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45102 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studiyon%20fim%20na%20Odesa | Studiyon fim na Odesa | Studiyob fim na Odesa wato Odesa Film Studio Ukraine na ƙasar Ukraine, tsohon ɗakin studiyo ne na fina-finai na Soviet a Odesa, ɗaya daga cikin dakunan fim na farko a Daular Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet. Mallakar gwamnati ne ta wani fuskar sannan kuma Ma'aikatar Jiya ke kula da ita da asusun kudi ta Ukraine tare da Ma'aikatar Al'adu duka ke kula da ita. Ita da studiyon Dovzhenko Film Studios ne kadai mallakar gwamnati da manyan masu shirya fina-finai a kasar. Gidan studiyon yana nan a Frantsuzky bulvar 33 (33 French Boulevard), Odesa, Ukraine. A kusa da ita akwai ƙaramin ɗakin studiyo na House of Mask.
Tarihi da sake fasali An kafa ta a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1919 daga shawarar kwamitin zartarwa na Odesa, SSR na Ukrainian daga ragowar gidajen sinima na Myron Grossman, Dmitriy Kharitonov, da Borisov. Wannan kwanan wata ita ce ranar da aka haifi na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jihar. Da farko, an jera shi a matsayin "Sashen fina-finai na siyasa na sashen siyasa da na 41st Division of the Red Army", kuma fim din farko da aka yi fim a nan shi ne "Spiders da kwari." Ainihin Studios sun shiga raguwa bayan yakin basasa na Rasha da kuma yakin 'yancin kai na Ukrainian, yayin da masu mallakar su suka yi hijira, suna gudu daga shari'ar siyasa. Grossman's film studio "Myrograph" ya wanzu a Odesa tun 1907 kuma shi ne mafi tsufa wanda aka rubuta a Ukraine.
A 1922, "fim sektion" aka sake shirya a cikin Odesa Film Factory na All-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration (VUFKU) Gidan shirya fina-finan na Odesa, wanda shi ne babban wurin shirya VUFKU, ya yi gyare-gyare sosai. Gidan studio ya sayi sabbin kayan aikin sa na zamani a Yamma, wanda ya ba wa ɗakin studio damar yin harbi, haske, da sarrafa kayan fim ta amfani da fasahar zamani. A shekara ta 1926, Vyacheslav Levandovskyi da Deviatkin sun kirkiro wani ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo na VUFKU.
A 1930, VUFKU aka sake shirya a cikin "Ukrainafilm" na "Soyuzkino" (Union-cinema). Daga 1938 zuwa 1941 Odesa film studio.
A cikin shekarun Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Gabashin Gabas 1941-1945 wani yanki ne na Tashkent Film Studio.
1954 sake aiki a Odesa.
A cikin 1955, Odesa Film Studio ya sake yin nasa fim ɗin. Darakta Alexander Gorky ba kawai ya sami izini don farfado da ɗakin studio ba, amma kuma ya warware matsalar ma'aikata ta hanyar gayyatar masu digiri na VGIK daraktoci, masu daukar hoto, masu fasaha, da tattalin arziki. Sa'an nan kuma tsofaffin ɗalibai, waɗanda yawanci sukan yi shekaru a matsayin mataimaka da mataimaka, da sauri sun sami aiki mai zaman kansa. Ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1956, an saki fim din Felix Mironer da Marlen Khutsiev "Spring on Zarechnaya Street", wanda ya zama babban taron ba kawai ga ɗakin studio ba, amma ga dukan fina-finai na Soviet.
A cikin 2005, an sake tsara ɗakin studio na fim na Odesa zuwa Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwa na Kusa (tare da gwamnati ta mallaki mafi yawan hannun jari).
Bayani Gidan studiyon yana nan a tsakiyar gari kusa da bakin tekun Black Sea wanda ya mamaye kasa mai fadin hekta kuma ya ƙunshi rumfunan da A cikin ginin situdiyon akwai wani gidan shirya fina-finai, Vira Kholodna Film Studio da Makarantar Fina-Finai ta Odesa. Odesa Film Studio yana da nasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, U-Cinema, wanda kuma yana nan a cikin wannan gini.
A yankin da studiyon yake akwai gidan kayan gargajiya na Cinema, wanda za ku iya gani game da abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa game da tarihin sinima. Anan zaku iya samun kayan tarihi, daga ƙirƙirar silima, zuwa na zamani, dijital da avant garde.
A ahekara ta 2019, Bankin Ƙasa na Ukraine ya ba da tsabar kuɗi na tunawa da shekaru 100 na studiyon fim na Odesa Bugu da kari, babban ma'aikatar sakonni ta Ukraine ta ba da tambari na musamman don tunawa da ɗakin studiyon na Odesa.
Daraktoci
Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai
kungiyar Soviet 1926 Love's Berries, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1926 Vasia the Reformer, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1926 Taras Triasylo, wanda Petro Chardynin ya jagoranta fim na shiru 1926 Taras Shevchenko, wanda Petro Chardynin ya jagoranta silent film 1927 The Diplomatic Pouch, wanda Oleksandr Dovzhenko ya jagoranta fim na shiru 1928 Arsenal, Oleksandr Dovzhenko ne ya ba da umarni fim ɗin shiru 1928 Zvenyhora, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1936 Nazar Stodolia, directed by Heorhiy Tasin
1941 Mysterious Island, wanda Eduard Pentslin ya jagoranta
1957 nok Orlyonok, darektan Eduard Nikandrovich Bocharov
1967 Takaitacciyar Ganawa, Kira Muratova ya jagoranta.
1978 D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers, wanda Heorhiy Yungvald-Khilkevych ya jagoranta.
1979 The Adventures of the Elektronik, wanda Kostiantyn Bromberg ya jagoranta
1979 1979 1982 The Trust That Has Burst, wanda Oleksandr Pavlovskyi ya jagoranta.
1982 Wizards, wanda Kostiantyn Bromberg ya jagoranta
1983 Daga cikin Grey Stones, wanda Kira Muratova ya jagoranta
1983 Wartime Romance, wanda Petro Todorovskyi ya jagoranta
1983 Wheel of Tarihi, wanda Stanislav Klymenko ya jagoranta
1986 In search of Captain Grant, directed by Stanislav Hovorukhin
1987 Danylo Kniaz na Halychyna, Yaroslav Lupiy ya jagoranta.
1989 The Asthenic Syndrome, wanda Kira Muratova ya jagoranta
Ukraine 1991 Miracle in the Land of Oblivion, darektan Natalia Motuzko
1999 Yadda Maƙerin Ya Nemi Farin Ciki, Radomyr Vasylevsky ya jagoranci
2001 Akeldama, wanda Yaroslav Lupiy ya jagoranta
2007 At the River, darektan Eva Neymann
Zababbun daraktoci 1919-1925
Myron Grossman (1908-1918) (wanda aka lasafta shi ne wanda ya kafa Odesa cinematography)
Pyotr Chardynin (1923-1932)
Les Kurbas (1922-1925)
Georgiy Tasin, darektan studio na farko a 1922
1926-1936
Oleksandr Dovzhenko
Isak Babel
1936-1954
Vladimir Braun
Amvrosiy Buchma
1955-1965
Kira Muratova da Oleksandr Muratov
Vadym Kostromenko, a halin yanzu darektan gidan kayan gargajiya
Vadym Avloshenko
Pyotr Todorovsky
1966-1996
Georgi Yungvald-Khilkevich
Stanislav Govorukhin
Aleksandr Pavlovsky
Natalya Zbandut (Medyuk)
Mykhailo Kats
Zababbun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 1919-1925
Vera Kholodnaya (1914-1919) (wanda aka nuna a cikin fina-finai 35)
Daria Zerkalova
1926-1936
Natalya Uzhviy
Matviy Lyarov
1966-1996
Vladimir Vysotsky
Wasu Samvel Gasparov
Duba kuma Duk-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration (VUFKU)
Dovzhenko Film Studios
Kievnaukfim
National Cinematheque na Ukraine
Jerin fina-finan Ukrainian
Manazarta
Littafi Histoire du cinéma ukrainien (1896–1995), Lubomir Hosejko, Éditions à Dié, Dié, 2001, traduit en ukrainien en 2005 Istoria Oukraïnskovo Kinemotografa, Kino-Kolo, Kiev, 2005,
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Non-official website Odesa film studio
Gidan studiyo na Odesa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15710 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Temitope%20Ajayi | Chief Temitope Ajayi | Amina Temitope Ajayi wacce aka sani da Mama Diaspora mazauniyar america yar Nijeriya. tana kasuwanci shawara wanda yake akawu da horo, a zaman yar kasuwa da kuma mabiyar al'umma himmar aiki. Temitope Ajayi itace tsohon Shugaban All Nigerian American Congress (ANAC). a koƙarinta da cigaba da ba da shawara game da al'amuran Diasporaan Diasporaasar Najeriya ya sa ta zama mai kira "Mama Diaspora" Cif Ajayi sananniyar sananniya ce don inganta ƙarfin mata da kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar kasuwancin Agri. Ta hanyar dandalin saka jari na Arkansas-Nigeria da sauran tarurrukan tattalin arzikin kasashen biyu a Amurka, tsayin daka da gaskiya na Cif Ajayi sun taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen gamsar da kuma jawo manyan masu saka jari a harkar kasuwanci daga Amurka zuwa Najeriya.
Ita ce Shugabar/Shugaba na Americanasar Amurkan ta Ba da Tallafin Noma (NAAEP), wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga aikin gona na manoma, mata da Manya Manya a Nijeriya don haɓaka wadataccen abinci da ɗorewar aikin yi ga mata da matasa a cikin harkar noma. NAAEP kungiya ce ta asali wacce take horarwa da kuma baiwa manoma karfi a tsarin noman kanikanci, tare da saukaka rancen kasuwanci, samun dama ga kayan aikin gona, da girbi da tallata kayan amfanin su na gida da na duniya.
A shekarar 2010, Cif Ajayi tayi kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da ta rage yawan kudin ruwa a rance ga manoma domin bunkasa bangaren noma da kuma rage talauci a kasar. Cif Temitope Ajayi shi ne Jakadan Goodaunar na jihar Arkansas da Maryland, Amurka. Cif Ms. Ajayi ta kasance fitacciyar wakiliya a taron kasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2014 da ta gabata inda ta wakilci Majalisar Mata ta ciungiyoyin Mata (NCWS) a Nijeriya kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Confab na Aikin Gona. Cif Temitope Ajayi a jawabinta a wajen taron shekara-shekara na Kungiyar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, ta sanar da wakilai cewa “Mata injiniyoyi ne na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, mata ne ke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kowace kasa saboda sun fi na maza kasuwanci. takwaransa, karfin kowane irin kudi yana cikin karfinsu don biyan bukata da samarwa Rayuwar farko Amina Temitope Labinjo diyar marigayi Pa Hector Labinjo da Mrs. Elizabeth Labinjo ta Ita Garawu a Tsibirin Legas na Jihar Legas, Najeriya.
Aiki a Siyasa Cif Ajayi itace ce tsohon Ko'odinetan Kasa na Goodluck Support Group (GSG) USA. Ta taya Mai Girma, Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR, wanda a yanzu shine Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya na yanzu saboda karen da ya nuna wajen lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2015; sannan kuma ya yaba wa tsohon shugaban, Mista Goodluck Jonathan saboda nuna halin kirkinsa, da tsoron Allah da kuma karfin gwiwa ya zama Shugaban kasa na farko mai ci a Najeriya da ya fadi zabe kuma da zuciya daya ya yarda da shan kaye cikin lumana don hana rikici da tashin hankali bayan zabe a Najeriya A matsayina na mai fafutuka na Al'umma, Cif Ajai ya kasance yana neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a madadin dukkan thean Najeriya da ke zaune a ƙasashen ƙetare a cikin irin waɗannan yankuna kamar ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da kuma amincewa da shirin makirci ga mazaunan.
Kyauta Alamun alheri na kyautatawa ta fara ne lokacin da ta kafa makarantar Fashion Fasaha don ɗaliban da ba su da galihu a cikin Ibadan, Nijeriya a cikin 1980-1985.
Cif Ajayi daga baya ta zama zakara tare da ba da gudummawa ga shirin Gidaje Miliyan Daya na Goodluck don Daraktan tare da hadin gwiwar Babban Bankin Mortgage na Najeriya a karkashin DIASPORA HOUSING LOAN SCHEME. Tare da zartar da kudurin dokar da ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kasashen Waje, Cif Ajayi ta yi kira ga Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari da ya nada mutane masu gaskiya daga cikin mazauna cikin hukumar don tabbatar da nasarar ta.
Ganewa Cif Temitope Ajayi ita ce wacce aka karrama da wasu manyan lambobin girmamawa na duniya da kyaututtuka: Saboda aikin da ta yi wa al'ummomin Afirka a Amurka, Cif Ajayi an ba ta lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa na Agaji da Shugaba George W. Bush ya bayar, wanda kyauta ce ta kasa a karkashin goyon bayan Shugaban Amurka ya amince da sa kai. A shekarar 2013, Gwamna Mike Beebe ya bai wa Cif Madam Temitope Ajayi lambar girmamawa ta Dan Kasa ta Jihar Arkansas tare da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya: Alhaji Aliko Dangote, Shugaban Kamfanin Dangote; Gwamna Rabiu Kwankwaso na jihar Kano; Dakta Akinwunmi Adesina, Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara; Farfesa Tajudeen Gbadamosi, tsohon malamin jami’ar Legas; Farfesa Ade Adefuye, Jakadan Najeriya a Amurka; Farfesa Julius Okojie, Babban Sakataren Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa; Mista Robert Brunner, Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Arik Air International; da Mista Kester Ifeadi, Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Zamani na Kamfanin Ltd.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje "GC4WOMEN. ORG "GC4WOMEN. Kundin labarai "Bikin karramawa na GC4W karo na biyu"
"SHUGABA JOYCE BANDA FOUNDATION" "Rayuwata: Cif Ajayi"
Manazarta Mata
Ƴan |
25732 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA | AAA | AAA, Triple A, ko Triple-A shi ne farkon haruffa uku ko taƙaice wanda zai iya nufin to:
Mutane AA Attanasio, marubucin almara na kimiyya
Tashar jiragen sama Filin jirgin sama na Anaa a cikin Faransanci Polynesia (lambar filin jirgin saman IATA AAA)
Filin jirgin saman Logan County (Illinois) (lambar filin jirgin saman FAA AAA)
Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai
Wasanni AAA (masana'antar wasan bidiyo) rukuni na manyan wasannin bidiyo na kasafin kuɗi
TripleA, tushen wargame mai buɗewa
Kiɗa
Ƙungiyoyi da lakabobi AAA (band), ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Japan
Against All Authority -AAA- ƙungiyar ska-punk ta Amurka
Mala'iku & Airwaves, wani madadin dutsen Amurka, wanda kuma ake kira "AVA"
Sau Uku A (ƙungiyar kiɗa) ƙungiyar trance ta Dutch
Ayyuka "AAA", waƙa ta shida akan <i id="mwLQ">City</i> (Strapping Young Lad album)
<i id="mwMA">AAA</i> (EP) wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo ne da ƙungiyar AAA ta Najeriya ta yi
Samun damar Duk Yankuna, jerin faifan CD na kiɗa ta ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland Runrig
Sau Uku A, wani sunan Adult Alternative Songs, mai rikodin ginshiƙi wallafa Allon tallace-tallace
Sauran amfani a cikin zane -zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Madadin kundin manya, tsarin rediyo
AAA, lambar samarwa don 1970 Doctor Who serialhead daga Space
<AAA> Aces of ANSI Art ƙungiyar fasahar dijital don ƙirƙirar da rarraba fasahar ANSI (1989-1991)
AAA, manga na Jafananci na Haruka Fukushima
Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan, fim ɗin Tamil a cikin 2017
Brands da kamfanoni Advanced Accelerator Aikace -aikace, kamfanin radiopharmaceutical
Ansett Ostiraliya, kamfanin jirgin sama na Australiya (lambar jirgin saman ICAO AAA)
Abokan Artwararrun Mawakan Amurka, gidan kayan gargajiya da kasuwancin tallan fasaha
Abokan Artists na Argentine, ɗakin fina -finan Argentina
Gwamnati da siyasa
Hukumomin gwamnati Gudanar da Daidaita Noma, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Amurka da aka kirkira a cikin shekara ta 1930
Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority (AAA a cikin Mutanen Espanya)
Dokar Daidaita Noma ta 1933, dokokin tarayya na Amurka
Dokar daidaita aikin gona na 1938, dokokin tarayya na Amurka
Kungiyoyin siyasa Alianza Americana Anticomunista ("American Anticommunist Alliance" a cikin Mutanen Espanya) ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Colombia, 1978-1979
Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista, a Spain
Anti-Austerity Alliance, wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Ireland
Anticommunist Alliance na Argentina, ƙungiyar mutuwa ta Argentina a tsakiyar 1970s
Ƙungiyoyi
Kungiyoyin fasaha Associationungiyar Mawakan Allied, wata ƙungiya mai baje kolin a London da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1908
Mawakan Abstract na Amurka, ƙungiya ce ta masu zane-zane da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1936 don haɓakawa da haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da zane-zane.
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mawakan Amurka
Taskar Amsoshi ta Amurka, Taskar Smithsonian Institution a Washington, DC
Asiya Art Archive, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke yin rikodin tarihin kwanan nan na fasahar zamani a Asiya
Ƙungiyoyin Motoci American Automobile Association, kulob na mota, wanda kuma ake kira "Triple A"
Ƙungiyar Motocin Australiya
Sauran ƙungiyoyi Shirin Karfafawa Matasa-An-Alleyway, San Francisco, California
Ƙungiyar Tabbatar da Adventist
American Academy of Actuaries
Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka
Ƙungiyar Ambulance ta Amirka
Ƙungiyar Anthropological American
Ƙungiyar sasantawa ta Amurka
Ƙungiyar Tsohuwar Jirgin Sama
Ƙungiyar 'yan saman jannati masu zaman kansu
Ƙungiyar Archaeological Australia
Kimiyya da fasaha
Biology da magani AAA sunadarai (ATPases hade da ayyuka daban -daban na salula)
Ciwon mara aortic aneurysm
Ƙungiyar Anatomists ta Amirka
Anti-actin garkuwar jiki
Cavaticovelia aaa (aaa treader) kwari daga Hawaii
Sau uku-A ciwo
AAA, codon don amino acid Lysine
Kimiyya Amalgam (sunadarai) wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun alchemical medieval tare da "aaa"
Amino acid bincike
Aromatic amino acid
Arylalkanolamine
Asymmetric allylic alkylation
Kwamfuta AAA, mafi girma daga cikin matakai uku na isa ga rukunin yanar gizon da aka auna ta jagororin Samun Abubuwan Yanar Gizo
AAA chipset, kayan masarufi don komfutar Amiga komputa
AAA (tsaro na kwamfuta) "Tabbatacce, Izini da Ƙididdiga", ikon samun dama, aiwatar da manufofi da tsarin duba tsarin kwamfuta.
ASCII ta daidaita bayan ƙari, lambar BCD ta Intel
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha AAA, matsayi a kan sikelin haruffan haruffa (darajoji biyu sama da "sa A")
Batirin AAA, madaidaicin girman busasshen sel
Kyautar Nasarar Amateur na Ƙungiyar Astronomical na Pacific
Analog-analog-analog, ƙira don rikodin analog
Angle-angle-angle, duba Kamani (geometry)
Makamai masu linzami
Wasanni Amateur Athletic Association na Ingila
American Airlines Arena, filin wasanni da nishaɗi a Miami, Florida, da kuma wurin gidan Miami Heat
Arkansas Activities Association, babbar hukumar gudanar da wasannin makarantar sakandare a waccan jihar ta Amurka
Ƙungiyar Wasannin Wasannin Asiya
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide, gabatarwar kokawar Mexico wacce aka fi sani da "AAA" (daga tsohon sunan Asistencia Asesoría y Administración Montreal AAA, tsohuwar ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Kanada
Triple-A (wasan ƙwallon baseball) mafi girman matakin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon Arewacin Amurka
Sauran amfani "Shiga duk fannoni", wani nau'in wucewar bayan gida
AAA, mafi kyawun ƙimar kuɗi
Ayyukan taimakon dabbobi, nau'in maganin da ya shafi dabbobi a matsayin nau'in magani
Harshen Ghotuo (ISO 639-3 lambar yare aaa)
Lambar Morse don "maharin jirgin sama", wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da SOS
Duba kuma A (rarrabuwa)
AA (disambiguation)
AAAA |
19569 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajin%20shakatawa%20na%20Yankari | Dajin shakatawa na Yankari | Wurin Shakatawa na Yankari babban wurin shakatawa ne na namun daji dake kudu maso tsakiyar jihar Bauchi, a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Dajin ta mamaye fili kimanin kuma ta kunshi maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu dumi tare da halittu da dama, da kuma nau'ikan flora da fauna iri-iri. Zaman yankin a tsakiyar yankin Savanna na yammacin Afirka ya santa ta zamo wuri na musamman ga masu yawon bude idanu da masu bukatar hutu don kallon namun daji a asalin muhallinsu. An kirkiri Yankari a matsayin wurin ziyara don wasanni a shekarar 1956, amma daga baya aka mayar da ita filin shakatawa na kasa kuma mafi girma a Najeriya a shekarar 1991. Ita ce wuri mafi shahara ga masu yawon bude ido a Najeriya, don haka, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cigaba da bunkasa harkokin yawon bude ido da yawon shakatawa a Najeriya. Hakanan ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wurare na musamman a Yammacin Afirka.
Tarihi Budaddiyar kasa da kauyukan da ke kewaye da gandun dajin Yankari na dauke da manoma da makiyaya, amma sama da karni daya babu mutane mazauna dajin. Amma, duk da haka, akwai shaidar wanzuwar bil adama a baya a cikin wurin shakatawar, wanda suka hada da tsoffin wuraren narkar ƙarfe ko makeru da koguna. Makerun sun lalace saboda shekaru aru-aru da aka yi ana damun yankin, kodayake a ƙarshen 1990s akwai sama da hamsin da suka tsira a yankin Delimiri da Ampara.
A cikin shekarar 1934, kwamitin yankin Arewa ta ba da shawara ga Majalisar Zartaswa don samar da wurin ajiyar dabbobi a Masarautar Bauchi. Alhaji Muhammadu Ngeleruma minista a tsohuwar ma'aikatar noma da albarkatun kasa ta arewacin Najeriya ya goyi bayan hakan. A daidai wannan lokacinda ya ga abun burgewa a wani ziyarar da ya kai a wani wurin ajiyar dabbobi na kasar Sudan yayin da yake tafiya zuwa gabashin Afirka. Da ya dawo, ya karfafa yunƙurin kafa wani abu makamancin haka a Najeriya. A shekarar 1956, gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya ta amince da tsare-tsaren samar da yankin Kulawa da dabbobi karkashin kulawar gwamnati. An bayyana Yankari a matsayin wani yanki na kudancin jihar Bauchi a lokacin inda namun daji masu yawa ke wanzuwa kuma ana iya kare su. A shekarar 1957 aka samar da wurin ajiyar dabbobin kuma an kafa yankin a matsayin gandun daji na Hukumar Bauci.
An fara buɗe Yankari ga jama'a a matsayin filin wasa ta farko a ranar 1 ga watan Disamban 1962. Tun a wancan lokaci gwamnatin jihar Arewa maso Gabas sannan daga bisani kuma gwamnatin jihar Bauchi suke kula da gandun daji na Yankari. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ce ke kula da dajin a yanzu, ta hannun hukumar kula da dajin.
A shekarar 1991 ne dajin ta zama a hukumance Wurin Shakatawa ta Kasa (National Park) ta hanyar doka ta 36 na Gwamnatin Tarayya. A ƙarshen karni na 1900s sashin gudanarwa na wurin shakatawar ta fara aikin samar da wuraren adana kayan tarihi a cikin gandun shakatawar don ƙarfafa yawon shakatawa na gado.
Ecotourism Ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin agaji da dama na duniya sun fifita yawon buɗe ido ko yawon buɗe idanu a matsayin hanyar samun ci gaba mai dorewa. Tana haɓaka kiyaye halittu iri-iri ta hanyar kare yanayin muhalli da kuma kayan al'adu na gargajiya, flora da fauna a matsayin manyan abubuwan jan hankali. Dajin Yankari ta cika wadannan ka'idoji.
A shekara ta 2000, dajin Yankari ta karbi bakuncin masu yawon bude idanu sama da mutum 20,000 daga kasashe sama da 100. Wannan ya sanya ta zama wurin yawon bude ido mafi shahara a Najeriya, kuma idan aka sarrafa ta yadda ya kamata, za ta iya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaba da bunkasa harkokin yawon bude idanu a fadin Najeriya. Tana daya daga cikin yankunan kadan da suka rage a yammacin Afirka inda ake kiyaye namun daji a wuraren da suke zaune.
Yanayin kasa Yankari National Park ta fada cikin yanayin kasa na kudancin Sudan Savannah. Ta ƙunshi ciyayi na savannah tare da ingantaccen nau'ika na itace. Hakanan yanki ne na tuddai masu hauhawa, galibi tsakanin mita 200m zuwa 400m. Tudun Kariyo shine mafi girma da mita 640.
Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a wurin shakatawa na tsakanin 900mm zuwa 1,000mm. Lokacin damina yna farawa daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. Yanayin zafi/sanyi na tsakanin 18C da 35C. A lokacin rani, iskan harmattan ke kadawa daga sahara, sau da yawa kan sanya sararin sama tayi kura da sanyin dare ya yi kasa da 12C. Lokacin mafi zafi yana faɗawa a watan Maris da Afrilu yayin da yanayin zafi ka iya tashi har sama da 40C da rana.
A lokacin rani, namun daji mafi girma a wurin shakatawa sun dogara da kogin Gaji da magudanan ruwa don tsira. Wannan kogin shine kadai ruwan da ya raba dajin gida biyu. Marshall ya kiyasta yankin kwarin Rafin Gaji da giwaye dake amfani da shi a lokacin rani a kusan Wannan yana karuwa tare da yiwuwar ganin giwaye a wannan lokacin na shekara.
Babban kofar shiga dajin yana kauyen Mainamaji, kimanin kilomita 29 km daga Dindima. Tana nan a yankin gundumar Duguri, Pali da Gwana a karamar hukumar Alkaleri, jihar Bauchi Wannan karamar hukumar tana da yawan jama'a 208,202 wadanda ke mamaye fadin fadin kasa Duwatsu Daukakin wurin shakatawar ya ta'allaka ne akan samuwar Karai-Karai, na shekarun Tertiary, wanda ya ƙunshi sandstones, siltstones, kaolinites da kuma grits. A karkashin wannan akwai samuwar shekarun Cretaceous na Gombe, wanda suka hada da sandstones da siltstones, da kuma ironstones. Kogin Gaji, Yashi da Yuli suna cike da Alluvium na kwanan nan. Akwai ajiyar turbaya da ƙasan yumbu na alluvium a yankunan kogin suna faruwa a cikin kwarin kogin Gaji, Yashi da Yuli. Gabashin kwarin Gaji kilomita 5–7 ne a faɗin ƙasa mai yashi mara kyau wanda ke goyan bayan samuwar savanna shrub
Namun daji Yankari National Park na da muhimmiyar mafaka ga nau'ikan namun daji masu shayarwa sama da 50 da suka hada da giwayen dazukan Afirka, birai na olive, biran patas, biran Tantalus, roan antelope, hartebeest na yamma, zaki na Afirka ta yamma, bijimi na Afirka, waterbuck, bushbuck da hippopotamus. Zakuna na gab da bacewa. Zakuna 2 ne kawai suka rage a wurin shakatawa a shekarar 2011. Ana tunanin damisa sun dade da bacewa a dajin, amma a watan Afrilun 2017, an samu hoton wani namiji guda ɗaya a tarkon kyamarar WCS.
Akwai kuma nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 350 da ake iya samu a wurin shakatawan. Daga cikin wadannan, 130 mazauna wurin ne, 50 kuma ‘yan ci-rani ne na Falasdinu, sauran kuma ‘yan ci-rani ne na Afirka da ke zuwa gida Najeriya. Waɗannan tsuntsayen sun haɗa da ssaddle-billed stork, tguinea fowl, grey hornbill, da kuma cattle egret. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ba a sake ganin nau'in White-backed Vultures ba a cikin Yankari kuma ana tunanin jinsunansu sun kare a cikin gandun.
Ana ganin Yankari a matsayin daya daga cikin yankuna da sukafi yawan giwaye a yammacin Afirka, wanda aka kiyasta sama da 300 a shekara ta 2005. Yawan giwaye ya zama matsala ga kauyukan da ke kewaye a wasu lokutan yayin da dabbobin ke shiga gonakin gida a lokacin damina. Giwayen sun kuma kakkarya itacen kuka da dama daga dajin.
Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ana ɗaukar yankin da ake karewa azaman Sashin Kula da Zaki tare da dajin Kasa na Kainji.
Siffofi Saboda ayyukan da ake yi a karkashin kasa, gandun dajin Yankari yana da maɓuɓɓugan ruwan dumi guda huɗu. An ba wa sansanin suna ne dangane da sanannen wuri wato, Wikki Spring, daga yaren Duguri na gida tare da "Wikki" ma'ana "ina kuke?" Wikki Warm Spring shine rafi mafi girma kuma yana da faɗin mita 13.0 da zurfin mita 1.9. A kullum yana kwarara lita miliyan 21,000,000 na fili, ruwan magudanar ruwa zuwa kogin Gaji. Ruwan rafin na da dumi na kimanin 31.1 °C duk shekara a cikin dare da rana kuma an inganta shi don nishaɗi.
Sauran maɓuɓɓugan ruwan masu dumi sun hada da Dimmil, Gwana, da kuma Mawulgo. Ruwa na biyar, Tungan Maliki, wanda shine kadai ruwa mai sanyi a wurin shakatawar.
Shaidar matsugunan mutane na farko Rijiyoyin Dukkey rijiyoyi 139 tare da ramukan da suka haɗe wanda ke wakiltar ingantaccen tsarin ajiyar ruwa. Kogunan Marshall kogon gidaje guda 59 da aka tona a cikin duwatsun sandstones, wanda PJ Marshall ya gano a shekarar 1980. Akwai zane-zane na dutse da ane a cikin siffar zigzag da madaidaiciyar layi. Dutsen Tunga dutsen da ke da zane fiye da kogon Marshall. Rubuce-rubucen da ake karantawa sun shafi wani yanki a kan dutsen mai tsayin kusan mita 4m a cikin kogin Dwall. Ana iya ganin rubuce-rubucen. Duk da haka, ba a tantance shekarunsu da ma'anarsu ba Makeru/wurin sarrafa karafa ayyukan narka baƙin ƙarfe na shau shau wanda ke da kusan murhun wuta na tsaye guda 60, waɗanda aka yi imanin su ne mafi girman masana'antar tarihi na wancan zamanin a Yankin Yammacin Afirka
Siffofin yanki Tsaunin Kalban ma'ana "wuri mai lebur" tudun mai shafaffen sama yana ba masu yawon bude ido ikon kallon wurin shakatawa gaba daya
Tsaunin Kariyo wanda ke kusa da kogon Marshal kyakkyawan filin kallo ne
Tsaunin Paliyaram sanannen sansanin farauta ne, wanda yake da nisan 10 km daga Wikki.
Kwazazzabon Tonglong wani kwazazzabo ne mai ban sha'awa tare da tuddai masu alaƙa, buttes da tarkacensu na nan a yammacin wurin shakatawar.
Duba kuma Sumu Wildlife Park
Manazarta Jihar Bauchi
Wuraren shakatawa a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32979 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Bissa | Mutanen Bissa | Bissa (ko Bisa (rauni), Bisan, Bissanno (jam'i)), wata kabila ce ta Mande ta kudu maso gabashin Burkina Faso, arewa maso gabashin Ghana, arewa maso gabashin Togo da arewacin Benin. Yaren su, Bissa, yare ne na Mande wanda ke da alaƙa da shi, amma ba ɗaya ba ne, tarin yaruka a tsohuwar yankin Borgu na Arewa maso Gabas Benin da kuma Arewa maso Yamma, ciki har da Busa, Boko, da Kyenga. Wani sunan madadin don Bissa shine Busansi wanda mutanen Mossi ke amfani da shi.
Kundin Tarihi na Daniel McFarland Historical Dictionary of Upper Volta yana nufin su "Mande mai ƙarfi wanda ya zaunar da yankin tare da White Voltaire a ƙasa da Tenkodogo a 1300. Wasu suna zaune a kan iyakar a arewacin Ghana da Togo na zamani. Dangane da wasu al'adun, Rialle, magadan layin Nakomse na sarakunan Mossi shine Busansi."
An san su da aikin noman gyada. A bisa ga al'ada, wani mutumin Bissa wanda yake son kotu da yarinyar Bissa dole ne ya yi aiki a filin gyada na mahaifiyarta, kuma ya sami damar samar wa yarinyar filin gyada idan sun yi aure.
Bissa an kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin yare, wannan shine Barka da Lerre. An kara raba su zuwa wasu kabilu da yawa. Kowane dangi yana da suna da kuma kiran da ake kira Dedaa wanda Bissa ke kira. Yanzu ana amfani da kiran a matsayin sunan mahaifi a Burkina Faso
Wasu sanannun dangi da Bayyanar kabilar Bissa Bayyanar kabila
Pagou Nombre /Ziginni
Gassuogou Yaalah
Tangari Lengani
Tangaré Lingani
Garango Bambara
Tunugu Saare
Bussim Guerm/Guerne
Sandugu Zeba
Lergu Jinko
Ziglah Bandau
Pakala Billa
Tuuro Dabre
Woono Zaare
Saawunno Nyenni
Chenno Yabre
Bura Zuure
Saarugu Saare
Muungo Gamine
Kayo Gampine
Bugula Darga
Gulagun Nombone
Yiringu Galbane
Lengi monnie
Kadpugu Yankini
Ganni Samandulugu
Jangani Guengane
Bedega Wandaago
Leda Zampaligidi
woono wango
longa Welgu/Keera
Sasima Daboni
Zangila Kidibari
kuu Lenkoni
Zaka Boibani
Hunzaawu Zombra
Bergu Baara
Nyaawu Campaore
Gulanda Bayere
leere Zampoo
Dansanga Genni
Somma Zakaani
Sominne Senre/Sebene
Gudu Sewonner
Sonno Lembani
Wargu Bansi
Tollah Bansi
Wanda Gulla
Dansanga Genni
Zhetta Zesonni
Koonteega Yourda
Bangu Sambare
Youngou Gambo
Gerrimah Nyenni
Kerimah Ziigani
Yakungu Gengani
Gangila Nunkansi
kele Gansani
Tinga Bidiga
Bann Zanni
Mutanen Bissa sun kasu kashi-kashi da yawa. Harshensu ya bambanta kaɗan; yaruka na farko sune Barka, Lere, Ladda, Zeba, Gassuh.
Yawancin Bissa Musulmai ne. Bissa na Da'irar Garango na daga cikin wakilan arewa. Garin Garango da ke tsakiyar yankin Bissa ta arewa ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, yayin da gundumomin arewa maso yamma ke karkashin kulawar masarautar Mossi ta Ouagadougou da kuma yankunan arewa maso gabas karkashin kulawar masarautar Mossi ta Tenkodogo. A Accra, Ghana, wasu daga cikin garuruwan da aka kafa kuma shahararru sune layin Busanga a yankin North Kaneshie na mazabar Okai Koi. Sauran garuruwan da aka lura da mutanensu na Bissa sun hada da Town Council line ko Lartebiokorshie da shukura a mazabar Ablekuma ta tsakiya, da Nima a mazabar Ayawaso ta tsakiya. A cikin kabilar Bissa, na Lingani su ne masu rike da madafun iko na siyasa da na sufanci. Mutumin da ke da iko ba shine mai kambi ba amma wanda ke ba da kambi. Babu wanda zai iya samun damar shiga iko kuma ya sa kambi kafin Lingani ya shirya shi cikin asiri a ƙauyen Tangaré na Garango a lardin Boulgou (Burkina Faso). 'Yan Lingani mafarauta ne kuma bishiyar ɓaure na bikin tare da kakanninsu mashin farauta na shekaru ɗari har yanzu ana iya gani a kusa da dutsen Tangaré da ke fuskantar gidan dangin Lingani. Bissas suna zaune tare da matattun kakanninsu da aka binne a kofar gidajensu domin girmama su. Wuraren da aka binne Bissa ana tona su ne kamar ginin gargajiya amma a karkashin kasa tare da wani dan karamin rami domin shiga jikin da wanda ya karbi gawar ya kwantar da shi don hutawa. Ana iya binne mutane da yawa a cikin kabari guda ɗaya. Ƙofar kabari an lulluɓe shi da gilashin yumbu da za a iya cire don binnewa a nan gaba. Barso kakan Bissas mafarauci ne. NOTE. Daga Bissa Bissam Baa Kamaji house.
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15985 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani%20Makiyaya | Fulani Makiyaya | Fulani makiyaya Fulani ne makiyaya ko kuma Fulani makiyaya wadanda sana’arsu ta farko ita ce kiwon dabbobi. Fulani makiyaya sun fi yawa a yankin Sahel da kuma yankunan da ba su da ruwa a Yammacin Afirka, amma saboda sauye-sauyen kwanan nan game da yanayin, makiyaya da yawa sun kuma koma kudu zuwa savannah da na yankin Yammacin Afirka. Ana samun makiyayan a kasashe irin su Najeriya, Nijar, Senegal, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, da Kamaru. A Senegal, suna zaune a Arewa Maso Gabashin Ferlo da yankin Kudu Maso Gabashin ƙasar. A yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe Fulani yawanci sune yanki tsiraru. Amma a Najeriya da ke aiki a tsakiyar yankin Najeriya, wanda ke adawa da arewa wacce kungiyar Boko Haram ta fi karfi, kungiyar ta samu mutuwar mutane 847 a bara a cikin jihohi biyar, sannan kuma an san ta da kai hare-hare a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR), a cewar sabon rahoto daga Yan ta’addan Duniya.
Tarihi Iyalan Fulani makiyaya su ne bangaren kiwo na gargajiya. An rarraba ɗawainiya ta hanyar jinsi da shekaru tsakanin membobin gidan. Babban aikin maza shine kula da garken shanu, nemo wuraren kiwo, gina tantuna da sansanoni, da yin kayayyakin tsaro kamar su wukake, kwari da baka da bindiga. Mata a cikin rukunin suna ɗaukar matsayin mata na gargajiya kamar sayar da kayan abinci a kasuwa, shayar da shanu, saƙa da kuma yin tabarma. Wasu matan ma suna harkar noma kamar su noman kayan lambu da kiwon kaji.
Shanu shi ne babban garken Fulani a kasashe irin su Najeriya, kuma raƙumi shi ne dabba mafi ƙarancin sha'awa. Dabbobin sun fi yawa mata kuma kusan 60% na shanu mata ne; jinsin maza yawanci ana rage su ta hanyar siyar dasu.
Yawon kiwo Fulani makiyaya tafiyar bata yusuwa sai da kungiyoyi bazuwar da kuma shirya taron ƙungiyoyi. Tafiye-tafiye bazuwar galibi fulani makiyaya ne ke ɗauka, yayin da makiyaya masu keɓewa suke ɗaukar motsi. Babban dalilin da yasa makiyayan ke ƙaura shine zuwa yankuna da ciyawa da ruwa mai yawa don shanu. Makiyayan kuma suna motsawa don kauce wa masu karbar haraji, kwari masu cutarwa da yanayi mara kyau da yanayin zaman jama'a. Babbar fa'idar da kungiyar makiyayan ke samu ita ce ta kara wadatar kayan abincin ga shanu da kuma rage kiwo. Kafin matsawa zuwa sabbin yankuna, makiyayan sun aika da wata tawaga ta masu leken asiri domin yin nazarin yankin don samun wadatar abubuwa kamar ciyawa da ruwa.
Tushen kudin shiga Sayar da awaki, tumaki da kayan kiwo kamar madara su ne tushen samun kudin shiga da kuma abincin makiyaya. Ana auna arzikinsu da dukiyoyinsu da girman garken shanu. A al’adance, makiyaya galibi suna bayar da aron shanu (habbanaya) ga juna, kuma da zarar saniyar ta haihu kuma ta yaye saniya sai a mayar da ita ga mai ita. Wadannan makiyayan suna garken nau'ikan shanu da yawa, amma dabbobin sun fi kowa a Yammacin Afirka saboda halaye masu jure fari. Yawan garken shanu dama galibi ana kiwo ne a yankunan da ke da danshi sosai na Fouta Djallon da Casamance sakamakon juriyarsu da trypanosomiasis da sauran yanayin da ke tattare da tsananin zafi.
Mazauni Fulani makiyaya suna gina gidaje na gida da ake kira "Suudu hudo" ko "Bukka" da aka yi da ciyawa. A lokacin rani, galibi ana tallafashi da ƙaramin ginshiƙan gero, da kuma katifun sandar da ake haɗawa a ɗaura su a sandunan itace, a lokacin damina ko damina. Fa'idar gidan "Bukka" ita ce ta hannu, mai sauƙin kafawa da tarwatsewa a zaman gidan al'ummomin makiyaya. Idan lokacin canza wuri ya yi, sai a wargaza gidajen kuma a ɗora su a kan raƙumi, dawakai, jakai da kuma wani lokacin shanu don jigilar su. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan makiyaya da yawa yanzu suna zaune a cikin laka ko kuma gidajen bulo.
Rikici da manoma Tarihi Fulani makiyaya sun yi kiwo a cikin filayen da ke kewayen yankunan Sahel na Yammacin Afirka, wani bangare saboda yanayin muhalli da ke iyakance yawan filaye don dalilan noma, wanda ke haifar da gasa mai tsanani a fili tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Koyaya, bayan yawan fari a yankuna masu bushewar Sahel, Fulani makiyaya a hankali sun koma kudu zuwa Guinea savanna da yankunan daji na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya haifar da gasa kan hanyoyin kiwo tare da manoma. Manoma sun koma Arewa tare da karuwar yawan mutane.
Najeriya Fulani makiyaya sun fara kaura zuwa Arewacin Najeriya daga yankin Senegambiya a wajajen karni na goma sha uku ko sha hudu. Bayan jihadin Uthman dan Fodio, Fulani sun shiga cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan haka, a lokacin rani lokacin da aka rage yawan tsuntsaye, Fulani makiyaya sun fara kora shanunsu zuwa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda kungiyoyin da ba Hausawa ba suka mamaye, suna komawa Arewa a farkon damina. Amma yayin kula da garken shanu da tuka shanu, kiwo a gonaki a wasu lokuta yakan faru, wanda ke haifar da lalata amfanin gona ya zama tushen rikici.
Aiwatar da dokar amfani da filaye a Nijeriya na shekarar 1978 ya baiwa gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya damar sanyawa da kuma bada filaye sannan kuma ta baiwa ‘yan asalin‘ yancin yin nema kuma a ba su takardar shedar zama don neman mallakar filayen kakanninsu. Wannan ya sanya Fulani makiyaya cikin mawuyacin hali saboda yawancin ba su nemi wuraren mallakar wuraren kiwo ba, kuma yawan jujjuya lamurra ya haifar da cin zarafin wasu. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta tsara wasu yankuna a matsayin hanyoyin kiwo amma wannan bai rage rikici ba. Daga 1996 zuwa 2006 kimanin mutane 121 suka rasa rayukansu a jihohin Bauchi da Gombe sakamakon rikici tsakanin makiyaya da manoma. Dubban mutane ne aka kashe tun shekara ta 2016 a cikin rikici tsakanin manoma da makiyaya makiyaya.
Ghana Kungiyoyin Fulani 'yan ci-rani da makiyaya galibi ana daukar su baƙi da baƙi saboda asalinsu na Senegambiya; sakamakon haka, haƙƙoƙinsu na amfani da yankunan da ƙabilun asalin ke kira filayen kakanni sun gamu da ajiyar wasu wurare.
Mali A watan Maris na 2019, an kashe Fulani makiyaya 160 a kauyukan Ogossagou da Welingara a yankin Mopti. An yi zargin cewa masu laifin mafarauta ne 'yan kabilar Dogon.
Duba kuma Kiwo makiyaya
Manazarta
Majiya chapter XVI The Fulani in West African History, pp. 130–135; chapter XVII Origins of the Fulani, pp. 136–152.
Pages with unreviewed translations
yawon kiwo makiyaya rikicin Fulani da manoma Category :Sahel Category :Ghana Category :mazaunin |
25403 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Tabor | Grace Tabor | Ina Grace Tabor (24 Maris 1874, Cuba, New York 15 Oktoba 1971) ta kasance ƴaran ƙasar Amurka landscape architect, mai zane, Marubuciya, kuma edita. Ta zamo ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka bayyana kanta a matsayin mai zanen landscape architect. An fi saninta da mawallafiya a kan batutuwan zanen landscape design, da aikin gona-(horticulture). Ita ce marubucin littattafan lambu guda goma, yawancinsu an buga su tsakanin 1910 zuwa 1921.
Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Grace Tabor a ranar 24 ga Maris 1874 a Cuba, New York. Ta yi karatu a Arts Students League da kuma New York School of Applied Design for Women duka a birnin New York. Tabor ta sami horon aikin lambu a Arnold Arboretum na Jami'ar Harvard University. A cikin 1905, Tabor, ta fara tsara rubutu da zane don wallafe-wallafen kamar a Mujallar The Garden Magazine da Country Life. Ta zama editan Mujallar The Garden Magazine (daga baya The American Home); Mataimakin Daraktan, Makarantar Aikin Noma ta Jihar New York akan Long Island.
Tabor, ta shafe yawancin rayuwarta (ta balaga) a yankin birnin New York. Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta koma kudu, tana zama a jihohi daban-daban.
