karar da jam’iyya mai mulki, PML (N) ta shigar, inda ta bukaci hukumar zaben da ta gudanar da shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli maimakon 6 ga watan Agusta. Kotun ta bayar da umarnin ne saboda da yawa daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da za su zabi wanda zai maye gurbin shugaban kasar Asif Ali Zardari za su gudanar da aikin hajji ko kuma gudanar da addu’o’i na musamman a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta mai alfarma, wanda ya kare bayan ‘yan kwanaki, wanda hakan zai iya zama mai wahala. domin wasu ‘yan majalisa su wajabta ayyukansu na addini tare da zaben. Shugaban majalisar a majalisar dattawa Raja Zafarul Haq ne ya shigar da karar a wannan rana. Kotun ta umarci hukumar zaben Pakistan da ta sauya jadawalin zabe kan karar da gwamnatin tarayya ta shigar: an gabatar da takardun tsayawa takara a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, an gudanar da bincikensu a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, da janye takarar har zuwa karfe 12 na rana ranar 27 ga watan Yuli da kuma An buga jerin sunayen 'yan takara na ƙarshe da ƙarfe 5 na yamma ranar 27 ga Yuli. An gudanar da zaben ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli. PML (N) ta zabi tsohon gwamnan Sindh Mamnoon Hussain a matsayin dan takararta; yayin da jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party ta tsayar da Sanata Raza Rabbani (daga baya ta kauracewa zaben); da Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf mai suna Justice Wajihuddin Ahmed Maman Hussaini Hussaini dan kasuwa ne haifaffen Agra. Shi dan kasar Sindh ne kuma yana da sana'ar saka a Karachi. An haife shi a Uttar Pradesh, Indiya, a cikin 1940. Ya fara harkar siyasa a shekarun 60s a matsayin dan gwagwarmayar Musulunci. Ana yi masa kallon mai biyayya ga tsohon Firayim Minista Nawaz Sharif A shekarar 1999, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu ta Karachi (KCCI) kuma nan da nan Nawaz Sharif ya zabe shi ya zama gwamnan Sindh a watan Yunin 1999, amma ya rasa mukamin bayan babban hafsan soji na lokacin Janar Pervez Musharraf ya hambarar da gwamnatin kasar. Gwamnatin PML-N a juyin mulkin soja a watan Oktobar 1999.
Wajiuddin Ahmed An zabe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin 'yar takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) daga mazabar NA-129 (Lahore-XII) a zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a watan Agusta 2013. Ta samu kuri'u 44,894 sannan ta doke Muhammad Mansha Sindhu dan takarar jam'iyyar Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). Kujerar ta zama babu kowa ne bayan da Shahbaz Sharif da ya lashe zaben Pakistan a shekara ta 2013 ya bar ta domin ya ci gaba da rike kujerar da ya samu a mazabarsa ta majalisar lardin. Kafin a daukaka shi a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli, a takaice ya rike mukamin Babban Alkalin Kotun Sindh daga 1998 har sai da ya ki yin rantsuwa da adawa da dokar soja a 1999. Ya ci gaba da sukar shugaba Pervez Musharraf, inda daga karshe ya zama jagora a yunkurin Lauyan a 2007 don adawa da Shugaba Musharraf. A karshe dai bai yi nasara ba a zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007. Tun daga shekarar 2011, ya kasance mai fafutuka a siyasar kasa ta Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) kuma ya zama dan gaba a dandalin PTI na zaben shugaban kasa.
Kauracewa A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, jam'iyyar PPP ta sanar da matakin kauracewa zaben. Jam'iyyar Awami National Party (ANP) da Balochistan National Party (BNP) su ma sun sanar da kauracewa zaben. Sun bayyana dalilinsu ne hukuncin da kotun kolin Pakistan ta yanke na sauya ranar zaben daga ranar 6 ga watan Agusta ba tare da tuntubar dukkan bangarorin ba.
Ƙarfin Kwalejin Zaɓe Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27097 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-Organics | Covid-Organics | Covid-Organics (CVO) wani abin sha ne na Artemisia wanda Andry Rajoelina, shugaban Madagascar, ya yi iƙirarin zai iya rigakafi da warkar da cutar Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Ana samar da abin sha daga wani nau'in nau'in nau'in Artemisia wanda ake fitar da artemisinin don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro. Babu bayanan gwaji na asibiti da aka samo a bainar jama'a da ke goyan bayan aminci ko ingancin wannan abin sha.
Cibiyar Bincike ta Malagasy ta haɓaka kuma ta samar da Covid-Organics a Madagascar. Madagaskar ita ce kasa ta farko da ta yanke shawarar shigar da Artemisia cikin maganin COVID-19 lokacin da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta Maison de l'Artemisia Faransa ta tuntubi kasashen Afirka da dama yayin bala'in COVID-19 Akalla wani mai bincike daga wani yanki na Afirka, Dokta Jérôme Munyangi na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, ya ba da gudummawa. Wasu daga cikin binciken da aka yi a kan Artemisia, wanda masanan Afirka suka jagoranta, an gudanar da su a Faransa da Kanada. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020, Rajoelina ya ba da sanarwar a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin cewa ƙasarsa ta sami "maganin rigakafi da magani" ga COVID-19. Rajoelina ta fito a bainar jama'a daga kwalbar Covid-Organics kuma ta ba da umarnin rarraba kasa ga iyalai. Ya zuwa 1 ga Afrilu, 2021, Madagascar ta tabbatar da adadin mutane 24426 na COVID-19, da mutuwar 418.
Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2020, Rajoelina ya ba da sanarwar a shafinsa na Twitter cewa Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) za ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sirri tare da Madagascar game da samar da CVO don yin aikin lura da asibiti A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2020, Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom ya tabbatar da taron bidiyo da Rajoelina, kuma WHO za ta hada kai da Madagascar kan bincike da haɓaka maganin COVID-19. WHO ba ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da kwayoyin halittar Artemisia da ba na magunguna ba. Matsayin hukuma na WHO shine "tana tallafawa magungunan gargajiya da aka tabbatar a kimiyance" da kuma "gane da cewa maganin gargajiya, na kari da madadin magani yana da fa'idodi da yawa".
A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2021, WHO ta ba da sanarwar kammala gwajin gwaji na kashi 3 na busassun busassun CVO+ a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska (CNARP) ta Madagascar, tana mai nuna cewa za a sake nazarin sakamakon ta hanyar Shawarar Kwararru na Yanki. Kwamitin da aka kafa tare da haɗin gwiwar Afirka CDC Kwamitin zai shawarci masana'anta akan matakai na gaba da zai ɗauka.
Rigima Yawancin sukar kimiyya sun biyo bayan ƙaddamar da Covid-Organics daga ciki da wajen Afirka. Kafin yin aiki tare da Madagascar, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da gargadi game da amfani da maganin COVID-19 da ba a gwada ba kuma ta ce 'yan Afirka sun cancanci maganin da ya bi ta hanyar gwajin kimiyya. A lokacin, an gwada inganci da amincin Covid-Organics akan mutane ƙasa da 20 a cikin tsawon makonni uku.Don saduwa da ingantattun ka'idodin kimiyya, daga baya bangarorin biyu sun amince da haɗin gwiwa don Covid-Organics da za a yi rajista don gwajin Haɗin kai na WHO, shirin ƙasa da ƙasa don bin diddigin gwajin asibiti cikin sauri kan 'yan takarar jinya na COVID-19. Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta bukaci cikakken bayanan kimiyya kan Covid-Organics don yin nazari daga Afirka CDC bayan da hukumomin Madagascar suka yi mata bayani game da maganin ganye. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Afirka sun bayyana sha'awarta ga bayanai na Covid-Organics don manufar haɓaka ingantaccen magani mai inganci cikin sauri. A cikin watan Afrilu, kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta musanta bayar da odar wani kunshin na CVO bayan rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai cewa ta ba da umarnin CVO, ta kuma ce hukumar lafiya ta yammacin Afirka (WAHO) za ta amince da shi ne kawai. samfuran da aka nuna suna da inganci da aminci don amfani ta hanyar sanannun hanyar kimiyya. Yayin da damuwa game da lafiyar CVO ke girma, Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da taimako don taimakawa Madagascar don gudanar da gwajin asibiti akan tonic na ganye.
Akwai damuwa game da yawaitar amfani da Artemisia yana haɓaka juriya na magani ga ACTs don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro.
Tun daga watan Janairun 2021, an kammala gwajin kashi na II na abin sha, amma Madagascar ta ki amincewa da bukatar bayanai.
Mataimaki Fiye da ƙasashen Afirka 20 da Caribbean sun karɓi CVO har zuwa Mayu 2020 don yaƙar COVID-19. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, a ƙarshe gwamnatin Ghana ta ba da odar CVO don yin gwaji bayan makonni na matsin lamba daga mutanen Ghana cewa a yi amfani da maganin ganye don dakatar da yaduwar cutar Coronavirus. A karshen watan Afrilu, Equatorial Guinea, daga cikin na farko da suka nuna goyon baya ga maganin, ta aika da wakili na musamman zuwa Madagascar don ba da gudummawar jigilar CVO. Ƙasashen da suka sami jigilar CVO sun haɗa da:
Tanzania
Guinea Bissau
Nigeria
DRC
Republic of Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Ghana
Liberia
Senegal
Republic of Chad
Comoros
Niger
Haiti
Covid-organics Plus A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2020, Shugaba Andry Rajoelina ya buɗe wata masana'antar likitanci mai suna "Pharmalagasy" kuma a hukumance ta fara samar da kwayoyin CVO mai suna "CVO-plus".
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje WHO Shirin Malaria na Duniya Amfani da nau'ikan Artemisia marasa magani
Sanarwar WHO game da amfani da magungunan gargajiya akan Covid-19
Manazarta |
41932 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade | Belgrade | Belgrade babban birni ne na Kasar Serbia Tana cikin mahaɗar kogin Sava da Danube da kuma mararrabar Filin Pannonian da yankin Balkan Yawan mutanen dake garin babban birni na Belgrade shine 1,685,563, bisa ga ƙidayar 2022. Ita ce ta uku mafi yawan jama'a a duk garuruwan da ke kan kogin Danube Articles containing Serbian-language text
Belgrade na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin biranen da ake ci gaba da zama a Turai da kuma duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman al'adun gargajiya na Turai, al'adun Vinča, sun samo asali ne a cikin yankin Belgrade a cikin karni na 6BC. A zamanin da suka gabata, Thraco Dacians sun zauna a yankin kuma, bayan 279 BC, Celts suka zaunar da birnin, suna da suna Singidun Romawa ne suka ci shi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Augustus kuma sun ba da yancin birnin na Roma a tsakiyar karni na 2. Slavs ne suka zaunar da shi a cikin 520s, kuma sun canza hannu sau da yawa tsakanin Daular Byzantine, daular Frankish, daular Bulgarian, da Masarautar Hungary kafin ta zama wurin zama na Sarkin Serbia Stefan Dragutin a 1284. Belgrade ya yi aiki a matsayin babban birnin Despotate na Serbia a lokacin mulkin Stefan Lazarević, sannan magajinsa Đurađ Branković ya mayar da shi ga sarkin Hungary a 1427. Karrarawa na tsakar rana na goyon bayan sojojin Hungary a kan Daular Ottoman a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya a 1456 ya kasance al'adar coci mai yaduwa har yau. A cikin 1521, Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye Belgrade kuma ta zama wurin zama na Sanjak na Smederevo Sau da yawa yakan wuce daga Ottoman zuwa mulkin Habsburg, wanda ya ga lalata yawancin birni a lokacin yakin Ottoman-Habsburg Tarihi
Tarihi <div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:268px;overflow:hidden"></div> Hoton al'adar Vinča, 4000-4500 BC.</div></div></div></div>
Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Kayan aikin dutse da aka tsinke da aka samu a Zemun sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke kusa da Belgrade ya kasance mazaunan gari makiyaya ne a zamanin Palaeolithic da Mesolithic Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kayan aikin na masana'antar Mousterian ne na Neanderthals maimakon mutanen zamani. An kuma gano kayan aikin Aurignacian da Gravettian kusa da yankin, wanda ke nuna wasu sasantawa tsakanin shekaru 50,000 zuwa 20,000 da suka wuce.
Tsohon zamani Shaidar ilimin farko game da wurin Belgrade ta zo daga tatsuniyoyi da almara iri-iri. Kogin da ke kallon haɗuwar kogin Sava da Danube, misali, an gano shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren da ke cikin labarin Jason da Argonauts A zamanin da ya wuce, kuma, kabilun Paleo-Balkan sun mamaye yankin, ciki har da Thracians da Dacians, waɗanda suka mallaki yawancin kewayen Belgrade. Musamman, Belgrade ta kasance a wani lokaci a cikin kabilar Thraco-Dacian Singi; bayan mamayewar Celtic a shekara ta 279 BC, Scordisci ya kwace birnin daga hannunsu, suka sanya masa suna Singidun d|ūn, kagara). A cikin 34-33 BC, sojojin Romawa sun isa Belgrade. Ya zama Romanised Singidunum a karni na 1 AD kuma, a tsakiyar karni na 2, hukumomin Romawa sun yi shelar birnin a matsayin gunduma, wanda ya zama cikakkiyar mulkin mallaka (mafi girman ajin birni) a karshen karni. Yayin da aka haifi Sarkin Kirista na farko na Roma Constantine I, wanda kuma aka sani da Constantine Mai Girma an haife shi a yankin Naissus a kudancin birnin, zakaran Kiristanci na Roma, Flavius Iovianus (Jovian), an haife shi a Singidunum. Jovian ya sake kafa Kiristanci a matsayin addinin daular Romawa, wanda ya kawo karshen farfado da addinan gargajiya na Romawa a karkashin magabacinsa Julian the ridda A cikin 395 AD, shafin ya wuce zuwa Gabashin Roman ko Daular Byzantine A ko'ina cikin Sava daga Singidunum akwai birnin Celtic na Taurunum (Zemun) An haɗa su biyun tare da gada a duk lokacin Roman da Byzantine. Articles with hAudio microformats
|
32845 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Ojude%20Oba | Bikin Ojude Oba | Bikin Ojude Oba wani dadadden biki ne da kabilar Yarbawa mazauna Ijebu-Ode, wani gari a jihar Ogun da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ke gudanarwa. Ana gudanar da wannan biki na shekara-shekara kwana na uku bayan Eid al-Kabir (Ileya), domin nuna girmamawa da kuma girmama mai martaba Sarkin Awujale na Ijebuland. Yana daya daga cikin bukukuwan ruhi da kyawawa da ake yi a Ijebuland da ma jihar Ogun baki daya.
Biki ne da ake kiran kungiyoyin al’adu daban-daban da sunan regberegbe, ’yan asali, abokansu, da abokan zamansu na nesa da kusa da fareti a kofar fadar sarki a rana ta uku na bikin idin Kabir da aka fi sani da “Ileya” a harshen Yarbawa. Oba Adetona shi ne wanda ya dawo da kungiyoyin masu shekaru a karni na 18 cikin al’amarin da ake samun karbuwa a cikin Ijebus na yau, kuma wannan ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na bikin Ojude Oba na shekara a Ijebu. Dalilin kafa kungiyoyin shekaru shine don kawo ci gaba da ci gaba ga al'umma.
Ojude Oba wanda ke nufin kotun sauraron kararrakin zabe a harshen Yarbanci yawanci mutane kusan 1,000,000 ne daga sassa daban-daban na duniya da Najeriya ke gudanar da bukukuwan bukukuwan murnar cika shekara guda, musamman wadanda suka fito daga kabilar Yarbawa musamman mutanen Ijebu a duk fadin duniya.
Tarihi Ojude Oba wanda ke wakiltar "kotun sarki ko gaban gaba", ana iya fassara shi da "Majestic outing". A baya dai wani karamin taro ne na al’ummar addinin Musulunci da aka faro sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata, lokacin da farkon musulman Ijebu-Ode suka kai wa Awujale na Ijebuland mubaya’a, inda suka nuna jin dadinsu da ba su ‘yancin gudanar da ayyukansu da kuma lura da su. addini.
A lokacin mulkin Awujale Ademiyewo Afidipotemole a aikin 1878, wani bawa da aka bayyana sunansa da Alli wanda daga baya ya zama Alli-Tubogun ya fara da addinin musulunci a fili. Ya sami albarkar ubangijinsa na yin amfanisa ba tare da shamaki, cikas da tsoron wata fitina ba. Saboda wannan kokari na mutum daya tare da taimakon ubangijinsa, Musulunci ya fara girma, inda ya jawo musulunta da dama, kuma a aikin 1880, an gina masallata a unguwanni da dama a Ijebu-Ode.
A shekarar 1896, wani lamari da wasan kwaikwayo ya faru a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, lokacin da wasu limamai biyu, Rev. R.A Conner da Rev. E.W George suka yi wa mazaje Ijebu-41 baftisma tare da shelarsu ta hana mace daya daga cikin dimbin matan da suka aura a baya. Wannan lamari ya sa wani basarake mai suna Cif Balogun Kuku, wani fitaccen dan kabilar Ijebu ya bar addinin Kirista ya rungumi addinin Musulunci wanda ke karfafa auren mata fiye da daya saboda yana da mata sama da talatin, bayi sama da 200 da sauran masu kishin addini. Tsananin dukiyar sarki tare da girmama Ijebus ya jawo musulunta da dama.
Bikin Ojude Oba shi ne wanda ya gaji bikin Odeda, wanda kuma shi ne taron shekara-shekara inda mabiya addinan gargajiya da dama irin su Sango, Egungu, Osun, Ogun, Yemule da dai sauransu suke taruwa don baje kolinsu ta hanyar raye-raye. ganguna da wakoki a gaban Awujale, Olisa, sauran manyan sarakuna daban-daban da jama'ar gari.
Cif Balogun Kuku, wanda ya kasance jam’iyyar Odeda har sai da ya musulunta, ba zai iya shiga wannan biki ba, sannan ya yanke shawarar sauya bikin Odeda da wani sabo wanda zai dace da sabon addininsa. Wannan ya haifar da bikin Ita-Oba wanda a yanzu ya koma abin da ake kira Ojude Oba Festival. Tun daga lokacin ba ‘yan kabilar Ijebus a gida kadai suka karbu ba, har ma da miliyoyin jama’a a ciki da wajen Najeriya. Bikin yana samun halartar sama da mutane 250,000 a yankuna shida na siyasar Najeriya.
Bikin Ojude Oba na shekara ta 2013 ya karbi bakuncin manyan baki da dama, irin su Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, Gwamna Ibikunle Amosun, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa, Hon. Seriake Dickson, wanda ya samu wakilcin sakataren gwamnatin jihar, SSG, uwargidan gwamnan jihar Ogun, Mrs. Olufunsho Amosun, mataimakin gwamnan jihar, Prince Segun Adesegun, sakataren gwamnatin jihar Ogun, Mista Taiwo Adeoluwa da mambobin kungiyar. majalisar zartarwa ta jiha.
A bikin 2017 mai taken: “Al’adunmu, Alfaharinmu,” ya samu karrama Gwamnan Jihar Ogun a lokacin Gwamna Ibikunle Amosun da Majalisar zartarwarsa ta Jihar Otunba Subomi Balogun, Otunba Tunwashe na Ijebu kuma wanda ya kafa Kamfanin Monument na First City Monument Group. Adegunwa, fitaccen dan kasuwa kuma tsohon shugaban bankin Sterling PLC, Cif Kola Banjo da tsohon gwamnan jihar, Otunba Gbenga Daniel.
Bikin Ojude Oba na 2018 ya samu halartar tsohon shugaban majalisar dattawa, Dr. Bukola Saraki a matsayin babban bako, wanda ya samu rakiyar wasu sanatoci bakwai da suka hada da; Sanata Ben Murray-Bruce, Sanata Dino Melaye, Sanata Biodun Olujimi, Sanata Duro Faseyi, Sanata Sam Anyanwu, Sanata Rafiu Ibrahim da Sanata Shaba Lafiaaji da dai sauransu. Har ila yau, ana sa ran gwamnan jihar Ogun na lokacin, Sanata Ibikunle Amosun amma ya samu wakilcin mataimakiyarsa, Misis Yetunde Onanuga a wajen taron. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka dauki nauyin buga wannan bugu na 2018 shine shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa Globacom Otunba Mike Adenuga. Jarumin Nollywood, Odunlade Adekola, DJ Top da ’yan Uku na Mista Real, Idowest da Slim Case suma sun halarci bikin inda suka baiwa ‘yan asalin jihar da baki gasar 2018 Glo Miss Ojude Oba Beauty gasar da aka gudanar a Equity Hotel.
Sarkin Awujale da Paramount na Ijebuland, Oba (Dr) Sikiru Adetona, ya soke bukin Ojude Oba na 2020 saboda cutar covid-19 da kuma bukatar kiyaye nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki a yayin barkewar cutar amai da gudawa.
Hakanan an soke bugu na 2021 saboda saurin bullar cutar ta coronavirus. Masu shirya taron sun ce ya fi kyau a kauce wa illolin da za a iya rigakafin su da kuma kare rayuka.
Adetoun Sote ya rubuta littafi kan bikin Ojude Oba na Ijebu-Ode a yammacin Najeriya. Littafin farko da za a rubuta akan wannan bikin.
Biki Bikin Ojude-Oba biki ne na yini guda na al'adu, kayan ado, kyawawa, kyan gani, kyan gani da sarauta a matsayin 'ya'ya maza da mata na Ijebuland. A kodayaushe ana fara bikin ne da addu’o’i daga Limamin Ijebuland, sannan aka yi wa taken kasa, sai wakar Jihar Ogun da wakar Awujale, daga karshe kuma sai yabon kabilar Ijebus. Bayan duk wadannan, an fara faretin shekaru daban-daban da aka fi sani da Regbe regbe mai suna irin su Obafuwaji, Bobagbimo, Bobakeye, Gbobaniyi da Gbobalaye.
Wannan shi ne jigon bikin domin kowace kungiya da takwarorinsu maza da mata sun bambanta ko dai ta yanayin kamanni da salon shigarsu ko kuma ta salon rawa. Wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin sun hada da manyan manajoji, manyan jami’an gudanarwa, shugabannin masana’antu da fitattun masu rike da mukaman gargajiya. Kungiyoyin kowanne na da fuskar da za a iya gane su, kamar Gbobaniyi, gungun maza masu matsakaitan shekaru, masu sanya tufafin gargajiya na gargajiya na Aso-Oke, da sandunan tafiya da raye-raye kamar masu cin nasara, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Ogun, Gbenga Daniel a matsayin mataimaki, yayin da Mata Gbobaleye an sansu da son gai da rawa kuma a matsayinta na memba fitacciyar tauraruwar waka, Sarauniya Salawa Abeni.
A taƙaice, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna yin bi da bi tare da masu ganga don yin mubaya'a ta hanyar raye-rayen da suke yi, da kuma gabatar da kyaututtuka da kyautai a ƙafar Sarki. Suna yi masa addu'a tare da yi masa fatan Allah ya ba shi lafiya da tsawon rai.
Mahimman bayanai
Hawan Doki Iyalan masu hawan doki daban-daban na karkashin jagorancin Balogun. Zuriyar jaruman yakin Ijebu ana daukarsu a matsayin Balogun. Wasu iyalai masu hawan doki sun hada da; Balogun Odunuga, Balogun Bello Odueyyungbo Kuku, Balogun Agboola Alausa, Balogun Alatishe, Balogun Otubu, Balogun Adesoye, Balogun Odejayi, Balogun Adesoye Onasanya, Balogun Towobola, Balogun Aregbesola da Balogun Ajibike Odedina. Ana amfani da harbe-harbe na lokaci-lokaci wajen sanar da shigowar su, lamarin da ya jefa mutane da dama cikin rudani.
Kyawun Fasaha Na Bikin Ojude Oba Daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa mutane daga al’adu daban-daban ke ganin bikin Ojude oba yana da matukar ban sha’awa shi ne saboda Art na taka rawar gani sosai a bikin. Domin ganin yadda bikin Ojude Oba ya kayatar da gaske, a yi la’akari da salo da yadda ake sanya tufafin masu shekaru daban-daban, da kade-kade da kade-kade, har ma da zanen dawakan iyalan Balogun, da dai sauransu.
Tufafi Shekaru masu shekaru suna gasa don mafi kyawun sutura. Saboda haka, dalilin da ya sa rukuni ya fita don tufafi mafi tsada na kakar. Tufafin da aka yi a baya ba za a iya sake sawa a sabon bikin Ojude Oba, suna sanya tufafi daban-daban a kowace shekara wanda ke yin bayani kan matsayin tattalin arziki da arzikin masu shekaru da kuma yadda suke da kyau. Za a iya cewa, babu inda za a iya nuna hazakar Yarabawa na tufafin gargajiya kamar yadda ake yi a Ojude Oba. A al'adance, launukan tufafin Yarbawa sun haɗa da; tan, sautin yanayin siliki da aka fi sani da sanyan, da shuɗi, kama daga palest zuwa mafi zurfin baƙar shuɗi mai zurfi da ake samu daga tukwanen rini na indigo.
Masu tallafawa da Magoya baya Bikin Ojude Oba yana samun tallafi da goyon bayan mai ci Awujale, mutanen Ijebu-Ode, daidaikun mutane da wasu manyan kungiyoyi a Najeriya. Daya daga cikin manyan masu daukar nauyin bikin shine Globacom. Katafaren kamfanin sadarwa ya kasance mai daukar nauyin taron har tsawon shekaru 10, shekara bayan shekara, inda ya ba da kyautuka, kyautuka da kofuna ga kujeru masu alama da kuma fa'idodi daban-daban. Taimakon da suka yi wajen daukaka bikin Ojude oba ba shi da iyaka. Sauran masu daukar nauyin bikin shine; First City Monument Bank [FCMB], UAC of Nigeria, Fan Milk, The Seven-Up Bottling Company da MultiChoice da dai sauransu.
|
43476 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Ya%C6%99i%20da%20Cin%20Hanci%20da%20Rashawa | Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa | Hukumar da ke yaƙi da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin ƙasa zagon ƙasa (EFCC) wata hukuma ce mai tabbatar da doka a Najeriya da ke binciken laifukan kuɗi, kamar zamba (damfara 419) da kuma karkatar da kuɗaɗe, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. An kafa hukumar EFCC ne a shekarar 2003, a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin matsin lamba daga Hukumar Yaƙi da Safarar Kuɗaɗen Haram (FATF), wadda ta bayyana Najeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 23 da ba su da haɗin kai a ƙoƙarin da ƙasashen duniya ke yi na yaƙi da safarar kuɗaɗen haram. Hukumar tana da babban ofishinta a Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya.
Jami’an rundunar shiyyar Benin na hukumar yaƙi da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin ƙasa zagon ƙasa, EFCC, sun kama wani Irabor Kennedy Osasogie bisa zargin zamba. Hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin ƙasar, zagon ƙasa, EFCC, ta jera abubuwan da ake buƙata don samun nasarar shiga kasuwar gwanjon kadarorin da ke faɗin ƙasar nan, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dokar hana almundahana.
Tarihi A ƙarƙashin tsohon shugaban hukumar EFCC Nuhu Ribadu, hukumar ta yi maganin almundahanar kudi ta hanyar gurfanar da wasu manyan mutane da ake zargi da cin hanci da rashawa, tun daga tsohon babban jami’in tsaro na Najeriya zuwa wasu shugabannin bankuna da dama. A shekarar 2005, EFCC ta kama jami’an gwamnati da suka hada da, Diepreye Alamieyeseigha.
A watan Satumban 2006, EFCC na binciken gwamnoni 31 daga cikin gwamnonin jihohi 36 dake a tarayyar Najeriya akan zargin almundahana. A watan Disambar 2007, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, bayan bincike mai zurfi da EFCC da wasu ƙungiyoyi suka yi, ta wanke ƴan’uwan Vaswani daga duk wani laifi kuma ta gayyace su su dawo cikin ƙasar. Jaridun Najeriya mai suna "This Day" da wasu manyan jaridun ƙasar sun ruwaito gaskiyar takardar amincewarsu inda suke nakalto rubutu daga umarnin da FG ta bayar. A watan Afrilun 2008 ne hukumar EFCC ta fara bincike kan ƴar tsohon shugaban Sanatoci a Najeriya, Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello kan karɓar Naira miliyan 10 (dala 100,000), da aka sace daga ma’aikatar lafiya. An gurfanar da tsohuwar ministar lafiya Farfesa Adenike Grange da mataimakinta da laifin satar sama da Naira miliyan 30,000 (dalar Amurka 300,000) daga cikin kuɗaɗen da ma’aikatar ta ke kashewa tun shekara guda da ta gabata.
A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 2008 ne aka rantsar da Cif (Mrs) Farida Mzamber Waziri a matsayin sabuwar shugabar hukumar ta EFCC. Sai kuma a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2008, tsohon shugaban hukumar Nuhu Ribadu ya samu muƙamin mataimakin sufeto Janar (AIG) zuwa mataimakin kwamishinan ƴan sanda (DCP). A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, 2010, an kashe shugaban sashen binciken laifuka na EFCC, Abdullahi Muazu a Kaduna. Ya kasance mai himma wajen yin gwajin shugabannin bankuna da dama. Shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan ya sallami Waziri a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2011 sannan ya maye gurbin Ibrahim Lamorde a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban wanda majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2012.
Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya kori Ibrahim Lamorde ne a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 2015, sannan ya maye gurbinsa da Ibrahim Magu. Majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta ƙi amincewa da tabbatar da Magu a matsayin shugaban hukumar har sau biyu saboda rahotannin tsaro da jami’an tsaron ƙasar suka bayar a ƙasar. A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2020, jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin gwamnati da na ƴan sandan Najeriya sun kama Magu, suka kai shi fadar shugaban ƙasa, inda ake so ya amsa wasu tambayoyi game da zargin almundahanar da ake yi masa. An tsare shi ne da daddare, kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Yuli aka dakatar da shi daga muƙaminsa na shugaban hukumar har sai an kammala bincike.
A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 2020, Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya amince da dakatar da Ibrahim Magu nan take a matsayin shugaban riƙo na Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arziki Tu’annati (EFCC) a wata sanarwa da ofishin babban mai shigar da ƙara na ƙasa Abubakar Malami ya fitar. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya kuma amince da cewa daraktan ayyuka na hukumar EFCC Mohammed Umar Abba ya ɗauki nauyin gudanar da ayyukan hukumar har sai an kammala bincike da kuma ƙarin umarni. A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu, 2021 Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Abdulrasheed Bawa a matsayin shugaban hukumar ta EFCC.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin yanar gizo na EFCC
Hukumar EFCC Alternative Aiki Portal
Cin hanci da rashawa a kan gwaji?
Labarai
Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya, wanda shugaban hukumar EFCC ya gabatar wa kwamitin majalisar dokokin Amurka mai kula da ci gaban kasa da kasa
Bankunan suna shan iska mai daɗi yayin da FATF ke ba da lissafin lafiya mai tsabta
Najeriya: EFCC ta tsananta binciken ma'aikatar lafiya, jaridar ThisDay, Maris |
30875 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanjiru%20Kamau-Rutenberg | Wanjiru Kamau-Rutenberg | Wanjiru Kamau-Rutenberg ita ce Babban Darakta na Rise, haɗin gwiwa na Schmidt Futures da Rhodes Trust. Kafin haka ta kasance Daraktar Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Noma ta Mata ta Afirka (AWARD). Wanjiru ita ce kuma wanda ta kafa kuma tsohon Darakta na Akili Dada, mai ba da jagoranci ga 'yan matan Afirka da mata matasa kuma tsohon Mataimakin Farfesa a Harkokin Siyasa a Jami'ar San Francisco.
Ilimi Kamau-Rutenberg ta samu digirin a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Minnesota ta Minneapolis, inda ta mai da hankali kan huldar kasa da kasa, nazarin jinsi da tarihin Afirka. Kundin karatunta na shekarar, 2008 kan Impact of Ethnic Politics on Women’s Rights legislation during Kenya’s Democratic Transition tsokaci game da cudanya tsakanin jinsi, (sake) samar da asalin kabilanci da tsarin dimokaradiyya a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. Rubuce-rubucenta ta yin amfani da ruwan tabarau na jinsi don gano kaciyar da aka tilasta wa maza a lokacin rikicin ƙabilanci na Kenya na shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 Bayan Zaɓe na ɗaya daga cikin irinsa na farko don amfani da abubuwan da maza na Afirka suka fuskanta na tashin hankalin siyasa a matsayin hanyar tashi don yin la'akari da tsaka-tsakin jinsi da siyasa kuma an buga shi a cikin Jadawalin Aiki na Takardun Adalci na Jami'ar Oxford.
An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Humane Letters (Honoris Causa) ta Kwalejin Whitman, Washington.Wannan Doctorate na Daraja ta gane aikinta na ilimi da himma ga daidaiton jinsi musamman a Afirka. Ta gabatar da jawabin farawa ga daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na shekarar, 2017 a matsayin wani bangare na bikin karramawar.
Kamau-Rutenberg kuma tana da digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami'ar Minnesota, Minneapolis da aka bayar a shekarar, 2005, da Bachelor of Arts a cikin Politics daga Kwalejin Whitman, Walla Walla, Washington da aka bayar a cikin shekara, 2001.
Aiki A cikin Shekarar, 2005, Kamau-Rutenberg ta kafa Akili Dada, mai ba da jagoranci ga 'yan mata da mata matasa da ke Nairobi, Kenya don magance rashin wakilcin mata a matsayin jagoranci a Afirka.
Kamau-Rutenberg kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar San Francisco, San Francisco, California, daga Agusta shekara ta, 2008 zuwa Maris 2014.A lokacin aikinta na ilimi ta mayar da hankali kan siyasar taimakon agaji da ci gaban kasa da kasa, Siyasar Tallafin Duniya, Siyasar Afirka, Hulda da Kasa da Kasa, Siyasar Kabilanci da Kabilanci.
Kamau-Rutenberg ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin hulda da kasa da kasa a Kwalejin Jami'ar Hekima, Kwalejin Mazabu ta Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka, Nairobi, Kenya, daga Agusta shekara ta, 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014.
A watan Maris na shekarar, 2014 aka nada ta a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Mata ta Afirka (AWARD) wadda Cibiyar Noma ta Duniya (ICRAF) ke da hedkwata a Nairobi, Kenya. AWARD tana saka hannun jari a masana kimiyyar noma, cibiyoyin bincike, da kasuwancin noma, suna ƙarfafa ikonsu na isar da sabbin abubuwan aikin gona mai dacewa da jinsi don wadatar da aikin noma a duk faɗin Afirka. A cikin shekarar, 2017 AWARD ta sanar da Ƙungiyar Planet One, $20M, shirin shekara 5 don saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan masana kimiyya 600 da ke aiki don bincike don taimaka wa ƙananan manoman Afirka su dace da yanayin canjin yanayi.
Matsayin hukumar Wanjiru tana da, kuma tana ci gaba da aiki a Hukumomi da yawa. A cikin Shekarar, 2021 an nada ta zuwa Hukumar Landesa, babbar kungiyar kare hakkin filaye ta duniya, da Hukumar Gidauniyar Syngenta. Har ila yau, tana aiki a Kwamitin Zaɓar Kyautar Abinci na Afirka, Hukumar Gidauniyar Wangari Maathai, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Shugaban na Kwalejin Whitman.
Har ila yau, tana zama a Majalisar Dokokin Gidauniyar Climate Foundation da Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Jami'ar Bonn. Ita memba ce ta Malabo Montpellier Panel, wani babban kwamiti na kwararru masu zaman kansu da ke tallafawa gwamnatocin Afirka da kungiyoyin farar hula gano da aiwatar da manufofin da ke inganta aikin noma, abinci da abinci mai gina jiki a duk fadin nahiyar. Tana kuma hidima a Hukumar Twaweza, Babban dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin jama'a da siyasa a gabashin Afirka.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2003: MacArthur Doctoral Fellow], Shirin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Duniya, Dorewa da Adalci, Fellowship Research Fellowship, Jami'ar Minnesota
2010: Mai nasara, Kasuwar Ra'ayoyin, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2011: Kyautar Thomas I. Yamashita, Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Jama'a, Jami'ar California a Berkeley
2012: 100 Mafi Tasiri a Afirka, Sabuwar Mujallar Afirka
2012: Champion of Democracy a cikin East Africa, Ford Foundation
2012: White House Champion of Change, United States White House da United States Department of State
2013: Mafi Tasirin Matan Afirka a Kasuwanci da Gwamnati, Nasara, Rukunin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a, Nairobi.
2014: Manyan mata 40 da ke ƙasa da shekara 40, Business Daily, Nairobi, Kenya.
2016: Africa's Most Influential Women, New African Magazine, London, U.K
2017: Doctor na Haruffa na Humane (Honoris Causa), Kwalejin Whitman, WA Amurka
2018: Archbishop Desmond Tutu Leadership Fellow, Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka, Jami'ar Oxford, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu
2018: 20 Fuskokin Kimiyya, Makon Kimiyyar Afirka, Kenya
2021: Matan Afirka 100 Mafi Tasiri, Avance Media
2021: 27 Ƙarfafa Mata Masu Sake Tsarin Abinci
2021: 100 Mafi Tasirin Mata a Siyasar Jinsi, Siyasa
|
26561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumarou%20Ganda | Oumarou Ganda | Oumarou Ganda (1935 1 Janairu 1981) darakta ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nijar a fina-finan Afirka a shekarun 1960 da 1970.
Rayuwa An haifi Ganda a Yamai babban birnin Nijar a shekarar 1935 kuma ɗan ƙabilar Djerma ne. Ya kammala karatun firamare a birnin Yamai da kuma ya na da shekaru 16 ya koma Faransa Far East Expeditionary Corps kamar yadda wani soja daga shekarar 1951 zuwa shekarar 1955. Bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu a Asiya a lokacin yaƙin Indochina na farko ya koma Nijar, inda ya kasa samun aiki. Ya yi hijira zuwa Côte d'Ivoire kuma ya zama dogon bakin teku a tashar jiragen ruwa na Abidjan A can ya sadu da masanin ilimin ɗan adam kuma ɗan fim Jean Rouch Rouch ya kasance mai sha'awar al'ummar Nijar a Cote d'Ivoire kuma ya dauki Ganda a matsayin masanin kididdiga don bincikensa kan shige da fice.
Rouch ne ya gabatar da Ganda a sinima. Ganda yayi fitowa ta musamman a cikin fim ɗin Rouch na shekarar 1957 Zazouman de Treichville, da kuma jagorar rawar a Moi, un Noir I, a Negro a cikin 1958. Bayan 'yan shekaru ya koma Yamai, inda ya shiga cikin Cibiyar Al'adu ta Franco-Nigerian. A Cibiyar Al'adu da Cinema Club ya hadu da ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda ke ba da horo a kan jagoranci, kamara, da sauti, kuma ya zama mataimakin technician. Kulob din ya samar da fina-finai da dama, kuma a cikin 1968 ya shirya gasar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda Ganda ya rubuta rubutun fim ɗinsa na farko, Cabascabo, bisa ga abubuwan da ya samu a Indochina. Ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a cikin shekarun 1970, yawancinsu sun sami yabo na duniya kuma sun kasance motocin sharhin zamantakewa a lokacin jam'iyya daya. Shahararriyarsa, Le Wazzou Polygame (1970) ya sami lambar yabo ta FESPACO Film Festival Best Film Award. Baya ga fina-finansa masu ban mamaki, Ganda ya kammala fina-finai da yawa kuma yana aiki a kan daya a lokacin mutuwarsa ta bugun zuciya a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1981.
Girmamawa bayan mutuwa Daga cikin karramawar da aka yi masa, wata babbar cibiyar al'adu, wasan kwaikwayo, da ɗakin karatu a Yamai, Le Center Culturel Oumarou GANDA (CCOG) an sanya masa suna a shekarar 1981, jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarsa.
A matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun fim a bikin fim na FESPACO na shekara na farko, bayan rasuwarsa FESPACO ta fara ba da lambar yabo ta Fina-finan Afirka mai suna Oumarou Ganda Prize.
Fina-finai Cabascabo (1968, mintuna 45, baƙi da fari, wanda aka yi fim gabaɗaya a cikin yaren Zarma Fim ɗin tarihin kansa wanda ke magana da sabis na Ganda a cikin Rundunar Baƙi na Faransa a Indochina Wani matashin soja yana ganin abokansa sun mutu a cikin yaki saboda wani abu da ya saba musu. Cabascabo ya fara a Paris a cikin 1968 kuma an nuna shi a Cannes Ya lashe Diploma a bikin Fim na Duniya na Moscow na 6, lambar yabo ta masu sukar kasa da kasa a Malaga, da kuma ambaton girmamawa a bikin Fim na Carthage Le Wazzou Polygame (1970, mintuna 50, 16 mm, launi, harshen Zarma) Fim ɗin Ganda na biyu yana magana ne akan auren mace fiye da ɗaya da auren dole. Fina-finan na sukar al'ummar Nijar da masu rike da madafun iko a Afirka Daga cikin kyaututtukan, ta sami babbar kyautar FESPACO ta farko a cikin 1972. Saitane (1972, mintuna 64, 16 mm, launi, harshen Zarma) Wani fim na sukar al'umma wanda a cikinsa marabout ya zama abin shiga tsakanin mazinaciya da masoyinta mai arziki.
L'Exilé (1980, mintuna 90, 16mm, launi) Ƙarfafa daga labarin al'adun Afirka. Yin amfani da tatsuniyoyi a matsayin zaburarwa na ɗaya daga cikin gagarumin gudunmawar Ganda ga finafinan Afirka Manazarta Tunani: Oumarou Ganda Mujallar Fofo (Niamey) 28 Maris 2008.
Retrospectives du cinéma nigérien Oumarou Ganda Planete Afrique. Guy Hennebelle da Catherine Ruelle, an fitar da su daga cineastes d'Afrique Noire Satumba 2008.
Lyle Pearson. Shekaru Hudu na Fim na Afirka. Fim Quarterly, Vol. 26, Lamba 3 (Spring, 1973), shafi. 42-47
Jean Rouch, Steven Feld. Ciné-ethnography. Jami'ar Minnesota Press (2003) Tattaunawa da Rouch inda mafi yawan tattaunawa game da Ganda shine haɗin gwiwarsa da Rouch da farkon aikinsa.
Paul Stoller The Cinematic Griot: Ethnography na Jean Rouch. Jami'ar Chicago Press (1992) Paul Stoller. Artaud, Rouch, da Cinema of Cruelty. Kayayyakin Nazarin Halittu na Kayayyakin Halitta. Juzu'i na 8 fitowa ta 2, (Satumba 1992) Shafi na 50 57
Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike Cinema Baƙar fata. Jami'ar California Press (1994) shafi. 75-79, 135, shafi
Umaru Ganda Encyclopædia Universalis Faransa, shiga 2009-03-30.
Ƙara karantawa Maizama Issa. Umar Ganda cinéast nigérien un regard du dedans sur la société en transition. Série études et recherches no 136. Dakar Enda-Edition, (1991).
Ƴan fim
Mutanen |
9033 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikara | Ikara | Ikara karamar hukuma ce da ke cikin jihar Kaduna a arewacin Najeriya, mai tazarar kilomita 75 daga arewa maso gabas daga birnin Zaria Ikara a matsayin gunduma ta ƙunshi garuruwa biyar waɗanda su ne Ikara, tudun wada, Nasarawa, Sabon Gari, Jamfalan, Kurmin Kogi, Hayin -Bawa, Pala da Saya Saya. bi da bi. Majalisar karamar hukumar na karkashin jagorancin Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu. Manyan kabilun mutanen yankin su ne Hausawa da Fulani. Addininsu shine Musulunci da Kiristanci. Babban aikin su shine noma. Suna samar da masara, masarar Guinea, Wake, Waken Soya, Shinkafa, Rogo, Tumatir, Rake, da sauran kayayyakin amfanin gona da dama.
Tarihi Juyin halittar ɗan adam a Ikara yana da tasiri sosai ta yanayin muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. juyin halitta ya samo asali ne tun a shekara ta 1808 lokacin da kabilar Jukun suka zauna a garin Ikara. Bakin haure ne da suka tsere daga harin da kuma malaman addinin Musulunci daga Kano suka kai musu saboda kin karbar Musulunci. Sun zauna a ƙarƙashin tsaunin Ikara (Duts Lungi) na ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin daga baya suka sauka a wani fili kusa da dutsen. An yi imanin mutanen Jukunawa su ne suka kafa garin Ikara kuma suka sanya masa suna "Ikara" ma'anar kalmar jukun a boye a nan ko kuma wurin buya. An kuma kafa karamar hukumar ne a shekara ta 1976 daga rusasshiyar lardin Zariya Tsarin Gudanarwa Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta kunshi gundumomi guda biyu wato:
gundumar Ikara
gundumar Pakistan
Yana da sassa shida (6), wadanda su ne kamar haka.
Sashen Ma'aikata
Ma'aikatar Kudi Supply
Sashen Ayyuka
Sashen Noma
Sashen Lafiya
Sashen Ilimi
Noma Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta dogara ne akan noma da karatun shanu. Ikara yana da karfi rabo na aiki bisa ga shekaru da jima'i. Maza da yawa suna da sana'o'i guda ɗaya kamar manoma da 'yan kasuwa. Matan Ikare suna samun kudi ta hanyar sarrafa abinci da sayar da kayan abinci a gida ko kasuwanni.
Ciniki Ayyukan tallace-tallace a karamar Hukumar sun ƙunshi kayayyakin gona. A ƙasa akwai jerin manyan kasuwannin su.
Ikara central market/ rumfunan kasuwa
Tumatir Ikara
Kasuwannin Paki.
Kasuwannin Auchan.
Ilimi Akwai Makarantun Sakandire goma sha uku a wannan Karamar Hukumar wato Government Science Secondary School, Ikara
Government Girls Secondary School Ikara
Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Ikara
Makarantar Koyar da Sana'a ta Gwamnati, Ikara
Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pala
Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Auchan
Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pakistan
Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Janfala
Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Malikanchi
Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Danlawal
Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Rumi
Ikara Comprehensive Academy (Private)
Raising Star Academy Ikara
(Na sirri)
Ikara Comprehensive Academy (ICA) shahararriyar makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a cikin garin Ikara, makarantar tana da matsayi mai girma ta fuskar samar da ilimi mai inganci.