Aiki
A cikin 1914-1915 Tabor, ta fara aikin (landscape architecture) a asirce, musamman a kusa da birnin New York. Ta gwammace ta tsara lambuna don masu matsakaicin kuɗin shiga maimakon masu arziki. Sakamakon haka, ba a rubuta gonakinta a cikin wallafe-wallafe ba. Hukumar Lambun Yaƙi ta Ƙasa-(The National War Garden Commission) ta aika da ita yawon shakatawa na talla a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (WW1), don sha'awar samar da abinci a cikin Lambunan Yaƙi. Bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya, an naɗa ta shugabar sashin aikin gona na kwamitin Miss Anne Morgan na Faransa, kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi a lokacin kasancewar kwamitin.
A cikin 1920 Tabor ta rubuta wani littafi Come into the Garden inda ta yi magana game da yawan amfani da tsirai, tana ƙarfafa gwaiwar masu lambu.
A cikin 1923 a matsayin ta na mai zane, mujallar Woman’s Home Companion ta nemi ta kafa Sashen Lambun a cikin wannan mujallar kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin editanta. Ta fara aiki a mujallar har zuwa 1941. Ta hanyar Woman's Home Companion, wanda a lokacin tana cikin manyan mujallun mata a ƙasar. Ta bambanta tsohon da sabon salon aikin lambu tare da zane mai hoto na shimfidar wuri kafin da bayan gyare-gyare, ta sanya alamar "kafin" a matsayin "kuskure a cikin shimfidar wuri". Rubutu da take ma Woman's Home Companion an ɗauke shi a matsayin gungun masu ba da shawara mata game da batun.
Tabor ta rubuta littattafan lambu guda goma, yawancinsu an buga su tsakanin 1910 zuwa 1921. Daga cikin muhimman littattafan akwai The Landscape Gardening Book (1911) da Come into the Garden (1921). A cikin littafinta Old-Fashioned Gardening (1913) Tabor ta gabatar wa da masu karatu, lambuna na Amurka, Mulkin Mallaka. A cikin 1951 Tabor ta buga littafinta na ƙarshe Making a Garden of Perennials.
A cikin 1932 ta ba da shawarar dasa sabbin bishiyoyi miliyan 10 a Amurka don bikin cika shekaru biyu na haihuwar George Washington.
Ta kasance edita na Mujallar Tsirrai, Fure da 'Ya'yan itace ta ƙasa. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga mujallar House and Garden, tana rubuta akan lambu a kowane wata da labarai masu zurfi game da aikin lambu.
Wallafe-wallafen
1911 The landscape gardening book, wherein are set down the simple laws of beauty and utility which should guide the development of all grounds
1911 The garden primer; a practical handbook on the elements of gardening for beginners
1912 Making a garden to bloom this year
1912 Making the grounds attractive with shrubs
1912 Making the grounds attractive with shrubbery
1912 Making a bulb garden
1913 Old-Fashioned gardening; a history and a reconstruction
1913 Suburban gardens
1916 Wonderdays and wonderways through flowerland; a summer adventure of once upon a time
1921 Come into the garden
1934 Herbs in cooking
1951 Making a garden of perennials
Mutuwa
Ta mutu a shekarar 1973.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Grace Tabor on |
20397 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halima%20Aden | Halima Aden | Halima Aden (an haife ta a 19 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif 1997) ƙirar ƙirar Ba-Amurke ce. An san ta da kasancewa mace ta farko da ta sanya hijabi a gasar Miss Minnesota USA, inda kuma ta kasance wasan kusa da na karshe. Bayan hallartar shiga gasar, Halima ta sami kulawar ƙasa kuma an sanya hannu a kan Models IMG. Ita ce kuma samfurin farko da ta sanya hijabi da burkini a cikin Matsalar Swimsuit na Wasanni.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Aden da aka haife ta a Kakuma sansanin yan gudun hijira a Kenya 'Yar Somaliya ce kuma tana da shekara shida ta koma Amurka, ta zauna a St. Cloud, Minnesota. Ta halarci makarantar sakandaren Apollo inda takwarorinta suka zabe ta a matsayin homecoming queen Ita dalibi ce a Jami'ar Jihar ta St Cloud Ayyuka A shekarar 2016, Aden ta samu kulawar kafafen yada labarai na kasa bayan fafatawa a gasar Miss Minnesota USA, ta zama ta farko da ta fara shiga cikin sarautar da ta sanya burkini da hijabi. Wasu manazarta suna ganin wannan a matsayin motsawa zuwa haɓakawa a cikin masana'antar samfurin. A shekara mai zuwa, Aden ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da sabuntawa tare da Models IMG A watan Fabrairun 2017, ta fara zama a karon farko a New York Fashion Week na Yeezy Season 5. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin alkaliya na farko da na telecast na gasar Miss USA 2017 Tun daga nan ta yi tafiya don masu zane-zane da yawa, gami da Maxmara da Alberta Ferretti Haka kuma ta halarci Makon Nuna Ido na Milan na 2016 da Ingantaccen Fashion na London Week. Aden ya nuna matsayin American Eagle da British Glamour, kuma yana da murfin littafin CR Fashion. Aden ce samfuri na farko da ke sanye da hijabi don tafiya titin jirgin sama na duniya kuma aka sanya hannu a kan wata babbar hukuma. A watan Yunin shekarar 2017, ta zama samfurin sanya hijabi na farko a bangon Vogue Arabia, Allure, da kuma <i id="mwSg">British Vogue</i> A 2018, Aden ta zama jakadan UNICEF. Aikinta ya maida hankali ne kan hakkin yara. A watan Mayu 2019, Aden ta zama samfurin farko na sanya hijabi da burkini a cikin rigar iyo na Wasanni Wannan ba shine karo na farko ba a cikin aikinta da ta keta iyakoki, wanda hakan ke kara fadada masana'antar ta yadda za ta kasance ta musulmai. Aden ta bayyana a shafinta na Instagram cewa fitowarta a Sports Illustrated ta aika sako ga al'ummanta da ma duniya baki daya cewa "mata daga kowane bangare, kyan gani, tarbiyya za su iya tsayawa tare a yi bikinsu." Halima ta zama bakar fata ta farko da take da hijabi da aka sanya a bangon mujallar Essence, a fitowar ta 2020 ta Janairu zuwa Fabrairu. A watan Afrilun 2019, Aden ya yi aiki tare da samfurin Modanisa na zamani don zayyana nata rawani da tarin shawl da ake kira Halima x Modanisa. A wata hira da Teen Vogue, Aden ta bayyana cewa tarin ta na kowa ne, ko sun sa hijabi ko a'a. Ta saki tarin ne a cikin Suttukan sutturar tufafin Istanbul a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2019. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2020, Aden ta sanar a cikin jerin labaran Instagram cewa ta daina yin samfurin titin jirgin saboda hakan ya bata imanin addininta, duk da cewa tun daga lokacin ta nuna cewa za ta yi aikin kwalliya muddin za ta iya gindaya sharuddan. Aden ta sami goyon baya ga shawararta daga Rihanna, Gigi Hadid, da Bella Hadid Daga baya Aden ta sanar da cewa ta shirya zama mace ‘yar asalin Somaliya ta farko da za ta shiga gasar Miss Universe Zaɓuɓɓukan mutum a cikin tallan kayan kawa Yarjejeniyar tallan kayan kwalliya ta Aden ta hada da hijabin ta, saboda ta sanya shi wani bangare na aikinta da ba za a iya tattaunawa da shi ba. Aden ta yi magana game da matsalolin da ta ke fuskanta a wurin daukar aikin tallan kayan kwalliya wadanda ba su dace da kasancewar ta sanya hijabi ba. Ta bayyana kyawawan abubuwa kamar yadda suke tare da Maxmara, inda aka tsara mata kyan gani musamman don la'akari da zaɓin suturarta. Aden ta sake tabbatar da cewa ba ta bukatar yin daidai da ka'idojin al'umma domin zama abin koyi cikin nasara.
Bayani Musulmai
Afirka
Haifaffun 1997
Turai
Rayayyun |
42818 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noureddine%20Morceli | Noureddine Morceli | Noureddine Morceli Nūr ud-Dīn Mursili an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1970), ɗan tseren tsakiyar Aljeriya ne mai ritaya Shi ne wanda ya lashe tseren mita 1500 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1996 kuma ya lashe lambobin zinare guda uku kai tsaye a wannan tazara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Wasanni Ya kafa tarihin duniya a cikin 1500 m, gudun mile da mita 3000 A gasar kasa da kasa, ya kasance sau biyu mai samun lambar zinare a cikin mil a Wasannin Goodwill (1994 da 1998), zakaran Larabawa a cikin 1500. m a shekarar 1988, zakaran wasan Millrose a cikin mil a cikin shekarar 1992 da 1993, 1500 m wanda ya yi nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IAAF a shekarar 1994, kuma babban zakara a cikin jerin gwanon Grand Prix na shekarar 1994. Ya kasance zakaran dan kasar Algeria a shekara ta 1500 m a shekarar 1989.
Tarihin Rayuwa Yana da shekaru bakwai Morceli ya sami ƙarfafar guiwa daga dan uwansa Abderrahmane, dan tseren duniya wanda ya kare na hudu a cikin mita 1,500 a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 1977; daga baya ɗan'uwansa zai zama kocin Morceli. A farkon shekarun 1980, Morceli ya zo ne don bautar Saïd Aouita, dan kasar Morocco wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a tseren mita 5,000 a gasar Olympics ta 1984. A cikin shekaru 17 Morceli ya zama na biyu a tseren mita 1,500 a gasar kananan yara ta duniya. Shekara guda bayan haka, ya shiga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Riverside a California, wanda aka ba da shawarar don horarwa da wuraren waƙa. Ya shafe shekaru biyu a can, inda a karshensa ya yi gudun mita 1,500 mafi sauri a duniya a shekarar 1990. Yana da shekaru 20 ya zama na farko a duniya a tseren mita 1,500. A shekara ta 1992 ya kara da rikodin duniya na waje na mita 1,500, a cikin shekarar 1993 na mil, da kuma a cikin shekarar 1994 na mita 3,000. A karshen shekarar 1994, nasarorin da tauraron dan kwallon Algeria ya samu ya kai ma fi girma. A cikin watan Agusta, bayan karya rikodin duniya na waje na mita 3,000 (minti 7 25.11 sec), zai iya yin ikirarin rikodin duniya na tsakiyar nisa guda biyar, wanda ya haɗa da (a waje) mita 1,500 (3 min 28.86 sec) da mil (minti 3). 44.39 sec) da (cikin gida) mita 1,000 (minti 2 15.26 sec) da mita 1,500 (minti 3 34.16 sec).
An naɗa Morceli Ɗan Wasan Shekara ta Track Field News a cikin shekarar 1993 da ta 1994 da kuma Gidauniyar Wasanni ta Duniya a shekarar 1994. A cikin wannan shekaru biyu, ya yi rashin nasara sau ɗaya kawai, a mita 800. A yayin da ya ke kafa idonsa kan karin bayanai, musamman a tseren mita 800, da mita 2,000, da na mita 5,000, karfin tukinsa ya kasance mai kwazo sosai wajen kawo daukaka ga kasarsa. Kamar yadda Morceli ya sa ido a kakar wasa ta shekarar 1995, marubutan wasanni ba tare da kunya ba sun shelanta shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa gudu a duniya ko ma mafi girma a kowane lokaci. Wataƙila ruhunsa ya fi misaltuwa ta nasarar nasarar da ya yi a Grand Prix na shekarar 1994. An kama shi da mura, ya raunana kuma ya yi kutse, ba kawai ya gudu ba amma ya bar filin a baya a ƙarshen. An gwada Morceli ba da daɗewa ba ta sabon mai kalubalanci, dan Morocco Hicham El Guerrouj Morceli ya ci El Guerrouj a tseren mita 1,500 a gasar cin kofin duniya na waje na shekarar 1995; duk da haka, tseren mita 1,500 a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1996 a Atlanta a shekara mai zuwa an dauki shi daya daga cikin gasa mafi ban mamaki a tarihin wasanni. Morceli da El Guerrouj ne suka jagoranci filin wasan da tazarar mita 400 lokacin da matashin dan kasar Morocco ya taka kafar abokin hamayyarsa ya fadi kasa, lamarin da ya baiwa Morceli damar lashe lambar zinare a wannan lamari. A wasan karshe na Grand Prix da aka yi a Milan daga baya a waccan shekarar, Morceli ya yi rashin nasara a tseren mita 1,500 a karon farko cikin shekaru zuwa El Guerrouj. Morceli ya yi takara a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya, ciki har da Wasannin 2000 a Sydney, kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙarshe.
Aiki
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Ténès, Morceli ya yi fice a fagen wasa bayan ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 1500 a gasar matasa ta duniya a shekarar 1988 Morceli ya halarci Kwalejin Al'umma ta Riverside a Riverside, California, kuma a duk tsawon aikinsa, a cikin hunturu, zai dawo can don jin daɗin yanayi mai laushi da horo.
Morceli dan uwansa Abderrahmane ne ya horar da shi wanda ya yi takara a Algeria a gasar Olympics ta Moscow na shekarar 1980 da kuma Los Angeles a shekarar 1984 1990-1992 A cikin shekarar 1990, ya ƙaura zuwa babban aji kuma ya saita mafi kyawun lokacin 3:37.87 a cikin 1500 m. Ya ci gaba da wannan rinjaye a cikin shekarar 1991, lokacin da ya karya tarihin cikin gida na duniya na 1500 m a Seville a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, ya kafa sabon alamar 3: 34.16. Bayan kwana tara, a kan wannan waka, ya lashe kambun gudun mita 1500 a gasar cikin gida ta duniya. A duk lokacin wajen shekarar 1991 Morceli ya kasance ba tare da nasara ba fiye da 1500 m. A yawancin tarurrukan Grand Prix ya gudu sau kusan 3:31 min. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Tokyo, Morceli ya riga ya kasance sanannen fi so na 1500 m kuma ya yi nasara cikin sauƙi. Ya kafa sabon tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya (3:32.84) kuma ya kammala da wani gagarumin jagoranci na dakika biyu tsakaninsa da wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa Wilfred Kirochi (Kenya).
A farkon shekarar 1992, Morceli ya yi sabon rikodin duniya na cikin gida na mita 1000 na 2:15.26. Da alama babu tabbacin samun lambar zinare a gasar Olympics a Barcelona daga baya a waccan shekarar fiye da Morceli. Olympics Morceli ya sha kashi ba zato ba tsammani a hannun Gennaro di Napoli a Rome da David Kibet a Oslo. Akwai alamun cewa bai kasance a cikin surar da ta gabata ba. Duk da haka, a wasan kusa da na karshe na Olympics ya yi kama da karfi. An gudanar da wasan karshe na gasar Olympics cikin wani yanayi mai cike da bala'i, inda filin ya ratsa tseren mita 800 cikin kankanin lokaci fiye da na wasan karshe na mata. Wannan ba irin takun da Morceli ya saba yi ba ne, ko kuma ya ji daɗi, kuma da aka fara tseren gudun gida, sai ya ga ya kasa amsawa, daga ƙarshe ya ƙare na bakwai mai ban takaici. Kwana uku kacal bayan wasan karshe da Morceli ya kafa a gasar zakarun duniya a Monaco kuma mako guda ya karya gwarzawar sa inda ya yi nasara a Zurich a 3:30.76. A watan Satumba 1992 Morceli ya kafa sabon rikodin duniya na mita 1500 na 3:28.86 a Rieti.
1993-1995 A cikin 1993 Morceli da kyar ya rasa tarihinsa na duniya lokacin da ya ci gasar Bahar Rum a Narbonne a cikin 3:29.20 min. A lokacin Morceli ya kafa wa kansa sabuwar manufa: karya tarihin Steve Cram na shekaru takwas akan Mile (3:46.32). A duk tsawon kakar ya kasance kusan ba tare da ƙwararrun masu fafatawa ba. A Monaco dan kadan ya rasa tarihin tseren mita 3000 na duniya. Akwai ma maganar cewa zai iya tsallake gasar cin kofin duniya domin ya mai da hankali sosai kan farautar rikodin duniya. Duk da haka, a karshen ya yanke shawarar shiga. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Stuttgart, wasan karshe na 1500 m ya fara da sauri a hankali, amma Morceli koyaushe yana cikin cikakken iko, yana tserewa a cinya ta ƙarshe don samun nasara cikin sauƙi kuma ya riƙe takensa na duniya. A makonnin da suka biyo baya sau biyu ya gaza kafa sabon tarihi a kan Mile a Berlin da Brussels. Amma kwanaki biyu kacal bayan gasar a Brussels ya ba kowa mamaki ta hanyar murƙushe tsohon tarihin da ya kai 3:44.39.
A cikin 1994, ya kafa sabon rikodin duniya na 3000 m, yana 7: 25.11. Ya kuma yi gwaji cikin nasara da tseren mita 5000. A Zurich ya zarce sauran filin wasan don samun nasara sannan kuma ya lashe tseren mita 5000 a Rieti. Kashi daya tilo da aka yi a kakar wasa ta zo ne lokacin da Morceli ya zabi wani abin da ba a saba gani ba na mita 800 a Cologne. Morceli ya karya tarihin duniya na mita 2000 a kakar wasa ta gaba, inda ya kafa sabon alamar 4:47.88. Kwanaki tara bayan haka Morceli ya kafa tarihin duniya na ƙarshe na kyawun aikinsa, lokacin da ya rage nasa rikodin mita 1500 zuwa 3:27.37 a Nice. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan wannan ya kusan sake karya tarihin lokacin da ya yi nasara a 3: 27.52 a Monaco. Daga baya a waccan shekarar ya kare cikin sauki a gasar zakarun duniya na mita 1500 a Gothenburg Ba da daɗewa ba, Morceli ya yi ƙoƙarin inganta tarihin Mile a Zurich amma bai yi nasara ba.
1996-2000 A farkon kakar 1996, Morceli ya saita mafi kyawun kakar duniya na 3:29.50. Duk da haka, ba zato ba tsammani wani sabon abokin hamayya ya bayyana a wurin, lokacin da Hicham El Guerrouj ya yi nasara a Hengelo a cikin lokaci na 3: 29.51. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1996, Morceli ya kasance cikin matsi mai yawa. An gudanar da wasan karshe ne a matsakaicin matsayi lokacin da babban abokin hamayyarsa, Hicham El Guerrouj, ya fadi a kan cinyarsa ta karshe. Morceli ya hanzarta kuma ya ketare layin farko a gaban zakaran gasar Olympics, Fermín Cacho A karshen 1996 Morceli ya sha kashi na farko a tseren mita 1500 cikin shekaru hudu a hannun El Guerrouj a Milan. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1997 a Athens, Morceli ya kasance na hudu a cikin 1500 m kuma a cikin 1999, a Seville, ya cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na mita 1500 na karshe a jere a gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ya fice a kararrawa yayin da ya fita daga gasar lambar yabo. Bayyanar Morceli na ƙarshe a manyan gasannin duniya shine a gasar Olympics ta 2000 a Sydney Tun daga ritaya A halin yanzu, Morceli yana aiki a matsayin jakadan wasanni ta hanyar taimakawa Hukumar Olympics ta Duniya, da Wasannin Afirka, da kuma taimakawa wajen bunkasa matasa 'yan wasan guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a Algeria.
A cikin Janairu 2020, an nada shi Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Elite Sport (mai ba da rahoto ga Ministan Matasa da Wasanni) a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin da shugaban Aljeriya Abdelmadjid Tebboune ya zaba bayan zaben shugaban kasa na Disamba 2019. Jarumar Judo Salima Souakri ta maye gurbin Morceli a watan Yunin 2020 bayan wani sauyin gwamnati. Morceli ba shi da wata alaka ta siyasa da kowace jam'iyya a Aljeriya kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba mai zaman kansa a gwamnatin Djerad ta farko Manyan Gasa na Duniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Noureddine Morceli at World Athletics
Noureddine Morceli Home Page (an unofficial fan page)
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1970
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20466 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Esan | Mutanen Esan | Mutanen Esan Esan bhò sán ƙabilu ne na kudancin Najeriya da ke magana da harshen Esan Esan a al'adance masanan noma ne, ƙwararrun likitocin gargajiya, mayaƙa kuma mafarauta. Suna noman itacen dabino, barkono mai ƙararrawa (akoh) kwakwa, kola gyaɗa, baƙar tuffa, pear avocado, doya, koko, rogo, masara, shinkafa, wake, gyada, ayaba, lemu, ayaba, kanwa, tumatir, dankalin turawa, kuɓewaabarba, cinya, da kuma kayan lambu iri-iri. Ƙasar Esan ta zamani an yi amannar cewa an tsara ta ne a cikin ƙarni na 15, lokacin da 'yan ƙasa, galibinsu sarakuna da sarakuna, suka bar maƙwabtaka da Daular Benin zuwa arewa maso gabas; a can suka kafa al'ummomi da masarautu waɗanda ake kira daga cikin asalin asalin da suka haɗu a can. Akwai dukkanin masarautu 35 da aka kafa a Esanland, da suka hada da Amahor, Ebelle, Egoro, Ewohimi, Ekekhenlen, Ekpoma, Ekpon, Emu, Ewu, Ewatto, Ewossa, Idoa, Ifeku, Igueben, Ilushi, Inyelen, Irrua, Ogwa, Ohordua, Okalo, Okhuesan, Onogholo, Opoji, Oria, Orowa, Uromi, Udo, Ugbegun, Ugboha, Ubiaja, Urhohi, Ugun, Ujiogba, Ukhun, and Uzea.
Masarautun Esan galibi suna yaƙi tsakanin juna. Duk da yaƙe-yaƙe, Mutanen Evan suna da al'adun kama da juna waɗanda masarautar Benin ta rinjayi ta. Koyaya, waɗannan masarautun sun mallake su, tare da daular Benin, da daular Birtaniyya a watan Satumban shekarar 1897, kawai suka sami ƴancin kai shekaru 63 bayan haka a shekarata 1960 lokacin da Najeriya ta sami independentancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Bayan samun 'yanci, jama'ar Esan sun sha wahala daga yaƙin basasa, talauci, da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa.
Esan suna magana da harshen Esan, harshen Edoid da ya danganci Edo, Urhobo, Yaren Owan Isoko, Anioma da Etsako. Ana ɗaukarsa yare ne mai mahimmin yanki a Nijeriya, kuma ana koyar da shi a makarantun firamare ban da watsa shirye-shirye ta rediyo da talabijin. Har ila yau, an san harshen Esan a cikin ƙididdigar Masarautar Ingila. An ƙiyasta cewa mutanen Esan da ke zaune a ƙasar Esan sun kai kimanin onean ƙasa miliyan ɗaya zuwa miliyan ɗaya da rabi a Nijeriya, kuma akwai diasporaan Esan da yawa.
Ainahin Suna Kalmar Esan an yi amfani da ita ga mutanen Esan shekaru dubbai, kuma ana amfani da ita kafin tuntuɓar Turawa. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi imani da cewa sunan 'Esan' (asali, 'E san fia') bashi ne daga Bini (ma'ana, 'sun gudu' ko 'sun yi tsalle'). 'Ishan' wani nau'i ne na 'Esan' wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin Angilika sakamakon mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya wanda ya kasa bayyana sunan wannan ƙabilar. An yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashawa ta shafi sunayen Esan kamar ubhhhhhh (yanzu itace 'obeche'), uloko (yanzu itace 'iroko'), Abhuluimɛn (yanzu 'Aburime') Duk da haka an yi ƙoƙari don komawa matsayin yanzu.
Don manufar ilimi, Esan yana nufin
ƙabilar da ke zaune a tsakiyar Jihar Edo;
jam'i bai canza ba) mutum ko mutane gabaɗaya daga wannan ƙabilar;
yaren waɗannan mutanen wanda, a yaren harshe, na ofan asalin Kwa ne na dangin harsunan Nijar-Congo;
wani abu, mai dangantaka, ko samun asalin Esan misali uro Esan Yaren Esan), otọ Esan Esan land), ọghhedẹ Esan Esan banana).
A zamanin jahiliyya, Esan suna ɗauke da tabon ƙabilar hankaka ƙasan idanunsu.
Tarihi
Tarihin farko/na gargajiya zamani Dangane da shaidar binciken tarihi da harshe, mutane suna zaune a cikin savannah-forest ecotone a Esanland aƙalla shekaru 3000 da suka gabata. Wataƙila waɗannan mutanen suna da alaƙa da mutanen Nok kuma sun fito daga savannahs na arewa zuwa gandun daji na kudu. Har wa yau, yaren Esan na arewa sun fi dacewa da yaren Arewacin Edo kamar Etsako da Owan fiye da yarukan Esan na kudu, waɗanda suke da kusancin kusanci da Edo. Waɗannan mutanen "proto-Edoid" sun yi noman yam, dabinon mai da kayan lambu, amma kuma sun yi farauta kuma sun tattara.
Farawa daga 500 AD zuwa 750 AD, waɗannan maharba masu farauta sun fara mulkin mallaka da tsarin halittar dazuzzuka na ƙasar Esan da kuma gandun daji na Daular Benin. Sun kirkiro pre-Esan, pre-Edo wacce ta gina ingantattun sifofi kamar moats da bango kewaye da dukiyar dangi. Waɗannan shinge sun kasance, aƙalla, kilomita uku zuwa biyar a diamita, sannan kuma an keɓance wuraren zama da na noma. Waɗannan kaddarorin sun faɗaɗa sun zama ƙauyuka, kuma kafin shekara ta 800 AD, waɗannan ƙauyukan sun haɗu don kafa masarautu tare da tsarin sarauta. Gwanon zamani a yankin ya gano cewa waɗannan ganuwar suna cikin gabashin Benin Empire da arewacin Esanland. Mazaunan sun kasance kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na dindindin a arewacin yankin, amma ba kusa da maɓuɓɓugan rijiyoyi.
Al'adar, harshe da bunƙasar ƙasar Esan sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar yawan fitarwa zuwa yankin Esan daga dukkan maɓuɓɓuka kusa da kusa Al’ummomin da ke gefen kudu da gabashin Esanland (Ewohimi, Ewatto, Ekpon, Amahor) ya kasance yawan mutanen Ibo da Igala (zuwa Uroh) Daga arewa Emawa suka shigo Ukhun, da Idoa, da Amahor, da Etsako zuwa Irrua); kuma daga kudu akwai Itsekiri (zuwa Ekpon) da Urhobo (zuwa Ujiogba). Babban tasirin Esanland ya fito ne daga Edo, waɗanda suka kafa daular Benin. A shekarar 1460, Oba Ewuare ya zartar da dokokin zaman makoki da suka hana jima’i, wanka, kada ganga, rawa da dafa abinci. Waɗannan dokokin sun nuna ƙuntatawa ga yawancin 'yan ƙasa, kuma waɗannan' yan ƙasa sun gudu daga mulkin zuwa Esanland. Wannan fitowar ta fito da tsarin Esanland na al'ada kuma ya haifar da kalmar "Esan," ko "'yan gudun hijira." Al'adar baka ta goyi bayan wannan ka'idar sosai. Fitaccen masanin tarihin Esan da Edo sun tattara labarai game da wannan ƙaura.
Tsarin mulkin mallaka Masarautun Esan suna da matakai daban-daban na cin gashin kai, amma daga karshe masarautar Benin ta mallake su. Oba ya amince da na Esanland, kuma masarautun Esan sun yaba wa Benin. Duk da haka, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Oba, a lokacin da ya hau gadon sarauta, yana aika fararen alli zuwa Esans azaman lokacin aminci. Idan an ƙi alli, to Oba zai yi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Esanland. Bambancin rikice-rikicen siyasa na Benin da masarautun Esan shima ya haifar da yaƙi. Irin wannan yaƙin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari don haka babu tarihin zaman lafiya tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Ƙasar Esan ta tsunduma cikin kasuwancin duniya sosai. Masarautar Benin kan Esanland ta ba ta damar aika 'yan kasuwa masu nisa, ko Ekhen ya sayi zane, hauren giwa, barkono, da bayi ga fatake Turawa a ƙasashen Yarbawa, Ƙasar Esan, da Afenmai A lokacin karni na 16, Yakin Uzea ya faru. Wannan yakin ya kasance tsakanin Masarautar Uromi da ta Benin. Yakin ya kasance daga shekarar 1502 zuwa 1503, kuma ya samo asali ne daga kin abokantaka daga Oba Ozolua na Benin da Onojie Agba na Uromi. Yaƙin ya ƙare a garin Uzea, lokacin da aka kashe shugabannin biyu. Koyaya, a lokutan zaman lafiya masarautun Esan zasu baiwa sojoji bashi zuwa masarautar Benin, kamar lokacin yakin Idah na 1515-1516, da korar Akure a 1823. mutanen Nupe Musulma sun ci gaba da kai hari da kora daga arewacin Esanland a cikin farautar bayi da wadanda suka musulunta, tun da sun mallaki kasashen mutanen Kukuruku Masarautun Esan da yawa daga kudu sun taimaka a cikin yaƙin don kawar da Nupes. Yaƙe-yaƙe ya shigo cikin yardarwar Esans; an kawo jarumai da yawa na Nupe da Etsako cikin biranen Esan inda zuriyarsu ke zaune a yau. Karnin na sha tara ya kawo ƙaruwar tasirin Turai akan Ƙasar Esan kamar yadda Ingilishi ya buƙaci samin kayan dabino.
Yaƙin Esan da mulkin mallaka A cikin shekara ta 1897, Birtaniyya ta kori Daular Benin, ta yadda ya bar Esans daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A cikin 1899, Turawan ingila suka jagoranci mamayewa zuwa masarautun Esan wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru bakwai. Esanland ta fi wahalar cin nasara fiye da Mulkin Benin saboda ikon cin gashin kanta: Masarautu sun zaɓi ci gaba da yaƙin Burtaniya koda kuwa maƙwabta sun faɗi. Manyan shugabannin Benin kamar Ologbosere da Ebohon har yanzu suna adawa da mulkin Burtaniya ba tare da gangan ba sun kiyaye kasar Esan daga yamma, ta hanyar kafa sansanonin soja da toshe hanyoyi. Wannan ya kasance daga 1897 zuwa Afrilu 22. 1899, inda Ologbosere ya mika wuya a ƙauyen kan iyakar Okemue.
Masarauta ta farko da Turawan ingila suka kaiwa hari ita ce daular Ekpon. Ekpon ya ƙaddamar da adawa mai ƙarfi don mamayewar Birtaniyya a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, wanda ya kusan lalata mulkin. Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Esans a Ekpon, masarautar Ekpon ta jagoranci kwantan bauna a sansanin Birtaniyya da ke Okueme, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu. Wannan ya sa sojojin Biritaniya suka ja da baya, suka ƙarfafa ikonsu, kuma suka kashe Ologbosere a watan Mayu. Attemptsoƙarin da Ingilishi ya biyo baya kuma bai yi nasara ba: yaƙe-yaƙe zuwa Irrua, alal misali, ya haifar da karɓar dabarun yaƙin ɓarnata tare da koma baya; wannan hanyar tayi nasara sosai har wasu masarautun Esan suka karbe ta kuma turawan ingila basu mamaye Esanland ba sai a shekarar 1901. Ranar 16 ga Maris din shekarata 1901, Masarautar Uromi, wacce tsohon, amma mai hankali Onojie Okolo ke shugabanta, Turawan Ingila suka kai mata hari. Rashin jituwa na Uromi, karkashin jagorancin Prince Okojie, ya kasance mai sauri kuma ya yi amfani da yaƙin 'yan daba. Bayan wani dan lokaci, sai sojojin Burtaniya suka fatattaki kauyen Amedeokhian, inda Okolo yake, suka kashe shi. Wannan ya fusata Yarima Okojie sosai har ya kashe Kaftin din sojojin Burtaniya kafin a kawo masu karfi. Daga nan sai Turawan Ingilishi suka fahimci cewa Uromi ya kusa kusan kasa hanawa ba tare da taimakon na asali ba, kuma ya tuntubi masu tausaya na cikin gida kamar Onokpogua, Ezomo na Uromi. Wannan ya yi nasarar dusar da Yarima Okojie daga cikin dajin kuma aka tura shi ofisoshin Burtaniya da ke Calabar.
Wannan aikin an sake shi a yawancin daulolin da sukayi yaki da Birtaniyya: Esan sunyi amfani da yakin guerilla ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, wanda hakan ya haifar da tsawan lokaci na yaki duk da karancin makamai, da kuma karfafawa daga garin Benin na Birtaniyya. Ko da lokacin da aka ci kauyuka, juriya ta ciki ta kasance mai tsanani: ci gaba da yakin 'yan daba a Uromi ya tilasta Turawan Ingila su saki Yarima Okojie. Koyaya, mummunan zalunci daga ɓangaren Birtaniyya ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa kuma ya raba mutane da yawa da muhallinsu. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1906, Ƙasar Esan ya miƙa wuya ga masarautar Burtaniya, kuma masarautu talatin da huɗu sun zama ƙungiyar Ishan.
Yin zane kiɗa Rawar Esan ta mamaye Igbabonelimhin, raye-rayen wasan acrobatic da galibi samari ke yi. Igbabonelimhin ya haɗa da juyawa da juyawa zuwa buga lokaci. Wannan rawa an fi yin ta a Sabuwar Shekara. A yau, ana ɗaukar rawa a matsayin alama ta musamman ga Esans ko'ina.
Fitattun Mutanen Esan a Najeriya Anɗanny Enahoro, dan jarida, ɗan siyasa, tsohon Kwamishina na Tarayya, tsohon Shugaban Hukumar NADECO, ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya a shekarar 1953 yana da shekara 30
Augustus Aikhomu, Navy Admiral da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Najeriya na mulkin soja
Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, farfesa a fannin magani, Gwamnan Jihar Bendel kuma wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Jihar Bendel, daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Ambrose Alli University
Anthony Anenih, jami'in dan sanda, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaban Social Democratic Party, tsohon Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na PDP, da tsohon Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje
Ehia Olu. Akhabue (Kwararren Kwararren ICT da ke Amurka)
Tom Ikimi, mai tsara gine-gine, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaba, Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje
Festus Iyayi, marubuci
Stella Obasanjo Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya daga 1999 har zuwa mutuwarta
Anthony Olubunmi Okogie, Cardinal kuma tsohon Archbishop na Legas
Sonny Okosun, mawaƙi
Chris Oyakhilome, mai bishara kuma shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Christ
Fidelis Oyakhilome, tsohon kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na jihar Legas kuma tsohon Gwamnan jihar Ribas
Mai shari’a Braimah Omosun, tsohuwar Babban Alkalin Gambiya
Amb. (Dr.) Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi tsohon shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Victor Ehikhamenor, mai fasaha, marubuci, kuma mai daukar hoto.
Ikhide R. Ikheloa, mai sukar zamantakewa da adabi kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikata a Hukumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Montgomery County da ke Rockville, Maryland, (MCPS) USA.
Peter Enahoro, dan jarida, marubuci, marubuci, kuma marubucin littafin, Yadda ake zama dan Najeriya.
Addini da almara Esan tatsuniyoyi da almara, kamar igbabonablimhin da akhuɛ, suna matsayin nau'ikan ilmantarwa da nishaɗi. Esan suna da mashahuran masarautun gargajiya waɗanda ke kiyaye tsari a cikin al'umma inda kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u ke haɗe da juna. Duk da tasirin Kiristanci na dogon lokaci, Esan galibi na gargajiya ne kuma yawancin suna yin imani da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar bautar ruhohin kakanni da sauran alloli. Yawancin Esan Kiristoci ne, galibi Katolika da kwanan nan na wasu ɗariku. Esan tana da yarurruka daban-daban dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga Bini kuma har yanzu akwai kusancin kusanci tsakanin Esan da Bini, wanda ke haifar da karin magana "Esan ii gbi dodo" ma'ana, Esan ba ya cutar da dodo (watau Bini) Akwai sauran fassarar wannan maganar, Esan gbe Edo wanda ke nufin Esan ya ci Bini.
Addinin Esan na gargajiya yana da kamanceceniya da addinin Edo na gargajiya, saboda ƙaurawar Esan zuwa arewa maso gabas yayin karni na 15 daga Daular Benin Akwai gumakan Esan da yawa:
Osanobua, babban allahn Edo-Esan. Wannan sunan don Allah an kawo shi zuwa Kristanci da mishaneri, kuma saboda haka fassarar Allah a Esanland shine Osanobua Olokun
Esu, allahn Esan yaudara. An raba wannan allahn tare da labarin Yarbawa da Edo. Sunan Esu yayi amfani da shi azaman fassara ga Shaidan ta mishaneri na Kirista.
Osun, allahn Esan na magani. Daga nan ne sunan mahaifi Okosun, ko ɗan magani, ya samo asali daga.
Ƙananan hukumomin Esan a jihar Edo Dangi masarauta masu cin gashin kansu a cikin yankin Esan a halin yanzu an tsara su cikin tsari kamar haka a karkashin kananan hukumomi biyar na yanzu:
Esan-North-East LGA, Uromi: Uromi da Uzea
Esan Central LGA, Irrua: Irrua, Ugbegun, Opoji, Ewu, Ebudin
Esan West LGA, Ekpoma Ekpoma, Iruekpen, Idoa, Ogwa, Urohi, Ukhun, Egoro da Ujiogba
Esan kudu maso gabas LGA, Ubiaja: Ubiaja, Ewohimi, Emu, Ohordua, watwatto, Okhuesan, Orowa, Ugboha, Oria, Illushi, Onogholo, Inyenlen
Igueben LGA, Igueben: Igueben, Ebelle, Amaho, wowossa, Udo, Ekpon, Ugun, Okalo,
Mahada
Gerontocracy of Esan people
Kara karanta General
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00075002/00001/1j
Mythology
Art
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22120 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C9%97an%27adam%20na%20ruwa%20da%20tsaftar%20muhalli | Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli | Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2010. HRWS ta amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban taro daga mataki na 11.1 na yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki da al'adu (ICESCR), sun mai da ita dokar ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da (HRWS) a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga babban taron majalisar dinkin duniya da majalisar kare hakkin dan-Adam na Majalisar dinkin duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin mahimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta da juna to amma sun daidaita. Kwamitin majalisar dinkin duniya kan 'yancin tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Babban Sharhi na 15 ne ya fitar da ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin sharhi 15 wanda aka tsara a shekara ta 2002. Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karfin iko, mai isa ga jiki da kuma arha don amfanin kansa da na gida." (HRWS) ta tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gaba ɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba. (ICESCR) tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa
Yanayin duniya Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta."
Tushen shari'a da amincewa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, da al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta.
Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ukan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa suna shiga tare da fa'idantar da cigaban karkara kuma, domin zasu tabbatarwa da mata yancin kan su da suke da shi dama wasu mahimman hakkokin su… (h) Don jindaɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa. Yarjejeniyar ta shekarar 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yara don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar…. Bangarorin Jihohi za su nemi cikakken aiwatar da wannan 'yancin kuma, musamman, za su dauki matakan da suka dace Don yaki da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin suna iya samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan 'yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da takwas 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da' yancin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da Samar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu da sauran mutane, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da arha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙanta da nakasa bukatun su. "Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati." Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; Netherlands bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15.
Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kanka wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013); da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta.
Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa.
Fikihun duniya
Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam An yin la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na kungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu.
Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ICSID sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Ko da yake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma cigaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s.
Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta.
Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar.
'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi (ESCR) ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: a zaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna.
Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullum. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki.
Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Babban sananne na farko wanda kotuna suka aikata shine Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan Wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin matsi. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa a tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Economicancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ke akwai ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wani matakan cin amana. Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15.
Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli SCA wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra en Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a".
Indiya Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa.
Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida.
Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki.
'Yancin Duniya na Ranar Ruwa Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu gami da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun ruwa mai tsabta da isasshe haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba. Saboda haka, Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) yana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin ruwa) ta hanyar dacewa da aka gabatar da doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. Dangane da haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don ruwa a 1927. Ranar Ranar 'Yancin Ruwa ta Duniya ta yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da 'yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya.
New Zealand Ba a kariya ga ESCR a bayyane a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand ta kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
Amurka A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa.
Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun.
Ostiraliya Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci. A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya. A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa.
Tattaunawa da suka rage
Tasirin wuce gona da iri Ganin cewa samun ruwa shine tushen damuwa da rikice rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Bahar Rum da sassan Arewacin Amurka tsakanin sauran wurare, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa kuma yana da yanayin canjin ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa idan aka yi la’akari da cewa samar da ruwa a dabi'ance ya wuce kuma ya tsallaka kan iyakoki, jihohi ma suna da hurumin doka kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu jihohin. Amincewa da wannan aikin na doka na iya hana mummunan tsarin tasirin "matsalar ruwa" a duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da sakamako mara kyau na yawan mutane). Karancin ruwa da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan sha na sanya wannan haƙƙin ya zama mai rikitarwa. Yayin da yawan mutanen duniya ke karuwa cikin sauri, karancin ruwa zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Karancin ruwa mai yawa ya kawo batun ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata.
Rigimar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan Takaddama kan ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ta rinjayi ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Asiya ta Kudu Kasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya wacce aka riga aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus An kafa yarjejeniyar ne don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan dangane da amfani da kogin Indus da kuma samar da ruwa ga kasashen biyu bayan da kasashen suka sami 'yencin kai. Koyaya, rashin jituwa game da shi ya bayyana. A cewar yarjejeniyar, an bar Indiya ta yi amfani da gabar kogin yamma don ban ruwa da kuma dalilan da ba na cuwa-cuwa ba, yayin da Pakistan ke da rinjaye a kan jirgin. Koyaya, Pakistan ta nuna damuwarta cewa ginin Indiya akan kogunan na iya haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan. Bugu da ƙari, Pakistan ta yi furucin cewa ana iya amfani da madatsun ruwan da Indiya ta gina don dalilai marasa amfani don juya ruwa da kuma kawo cikas ga samar da ruwan Pakistan. Bugu da kari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi kogunan da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, wadanda aka cire su daga kula da jikinsu na ruwa.
Kasuwancin ruwa da samarda jiha Akwai takaddama game da wanda, idan kowa, alhakin sa ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Sau da yawa, makarantun tunani guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan maganganun: hakkin jihar ne ta samar da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane ta hanyar ba da tallafi da tsabtace muhalli.
Ana ba da kasuwancin ruwa a matsayin amsa ga ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya haifar saboda yawan mutanen duniya sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ya ƙaru sau shida. Ka'idodin muhalli na kasuwa suna amfani da kasuwanni azaman mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar lalacewar muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu. Magoya bayan masana harkokin tsabtace muhalli sun yi imanin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai kasance mafi inganci fiye da gwamnatocin samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa Irin wadannan masu ikirarin suna ikirarin cewa kudin da gwamnati ke kashewa don bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa don rabon albarkatun ruwa bai cancanci amfanin kadan na samar da ruwa ba, don haka suke ganin jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa mara tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa sake ruwa yana haifar da ci gaba da gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi ga masu amfani da su don amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Abokan adawar sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon ruwa kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ne ban da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana buƙatar a ba da ruwa ga dukkan mutane saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar yaƙi da yunƙurin sayar da kamfanoni. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "galibi yana kan dalilai biyu: rashin maye gurbin ruwan sha mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa da kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a fili a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an tsara su a kan (ɗauka) samun ruwa (misali yancin cin abinci Ra'ayoyin jamaa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi Hikimar yalwar jamaa na kara samun karfi, tare da tunanin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa ga kasar tasu mai muhimmanci da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asali, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. Determinationudurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su iya sarrafa ikon kansu ta hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ICESCR ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfani da ruwa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare ‘yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana game da jamaa game da dukansu su yi amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa iko ɗaya a kan shari'a-da-hali. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin jituwa sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa marasa karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike.
Kungiyoyi Kungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa.
Kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam)
UNDP
UNICEF
Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa
Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya)
GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya)
SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka)
Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF)
Jini: Ruwa Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa Freshwater Action Network (FAN) Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa Cibiyar Pacific Aikin Ruwa Cibiyar kasa da kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa UUSC WaterAid
WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020) Zaman LafiyaJam
Duba kuma
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Ruwayar Ruwa
'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) na GIZ
'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na shayarwa akan Humanium
Pages with unreviewed |
35389 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiragen%20saman%20Amurka | Jiragen saman Amurka | Jiragen saman Amurka, Inc. girma AA ko AAL babban jirgin sama ne na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Fort Worth, Texas, a cikin metroplex Dallas–Fort Worth Shi ne jirgin sama mafi girma a duniya idan aka auna ta da girman jiragen ruwa, fasinjojin da aka tsara ɗauka, da mil fasinja na kudaden shiga. Ba'amurke, tare da abokan haɗin gwiwarsa na yanki da masu haɗin gwiwa, suna aiki da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kusan jirage 6,800 a kowace rana zuwa kusan wurare 350 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 50. Jiragen saman amurka memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Oneworld, kawancen jiragen sama na uku mafi girma a duniya. Ana gudanar da sabis na yankin ta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin alamar sunan Amurka Eagle. Jiragen saman amurka da American Eagle suna aiki ne daga cibiyoyi 10, tare da Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) shine mafi girma. Kamfanin jirgin na ɗaukar fasinjoji sama da miliyan 200 a duk shekara tare da matsakaita sama da fasinjoji 500,000 a kullum. Tun daga 2019, kamfanin yana ɗaukar mutane kusan 130,000.
Tarihi
An Kafa kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka a shekarar 1930 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙananan kamfanonin jiragen sama sama da tamanin. Ƙungiyoyin biyu da aka samo asali daga kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka sune Robertson Aircraft Corporation da Colonial Air Transport An fara ƙirƙirar tsohon a Missouri a cikin 1921, tare da haɗa su duka a cikin 1929 zuwa kamfani mai riƙe da Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Wannan, bi da bi, an yi shi a cikin 1930 ya zama kamfani mai aiki kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin "American Airways". A cikin 1934, lokacin da sababbin dokoki da ƙaddamar da kwangilar wasiku suka tilasta yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama su sake tsarawa, kamfanin ya sake yin hanyoyinsa zuwa tsarin da aka haɗa kuma aka sake masa suna "American Airlines". Tsakanin 1970 da 2000, kamfanin ya girma ya zama mai jigilar kayayyaki na duniya, yana siyan jirgin saman Trans World Airlines a 2001. Ba'amurke yana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin haɓaka DC-3, wanda ya samo asali daga kiran wayar marathon daga shugaban kamfanin jirgin saman Amurka CR Smith zuwa Douglas Aircraft Company wanda ya kafa Donald Wills Douglas Sr. a kan DC-2 don maye gurbin jirgin saman Curtiss Condor II na Amurka. (Gidan DC-2 na yanzu shine fadi, kunkuntar don wuraren kwana na gefe-da-gefe. Douglas ya yarda ya ci gaba da ci gaba ne kawai bayan Smith ya sanar da shi niyyar Amurkawa na siyan jiragen sama 20. Samfurin DST Douglas Sleeper Transport ya fara tashi ne a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1935, (bikin cika shekaru 32 na jirgin Wright Brothers a Kitty Hawk). Gidansa ya kasance inci fadi, kuma sigar da ke da kujeru 21 maimakon wuraren kwana 14-16 na DST an ba da suna DC-3. Babu samfurin DC-3; na farko da aka gina DC-3 ya biyo bayan DST guda bakwai daga layin samarwa kuma an kai shi ga Jirgin Saman Amurka. Jirgin saman amurka ya ƙaddamar da sabis na fasinja a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1936, tare da jirage guda ɗaya daga Newark, New Jersey, da Chicago, Illinois. Har ila yau, Amurka tana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin ci gaban DC-10, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙayyadaddun bayanai daga Jiragen saman amurka zuwa masana'antun a 1966 don bayar da wani jirgin sama mai fadi wanda ya kasance karami fiye da Boeing 747, amma yana iya tashi irin wannan hanyoyi masu tsawo daga filayen jiragen sama masu guntun titin jirgin sama. McDonnell Douglas ya amsa da DC-10 trijet jim kadan bayan hadewar kamfanonin biyu. A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1968, shugaban kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka, George A. Spater, da James S. McDonnell na McDonnell Douglas sun sanar da aniyar Amirkawa na sayen DC-10. jiragen saman amurka ya ba da umarnin 25 DC-10s a cikin tsari na farko. DC-10 ya yi tashinsa na farko a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1970, kuma ya karɓi irin takardar shaidarsa daga FAA a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1971. Ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1971, DC-10 ya shiga sabis na kasuwanci tare da jiragen saman amurka a kan tafiya mai tafiya tsakanin Los Angeles da Chicago. A cikin 2011, saboda koma baya a masana'antar jirgin sama, iyayen kamfanin jiragen sama na American Airlines AMR Corporation sun shigar da karar kariya ta fatarar kudi. A cikin 2013, Jiragen saman akurka ya haɗu da US Airways amma ya kiyaye sunan "American Airlines", saboda shi ne mafi kyawun sananne a duniya; Haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu ya haifar da samar da jirgin sama mafi girma a Amurka, kuma a ƙarshe na duniya.
Wuraren da wuraren zama
Wuraren Tun daga watan Yulin 2022, Jirgin saman Amurka ya tashi zuwa wurare 269 na cikin gida da kuma wurare 81 na duniya a cikin kasashe 48 (tun daga Janairu 2022) a cikin nahiyoyi biyar. A halin yanzu Amurka tana aiki da cibiyoyi goma. Charlotte Cibiyar Ba'amurke ta kudu maso gabashin Amurka da kuma babbar hanyar Caribbean. Ayyukansa a cikin Concourse E sune mafi girman aikin jirgin yanki a duniya. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 91% na hannun jari a CLT, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Tsohuwar tashar jirgin saman US Airways Chicago-O'Hare Cibiyar Amurka don Midwest. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 35% na kason kasuwa a O'Hare, wanda ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan United. Dallas/Fort Worth Cibiyar Amurka ta Kudancin Amurka kuma babbar cibiya gabaɗaya. A halin yanzu Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 87% na kason kasuwa a DFW, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Hedikwatar kamfanonin Amurka kuma tana cikin Fort daraja kusa da filin jirgin sama. DFW tana aiki azaman ƙofa ta farko ta Amurka zuwa Mexico, da kuma ƙofar sakandare zuwa Latin Amurka. Los Angeles Cibiyar Amurka don Yammacin Tekun Yamma da ƙofa mai buɗe ido. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 19% na hannun jari a LAX, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama, kodayake Amurkawa, Delta da United kowannensu yana da zirga-zirgar fasinja iri ɗaya. Miami cibiyar farko ta Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 68% na kasuwa a "Miami International", wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama a filin jirgin sama. New York–JFK Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Galibi yana hidimar wuraren zuwa tare da yawan zirga-zirgar kasuwanci. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 12% na hannun jari a JFK, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya na uku mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan Delta da JetBlue. New York–LaGuardia Cibiyar New York ta biyu ta Amurka. Filin jirgin saman amurka kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 27% na kason kasuwa a LGA, kuma shine na biyu mafi girma a bayan Delta. Philadelphia Cibiyar gida ta farko ta Arewa maso Gabas ta Amurka da cibiyar transatlantic ta farko, da farko don wuraren shakatawa. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 70% na kason kasuwa a PHL, wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama na filin jirgin sama. Phoenix-Sky Harbor Dutsen Rocky na Amurka. A halin yanzu Amurka tana da kusan kashi 33% na kason kasuwa a PHX, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin. Washington–Reagan Cibiyar amurkawa ta babban birnin Amurka. Filin jirgin saman kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 49% na kasuwar kasuwa a DCA, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama.
Yarjejeniyar kungiya da codeshare Jiragen saman amurka memba ne na kawancen Oneworld kuma yana da codeshares tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Harkokin haɗin gwiwa Bugu da kari ga codeshares na sama, Jiragen saman amurka ya shiga cikin kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Jirgin ruwa Tun daga Afrilu 2022, Jiragen saman amurka yana aiki da manyan jiragen kasuwanci mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi jirage 911 daga duka Boeing da Airbus, tare da ƙarin 161 da aka tsara ko kan tsari. Sama da kashi 80% na jiragen Amurka kunkuntar jiki ne, galibi jerin Airbus A320 da Boeing 737-800 Shi ne mafi girma A320 mai gudanar da jirgin sama a duniya, da kuma mafi girma aiki na bambance-bambancen A319 da A321. Shine mai aiki na huɗu mafi girma na jirgin sama na iyali 737 kuma mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na bambance-bambancen 737-800.
Jiragen saman Amurkan duk jiragen Boeing ne. Shi ne na uku mafi girma na ma'aikata na jerin Boeing 787 kuma mafi girma na shida na jerin Boeing 777.
Ba'amurke ke ba da odar jirgin Boeing na musamman a cikin 2000s. Wannan dabarar ta canza ne a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2011, lokacin da Amurka ta ba da sanarwar haɗe-haɗen odar jiragen sama mafi girma a tarihi don jiragen kunkuntar jiki 460 ciki har da jiragen sama 260 daga jerin Airbus A320. Ƙarin jirgin sama na Airbus ya shiga cikin rundunar a cikin 2013 yayin haɗin gwiwar jiragen saman US Airways, wanda ke gudanar da kusan dukkanin jiragen Airbus. VA ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2022, Ba'amurke ya ba da sanarwar cewa an tabbatar da yarjejeniya tare da "Boom Supersonic" don siyan aƙalla 20 daga cikin manyan jiragen sama na su na "Overture" mai yuwuwa har zuwa 60 gabaɗaya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka yana gudanar da gyaran jiragen sama da sansanonin gyarawa a Charlotte, Dallas–Fort daraja, Pittsburgh (inda ake kula da dukkan jiragen saman kunkuntar Airbus), da filayen jirgin saman Tulsa.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
11223 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20Slimani | Islam Slimani | Islam Slimani an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, shekarar alif 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai buga wasa a gaba ga ƙungiyar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Primeira Liga Sporting CP da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya. Shi ne ɗan wasan gaba na Algeria da ya zura kwallaye 40.
Slimani ya fara aikinsa a ƙasarsa tare da JSM Chéraga da CR Belouizdad. A shekarar 2013, ya koma Turai, ya sanya hannu ga kulob ɗin Sporting CP. Ya taka leda kuma yana zira kwallaye akai-akai a lokutan kakarsa uku a Portugal, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe Taça de Portugal a shekara ta 2015. A cikin shekara ta 2016, an komar da Slimani zuwa Leicester a rikodin kulob din fam miliyan 28.
Dan kasar Algeria, Slimani ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekara ta 2012 kuma ya buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika a cikin shekara ta (2013, 2015, 2017 data 2021, kuma yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya da ta lashe gasar ta 2019. Har ila yau, yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014, inda ya ƙare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye biyu a raga. Ya zuwa watan Maris din shekara ta 2022, ya samu nasarar buga wasanni sama da 80 a duniya kuma ya zura kwallaye 40, hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin kasar Algeria.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Slimani a Algiers, Aljeriya.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki A cikin watan Mayu na shekarar 2009, Slimani ya shiga CR Belouizdad daga JSM Chéraga akan kuɗin canja wurin dinari na Algerian 800,000, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. A watan Agusta, ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a kungiyar a matsayin dan wasa da MC Oran a makon farko na shekara ta 2009–10 Algerian Championnat National. Ya kammala kakarsa ta farko tare da Belouizdad da kwallaye 8 a wasanni 30.
A ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2011, Slimani ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan lig da JS Kabylie, wanda ya jagoranci CR Belouizdad zuwa nasara mai ban sha'awa da ci 7-1. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, tare da kwantiraginsa ya kare kuma wasu kungiyoyin Faransa kamar Nice da Le Havre sun nuna sha'awar sa hannu, Slimani ya yanke shawarar tsawaita wa'adin shekaru biyu tare da CR Belouizdad.
Sporting CP
Kakar 2013-14 A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2013, Slimani ya shiga Sporting CP akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya fara kakar shekarar 2013 da shekara ta 2014 a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa, yana samun suna a matsayin dan wasa mai tasiri saboda ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci lokacin da ya fito daga benci. Saboda rashin nau'i na Fredy Montero, duk da haka, Slimani ya zama mai farawa kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu a farkon watan Maris shekara ta 2014 da Rio Ave, Braga, Vitória de Setúbal da kuma 1-0 akan abokan hamayyar Porto. A watan Disambar shekarar 2013 an dauke shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya na shekara yayin da ya lashe kyautar zinare ta Aljeriya.
Kakar 2014-15 A kakar wasa ta biyu Slimani ya yi nasara yayin da ya zama babban dan wasa. Manufarsa ta farko na kakar wasa ita ce a cikin Derby de Lisboa 1-1 a waje Draw zuwa Benfica. A matakin Turai Slimani ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kan Schalke 04 a Estádio José Alvalade a minti na karshe inda ya kare 4-2 a Sporting. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana ya kare a matsayi na uku a gasar, amma a Taça de Portugal ya kai wasan karshe da Braga a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015, slimani ya zura kwallo a ragar Sporting da ci biyu da nema. bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 3-1. inda ya samu kambun sa na farko a tarihinsa a karshen kakar wasa ta bana Slimani ya buga wasanni 33 kuma ya zura kwallaye 15 ciki har da 12 a gasar.
Kakar 2015-16 A cikin kakar shekarar 2015-16, Slimani ya ce zai kasance kakar wasa ta karshe kuma yana fatan samun nasarar lashe gasar Primeira Liga na shekaru 14 sabon kuma tsohon kocin Benfica Jorge Jesus, wanda ya ce zai dogara sosai kan Slimani don lashe gasar. kuma farkon shine a Supertaça da Benfica kuma ya kare Sporting da ci daya mai ban sha'awa, inda ya ci kambi na biyu. A farkon gasar, Slimani ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kan Académica a wasan waje a ranar 4 ga Oktoba shekarar 2015, kuma a zagaye na bakwai da Vitória de Guimarães, ya ci hat-trick na farko a gasar lig ta Portugal. A saman zagaye na 15, Slimani ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye biyu a ragar mai tsaron gidan Porto Iker Casillas wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar ta dawo kan teburin gasar. Bayan wannan wasan, Slimani ya zira kwallaye a wasanni hudu a jere 6 a raga Vitória de Setúbal, Braga, Tondela da Paços de Ferreira Bayan wasanni biyu, ya dawo ya zira kwallaye biyu a Nacional.
Kafin wasan lig na Sporting a gida, Benfica ta shigar da kara kan Slimani saboda cin zarafin Andreas Samaris da gwiwar hannunsa a wasan gasar cin kofin Portuguese a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2015. Bayan jira mai tsawo kuma kwana ɗaya kafin wasan, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal ta sanar da cewa Slimani zai iya shiga cikin yanke hukunci game da kambun. Koyaya, kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 kuma ta koma matsayi na biyu, bayan Benfica. Bayan mako guda, ya zira kwallaye 20th burin wannan kakar a wasan da Estoril. Bayan wannan taron, ya zira kwallaye hudu a raga Belenenses, Marítimo da Moreirense, da Porto. Slimani ya ba da gudummawa ga nasara a Estádio do Dragão bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu. A zagaye na karshe, ya zura kwallo ta 27 a kakar wasa ta bana da Braga. Wasan ya kare da ci 4-0 amma bai sa Sporting ta lashe kofin gasar ba, domin Benfica ta kare da maki biyu. A wannan kakar, Slimani ya zira kwallaye 27 a gasar amma ya kare a bayan dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye Jonas, da kwallaye 32.
A kakar wasa ta gaba, Sporting ta so ta ci gaba da rike Slimani amma ya dage kan barin kungiyar, kuma daga karshe gwamnatin ta amince da hakan. A ranar 28 ga watan Augusta shekarar 2016, ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe da Porto a Estádio José Alvalade kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta ƙarshe daci 2–1 a Sporting.
Leicester City
Kakar 2016-17 A ranar 31 ga Agusta, shekarar 2016, ranar ƙarshe ta kasuwar musayar rani ta 2016-17 a Ingila, Slimani ya koma zakarun gasar Premier Leicester City kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. An bayar da rahoton kudin canja wurin da aka biya zuwa Sporting a matsayin £28 miliyan, rikodin kulob ga Leicester. Leicester ta doke West Bromwich Albion wajen daukar Slimani. A ranar 14 ga Satumba, ya fara bugawa Leicester wasa a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA inda ya buga mintuna 62 a wasan da suka doke Club Brugge da ci 3-0. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, ya fara buga gasar Premier a wasan da suka doke Burnley da ci 3-0, inda ya zura kwallaye biyun farko a kungiyar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, Slimani ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da Leicester ta doke Porto da ci 1-0 a gasar zakarun Turai a matakin rukuni bayan da abokin wasan kasar Algeria Riyad Mahrez ya zura kwallo daya tilo. Ita ce kwallo ta shida da yaci Iker Casillas ya zura a raga a shekarar 2016, biyar daga ciki ya ci a lokacin da yake tare da tsohuwar kungiyarsa Sporting. Bayan wannan kwallon, Slimani ya kasa zura kwallo a ragar West Bromwich Albion a gasar Premier a ranar 11 ga wata, bayan da Mahrez ya ci kwallo 2-1. Daga baya, a ranar 13 ga watan, bayan shigar da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, Slimani ya zura kwallo a ragar tawagarsa daga bugun fanareti a minti na karshe da Middlesbrough. A ranar wasa 15, Slimani ya taimaka wa Foxes samun nasara a kan Manchester City 4-2 bayan ya ba da taimako biyu ga masu cin kwallo Jamie Vardy da Andy King. A ranar 31 ga Disamba, bayan wasanni biyar ba tare da an zura kwallo a raga ba, Slimani ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a kan West Ham United a filin wasa na King Power inda ya jagoranci kungiyarsa ta lashe ta biyar a gasar Premier bana, ranar karshe ta shekarar 2016. Slimani ya zura kwallaye hudu daga cikin kwallayen gasar lig guda biyar da kai, amma ya samu nasarar harbin kashi 38% a watan Janairun 2017. Bayan halartar gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, Slimani ya koma kulob din da ya ji rauni, wanda ya shafi sauran kakar wasansa inda bai taka rawa sosai ba kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu kacal a wasan da Sunderland. da Everton. A wasan gasar League Cup da Sheffield United, ya zira kwallaye biyu.
Kakar 2017-18: Newcastle United (an aro) A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2018, Slimani ya rattaba hannu a kulob ɗin Newcastle United a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa ya hana shi buga wasansa na farko a kulob din, wanda a karshe ya faru daidai watanni biyu da sanya hannu, a wasan da suka doke Huddersfield Town da ci 1-0, kuma yana da hannu wajen ginawa don kwallo daya tilo na wasan, ya zura kwallo a raga. by Ayoze Perez. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, Slimani ya sake shiga cikin ginin burin cin nasara a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Arsenal da ci 2-1, bayan da Pérez ya buge da kai, kuma ya shiga hanyar Matt Ritchie. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, an dakatar da Slimani wasa uku saboda tashin hankali bayan wani abin da ya faru a bayan-ball da Craig Dawson na West Bromwich Albion, wanda ya kawo karshen kakarsa da Newcastle.
Fenerbahçe (lamuni) A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2018, Slimani ya koma kulob din Süper Lig Fenerbahçe a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya fara halarta a karon a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2018, ya fara buga wasansa na farko, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 a Yeni Malatyaspor. Burinsa na farko a kulob din ya zo ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2018 lokacin da Fenerbahçe ya ci kwallo ta biyu a ragar Kayserispor da ci 3-2.
Monaco (lamuni) A ranar 21 ga Agusta 2019, Slimani ya koma Monaco a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Duk da zura kwallaye tara da taimakawa bakwai a wasanni 18 na gasar kafin a kammala gasar Ligue 1 ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 a watan Mayu, Monaco ta zabi ba ta ba Slimani kwantiragi na dindindin ba.
Lyon A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021, Slimani ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Ligue 1, Olympique Lyonnais. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021, ya fara buga gasar lig, ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Tino Kadewere a cikin minti na 76, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–1 a Metz. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu a gasar Coupe de France da ci 5-1 da AC Ajaccio. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kulob din a ranar 21 ga Maris, bayan da ya zo maye gurbinsa, a rashin 4-2 a hannun Paris Saint Germain.
Ayyukan kasa A cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2009, Abdelhak Benchikha ya kira Slimani a karon farko zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Aljeriya A' don wani sansanin horo na mako guda a Algiers. A cikin watan Maris na 2010, an sake kiran Slimani, a wannan karon don neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2011 da Libya a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin abokin wasansa na CR Belouizdad Youcef Saïbi da ya ji rauni. Sai dai Slimani bai buga wasan ba, yayin da Algeria ta ci 1-0. A watan Mayun na shaekjara ta 2012 ne aka kira Slimani a karon farko zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Aljeriya a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 2014 da Mali da Ruwanda, da kuma karawar da za ta yi da Gambia a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2013. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, ya fara buga wasansa na farko, inda ya maye gurbinsa a hutun rabin lokaci a wasan sada zumunta da Nijar. Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, Slimani ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Algeria, inda ya zura kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Rwanda da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na shekarar 2014. Ya ci gaba da jefa kwallo a ragar Mali a wasa na gaba, sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Gambia. An zabi Slimani a cikin tawagar Algeria da za ta halarci gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2013, kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni uku a watan Janairu. Sai dai Aljeriya ta samu maki daya ne kawai kuma an fitar da ita a matakin farko. Algeria ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014, tare da kocin Vahid Halilhodžić ya zabi Slimani a cikin 'yan wasa 23 da zai buga. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2014, Slimani ya zira kwallon farko a ragar Les Fennecs a wasan rukuni na 4-2 da Koriya ta Kudu. Ya kuma yi taimako ga kungiyar ta uku burin ta wucewa da kwallon zuwa Abdelmoumene Djabou. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, Slimani ya zura kwallo da kai a wasan da Algeria ta tashi 1-1 da Rasha, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa al'ummar kasar samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a karon farko bayan da ta kasa yin hakan a baya a shekarar 1982, 1986 da 2010. A wasan zagaye na 16 da Jamus Slimani ya samu a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Manuel Neuer ya samu nasarar jefa kwallo a ragar Jamus a karon farko a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Daga karshe Aljeriya ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 bayan karin lokaci, amma an yaba da yadda suka taka rawar gani a gasar. <refname="ger14"/>
A wasan farko da Aljeriya ta buga na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na shekarar 2015 Slimani ya zura kwallon karshe a wasan da suka doke Afrika ta Kudu da ci 3-1. Slimani yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya da ta lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019, ya ci kwallo daya a gasar da suka yi da Tanzania a matakin rukuni. A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2021, Slimani ya zira kwallaye hudu a ragar Djibouti da ci 8-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar 2022. A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2021, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Nijar da ci 6-1 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara ta 2022,, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a tarihin Aljeriya da kwallaye 38 ya wuce Abdelhafid Tasfaout wanda ya rike tarihi da kwallaye 36 da 19. shekaru tun 2002.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Wasanni CP
Taça de Portugal 2014-15 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira 2015 Aljeriya
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya 2013 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2016 (a madadin) Taça de Portugal Mutumin Karshe na Match 2015 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Watan SJPF Disamba 2015 Kyautar Leões/Lions 2016: Gwarzon Dan Wasa Gwarzon Premier League na Watan: Fabrairu 2022
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Islam Slimani at DZFoot.com (in French)
Islam Slimani at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Haifaffun |
10211 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Duniya%20na%20I | Yaƙin Duniya na I | Yaƙin Duniya na I da turanci World War I (ana kintse sunan WWI ko WW1), kuma ana ƙiran shi da First World War da turanci wato Yaƙin Duniya na Farko kuma Great War wato Babban Yaƙi, wani yaƙin Duniya ne da ya faro daga nahiyar Turai wanda aka fara tun daga 28 ga watan Juli na shekara ta alif ɗari 1914 har zuwa 11 ga watan Nuwanban shekarar 1918. Wanda ayanzu ake dangata shi da suna "the war to end all wars" wato Yaƙin da zai tsaida Yaƙoƙi, ya kai ga hada fiye da miliyan 70 million na ma'aikatan soja, da miliyan 60 na Turawa, wanda yasa yazama ɗaya daga cikin babban yaƙi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙin da aka rasa rayuka da dama a tarihi, an ƙiyasta kusan mutane miliyan 9 Mayaƙa aka rasa da miliyan 7 na farin hula wadanda suka mutu sanadiyar yaƙin, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi da kuma cutar da kuma rasa rayukan Mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a duniya baki ɗaya.
A 28 ga Yunin shekarar 1914, Gavrilo Princip, wani ɗan ƙasar Yugoslavia, ya kashr Archduke Franz Ferdinand wanda shine magajin Archduke Franz Ferdinand a garin Sarajevo, hakan ya haifar da rikkicin watan Yuli. akan mayar da martani, a 23 Yuli Wanda amsar da ƙasar Serbia ta bayar bai gamsar da Austriya ba, yasa suka shiga yaƙi tsakanin su.
Haɗakar ƙawance ya faɗaɗa rikicin akan wani ɗan tattaunawa tsakanin mutum biyu a Balkans zuwa ga babban rikici da ya game yawancin nahiyar Turai. A July na shekarar 1914, great powers dake Turai sun rabu zuwa haɗaka daban-daban: akwai Triple Entente—wanda ta haɗa da France, Russia da Britain aciki— da kuma Triple Alliance na Germany, Austria-Hungary da kuma Italy (wanda Triple Alliance sun kasance masu kariya ne, sun bar ƙasar Italiya ta fita daga yaƙin a shekara ta 1914). Rasha ta kasa abunda yakama ce ta na kare Serbia da, bayan Austria-Hungary shelled the babban birnin Serbiya Belgrade a 28th, an yarda da haɗaka. Babban haɗakar da Rasha tayi ta bayyana shi ne a yammacin 30 July; a 31st, Austria-Hungary da Germany suma suka yi haka, sai ita kuma Germany ta nema Rasha data rushe haɗakarta acikin awanni goma sha biyu (12 hours). batan Russia taƙi bi, sai Germany ta ƙaddamar da yaƙi a farkon (1) watan Augusta domin taimakon Austria-Hungary, a tareda Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; sai ƙasar Faransa ta umurce cikakkiyar haɗaka domin taimakawa Russia a 2 August.
Dabarun ƙasar Jamus na gabza yaƙi akan Faransa da Rasha shine ta tattara sojoji a yamma waɗanda zasu yi galaba akan France cikin makonni huɗu, sannan kuma ta aika da sojojin Gabas dan gabzawa da Rasha kafin ta gama shiryawa; wanan dabarar ce akasa was suna Schlieffen Plan. A 2 ga watan August, Germany ta nemi hanya da zata riƙa wucewa ta kasar Belgium, itace muhimmin samun nasara akan Faransa. bayan kin hakan, sai domin Jamus ta farwa kasar Belgium da safiyar 3 Augusta kuma suka kaddamar da yaki a Faransa a wannan rana; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing German possessions in China and the Pacific. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Alliance, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai Peninsula. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917 (the Eastern Front, by contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory). In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and opened a front in the Alps. The Kingdom of Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in 1915 and the Kingdom of Greece joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the war in the Balkans. The United States initially remained neutral, though it was an important supplier of war material to the Allies. However, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, and the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces would not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but ultimately the American Expeditionary Force would reach some two million troops.
Though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 only to be defeated in 1917, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. This allowed the transfer of large numbers of German troops from the East to the Western Front, resulting in the German March 1918 Offensive. This offensive was initially successful, but the Allies rallied and drove the Germans back in their Hundred Days Offensive. Bulgaria was the first Central Power to sign an armistice—the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the Armistice of Mudros. On 4 November, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti. With its allies defeated, revolution at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an armistice on 11 November 1918.
World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous revolutions and uprisings. The Big Four (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the most well known being the German peace treaty—the Treaty of Versailles. Ultimately, as a result of the war the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, with numerous new states created from their remains. However, despite the conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the League of Nations during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent future wars), a Second World War would follow just over twenty years later.
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13345 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Angelou | Maya Angelou | Maya Angelou /æ n dʒ ə l oʊ link=| Game da wannan sauti haihuwa Marguerite Annie Johnson Afrilu 4, shekarar 1928 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014) mawaƙiya Ba'amurkiya ce, mawaƙiya, mai ba da labari, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Ta wallafa tarihin rayuwa (autobiographiesa0 guda bakwai, littattafai uku na tatsuniyoyi, littattafai na adabi da yawa, an kuma lasafta ta cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da kuma wasannin talabijin da ke gudana cikin sama da shekaru 50. Ta samu lambobin yabo da darajoji sama da 50. Angelou sanannu sanannu ne ga jerin batutuwa guda bakwai, waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga ƙuruciyarta da kuma abubuwan da suka fara samu a kanta. Na farko, Na san Dalilin da yasa aka Saka Tsuntsu Tsuntsu (1969), tayi bayanin rayuwarta tun tana shekaru 17 wanda ya janyo mata yabo a duniya da daukaka. Ta zama mawakiya, marubuciya bayan wasu ayyukan data yi ayayin samartakar ta wanda suka hada da dafa abinci, ma'aikaciyar jima'i, yar rawa, yin wasan kwaikwayo, memba na opera Porgy da Bess, mai gudanarwa a Taron Shugabannin Kiristocin Kudancin, da kuma 'yar jarida a Masar da Gana a lokacin mulkin Afirka Ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, darekta, kuma mai gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da shirye-shiryen talabijin na jama'a. A shekarar 1982, aka sanya mata suna Farfesa Reynolds na farko na Farfesa a Jami'ar Wake da ke Winston-Salem, North Carolina Tana aiki a cikin Rightsungiyoyin Rightsungiyoyin andungiyoyin kuma ta yi aiki tare da Martin Luther King Jr. da Malcolm X. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, ta yi bayyani sau 80 a shekara a kan karatun lacca, wani abu da ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun ta. A cikin shekarar 1993, Angelou ta karanta mawaƙinta mai taken A kan Morning of Morning (1993) a lokacin buɗe Bill Clinton na farko, wanda ya ba ta waka ta farko da ta fara karatun boko tun Robert Frost a lokacin buɗe John F. Kennedy a shekarar 1961. Da wallafa (I know Why The Caged Bird Sings) Na Na San Abin da Ya Sa Tsararrun Tsuntsayen Birni, Angelou ta tattauna a fili dangane da rayuwar ta. An mutunta ta a matsayin kakakin baƙar fata ga baki da mata, kuma ayyukanta an ɗauke ta a matsayin kariya ga al'adar baƙar fata. Ayyukanta suna da amfani sosai a makarantu da jami'o'i a duk duniya, kodayake an yi ƙoƙarin hana littattafan ta daga wasu ɗakunan karatu na Amurka. Abubuwan da aka fi girmamawa na Angelou an sanya su azaman almara, amma masu sukar da yawa suna ɗauka cewa masu ra'ayin kansa ne. Ta yi yunƙurin yin ƙoƙari don ƙalubalanci tsarin rayuwar ɗabi'a ta hanyar zargi, canzawa da faɗaɗa nau'in sifa. Littattafan nata suna kan batutuwa kamar su wariyar launin fata, asalinsu, dangi da balaguro.
Farkon rayuwa Marguerite Annie Johnson an haife ta ne a St. Louis, Missouri, ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1928, itace ta biyun yayan Bailey Johnson, ma'aikacin gadi, mai dafa abincin sojojin ruwa, da matarsa Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma dilla ce. dan uwan Angelou, Bailey Jr., wanda ake wa lakabi da Marguerite "Maya", an samo shi ne daga "My" ko "Mya Sister". Lokacin da Angelou ta kasancean shekara uku da ɗanuwanta huɗu, "aure mai wahala" ya ƙare, kuma mahaifinsu ya tura su zuwa Stamps, Arkansas, shi kaɗai ta jirgin ƙasa, don zama tare da kakanin mahaifinsu, Annie Henderson. A cikin "ban mamaki mai ban mamaki" ga matsanancin tattalin arziƙin Baƙin Amurkawa na lokacin, tsohuwar uwargidan Angelou ta sami wadatar kuɗi yayin Babban Bala'i da Yaƙin Duniya na II saboda babban shagon da ta mallaka ya buƙaci kayayyaki na yau da kullun kuma saboda "ta sanya hikima da gaskiya saka jari [bayanin kula 2] Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, mahaifin yaran "ya zo Stamps ba tare da gargadi ba" mayar da su zuwa kulawar mahaifiyarsu a St. Louis. Lokacin tana da shekara takwas, yayin da suke zaune tare da mahaifiyarta, Angelou ta fuskanci zarafi da yin lalata da ita daga wurin saurayin mahaifiyarta, wani mutum mai suna Freeman. Ta gaya wa dan uwanta, wanda ya gaya wa sauran danginsu. An samu Freeman da laifi amma kwana guda kawai aka daure shi. Kwana hudu bayan sakinsa, an kashe shi, mai yiwuwa ga iyayen Angelou. Angelou ta zama bata iya magana kusan shekara biyar, tana ganin, kamar yadda ta bayyana, “Na yi tunani, muryata ta ce ta kashe shi; Na kashe wannan mutumin, saboda na fada sunansa. Kuma a lokacin na yi tunanin ba zan sake yin magana ba, saboda muryata za ta kashe kowa. A cewar Marcia Ann Gillespie da takwarorinta, waɗanda suka rubuta tarihin rayuwar game da Angelou, a wannan lokacin ne lokacin shiru yayin da Angelou ta bunkasa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ta, da ƙaunar littattafai da adabi, da kuma iya saurarenta da lura da duniyar da ke kewayenta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kisan Freeman, an sake dawo da Angelou da ɗanuwanta zuwa ga kakansu wurin kakansu. Angelou ta yaba wa malama kuma abokiyar dangin ta, Mrs. Bertha Furanni, tare da taimaka mata da sake yin magana. Furanni sun gabatar da ita ga marubuta kamar su Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, Douglas Johnson, da James Weldon Johnson, marubutan da zasu shafi rayuwarta da ayyukanta, gami da bakaken mata mata kamar Frances Harper, Anne Spencer, da Jessie Fauset Lokacin da Angelou ta kasance 14, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun sake komawa tare da mahaifiyarsu, wanda tun daga nan suka koma Oakland, California A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Angelou ta halarci Makarantar Kwadago ta California Lokacin da ta kai shekara 16, ta zama mace ta farko mace mai baƙon keken mota a San Francisco. Tana son aikin da bai dace ba, tana sha'awar rigar masu aiki har mahaifiyarta ta kirata da "aikin mafarkinta." Mahaifiyarta sun ƙarfafa shi don bin matsayin, amma ya gargaɗe ta cewa lallai tana buƙatar zuwa da wuri kuma ta yi aiki sosai fiye da sauran. A shekarar 2014, Angelou ta sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a wurin taron na Ma’aikatan Harkokin Sufuri na oran tsira a zaman wani zaman da aka gabatar da taken "Matan da suka theaura Al'umma." Makonni uku bayan kammala makaranta, a lokacin tana da shekara 17, ta haifi ɗanta, Clyde (wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Guy Johnson).
Aiki
Balaganta da aikin farko: 1951-1961 A shekara ta 1951, Angelou ta auri Tosh Angelos, mai gyaran wuta dan Girka, mai aikin injiniya, kuma mai son kide-kide, duk da la'antar dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilu a lokacin da kuma rashin amincewa da mahaifiyarsa. [bayanin kula 3] Ta dauki azuzuwan rawa na zamani a wannan lokacin, kuma ta hadu da masu rawa da mawaka Alvin Ailey da Ruth Beckford. Ailey da Angelou sun kirkiro ƙungiyar rawa, suna kiran kansu "Al da Rita", kuma sun yi rawar zamani a ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata a cikin San Francisco amma ba su taɓa yin nasara ba. Angelou, sabon mijinta, da ɗanta suka ƙaura zuwa New York City don ta yi nazarin rawar Afirka tare da ɗan wasan Trinidadiya Pearl Primus, amma sun sake komawa San Francisco bayan shekara guda. Bayan da auren Angelou ta kare a shekara ta 1954, ta yi rawar gani a kungiyoyi da ke kusa da San Francisco, gami da kidan da ake yi a gidan mai suna 'Purple Onion', inda ta rera waka da rawa da kida na calypso Har zuwa wannan lokacin ta kasance da sunan "Marguerite Johnson", ko "Rita", amma a cikin babbar shawarar kwastomominta da mataimakan ta a cikin Purple Onion, ta canza sunanta na zamani zuwa "Maya Angelou" (ta sunan barkwanci da sunan mahaifan aure da suka gabata). Wata 'sananniyar suna' ce ta banbance ta kuma ta ji irin rawar da wasanninta na calypso ke yi. A tsakanin shekarar 1954 da shekarar 1955, Angelou ta zagaya Turai tare da samar da opera Porgy da Bess Ta fara karatun ta na koyon yare na kowace ƙasa da ta ziyarta, kuma cikin yearsan shekaru kaɗan ta sami ƙwarewa a cikin yaruka da yawa. A shekarar 1957, hawa a kan shahararsa ta calypso, Angelou rubuce ta farko album, Miss calypso, wanda aka sa a fitar a matsayin wani CD a 1996. Ta bayyana a wani Off-Broadway review cewa wahayi zuwa fim din Calypso Heat Wave na shekarar 1957, wanda Angelou ta rera kuma ta yi waƙoƙin nata. [bayanin kula 4] [bayanin kula 5] Angelou ta hadu da mawaki John Oliver Killens a cikin 1959 kuma, bisa ga roƙonsa, ta koma New York don mai da hankali kan ayyukan rubuce-rubucen ta. Ta shiga cikin Harlem Writrs Guild, inda ta sadu da manyan marubutan Afirka-Ba-Amurka, wadanda suka hada da John Henrik Clarke, Rosa Guy, Paule Marshall, da Julian Mayfield, kuma an buga shi a karon farko. A shekarar 1960, bayan haduwa da shugaban kare hakkin dan Adam Martin Luther King Jr. da sauraren shi yayi magana, ita da Killens sun shirya "almara" Cabaret for Freedom don amfana da Taron Shugabannin Kungiyar Kiristocin Kudancin (SCLC), kuma aka sanya mata suna mai gudanarwa na Arewa. A cewar masanin Lyman B. Hagen, gudummawar da ta bayar ga haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa da kuma mai tsara SCLC ya kasance mai nasara kuma "a hankali har abada". Ita ma Angelou ta fara gwagwarmayar Castro ne da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata a wannan lokacin.
Afirka to Caged Bird 1961-69 A cikin shekarar 1961, Angelou ta yi wasa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na Jean Genet The Blacks, tare da Abbey Lincoln, Roscoe Lee Brown, James Earl Jones, Louis Gossett, Godfrey Cambridge, da Cicely Tyson Hakanan a shekarar 1961, ta hadu da mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci na Afirka ta Kudu Vusumzi Make ba su yi aure bisa hukuma ba. Ita da ɗanta Guy sun ƙaura tare da Make zuwa Alkahira, inda Angelou ta yi aiki a matsayin editan edita a jaridar Turanci na mako-mako The Arab Observer A 1962, dangantakarta da Make ta ƙare, ita da Guy suka koma Accra, Ghana don ya halarci kwaleji, amma ya ji rauni sosai a wani hatsarin mota. [bayanin kula 6] Angelou ya ci gaba da zama a Accra don murmurewa kuma ya ƙare ya ci gaba da zama a nan har zuwa shekarar 1965. Ta zama ma'aikaciya a Jami'ar Gana, kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin kasashen Afirka da baƙi na kasashen waje. Ta kasance edita ne mai taken The African Review, marubuci mai zaman kansa ga Jaridar Ganawa, rubuta da watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyo Gana, kuma ta yi aiki da kuma yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasa. Ta yi ne a cikin farfadowa da The Blacks a Geneva da Berlin. A Accra, ta kasance abokiya na kud da kud da Malcolm X a yayin ziyarar tasa a farkon shekarun 1960. Angelou ta dawo Amurka a shekarar 1965 don ta taimaka masa wajen kafa sabuwar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, Kungiyar Hadin kan Amurkawa An kashe shi ba da daɗewa ba. Cikin takaici da rashin yarda, sai ta hada kai da dan uwanta a Hawaii, inda ta fara aikinta na raye-raye. Ta koma Los Angeles ne domin ta mai da hankali kan aikinta na rubutu. Yin aiki a matsayin mai binciken kasuwa a Watts, Angelou ya shaida tarzoma a lokacin bazara na 1965. Tana cikin rubuce-rubuce da wasannin kwaikwayo, sannan ta dawo New York a shekarar 1967. Ta sadu da abokiyar rayuwar ta Rosa Guy kuma ta sake sabunta abokantaka da James Baldwin, wanda ta sadu da ita a Paris a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ta kira "ɗan'uwana", a wannan lokacin. Abokiyarta Jerry Purcell sun ba wa Angelou wani tallafi don tallafa wa rubuce-rubucen ta. A shekarar 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. ya nemi Angelou da ta shirya wata tafiya. Ta yarda, amma "sake jinkirtawa", kuma a cikin abin da Gillespie ya kira "macabre karkatar da makoma", an kashe shi ranar haihuwar ta 40 (Afrilu 4). [bayanin kula 8] Jin daɗin sake, abokinta James Baldwin ya ƙarfafa ta saboda baƙin ciki. Kamar yadda Gillespie yake faɗi, "Idan 1968 shekara ce ta babban raɗaɗi, rashi, da baƙin ciki, wannan ma shekarar ce da America ta fara ganin zurfin zurfin ruhun Maya Angelou da hazikanci". Duk da kasancewa kusan babu gogewa, sai ta rubuta, samarwa, kuma aka ruwaito baƙar fata, Blues, Black!, a goma-kashi jerin Documentaries game da dangantaka da take tsakanin Blues music kuma baki Amirkawa 'Afirka al'adunmu, da kuma abin da Angelou da ake kira "Africanisms har yanzu halin yanzu a Amurka" don National Educational Television, da precursor na PBS Hakanan a shekarar 1968, wacce aka yi wahayi a wajen cin abincin dare da ta halarta tare da Baldwin, mai rubutun katuun Jules Feiffer, da matar sa Judy, kuma sun qalubalanci edita Random House Robert Loomis, ta rubuta tarihinta na farko, Na san Dalilin da yasa aka Kama Tsarin Bird Sings, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1969. Wannan ya kawo fitowar ta duniya da yabo.
Aikin baya An sake a shekarar 1972, kamfanin Georgia na Georgia, Georgia, wanda kamfanin fina-finai na kasar Sweden ya kirkira kuma yayi fim a Sweden, shine fim din farko da wata mace bakuwa tayi. Ta kuma rubuta sautin fim din, duk da cewa ba karamin shigar da kara a cikin fim din ba. [bayanin kula 9] Angelou ta auri Paul du Feu, maƙeran gidan Welsh kuma tsohon mijin marubuci Germaine Greer, a San Francisco a 1973. [bayanin kula 10] A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamar yadda Gillespie ya bayyana, "Ta [Angelou sun cimma abubuwan da masana fasaha da yawa ke fatan cimma cikin rayuwarsu. Angelou ta yi aiki a matsayin mawaki, tana yin rubutu don mawaƙa Roberta Flack, da kuma shirya finafinai. Ta rubuta kasidu, gajerun labarai, rubutun TV, rubuce-rubuce, tarihin rayuwa, da waƙoƙi. Ta samar da wasannin kwaikwayo kuma an ba ta suna farfesa a cikin kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa. Ita yar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai son jan hankali kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Tony Award a 1973 saboda rawar da ta taka a Look Away A matsayinta na darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a 1988 ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayon Errol John na wasan Moon a kan bakan-gizon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Almeida a London A 1977, Angelou bayyana a cikin wani wasan rawa a cikin talabijin mini-jerin Roots amatsayin mai taimako An ba ta lambobin yabo da yawa a wannan lokacin, gami da sama da digiri talatin na girmamawa daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i daga duk duniya. A ƙarshen 1970s, Angelou ta sadu da Oprah Winfrey lokacin da Winfrey ya kasance mai amfani da telebijin a Baltimore, Maryland; Daga baya Angelou ta zama babban aminiyar Winfrey kuma mai ba da shawara. [bayanin kula 12] A shekara ta 1981, Angelou da du Feu sun sake su. Ta dawo Kudancin Amurka a 1981 saboda tana jin dole ne ta zama abin da ta gabata a can kuma, duk da cewa ba ta da digiri na farko, ta yarda da rayuwar Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Amurka na Jami’ar Wake Forest a Winston-Salem, North Carolina, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin esan furofesoshin Ba-Amurkan na cikakken lokaci. Daga nan, ta dauki kanta a matsayin "malami mai rubutawa". Angelou ta koyar da batutuwa da dama da suka nuna sha'awar ta, gami da falsafa, ɗabi'a, tiyoloji, kimiyya, wasan kwaikwayo, da rubutu. Jaridar Winston-Salem Journal ta ba da rahoton cewa duk da cewa ta sami abokai da yawa a harabar jami'ar, "ba ta taba yin watsi da sukar da mutane suka yi mata ba. karshen karatun da ta koya a Wake Forest shine a shekarar 2011, amma tana shirin koyar da wani darasi a ƙarshen 2014. Kasancewarta ta karshe game da zancen jami'a a ƙarshen 2013. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Angelou ta kasance cikin sahun gaba a cikin laccar koyarwa a cikin wata motar bas wacce aka saba, wani abu da ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun ta. A shekarar 1993, Angelou ta karanta waken ta mai taken On the Pulse of Morning a lokacin bikin rantsar da Bill Clinton, ta zama mawaƙiya na farko da ta yi wake a bikin rantsar da shugaban kasa tun Robert Frost a ƙaddamarwar John F. Kennedy a 1961 Karatunta ya haifar da karin suna da girmamawa ga ayyukanta na baya, da kuma fadada karatunta "a fagen kabilanci, tattalin arziki, da ilimi". Rikodin waka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy A watan Yuni na 1995, ta ba da abin da Richard Long ya kira shi da "waƙar jama'a na biyu" na jama'a mai taken" Braar Amfani da Gaskiya wanda ke bikin tunawa da shekaru 50 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Angelou ta cimma burinta ne na jagorantar fim din fasali a shekarar 1996, Down a cikin Delta wanda ya fito da 'yan wasa kamar su Alfre Woodard da Wesley Snipes Hakanan a cikin 1996, ta yi aiki tare da masu fasahar R&B Ashford & Simpson akan waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya na kundin su Been Find Kundin kundin alhakin shi ne na uku na hotunan <i id="mwAX0">Billboard</i> kawai na Angelou. A cikin 2000, ta ƙirƙiri samfuran nasara don Hallmark, gami da katunan gaisuwa da abubuwa na kayan ado na gida. Ta amsa wa masu sukar da suka tuhume ta da cewa sun yi ciniki sosai ta hanyar cewa "kamfanin ya yi daidai da kiyaye matsayinta na 'mawakan mutane'". Fiye da shekaru talatin bayan da Angelou ta fara rubuta tarihin rayuwarta, ta kammala tarihinta na shida.A Song Flung Up to Heaven Wani Waƙa ya Zuwa Sama, a 2002. Angelou ta yi kamfe na Jam’iyyar Democrat a zabubbukan shugaban kasa na shekarar 2008, inda ta ba ta goyon bayan jama'a ga Hillary Clinton A zagayen farko na zaben watan Janairu a South Carolina, yakin neman zaben Clinton ya gabatar da tallace-tallacen da ke nuna goyon baya ga Angelou. Tallace-tallacen wani angare ne na yun} urin da aka yi na tattara goyon baya a cikin ba} ar fata; amma Barack Obama ya lashe ta Kudancin Carolina, inda ya kammala maki 29 a gaban Clinton da kuma samun kashi 80% na Bakar ƙuri'a. Lokacin da yaƙin neman zaɓe Clinton ya ƙare, Angelou ta ba da goyan bayanta ga Obama, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa kuma ya zama shugaban Afirka na farko na Amurkan. Bayan bikin rantsarwar Obama, ta bayyana cewa, "Mun girma fiye da yadda ake magana kan wariyar launin fata da kuma luwadi." A ƙarshen 2010, Angelou ta ba da takaddun takardarta da abubuwan tunawa da aikinta ga Cibiyar Binciken Masana'antar Ba da Fata ta Al'adu ta Harlem Sun ƙunshi akwatunan sama da 340 na takardu waɗanda ke nuna bayanan rubutun hannunta na rubutu akan aljihun doka don na san Me yasa Cged Bird Sings, wayar tarho daga 1982 daga Coretta Scott King, wasiƙar fan, da wasiƙar sirri da ƙwararru daga abokan aiki kamar edita Robert Loomis. A shekara ta 2011, Angelou ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Martin Luther King, Jr Memorial a Washington, DC Ta yi magana da hamayya da wani kwatancin abin da King ya fada a lokacin tunawa, inda ta ce, "Faɗin ya sa Dr. Martin Luther Sarki yayi kama da mai girman kai nemi da a canza shi. A ƙarshe, an cire fasalin. A cikin 2013, yayin da yake da shekaru 85, Angelou ta wallafa girma na bakwai na tarihin rayuwar kansa a jerin ta, mai taken Mama Me Mama, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mahaifiyarta.