Cibiyoyin Kuɗi Akwai banki a Ikara kuma Lead way Assurance ita ce sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Ikara LGA Financial Resources
Unity Bank Ikara Branch
Bank of Agriculture (BOA)
Babban Bankin Najeriya
Kasafin Dokokin Tarayya wanda ake karba kowane wata.
Ana samun kudaden shiga na ciki daga kasuwanni, manya masu haraji da wuraren shakatawa na motoci.
Hukumomin Gwamnati Hukumar Lantarki na Karkara (REB)
NIPOST
NPC
NITEL
Hukumar Ruwa
Siffofin Geographical Babu wani yanayi na musamman a Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Karamar Hukumar Makarfi a Yamma, Soba ta Kudu, Tudun Wada a Jihar Kano a Arewa. Kubau ta Kudu
Babban ofishin Ikara, Wanda babban gari ne hedkwatar
Kayayyakin Lafiya Akwai cikakkun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyar da kuma asibitoci arba'in da hudu dake cikin wannan yanki.
General Hospital, Ikara
Babban Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Paki
Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Auchan
Akwai Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ikara LGs masu Cibiyoyin Lafiya huɗu da ke Ikara kanta.
Masana'antu Kamfanin sarrafa abinci na Ikara (Tumato)
Ma'aikatar shari'a Karamar hukumar tana da kotuna guda uku a hedkwatar Ikara, wato:
Kotun Majistare
Kotun Shari'a mai girma
Kotun Shari'a
Kotun Al'ada
Albarkatun Ma'adinai Dutse mai daraja
Adadin farar ƙasa.
Hausawa/Fulani
Yawan jama'a mutane 194,723 (ƙidayar 2006)
Adireshin gidan waya PMB 1101, Ikara
Addini Musulunci shi ne addini mafi rinjaye.
Makarantu da manyan makarantu suna ba da filin wasa don wasanni da abubuwan nishaɗi a cikin LGA
Hanyar Sadarwa Aikin gina titi ya samu kulawa a lokacin Gwamna Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi.
Ana lissafta hanyoyi a kasa:
Ikara Tashan Yari Road
Ikara Panbeguwa Road
Anchau-Kudaru Road
Paki Kwanan Dangora Road
Hanyar Anchau- Banki- Wagaho
Ikara –Tudun Wada of Kano State Road
Kurmin Kogi-Yan Marmara Road
Ikara Zaria Road
Ikara –Furana-Dan Lawal
Makarantar Sakandare YAkwai biyu daga cikinsu wato
Makarantar Fasaha ta Lafiya, Pambeguwa (an koma Kubau)
Cibiyar hadin gwiwa Ikara
Sarakunan Gargajiya Hakimai na gundumomi ne ke gudanar da waɗannan yankuna. Su ne:
Gundumar Ikara
Kurmin Kogi
Gundumar Pakistan
JanFalan
Gundumar Pala
Hankalin yawon bude ido Karamar hukumar ta cika da wasu duwatsu da magudanan ruwa na Kogi.
Garuruwa da Kauyuka Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, Pala, Saulawa, Rumi, Saya-saya, Kuya
Ruwa Dam ruwan Ikara
Yan siyasa Hon. Sani Ahmed Ikara
Hon. Abdullahi Adamu
Hon. Tsoho Abubakar
Hon. Halliru Sambo
Hon. Tijjani Sani Paki
Hon. Gambo Lawal Auchan
Hon. Yusuf Bature Aliyu Auchan
Hon. Magaji Mudi Ikara
Hon. Alhassan Muhammad Datti
Hon. Yusuf Bala Ikara
Hon. Muhammad Dayyabu Paki
Hon. Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu
Hon. Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu shine shugaban karamar hukumar Ikara dake jihar Kaduna a yanzu.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57903 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne%20Maynaud%20de%20Bizefranc%20de%20Laveaux | Etienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux | Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux (ko Mayneaud,Lavaux 8 ga Agusta 1751 12 ga Mayu 1828)wani janar na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance Gwamnan Saint-Domingue daga 1793 zuwa 1796 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa .Ya tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da dokar da ta 'yantar da bayi,kuma ta goyi bayan shugaban bakar fata Toussaint Louvertureq,wanda daga baya ya kafa jamhuriyar Haiti mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan Mayar da Bourbon ya kasance Mataimakin Saône-et-Loire daga 1820 zuwa 1823.
Shekarun farko An haifi Etienne Mayneaud Bizefranc de Laveaux a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1751 a Digoin,Saône-et-Loire,Faransa.Ya fito ne daga tsohuwar dangin Burgundian mai daraja.Mahaifinsa shine Hugues,ubangijin Bizefranc,Laveaux da Pancemont (1716–1781),Mai karɓar Gonakin Sarki. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Marie-Jeanne de Baudoin.Shi ne na uku cikin ’ya’ya shida da aka haifa a tsakanin 1749 zuwa 1756. Kamar yadda aka saba ga ƙaramin ɗa,ya shiga aikin soja,ya shiga cikin magudanan ruwa na 16 yana ɗan shekara 17. Aikin sojan nasa ba shi da kyau.Da alama ya sau da yawa ya zauna a Paray-le-Monial, kusa da wurin haihuwarsa.A nan ne ya auri Marie-Jacobie-Sophie de Guillermin,'yar wani bawan Allah a cikin 1784.
Lokacin juyin juya hali
Shugaban sojoji Juyin juya halin Faransa ya fara a shekara ta 1789.An ƙara Laveaux zuwa shugaban ƙungiyar a 1790,akuma ya zama babban kansila na Saône-et-Loire a wannan shekarar.Acikin 1791 an shigar da shi cikin wani al'amari na kudi na jabu,amma an wanke shi daga duk wani tuhuma kuma aka wanke shi.Ya isa Saint-Domingue a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1792 tare da kwamishinonin farar hula Léger-Félicité Sonthonax da Étienne Polverel a matsayin laftanar-kanar a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin 200 na 16th rejist na dragoons.Kwamishinonin sun gano cewa da yawa daga cikin masu shukar farar fata sun kasance masu adawa da yunkurin juyin juya hali na karuwa kuma suna shiga cikin 'yan adawa na sarauta.Kwamishinonin sun sanar da cewa ba su yi niyyar kawar da bautar ba,aamma sun zo ne domin tabbatar da cewa ’yantattun mutane suna da hakki daidai ko wane irin launi ne.A watan Oktoba labari ya zo cewa an dakatar da sarki kuma Faransa yanzu jamhuriya ce.
An sanya Laveaux mai kula da yankin arewa maso yamma na mulkin mallaka, mai tushe a Port-de-Paix .Kwamandansa, Janar Rochambeau,ya yaba da halinsa na daukar sansanin Ouanaminthe da ke kan iyakar Spain a arewa maso gabas,wanda bakar fata ke rike da shi a cikin tawaye.Birnin Cap Français (Cap-Haïtien) a wannan lokacin yana cikin tashin hankali.Wasu daga cikin sojojin sun taimaka wa farar fata da suka dawo da tsarin bawa a cikin birni,yayin da wasu,musamman waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Laveaux,sun goyi bayan kwamishinonin farar hula kuma suna so su kare mulattoes,babban burin masu shuka.An daukaka Laveaux zuwa kwamandan lardin Arewa.
A cikin Janairu 1793 Laveux ya jagoranci rundunar da ta hada da sojoji masu launin fata a kan masu tayar da bayi a garin Milot kuma suka kori su zuwa cikin tsaunuka.A wannan watan an kashe Louis XVI a birnin Paris,kuma a watan Fabrairun Spain da Biritaniya suka shelanta yaki a kan Faransa.A watan Mayu ko Yuni 1793 shugaban 'yan tawayen bakar fata Toussaint Louverture ya tuntubi Laveaux kuma ya ba da shawarar "hanyoyin sulhu",amma Laveaux ya ƙi tayin nasa.
An nada François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort Gwamna Janar na Saint-Domingue a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1793 a madadin Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes.Ya isa Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien)a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1793.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1793 ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Polvérel da Sonthonax yana sanar da zuwansa.Kwamishinonin sun isa Cap-Français a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1793,inda masu launin fata suka yi maraba da su amma sun sami liyafar sanyi daga fararen fata.Sun ji cewa Galbaud yana abokantaka da bangaren da ke adawa da hukumar,kuma ba su da niyyar yi musu biyayya.Polvérel da Sonthonax sun kore shi a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1793 kuma suka umarce shi da ya hau kan Normande kuma ya koma Faransa.Sun sanya Laveaux mukaddashin gwamna a madadinsa. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yi shelar cewa yana kan aiki kuma ya yi kira da a taimaka wajen korar kwamishinonin farar hula. Ya sauka a 3:30 da yamma a shugaban mutane 3,000, waɗanda ba su gamu da turjiya ba da farko.An yi fama da rikice-rikice tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da fararen fata masu goyon bayan Galbaud,da sojojin Turai,mulattoes da baƙar fata masu tayar da hankali don goyon bayan kwamishinoni. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 kwamishinonin sun yi shelar cewa za a 'yantar da duk baƙar fata da za su yi yaƙi da su da Mutanen Espanya da sauran abokan gaba. 'Yan ta'addan bakar fata sun shiga cikin sojojin farar fata da na mulatto suka kori matukan jirgin daga birnin a ranakun 22-23 ga watan Yuni.Galbaud ya bar tare da jiragen ruwa da ke kan hanyar zuwa Amurka a ranar 24–25 ga Yuni.Kwamishinan Sonthonax ya yi shelar 'yanci na duniya a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1793.Bayan wata daya sojojin Birtaniya na farko sun sauka a Saint-Domin,don maraba da masu shuka fararen fata na sarauta da |
23016 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanka | Fanka | Fanka wata Na'ura ce, wacce take bada iska ta hanyar amfani da maganaɗisu imma dai na wutan-lantarki (electricity) Ko na hasken-rana wato (soler system).
Tarihi
An yi amfani da punkah (aka fan) a Indiya a kusan 500 KZ. Fannonin hannu ne wanda aka yi daga bamboo tube ko wasu fiber na shuka, wanda za'a iya jujjuyawa ko fantsama don motsa iska. A lokacin mulkin Biritaniya, kalmar Anglo-Indiyawa ta fara amfani da ita da nufin wani babban fanfo mai lilo, wanda aka kafa a saman rufi kuma wani bawa mai suna punkawallah ya ja.
Don dalilai na kwandishan, masanin daular Han kuma injiniya Ding Huan (a shekara ta 180 AZ) ya ƙirƙira injin jujjuyawar da hannu mai ƙafa bakwai wanda ya auna mita 3 (10 ft) a diamita; a cikin karni na 8, lokacin daular Tang (618-907), Sinawa sun yi amfani da wutar lantarki don jujjuya ƙafafun fanfo don sanyaya iska, yayin da injin rotary ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin daular Song (960-1279).
A cikin karni na 17, gwaje-gwajen masana kimiyya ciki har da Otto von Guericke, Robert Hooke, da Robert Boyle, sun kafa ainihin ka'idodin vacuum da iska. Masanin gine-ginen Ingila Sir Christopher Wren ya yi amfani da tsarin iskar iska da wuri a cikin Majalisun Dokoki da ke amfani da bello don yaɗa iska. Zane na Wren zai zama mai haɓakawa da haɓakawa da yawa daga baya. Masoyan rotary na farko da aka yi amfani da su a Turai shine don samun iska a cikin karni na 16, kamar yadda Georg Agricola (1494-1555) ya kwatanta.
John Theophilus Desaguliers, injiniyan dan Burtaniya, ya nuna nasarar yin amfani da tsarin fanfo don fitar da iska daga ma'adinan kwal a shekara ta 1727 kuma ba da jimawa ba ya shigar da irin wannan na'ura a majalisar. Kyakkyawan samun iska yana da mahimmanci musamman a mahakar ma'adinan kwal don rage masu fama da asphyxiation. Injiniyan farar hula John Smeaton, kuma daga baya John Buddle ya shigar da famfunan iska a cikin ma'adanai a Arewacin Ingila. Koyaya, wannan tsari bai yi kyau ba kamar yadda injinan ke da alhakin rushewa.
Steam
A cikin 1849 an yi wani fanti mai tuƙi mai nisan mita 6, wanda William Brunton ya tsara, ya fara aiki a Gelly Gaer Colliery na South Wales. An baje kolin samfurin a babban baje kolin na 1851. Haka kuma a shekara ta 1851 David Boswell Reid, wani likita dan kasar Scotland, ya sanya magoya baya guda hudu masu amfani da tururi a rufin Asibitin St George's da ke Liverpool, ta yadda matsin lambar da magoya bayan suka yi zai tilasta masu shigowa. iska zuwa sama da kuma ta matsuguni a cikin rufi. James Nasmyth, Bafaranshe Theophile Guibal, da J.R. Waddle ne suka inganta fasahar.
Electrical
Tsakanin 1882 zuwa 1886 Schuyler Wheeler ya ƙirƙira fanka mai amfani da wutar lantarki. Wani kamfani na Amurka Crocker Curtis Electric Motor Company ne ya tallata shi. A cikin 1885 wani fanin lantarki kai tsaye na tebur yana samun kasuwa ta Stout, Meadowcraft Co. a New York.
A shekara ta 1882, Philip Diehl ya ƙirƙira fanni na farko da ke hawa saman rufin lantarki a duniya. A cikin wannan matsanancin lokaci na ƙirƙira, magoya bayan giya, mai, ko kananzir sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. A shekara ta 1909, KDK na Japan ya fara ƙirƙira na'urorin lantarki da ake samarwa da yawa don amfanin gida. A cikin 1920s, ci gaban masana'antu ya ba da izinin samar da magoya bayan karfe a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, yana kawo farashin fan saukar da ƙyale masu gidaje masu yawa don samun su. A cikin 1930s, Emerson ne ya ƙera ƙwararren kayan ado na farko ("Silver Swan").A cikin 1940s, Crompton Greaves na Indiya ya zama mafi girma a duniya na masana'antar silin lantarki na musamman don siyarwa a Indiya, Asiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin shekarun 1950, tebur da masu sha'awar tsayawa an ƙera su cikin launuka masu haske da ɗaukar ido.
Window da kwandishan na tsakiya a cikin 1960s ya sa kamfanoni da yawa dakatar da samar da fanfo, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, tare da karuwar wayar da kan farashin wutar lantarki da yawan makamashin da ake amfani da su don zafi da sanyaya gidaje, juya. Magoya bayan rufin zamani masu salo na ƙarni sun sake zama sananne sosai a matsayin rukunin kayan ado da ingantaccen ƙarfi.
A cikin 1998 William Fairbank da Walter K. Boyd sun ƙirƙira babban fan ɗin silin mai ƙaramin girma (HVLS), wanda aka ƙera don rage yawan kuzari ta hanyar amfani da dogayen ruwan fanfo suna juyawa cikin ƙaramin sauri don matsar da iskar da yawa.
Ire-iren fanka
Akwai fanka kala-kala kamar; Ta sama (ceilling fan) wannan itace mafi yawan fanka wacce ake amfani da ita agidaje musamman birane domin tana amfanine da wutan-lantarki kuma ana rataye tane a silin wato saman daki.
Sai ta teburi (table fan) wannan ita ana ajiye tane akan teburi ko akasa gwargwadon yadda kake bukatar ta domin zamani ya kawo sauki yanzu haka anyi me chargi ga gudu domin aja hankalin mai siya. Sai tower fan itamadai ana ajiyetane akasa saboda tanada tsawo kuma tana matukar bada iska ako ina acikin daki kusurwa zuwa kusurwa tanada na'urar sarrafawa (remote control). Takan huro iska daga cikinta zuwa waje me matukar sanyi domin sanyayawa.
Sai tsayayya (pedestal fan) itama kamar tower tanada remote control wanda zaibaka daman sarrafata yanda kake bukata kuma takan bada iska gaya kwarai.
Exhaust fan fankace wacce ake amfani da ita wajen kayata bayin wanka. Ana amfani da itane domin tsane jiki idan mutum ya yi wanka ya tsane jikinsa.
Wall mounted fan itace wacce ake sakawa ajikin bango saboda akan samu saman dakin mutun yayi sama ko kasa sosai to itace zabi na daidai ga kakan wannan matsalan.
Misting fan tana amfanine wajen fitar da tsananin zafi musanman agu mai cunkoso ko taron jama'a domin tanada karfi sosai tayadda zata iya fitar da shi kuma tasamarda wani sabon iskan.
Ta kasa (Floor fan) akanyi amfani da itane waje sanyaya iska adaki tanada kokari wajen samarda ingantaccen iska ga maigida.
Akwai wacce ake cewa industrial fan wannan industrial fan anasatane ama'aikata wadanda suke a manyan injina domin sanyayasu kuma yanada matukar shan gas. Akwai hand fan itace ake sakawa ajakka wacce take anfani DA chaji 'yar karamace madaidaiciya kuma tana bada iska sosai.
Ta tsaye (standing fan) akwai ta sama
|
33585 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafalsafi | Mafalsafi | Mafalsafi ko mai falsafa shine masanin falsafa wanda kuma yake aiki da falsafar Kalmar Falsafa ta fito ne daga daɗaɗɗar Girka: Philosophos, ma'ana 'masoyin hikima'. Ƙirƙirar kalmar an danganta ta ga manazarcin Girka mai sunaPythagoras (ƙarni na 6 KZ). A kilasikiyance, mafalsafi shi ne wanda ya rayu bisa ga wata hanya ta rayuwa, yana mai da hankali kan warware tambayoyi na wanzuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam ba lallai ba ne su yi magana a kan ra'ayoyin ko yin sharhi kan marubuta. Wadanda suka sadaukar da kansu ga wannan salon rayuwa da an ɗauke su a matsayin mafalsafa, kuma yawanci sun bi falsafar Hellenanci A ma'anar zamani, mafalsafi intelekcuwal ne wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ɗaya ko fiye da ɗaya na rassan falsafa, kamar su aesthetics, ɗa'a, efistomalojiya, falsafar kimiyya, lojik, fiziyarmeta, Nazariyar zamantakewa, falsafar addini, falsafar siyasa Masanin falsafa kuma yana iya zama wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ilimin ɗan adam ko wasu ilimomin kimiya waɗanda a cikin ƙarnukan da suka wuce suka rabu da falsafar, kamar fasaha, tarihi, tattalin arziki, ilimin zamantakewa, soshiyolojiya, ilimin harshe, anturofolojiya, tiyoloji, da siyasa Tarihi
Daɗaɗɗar Indiya da Bedas Ana iya kuma samun lissafin farko na falsafar da aka haɗa a cikin tsohuwar bedas na Hindu, wanda kuma aka rubuta tsakanin 1500 zuwa 1200 KZ Rigveda da kuma kusan 1200-900 KZ Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Atharva Veda Kafin a haɗa Vedas, an ba da su ta baki daga janereshan zuwa janereshan.
Kalmar beda tana nufin "ilimi." A duniyar zamani, ana amfani da kalmar "kimiyya" don gano nau'in ilimin da ya ke da iko wajen samar da tushen da ci gaban ɗan adam. A zamanin Vedic, farkon abin da kimiyya ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne na har-abada; Ci gaban ɗan adam yana nufin ci gaban wayewar ruhi wanda zai kai ga samar da kuɓutar ruhi daga tarko material na jauhari da dai sauransu.
Falsafar beda tana ba da amsa ga duk tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba, watau me yasa ake jin ciwo da jin daɗi, masu arziki da matalauta, masu lafiya da marasa lafiya; Ubangiji halayensa, yanayi da ayyukansa. Ruhi Halinsa da halayensa, rayukan mutane da dabbobi; reincarnation ta yaya yake faruwa, dalilin da yasa aka kuma haifi mutum kamar yadda yake. Menene manufar rayuwa? Me ya kamata mu yi?
Ilimin beda ya ƙunshi bedoji guda huɗu (Rig, Yajur, Sāma, da Atharva) tare da Samhita masu yawa, 108 Upanishad, 18 Purāna, Mahabharata, rubutun Tantra da yawa. Dukkan Falsafar beda ta kasu kashi shida:
Nyaya Falsafar lojik da nazari
Vaisesika Asalin abubuwa
Sankhya Nontheistic Dualism
Yoga Horon Kai don Gane Kai
Mīmāṁsā Tunanin dharma
Vedanta Kammaluwar Wahayin Beda Fahimtar wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi pragmatic ilimin da ya dace na yadda za a tsara al'umma, yadda ya kamata a sarrafa tattalin arziki, da kuma yadda tsarin siyasa dole ne ya jagoranci al'umma.
A taƙaice, dukkanin mazhabobi shida na falsafar Beda suna da nufin bayyana yanayin duniyar waje da dangantakarta da mutum, da wuce kammanin duniya da zuwa ga zahirin gaskiya, da kuma bayyana manufar rayuwa da hanyoyin cimma wannan manufa. Daɗaɗɗar Iran Mawaƙin Iran kuma masanin falsafa Zarathustra ya yi zamani da marubutan Beda amma koyarwarsa tana da individual character. Gathas ɗinsa ya ƙunshi ainihin koyarwar falsafar Zorastiya: ra'ayin yancin zaɓe, 'yantaccen zaɓi da ƙaddamar da kai na ɗan adam. A cewar Zarathustra sararin samaniya mai hankali ce, wanda Hikimar (mazda) ta halitta don haka mutum ya san sararin samaniya ta hanyar hankali (xratu). Mafi girman alheri (vohu vahishta) shine mafi girman ƙa'idar ɗa'a. Za a iya ɗaukar Zoroaster a matsayin masanin falsafa na farko.
Daɗaɗɗar Girka da kuma Roma Rabuwar falsafa da kimiyya daga tiyoloji ya fara ne a Girka a cikin karni na 6 BC. Thales, masanin ilmin taurari da lissafi, Aristotle ya ɗauka a matsayin masanin falsafa na farko na al'adar Girkanci Yayin da Pythagoras ne ya ƙirƙira kalmar, sanannen bayani na farko game da batun Plato ne ya gudanar da shi. A cikin Taro nasa, ya kuma kammala cewa soyayya ita ce wacce ta rasa abin da take nema. Don haka, masanin falsafa shi ne mai neman hikima; idan ya sami hikima, da ya zama mai hikima Don haka, masanin falsafa a zamanin da, shi ne wanda ke rayuwa a cikin neman hikima, kuma yana rayuwa bisa ga wannan hikimar. An sami sabani game da abin da rayayyun falsafa ya ƙunsa. Waɗannan rashin jituwa sun haifar da mazhabobi na falsafar Helenawa daban-daban A sakamakon haka, tsohon masanin falsafa yayi tunani a cikin al'ada. Yayin da tsohuwar duniyar ta zama schism ta hanyar muhawarar falsafa, gasar ta kasance a cikin rayuwa ta hanyar da za ta canza dukan rayuwarsa a duniya. Daga cikin na ƙarshe na waɗannan masana falsafa akwai Marcus Aurelius, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin masanin falsafa a wannan zamani, amma da kansa ya ƙi kiran kansa da irin wannan laƙabi, tun da yake yana da hakki na rayuwa a matsayin emperor Sauyi A cewar Classicist Pierre Hadot, tunanin zamani na masanin falsafa da falsafanci ya haɓaka ta hanyar canje-canje uku:
Na farko shi ne dabi'ar jauhari ta tunanin falsafa. Falsafa horo ne mai jaraba wanda zai iya ɗaukan mutum cikin sauƙi wajen tahalilin sararin samaniya da abstract theory. Na biyu shine canjin tarihi a duk medieval era. Da tasowar Kiristanci, hanyar rayuwa ta falsafa ta sami karbuwa ta hanyar tiyolojinsa. Don haka, an raba falsafar tsakanin hanyar rayuwa da conceptual, logical, physical, da metafizikal don tabbatar da wannan hanyar rayuwa. Falsafa a lokacin ita ce bawan tauhidi. Na uku shine bukatar zamantakewa tare da ci gaban jami'a. Jami’ar zamani na bukatar kwararru don koyarwa. Kula da kanta yana buƙatar koyar da ƙwararrun don maye gurbin faculty din. Don haka, horon ya ƙasƙanta zuwa harshen fasaha da aka keɓe don ƙwararrun, gaba ɗaya yana gujewa ainihin tunaninsa a matsayin hanyar rayuwa.
Zamanin Tsakiya A ƙarni na huɗu, kalmar falsafa ta fara bayyana namiji ko mace da suka gudanar da rayuwar zuhudu. Gregory na Nyssa, alal misali, ya bayyana yadda ’yar’uwarsa Macrina ta rinjayi mahaifiyarsu ta bar “wahalar rayuwa ta abin duniya” don rayuwa ta falsafa. Daga baya a tsakiyar zamanai, mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin alchemy ana kiran su philosophers don haka, Dutsen Falsafa Zamanin Farko Farko Pages incorrectly using the Blockquote template
Yawancin masana falsafa har yanzu sun fito daga al'adar kilasikiya, kamar yadda suke ganin falsafar su a matsayin hanyar rayuwa. Daga cikin mafi shahara akwai René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Nicolas Malebranche, da Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Da tasowar jami'a, tunanin zamani na falsafa ya qara shahara. Yawancin manyan masana falsafa na karni na sha takwas zuwa gaba sun halarci, koyarwa, da haɓaka ayyukansu a jami'a. Misalai na farko sun haɗa da: Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, da Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Bayan waɗannan mutane, coonception na kilasikiya ya mutu amma ban da Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, da Friedrich Nietzsche Babban jigo na ƙarshe a cikin falsafar da bai bi ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin ilimi ba shine Ludwig Wittgenstein Mafalsafa a zamanin Nazi A lokacin Naziyanci, a wannan lokaci sabuwar hanyar tunani ta shafi masana falsafa. Yayin da yawancin masana falsafa suka bar Jamus, galibi Yahudawa, wasu kuma sun kasance a buɗe ga tsarin Nazi kuma suna goyon bayansa. Wadannan sun hada da Alfred Rosenberg, Alfred Baeumler, Ernst Krieck, Hans Heyse, Erich Rothacker, da Martin Heidegger Duk da tanadin da NSDAP ta yi game da bil'adama, an inganta wasu masana falsafa. Ma'aikatar tsaro ta Reichsführer SS ta rubuta kimar akida na malaman jami'a a cikin "littafin SD akan malaman falsafa". Sabanin mafi yawan malaman falsafar Jamus, daga baya priest na Austria kuma masanin falsafa Heinrich Maier da kungiyarsa da aka kashe sun bijirewa Jamus na Nazi tare da tura bayanan da ke da mahimmanci ga yaƙin ga ƙawancen. Bayan yakin, yawancin masana falsafa sun sami damar ci gaba da aiki a jami'o'in Jamus. Sabanin Ernst Krieck, Baeumler da Heyse, Erich Rothacker ma ya koma jami'a.
Ilimin Zamani A zamanin yau, waɗanda suka sami digiri mai zurfi a falsafa sukan zaɓi su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin sana'o'i a cikin tsarin ilimi a zaman wani ɓangare na faffadan tsarin ƙwararrun horo a cikin ƙarni na 20. Bisa ga binciken 1993 da Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa (kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka ta ruwaito), 77.1% na masu riƙe da 7,900 na PhD a falsafar da suka amsa sun kasance suna aiki a makarantun ilimi akadamiya). A daga wajen ilimin kimiyya, masana falsafa na iya amfani da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubuce da tunani a wasu sana'o'i, kamar likitanci. bioethics, kasuwanci, wallafe-wallafe, free-lance-writing, kafofin watsa labaru, da doka.
Jiga-jigan masu tunani Wasu sanannun masu tunani na zamantakewa na Faransa sune Claude Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, da Émile Durkheim Tunanin zamantakewa na Biritaniya, tare da masu tunani irin su Herbert Spencer, sun magance tambayoyi da ra'ayoyin da suka shafi tattalin arzikin siyasa da juyin halitta Manufofin siyasa na John Ruskin sun kasance jigon tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa Har zuwa Wannan Ƙarshe yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga falsafar Mahatma Gandhi Muhimman masana falsafar Jamus da masu tunani na zamantakewa sun haɗa da Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, da Martin Heidegger Muhimman masana kimiyyar zamantakewa na Italiya sun hada da Antonio Gramsci, Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Franco Ferrarotti, da Elena Cornaro Piscopia Muhimman masana falsafa na kasar Sin da masu tunani na zamantakewa sun hada da Shang Yang, Laozi, Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Wang Chong, Wang Yangming, Li Zhi, Zhu Xi, Gu Yanwu, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, Kang Youwei da Lu Xun Masana falsafa na Indiya sun haɗa da Adi Shankaracharya, Ramanuja, Chanakya, Buddha, Mahavira, Śāntarakṣita, Dharmakirti, da Nagarjuna Mafalsafa mata Mata sun tsunduma cikin falsafa a tsawon tarihin fagen. Akwai mata masu ilimin falsafa tun zamanin da, kuma an yarda da mata a matsayin masana falsafa a zamanin da, da na zamani, na zamani da na zamani fiye da a cikin karni na 20 da 21, yayin da tsarin ilimi da al'umma suka zama masu haɗaka. Fitattun masana falsafar mata sun haɗa da Maitreyi, Gargi Vachaknavi, Ghosha, Hypatia, Hipparchia na Maroneia, Mary Wollstonecraft, GEM Anscombe, da Susanne Langer Sauran fitattun masana falsafar mata sun haɗa da: Judith Butler, Kaja Silverman, Simone de Beauvoir, da Gayatri Spivak.
Kyaututtuka a falsafa Kyaututtuka daban-daban a falsafa sun wanzu; daga cikin mafi shahara:
Kyoto Prize a Arts da Falsafa
Kyautar Rolf Schock
Kyautar Avicenna
Berggruen Philosophy Prize
Wasu manyan masana falsafa, irin su Henri Bergson, Bertrand Russell, Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Albert Camus, da Jean-Paul Sartre, sun kuma ci kyautar Nobel a fannin adabi Kyautar John W. Kluge don Nazarin Dan Adam, wanda Library of Congress ya kirkiro don gane aikin da kyautar Nobel ba ta rufe ba, an ba wa masana falsafa: Leszek Kołakowski a 2003, Paul Ricoeur a 2004, da Jürgen Habermas da Charles Taylor a shekarar 2015.
Kuma sauran wasu abubuwan Sage (falsafa)
Jerin masana falsafa
Nassoshi 'Yan falsafa
Masana falsafa
Mafalsafi
Falsafa
Mafalsafa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53616 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/BI%20%28rapper%29 | BI (rapper) | Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Kim Han-bin Korean an haife shi Oktoba 22, 1996), wanda aka sani da sana'a da BI Korean mawaƙin Koriya ta Kudu ne, mawaƙi, mawaƙa, mai shirya rikodi kuma ɗan rawa. Har sai da ya tafi a cikin 2019, shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar saurayin Koriya ta Kudu iKon karkashin YG Entertainment A lokacin da yake tare da kungiyar, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samarwa da rubuta wakokinsu, kuma ana ba da shi a matsayin mai yin rikodin shi kaɗai don duk fitowar iKon. Gudunmawar da ya bayar ga kundi na studio na iKon na biyu, Komawa, musamman ga jagorar guda ɗaya Soyayya Scenario ya ba shi babbar lambar yabo ta "Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Shekara" a 2018 Melon Music Awards A cikin 2021, ya yi muhawara a matsayin mai zane na solo a ƙarƙashin lakabin da ya kafa kansa, 131, tare da kundi guda ɗaya na sadaka da aka rubuta Midnight Blue (Love Streaming) da album ɗin studio mai cikakken tsayi na sadaka Waterfall Cosmos, rabin farko na kundin studio na biyu na kansa wanda aka sadaukar don matasa da ƙauna, an sake shi a watan Nuwamba 2021. A cikin 2022, ya ƙaddamar da aikin album ɗin sa na duniya Ƙauna ko Ƙauna, farawa da guda ɗaya BTBT a watan Mayu, biye da EP Love ko Ƙaunar Part.1 a watan Nuwamba. BI ya fitar da kundi na biyu na studio To Die For on Yuni 1, 2023.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Kim Han-bin a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1996, a Cheonan, Koriya ta Kudu. A cikin 2009, BI ya fara bayyanarsa ta hanyar nunawa da kuma shiga cikin tallace-tallace don "Yaron Indiya" na MC Mong, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye da rakiyar rapper zuwa shirin TV na You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook Ya kuma fito a cikin faifan bidiyo na waƙar kuma ya fito a cikin faifan bidiyo na wani waƙa ta MC Mong, "Horror Show". BI ya shiga YG Entertainment a matsayin mai horo a cikin Janairu 2011.
Sana'a
2013-2014: Farkon Sana'a Bayan fiye da shekaru biyu na horo, a cikin 2013, BI ya shiga cikin shirin tsira na gaskiya na Mnet WIN: Wanene Na gaba a matsayin mai takara a ƙarƙashin Team B. Duk da haka, Ƙungiyar A ta lashe shirin, don haka BI ya ci gaba da zama mai horarwa a karkashin YG Entertainment. A cikin 2014, BI da abokin aikinsa Bobby sun fafata a Mnet's Show Me the Money 3, lokacin da BI ya fitar da kansa rubutaccen dijital "Be I", wanda ya zama na farko daga wasan kwaikwayon zuwa saman jadawalin. Wannan abin lura ne saboda yana da shekaru 17 kacal kuma har yanzu yana horarwa a lokacin.
Duk da yake BI yana ci gaba da fafatawa akan Nuna Ni Kuɗi 3, an sanar da shi a cikin Satumba 2014 cewa Team B zai dawo don yin gasa akan wani shirin rayuwa, Mix Match Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya haifar da halarta na farko na Team B, tare da ƙari na mai horarwa Jung Chan-woo, ƙarƙashin sunan ƙungiyar iKon. A cikin Oktoba 2014, BI ya fito a cikin lakabin-mate Epik High 's lead single Born Hater tare da Beenzino, Verbal Jint, Bobby, da Winner 's Mino, kuma sun yi waƙar tare a 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards 2015-Mayu 2019: Jagoran iKon, ayyukan solo BI ya fara halartan sa na farko a matsayin shugaban iKon a karkashin YG Entertainment a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2015, tare da ɗumbin waƙoƙin su "My Type", biye da mawaƙan jagora "Rhythm Ta" da "Airplane". A tsawon lokacin shugabancinsa, BI ya taka rawar gani wajen samarwa da rubuta wakokinsu, kuma ana yaba shi a matsayin wanda ya yi rikodin rikodin duk abubuwan da aka fitar na iKon. Wannan ya haɗa da kundin ɗakunan studio masu cikakken tsayi na ƙungiyar <i id="mwhw">Barka da Komawa</i> da <i id="mwiQ">Komawa</i>, da kuma kundin hadawa <i id="mwiw">The New Kids</i>, da marasa aure da EPs irin su #WYD Sabbin Yara: Fara, Sabbin Yara: Ci gaba, "Rubber Band" da Sabbin Yara: Ƙarshe A cikin Disamba 2018, BI an ba shi lambar yabo ta "Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Shekara" a lambar yabo ta Melon Music Awards na 10 don gudummawar da ya bayar ga kundi na studio na iKon na biyu, Komawa, kuma musamman don aikinsa a kan jagorar guda ɗaya Soyayya Scenario Yayin yin aiki a matsayin shugaban iKon, BI kuma ya bi ayyukan solo. A cikin Disamba 2015, shi da ɗan'uwan iKon Kim Jin-hwan sun shiga cikin ɗimbin wasan kwaikwayo na JTBC 's Mari da ni Hakanan an nuna shi a cikin album-mate Psy 's studio album 4X2=8 akan waƙar "Bomb" tare da Bobby a watan Yuni 2017. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna BI akan kundi na farko na Seungri, The Great Seungri, wanda aka saki a Yuli 20, 2018, akan waƙar "Mollado". A cikin 2019, an jefa BI don nunin JTBC2 iri-iri na Grand Buda-bako An kuma nuna shi akan waƙar abokin aure Lee Hi 's Babu Daya kuma ya rubuta tare da haɗa waƙar "1, 2" daga EP 24°C Yuni 2019-2020: Tashi daga iKon da YG, hiatus A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2019, biyo bayan zargin miyagun ƙwayoyi, BI ya bar ƙungiyar K-pop iKon kuma ya ƙare kwangilar sa ta keɓance da YG Entertainment Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1996
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27766 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%20Edochie | Pete Edochie | Chief Pete Edochie, MON (an haife shi 7 ga watan shekarar 1947) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya. Edochie ya kasance daya daga cikin jarumai da suka fi kwarewa a harkan fim a Afurka, wanda aka karrama da kyautuka kamar haka girmama AMVCA Industry Merit Award|Industry Merit Award daga Africa Magic da kuma Africa Movie Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement daga Afirka Film Academy Ko da yake a seasoned gudanarwa da kuma watsa shiri, ya zo a cikin martabar a 1980s lokacin da ya taka rawar gani a matsayin Okonkwo a cikin wani NTA adaptation na Chinua Achebe ’s all-time best sales novel, Things Fall Apart Edochie ya fito ne daga kabilar Igbo a Najeriya kuma dan Katolika ne. A shekarar 2003, shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya karrama shi a matsayin memba na tsarin mulkin Nijar.
Rayuwa An haifi Pete Edochie a Enugu ranar 7 ga watan Maris shekarar 1947. Pete ya yi bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa 2017 kuma ya ce har yanzu yana jin karfi duk da ya shafe shekaru "maki 3 da goma". "Yin rayuwa cikin sauƙi da tsara manufa ga komai yana sa rayuwa ta cancanci rayuwa tare da tsufa cikin ladabi," in ji shi.
Sana'a Edochie ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a shekarar 1967 lokacin yana dan shekara 20 a matsayin mataimaki na kananan shirye-shirye bayan haka ya kai matsayin Darakta. Ya kasance darektan shirye-shirye, amma sau biyu ya zama Mataimakin Manajan Darakta kuma wani lokaci yana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta. Ya bar ABS ne saboda gwamnati ta yanke shawarar siyasantar da al’amuran gidan rediyon su na FM, wanda hakan ya sa aka bukaci daukacin ma’aikatan da su tashi daga aiki har da shi. Shi ne zai zama magajin MD nan take amma sai ya tafi ya shiga harkar fim. Kafin haka, ya fito a cikin Things Fall Apart kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa. BBC ta garzaya Najeriya don yi masa tambayoyi kan rawar da ya taka a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya An yaba masa fiye da fina-finai 18 zuwa sunansa. A watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Edochie ya amince da harkar Wikimedia a Najeriya ta hanyar fitowa a cikin wani faifan bidiyo don kara wayar da kan jama'a da amfani da Wikipedia a tsakanin tsofaffin mutane acikin al'umma.
Shahararriyar G8 A shekarar 2005 kungiyar ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya ta sanya Pete Edochie da wasu ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo da dama da suka hada da Genevieve Nnaji, Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Nkem Owoh, Ramsey Noah, Stella Damasus Aboderin, da Richard Mofe Damijo kan dakatar da yin fim na tsawon shekara daya bayan an ce. sun kasance suna karɓar manyan kudade daga furodusoshi saboda matsayinsu na A-list. Ana kallon haramcin da aka yi wa wadannan jaruman a matsayin halaka a harkar fim a Najeriya, amma a halin yanzu, jaruman sun dawo yin fim.
An sace A shekarar 2009 an dauke Edochie kuma anyi garkuwa dashi wanda daga bisani kuma masu garkuwa da shi suka sake shi ba tare da wani lahani ba.
Kama Pete Edochie A shekarar 2019, kingsley Abasili ya ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai saboda kamanta shi da fitaccen dan wasan kwaikwayo Pete Edochie. Kingsley wanda yayi kama da ƙaramin sigar pete Edochie, an yi masa alamar kamannin Pete Edochie.
Mutuwar girman kai A cikin shekara ta 2020, Pete Edochie ya taka rawar gani a fim mai suna "Mummunan girman kai" wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce.
Harkar Musulunci na Najeriya, IMN, wacce aka fi sani da Shi'a, ta kai wa fitaccen jarumin fina-finan Nollywood hari, saboda rawar da ya taka a wani sabon fim, inda ta dage cewa fim din yana kokarin nuna kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci.
Jarumin ya dage cewa ba shi da alhakin duk wani lamari da fim din zai haifar yana mai nuna cewa alhakin yana kan masu shirya fim
Fina-finai
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Pete Edochie Hira da Pete Edochie a SunNewsOnline.com
Pete Edochie gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Memba ba Order of the Niger
Wanda ya lashe kyautar Africa Movie Academy Award
Jarumai maza yan Najeriya
Jaruman shirye-shiryen gidan telebijin na Najeriya
Jarumai maza a karni na 2
Jaruman fim maza na karni na 20\
Jarumai maza daga jihar Enugu
Mabiya addinin Kirista na Roman Catholi
Haihuwan 1947
Rayayyun mutane
Jarumai maza inyamurai
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
52858 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Garba | Amina Garba | Amina Gerba CQ (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1961) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Kamaru-Kanada. Ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Fadada Afrique, Dandalin Fadada Afrique, da Mujallar Fadada Afrique Ta kuma kafa samfuran kula da kyau Kariliss da Kariderm na karshen shine samfurin man shea na farko a duniya don samun takaddun shaida A cikin shekara ta me 2014, ta kasance mai karɓar Dokar Ƙasa ta Quebec Ita ce darekta na Majalisar Kanada kan Afirka, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Afirka, da Fonds Afro-Yan kasuwa, kuma ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Entreprendre Ici A cikin Shekara ta 2021, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya gabatar da ita ga Majalisar Dattawan Kanada, a matsayin Sanata na Quebec.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Amina Nleung a Bafia, Kamaru, ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1961. Ita ce ta goma sha takwas a cikin 'ya'ya goma sha tara kuma yarinya daya tilo a gidanta da ta halarci makaranta. Ta yi ƙaura zuwa Quebec a shekarar 1986. A cikin shekara ta 1992, ta sami BBA dinta a fannin kula da yawon shakatawa marketing da kuma a cikin shekara ta 1993, MBA dinta a cikin binciken tallace-tallace a Jami'ar Quebec a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Montreal Sana'a Gerba shi ne shugaban kungiyar Rotary Club na Old Montreal tsakanin shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an zaɓi Gerba don Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Ƙasashen Duniya (IVLP). Tun daga watan Maris ranar 14, shekarar 2015, kuma ya ci gaba har tsawon makonni goma sha biyu, Gerba ya kafa Kalubalen Fasaha na Farko a Montreal tare da ɗan'uwan IVLP alumna Stéphanie Jecrois; shirin shine don inganta karatun STEM tsakanin 'yan mata. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu ta shekarar 2018, a lokacin Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Quebec, Dominique Anglade, da kuma Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice, Diversity da Haɗuwa, David Heurtel, ya sanar da cewa Gerba zai jagoranci kwamitin gudanarwa na sabuwar hukumar gwamnati, Entreprendre Ici An samar da hukumar ne domin inganta bambance-bambance a cikin harkokin kasuwanci da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin da suka shafi 'yan kasuwa na wurare daban-daban. Amina Gerba darekta ne na Majalisar Kanada kan Afirka, Taron Kasuwancin Afirka, da Fonds Afro-Yan kasuwa. Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Quebec a kwamitin gudanarwa na Montreal a matsayin memba na tattalin arziki.
Fadada Afrique A cikin shekara ta 1995, Gerba ya kafa Afrique Expansion, kamfanin tuntuɓar da aka tsara don taimakawa ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin kamfanonin Arewacin Amurka da Afirka. Ta kuma kirkiro wata mujalla mai suna iri daya a gwalada shekarar 1998. A cikin Watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Gerba ya kafa wani taron kasa da kasa a karkashin alamar Fadada Afrique a Yaoundé, Kamaru, game da ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin dijital a cikin ƙasar. Wakilai da yawa sun zo wurin taron, ciki har da Jacques Bonjawo, Ernest Simo, da Arthur Zang, da kuma shugabannin manyan Nigeria kamfanonin sadarwa a Kamaru irin su MTN Group, Orange, da Camtel Dandalin Fadada Afrique A cikin shekara ta 2003, ta ƙirƙiri wani taron shekara-shekara mai suna Forum Africa Nigeria (yanzu Afrique Expansion Forum) don tattauna ci gaban tattalin arziki ga kasuwancin Afirka. Taron ya ƙunshi manyan masu magana da yawa ciki har da Pierre Pettigrew da Alpha Oumar Konaré a cikin shekarar 2009; Daniel Kablan Duncan, Charles Sirois, da Jean-Louis Roy a shekarar 2013; Philippe Couillard a cikin shekarar 2015; da Lise Thériault, Sheila Copps, Louis Vachon, da Francine Landry a cikin shekarar 2017. Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da AfreximBank suma sun aike da tawaga zuwa dandalin.
Kariderm da Karilis Gerba ya kafa kamfanoni masu kyau guda biyu daga Laval, Quebec: Kariderm a Shekara ta 1996 da Kariliss a cikin shekarar 2011, suna mai da hankali kan kula da fata na shea man shanu da kayayyakin kula da gashi bi da bi. Ta kuma kafa Flash Beauté Incorporated, wanda ke kera Kariderm, samfurin man shea na farko don samun takaddun shaida ta ECOCERT Kamfanonin nata suna ɗaukar mata 2,000 na ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar Songtaaba a Burkina Faso, waɗanda ke karɓar wani yanki na duk tallace-tallace da tallafi daga shirin gwagwlada ƙaramin kuɗi da Gerba ya ƙirƙira.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin shekarar 2010, Gala de Réseau des Entrepreneurs et Professionnels Africains (Gala de REPAF) ta nada Gerba a matsayin Gwarzon Kasuwa. A cikin Shekara ta 2012, Gerba ya sami lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Quebec a Montreal. A cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada Gerba a matsayin Knight of the Order of Quebec saboda rawar da ta taka wajen inganta haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da kasuwancin Afirka da ƙarfafa bambance-bambancen kasuwanci. An ba ta suna Personnalité Monde des Affaires de l'année (Kasuwancin Duniya na Shekara) a nunin kyaututtukan Gala Dynastie na shekarar 2018.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1961
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25589 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Benedict | Maggie Benedict | Maggie Benedict (an haife ta a Pretoria a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ƴar ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu.