Rayuwarta Shaida ta nuna cewa Angelou yar wani bangare ne daga mutanen Mende na Yammacin Afirka. [b A shekara ta 2008, gwajin DNA ya nuna cewa a cikin dukkan magabatan Afirka, kashi 45 sun fito ne daga Kongo yankin Angola kuma kashi 55 daga cikin Afirka ta Yamma ne Wani bayanin da aka yi na PBS a 2008 ya gano cewa mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Angelou Mary Lee, wacce ta sami 'yanci bayan yakin basasa, ta sami juna biyu ta hannun tsohon maigidan nata, John Savin. Savin ya tilasta Lee ya sa hannu a wata sanarwa ta karya wacce ke zargin wani mutum da kasancewa mahaifin ɗanta. Bayan an tuhumi Savin da tilasta wa Lee yin zagon kasa, kuma duk da gano cewa Savin ya kasance uba, sai masu yanke hukunci suka same shi da laifi. An tura Lee zuwa gidan marassa kyau na Clinton County da ke Missouri tare da diyarta, Marguerite Baxter, wanda ya zama kaka ga uwar Angelou. Angelou ta bayyana Lee a matsayin "karamar yarinyar baƙar fata, a jiki da ta hankali". Angelou tana da ɗa guda ɗaya, Guy, wanda haihuwar ta bayyana a tarihinta na farko; daya jikan, jikoki biyu, kuma, a cewar Gillespie, babban rukunin abokai da dangi. [bayanin kula 14] Mahaifiyar Angelou Vivian Baxter ta mutu a 1991 da dan uwanta Bailey Johnson Jr., ta mutu a shekara ta 2000 bayan wasu jerin raunuka; Dukansu muhimman mutane ne a rayuwarta da littafanta. [bayanin kula 15] A cikin 1981, mahaifiyar jikan ta ta bace tare da shi; neman shi ya ɗauki shekara huɗu. [bayanin kula 16] A shekara ta 2009, gidan yanar gizon TMZ da ke tseguntawa ya ba da rahoton cewa an kwantar da Angelou asibiti a Los Angeles lokacin da take da rai kuma a cikin St. Louis, wanda ya haifar da jita-jita game da mutuwarta kuma, a cewar Angelou, damuwa tsakanin abokai da danginta a duk duniya. A cikin 2013, Angelou ta gaya wa kawarta Oprah Winfrey cewa ta yi karatuttukan darussan da Cocin Unityungiyar Unity ta ba da, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin ruhaniya. Ba ta sami digiri na digiri ba, amma a cewar Gillespie shi ne abin da Angelou ta fi son mutane su kira shi "Dr. Angelou" daga wajen iyalinta da kuma abokanta. Ta mallaki gidaje biyu a Winston-Salem, North Carolina, da kuma "lordly brownstone" a Harlem, wanda aka saya a 2004 kuma yana cike da "ɗakunan karatu" masu girma na littattafan da ta tattara a duk faɗin ta. rayuwa, zane-zane da aka tara tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma dafaffen abinci. Marubucin Guardian Gary Younge ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin gidan Harlo na gidan Angelou akwai wasu katangar bango na Afirka da tarin zane-zanenta, ciki har da na wasu mawaƙa da yawa, da mai ruwa na Rosa Parks, da kuma wani aiki mai suna Faith Ringgold mai suna "Maya's Quilt Of Life". A cewar Gillespie, ta gudanar da bukukuwan da yawa a kowace shekara a babban gidanta na Winston-Salem; "Kwarewar da take dashi a girkin itace tatsuniya-daga abinci mai kyau har zuwa abinci mai ta'aziyya zuwa gida". A Winston-Salem Journal ya fada cewa: "kullawa wani gayyatar zuwa daya daga Angelou ta Thanksgiving cin abinci, Kirsimeti itace Popular jam'iyyun ko ajon yana daga cikin mafi coveted gayyata a gari." Jaridar New York Times, wacce ke bayyana tarihin gidan Angelou a New York City, ta bayyana cewa ta saba yin bakuncin manyan ranar bikin Sabuwar Shekara. Ta haɗu da dafa abincirta da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubucenta a cikin littafanta 2004 Hallelujah! Teburin Maraba da aka gabatar, wanda ya ƙunshi girke-girke na 73, wanda yawancinsu suka koya daga kakarta da mahaifiyarta, tare da kayan maye 28. Ta bi sahu a cikin 2010 tare da littafinta na biyu, Babban Abinci, Duk Rana Ta Tsawon Lokaci Cook Da Nishaɗi, Ku Ci Smart, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan asarar nauyi da kulawar yanki. Farawa daga Na san Dalilin da yasa Tsararrun Tsuntsayen Birni, Angelou tayi amfani da "rubutun rubutun al'ada" tsawon shekaru. Da sanyin safiya ta farka ta shiga ɗakin otal, inda aka umarci ma'aikatan su cire duk hotuna daga bangon. Tana yin rubutu a kan allunan doka yayin da take kwance a kan gado, tare da kwalbar sherry, da katunan katunan don wasa solitaire, Roget's Thesaurus, da kuma Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kuma za ta tashi da yamma. Tana yin matsakaita shafi na 12-12 na rubuce rubuce a rana, wanda ta yi rubutu sau uku ko hudu a maraice. [bayanin kula 17] Ta ci gaba da wannan hanyar don "yi maita" da kanta, kuma kamar yadda ta ce a cikin tattaunawa ta 1989 tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya, "sake dawo da azabar, damuwa, Sturm und Drang Ta sanya kanta a cikin lokacin da ta rubuta game da, har ma da wahalhalu irin su fyade a cikin Cged Bird, don "faɗi gaskiyar ɗan adam" game da rayuwarta. Ita dai Angelou ta bayyana cewa ta buga katunan ne domin samun damar zuwa wannan wurin da ake sihiri kuma don samun damar tuno abubuwan tuna ta. Ta ce, "Ana iya ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya don shiga ciki, amma da zarar na kasance a ciki ha! Yana da dadi sosai! Ta ba ta sami cathartic tsari; a maimakon haka, ta sami kwanciyar hankali a “gaya gaskiya”.
Mutuwa Angelou ta mutu a safiyar ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014 yana da shekara 86. Mahaifinta ne ya same ta. Kodayake an bayar da rahoton cewa Angelou tana cikin ƙoshin lafiya kuma ta soke wasannin da aka shirya kwanan nan, amma tana aiki a wani littafi, wani tarihin tarihin game da abubuwan da ta samu tare da shugabannin ƙasa da na duniya. Lokacin bikin tunawa da ita a Jami'ar Wake Forest, danta Guy Johnson ya bayyana cewa duk da kasancewa cikin azaba a koda yaushe saboda rawar rawa da gazawar numfashi, ta rubuta littattafai hudu a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarta. Ya ce, "Ta bar wannan jirgi mai rai ba tare da asara mai wahala ba kuma ba asara a fahimta." Kalamai ga Angelou da ta'aziyar da aka bayar ta hanyar masu zane-zane, masu ba da shawara, da shugabannin duniya, ciki har da Obama, wacce 'yar uwanta ta sanya wa suna Angelou, da Bill Clinton. Harold Augenbraum, daga Asusun Littattafai na kasa, ya ce "Gadoji na Angelou ɗaya ne wanda duk marubuta da masu karatu a duk faɗin duniya za su iya sha'awar su. Makon da ya mutu bayan mutuwar Angelou, Na san Dalilin da yasa Siyar Bird Sings ya tashi zuwa lamba 1 a jerin masu sayar da kayan sayarwa na Amazon.com A 29 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014, Dutsen Sihiyona Baptist Church a Winston-Salem, wanda Angelou ta kasance memba na shekaru 30, ta gudanar da bikin tunawa da jama'a don girmama ta. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da wani taron tunawa da masu zaman kansu a cikin Dutsen Sitel a harabar Jami'ar Wake da ke Winston-Salem. An nuna wannan bikin ne a tashoshin cikin gida a yankin Winston-Salem Triad kuma an gabatar da jawabai kai tsaye a shafin yanar gizon jami'ar tare da jawabai daga danta, Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama, da Bill Clinton. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da taron tunawa a Cocin Glide Memorial da ke San Francisco, inda Angelou memba ce tsawon shekaru. Rev. Cecil Williams, Magajin gari Ed Lee, da tsohon magajin garin Willie Brown sun yi magana.
Ayyuka Angelou ya rubuta jimlar tarihin rayuwa guda bakwai. A cewar masanin Mary Mary Lu Lupton, littafin tarihin Angelou na uku Singin 'da Swingin' da Gettin 'Merry Kamar Kirsimeti alama ce ta farko da sanannen ɗan Afirka-Amerikaniya ya rubuta littafi na uku game da rayuwarta. Littattafan "suna shimfidawa a kan lokaci da wuri", daga Arkansas zuwa Afirka da kuma komawa Amurka, suna faruwa daga farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II zuwa kisan Martin Luther King, Jr. A cikin tarihinta na biyar “Duk Allah Yara suna Bukatar Kayan tafiya Ta buga tarihinta na bakwai Mama Me Mama a cikin shekarar 2013, yana da shekaru 85. Masu sukar sun ci gaba da yin hukunci a kan abubuwan tarihin mai zuwa na Angelou "ta la'akari da farko", tare da Cged Bird suna karɓar yabo mafi girma. Angelou ta rubuta tarin littatafai guda biyar, wanda marubuciya Hilton Als ta kirata "littattafan hikima" da "girmamawa tare da rubuce-rubucen tarihin kansu". Angelou tayi amfani da edita iri ɗaya a duk lokacin aikinta na rubutu, Robert Loomis, editan zartarwa a Gidan Random ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2011 kuma an kira shi "daya daga cikin zauren wallafa mashahurin editocin." Angelou ya ce game da Loomis: "Muna da alaƙar da ta shahara a tsakanin masu wallafa." Dogo da tsufa na Angelou sun hada da wakoki, wasan kwaikwayo, allon hoton talabijin da fim, jagoranci, aiki, da kuma yin magana da jama'a. Ta kasance marubuciya mai salo ta shahara; herarata Kawai Kawo min Abincin Ruwa na Ruwa 'Nan aka Diiie (1971) aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Pulitzer, kuma Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya zaɓe ta don ta maimaita wannan waka mai taken "On the Pulse of Morning" yayin bikin rantsuwarsa a shekarar 1993. Angelou ta nasara addashin aiki hada da matsayin su a cikin da yawa kwaikwaiyo, fina-finai, da kuma talabijin shirye-shirye, ciki har da ta bayyanar a cikin talabijin mini-jerin Roots, a shekarar 1977. Hotunan wasan kwaikwayo, Georgia, Georgia (1972), ita ce rubutun farko da wata baƙar fata ta fito da ita, kuma ita ce mace ta farko ɗan ba-Amurke da ta jagoranci wani hoto mai motsi, Down a Delta, a cikin shekarar 1998. Na san Dalilin da yasa Sihirin Tsage Bird (1969): Zuwa shekarar 1944 (shekara 17) Haduwa Tare Da Sunana (1974): 1944–48 Singin 'da Swingin' da Gettin 'Merry Kamar Kirsimeti (1976): 1949-1955 Zuciyar Mace (1981): 1957-1962 Dukkan 'Ya'yan Allah suna Bukatar takalmin Balaguro (1986): 1962-665 Waƙar da Aka Jefa Sama (aya (2002): 1965-1968 Mama & Ni & Mama (2013): dubawa Lokacin da Na san Me Ya sa aka buga Siyar Bird Sings a cikin shekarar 1969, an yaba wa Angelou a matsayin sabon abin tunawa, ɗaya daga cikin matan Ba-Amurkan farko da suka sami damar tattauna rayuwarsu ta jama'a. A cewar masanin Hilton Als, har zuwa wannan lokacin, matan marubutan bakaken fata sun karkata ga lamarin har ya kai ga sun kasa gabatar da kansu a matsayin jigo a cikin littattafan da suka rubuta. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya yarda, yana ganin ayyukan Angelou, wanda ya kira "tatsuniyoyi", a zaman "rubuce-rubuce na neman afuwa". Ya sanya Angelou a cikin al'adun adabin Baƙin Amurkan a matsayin kariya ga al'adun baƙar fata, wanda ya kira "bayyananniyar wallafe-wallafen alamomin da ke da tasiri a cikin malamin baƙar fata na lokacin". Marubuci Julian Mayfield, wanda ya kira Caged Bird "aikin fasaha ne wanda ya ɓace da kwatanci", yi ishara da cewa tarihin rayuwar Angelou ya ba da misali ga baƙar fata marubutan mata kawai, har ma da baƙon tarihin Afirka-Ba'amurke gaba ɗaya. Als ya ce Caged Bird alama ce ta farkon lokacin da baƙar fata mai ba da izini zai iya, kamar yadda ya sanya shi, "rubuta game da baƙi daga ciki, ba tare da afuwa ko kariya ba". Ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen tarihinta, Angelou ta sami karbuwa sosai a matsayin mai magana da yawun bakaken fata da mata. Hakan ya sanya ta "ba tare da wata shakka ba, Baƙon da aka fi sani da muryar Amurka ta Amurka wacce za a iya gani da kanta da “babbar muryar magana ta zamani”. Kamar yadda marubuci Gary Younge ya ce, "Wataƙila fiye da kowane marubuci da rai, rayuwar Angelou a zahiri aikinta ce." Als ce cewa Caged Bird ya taimaka kara baki dandalin mata rubuce-rubucen a cikin 1970s, kasa ta hanyar da asali fiye da "ta rawa a cikin rinjaye zeitgeist ko a lokacin da aka rubuta cewa, a karshen da American Civil Rights Movement Als ta kuma ce rubuce-rubucen Angelou, wadanda suka fi nuna sha'awar bayyana kansu fiye da siyasa ko mace, sun ‘yanto wasu marubutan mata don" buɗe kansu ba tare da kunya ga idanun duniya ba Mai sukar lamirin Angelou Joanne M. Braxton ta bayyana cewa Caged Bird "wataƙila ya fi dacewa da tarihin rayuwar" wacce mace Ba-Amurke ta rubuta a zamanin ta. Labarin wakokin Angelou ya rinjayi al'umman kiɗan zamani na hip-hop, gami da masu zane-zane kamar Kanye West, Common, Tupac Shakur, da Nicki Minaj Liyafar maraba Mai duba Elsie B. Washington, wataƙila sakamakon zaɓin Shugaba Clinton na Angelou ne don ta maimaita waka mai taken "A kan Mako na Morning" a lokacin bikin buɗe taron nasa na shekarar 1993, ya kira ta "baƙar fata mace baƙi". Sayar da talifin litattafai na litattafai da na waƙoƙi ya karu da kashi 300-600 cikin sati bayan karatun Angelou. Random House, wacce ta buga waka daga baya a waccan shekarar, dole ne ta sake buga kwafen 400,000 na dukkan litattafan nata domin ci gaba da biyan bukatar. Sun sayar da mafi yawan litattafan nata a watan Janairu na 1993 fiye da yadda suka yi a duk shekarar 1992, wanda ke karuwa da kashi 1200%. Ita dai Angelou ta ce, a martani ga zargi game da amfani da cikakken bayani game da rayuwarta a cikin ayyukanta, "Na yarda da Balzac da marubutan karni na 19, baki da fari, waɗanda suka ce, 'Na rubuta don kuɗi'." Younge, yayin da yake magana bayan buga littafin littatafai na uku na Angelou, Harafi ga 'yata (2008), ta ce, "A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ta yi amfani da baiwarta ta fannoni daban-daban a wani fannin wasan kwaikwayo na bayar da sakon sirri da inganta rayuwa ta hanyar hada wakoki, wakoki da hira. Littattafan Angelou, musamman Na san Dalilin da yasa Siyar Bird Sings, iyaye da yawa sun soki su, suna haifar da cire su daga tsarin makarantu da kuma ɗakunan ajiyar laburare. A cewar Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Kasa, Sanatoci, iyaye da makarantu sun yi adawa da hotunan Cged Bird na yan madigo, da yin aure kafin aure, batsa, da kuma tashin hankali. Wasu sun yi Allah-wadai da yanayin bayyanar da labarin game da jima'i, amfani da yare, da kuma alamuran addini. Birgediya mai tsayi ya fito na uku akan jerin Libraryungiyar Makarantar Amurka (ALA) cikin Litattafai 100 Mafi Challeungiyoyin Matsaloli na 1990 2000 da na shida akan jerin ALA 2000-2009.
Kyauta da girmamawa Jami'o'i, kungiyoyi masu rubuce-rubuce, hukumomin gwamnati, da kungiyoyin kungiyoyi na musamman sun girmama Angelou. Ta karrama hada da wani Pulitzer Prize gabatarwa domin ta littafin wakoki, bani Cool sha ruwa 'fore na Diiie, wani Tony Award gabatarwa domin ta rawa a cikin 1973 play duba bãya, kuma uku Grammys mata magana maganar kundi. Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitocin biyu na shugaban kasa, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Spingarn a 1994, lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa a 2000, da kuma lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. An baiwa Angelou sama da digiri na daraja hamsin.
Yana amfani da ilimi Anyi amfani da tarihin tarihin Angelou ta hanyar labarai da kuma hanyoyin al'adu da yawa na ilimin malamai Jocelyn A. Glazier, malami a Jami'ar George Washington, ya horar da malamai yadda ake "magana game da tsere" a cikin ɗakunan karatun su tare da Na san Dalilin da Ya Sa Tsararrun Tsuntsu Tsararru da Haduwa Tare da Suna A cewar Glazier, amfanin Angelou na rashin gaskiya, izgili, walwala, da baƙin ƙarfe ya sa masu karanta labarin tarihin Angelou ba su da tabbacin abin da ta bari da kuma yadda ya kamata su amsa ga abubuwan da ta bayyana. Misalin Angelou na abubuwan da ta samu game da wariyar launin fata sun tilasta wa masu karatu farat ɗaya ko dai su gano yadda suke ji game da tsere da kuma "matsayinsu na musamman", ko kuma a guji tattaunawar a matsayin wata hanya ta riƙe gatan su. Glazier ta gano cewa masu sukar sun mayar da hankali kan yadda Angelou ta dace da yanayin tarihin Afirka-Ba-Amurke da kuma dabarun rubuce-rubucen ta, amma masu karatu sun yi kokarin amsa tatsar labarinta tare da "mamaki, musamman idan suka shiga rubutu tare da wasu fata game da nau'in tarihin rayuwa Mai Koyar da Daniyel kalubalanci, a cikin littafinsa na Tarihi na Resilience a cikin Yara, ya bincika abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Cged Bird don nuna kwatanci a cikin yara. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa littafin Angelou ya samar da "tsari mai amfani" don bincika matsalolin da yara da yawa kamar Maya suka fuskanta da kuma yadda al'ummominsu suka taimaka musu wajen samun nasara. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan Adam Chris Boyatzis ya ba da rahoton amfani da Caged Bird don haɓaka ka’idar kimiyya da bincike a cikin koyarwar batutuwan haɓaka yara kamar haɓakar akidar mutum da mutuncin kai, jigilar mutum, masana'antar da ƙaranci, illolin zagi, salon iyaye, ƙannen ɗan uwan da alakar abota, batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi, ci gaban wayewa, balaga, da kuma asalin zama cikin samartaka. Ya samo Caged Bird ya zama "ingantacciyar hanya" kayan aiki don samar da misalai na ainihi na waɗannan ra'ayoyin tunani.
ƙa An san Angelou sanannun tarihin rayuwa guda bakwai, amma kuma ta kasance mawakiya ce mai nasara kuma mai nasara. An kira ta da "lafazin baƙar fata mace", kuma waƙoƙinta an kira shi da waƙoƙin Americansan Afirka na Afirka. Angelou tayi karatu kuma ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi tun yana ƙarami, kuma tayi amfani da waƙoƙi da sauran manyan littattafai don shawo kan fyaderta a matsayin yarinya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Birgediya Birged A cewar masanin Yasmin Y. DeGout, wallafe-wallafen su ma sun shafi kwarewar Angelou yayin mawaƙinta da marubucin da ta zama, musamman ma "jawabcin kwatancen da zai canza asali a cikin littafin tarihin wakoki." Da yawa daga masu sukar suna ganin tarihin Angelou da muhimmanci fiye da wakarta. Duk da cewa duk litattafan ta masu siye ne, amma ba a san adabinn ta da muhimmanci kamar yadda take ba kuma ba a kula da ita ba. Waƙoƙin wakokinta sun fi ban sha'awa idan ta karanta da yin su, kuma masu sukar da yawa sun jaddada yanayin jama'a na waƙinta. Rashin nuna yabo mai mahimmanci na Angelou an danganta shi ga yanayin jama'a na yawancin wakafuttukan nasa da kuma nasarar da Angelou ta samu, da kuma fifikon masu sukar larabci a matsayin rubutaccen rubutu maimakon magana ta baki, wanda aka yi. Zofia Burr ta gurfanar da masu sukar Angelou ta hanyar la’antar su da rashin yin la’akari da manyan manufofin Angelou a cikin rubuce-rubucen ta: "zama wakili maimakon mutum, mai iko maimakon rikon amana".
Salo da salo iri-iri a tarihin rayuwa Amfani da Angelou na amfani da dabarun rubuta rubutu kamar tattaunawa, nunawa, da haɓaka jigo, saiti, tsari, da harshe sun haifar da sanya litattafan ta cikin yanayin almara na ainihi Angelou tayi wani yunƙuri da gaske a cikin litattafanta don ƙalubalanci tsarin tsarin rayuwar ta ɗabi'a, canji, da fadada nau'in. Maryamu Mary Jane Lupton ta ce duk tarihin rayuwar Angelou sun dace da tsarin nau'ikan al'adu: marubuta guda ne suka rubuta su, suna cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi, kuma suna ɗauke da abubuwan halaye, fasaha, da jigo. Angelou ta fahimci cewa akwai fannoni na almara zuwa litattafanta; Lupton ya yarda, yana mai bayanin cewa Angelou ya nuna "banbanci daga ra'ayi na al'ada game da tarihin rayuwa kamar gaskiya", wanda ya yi daidai da babban taron tarihin Afirka-Ba'amurke wanda aka rubuta a lokacin ɓarnar tarihin tarihin Amurka, lokacin da Lupton da Afirka- Masanin Amurka Crispin Sartwell ya saka shi, an rufe gaskiya daga buƙatun kariyar kai. Masanin kimiyya Lyman B. Hagen ya sanya Angelou a cikin tsohuwar al'adar tarihin Bahaushe da Ba-Amurke, amma ya ce Angelou ta ƙirƙiri wata fassara ta musamman game da tarihin tarihin kansa. A cewar masanin adabin Afirka bahaushe Pierre A. Walker, kalubalen galibin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Ba-Amurke shi ne cewa marubutan sa dole ne su tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin wallafe-wallafe kafin su cim ma burinsu na siyasa, wanda hakan ya sa editan Angelou Robert Loomis ya sami ikon yin iya ƙoƙarin ta don rubuta Caged Bird ta hanyar ƙalubalantar ta ta rubuta wani littafin tarihin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin "babban fasaha". Angelou ta yarda cewa ta bi al'adar bahaushe ta "magana da mutum-mutumin da ya fara magana game da jam'i na farko, koyaushe yana cewa Ina ma'anar 'mu'". Masanin kimiyya John McWhorter ya kira littattafan Angelou "tatsuniyoyi" waɗanda ke kare al'adun Afirka da baƙi kuma suna yaƙar raini. A cewar McWhorter, Angelou ta tsara litattafanta, wanda ga alama kamar an rubuta shi fiye da yara fiye da na manya, don tallafawa kare al'adun bakaken fata. McWhorter tana ganin Angelou yayin da take bayyana kanta a cikin tarihin rayuwar ta "a matsayin wani babban mutum-mutun-mutumin-ba-Amurke a cikin Matsalar McWhorter yana kallon ayyukan Angelou a matsayin kwanan wata, amma ya fahimci cewa "ta taimaka ta ba da hanya ga masu baƙar fata na zamani waɗanda suka sami damar jin daɗin jin daɗin kasancewa kawai mutane, ba wakilan tsere ba, kawai kansu". Masanin Lynn Z. Bloom ya kwatanta ayyukan Angelou da rubuce-rubucen Frederick Douglass, yana mai cewa duka sun cika ɗayan manufa ɗaya: don bayyana al'adun baƙar fata da fassara shi don mafi yawan masu sauraronsu. A cewar masanin Sondra O'Neale, ana iya sanya waƙar Angelou a cikin al'adar bakaken fata ta Afirka da baƙi, kuma takenta "yana bin wata dabara ta al'ada ce ta nau'ikan yammacin Afirka". O'Neale ya bayyana cewa Angelou ta guji amfani da "harshen baƙar fata na duniya", kuma an cimma shi, ta hanyar tattaunawa kai tsaye, abin da O'Neale ya kira "mafi tsammanin bayyanar ghetto". McWhorter ya ga yaren da Angelou tayi amfani da ita a tarihin rayuwar ta da kuma mutanen da ta nuna mara gaskiya ne, wanda ya haifar da rabuwa tsakanin ta da masu sauraro. Kamar yadda McWhorter ke faɗi, "Ban taɓa karanta rubuce-rubuce na kaina ba inda na sami irin wannan wahalar wajen tattaro ma'anar yadda tattaunawar take, ko kuma ma'anar wanene batun yake". Misali, McWhorter ya ba da tabbaci, alal misali, manyan adadi a cikin littattafan Angelou, kamar ita, ɗanta Guy, da mahaifiyarta Vivian ba sa magana kamar yadda mutum zai zata, kuma cewa kalaman nasu “an tsaftace su” ne ga masu karatun ta. Misali, Guy, wakiltar ƙaramar baƙar fata maza, yayin da Vivian wakiltar adadi na mahaifiyar da ta dace, da mahimmin yaren da suke amfani da shi, da kuma harshe a cikin rubutun Angelou, an yi niyya don tabbatar da cewa baƙar fata na iya amfani da ingantaccen Ingilishi daidai. McWhorter ya fahimci cewa yawancin dalilin salon salon Angelou shine yanayin "rashin yarda" na rubuce-rubucen ta. Lokacin da Angelou ta rubuta Caged Bird a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ɗayan abubuwan da ake buƙata da kuma karɓar littattafai a lokacin shine "haɗin kwayoyin", ɗayan burinta shine ƙirƙirar littafin da ya gamsar da wannan ra'ayin. Abubuwan da suka faru a littattafanta sunyi kyau kuma an tsara su kamar jerin gajerun labarai, amma shirye shiryen su baya bin tsarin tarihi. Madadin haka, an sanya su don jaddada jigon littattafan ta, waɗanda suka haɗa da wariyar launin fata, asalinsu, dangi, da balaguro. Wani malamin koyar da adabin Ingilishi Valerie Sayers ya ba da tabbacin cewa "Waƙar da baƙon Angelou sun yi kama da juna". Dukansu suna dogara da “muryarta kai tsaye”, wacce ke canza launin madaidaiciya tare da tsarin da aka daidaita tare da amfani da misalai da metaphors (misali, tsuntsu da aka girka). A cewar Hagen, ayyukan Angelou sun rinjayi duka rubuce-rubucen al'ada da al'adun gargajiyar al'umman Afirka-Amurkan. Misali, ta yi rubutu kan haruffa rubuce-rubuce sama da 100 a cikin littattafanta da wakoki. Kari akan haka, ta yi amfani da abubuwa na kade-kade, wadanda suka hada da aikin shaida yayin da ake maganar rayuwar mutum da gwagwarmaya, rashin fahimta, da kuma amfani da kalmomi na dabi'a, kida, da kuma fahimta. Angelou, maimakon ta dogara da tarko, ta yi amfani da abubuwan tarihi da na tarihi don tsara littattafanta.
Manazarta
Citations
Ayyuka da aka lakaitu
Haɗin waje Official website Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou takardu a Laburaren Jama'a na New York Maya tuna tunawa da Maya Angelou a Jami'ar Wake Forest Maya Angelou (wasu tsofaffin lambobin yabo) a Aveleyman.com Spring, Kelly. "Maya Angelou" Dandalin Tarihin Matan Kasar. 2017. Mayakan Post na Maya Maya Angelou, 'Caged Bird Songs,' Debuts Pages with unreviewed |
32835 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20Rawlings%2C%20Baroness%20Rawlings | Patricia Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings | Patricia Elizabeth Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings An Haife ta a 27 ga wata Janairun 1939, yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Conservative kuma tsohuwar gaba a cikin House of Lords. Ta kuma kasance memba a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) daga 1989 zuwa 1994. Ta kasance Shugabar Kwalejin King na London daga 1998 zuwa 2007, kuma an mai da ita Fellow of King's College (FKC) a 2003. Ta kasance Shugabar Majalisar Kasa ta Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai daga 2002 zuwa 2007, kuma Shugabar Ƙungiyar Dillalan Kayan gargajiya ta Biritaniya 2005-2013. Ita kuma mataimakiyar Chevening Estate ce.
Ilimi Rawlings ta yi karatu a Burtaniya da Switzerland. Ta sami horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin Westminster kuma memba ce mai himma a kungiyar Red Cross ta Burtaniya (An ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Red Cross ta Biritaniya a cikin 1987). Ta kasance balagagge dalibi a Jami'ar College London kuma ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London An ba ta Hon DLitt daga Jami'ar Buckingham a 1998.
Sana'ar siyasa Bayan fafatawan Sheffield Central a 1983 da Doncaster Central a 1987, an zabi Rawlings a zaben 1989 na Turai a matsayin MEP na Essex South West. An soke wannan mazabar don zaben 1994 na Turai lokacin da Hugh Kerr na Labour ya doke ta a sabuwar mazabar Essex West da Hertfordshire East.
An ƙirƙira ta abokiyar rayuwa tare da taken Baroness Rawlings, na Burnham Westgate a cikin gundumar Norfolk a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1994 kuma ta shiga gidan iyayengiji inda ta riƙe mukamai na gaba da yawa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Whip na adawa (1997 1998), Kakakin Al’adu, Watsa Labarai da Wasanni (1997 1998), Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (1998 2010) da Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya (1998 2010). Bayan babban zaɓe na 2010, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Gwamnati tare da alhakin Al'adu, Media da Wasanni da kuma Scotland.
Baroness Rawlings ya yi ritaya daga gwamnati a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2012.
Rigima A cikin 2002 Baroness Rawlings ta shiga cikin takaddama kan wani yanki mai girman eka 1.8 (7,300 m2), mallakin Kwalejin King London, kuma mallakar asibitin St Thomas a da. King's ya umurci Jones Lang LaSalle ya kimanta rukunin yanar gizon, wanda ya haifar da ƙimar £10 miliyan. An ba filin har zuwa fam miliyan 24 ba zato ba tsammani daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Aga Khan, wanda ya haifar da adawa daga St Thomas'. An yi jita-jita cewa Baroness Rawlings ce ta kirkiro tayin da ba a nema ba wanda ta musanta da gaske, tana mai cewa a matsayinta na Shugabar Kwalejin King London ba ta san komai ba game da irin wannan neman dage cewa wani yanki ne mai kima na estate na King's College London kuma ya kamata a sayar da shi ga mafi girman kasuwa a kasuwa. Daga karshe Kwalejin ta yanke shawarar rike kadarorin.
Rayuwa ta sirri Patricia Rawlings ta yi aure a 1962 ga ɗan kasuwa David Wolfson, daga baya Baron Wolfson na Sunningdale (1935-2021), amma ta sake shi a 1967; dukkan abokan tarayya sun rike mukamai masu daraja a nasu dama. Ita ce Sakatariyar Daraja ta gidan cin abinci na Grillion, kuma memba na Alhazai Society.
Tana zaune a Burnham Westgate Hall, wani gidan da aka tsara na Sir John Soane a Kasuwar Burnham, Norfolk, tare da filin shakatawa sama da kadada 30, wanda aka sanya kayan don siyarwa a cikin 2019 tare da farashin jagora na 3.8M. A baya Baroness Rawlings ne ya siyar da gidan, a cikin 2011, tare da farashin £7M; Johnny Depp, dan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, an ce yana so ya sayi kadarorin a lokacin, amma ba a sayar da shi ba.
Umurnin waje da kayan ado A cikin 1991 Patricia Rawlings ita ce mace ta farko ta Burtaniya da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Rose (Azurfa), wanda Shugaba Zhelyu Zhelev na Bulgaria ya ba ta, don nuna sha'awarta ga Bulgaria. An ba Rawlings damar sanya kayan ado a duk lokacin da ta ziyarci Bulgaria ko kuma ta je ofishin jakadancin Bulgaria.
Don hidima ga dangantakar Anglo-Brazil, an ba ta Babban Jami'in, Order of the Southern Cross daga Jamhuriyar Brazil a 1998.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Patricia Rawlings Conservatives.com
Tarihin Baroness Rawlings www.parliament.uk
Bulgarian Order na Rose (Azurfa)
Rayayyun mutane
Mata yan |
29104 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Marmara | Jami'ar Marmara | Articles using infobox university
Pages using infobox university with the affiliations parameter
Jami'ar Marmara Dake Turkiyya. Marmara Üniversitesi) Jami'a ce ta jama'a a Istanbul, Turkiyya Ana kiran jami'ar ne da sunan Tekun Marmara kuma an kafa ta ne a matsayin jami'a a shekarar 1982, amma an kafa ta a shekarar 1883 da sunan Hamidiye Ticaret Mekteb-i Âlisi, a wani gida a tsakiyar birnin Istanbul Ana ba da darussan a cikin harsuna hudu Turkiyanci, Turanci,Jamusanci, Faransanci wanda ya sa jami'ar Marmara ta zama jami'a mai harsuna da yawa a Turkiyya, Jami'ar na da cibiyoyin 13, cibiyoyi 11, kolejoji 8 da cibiyoyin bincike 28. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun daliban sun hada da shugaban kasar Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdogan da jarumin barkwanci Kemal Sunal da kuma dan jarida Aydın Doğan.
Jami'ar Marmara wacce ke da manyan malamai sama da 3000 da kuma daliban da suka kai 60,000 cibiyoyi da yawa da suka warwatsu ko'ina cikin babban birnin Istanbul Ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Turkiyya tsawon shekaru 124. Jami'ar ta inganta kanta cikin sauri zuwa matsayi na duniya tare da darussan Injiniya, Magunguna da Dentistry inda kafofin watsa labaru na Turanci da Ingilishi suke. Jami'ar ta hada da Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, wanda ke ba da ilimi a cikin harsuna biyar: Baturke, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Larabci, da Jamusanci, don haka Jami'ar Marmara ta zama jami'a daya tilo "multilingual" a Turkiyya Samun nasara mai ban sha'awa musamman a yankunan Medicine, Law da Fine Arts, da malamai da dalibai gasa a cikin sa hannu da kuma sadaukar da aikin ilimi don bunkasa ingancin ilimi da ingantaccen aiwatar da nazarin kimiyya a Jami'ar Marmara. Hakanan an kirkiro sabbin fasahohin tare da zuwan sabbin ɗalibai daga Jami'ar Istanbul tare da rufe hukuma a cikin 2020.
Jami'ar Marmara tana ba da ilimin zamani a zamanan ce tare da cika ka'idodin zamantakewar yau da kullun tare da jagoranci na ka'idojin wayewa da kuma shirya ɗalibai don gaba ta hanyar gudanar da mulkin dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani bisa ƙa'idodin tsarin mulkin Turkiyya A cikin kokarin comma wadannan manufofin, 2839 malamai ma'aikata aka dauka aiki, ciki har da 558 furofesoshi, 234 abokan farfesa, 569 mataimakan farfesa, 237 malamai, 987 bincike mataimakan, 172 malamai, 78 kwararru, 3 masu fassara, 1 ilimi mai tsarawa tare da 1.3 management. Mambobin malamai 500 suna koyarwa a wasu jami'o'i, don haka suna raba ilimin su da gogewar al'adar Marmara.
Jami'ar Marmara na da dalibai 57,000, daga cikinsu 44,661 dalibai ne na digiri na biyu da kuma 7,406 da suka kammala digiri. Daliban kasashen waje 1,354 daga kasashe 73 ne ke karatu a cibiyar. Daliban mata sun ƙunshi kashi 54% na yawan jama'a. Atatürk Faculty of Education
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Arts da Kimiyya Faculty of Fine Arts
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Economics da Administrative Sciences
Faculty of Divinity
Sashen Sadarwa
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Technical Education
Faculty of Medicine
Makarantar Ilimin Lafiya
Makarantun digiri Cibiyar Nazarin Karatuttuka a Tsabtace da Kimiyyar Aiyuka
Cibiyar Al'ummar Turai, wacce aka canza mata suna zuwa Cibiyar Tarayyar Turai a 2007
Cibiyar Banki da Inshora
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ilimi
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Gastroenterology
Cibiyar Fine Arts
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Jijiya
Cibiyar Nazarin Likita
Cibiyar Kimiyyar zamantakewa
Cibiyar Nazarin Turcology
Cibiyar Nazarin Tsakiyar Gabas
Makarantun sana'a
Shirye-shirye na shekaru hudu Makarantar Banki da Inshora
Makarantar Ilimin Jiki da Wasanni
Makarantar Nursing
İstanbul Zeynep Kamil Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lafiya
Makarantar Harsunan Waje
Karatun shekara biyu Makarantar Sana'a ta Allahntaka
Makarantar Sana'a na Sana'o'i masu alaƙa da Lafiya
Makarantar Sana'a ta Nazarin Zamantakewa
Makarantar Sana'a na Nazarin Fasaha
Bayanan duniya Yin hidimar dalibai a tsakanin kasashe 73, jami'a ta kasance mai himma wajen kafawa da kuma fadada dangantakarta a duniya. Don gane kasancewarta na duniya, Kwanan nan Jami'ar Marmara tana aiki don ƙirƙirar alaƙa tare da sauran jami'o'in Turai da kuma cibiyoyi da ke wajen EU waɗanda za su ba wa ɗalibai da masu bincike damar samun damammaki da yawa. Yawancin sassan ilimi a cikin jami'a sun yi nasara wajen haɓaka musayar ɗalibai malamai a cikin tsarin LLP, Erasmus Socrates da Hukumar Turai ke bayarwa. A cikin Faculty of Economics da Administrative Sciences, Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Siyasa da Harkokin Duniya kadai ta haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Erasmus tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Turai, Jami'ar Jagiellonian, Poland Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Stockholm, Sweden Faculty of Kiyaye Al'adun gargajiya, Jami'ar Bologna, Italiya Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Antwerp, Belgium Cibiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Regensburg, Jamus da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg na Mainz, Jamus; Kwalejin Ilimin zamantakewa, Alice Salomon College Hannover, Jamus. Yayin da Faculty of Law yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Münster, Jami'ar Free University of Berlin, Jami'ar Bielefeld, Jami'ar Cologne daga Jamus, Jami'ar Athens daga Girka, Jami'ar Linz daga Austria, Jami'ar Paris Descartes daga Faransa da Jami'ar Siena daga Italiya.
Ofishin Internationalasashen Duniya na Jami'ar Marmara da ƙungiyar ESN Marmara ta ɗalibi suna ba da tallafi ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje a cikin jami'ar. A kowace shekara daliban kungiyar kula da harkokin jami’ar Marmara suna shirya taron ‘International Week’ domin inganta zamantakewar al’ummar duniya na jami’ar Marmara tare da bayar da wani babban shiri na al’adu ga baki-dalibai da aka gayyata daga ko’ina a duniya zuwa taron. Inganci a cikin Shirin |
32998 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Foster | Jacqueline Foster | Jacqueline Foster, Baroness Foster na Oxton, DBE née Renshaw yar siyasa ce a jam'iyyar Conservative ta Biritaniya kuma tsohon memba ne a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila.
A watan Disamban 2020, aka sanarwar cewa za a ba ta Matsayin Rayuwa bayan nadin da Firayim Minista Boris Johnson ya yi a matsayin wani bangare na Darajojin Siyasa na 2020. A cikin Janairu 2021, an kara mata matsayi zuwa matsayin Baroness Foster of Oxton, na Oxton a karkashin gundumar Merseyside.
Fara aiki An haifi Jacqueline Foster a Liverpool kuma ta yi karatu a Prescot Girls' Grammar School. Ta yi aiki a British Airways na sama da shekaru ashirin.
Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1985 ta bar British Airways kuma ta zama Manaja a Austria don Horizon, Ma'aikaciyar Yawon shakatawa ta Burtaniya kafin ta koma British Airways bayan shekaru hudu. A cikin 1989, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cabin Crew '89, ƙungiyar ƙwadago mai zaman kanta kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babban Sakatare. Ta ci gaba da aiki a British Airways har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe ta matsayin MEP a 1999. Ta kuma zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Faransa da Sifaniya. Tana fahimtar harsunan Faransanci da Jamusanci.
Shiga siyasa A shekarar 1988, bayan jawabin Bruges da Margaret Thatcher, ta yi adawa da shigar Biritaniya cikin tsarin kudaden Turai guda ɗaya tare da shiga cikin Sashin zamantakewa. Tare da gogewarta na rayuwa da aiki a Turai, koyaushe tana riƙe da ƙwaƙƙwaran Euro.
Foster ta haɗe ayyukan ta na ƙungiyar kasuwanci tare da kuma harkokin ta na memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative, aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Twickenham Conservative Association da kuma rike da ofisoshin siyasa na son rai iri-iri na yankin Greater London. A babban zaɓe na 1992, ta kasance 'yar takarar Conservative a Newham South, kujera ta Labour a gabashin London. Dangane da yanayin ƙasa, Foster ta yanke yawancin Labour. An tantance ta a matsayin ‘yar takarar Eastleigh a zaben fidda gwani na shekarar 1994 amma ta sha kaye a zaben.
1997 babban zaben Burtaniya Ta ci gaba da neman zaɓe kuma a Nuwamban 1995 ne Eric Forth ya kada ta a zaɓen yankunan Bromley da Chislehurst A cikin watan Agusta 1996 an zabe ta don zama ɗan ƙaramin kujera na Peterborough, inda dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Brian Mawhinney ke ƙaura zuwa wani yanki da ke kusa. Ta koma Peterborough don yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma tana cikin ƴan takara masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a wannan zaɓen da suka ayyana adawarsu da kuɗaɗen Turai guda Zaben Turai na 1999 A zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 1999, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Arewa maso Yamma sun zabi Foster a matsayin na biyar a jerin 'yan takarar su. Ta lashe kujerar karshe da aka samu akan tsarin rukunonin.
Aiki a matsayin MEP A lokacin wannan wa'adi na farko (1999-2004), an zabe ta a kowacce shekara a matsayin shugabar muhimmin kwamiti na MEPs.
Ayyukanta na siyasa sun kasance a matsayin mai magana da yawun masu ra'ayin rikau kan harkokin sufuri da yawon bude idanu da kuma mamba a kwamitin masana'antu. Ta kware a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, tare da wasu ayyuka da suka hada da sufuri ta ruwa, titina da jiragen kasa.
Bayan ibtila'in 9/11 Foster ta kasance mai Rapporteur/mai tsara labari na Dokokin wanda suka gabatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin tsaro a filayen jirgin saman Turai. Wannan ya hada da sabbin ka’idoji da suka bukaci a rika tantance ma’aikatan filin jirgin yayin da suke shiga wurare masu muhimmanci, kamar yadda ya faru a Burtaniya.
Ta goyi bayan yunƙuri na buƙatar kamfanonin jiragen sama don biyan fasinjojin da suka rasa tashin jiragensu. Sauran bangarorin da ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da:
Single Turai Sky, ATM, GNSS, Galileo (sabon tsarin tauraron dan adam);
Ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kare Jiragen Sama ta Turai (European Air Safety Agency "EASA"); Rahoton abin da ya faru
Ramummuka, Hayaniyar Ground-handling da Pax hakkokin;
Ayyukan Crew da Buɗe yarjejeniyar tashin jirage.
Ta kasance kuma memba na Sky Space Parliamentary Intergroup.
A matsayinta na mamba a majalisar hadin gwiwa ta kasashen Afirka, Caribbean da Pacific (ACP) ta zama mai magana da yawun majalisar dokokin da kasar Zimbabwe, inda daga baya aka hana ta shiga kasar.
Cin nasara a 2004; sake zabe a 2009 An sake zabar Foster a matsayin 'yar takara a zaben majalisar Turai na 2004 a matsayi na hudu a jerin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, don haka ba a sake zabe ba lokacin da Conservatives suka lashe kujeru uku kawai. Bayan da ta kware a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Airbus kan dokokin EU bayan da aka nada ta Shugabar Harkokin Turai na Aerospace, Space and Defence Industries (ASD), wanda ke Brussels (2005-2009). Ta ci gaba da taka rawa a waɗannan yankuna a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Sky Space Parliamentary Intergroup.
A shekarar 2009 ta zo ta uku a jerin 'yan takarar Conservatives na yankin Arewa maso Yamma a zaben majalisar Turai kuma an zabe ta a matsayin MEP, inda jam'iyyar Conservative ta lashe kujeru uku a karo na biyu. An sake nada ta a matsayin Kakakin Sufuri sannan kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugabar Sky Space da Animal Welfare Intergroups na majalisar kuma a matsayin memba na Wakilan EU-US. Bugu da kari ta zauna a matsayin memba na kwamitin muhalli. An zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar 'yan mazan jiya na MEPs a 2013, kuma an sake zabar ta a kowace shekara. A cikin 2013, ta yi jayayya da Jam'iyyar Conservative tana da yarjejeniyar zaɓe tare da Jam'iyyar Independence ta Burtaniya.
Zaben Turai na 2014 Foster ta cinye kuri'u a jerin 'yan takarar Arewa maso Yamma na zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 Conservatives sun riƙe MEPs biyu. Bayan zaben ne aka sake nada ta a matsayin mai magana da yawun sufuri, wacce ta kasance kwararra a fannin sufurin jiragen sama da na sama kamar da, kuma ta kasance mai magana da yawun yawon bude ido. Ita ce mai tsara shirin 'Rahoto kan Amintaccen Amfani da RPAS' (drones) a cikin farar hula. Ta ci gaba da zama a Kwamitin Muhalli. Ta ci gaba da aiki kan harkokin tsaro tare da hukumomin Amurka da sauran kasashen duniya. An sake zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyoyin majalissar Sky Space da Animal Welfare Intergroups. Ta kasance memba a Wakilin EU/US kuma an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar Ostiraliya/New Zealand tare da mai da hankali kan kulla yarjejeniyar kasuwanci.
Ana yawan gayyatar ta don yin jawabi ga taron jiragen sama/aerospace, irin su Royal Aeronautical Society (drones emissions ciniki), da kuma kiranta don yin sharhin siyasa akan dukkan bangarorin biyu. Ita memba ce ta RAeS da kuma Kungiyar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Turai.
Foster ta kuma taka rawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi bangaren Sufurin Ruwa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta kuma Memba na Mersey Maritime Ltd. daga 2016 zuwa Yuni 2019.
An sake zabar Foster, ba tare da hamayya ba, a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban tawagar Conservatives na MEPs a watan Nuwamba 2018 yana aiki shekaru shida a cikin duka.
Ta tsaya takara a karshen wa'adin 2014-2019 kuma ba ta tsaya takara a zaben Turai na watan Mayun 2019 ba.
An nada ta shugabar din Conservative Clubs na Arewa maso Yamma a shekarar 2010.
An nada Foster matsayin Dame Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (DBE) a Girmama Maulidan 2019.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42359 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Mulumbu | Yusuf Mulumbu | Youssouf Mulumbu (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1987), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kwango wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya Mulumbu ya zo ne ta hanyar makarantar matasa ta Paris Saint-Germain Ya fara bugawa Paris Saint-Germain B a shekara ta, 2004 kuma an kara masa girma zuwa kungiyar farko a shekarar, 2006. An aika shi a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni guda biyu zuwa Amiens da West Bromwich Albion, bi da bi, yana sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin tare da na karshen. Ya buga wasa a can shekaru da yawa, inda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kulob na shekara ta, 2011. A cikin shekarar, 2015, ya koma sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Norwich City, kuma ya taka leda a kulab ɗin Celtic na Scotland da Kilmarnock tsakanin shekara ta, 2017 da 2021. Bayan haka, ya koma Kongo don buga wa Saint-Éloi Lupopo An haife shi a Kinshasa, Zaire, amma ya girma a Faransa, Mulumbu ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban, kafin ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekarar 2008 yana da shekaru 21. Ba da jimawa ba ya fice daga tawagar kasar saboda rashin kwarewa a shekarar 2009. Ya dawo a shekarar 2012, kuma ya taimaka wa tawagar ta kammala a matsayi na uku a lokacin gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2015 Aikin kulob
Paris Saint-Germain Mulumbu ya ƙaura zuwa Faransa daga Zaire tun yana ƙarami tare da iyalinsa, kuma ya girma a garin Épinay-sous-Sénart, wani yanki na Paris Ya fara bugawa Paris Saint-Germain Academy yana da shekaru 13.A ranar 22 ga Oktobar 2006, ya fara buga gasar Ligue 1 a karkashin koci Guy Lacombe, yana da shekaru 19 da watanni 10 a karawar da suka yi da Auxerre .Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun sa na farko tare da Paris Saint-Germain akan 13 Nuwamba 2006. A lokacin kakar 2007-08, ya kasance a matsayin aro a Amiens a Ligue 2, inda ya zira ƙwallaye daya a wasanni 29.
West Bromwich Albion Kafofin yada labaran Faransa sun ruwaito a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2009 cewa ya koma kungiyar Premier ta West Bromwich Albion a kan gwaji. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar ƙarshe na canja wurin Janairu, ya shiga su a matsayin aro tare da ra'ayi na dindindin a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Rauni ya katse wa'adin farko na Mulumbu a The Hawthorns kuma dole ne ya jira har zuwa Afrilu don fara wasansa na farko a gasar Premier, wanda ya zo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a Portsmouth. Ya rattaba hannu a West Brom na dindindin akan kwantiragin shekara guda kan farashin £175,000 akan 10 Yulin 2009. Kungiyar da magoya bayanta sun ba shi kyautar Gwarzon dan wasan shekara ta West Brom a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kuma ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa na uku a cikin watanni 13 a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2011, inda ya daure kansa a kulob din har zuwa 2015 (tare da zabi na karin shekara). A ranar 15 Maris ɗin 2014, Mulumbu ya zira kwallaye mai mahimmanci ga West Brom a nasarar 2-1 da Swansea City a filin wasa na Liberty, ya ba Pepe Mel nasararsa ta farko a matsayin kocin.
Norwich City A cikin watan Yunin 2015, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu zai rattaba hannu kan canja wuri kyauta don sabon cigaban Norwich City a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2015. A ranar 3 ga Agustan 2015, Norwich ya sanar da cewa Mulumbu ya sha wahala a fashewar metatarsal a wasan sada zumunci da Brentford wanda zai buƙaci tiyata kuma ya bar shi na makonni da yawa, yana mulkin shi daga farkon kakar wasa .A karshe zai fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 27 ga Oktoba a gasar cin kofin League da Everton, wanda Norwich ta yi rashin nasara a bugun fenareti bayan sun tashi 1-1.Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki kadan bayan haka a ranar 31 ga Oktoba a ci 2-1 da Manchester City ta doke su.Duk da haka, tare da Jonny Howson, Alexander Tettey da Graham Dorrans sun fi so a tsakiyar tsakiya, Mulumbu za a iya iyakance shi ga wasanni biyar kawai da kuma wasanni biyu a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a cikin 2015-2016 kakar, tare da bayyanar daya a gasar cin kofin FA, kuma kakar za ta ƙare tare da Norwich relegated koma Championship Mulumbu ya ci gaba da zama tare da Norwich don kakar 2016-2017 amma ya sake samun damar da ya samu na wasan farko na kungiyar. Fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ga Norwich ta zo ne a ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2017 a cikin nasara da ci 5–1 a kan Nottingham Forest .A ranar 2 ga Mayu, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai da Norwich za ta saki idan kwantiraginsu ya kare a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
Kilmarnock A ranar 22 ga Nuwambar 2017, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Kilmarnock na Premier na Scotland har zuwa karshen kakar 2017–18. Mulumbu ya sake haduwa da manaja Steve Clarke, wanda kuma ya gudanar da shi a West Bromwich. Ya ci ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Kilmarnock a ci 1-0 da Celtic a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2018. A ranar 13 ga Yuli 2018, Clarke ya ce Mulumbu ya bar Kilmarnock kuma ba a tsammanin zai koma kulob din.
Celtic A ranar 31 Agustan 2018, Mulumbu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Celtic An ba Mulumbu aro zuwa Kilmarnock a ranar 31 ga Janairun 2019, har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2018 19, kuma ya taka leda sau 12 a karo na biyu tare da kulob din Ayrshire. A watan Yunin 2019, Mulumbu ya bar Celtic bayan da kulob din ya kunna batun ƙarya a kwantiraginsa. Mulumbu ya buga wasanni uku a bangaren Glasgow.
Komawa zuwa Kilmarnock Bayan shekara guda daga ƙwallon ƙafa, Mulumbu ya horar da Kilmarnock a watan Agusta 2020. A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, ya koma kulob ɗin kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida. A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2021, Mulumbu ya amince da tsawaita kwantiragin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21. Ya bar Kilmarnock a watan Mayu 2021 don ƙaura zuwa Faransa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Youssuf Mulumbu at Soccerbase Youssouf Mulumbu at National-Football-Teams.com
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadj%C3%A9%20Halim%C3%A9 | Hadjé Halimé | Hadjé Halimé Oumar (a shekarar 1930-2001) ta kasan ce 'yar ƙasar Chadi ce, mace mai himma, ilimi, kuma kasan cewar ta a siyasa.
Tarihi An haifi Halimé a garin Salamat a cikin shekarar 1930 ga uwa daga Salamat da uba daga Abeche. Ta shiga cikin kungiyar Parti Progressiste Tchadien (PPT) a shekarar 1950 yayin da take aiki a matsayin malamin kur’ani. Ta sami damar shigo da karin mata wadanda ba su iya Faransanci ba saboda saninta da Larabcin Chadi. A lokacin tana da iyakantaccen fahimtar Faransanci.
Siyasa Ta kasance kusa da Gabriel Lisette, wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar, da matarsa, Lisette Yéyon. Ta zama mai daukar nauyin matan Arewa bayan Babban Taron 2 ga watan Afrilu 1950. Halimé ya yi kakkausar suka ga harajin gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kuma ya bayyana cewa idan PPT ta sami nasara, za a soke harajin zabe ga kowa duk da dandalin da ke kira da a kawo karshen harajin kan mata kawai. Ta bayyana cewa "an kame mata ne lokacin da suka isa kasuwa ko kuma ko'ina. An bar su a rana har sai sun biya harajin wanda ya kasance riyal 370 ga kowane mutum.” Ta bayyana cewa Lisette ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar da ba ta da ce-ce-ku-ce, duk da hawan dan siyasan Kudancin Chadi François Tombalbaye, kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Faransa a kan bukatar Lisette ta hadu da dan siyasar Faransa Rene Coty. Koyaya, a cikin 1959 da 1960 Tombalbaye ya sami iko kuma an cire Lisette daga mulki. Halimé ta zama makasudin danniya jim kadan bayan samun 'yanci, ba kamar abokiyar aikinta ta PPT ba Kalthouma Nguembang. A wani ɓangare na kawar da waɗanda ke kusa da Lisette, an kashe ɗa ɗaya tilo na Halimé, kuma an kama ta a watan Satumba na shekarar 1963. Da farko, an dauke ta zuwa Massenya da ke Yankin Chari-Baguirmi, sannan aka kai ta wani babban gidan yari a babban birnin N'Djamena na Chadi, daga karshe kuma aka kai ta wani kurkukun da ke fargaba a Kela. A gidan yarin Kela, a kai a kai azabtar da ita daga masu gadi ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki yayin da jami'an sojan Faransa da na Isra'ila ke sa ido. Azabtar da ita ya haifar mata da rasa farcen hannunta da gashi. Duk da cewa Tombalbaye yana so a kashe Halimé, amma wani jami'in Faransa ya kare rayuwarta. A cikin wata hira, ta bayyana cewa imanin ta ne kaɗai ke iya jure ta cikin mawuyacin hali na azabtarwa. A shekarar ƙarshe an sake ta a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1975, kwanaki bayan hamɓarar da Tombalbaye da mulkinsa. A cikin mutane 600 da aka ɗaure a lokacin wannan tsarkakewar, tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane 45 da suka rayu. Lisette, wacce aka yi mata ƙaura a Faransa, ta taimaka aka kawo ta Paris don karɓar magani. Halimé ta kwashe lokaci a wani asibiti a Cote d'Ivoire, inda shugaban ƙasar Felix Houphouet-Boigny ya ba da umarnin cewa a ba ta kulawar likita kyauta. Daga baya ta shiga National Liberation Front of Chadi ko kuma FROLINAT, wacce ke da cibiya a Libya. A shekarar 1978, ta koma Tripoli ta dawo siyasa. 'Yan kungiyar FROLINAT sun yi mata lakabi da "uwar juyin juya hali", kuma jam'iyyar ta kwace mulki a shekarar 1979. Ta kuma fara koyar da yara mata a Libya tare da kafa makarantar Islamiyya, mai suna Rising New Generation, inda ta koyar da addini, da tattalin gida, da kula da yara. Ta koyar da yara mata sama da 3600 a makarantar a lokacin shekarunta a can. Ta koma N'Djamena a shekarar 1980 tare da Mashahurin Shugaban Sojojin Sama (FAP) Goukouni Oueddei. Ita ce lokacin shugabar kungiyar mata ta FROLINAT. Bayan zaben Hissène Habré a 1982, ta tafi tare da dakaru masu biyayya ga Oueddeï a Libya. Yayin da yake Libiya, Halimé ya koyar da matan Chadi da ke gudun hijira dabarun soja. Ta koma Chadi ne a 1991, shekara guda bayan kifar da mulkin Habré da Idriss Déby yayi. Mutane da yawa sun gaya wa Deby cewa za su goyi bayan sa kawai idan ya sami goyon bayan Halimé, wanda daga ƙarshe ta yi hakan. Jim kadan da dawowar ta, ta sami nasarar shiga majalisar dokokin Chadi kuma ta yi aiki a can har zuwa 1996. A shekarar 1993, ta halarci Taron Sarauta na Kasa (CNS), kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin majiƙancin kare harshen Larabci. A shekarar 1994, ta kirkiri wata kungiya mai suna Women Az-Zara. A madadin kungiyar, an zabe ta a tsakanin mata ‘yan takara goma don zama memba na Babban Majalisar Canjin, ta zauna tsawon shekaru hudu. A watan Yunin 1996, ta yi takarar dan majalisar dokoki a matsayin mamba na jam'iyyar adawa ta National Front of Chadi, saboda ba shi yiwuwa a yi takara a matsayin mai zaman kanta. An kayar da ita amma ta ci gaba da magudin zaben. Bayan haka Halimé ta kula da marayu waɗanda aka kashe iyayensu a cikin mulkin Habré. Ta kuma buɗe makarantar Larabci a N'Djamena.
Addini Ta tafi aikin hajji shida a Makka a rayuwarta, ciki har da tafiya ta karshe a 2000. Ta mutu a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2001, kuma ana ta tunawa da ita a matsayin mace mai juriya a Chadi a yau. A cikin taƙaita abubuwan da ta gada, ta bayyana cewa, "Na yi yaƙi domin mutane kamar yadda na yi gwagwarmaya da mai mulkin mallaka."
Manazarta Mutuwan 2001
Haifaffun |
30431 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20muhalli%20a%20Karachi | Yanayin muhalli a Karachi | Karachi na da batutuwan muhalli da yawa, suna yin illa ga muhallinta da lafiyar ɗan adam Rashin Haɓaka masana'antu da kuma rashin kula da muhalli sun taimaka wajen magance matsalolin. Daban-daban nau'ikan gurbatawa sun karu kamar yadda Karachi ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli da lafiya. Gurbacewar iska, rashin ingantattun kayayyakin sarrafa sharar gida da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa sune manyan matsalolin muhalli a Karachi.
Biota
Yanayi
Geography
Ruwa
Canjin yanayi
Gurbacewa Lalacewa ita ce shigar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin yanayi wanda ke haifar da canji mara kyau. Gurɓatawa na iya ɗaukar nau'in sinadarai ko makamashi, kamar su amo, zafi ko haske. Masu gurɓatawa, da Kuma abubuwan ƙazanta, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana lasafta gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a matsayin tushen gurɓataccen wuri ko gurɓataccen tushe Bisa ga binciken da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta yi, chromium da matakan gubar suna da yawa a kusan dukkanin tushen ruwa na ƙasa, sannan duk da haka an sami babban taro a yankunan masana'antu. Kasancewar kowane ɗayan gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi yana buƙatar buƙatar kimanta sauran ƙananan ƙarfe kamar yadda aka sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin chromium da tattarawar gubar, yana nuna yuwuwar samun irin wannan tushen gurɓataccen abu a cikin Karachi Gurbacewar gabar teku Kogin Karachi, wanda ya kai sama da 135 km, yana fuskantar ƙazamin ƙazanta saboda haɗakar masana'antu, tashar jiragen ruwa, gundumomi, da harkokin sufuri a yankin. Yankin tekun yana cike da gurɓataccen ruwa da ake fitarwa a cikin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa yanayin ruwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin halittun ruwa sun gurbace da gubar dalma, wadanda idan mutane suka sha ta hanyar abincin teku ana danganta su da cutar karancin jini da gazawar koda da kuma lalacewar kwakwalwa Kuma A hakikanin gaskiya, binciken ya kuma gano cewa hatta dazuzzukan mangrove da ke kare rafukan ciyar da abinci daga zaizayar ruwa da kuma hanyar samar da abinci ga masunta na fuskantar barazana da wannan gurbatar yanayi. A yankin masana'antu na Korangi, rukunin masana'antu 2,500 da suka hada da masana'antar fatu 170 suna zubar da sharar da ba a kula da su ba cikin tekun Arabiya Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska shine sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Kuma Abubuwan gurɓataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun haɗa da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides waɗanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko ƙura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5 Iskar da ke Karachi tana gurbace da hayakin mota, musamman raksha da motocin bas, hayakin masana'antu, bude kone-kone na sharar gida, gobarar gidaje, da sauran barbashi amma gwamnati da kungiyoyin kare muhalli ba sa daukar lamarin da muhimmanci ko kuma a kan lokaci.
Rickshaws Injin bugun bugun jini da ke kan raksha da babura na ɗaya daga cikin manyan gurɓatar iska a Karachi da sauran Pakistan Injin bugu biyu, da kuma motoci marasa lahani ko rashin kulawa, sune manyan gurɓata yanayi ta hanyar fitar da hayaƙin carbon dioxide .Kuma Injin bugun bugun jini da kuma motocin da ba su da inganci da ke amfani da man shafawa mara inganci sune manyan fitar da sulfur dioxide da hayaki. Motocin da ke aiki akan matsewar iskar gas da kuma iskar gas mai ruwa da tsaki sune manyan gurɓatattun iska.
Hasken ƙazanta Lalacewar Hasken ya haɗa da ƙetare haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya Kuma Rashin gurɓataccen haske shine kasancewar hasken ɗan adam da hasken wucin gadi a cikin yanayin dare. Yin amfani da hasken da ya wuce kima, ɓarna ko ɓarna, amma ko da hasken da aka yi amfani da shi a hankali yana canza yanayin yanayi.
Sharar gida Sharar gida shine laifin jefa abubuwan da basu dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, a kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri. Sannan Kamfanin Karachi na Karachi ya sha wahala saboda rashin gudanar da harkokin gudanarwa da kudi kuma a yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli sosai wajen gudanar da ayyuka na yau da kullun kamar tattarawa da zubar da sharar gari daga muhimman wuraren zama.
Gurbacewar hayaniya Gurbacewar hayaniya wacce ta ƙunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da ƙarar sonar Kuma Hayaniyar Karachi ta kai 80 dB (A), Babban Hayaniyar Hayaniyar x (GNI) zuwa 460, da matakin gurɓacewar amo (NPL) zuwa 99 dB (A). Waɗannan ƙimar sun fi girma (P ƙasa da 0.01) fiye da samammun bayanan ƙasashen duniya. An gano hanyoyin samar da hayaniya kamar, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan mutane, ayyukan masana'antu da farar hula, bitar injiniyoyi da injiniyoyi. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su na gurɓatar hayaniya a Karachi, su ne motocin haya, kekuna masu tafiya da kuma ƙahonin jigilar jama'a. Hayaniyar da ke fitowa daga tushe iri-iri kamar; Babura, Auto-Rikshaws, Motoci, Wagons, Mini-buses Buses, Motoci, Taraktoci, Tankar ruwa, Bulldozers da Injin atisas da sauransu
Gurbacewar ƙasa Gurɓataccen ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Sannan Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurɓataccen ƙasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons Naya Nazimabad Contamination An gina unguwar Naya Nazimabad a Karachi akan gurbataccen ƙasa wanda ke haifar da matsalolin lafiya ga mazauna yankin. Kuma An yi wani rufa-rufa don yin watsi da gurbacewar Naya Nazimabad a kafafen yada labaran Pakistan. Shunaid Qureshi, developer of Naya Nazimabad, CEO Al Abbas Sugar Mills da kuma tsohon shugaban Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (PASMA) an kama a Janairu 2014. Kamfanin Javedan Cement Limited (JCL) ya zama mai zaman kansa kuma an sayar da shi a kan farashi mai rahusa na Rs. 4.3 biliyan 43 miliyan) ga Haji Ghani da Shunaid Qureshi. Sabbin masu mallakar kusan nan da nan suka daina kera, kuma sun wargaza masana'antar siminti kuma suka mai da filin JCL mai girman eka 1,300 zuwa aikin gidaje na Naya Nazimabad wanda darajarsa ta haura Rs. biliyan 100 1 biliyan).
Gurɓatar rediyoaktif Gurɓataccen rediyo wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan ƙarni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, ƙira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli Rukunin wutar lantarki na Karachi yana 50 km daga Karachi cikin gari. KANUPP -1 mai karfin megawatt CANDU reactor ne. Akwai biyu 1100 MW kowane CAP1400 Nuclear reactors da ake yi. A watan Nuwamba shekarata 2013, Pakistan da China sun tabbatar da cewa CAP1400 Nuclear reactor, bisa AP1000 Westinghouse Electric Company Pressurized water reactor, za a gina a Karachi. Ana kuma tada tambayoyi game da ƙirar ƙirar masana'antar wutar lantarki ta Karachi. Kuma An yi iƙirarin cewa ƙirar shuke-shuken Karachi, ACP-I000, har yanzu yana kan ci gaba kuma ba a gwada shi ba.
Gurbacewar yanayi Gurɓataccen yanayi shine canjin yanayin zafi a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin injin wuta.
Gurbacewar gani Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen ƙasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri buɗaɗɗen ajiyar shara, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya Hukumar Kula da Birni ta Karachi (KMC) ta sanya dokar hana sanya sabbin allunan talla, allunan tallace-tallace da sauran kudaden ajiya a cikin babban birnin na tsawon watanni uku masu zuwa. Sannan Kuma An dauki matakin ne a taron da manyan jami’an KMC suka yi bayan da kamfanin ya lura da gurbatar yanayi da ke lalata yanayin birnin. Akwai allunan talla sama da 3,000 a Karachi suna haifar da gurbacewar gani.
InGurbacewar ruwa Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman fitar da najasa na cikin gida da ba a kula da su ba, da gurɓatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin kwararowar ƙasa da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, waɗanda za su iya ƙunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari zubar da sharar gida da leaching cikin ruwan karkashin kasa eutrophication da sharar gida.
Galan miliyan 110 a kowace rana na danyen ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba daga kogin Indus ana hadawa da ruwan da aka dasa daga cibiyoyin kula da ruwan da hukumar kula da ruwa ta Karachi (KWSB) ke yi, kuma ana kawo wannan hadakar ruwan ga birnin. KWSB ta yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ruwan ya dace da amfani. Hakanan an ƙara adadin chlorine don tabbatar da cewa an kawar da kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Karachi yana da gurbacewar ruwan sha da rashin isa gare shi. Sannan Kuma Akwai rashin gamsuwa da zubar da shara a Karachi. Maimakon zubar da shara a masana'antar sarrafa shara, jama'a sun yi ta jefawa da kona shi a wurare daban-daban na zaman jama'a da na kasuwanci a cikin birnin, lamarin da ya haifar da kazanta mai yawa.
Tanning Pakistan tana fitar da samfuran fata ta amfani da hanyoyin samar da fata gami da fata. Baya ga sauran tasirin muhalli na fata, hanyoyin samarwa suna da tasirin muhalli mai girma, musamman saboda:
yawan amfani da sinadarai masu gurbata muhalli a cikin tsarin fata
gurɓataccen iska saboda tsarin canji Hydrogen sulfide a lokacin dehairing da ammonia a lokacin deliming, sauran ƙarfi vapours).
Ton ɗaya na ɓoye ko fata gabaɗaya yana haifar da samar da 20 zuwa 80 m3 na turbid da ruwan sha mai ƙamshi, gami da matakan chromium na 100-400. MG/L, matakan sulfide na 200-800 mg/L da manyan matakan mai da sauran ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, da kuma sanannen kamuwa da cuta. Kuma Har ila yau, ana yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don kiyaye ɓoye yayin jigilar kaya. Tare da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da ke wakiltar har zuwa 70% na nauyin rigar na asali na asali,sannan tsarin tanning yana zuwa da matsala mai yawa akan kayan aikin gyaran ruwa.
Masana'antu Masana'antu na Karachi suna haifar da hadaddiyar giyar sinadarai da abubuwa masu guba, kuma ana fitar da datti mai yawa na masana'antu cikin rafuka, koguna, ko teku.
Yadi Pakistan na fitar da kayayyakin masaku zuwa kasashen waje sannan kuma dattin masana'antar ke haifar da gurbatar ruwanta. Tushen niƙa (TMEs) sune fitar da ruwan sha daga masana'anta waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin aikin rigar kamar su zazzagewa, neutralizing, desizing, mercerizing, carbonizing, cikawa, bleaching, rini, Kuma bugu da sauran ayyukan kammala rigar. Ba a samar da su a wuraren da ke gudanar da sarrafa bushewa kawai (kati, kadi, saƙa da saƙa), wanki ko kera zaruruwan roba ta hanyar sinadarai.
Gudanar da Muhalli Gudanar da muhalli ya ƙunshi kalmomi biyu: muhalli da gudanarwa. Don haka da farko, dole ne mu san, menene gudanarwa. Kuma Sa'an nan za mu iya sauƙi fahimta game da muhalli management.
Gudanarwa shine tsari na tsarawa, tsarawa, sarrafawa, daidaitawa, daukar ma'aikata ko jagoranci don samun abin da ake so.
Da farko, ra'ayi ɗaya game da gudanarwa yana aiki, kamar aunawa yawa, daidaita tsare-tsare, DA Kuma cimma burin. Wannan ya shafi ko da yanayin da ba a yi shiri ba. Daga wannan hangen nesa, Henri Fayol ya ɗauki gudanarwa ya ƙunshi ayyuka shida: Komai, kullun muna sarrafa komai, kowane ra'ayi. Yana jagorantar masu dacewa don cimma burin da ake so.
Tsarin kula da muhalli tsari ne na tsare-tsare na tsarawa, ƙira, daidaitawa, jagoranci da sarrafa duk ayyuka da kuma waɗanne maƙasudai/ayyukan kowace mahalli don samun kyakkyawan sakamako dangane da haɓaka ingancin muhalli. Manufofin Gudanar da Muhalli
Daga mahangar aiki,
Muna son yanayin rayuwa mai lafiya. Don tabbatar da hakan dole ne mu kawar da kowane irin gurbataccen yanayi ko kafofin watsa labarai na muhalli. A cikin kulawar yanayi: inda muka sami matsala, muna sarrafa a nan.
Ware tushen da mai karɓa kuma kiyaye yankin buffer a tsakanin su yayin da yake aiki kamar nutsewa. Wannan yanki na iya zama na zahiri ko ta nisa. Manufarta ita ce ƙirƙirar yankin buffer.
Hasashen
Tsare-tsare
Tsara
Yin umarni
Gudanarwa
Sarrafa
Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Duba wasu abubuwan Matsalolin muhalli a Pakistan
Matsalolin muhalli a Siachen
Geography na Pakistan
Kiwon lafiya a Pakistan
Jerin batutuwan muhalli
Yankunan Pakistan masu kariya
Namun daji na Pakistan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin na waje Barazanar Tsaro Na Gargajiya A Pakistan Daga Ali Tauqeer Sheikh (Oktoba 2011)
Kalubalen Tsaro na Muhalli da Na Gargajiya a Kudancin Asiya ta Dennis Pirages, Farooq Sobhan, Stacy D. VanDeveer da Li Li (Yuni 2011)
Gurbacewa a Pakistan da mafita
GURBATAWAR SAMA A KARACHI DALILAI DA ILLAR LAFIYA DAN ADAM. Haɓaka gurɓataccen iska yana cutar da Karachi
Karachi na cikin birane 8 da suka fi gurbata muhalli a Asiya
Tasirin gurbatacciyar iska a kan cututtuka na yau da kullun a Karachi, Pakistan
Ingantacciyar iska a cikin yanayin birnin Karachi Bayani
Karachi Coastline Case
Ajiye Karachi Ajiye Duniya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27876 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20Kretschmann | Erna Kretschmann | Erna Kretschmann (Nuwamba 12, 1912 a matsayin Erna Jahnke a Bollinken (kusa da Stettin); ta mutu Janairu 6, 2001 a Bad Freienwalde (Oder)) mai kiyayewa kuma ɗan siyasa, mai son zaman lafiya da cin ganyayyaki. Tare da Kuma mijinta Kurt Kretschmann, ta yi aiki da yawa don ci gaban yanayi da kare muhalli a cikin GDR; ana daukar su biyun a matsayin "mahaifiya kuma uba na kiyaye dabi'ar Jamus ta Gabas". Erna da Kurt Kretschmann haɗin gwiwa ne na lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Turai da kuma 'yan ƙasa na girmamawa na birnin Bad Freienwalde (Oder).
Rayuwa Erna Jahnke ita ce ƙaramin ɗan mai dafa abinci Martha Jahnke (née Thomas) da kuma manomi Otto Jahnke. Ta yi makarantarta da karatunta na shekaru a Köslin. A can kuma ta koyi sana'ar malamin kindergarten da ma'aikaciyar kula da bayan makaranta; Bayan haka ta yi aiki a cikin sanatorium na yara Pomerania a Großmöllen. A 1935 ta auri ma'aikaci Max Scherff a Rüdnitz, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Gilwar (1936) da Christel (1939). An yi kisan aure a shekara ta 1941. A cikin shekara ta gaba, Erna Scherff ta auri likita Kurt Kretschmann, wanda aka tura a gaban Rasha a lokacin. An haifi dan Friedhart a cikin wannan shekarar. Daga 1942 zuwa 1945 ta zauna tare da abokai a Bad Freienwalde (Oder).
Bayan da mijinta Kurt ya gudu a lokacin da yake hutu a gaba a farkon Janairu 1945 kuma ya sami kansa a cikin rami a cikin a Bad Freienwalde, ta ba shi abinci a asirce na kwanaki 75 a lokacin yakin karshe. A watan Agustan 1945, ɗansu mai shekaru uku Friedhart ya mutu sakamakon cutar diphtheria, ƴan kwanaki kafin mahaifinsa ya dawo daga ɗan wani ɗan fursuna na yaƙi na Soviet.
A cikin 1946 Erna Kretschmann ta shiga cikin KPD, nan da nan aka zabe ta a matsayin memba na gundumar Bad Freienwalde kuma ta yi aiki a can a matsayin mai kula da gundumar don samun ilimin har zuwa 1949. Daga 1948 ta kasance sakatariyar Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Sowjetische Freundschaft. Daga 1951 zuwa 1952 ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga kiyaye yanayi a majalisa ta gundumar Bad Freienwalde. Daga 1952 ta kasance memba na kwamitin kwararru na tsakiya don tsara shimfidar wuri da kiyaye yanayi a cikin Kulturbund na shekaru 10. Tsakanin 1954 da 1960 ta kasance memba na girmamawa a cikin gundumar kula da Kulturbund har ma da kwamishinan gundumar don kiyaye yanayin a Frankfurt (Oder). Daga 1960 zuwa 1964 ta rike ofishin sakataren gundumar don yanayi da mahaifarta a cikin Kulturbund Frankfurt (Oder). Daga 1964 zuwa 1968 tana da aikin ɗan lokaci a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai na mutane a Bad Freienwalde. Daga 1968 Erna da Kurt Kretschmann sun kula da cikakken "Gidan Kula da Yanayi" a Bad Freienwalde, har zuwa 1982 sun koma wani gidan kusa don dalilai na shekaru kuma sun canza gidan zuwa garin Bad Freienwalde.
Ƙirƙiri A cikin shekarun bayan ƙarshen yaƙin (1945/46), ma'auratan Kretschmann sun gina gidan log don kansu da yaransu, wanda daga baya ya zama "Gidan Kula da Yanayi". A lokacin da take a matsayin mai wakiltar gundumar don samun ilimi mai zurfi (1946-1949) Erna Kretschmann ce ta dauki nauyin sake fasalin Fadar Freienwalde zuwa "Gidan Al'adu na Alexander Puschkin" (Gidan Pushkin) ɗayan gidajen farko na al'adu a cikin GDR. A shekara ta 1950 sun gina nune-nune don nuna damuwa kan batun kiyaye yanayi a cikin tsohuwar motar kayan daki kuma suka wuce ta Brandenburg tsawon watanni don inganta damuwar su.
A shekarar 1952 ta fara dasa tsiron iska na farko a cikin jihar Brandenburg bayan yakin Metzdorf am Oderbruch. A shekara ta 1954, mijinta da Karl Bartels sun kafa Zentrale Lehrstätte für Naturschutz a wata gona da aka watsar da ita a farfajiyar tsuntsu a Müritz, Müritzhof. An ba da horo ga masu ba da agaji na masu ba da agaji a can har zuwa 1990, kuma Erna Kretschmann ya kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar da aiwatarwa har zuwa 1960.
Daga 1956 zuwa 1961 Erna Kretschmann ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar edita na mujallar Märkische Heimat. Tsakanin 1957 da 1974 kadai, sannan tare da mijinta har zuwa 1982, Erna Kretschmann ta shiga cikin gyaran kalandar gida na Heimatkalenders des Kreises Bad Freienwalde.
Daga 1960 zuwa gaba, Erna da Kurt Kretschmann sun canza yankin tare da gidan ajiyar su zuwa "Gidan Kula da Yanayi": Ba tare da umarnin gwamnati ko tallafin kudi ba, an yi amfani da kayan aikin muhalli da kuma nuna lambun, An gina gidajen baƙi kuma an shirya darussan horo don ƙarfafa baƙi don yin aikin kiyaye yanayi Ta hanyar kokarinsu, "cibiyar sadarwa ta masu kiyaye dabi'a, masu sha'awar yanayi da masoya yanayi" suka fito. A karo na farko (har zuwa 1964) Erna Kretschmann har yanzu tana da cikakken aiki a Frankfurt (Oder) don tabbatar da rayuwar dangi. A shekarar 1964 ta amince da aikin na wani lokaci a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai na mutane a Bad Freienwalde don samun karin lokaci don "Gidan Kula da Yanayi". Daga shekarar 1968 ita da mijinta sun kula da wannan ginin.
Erna Kretschmann ta aiwatar da ayyukanta na al'adu da siyasa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kuma, ta hanyar ayyukanta masu yawa, ta daɗe tana ɗaukar nauyin rayuwar iyali; Mijinta, a gefe guda, yi aiki da yawa da son rai, saboda ba a aiwatar da damuwar sa cikin sauri kuma a kai a kai a cikin injin kayan aikin jihar. Ko ta yaya, tana kulawa da kula da halittun halittu a "Gidan Kula da Yanayi", don kula da dubban baƙi, don rubuta labarai kan tambayoyi game da kiyaye yanayin halitta da kuma kula da wasiƙarta da ta mijinta: Don haka tana da yawancin ayyukan kiyaye yanayin ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi da fasaha.
Girmamawa Medal Johannes R. Becher a Azurfa (1962)
Medal Johannes R. Becher a Zinare (1979)
Medal na girmamawa na 40th Bikin bukin GDR (1989)
Kyautar Muhalli ta Turai (1993, tare da Kurt Kretschmann)
NABU: Ado na Daraja a Zinare (1998)
Babban ɗan ƙasa na birnin Bad Freienwalde (1999, tare da Kurt Kretschmann)
Sunan Bad Freienwalder Oberschule a cikin "Erna-und-Kurt-Kretschmann-Oberschule" (2009)
Labarai Rat des Kreises (Hrsg.): Kleiner Wanderführer zu den Naturschutzgebieten, Landschaftsschutzgebieten, bemerkenswerten Waldteilen, Naturdenkmalen des Kreises. Oberbarnim 1952 (10 S.).
Rat des Bezirkes, Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft, Naturschutz (Hrsg.): Frankfurt (Oder) 1955 (8 S.).
Mit einem Verzeichnis der geschützten Baumriesen, Wanderblöcke u. Naturmerkwürdigkeiten Band 4). Sachsenverlag, Dresden 1955 (117 S.).
Rat des Bezirkes Frankfurt ⟨Oder⟩, Bezirksnaturschutzverwaltung (Hrsg.): Urania, Jena 1955 (12 S.).
Nr. 57). VEB Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1956 (59 S.).
Rat des Kreises Bad Freienwalde, Referat Landeskultur (Hrsg.): Bad Freienwalde (87 S., zusammen mit Kurt Kretschmann).
verschiedene Artikel im Heimatkalender für den Kreis Bad Freienwalde zwischen 1957 und 1981
Adabi Günter Queißer: Ehrennadel für Naturschutz-Nestorin. Erna Kretschmann erhält in dieser Woche die höchste Auszeichnung des NABU. In: Neues Deutschland. 9. März 1998, ISSN 0323-3375, S. 10 (Online [abgerufen am 17. April 2021]). Günter Queißer: Zum Tode von Erna Kretschmann. »Mutter des Naturschutzes« plötzlich verstorben. In: Neues Deutschland. 9. Januar 2001, ISSN 0323-3375, S. 14 (Online [abgerufen am 17. April 2021]). Astrid Mignon Kirchhof: Der freie Mensch fordert keine Freiheiten, er lebt einfach. Die Nestoren des DDR-Naturschutzes und die Herausbildung einer reformbewegten Gegenwelt. In: Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Band 41, Nr. 1. Göttingen 2015, S. 71–106, JSTOR:24368727. Gebhard Schultz: Erna-und-Kurt-Kretschmann-Archiv Online-Findbuch. Schriftgutbestand. 2., überarbeitete Auflage. 7. April 2011 (Online [PDF; abgerufen am 19. April 2021]). Marion Schulz: Ein Leben in Harmonie. Kurt und Erna Kretschmann für den Schutz und die Bewahrung der Natur. Hrsg.: NABU Naturschutzbund Deutschland Landesverband Brandenburg e. V. Findling Buch- und Zeitschriftenverlag, Neuenhagen 1999, ISBN 3-933603-02-1. Haus der Naturpflege. Haus der Naturpflege e.V., abgerufen am 19. April 2021. Haus der Naturpflege Raum für Naturliebhaber. Bad Freienwalde Tourismus GmbH, abgerufen am 19. April 2021.
Manazarta
Jawabi Mutuwan |
39972 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C9%93en%20Gwamnan%20Jihar%20Legas%202023 | Zaɓen Gwamnan Jihar Legas 2023 | Za a gudanar da zaɓen gwamnan jihar Legas a shekarar 2023 a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2023, domin zaben gwamnan jihar Legas, a daidai lokacin da zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas da sauran zabukan gwamnoni ashirin da bakwai da zabukan sauran ‘yan majalisun jihohi. Za a gudanar da zaɓen ne makonni biyu bayan zaben shugaban kasa da na ƴan majalisar dokokin kasar Gwamnan jam’iyyar APC mai ci Babajide Sanwo-Olu na iya sake tsayawa takara kuma jam’iyyarsa ta tsayar da shi takara.
Zaɓen fidda gwani da aka shirya gudanarwa tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga watan Yunin 2022, ya sa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta tsayar da Sanwo-Olu takara ba tare da hamayya ba a ranar 26 ga Mayu yayin da jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ta tsayar da Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran a ranar 25 ga Mayu. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour wanda ya fice daga jam'iyyar PDP a watan Mayu ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Labour Tsarin zaɓe Ana zaɓen gwamnan jihar Legas ne ta hanyar yin gyaran fuska biyu Idan za a zaɓe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya samu yawan kuri’u da sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomin jihar Idan babu ɗan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin ɗan takara da na gaba da ya samu kuri’u mafi yawa a kananan hukumomi.
Fage Jihar Legas jiha ce mai yawan jama'a, jihar kudu maso yamma daban-daban wacce babbar cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce tare da kasancewa babbar cibiyar al'adu, ilimi, da sufuri. Ko da yake tana fuskantar cunkoson jama'a da kuma nakasar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ta samu ci gaba zuwa daya daga cikin mafi girman tattalin arziki a Afirka A siyasance, zaɓen 2019 ya kasance ci gaba da mulkin jam’iyyar APC a jihar inda shugaba mai ci Muhammadu Buhari ya samu nasarar lashe jihar da kashi 12% kuma jam’iyyar ta rike dukkan kujerun majalisar dattawa uku yayin da ta samu nasara a zaben ‘yan majalisar wakilai A matakin jiha ma, jam’iyyar APC ta ci gaba da rike rinjayen ƴan majalisar dokokin kasar amma zaɓen fidda gwanin takarar gwamna ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a jam’iyyar APC, wanda shi ne karon farko da wani gwamna mai ci a Najeriya ya sha kaye a zyaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. Dan takararsa na farko, Sanwo-Olu, ya ci gaba da lashe babban zaben da kaso 54%.
Gabanin wa'adin mulkin Sanwo-Olu, manufofin gwamnatinsa sun hada da inganta harkokin sufuri, lafiya da muhalli, ilimi da fasaha, nishadantarwa da yawon bude ido, zamanantar da tattalin arziki, da tsaro. Dangane da ayyukansa, Sanwo-Olu ya sami yabo game da ƙididdiga na tattalin arziki da na ilimi, gyare-gyaren ababen more rayuwa, sabunta birane, martaninsa na farko na COVID-19, da wasu haɓakar sufurin jama'a. Koyaya, an soki gwamnatinsa da rashin rarraba kayan abinci na COVID-19, rikice-rikicen BRT da Legas NURTW, rashin sarrafa kudi, da kuma zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Sanwo-Olu ya kuma sha suka kan yadda ya tafiyar da zanga-zangar karshen watan Oktoba na shekarar 2020 na kungiyar kawo karshen SARS, musamman kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Lekki lokacin da sojoji da Sanwo-Olu suka nemi a kula da jama'a suka kashe masu zanga-zangar da dama tare da harbin da ya biyo bayan harbin Sanwo- Gwamnatin Olu ta yi watsi da rahoton kwamitin bincike na shari’a da ke tabbatar da kisan kiyashin inda a maimakon haka ta rubuta wata farar takarda da ta musanta cewa an rasa rayuka.
Zaɓen firamare Za a gudanar da zabukan fidda gwani, tare da duk wani kalubalen da za a iya samu kan sakamakon farko, tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu da 3 ga Yuni 2022 amma an tsawaita wa'adin zuwa 9 ga Yuni.
Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na jam’iyyar APC sun yi kira ga Gwamna Sanwo-Olu da ya sauka daga mulki, domin a kyale ɗan takara Musulmi ya tsaya takara tun da ba Musulmi ya zama Gwamna ba tun 2011 sai dai wasu na cewa a bar Sanwo-Olu ya tsaya takara karo na biyu kafin a tsayar da musulmi dan takara a 2027 ko kuma a ce wa'adin farko na Sanwo-Olu shi ne karin wa'adin tsohon Gwamna Akinwunmi Ambode (musamman). kamar yadda Ambode ya fito daga Legas Gabas yayin da Sanwo-Olu ya fito daga Legas ta tsakiya). Wani abin da zai iya janyo cece-kuce ga Sanwo-Olu, shi ne amincewar da majalisar ba da shawara kan harkokin mulki ta jam’iyyar APC ta Legas da kuma jagoranta, tsohon Gwamna Bola Tinubu suka yi. GAC ita ce jam’iyyar APC ta jiha mafi karfi kuma amincewar Sanwo-Olu ta kai shi ga samun nasara a zaben fidda gwani na 2019 amma ta jinkirta yanke shawarar amincewa da Sanwo-Olu a farkon 2022. Jinkirin ya haifar da tambayoyi na farko game da ko Tinubu da GAC za su goyi bayan takarar Sanwo-Olu na sake tsayawa takara amma duk da jinkirin da aka samu, GAC ta amince da Sanwo-Olu a watan Afrilu 2022. Sai dai kuma amincewar ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce a kansa yayin da magoya bayan sauran masu neman tsayawa takara suka yi la'akari da hakan a matsayin 'tsakatar da dimokradiyya' da kuma ci gaba da jan ragamar jam'iyyar Tinubu. A ranar farko, cece-kuce ta kunno kai kan kwatsam da bata lokaci da abokan hamayyar Sanwo-Olu wato Abdul-Ahmed Olorunfemi Mustapha da Wale Oluwo suka yi, lamarin da ya sa Sanwo-Olu bai samu nasara ba. Oluwo ya lura cewa kwamitin tantancewar bai taba gabatar da rahotonsa a bainar jama'a ba kuma an hana Mustapha shiga filin firamare a jiki. Da yake Sanwo-Olu shi ne dan takara daya tilo, ya lashe zaben fidda gwani a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu. A jawabinsa na karbar, Sanwo-Olu ya godewa wakilan yayin da ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan gwamnatinsa. Yayin da Mustapha da Oluwo da farko suka ki amincewa da zaben fidda gwani da kuma shirin kalubalantar sakamakon zaben, daga karshe suka ki daukaka kara.