Afirka ta Kudu, marubuci kuma darekta. Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Pretoria Tech. Benedict an fi saninsa da taka rawar Akhona Miya akan SABC 1 soap opera Generations (2011-2014).
Benedict ta fito a fina -finai ciki har da Attack On Durfur (2009), Step to a Start Up (2014) da Queen of Kwate (2016). Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Fim da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu don mafi kyawun lambar yabo ta wasan kwaikwayo don rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin 2011 The Mating Game A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon ta, Benedict ya yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Civic a Showboat da Goldilocks da The Three Bears A talabijin, Benedict ta fito a matsayin Akhona Miya a SABC wasan kwaikwayo da al'ummomi daga 2011 zuwa 2014, da kuma yadda Violet a e.tv telenovela jerin Toka Don Toka (2015-2016), ga abin da ta samu ta Kudu Afirka Film kuma Television Awards for Best- goyon bayan actress. Daga 2010 zuwa 2011, ta Co-alamar tauraro a matsayin Zoey Matsekwa a cikin M-Net kykNET soapie Binnelanders.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Benedict ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1981 a Pretoria, lardin Gauteng, diyar malamin da ya yi ritaya, kuma likita. Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Nkoni da Abel Benedict. Benedict ya kammala karatun sa daga Pretoria Technikon (Yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tshwane inda ta fara wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 2007, Benedict ta sauke karatu daga makarantar koyon wasan kwaikwayo ta New York 'Michael Howard Studios. A matsayinta na ɗalibar kwaleji, ta sanya za a same ta a rataye a cikin dakunan karatu. Yayin da yake makaranta, Benedict ya yi abubuwa daban -daban na samarwa da wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta, gami da "Shin Kowa Ya San Sarah Paisner" da "Anais Nin Ya Je Wuta". A cikin 2008, ta fito a cikin daidaita fim ɗin Anthony Minghella na jerin littattafan Alexander McCall Smith The No. 1 Ladies 'Detective Agency, ta fito a fim ɗin tare da Jill Scott da Anika Noni Rose Aikin fim da aikin Talabijin Benedict ta zama tauraruwa a bainar jama'a a shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, gami da SABC 3 Hard Copy (2006), kykNET series Hartland a 2011, da SABC 2 Geraamtes in die Kas a (2013-2011). A cikin 2007, Bayan kammala karatu daga kwaleji, ta sami matsayi akan 7de Laan Wannan shine shirin TV na farko, ta nuna rawar Lebo. A cikin 2010 Benedict ta fito a matsayin Grace Molele a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC 2 Wasan Mating, a cikin 2010 tare da Renate Stuurman da Elma Postma. An dogara ne akan, rayuwar sirri na mata uku da ke gwagwarmaya da uwa, soyayya da abokantaka. Tsakanin watan Afrilu 2010 da 2011, an jefa ta a cikin M-Net/kykNET soapie Binnelanders (wanda aka sani da Binneland Sub Judice a lokacin).
Tsararraki (2011-2014 Axed) A cikin Oktoba 12, 2011, ta fara halarta a karon farko a SABC1 sanannen sabulun Sabulu, inda ta taka rawar Akhona Memela Miya, Matsayin ya kawo fitowar Benedict sosai da yabo. Sabulu ta kasance nasara nan take a cikin kimantawa (tare da kusan masu kallo miliyan 7 a kowane sashi), kuma Benedict ya zama mai son masu sauraro. A cikin 2014 Benedict da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 15 an sallame su bayan sun shiga yajin aiki (na karin albashi) kuma sun kasa cika wa'adin da furodusoshi ya ba su don komawa bakin aiki. Bayan mai gabatar da shirye-shirye na Generations Mfundi Vundla ya kori 'yan wasan daga shirin kuma ya soke kwangilar su,' Yan wasan (Generations 16) sun dauki matakin doka.
Toka Zuwa Toka yanzu A watan Fabrairun 2015, watanni da yawa bayan wasan kwaikwayon Generations 16 saga, Benedict da sauran ƴan wasan da aka kora sun shiga etv sabon telenovela Ashes To Ashes (2015-2016).
Fina-finai
Talabijin
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed |
13739 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funke%20Akindele | Funke Akindele | Akindele Olufunke Ayotunde (wanda aka fi saninta da Funke Akindele 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai a Nijeriya. Funke ta kasance cikin taurarin da suka yi fim din sitcom na wanda Iyakamta asani tun daga shekarar, 1998 zuwa 2002 kuma a shekara ta, 2009 ta sami lambar yabo ta film film
Award don Mafi kyawun ressan wasan kwaikwayon. Tana taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayon Jenifa na Diary, wadda aka sanya mata suna Mafi shahararrun mata a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a Wajan Zabi na Zane-zanen Mafificin Tsarin Mawallafin Afirka na shekarar, 2016 Farkon rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Akindele ce a ranar (24) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta alif (1977) a garin Ikorodu, jihar Legas, Najeriya. Funke ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'ya'ya uku a gurin mahaifiyarsu ('yan mata biyu da yaro guda). Mahaifiyar Akindele kwararriyar likita ce, yayinda mahaifinta tsohon Shugaban Makaranta ne da ya yi ritaya. Funke ta sami yin karatun Diploma ta kasa (OND) a 'Mass Communication' daga tsohuwar makarantar Gwamnatin jihar 'Ogun State Polytechnic', yanzu 'Moshood Abiola Polytechnic',
Aiki Akindele ta Faso gari ne bayan da ta yi rawar gani a Asusun Kididdigar Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nation Population Fund U.N.F.P.A) -Kungiyar da nake Bukata ta sani, wadda ta fara daga shekarar (1998 zuwa 2002). Funke ta buga wa Bisi, dalibar Sakandare amma kuma mai fasaha. Babban hutun Funke Akindele ta zo ne a shekarar (2008) lokacin da ta fito a fim din Jenifa A watan Janairun a shekara ta (2018), akwai wata rigima yayinda aka ruwaito cewa Akindele za ta samu halarta na farko a Hollywood a Marvel's Avengers: Infinity War kamar yadda aka jera ta a matsayin memba na simintin a IMDb. Kafar yada labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da rahoton cewa an saita ta zuwa tauraruwar Infinity War a matsayin mai tsaron gida Dora Milaje, yayin ambato IMDb. Bayan 'yan makonni daga baya sun sauya sunan ta tare da na wata 'yar wasan Najeriya Genevieve Nnaji, tare da bidiyon Akindele da aka nuna cewa yaudara ce. A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2018), an ba da rahoton cewa Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, Dakta Bukola Saraki ya shawarci Marvel Studios da ya nuna Akindele a cikin Infinity War. A watan Yulin a shekara (2016) a wata hirar da ta yi ta ce ba ta yin rawar gani a masana'antar fim ta Yarbawa a lokacin saboda fashin teku. Akindele ita ce ke jagorantar fitowar a cikin shirin Dijital wanda ake cigaba da nunawa a fim din Jenifa, tare da Fisayo Ajisola, Falz, Juliana Olayode, da Aderounmu Adejumoke Nunin wasan ya zame daga fim din Jenifa. Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta (2018) Moms a tauraruwar War Akindele da Michelle Dede A watan Yuli na shekarar !2019) Akindele ta fara wani sabon shiri, mai suna 'Aiyetoro Town, wani yanki daga jerin shahararrun finafinan ta, 'Jenifa's Diary, Ita ce Shugaba na Kamfanin Fasaha Daya Na Fina Finan. Ta yi na ta jagorar ne a karon farko a fim din wasan kwaikwayon siyasa na shekarar (2019) <i id="mwZg">Mai Girma Ka</i> Qaddamar da sadaka Funke Akindele tana gudanar da wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka sani da gidauniyar Jenifa, wacce ke da niyyar samarwa da matasa ƙwararrun dabarun sana'o'i.
Amincewa Funke Akindele tana da wasu ayyukan tallafi kamar ta sanya hannun a matsayin jakada a Irokotv Haka nan a cikin shekara ta (2018) an sanya hannu a matsayin jakadan alama na Bankin Keystone. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar (2019 ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Waw Nigeria, kamfanin da ke kera kayayyakin wanka da sabulu.
Rayuwar mutum A ranar (26) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2012) Akindele ta auri Adeola Kehinde Oloyede. Ma'auratan sun rabu a watan Yulin a shekara ta (2013) inda suka ambaci bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya warwarewa ba. Akindele ta kuma auri yar mawakin Najeriya JJC Skillz a Landan a watan Mayun shekara ta (2016). Jita-jita game da haihuwarta ta mamaye injin bincike na Google a watan Agusta a shekara ta (2017). Akindele ta haifi 'yan tagwaye a cikin watan Disamban shekarar (2018) kuma tana da 'ya'ya da yawa.
Cece-kuce A watan Afrilun shekara ta (2020) an kama Akindele bayan ta gudanar da bikin ranar haihuwa ga mijinta yayin kulle-kullen da aka yi don magance 'Corona virus'. Daga baya ta bayyana a cikin wani Bidiyon Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya don wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar sankarar bargo. An yanke wa ’yar wasan da mijinta hukuncin bautar da al’umma na kwanaki (14) bayan da ta amsa laifinta na keta umarnin kullen.
Fina-finai Jenifa
Jenifa's Diary
Your Excellency
Maami
Industreet
A Trip to Jamaica
Return of Jenifa
Isoken
Moms at War
Chief Daddy
Married but Living Single
Apaadi
Emi Abata
Love Wahala
Ladies Gang
Anointed Liars
Bolode O'ku
Farayola
Ija Ola
Aje Metta
Apoti Orogun
Atanpako Meta
Kakaki 'leku
Omo Pupa
Taiwo Taiwo
Akandun
Baye se Nlo
Edunjobi
Egun
Maku
Oba Irawo
Okun Ife Yi
Agbefo
Kòséfowórà
Odun Baku
Oreke Mulero
Osuwon Edaf
Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Funke Akindele on I.M.D.b
Haifaffun 1976
Rayayyun |
50941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%20Pele | Abe Pele | b eɪdi ə j ə-BAY -dee ə- YOO an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1964), wanda aka fi sani da suna Abedi Pele, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari kuma wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Ghana Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka a kowane lokaci. Ya kuma taka leda a kungiyoyi da dama na Turai kuma ya sami sunansa a Ligue 1 na Faransa tare da Lille da Marseille, na karshen inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA a 1993, a tsakanin sauran sunayen sarauta. Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan zamaninsa.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Abedi Ayew a cikin iyali a garin Kibi kuma ya girma a garin Dome da ke wajen arewacin birnin Accra Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ghana a Tamale. An ba shi lakabin "Pelé" saboda ikonsa a kwallon kafa, wanda ya haifar da kwatancen da dan wasan Brazil Pelé Aikin kulob Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka na farko da suka taka rawar gani a wasan kwallon kafa na Turai. Aikin makiyaya na Abedi Pelé ya fara da Real Tamale United a Ghana a 1978. Ya bar Ghana ne bayan kammala gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1982 inda ya koma kungiyar Al Sadd da ke Qatar kan kudi dala 1,000. Bayan ɗan lokaci tare da FC Zürich, ya koma Ghana amma, bayan da Kotoko da Hearts of Oak suka kasa sanya hannu a kansa, ya koma AS Dragons FC de l'Ouémé a Benin. Daga baya zai koma Ghana ya bugawa Real Tamale United kakar wasa daya. Ya fara aikinsa a Turai tare da Chamois Niort na Faransa, daga baya ya koma Marseille kafin ya koma Lille a matsayin aro.
A matakin kulob din, ya kasance jigo a yadda Marseille ta mamaye gasar Faransa, wanda ya haifar da gasar zakarun lig hudu da na gasar cin kofin Turai biyu. A Marseille, ya kasance memba na "Magical Trio" na tawagar tare da Jean-Pierre Papin da Chris Waddle, wanda ke jagorantar watakila mafi karfi na Turai a farkon 1990s, ciki har da cin kofin Turai na karshe a 1991 Abedi shi ne kawai sauran memba na uku har yanzu tare da gefen lokacin da Marseille ci Milan a 1993 Champions League karshe a Munich Daga baya ya koma Lyon bayan aronsa a Lille. Ya kuma taka leda a Torino na Italiya kuma ya kammala aikinsa na Turai tare da Munich 1860 Abedi Pele ya ci gaba da rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar Al Ain a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa kuma an zabi shi daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan kasashen waje da ke taka leda a gasar UAE.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Abedi Pele ya bugawa Ghana wasa sau 73. Har zuwa 7 Yuni 2013, lokacin da Asamoah Gyan ya zarce shi, ya kasance babban dan wasan Black Stars da kwallaye 33. Ya kasance dan wasa a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarun 1980 da 1990 tare da tawagar kasarsa, kuma memba a tawagar Ghana da ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Afrika a 1982, amma bai taba samun damar buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ba, kamar yadda Black Stars ya kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar a lokacin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, za a iya cewa shi ne ya fi kowa rinjaye a fagen kwallon kafa na Afirka kusan shekaru goma. Yawan wasan da ya yi a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 1992 ana yawan ambatonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun wasannin kwallon kafa da kowane dan wasa ya nuna a gasar guda daya. Kasarsa ta Ghana ta kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin a waccan shekarar, sai dai ta sha kashi a bugun fenariti a wasan karshe a hannun Ivory Coast bayan an dakatar da Abedi saboda katin gargadi da ya samu a wasan kusa da na karshe da Najeriya Kafin hakan, kwallaye ukun da ya zura a ragar Zambia da Congo da Najeriya sun taka rawar gani wajen ganin Ghana ta kai wasan karshe na CAN a karo na bakwai kuma wasan karshe na farko cikin shekaru goma. Wasan ya ba shi ƙarin laƙabi na Maradona na Afirka". Ana yawan kwatanta kwallon da ya zura a ragar Congo a wasan daf da na kusa da karshe zuwa raga na biyu Maradona a kan Ingila a gasar cin kofin duniya 1986 Ya kasance kyaftin kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka na farko da suka sami matsayi na farko a FIFA World Player of the Year a zaben 1991 da 1992. Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafar Faransa sau uku, shi ne wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Afrika na BBC a shekarar 1992, da kuma kyautar da hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta ba ta sau biyu. An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta kwallon zinare saboda kasancewarsa mafi kyawun dan wasa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 1992, kuma shi ne "mutumin da ya taka rawar gani" a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da Marseille ta doke Milan a 1993.
Abedi ne ke rike da tarihin mafi yawan fitowa a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika karo na 13 da aka yi a Libya a shekarar 1982 da kuma shekaru 16 masu zuwa (wanda ya kare a wasan karshe na 21 a Burkina Faso) ya ci gaba da bayyana a gasar kwallon kafa, inda ya fara zama memba a tawagar Ghana da ya tashi ya zama kyaftin. a shekarar 1991. Baya ga cin zarafi da ya yi a gasar ta 1992, Abedi ya kuma samu yabo sosai saboda kwallaye uku da ya ci a gasar a shekarar 1996, inda ya jagoranci Ghana zuwa wasan dab da na kusa da karshe a gasar duk da masu suka suna kyautata zaton zai kasance cikin magriba.
Bayan ritaya Ayew ya halarci wasannin sadaka da FIFA ta shirya fiye da kowane dan wasan Afirka. Abedi Pele memba ne a kwamitin kwallon kafa na FIFA, kuma na kwamitin matsayin 'yan wasa na FIFA da CAF. Hakan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Afrika ta Kudu ta sanya shi a matsayin kakakin gasar cin kofin duniya na 2006.
Domin nuna godiya ga ayyukan ibada da Abedi ke yi wa kasar, gwamnatin Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma a kasar, Order of Volta (civil division). Ta haka ne ya zama dan wasan Ghana na farko da aka karrama shi.
CAF-UEFA All Star Daga cikin lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa, an sanya shi sau da yawa a cikin zabukan FIFA "All-Star" kuma ya zama kyaftin din 'yan wasan Afirka a nasarar da suka samu kan takwarorinsu na Turai a gasar cin kofin Meridian na 1997 A ranar 29 ga Janairun 1997, an buga wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da CAF na gasar cin kofin Meridian tsakanin Turai da Afirka a Benfica 's Estádio da Luz a Lisbon kuma an watsa shi a cikin kasashe 100 na duniya, ciki har da 30 a Afirka, don masu sauraro miliyan 60. masu kallo. Abedi Pele ne ya zura kwallo a farkon wasan, bayan da Vincent Guérin ya rama wa Turai daf da za a tafi hutun rabin lokaci, shi ne Gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na shekarar 1998, Mustapha Hadji, wanda ya ci wa Afirka tamaula a minti na 78 da ci 2-1. nasara A cikin 2001, an canza tsarin gasar cin Kofin All-Star Cup na UEFA–CAF a karo na biyu don haɗa 'yan wasa masu shekaru tsakanin 35 zuwa 45 waɗanda a yanzu suna farin ciki da matsayinsu na 'tsohuwar' kuma suna buga wasan don jin daɗi kawai. Tawagar ta haifar da tunanin manyan lokutan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin kulob da na duniya
Jakadan kwallon kafa A watan Yunin 2001 ne gwamnatin Ghana mai ci ta tsayar da shi don ya zama shugaban hukumar ta FA, wata dama da daga baya ya yi watsi da wani gogaggen tsohon kocin Ghana wanda a nasa kalaman ya ce wannan wata dama ce. don koyi da manyansa.
A halin yanzu yana da kulob na rukuni na farko, wanda ake kira Nania, tare da fatan nan gaba na horar da matasa masu basira don haɓaka ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Ya kuma kasance yana gudanar da ayyukan agaji daban-daban a fadin nahiyar Afirka.
Rigima A kwanakin baya dai Abedi Pele ya shiga cikin wata mummunar badakalar badakalar cin hancin shiga gasar Premier League ta biyu wadda hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana ta same shi da wasu da laifi. Hukuncin da aka yanke ya jawo tara da dakatar da Abedi da sauran su, amma kwamitin daukaka kara na hukumar kwallon kafar ya soke su bayan da ya tabbatar da cewa an samu kura-kurai a hukuncin farko na hukumar kwallon Ghana. Zargin ya samo asali ne daga nasara mai ban mamaki 31–0 da kulob dinsa, Nania FC ya yi a kan kungiyar Okwawu United da ake girmamawa sosai. Hakazalika sakamakon 28–0 an yi rikodin shi a wani wasan rukuni na biyu da aka buga tsakanin Great Mariners da Tudu Mighty Jets a karshen mako. An kuma bincika kungiyoyin da ke da hannu a waccan wasan Promotion Play-off Zone III kuma an yi musu hukunci mai tsauri da kuma ragi. Duk da cewa ya yi kakkausar suka, Abedi ya fuskanci tsangwama daga wasu yan jaridun Ghana, wadanda ke neman a dauki tsauraran matakai a kansa, daga hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana da kuma tsarin shari'a. Matarsa Maha Ayew ta kasance a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2008 an dakatar da shi daga wasan kwallon kafa a kan wannan Scandal na Manipulations. Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
13795 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesuwa%20Onyenokwe | Adesuwa Onyenokwe | Adesuwa Onyenokwe (an haife ta a shekarar 1963), a birnin Ibadan. ta kasance yar' Najeriya ce ma'aikaciyar talabijin. Ta kasance tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a NTA kafin ta zama edita ga mujallar "Todays Woman," wacce ke da shafin karanta labarai ta mutane sama da 200,000. Ita ce mai gabatar da jawabi na shirin "Magana mai Girma" wacce tazo ta sama a cikin 2014. Ta kasance mai magana da karfafa gwiwa kuma mai koyar da karar magana, da ke zaune a Legas Najeriya.
Farkon rayuwa da Karatu Adesuwa Onyenokwe an haife ta a Augusta 8, 1963 a Ibadan, babban birnin jihar Oyo, a Nigeria daga cikin gida mai yaya goma sha daya 11, itace diya ta biyar daga cikinsu. Ta halarci makarantar firamare na Emotan Preparatory School, da kuma Idia College, dukkansu a garin Benin City, Edo State. Daga nan sai tafi dan karanta drama a Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) dake Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeriya. Bayan digirinta na farko daga jami'ar OAU, ta tafi dan yin Master’s degree akan karatun Language Arts a University of Ibadan. Whilst at her first degree programme, tana daga cikin daliban da Professor Wole Soyinka ya koyar, a Nobel Laureate. Adesuwa ta aure Ikechukwu Onyenokwe wani engineer ne Kuma mai management consultant dan'asalin Ndokwa East Local Government Area na Delta State a 1988. The couple have 6 children.
Aiki Adesuwa ta kasance mahaifinta na son ne ta zama lawyer amma sai Adesuwa tunanain ta tun tana karama shine ta zama mai shiri a telebijin. Adesuwa Onyenokwe ta fara haduwa da watsa labarai ne tun lokacin da aka kaita aiki daga National Youth Service Corp (NTSC) a Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) station dake Sokoto State a 1983. Shugaban gudanar da watsa labarai na wancan lokaci, Mr. Danladi Bako, ya zaba ta da ta rika gudanar da shirin yara a television. wannan ne farkon farawarta a television. Da ta gama aikin National Service a 1984, ta bar garin Sokoto State sai ta samu aiki amatsayin malama a makarantar Akenzua II Grammar School, Benin, Edo State. A 1985, ta dawo aiki watsa labarai a Bendel Broadcasting Service wanda aka canja ma suna zuwa Edo Broadcasting Service (EBS). Sanda tayi aure a 1988, ta bar garin Benin City dan komawa da rayuwa da mijinta a agrin Lagos. Ta bar aiki da gidan Edo Broadcasting Service sai ta koma aiki da Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) a Lagos An sanya Adesuwa ta kula da ziyarar fafaroma a Najeriya lokacin zuwan sa A 2000 Ta fara gudanar da shiri na ta na kanta na rabin awa da ake kira da suna “Today’s Woman with Adesuwa”. Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) ke bata damar yin shirin akan bashi. Ta gudanar da shirin na tsawon shekaru goma 10 kafin ta daina. Kuma itace ke yin shiri a TV: “TW Conversations,” wanda ake nunawa a Africa Magic channel na DSTV. Ta Kuma shirya da gudanar da shirin tattaunawa da shugaban kasar Najeriya (Federal Republic of Nigeria) Goodluck Ebele Jonathan a watan February 2015. Ta kasance ta Kuma tattaunawa da manyan mutane da dama a Nigeriya. Adesuwa sake fara wani shirin TV show, Seriously Speaking a July, 2014. Shirin an nuna shi a Channels TV and hosted a long list of celebrities, public figures da notable guests. A watan 10 Augustan 2016, Adesua Onyenokwe tafara kaddamar da BLOG series ‘Speaking my mind tare Adesuwa’. The first series of the VLOG an kiara sa da suna ‘Identity’ domin tattaunawa akan yadda yan'Nigeriyan experiences and background can define its citizens much more than can be imagined. The programme was launched to celebrate her 53rd birthday. She was chosen by Multichoice Nigeria owners of DSTV and GOtv, a direct to home pay TV, to play the role of Aunty a central character on its reality TV show Ultimate Love, which premieres on February 9 2020 at 7:30pm WAT on DStv and GOtv. She is a figure on topical issues like relationships, health and wellness in Nigeria.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1963
Rayayyun Mutane
Hanyoyin haɗin |
43113 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalusha%20Bwalya | Kalusha Bwalya | Kalusha Bwalya (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Agustan 1963), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na duniya Shi ne ɗan wasan Zambiya na takwas da ya fi buga wasa kuma na uku a jerin waɗanda suka fi kowa cin ƙwallaye a bayan Godfrey Chitalu da Alex Chola Mujallar France Football ta lashe kyautar Kalusha a matsayin gwarzon ɗan ƙwallon Afrika a shekara ta 1988 kuma an zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya a shekarar 1996 inda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na 12 mafi kyau a duniya, wanda shi ne na farko da aka zaba bayan ya taka leda a duk shekara. don kulob ɗin da ba na Turai ba.
Babban yayansa Benjamin Bwalya ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru, kuma ƙanensa Joel Bwalya shima ya bugawa ƙasar Zambiya. Ɗan uwansa tsohon ɗan wasan Cardiff City ne kuma memba na tawagar ƙasar Welsh Robert Earnshaw Aikinsa na ɗan wasa, koci da shugaban hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zambiya an nuna wani ɓangare a cikin fim ɗin shirin Eighteam A ranar 20 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2016, Kalusha ya sha kaye a zaɓen hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zambiya (FAZ) a hannun fitaccen ɗan kasuwa Andrew Kamanga da ƙuri'u 163 zuwa 156, abin da mutane da yawa ke tunanin ba zai yiwu ba ga dan takarar. A watan Agusta, shekarar 2018, hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya FIFA ta dakatar da Bwalya na tsawon shekaru biyu daga duk wasu ayyukan da suka shafi ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kwamitin shari'a na FIFA na kwamitin da'a mai zaman kansa ya same shi da laifin karya doka ta 16 (Asiri) da kuma sashi na 20 (Bayyana da karɓan kyaututtuka da sauran fa'idodi) na kundin tsarin da'a na FIFA. Ana zargin Bwalya ya karɓi cin hanci a matsayin kyauta daga Mohammed Bin Hammam, wani jami'in Qatar. Ana daukar Kalusha ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a tarihin kwallon kafa na Zambiya.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Bwalya ya kasance memba na tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasar da suka halarci gasar Olympics na shekarar 1988, inda ya yi tambarinsa da fitaccen ɗan wasa a wasan da suka doke Italiya da ci 4-0 A cikakken matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya bayyana a wasanni 87 na kasa da kasa kuma ya zira kwallaye 39 daga shekarar 1983 zuwa ta 2004. Ya buga karawar farko da Sudan a watan Afrilun shekarar 1983 a filin wasa na Dag Hammarskjoeld a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a Ndola, ya kuma ci ƙwallonsa ta farko da Uganda a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a shekara mai zuwa a daidai wannan filin. Ya bayyana a gasa da yawa, ciki har da bugu shida na gasar cin kofin Afirka Ko da yake shi ne kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙwallon ƙafar ƙasar a lokacin wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 1994, Kalusha ba ya cikin jirgin da ya yi rashin lafiya a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1993 lokacin da dukkan tawagar da jami'anta suka mutu a lokacin da jirgin ya faɗo a tekun Atlantika Gabon Yayin da yake taka leda a PSV Eindhoven, jadawalin sa ya tashi daga Netherlands zuwa Senegal don shiga cikin tawagar maimakon kasancewa a cikin jirgin. Kalusha Bwalya, wanda ya fi shahara a nahiyar Afirka "Lamba 11", ya ɗauki rigar jagorancin farfado da 'yan wasan ƙasar a shekara mai zuwa, inda ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar da ta kai ga mataki na biyu a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta CAF a shekarar 1994 a Tunisia inda suka yi nasara Super Eagles ta Najeriya Wannan shi ne ya zama ƙololuwar aikinsa da kwallon kafa na Zambiya na dogon lokaci mai zuwa. Tawagar ƙasar ta kare a matsayi na 3 a gasar cin kofin Afrika na gaba a Afrika ta Kudu a shekarar 1996, inda Kalusha ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura ƙwallaye a gasar.
Ya kasance koci-koci a lokacin wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na Afirka shekarar 2006 A ranar 5 ga watan Satumbar 2004, Zambiya ta buga da Laberiya, kuma an tashi wasan da ci 0 0 kafin a kare. Kalusha, mai shekaru 41, ya fito daga benci ne a lokacin da aka dawo daga hutun rabin lokaci, inda ya zura ƙwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, wanda hakan ya baiwa Zambiya nasara da ci 1-0, sannan ta jagoranci rukunin 1 na Afirka. Sai dai Zambiya ta zo ta uku kuma ta kasa samun gurbin zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya a shekara ta 2006 Duk da rashin samun cancantar shiga gasar, Bwalya ya horar da Zambiya a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2006 Bayan fitar da su a zagayen farko, Bwalya ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. Mafarkin Kalusha na rike kofin AFCON da ake sha'awar ya zo ne a shekarar 2012, lokacin da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Zambia, da masana harkar kwallon kafa da dama suka raini, ta harzuka tauraruwar Ivory Coast ta lashe wasan karshe a gasar ta 2012. A matsayinsa na shugaban FA na Zambia, ya shiga cikin 'yan wasan tare da daukar kofin a kasar da tsoffin abokan wasansa suka halaka a wani bala'in jirgin sama. An ba da labarin wannan labarin mai tausayi a cikin fim ɗin shirin Eighteam wanda Juan Rodriguez-Briso ya jagoranta.
Duk da haka ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani a wasan kwallon kafa na duniya, yana ba da gudummawa ga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006 a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta FIFA. Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin jakadun gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 da aka gudanar a Afrika ta Kudu.
Aikin kulob Aikin Bwalya a Turai ya fara ne a Cercle Brugge a Belgium A kakar wasansa ta farko, shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar kuma sau biyu an zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan shekara. Irin wannan shi ne tasirinsa da Kattai na Dutch PSV Eindhoven ya kai shi Eredivisie, kuma ya bayyana lashe gasar sau biyu a 1990/91 da 1991/92, a karkashin Bobby Robson, a matsayin mai haskaka aiki.
Cikin raha ya kara da cewa: “Yawancin lokaci muna buga wasa ne a bangaren abokan hamayya, saboda kungiyar tana da kyau sosai. Ka sani, muna da Romario, Gerald Vanenburg, Eric Gerets, Wim Kieft da Hans van Breukelen kuma kawai don kasancewa tare da wannan rukunin, don horar da su a rana, rana, kwarewa ne. Tasha ta gaba Bwalya ita ce Club America, wanda ya koma a 1994. Gidan gidan kulob din na Mexico shine almara Azteca, filin da alamar Zambian ke da abubuwan tunawa da yawa. Kamar yadda ya shaida wa FIFA.com: "Ina da gata da na taka leda a filin wasa mafi kyau a duniya kuma na iya kiransa filin wasa na." Kwarewar Mexico gabaɗaya Bwalya ya ƙaunace shi, wanda ya sadaukar da kusan shekaru takwas na aikinsa a ƙasar kuma ya tuna lokacin da ya yi a can a matsayin "wataƙila mafi kyawun rayuwata".
A fagen wasan kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa, nasarar da ya samu ta farko ita ce ta daya daga cikin manyan hat-tricks a tarihin kwallon kafa na zamani, inda Italiya mai rike da kofin duniya sau uku ta samu nasara a kan Zambia da ci 4-0 a gasar Olympics ta 1988. Bwalya ya yarda cewa sakamakon abin mamaki ne, amma ya kara da cewa: “Zambia babbar ‘yar barci ce ta wata hanya. Karamar kasa ce a fagen wasan kwallon kafa, amma mu ne ’yan kwallon Afirka na farko da suka doke kasashen Turai masu gamsarwa kamar haka.
Duba kuma Football in Africa portal
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
35179 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan | Fezzan | Fezzan UK f ɛ n fez-AHN, US f ɛ z æn fə z æ n fez-AN, fə- ZAN yarukan Berber Latin shi ne yankin kudu maso yammacin Libya na yau. Hamada ce, wanda tsaunuka suka rarraba ta, hawa, da kafaffun koramu (wadis) daga arewa, inda dausayi ke ba tsoffin birane da ƙauyuka damar wanzuwar rayuwa acikin hamadar Sahara da ke da wuyan rayuwa. Kalmar daga farko tana nufin ƙasar da ta wuce yankin bakin teku na Afirka, wacce ta hada da Nafusa da ke yammacin Libya ta zamani a kan Ouargla da Illizi. Kamar yadda waɗannan yankunan Berber suka kasance suna da alaƙa da yankunan Tripoli, Cirta ko Algiers, ana amfani da sunan har wayau wajen kiran yankunan arid dake kudancin Tripolitania Suna A cikin harsunan Berber, Fezzan (ko ifezzan na nufin "dutse mai karfi". Fezzan kuma na iya zama daga asalin sunan yankin a yaren Latin da Girkanci Phasania ko Phazania, wanda ke iya nufin "ƙasar tsuntsayen pheasants Yanayin kasa Koramar ash-Shati ta ratsa ta Fezzan daga arewa Wadi Al Shatii kuma daga yamma da Wadi Irawan. Wadannan yankuna guda biyu, tare da wasu sassan tsaunin Tibesti da ta tsallaka kan iyakar Chadi da kuma dausoyoyi a yankuna daban daban da iyakoki, su ne kadai sassan Fezzan da mutane ke iya rayuwa. Manyan tekuna kasa da aka fi sani da ergs na Idehan Ubari da Idehan Murzuq sun mamaye yawancin ƙasar Fezzan da ta rage.
Tarihi Daga karni na 5 (kafin zuwan Yesu) zuwa karni na 5 (bayan zuwan Yesu), Fezzan ya kasance gida ga mutanen Garamantes, wanda ke tafiyar da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Trans-Saharan a jere tsakanin Carthage da Daular Roma a Arewacin Afirka da jihohin Sahelian na yamma da tsakiyar Afirka.
Septimus Flaccus janar na mutanen Roma a shekara ta 19 K.Z. da Suetonius Paulinus a shekara ta 50 AZ sun jagoranci yaƙi zuwa arewacin hamadar sahara, kuma mai bincike na Roma Julius Maternus ya yi tafiya ta yankin a farkon ƙarni na 1 (bayan zuwan Yesu). Paulinus ya isa har yankin Fezzan sannan ya wuce kudu. Da ƙarshen daular Romawa bayan rikicin kasuwanci ya gabato, yankin Fezzan ta fara mahimmancinta. Mafi yawan jama'ar ta sun ragu sosai saboda mamayewat hamadar Sahara a farkon zamanai na tsakiya.
A cikin ƙarni na 13 da na 14, Fezzan ya zama wani ɓangare na daular Kanem inda Kanem-Bornu ta faɗaɗa har zuwa yankin Zella, Libya. Yaki da tayi da Daular Kanem–Bornu a farkon karni na sha shida ya kai ga kafuwar daular Awlad Muhammad, inda Murzuk ya zama babban birnin Fezzan. A shekara ta 1565 Muhammad ibn al-Muntasir ne ya mulke Sarakunan Ottoman na Arewacin Afirka sun tabbatar da ikonsu a yankin a karni na 17. A zamanin Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) an yi amfani da Fezzan a matsayin sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa ga Matasan Turkawa domin ita ce lardi mafi nisa daga Istanbul. Daga farkon 1911, Italiya ta mamaye yankin Fezzan. Duk da haka, ikon Italiya na yankin ya zamo mai wahala har zuwa akalla shekarar alif 1923, tare da hawan Benito Mussolini. Kabila larabawa masu bin tsarin addinin Sunusiya Sufaye sun bijirewa turawan Italiya a yunkurinsu na farko na mulkar yankn Kabilun Abzinawa na yankin sun sami kwanciyar hankali ne kawai ta hanyar fadada Turai jim kadan kafin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun hada kai da Sojojin Italiya a kamfe na Arewacin Afirka Sojojin Free French sun mamaye Murzuk, babban garin Fezzan, a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 1943, kuma suka ci gaba da gudanar da Fezzan tare da ma'aikatan da ke a Sabha, sun kafa sansanin Sojoji na Fezzan-Ghadames. An yi amfani da gwamnatin Faransa sun mulke yankin ta hannun manyan Fezzan na dangin Sayf Al Nasr. ƙabilun da suka ki yin shiru sune Ghat na yammacin Fezzan, da yankinta da ke kewayenta, zuwa Aljeriya da Faransa ke mulka. Duk da haka, lokacin da ikon sojojin Faransa tazo karshe a 1951, daukakin yankin Fezzan ya zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Libya.
Fezzan ta zamo tungar shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi a mafi yawancin yakin basasar Libya na 2011, ko da yake tun daga watan Yuli, dakarun adawa da Gaddafi sun fara samun galaba, inda suka kwace ikon birni mafi girma na yankin wato Sabha daga tsakiya zuwa karshen watan Satumba. Lambar sirri shine LF (.lf) "a madadin" Libya Fezzan (na "lokacin da ba a sani ba") ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya (ISO). Akwai rijiyoyin mai a Fezzan mai iya samar da kimanin barrel 400,000 na mai a kowace rana, amma kamfanonin mai suna kawo ma'aikatansu ne daga arewacin Libya. Kabilun yankin dai ba sa samun wani kudi daga cinikin man fetur, don haka suka koma yin safarar mai a sace daga yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, wanda ke ciyar da matsalar bakin haure na Turai, kuma sana'ar ce ta dala biliyan 1 a kowace shekara.
Gudanarwa Fezzan gunduma ce a ƙarƙashin Turkawa Ottoman da Italiya, kuma lardi wilayah ko gwamnatin muhafazah na Tarayyar Libya (tare da Tripolitania da Cyrenaica har zuwa 1963. Tare da gabatar da sabon sashin gudanarwa na Libya a shekarar 1963, an soke Fezzan a matsayin sashin gudanarwa mai zaman kanta kuma aka raba ta zuwa muhafazat na Awbari da Sabha. A shekarar 1983, an soke waɗannan ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa don ƙananan gundumomi ko baladiyah. An sake tsara tsarin Baladiyat a shekarar 1987 kuma an maye gurbinsa da shi a shekarar 1995 da tsarin sha’abiya Tsohon lardin Fezzan ta ƙunshi gundumomi sha'biyat na Wadi al Shatii, Wadi al Haya, Jufra, Ghadames, Murzuq, Sabha da Ghat (wasu taswirorin dake yankin Ghadames da makwabciyarta Tripolitania Babban birni mai tarihi, birni mafi girma, cibiyar siyasa da gudanarwa ita ce Sabha Yawan jama'a Mazauna yankin sun hada da Berber, da Dawada, da Abzinawa makiyayan Tuareg daga kudu maso yammacin garin, da kuma Toubou daga kudu maso gabas. Al'ummar makiyaya kan ketara iyakokin kasashen Aljeriya, Chadi da Nijar cikin 'yanci. A arewa, Larabawa, Berber da Tuareg da Toubou suka zauna. Yayin da yake da kashi 30% na yankin ƙasar Libya, Fezzan na tallafawa kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin mutanenta. Manya-manyan garuruwa kamar Sabha suna rayuwa a yankunan ruwa na kusa a wadis na arewa da yamma. Yankin arewa maso gabashin yankin ya mamaye har da yankin Haruj, wani fili mai girman gaske kuma babu yawan jama'a Yawan mutanen Fezzan sun karu cikin sauri tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20 tare da karuwar yawan al'ummar Libya gaba daya, kuma rabon lardin na al'ummar kasar ya karu da rabi.
Tushen: An tattara daga bulletin na ƙidayoyin shekarun 1964, 1973, 1995, 2006.
Duba kuma Jerin shugabannin mulkin mallaka na Fezzan
Tambarin aikawasiku da tarihin gidan waya na Fezzan da Ghadames
Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransanci da mazauna
Jamus Museum
Fezzan-Ghadames (Gwamnatin Faransa)
Fazzan Basin
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswira daga Google yana nuna babban yanki na Fezzan da mahimman garuruwansa.
Worldstatesmen.org's Tarihi da jerin sarakunan Fezzan.
Tarihin Hostkingdom.net da jerin sarakunan Fezzan.
Labarin Lexiorient.com akan Fezzan.
Fezzan
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Samun%20Wadatattun%20Sutura | Yancin Samun Wadatattun Sutura | Yancin samun wadatattun sutura, ko' yancin sanya tufafi, an amincewa da shi a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin wasu kayan aiki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wannan, tare da haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin zama, ɓangarori ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kamar yadda aka sani a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar onasa ta Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR). Hakanan an yarda da haƙƙin sutura a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR).
Masu cin gajiyar Hakkin sanya sutura wani bangare ne na 'yancin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, kuma don hakan, ana daukarsa a matsayin wani abu da ya kamata a tabbatar don hana mutane rayuwa a karkashin talauci. Lallai, sanya sutura alama ce ta talauci mai girma da Kuma arziki:
Don nuna yadda ake da damar samun suturar da ke akwai, Dakta Stephen James ya samar da jerin wasu wadatattun masu cin gajiyar hakkin mafi karancin sutura. Wadanda suka hada da wannan jerin mutanen sune wadanda suka fi fama da rashin sutura, kamar su: Masu karamin karfi, gami da marasa aikin yi, marasa karfi da aiki An fansho da sauransu sun dogara da tsaro na zamantakewa Marassa matsuguni da sauransu a cikin rashin matsuguni;
Waɗanda ke cikin masaukin gaggawa (alal misali, wuraren neman mata ko na hali ko masu zaman kansu (gami da masaukin sadaka);
Tsofaffi, ko kuma a cikin keɓaɓɓun gidaje ko hayar haya, ko na jiha, na kasuwanci ko na jinƙai gidajen kula da jinya, asibitoci da masu kula da asibiti;
Mutanen da ke fama da matsanancin rashin lafiya ta hankali ko na rashin ƙarfi na tunani ko na jiki (ko suna rayuwa a gida ba tare da kansu ba, tare da danginsu ko wasu, ko kuma a kungiyoyi Yanki na al'ummomi rabin-gida-gida, asibitoci na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu da sauran cibiyoyi);
Yara da matasa, musamman marayu da yara masu laifi a cikin kulawa, makarantun jihohi ko wuraren tsare mutane;
Marasa lafiya da wadanda suka ji rauni a asibitoci (ko cibiyoyin gyarawa), gami da waɗanda ake kula da su saboda shaye-shaye da sauran masu dogaro da ƙwayoyi Fursunoni, a tsare ko akasin haka;
Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antun haɗari (alal misali, masana'antar kera sinadarai da masana'antar hakar ma'adanai ko kuma suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi na matsi (misali, masu gumi waɗanda rayuwarsu ko lafiyarsu ta dogara da tufafin kariya (haɗe da masu aikin yara);
'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke rayuwa a cikin talauci;
'Yan Gudun Hijira, masu neman mafaka, da kuma ma'aikatan bakin haure (musamman wadanda ke aiki a kasuwannin bayan fage ba bisa ka'ida ba); kuma,
Wadanda ke fama da bala'o'i, rikice-rikicen cikin gida, yakin basasa da na duniya (gami da fursunonin yaƙi zalunci na kisan kare dangi da sauran ɓarna.
Ganewa Rashin tattaunawa a game da haƙƙin sutura ya haifar da rashin tabbas game da burin dama da kuma yawan tufafi da ake buƙata. Masani Matthew Craven ya lura cewa mafi ƙarancin matakin tufafi shine abin da ake buƙatar samarwa; yana da "mahimmin mahimmanci ba kadan ba saboda a mafi karancin matakan yana wakiltar batun rayuwa." Wannan abin da ake buƙata na "mafi ƙarancin" ko "isasshe" ana nuna shi a cikin rahotanni daga Kwamitin UNancin Haƙƙin Yara UN) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma rahoto daga Consortium For Street Children, kazalika a matsayin yawan Janar Bayani daga Kwamitin Kula da Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) dangane da tsofaffi, nakasassu, da ma'aikata. Akwai, duk da haka, babu wata alama game da abin da irin wannan mafi ƙarancin "ƙarancin" ko "isasshen" daidaiton ya ƙunsa: hakika, ba safai ba ne CESCR ya yi tambayar wata ƙungiya ta ICESCR game da aikinta game da haƙƙin sutura ko tufafi. An sami takaitaccen sharhin ilimi game da burin 'yancin sanya sutura dangane da' yan gudun hijira. James Hathaway ya bayar da hujjar cewa ya kamata 'yan gudun hijirar su samu suturar da za ta dace da yanayin kuma ta wadatar da duk wani aiki ko wasu mukamai da suke fatan aiwatarwa. Bugu da ƙari, bai kamata a tilasta su sanya kowane irin tufafin da zai haifar da ƙyamar jama'a ko nuna bambanci a matsayin baƙi ba. A gefe guda kuma, duk da haka, idan 'yan gudun hijirar suka zabi sanya tufafin da ke wakiltar al'adunsu, kasar da suka fito ko kuma al'ummarsu, suna da kariya a karkashin doka ta 27 ta Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa don yin hakan. Kwamitin kan Hakkin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya karkata zuwa ga amfani da fassarar takamaiman mahallin kan abin da ya isa daidaiton sutura; ya zuwa yanzu, ba a yi la'akari da haƙƙi a cikin azancin sa gaba ɗaya a cikin sharhi na gaba ɗaya ba. Hakkin mallakar sutura ko tufafi an yarda dashi a cikin gida tsawon shekaru dubbai aƙalla sashi amma ya sami ƙarancin sanarwa a yanayin duniya saboda wasu dalilai. Ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake samun rashin ganewa ba; wani marubucin ya ba da shawarar cewa rashin bayani dalla-dalla ya samo asali ne saboda bambancin bukatun al'adu da bukatunsu. Koyaya, wannan bayanin an ɗauke shi a matsayin "ba mai yiwuwa ba ne": Dr James ya lura cewa "[c] bambancin al'adu, muhalli da tattalin arziki a cikin 'buƙatu da buƙatu' tabbas suna da alama game da gidaje, lafiya kamar yadda suke a ciki dangantaka da sutura, amma wannan bai hana ba da cikakken bayani ba game da waɗancan haƙƙoƙin a cikin dokokin duniya. Masani Matthew Craven ya kammala a shekarata 1995 cewa:
Koyaya, Dr James ya sake cewa: babu wani daga cikinmu da zai yi sakaci cewa ba za mu tsinci kanmu cikin bukatar wadatattun sutura ba. Hakkin yana da mahimmancin amfani sosai. 'Yanci ne mai mahimmanci, ba ado ko wauta ba ta shari'a Ya kuma yi kira da a cigaba da tattaunawa da sharhin ilimi, yana jayayya da hakan:
Hulɗa tsakanin haƙƙin sutura da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam Kamar yadda haƙƙin tufafi ya shafi irin wannan mahimmin al'amari na ɗan'adam, a dabi'ance yana hulɗa da wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke ƙunshe cikin wasu kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Hakkin rayuwa Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na uku na UDHR. Koyaya, idan mutane ba sa suturar da ta dace, sun fi kyau fuskantar yanayi. Ba tare da dumi tufafi, wani mutum zai iya da kyau mutu daga hypothermia a lokacin da wani sanyi da hunturu; suturar da ba ta dace ba, a gefe guda, na iya taimakawa ga zafin jiki, rashin ruwa da gajiya a lokacin bazara ko a yanayin zafi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, rashin wadatattun tufafi na iya ƙara ɗaukar hotuna zuwa hasken ultraviolet kara rashin lafiyar jiki da yanayin fata; da kuma tsananta yanayin kiwon lafiya da suka kasance. Bugu da ƙari, samun damar zuwa wajen likita kamar yadda aka tabbatar a karkashin Mataki na 25 na UDHR da kuma Mataki na 12 na ICESCR ana iya hana ta ta hanyar rashin wadatattun kayan sawa, musamman idan ba a samun damar saye da suttura mai warkarwa ko takalmin ƙafa ko tsada.
'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Sanya tufafi ko fiye daidai, zaɓar waɗancan tufafi da za a sa shine, ga mutane da yawa, wani muhimmin bangare na bayyanawa kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 19 na UDHR. Mutanen da ke da babban nakasa na iya yin suturar da ba ta dace ba, suna musun maganganun da suke so. Bugu da ƙari, tilasta sanya sutura mai datti, yage, mara kyau da ma tsofaffin tufafi na iya kiran izgili da raini da kuma haifar da kunya. Wannan na iya zama gaskiya musamman ga yaran makaranta iyaye na iya yin jinkirin la’akari da tura yaro zuwa makaranta sakamakon gori da kunya da aka kawo ta tufafin da yaron ya sanya. Ya kamata a ke rarrabewa, duk da haka, tsakanin waɗanda aka tilasta musu sa rigunan da suka yage, marasa kyau ko tsofaffin kayan aiki da waɗanda suka sani sanye da sanya irin waɗannan tufafi a matsayin 'bayanin sanarwa'.
'Yanci daga wariya Tufafin da mutane suka zaɓi sanyawa na iya gano abubuwa da yawa game da mutum: alaƙar addini, ƙabila, asalin ƙasa ko siyasa, al'ada, ko launin fata. Za a iya gardama da shi, tufafin da matalauci yake sawa zai iya nuna talaucinsu. Wannan alamar talauci ko talaucin halin tattalin arziki na iya zama sanadin wariya da zagi. Ari akan haka, tufafi wanda yake da banbancin al'ada ko kuma yake nuna alaƙar addini na iya haifar da wariya kuma ya haifar da ƙin damar jama'a, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa da kasuwanci.
Hakki zuwa 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanta mutum ko horo Akwai babbar dama ga "cin zarafin amana, don wulakanci da cin zarafi iri-iri a cikin likitanci da tsarin hukumomi, musamman dangane da mata da yara, nakasassu da tsofaffi." Idan aka hana mutum samun wadatattun sutura musamman tufafi masu mahimmanci, kamar su kayan ciki mai yiyuwa ne a sanya su cikin rauni ga danniya, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanta mutum ko hukunci a karkashin doka ta 5 ta UDHR. Irin wannan musun zai hada da karbar tufafi da karfi, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a mahallin tsarewa da gidajen yari: "[o] ne a zahiri ana iya barin shi tsirara a tsakiyar karfin mulki, wani mummunan yanayi da ake gani sau da yawa a gidajen yari, a cikin yaki da sansanonin tattara hankali. Misalan irin wannan cin zarafin a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki da Guantanamo Bay sun gano sun haifar da cututtukan hankali, gami da rikicewar tashin hankali, sakamakon tilasta wa fursunoni yin tsirara da farati a gaban mata masu gadi, da kuma wadanda ake tsare da maza ana tilasta musu su sanya kayan mata.
Bayani [Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and |
13761 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Augie-Kuta | Aisha Augie-Kuta | ă
Aisha Augie-Kuta (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1980) ta kuma kasance mai daukar hoto ce a Najeriya kuma mai shirya fim mazauniyar Abuja. Ita bahaushiya ce, Hausa daga Argungu karamar hukuma a Jihar Kebbi a arewacin Nijeriya. Ta lashe lambar yabo na Creative Artist of the year a shekarar 2011 The Future Awards. Augie-kut itace har ila yau mai bada shawara ga Special Adviser (Digital Communications Strategy) Federal Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning. Kafin wannan mukamin ita ce Senior Special adviser ga gwamnan jihar Kebbi akan labarai da kafafen sadarwa.
Tarihi An haifi Aisha Adamu Augie a Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, Augie-Kuta ita yarinyar Senator Adamu Baba Augie (politician/broadcaster), da mamanta Justice Amina Augie (JSC). Augie-Kuta ta fara son ɗaukar hoto ne tun sanda babanta ya bata kamera tun tana yarinya..
Augie-Kuta ta samun digiri a fannin Mass Communication daga Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Kuma ta karanta MSc a Media and communication at the Pan African University, Lagos (Now Pan Atlantic University). Ta yi aure tana da yara uku. Augie-Kuta nada certificates a digital filmmaking daga New York Film Academy da kuma gudanar da Chelsea College of Arts, London, UK.
Augie-Kuta ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugaban Kungiyar Hadin Kan Shugabancin Najeriya (NLI) a watan Mayu shekarar 2011. Ita ce kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Mata a Fim da Talabijin a Najeriya (WIFTIN) babi ta Yammacin Afirka na cibiyar sadarwar Amurka. Ta hada gwiwa da Photowagon, wata kungiyar daukar hoto ta Najeriya, a shekara ta 2009. A shekara ta 2010, an hada Augie-Kuta, tare da wasu matan Najeriya 50, a cikin wani littafi da kuma nune-nunen bikin kasa da shekaru 50 50 da goyan bayan Mata suka Canji. A cikin shekarar 2014, Augie-Kuta ta gudanar da bikin bajinta na farko mai daukar hoto, mai suna Alternative Evil Ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban yarinya samari da ginin al'umma. Ta kasance wani m gudanarwa a shekara-shekara taro na daukan hoto, Najeriya Photography nuni Conference. wani mai gabatar da kara da mai magana a cikin al'amuran daban-daban; kuma ta yi magana a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na TEDx a Najeriya. An rantsar da Augie-Kuta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga mata ta UNICEF a fannin Ilimi tare da mai da hankali kan 'yan mata da matasa. A cikin shekara ta 2018, Augie-Kuta ita ce wakilin wakilin sashin zane-zane na Najeriya wanda ta sadu da mai martabarsa ta Royal Highness Charles, Yarima na Wales a majalissar Burtaniya da ke Legas. Augie-Kuta ita ce mace mace ta farko da ta fara takarar kujerar wakilan wakilai a karkashin babbar jam’iyya a zaben Majalisar Tarayya ta Argungu-Augie a jihar Kebbi, Najeriya. Augie-Kuta ita ce mai gabatarwa a kai a kai yayin taron masu daukar hoto na shekara-shekara, Nigeria Expo Expo Conference; mai gabatar da kara da mai magana a taron daban-daban; ya kuma yi magana a taron TEDx a Najeriya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimaki na Musamman ga Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi, Najeriya a Sabuwar Media. A yanzu haka tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga ministar kudi, kasafin kudi da tsare-tsare na kasa, Misis Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed Kyaututtuka 2011: Nasara, Kirkirar Mawakiyar Kyauta na shekarar a kyaututtuka masu zuwa. 2014: Kyautar 'yar uwa ga mai daukar hoto na shekarar. 2014: Winner, British Council 'Ta hanyar-My-Eyes' gasar.
Shekarar 2015: Ambasada, Makon Sati na Legas Shekarar 2016: Kyautar Kyauta, (Jagoranci Bauta ga Al'umma), Junior Chamber International 2016: Manyan Youngan kasuwar Nigerianan Najeriyar bakwai, Shugabanci Shekarar 2016: HiLWA: Babban Mai Taimakawa Mata, (Ilimin Yaran Mace da Karamin Lafiya) Hukumar UNICEF Kebbi State Government 2016: ellowan ellowungiyar, Fungiyar Haɗin Kai na Koriya ta Arewa
Nunin Nunin Shekaru 50 kafin ta gaban matan Najeriya, Legas, (Schlumberger, Ofishin Jakadancin Masarautar Netherlands, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka).
Shekaru 50 A Gabatar Da Idon Matan Najeriya, Abuja, Nigeria; Afrilu 2010 (Transcorp Hilton, Ofishin Jakadancin Masarautar Netherlands, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka).
Anan da Yanzu: Artical na Najeriya da Ghana, New York City, Oktoba 2010 (Iroko Arts Consultants, Ronke Ekwensi). Takaitaccen Tsarin: Ciwon Canjin, Nunin Nazarin, Abuja, Nigeria, Oktoba 2010 (Kayan bincike na Medicaid, Tsarin Pinc, Aisha Aicha) Ni Najeriya; Hotunan Photowagon, Abuja, Nigeria, Disamba 2010 (Hoto na Photowagon, Tsinkayen Pyramid) Ruwa da Tsabta, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka, Legas, Nigeria, Satumba 2012.
Nunin Hoton daukar hoto na ƙarni na Najeriya, Yuli 2014 Al'adun kayan tarihi, Hotunan Hoto na Legas, Oktoba-Nuwamba 2014
Muguwar mugunta, Nuna M Shahararriyar Watsa Labarai, IICD Abuja, Nigeria 2014 Miloli marasa yawa, Nunin Jirgin Najeriya, Miliki Legas, Najeriya 2016 Kafin, Kafin Yanzu, Yanzu, Mira Forum, Art Tafeta Porto, Portugal, 2016 Don alamar sabbin abubuwan farawa Afirka Steeze na Los Angeles, Amurka, 2016 Amfani da hasken rana, Tsarin Muhalli na tarin Abuja, Najeriya, 2015 Hotunan Neman hoto, Tsarin Kirkirar zane a Cibiyar Fina-Finan Abuja, Najeriya, 2015
Littattafai data buga 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far Najeriya: Rimson Associates. 2010. pp. 32-35. ISBN 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far List of Nigerian film producers
|
30455 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93atar%20muhalli%20da%20filaye%20a%20Philippines | Gurɓatar muhalli da filaye a Philippines | Gurbatar muhalli Filayen haɗari da bala'o'i da ya faru ne saboda wurin da take. Da yake ƙasar da ke cikin Ring of Fire na Pacific, tana da haɗari ga girgizar ƙasa da fashewar volcanic. Bugu da kari, kasar na kewaye da manya-manyan ruwa kuma tana fuskantar Tekun Pasifik inda kashi 60% na guguwa a duniya ake yi. Daya daga cikin mummunar guguwar da ta afkawa kasar Philippines a shekarar 2013 ita ce guguwar Haiyan, ko kuma "Yolanda," wadda ta kashe sama da mutane 10,000 tare da lalata kadarori na sama da tiriliyan pesos tare da lalata sassa daban-daban. Sannan Kuma Sauran matsalolin muhalli da kasar ke fama da su sun hada da gurbatar yanayi, hakar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, sare itatuwa, kamun kifi, zaftarewar kasa, zaizayar gabar teku, bacewar namun daji, dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi.
Gurbacewar ruwa Duk da cewa albarkatun ruwa sun yi karanci a wasu yankuna da yanayi, kasar Philippines gaba dayanta tana da isassun ruwa sama da kasa. Sannan Koyaya, yin watsi da samun daidaiton manufofin muhalli ya haifar da gurɓata kashi 58% na ruwan ƙasa a Philippines. Babban tushen gurbatar yanayi shine ruwan sharar gida da masana'antu da ba a kula da su ba. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin kogin Philippine ana ɗaukar dacewa da wadatar ruwan jama'a.
An yi kiyasin cewa a shekarar 2025, samun ruwa zai yi kadan a galibin manyan biranen kasar da kuma a cikin 8 daga cikin manyan rafuka 19. Baya ga matsalolin kiwon lafiya mai tsanani, gurbacewar ruwa kuma yana haifar da matsaloli a masana'antar kamun kifi da yawon bude ido Gwamnatin ƙasa ta fahimci matsalar kuma tun shekarata 2004 ta nemi bullo da tsarin kula da albarkatun ruwa mai dorewa (duba ƙasa). Kashi 5% ne kawai na yawan jama'a ke haɗe zuwa hanyar sadarwar magudanar ruwa. Mafi rinjaye na amfani da bandaki masu tarwatsewa da aka haɗa da tankunan ruwa. Sannan Tunda magungunan sludge da wuraren zubar da ruwa ba su da yawa, yawancin masu fitar da ruwa ana fitar dasu ba tare da magani ba. A cewar bankin raya yankin Asiya, kogin Pasig na daya daga cikin gurbatattun koguna a duniya, wanda ke ratsa babban birnin kasar Manila. A cikin Maris 2008, Manila Water ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a gina cibiyar kula da ruwan sha a Taguig Filin na farko da ya gina dausayi mai dausayi na kusan gidaje 700 an kammala shi a shekara ta 2006 a wani yanki na birni na Bayawan wanda aka yi amfani da shi don sake tsugunar da iyalai da ke zaune a bakin teku a matsugunan da ba na yau da kullun ba kuma ba su da isasshen ruwan sha da wuraren tsafta.
sare itatuwa A cikin karni na 20, murfin gandun daji na Philippines ya ragu daga kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa kashi 20 cikin dari. Gabaɗaya, nau'ikan nau'ikan 46 suna cikin haɗari, kuma an kawar da 4 gaba ɗaya. Kashi 3.2 cikin 100 na jimillar gandun daji ya ragu. Dangane da nazarin taswirorin tsarin amfani da ƙasa da taswirar hanya, an yi asarar dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da suka kai kimanin eka miliyan 9.8 daga shekarata 1934 zuwa 1988. Yin sare itace ba bisa ka'ida ba yana faruwa a cikin Filipinas[[Gurɓatar muhalli da filaye a Philippines kuma yana ƙara lalata ambaliyar ruwa a wasu yankuna. A cewar wata masaniyar Jessica Mathews, manufofin gwamnatin Filipins na gajeren hangen nesa sun taimaka wajen yawan sare itatuwa: Gwamnati a kai a kai tana ba da rangwamen katako na kasa da shekaru goma. Tunda yana ɗaukar shekaru 30-35 don girma na biyu na gandun daji, masu shuka ba su da wani abin ƙarfafa don sake dasa. Haɓaka kuskuren, ɓangarorin sarauta sun ƙarfafa masu yin katako don cire nau'ikan mafi mahimmanci kawai. Mummunan kashi 40 cikin 100 na itacen da za a girbe bai taɓa barin dazuzzuka ba, amma, ya lalace a cikin dazuzzuka, ya lalace ko kuma ya kone a wurin. Sakamako mai ban mamaki na waɗannan da manufofin da ke da alaƙa shi ne cewa daga cikin kadada miliyan 17 na rufe dazuzzukan da suka bunƙasa a farkon ƙarni miliyan 1.2 kawai ya rage a yau.Kasar Philippines tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na 2018 yana nufin maki 5.91/10, wanda ke matsayi na 91 a duniya cikin kasashe 172.
Gurbacewar iska Saboda sharar masana'antu da motoci, Manila na fama da gurɓataccen iska, yana shafar 98% na yawan jama'a. A kowace shekara, gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da mutuwar mutane fiye da 4,000. Ermita ita ce gundumar Manila da ta fi gurbata iska saboda buɗaɗɗen wuraren juji da sharar masana'antu A cewar Hukumar Raya Manila (MMDA), ƙasar tana samar da matsakaita na kiloton 41 na datti a kullum tare da kusan kton 10 a rana yana fitowa daga Metro Manila kaɗai. Yayin da akasarin kananan hukumomin ke kafa wani kayan aikin dawo da kayan aiki (MRF), da aiwatar da rarrabuwar kawuna a majiyar, tare da tattarawa da sarrafa duk wasu abubuwan da za a iya sake amfani da su da kuma abubuwan da za a iya gyara su, galibin dattin datti na karamar hukumar ana zubar da su a wuraren juji ko kuma kona su a fili, Kuma wanda hakan ke kara ta’azzara. ingancin iska mai gurbataccen iska a cikin birane. A wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekara ta 2003, kogin Pasig na daya daga cikin kogin da suka fi gurbata muhalli a duniya inda ake zubar da ton 150 na sharar gida da tan 75 na sharar masana'antu a kullum.
Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba
Gabaɗaya Philippines tana da al'adar kamun kifi mai ƙarfi saboda tarihinta mai albarka da yanayin yanayin ruwa iri-iri. A cikin shekarata 2018, an ba da rahoton mutane 927,617 bisa hukuma suna da hannu a cikin "Kamun kifi", kuma kifi yana ba da gudummawar kashi 50% na furotin na Filipinos. Wannan dogaron kifin ya taimaka wajen kamun kifin a halin yanzu na kashi 70% na wuraren kamun kifi na Philippine da kusan kashi 40% na kifin da ake kama ana yin su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Makullin COVID-19 da alama ya ba da damar haɓaka kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Jiragen sintiri na Karagatan da ke amfani da VIIRS (fitilar infrared da ake iya gani) sun gano karuwar tasoshin kamun kifi na kasuwanci daga 3,602 a watan Fabrairun shekarata 2020 (kafin kulle-kullen COVID-19) zuwa 5,950 a cikin Maris, wanda ya koma 1,666 a watan Mayu lokacin da aka sassauta dokar. An gano waɗannan jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa wanda ke ba wa ƙananan masuntan sana'a damar yin amfani da hanyoyin kamun kifi na yau da kullun, saboda yankin ya kasance wurin hayayyafa ga yawancin nau'in kifi.
Dynamite kamun kifi Kamun kifi na Dynamite, wanda kuma aka fi sani da kamun kifi da bama-bamai, an haramta shi a cikin shekarata 1932. Al'ada ce ta jefa bama-bamai a cikin ruwa don kashe kifin da fashewar ta kama, sannan a kwashe kifin. A cikin wannan tsari, wuraren da ke kewaye da su murjani reefs da kuma kashe duka kifin da suka yi ƙanƙanta don sayar da lalata ƙwai a yankin. An kiyasta wannan barnar ta janyo asarar dala biliyan 99.2 a duk shekara, a cewar wani bincike da Rhodora Azanza ta jami’ar Philippines ta yi. Don haka, an ba da rahoton cewa yawan amfanin kifin yana raguwa. Jimely Flores, wani babban masanin kimiyar ruwa na Oceana, ya bayyana halin da ake ciki yana mai cewa, "A wasu wuraren da ke da zafi, idan ka nutse ba kwa ganin kifi ko kadan."
Canjin yanayi
Muhalli
Motsin hana makaman nukiliya
Barazana ga masu kare muhalli A wasu lokuta ana ɗaukar Philippines a matsayin ƙasa mafi haɗari ga masu fafutukar kare muhalli. A cewar kungiyar kare muhalli Global Witness, an kashe akalla filaye 30 da masu kare muhalli a Philippines a cikin shekarata 2018, yawancinsu suna rikici da kungiyoyin kasuwanci masu zaman kansu. Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Kalikasan don Muhalli ta sami rahoton mutuwar mutane 46 a cikin shekarar 2019. Kungiyar ta ce an kuma gallazawa masu fafutuka, da tozarta su, da jaja-jajaye da kuma yi musu lakabi da ‘yan ta’adda ko kuma “makiya jihar”. Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun nemi Majalisa da ta zartar da dokar kare hakkin dan Adam don taimakawa masu fafutuka da iyalansu.
Manufar gwamnati
Kariyar muhalli Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa ita ce ke da alhakin ƙirƙira, tallafawa, da aiwatar da manufofi kan kare muhalli ta gwamnatin Philippine. Sannan Kuma Sashen kuma yana da alhakin tabbatar da dorewar kula da albarkatun ƙasa na Philippines. Ofishin Kula da Muhalli na Philippine (EMB) ne ke da alhakin kimanta tasirin muhalli, rigakafin gurɓata yanayi da sarrafawa, tare da aiwatar da manyan dokokin muhalli guda shida a cikin Philippines. Philippines ta kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin muhalli da dama na kasa da kasa, tare da CITES na kare nau'ikan daga wuce gona da iri saboda cinikin kasa da kasa, kuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar Paris Ci gaba mai dorewa Bisa la'akari da bukatar magance matsalolin muhalli da kuma bukatar ci gaba da cigaba, Philippines ta fito da dabarun cigaba mai dorewa. Kasa don Dabarun Ci gaba mai dorewa sun haɗa da daidaita la'akari da Kuma muhalli a cikin gudanarwa, ƙayyadaddun farashin albarkatun ƙasa, kiyaye nau'ikan halittu, gyara yanayin halittu, kula da haɓakar yawan jama'a da haɓaka albarkatun ɗan adam, haifar da haɓaka a yankunan karkara, haɓaka ilimin muhalli, ƙarfafa 'yan ƙasa. Haɗin kai, da haɓaka kanana zuwa matsakaitan masana'antu da ayyukan noma da dazuzzuka masu dorewa. Daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren da aka sanyawa hannu a wani bangare na dabarun shine taron kolin Duniya na 1992.
Bayan sanya hannu kan taron koli na Duniya na shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Philippines ta ci gaba da duba tsare-tsare daban-daban na inganta yanayin kasar.
Rubutun Kalikasan
Duba wasu abubuwan Ecoregions a cikin Philippines
Jerin wuraren kariya na Philippines
Nau'i:
Namun daji na Philippines
Jerin barazanar nau'in Philippines
Manazarta This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29155 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise%20Compaor%C3%A9 | Blaise Compaoré | Blaise Compaoré (an haife shi ranar uku ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1951) ɗan siyasan Burkinabé ne wanda ya kasance shugaban kasar Burkina Faso daga shekarar, 1987 zuwa 2014. Ya kuma kasance babban abokin tafiyar Shugaba Thomas Sankara a shekarun 1980, kuma a watan Oktoban shekara ta, 1987, ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da a lokacin aka kashe Thomas Sankara. Babban abokin sa ne kuma amininsa. Daga baya, ya bullo da manufar "gyara", tare da jujjuya manufofin gwamnatin sa domin su hadu da na Duniya Wanda Sankara ke bi. Ya ci zabe a shekara ta, 1991, 1998, 2005, da 2010 a cikin abin da ake ganin rashin adalci yunƙurinsa na yiwa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima don tsawaita wa'adin mulkinsa na shekaru 27 ya haifar da tashin hankalin Burkinabé na shekara ta, 2014. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014, Compaoré ya yi murabus, inda ya tsere zuwa kasar Ivory Coast Farkon aiki An haifi Compaoré a Ouagadougou, babban birnin Burkina Faso (wanda ake kira Upper Volta) sannan ya girma a Ziniaré Ya kai matsayin kyaftin a rundunar Voltaïc. Compaoré ya sadu da Thomas Sankara a shekarar, 1976 a cibiyar horar da sojoji a Maroko, daga baya kuma aka ɗauki Compaoré da Sankara abokai na kud da kud. Compaoré ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin mulkin da aka yi wa sauye sauye da Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo Ya auri Chantal Compaoré (née Chantal Terrasson) tun a shekarar, 1985.
A karkashin jagorancin Sankara, wanda ya kasance daga shekarar, 1983 zuwa 1987, Compaoré ya kasance mataimakinsa kuma memba ne na Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kasa a Fadar Shugaban Kasa sannan daga baya ya zama Ministan Shari’a.
Siyasa Compaore ya shiga cikin juyin mulkin shekara ta, 1983 da 1987, inda ya karbi mulki bayan na biyu wanda aka kashe magabacinsa Sankara. An zabe shi Shugaban kasa a shekarar, 1991, a zaben da 'yan adawa suka kaurace masa, aka sake zabensa a shekara ta, 1998 zuwa 2005, da kuma 2010.
1983 juyin mulki Tun yana dan shekara 33, Compaoré ya shirya juyin mulki, wanda ya kori Manjo Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekarar, 1983. Libya ta goyi bayan juyin mulkin, wanda a lokacin, yana dab da yaƙi da Faransa a Chadi (duba Tarihin Chadi Sauran manyan mahalarta taron sun hada da Kyaftin Henri Zongo, Manjo Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani da Kyaftin Thomas Sankara wanda aka ayyana a matsayin Shugaba.
A lokacin yakin Agacher Strip tare da Mali a watan Disambar shekarar, 1985, Compaoré ya umarci sojojin Burkinabé da suka rarrabu zuwa kananan kungiyoyi kuma suka yi amfani da dabaru na yaki da tankokin Mali.
Juyin mulkin 1987 Compaoré ya karbi mulki a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta, 1987 a juyin mulkin da aka kashe Sankara. Tabarbarewar dangantaka da Faransa da makwabciyarta Ivory Coast shine dalilin bayar da juyin mulkin. Compaoré ya bayyana kisan Sankara a matsayin "hatsari", amma ba a taɓa bincika yanayin yadda ya kamata ba. Bayan darewa kan kujerar shugabancin kasar, ya sake dawo da dimbin manufofin Sankara, yana mai cewa manufofin sa "gyara" ne na juyin juya halin Burkinabé.
Da farko suna yin hukunci cikin nasara tare da Henri Zongo da Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani, a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar, 1989 an kama waɗannan mutane biyu, ana tuhumarsu da shirya kifar da gwamnati, an yi musu taƙaitaccen hukunci, kuma an kashe su.
Zaben 1991 da 1998 An zabi Compaoré a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar, 1991 a zaben da manyan jam'i un adawa suka kauracewa domin nuna rashin amincewa da irin hanyar da Compaoré ya saba amfani da ita a matsayin farko. Kashi 25 cikin dari na masu kada kuri'a ne kawai suka kada kuri'a. A shekara ta, 1998, an sake zabensa a karon farko. A shekara ta, 2003, an cafke mutane da dama da ake zargi da shirya makarkashiya, biyo bayan zargin yunkurin juyin mulki da aka yi wa Compaoré. A watan Agustan shekara ta, 2005, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa mai zuwa. 'Yan siyasa' yan adawa sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abin da ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki saboda gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin da aka yi a shekara ta, 2000 wanda ya takaita shugaban ƙasa zuwa wa'adi biyu, da rage tsawon wa'adin daga bakwai zuwa shekaru biyar. Magoya bayan Compaoré sun yi jayayya da wannan, suna cewa ba za a iya amfani da kwaskwarimar ta koma baya ba, kuma a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2005, majalisar tsarin mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa saboda Compaoré ya kasance shugaban kasa a shekara ta, 2000, gyaran ba zai yi aiki ba har zuwa karshen wa'adin mulkinsa na biyu a ofis, ta hanyar ba shi damar gabatar da takararsa a zaɓen shekara ta, 2005.
Zaben 2005 A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2005, aka sake zaɓar Compaoré a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya kayar da abokan hamayya 12 kuma ya sami kashi 80.35 na ƙuri'un. Kodayake jam’iyyun adawa goma sha shida sun ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa don kawar da Compaoré tun da farko a cikin tseren, a ƙarshe babu wanda ya so ya ba da matsayinsa a tseren ga wani shugaba a cikin kawancen, kuma yarjejeniyar ta ɓaci.
Bayan nasarar Compaoré, an rantsar da shi a wani wa'adi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumban shekara ta, 2005.
Zanga -zangar 2011 A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2011, an ba da rahoton Compaoré ya tsere daga Ouagadougou babban birnin kasar zuwa garinsu Ziniare bayan da masu gadin sojoji suka fara tayar da kayar baya a barikinsu bisa rahotannin alawus da ba a biya ba. Daga karshe ayyukan su ya bazu zuwa harabar fadar shugaban kasa da sauran sansanonin sojojin. Cikin dare an ji karar harbe -harbe a harabar fadar shugaban kasa kuma an ga motar daukar marasa lafiya tana barin harabar. Sojoji sun kuma yi awon gaba da shaguna a cikin birnin cikin dare.
Tashin hankali na 2014 A watan Yuni na shekara ta, 2014 jam'iyyar Compaoré mai mulki, Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), ta kira shi da ya shirya kuri'ar raba gardama da za ta ba shi damar sauya kundin tsarin mulki domin neman sake tsayawa takara a shekara ta, 2015. In ba haka ba, za a tilasta masa sauka daga mukaminsa saboda iyakokin wa'adin. A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014, an shirya Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa za ta yi muhawara kan wani kwaskwarima ga kundin tsarin mulkin da zai bai wa Compaoré damar sake tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar, 2015. Masu hamayya sun yi zanga -zangar adawa da hakan ta hanyar kutsa kai cikin majalisar dokokin da ke Ouagadougou, inda suka fara harbe -harbe a cikinta tare da wawashe ofisoshi. BBC ta ruwaito hayakin da ke tashi yana fitowa daga ginin. Mai magana da yawun 'yan adawa Pargui Emile Paré, na Jam'iyyar People's Movement for Socialism Federal Party ya bayyana zanga -zangar a matsayin "bakar ruwan Burkina Faso, kamar ta Larabawa". Compaoré ya mayar da martani kan abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar yin watsi da canje -canjen kundin tsarin mulkin, rushe gwamnati, ayyana dokar ta -baci, da bayar da tayin aiki tare da 'yan adawa don magance rikicin. Daga baya a ranar, sojoji, karkashin Janar Honore Traore, sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya "cikin shawara da dukkan bangarorin" kuma an rusa majalisar ta kasa; ya hango "komawa ga tsarin mulkin" a cikin shekara guda. Bai bayyana ko wace rawa ba, idan akwai, ya yi tunanin Compaore a lokacin rikon kwarya. Compaoré ya ce a shirye yake ya bar ofis a karshen mika mulki. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Compaoré ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya bar kujerar shugabancin kasar kuma akwai "madafan iko". Ya kuma yi kira da a gudanar da zabe cikin 'yanci da gaskiya cikin kwanaki 90. Bayan haka jami'in tsaron fadar shugaban kasa Yacouba Isaac Zida ya zama shugaban kasa a matsayin rikon kwarya. An ba da rahoton cewa wani jerin gwanon motoci dauke da muggan makamai da ake kyautata zaton yana dauke da Compaoré yana kan hanyar zuwa kudancin garin Pô Koyaya, ta karkata kafin ta isa garin sannan ya tsere zuwa Ivory Coast tare da goyon bayan Shugaba Alassane Ouattara Mako guda bayan haka, Jeune Afrique ya buga wata hira da Compaoré inda ya yi zargin cewa "wani ɓangare na 'yan adawa yana aiki tare da sojoji" don shirya masa juyin mulki kuma "tarihi zai gaya mana idan sun yi daidai." Ya kara da cewa "ba zai so babban makiyinsa" ya kasance a wurin Zida ba. A farko shugaban kasa cewa ya kasance a cikin ofishin for fiye da wani gajeren lokaci bayan Blaise Campaoré ne Roch Marc Kirista Kabore kamar yadda na 29 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 2015.
Yakin Basasar Saliyo Compaoré ya gabatar da Charles Taylor ga abokinsa Muammar Gaddafi Compaoré ya kuma taimaki Taylor a farkon shekarun 1990 ta hanyar tura masa sojoji da albarkatu.
Matsayin ƙasa da ƙasa A cikin 1993, Shugaba Compaoré ya jagoranci tawagar Burkina-Faso da ta halarci Babban Taron Kasa da Kasa na Tokyo kan Ci gaban Afirka. Compaoré ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a al'amuran yankin. A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2006, an sanya shi a matsayin mai shiga tsakani na Tattaunawar Inter-Togo, wanda aka yi a Ouagadougou a watan Agusta 2006 kuma ya haifar da yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnati da jam'iyyun adawa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a rikicin Ivory Coast, inda ya karya yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Shugaban Ivory Coast Laurent Gbagbo da sabon Shugaban Sojoji Guillaume Soro suka sanya wa hannu a Ouagadougou ranar 4 ga Maris 2007. A watan Maris na 2012, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a tattaunawa tsakanin wakilan juyin mulkin Mali da wasu shugabannin yankin. BBC ta lura a cikin 2014 cewa "shine mafi tsananin kawance ga Faransa da Amurka a yankin," kuma "duk da tarihin kansa na goyan bayan 'yan tawaye da rura wutar yakin basasa a unguwar Afirka ta Yamma mafi mahimmanci, ya yi amfani da nasa cibiyoyin sadarwa don taimakawa ƙasashen Yammacin Turai da ke yaƙi da ta'addanci na Islama a cikin Sahel. the capital is in the grip of a terrorist attack. Jihadists who had suites and tables in town, following agreements with Campaoré of non-aggression. As a result, the military group of the presidential guard received enormous credits while the army was impoverished to avoid any military coup.
Ya yi aiki a kan Hadin gwiwar Kasashe Masu Rarraba Kasashe Masu Yaki da Barazanar Cyber (IMPACT).
Ra'ayin Siyasa A cikin wata hira da mujallar Famille Chrétienne, Shugaba Compaoré ya tabbatar da cewa ra'ayin kauracewa jima'i ba shi kadai ne na Cocin Roman Katolika ba kuma kungiyoyin Turai masu zaman kansu da ba su yarda da ɗabi'ar gargajiya ba suna cin riba daga halin da ake ciki don shiga tsakanin al'amuran yankin Afirka. Laifi A watan Afrilu na 2021, wata kotun soji a Burkina Faso ta gurfanar da Compaoré a gaban kotu, wanda aka tuhuma da kisan gillar da aka yi wa tsohonsa Thomas Sankara a shekarar 1987.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Pascal Drouhaud yayi hira da Blaise Compaoré
Reporters Without Borders, Burkina Faso 2004 Rahoton Shekara-shekara
IFEX: Sa ido kan 'yancin yada labarai a Burkina Faso
|
57081 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafin%20Zaki%20Dam | Kafin Zaki Dam | Aikin madatsar ruwa ta Kafin Zaki wani aiki ne mai cike da cece-kuce na gina tafki a kogin Jama’are (wanda ake kira da kogin Bunga a samansa) a jihar Bauchi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.
Dam da tafki da aka tsara Dam din da ake shirin yi zai kasance na aikin gina kasa ne da aka ware kuma zai kasance tsawon kilomita 11. Za a tsara shi tare da yuwuwar shigar da injin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 15. Tafkin dai zai kasance yana da karfin ajiyar mita miliyan 2,700, kuma zai kasance na biyu mafi girma a Najeriya bayan Dam din Kainji. Za ta ba da ruwa mai fadin hecta 120,000 na gonakin noma wanda za a iya noman amfanin gona a kai. Mai yuwuwa aikin zai tallafawa samar da tan miliyan daya na rake a duk shekara tare da samar da ayyukan yi sama da miliyan daya a masana'antu da suka shafi noma.
Tarihin aikin An fara yin la’akarin dam din ne bayan fari da aka yi a yankin Sahel a shekarar 1972-1974, kuma a zamanin mulkin Shehu Shagari a shekarar 1979-1982 aka ba Julius Berger Najeriya kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1984 aka daina kwangilar, amma a shekarar 1992 gwamnatin Ibrahim Babangida ta dawo da ita. A shekarar 1994 gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta sake soke kwangilar, sannan ta kafa kwamitin shari’a na bincike kan dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi aikin. In 2002, funding was allocated for the project, but then abruptly withdrawn. A shekara ta 2002, an ware kudade don aikin, amma sai aka janye ba zato ba tsammani. A shekarar 2008, Gwamna Isa Yuguda na Jihar Bauchi ya ba da kwangilar sake fara aikin dam da aka yi watsi da Kamfanin Dangote, matakin da Abdul Ahmed Ningi, wakilin Jihar Bauchi wanda shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa lokacin da aka soke aikin ya samu goyon baya. a shekara ta 2002. Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Mohammed Namadi Sambo ya ziyarci wurin dam din a watan Nuwambar 2013 inda ya ba masu ruwa da tsaki tabbacin cewa gwamnatin tarayya za ta gina shi.
Da yake jawabi a wurin aikin a Bauchi, Sambo ya yi ikirarin cewa matakin zai kawo karshen tsinuwar da gwamnatocin jihohi da suka shude suka yi yunkurin karyawa sama da shekaru talatin.
Sambo ya shaida wa mutanen kauyen da suka tarbe shi a wurin, "A bisa tsarin sauya fasalin shugaban kasa, ya umarce ni da in ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da wannan aiki domin amfanin al'ummar yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar nan." na shirin dam. Kamar yadda ma’aikatar albarkatun ruwa ta bayar da shawarar tantance tsarin, aikin madatsar ruwan zai tabbatar da samar da akalla kadada 125,000 na filayen noman noma.
Hekta 80,000 na wannan fili zai kasance a Bauchi, hekta 25,000 a Yobe, hekta 15,000 a Borno, da kuma hekta 5,000 a Bauchi.
Idan aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan da ke karkashin tafkin Jama’are-Yobe, a cewar Sambo, zai samar da tan dubu 100 na kifi a duk shekara baya ga megawatts 15 na wutar lantarki da kuma megawatts 45 na man fetur.
Tare da mai masaukin baki Gwamna Yuguda da magabacinsa Ahmadu Adamu Mu'azu da Sarkin Ningi Yunusa Mohammed Danyaya a bangaren sa, Sambo ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta jajirce wajen ganin an samu nasarar aikin a matsayin wani bangare na manufar kawo sauyi. tsohon shugaban kasa, Goodluck Jonathan. Ya bayyana cewa, domin tabbatar da ganin dukkanin al’ummar da ke gefen kogin sun ci moriyar shirin, gwamnatin tarayya ta na yin nazari sosai kan ayyukan da aka tsara na samar da karin madatsun ruwa baya ga Kafin Zaki, kamar na Yobe da sauran jihohin.
Rigima Takaddamar da goyon bayan dam daga magoya bayansa a jihar Bauchi suka hada da fa’idar noma ga noma a yankin, kamar noman rake, yayin da sakin da aka sarrafa zai kaucewa tasiri. Masu adawa da juna a jihar Yobe da kuma jihar Borno na ganin cewa madatsar ruwa za ta hana aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa a lokutan da manoman su ke dogaro da su wajen noma, kuma hakan zai sa ruwa ya ragu, ta yadda ruwa ke zubarwa da yawa. Masu kula da muhalli kuma sun damu da tasirin da ke tattare da dausayi na kasa. Manoma ambaliyar ruwa da masunta suna amfani da ruwa sosai fiye da manoman da suka dogara da ban ruwa daga madatsun ruwa. Wani bincike da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta gudanar ya nuna cewa tattalin arzikin ruwan da aka samu a magudanar ruwa ta Hadejia-Jama'are ya kai dalar Amurka 32.00 a kowace 1,000. m 3, yayin da darajar ruwa a aikin kogin Kano da madatsar ruwa ta Tiga da na Challawa suka yi ban ruwa ya kai dalar Amurka 1.73 a kowace 1,000. m 3, ko dalar Amurka 0.04 ga 1,000 m 3 bayan lissafin farashin aiki. Binciken ya yi kiyasin cewa idan aka aiwatar da shi, ko da tare da kayyade tsarin ambaliya don rage tasirin da ke cikin ruwa, aikin madatsar ruwan Kafin Zaki zai yi mummunan darajar kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 15. A watan Afrilun 2009, Dokta Hassan Bidliya, Sakataren Gudanarwa na Asusun Amincewa na Basin Basin Hadejia-Jama’are-Komadugu-Yobe, ya ba da shawarar cewa a dage duk wata shawara har sai an kammala tantance tasirin muhalli kan aikin. A watan Satumban 2009, wasu kungiyoyin manoma uku na jihar Borno sun yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatin jihar Bauchi da su ajiye aikin, saboda damuwa da irin tasirin da rayuwarsu ke yi. A watan Agustan 2009, Sanata Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan daga Yobe ta Arewa, shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai mai kula da asusun gwamnati, ya yi magana game da shirin dam din. Ya bayyana cewa madatsun ruwa na Tiga da Challawa da ke kogin Hadejia sun riga sun rage magudanar ruwa sosai, kuma kogin Jama’are a yanzu shi ne babban tushen ruwa a kogin Yobe. Ya ce madatsun ruwa sun haifar da matsanancin talauci, da karuwar hamada, hijira da kuma rikici tsakanin manoma da makiyaya.
Duba kuma Hadejia-Nguru wetlands
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48703 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevasti%20Kallisperi | Sevasti Kallisperi | Sevasti Kallisperi 1858-1953) ita ce macen Girka ta farko da ta sami digiri na jami'a. Don haka, ta sami digiri na farko da mace ta samu kuma ita ce macen Girka ta farko da ta samu horon jami'a da ta zama malama. Ko da yaushe mai ba da shawara kan ilimin mata, ta rubuta labarai a cikin mujallu da mujallu, da kuma ba da shawara ga majalisar Hellenic don gyara ilimi. A matsayinta na mai duba makaranta, ta yi balaguro a duk faɗin ƙasar Girka kuma ta yi tafiya mai nisa tana zagayawa cikin ƙasar Amurka don nazarin tsarin ilimi.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Sevasti Kallisperi a 1858 a Athens ga Nicholas da Marigo Kallisperi. Mahaifinta, wanda ya fito daga Kalymnos, jami'i ne a yakin Girka na 'yancin kai kuma bayan kafa kasar Girka ta zamani ya rike mukamai da dama, ciki har da Sufeto na Makarantun Jama'a na Samos (1830), inda ya kafa makarantun firamare da dama; alkali na Athens (1844); da kuma Prefect na Messenia (1855). Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya uku kuma sun kasance masu goyon bayan ilimi. Ɗan'uwan Kallisperi George shima zai zama soja kuma daga baya yayi aiki a Yaƙin Greco-Turkish na 1897 Kallisperi ta shiga makarantar 'yan mata ta Hill, makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu da ake girmamawa sosai. A lokacin, matsayin gwamnatin Girka shi ne cewa ba dole ba ne 'yan mata su sami ilimi kuma makarantun gwamnati suna buɗewa ga dalibai maza kawai. Wadanne makarantu masu zaman kansu ne aka samar aka samar da kwasa-kwasan da aka tsara don koya wa 'yan mata yadda ake tafiyar da gida da zama mata da uwaye. Idan sun halarci makarantar sakandire mai zaman kanta, kwasa-kwasan mata suna da ɗan gajeren lokacin koyarwa a makarantun sakandaren maza da mata kuma bayan kammala karatun digiri, wanda bai cika ka'idodin shiga jami'a ba. Diploma da aka bayar kawai ya ba wa mata damar shiga aikin zamantakewa da kuma malamai. Bayan kammala karatunta a Hill tare da difloma, Kallisperi ta sami horo a sirri don tabbatar da cewa shirye-shiryenta ya yi daidai da horar da dalibai maza. A cikin 1884, ta nemi shiga Jami'ar Athens kuma ko da yake ba don goyon bayan manyan makarantun mata ba, an ba Kallisperi damar yin jarrabawar shiga don falsafar Malaman jami'a goma ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar. Bayan cin jarrabawar, ma'aikatar ilimi ta ki amincewa da sa hannun malaman da suka gudanar da shi, wanda hakan ya sa aka hana Kallisperi shiga jami'a. Da yake neman tsarin, magajin garin Athens ya tabbatar da sa hannun kuma ya ba ta takardar shaidar shiga jami'a, amma har yanzu an hana ta shiga jami'a. Ta nemi tallafin karatu don ci gaba da karatunta a kasashen waje, amma gwamnati ba ta da kudi don biyan bukatar. A cikin 1885, mahaifinta ya yarda ya aika ta zuwa The Sorbonne a Paris Lokacin da Kallisperi ya isa birnin Paris, dole ne ya ci wani jarrabawa sannan aka shigar da shi sashen ilimin falsafa. Ta sauke karatu a 1891, tare da digiri na uku, ta zama macen Girka ta farko da ta sami digiri na jami'a. Ta kammala karatun digiri da karramawa a ajin ta na dalibai 139, inda ita kadai ce mace. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, Kallisperi ta kammala horon horo a makarantun Sèvres da Cambridge, kafin ta koma Girka.
Sana'a A cikin 1892, bayan ta koma Girka, Kallisperi ta yi aiki a makarantar Arsakeio a matsayin malamin Faransanci A tsakanin 1895 zuwa 1898, ta kuma koyar da harshen Girkanci a makarantar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Kallisperi ta koyar da 'yan mata a cikin gidanta a asirce a cikin ɗabi'a, tarihi, adabin Girkanci da Faransanci, da ilimin halin ɗan adam. A cikin 1895, ta yi murabus daga mukaminta a Arsakeio kuma ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin mai duba ilimi ga makarantun ’yan mata, tana balaguro ko'ina cikin Girka. Ita ce mace daya tilo mai duba a kasar. Ta fara buga kasidu kan hanyoyin inganta ilimi, wadanda suka hada da shawarwarin horar da malamai biyu da samar da kwarewa ga sauran sana'o'i ban da ilimin asali. A cikin 1897, Jaridar Iyali ta buga takarda ta, tsarin ilimin mata A wannan shekarar, Kallisperi ya shiga tare da sauran mata don kafa Ƙungiyar Ilimin Mata kuma ya fara bugawa a cikin mujallu irin su Thalia da Euridice Ta faɗaɗa kan waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin 1899, ta gabatar da dokoki guda biyu ga majalisa suna buƙatar inganta ilimi ga mata kuma a cikin 1904 a taron Ilimi na Hellenic na Farko ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙwarewar aiki kamar kiwon zuma, noman tsutsa siliki, aikin lambu da sauransu. A cikin 1906, gwamnatin Girka ta aiko da ita a matsayin wakiliya zuwa babban taron ƙungiyar mata ta Kirista ta Duniya a Boston Wani bangare na tafiyarta zuwa Amurka za a yi amfani da shi wajen kimanta makarantun gwamnati a Boston, Philadelphia da New York don ra'ayoyin da za a iya kawowa a Girka. Ta kasance a Amurka har tsawon shekaru biyar, ta ziyarci al'ummomin Girka a Ohio, Colorado da Utah don nazarin makarantun cinikin noma, kafin ta koma Washington, DC don halartar taron Majalisar Uwa na 1908. Komawa Girka, Kallisperi ya rubuta labarai don bugawa da kuma tsara dokoki don inganta tsarin ilimi a Girka. Baya ga kiraye-kirayen da ta yi na inganta ilimi, ta kuma rubuta nazarce-nazarce na tsoffin adabin Girka, da fassarar wasan kwaikwayo na kasashen waje, da kuma rubuta wakoki da buga abubuwan tarihinta.