Wanda aka zaɓa Babajide Sanwo-Olu Governor (2019-present) Abokin takara- Femi Hamzat Mataimakin Gwamna (2019-present)
Kwamitin tantancewa ya soke shi Abdul-Ahmed Olorunfemi Mustapha tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati Wale Oluwo tsohon kwamishinan makamashi da albarkatun ma'adinai
An ƙi Abdulhakeem Abdullateef tsohon kwamishinan harkokin cikin gida (2015–2019) Tokunbo Abiru Sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta Gabas (2020-yanzu) kuma tsohon kwamishinan kudi (2011-2013) Akinwunmi Ambode tsohon Gwamna (2015-2019) Tayo Ayinde Shugaban Ma'aikata (2019-present) Femi Gbajabiamila Dan Majalisar Wakilai na Surulere I (2003-present) da Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai (2019-present) Femi Hamzat Mataimakin Gwamna (2019-present), 2015 dan takarar gwamna a APC, kuma tsohon kwamishinan kimiyya da fasaha Hakeem Muri-Okunola Shugaban Ma'aikata na Jiha (2018-present) Seyi Tinubu: Shugaban Kamfanin Loatsad Promomedia kuma dan tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Bola Tinubu
Sakamako
Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party Gabanin zaben fidda gwani, dan takara Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran da kungiyar sa ta Lagos4Lagos sun sauya sheka daga jam’iyyar APC zuwa PDP a wani gangami da ya samu halartar gwamnonin PDP da ke kan karagar mulki da shugaban jam’iyyar na kasa Iyorchia Ayu Manazarta sun bayyana cewa taron ya nuna goyon bayan jam’iyyar ta kasa kan takarar Adediran; sai dai wasu 'yan takara biyar sun shiga takarar fidda gwani a watannin bayan sauya shekar. Wani abin lura ga jam’iyyar shi ne shekarun da aka yi fama da rikice-rikicen cikin gida da suka dabaibaye jam’iyyar PDP ta Legas, amma an sasanta rikicin tun a farkon shekarar 2022. A ranar zaɓen fidda gwanin ‘yan takara hudu ne suka janye yayin da sauran ‘yan takara biyu suka ci gaba da zaben fidda gwani a kaikaice a Ikeja wanda ya kare a Adediran wanda ya fito takarar jam’iyyar bayan sakamako ya nuna ya samu sama da kashi 97% na kuri’un wakilan. Wani dan takara daya tilo da ya je zaben fidda gwani, David Kolawole Vaughan, ya amince da sakamakon kuma ya yi alkawarin marawa Adediran baya yayin da Adediran ya inganta salon sulhu da nufin hada kan jam’iyyar gabanin babban zabe. Makonni bayan zaben fidda gwanin ya mamaye neman abokin takarar Adediran, inda jam’iyyar ta fitar da jerin sunayen mutane biyar: Funke Akindele, Teslim Balogun, Kolawole Vaughan, Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour, da Yeye Shobajo A ranar 12 ga watan Yuli ne aka bayyana Akindele—yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai—a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnan jihar a wani faifan bidiyo a shafinta na Instagram da aka tabbatar. Masana sun lura da nadin a matsayin wani misali na siyasar shahararru a tsakanin wasu fitattun mutane da ke neman mukami.
Wanda aka zaba Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran Jagoran kungiyar Lagos4Lagos Movement kuma dan jarida Abokiyar gudu- Funke Akindele ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma furodusa
An cire a firamare David Kolawole Vaughan mai zanen kaya
Janye Adedeji Doherty: tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Legas (2019-2020) kuma dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar PDP a 2015 da 2019 Shamsideen Ade Dosunmu: 2011 dan takarar gwamna a PDP kuma tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (2007-2009) Wale Gomez dan kasuwa (zai tsaya takarar sanata a Legas ta tsakiya Jim-Kamal Olanrewaju: dan kasuwa Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour 2019 PDP ta tsaya takarar Sanata a Legas ta Yamma (ya fice bayan zaben fidda gwanin da ya samu nasarar shiga zaben fidda gwani na LP da ya sake tsayawa takara)
An ƙi Jimi Agbaje 2015 da 2019 PDP takarar gwamna da 2007 DPA dan takarar gwamna Babatunde Gbadamosi 2020 PDP Legas ta Gabas dan takarar sanata, 2019 ADP takarar gwamna, kuma 2015 dan takarar gwamnan PDP Abiodun Oyefusi 2019 PDP Dan takarar sanata a Legas ta gabas
Ƙananan jam'iyyun
Gangamin Bayan zabukan fidda gwani na manyan jam’iyyar, masana na kallon Adediran da Sanwo-Olu a matsayin manyan ‘yan takara a fili amma sun lura cewa jam’iyyar Labour wacce ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri sakamakon yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Peter Obi —na iya kawo kalubale ga manyan jam’iyyun. Sai dai kuma jam’iyyar LP ta jihar ta fada cikin rikici dangane da zaben fidda gwani na gwamna inda dan takara na asali Ifagbemi Awamaridi ya sha ki sauka daga mukaminsa na dan siyasa Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour, wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar a watan Agusta. Kodayake Emmanuel Badejo na The Nation ya ɗauka cewa rikicin yana nufin LP "ba ta da damar da yawa [nasara]," ya kuma lura cewa wanda aka zaɓa na LP zai iya zama mai ɓarna ga Adediran saboda goyon bayan da suka samu. tushe. Duk da haka, rikicin LP ya ƙare tare da Rhodes-Vivour ya fito a matsayin wanda aka zaba da kuma haɓakar jam'iyyar da ya ba da damar damar Rhodes-Vivour. A halin da ake ciki, yayin da aka fara yakin neman zabe, Adediran ya kai wa Sanwo-Olu hari a watan Yuli inda ya zargi gwamnatinsa da yin amfani da hukumomin gwamnatin jihar wajen toshe tallan PDP, yana mai cewa hukumomin talla da PDP suka yi kwangilar sun mayar da kudaden jam’iyyar saboda barazanar da jihar Legas ta yi musu. Hukumar Sa hannu da Talla (LASAA). LASAA ta musanta wannan da'awar kuma ta lura cewa alhakinta ba ya haɗa da tallace-tallace a kan allunan tallace-tallace saboda kawai hukumar ta tsara tsarin allon talla da kansu. A nasa bangaren, Sanwo-Olu ya yi ikirarin cewa Adediran ba shi da kwarewa yayin da Adediran ya zargi Sanwo-Olu da gazawa a ofishin sa kafin ya ci gaba da gazawarsa a matsayinsa na gwamna. Hakazalika, wani faifan murya ya fito a watan Agusta inda wani wanda ake zargin jami’in LASAA ne ya ce allunan tallan APC ne kadai ke samun amincewa ga wani mai goyon bayan jam’iyyar LP. A martanin da ta mayar, LASAA ta musanta sahihancin faifan sautin kuma ta sake lura da cewa aikinta bai hada da tallan da ke kan allunan talla ba. A watan Oktoba da Nuwamba, 'yan jarida sun fara nazarin karfi da raunin kowane babban dan takara yayin da Adediran da Rhodes-Vivour suka fara cece-kuce kan wata yarjejeniya da ake zargin Adediran ya yi zargin cewa zai zabi Rhodes-Vivour a matsayin abokin takararsa a watan Mayu. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, an fitar da kuri'ar farko na jama'a wanda NOI Polls ta gudanar kuma Gidauniyar Anap ta gabatar an fitar da shi, wanda ke nuna babban jagora ga Sanwo-Olu.
Gudanarwa
Jadawalin zaben
Babban zabe
Sakamako
Ta gundumar sanata Sakamakon zaben da gundumar majalisar dattawa ta gudanar.
Ta mazabar tarayya Sakamakon zaben mazabar tarayya.
2023 Zaɓen Najeriya
2023 Zaɓen gwamnoni a Najeriya
Bayanan kula
Nassosi Zabubbuka
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40747 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene%20Descartes | Rene Descartes | René UK ko rt/; Faransanci French: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 Maris 1596-11 Fabrairu 1650 Bafaranshe ne masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma masanin lissafi, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mutum na farko a cikin bullowar falsafa da kimiyyarzamani. Ilimin lissafi ya kasance tsakiyar hanyar bincikensa, kuma ya haɗa fage daban-daban na lissafin lissafi da algebra a baya zuwa cikin lissafi na nazari. Descartes ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa na aiki a Jamhuriyar Holland, tun da farko yana hidima ga Sojojin Ƙasar Holland, daga bisani ya zama babban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shekarun Golden Age. Ko da yake ya yi aiki a jihar Furotesta kuma daga baya masu suka suka ƙidaya shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Descartes ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin Katolika.
Yawancin abubuwa na falsafar Descartes suna da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen Aristotelianism, Rayarwar Stoicism na karni na 16, ko a cikin falsafar farko kamar Augustine. A cikin falsafar dabi'a, ya bambanta da makarantu a kan manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko, ya ƙi rarraba kayan jiki zuwa kwayoyin halitta da siffar; na biyu, ya ƙi duk wani roko zuwa ga ƙarshe, na allahntaka ko na halitta, a cikin bayanin abubuwan mamaki na halitta. A cikin tauhidinsa, ya nace a kan cikakken 'yanci na aikin Allah na halitta. Da yake ƙin karɓar ikon masana falsafa na baya, Descartes akai-akai ya keɓe ra'ayinsa baya ga masana falsafa da suka gabace shi. A cikin ɓangaren budewa na Ƙaunar Soul, wani rubutun zamani na farko game da motsin zuciyarmu, Descartes ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa zai rubuta a kan wannan batu "kamar dai babu wanda ya rubuta game da waɗannan batutuwa a baya."Sanannen bayaninsa na falsafa shine "cogito, ergo sum" ("Ina tsammanin, saboda haka ni ne"; wanda aka samo a cikin Magana akan Hanyar (1637; a Faransanci da Latin) da Ka'idodin Falsafa (1644, a cikin Latin). Descartes sau da yawa ana kiransa uban falsafar zamani, kuma galibi ana ganin shi ne ke da alhakin ƙarin kulawa da aka ba wa ilimin kimiya na zamani a ƙarni na 17. Ya aza harsashi na rationalism na nahiyar na ƙarni na 17, daga baya Spinoza da Leibniz suka ba da shawarar, kuma daga baya mazhabar empiriricist ta yi adawa da shi, wanda ya ƙunshi Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, da Hume. Yunƙurin rationalism na farko na zamani-a matsayin makarantar falsafa mai tsari sosai a cikin kansa a karon farko a cikin tarihi-ya yi tasiri mai girma da tasiri a kan tunanin yammacin zamani gaba ɗaya, tare da haifuwar tsarin falsafancin falsafa biyu masu tasiri biyu na Descartes (Cartesianism) da Spinoza (Spinozism). Ya kasance ƙarni na 17 masu ra'ayin ra'ayi kamar Descartes, Spinoza da Leibniz waɗanda suka ba da "Age of Reason" suna da wuri a cikin tarihi. Leibniz, Spinoza, da Descartes duk sun kware sosai a fannin lissafi da falsafa, kuma Descartes da Leibniz sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimiyya ma. Tunanin Descartes akan Falsafa na Farko (1641) ya ci gaba da zama daidaitaccen rubutu a yawancin sassan falsafar jami'a. Tasirin Descartes a cikin ilmin lissafi daidai yake a bayyane; tsarin haɗin gwiwar Cartesian an sanya masa suna. An lasafta shi a matsayin uban lissafi na nazari-wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen gano ƙididdiga da bincike mara iyaka. Descartes kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mutane a juyin juya halin kimiyya.
Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya An haifi René Descartes a La Haye en Touraine, lardin Touraine (yanzu Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), Faransa, a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1596. An haifi René Descartes kusan rabin watan Agusta 1595. Mahaifiyarsa, Jeanne Brochard, ta mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan ta haifi ɗa a watan Mayu 1597. Mahaifin Descartes, Joachim, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Brittany a Rennes. René ya zauna tare da kakarsa kuma tare da kawunsa. Kodayake dangin Descartes Roman Katolika ne, Furotesta Huguenots ne ke iko da yankin Poitou. A cikin 1607, marigayi saboda rashin lafiyarsa, ya shiga Kwalejin Jesuit Royal Henry-Le-Grand a La Flèche, inda aka gabatar da shi ga ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, gami da aikin Galileo. Yayin da yake can, Descartes ya fara cin karo da sufanci. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1614, ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu (1615-16) a Jami'ar Poitiers, yana samun Baccalauréat da Lasisi a cikin canon da dokar farar hula a 1616, bisa ga burin mahaifinsa cewa ya zama lauya. Daga can, ya koma Paris.
A cikin Discourse on the method, Descartes ya tuna: Na bar nazarin haruffa gaba ɗaya. Na yanke shawarar neman wani ilimi sai dai wanda ake iya samunsa a cikin kaina ko kuma a cikin littafin nan mai girma na duniya, na shafe sauran kuruciyata ta tafiye-tafiye, ziyartar kotuna da dakaru, ina cudanya da mutane masu hali da matsayi daban-daban, tare da tattaro nau'o'in daban-daban. kwarewa, gwada kaina a cikin yanayin da arziki ya ba ni, kuma a kowane lokaci ina yin tunani a kan duk abin da ya zo don samun riba daga gare shi.
Dangane da burinsa na zama ƙwararren jami'in soja a 1618, Descartes ya shiga, a matsayin ɗan haya, Rundunar Sojojin Yaren mutanen Holland na Furotesta a Breda ƙarƙashin umarnin Maurice na Nassau, kuma ya gudanar da nazarin aikin injiniya na soja, kamar yadda aka kafa. by Simon Stevin. Descartes, saboda haka, ya sami kwarin gwiwa sosai a Breda don haɓaka iliminsa na lissafi. Ta wannan hanyar, ya saba da Isaac Beeckman, shugaban makarantar Dordrecht, wanda ya rubuta Compendium of Music (wanda aka rubuta 1618, aka buga 1650). Tare, sun yi aiki a kan faɗuwar kyauta, ɗakin karatu, sashen conic, da ƙididdigar ruwa. Dukansu sun yi imanin cewa ya zama dole a ƙirƙira hanyar da ke da alaƙa sosai da lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Yayin da yake hidimar Duke Maximilian na Katolika na Bavaria daga 1619, Descartes ya kasance a yakin White Mountain kusa da Prague, a cikin watan Nuwamba 1620. A cewar Adrien Baillet, a daren 10-11 Nuwamba 1619 (Ranar St. Martin), yayin da yake tsaye a Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes ya rufe kansa a cikin daki tare da "tanda" (watakila cocklestove) don tserewa. sanyi Yayin da yake ciki, ya yi mafarkai guda uku, kuma ya gaskata cewa ruhun allahntaka ya bayyana masa sabuwar falsafa. Duk da haka, ana hasashen cewa abin da Descartes ya ɗauka a matsayin mafarkinsa na biyu shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru na fashewar ciwon kai. Bayan ya fita, ya ƙirƙiro lissafi na nazari da ra'ayin yin amfani da hanyar ilimin lissafi ga falsafa. Ya kammala daga waɗannan wahayin cewa, neman ilimin kimiyya zai kasance, a gare shi, neman hikima ta gaskiya da kuma wani muhimmin sashi na aikinsa na rayuwarsa. Descartes kuma ya ga a sarari cewa dukkanin gaskiya suna da alaƙa da juna, ta yadda gano ainihin gaskiya da ci gaba da tunani zai buɗe hanya ga dukkan kimiyya. Descartes ya gano wannan ainihin gaskiyar nan ba da jimawa ba: sanannensa "Ina tsammani, saboda haka ni ne."
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54895 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid%20Abdul%20Samad | Khalid Abdul Samad | Khalid bin Abdul Samad (Jawi; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1957) ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Yankin Tarayya a cikin gwamnatin Pakatan Harapan (PH) a ƙarƙashin tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad daga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018 zuwa faduwar gwamnatin PH a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020 kuma memba na majalisar (MP) na Shah Alam daga watan Maris shekara ta 2008 zuwa Nuwamba shekara ta 2022. Shi memba ne, Daraktan Sadarwa kuma Shugaban Jiha na Kelantan na Jam'iyyar National Trust Party (AMANAH), wani bangare na jam'iyyar adawa ta PH kuma ya kasance memba na Jam'ummar Musulunci ta Malaysia (PAS), tsohuwar jam'iyyar tsohuwar jamono ta Pakatan Rakyat (PR) da Barisan Alternatif (BA). Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Shahrir Abdul Samad, tsohon Minista kuma MP na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), wani bangare na jam'iyyar Barisan Nasional (BN). Kafin PH da BN su kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta tarayya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, suna adawa da siyasa saboda dukansu biyu suna cikin bangarorin siyasa masu adawa.
Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Khalid a Kota Bharu, Kelantan a shekara ta 1957.
Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin Injiniyan Fuel da Energy daga Jami'ar Leeds a 1979 sannan ya yi aiki ga Petronas.
Ayyukan siyasa Ya kasance marubuci a The Malaysian Insider kuma sanannen memba na matsakaiciyar reshe na PAS kafin su rabu don samun AMANAH a cikin 2015.
Khalid ya shiga PAS a 1983 kuma ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya daga 1987 zuwa 1993. A shekara ta 1987, an tsare shi na tsawon watanni tara a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida (ISA) a lokacin Operation Lalang.
Ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar PAS a kujerun majalisa na Kuala Krai (1986), Arau (1990), Sri Gading (1999) da Shah Alam (2004) a cikin babban zabe kafin a ƙarshe ya lashe kujerar Shah Alam a babban zaben 2008 kuma ya riƙe shi a babban zaben 2013.
A shekara ta 2010, Khalid ya shiga cikin muhawara tare da 'yan adawa (daga baya masu zaman kansu) memba na majalisar Zulkifli Nordin game da amfani da kalmar "Allah" ta wadanda ba Musulmai ba. Bayan Khalid ya bayyana cewa ya yi adawa da dokar Selangor da ta hana wadanda ba Musulmai ba amfani da kalmar "Allah", Zulkifli ya gabatar da rahoton 'yan sanda da ke zargin Khalid da tayar da kayar baya. Zulkifi, dan majalisa na Kedah, ya koma Selangor don yin takara a kujerar Shah Alam a kan Khalid a zaben 2013 a matsayin dan takarar Barisan Nasional (BN), amma Khalid ya doke shi wanda aka sake zabarsa tare da karuwar gefe.
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, an tuhumi Khalid a karkashin Sashe na 4 na Dokar Tashin Tashin Tashi don zargin yin tambaya game da ikon zartarwa na Selangor Islamic Religious Department (Jais) dangane da kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Malay da Iban. Khalid na daga cikin wasu 'yan siyasa masu adawa da yawa da kuma wadanda ba 'yan siyasa ba da aka kama a cikin 2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet Khalid ya sake samun nasarar riƙe kujerar Shah Alam a babban zaben 2018 amma a karo na farko ga jam'iyyar Amanah kuma nan da nan aka zaba shi a matsayin sabon ministan gwamnatin tarayya na hadin gwiwar PH.
A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2022, darektan zaben AMANAH Asmuni Awi ya bayyana cewa Khalid zai tsaya takarar kujerar tarayya ta Titiwangsa a babban zaben 2022. Asmuni ya kuma yi sharhi cewa AMANAH tana cikin haɗari don neman Khalid don yin takara don wurin zama maimakon wurin zama na tarayya na Shah Alam wanda shine sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya kara da cewa ba yanke shawara mai sauƙi ba ne ya bar Shah Alam inda ya yi aiki a matsayin MP daga 2008 zuwa 2022 na wa'adi uku da shekaru 14.Ya rasa zaben ga Johari Abdul Ghani daga BN da UMNO da ƙarancin kuri'u 4,632 ta hanyar samun kuri'u 20,410. Rashin nasararsa ya kuma shirya hanyar da Johari ya dawo a matsayin dan majalisa na Titiwangsa kuma shine kawai nasarar zaben PH a Kuala Lumpur.
Sakamakon zaben
Rashin jituwa Shafin yanar gizon Kuala Lumpur City Plan (KLCP) 2020 na Ministan YB Khalid Abdul Samad a ƙarshen watan Oktoba da ya gabata, ya sadu da damuwa daga masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa. Shirin da aka buga ba shirin gida na 2008 ba ne ko kuma shirin da aka sake fasalin 2013 ba, amma sigar "2015" wacce ba ta wuce ta hanyoyin da ake buƙata ba, kamar yadda aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shirye-shiryen Yankin Tarayya.
Amfani da Dokar Samun Kasa a kan mazaunan Kampung Baru. An yi tanadin RM10 biliyan don sayen ƙasar Kampung Baru, ba tare da amincewar majalisar ministoci ba. An yi imanin cewa zai iya kare sha'awar mutane a cikin shari'ar Sungai Baru flats kuma ba ya barin mazauna su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya mara kyau tare da mai haɓaka a lokacin da yake ministan Yankin Tarayya. Hakazalika a cikin 2017, masu haɓakawa sun kusanci wanda ya riga shi don samun sa hannun mazauna, amma an ƙi shi saboda rikodin waƙa mai tambaya.
Khalid ya shigar da kara a kan Mahamad Naser a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 yana mai da'awar cewa shi (Mahamad Naser) ya yi maganganu masu banƙyama a kansa a wani taro da Selangor Islamic Religious Department (JAIS) ta shirya a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2017 a Masallacin Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Bukit Jelutong a Shah Alam. Khalid ya yi iƙirarin cewa Mahamad Naser, ya yi a cikin lacca mai taken, SalangDiscourse kan batutuwan yanzu da dokokin jihar Selangor: Koyarwa: Kalubale da Kundin Tsarin Mulki, "yana da sauran batutuwa, ya bayyana cewa shi (Khalid) ya yi tsayayya da RUU355, game da aiwatar da dokar Islama ciki har da hudud, kuma ya yi tsayar da kokarin karfafa Kotun Syariah. Babban Kotun a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2019, ta yanke hukunci a madadin Khalid kuma ta umarci Mahamad Naser ya biya shi RM80,000. Kwamitin Kotun Tarayya mai mambobi uku wanda ya kunshi Alkalai Tan Sri Rohana Yusuf da Alkalai na Kotun Tarayyar Datuk Harmindar Singh Dhaliwal da Datuk Mohamad Zabidin Mohd Diah, a cikin kotun kan layi da ke gudana a yau, sun kori aikace-aikacen Khalid kuma sun umarce shi da ya biya RM30,000.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
49305 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand%20na%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Rand na Afirka ta Kudu | Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, ko kuma kawai Rand, alamar R code ZAR ("South African rand"); the ZA is a historical relic from Dutch, used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ita ce kudin hukuma na yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe na Afirka ta Kudu Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya (tare da dalar Namibiya Lesotho tare da Lesotho loti da Eswatini (tare da Swazi lilangeni An raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c").
Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe membobin Namibia, Lesotho da Eswatini, tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa dala, loti da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a Botswana har zuwa 1976, lokacin da pula ya maye gurbin rand a daidai.
Bayani Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, rand shine kalmar Dutch da Afrikaans don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina Johannesburg kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu.
Tarihi An gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin kasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya. Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as in the jingles when introduced, An kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin fam na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a Afrikaans da Daan Desimaal). Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin. Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya
1961-2000 Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa karshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar.
A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala.
Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R. 3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a Zimbabwe, wanda harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001 ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001.
2001-2011 Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai.
A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008.
Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari.
2012 yanzu A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013. A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya. Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma ya bayyana mamakinsa na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci.
A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba Jacob Zuma ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022.
Tsabar kudi An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci).
A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale.
Takardun kuɗi An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na Cape Town Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula na fam na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da Ingilishi aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta Afirkaans A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.
Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi.
A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja]
Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden Tumba Bruk wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1 mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton Nelson Mandela An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand.
A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200). A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand.
Zubi na farko
Zubi na biyu
Zubi na uku
Zubi na hudu
Silsilar ta biyar
Siridi na shida
Siri na bakwai
Siri na takwas
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13458 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20Liu | Lucy Liu | Lucy Liu (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1968) 'yar fim ce, Ba’amurkiya, wacce aka sani da wasa da rawar Ling Woo a cikin jerin talabijin na Ally McBeal (1998 zuwa 2002), O-Ren Ishii a cikin Kill Bill, da Joan Watson a cikin jerin laifuka-wasan kwaikwayo na Elementary (2012 zuwa 2019). Duk cikin aikin da ta yi, ta sami lambar yabo ta Yar fim guda biyu Guild Awards kuma ta samu lambar yabo ta Seoul International Drama Award don Mafi kyawun Actress An zaba ta a matsayin Kyautar Emmy Award don Kyakkyawan Supportungiyar Taimakawa a cikin jerin Comedy, kuma ta sami noan takara don Kyautattun Zaban Mutane guda uku da kuma lambar yabo ta Saturn biyu Aikin fim din Liu ta hada da nunawa tauraruwa a cikin Payback (1999), Charlie's Angels (2000), Shanghai Noon (2000), Chicago (2002), Charlie's Angels: Cikakken Matakin (2003), Kisan Bill: Volume 1 (2003), Lucky Number Slevin 2006), The Man with the Iron Fists (2012), da Kafa Shi (2018). Liu kuma wakili ce ta murya kuma ta yi rawar gani a cikin Jagora na Kung Fu Panda (2008-2016). Har ila yau kuma, ta yi wa muryar Azumi kwalliya a Tinker Bell da Asarar stauka (2009), Tinker Bell da Babban Fairy Rescue (2010), Pixie Hollow Games (2011), Asirin Maƙallan (2012), Farate Pirate (2014), da Tinker Bell da Legend of the neverBeast (2015). Sauran lambobin yabo na muryar sun hada da Mulan II (2004), kazalika da Ingilishi da Mandarin da ake wa lakabi da Magic Wonderland (2014) da kuma Tale of the Princess Kaguya (2013). A shekara ta 2008, ta yi rawar gani a wasan ABC mai ban dariya, Cashmere Mafia, a matsayin Mia Mason, wacce ta ƙare bayan kakar guda. Nunin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayon talabijin na Amurkawa ne kawai da ke da jagorar jerin Amurkawa na Asiya A shekarar 2012, Liu ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan TNT na Southland a cikin ayyukan sake dawo da Jessica Tang, wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Kyauta da Kyautar Talakawa ta Dramawararrun 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo Farkon rayuwa An haifi Lucy Liu ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1968, a cikin Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, New York A makarantar sakandare, ta karɓi suna na tsakiya, Alexis. Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin yara uku da Cecilia ta haifa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararren masanin ilimin halittu, da Tom Liu, injiniyan ƙwararren masani wanda ya siyar da agogon dijital. Iyayen Liu sun fito ne daga Beijing da Shanghai kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Taiwan a matsayin manya kafin su yi taro a New York. Tana da ɗan'uwansa, John, da kuma wata 'yar uwa, Jenny. Iyayenta sunyi aiki da yawa yayin da Lucy da 'yan uwanta ke girma. Liu ta bayyana cewa, ta girma ne a wani yanki daban daban. Ta koyi yin magana da harshen Mandarin a gida kuma ta fara koyon Turanci tun tana shekara 5. Ta yi karatun Martial art <i id="mwfw">kali-eskrima-silat</i> a matsayin abin sha'awa yayin yarinta. Liu ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Joseph Pulitzer (IS145), kuma ya kammala makarantar sakandare ta Stuyvesant Daga baya ta yi rajista a Jami'ar New York kuma ta wuce zuwa Jami'ar Michigan a Ann Arbor, Michigan, inda ta kasance memba a cikin kungiyar sorority na Chi Omega Liu ya sami digiri na farko a cikin yaruka da al'adun Asiya Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai jiran gado a gidan tarihi ta Ann Arbor Comedy Showcase da ke tsakanin shekarar 1988 da shekara ta 1989.
Yin aiki shiri
1990–99 A shekarar 19, lokacin da suke kan jirgin karkashin kasa, wani wakili ya gano ta. Ta yi kasuwanci daya. A matsayinta na memba na kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta dalibai, ta yi digiri a 1989 don samar da Alice na Alice a Wonderland yayin babban digiri na makarantar. Duk da cewa da farko ta yi kokarin ne don wani bangaren goyon baya, amma Liu ansanya ta cikin ragamar jagorancin. Yayin da ta ke neman rajistar waƙa ga Miss Saigon a cikin 1990, ta gaya wa jaridar New York Times cewa, "Babu rawar Asiya da yawa, kuma yana da wahalar samun ƙafafunku a ƙofar." A watan Mayun 1992, Liu ta fara fitowa a karon farko na New York a Fairy Bones, wanda Tina Chen ke jagoranta. Liu tana da kananan matsayi a cikin fina-finai da talabijin, yayin bikin farko. A cikin 1993, ta bayyana a cikin wani labari na LA Law a matsayin bazawara na kasar Sin da ke ba da shaida a cikin Mandarin. An jefa ta acikin duka Hercules: Jours of Legendary Journeys a cikin Maris zuwa 'Yanci da kuma X-Files a cikin Gidan Wuta A cikin 1995 ta yi wasa da karamar yarinya 'yar kasar China wacce take da shekara 4 tare da cutar kanjamau a karo na biyu na ER don abubuwa 3 A shekarar 1996, Liu ta fara aikinta na farko a jerin manyan talabijin, na Amy Liu a Pearl tare da Rhea Perlman da Malcolm McDowell Jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen wasan Pearl a 1997, Liu ya jefa shi cikin rawar Ally McBeal Liu ta samo asali ne daga aikin Nelle Porter Portia de Rossi ce ta wasa kuma daga baya aka kirkiro halayyar Ling Woo musamman. Ban da wannan, Liu ya kasance wakili na wucin gadi, amma yawan masu sauraro sun tabbatar da Liu a matsayin memban dindindin. Bugu da ƙari, ta sami lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don kwararren Tallafawa mai ba da gudummawa a cikin jerin Comedy da Actwararrun Mafifin allo na Guaukar Kyautar Kyauta don Perarfafa Aiki ta Mace Actor a cikin Comedy Series. A cikin Payback (1999), Liu ta nuna Pearl, wata babbar karuwa ce ta BDSM da ke da alaƙa da Mafarkin Sinawa.
2000-06 An jefa Liu a matsayin Alex Munday a cikin fim ɗin Charlie's Angels, tare da Drew Barrymore da Cameron Diaz Fim ɗin da aka buɗe a watan Nuwamba na 2000 kuma ta sami fiye da dala miliyan 125 a Amurka. Manyan Charlie's Angels sun sami adadin sama da dala miliyan 264 a duk duniya. Matsakaici, Mala'ikan Charlie: Cikakken Matako, an buɗe a watan Yuni 2003 kuma ta yi kyau a ofishin akwatin, samun dala miliyan 100 a Amurka da jimlar sama da dala miliyan 259. Liu kuma ta yi wasa tare da Antonio Banderas a Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever, mai mahimmanci kuma gazawar ofis. A cikin 2000, ta karbi bakuncin Asabar Night Live tare da Jay-Z A cikin rahoton 2001 na Jima'i da City mai taken "Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda" ta sami baƙon wasa kamar kanta, suna wasa da Samantha Jones sabon abokin ciniki. Ta yi rawar gani a cikin Jima'i da City -mai gabatarwa TV nuna Cashmere Mafia akan ABC Liu ta kuma bayyana fitowar Futurama (a matsayinta na kanta da kuma masu bada labarin robot) a cikin jerin fina- finai Na yi Dama a Robot da Soyayya da Roka da kuma kan Simpsons a kakar wasa ta 16 Goo Goo Gai Pan A cikin 2002, Liu ta buga Rita Foster a cikin Vincenzo Natali 's Brainstorm (aka Cypher Bayan haka, ta bayyana a matsayin O-Ren Ishii a cikin fim din 2003 na Quentin Tarantino, Kill Bill Yayin tattaunawar Kill Bill tare da Tarantino su biyun sun hada kai don taimakawa samar da shirin fim din Labaran Wasannin na Hungary Ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Award don Kyautar Fim ta Villain a cikin Kashe Bill Bayan haka, Liu ta bayyana a wasu jerin finafinai na Joey tare da Matt LeBlanc, waɗanda suka taka rawar gani a cikin fina-finan Charlie's Angels Tana da ƙananan mukamai kamar Kitty Baxter a cikin fim ɗin Chicago kuma kamar yadda ƙwararrakin masaniyar kimiyya ke gaban Keira Knightley a cikin babban ɗan wasan Domino A cikin Lucky Number Slevin, ta buga jagorancin ƙaunar soyayya ga Josh Hartnett An saki allura 3 a watan Disamba 1, 2006, Liu ya nuna Jin Ping, wata mace 'yar kasar Sin da ke da kwayar cutar HIV 2007 yanzu ba A cikin 2007 Liu ta bayyana a Sunan Code: Mai Tsabtacewa Tashi, mai ba da labari mai ban mamaki Michael Chiklis wanda Liu ke taka leda a labarai mara nauyi (wanda aka sa mata lamba 41 akan "Top 50 Sexiest Vampires"); da kuma Kallon Gano, wani fim ne mai ban dariya mai ban dariya mai daukar hoto Cillian Murphy Ta yi fim din ne a karon farko sannan kuma ta yi fice a cikin wani fim din Charlie Chan, wanda aka shirya tun farkon 2000. Liu baki-wacce ta shahara a matsayin lauya Grace Chin kan Ugly Betty a cikin jerin shirye- shiryen 2007 Derailed da Yin a kan Cake A shekarar 2007 daular ta nada Liu mai lamba 96 daga cikin 100 ‘Yan fim din fim din na 100. Masu kirkirar Dirty Sexy Money sun kirkiro rawar Liu yayin jerin kullun. Liu ya yi wasa da Nola Lyons, babban lauya wanda ya fuskanci Nick George Peter Krause Liu ta yi murfin Azumi a cikin Disney Fairies da Viper a Kung Fu Panda A watan Maris na 2010, Liu ta yi ta na farko a karon farko a wasan Tony Award –win na wasa Allah na Carnage a matsayin Annette a wasan da za a maye gurbin na biyu tare da Jeff Daniels, Janet McTeer, da Dylan Baker A watan Maris na 2012, an jefa ta a matsayin Joan Watson na Elementary Primary shine karbuwa na Sherlock Holmes na Amurka, kuma rawar da Liu ya bayar shine al'adar maza ta saba. Ta sami yabo saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Watson, gami da jerin zaɓuka uku a jere don Kyaututtukan Zaban Jama'a don Actan wasan kwaikwayo na Laifin Fasahar da aka fi so. Hakanan ta taka jami'in 'yan sanda Jessica Tang a Southland, wani wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin wanda ke mayar da hankali kan rayuwar jami'an' yan sanda da jami'ai a Los Angeles, a matsayin baƙi mai maimaitawa a kakar wasa ta huɗu. Ta sami lambar yabo ta gidan talabijin na Critics 'Chorit Television Award don Mafi kyawun Dramaan wasan kwaikwayo na Bikin Dadi don wannan rawar. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2011, Liu ya zama mai ba da labari ga kungiyar mawaƙa The Bullitts A cikin shekarar 2013, an gayyaci Liu da zama memba na Kwalejin Horar da Motsa Hoto da kuma Kimiyya Liu aka nada shi Harvard's Artist of the Year na shekarar 2016. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Arts ta Harvard Foundation a yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Gidauniyar Harvard ta shekara-shekara, yayin bikin al'adu a Sanater Theater. Har ila yau, tana daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a, game da Duniyar nan gaba ta Duniya, wacce James Franco da Bruce Thierry Cheung suka jagoranta. A cikin 2019, Liu ta karbi tauraron Hollywood Walk of Fame star.
Aikin darektanci Lucy Liu ta fara aikinta na jagoranci ne a shekarar 2015. Fim ɗin, mai taken Meena, ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya, game da wata yarinya 'yar Indiya' yar shekara takwas wacce aka siyar da ita ga wani dansandan. An kalli fim din a New York City a 2014. Sauran bayanan daraktoci na Lucy Liu sun hada da 6oye na Elementary, labarin Graceland, labarin Kaunatacciyar lovedaunatacciyar Lawaunar Dokar & Umarni: Specialungiyoyin Naɓaɓɓun Specialaukakin, farkon wasannin Lage na Luka Cage da kuma fim ɗin "Don Don t Budewa a Asusun Kisa Kaga alama ce wani abu da ba dai dai bane "na Me yasa Mata ke Kashe Aiki a matsayin mai zane A baya, Liu ta gabatar da zane-zane a karkashin sunan wata kalma mai suna Yu Ling (wanda ita ce sunan Sinanci). Liu, wacce kwararriya ce a cikin wasu kafofin yada labarai da yawa, ta kan nuna hotuna da yawa wadanda ke nuna tarin tarin kayanta, zane-zane, da kuma daukar hoto. Ta fara yin amfani da kafofin watsa labaru na cakuduwa lokacin da take shekara 16, kuma ta zama mai daukar hoto da zane-zane. Liu ya halarci makarantar New York Studio don zane, zanen zane, da zane-zane daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2006. A watan Satumbar 2006, Liu ta gudanar da wani zane-zane kuma ta ba da gudummawarta game da ribar ga UNICEF Hakanan ta sake yin wani wasan kwaikwayon a 2008 a Munich An saka zane-zanen nata, "Tsallakewa" cikin Tsarin Yanke Tsarin Yanke na Montblanc kuma an nuna shi a lokacin Art Basel Miami 2008, wanda ya nuna ayyukan da masu zane-zane na Amurka na zamani. Liu ta bayyana cewa ta ba da kaso na daga cikin ribar da aka samu daga gidan wasan kwaikwayon na NYC Milk Gallery wanda aka nuna wa UNICEF. A Landan, wani kaso na kuɗin da aka samu daga littafinsa saba'in ya tafi zuwa ga UNICEF. An fara baje kolin kayan tarihin kayan tarihin ta farko a National Museum of Singapore a farkon 2019 kuma an yi wa lakabi da "Rashin Tsarkaka."
Taimako A shekarar 2001, Liu itace kakakin kungiyar Lee National Denim Day, wanda ya tara kudi don gudanar da bincike kan cutar sankarar nono da ilimi. A shekarar 2004 aka nada Liu a matsayin jakadan asusun Asusun Amurka na UNICEF Ta yi tafiya zuwa Pakistan da Lesotho, a tsakanin sauran ƙasashe. naA farkon 2006, Liu ya karbi "lambar yabo ta Asiya ta Musamman" don Ganuwa Ta kuma dauki bakuncin wani shirin fim na MTV, Traffic, don yakin MTV EXIT a 2007. A shekarar 2008, ta fito da bayar da labarin gajeren fim din nan mai suna The Road to Traffik''', game da marubucin Kambodiya da kuma mai kare hakkin dan adam Somaly Mam Kry Girvin ne ya jagoranci fim ɗin kuma mai daukar hoto Norman Jean Roy ne ya samar da fim ɗin. Wannan ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa tare da masu samarwa a kan shirin fim ɗin Redlight'' Liu mai tallafawa daidaiton aure ne ga mazinaci da 'yan madigo, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun yakin kare hakkin dan adam a shekarar 2011. Ta yi aiki tare da Heinz don magance barazanar rashin lafiyar duniya da ke tattare da rashin iskar baƙin ƙarfe da kuma rashin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin jarirai da yara a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.
Rayuwarta A shekarar 1991, Liu ammata tiyata bayan wani ciwon nono tsoro. "Likita ya ji kuma ya ce kansa kansa kuma yana buƙatar fito. Na shiga cikin rawar jiki mamaki. Ya kasance kyakkyawa rauni. An cire wannan kullen ne kwana biyu kacal bayan gwajin likita kuma an gano cewa ba ta da lafiya. Liu ta yi karatun addinai daban-daban, kamar Buddhism, Taoism da kuma mysticism na Yahudawa Ta ce, "Ina cikin kowane abu na ruhaniya duk abinda zan yi da zuzzurfan tunani ko waƙoƙi ko kowane irin kayan. Na yi karatun falsafar kasar Sin a makaranta. Akwai wani abu a cikin tarin zahirin cewa zan sami sosai m. A cikin hirar da muka yi da 1999 kowane mako, Liu ta ce ta yi jima'i da fatalwa. Tana cikin memba na kwamitin Sin da Amurka na shekara 100 tun daga 2004. Liu uwa ce batare da aure ba na zabi. Tana da ɗa mai ilimin halitta, Rockwell, wanda aka haife shi a cikin 2015 ta hanyar aikin gestational surrogate Da take tsokaci kan zabar hanyar, ta bayyana cewa ita ce zabin da ya dace a gare ta tunda ta shagala da aiki a lokacin. Tun daga farkon mama, Liu ya kan shahara wajen bikin tsarin tsarin iyali. Daya babbar yaƙin neman sauyi data ta shiga ciki shine Tylenol ta #HowWeFamily Mother's Day Campaign.
Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Wasannin bidiyo
Darakta
Nunin zane-zane
Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa
Duba kuma Amurkawa Sinawa a New York City
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Official website Lucy Liu Bayanin Lucy Liu, Emmys.com; isa ga Oktoba 20, 2014. https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/lucy-liu/206329468 Pages with unreviewed |
42948 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasanni%20a%20%C6%98asar%20Kamaru | Wasanni a Ƙasar Kamaru | Jama'a na gudanar da wasanni a ƙasar Kamaru kuma gwamnatin kasar ta ba da goyon baya 'Yan Kamaru suna alfahari da samun nasara a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sa wasanni ya zama muhimmin tushen hadin kan ƙasa. Wasannin gargajiya a Kamaru sun haɗa da tseren kwale-kwale, ninkaya, ja da yaki, da kokawa Wasan kokawa ya yi fice a bukukuwan qaddamarwa da sauran bukukuwan kabilanci irin su Bakweri da Duala Duk da haka, a zamanin yau, wasanni irin su ƙwallon ƙafa, dambe, tseren keke, ƙwallon hannu, ƙwallon raga, wasan caber, da wasan tennis sun zama sanannu. Na 40 km (24.8 mi) Dutsen Kamaru Race of Hope yana jawo masu gudu da yawa kowace shekara. Yan yawon bude ido suna hawan dutse da hawan dutse musamman hawa dutsen Kamaru Yaoundé, Tiko da Kribi suna da wasannin golf Hakanan ana buga kungiyar Rugby, tare da kungiyoyi kusan 15 da ’yan wasa 3,000 a kasar. Wasan da ya fi shahara har zuwa yanzu shi ne wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ƙwallon ƙafa) Kusan kowane ƙauye yana da filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kansa, kuma ɗimbin 'yan kallo suna kallon wasanni tsakanin ƙauyuka masu hamayya. Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kamaru ta samu karbuwa a duniya tun a lokacin da suka nuna karfi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 1990 Tawagar ta lashe kofunan gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika biyar. An san dan wasan kwallon kafa Roger Milla a duniya, kuma mutuwar Marc-Vivien Foé a shekara ta 2003 a lokacin wasa ya sanya kanun labaran duniya. Yawancin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Kamaru sun ci gaba da yin sana'o'in samun nasara a Turai, ciki har da Christian Bassogog wanda aka zaba mafi kyawun dan wasan Afirka a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2017 a Gabon Rigobert Song da Gwarzon Kwallon Afirka Lauren da Samuel Eto'o Yara sun fara wasan motsa jiki a makarantar firamare da sakandare. A matakin jami'a, National Federation for College and University Sports (FENASCO; shirya gasar makaranta. Haka kuma hukumar tana gudanar da gasar larduna a matakin firamare da wasannin kasa a matakin sakandare. Yawancin wasanni suna da nasu tsarin, ciki har da Hukumar Damben Kamaru (FECABOXE), Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kamaru (FECAFOOT), da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kamaru (FECAHAND). Kwamitin Olympics na Kamaru wata hukumar wasanni ce ta kasa, kuma Kamaru na daya daga cikin kasashe masu zafi da suka fafata a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi An shirya ƙungiyoyin wasanni ta hanyar kabilanci a cikin harshen Faransanci Kamaru da kuma ƙarƙashin tallafin kamfanoni ko sashe a Kamarun Anglophone. Ƙungiyoyi suna haɓaka fafatawa mai tsanani, kuma tashin hankali ba sabon abu ba ne yayin wasa. Cibiyoyin wasanni da dama ne ke kula da horar da 'yan wasa, ciki har da wasu mallakar kamfanoni masu tallafawa, irin su Brasseries du Cameroun 's l'École de Football des Brasseries du Cameroun (EFBC) a Douala Zakaran ajin masu nauyi na UFC Francis Ngannou ya fito daga Kamaru.
Wasan kwallon raga Ana gudanar da gasar cin kofin kwallon raga ta Kamaru a kai a kai. A watan Yuni 2021, an buga duk wasannin mata a dakin motsa jiki na National Advanced School of Public Works. Manyan kungiyoyin mata sun hada da FAP, Nyong, Kelle, Bafia Volleyball Juyin Halitta da Club Efoulan Ayyukan Wasanni
Hotuna
Manazarta
Bayanan Kula DeLancey, Mark W., da Mark Dike DeLancey (2000): Kamus na Tarihi na Jamhuriyar Kamaru (ed 3rd. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
Mbaku, John Mukum (2005). Al'adu da Kwastam na Kamaru Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
West, Ben (2004). Kamaru: Jagoran Balaguro na Bradt Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press |
51684 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20David%20%28dan%20kasuwan%20watsa%20labarai%29 | Daniel David (dan kasuwan watsa labarai) | Daniel David (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 1966 an haife shi a Maputo, Mozambique. Shi ne Shugaban DHD Holding da SOICO Group. Kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan masu fada a ji na yankin da ke ba da shawarar samar da ci gaba mai dorewa, bunkasar tattalin arziki, kirkire-kirkire da kuma amfani da fasaha wajen sauya fasalin dijital na Afirka.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Daniel David a gundumar Moamba da ke lardin Maputo. Ya fara aiki ne a matsayin malamin koyar da ilimin Jiki, amma sai da masu hakar ma’adinan zinare na Afirka ta Kudu suka yaudare shi, kamar sauran matasan zamaninsa, ya bar Mozambique. Ya yi aiki a wurin a matsayin mai hakar ma’adinai na tsawon watanni 18 kuma daga baya ya koma Mozambique.
Ya halarci kwas din Gudanarwa a Jami'ar UNISA RSA (Advanced Executive Programme), kuma ya yi digiri a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Polytechnic (tsohon ISPU).