Mutuwa da gado Kallisperi ta mutu a shekara ta 1953 a gidanta a Athens. Tsakanin 1907 zuwa 1919, Kallisperi da ɗan'uwanta George sun sayi ƙuri'a 4 kusa da Athens kuma sun gina gine-gine da yawa a kansu, wanda ya fara da wani gida na zamani wanda aka fara a 1911. Bayan mutuwar Kalisperi, ta nemi gidan ga Gwamnatin Girka. don kafa gidauniya don taimakawa ilimin 'ya'ya mata. Gwamnati ba ta taba samar da gidauniyar ba, kuma kadarorin sun yi watsi da shi tsawon shekaru da dama, har sai da makarantar sakandaren ‘yan mata ta Halandri ta karbe ta. Daga baya dukiyar ta wuce zuwa Municipality na Halandri kuma a cikin 2010 tsarin ya fara don a ayyana kadarar a matsayin abin tunawa mai kariya. A ƙarshe an amince da matsayin a cikin 2012.
Nassoshi Marubuciya
|
30688 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20kare%20Muhalli%20a%20New%20Jersey | Dokar kare Muhalli a New Jersey | Dokar muhalli a New Jersey ta ƙunshi ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na doka da na tsari don kare yanayi a cikin Jihar New Jersey Irin waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da dokoki da ƙa'idodi don rage gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, daidaita tsaftar ruwan sha, gyara gurɓatattun wurare, da kiyaye filaye daga cigaba, musamman a yankunan Pineland na kudancin New Jersey da tsaunuka a arewacin jihar. Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) ce ke aiwatar da dokokin muhalli a New Jersey.
Tarihi Kamar yadda yake da sauran jihohi a Amurka, New Jersey ba ta da tsarin dokokin muhalli na jaha gabaɗaya kafin tsakiyar karni na 20. Har ya zuwa lokacin, an fara aiwatar da al'amuran muhalli a matakin kananan hukumomi, Sannna Kuma ta hanyar dokokin da suka tsara yadda ake zubar da shara da najasa da kuma samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna birnin. Misali, yarjejeniyar 1874 na birnin Trenton ya ce:“Bai halatta ga wani mutum ko wani kamfani ya saka a cikin kowane magudanar ruwa, ko magudanar ruwa, ko rafi a cikin wannan birni, abubuwan da ke cikin kowane rumbun ruwa, na sirri, ko kowace irin kazanta da za ta iya cutar da lafiyar al’umma. birni." Gwamnatin birni ce za ta aiwatar da wannan doka, kuma tana da fa'ida sosai da za a iya amfani da ita don aiwatar da illar lafiyar jama'a daga gurɓacewar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'anta. Koyaya, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga kalmomin doka, sannan kuma an yi niyya ne da farko don daidaita najasa. Misalin da ya yi kama da ka'idojin muhalli na zamani shine dokar shekarata 1927 da Union City ta amince da ita "hana fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga amfani da gawayi mai bituminous a cikin wasu kayan aikin kona mai da kuma sanya hukunci kan keta shi," wanda ke wakiltar yunƙurin farko. don magance gurbacewar iska a cikin birnin. New Jersey na daya daga cikin jihohi na farko da suka zartar da dokar da ta shafi gurbatar iska a sikeli. Dokar hana gurbacewar iska a shekarata (1954),” kamar yadda aka kafa ta tun farko, ta kafa hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi a ma’aikatar lafiya ta kuma umurci hukumar da ta kirkiro ka’idojin gurbacewar iska sannan ta baiwa sashen cikakken ikon aiwatar da dokar. "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" har yanzu ita ce babbar dokar gurɓacewar iska ta jihar, kodayake an yi mata kwaskwarima da faɗaɗawa sosai tun shekarar 1954 (duba ƙasa). Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 1950s, jihar ta fara sha'awar ingancin ruwa da al'amurran samar da ruwa a fadin jihar, ta wuce "Dokar samar da ruwa ta New Jersey, 1958. A shekarun 1960s sun ga manyan gyare-gyare ga "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" da kuma farkon shirin kiyaye ƙasa a duk faɗin Jiha tare da aiwatar da "Dokar Samar da ƙasa ta New Jersey Green Acres na shekarata 1961." Wannan dokar ta ba da dala miliyan 60 don adana ƙasa tare da kafa shirin Green Acres a cikin jihar. 1960s kuma sun ga aiwatar da ka'idoji na farko a duk fadin jihar game da gine-gine a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa: "Dokar Kula da Hadarin Ruwan Ruwa." Wannan doka daga baya za ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan dokokin jihar na amfani da filaye. Sai dai, a tsarinta na farko, wannan doka ta ba wa gwamnati izini kawai ta ware wani yanki da kasancewa cikin haɗarin ambaliya tare da sanar da ƙananan hukumomi da jama'a wannan gaskiyar.
A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarata 1970, an kafa NJDEP don ƙarfafa aiwatar da dokokin muhalli na jihohi, waɗanda aka ba wa hukumomin jihohi da yawa. Wannan, haɗe da haɓakar motsin muhalli a cikin 1970s a duk faɗin ƙasar Amurka, ya haifar da aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare na muhalli a faɗin jihar kamar yadda suke a yau.
Manyan Dokoki ta Taken
Kula da gurbataccen iska NJDEP tana aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta Tarayya ta 1963 ta hanyar Shirin Aiwatar da Jiha (SIP), hade da dokoki, ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodin da ke amfani da wurare guda ɗaya a cikin jihar, da tanadin ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida kamar tsare-tsaren da NJDEP ta ƙera don magance takamaiman batu. Ana iya samun SIP na New Jersey a cikin Code of Dokokin Tarayya (CFR) a 40 CFR §52.1570. Wasu daga cikin manyan dokokin da ke cikin shirin sun haɗa da dokokin da ke tsara konewa a buɗe da kuma nau'in man fetur na abin hawa, dokokin da ke buƙatar gwajin hayakin mota, da dokokin da ke buƙatar wuraren da ke samar da adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu don neman izini daga NJDEP da bi. bukatun da aka kafa don izini. Kuma Dokar Tsabtace Tsaftar iska ta tsara Ma'aunin Ingantacciyar iska ta ƙasa don ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, da gubar, kuma tana buƙatar kowace jiha ta ɗauki ƙa'idodi don cika ƙa'idodi. A cikin shekarata 2010s, New Jersey ta sami damar cika ka'idojin kowane gurɓataccen abu sai ozone. Babbar dokar kula da gurɓacewar iska ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska a shekarata (1954)." Wannan doka ta riga ta fara aiwatar da dokar hana gurɓacewar iska ta tarayya amma an yi mata gyara sosai a shekarar 1967 don mayar da martani ga dokar tsaftar iska ta tarayya da gyare-gyare a 1965 da 1967. An shigar da tanade-tanaden "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" a cikin SIP don aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Tarayya. “Dokar hana gurbatar iska” ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a kanta, duk da haka, saboda tana ba hukumar NJDEP ikon bincikar wurare da kuma hukunta mutanen da ba su bi ka’idojin hana gurbatar iska ba.
Kula da gurbataccen ruwa An baiwa NJDEP ikon aiwatar da dokar tsaftar ruwa ta tarayya. Dokokin farko na jihar game da gurbatar ruwa shine "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa." Dokar hana gurɓacewar ruwa ta hana fitar da duk wani gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan jihar ba tare da ingantaccen izini ba. NJDEP tana aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa" ta hanyar Tsarin Kawar da Gurɓacewar Ruwa na New Jersey, tsarin ba da izini ga wuraren da ke fitar da sharar ruwa a cikin ruwan halitta a cikin jihar. Sannan Kuma A cewar gidan yanar gizon NJDEP, "[t] nau'ikan wuraren da aka tsara na iya kasancewa daga ƙananan masu amfani kamar sansani, makarantu, da wuraren sayayya zuwa manyan masana'antu da masu zubar da ruwa na birni."
Amintaccen ruwan sha Babbar dokar ruwan sha ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Ruwan Sha Mai Aminci." Ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don ɗaukar matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa don gurɓata daban-daban da aka samu a cikin ruwan sha (misali gubar da tagulla). Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun fi bin ƙa'idodin da Dokar Ruwa Mai Aminci ta tarayya ta kafa. Koyaya, ka'idodin jihar NJDEP sun fi tsauri ga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta karɓi matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa ga wasu abubuwa (misali perfluorooctanoic acid da perfluorooctanesulfonic acid waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ba ta karɓa ba. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta amince da ka'idojin ruwan sha na "na biyu" don abubuwan da ke tasiri dandano, kamshi, da bayyanar ruwan sha. Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba amma suna aiki ne kawai azaman shawarwari ga masu aikin tsabtace ruwan sha.
Gyaran wuraren da aka gurbata Babbar doka game da sarrafawa da tsaftace abubuwa masu haɗari ita ce "Dokar Kula da Zuba Jari." An kira "Dokar Kashe Kuɗi da Kulawa" a matsayin takwararta ta jiha ga dokar Superfund ta tarayya, kodayake ta riga ta fara dokar Superfund. "Dokar biyan diyya da sarrafawa" ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don tsaftace wuraren da ke kewaye da wuraren da aka gurbata da abubuwa masu haɗari, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta ba da izinin NJDEP don karɓar diyya na farashin gyara daga "duk mutumin da ya sallame shi. wani abu mai haɗari, ko kuma ta kowace hanya ne ke da alhakin" fitarwa. Har ila yau, tana riƙe mutanen da abin ya shafa "tabbataccen abin dogaro, tare da kuma daban-daban, ba tare da la'akari da laifi ba, kuma don duk farashin tsaftacewa da cirewa," wanda shine babban nau'i na abin alhaki. Misali, a cikin Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha v. Ventron Corp, Kotun Koli ta New Jersey ta yanke hukuncin cewa iyayen kamfanin na kamfanin gurbataccen yanayi, da kuma mutane masu zaman kansu da suka sayi wani yanki na gurbataccen kadarorin, suna da alhakin tsaftacewa. Inda aka yi niyyar aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Matsalolin Zuba Jari" a cikin lamuran da aka yi kuskure ko kuma da gangan aka saki abubuwa masu haɗari a cikin muhallin da ke kewaye, musamman ruwan karkashin kasa, "Dokar Farfado da Yanar Gizon Masana'antu" (ISRA) ta shafi wuraren masana'antu waɗanda aka riga aka yi su. gurbata ta hanyar aiki na yau da kullun na wurin. An kafa ISRA a cikin shekarata 1993, tare da maye gurbin "Dokar Nauyin Tsabtace Muhalli" (ECRA) wanda ba a so da kuma cece-kuce. ISRA tana da manufa iri ɗaya da ECRA, duk da haka, ita ce ta ɗora wa mai gidan masana'antu alhakin tsaftace wurin. Don haka ISRA tana buƙatar wuraren masana'antu waɗanda ke amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari ko samar da samfuran haɗari don tsabtace wuraren su don gamsar da NJDEP, kuma a matsayin sharadi na siyar da kadarorin ko dakatar da samarwa a wurin. Kuma Domin ISRA ta sauƙaƙa kuma ta daidaita ƙa'idodin da ake dasu a ƙarƙashin ECRA, sanarwar sanya hannu kan dokar ta haɗa da jawabin Gwamna Jim Florio cewa "wannan sabuwar doka ana iya kiranta Dokar Farfado da Rukunan Masana'antu, amma ina so in yi la'akari da ita a matsayin Dokar Ƙirƙirar Sabbin Ayyuka. Kiyaye daga ci gaba Shirin Green Acres, wanda aka fara kafa shi a cikin shekarata 1961, yana bawa jiha, gundumomi, da filayen sa-kai damar siyan filaye don adana dindindin a matsayin sarari. An gyara tsarin mulkin jihar a cikin 1996 kuma a cikin 2014 don ba da wani kaso na kudaden harajin kasuwancin jihar ga shirin Green Acres. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, NJDEP ta ba da rahoton cewa shirin ya adana fili mai girman eka 650,000. Bugu da kari, New Jersey ta kafa wasu manyan dokoki guda biyu don sarrafa ci gaba a manyan yankuna biyu na jihar. Kuma Domin kudancin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariya ta Pinelands" tana tsara ci gaba a cikin National Reserve na Pinelands, kuma, a arewacin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariyar Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands" tana tsara ci gaba a yankin Highlands, wani yanki mai fadi a arewacin rabin arewa. na jihar da ke dauke da tsaunukan Appalachian da ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da ruwan sha ga jihar. Majalisa ta ƙirƙira National Reserve na Pinelands a cikin shakarar 1978 ta hanyar aiwatar da "Dokar Parks da Recreation ta 1978" ta tarayya. A cikin wannan dokar, Majalisa ta amince da "masu muhalli, dabi'a, al'adu, nishaɗi, ilimi, noma, da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a" na yankin Pinelands tare da ayyana shi a matsayin amfanin ƙasa don karewa da adana "waɗannan fa'idodin ga mazaunan baƙi zuwa yankin." Daga nan ne majalisar dokokin jihar ta kafa dokar “Pinelands Protection Act” domin aiwatar da manufofin dokar tarayya. Dokar "Pinelands Protection Act" ta kafa hukumar da aka fi sani da Pinelands Commission wanda ke da alhakin tsara tsarin ci gaba a yankin Pineland da kuma amincewa da tsare-tsaren ci gaba na kowace karamar hukuma a yankin. Babban manufar Hukumar Pinelands ita ce ta ba da sabon ci gaba zuwa wasu wuraren da ba su da kula da muhalli, da kuma guje wa ƙarancin ci gaba a kan babban yanki.
An kafa dokar "Kare Ruwa da Tsare-tsare" a cikin shekarata 2004. Ba kamar Dokar Pinelands ba, doka ce kawai ta matakin jiha kuma baya aiwatar da dokar tarayya. Dokar "Highlands Act" ta kafa Majalisar Kula da Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands, wacce ke da alhakin tsara shirin ci gaba a yankin. Har ila yau, dokar ta raba yankin Highland zuwa "tsarin kiyayewa," wanda ake bukata don dacewa da tsarin ci gaban majalisar, da kuma "yankin tsarawa," wanda bin tsarin ci gaban majalisar na son rai ne. Kuma A cikin wurin adanawa, yawancin manyan ci gaba suna buƙatar izini na musamman daga NJDEP kafin su ci gaba. Waɗannan izini gabaɗaya sun fi tsauri fiye da yadda za su kasance don ci gaba a wajen yankin Highlands.
Binciken muhalli na Jiha Dokar Zartarwa ta New Jersey 215 (1989)
A cikin shekarar 1989, Gwamna Thomas Kean (R) na wancan lokacin ya rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa mai lamba 215 (EO 215), wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin New Jersey daidai da ayyukan manufofin muhalli na doka a wasu jihohi da kuma dokar NEPA ta tarayya Manufar EO 215 ita ce "rage ko kawar da duk wani mummunan tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da gwamnati ta fara ko kuma ta ba da kuɗaɗen." Don haka, ana buƙatar duk hukumomin jihohi, sassan, da sauran hukumomin da suka ba da shawara ko ba da kuɗi 20%) 'manyan ayyuka' don shirya ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan rahoton muhalli masu zuwa:
Ƙimar muhalli (EA) ita ce mafi ƙarancin fa'ida kuma mafi ƙarancin sifofin rahoton guda biyu. Ba kamar EIS ba, EA baya buƙatar ƙunsar nazarin hanyoyin da aka tsara zuwa babban aikin. Koyaya, bayanin aikin da kayan rakiyar (zane-zane, shuke-shuken rukunin yanar gizo, taswirori, da sauransu) za su kasance iri ɗaya a cikin abu. Ana buƙatar EA don abin da EO 215 ya kira aikin Level 1, inda ake sa ran ginin gine-gine ya wuce 1 miliyan. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya maye gurbin Gano Babu Muhimman Tasiri FONSI bisa ga dokar NEPA ta tarayya da New Jersey EA. Bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS) ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi girma. Dole ne EIS ya haɗa da jeri kuma ya bayyana madadin aikin da aka tsara. Ana buƙatar EIS don aikin mataki na 2, inda ake sa ran farashin gini ya zarce dala miliyan 5 kuma sawun filaye ya zarce kadada biyar. An ƙaddamar da rahotannin EA da EIS (ko FONSIs) zuwa Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) Sashen na bitar waɗannan rahotanni, yana fitar da bincike game da cikar su, kuma (idan ya cika) yana ba da shawarar matakin aiki. Hukumar da ke ba da shawara na iya ba da amsa ta hanyar karɓa ko jayayya da shawarwarin NJDEP. A ƙarshe, EO 215 zai buƙaci kwamishinonin NJDEP da hukumar da ke ba da shawara don cimma matsaya ta "aminci mai kyau" na duk wani ci gaba da rashin jituwa. Bukatun bitar muhalli na jihar New Jersey ba su da yawa a kwatankwacin waɗanda ke cikin New York da wasu jihohi, inda ƙayyadaddun nau'in aikin (da madaidaicin zurfin tsarin bitar) ya dogara ne akan ƙarin rarrabuwa na yuwuwar tasirin aikin, maimakon haka. fiye da sauƙi mai sauƙi ko ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na ƙasa wanda New Jersey ke aiki a ƙarƙashin EO 215. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatun bitar muhalli na New Jersey sun shafi ayyukan da hukumomin jiha suka qaddamar ko kuma ba da kuɗaɗe masu yawa, kuma ba ga ayyuka masu zaman kansu waɗanda kawai ke buƙatar matakin sanin yakamata na jiha ba, kamar bayar da izini na jiha ko na gida. Musamman ma, ya kamata masu haɓakawa su sani cewa wasu gundumomin New Jersey sun ƙaddamar da ƙarin, ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun bitar muhalli don ayyukan gida waɗanda suka wuce buƙatun jihar ƙarƙashin EO 215.
Duba wasu abubuwan Dokar New Jersey
Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta New Jersey
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
5532 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Radio%20International | China Radio International | Sin Radio International [da Turanci: China Radio International] (CRI) gidan rediyo ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC). A halin yanzu hedkwatarsa na a Babaoshan, wani subdistrict na Beijing. Da Radio Beijing, da kuma asali Radio Peking, da aka kafa a 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1941.
CRI adopts da PRC gwamnatin ta ra'ayi a kan siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi irin su siyasa matsayi na Taiwan da matsayi na Dalai Lama. CRI fitattu inganta m dangantakar tsakanin PRC da kuma duniya. Kamar yadda tare da wasu kasashe 'external gabatarda shirye shiryen kamar Muryar Amurka, BBC Radio kuma Australia, CRI taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin PRC ta taushi ikon dabarun.
Ya na 30 ofisoshin kasashen waje, da kuma watsa shirye 1.520 hours na shirye-shirye a kowace rana (24 hours a Turanci), ciki har da labarai, a halin yanzu harkokin, kuma fasali a kan siyasa, da tattalin arziki, al'adu, kimiyya da fasaha.
Fiye da 50 gajeren zango na tashar watsa ake amfani da su rufe mafi yawansu duniya. an watsa shirye-shirye via internet da yawa da tauraron dan adam. da shirye-shiryen da ake rebroadcast da yawa na gida FM da kuma AM gidajen rediyo a duk duniya.
Tarihi
Radio aka fara gabatar a kasar Sin a cikin shekarar 1920s kuma 1930s. Duk da haka, 'yan gidaje da rediyo masu karba. Bayan 'yan birane da kasuwanci tashoshin. Mai of rediyo ta kasance a gare siyasa manufa, akai-akai a kan wani gida yankin matakin.
Kasar Sin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta farko amfani da rediyo a Yanan a watan Maris shekarar 1940 da watsawa shigo da daga Moscow. Xinhua na kasar Sin Sabuwar Radio (XNCR) ya tafi a kan iska daga Yanan a watan Disamba 30, shekarar 1940. XNCR daukar kwayar cutar zuwa fi girma Gwargwadon yankin bayan shekarar 1945, da kuma shirye-shirye zama mafi yau da kullum da kuma slavonic tare da watsa shirye-shiryen na labarai, hukuma sanar, yaki karanta labarai, da kuma gwaninta da wallafe-wallafen shirye-shirye.
Da Turanci sabis fara a ranar 11 Ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1947, yada a matsayin XNCR daga wani kogo a Shahe a cikin Taihang Mountains, a lokacin da kasar Sin shi ne a tsakiyar wani yakin basasa, in bãyar sabuwar nasara da yankunan da watsa shirye-shirye a kasar Sin siyasa da al'adu hangen zaman gaba ga duniya baki daya. A tashar koma daga Taihang Mountains zuwa babban birnin kasar, Peking, a lõkacin da ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin da aka kafa a shekarar 1949. Da sunan da aka canza zuwa Radio Peking a 10 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1950 kuma zuwa Radio Beijing a shekarar 1983. A 1 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1993 sunan tashar aka sake canza, wannan lokaci zuwa kasar Sin Radio International, domin kauce wa duk wani rikice da na gida Beijing rediyo watsa labarai.
M kalaman kasa da kasa watsa labarai
CRI watsa shirye via gajeren zango na tashar radio, tauraron dan adam da yanar-gizo a cikin harshen Turanci da kuma sauran harsuna da yawa (duba ƙasa). Haka kuma akwai m AM da FM relays.
Gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen a Turanci da ake niyya a Arewacin Amirka, Caribbean, Turai, Afirka, Asiya da Pacific ta Kudu. CRI kula kai tsaye gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen zuwa raya, kafofin watsa labarai mai arzikin kasashen, a Arewacin Amirka da Turai, kamar yadda manyan yammacin gabatarda shirye shiryen (kamar BBC World Service, Muryar Amurka da kuma Radio Netherlands) rage ko yanke irin wannan watsa shirye-shiryen.
Shirye-shirye
Mandarin Channel
A farkon shekarar 1984, shi ya fara watsa shirye-shirye gida sabis na Beijing yankin a AM da FM mitoci. Da sabis daga baya fadada zuwa dama, manyan birane a fadin PRC, samar da sauraro a cikin PRC da labarai da rahotanni dace, music, weather, Turanci da kasar Sin koyo basira, kazalika da sauran ayyuka.
CRI News Radio (90.5 FM)
CRI News Radio (CRI da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2005, wanda ya riƙi amfani da CRI ta 'yan jarida daga ko ina cikin duniya, kuma bayar da rahoton kasa da kasa (da kuma partially gida) labarai, wasanni, nisha da kuma salon shirye-shirye domin cikin gida sauraro a Mandarin na kasar Sin. Da nufin yin CRI News Radio na farko-aji na kasa labarai rediyo iri da taken ne 'Na farko News, News Farko', 'A-da-Spot kasar Sin, Live Duniya' da dai sauransu. CRI News Radio za a iya ji online da kuma a birnin Beijing a radiyo a kan 90.5 FM; a Tianjin 90.6 FM; a Chongqing 91.7 FM; a Guangdong, Hong Kong, da kuma Macau 107.1 FM; a Shandong 89.8 FM; a Anhui 90,1 FM.
Sin kwasfan fayiloli
Da wadannan shirye-shirye da za a iya ji a Mandarin version daga cikin podcast daga World Radio Network:
News PinYin: Xin Wen jiè Mu), wanda ya zo daga kasar News Agency.
Tángrénjiē Turanci translation: "Chinatown"), a shirin game da kasashen waje na kasar Sin (China waje)
Hasashen yanayi a kusa da kasar Sin
Wasanni
Wannan watsa shirye-shirye da aka asali niyya a London a cikin United Kingdom. A shekara ta 2006, suka kawar da "London" tunani, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na gabatarwar a matsayin "Ni Hao London. Sannu London Turanci Channel
CRI a Turanci (88.0 FM, 88,7 FM, 91,5 FM, 846 AM, 1008 AM)
Da CRI Hausa tashoshi da za a iya ji online su ne:
Round the Clock (Internet kawai)
News Centre(846 AM a birnin Beijing)
Hit FM (88.7 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 88.5 FM a Guangzhou (06: 00-21: 00 lokacin Beijing))
Easy FM (91.5 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 87.9 FM a birnin Shanghai (Shanghai Edition) (24H duk rana), 98.5 FM a Lanzhou)
Language Studio (1008 AM a birnin Beijing) wani sa'a daya shirin da ya koyar da Turanci ga wanda ya san kawai Mandarin (ba za a gauraye da Chinese Studio). Shirin sauti kamar kindergarten Turanci darasi a Amurka ta yin amfani da mai sauqi qwarai sentences (misali Mary goes to the bank).
CRI 91.9 FM (Kenya 91.9 FM)
Chinese Studio ne mai 5 minti kashi cewa ya bi mafi CRI Hausa shirye-shirye
China Drive ne Turanci rediyo show game da rayuwa a cikin PRC
CRI FM 102 a Sri Lanka a Sinhala, Tamil, Turanci da kasar Sin (05: 30-19: 30 lokacin Sri Lanka)
CRIENGLISH.com yayi wani m kewayon abun ciki na bidiyo a kan ta video channel ciki har da da dama flagship nuna rufe music, fina-finai da kuma comedy. da cikin hannu na m shirin gaskiya style guntun wando focussing on al'ada da tafiya a cikin kasar Sin.
Turanci Taskar labarai
Da Turanci podcast daga World Radio Network hada da wadannan shirye-shirye, duk wanda aka taka leda a Easy FM, CRI 91.9 FM a Kenya, kuma a gidajen rediyo a ko'ina cikin duniya.
Hourly News
The Beijing Hour (maye gurbin weekday 'News Reports' tun farkon 2010)
News Reports
People in the Know
Press Clippings
Studio Plus
Today
China Drive
Realtime China
Africa Express
Chinese Studio (tallafa ta Bridge School)
Holiday watsa shirye-shiryen
A lokacin manyan Sin holidays (An Kwafa Golden Week), irin su kasar Sin Sabuwar Shekara, May Day, da kuma tsakiyar-Autumn Festival, kasar Sin Radio International yawanci watsa shirye na musamman shirye-shirye kamar:
Girma Up A kasar Sin (a lokacin May Day biki)
Mafi yawa daga shirye-shirye ba hali na watsa shirye-shirye a lokacin da wasu sassa na shekara. Da misalin shi ne kama da Kirsimeti music watsa shirye-shiryen, a Amirka.
Harsuna
Sin Radio International watsa shirye-shiryen da wadannan harsunan: Da Tibet, da Uygur da kuma Kazakh ayyuka suna watsa shirye-shirye cikin tarayya, da na gida rediyo (Tibet Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station kuma Xinjiang Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station).
Olympics Radio
A watan Yuli 2006, CRI ta kaddamar da wani sabon rediyo tashar da ake kira CRI Olympic Radio a 900 AM a birnin Beijing. Wannan na musamman watsa shirye-shirye da aka yi a Mandarin, Yaren mutanen Koriya, Turanci, Rasha, Faransa, Mutanen Espanya, Larabci, Japan da Jamus 24 hours a rana. Wannan sabis kare a marigayi 2008 da kuma a yanzu da mita 900 AM aka shagaltar da CRI News Radio (Beijing kawai).
References
External links
CRI Hausa
CRI English WCETV Free Online Stream
List of short-wave frequencies and sites currently on-air
Hawaii KHCM AM880 Beyond Beijing CRI News Radio Commentary about CRI in the US
SWDXER ¨The SWDXER¨ with general SWL information and radio antenna tips.
Mr Science segment from China Drive
The History of Culture and Mass Media in China
Radio86, Chinese news and culture in 10 European languages Kafofin watsa labarai a birnin |
57257 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20GR%20Corolla | Toyota GR Corolla | Toyota GR Corolla babban bambance-bambancen ƙyanƙyashe ne na E210 jerin Corolla m hatchback Kamfanin Toyota ne ya kera motar tare da taimakon sashen wasan kwaikwayo na kamfanin Gazoo Racing (GR).
An gabatar da GR Corolla a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2022. An gina GR Corolla musamman don kasuwar Arewacin Amurka kamar yadda Turai ta karɓi GR Yaris (wanda ba a siyar da shi a Kanada da Amurka). Duk motocin biyu an haɗa su a "GR Factory" a cikin masana'antar Motomachi, layin samarwa da aka keɓe don motocin da aka yi wa alama GR. Baya ga Arewacin Amurka, ana siyar da GR Corolla a Japan, Thailand (iyakance zuwa raka'a tara), Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Afirka ta Kudu, da Indonesia.
Dubawa A cikin 2020, Toyota ta ƙaddamar da GR Yaris, hatchback wanda sashin Gazoo Racing (GR) na kamfanin ya haɓaka don ƙungiyar ta World Rally Championship (WRC). Ba a siyar da shi a cikin Amurka da Kanada saboda Yaris na yau da kullun, wanda aka kafa shi, ba a siyar da shi a waɗannan kasuwanni saboda rashin buƙata.
Shawarar ta haifar da hasashe na tsawon shekaru cewa Toyota zai kawo ƙyanƙyashe mai zafi a Amurka da Kanada. An jinkirta gabatar da motar da shekara guda, saboda Akio Toyoda, wanda a lokacin shugaban kamfanin Toyota, wanda kuma direban tsere ne, bai gamsu da gyaran na'urar ba, kuma ya nemi kungiyar GR da ta yi canje-canje. Babban injiniya Naoyuki Sakamoto ne ya jagoranci haɓaka motar. A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2022, an gabatar da GR Corolla, wanda ya danganta da babban jerin E210 Corolla compact hatchback, ya haɗa da fasali da yawa waɗanda aka samo asali don GR Yaris. Motar tana aiki ne da injin turbocharged mai nauyin lita 1.6 G16E-GTS madaidaiciya-uku wanda ke sarrafa GR Yaris. Sigar injin ɗin da aka samu a cikin GR Yaris ya kai 200 kW (268 hp; 272 PS), amma sigar GR Corolla ta haifar da 220–224 kW (295-300 hp; 299-304 PS) da 370–400 N⋅m (273-295 lb⋅ft) na juyi. Daga cikin wasu dabaru don cimma wannan ƙãra wutar lantarki, injin GR Corolla yana amfani da manyan bawul ɗin shaye-shaye da bututun wutsiya guda uku don rage matsewar baya. Wayar hannu mai sauri shida daidai take a cikin GR Corolla. GR Corolla kuma yana amfani da tsarin tuƙi na GR-Huɗu da aka fara ƙirƙirar don GR Yaris. Madaidaicin saitin shine 60:40 gaba zuwa rarraba juzu'i na baya, amma yana iya tafiya kamar yadda aka nuna son zuciya kamar 30:70. Motar tana sanye da kayan aikin Toyota Safety Sense 3.0 na ci-gaba na tsarin taimakon direba da kuma sabunta tsarin multimedia mai jiwuwa na Toyota wanda aka yi muhawara akan jerin XK70 Tundra An samar da GR Corolla tare da GR Yaris a "GR Factory" a cikin kamfanin Toyota na Motomachi. Ba kamar yawancin shuke-shuken motoci ba, "GR Factory" ba ta amfani da layin hada bel na jigilar kaya. Maimakon haka, ana gina ababen hawa a tashoshi masu ƙarin hanyoyin haɗa hannu. Kamfanin "GR Factory" yana ɗaukar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda aka ɗauka daga ko'ina cikin kamfanin.
Buga na musamman
Ɗabi'ar zagaye Ɗabi'ar kewayawa keɓantaccen samfuri ne na shekarar ƙirar farko ta GR Corolla a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke ba da haɓaka ayyuka kamar su Torsen iyakance-zamewa bambance-bambance don gaba da axles na baya (na zaɓi don matakin datsa Core). Hakanan yana ba da rufin fiber carbon da aka ƙirƙira, murfi mai ƙyalli tare da fitilun aiki, ɓarna-baƙi na baya, da sauran haɓakawa.
Morizo Edition Ɗabi'ar Morizo (mai salo "MORIZO") shine iyakanceccen bambance-bambancen "shirye-shiryen waƙa" na GR Corolla tare da rage nauyi, ƙara ƙididdiga masu aiki, da ingantaccen sarrafawa, wanda duka yana samuwa a Japan da Arewacin Amirka. An rage nauyin abin rufe fuska da kusan 45 kg (100 lb) daga samfurin Saƙon Wuta zuwa 1,445 kg (3,186 lb) ta hanyar cire kujerun baya, ƙara ƙirƙira rufin fiber carbon (kuma ana samun su akan Ɗabi'ar Circuit), cire masu magana da masu kula da taga daga ƙofofin baya, da cire ruwan goge na baya da motar. An ƙaru ƙarfin ƙarfin injin da 30 N⋅m (22 lb⋅ft) zuwa 400 N (295 lb⋅ft), yayin da adadin dawakai ya kasance baya canzawa. Don inganta sarrafawa, an sake kunna dakatarwar tare da masu ɗaukar firgita monotube, 10 mm (0.4 a) An yi amfani da tayoyi masu faɗi a kan ƙuƙuka masu sauƙi, kuma an ƙara ƙarfin jiki tare da ƙarin walƙiya 349, sama da ƙarin 6 m (19.7 ft) na mannen tsari, da ginshiƙan ƙarfafa jiki. Injiniyoyin sun daidaita ma'auni na kayan watsawa, rabon kaya daban-daban da kuma daidaita injin don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa a mafi girman karfin juyi akan Morizo Edition. An sanya wa wannan bugu na musamman sunan "Morizo", sunan da Akio Toyoda ya yi amfani da shi lokacin da yake shiga tsere.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
|
30593 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20Mambilima | Irene Mambilima | Irene Chirwa Mambilima (Maris 31, 1952 Yuni 20, 2021) ita ce Babbar Jojin Zambiya daga 2015 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2021. Ta kuma taba zama shugabar hukumar zabe ta kasar Zambiya sannan ta jagoranci zabukan 2006 da 2011 da kuma zaben shugaban kasa na watan Janairun 2015.Ta kasance cikin tawagar sa ido kan zabe da dama da suka hada da Liberia, Kenya, Mozambique, da Seychelles. Sauran ayyukanta na duniya sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin Alkalin Kotun Koli na Gambia a 2003. Mambilima ta zauna a hukumar kula da alkalan mata ta duniya (IAWJ) a matsayin Darakta a yankin Afirka. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa da suka haɗa da Ƙungiyar Alƙalai ta Zambiya, Majalisar Edita na Rahoton Shari'a, Asusun Yara (Zambia), Mata a Dokar Kudancin Afirka, da Majalisar Cibiyar Ilimin Shari'a.
Majalisar dokokin kasar ce baki daya ta amince da nadin Mambilima a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai a watan Fabrairun 2015, wanda ya zama mace ta farko mai shari’a a kasar.
Ilimi da fage An haifi Mambilima a ƙauyen Chiwoko a lardin Gabas na zamani ga Kezias Chirwa mai yin bulo da matarsa Nelia Ngulube.Ta taso ne a gundumar Matero mara galihu a Lusaka, inda ta yi makaranta.
Ta sami Bachelor of Laws (LLB)daga Jami'ar Zambiya (1976), Difloma na Digiri a Ayyukan Shari'a daga Cibiyar Ayyukan Shari'a (yanzu ana kiranta Cibiyar Ilimin Shari'a ta Zambia, ZIALE), da Jagoran Dokoki (LLB)daga Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar London (1977).A shekarar 1977 aka shigar da ita Lauyar Zambiya, kuma a wannan shekarar ne aka nada ta mai ba da shawara a karkashin Babban Lauyan Attorney General.Ta samu matsayi, inda ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban da suka hada da Daraktar Taimakon Shari’a, Alkalin Kotun Koli, Alkalin Babban Kotun Koli da Mataimakin Babban Alkali.
Kotun Koli A shekara ta 2002 ta sami daukaka zuwa benci na Kotun Koli. Yayin da take matsayin Alkalin Kotun Koli, ta samu goyon bayan Hukumar Zabe ta Zambiya (ECZ) a matsayin shugabar hukumar a shekarar 2005. A wannan matsayi, ta jagoranci babban zaben 2006. A cikin 2008 an sake kiran ta daga ECZ kuma an nada ta mataimakiyar Alkalin Alkalai. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin mataimakiyar alkalin alkalai an sake nada ta sau daya zuwa ECZ domin ta jagoranci babban zaben 2011 da na shugaban kasa na 2015. An nada ta Cif Jojin ne a watan Fabrairun 2015 kuma ta yi rantsuwar kama aiki a gidan gwamnati a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2015.
Matakin farko Biyu daga cikin manyan hukunce-hukuncen da Mai Shari’a Mambilima ta yanke sun ta’allaka ne a kan kotunan da aka kafa domin binciken zargin cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da tsohon Ministan Sufuri da Sadarwa na gwamnatin Rupiah Banda da tsohon Daraktan kararraki na gwamnatin Michael Sata ya yi.
Kotun da ke binciken Dora Siliya, tsohuwar Ministar Sufuri da Sadarwa, an kafa ta ne domin ta binciki zargin da ake yi mata na bayar da kwangiloli ga kamfanoni biyu ba tare da bin ka’idojin da suka saba wa dokar da’a ta majalisar dokoki da na ministoci ba. An kafa kotun a watan Fabrairun 2009, kuma sakamakon bincikenta da aka buga ya gano Siliya da keta ka'idoji da yawa, amma ya bar kudurin a hannun shugaban kasa.Siliya bata fuskanci tuhuma ba.
A shari’ar tsohon daraktan kararrakin jama’a, Mutembo Nchito, a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2015, Mai shari’a Mambilima ta rantsar da mambobin kotun da shugaban kasa Edgar Lungu ya nada su hudu domin su bincikar shi bisa zargin aikata rashin da’a. Nchito ya nemi a duba shari’ar da ake yi a kotun, kuma babbar kotun ta amince da dakatar da shi. Bayan daukaka kara da Mai shari’a Mambilima na jihar ta yanke hukunci kan lamarin zuwa wani lokaci. Har yanzu dai ba a warware zaman kotun ba.
Hukumar Zabe ta Zambiya
Shugaba An fara nada Mai Shari’a Mambilima shugabar Hukumar Zabe ta Zambiya (ECZ) a shekarar 2005, inda ta rike har zuwa watan Maris din shekarar 2008. Ta taba zama memba a hukumar tsakanin 1994 zuwa 1996. Daga baya an sake nada ta shugabar a watan Fabrairun 2011 kuma majalisar ta amince da ita bayan wata guda.Hakan ya biyo bayan murabus din da magajin ta mai shari’a Florence Mumba ta yi ne a yayin da ake ta cece-ku-ce a lokacin da aka dakatar da babban darakta Daniel Kalale daga bisani kuma aka kore shi bisa wasu dalilai da ba a bayyana ba. Mai shari’a Mumba ta yi murabus sakamakon yajin aikin da ma’aikata suka yi a kan shugabancinta. Ana ganin sake nada Mambilima da shugaba Rupiah Banda ya yi a matsayin wani mataki na maido da kwarin gwiwa a kan hukumar, duk da cewa an yi ta cece-kuce kan cewa gwamnati ce ta haddasa rudanin da ta tilastawa mai shari'a Mumba daga mukaminsa; zargin da gwamnati ta musanta.
Shugabannin jam’iyyun adawa daban-daban da kuma manyan jaridu masu zaman kansu suna ganin Mai Shari’a Mambilima a matsayin abokantaka na gwamnati, kuma an kwatanta hakan ne a daidai lokacin da ake tunkarar babban zaben shekarar 2011 a lokacin da ita da hukumar suka sha suka kan matakin buga katin zabe a Afirka ta Kudu. Ma’aikatar Buga ta Gwamnati ta nuna rashin karfinta na kammala aikin, kuma a cikin tsarin sayan kayan aikin Universal Print Group (Pty) Ltd. na Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, an ba ta takardar. Ana kallon wannan matakin a matsayin wani shiri da jam'iyyar MMD mai mulki ta yi na buga takardun kada kuri'a da aka riga aka yi wa alama a wani yunkuri na yin magudi a zaben da ya dace.Akwai zarge-zarge da yawa na cin hanci da rashawa amma babu wani bincike a hukumance da Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (ACC) ta kaddamar, kuma ECZ ta tsaya tsayin daka kan shawarar da ta yanke na amfani da kamfanin.
Rashin lafiya da mutuwa A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2021, Mambilima ta yi balaguro zuwa Masar kan harkokin kasuwanci kuma ta kamu da rashin lafiya. Ta mutu a wani asibiti mai zaman kansa a birnin Alkahira a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni.
|
57654 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Getz | Hyundai Getz | Hyundai Getz wani supermini ne wanda Hyundai ya kera kuma ya tallata shi daga 2002 zuwa 2011 a cikin nau'ikan hatchback mai kofa uku da biyar sama da tsara guda kuma ana tallata shi a duniya banda Amurka, Kanada da China.
An sayar da Getz a matsayin Hyundai Click a Koriya ta Kudu, Hyundai Getz Prime a Indiya, Hyundai TB (don "Think Basic") a Japan, Inokom Getz a Malaysia, ko Dodge Brisa a Venezuela Bayan kaddamar da magajinsa, i20 (2008) a Turai da Accent RB (2010) a Koriya ta Kudu, Getz ya ci gaba da zama kasuwa a duk duniya, tare da samar da shi a cikin 2011.
Talla da samarwa Bayan yin muhawara a matsayin ra'ayi a 2001 Tokyo Motor Show a matsayin Hyundai TB, da Getz farko a duniya a Geneva Motor Show 2002 An tsara shi ne a cibiyar injiniya ta Turai ta Hyundai da ke Frankfurt, Jamus, kuma an sake shi cikin salon jikin hatchback mai kofa uku da biyar. An kera Getz a masana'antar a Ulsan, Koriya ta Kudu, tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2011, kuma a masana'antar Hyundai Motor India da ke Chennai, Indiya, tsakanin 2004 da 2009. An kuma taru don kasuwannin gida a Barcelona, Venezuela MMC Automotriz a Kulim, Malaysia Inokom da kuma a Taipei, Taiwan SYM Motors Gyaran fuska A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2005, Getz da aka ɗaga fuska ya yi muhawara a Nunin Mota na Frankfurt tare da gyaran fuska na gaba da na baya, fitilun fitilun fitilun fitillu, gyare-gyaren grille, injin dizal mai lita 1.5 (a Turai), sabon injin mai mai lita 1.4, ingantaccen dash. da fascia na ciki da datsa. A cikin United Kingdom, kwandishan da jakunkunan iska na gefe an saka su a CDX azaman kayan aiki na yau da kullun. Ba a ba da samfurin gyaran fuska ba a Venezuela (inda aka sayar da shi a matsayin Dodge Brisa sashin gida na Hyundai yana ci gaba da sayar da samfurin pre-2005.
Bambance-bambancen yanki A Venezuela, Hyundai Getz an haɗa shi a cikin gida yana nuna injin man fetur mai nauyin lita 1.6, wanda aka haɗa da jagora mai sauri 5 ko watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri 4. Hakanan an ƙera Getz ɗin lamba a matsayin Dodge Brisa a cikin tsarin watsawa mai sauri 4-lita 1.3. Wannan sabon samfurin ya maye gurbin Brisa na tushen Accent wanda aka yi muhawara a waccan kasuwa a cikin Afrilu 2002. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Hyundai Getz inda masana'anta sanye take da wani CNG kit, kyale dual man fetur amfani da man fetur ko gas. Majalisar Getz ta ƙare a cikin 2014 a Venezuela.
A cikin Malesiya, an haɗa Getz a cikin gida azaman Inokom Getz. Samfurin yana ba da watsawa ta hannu da ta atomatik tare da zaɓin injin mai mai lita 1.4 guda ɗaya. A cikin kwata na ƙarshe na 2009, Inokom ya ƙaddamar da ƙayyadadden bugu na Getz SE, wanda ya ƙunshi ciki na fata, kayan wasan motsa jiki da gasa da madubai na gefe tare da alamomi. An samar da raka'a 300 na wannan bambance-bambancen.
Tsakanin 2008 da 2011, an siyar da cikakkiyar sigar lantarki ta Getz a New Zealand da Ostiraliya mai suna Blade Electron. Wannan samfurin yana da babban gudun da kewayon akan cikakken caji.
Injin da kayan aiki
Injiniya A yayin kaddamar da akwai injinan mai guda uku, mai lita 1.1, lita 1.3 da kuma lita 1.5, da kuma zabin dizal daya, naúrar silinda mai karfin lita 1.5, lasisi daga VM Motori Lokacin da aka gabatar da Getz a kasuwa a Ostiraliya an fito da shi da injin G4EC mai nauyin 1.5l kawai. Bayan gyaran fuska a shekarar 2005, wani sabon injin mai mai lita 1.4 ya maye gurbin na'urar mai lita 1.3, kuma an bullo da sabon dizal mai lita 1.5 tare da cajar geometry mai canzawa da matakan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu, a maimakon zabin silinda uku. Injin Diesel bai taɓa zuwa Australia ba. Amma gabatarwar 1.4 L DOHC da 1.6 L DOHC sun maye gurbin motar 1.5 L. Injin 1.4 L duk da cewa yana da inganci kuma abin dogaro ba shi da wutar lantarki idan ana maganar amfani da a/c yayin hawan tudu. Musamman a cikin watsawa ta atomatik Koyaya, kasancewar zaɓuɓɓukan injin ya bambanta dangane da kasuwa.
Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri huɗu, tare da overdrive da jujjuya mai juyi, don nau'ikan man fetur 1.3 da lita 1.6, da kuma bayan gyaran fuska kuma don lita 1.4, da zaɓuɓɓukan jagora mai sauri biyar ga duk injina. Gyara matakan A cikin United Kingdom, matakan datsa da aka bayar sune GSI, CDX da Sport, yayin da suke cikin New Zealand, sune XD da XE.