Sana'ar kasuwanci Ya shiga gidan talabijin na Mozambique (TVM) a matsayin mai gudanarwa a shekarar 1989. Bayan haka, ya kasance Daraktan horarwa da hadin gwiwa; Daraktan Kasuwanci da Tallace-tallace kuma daga baya, an nada shi memba na Hukumar Gudanarwar TVM. A shekara ta 2000, lokacin da yake da shekaru 34, ya kafa Independent Communication Society (SOICO, Ltd), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta farko a Mozambique dan riƙe tashar talabijin (Stv, 2002), gidan rediyo (Sfm, 2004), Jarida ta yau da kullun (O País, 2005) da tashar labarai ta USB ta duniya STV Notícias (2014).
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ya dade yana aiki, a cikin kasa da kuma na duniya. A cikin aikinsa, Daniel David yana da tsinkaye na nahiyar a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a. A shekara ta 1998, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban URTNA (Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarun Afirka) kuma ya kasance na musamman a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Talabijin da Rediyo–New York; Babban Taron Watsa Labarun na wealth-Cape Town; SABA Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu. A watan Satumbar 2009, shi ne kawai dan kasar Mozambique da aka gayyata dan zama memba a taron "Clinton Global Inniciative", shekara ta bayan tarihin rayuwarsa ya fito a cikin littafin "Mafi Girman Kasuwancin Afirka", wanda Moky Makura ya buga. A shekara ta 2010, ya halarci Gala International Emmy Awards a New York. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a shekarar 2014 ya zama shugaban kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Mozambique-Portugal.
Tasiri a cikin ci gaban Mozambique
Dandalin Tattalin Arziki da zamantakewa na Mozambique-MOZEFO A shekarar 2014 ya kaddamar da dandalin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Mozambique- MOZEFO, inda ya kaddamar da wani fili na tattaunawa tsakanin bangarori da al'ummomi da ba su wanzu a kasar ba sai lokacin. An gudanar da bugu na biyu na dandalin a shekarar 2017. Manufar MOZEFO ita ce ba da gudummawa ga saurin ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mozambique, gami da dunkulewa, tare da hada kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da na jama'a da kuma kungiyoyin farar hula a wani dandali na muhawara da nufin gano kalubale da ba da shawarar hanyoyin samun ci gaban bil'adama.
MozTech A shekara ta 2014 ya kirkiro MozTech, babban bikin baje kolin fasaha mafi girma a Mozambique a halin yanzu, filin muhawara, mu'amala da musayar gogewa tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na al'umma da nufin sanya fasahar yin hidima ga ci gaban kasar. A cikin 2018, MozTech ya gudanar da bugu na biyar, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmancin dijital.
100 Mafi kyawun Kyautar SME Ya kuma samar da lambar yabo ta 100 mafi kyawun SME, wanda tun daga shekarar 2012 ya ba da kyauta ga kanana da matsakaitan kamfanoni mafi kyawun aiki a kasuwar Mozambique.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa A shekara ta 2007, ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa "Award Entrepreneur of the Year Award", wanda Ernst& Young ya bayar. An kuma san shi tare da girmamawa daban-daban na kasa da na duniya, kamar bambancin da shugaban kasar Faransa, Jacques Chirac ya yi a shekarar 2007, a Afrique Avenir Forum da matsayi na Commander of the Order of Merit awarded by the President of the Portuguese Republic, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa ya ba da lambar yabo a shekarar 2016.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Daniel David. Official website. Retrieved 14 March 2019. Mozambik: Kafofin Watsa Labarai da Watsa Labaru (Yuli 2012). (a Portuguese). An dawo da 14 Maris 2019.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
35751 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%2C%20Burnett%20County%2C%20Wisconsin | Webster, Burnett County, Wisconsin | Webster ƙauye ne a gundumar Burnett a cikin jihar Wisconsin ta Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 653 a ƙidayar 2010. Yana kan hanyar Wisconsin Highway 35.
Tarihi Ana kiran ƙauyen Clam River har zuwa 1896, lokacin da aka kafa sabon ofishin gidan waya kuma mazaunin JD Rice ya roki wakilin Amurka. John J. Jenkins don canza suna zuwa Webster, bayan masanin kamus Noah Webster.
Taswira Wurin Webster yana a (45.879066, -92.365163). A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, ƙauyen yana da jimillar yanki na duk ta kasa. Ƙauyen Webster yana cikin garin Meenon, amma wani yanki ne na daban.
Webster yana da nisan mil 65 kudu da Superior, mil 94 arewa maso gabas da Minneapolis, da mil 110 arewa maso yamma da Eau Claire Alkaluma
ƙidayar 2010 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 653, gidaje 308, da iyalai 172 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance Akwai rukunin gidaje 355 a matsakaicin yawa na Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 90.4 Fari, 1.8% Ba'amurke 1.8% ta ta biyu ko fiye Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 2.0% na yawan jama'a.
Magidanta 308 ne, kashi 27.9% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 31.8% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 17.5% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 6.5% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 44.2% ba dangi bane. Kashi 39.9% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 22.4% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.12 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.76.
Tsakanin shekarun ƙauyen ya kai shekaru 40.3. 24.2% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 6% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 24.3% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 23.9% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 21.6% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko fiye. Tsarin jinsi na ƙauyen ya kasance 43.6% na maza da 56.4% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 653, gidaje 302, da iyalai 176 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 367.8 a kowace murabba'in mil (141.6/km 2 Akwai rukunin gidaje 327 a matsakaicin yawa na 184.2/sq mi (70.9/km 2 Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 90.51% Fari, 0.46% Ba'amurke, 5.05% Ba'amurke, 0.46% Asiya, da 3.52% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.31% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 302, daga cikinsu kashi 28.1% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da suke zaune tare da su, kashi 40.4% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 15.6% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 41.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 38.1% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 27.8% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.16 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.88.
A cikin ƙauyen, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 25.0% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 8.0% daga 18 zuwa 24, 22.5% daga 25 zuwa 44, 17.2% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 27.4% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 40. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 76.0. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 75.0.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a ƙauyen shine $29,432, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $35,288. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $28,214 sabanin $21,500 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na ƙauyen shine $15,411. Kusan 5.8% na iyalai da 9.9% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 15.4% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 9.4% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
Mulki Shugaban kauyen: Jeff Roberts
Amintattun Kauye:
Sarah Kasadi
Kelsey Gustafson
Timothy Maloney ne adam wata
Darrell Sears
Greg Widiker
Kevin "Charlie" Weis
Magatakarda/Ma'aji na Kauye: Debra Doriott-Kuhnly
Shugaban 'yan sanda: Stephenie Wedin
Shugaban kashe gobara: Alan Steiner
Alkalin Kotun Municipal: Brian Sears
Magatakardar Kotun Municipal: Tessa Anderson
Daraktan Ayyukan Jama'a: Jay Heyer
Mahimmanci: Steve Nordquist
Ilimi Ƙauyen Webster yanki ne na gundumar Makaranta na Webster. Gundumar makarantar ta haɗa da Webster Middle-High School, hidimar maki 5–12, da Makarantar Elementary ta Webster, tana ba da maki K-4. Gundumar ta sanya ɗalibai 655 a cikin 2017-2018. Gundumar Makarantar Webster ta rufe kusan mil mil 550 na ƙasar, galibi a cikin gundumar Burnett, tare da ƙaramin yanki a kudu maso yammacin Douglas County Ita ce gunduma ta biyu mafi girma a cikin Jihar Wisconsin, dangane da yankin yanki. Dalibai sun fito daga ƙauyen Webster, Garin Meenon, Garin Swiss, Community of Danbury, Town of Dairyland, da sauran garuruwa da yawa, da kuma ƙasar Indiyawan St. Croix Chippewa na Wisconsin Fitattun mutane Mary Mack ɗan wasan barkwanci, mawaƙa, kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo
Jarrod Washburn tulu don Mala'ikun Los Angeles
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Webster, Wisconsin Cibiyar Kasuwanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51164 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Mali | Sufuri a Mali | Ana daukar ababen more rayuwa na sufuri na kasar Mali a matsayin maras kyau, hatta bisa ka'idojin yanki, kuma rashi na takaita ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaba. Duk da haka, an lura da ingantawa a farkon shekarun 2000. Yawancin sufurin da ake yi a Mali sun kunshi motoci, jirage, da jiragen ruwa.
Layin dogo Kasar Mali tana da titin jirgin kasa guda daya (Layin Jirgin kasa na Dakar-Nijar), wanda ya hada da kilomita 729 a kasar Mali, wanda ya taso daga tashar ruwan Koulikoro ta Bamako zuwa kan iyaka da Senegal kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Dakar. Layin Bamako-Dakar, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin gurguje, mallakin wani kamfani ne na hadin gwiwa da kasashen Mali da Senegal suka kafa a shekarar 1995, da nufin mayar da hannun jari. A shekara ta 2003 kasashen biyu sun sayar da yarjejeniyar tsawon shekaru 25 don gudanar da layin dogo ga wani kamfanin kasar Canada, wanda ya yi alkawarin inganta kayan aiki da kayayyakin more rayuwa.
Sashin layin dogo na Mali ya ɗauki kimanin tan 536,000 na kaya da fasinjoji 778,000 a shekarar 1999. Hanyar ba ta da kyau, kuma ana rufe layin akai-akai a lokacin damina. Layin na da matukar muhimmanci saboda ya danganta kasar Mali da ba ta da kogi da tashar jiragen ruwa na Dakar, inda ake kara samun sha'awar kayayyakin da Mali ke fitarwa a yayin da ake fuskantar katsewar hanyar shiga birnin Abidjan na Cote d'Ivoire, sakamakon rikicin cikin gida da aka fara a kasar tun daga karshen watan nan 2002. A farkon shekarun 2000, an kuma yi shirin gina sabon layin dogo tsakanin Bamako da Kouroussa da Kankan a Guinea. Tun daga shekarar 2013, ana ba da sabis na fasinja a Mali kwanaki uku tsakanin Bamako da Kayes ta Kati da Diamou.
Manyan hanyoyi Kasar Mali tana da hanyar sadarwa da ta kai kimanin kilomita 18,563 a shekarar 2000, ciki har da kusan kilomita 4,450 na titin da aka shimfida. Babban hanyar tattalin arzikin kasar Mali da bakin teku ita ce shimfidar hanya tsakanin Bamako da Abidjan a kasar Cote d'Ivoire. Asusun Raya Kasashen Turai yana ba da tallafin kudi don gina hanyar da ta hada Bamako da Dakar na kasar Senegal. Bankin Raya Afirka na bayar da tallafin kudi don gina hanyar da ta hada Bamako da Kankan a kasar Guinea. Akwai kuma shirin hanyar da ta wuce sahara da ta hada Mali da Aljeriya. Gabaɗaya, yanayin titi a wajen birane yana da haɗari, musamman da daddare. Saboda keɓancewa, rashin kyawun hanya, da yawaitar ƴan fashi, ana ɗaukar balaguron kan ƙasa zuwa arewacin Mali da haɗari musamman. An ba da rahoton cewa tashi ko tafiya ta jirgin ruwa ya fi dacewa idan zai yiwu. Yawancin manyan titunan Mali a arewacin kasar ba su wuce hanyoyin hamada da ke da dogon zango ba.
Harkokin sufurin birni Saboda yawan mallakar motoci ya yi ƙasa, kuma zirga-zirgar jama'a ta gwamnati ba ta da yawa, motocin bas na yau da kullun da taksi suna da yawa a cikin biranen Mali. Bamako musamman an san shi da motocin tasi masu kore da rawaya. Sauran motocin, da suka haɗa da manyan motoci, bas, babura da ƙananan motoci, suna aiki a matsayin tasi. A shekarun baya-bayan nan kananan babura, wadanda ake shigo da su daga kasar Sin da kuma rashin lasisi, sun mamaye yawancin zirga-zirgar Bamako. Yawancin babura masu tsada su ne kawai sufuri mai araha a Mali, inda ake sayar da kekunan da Sinawa ke kerawa akan dalar Amurka 700. Yayin da gwamnati a hukumance ke buƙatar ba da lasisi ga babura da masu sarrafa su, waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba a kula da su sosai. An kiyasta cewa babura 500,000 suna aiki a kasar Mali a shekarar 2009, kashi biyu bisa uku na kekuna masu tsada na kasar Sin, wanda aka fi sani da "Jakarta" a cikin gida, wanda ya fi karfin tattalin arzikin man fetur amma karancin tsaro fiye da tsadar kayayyaki na Japan ko kasashen yamma. A cikin shekarun 1990, Bamako ta haramta hawan doki, wanda ya haifar da karuwar kulolin hannu a kan tituna. Gina titin na baya-bayan nan ya haɗa da raba hanyoyin mota masu ƙafa biyu (karayu, kekuna, babura), masu ƙafa huɗu, da zirga-zirgar ƙafa.
Mutuwar hanya Hatsarin mota ya zama ruwan dare a kan hanyoyin kasar Mali. Ma'aikatar kayan aiki da sufuri ta kasar Mali ta bayar da rahoton cewa, rabin farko na shekarar 2008 an samu mutuwar mutane 254 da jikkata 1,924 a kan hanyoyin kasar Mali, bayan mutuwar mutane 579 a shekarar 2007 da 642 a shekarar 2006. Gwamnati ta yi alkawarin bayar da CFAF biliyan 15 a shekara ta 2009 don tallafawa kiyaye hanyoyin mota, kuma ta yi alkawarin samar da hukumar kula da hanyoyin mota ta kasa domin kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa.
Cin hanci da rashawa na 'yan sanda A yayin da aka saba ganin shingen ‘yan sanda a manyan titunan Afirka, kuma yayin da ake yawan neman cin hanci da rashawa a irin wadannan tashoshi a kasashe da dama, a karshen shekara ta 2008 ne aka ware babbar hanyar Mali da ta nufi kudu daga Bamako zuwa iyakar Burkina Faso a matsayin mafi muni. Afirka ta Yamma. Wani bincike da kungiyar da ke sa ido kan ayyukan da ba su dace ba (OPA) na kungiyar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kudi ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAEMU) ta yi, ya nuna cewa bangaren Mali na wannan hanya ya kasance mafi yawan shingaye na ‘yan sanda tare da mafi yawan kudaden da ake biyan cin hanci a kowace tafiya a yammacin Afirka. Matsakaicin shingen hanya ashirin da tara, kusan 4 ga kowane 100 km, an ruwaito daga Yuni zuwa watan Satumba 2008. Adadin da aka biya na cin hanci a sashin Mali (kowace tafiya) shine CFA F 31,509. Har ila yau, a filin jirgin saman Bamako ya zama ruwan dare don neman CFA 40.000 don a ba da izinin barin ƙasar. Yayin da a wasu kasashe jami'an kwastam ne ke da alhakin mafi yawan tashoshi, a Mali, an gano jandarmomi ('yan sanda na kasa) da kuma 'yan sanda ne ke haifar da mafi yawan cin hanci da karbar rashawa a shingaye.
Tashoshi da hanyoyin ruwa Mali ba ta da tashar jiragen ruwa domin ba ta da ruwa, amma Koulikoro da ke kogin Neja kusa da Bamako, shi ne babban tashar kogin. A al'adance, Abidjan a Côte d'Ivoire ta kasance babbar tashar ruwa ta Mali, tana tafiyar da kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na kasuwancin Mali (sai dai zinari da ake fitarwa zuwa waje). Kasuwancin fitar da kayayyaki na Mali ya sha wahala lokacin da rikici a Cote d'Ivoire a farkon shekarun 2000 ya katse hanyar kasuwanci. Kasar Mali tana da nisan kilomita 1,815 na magudanan ruwa na cikin kasa, musamman kogin Neja, wasu sassan da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar matsakaita da manya a lokacin damina (Yuni/Yuli-Nuwamba/Disamba) a shekarun da aka saba ana samun ruwan sama. Sassan kogin Senegal kuma ana iya kewayawa, suna ba da damar shiga Tekun Atlantika duk shekara daga Kayes zuwa St. Louis a Senegal.
Jirgin sama A shekara ta 2007 Mali na da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama 29, 8 daga cikinsu suna da shimfidar titin jiragen sama. Babban filin jirgin dai shi ne filin jirgin sama na Senou na Bamako, wanda ke ba da jiragen sama zuwa kasashe makwabta da Turai. A matsayin wani ɓangare na inganta ababen more rayuwa a shekara ta 2002, an tsawaita titin jirgin sama a Bamako, kuma an gina sabbin filayen jiragen sama a wuraren da a baya keɓe a yamma—Kayes, Mopti, da Sikasso. Air France da wani jirgin sama na Belgium ne ke ba da sabis na nahiyoyi daga Bamako, da sauransu.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29771 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Parajanov | Sergei Parajanov | Articles with hCards
Serhii Parajanov Armenian ;dan Georgian dan Ukraine wani lokacin rubuta Paradzhanov ko Paradjanov Janairu 9, 1924 Yuli 20, 1990) darektan fina-finai ne na Soviet Armenia, marubucin fina-finai kuma mai zane wanda ya ba da gudummawar seminal ga cinema na duniya tare da fina-finansa Inuwar Magabata da Launin Ruman. Parajanov yana daga cikin masu sharhin fina-finai, masana tarihin fina-finai, da masu shirya fina-finai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai da suka fi tasiri a tarihin sinima. Ya ƙirƙiro salon silima nasa, wanda ba shi da tsari tare da ka'idodin jagora na hakikar gurguzu; kawai salon fasaha da aka ba da izini a cikin USSR. Wannan, haɗe da salon rayuwarsa da halayensa, ya sa hukumomin Soviet suka ci gaba da tsananta masa da ɗaure shi, da kuma danne fina-finansa. Duk da haka, an nada Parajanov ɗaya daga cikin 20 Direktocin Fina-Finai na Gaba ta Rotterdam International Film Festival, kuma fina-finansa sun kasance cikin manyan fina-finai na kowane lokaci ta mujallar Cibiyar Fina-Fina ta Burtaniya ta Sight & Sound.
Ko da yake ya fara sana'ar shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1954, daga baya Parajanov ya musanta dukkan fina-finan da ya yi kafin 1965 a matsayin "bola". Bayan jagorancin Shadows of Forgotten magabata (wanda aka sake masa suna Wild Horses of Fire don yawancin rarrabawar kasashen waje) Parajanov ya zama wani abu na mashahuriyar duniya kuma a lokaci guda hari na USSR. Kusan duk ayyukansa na fina-finai da tsare-tsare daga 1965 zuwa 1973 gwamnatocin fina-finan Soviet ne suka haramta, kora ko rufe su, na gida (a Kyiv da Yerevan da na tarayya Goskino kusan ba tare da tattaunawa ba, har sai da aka kama shi a ƙarshen 1973. akan tuhumar karya da laifin fyade, luwadi da cin hanci An daure shi har zuwa 1977, duk da neman afuwar da wasu masu fasaha suka yi. Ko da bayan an sake shi (an kama shi a karo na uku da na ƙarshe a cikin 1982) ya kasance mutumin da ba grata ba ne a fim ɗin Soviet. Sai a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, lokacin da yanayin siyasa ya fara shakatawa, zai iya ci gaba da jagoranci. Duk da haka, yana buƙatar taimakon ƙwararren ɗan wasan Jojiya Dodo Abashidze da sauran abokansa don ganin fina-finansa na ƙarshe sun haskaka. Lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai bayan shekaru hudu a sansanonin aiki da watanni tara a kurkuku a Tbilisi. Parajanov ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar kansar huhu a shekarar 1990, a daidai lokacin da, bayan kusan shekaru 20 na danne fina-finansa, ana nuna fina-finansa a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasashen waje. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a 1988 ya bayyana cewa, "Kowa ya san cewa ina da Motherland guda uku. An haife ni a Jojiya, na yi aiki a Ukraine kuma zan mutu a Armeniya." An binne Parajanov a Komitas Pantheon a Yerevan. Fina-finan Parajanov sun sami kyaututtuka a bikin fina-finai na Mar del Plata, bikin fina-finai na Istanbul International, kyautar Nika Awards, Rotterdam International Film Festival, Sitges Catalan International Film Festival, São Paulo International Film Festival da sauransu. Cikakken bita a cikin Burtaniya ya faru a cikin 2010 a BFI Southbank Layla Alexander-Garrett da kwararre na Parajanov Elisabetta Fabrizi ne suka yi la'akari da abin da ya biyo baya wanda ya ba da izini ga sabon hukumar Parajanov da aka yi wahayi a cikin BFI Gallery ta mai zane na zamani Matt Collishaw ('Retrospectre'). An sadaukar da wani taron karawa juna sani ga aikin Paradjanov wanda ya hada masana don tattaunawa da kuma nuna farin ciki da gudummawar da darektan ya bayar ga cinema da fasaha.
Kuruciya da fina-finai An haifi Parajanov Sarkis Hovsepi Parajaniants ga iyayen Armeniya mawaka, Iosif Paradjanov da Siranush Bejanova, a Tbilisi, Jojiya duk da haka, sunan iyali na Parajaniants an tabbatar da shi ta wani takardun tarihi mai rai a Serhii Parajanov Museum da ke Yerevan. Ya sami damar yin fasaha tun yana karami. A 1945, ya yi tafiya zuwa Moscow, ya shiga cikin sashen bayar da umarni a VGIK, daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi girma a makarantun fina-finai a Turai, kuma ya yi karatu a karkashin jagorancin darektoci Igor Savchenko da Oleksandr Dovzhenko A cikin 1948 an same shi da laifin yin luwadi (wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet) tare da wani jami'in MGB mai suna Nikolai Mikava a Tbilisi. Daga baya an tabbatar da wadannan tuhume-tuhumen cewa karya ne. An yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari, amma an sake shi bisa afuwar bayan watanni uku. A cikin hirar bidiyo, abokai da dangi suna adawa da gaskiyar duk wani abu da aka tuhume shi da shi. Suna kyautata zaton hukuncin zai kasance wani nau'i ne na ramuwar gayya na siyasa don ra'ayinsa na tawaye.
A 1950 Parajanov ya auri matarsa ta farko, Nigyar Kerimova, a kasar Moscow. Ta fito daga dangin Tatar Musulma kuma ta koma Kiristanci ta Gabas don ta auri Parajanov. Daga baya ‘yan uwanta ne suka kashe ta saboda musuluntarta. Bayan kisan kai Parajanov ya bar Rasha zuwa Kyiv, Ukraine, inda ya samar da wasu takardun shaida Dumka, Golden Hands, Natalia Uzhvy da kuma wasu fina-finai masu ban sha'awa: Andriesh (dangane da tatsuniya na marubucin Moldovan Emilian Bukov The Top Guy (mai kida kolkhoz Ukrainian Rhapsody (wani melodrama na yaƙi), da Flower on the Stone (game da wata ƙungiyar addini da ke kutsawa cikin garin hakar ma'adinai a cikin Donets Basin Ya zama ƙwararren harshen Ukrainian kuma ya auri matarsa ta biyu, Svitlana Ivanivna Shcherbatiuk (1938-2020 wanda kuma aka sani da Svetlana Sherbatiuk ko Svetlana Parajanova, a cikin 1956. Shcherbatiuk ta haifi ɗa, Suren, a cikin 1958. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun rabu kuma ita da Suren suka ƙaura zuwa Kyiv, Ukraine.
Fita daga Soviet Fim ɗin farko na Andrey Tarkovsky na Ivan's Childhood ya yi tasiri sosai a kan gano kansa na Parajanov a matsayin ɗan fim. Daga baya tasirin ya zama juna, kuma shi da Tarkovsky sun zama abokai na kusa. Wani tasiri shi ne dan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci Pier Paolo Pasolini, wanda Parajanov zai bayyana a matsayin "kamar Allah" a gare shi da kuma darektan "style majestic". A cikin 1965 Parajanov ya watsar da gaskiyar gurguzanci kuma ya jagoranci mawaƙan Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, fim ɗinsa na farko wanda yake da cikakken ikon sarrafawa. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa da yawa kuma, ba kamar launi na Ruman na gaba ba, hukumomin Soviet sun sami karbuwa sosai. Kwamitin Edita na Rubutun a Goskino na Ukraine ya yaba wa fim ɗin don "ba da ingancin shayari da zurfin falsafa na labarin M. Kotsiubynsky ta hanyar harshen sinima," kuma ya kira shi "kyakkyawan nasarar ƙirƙirar ɗakin studio Dovzhenko." Har ila yau, Moscow ta amince da bukatar Goskino na Ukraine na sakin fim ɗin tare da ainihin sauti na Ukraine, maimakon rage tattaunawar zuwa Rasha don sakin Tarayyar Soviet, don kiyaye dandano na Ukrain. (Rubutun Rashanci ya kasance daidaitaccen aiki a wancan lokacin don fina-finai na Soviet wadanda ba na Rasha ba lokacin da aka rarraba su a wajen jamhuriyar asali. Parajanov ya bar Kyiv jim kaɗan zuwa ƙasar kakannin sa, Armeniya. A cikin 1969, ya shiga Sayat Nova, fim ɗin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin nasarar da ya samu, ko da yake an harbe shi a cikin ƙananan yanayi kuma yana da ƙananan kasafin kuɗi da aka tanada. Masu binciken Soviet sun shiga tsakani kuma sun haramta Sayat Nova saboda abubuwan da ake zargin sa na tayar da hankali. Parajanov ya sake gyara hotunansa kuma ya sake suna fim din Launi na Ruman Actor Alexei Korotyukov ya ce: "Pradjanov ya yi fina-finai ba game da yadda abubuwa suke ba, amma yadda za su kasance da ya kasance ubangiji." Mikhail Vartanov ya rubuta a cikin 1969 cewa "Baya ga yaren fina-finai da Griffith da Eisenstein suka ba da shawara, sinimar duniya ba ta gano wani sabon juyin yanayi ba sai lokacinda ya saki fim dinsa naThe Color of Pomegranates Daurin yari kuma daga baya aiki A watan Disamba na 1973, hukumomin Soviet sun kara tsananta shakku game da ayyukan da Parajanov ya dauka, musamman ma na sha'awar jinsi maza da mata, kuma sun yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a wani da horo mai tsanani saboda "fyade ga memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, da yada fina-finan batsa." Kwanaki uku kafin a yanke wa Parajanov hukunci, Andrei Tarkovsky ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ukraine, yana mai cewa "A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce Sergei Paradjanov ya yi fina-finai biyu kawai: Shadows na kakanninmu da aka manta da kuma launi na Ruman. Sun yi tasiri a cinema na farko a Ukraine, na biyu a wannan ƙasa gaba ɗaya, kuma na uku a duniya gabaɗaya. A fasaha, akwai 'yan mutane a duk duniya, wanda zai iya maye gurbin Paradjanov. Yana da laifi laifin kadaici. Muna da laifin rashin tunaninsa kullum da kuma kasa gano ma'anar ubangida." Wata ƙungiyar masu fasaha, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, masu shirya fina-finai da masu fafutuka sun yi zanga-zanga a madadin Parajanov, suna masu kira da a sake shi cikin gaggawa. Daga cikinsu akwai Robert De Niro, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Leonid Gaidai, Eldar Ryazanov, Yves Saint Laurent, Marcello Mastroianni, Françoise Sagan, Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Luis Buñuel, Federico Fellini ovsky da Andrei Michel ovsky Mikhail Vartanov Parajanov ya yi shekaru hudu daga cikin hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar, kuma daga baya ya ba da labarin sakinsa na farko ga kokarin mawallafin Faransanci na Surrealist Louis Aragon, da Rasha Elsa Triolet (matar Aragon), da marubucin Amurka John Updike. Leonid Brezhnev, Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet ne ya ba da izinin sakinsa da wuri, mai yiwuwa sakamakon samun damar ganawa da Brezhnev da Aragon da Triolet a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi a Moscow. Lokacin da Brezhnev ya tambaye shi ko zai iya taimakawa, Aragon ya bukaci a saki Parajanov, wanda aka yi a watan Disamba 1977. Yayin da yake tsare, Parajanov ya samar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan sassake-sassake (wasu daga cikinsu sun ɓace) da kuma wasu zane-zane 800 da haɗin gwiwar, yawancin su daga baya an nuna su a Yerevan, inda Serhii Parajanov Museum yanzu ya kasance na dindindin. (Gidan gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1991, shekara guda bayan mutuwar Parajanov, yana ɗaukar ayyuka sama da 200 da kayan masarufi daga gidansa a Tbilisi Ƙoƙarin da ya yi a cikin sansanin ya sha wahala daga masu gadin kurkuku, waɗanda suka hana shi kayan aiki kuma suka kira shi mahaukaci, zaluncinsu ya ragu ne kawai bayan wata sanarwa daga Moscow ta yarda cewa "darektan yana da basira sosai." Bayan da ya dawo daga kurkuku zuwa Tbilisi, sa idon na Soviet censors ya hana Parajanov ci gaba da ayyukansa na cinematic kuma ya kai shi ga wuraren fasahar da ya reno a lokacin da yake kurkuku. Ya ƙera manyan ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙira, ya ƙirƙiri tarin zane-zane masu tarin yawa kuma ya bi wasu hanyoyi masu yawa na fasaha da ba na cinema ba, ɗinkin ƴan tsana da wasu kaya masu ban sha'awa.
A cikin Fabrairu 1982 an sake daure Parajanov a kurkuku, a kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya faru daidai da komawarsa Moscow don fara wasan kwaikwayo na tunawa da Vladimir Vysotsky a Taganka Theater, kuma an yi shi da wani mataki na yaudara. Duk da hukuncin daurin rai da rai, an sake shi cikin kasa da shekara guda, inda lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai. A cikin 1985, fara rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet ya sa Parajanov ya ci gaba da sha'awar cinema. Tare da ƙarfafawar ƙwararrun masu ilimin Georgian daban-daban, ya kirkiro fim ɗin da aka ba da lambar yabo da yawa The Legend of Suram Fortress, bisa ga wani labari na Daniel Chonkadze, komawar sa na farko zuwa cinema tun Sayat Nova shekaru goma sha biyar da suka wuce. A cikin 1988, Parajanov ya yi wani fim ɗin da ya sami lambar yabo da yawa, Ashik Kerib, bisa labarin da Mikhail Lermontov ya yi. Labari ne na mawaƙa mai yawo, wanda aka kafa a cikin al'adun Azerbaijan Parajanov ya sadaukar da fim din ga abokinsa Andrei Tarkovsky da "ga dukan 'ya'yan duniya".
Mutuwa Parajanov sai yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala aikinsa na ƙarshe. Ya mutu da ciwon daji a Yerevan, Armeniya a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1990, yana da shekaru 66, ya bar wannan aikin na ƙarshe, The Confession, bai gama ba. Abokinsa na kusa ya karasa aikin a matsayin Parajanov: The Last Spring, wanda abokinsa Mikhail Vartanov ya tattara a 1992. Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Giulietta Masina, Marcello Mastroianni da Bernardo Bertolucci na daga cikin wadanda suka fito fili suka yi alhinin mutuwarsa. Sun aika da telegram zuwa Rasha tare da wannan sanarwa: "Duniyar cinema ta rasa mai sihiri".
Tasiri da manufofin da ya bari Duk da karatun fim da yayi a VGIK, Parajanov ya gano hanyarsa ta fasaha ne kawai bayan ya ga fim din farko mai kama da mafarki na darektan Soviet Andrei Tarkovsky Ivan's Childhood Parajanov ya kasance mai matukar godiya ga Tarkovsky da kansa a cikin fim din tarihin rayuwarsa Voyage in Time ("Koyaushe tare da babbar godiya da jin daɗi na tuna da fina-finai na Serhii Parajanov wanda nake so sosai. Hanyar tunaninsa, abin ban mamaki, waƙarsa ikon son kyan gani da ikon samun cikakkiyar 'yanci a cikin hangen nesansa"). A cikin wannan fim din Tarkovsky ya bayyana cewa Parajanov yana daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ya fi so.
Mai shirya fina-finai na Italiya Michelangelo Antonioni ya bayyana cewa ("Launi na Ruman ta Parajanov, a ganina yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun daraktocin fina-finai na zamani, ya buga da kamalar kyawunsa." Parajanov kuma ya sami sha'awar ɗan fim ɗan Amurka Francis Ford Coppola Daraktan fina-finan Faransa Jean-Luc Godard kuma ya bayyana cewa ("A cikin haikalin cinema, akwai hotuna, haske, da gaskiya. Sergei Parajanov shi ne shugaban wannan haikalin"). Mai shirya fina-finai na Soviet Mikhail Vartanov ya ce ("Wataƙila, ban da yaren fim ɗin da Griffith da Eisenstein suka ba da shawara, sinimar duniya ba ta gano wani sabon juyin juya hali ba har sai Paradjanov's The Color of Ruman." Bayan mutuwar Parjanov, Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Giulietta Masina, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Bernardo Bertolucci, da Marcello Mastroianni tare sun aika da wasiƙar zuwa Tarayyar Soviet suna cewa ("Tare da mutuwar Parajanov, cinema ya rasa daya daga cikin masu sihiri. Fantasy Parajanov zai kasance mai ban sha'awa har abada kuma ya kawo farin ciki ga mutanen duniya Duk da cewa yana da masu sha'awar fasaharsa da yawa, hangen nesansa bai jawo masa mabiya da yawa ba. "Duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi koyi da ni ya ɓace," in ji shi. Duk da haka, masu gudanarwa irin su Theo Angelopoulos, Béla Tarr da Mohsen Makhmalbaf sun raba hanyar Parajanov zuwa fim a matsayin mai mahimmanci na gani maimakon a matsayin kayan aiki na labari. An kafa Cibiyar Parajanov-Vartanov a Hollywood a shekara ta 2010 don yin nazari, adanawa da inganta abubuwan fasaha na Sergei Parajanov da Mikhail Vartanov.
Fina-finai
Wasan kwaikwayo
Ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors 1965, wanda aka rubuta tare da Ivan Chendei, bisa ga littafin Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky Kyiv Frescoes 1965)
Sayat Nova 1969, samar da wasan kwaikwayo na Launi na Ruman Furuci 1969–1989)
Nazarin Game da Vrubel tydy bele, 1989, nunin lokacin Mikhail Vrubel 's Kyiv, wanda Leonid Osyka ya rubuta kuma ya jagoranci)
Lake Swan: Yankin 1989, wanda aka yi fim a 1990, wanda Yuriy Illienko ya jagoranta, mai cinematographer na Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors Wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan da ba a samar da su ba Fadar Dormant 1969, bisa ga waƙar Pushkin The Fountain of Bakhchisaray Intermezzo (1972, bisa ga gajeriyar labarin Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky)
Icarus 1972)
The Golden Edge 1972)
Ara the Beautiful 1972, bisa ga waƙar na karni na 20 mawaƙin Armeniya Nairi Zaryan game da Ara the Beautiful Demon 1972, bisa ga waka mai suna Lermontov The Miracle of Odense 1973, sako-sako da bisa ga rayuwa da ayyukan Hans Christian Andersen Dauda na Sasun tsakiyar 1980s, bisa ga waƙar Armeniya David na Sasun Shahadar Shushanik 1987, bisa ga tarihin Jojiya na Iakob Tsurtaveli Taskar Dutsen Ararat Daga cikin ayyukansa, akwai kuma shirye-shiryen daidaitawa Longfellow 's The Song of Hiawatha, Shakespeare 's Hamlet, Goethe 's Faust, Tsohon Gabas Slavic waka The Tale of Igor's Campaign, amma ba'a taba kammala rubutunsu ba
Nassoshi a cikin shahararrun al'adu Labarin rayuwar Parajanov yana ba da (sauƙi) tushen tushen littafin Stet na 2006 na marubucin Amurka James Chapman.
Bidiyon Lady Gaga 911 yayi nuni ga shirin The Color of Pomegranates na akasarin sassan bidiyon. Hoton fim ɗin kuma ya bayyana a kan titi a ƙarshen bidiyon. Bidiyon Gaga yana gabatar da alamun fim ɗin a cikin kwatancenta na tsananin rayuwa.
Bidiyon waƙar Madonna na 1995 Labarin Kwanciya ya sake dawo da wasu abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin (kamar wurin wani ƙaramin yaro yana kwance a wuri tayi a kan pentagram a ƙasa yayin da babba ya lulluɓe shi da bargo, wani kuma inda ƙafar tsirara ta murkushe shi. gungun inabi suna kwance akan kwamfutar hannu da aka rubuta), a tsakanin sauran ƙwaƙƙwaran fasaha waɗanda ke nuna mafarkai da zane-zane na zahiri a cikin bidiyon.
Nicolas Jaar ya fito, a cikin album na Pomegranates a shekara ta 2015, na Ruman, wanda aka yi nufi a matsayin madadin sauti na fim din.
Hakanan ya haifar da madadin bidiyon kiɗan REM na rukunin rock don Rasa Addinina Kyaututtuka da karramawa Akwai wani karamin mutum-mutumi na Parajanov a Tbilisi
Akwai plaque a bangon gidan yara na Parajanov
Titin Parajanov ya girma, titin Kote Meskhi, an sake masa suna Parajanov Street a cikin 2021.
Akwai gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Parajanov a Yerevan, Armenia
Duba kuma Fim ɗin fasaha
Asteroid 3963 Paradzhanov
Cinema na Armenia
Cinema na Jojiya
Cinema na Tarayyar Soviet
Cinema na Ukraine
Serhii Parajanov Museum
Jerin daraktoci masu alaƙa da fim ɗin fasaha
Manazarta
Nassoshi Zaɓaɓɓen nassi na littattafai da kuma masana articles game da Sergei Parajanov.
Hakaitowa daga harshen Turanci Dixon, Wheeler Foster, Gwendolyn. "Gajeren Tarihin Fim". New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780813542690
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Kalantar, Karen. Ocherki ko Paradzhanove. Yerevan: Gitutiun NAN RA, 1998. (harshen Rasha)
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Mechitov, Yuri. Sergei Paradzhanov: Khronika tattaunawa. Tbilisi: GAMS- bugu, 2009. (harshen Rasha) Paradzhanov, Sergei. An samu'. Kora Tsereteli ya gyara. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2001. (harshen Rasha) Paradzhanov, Sergei, Garegin Zakoian. Abin farin ciki. Yerevan: Fil'madaran, 2000. (harshen Rasha) Simyan, Tigran Sergei Parajanov a matsayin Rubutu: Mutum, Habitus, da Ciki (akan kayan rubutun gani) Jaridar Visual Semiotics 2019, N 3, shafi. 197-215
Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008. ISBN 9788425342646
Tsareteli, Kora, ed. Kollazh na fone avtoportreta: Zhizn'–igra. 2nd ed. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2008. (harshen Rasha) Vartanov, Mikhail. "Sergej Paradzanov." A cikin "Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche." Venice, Italiya: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (harshen Italiyanci) Vartanov, Mikhail. "Les Cimes du Monde." Cahiers du Cinéma" no. 381, 1986 (harshen Faransanci)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo (Parajanov.com)
Sergej Parajanov Museum Hollywood Reporter
Ranar ƙarshe na Hollywood
The Moscow Times
ENCI.com Shari'ar Parajanov, Maris 1982
Sergei Parajanov shekaru 75
Cinemaseekers Honor Roll Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sergei Parajanov akan GoYerevan.com
Hira da Ron Holloway
Jaruma Sofiko Chiaureli da wasu da yawa game da shi
Arts: Armenian Rhapsody
An cire shi daga "Fina-finan Paradjanov akan tarihin Soviet" na Jonathan Rosenbaum
Ga wadanda suke so su sani game da Parajanov
Maraice na Moscow Newspaper Ma'aurata na Sergei Parajanov da Mikhail Vartanov sun sami kyaututtuka a Hollywood
Sergey Parajanov. Ƙungiyoyin. Zane-zane. Ayyukan Ado Art. Kyiv, 2008.
Darektocin fim na Soviet
Haihuwan 1924
Mutuwar 1990
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23196 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Nwabueze%20Ngige | Chris Nwabueze Ngige | Chris Nwabueze Ngige an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 1952. Shine Ministan kwadago da samar da ayyukan yi (Najeriya), wanda aka nada don yin wa'adi biyu a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari. An zabe shi dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar mazabar Anambra ta tsakiya a watan Afrilun 2011. Ya yi gwamnan jihar Anambara a Nijeriya daga Mayu 2003 zuwa Maris 2006 a karkashin Jam’iyyar PDP. Chris Ngige a yanzu haka dan jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) ne.
Farkon Rayuwa Ngige likita ne ta hanyar sana'a, Ngige ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Nijeriya-Nsukka a 1979. Nan da nan Chris ya shiga aikin farar hula, yana aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa da kuma dakunan shan magani na gidan gwamnati a lokuta daban-daban. Ya yi ritaya a 1998 a matsayin mataimakin darakta a Ma’aikatar lafiya ta tarayya.
Siyasa Dokta Chris Nwabueze Ngige ya shiga siyasa, inda ya zama memba na Jam’iyyar PDP. A shekarar 1999, ya kasance Mataimakin Sakatare na Kasa da Sakataren Zonal na Jam'iyyar PDP a shiyyar Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya.
A 2003, an zabe shi gwamnan jihar Anambra a cikin yanayi mai cike da cece-kuce. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba ya raba gari da mahaifinsa na siyasa, Chris Uba dan uwan Andy Uba, bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba a ranar 10 ga Yulin 2003 don a tsige shi daga mukaminsa, ta hanyar wasikar murabus da aka kirkira wacce majalisar jihar ta karba. A watan Agusta, 2005, Kotun Zabe karkashin jagorancin Mai Shari’a Nabaruma ta soke nasarar Ngige a 2003. Ya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayyar Najeriya, amma an tabbatar da soke zaben a ranar 15 ga Maris 2006, a hukuncin yanke hukunci kan Peter Obi na All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA). Ba a ci gaba da daukaka kara ba, kuma Ngige ya amince da hukuncin da zuciya daya, yana kira ga mutanen Anambra da su ba magajin nasa goyon baya. Bayan tsige Peter Obi da ya biyo baya, Ngige ya yi yunkurin shiga zaben gwamnonin jihohi a watan Afrilun 2007, amma ya fusata da Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa da kuma 'rashin cancanta' na tarayya, ko da kuwa bayan da wata Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta yi watsi da matakin. A taron karshe, an tsige tsige Obi ta wata hanya, kuma Obi yayi shekaru hudu. A lokacin, an ma soki Ngige sosai saboda ya bayyana tsirara a gun ibadar Okija voodoo a lokacin kamfen dinsa na zama gwamna.
Ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun 2010, Ngige ya sake tsayawa takarar gwamnan jihar Anambra. Sauran fitattun ‘yan siyasar da suka fafata da shi sun hada da Andy Uba, Charles Soludo, Nicholas Ukachukwu, Mrs. Uche Ekwunife, Ralph Nwosu, da gwamna mai ci, Peter Obi. A cikin duka, akwai 'yan takara 25 don wannan zaben. Peter Obi ne ya lashe zaben sannan ya fara wa’adin sa na biyu a matsayin gwamnan jihar ta Anambra.
A watan Afrilun 2011, Ngige ya tsaya takarar sanata mai wakiltar Anambra ta Tsakiya, a dandalin Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). Bayan matsalolin jefa kuri’a a wasu yankuna na mazabar a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, an gudanar da zaben a wadannan yankuna a ranar 25 ga Afrilu kuma an bayyana Ngige a matsayin wanda ya lashe tsohuwar Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa Farfesa Dora Akunyili na APGA, da kuri’u 69,765 yayin da Akunyili ya samu 69,292.
A ranar 11 November 2015 ne, shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Ngige matsayin Ministan Kwadago da Aiki na Najeriya.
Ngige na zaman sanata a tarayyar Najeriya ya zo karshe biyo bayan faduwarsa a zaben 2015 da Hon. Misis Uche Ekwunife wacce aka rantsar a matsayin sanata mai wakiltar yankin sanata mai wakiltar Anambra ta tsakiya a majalisar dokokin Najeriya ta 8 a halin yanzu.
A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Ngige ministan kwadago da samar da ayyukan yi. A shekarar 2019, Shugaban Kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya zabi Chris Ngige a matsayin Ministan wada za'a tantance a Majalisar.
A ranar 19 April 2022 ne, Nigige ya nuna ra'ayinsa na fitowa takarar kujerar shugabancin Najeriya a karkashin jam'iyyar APC. Kwararren dan siyasan wanda ya rike mukamin gwamna na Jihar Anambra, Sanata kuma Minista, ya bayyan kanshi a matsayin "jack of all trade and masters of all".
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6174 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina%20%28birni%29 | Katsina (birni) | Katsina ko Katsinna da Kachinna,daga Masinna, [Machinna] da Teshinna [Tachinna], mai yiwuwa daga "Tamashek" (ma'ana ɗa ko jinsi] ko mazza [maza] masu "inna" [uwa] Karamar Hukuma ce. Area kuma Babban Birnin Jihar Katsina, a Arewacin Najeriya. Katsina tana da nisan gabas da birnin, Sokoto da arewa maso yammacin Kano, kusa da kan iyaka da Nijar, Jamhuriyar.
A shekarar 2016, adadin mutanen Katsina ya kai 429,000.
Tarihi: Yusuf SahaBi
Tarihi: Birnin kewaye yake da bango mai nisa kilomita 21(mil 13) a tsayi, an yi imanin cewa an kafa Katsina tun kusan shekaru sama da 1100. A zamanin da, idan aka samu Sarkin na Katsina da mulki na rashin sanin yakamata ana yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Daga karni na 17 zuwa na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci a kasar Hausa, kuma ta zama mafi girma a cikin jihohin Hausa guda bakwai. Fulani sun mamaye Katsina a lokacin yakin Fulani a shekarar 1807. A shekarar 1903, Sarki Abubakar dan Ibrahim ya karbi mulkin Birtaniya, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Nijeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 1960.