A Ostiraliya, matakan datsa sune XL, GL da FX. Bayan gyaran fuska, an jefar da XL da GL, yayin da FX aka maye gurbinsu da SXi trim na wasanni, Sauran samfuran ana kiran su "Getz". Rabin-hanyar zuwa 2006, an jefar da SXi, yana barin tushen Getz kawai tare da zaɓi na injunan lita 1.4 ko 1.6. A farkon 2008, ana kiran Getz 1.4 S, kuma 1.6 mai suna SX. Babban matakin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da, a tsakanin sauran fasalulluka, jakunkunan iska na gaba da gefe, tsarin hana kulle-kulle (ABS) tare da rarraba birki na lantarki (EBD), kulle tsakiya mai nisa tare da ƙararrawa, ƙafafun alloy 14-inch, fitilun hazo na gaba, kwandishan madubin ƙofar lantarki masu zafi, karkatar da wutar lantarki da rufin rana, tagogi na gaba da na baya, na'urar CD da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka Sigar 1.6-lita ta ƙunshi ƙafafun alloy 15-inch. A matsayin abubuwan zaɓin akwai kayan kwalliyar fata, fenti na ƙarfe ko kewayawar tauraron dan adam. A Ostiraliya, an kuma bayar da ikon sarrafa kwanciyar hankali na lantarki (ESC), sarrafa gogayya (TSC), abin sawa akunni na bluetooth da kuma mai kunna MP3 mai haɗin kebul Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19731 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun%20Daji | Gandun Daji | Gandun daji shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙira, sarrafawa, dasa shuka, amfani, adanawa da gyara dazuzzuka, ciyayi, da albarkatu masu alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Ana yin aikin gandun daji a cikin gonaki da kuma wuraren da ake da su. Kimiyyar gandun daji yana da abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halitta, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa. Gudanar da gandun daji yana taka muhimmiyar rawa na ƙirƙira da gyare-gyaren wuraren zama kuma yana shafar samar da ayyukan muhalli.
Gandun daji na zamani gaba ɗaya ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwan damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da sarrafa amfani da yawa, gami da abubuwa kamar haka:
Samar da katako
Itacen mai
Wurin zama na namun daji
Gudanar da ingancin ruwa na halitta
Nishaɗi
Tsarin ƙasa da kariyar al'umma
Aiki
shimfidar wurare masu kyan gani
Gudanar da bambancin halittu
Gudanar da magudanar ruwa
Kula da zaizayar kasa
Kiyaye dazuzzuka kamar nutsewa don iskar carbon dioxide
Ana san mai aikin gandun daji da gandun daji Wani kalmar gama gari shine silviculturist. Silviculture ya fi gandun daji kunkuntar, yana damuwa da tsire-tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma ana amfani da shi tare da gandun daji.
An yi la'akari da yanayin dazuzzuka a matsayin mafi mahimmancin bangaren biosphere, kuma gandun daji ya fito a matsayin mahimmancin kimiyya, sana'a, da fasaha Duk mutane sun dogara da gandun daji da bambancin halittunsu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani muhimmin yanki ne na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban-daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da ayyukan koraye sama da miliyan 86 da tallafawa rayuwar ƙarin mutane da yawa. Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasar, itace shine mafi mahimmancin albarkatun da za'a iya sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyukan yi fiye da miliyan ɗaya da kusan 181 biliyan na ƙimar tattalin arzikin Jamus kowace shekara. A duk duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 880 ne ke kashe wani bangare na lokacinsu wajen diban man fetur ko kuma yin gawayi, yawancinsu mata. Yawan jama'a yakan yi kasa a yankuna na kasashe masu karamin karfi da ke da gandun daji da kuma yawan gandun daji, amma yawan talauci a wadannan yankuna yakan yi yawa. Wasu mutane miliyan 252 da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannas suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25 kowace rana.
Tarihi
Fage Werner Sombart da sauransu sun sanya wa shekarun gaban masana'antu lakabi da 'zamanin itace', saboda katako da itacen wuta sune tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Ci gaban gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓakar jari-hujja, tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na amfani da ƙasa da dukiya. Roman Latifundiae, manyan wuraren noma, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kiyaye yawan itacen da ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan saren gandun daji ya zo tare da raguwar Rumawa. Duk da haka tuni a cikin ƙarni na 5, sufaye a cikin lokacin Byzantine Romagna a kan gabar tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gonakin pine na dutse don samar da itacen mai da abinci Wannan shi ne farkon babban dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta shekara ta 1308 Divine Comedy Irin waɗannan ayyukan dazuzzuka masu ɗorewa sun haɓaka ta Visigoths a cikin ƙarni na 7, yayin da suke fuskantar ƙarancin itace, suka kafa ƙa'idar da ta shafi kiyaye dazuzzukan itacen oak da Pine Amfani da kuma sarrafa albarkatun gandun daji da yawa yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, tun daga daular Han da ke karkashin ikon mallakar filaye An yi amfani da irin wannan hanya a Japan. Daga baya kuma masanin ƙasar Sin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) ya rubuta game da daular Ming A Turai, haƙƙin amfani da ƙasa a zamanin da da farkon zamani ya ba da damar masu amfani daban-daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Shurar tsiro da fitar da guduro suna da mahimmanci, saboda farar (gudu) yana da mahimmanci ga caulking na jiragen ruwa, haƙƙoƙin faɗuwa da farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da kiwo na dabbobi a cikin dazuzzuka. Ra'ayin "na gama-gari" (Jamus Allmende yana nufin ainihin kalmar shari'a ta gargajiya ta ƙasar gama gari. Tunanin rufaffiyar kadarorin masu zaman kansu ya samo asali ne a zamanin yau. Koyaya, yawancin haƙƙoƙin farauta sun kasance membobin manyan mutane waɗanda ke kiyaye haƙƙin manyan mutane don samun dama da amfani da ƙasar gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox Farkon ci gaban gandun daji na zamani Tsarin kula da gandun daji don samun amfanin katako mai ɗorewa ya fara ne a Portugal a cikin ƙarni na 13 lokacin da Sarki Afonso III ya dasa dajin Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Pine na King) kusa da Leiria don hana zaizayar gabar teku da lalata ƙasa, kuma a matsayin tushen ci gaba na katako da aka yi amfani da su a ciki. gina sojojin ruwa. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma daji yana wanzu har yau. Har ila yau, kula da gandun daji ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a ƙarni na 14, misali a Nuremberg, da kuma a Japan a ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa sassa na musamman kuma an tsara shi; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sake farfadowa. Kamar yadda rafting na katako ya ba da izinin haɗa manyan dazuzzukan nahiyoyi, kamar a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta hanyar Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jahohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa sosai. An kira manyan firs a cikin gandun daji na baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka sayar da su zuwa yadiyoyin jirgin ruwan Holland. Manyan igiyoyin katako a kan Rhine sun kasance tsawon 200 zuwa 400m, faɗin 40m kuma sun ƙunshi katako dubu da yawa. Ma’aikatan jirgin sun kunshi mutane 400 zuwa 500, wadanda suka hada da matsuguni, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. Abubuwan aikin rafting na katako sun ba da izinin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa masu haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a Finland.
An fara da ƙarni na 16, haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, haɓakar gine-ginen gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙara Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ya karu da amfani da katako sosai. Tunanin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645-1714), mai kula da ma'adinai a Saxony Littafinsa Sylvicultura oeconomica, oder haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht (1713) shine nassi na farko mai cikakken bayani game da dazuzzuka masu ɗorewa. A cikin Burtaniya, kuma, zuwa wani matsayi, a cikin Nahiyar Turai, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan kadara da keɓaɓɓu Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sun yi ƙoƙari su kawar da al'adun gargajiya. A lokacin, wani bala'i da ake zargin na gama gari tare da fargabar wani Holznot, ƙarancin itace da ke gabatowa ya taka rawa a cikin rikice-rikice game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa na haɗin gwiwa. John Evelyn ya haɓaka al'adar kafa dashen bishiya a Tsibirin Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami farin jini. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert 's itacen oak Forest na Tronçais, wanda aka dasa don amfani da sojojin ruwa na Faransa a nan gaba, ya girma kamar yadda aka zata a tsakiyar karni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai sai dai jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel A cikin layi daya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, Rasha, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Faransa da sauran wurare a Turai.
Kare gandun daji da farkon duniya Tun daga shekara ta 1750s an haɓaka gandun daji na kimiyya na zamani a Faransa da ƙasashen da ke magana da Jamus a cikin mahallin ilimin tarihin halitta da gudanar da gwamnati ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kyamara Babban halayensa sune tsarin kulawa ta ƙwararrun gandun daji, riko da ra'ayoyin amfanin gona mai ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga itacen mai da katako, dazuzzuka na wucin gadi, da kuma ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da amfanin makiyaya da noma na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20th, an kafa shirye-shiryen kiyaye gandun daji a ƙasar Indiya ta Burtaniya, Amurka, da Turai. Yawancin gandun daji sun kasance ko dai daga nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ko kuma sun yi ilimi a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot Sir Dietrich Brandis ana daukarsa a matsayin uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ra'ayoyi da ayyuka na Turai dole ne a daidaita su a wurare masu zafi da ramin yanayi. Haɓaka gandun daji na ɗaya daga cikin amsoshi (masu jayayya) ga takamaiman ƙalubalen da ke cikin yankuna masu zafi. Ƙaddamarwa da juyin halitta na dokokin gandun daji da ka'idojin ɗaurewa sun faru a mafi yawan ƙasashen yammacin duniya a cikin karni na 20 don mayar da martani ga karuwar abubuwan da suka shafi kiyayewa da haɓaka ƙarfin fasaha na kamfanonin katako. Gandun dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke da alaƙa da dazuzzukan equatorial waɗanda ke samar da dazuzzuka kamar su teak da mahogany Gyaran daji da shimfidar wuri Dubi Maido da Daji
An ayyana gandun daji da yanayin shimfidar wuri (FLR) azaman tsari wanda ke nufin dawo da ayyukan muhalli da haɓaka jin daɗin ɗan adam a cikin dazuzzuka ko ɓarna. An haɓaka FLR a matsayin martani ga haɓakar lalacewa da asarar gandun daji da filaye, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan halittu da yanayin muhalli. Ingantacciyar FLR za ta goyi bayan cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa. Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Maido da Tsarin Muhalli (2021-2030) yana ba da damar maido da daruruwan miliyoyin kadada na rusassun gandun daji da sauran halittu.
Makanikai Kayan aikin gandun daji ya kasance koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda yake. Rafting nasa ne na farkon hanyoyin sufuri. Karfe saws ya fito a cikin karni na 15. Karni na 19 ya haɓaka samar da ƙarfe don bulala da gabatar da layin dogo na gandun daji da layin dogo gabaɗaya don sufuri da kuma abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje-canjen da ɗan adam ya haifar, duk da haka, ya zo tun yakin duniya na biyu, daidai da "ciwon shekaru 1950". An ƙirƙira chainsaw na farko mai ɗaukar hoto a cikin shekara ta 1918 a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyoyi a cikin gandun daji ya fara ne bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan. Ko da yake jirage marasa matuki, jirage, na'urar daukar hoto ta Laser, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji.
Mujallu na farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan An fara buga Sylwan a cikin 1820 An fara buga Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen a shekara ta 1850. An fara buga Erdészeti Lapok a cikin 1862. (Hungary, 1862-yanzu) The Indian Forester ya fara buga a 1875. An buga lissafin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Ƙungiyar gandun daji na Croatian Montes (Forestry, Spain) an fara buga shi a cikin 1877. Revista pădurilor (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881-1882; 1886-present), mafi tsufa mujalla a Romania Forestry Quarterly, wanda aka fara buga shi a 1902 ta Kwalejin gandun daji ta Jihar New York Šumarstvo (Forestry, Serbia) wanda aka fara buga shi a cikin 1948 ta Ma'aikatar Gandun Daji ta Yugoslavia ta Tarayyar Turai, kuma tun daga 1951 ta Organ of Society of Forestry Engineers da Technicians na Jamhuriyar Serbia (wanda ya ci nasarar tsohon Šumarski glasnik wanda aka buga daga 1907 zuwa 1921)
Gandun daji a ƙarni na 21 A yau an sami ƙwaƙƙwaran bincike game da kula da yanayin gandun daji da inganta ƙwayoyin halittar bishiya da iri Nazarin gandun daji kuma ya haɗa da haɓaka hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don dasa shuki, karewa, ɓacin rai, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, sarewa, hakowa, da sarrafa katako Ɗaya daga cikin aikace-aikacen dazuzzuka na zamani shine sake yin gandun daji, inda ake dasa bishiyoyi da kuma kula da su a wani yanki da aka ba su.
Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji na da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka ta samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Tsarin takaddun shaida na ɓangare na uku waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci mai zaman kansa na kula da gandun daji mai ɗorewa da dazuzzuka masu ɗorewa sun zama ruwan dare a wurare da yawa tun shekara ta 1990s. Waɗannan tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida sun samo asali ne a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman saran gandun daji a yankunan da ba a ci gaba ba tare da damuwa game da sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba A cikin yanayi mai tsananin dazuzzuka, dazuzzuka masu kyau na da mahimmanci don rigakafi ko rage girman zaizayar ƙasa ko ma zabtarewar ƙasa A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, dazuzzuka na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewa ko asarar dukiya, rauni ko asarar rayuka.
Masu gandun daji Masu aikin gandun daji suna aiki da masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shakatawa na birane, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta haɗa da ayyuka iri-iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga digirin farko na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aiki na musamman. Masu gandun daji na masana'antu suna shirin sake farfado da daji tare da girbi a hankali. Masu gandun daji na birni suna kula da bishiyoyi a wuraren kore na birane Masu aikin gandun daji suna aiki a cikin gandun daji na bishiya suna girma tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar gandun daji ko ayyukan sake farfadowa. Masu gandun daji suna inganta kwayoyin halittar itace Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Ƙwararrun gandun daji suna auna da ƙirar haɓakar gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan yanki Masu gandun daji na iya magance cutar kwari, cututtuka, dazuzzuka da ciyayi da wutar daji, amma suna ƙara ƙyale waɗannan al'amuran dabi'a na yanayin gandun daji suyi tafiyarsu lokacin da yiwuwar annoba ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ta yi ƙasa. Ana ƙarawa, gandun daji suna shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kiyaye namun daji da kare magudanar ruwa Masu gandun daji sun fi damuwa da sarrafa katako, musamman gyaran dazuzzuka, kula da gandun daji a yanayin da ya fi dacewa, da kula da wuta.
Shirye-shiryen gandun daji Masu gandun daji suna haɓaka da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji bisa dogaro da taswirar kayan albarkatun da aka zayyana waɗanda ke nuna yanayin yanayin yanki da kuma rarraba bishiyoyi (ta nau'in) da sauran murfin shuka. Tsare-tsare kuma sun haɗa da manufofin mai mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, magudanan ruwa, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin jiyya na siliki da jadawalin aiwatar da su. Aikace-aikacen taswirori na dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic (GIS) waɗanda ke hakowa da haɗa bayanai daban-daban game da wuraren dazuzzuka, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiya, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali Laser scan, haɓaka tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji a cikin tsarin zamani.
Tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma manufofin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don kadarorin da ke ƙarƙashin muhalli, kuɗi, dabaru (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran ƙuntatawa. A kan wasu kaddarorin, tsare-tsaren suna mayar da hankali kan samar da ingantattun samfuran itace don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiya, yawa, da siffa, duk tsakiyar darajar samfuran da aka girbe inganci da yawa, sun kasance suna zama mahimman abubuwan tsare-tsare na al'adun siliki.
Shirye-shiryen gudanarwa masu kyau sun haɗa da la'akari da yanayin tsayuwar gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin jiyya na tsaka-tsaki), da tsare-tsaren sabuntar halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbi na ƙarshe.
Manufofin masu mallakar filaye da masu haya suna tasiri tsare-tsare don girbi da jiyya na gaba. A Biritaniya, tsare-tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne su yi la'akari da bukatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazauna karkara da ke zaune a ciki ko kusa da yankunan daji. Masu gandun daji suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka tsare-tsare. Tsare-tsaren suna ba da umarnin girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin titi ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji.
Shugabannin noma da gandun daji suna kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi za ta shafi abin da suke yi. Bayanan da aka tattara za su samar da bayanan da za su tantance matsayin aikin noma da gandun daji a cikin sabon tsarin kula da sauyin yanayi.
Gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya A cikin ƙarnuka da suka wuce, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin wani kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓakar ilimin halittu da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami yin tsari a cikin ilimin kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine ilimin kimiyya na farko na amfanin ƙasa wanda aka kwatanta da aikin gona Ƙarƙashin waɗannan jigogi, ginshiƙan da ke bayan kula da gandun dazuzzuka sun zo ta hanyar ilimin halitta. Dazuzzuka ko shuke-shuken bishiya. Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin gandun daji Tabbatar da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji da ake amfani da su don shuka dazuzzuka yana da tasiri mai yawa akan yadda bishiyoyi suke girma, don haka dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji mai kyau da kuma bambancin kwayoyin halitta Gaba ɗaya, duk ayyukan kula da gandun daji, gami da a cikin tsarin sabuntar halitta, na iya yin tasiri ga bambancin ƙwayoyin itatuwa.
Kalmar genetic diversity tana bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin jerin DNA tsakanin dɗiɗaikun mutane daban-daban da bambancin da ke haifar da tasirin muhalli. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta na musamman na mutum genotype zai ƙayyade aikinsa phenotype a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta don kula da dazuzzuka da kuma samar da juriya ga kwari da cututtuka Bambancin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji zasu iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin canza yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta shine tushen bambance-bambancen ilimin halitta a nau'in nau'in halitta da matakan yanayin halittu Don haka albarkatun halittu na gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da su wajen kula da gandun daji.
Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin gandun daji yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, kwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwar kawuna, ayyukan al'adun gargajiya da rashin amfani da kayan haifuwa na gandun daji.
Kimanin hekta miliyan 98 na gandun daji ne gobara ta shafa a shekara ta 2015; wannan ya kasance a yankin masu zafi, inda wuta ta kone kusan kashi 4 cikin dari na yawan gandun daji a wannan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimillar gandun dajin da abin ya shafa na Afirka ne da Kudancin Amurka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙananan nau'o'in bishiyoyi da yawa suna fuskantar sababbin barazana saboda sauyin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko ƙa'idoji don zaɓar nau'i na zaɓar nau’ikan abubuwan da ake iya amfani da su na iya amfani da su a cikin wani yanki ko yanki da aka bayar.
Tarihin ilimin gandun daji Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a Hungen a cikin Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin shekara ta 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniyan daji ta Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1844.
Na farko a Arewacin Amirka, an kafa Makarantar Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta, na shekara ta 1898, a filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kadan, a cikin Satumba na shekara ta 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 Arewacin Amurka gandun daji sun je Jamus don nazarin gandun daji. Wasu gandun daji na Jamus na farko su ma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amirka.
A Kudancin Amirka an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a cikin shekara ta 1962, kuma ta koma shekara ta gaba don zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba.
Ilimin daji a yau A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horar da ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, climatology, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da sarrafa gandun daji Ilimi a cikin tushen ilimin zamantakewa da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Ƙwararrun ma tana da mahimmanci a cikin shirye-shiryen horo. A Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a cikin Cibiyoyin Binciken daji (jami'o'in da ake zaton). Ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na shekaru hudu a wadannan jami'o'in a matakin digiri. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu na Masters da Digiri a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in.
A cikin Amurka, ilimin gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wanda zai kai ga digiri na farko ko digiri na biyu yana samun karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters A Kanada Cibiyar Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri daga shirye-shiryen BSc na jami'a da aka amince da su, da kuma shirye-shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A yawancin ƙasashen Turai, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Ilimi na Turai Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya ita ce ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ɗaya tilo da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar daji a duk duniya.
Ci gaba da ilimi Don ci gaba da sauye-sauyen buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji ba ya tsayawa a lokacin kammala karatun. Daɗaɗawa, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanarwa. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin ƙwanƙwasa kama-da- wane da gwada ƙimar itacen mutum da ƙimar ƙima da kuma microhabitats na itace. Wannan tsarin ya fi dacewa da yankuna masu ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa.
Daban-daban game da bincike da ilimin daji Jerin cibiyoyin binciken daji
Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji
Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji
Jerin mujallun tarihi na gandun daji
Cibiyar gandun daji ta Imperial (rashin fahimta)
Duba kuma Gandun daji
Agroforestry
Aikin noma
Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi
Dajin al'umma
sare itatuwa
sare itatuwa da sauyin yanayi
Dendrology
Juyin gandun daji
Noman daji
Bayanan daji
Adabin daji
Tarihin daji a tsakiyar Turai
Shekarar dazuzzuka na duniya
Jerin cibiyoyin binciken daji
Jerin jaridun gandun daji
Lumberjack
Hanyar Miyawaki
Dazuzzukan da ba na masana'antu masu zaman kansu
Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa
Silviculture
Silvology
Sources This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 License statement/permission. Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings, FAO, FAO. This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO License statement/permission. Text taken from The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people In brief, FAO UNEP, FAO UNEP.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Works related to Forestry at Wikisource
Gandun-daji
Dajuka a Najeriya
Daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30150 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Motsi%20a%20%C6%98ar%C6%99ashin%20Dokar%20Amurka | Yancin Motsi a Ƙarƙashin Dokar Amurka | Yancin motsi a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka ana gudanar da shi ne da farko ta Dokokin Gata da Kariya na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda ya ce, Jama'ar kowace Jiha za su sami 'yancin samun duk wata gata da kariya ta 'yan ƙasa a cikin jihohi da dama." Tun bayan hukuncin kotun da'ira a Corfield v. Coryell, 6 Fed. Cas. 546 (1823), 'yancin motsi an amince da shi ta hanyar shari'a a matsayin ainihin haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki. A cikin Paul v. Virginia, 75 US 168 (1869), kotu ta ayyana 'yancin motsi a matsayin "yancin kutsawa cikin wasu Jihohi, da fita daga gare su." Duk da haka, Kotun Koli ba ta saka hannun jari ga gwamnatin tarayya da Iƙon kare 'yancin motsi ba. Ƙarƙashin sashe na "gata da kariya", an ba da wannan Iƙon ga jihohi, matsayin da kotu ta ɗauka tsawon shekaru a lokuta kamar Ward v. Maryland, 79 US 418 (1871), shari'o'in Gidan yanka, 83 US 36 (1873) da Amurka v. Harris, 106 US 629 (1883).
Tafiya cikin Amurka Tun da Kundin Tsarin Mulki Majalisar ta amince da 'yancin motsi (Mataki na 4), kodayake ana tunanin haƙƙin yana da mahimmanci yayin rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin kamar yadda ba a buƙatar ƙidayar bayyane. Kotun Koli ta Amurka a Crandall v. Nevada, 73 Amurka 35 (1868) ya bayyana cewa 'yancin motsi wani hakki ne na asali don haka wata ƙasa ba za ta iya hana mutane barin jihar ta hanyar saka su haraji ba. A Amurka v. Wheeler 254 US 281 (1920), Kotun Koli ta sake nanata matsayinta cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai bai wa gwamnatin tarayya ikon kare 'yancin motsi ba. Duk da haka, Wheeler yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a wasu hanyoyi. Shekaru da yawa, tushen sashe na “gata da kariya” na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba a fayyace kawai ba. A cikin shekara ta 1823, kotun da'ira a Corfield ta ba da jerin haƙƙoƙin (wasu na asali, wasu ba) waɗanda sashin zai iya rufewa. Kotun Wheeler ta canza wannan sosai. Ita ce farkon gano haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye a cikin jigon gata da kariya, yana ba da haƙƙi tare da takamaiman garantin kariyar tsarin mulki. Ta hanyar yin la'akari da cewa juzu'in da aka samo daga Mataki na IV na Labaran Tarayyar, shawarar ta ba da shawarar tsarin haƙƙin waɗanda aka lissafta a Corfield, amma kuma sun fi bayyana waɗancan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin ainihin asali. Kotun Koli ta fara ƙin yarda da tunanin Wheeler a cikin ƴan shekaru. A ƙarshe, a Amurka v. Bako, 383 US 745 (1966), Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da matakin Babban Mai Shari'a White na cewa gwamnatin tarayya na iya kare 'yancin yin balaguro kawai daga cin zarafi na jihohi. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci musamman cewa Crandall baya nufin 'yancin yin amfani da kowane nau'in tafiye -tafiye, kamar tuƙin mota. A cikin Hendrick v. Maryland (1915), wanda ya shigar da kara ya bukaci kotu da ta ɓata dokar motar Maryland a matsayin cin zarafin 'yancin motsi. Kotun ta sami "babu wani tushe mai tushe" ga gardamar mai shigar da kara kuma gaba ɗaya ta ce "idan babu dokar kasa da ta shafi batun, wata kasa na iya yin daidai da ƙa'idojin bai daya da suka wajaba don kare lafiyar jama'a da oda dangane da aiki a kan manyan hanyoyinta na kowa da kowa. ababan hawa waɗanda ke motsawa a cikin kasuwancin jihohin da sauransu." Kotun kolin Amurka ta kuma yi magana game da 'yancin yin balaguro a cikin shari'ar Saenz v. Roe, 526 US 489 (1999). A wannan yanayin, Mai Shari'a John Paul Stevens, yana rubutawa ga mafi rinjaye, ya gudanar da cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya kare nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku na 'yancin yin tafiya a tsakanin jihohi:
(1) Haƙƙin Shigar da Jiha ɗaya kuma ku bar wani (muhimmin dama tare da tallafi na tarihi daga labaran Confederation),
(2) haƙƙin da za a bi da shi azaman baƙo maraba maimakon baƙo mai ƙiyayya (kare ta hanyar "Gata da Immunities" a cikin Mataki na IV, 2), da kuma
(3) (ga waɗanda suka zama mazaunin dindindin na wata jiha) haƙƙin a bi da su daidai ga ƴan ƙasar da aka haifa (wannan yana kiyaye shi ta 14th Amendment's Gata ko Immunities yana ambaton mafi rinjaye ra'ayi a cikin Kisa-House Cases, Adalci). Stevens ya ce, "Gata ko Kariya na Tsarin Kwaskwarima na Goma sha huɗu a ko da yaushe ya kasance alƙawarin gama gari cewa wannan Fassara ta kare kashi na uku na haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye." Dokar Mann Dokar Mann ta 1910 (Dokar zirga-zirgar Bawan Bawa a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ta haramta safarar mata a cikin jihohi don in ba haka ba "abubuwan lalata" waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun haɗa da jima'i na yarda da juna. An yi amfani da wannan doka, baya ga kararrakin da ba a samu sabani ba, don ba da damar gurfanar da ma’auratan da ba su yi aure ba a gwamnatin tarayya, wadanda bisa wasu dalilai suka zo wurin hukuma; ma'auratan (misali ɗan dambe Jack Johnson da mutanen da ke da ra'ayi na hagu (misali An gurfanar da Charlie Chaplin Tun daga lokacin an gyara dokar don zama tsaka-tsaki tsakanin jinsi kuma yanzu ta shafi yin jima'i ne kawai wanda ya sabawa doka (kamar karuwanci da jima'i da yarinya).
Ƙaddamar da kotun ta kafa ƙwaƙƙwarar 'yancin walwala da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya ba shi ya yi tasiri mai yawa. Misali, Kotun Koli ta soke haramcin jihohi kan biyan jindadi ga mutanen da ba su zauna a cikin hurumin akalla shekara guda ba a matsayin nauyi mara izini kan Haƙƙin tafiya Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 US 618 (1969)). Kotun ta kuma soke sharuddan zama na shekara guda don kada kuri'a a zabukan jihohi Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 US 330 (1972)), lokutan jira na shekara guda kafin samun kulawar jinya ta jihar Asibitin Memorial v. Maricopa County, 415 US 250 (1974)), abubuwan da ake so na ma'aikatan gwamnati don tsoffin sojoji na jiha Lauyan Janar na New York v. Soto-Lopez, 476 US 898 (1986)), amma ya ba da ƙarin kamun kifi da kuɗin lasisin farauta ga mazaunan waje Baldwin v. Kifi da Hukumar Wasan Montana, 436 US 371 (1978)). Lambar Amurka ta yanzu tana magance balaguron iska musamman. A cikin 49 USC 40103, "Mallaka da amfani da sararin samaniya", kundin ya ƙayyade cewa "Dan ƙasar Amurka yana da haƙƙin jama'a na wucewa ta sararin samaniyar kewayawa."
Ƙaƙƙarfan haƙƙin 'yancin motsi na iya samun ma'ana mai zurfi. Kotun koli ta amince da cewa 'yancin motsi yana da alaƙa da 'yancin yin ƙungiyoyi da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Ƙarfin kariyar tsarin mulki don haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye na iya yin tasiri ga yunƙurin jihohi na iyakance haƙƙin zubar da ciki, hana ko ƙin amincewa da auren jinsi, da kafa dokar hana aikata laifuka ko kariyar mabukaci Yana iya ma lalata tunanin tsarin tarayya na zamani na kotu.
Yankunan magana kyauta Wani batu mai alaka da shi ya shafi yankunan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da aka kebe yayin zanga-zangar siyasa. Kodayake ana amfani da irin waɗannan yankuna a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970 saboda zanga-zangar zamanin Vietnam, ba a ba da rahotonsu sosai a kafafen yada labarai ba. Koyaya, takaddamar amfani da su ta sake kunno kai a lokacin shugabancin Bush na shekara ta 2001-2009. Mahimmanci, Yankunan Magana na Kyauta suna hana mutum samun cikakkiyar motsi sakamakon amfani da haƙƙinsa na yin magana kyauta Kotuna sun amince da takunkumin lokaci, wuri, da kuma hanyoyin hana 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki a Amurka, amma irin wadannan hane-hane dole ne a daidaita su kaɗan, kuma yankunan 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki sun kasance batun shari'a.
Tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen duniya
Tarihi Daga shekara ta 1776 zuwa 1783, babu gwamnatin jiha da ke da buƙatun fasfo. Labaran gwamnatin tarayya (1783-1789) ba su da buƙatun fasfo. Daga 1789 zuwa ƙarshen 1941, gwamnatin da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na buƙatar fasfo na Amurka na 'yan ƙasa kawai a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka (1861-1865) da kuma lokacin da jim kadan bayan yakin duniya na (1914-1918). Bukatar fasfo na zamanin yakin basasa ba shi da ikon doka. Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na daya, ana buƙatar fasfo ta hanyar zartarwa, ko da yake babu wata hukuma ta doka don abin da ake bukata. Dokar Kula da Balaguro ta Mayu 22, shekara ta 1918, ta ba wa shugaban ƙasa, lokacin da Amurka ke yaƙi, ya yi shelar fasfo, kuma an ba da sanarwar a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1918. Ko da yake Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 1918, buƙatun fasfo ɗin ya daɗe har zuwa Maris 3, 1921. Akwai rashin buƙatun fasfo a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka tsakanin shekara ta 1921 da shekara ta 1941. Yaƙin Duniya na II (1939-1945) ya sake haifar da buƙatun fasfo a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Balaguro na 1918. Canje-canjen 1978 ga Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa ta 1952 ya sa ba bisa doka ba shiga ko fita Amurka ba tare da fasfo ba ko da a lokacin zaman lafiya. A lura cewa gyaran ya ba wa shugaban kasa damar yin keɓancewa; a tarihi, an yi amfani da waɗannan keɓancewar don ba da izinin tafiya zuwa wasu ƙasashe (musamman Kanada) ba tare da fasfo ba. Kamar yadda na 2016-08-10, wuraren yawon shakatawa har yanzu suna tattauna waɗanne wasu takaddun da aka yarda da su, kuma waɗanda suka daina isa a 2007 ko 2008.
Ƙuntatawa Dangane da 215 na Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa ta 1952 (a halin yanzu an daidaita shi a 8 USC 1185 haramun ne ga ɗan ƙasar Amurka shiga ko fita Amurka ba tare da ingantaccen fasfo na Amurka ba. Kamar yadda Haig v. Agee da Dokar Fasfo na 1926 (a halin yanzu an tsara shi a 22 USC 211a et seq.), Gwamnatin shugaban kasa na iya hana ko soke fasfo don manufofin kasashen waje ko dalilan tsaron kasa a kowane lokaci. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta tarihi a lokacin zaman lafiya ya ƙi fasfo saboda ɗaya daga cikin dalilai uku: zama ɗan ƙasa ko aminci, aikata laifuka, ko lokacin da mai nema ke neman "gujewa ayyukan doka". Dokoki da ƙa'idoji kan ƙuntata fasfo gabaɗaya an kasafta su azaman ƙuntatawa na sirri ko ƙuntatawa yanki kuma gabaɗaya an ba su barata don tsaron ƙasa ko dalilan manufofin ƙasashen waje. Wataƙila mafi kyawun misali na aiwatar da wannan ikon shine 1948 hana fasfo ga Wakilin Amurka Leo Isacson, wanda ya nemi zuwa Paris don halartar taro a matsayin mai sa ido ga Majalisar Amurka ta Demokradiyyar Girka, ƙungiyar gurguzu ta gaba saboda rawar da kungiyar ta taka wajen adawa da gwamnatin Girka a yakin basasar Girka A cikin Kent v. Dulles, 357 US 116 (1958), Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya ƙi ba da fasfo ga wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka bisa zargin cewa mai shigar da ƙara yana zuwa ƙasashen waje don inganta tsarin gurguzu (hana kai tsaron ƙasa). Ko da yake kotun ba ta kai ga batun tabbatar da tsarin mulki ba a wannan shari’ar, kotun, a wani ra’ayi na mai shari’a William O. Douglas, ta ce gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta tauye ‘yancin yin tafiye-tafiye ba ba tare da bin ka’ida ba Haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye wani ɓangare ne na 'yanci' wanda ba za a iya hana ɗan ƙasa ba tare da bin ka'idar doka a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima ta biyar. Idan ana so a daidaita wannan "'yancin", dole ne ya kasance daidai da ayyukan kafa doka na Majalisa. 'Yancin tafiya ta kan iyakoki ta kowane bangare, da kuma iyakoki ma, wani bangare ne na gadonmu. Tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje, kamar tafiya cikin ƙasa. na iya zama kusa da zuciyar mutum kamar zabin abin da yake ci, ko sawa, ko karantawa. Shekaru shida bayan haka, kotu ta soke dokar hana tafiye-tafiye daga 'yan gurguzu Aptheker v. Sakataren Gwamnati, 378 US 500 (1964)) (hani na sirri, Tsaron ƙasa, Gyaran Farko). Amma kotun ta yi ta faman nemo hanyar da za ta kare muradun kasa (kamar tsaron kasa) bisa la’akari da wadannan hukunce-hukuncen. Shekara guda bayan Aptheker, Kotun Koli ta tsara gwajin tushen ma'ana don tsarin mulki a cikin Zemel v. Rusk, 381 US 1 (1965) (ƙananan yanki, manufofin ƙasashen waje), a matsayin hanyar daidaita haƙƙin mutum tare da buƙatun jihar.
Ƙuntatawa azaman hukunci Matsayin Nauyin Mutum da Dokar Sasanci Dama na Aiki na 1996 (PRWORA), wanda aka tsara a 42 USC 652 (k), ya ga farkon hane-hane akan 'yancin motsi a matsayin hukunci ga masu ba da bashi tallafin yara. Ƙalubalen tsarin mulki ga waɗannan hane-hane ya zuwa yanzu sun gaza a cikin Weinstein v. Albright da Eunique v. Powell Kotunan daukaka kara ta tarayya da ke da'ira ta biyu da ta tara, duk da cewa sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda ya kamata, amma sun yi imanin cewa tara tallafin yara wani muhimmin al'amari ne na gwamnati, cewa 'yancin yin balaguro zuwa ƙasashen duniya ba wani muhimmin hakki ba ne, kuma dokokin da suka tauye wannan hakki ba su da tsaiko. dubawa A cikin wani ra'ayi na rashin amincewa a cikin Eunique, Alkalin kotun Andrew Kleinfeld ya rarraba ma'aunin a matsayin hukunci na basussukan da ba a biya ba. “Wannan haramcin fasfo an fi ganinsa a hankali, idan aka yi la’akari da hukuncin da ake bukatar jihohi su sanya na rashin biyan kudin tallafin yara. ba a matsayin hanyar sauƙaƙe tarawa ba, amma a matsayin hukunci na rashin biyan kuɗi na baya." “Duk wanda ake bi bashi ya biya basussukansa. Bashi don tallafawa yara yana da ƙarfin ɗabi'a na musamman. Amma wannan ba ya ba da hujjar kawar da 'yancin tsarin mulki mai mahimmanci da ya kasance rikodi na dokokin Anglo-Amurka tun Magna Carta, da kuma tunanin wayewa tun daga Plato."
Da yawa daga cikin malaman tsarin mulki da masu fafutukar kawo sauyi suna adawa da tauye hakkin dan Adam na yin tafiye-tafiye ga mutumin da bai aikata wani laifi ba, suna masu cewa hakan ya saba wa muhimman hakkokin tsarin mulki. Hakazalika, duk wanda ke da’awar cewa yana bin bashin tallafin yaro na iya soke wasu nau’ikan lasisin tukin mota ko kuma a dakatar da shi, suna tauye musu ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye sosai. Masu sukar sun yi nuni da lamuran da rashin aikin yi ya haifar da gazawar biyan tallafin amma duk da haka martanin soke haƙƙin yin tafiye-tafiye
Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya Ƙididdiga na Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Ƙasashen Duniya suna ne na yau da kullum da aka ba wa Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam (wanda aka karɓa a cikin shekara ta 1948), Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (1966) tare da ka'idoji guda biyu na Zaɓuɓɓuka, da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da zamantakewa. Hakkokin Al'adu (1966).
Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya tana karantawa kamar haka:
(1) Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha.
(2) Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya bar kowace ƙasa, ciki har da nasa, kuma ya koma ƙasarsa.
Mataki na 12 na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa ya kunshi wannan hakki cikin dokar yarjejeniya:
(1) Duk wanda ke cikin ƙasa bisa doka, a cikin wannan yanki, yana da 'yancin yin motsi da 'yancin zabar wurin zama.
(2) Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin barin kowace ƙasa, ciki har da nasa.
(3) Haƙƙoƙin da aka ambata a sama ba za su kasance ƙarƙashin kowane hani sai waɗanda doka ta tanadar, waɗanda suka wajaba don kare lafiyar ƙasa, zaman lafiyar jama'a (ordre publique), lafiyar jama'a ko ɗabi'a ko haƙƙi da ƴancin wasu, kuma sun daidaita. tare da sauran haƙƙoƙin da aka gane a cikin wannan alkawari.
(4) Ba wanda za a tauye masa haƙƙin shiga ƙasarsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.
Duba kuma Dokar aiki ta Amurka
Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya
Dokokin Tarayyar Turai
Manazarta Dokar Najeriya
Dokoki
Doka
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Somaliya | Sauyin yanayi a Somaliya | Sauyin yanayi a Somaliya, yana nufin yanayi a Somaliya da sakamakonsa, daidaitawa da dabarun sassautawa ƙasar.
Somaliya ita ce ƙasa ta biyu mafi fuskantar matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya. Ƙasar ta ga ƙaruwar munanan yanayi tun daga shekarar 1990, tare da manyan fari guda uku tun daga shekarar 2010, da ambaliya mai taɓarɓarewa da kuma yawan fari da ke lalata amfanin gona. Nan da shekara ta 2080, ana sa ran yanayin zafi zai tashi da digiri 3.4 a ma'aunin celcius, tare da ƙarin kwanaki 152 masu zafi a kowace shekara (inda mafi girman yanayin zafi zai wuce digiri 35 ma'aunin celcius). Ana sa ran sauyin yanayi zai kawo cikawa da ƙarancin ruwa da albarkatun noma a cikin ƙasar, lamarin da ke barazana ga tsaro da zaman lafiyar ƙasa.
Tasirin sauyin yanayi akan yanayin yanayi Samfuran yanayi sun yi hasashen cewa, yankin Gabashin Afirka na iya fuskantar sauye-sauye na kusa a yanayi kamar yanayin zafi mai zafi, sauye-sauye a mitoci da tsananin al'amura, da raguwar hazo, da sauye-sauye na dogon lokaci kamar hawan teku. Juyi da canjin yanayi Somaliya gabaɗaya tana da zafi da bushewa, tare da lokutan damina guda biyu. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a Somaliya yana cikin mafi girma a duniya. Yanayin zafi yana mamaye duk shekara, musamman a kudu maso yamma kusa da kan iyaka da ƙasar Habasha, inda yanayin zafi na shekara ya wuce 29 C. Babban lokacin damina shi ne daga watan Afrilu zuwa Yuni, kuma lokacin damina na biyu shi ne daga watan Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a yankin arewa mai zafi da bushewa yawanci bai wuce 250 mm ba kuma yana raguwa zuwa ƙasa da mm 100 a arewa maso gabas. Yankin tsakiyar tudu yana samun tsakanin 200 zuwa 300 mm na hazo, yayin da yake karuwa zuwa kudu zuwa kusan 400 zuwa 500 mm na ruwan sama a shekara. Yankunan kudu maso yamma da arewa maso yamma suna samun mafi yawan hazo, tare da matsakaicin tsakanin 500 zuwa 700 mm. Yanayin ya canza a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata: An sami ƙaruwa a hankali, ci gaba da zafin jiki na 1 zuwa 1.5C tun 1991,
Tsananin yanayi ya yi tasiri a ƙasar, inda aka yi fama da fari a shekarar 2011 da 2017.
Tsawaita fari, ambaliya da guguwa, sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata. Hasashen sun nuna cewa Dukansu fari da ambaliya na iya ƙaruwa da ƙarfi da kuma mita.
Duk da yake akwai rashin tabbas, samfuran aikin cewa ruwan sama na kowane wata zai ƙaru kaɗan daga watan Satumba zuwa Disamba tsakanin shekarun 2040-2060.
Ana sa ran matsakaicin zafin jiki zai ƙaru da tsakanin 1-1.75°C nan da shekarun 2040-2060, kuma ana hasashen haɓakar 3.2 zuwa 4.3°C ta 2100.
Matakin Hawan teku An yi hasashen matakin teku zai tashi tare da babban tabbaci a ƙarƙashin yanayin fitarwa na gaba. Tsarin matsakaicin yanayi ya tsara hauhawar matakin teku na 12 cm har zuwa 2030, 20 cm zuwa 2050 da 36 cmhar zuwa 2080 a ƙarƙashin RCP2.6, idan aka kwatanta da shekara ta 2000. A karkashin RCP6.0 (matsalolin fitarwa a kusa da 2080, sannan ya ragu), ana sa ran matakin teku zai tashi da 11 cm har zuwa 2030, 21 cm zuwa 2050 da 42 cmhar zuwa 2080.
Hawan matakin teku da aka tsara yana barazana ga rayuwar al'ummomin bakin teku, musamman a kudancin Somaliya, gami da babban birnin kasar Mogadishu, kuma yana iya haifar da shigar saline a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na bakin tekun da tafkunan ruwa.
Wadatar ruwa Tsinkaya na wadatar ruwa ba su da tabbas a ƙarƙashin yanayin fitarwa. Ba tare da la'akari da karuwar yawan jama'a ba, samfuran suna nuna karuwa kaɗan daidai da tsinkayen hazo na gaba. Idan aka yi la'akari da karuwar yawan jama'a, ana iya sa ran yawan ruwa ga kowane mutum zuwa rabi a shekara ta 2080 a ƙarƙashin yanayin RCP2.6 da RCC6.0, kodayake rashin tabbas game da yawan ruwan da ake samu a yanzu da kuma hasashen yana da yawa sosai.
Tasirin mutane An kiyasta Somaliya tana da saukin kamuwa da tasirin sauyin yanayi da matsanancin yanayi. Sakamakon ND Gain ya kai 172 a cikin 2020, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta biyu mafi rauni ga canjin yanayi da sauran ƙalubalen duniya, kuma ƙasa na 120 mafi shirye don inganta juriya. Ana sa ran tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabashin Afirka zai haifar da tasirin kai tsaye da kai a kai wanda ke shafar tsaron abinci saboda matsanancin zafin jiki da canje-canje a cikin mitar da tsananin fari. A hankali, ci gaba da karuwar zafin jiki daga 1 zuwa 1.5 C tun daga 1991, da tsawo fari, flash flood da cyclones, sun zama mafi yawa a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, da kuma tasirin da m canjin yanayi, rushewar yanayi yanayi da karfi iska, guguwa da kasa lalace suna haifar da mummunar barazana ga kashi 83 cikin dari na yawan jama'a da ke dogara da sabuntawa albarkatun daga noma, kiwo, farauta, gandun daji da kamun kifi.
Rashin zafin jiki da karuwa mai karfi a cikin kwanaki masu zafi sosai zai iya haifar da kara yawan bayyanar da zazzabin zafi a Somalia. Mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi zai iya ƙaruwa zuwa tsakanin 2.7 da 3.3 mutuwar kowane mutum 100 000 shekara har zuwa 2030, sannan kuma ya karu sosai zuwa magareng ga 3.6 da 11.4 mutuwar kowace mutum 100,000 shekaru har sai 2080, dangane da yanayin fitarwa.
Rage canjin yanayi da daidaitawa Babban tasirin canjin yanayi a yankin, ya sanya rage cancin yanayi da daidaitawa muhimmiyar matsala a ciki.
Manufofin da dokoki Somaliya ta kasance farkon sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Yanayi ta Paris a cikin 2016.
Kasar ta tsara Shirin Gudanarwa na Kasa na farko (NAPA) a cikin 2013. Shirin da aka haɓaka tare da goyon bayan Shadin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), shine matakin farko na Somaliya zuwa ga dabarun daidaita yanayin ƙasa.
Rage sarrafa ruwa Tun lokacin da aka tsara shirin NAPA na farko, an sami ci gaba wajen bunkasa juriya don shirya da tsayayya da matsanancin yanayi, kamar ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa don iya tsayar da lokacin fari.
Ana rungumar hanyoyin daidaita yanayin halittu. A cikin misali daya, a karkashin aikin kula da ruwa da UNDP ke tallafawa, shirye-shiryen gandun daji da al'umma ke jagoranta suna taimakawa wajen yaki da hamada.
Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da sake gina gine-ginen ruwa, gyaran kayan aikin ruwa. Ganuwar kare ambaliyar ruwa da hanyoyin ban ruwa na banƙyama, taswirar albarkatun ruwa le wuraren fashewa tare da koguna, maido da ƙasa, mangrove, cactus da dasa bishiyoyi, canji a cikin ayyukan kiwo da sauransu.
Rage iskar gas A cikin 2014 Somaliya tana da alhakin 36.46 MtCO2e (metric greenhouse gas (GHG) hayaki, ko 0.07% na jimlar hayakin duniya
Kowane mutum Somalis ya samar da 1.02 tCO2e na hayaki na GHG. A duk duniya shine 6.73 tCO2e ga kowane mutum.
Aikin noma shine mafi mahimmancin bangaren fitarwa, a kashi 56% na jimlar fitar da iska.
Canjin amfani da ƙasa da gandun daji (LUCF) sun kai kashi 36% na jimlar hayaki na ƙasar.
Canjin amfani da ƙasa da gandun daji sun rage fitarwa da kashi 16% tsakanin 1990-2014.
Yawan jama'ar Somaliya ya karu da kashi 390% tsakanin 1960-2010, ya kai kimanin mutane miliyan 13.5 a shekarar 2014.
A cikin 2021, Somaliya ta yi rajistar sabon shirin NDC, wanda ya haɗa da babban burin rage iskar gas "kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba" da kashi 30 cikin dari nan da 2030 da kuma daidaitawa da tasirin canjin yanayi a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta duniya.
Canjin yanayi da daidaitawa Sabuntawa da fasaha suna da mahimmanci don magance bangarori da yawa na rikicin yanayi, wannan ya haɗa da daidaitawar canjin yanayi. Saboda canje-canje a cikin matsanancin yanayi da hauhawar matakin teku, saboda canjin yanayi, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da shawarar tsarin gargadi na farko a matsayin mahimman abubuwa na daidaita canji na yanayi le kuma kula da haɗarin yanayi. Ci gaban fasaha ya ba da damar haifar da amsawa da sauri ga barazanar kamar tsutsa. Yanayin ruwan sama ya haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga tsutsa don haifuwa. Harin da suka yi ya haifar da barazana ga tsaron abinci, inda karamin rukuni na 1km2 zai iya cinye amfanin gona da ciyayi a rana daya kawai wanda zai ciyar da mutane 35000. FAO ta ba da tsarin gargadi na farko don jinkirta yanayin sa ido wanda ke goyon bayan mamayewar damisa zuwa Somalia. Tsarin sa ido da sarrafawa na locus ya dogara da hotunan tauraron dan adam da kuma yanayin yanayi da bayanan mazaunin kuma yana iya yin faɗakarwa har zuwa makonni shida kafin yiwuwar mamayewa. Don yin tattara bayanai da yawa, an haɓaka aikace-aikacen wayar salula kuma an gyara mai sadarwa na tauraron dan adam don ba da damar manoma ba tare da haɗin kai ba don tattarawa bayanai.
Duba kuma Karancin ruwa a Afirka
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53599 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Larrain | Gilles Larrain | Gilles Larrain (an haife shi a watan Disamba 5, 1938) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne mai daukar hoto wanda ya yi imanin daukar hoto wata hanya ce ta "kama yanayin rayuwar mutum". Ta hanyar ɗaukar hanya ta musamman don ɗaukar hoto, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar hasken kansa, sarrafa dukkan tsarin duhun duhu, da kuma samun batutuwa koyaushe zuwa sararin ɗakin studio na kansa, Larrain ya ƙirƙiri manyan fasahohin fasaha tun 1969. A cikin 1973, Larrain ya buga littafin daukar hoto mai nasara sosai, Idols, wanda ya gabatar da hotuna na transvestites Shekaru biyu bayan haka, littafin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga mai daukar hoto na Amurka Ryan McGinley wanda ya rubuta labarin Afrilu 2010 a cikin Vice, wanda ya gano Larrain da littafin Idols a matsayin daya daga cikin farkonsa da kuma manyan tasirinsa don gwaji tare da launuka, simintin gyare-gyare, da kayan aiki, saboda duk hotunan Larrain a cikin littafin suna danye ba tare da wani magudi ba. Larrain ya ɗauki hotuna masu mahimmanci a cikin nau'o'in fasaha masu yawa, ciki har da masu rawa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ballet na Amurka, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Salvador Dalí, Miles Davis, Sting, Billy Joel, Roberto Rossellini, Norman Mailer, da sauransu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Mahaifinsa, Hernán Larrain, jami'in diflomasiyya ne tare da karamin jakadan Chile a Vietnam kuma mai zane. Mahaifiyarsa, Charlotte Mayer-Blanchy, 'yar wasan pian ce ta Faransa-Bietnam kuma mai zane. Shi ne babban, babban jikan Paul Blanchy, magajin gari na farko na Saigon (1895-1901) kuma farkon mai samar da barkono na Vietnam. Shi ne kakan Rafael Larrain, Cardinal na Talca (Chile).
Larrain cikin sauri ya koyi harsuna da yawa a kowace shekara biyu kuma ya haɓaka fahimtar kansa cikin abubuwan da ya faru a duniya. Iliminsa ya ɗauki nauyin al'ada, wanda ya fara da Lycee Francais de New York (1954-1957). Ya sadu da matarsa ta farko, Anne-Marie Maluski, wadda mahaifinta ya kawo tayoyin Michelin zuwa Amurka. Ma'auratan sun sake saki bayan 'yan shekaru kuma Anne-Marie ta zama marubucin yara da aka buga a karkashin sunan, Anne-Marie Chapouton.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya karɓi baccalaureate na Faransa a Lycée Français, ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren lokaci a MIT da Jami'ar New York, kuma a ƙarshe a Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts a Paris inda ya karanta gine-gine kuma ya yi aiki a tsarin birni (1960-1965). Ya kuma ci gaba da zane da zane.
A cikin 1960s, Larrain ya kasance majagaba a cikin fasahar motsin rai, ta yin amfani da iska, hayaki, haske, tsarin inflatable, ruwa da bututun neon azaman hanyar magana. A cikin 1963, Larrain ya yi tafiya zuwa Oaxaca don yin karatu a Monte Alban da Mitla, inda ya fahimci zane bai isa ba don ɗaukar duk abin da ake buƙata don bayani daukar hoto ya zama mahimmancin matsakaici don yin tambayoyi masu dacewa da samun amsoshin da suka dace. Anan, Larrain ya koyi yin amfani da kyamarar don ƙirƙirar hotuna waɗanda ke haɓaka motsin rai. Daga wannan lokaci, ya yanke shawarar zama mai zanen hoton.
Auren Larrain na biyu shine Marie Christine Bon a 1965 kuma sun haifi 'ya mace, Olivia, a 1968. Auren sa na uku shine Isabella Coco Cummings a 1989 kuma tare suna da ɗa, Lasco, a 1991. A halin yanzu yana auren mai zanen yadi da kayan kwalliya, wanda aka sani da sunanta na farko, Louda, wanda ya aura a 2006
Aiki An gudanar da nunin zanen mutum ɗaya na Larrain na farko a birnin New York a dandalin Southampton East Gallery akan titin 72nd a 1966. Baya ga daukar hoto, Larrain ya fara ƙara ƙarin siffofin fasaha na gani. Hotunan nasa sun bincika sararin siffofi, launuka, da kayan aiki; fasahar motsinsa ya bincika sararin haske da kundin ta hanyar neons da tsarin inflatable, wanda ya nuna a Biennale de Paris na biyar "Espaces dynamiques en m mouvement" kuma ya lashe kyautar Les Levine tare da Francois Dallegret don aikin gama gari, Tubalair, a Biennale na shida a 1969.
A cikin 1968, Jaridar New York Post Daily Magazine ta gabatar da labarin game da Larrain wanda Nora Ephron ya rubuta. Har ila yau, ya bayyana a bikin Avant Garde na shekara-shekara na New York wanda aka kafa ta hanyar masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane, Charlotte Moorman, da kuma dan Koriya ta Amurka, Nam June Paik Larrain ya fara ɗaukar hoto na cikakken lokaci a cikin 1969, wanda ya haɗa da aikin kasuwanci ga abokan ciniki, irin su Club Med, GTE, Lavazza, Knoll International, Joel Name Wear, American Ballet Theater, Renault, da kuma mujallu, irin su Esquire, Vogue, Oui, Rolling Stone, Time, New York da sauransu
A cikin 1973, Larrain ya buga littafi mai nasara da rigima, Idols, wanda ya gabatar da hotuna na New York mafi hazaka, m, kyawawa transvestites, kuma mafi yawa gay mutane, wanda ya fito a cikin almara SoHo studio. Idols ne ingantaccen compendium na 1970s Warhol -era New York salon da hali, wanda ke nuna Holly Woodlawn, mambobi ne na San Francisco-based psychedelic ja sarauniya wasan kwaikwayo, da Cockettes, Taylor Meade, da John Noble
A cikin 1980s da kuma daga baya, Larrain's portrain's portraire style was always wanted after at attajiri abokan ciniki ciki har da Miles Davis, Sting, Billy Joel, John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Jerry Rubin, Glenn Close, Norman Mailer, Mikhail Baryshnikov Mawallafin Mawallafin Maurice na Iran, Maurice Maurice, Mawallafin Maurice, Mawallafin Maurice, Maurice Diaz Farah Diba Pahlavi da Salvador Dalí Har ila yau, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar murfin kundi don mawaƙa. Batunsa sun fito ne daga masu rawa da mawaƙa zuwa masu fasaha da mashahurai zuwa abokai har ma da mai kisan kai, Michael Alig Larrain ya dage kan sarrafa dukkan tsarin daukar hoto daga daukar hotuna a kan kyamara har zuwa cikin dakin duhu, don haka maimakon haduwa da samfura a cikin nasu muhalli, batutuwa sun zo dakin studio na Larrain don daukar hoto. Larrain ya yi niyya don kama bayanan tunanin ban da haske, yana fitar da abin da yake so ya ciro. A cikin 1982, Larrain ya yi aiki tare da Robert Mapplethorpe, Deborah Turbeville, da Roy Volkmann a kan littafin, Exquisite Creatures, wanda William Morrow Company, Inc. ya buga a 1985, yana mai da hankali kan kyan gani mara kyau na mace ta hanyar jerin hotunan tsirara.
Zaɓaɓun jaridu The New York Daily Post, by Nora Ephron
Vice (Ryan McGinley)
Rebe Rebel
New York Times (1970s take and social disrobing)
Photographers Encyclopedia collections
Tablao Mag
S Magazine JPT
View Camera Rosalind
|
23882 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulunci%20Hong%20Kong | Musulunci Hong Kong | Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2016, kashi 4.1% na mutanen Hong Kong na him addinin Musulunci, ko kuma akwai Musulmai kusan 300,000. Daga cikin wannan adadi, 50,000 'yan China ne, 150,000' yan Indonesiya ne kuma 30,000 'yan Pakistan ne, sauran kuma daga sauran sassan duniya. Mafi yawan Musulmi a Hong Kong Sunni ne Kimanin 12,000 daga cikin iyalan Musulmai a Hong Kong sune 'yayan yaro' na gida, Musulmai na asalin Sinanci da Asiya ta Kudu sun fito ne daga bakin baƙi na Asiya ta Kudu na farko waɗanda suka ɗauki matan Sinawa na gida mutanen Tanka kuma suka rainon 'ya'yansu a matsayin Musulmi. Musulman Hui daga ƙasar China suma sun taka rawa wajen raya addinin Musulunci a Hong Kong, kamar Kasim Tuet daga Guangzhou, daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara ilimantar da Musulmai a cikin birni, wanda aka sanya wa Makarantar Tunawa da Kasim Tuet ta Musulunci A cikin sabuwar karni, mafi yawan Musulmai a yankin 'yan Indonesiya ne, galibinsu mata ƴan aikin gida ne na ƙasashen waje Suna da sama da 120,000 na yawan Musulman Hong Kong.
Tarihi Tarihin Musulmi a Hong Kong ya fara tun lokacin mulkin Hong Kong na Biritaniya. Musulman farko da suka fara zama a Hong Kong ƴan asalin Indiya ne, inda wasu daga cikinsu sojoji ne. Daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 19 zuwa gaba, ƙarin sojoji da 'yan kasuwa sun isa Hong Kong daga Kudancin Asiya da Mainland China. Yayin da adadin su ke ƙaruwa, gwamnatin Hong Kong ta Burtaniya ta ware musu filaye don gina alummominsu da kayan aiki, kamar masallatai da makabartu. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mutunta haƙƙin waɗannan al'ummomin Musulmai ta hanyar ba su agaji. Musulman Sinawa sun fara isa Hong Kong a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, inda suka fito daga yankunan kudancin bakin teku na kasar Sin, inda suka rayu shekaru aru -aru da suka gabata. Sun kafa al'ummarsu a kusa da gundumar Wan Chai (wurin Masallacin Wan Chai Daga baya kwararar Musulman China ta biyo bayan tashin hankalin da aka samu a yankin. Wasu daga cikin Sinawa kuma sun koma addinin Musulunci kwanan nan. Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, Musulman China sun kai sama da kashi 50% na mazaunan Hong Kong mazaunan Hongkong, kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kungiyoyin addinin Islama na Hong Kong. A tarihi ana kula da Musulman Hong Kong a matsayin na musamman ga Musulman China dangane da shirye -shiryen aikin Hajji.
Islama a zamani a Hong Kong
Abinci A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ana samun ƙaruwar adadin abincin Halal don biyan buƙatun abinci na musulmai, da kuma manyan kantuna da ke siyar da kayayyakin Halal da yawa. A cikin 2010, akwai gidajen cin abinci na Halal 14 kawai, amma bayan shekara guda lambar ta yi tsalle sau uku. Tun daga watan Mayu 2018, akwai gidajen cin abinci 70 da aka tabbatar da Halal a yankin.
Kuɗi Akwai shirin da HSBC ke aiwatarwa na tsarin hada -hadar kuɗi na Islama a Hongkong, duk da cewa har yanzu ba a fara aiwatar da hakan ba. A shekara ta 2007, Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Larabawa ta kafa HK Islamic Index a Hong Kong don tallafawa burin Hong Kong na ci gaba da zama cibiyar hada -hadar kuɗi ta Musulunci. A cikin wannan shekarar, Sakataren Kudi John Tsang ya sanar da wani shiri na kama wani bangare na tsarin hada -hadar kudade na Musulunci, wanda darajarsa ta kai dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.3. Bankin Hang Seng ya fitar da wani asusu na Islama a watan Nuwamba na 2007.
Ilimi Har zuwa Janairu 2010, Hong Kong tana da makarantun Islamiyya guda 5, waɗanda ke warwatse a kusa da Tsibirin Hong Kong, Kowloon da Sababbin Yankuna. Ci gaban waɗancan makarantun ya kasance mai sauri, wanda ya fito daga makarantun yara, makarantun firamare da kwalejoji. Wasu daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na Musulunci:
Islamic Kasim Tuet Memorial College
Makarantar Firamare ta tunawa da Dawud Pau ta Musulunci
Makarantar Firamare ta Musulunci
Hakanan akwai madrasas daban -daban a duk yankin.
Yawon shaƙatawa A cikin 2018, Hong Kong ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da dandalin tafiye-tafiye na kan layi Have Halal, Will Travel (HHWT) don nuna ɓangaren musulmin yankin.
Aikin hajji A tarihi ƴan adadin Musulmai ne suka yi aikin Hajji daga Hong Kong. Wadanda ke son yin aikin hajji za su shiga kungiyoyin aikin Hajji daga Malaysia, yankin Indiya, ko Mainland China. Tun daga shekarun 1990 mafi yawan Musulmai suna tafiya Makka kai tsaye daga Hong Kong kuma yankin yana da nasa keɓaɓɓen adadin aikin Hajji tare da bayar da biza na Hajji daga Ofishin Jakadancin Saudiyya. Ba a ba wa Musulman PRC damar yin balaguro zuwa Hong Kong don shirye -shiryen aikin Hajji amma dole ne Musulman ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a China su yi shirin tafiya ko daga kasarsu ta asali, ko ta Hong Kong.
Ƙalubalen zamantakewa Saboda ƙarancin lokacin hutun abincin rana a ranar Jumma'a ga masu aiki a Hong Kong, galibi ana yin sallar Juma'a cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. Musulmai na iya samun matsala wajen nemo wurin da ya dace don yin addu'a a wurin aiki ko a makaranta. Saboda rashin masallatai a Sababbin Yankuna, Musulmai da ke zaune a wurin na iya samun wahalar zuwa masallatan Hong Kong guda shida na yanzu saboda wurin da suke a Kowloon ko Tsibirin Hong Kong. Wasu daga cikinsu suna yin hayar gidaje kuma suna mai da su ɗakunan addu'o'i don yiwa musulmin da ke zaune a kewayen wurin hidima. A halin yanzu akwai ɗakunan guda takwas a Hong Kong ana mai da su ɗakunan sallah.
Masallatai Akwai masallatai shida yanzu haka a Hong Kong. Masallaci na bakwai a na Sheung Shui Mosque ana kan gina shi.
Masallacin Jamia Mafi tsufa shi ne Masallacin Jamia a Tsibirin Hong Kong, wanda aka gina a cikin shekarun 1840 kuma aka sake gina shi a 1915. Limamin farko shine Al Haaj Abul Habib Syed Mohammed Noor Shah, daga 1914 zuwa 1946. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Hong Kong tare da Sojojin Burtaniya.
Syed Mohammed Noor Shah yana da 'ya'ya maza huɗu da' ya mace ɗaya, Syeda Fatima wacce ta rasu a shekarun ƙuruciyarta. Daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Syed Habib Ullah Shah an haife shi a Hong Kong a 1933, 13 ga Janairu. A halin yanzu yana zaune a Landan tun 2001, tare da ƙaramin ɗansa, Sayid Mohammad Asif Ullah Shah.
Masallacin Kowloon Masallacin Kowloon dake titin Nathan, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 1984, yana iya daukar masu ibada kusan 3,500. Masallaci ne mafi girma a Hong Kong.
Masallacin Ammar An buɗe Masallacin Ammar dake kan titin Oi Kwan a Wan Chai a watan Satumbar 1981 kuma yana iya daukar taron mutane 700 zuwa 1,500, gwargwadon buƙatun.
Masallacin Chai Wan Masallacin Chai Wan yana a maƙabartar Musulmi ta Cape Collinson.
Masallacin Stanley Masallacin Stanley yana cikin Kurkukun Stanley Masallacin Ibrahim Masallacin Ibrahim asalinsa yana Ya'u Ma Tei, kuma an buɗe shi a watan Nuwamba 2013. Ya zuwa Janairu 2020, an ƙaura zuwa Mong Kok A gefen masallatai, akwai ɗakunan salla na Musulmai da yawa da ke warwatse a kusa da Hong Kong, kamar a Filin jirgin sama na Hong Kong, Jami'ar City ta Hong Kong da sauransu
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin Amintattu na Asusun Al'ummar Musulmi na Hong Kong Amintattun Ƙungiyoyin Asusun Al'ummar Musulmi na Hong Kong yana daidaita harkokin addini kuma yana kula da masallatai da maƙabartun Musulmi a Hong Kong. Ƙungiyoyin wakilan amintattun sune Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Hong Kong, Ƙungiyar Pakistan ta Hong Kong, Ƙungiyar Musulmin Indiya ta Hong Kong da Ƙungiyar Dawoodi Bohra ta Hong Kong Aikin sadaka a tsakanin al'ummar Musulmi, wanda ya haɗa da taimakon kuɗi ga mabukata, kula da lafiya, taimakon ilimi, samar da makarantar yara ta Musulunci da taimako ga tsofaffi, ana gudanar da su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin Musulmi daban -daban a Hong Kong. An kafa kungiyar ne a Masallacin Ammar Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Hong Kong Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Hong Kong Chinese wata kungiya ce ta Musulunci dake bada sadaka da ba da riba a Hong Kong. Hedikwatar ƙungiyar tana Masallacin Ammar Ƙungiyar Al'adun Musulunci (Hong Kong) Ƙungiyar Al'adun Musulunci (Hong Kong) a cikin 2004 kuma ya zama cibiyar sadaka da gwamnati ta amince da ita. Kungiyar ta himmatu wajen inganta al'adun Musulunci tare da Al -Qur'ani da Sunnah a matsayin tushenta. Don inganta musaya tsakanin al'adun Musulunci da sauran al'adu. Don haɓaka bincike haɓaka ilimin Musulunci da al'adun Islama. A shekara ta 2009, sun shirya taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan yada al'adun muslunci da ilimi a kasar tare da hadin gwiwar cibiyar nazarin addini da al'ummar Sin na jami'ar Sin na Kwalejin Chung Chi ta Hong Kong Babban aikin ICA ya haɗa da binciken ilimi, ilimi, al'adu da sadaka. Tun da 2009, da ICA ya halarci da Hong Kong Littafi Fair shirya da Hukumat cigaban ciniki ta Hong Kong, daya daga Asiya ta mafi yawan littafin gaskiya.
Ƙungiyar Matasan Islama ta Hong Kong Ƙungiyar Matasan Musulunci ta Hong Kong ƙungiya ce ta sadaka da aka kafa a 1973. Ta kasance tana shirya ayyukan nishaɗi da na ilimi ga matasan musulmin yankin. Ƙungiyar ta fara Channel ɗin Bidiyo na kan layi (OVC) akan tashar YouTube (HKIYA1973) a cikin 2012 wanda ke ba da shirye -shiryen Da'awa (wa'azin Musulunci) a Cantonese sabunta kowane mako. HKIYA ta ƙaddamar da App na farko na wayar hannu a cikin gida "IslamHK" a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2012 kuma wannan shine alamar ci gaban wa'azin Musulunci na zamani. Haka nan kungiyar tana da tushe a Masallacin Ammar IFSA IFSA ita ce ta farko da ta shirya gasar kur'ani tsakanin samari da 'yan mata na Hong Kong, kuma ta yi wayar da kan Al -Qur'ani tsakanin matasan Musulmi da sauran al'umma baki ɗaya.
United Welfare Union Hong Kong Limited United Welfare Union Hong Kong Limited tana kula da Masallacin Ibrahim da ke Mong Kok da wasu cibiyoyi biyu a halin yanzu. An kafa ta a cikin Hong Kong kuma an yi mata rajista a matsayin Ƙungiyoyin Agaji ta Gwamnatin Hong Kong tun 2002, ƙungiyar tana ba da sabis iri -iri. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hidimomin addini, ayyukan matasa, shirye -shiryen tallafa wa al’umma, da sauran wasu ayyuka.
Wasu Ƙungiyar Al'adu da 'Yan'uwan Musulmin China
Ƙungiyar Musulman China ta Hong Kong
Ƙungiyar Mata Musulmi ta Hong Kong
Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Duniya
Kungiyar Khatme-Nubuwwat Hong Kong
Pakistan Islamic Welfare Islamic of Hong Kong
Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwar Pakistan (Hong Kong)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Pakistan Hong Kong
Hadaddiyar Kungiyar Musulmin Hong Kong
Maƙabartun Musulmi Akwai maƙabartun Musulmi guda biyu a Hong Kong wanda Inshorar Amintattu na Asusun Al'ummar Musulmin Hong Kong ke gudanarwa, waɗanda sune:
Maƙabartar Musulmin Chai Wan Maƙabartar Musulmin Chai Wan tana cikin Cape Collinson, Chai Wan An kafa makabartar a shekarar 1963 tare da fasalulluka na manyan duwatsun koren da ke kewaye da Masallacin Chai Wan Kudaden kula da makabartar ana daukar su ne ta hannun masu kula da su ta hanyar kudin jana’iza. Ayyukan kulawa sun ƙunshi tsaftacewa da kiyaye hanyoyin, gyarawa da kula da gangaren makabarta da share ciyayi na halitta lokacin da ake buƙata. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2010, Kwamitin Shawarwari na Ofisoshin kayayyakin tarihi da kayan tarihi ya ayyana makabarta a matsayin ginin tarihi na Grade 3.
Happy Valley Maƙabartar Musulmai Maƙabartar Musulmai ta Happy Valley tana cikin Happy Valley Dangane da bayanan hukuma a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsabtace Abinci da Muhalli, an yi jana'izar farko a makabartar a cikin 1828. A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1870, gwamnatin Hong Kong ta Burtaniya ta ba da takardar rabon kayan ga yankin da ke kusa da Maƙabartar Musulmin Happy Valley na yanzu don a yi amfani da shi a matsayin kabarin Musulmi.
Mutane Maulana Qari Muhammad Tayaib Qasmi, malamin addinin Islama wanda ke zaune a Hong Kong tun 1989, ya kasance Babban Limami kuma Khatib na Masallacin Kowloon A halin yanzu yana gudanar da manyan Cibiyoyin Musulunci guda bakwai a ko'ina cikin Hong Kong, a ƙarƙashin sunan Majalisar Musulunci ta Khatme Nubuwwat, yana ba da ilimin kur'ani kyauta bayan makaranta ga ɗalibai sama da 1,500, gami da ɗaliban manya da samari da 'yan mata, waɗanda ke karatu cikakken lokaci a makarantun gida. a Hong Kong.
Mufti Muhammad Arshad, wanda yanzu shine babban limamin Masallacin Kowloon da Hong Kong tun 2001, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan bukatun Musulman Hong Kong kuma yana da babban tasiri a tsakanin su.
Hanyoyin waje www.islam.org.hk
Musulmai
Addini
Mutanen Sin
Pages with unreviewed |
60702 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan%20Chai | Wan Chai | Wan Chai yana yammacin gundumar Wan Chai a arewacin gabar tekun Hong Kong Island, a Hong Kong Sauran iyakokinta sune Canal Road zuwa gabas, titin Arsenal zuwa yamma da Bowen Road zuwa kudu. Yankin arewacin titin Gloucester galibi ana kiransa Wan Chai North Wan Chai yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren kasuwanci mafi yawan jama'a a Hong Kong tare da ofisoshi na ƙanana da matsakaitan kamfanoni masu yawa. Wan Chai North yana da hasumiya na ofis, wuraren shakatawa, otal-otal da wurin taro da cibiyar baje koli. A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren farko da aka haɓaka a Hong Kong, yankin yana da yawan jama'a duk da haka tare da sanannen wuraren zama da ke fuskantar lalatawar birane Da tada hankalin jama'a sosai, gwamnati ta aiwatar da ayyukan sabunta birane da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Akwai alamomi daban-daban da manyan gine-gine a cikin yankin, musamman Cibiyar Taro da Nunin Hong Kong (HKCEC), Plaza ta Tsakiya da Cibiyar Hopewell Sunaye Wan Chai asalinsa ya fara ne da Ha Wan a zahiri yana nufin "zobe na ƙasa" ko "ƙananan kewaye". A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka fara ci gaba a Hong Kong tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria, Tsakiyar ("zobe na tsakiya" a cikin Sinanci), Sheung Wan ("zobe na sama"), Sai Wan ("zoben yamma") da Wan Chai gabaɗaya ana kiran su da sunan zobe hudu na mutanen gida. Wan Chai a zahiri yana nufin "cove" a cikin Cantonese daga sifar layinta na bakin teku, duk da haka, saboda tsattsauran ci gaban birni da ci gaba da sake fasalin ƙasa, yankin ya daina zama kwarin gwiwa.
Wan Chai was the first home to the many Chinese villagers living along the undisturbed coastlines in proximity to Hung Shing Temple. Most of them were fishermen, who worked around the area near Hung Shing Temple overlooking the entire harbour. Hung Shing Ye, the God of the Sea, was one of the deities worshiped by the locals.
Mulkin Biritaniya (daga 1842) Tare da ci gaban gwamnatin Hong Kong na Burtaniya, wanda ke tsakiyar tsohuwar Victoria (tsakiya ta zamani), Wan Chai ya jawo hankalin waɗanda ke kan ɓangarorin al'umma, kamar ma'aikatan "coolie", waɗanda suka zo rayuwa a kan titin Sarauniya ta Gabas Babban abin ci gaba a wancan lokacin shine Lambunan bazara, yanki mai haske A cikin 1936, Cocin Methodist na kasar Sin ya motsa gininsa daga titin Caine, tsakiyar matakin tsakiya, zuwa titin Hennessy Wanchai, hanyar gabas zuwa gabas daga gabas. Wannan ginin coci ya zama abin tarihi na gundumar. A cikin 1998, an rushe wannan ginin kuma aka maye gurbinsa da wani gini mai hawa 23.Ya zuwa shekarun 1850, yankin ya riga ya zama wurin zama na kasar Sin. Akwai wuraren saukar jiragen ruwa a titin Ship da titin McGregor don gini da gyaran jiragen ruwa. Gefen Sun Street, Moon Street da Star Street shine asalin wurin farko na tashar wutar lantarki a Hong Kong, wanda Kamfanin Lantarki na Hongkong ke sarrafawa, wanda ya fara samar da wuta a 1890. Ɗaya daga cikin asibitocin da ke gaban ruwa na farko shine Asibitin Seaman, wanda aka gina a 1843, wanda ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Birtaniya Jardine ta dauki nauyinsa. Daga nan aka sayar da shi ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Biritaniya a cikin 1873 kuma daga baya aka sake inganta shi zuwa Asibitin Sojojin Ruwa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an sake farfado da asibitin a matsayin asibitin Ruttonjee kuma ya zama daya daga cikin manyan asibitocin jama'a a Hong Kong. Gundumar gida ce ga sanannun makarantu da yawa. Shahararren malamin gargajiya, Mo Dunmei ne ya kafa ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan makarantu. An fara shi azaman shushu a cikin 1919, an canza makarantar suna Dunmei School a 1934 bayansa. Ya koyar da rubuce-rubucen gargajiya na kasar Sin da ka'idojin Confucian Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da Yaƙin Sino-Japan (1937-1945)
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
14769 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%20abinci%20na%20Ghana | Kayan abinci na Ghana | Kayan abinci na Ghana shine na mutanen ƙasar Ghana. An shirya manyan kayan abinci na Ghana a kusa da ingantaccen abinci, wanda ake amfani da miya ko miya wacce ke dauke da tushen sinadarai. Babban sinadarin mafi yawancin miya dai shine tumatirin-gwangwani ko za'a iya amfani da sabon tumatir. A sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin kayan miyan Ghana da na suya suna ja ko kalan lemu a cikin su.
Babban abincin yau da kullun Abincin yau da kullun a kudancin Ghana sun hada da rogo da ayaba. A bangaren arewa, manyan abincin da ake ci sun hada da gero da dawa. Doya, masara da wake ana amfani da su a duk ƙasar Ghana a matsayin abincin yau da kullun. Dankali mai zaki da koko ma suna da muhimmanci a cikin abincin Ghana da abinci. Tare da shigowar duniya gaba ɗaya, hatsi kamar su shinkafa da alkama an ƙara saka su cikin kayan abinci na ƙasar Ghana. Abincin da ke ƙasa yana wakiltar jita-jita na Ghana waɗanda aka yi su daga waɗannan abinci mai ƙima.
Abincin da aka yi da masara Akple, abincin gargajiya ne na Ewe, ana yin shi ne da garin masara kuma ana iya cin sa da miyar barkono, jar miya ko kowace irin miya. Yawanci ana amfani dashi da miyar kubewa ,okra (fetridetsi) ko kayan marmari (abɔbitadi) .Akl ba a shirya shi daidai da "Banku". Wani muhimmin abin rarrabewa tsakanin kayayyakin biyu shine "Banku" yana buƙatar amfani da wani abu mai ruwa wanda aka riga aka tsara shi wanda ake kira "-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu", dafa shi zuwa taushi mai taushi na "Masarar-Rogo Kullu AFLATA", yana bi zuwa mai daɗin "Banku" mai laushi tare da ƙarin girke-girke, da "-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu" ba 'kayan sa hannu bane' na kowane nau'i na samfurin "Akple". Bayani daidai da na gaskiya shine kamar haka;
Abincin Banku, tare da dukkanin ire-irensa masu ban sha'awa shine Ga Dangme (ko Ga) kabila na Babban yankin Accra, a matsayin 'yar karkacewa daga aiwatar da shirin Ga-Kenkey, yana bukatar wani magudi daban na' 'AFLATA' gauraye da garin rogo, amma sabanin Ga-Kenkey baya bukatar amfani da kwaryar masara. Daya daga cikin Manyan-kabilu GaDangme (ko Ga) -Kabila an ba su kyauta ta ainihin girke-girke na 'abincin banku' kodayake ana iya yin jayayya a tsakanin Manyan-kabilu. Wani lokaci ana amfani da furen masara kawai amma a yankuna da yawa ana dafa ƙullun rogo tare da garin masar mai yisti.
Ana dafa Mmore dafaffun masarar dawa ba tare da rogo ba, an shirya shi kamar banku tsakanin mutanen Akan.
Kenkey/[Komi]/ Dokonu kulluwar masara mai ƙanshi, a nannade cikin masarar da ta samo asali daga Ga waɗanda ke kiranta komi ko Ga kenkey. Wani nau'in da ya samo asali daga mutanen Fanti shine Fante Dokono ko Fanti Kenkey wacce aka lullubeta da ganyen plantain wanda yake bashi wani irin yanayi, dandano da launi daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da Ga kenkey. Dukansu an tafasa su tsawon lokaci zuwa madaidaitan kwallaye.
Tuo Zaafi gero, dawa ko masara wacce ta samo asali daga Arewacin Ghana.
Fonfom abincin masara da ya shahara a kudu maso yammacin Ghana.
Abincin da aka yi da shinkafa Waakye kwanon shinkafa da wake mai kalar purple-brown. Launin ya fito ne daga ganye ɗan asalin ƙasa wanda aka fi sani da sorghum bicolor. Wannan abincin na gefen yana da kamanceceniya da Yammacin Indiya da wake. An dafa shinkafar kuma an tafasa ta da ganyen 'yan asali, kwakwa da bugun jini kamar su ido mai baƙi ko wake.
Omo Tuo/Kwallan Shinkafa mashed shinkafa mai sanko ana yawan ci da miyar Ghana.
Shinkafa ta gari dafaffiyar shinkafa tana tare da yawancin nau'ikan jan stew.
Jollof shinkafa da aka dafa a cikin wani stew wanda ya ƙunshi kayan marmari, tumatir, kayan ƙamshi, da naman da aka dafa shi tare. Wannan abincin ya samo asali ne daga tradersan kasuwar Djolof daga Senegal waɗanda suka zauna a Zongos kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. An daidaita shi don dandano na ƙasar Ghana, yawanci ana cinsa da akuya, rago, kaza ko naman sa wanda aka dafa, gasashe ko gasa.
Fried rice soyayyen shinkafa irin ta China wacce ta dace da dandanon Ghana.
Angwa moo Hakanan ana kiransa "shinkafar mai". Wannan ba kamar soyayyen shinkafa bane wanda kuke dafa shinkafar kafin a soya. Ana dafa shinkafar da aka shafa da farko ta soya man, sannan a ƙara ruwa bayan albasar ta yi fari. Wannan zai ba shinkafar wani kamshi na daban. Ana dafa shinkafa a cikin ruwan mai-mai, don bawa shinkafar mai ta ji idan an shirya ta. Za'a iya dafa shi da kayan lambu ko naman daɗa, don ƙarawa dandano. Ana amfani da shi galibi tare da barkono na ƙasa, tare da ko sarƙaƙen mai, ko soyayyen ƙwai waɗanda ke haɓaka shi.
Ngwo moo (Shinkafar dabino) Ya zama madadin shinkafar mai. Wannan kawai ana dafa shi da man dabino, maimakon man girki. Ana dandano dandano ne da nau'in dabinon da aka yi amfani da shi.
Abincin da aka yi da rogo Kokonte ko Abete daga busasshen garin rogo wanda aka busar da shi galibi ana aiki tare da Miyan Gyada, wanda ya ƙunshi jan nama iri-iri kamar su tudu, rago da kifin kifi mai hayaki.
Fufuo ya buga rogo da ayaba ko kuma ya buga doya da ayaba, ko kuma yaji cocoyam/taro. Wannan abincin na kowane lokaci ana tare shi da ɗayan nau'ikan kayan miya na Ghana.
Gari anyi daga rogo. Sau da yawa ana aiki tare da "Red Red" kifi da wake-wake-wake-wake ko Shito da kifi.
Attiéké ko Akyeke an yi shi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast.
Plakali wanda aka yi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast.
Abincin da aka yi da wake Karkatawa ga sitaci da hadin stew sune "Red Red" da "tubaani". Waɗannan sune tushen farko akan furotin na kayan lambu (wake). "Red Red" sanannen wake ne da wake na Ghana da ake dafawa tare da soyayyen ɗanyen bishiyar itacen kuma galibi ana tare shi da gari, kifi da ƙwaya. Yana samun sunan shi daga man dabino wanda yake shayar da wake da kuma launin lemu mai haske na soyayyen ɗanyen ayaba. Tubaani shine dafaffen biredin wake, wanda kuma ake kira moimoi a Najeriya.
Abincin da aka yi da doya Ampesie dafaffun doya. Hakanan za'a iya yin sa da ayaba, koko, dankali, dawa ko rogo. Ana cin wannan abincin gefen tare da naman kifi wanda ya kunshi tumatir, mai da kayan yaji.
Yam fufuo fufuo da aka yi da doya maimakon garin rogo ko ayaba ko koko, wannan dunƙulen naman a gargajiyance ana cin shi da kowane irin miyar Ghana. Sananne ne a Arewacin da kudu maso gabashin Ghana.
Mpotompoto (doya casserole ko porridge) yanyanka na yam da aka dafa shi da ruwa mai yawa da kuma barkono mai ɗumi, albasa, tumatir, gishiri da ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Ana cinsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar Ghana amma ba kamar sauran jita-jita ba.
Miya da suya Yawancin abinci na ƙasar Ghana ana amfani da su ne da miya, da miya ko Mako (wani ɗanɗano mai ƙanshi wanda aka yi da ɗanyen ja da koren barkono, albasa da tumatir (barkono miya). Gwanar Ghana da miyar ta gari suna da wayewa sosai, tare da amfani da sassauƙan kayan masarufi, nau'ikan ɗanɗano, kayan ƙanshi da laushi.
Kayan lambu kamar su dabino, gyada, ganyen koko, ayoyo, alayyaho, naman kaza, okra, qwai na lambu, tumatir da nau'ikan nau'ikan marmari sune manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin kayan miya da na stew na ƙasar ta Ghana kuma a yanayin ɗari-ɗari, na iya ninkawa a matsayin babban sinadarin furotin.
Naman sa, naman alade, akuya, rago, kaza, turkey mai hayaki, tattaka, busassun katantanwa, da soyayyen kifi sune tushen tushen sunadarai a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miya, wani lokacin sukan hada nama iri daban-daban kuma wani lokaci kifi a cikin miya daya. Miyan ana amfani da shi azaman babban hanya maimakon farawa. Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun a sami nama mai hayaki, kifi da abincin teku a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miyar taushe.
Sun hada da kaguwa, jatan lande, periwinkles, dorinar ruwa, katantanwa, gurnani, agwagwa, kayan alatu, da alawar alade. Har ila yau, kawa.
Nama, namomin kaza da abincin kifi na iya shan kyafaffen, gishiri ko busasshe don inganta dandano da kiyayewa. Kifi mai gishiri ana amfani dashi sosai don dandana kuzarin kifin. Ana amfani da kayan ƙamshi irin su thyme, tafarnuwa, albasa, ginger, barkono, curry, basil, nutmeg, sumbala, Tetrapleura tetraptera (prekese) da ganyen bay ana yin amfani da su cikin nishaɗi don cin abinci mai ɗanɗano da keɓaɓɓe wanda ya bambanta abincin Ghana.
Man dabino, man kwakwa, shea butter, man kernel da man gyada sune mahimmancin man Ghana da ake amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci ko soya kuma wani lokaci ba za a sauya shi a wasu jita-jita na Ghana ba. Misali, amfani da dabino a cikin stero na okro, eto, fante fante, red red, egusi stew da mpihu mpotompoto (kwatankwacin Poi). Man kwakwa, man dabino da man ja da shea sun rasa farin jinin su a girki a Ghana saboda gabatar da ingantaccen mai da kuma tallata labarai marasa kyau na Ghana da aka yi niyya akan wadancan man. Yanzu ana amfani dasu galibi a cikin gidajen gargajiya kaɗan, don yin sabulu da kuma ta hanyar kasuwanci (abincin titi) masu siyar da abinci a matsayin mai maimakon mai daɗaɗa mai.
Miyan Ghana na yau da kullum sune miyar gyada, miyar (tumatir), kontomire (ganyen tarugu) miya, miyar dabino, miyar ayoyo da miyar okra.
Gwanon tumatir na Gana ko kayan miya shi ne wanda ake yawan amfani dashi da shinkafa ko waƙar. Sauran stews na kayan lambu ana yinsu ne da kontomire, kwai na lambu, egusi ('ya'yan kabewa), alayyaho, okra, da dai sauransu.
Abincin karin kumallo Yawancin jita-jita da aka ambata a sama ana ba da su ne a lokacin cin abincin rana da abincin dare a cikin Gana ta zamani. Koyaya, waɗanda ke yin aikin hannu da yawancin mazaunan birane har yanzu suna cin waɗannan abincin don karin kumallo kuma galibi za su siya daga tituna.
A manyan biranen Ghana, yawancin masu aiki suna shan 'ya'yan itace, shayi, abin sha na cakulan, hatsi, hatsin shinkafa (wanda ake kira ruwan shinkafa a cikin gida) kooko (garin masara mai dahuwa) da koose/akara ko maasa. Sauran abincin karin kumallo sun hada da grits, tombrown (gasasshen masara porridge), da gero porridge.
Gurasa muhimmin abu ne a cikin karin kumallo na ƙasar Ghana da kuma abincin da aka toya. Burodin Ghanan, wanda aka san shi da kyau, ana yin shi da garin alkama kuma wani lokacin ana ƙara garin rogo don inganta yanayin. Akwai manyan burodi guda hudu a cikin Ghana. Burodi ne na shayi (kama da buhunan burodi), burodin sikari (wanda shine burodi mai daɗi), biredin (cikakkiyar alkama), da kuma biredin burodi. Gurasar hatsi, burodin oat da burodin malt suma galibi ne.
Abincin mai zaki Akwai abinci mai dadi na gida da yawa waɗanda aka ware saboda ƙarancin buƙatarsu da tsari mai tsawo. Abinci Ghana masu dadi (ko kayan ƙanshi) na iya zama soyayyen, gyada, dafa shi, gasa shi, gasa shi ko kuma dafa shi.
Soyayyen abinci mai zaki sun hada da 'ya'yan itace da yaji ayaba (kelewele) wani lokacin ana amfani da gyada. Koose anyi daga wake da aka huce (da dan tagwayen Acarajé ko akara da aka yi daga wake wanda ba a share shi ba), maasa, pinkaaso, da bofrot/Puff-puff (wanda aka yi da garin alkama); kuli-kuli, dzowey da nkate cake (wanda aka yi shi da gyada); kaklo da tatale (cikakkun faranti); kube cake da kube toffee (wanda aka yi da kwakwa); bankye krakro, biskit din gari, da krakye ayuosu (wanda aka yi daga rogo); madara mai sanƙara, tofi, tainanyen ayaba (ko soyayyen plantain) da wagashi (soyayyen cuku na manomi) su ne soyayyun kayan abinci na 'yan ƙasar Ghana (kayan kamshi).
Kebab mashaya ne na gari kuma ana iya yin sa daga naman shanu, akuya, naman alade, garin soya, tsiran alade da kaza. Sauran gasasshen abinci mai daɗin ci sun haɗa da gasasshen ayaba, masara, doya da koko.
Steamed sabo masara, Yakeyake, Kafa, Akyeke, tubani, moimoi (biredin wake), emo dokonu (biredin shinkafa) da esikyire dokonu (zakikin kenkey) duk misalai ne na tataccen dafaffun abinci yayin da keɓaɓɓen burodi, (plantain cake), da nama. kek irin na Jamaican patties da empanadas ana dafa su ne da ɗanɗano. Aprapransa, eto (mashed doya) da madarar atadwe (ruwan tiger nut) wasu abinci ne masu ɗanɗano. Soyayyar Gari abar so ce ta zamani. Cakuda gari ne (busasshe, gasasshen rogo), sukari, gyada (gyada) da madara.
Abubuwan sha A Kudancin Ghana, ruwan giya kamar su asaana (wanda aka yi da masara mai kauri) sun zama ruwan dare. A gefen Tafkin Volta da kuma a kudancin Ghana, ana iya samun ruwan inabin da aka ɗebo daga itaciyar dabinon, amma yana saurin yin ɗumi bayan haka kuma ana amfani da shi ne don kawar da akpeteshie (gin na gari). Bugu da kari, ana iya yin abin sha daga kenkey kuma a sanyaya shi a cikin abin da ke Ghana wanda ake kira iced kenkey. A arewacin Ghana, bisaab/zobo, toose da lamujee (abin sha mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano) su ne abubuwan sha da ba na giya ba yayin da pitoo (giyar da ake yin garin gero da ita) abin sha ne na giya.
A cikin biranen ƙasar Ghana abubuwan sha zasu iya haɗawa da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, abubuwan sha na koko, ruwan kwakwa sabo, yogurt, ice cream, abubuwan sha mai ƙamshi, abubuwan sha na malt da madarar waken soya. Bugu da kari, daskararrun na kasar Ghana suna samar da giya daga koko, malt, rake, ganyen magani na gida da kuma gandun daji. Sun hada da masu ɗaci, giya, busasshen gins, giya, da kuma abubuwan sha.
Abincin titi a Ghana Abincin titi ya shahara sosai a ƙauyuka da biranen Ghana. Yawancin iyalai na Ghana suna cin abinci aƙalla sau uku a mako daga masu sayar da abinci a titi, waɗanda za a iya sayan kowane irin abinci daga gare su, gami da mahimman abinci irin su kenkey, ja ja da waakye. Sauran abinci mai daɗi irin su kebab, dafaffun masara, boflot (bo-float) da gasasshen ayaba ana sayar dasu galibi daga masu siyar da abinci akan titi.
Abincin gama gari na Ghana
|
18548 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinin%20Haida | Jinin Haida | Jinin to muna farawa Da sunan Allah Mai
rahma mai jinkai, tsira da amincin
Allah su kara tabbata ga fiyayyan halittar Allah
Annabin tsira Annabi Muhammad, da Iyalan
shi da Sahabban shi baki ɗaya. Bayan
haka ga wasu daga
abinda ya shafi hukunce-hukuncen
jinin al'ada wanda ake kira Jinin haida, yana da matukar muhimmanci
sanin hukunce-hukuncen jinin al'ada,
muhimmancin ba wai ya tsaya ga mata bane
kadai a'a har da maza, domin abubuwa da
yawa na ibada da na zamantakewa suna
da alaka da jinin al'ada, misali mai jinin
al'ada bata sallah ko azumi ko dawafi,
wannan bangaran ibada kenan amma ta
bangaren zamantakewa mai jinin al'ada ba'a
sakinta idan Kuma aka yi sakin to ya tabbatar, ba kuma a saduwa da ita, sannan
ga yadda Allah ya sanya idda da jinin
al'ada, ta yadda idan aka saki mace sai ta
ga tsarki uku (al'ada uku) kafin aka ce ta
kammala iddah sannan ai maganar sabon
aure, to idan tana al'ada bayan kowadanne
watanni shida kenan sai bayan shekara
ɗaya da rabi za'a fara maganar aure, shi
ya sa muka ce sanin hukunce-hukuncen
wannan jinin ba wai ya rataya ga mata
bane kadai har da maza..
Menene Jinin Al'ada
Jinin al'ada jini ne da
yake fita da karan kansa daga gaban
macan da a al'adance zata iya daukar ciki
ba tare da ya wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyarba.
Wannan shi ake nufi da jinin al'ada, da
aka ce 'jinine da yake fita da kansa' kenan
idan ya zamana ba da kansa ya fita ba
kamar ace cinnaka ya cije ta a gaba ko
kunama sai jinin ya balle mata to wannan
bai zama jinin al'adaba.
Da aka ce 'Ta gaba' kenan idan ya fita
ta dubura ko ta hanci wannan bai zama
jinin al'adaba. Da aka ce wacce a
al'adance zata iya daukar ciki kenan idan
ya fita daga wacce a al'adance ba zata iya
ɗaukar ciki ba sabo da yarinta ko girma to
wannan shi ma bai zama jinin al'ada ba.
Amma da aka ce 'Ba tare da ya wuce
kwanaki goma sha biyar ba, kenan idan ya
wuce kwanaki sha biyar (15) to bai zamo kuma
jinin al'adaba.
Waɗannan nau'uka da akace basu zama
jinin al'ada ba kenan hukuncin jinin al'ada bai
hau kansu ba za su yi sallah domin jinin
ciwo ne sai a nemi magani, Allah ya
sawwake.
Mafi Karancin sa
Malamai sun ƙarawa juna
sani kan mafi karancin jinin al'ada, mafi
karancinsa shi ne ɗugo guda ɗaya kenan idan
ya ɗiga sannan ya ɗauke, shi kenan ta yi
al'ada kuma ta dauke.
Mafi Yawansa
Mafi yawan kwanakin jinin
al'ada shi ne kwanaki goma sha-biyar kenan
idan ya wuce haka to bai zama jinin
al'ada ba muddin ba ciki take da shiba. Mata Dangane da Al'ada: anan mun sani
mata suna da halaye biyar musamman idan
muka yi la'akari da shekarunsu domin auna
jinin da ya zo na al'adane ko bana al'ada
ba ne, kamar haka:
Kasa da shekara tara Idan jinin ya
zo wa yarinyar da take kasa da shekara
tara to malamai sun tabbatar da wannan
ba jinin al'ada ba ne, jinin ciwo ne sai a nemi
magani.
Tara Zuwa Sama Idan ya zamana jinin ya
zo ne ga wacce ta cika shekara tara
zuwa zamanta budurwa, to a irin wannan
lokaci sai a tambayi kwararrun mata da
likita domin a fayyace jinin na al'adane ko
na ciwo. Kada mu sha'afa yanayin abinci da
kuma yanayin zafi da sanyi da hutu da
wahala suna tasiri.
Budurci Zuwa Sheka 50 Idan jinin ya
zo daga lokacin da ta zama budurwa zuwa
shekaru hamsin (50) kai tsaye malamai sun
tabbatar da cewa wannan jinin na al'adane.
Daga 50 69 Idan jini ya zo wa mace
a tsakanin wadannan shekaru wato daga
shekara hamsin zuwa sittin da tara
(50-69) to malamai suka ce za'a tambayi
kwararrun mata da likitoci domin sanin
wannan jinin na ciwone ko na al'ada.
Daga 70 Idan jini ya zo bayan mace ta
cika shekara saba'in (70) zuwa sama to
malamai suka ce wannan kai tsaye ba jinin
al'ada bane.
Ashe tantance shekarun haihuwa ba
karamin abu bane domin tuni musulunci ya
gina hukunce-hukunce a kansu, kuma ana
gini ne a kan tsarin kalandar musulunci,
wadannan bayanai na karkasuwar mata har
zuwa gida biyar kamar yadda ya gabata
haka malam Adawi ya kawo a cikin
littafinsa 'Hashiyatul Adawi', Allah ya ji
kansa da gafara.
Ina daɗa jaddada cewa yanayin abinci da
da abin sha da sanyi ko yanayin zafi suna
tasiri matuka, dukkan abinda ba'a fahimta ba dangane da yana yin zuwan
jinin ko daukewarsa yarinyace ko babba to
kamata ya yi ayi tambaya cikin gaggawa
lura da yadda muka yi bayai da cewa
yana da alaka da hukunce-hukunce, kina yin
jinkiri sai salloli su kubuce miki, kuma
wannan yana nuna cewa mace da aka saka
zata iya kammala idda akasa da watanni
uku.
Idan yarinya ta ga jinin kuma jinin ya
zama shi ne zuwansa na farko sannan ya
tabbata cewa jinin al'adane to ta sani ta
balaga, dukkanin hukunce-hukuncen
musulunci sun hau kanta, idan ta yi salatin
Annabi za'a rubuta mata lada idan kuma ta
bari samari suna jagwalgwalata ita za'a
rubutawa zunubi, ba wanda yace wai sai ta
yi aure sannan za'a fara yi mata rubutu,
kenan har azumi sai ta ranka wanda ta
sha.
Tabbatuwar Jinin Al'ada
Shifa abin da ya
shafi jinin al'ada al'amari ne da Allah
maɗaukakin sarki ya yi bayaninsa a cikin
Alkur'ani mai girma, Allah yana cewa:
Kuma suna tambayarka dangane da
al'ada, Kace: Shiɗinnan cutane, ku nisanci
(saduwa da) mata a lokacin al'ada, kada
ku kusance su har sai sun yi tsarki (Jinin
ya dauke) idan suka tsarkaka (suka yi
wanka) to ku je musu ta inda Allah ya
umarceku, Lalle Allah yana son masu
yawan tuba kuma yana son masu
tsarkaka. Bakara, ayata: 222.
Haka kuma ma'aikin Allah –Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi- yace;
(Wannan) Wani abu ne da Allah ya dorawa
mata 'ya'yan Adam. Ashe ba shaci-fadin
da ake cewa ba ne ai sanadiyyar da yasa
mata suke al'ada shi ne wannan ganyan
bishiyar da Nana Hawwa'u ta ci a gidan
aljanna, amma Annabi Adam mala'ikane ya
rike masa makoshi (makogaro) sai ya
amayar da abin shi ya sa maza basa yi.
Wannan labarin bashi da kanshin gaskiya
domin ayoyin Alkur'ani sun tabbatar da
Annabi Adam ya ci itaciyar.
Shi fa jinin al'ada kada amanta jini ne da
yake fitowa daga can cikin mahaifa a
lokuta sanannu, Allah madaukakin Sarki ya
haliccishi domin ya zama abinci ga yaro a
lokacin da yake cikin mahaifiyarsa domin
inda zai yi tarayya da mahaifiiyar ta shi a
abincin da take ci to da karfinta ya ragu
sosai,sa Allah ya sanya shi ya zama abinci
gareshi,shi ya sa da kyar ka ga mace
tana da juna biyu (ciki) kuma tana al'ada.
Idan kuma ta haihu sai Allah ya zamar da
shi nono jaririn yana sha amatsayin abinci,shi yasa kadan ake samun matan da
suke shayarwa kuma suna al'ada. Idan ya
zamana mace bata da juna biyu (ciki) kuma
bata shayarwa sai ya kasance ba inda zai
je to shi ne sai ya taru a mahaifarta,shi ne
mafi yawancin lokuta yake fita a kowanne
wata cikin kwanuka shida ko bakwai, ya kan
karu ko ya ragu akan hakan kamar yadda
bayanai za su zo da izinin Allah-
gwargadon yadda Allah ya tsara halittarsa.
Karkasuwar Mata
Mawallafin littafin
Akhadari ya kasa mata zuwa kashi uku
dangane da jinin al'ada, kashi na farko;
ita ce wacce ta fara, kashi na biyu kuma;
wacce ta saba, sannan sai kashi na uku;
mai juna-biyu (wato mai ciki), ga bayanansu
kamar haka: Wacce Ta Fara Ita wacce ta fara
al'ada ya zama yinta na yanzu shi ne ganin
al'adarta na farko a rayuwarta, to abin da yake kanta zata zuba ido ne ta ga kwanaki
nawa zai dauka kafin ya yanke, ta yadda ba
zai wuce kwanaki sha-biyar ba, idan ko ya
wuce sha-biyar to abinda ya doru akan
kwanaki sha-biyar bai zama al'ada ba, kenan
mafi yawan kwanakin da zata saurara sune
kwanaki sha-biyar, amma zai iya daukewa
kafin hakan, abin nufi in ya wuce to ya
zama (Istihadha) cuta sai a nemi magani,
anan nake cewa iyaye su kara sa ido a kan
'ya'yayansu mata su dungu tuntubarsu suna
fahimtar da su tun kafin lokacin ya yi
domin kada lokaci ya yi yarinya ta ga jini
ta fashe da kuka, ko makamantan haka,
wata babbar mace ce amma bata san
menene jinin al'ada ba ita dai kawai ta ce
tana ganin jini a wani lokaci bayan wasu
kwanaki kuma sai ta daina ganinshi. Wacce Ta Saba' Abinda ake nufi da
wacce ta saba ita ce wacce ta gabatar da
al'ada sau uku a adadin kwanaki guda,
misali wacce ta yi al'adar farko a kwanaki
biyar, da ta sake yi sai ya yi mata kwanaki
biyar da ta yi na uku shi ma kwanaki biyar,
to wannan sai muce sunanta wacce ta
saba domin ta saba akan kwanaki sanannu. Amma idan ta yi al'adar karo na farko
kwanaki uku karo na biyu kuma kwanaki
biyar karo na uku kwanaki shida to ba za'a
kira wannan wacce ta saba ba, domin ba
ta da tsayayyun kwanaki.
Ita wacce ta saba wato wacce take da
sanannun kwanakin al'ada to wadannan
kwanakin su ne kwanakin al'adarta, idan
kwanakin suka cika al'adar kuma ta dauke
sai ta yi wanka ta ci gaba da gudanar da
ibada da kuma sauran mu'amaloli na zamantakewar ma'aurata, amma idan kwanakin suka cika
al'adar kuma bata daukeba sai ta kara
kwanaki uku, haka zata dinga kara kwanaki
uku har kwanaki shabiyar su cika, misali
idan al'adarta kwanaki biyarne sai kuma
jinin bai daukeba a kwanaki biyar din ba sai ta
kara kwanaki uku na sauraron daukewar
sun zama takwas kenan, idan ya dauke
shi kenan sai wanka, idan kuma bai dauke
ba sai ta kara uku akan wadancan
takwasdin sun zama sha-daya idan bai
daukeba sai ta kara uku sun zama sha hudu idan bai daukeba sai ta kara kwana
daya, ya zama goma sha-biyar kenan, sai
ta yi wankan kammala al'ada ko ya dauke
ko bai daukeba domin kwanakin al'ada
makurarsu shi ne kwana goma sha-biyar
kuma sun cika, abin da ya ci gaba da zuwa
ba sunan shi jinin al'ada ba sunanshi jinin cuta
(Istihadha) sai a nemi magani, dukkanin waɗancan ƙare-ƙaren kwanaki
da aka yi inda ace bayan ta ƙara kwana
uku na saurare sai ya ɗauke a kwana na
ɗaya cinkin ukun shi kenan sai ta yi
wankan tsarki.
Mu sani kamar yadda bayani ya gabata
shi jinin al'ada bai wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyar ga wacce ta fara da wacce ta saba.
Mai Juna-biyu (Mai ciki) Galibin mata
masu juna biyu basa al'ada, sabo da haka
da zarar mace tana da juna biyu (ciki) sai
kuma ta ga al'ada to kada ta yi sakaci
wurin tuntubar likita Idan al'ada ta zowa mace mai junabiyu to
idan cikin ya kai watanni uku zuwa biyar zata
iya yin al'ada ta kwanaki sha-biyar zuwa
ashirin, idan kuma cikin ya kai watanni
shida to al'adar zata iya daukar kwanaki
ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar, kada a
sha'afa wurin tuntubar likita idan ana da
juna biyu kuma aka ga jini.
Tanbihi Na Daya: Idan mace jini yana
mata wasa wato ya zo yau gobe sai kuma
ya dauke bayan kwanaki uku sai kuma ya
dawo to abinda zata yi anan shi ne, ta
tsaya ta yi karatun ta natsu, sai ta lissafa
kwanakin da jinin ya zo sune kwanakin
al'ada sai kuma ta ware kwanakin da jinin
bai zoba sune kwanakin tsarki domin da
hakane zata cika kwanakinta na al'ada,
misali kwanaki tara; sai ya zo a rana ta
farko da ta biyu sai bai zoba a rana ta uku
da ta hudu sai ya zo rana ta biyar amma
bai zo ba a ta shida da ta bakwai sai ya
zo a ta takwas da ta tara. To anan sai
muce ta yi al'adar kwana biyar a cikin
kwanaki goma, wannan matar ita ake kira
(Al-Mulaffiqa) alarabcin mata masu al'ada.
Idan ya zama an sami tazarar kwanaki
takwas ko sha-biyar tsakanin daukewarsa
da dawowarsa to na biyun zai zama sabon
jini ne kenan, ba na da ne ya dawo ba.
Alamar Daukewar Jinin Al'ada: idan jinin
al'ada ya dauke akwai alama da shara'a ta
sanya domin ya zama shi ne manuniya akan
cewar al'adarki ta dauke, wadannan alamu
sun kasu gida biyu kuma kowacce tana cin
gashin kantane, sune kamar haka:
Bushewar Gaba: Abinda ake nufi anan
shine mace ta shigar da kyalle ko auduga
cikin gabanta ta fito da shi busasshe ba
wani jini a tare da shi, to da zarar ta ga
haka to ta tabbata al'adarta ta dauke.
Farar Kumfa: wannan wani ruwane fari
mai laushi da yake zuwa karshan al'ada,
idan mace ta ga irin haka a karshan
al'adarta to ta sani ta kammala.
Wadannan alamomi su suke nuna
daukewar al'adar mace, idan mace bata
taba ganin al'adaba sai a wannan karon sai
ta fara ganin bushewar gaba to kai-tsaye
ta samu tsarki ba sai ta jira farar kumfa ba,
amma idan wacce ta saba gani ce sai ta ga
bushewar gaba to malamai sukace zata
zata dan saurara kadan domin jirar faran
kumfa, amma jinkirin ba zai kai ga fitar
zababban lokacin sallah ba.
A dunkule dai kowanne daya daga cikin
wadannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nuna
samuwar tsarki ba lalle sai sun hadu
alokaci guda ba, da zarar alamar ganin
tsarki ta tabbata sai ta yi wankan tsarki
domin ta ci gaba da ibada, domin idan
bata yi wankaba ko da jinin ya dauke
mijinta ba zai sadu da ita ba kuma ba zata
yi sallah ba, da dai sauransu.
Idan mace ta ga ruwa fatsi-fatsi ko
diddiga-diddiga bayan daukewar jinin
al'ada to kada ta damu ta ci gaba da
harkokinta na ibada, dama matsalar idan ta
ganshi a farkon jini ne, amma idan a
karshen jini ne to wannan ba komai, Ummu
Atiyyah medakin ma'aikin Allah (Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi) tace:
((Mun kasance bama lissafa (Ruwa) fatsi-
fatsi da diddiga-diddiga bayan tsarki da
cewa wani abu ne)). Abu Daud Hadisi Na:
307, Nasa'i, Hadisi Na: 368, Ibnu Majah
Hadisi Na: 647, Darimi Hadisi Na: 865.
Mace ta dinga duba samun tsarkinta a
lokacin da zata kwanta bacci da kuma
lokacin sallar asuba, amma ba a ce ta tashi
cikin dareba domin ta duba.
Idan mai al'ada ko mai biki (jinin haihuwa)
ta ga tsarki kafin rana ta fadi to sallar
azahar da la'asar sun hau kanta, hakanan
kuma idan ta ga tsarki kafin hudowar alfiji
to tabbas za ta yi sallar magariba da lisha.
Abubuwan Da Basu Halatta Ga Mai-
al'adaba:
Anan za'a lissafa abubuwan da basu
halatta mai al'ada ta yi su ba ko ayi mata
ba, wadannan abubuwane guda goma:
1. Sallah: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
sallaba farilla ko nafila, idan kuma tayi ta yi
ba'akarba ba sannan kuma ta yi laifi,
sannan bayan ta kammala al'adar ba zata
rama sallolinba.
2. Saki: Baya halatta matar da take
al'ada a saketa, wannan ya sabawa
karantarwar musulunci, saboda haka koda
yana son ya saketa to ya bari sai ta
kammala al'ada kafin ya sadu da ita sai ya
saketa, kuma dai idan ya saketa tana jinin
al'adar to sakin ya yi amma za'a tilasta shi
ya mayar da ita idan sakin bai kai ukuba.
3. Dawafi: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
dawafin Ka'abah, amma zata yi sauran
dukkan abinda maniyyaci yake yi, kamar
tsaiwar Arafah da kwanan mina dana
muzdalifa da jifa da Labbaika, da daidai
sauransu.
4. Zama A Masallaci: mai al'adah ba zata
zauna a cikin masallaciba, domin sauraron
karatu ko karantarwa ko taro da dai
sauransu.
5. Azumi: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
azumi na farilla ko na nafila, idan ta yi kuma
bai yiba, saboda haka zata lissafa azumin
da ta sha bayan watan ya wuce sai ta
ramasu. Ba'a ajiye azumi domin tsammanin
gobe al'ada zata zo, amma dazaran ta zo
to dazaran ba azumi, dazaran bata zoba to
dazaran akwai azumi, ko da kin ji tafiyar
jinin ajiki amma bai fitoba to biki fara
al'adaba, sai ya fitane za'a fara lissafi.
6. Daukaa Alkur'ani: mai al'ada bata dauka Alqur'ani
kasantuwarsa littafi mai tsarki sannan kuma
ita bata da tsarki, amma wannan baya
hana idan ta ganshi zai fadi ta daukeshi ta
gyara masa wuri.
7. Karatun Alkur'ani: mai al'ada bata
karanta Alkur'ani, dudda cewa wadansu
malamai suna ganin ya halatta ta
karantashi da ka domin kada ta manta
sabanin dauka.
8. Saduwa: Bai halattaba saduwa da
mace tana al'ada, idan ta ki yadda da
mijinta ya sadu da ita domin tana al'ada
ba za'ace ta sabawa Allah ba asalima ta yi
biyayyane ga reshi, bai halatta a sadu da
mace tana al'adaba har sai al'adar ta
dauke kuma ta yi wankan tsarki, kenan
koda al'adar ta dauke amma batayi
wankaba to bai halatta a sadu da itaba. Ya
halatta miji ya taba duk inda yake so a
jikin matarsa alokacin da take al'ada bayan
ta yi kunzugu inbanda daga cikbiyarta
zugwiwarta wannan kan bai halattaba har
sai jinin ya dauke kuma tayi wanka,
hakanan itama ya halatta ta taba ko ina a
jikinsa duk da tana al'ada.
9. Tabbatar Da Rashin Tsarki: Al'ada
tana tabbatar da wacce take da ita bata
da tsarki.
10. Wajabta Wanka: Al'ada tana wajabta
wanka, wato dukkan matar da ta yi al'ada
kuma al'adar ta dauke to wankan tsarki ya
wajaba akanta. Daga wadannan bayanan da
suka gabata ya bayyana a fili cewa lalle
jinin al'ada bakaramin hukunce-hukunce
yake da shi ba, kuma lalle idan aka kyalleshi
yadda ake sakaci tsakanin maza da mata
akan abinda ya shafi wannan al'amari to
lalle abin yanada ban tsoro. Allah ya datar damu yasa mu dace. Allah shine mafi sanin masu sani.
|
47571 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uche%20Chukwumerije | Uche Chukwumerije | Uche Chukwumerije (11 Janairu 1939 19 Afrilu 2015), wanda aka fi sani da “Comrade Chukwumerije saboda gwagwarmayar sa, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata a Tarayyar Najeriya a watan Afrilun 2003, mai wakiltar gundumar Abia ta Arewa.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Chukwumerije a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 1939 a Ogoja, a Jihar Kuros Riba ta Najeriya a yau, ga Sajan Ogbonna Chukwumerije (wanda aka fi sani da Sarji) da matarsa ta uku Mrs Egejuru Chukwumerije, dukkansu sun fito daga Isuochi a Jihar Abia ta Najeriya a yau. Shi ne na 4 a cikin ƴaƴan mahaifiyarsa su takwas: Daniel, Roland, Ahamefula (Joe), Ucheruaka, Ifeyinwa, Rosa, Ochi, Onyekozuoro (Onyex).
Ilimi Ya halarci Makarantar Methodist Central, Nkwoagu, Isuochi, Jihar Abia, 1943–52; Makarantar Sakandaren Uwargidanmu, Onitsha, 1953–57; Jami'ar Ibadan, 1958-61, inda ya karanci fannin tattalin arziki; Faith Bible College, Sango-Ota, 1991-92.
Farkon aiki Shugaban Features Desk, DailyTimes, 1961; Desk News, Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (yanzu FRCN);
Fagen siyasa Chukwumerije ya yi ministan yaɗa labarai da al'adu a ƙarƙashin Janar Ibrahim Babangida da kuma a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin wucin gadi ta ƙasa ta Ernest Shonekan.
Majalisar Dattawa A jamhuriya ta hudu, an zabi Chukwumerije a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattawa a tsarin jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, amma ya kasa amincewa da shugabancin jam’iyyar a lokacin da ya ƙi amincewa da ajandar wa’adi na uku. Daga karshe Chukwumerije ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar Progressive Peoples Alliance a shekarar 2006, kuma aka sake zaɓen shi a majalisar dattawa a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, 2007. An sake zaɓen Chukwumerije a jam'iyyar PDP a zaɓen watan Afrilun 2011.
Iyali Chukwumerije ya auri Gimbiya Gloria N. Iweka. Sun haifi 'ya'ya takwas: Che Chidi (1974-), Kwame Ekwueme (1975-1995), Azuka Juachi (1976-), Dikeogu Egwuatu (1979-), Chaka Ikenna (1980-), Uchemruaka Obinna 1982-), da tagwayen Kelechi Udoka (1983-) da Chikadibia Yagazie (1983-). Chukwumerije da Gimbiya Iweka sun rabu a 1988. Daya daga cikin ƴa'ƴansu Chika ya samu lambar tagulla a gasar Olympics ta 2008 da aka yi a birnin Beijing. Wani da, Dike, fitaccen marubucin Najeriya ne, mai magana da yawun jama'a kuma mawaƙin wasan kwaikwayo.
Mutuwa
Ya mutu a ofishi sakamakon ciwon huhu a shekara ta 2015.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mantu yana sauraron muryoyin da aka sarrafa daga Aso Rock- Chukwumerije Official Bio from the National Assembly
Haifaffun 1939
Matattun 2015
Yan siyasar Najeriya
Mutanen Jihar |
27987 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najib%20Mikati | Najib Mikati | Najib Mikati Azmi An haife shine ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba,shekarar 1955). ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Lebanon wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Lebanon tun watan Satumban shekarar 2021, da kuma daga watan Yuni shekara ta 2011 zuwa watan Fabrairu,shekarar 2014 da kuma daga watan Afrilu zuwa watan Yuli shekarar 2005. Ya rike mukamin Ministan Ayyuka ne da Sufuri daga Disambar shekara ta 1998 zuwa shekara ta 2003.
Mikati yana da kusanci da gwamnatin Syria kuma yana gudanar da ayyukan sadarwa da dama a Syria da Lebanon. A shekara ta 2005, ya jagoranci gwamnatin wucin gadi da ta sa ido a zaben gama gari bayan janyewar sojojin Syria A cikin shekara ta 2011, ya kafa gwamnatinsa ta biyu wacce ke samun goyon bayan kawancen Maris 8, kafin ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2013. Ya kasance dan majalisar dokokin Tripoli daga 2000 zuwa 2005 kuma an sake zabe shi a 2009 da 2018. A cikin Yuli 2021, an nada shi a matsayin PM. A cewar Forbes, shi ne mutum mafi arziki a Lebanon, yana da darajar dala biliyan 2.5 a cikin 2021. Ana tuhumar sa da cin hanci da rashawa da yawa, kuma an tuhume shi da cin hanci da rashawa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Mikati a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba 1955 kuma ya fito daga fitattun dangin musulmi 'yan Sunni da ke birnin Tripoli Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut a 1980 tare da yin digiri na biyu na Master of Business Administration (MBA). Ya kuma halarci shirin makarantar bazara da aka gudanar a Harvard da makarantar kasuwanci ta Faransa INSEAD Kasuwancin kasuwanci da wadata A shekara ta 1979, yayan Najib Taha Mikati ya kafa kamfanin gine-gine na Arabiya (ACC), wanda ke da hedikwata a Abu Dhabi, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin gine-gine a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Najib Mikati ya kafa kamfanin sadarwa na Investcom tare da dan uwansa Taha a cikin 1982. Ya sayar da kamfanin a watan Yunin 2006 ga Kamfanin MTN na Afirka ta Kudu akan dala 5.5 biliyan. Taha da Najib Mikati sun riƙe sauran rukunin ayyukansu waɗanda ke sarrafa ta hannun kamfanin M1 Group Ya mallaki jirgin ruwan Mimtee mai tsawon mita 79 Sana'ar siyasa Bayan an nada Mikati Ministan Ayyuka da Sufuri a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1998, an zabe Mikati a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin Lebanon daga mahaifarsa ta Tripoli a shekara ta 2000, inda ya kada Omar Karami, wanda aka zabe shi daga mazabar da yawa. A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, Mikati ya ci gaba da rike mukaminsa na majalisar ministocinsa kuma ya samu suna a matsayin dan siyasar Syria mai sassaucin ra'ayi mai alaka da shugaba Bashar Assad na Syria Daga baya Mikati ya zama ministan sufuri kuma ya zama abokin shugaban Lebanon Emile Lahoud, yana goyon bayan tsawaita wa'adinsa a shekara ta 2004.
Firimiya ta farko Mikati ya kasance dan takarar firaminista na Lebanon tun shekara ta 2000, daga karshe ya karbi mukamin bayan murabus din Omar Karami a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2005. A yayin tattaunawar kafa gwamnati, Mikati ya fito a matsayin dan takarar amincewa. Mikati ya yi aiki a matsayin firimiya mai rikon kwarya. Shi ne shugaban kungiyar hadin kan da ke da kujeru biyu a majalisar dokokin Lebanon tun shekara ta 2004. Haka nan kuma ya samar da yunkuri da akidar tsakiya a kasar Labanon da kuma kasashen Larabawa, inda ya gudanar da taruka da dama na kasa da kasa a kasar Labanon. A babban zaben shekarar 2009, Mikati ya sake lashe kujerar daga birnin Tripoli, kasancewarsa memba na kungiyoyin masu tsatsauran ra'ayi a majalisar dokokin Lebanon.
Premier ta biyu <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div></div> Ganawar Mikati da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton (2012) da John Kerry (2014).</div></div>A ranar 24 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2011, kawancen 8 ga Maris, musamman Hezbollah, Michel Aoun da Walid Jumblatt, sun zabi Mikati ya zama Firayim Minista. Mikati ya gaji Saad Hariri, wanda gwamnatinsa ta yi murabus sakamakon murabus din ministocin kungiyar guda goma da nadin shugaban kasa daya a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2011, sakamakon rugujewar shirin Saudiyya da Syria na cimma matsaya kan kotun musamman ta Lebanon A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu, 'yan majalisar dokokin Lebanon 68 suka kada kuri'ar amincewa da Mikati a matsayin Firaminista. Daga nan ne shugaban Lebanon Michel Suleiman ya gayyaci Mikati ya jagoranci sabuwar gwamnatin Lebanon An dauki tsawon watanni biyar ana gudanar da aikin kafa gwamnati saboda rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin shugabanni. A ranar 13 ga watan Yunin 2011, Mikati ya zama firaministan kasar Lebanon a karo na biyu.
A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, Mikati ya ba da sanarwar kafa gwamnati tare da bayyana cewa za ta fara ne da "yantar da kasar da ta saura karkashin mamayar makiya Isra'ila". A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2013, Mikati ya yi murabus daga ofis, saboda "ƙananan matsin lamba tsakanin masu goyon bayan Assad da sansanonin adawa da Assad" kuma shugaban na Lebanon ya amince da murabus ɗinsa a ranar 23 ga Maris na shekara ta 2013. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2013, Tammam Salam aka dora wa alhakin kafa sabuwar gwamnati.
Premier ta uku Bayan murabus din Firayim Minista Hassan Diab a watan Agustan 2020, duka Mustafa Adib da Saad Hariri sun kasa kafa gwamnati. An nada Mikati don cike aikin a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2021. Ya samu kuri'u 72 daga cikin 'yan majalisa 128. Mikati ya bayyana cewa, yana son a kafa gwamnati mai fasaha zalla, ba tare da wakilan jam'iyyun siyasa ba, domin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da kasashen Lebanon ke sa ran. Jama'a sun yi na'am da nadin nasa. Yayin da kasar ke shiga cikin mawuyacin hali na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da kuma jin kai, ana kallonsa a matsayin wakilin ajin siyasa na gargajiya da kuma jiga-jigan tattalin arziki. A cewar jaridar L'Orient-Le Jour, "idan kasancewarsa hamshakin attajiri ya dade yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa wani a fagen siyasar kasar ta Lebanon, yanzu wani bangare na al'ummar kasar yana ganin hakan a matsayin wata alama ta satar dukiyar jama'a da 'yan kasar suka yi. ajin siyasa. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, 2021, Mikati ya sami damar kafa gwamnati mai mambobi 24 bayan doguwar tattaunawa da Shugaba Aoun, da kuma jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban. Ya sanar da cewa yana son neman taimako daga kasashen Larabawa domin kokarin fitar da kasar Labanon daga halin da take ciki.
Cin hanci da rashawa A cikin 2019, mai gabatar da kara na jihar Ghada Aoun ya tuhumi Mikati kan wadatar da ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar rancen gidaje. A cikin Oktoba 2021, an saka sunan Mikati a cikin leak ɗin Pandora Papers. Ya musanta aikata wani laifi.
Littafi Mai Manazarta
Labanan
Mutane
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50393 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitta%20Don%20Allah | Knitta Don Allah | Knitta Don Allah,wanda kuma aka sani da kawai Knitta, ƙungiyar masu fasaha ce waɗanda suka fara motsin "saƙa rubutu" a Houston, Texas a 2005. An san su da dunƙule gine-ginen jama'a misali fitilu, mitocin ajiye motoci, sandunan tarho,da sigina tare da kayan saƙa,wani tsari da aka sani da "saƙaƙƙen rubutu", "sarkin zaren" ko yarnbombing Manufar ita ce yin fasahar titi "kadan mai dumi da ban sha'awa." Knitta ta girma zuwa mambobi goma sha ɗaya a ƙarshen 2007, amma daga ƙarshe ta ragu zuwa ga wanda ya kafa shi,Magda Sayeg,wanda ke ci gaba da tafiya tare da saƙa da rubutu.A duniya baki daya,kusan kungiyoyi goma sha biyu sun bi sahun Knitta. Sayeg da kungiyar sun nuna fasaharsu a fadin Amurka da ma duniya baki daya.
Tarihi Kungiyar ta fara ne da wani saƙa wanda aka koya wa kansa wanda aka sani da PolyCotN.Ta kafa kungiyar tare da memba AKrylik wanda ba a bayyana sunansa ba a cikin Oktoba 2005 a matsayin hanyar magance takaici kan ayyukan saƙa da ba a gama ba. An fara ne da ƙwanƙolin kofa don jin daɗin ƙofar gaban otal ɗin Houston na Sayeg.Ta so shi kuma,ba zato ba tsammani, haka ma masu wucewa. Hakan ya kara musu kwarin gwuiwa. Sunan ƙungiyar da sunayen laƙabi na membobin sun sami wahayi ne ta hanyar sha'awar "kamar rubutu,amma tare da kayan sakawa". Ƙungiya ta haɗu da ƙamus ɗin fasaha tare da salon hip-hop, sannan suka canza rubutun "don wakiltar masu fasahar tituna na gargajiya". PolyCotN da AKrylik sun fito da sunayensu, sannan suka kirkiri suna ga sauran membobin. Wasu tsoffin sunayen memba sun haɗa da Knotorious NIT, SonOfaStitch da P-Knitty. A shekara ta 2007, membobin Knitta sun girma mambobi goma sha biyu kuma an kiyasta ƙungiyoyi biyar zuwa goma sha biyu a duniya. A shekara ta 2009,an sami matsala, a cewar Sydney, marubucin Australia kuma masanin Emily Howes, wanda ta gano ƙungiyoyi a Scandinavia, Japan,Afirka ta Kudu,da Amurka. Koyaya, kasancewa memba a Knitta daga ƙarshe ya ragu,ya bar wanda ya kafa.
Zane Yawancin lokaci ana yin alama a daren Juma'a da safiyar Lahadi, Knitta taggers suna barin alamar takarda akan kowane aiki, mai ɗauke da taken "knitta don Allah" ko "whaddup knitta?". Sun sanya alamar bishiyu,fitulu, dogo,masu kashe gobara, abubuwan tarihi da sauran abubuwan da ake hari a birane, Wani sanannen yanki kuma ya haɗa da rataye saƙan jakunkuna akan wayar tarho ta iska. Ma'aikatan za su yi bikin hutu ta hanyar yin aikin jigo, ta yin amfani da,alal misali, zaren ruwan hoda don guntun ranar soyayya da yarn mai walƙiya don Sabuwar Shekara. Lokacin da Knitta ba ya aiki tare da jigo,za su yi aiki a kan ayyuka,suna sanya takamaiman manufa ko takamaiman wurare. Kungiyar da mabiyansu suna daukar rubutunsu "hanyar kawata sararin samaniya". Koyaya,ana ɗaukar irin wannan aikin a matsayin ɓarna a wasu jihohin Amurka. A cikin 2006 ƙungiyar ta yanke shawarar ziyartar New York City,inda suka yi babban sikelin su na farko. Daga baya waccan shekarar,ta yi amfani da fiye da na kayan saƙa da aka ba da gudummawar da masu sa kai na jerin aikawasiku na ma'aikatan jirgin suka bayar,sun naɗe rabin saman layin dogo na Seattle. Knitta ta kuma yi kira ga wasu a duk faɗin Amurka da su yi tagging da aika hotuna. Don wani babban aikin, ƙungiyar ta yiwa dukkan bishiyoyi 25 a tsakiyar Allen Parkway a Houston don faretin Mota na shekara-shekara a watan Mayun 2006,tare da naɗe su cikin barguna masu tsayi ƙafa biyu da tsayin ƙafa biyu da rabi. Shekara guda bayan haka,an gayyace su zuwa Otal ɗin Standard a Los Angeles, wanda ke ba da sabis ga abokin ciniki mara kyau, don sawa akwatin gilashin da ke nuna ƙira da ra'ayoyi masu tasowa.
Don bikin cika shekaru 60 na Bergère de France, wanda ya fara kera yarn na Faransa, kamfanin ya gayyaci Knitta zuwa Paris don "farfado da shimfidar wurare na birane tare da saƙa". Yayin da suke can,sun kuma tagged Notre Dame de Paris. An kuma ga aikin Knitta a London, Sydney, Rome, Milan, Prague, Sweden, Montreal, Mexico City, El Salvador, Netherlands, Jamus, Luxembourg da kuma saman babban bangon China |
49050 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjuki%20da%20Bil | Hjuki da Bil | A cikin tarihin Norse, Hjúki Tsohon Norse, ke], mai yiyuwa ma'anar "mai dawowa lafiya" da Bil (ON: bil], a zahiri "nan take" ɗan'uwa ne da 'yar'uwa biyu na yara waɗanda ke bin ƙayyadaddun wata, Máni,a sararin sama. Dukansu Hjúki da Bil an tabbatar da su a cikin Prose Edda, wanda Snorri Sturluson ya rubuta a ƙarni na 13. Ka'idodin masana da ke kewaye da su biyun sun shafi yanayinsu ne, da matsayinsu na abubuwan da za su iya bayyana ramukan da ke kan wata ko yanayin sa, da kuma dangantakarsu da tatsuniyoyi na baya-bayan nan a Turai ta Jamus An gano Bil da Bilwis, mutum ne mai alaƙa da aikin noma wanda galibi ana tabbatar da shi a cikin tarihin yankunan masu magana da Jamusanci na Turai.
Shaida A cikin babi na 11 na littafin Prose Edda Gylfaginning, wanda aka naɗa na High ya ce yara biyu masu suna Hjúki da Bil su ne Viðfinnr ya haife su. Sau ɗaya yayin da su biyun suke tafiya daga rijiyar Byrgir (Tsohon Norse "Maboyin Wani abu" dukansu biyu suna ɗauke da sandar Simul (Tsohon Norse, mai yiwuwa ma'anar "madawwami" wanda ke riƙe da pail Sæg a tsakãninsu Máni ya ɗauke su daga ƙasa, kuma sun bi Máni a cikin sammai,"kamar yadda ake gani daga ƙasa." Hjúki ba a ambata ba, amma Bil ya sami karɓuwa. A cikin babi na 35 na Gylfaginning, a ƙarshen jerin alloli da yawa a cikin tarihin Norse, duka Sól (rana da aka bayyana) da Bil an jera su tare a matsayin alloli "wanda aka riga an kwatanta yanayinsu" Bil ya bayyana sau biyu a cikin littafin Prose Edda Skáldskaparmál A cikin babi na 75, Bil ya bayyana a cikin wani jerin alloli, kuma sunanta ya bayyana a babi na 47 a cikin kenning na "mace".
Ka'idoji
Ganewa da wakilci Kamar yadda ba a tabbatar da su biyun ba a wajen Snorri's Prose Edda,an ba da shawarwarin cewa Hjúki da Bil na iya zama ƙananan mahimmancin tatsuniyoyi, ko kuma Snorri ne ya yi su kai tsaye, yayin da Anne Holtsmark (1945) ta ce Snorri na iya sani ko sun sami damar samun tushen ayah da ta ɓace a yanzu inda Hjúki da Bil suka kwatanta wata da ke shuɗewa. Holtsmark ya kara da cewa Bil yana iya zama dís (nau'in abin bautar mata). Masana, sun yi hasashen cewa Hjúki da Bil na iya wakiltar ayyukan wata, gami da cewa suna iya wakiltar sassan wata ko kuma suna wakiltar ramukan wata Masanin karni na 19 Jacob Grimm ya yi watsi da shawarar cewa Hjúki da Bil suna wakiltar sassan wata, kuma ya bayyana cewa Hjúki da Bil suna wakiltar ramukan wata da ake gani daga doron ƙasa. Grimm ya ce shaidar wannan "a bayyane take daga adadi kanta. Babu wani canjin wata da zai iya nuna hoton wasu yara biyu da aka rataye a kafaɗunsu Bugu da ƙari, har wa yau mutanen Sweden suna gani a cikin wuraren wata mutane biyu ɗauke da babban guga a kan sandar sanda Grimm ya kara da cewa: Abin da ya fi muhimmanci, a gare mu, daga arna zato na wani satar mutum na wata, wanda, ban da Scandinavia, shi ne shakka a Vogue a duk faɗin Teutondom, idan ba da nisa, akwai ya samo asali kanta tun da Kirista karbuwa. Sun ce mutumin da ke cikin wata mai satar itace ne, wanda a lokacin Ikilisiya a ranar Asabar mai tsarki ya aikata wani laifi a cikin itace, sannan aka kai shi wata a matsayin hukunci; a can za a iya ganinsa da gatari a bayansa da dam din buroshi (dornwelle) a hannunsa A bayyane yake an rikitar da igiyar ruwa ta labarin arna, ta koma gatari ta gatari. An kiyaye ra'ayin sata na gaba ɗaya, amma damuwa na musamman da aka aza akan kiyaye hutun Kiristanci; Mutumin yana shan azaba ba sosai don yanke itace ba, domin ya yi hakan ne a ranar Lahadi. Grimm, ya ba da ƙarin misalai daga tarihin Jamusanci har zuwa lokacin rubuce-rubucensa (ƙarni na 19) kuma ya lura da yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin kalmar Jamusanci wadel (ma'anar cikakken wata) da aikin yare na kalmar don "brushwood, twigs daure a cikin daure, musamman [musamman] fir-twigs, wadeln don ɗaure itacen goge baki", da kuma al'adar yanke itace a cikin cikakken wata. Benjamin Thorpe ya yarda da ka'idar Hjúki da Bil a matsayin keɓaɓɓen siffofi na raƙuman wata. Rudolf Simek, ya bayyana cewa duhun sunayen abubuwan da ke cikin tatsuniyar Hjúki da Bil na iya nuni da cewa Snorri ya samo su ne daga tatsuniyar tatsuniya, da kuma sigar tatsuniyar Mutumin da ke cikin, wata (wanda ya nuna wani mutum mai sanda da sandar sanda). mace mai bulo) kuma ana samunta a cikin tatsuniyoyi na zamani a Scandinavia, Ingila, da Arewacin Jamus. A cikin duka labarin Hjúki da Bil da aka samu a cikin Icelandic Prose Edda da waƙar renon Ingilishi Jack da Jill yara biyu, namiji ɗaya da mace ɗaya, sun ɗauko palon ruwa, kuma ma'auratan suna da sunayen da aka gane a matsayin sauti. kama. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da ra'ayoyin da suka haɗa biyun, kuma ra'ayi ya sami ɗan tasiri, yana bayyana a cikin littattafan makaranta don yara daga karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20. Sigar al'ada ta waƙar tana karantawa:Jack and Jill went up the hill
to fetch a pail of water
Jack fell down and broke his crown
and Jill came tumbling after.
Up Jack got and home did trot
as fast as he could caper.
He went to bed to mind his head
with vinegar and brown paper.
Bilwis An, tabbatar da wani adadi mai suna Bilwis a sassa daban-daban na Turai masu magana da Jamusanci tun daga karni na 13. Wani masani Leander Petzoldt ya rubuta cewa wannan adadi ya fito ne daga gunkin Allah kuma bayan lokaci ya ga sauye-sauye da yawa, daga baya kuma ya haɓaka “wani yanayin elfin, dwarfish da ikon gurgunta mutane ko shanu da harbin kibiya” (kamar a cikin Wolfram von Eschenbach). Waƙar karni na 13 Willehalm Petzoldt ya kara nazarin ci gaban adadi:A cikin karni na goma sha uku, Bilwis ba a cika yin la'akari da shi azaman ikon allahntaka ba amma ana ƙara gano shi a matsayin ɗan adam mai mugun nufi, mayya .Har yanzu daga baya, tare da tashin hankalin mayya a ƙarshen tsakiyar zamanai, Bilwis ya zama aljanu; ta zama jiki na shaidan ga boka da boka. Ci gaba na ƙarshe ya faru tun daga karni na sha shida, musamman a arewa maso gabashin Jamus, an ɗauki Bilwis a matsayin ruhun hatsi yana kawo arziki; amma duk da haka wannan sabuwar bayyanar Bilwis tana da gefenta mai cutarwa, mai yankan Bilwis, wanda ake zargi da sifofin da ba a bayyana ba da aka samu a cikin layuka na hatsin tsaye. Mai yankan boka ne ko mayya mai yanka masara da sila da aka daure a kafa. An lasafta shi azaman ainihin ruhin Masara na mugunta. Don haka, Bilwis yana da nau'i-nau'i da yawa, yana ɗaukar bayyanuwa da ma'ana da yawa a duk yankunan da ake magana da Jamusanci a cikin tsakiyar zamanai. Bilwis daya ce daga cikin mafi ban mamaki da ban mamaki a cikin dukkan tatsuniyoyi; nau'ikansa daban-daban suna nuna damuwar al'adun noma, kuma yana yin bayani game da mummunan bayyanar layuka na tsire-tsire a cikin gonar masara.
Toponys Ƙauyen, Bilsby a cikin Lincolnshire, Ingila (wanda sunan Ingilishi ya samo asali) an gabatar da shi azaman sunan Bil.
Duba kuma Sinthgunt, allahn Jamusanci mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da wata
Jerin abubuwan bautar wata
Bayanan kula
manazarta Hjuki da bil
Ilimin |