A lokacin cinikayyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, an san birnin Katsina na daya daga cikin manyan wuraren kasuwanci da karin iko, kuma an yi imani da cewa ita ce mafi karfi daga cikin masarautun kasar Hausa ta fuskar ilmi na addini da kasuwanci da sana'o'i. Bajamushe mai binciken Friedrich Hornemann ya isa Katsina, Bature na farko da ya yi haka, a farkon karni na 19.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Tarihin birnin na ilimi irin na yamma ya samo asali ne tun farkon shekarun 1950, lokacin da aka kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya Kwalejin Malamai ta Katsina Yanzu haka akwai manyan makarantu da dama da suka hada da jami’o’i uku: Jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar’adua da Jami’ar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Dutsinma da kuma Jami'ar Alqalam (mai zaman kanta), da Makarantar Fasaha ta Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, da Kuma Makarantar koyon jinya(School of nursing) wadda ke cikin babbar asibitin Katsina Haka nan birnin Katsina yana da wani masallaci da aka gina a karni na 18 wanda ke dauke da Hasumiyar Gobarau, mai mai tazarar kafa 50 (mita 15 Hasumiyar da aka yi daga kasa da rassan dabino. [2]
Cibiyar Noma
Birnin shi ne cibiyar yankin noma da ke samar da gyaɗa, auduga, fatu, gero da masara ta Guinea sannan kuma yana da injina na sarrafa man gyada, da karfe, ya kasance cibiyar kiwon shanu, awaki., tumaki da kaji.
Mafi yawan al'ummar Birnin musulmi ne musamman daga al'ummar Hausawa da Fulani.
Marigayi Shugaban Najeriya Umaru 'Yar'aduwa ya kasance dan asalin birni rike da sarautar gargajiya a Katsina. Gwamnan jihar Katsina mai ci a yanzu shi ne Mal. Dikko Umar Radda PhD, wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023, wanda ya gaji Aminu Bello Masari.
Masarautar Katsina Gidan sarautar Katsina wanda aka fi sani da 'Gidan Korau' wani katon katafaren gini ne da ke tsakiyar tsohon birnin. Alama ce ta al'adu, tarihi da al'adun 'Katsinawa'. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, Muhammadu Korau ne ya gina shi a shekarar 1348, wanda ake kyautata zaton shi ne Sarkin Katsina Musulmi na farko. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa a al'adance ake kiransa 'Gidan Korau' (Gidan Korau). Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma a cikin manyan gidajen sarauta, tare da Daura, Kano da Zazzau. An kuma kewaye fadar da katanga mai suna 'Ganuwar Gidan Sarki' (wanda yanzu ya tafi). Babbar kofar da ke kaiwa fadar ana kiranta da 'Kofar Soro', yayin da kofar bayan gida ake kiranta da 'Kofar Bai' (yanzu tafi). Wurin zama na sarki da ke tsakiyar fadar wani babban fili ne da aka gina shi cikin tsarin gine-gine na al'ada[1]. Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji Abdulmumini Kabir Usman.
Kananan Hukumomin jihar Katsina
Jihar Katsina tanada kananan hukumomi 34 gasu kamar haka:
Batagarawa
Bindawa
Rimi
Charanchi
Bakori
Danja
Funtua
Jibiya
Batsari
Kankara
Kankia
Faskari
Malumfashi
Kafur
Kurfi
Matazu
Musawa
Dan-Musa
Safana
Dutsin-Ma
Dandume
Baure
Katsina
Mani
Kusada
Sabuwa
Mashi
Zango
Sandamu
Daura
Madawa
Ingawa
Kaita
Dutsi
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
By Yusuf SahaBi
Manazarta
Biranen Najeriya
Birane a |
48097 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Mawallafa%20ta%20Afirka | Cibiyar Mawallafa ta Afirka | Cibiyar Mawallafa ta Afirka (APNET) ta Afirka mai zaman kanta, cibiyar sadarwa mai haɗin gwiwa wacce ke wanzuwa don haɗa ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafen Afirka don musayar bayanai da haɓakawa da ƙarfafa wallafe-wallafen 'yan asalin.
Gabatarwa Kafin kafuwar APNET a shekarar 1992, masu shela a Afirka sun sha wahala wajen musayar bayanai da koyo daga abubuwan da suka faru. Babu bayanan da ke kunshe da adiresoshin dakunan karatu, shagunan litattafai ko mawallafa, kuma babu tsarin sadarwar da ya hada hukumomin. Bayan tarurrukan da dama da tarukan karawa juna sani da aka mayar da hankali kan warware matsalolin da ke faruwa a cikin masana'antar buga littattafai da kasuwanci ta Afirka, an kammala cewa "bukatar sadarwar yanar gizo ta hanyar musayar bayanai ta zama mafi muhimmanci. Ya zama dole a kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce za ta zama cibiyar sadarwa ta masu wallafawa a Afirka." A cikin shekarar 1992, wakilai daga ƙasashe 9 sun kafa Cibiyar Mawallafa ta Afirka a wani taro a Harare, Zimbabwe. Kaura daga Zimbabwe zuwa Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, tare da cibiyar bincike da tattara bayanai dake Harare, Zimbabwe. Koyaya, saboda yanayin siyasa a Cote d'Ivoire, hedkwatar APNET yanzu tana Accra, Ghana.
APNET cibiyar sadarwa ce daban-daban da ke wakiltar duk yankuna daga ko'ina cikin Afirka. Ta jera ƙungiyoyin mawallafa na ƙasa guda 41 a matsayin mambobi. Gudanar da APNET ya ƙunshi mahimman sassa huɗu waɗanda ke dogara da juna: Babban Majalisar yana wakiltar jimillar membobin Afirka kuma suna yin taro sau ɗaya a shekara; Hukumar ita ce wakilin Anglophone, Francophone, da Lusophone Afrika kuma ita ce bangaren zartarwa na majalisar; Sakatariyar, wadda ta ƙunshi Sakatare na Zartarwa da Jami'in Gudanarwa, tana kula da matsalolin yau da kullum na APNET kuma ta tabbatar da cewa komai yana tafiya yadda ya kamata. Suna kuma gudanar da ayyuka da yawa kamar shirya tarurrukan horo da taro da tara kudade; kwamitocin ayyukan suna kula da ayyukan da suka dace waɗanda aka ba su musamman kamar cika damar bincike.
Bugu da kari, zama memba ga APNET ya kunshi matakai hudu: cikakken memba (wanda aka baiwa kungiyoyin buga littattafai na kasa); kafa membobin (cikin mawallafa daga ƙasashe tara waɗanda suka fara APNET); membobin haɗin gwiwa (ga waɗanda ke sha'awar aikin APNET masu siyar da littattafai, masu gyara, masu bugawa, masu zanen kaya, da sauransu); da kuma haɗa zama memba ga waɗanda ke da "fitaccen rikodin hidima ga wallafe-wallafen Afirka".
Nasara APNET na iya da'awar cim ma nasarori da yawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta; gabaɗaya, kamar yadda wani kimantawa na APNET ya ce: "Kafa da kuma farfado da yawancin ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafen ƙasa ne sakamakon ayyukan sadarwar APNET kai tsaye, yawanci ta hanyar tuntuɓar mutum-da-mutum da kuma buga Binciken wallafa wa na Afirka". Binciken wallafa wa na Afirka (APR) wata jarida ce ta wata-wata da ake aika wa ƙungiyoyin mawallafa, majalisar bunƙasa littattafai, ɗakunan karatu, da sauransu, da sauran masu biyan kuɗi. Ga masu wallafa wa a Afirka, APR kyauta ce; duk da haka, sauran masu biyan kuɗi dole ne su biya ƙaramin kuɗi. Binciken wallafa wa na Afirka ita ce kawai mujallar buga jaridun Afirka da aka buga a Afirka tare da labarai, nazari, da zurfafan ra'ayoyin wallafa wa na Afirka. An gudanar da bincike kuma ya nuna cewa APR ita ce “mafi mahimmancin tushen bayanai na biyu” ga masu shela bayan ƙungiyoyin masu shela na ƙasa. Wani bincike da SIDA yayi ya nuna cewa APR ita ce nau'in sabis na APNET da aka fi amfani da shi akai-akai. APNET ta samar da wasu wallafe-wallafe guda shida, ciki har da Labari na APNET, Littafin Ci Gaba na Buga 'Yan Asalin, Afirka "Hakkokin" Indaba, APNET Littafin Littattafan Yara, Kasidar Littattafan Noma da aka buga a Afirka, da kuma Zuwa Cibiyar wallafa wa ta Afirka.
Jami'o'in Afirka ba su da shirye-shirye da azuzuwan don ƙirƙirar ƙwararrun masu wallafa wa: horar da jami'a a cikin wannan fagen yana samuwa ne kawai a cikin Kenya, Uganda da Afirka ta Kudu, kuma waɗannan darussan sun gaza ga abin da ake buƙata. Dangane da tsarin karatun da aka kirkiro don cibiyar, APNET ta gudanar da bita sama da 30 a kasashe 18.
Sauran wallafe-wallafen na APNET sun haɗa da littafin tarihin ci gaba wanda ya ƙunshi shigarwar 70 akan mahimman ƙungiyoyin ci gaban littattafan Afirka da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru; kasidu da rahotanni kan bugu a Afirka; cibiyar albarkatu wadda ita ce tushen bincike da aka wallafa kuma ba a buga ba a kan wallafa wa a Afirka.
Shawara APNET tana ba da goyon baya ga masana'antar wallafe-wallafen Afirka ta hanyar halartar baje kolin littafai, a Afirka da na duniya. APNET ta wuce halarta da kuma samar da kayan aikin baje kolin littattafai; tana baiwa sauran masu baje kolin Afirka damar halarta ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi. Bugu da kari, yayin da ake gudanar da bikin baje kolin littafai a Afirka, APNET tana ba da goyon bayanta ta hanyar tsara manyan tarukanta da za su gudana a ranakun taron ta yadda kowa zai kasance a yankin da za a halarta.
Tattaunawa da Bankin Duniya ya tabbatar da nasara ga APNET. Yayin da Bankin Duniya ya samu kyakkyawar fahimta game da APNET kuma an ci gaba da tattaunawa a tsakanin bangarorin biyu, “APNET ta kasance cikin ikon aika bayanan ayyukan Bankin Duniya na wata-wata zuwa ga Kungiyoyin Mawallafa na Kasa, wanda ke ba da bayanai da damammaki ga masu wallafa wa” Ana gudanar da shirin kasuwanci da haɓakawa ta hanyar APNET, wanda ke keɓance kasida na littattafai da tushe na Afirka tare da ba da umarni ga masu bugawa.
UNESCO ta ba da tallafi ga aikin KAWI (kuma aikin SAP KAWI) don samarwa da kuma kwatanta shahararrun littattafan kimiyya ga yara a cikin harsunan ƙasa da na tsiraru a Afirka. An yi amfani da marubuta da masu zane na Afirka don ƙirƙirar abubuwan da aka fassara zuwa harsuna daban-daban.
Ayyukan da aka ambata Chakava, Henry, wallafa wa a Afirka: Ra'ayin Mutum Daya, Nairobi: Bellagio Publishing Network, wanda aka wallafa tare da Mawallafin Ilimi na Gabashin Afirka, 1996.
Christensen, Lars P., da sauransu, Ƙarfafa wallafa wa a Afirka: Ƙimar Apnet, Sweden: Sida, 1998.
Dekutsey, Woeli, Labarin APNET, Harare: Cibiyar Mawallafin Afirka, UNESCO ta ba da izini, 1995.
Kotei, S, Littafin Yau a Afirka, Faransa: UNESCO, 1981.
Makotsi, Ruth, Fadada Cinikin Littafin A Faɗin Afirka: Nazari Kan Shingaye Na Yanzu Da Yiwuwar Gaba, Harare: Ƙungiyar Aiki ta ADEA akan Littattafai da Kayayyakin Koyo, 2000.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40679 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Stravinsky | Igor Stravinsky | Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (17 Yuni 6 Afrilu 1971) mawakin Rasha ne, ɗan wasan pianist kuma madugu, daga baya Faransanci (daga 1934) da ɗan ƙasar Amurka (daga 1945). An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci kuma masu tasiri na mawaƙa na karni na 20 kuma jigo a cikin kiɗan zamani.
Ayyukan tsararrun Stravinsky sun shahara saboda bambancin salo. Ya fara samun shahara a duniya tare da ballets uku wanda impresario Sergei Diaghilev ya ba da izini kuma ya fara yi a Paris ta Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), da Rite of Spring (1913). Na ƙarshe ya canza hanyar da mawaƙa na gaba suka yi tunani game da tsarin rhythmic kuma shine babban alhakin dawwamawar suna Stravinsky a matsayin ɗan juyin juya hali wanda ya tura iyakokin ƙirar kiɗan. Ya "lokacin Rasha", wanda ya ci gaba da ayyuka irin su Renard, L'Histoire du soldat da Les noces, an bi shi a cikin 1920s ta lokacin da ya juya zuwa neoclassicism. Ayyukan daga wannan lokacin sun kasance suna yin amfani da nau'o'in kiɗa na gargajiya (concerto grosso, fugue, da symphony) kuma an zana su daga salon farko, musamman na karni na 18. A cikin 1950s, Stravinsky ya ɗauki jerin hanyoyin. Abubuwan da ya tsara na wannan lokacin sun raba halaye tare da misalan fitowar sa na farko: makamashin rhythmic, gina ƙarin ra'ayoyin melodic daga ƴan ƙwayoyin bayanin kula guda biyu ko uku, da bayyananniyar tsari da kayan aiki.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar Farko, 1882-1901 An haifi Stravinsky a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1882 a garin Oranienbaum a kudancin gabar tekun Gulf of Finland, 25. yammacin Saint-Petersburg Mahaifinsa, Fyodor Ignatievich Stravinsky (1843-1902), ya kasance mawaƙin bass opera a cikin Kiev Opera da Mariinsky Theatre a Saint Petersburg da mahaifiyarsa, Anna Kirillovna Stravinskaya née Kholodovskaya; 1854-1939), ɗan ƙasar Kiev, ɗaya ne daga cikin ’ya’ya mata huɗu na wani babban jami’i a Ma’aikatar Gidajen Kiev. Igor shi ne na uku a cikin 'ya'yansu hudu; 'yan'uwansa su ne Roman, Yury, da Gury. Iyalin Stravinsky na Yaren mutanen Poland ne da al'adun Rasha, sun fito ne "daga dogon layin manyan manya, 'yan majalisar dattijai da masu mallakar ƙasa". Ana iya gano shi zuwa ƙarni na 17 da 18 ga masu ɗaukar rigar Sulima da Strawiński. Sunan mahaifi na asali shine Sulima-Strawiński; Sunan "Stravinsky" ya samo asali ne daga kalmar "Strava", daya daga cikin bambance-bambancen kogin Streva a Lithuania. A ranar 10 ga Agusta 1882 Stravinsky ya yi baftisma a Nikolsky Cathedral a Saint Petersburg. Har zuwa 1914, ya shafe yawancin lokacin bazara a garin Ustilug, yanzu a cikin Ukraine, inda surukinsa ya mallaki ƙasa. Makarantar farko ta Stravinsky ita ce Gymnasium ta Saint Petersburg ta biyu, inda ya zauna har zuwa tsakiyar shekarunsa. Daga nan ya koma Gourevitch Gymnasium, makaranta mai zaman kanta, inda ya karanta tarihi, lissafi, da harsuna (Latin, Greek, da Slavonic; da Faransanci, Jamusanci, da kuma ɗan ƙasarsa na Rasha). Stravinsky ya bayyana ra'ayinsa na makaranta gaba ɗaya kuma ya tuna kasancewarsa ɗalibi kaɗai: "Ban taɓa saduwa da wanda ke da sha'awa ta gaske a gare ni ba." Stravinsky ya fara yin kiɗa tun yana ƙarami kuma ya fara darussan piano na yau da kullun yana ɗan shekara tara, sannan kuma koyarwa a ka'idar kiɗa da abun ciki. A kusan shekaru takwas, ya halarci wasan kwaikwayo na Tchaikovsky 's ballet The Sleeping Beauty a Mariinsky Theater, wanda ya fara rayuwa tsawon rai sha'awar ballets da kuma mawaki da kansa. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar, Stravinsky ya ƙware Mendelssohn 's Piano Concerto No.1 kuma ya gama rage piano na kirtani quartet ta Alexander Glazunov, wanda aka ruwaito ya ɗauki Stravinsky rashin kida kuma yayi tunanin kaɗan daga ƙwarewarsa.
Ilimi da abubuwan farko, 1901-1909 Duk da sha'awar Stravinsky da iyawa a cikin kiɗa, iyayensa sun sa ran zai yi nazarin shari'a, kuma ya fara shiga cikin batun. A cikin 1901, ya shiga Jami'ar Saint Petersburg, yana karatun shari'ar laifuka da falsafar shari'a, amma halartar laccoci na zaɓi ne kuma ya kiyasta cewa ya kai ƙasa da azuzuwan hamsin a cikin shekaru huɗu na karatunsa. A cikin 1902, Stravinsky ya sadu da Vladimir, abokin karatunsa a Jami'ar Saint Petersburg da ƙaramin ɗan Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Rimsky-Korsakov a wancan lokacin shi ne babban mawaƙin Rasha, kuma shi malami ne a Conservatory of Music na Saint-Petersburg. Stravinsky ya yi fatan saduwa da mahaifin Vladimir don tattauna burinsa na kiɗa. Ya shafe lokacin rani na 1902 tare da Rimsky-Korsakov da iyalinsa a Heidelberg, Jamus. Rimsky-Korsakov ya ba da shawarar Stravinsky cewa kada ya shiga cikin Conservatory na Saint Petersburg amma ya ci gaba da darussa masu zaman kansu a cikin ka'idar.
A lokacin mutuwar mahaifinsa daga ciwon daji a 1902, Stravinsky yana ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don nazarin kiɗa fiye da doka. An taimaka shawararsa na neman kiɗa na cikakken lokaci lokacin da aka rufe jami'a na tsawon watanni biyu a cikin 1905 bayan Jini Lahadi, wanda ya hana shi yin jarrabawar shari'a ta ƙarshe. A Afrilu 1906 Stravinsky samu rabin-course diploma da kuma mayar da hankali a kan music bayan haka. A cikin 1905, ya fara karatu tare da Rimsky-Korsakov sau biyu a mako kuma ya zo ya dauke shi a matsayin uba na biyu. Waɗannan darussa sun ci gaba har zuwa mutuwar Rimsky-Korsakov a 1908. Stravinsky ya kammala rubutunsa na farko a wannan lokacin, Symphony in E-flat, wanda aka buga a matsayin Opus 1. Bayan mutuwar Rimsky-Korsakov, Stravinsky ya hada waƙar jana'izar, Op. 5 wanda aka yi sau ɗaya sannan kuma an yi la'akari da ɓacewa har sai an sake gano shi a cikin 2015. A watan Agusta 1905, Stravinsky ya shiga tare da dan uwansa na farko, Katherina Gavrylovna Nosenko. Duk da adawar Cocin Orthodox ga aure tsakanin 'yan uwan farko, ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 23 ga Janairu 1906. Sun zauna a gidan iyali a 6 Kryukov Canal a Saint Petersburg kafin su koma wani sabon gida a Ustilug, wanda Stravinsky ya tsara kuma ya gina, wanda daga baya ya kira shi "wurin sama". Ya rubuta da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙinsa na farko a wurin. Yanzu gidan kayan gargajiya ne tare da takardu, haruffa, da hotuna akan nuni, kuma ana gudanar da bikin Stravinsky na shekara-shekara a garin Lutsk da ke kusa. 'Ya'yan Stravinsky da Nosenko na farko, Fyodor (Theodore) da Ludmila, an haife su a 1907 da 1908, bi da bi.
Ballet don Diaghilev da shaharar duniya, 1909-1920 A shekara ta 1909, Stravinsky ya ƙunshi ƙarin guda biyu, Scherzo fantastique, Op. 3, da Feu d'artifice ("Fireworks"), Op. 4. A watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, an yi su duka a Saint Petersburg a wani kade-kade da ya kawo sauyi a rayuwar Stravinsky. A cikin masu sauraron akwai Sergei Diaghilev, ɗan ƙasar Rasha kuma mai mallakar Ballets Russes wanda aka buga da abubuwan da Stravinsky ya yi. Ya so ya gabatar da wani nau'i na wasan opera na Rasha da ballet don kakar 1910 a birnin Paris, daga cikinsu akwai sabon ballet daga gwaninta wanda ya dogara ne akan tatsuniyar Rasha na Firebird Bayan da aka ba Anatoly Lyadov aikin tsara maki, ya sanar da Diaghilev cewa yana bukatar kimanin shekara guda don kammala shi. Diaghilev ya tambayi Stravinsky mai shekaru 28, wanda ya ba shi kayan kaɗe-kaɗe masu gamsarwa don kakar da ta gabata a ɗan gajeren sanarwa kuma ya yarda ya tsara cikakken tsari. A kusan mintuna 50 a tsayi, Stravinsky ya sake duba Firebird don wasan kwaikwayo a 1911, 1919, da 1945.
Manazarta
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Haihuwa 1882
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14432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ofofin%20%C6%99asar%20Hausa | Ƙofofin ƙasar Hausa | Kofofin masarautun kasar Hausa ƙofofi ne Hausa kofa ko katanga (ganuwa) waɗanda ke kewaye da masarautun ƙasar Hausa a da A zamanin da, kowace masarauta tana kewaye da bango wanda ke dauke da kofofi daban-daban, a dalilin yaƙe-yaƙe yasa aka ƙofofin suke a zaman dabarun yaƙi, Kowace kofa tana da suna da mai tsaron ta, mai tsaronta ana masa laƙabi da Sarkin Kofa, lit. "Sarkin Kofa"). A da, musamman da daddare, mai tsaron kofa ke kula da kofa daya a kowane lokaci. Dukkannin ƙofofin an sanya su ga mutum ɗaya a yau.
Tsarin gine-gine A masarautun kasar Hausa, an gina kofofin ne daga laka, busasshiyar ciyawa, katako, karafa, duwatsu, da sauran kayayyakin gargajiya da suka dace da ginin. Kofofin an tsara su ne bisa ga al'adun Hausawa kuma suna nuna gine-ginen gargajiya na Hausawa ta amfani da tubalin ƙonawa da launukan gargajiya na yankin na Hausa. A matsakaici,ƙofofin suna kaiwa tsayin kusan mita biyar, tare da tsayin kusan mita goma.An zana su da zane-zane,alamomi, da zane-zanen Hausa, kamar tambarin arewa,tambari da ake yawan amfani da shi a gine-ginen Hausa wanda ke zama alama ko tuta ga Hausawa.Lokacin da aka gama ginin ƙofar,ana yiwa dukkan ƙofofin zane irin na gargajiya yayin da ake barin wasu ƙofofin launin ruwan kasa tare da kalar yanayi ta laka, kamar kofar Marusa a cikin garin Katsina. Bayani A zamanin da,kowace ƙofa an keɓance ta ga mutum ɗaya.Aikinsa ne a kowane lokaci don kare shi da kiyaye shi ta hanyar samar da bayanan gudanarwa na kowane motsi na mutanen da suke wucewa ta ƙofar tare da al'amuran rikodin ƙasashen waje don kare kai. Kowace kofa tana da mabuɗin rufewa da buɗe ta; makullan an kasafta ga Sarkin Kofa. Yawancin lokaci, akwai ajali na rufewa da buɗe kowace ƙofa, amma a yau ƙofofin a buɗe suke ba tare da buƙatar maɓallan ba. A al'adance, a lokacin yakin, umarni na zuwa ne kawai daga ko masarautar ko kuma mai ba shi shawara kan yaki, Sarkin yaki Daga lokacin yaƙi, ana ba da umarni da kula da ƙofar ga Sarkin Kofa. Umarni ne cewa shigowa cikin gari kawai za'a iya yin ta wadannan kofofin. Idan an rufe ƙofofin da daddare, ba sa sake buɗewa har gari ya waye. Mukamin Sarkin Kofa ya gaje shi ne tun daga Masarautar Hausa, tun daga Sarkin Kofa har zuwa yaransa. Har ila yau,ƙofofin suna zama wuraren jan hankali na yawon buɗe ido a cikin ƙasar Hausa a wannan zamanin.
ƙofofin
Masarautar Bauchi A cikin Masarautar Bauchi akwai kofofi guda tara. Kofar Inkil: Ana kiranta ƙofar Idi. An gina ta ne don mutanen garin Inkil don basu damar shiga garin da yin sallar Idi.
Kofar Dumi: Wannan ƙofa an sanya mata suna ne saboda ɗalibin Malam Yakubu wanda ake kira Abdul Dumi, wanda ya zama Wambai na Bauchi kuma mai ba da shawara ga sarki a fada.
Kofar Jahun
Kofar Nasarawo: An yi wa wannan ƙofa suna ne saboda wani fitaccen malami da ake kira Malam Nasarawo, wanda yake zaune a wajen ƙofar. Sarki a wancan lokacin ya wuce ta kofar don ziyartar Nasarawo don yin sallah.
Kofar na Hunti: Wannan ƙofa aka gina a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar a Wuntawan yaki (sauko daga kabilar Fula mutane ya kira Muhmmadu Kusu. Da lokaci ya wuce, kalmar Wuntuwa ta zama Hunti. Kofar Ranaukaka: Matsayi wuri ne da mutanen Bauchi suka taɓa yin zaman lafiya. Sun bi ƙofar don su sadu a Ran; bayan zaman lafiya, ƙofar ta sami sunan wurin.
Kofar Tirwun: Turwun gari ne wanda Sarki Yakubu ya fito, don haka ya buɗe wannan ƙofar don girmama garinsa da jama'arsa.
Kofar Wambai: Lokacin da aka faɗaɗa garin Bauchi, sarkin wancan lokacin ya sake gina wani gida ga babban mashawarcinsa wanda ake kira da "Wambai". An gina gidan a yankin da aka faɗaɗa tare da ƙofar shiga da fita daga gidan sarautar don sauƙaƙe motsin sa. Sunan ƙofar aka sa masa suna.
Kofar Wuse: Tarihin wannan ƙofar har yanzu ba a san shi ba.
Masarautar Kano Masarautar Kano tana da kofofi 15. Wasu daga katangarsu sun ruguje saboda rashin kulawa. Kofar Kansakali: An gina ta tsakanin 1095 da 1135 a lokacin Sarkin Kano na uku wato Sarki Usman Gijimasu wanda ya kasance jikan Bagauda ne, Kofar Kansakali ita ce ƙofar gari ta farko da aka fara ginawa. Sunan Kofar ya samo asali ne daga wani Bakano Makeri. An saka wannan sunan ne don kada a manta da gudummawar daya bayar a wajen kera makamai na yaki kamar su Takubba, Kwakwali, Sulke da dai sauransu.
Kofar Nasarawa
Kofar Gidan Rumfa Wannan ita ce babbar ƙofar fadar Kano, wanda sarki ya gina. Yanzu kuma ana kiranta da Kofar Kudu.
Sabuwar Kofa: An gina ta ne bayan da Kano ta fada hannun Turawan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1903. Kofar Dan Agundi
Kofar Naisa
Kofar Gadon-kaya
Kofar Dukawiya
Kofar Kabuga
Kofar Waika
Kofar Ruwa
Kofar Dawanau
Kofar Wambai
Kofar Mazugal
Kofar Mata Masarautar Katsina
An kewaye fadar da katanga wacce ake kira "Ganuwar Gidan Sarki", wanda yanzu babu shi.Ana kiran babbar kofa da take kaiwa zuwa gidan sarautar "Kofar Soro", ma'ana Kofar Soro, yayin da kofar da ke bayan gidan fadar ana kiranta Kofar Bai,wacce yanzu ta tafi. A cikin garin katsina, akwai kofofi kusan 7 a kowane kusurwar masarautar.An gina kofofin ne domin bada damar motsawa da fita, akwai wasu kofofin da ba su wanzu yanzu, wadannan kofofin sune; Kofar Turmi, Kofar Keke, Kofar Angulu,Kofar Gazobi da Kofar Waziri. Kofar Agulu: Wannan ƙofar tana da buɗewa biyu. kalmar "Agulu" suna ne da ake bawa bawan sarki. Shi ne mai kula da kofar kuma mai kula da zartar da hukuncin kisa.
Kofar Keke: An yi wannan ƙofa ne bayan zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka na kasar Ingila Tana bayan fadar mai martaba sarkin Katsina. Turawan sun kasance suna shiga wannan kofar ne yayin da suka zo fada daga sashinsu a kan kekuna; An sanya wa kofar sunan keke, ko "Keke" a Hausance.
ƙofar ƙaura: An sanya wa ƙofar suna ne bayan sanannen jarumin Rimi wanda aka ba shi taken “ƙauran Katsina”,wanda aka canjawa ƙofar.
ƙofar ƙwaya: Wannan kofar ta sami sunanta ne daga wani sarki na Habe da ake kira Sarkin Kwaya wanda ke mulkin wani ƙaramin gari da ake kira Kwaya, wanda ke kudu da Katsina. Aikin wannan mai mulki shi ne samar da masarauta ga masarautar Katsina kamar masara da dawa, gero, da masara don dukiyar sarki.An ce ta hanyar wannan kofa Waliy Jadoma ne sarki ya kora daga Katsina, don haka sai ya wuce ta kofar, ya juya yana la'antar ta, yana cewa "Ba za a yi wani abin kirki a wannan Kofar ba sai dai shekaru 500 sun shude". Mutane sun gina gidaje kusa da kowace ƙofa a cikin garin Katsina banda kofar Kwaya. Kofar yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kofofin shiga cikin Katsina daga garuruwa daban-daban. Shararar Fayif da Sabuwar Unguwa suna kusa da wannan kofar. ƙofar Durbi: Wannan ƙofa, kamar yadda tushen farko ya faɗi, ta samo sunanta ne daga masarautar Durbi ta Kusheyi. Kofar ta samo sunan ne lokacin da Durbawa suka fara mulkin masarautar Katsina. Lokacin da suka yi kaura zuwa Katsina daga garinsu, masarautar Durbi ta sauya suna zuwa Durbi-Katsina. Ana kiran sarkin masarautar Durbi da "Hakimin Katsina". Durbi ya kasance a cikin Mani tun mulkin Durbi Saddiku daga wajajen 1810-1835. Akwai kuma wasu sarakunan Durbi, kamar su Durbi Fandiku wanda ya yi mulki daga 1836-1860, Durbi Gidado (1860-1883), da Durbi Dikko (1891-1906). Durbawa suka shiga ta kofar gidan lokacin da suka iso Katsina. Sannan ana kiran ƙofar Kofar Durbi, ma'ana kofar sarakuna daga Durbi. Wannan kofa a rufe take ga garuruwa kamar Filin Samji da Rimin Badawa.
ƙofar Guga: Wannan ƙofar tana da sunaye na asali guda uku: ana kiran ta kofar Yammawa saboda tana gabas da Katsina; Kofar Tsaro, wanda ke nufin "ƙofar tsaro" saboda an liƙa sojoji a ƙofar don hana kai hari ba zato ba tsammani; an fi saninta da theofar Guga, kalmar "Guga" tana fitowa ne daga matar Sarkin Gobir da ake kira Bawa Jan Gwarzo. Ta gudu daga mijinta zuwa Katsina ta wannan kofa, domin ta gargadi sarkin Katsina da aka fi sani da Muhammadu Jan Hazo (wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1740-1751) saboda shirye-shiryen da mijinta ke yi na kai wa Katsina hari. Bayan fatattakar masarautar Gobir, sarkin ya sauya masa suna zuwa wannan Kofar domin girmama mata biyayya.
ƙofar Sauri: Wannan ƙofa ce a yankin arewa maso yamma na Katsina, wacce ke kusa da Unguwar Rafukka, da Nasarawa, da Makera, da Yammawa. Theofar Sauri tana da tushe guda biyu game da asalin ta: kamar yadda tushen farko ya bayyana, Kofar Sauri ya samo sunan ne daga Sarkin Samari, wanda yake kusa da ƙofar. Da farko, an sanya sunan "Samari" ga ƙofar kafin ta canza zuwa "Samri", sannan "Sauri". A cewar majiya ta biyu, sunanta ya samo asali ne daga mulkin Sarki Ummarun Dallaje (1807-1835) lokacin da wani sarkin yaki da ake kira Danbaskore ya jagoranci afkawa garin Katsina. lokacin da ya gano duk kofofin suna rufe, sai sarkin garin Sauri "Sarkin Sauri" (yanzu Kaita), wanda yake amintacce ne ga Katsina, ya tare Danboskore ya kayar da shi. Lokacin da ya fito da nasara, sai ya sanya wata kofa a bangon Katsina, wacce ake kira da Kofar Sauri don tunawa da tatsuniyar Sarkin Sauri.
ƙofar Marusa: Wannan ƙofa ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan tsoffin ƙofofi a cikin tarihin Katsina. Yana da aka ce an gina a cikin 15 karni. An gina ta tare da bangon Katsina, kuma ta sami sunanta ne daga wani mai mulkin Habe da ake kira Marusa Usman wanda ya yi mulkin Dutsi. An ce jarumi ne wanda ya shigo ya fita daga Katsina ta wannan kofa daga Dutsi. Wata majiyar ta ce daga wani mutum ne da ya kware a kamun bayi. Kofar yandaka: An ce an gina shi a kusan ƙarni na 15. Kofar Yan Daka ta samo sunanta ne daga wani mai sarauta a Dustin Ma, wanda aka ba shi ikon "Yanɗakan Katsina" a masarautar ta Katsina. Gidansa yana kusa da ƙofar.
Masarautar Zazzau Garin Zariya yana da kofofi guda shida wadanda tun farko aka gina su bayan gina katangar garin. Kofofin sun hada da wadannan banda na Jatau da na Galadima. Sarkin Kofa na Zazzau na yanzu shi ne Alhaji Mansur Dambo Mai-Sa'a. Kofar Gayan: An ƙirƙiro wannan ƙofa ce don mutanen Gadar Gayan, don samun sauƙin shiga yayin shiga garin. Kalmar Gayan ta samo asali ne daga wani kogi mai suna Gayan da kuma wani gari mai suna Gadar Gayan.
Kofar Kuyan Bana: Wannan ƙofa ita ce ta biyu da aka gina. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga wani sarkin yaki na Sarauniya Amina wacce aka fi sani da Mayaki Kuyan Bana. Sananne ne ga nasarorin nasa na almara a yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa. Kuma Ya qarfafa karamin gari sai ya kira Kuyan Bana, kudu na Kwatarkwashi. Ya gina gidansa a Kuyan Bana kuma Sarauniya ta sanya shi mai kula da ƙofar. Kofar Kona: Wannan ƙofar ita ce ƙofa ta uku da za a gina. Theofar ta samo sunanta ne daga malaman addinin Musulunci guda biyu waɗanda suka zo garin Zariya da ake kira konawa. Lokacin da suka iso sai suka kwashe lokacin su a wajen garin Zariya ba tare da sun zo garin ba, lokacin da aka bude kofofin a inda suke, mutane suka fara kiran kofar tare da kofar Konawa, lokacin da suka kwashe shekaru a kusa da kofar.
Kofar Kibo: Asalin ana kiran ƙofar Kofar Tukur Tukur. Mutanen Gobir, Zamfara, Yawuri, da Kabi sun kasance suna shigowa cikin garin Zariya daga wannan kofar. Kofar ta samo sunanta ne daga wani dutse da ke cikin garin Tukur Tukur. Tukur Tukur tsohon gari ne a wajen Zariya; a zamanin Sarkin zazzau Sambo, an yi yaƙi kusa da Tukur Tukur kusa da ƙofar. Kofar ta canza suna zuwa kibiya, "Kibo", daga baya. Kofar Doka: Kofar Doka ita ce ta biyar da aka gina a Zariya. Tun asali ana kiransa ƙofar Kano. Ance ta samo sunanta ne daga bishiyar da take kusa da ƙofar da aka fi sani da "Bishiyan Doka", yayin da wata majiyar kuma ta ce ƙofar ta samo sunan daga mai tsaron ƙofar da ake kira "Doka". Kofar Bai: Wurin da aka sa ƙofar yana a bayan gidan sarkin zazzau. Kalmar "bai" na nufin a baya da hausa, wanda ke nufin Kofar bayan gidan sarki. Mutanen Bauchi galibi suna shigowa cikin garin ta wannan ƙofa.
Kofar Jatau: An sa wa wannan ƙofa suna Jatau saboda shahararren sarki Habe wanda aka fi sani da Isiyaku Jatau, wanda ya yi sarautar Zazzau daga 1782 zuwa 1802.
Kofar Galadima: Wannan ƙofar ta samo sunanta ne daga Galadiman Zazzau wanda aka sani da Daudu, wanda maroƙan suka san shi. kofar tana dab da gidansa.Wasu kafofin sun ce Galadima Dokaje ne.
Kofar-Fada: Fada yana nufin fada. Wannan kofa ita ce babbar kofar shiga kofar fadar Sarkin Zazzau.
Kulawa A shekarun baya kofofin suna karkashin kulawar Sarakuna Wanda su kuma sun dorawa sarakunan kofofin, amma a shekarar 1958 Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta ayyana cewa: duk sun zama gine-ginen kasar Nijeriya hakkin kula da su ya dawo ga hannun gwamnatin tarayya. Saide yanzu haka da yawa daga waɗannan kofofin suna lalacewa saboda rashin kula su yadda yadace, amman wasu lokutan akan gyara su akai-akai.
Duba kuma Hausawa Harshen Hausa Gine-Ginen Hausawa
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Moody, HLB (1969). Bango da Kofofin garin Kano. Ma'aikatar Tarihi. Tarayyar Najeriya. Tarihin |
59546 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girgizar%20Kasar%20Marrakesh-Safi%202023 | Girgizar Kasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023 | A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba 2023 da karfe 23:11 DST (22:11 UTC ),girgizar ƙasa mai karfin awo 6.8-6.9 da matsakaicin ƙarfin Mercalli na VIII (Mai tsanani) ta afkawa yankin Marrakesh-Safi na kasar Maroko. Wurin girgizar kasar ya kasance 73.4 km (45.6 mi) kudu maso yammacin Marrakesh, kusa da garin Ighil a cikin tsaunukan Atlas. Ya faru ne sakamakon tudun muntsitsin zurfin tuƙi a ƙarƙashin kewayon dutsen. Akalla mutane 2,122 ne aka bayar da rahoton mutuwar, inda akasarinsu ke faruwa a wajen Marrakesh. An yi barna sosai, kuma an lalata wuraren tarihi a Marrakesh. An kuma ji girgizar kasar a Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Mauritania, da Aljeriya. Ta kasance girgizar kasa mafi karfi da aka yi rikodin a Maroko kuma mafi muni a kasar tun 1960 Haka kuma ita ce girgizar kasa mafi muni ta biyu a shekarar 2023 bayan girgizar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta kimanin mutane 300,000 daga Marrakesh da kewaye ne abin ya shafa. Bayan girgizar kasar, kasashe da dama sun ba da agajin jin kai. Morocco ta kuma sanar da gudanar da zaman makoki na kwanaki uku.
Saitin tectonic Maroko tana kusa da iyaka tsakanin Plate ɗin Afirka da Plate ɗin Eurasian, Laifin Canjin Azores-Gibraltar. Wannan yanki na yajin aiki na gefen dama yana zama mai zalunci a ƙarshensa na gabas, tare da haɓaka manyan laifuffuka Zuwa gabas na Mashigar Gibraltar, a cikin Tekun Alboran, iyakar ta zama karo na farko Yawancin girgizar ƙasa a Maroko yana da alaƙa da motsi akan iyakar farantin, tare da mafi girman haɗarin girgizar ƙasa a arewacin ƙasar kusa da kan iyaka. A shekara ta 2004, Al Hoceima ta fuskanci girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 6.3 da ta kashe mutane 628 tare da jikkata 926. Girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 7.3 da ta afku a makwabciyar kasar Aljeriya a shekarar 1980 ta kashe mutane 2,500. Tsaunukan Atlas wani bel ne na tsaunuka wanda ya kai 2,000 km (1,200 mi) daga Morocco zuwa Tunisia. Wadannan tsaunuka sun samo asali ne daga wani karo a lokacin Cenozoic Tsawon tsaunuka ya kai tsayinsa mafi girma zuwa yamma, a cikin Maroko. Seismicity a Maroko ya ta'allaka ne a yankin arewacin kasar da kuma tekun Alboran. Kudancin Rif, ayyukan girgizar ƙasa ba su da yawa amma ya bazu ko'ina cikin Tsakiyar Atlas, High Atlas, da Anti-Atlas Seismicity a cikin Saharan Atlas yana da iyaka, kuma babu shi a yankin Saharan kudu da bel; Hakanan ba shi da aiki a gabas a Aljeriya da Tunisiya. A baya can, girgizar kasa mafi girma da aka yi rikodin a cikin tsaunukan Atlas ita ce M Girgizar kasa mai lamba 5.9 da ta afku a Agadir a shekarar 1960. Girgizar ƙasa a cikin tsaunin Atlas suna nuna hanyoyin da za a bi don zamewa, tuƙi ko haɗuwa duka biyun (slip-slip).
Girgizar kasa Girgizar kasa ta Marrakesh-Safi ita ce mafi girma da aka yi rikodin kayan aiki a cikin tarihin zamani na Morocco, ya wuce kawai da manyan alkaluman girgizar kasa na Meknes na 1755, a
Girgizar kasar tana da hanyar da ta dace wacce ke nuni da kuskure a karkashin Babban Atlas. Fashewar ta faru ne a kan wani kuskure mai nisa mai zurfi da ke fuskantar arewa maso yamma ko kuma kuskure mai zurfi mai zurfi da ke fuskantar gabas. USGS ta kiyasta yankin fashewar kuskure ya zama 30 km (19 mi) da 20 km (12 mi) Yawancin gabas-maso-yamma da arewa maso gabas-kudu- maso-maso-maso-yammaci na yajin aiki da kurakurai na faruwa a Babban Atlas. Tun 1900, ba a M 6.0 ko mafi girma girgizar ƙasa a cikin 500 km (310 mi) na girgizar kasa na baya-bayan nan; amma tara M 5.0 kuma manyan abubuwan da suka faru sun faru zuwa gabas. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙirar ƙira ta USGS yana nuna fashewar ta faru a gabas-arewa-maso-gabas-yamma-kudu-maso-maso-maso-maso-maso-a,arewa-arewa-maso-maso-maso-yamma kuskure. Zamewa ya tattara a kusa da hypocenter a cikin wani madauwari zamewa faci akan kuskuren kusan 30 km (19 mi) 30 km (19 mi) Matsakaicin ƙaura na 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) an lura a 20–25 km (12-16 mi) zurfin yayin da mafi yawan zamewar ta faru a 10–35 km (6.2-21.7 mi) zurfin; babu kadan zuwa zamewa kusa da saman sama da 10 km (6.2 mi).
Tasiri Akalla mutane 2,122 ne suka mutu sannan 2,421 suka jikkata; 1,404 daga cikin wadanda suka ji rauni sun ji rauni sosai. An samu asarar rayuka da dama a wasu wurare masu nisa a kudancin Marrakesh. A lardunan Al-Haouz da Taroudant, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1,351 da 492, bi da bi. Mutane 41 ne suka mutu a Ouarzazate 201 a Chichaoua kuma an rubuta mutuwar 17 a Marrakesh. 'Yan kasar Faransa hudu na daga cikin wadanda suka mutu, ciki har da wani dan yawon bude ido da ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya. 'Yan kasar Faransa 15 da wasu Amurkawa sun jikkata. A Moulay Brahim, mazauna wurin sun makale a karkashin gine-gine da suka ruguje kuma masu sa kai sun yi yunkurin ceto. Sama da mutane goma sha biyu ne suka mutu a kauyen. Asarar tattalin arziki daga girgizar kasa na iya kaiwa zuwa kashi takwas na GDP na Maroko, a cewar USGS. Wasu gidaje a tsofaffin sassan Marrakesh da wasu sassan bangon birni sun ruguje, ya bar iyalai sun makale a ƙarƙashin tarkace. A Jemaa el-Fnaa, wani minaret na Masallacin Kharboush da wasu sassan bangonsa sun ruguje, inda suka murkushe motoci a kasa. An kuma lalata masallacin Koutoubia Gine-gine da dama a cikin Madina na Marrakesh, Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO tun daga karni na 12, kuma sun rushe. An katse hanyoyin shiga Intanet saboda katsewar wutar lantarki. Masallacin Tinmel mai tarihi na karni na 12 ya lalace sosai; wani hasumiya ya rushe kuma bango ya fadi. Ma'aikatar cikin gidan ta ce yawancin barnar ta faru ne daga garuruwa da garuruwa. Kusa da cibiyar High Atlas, tashar talabijin ta Al Aoula ta ba da rahoton cewa gine-gine da yawa sun rushe. Gaba dayan kauyukan da ke kusa da yankin an daidaita. A yankin da girgizar kasar ta afku a garin Al-Haouz, wani gida da ya ruguje ya makale a karkashin baraguzan ginin. A Amizmiz, wani ƙauye kusa da ƙauyen, masu aikin ceto sun yi amfani da hannayensu wajen tarwatsa tarkace. 'Yan kwana-kwana 20 da sojoji ne suka halarci ragowar wani gida; sun kuma gano akalla gawarwaki biyu. Kusan dukkanin gidajen gargajiya guda 50 da ke kauyen Majat sun ruguje tare da kashe mazauna garin da dama. Kashi 90 na gidaje a Asni sun lalace. Ƙarin gidaje a garuruwan da ke kusa da ƙaƙƙarfan lamarin sun ruguje wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya. An kuma yanke wutar lantarki da hanyoyi a wasu wuraren. A Essaouira, sassan facade sun faɗi. Garuruwan Tafeghaghte, Adassil da Imlil, da kuma kauyukan da ke kusa da Dutsen Toubkal, girgizar kasar ta lalata ko kuma ta yi mummunar barna, tare da rugujewar gidaje kusan 200 a Ijoukak kadai. A wajen Agadir, a kauyukan Taqi da Tadrart, an lalata gidaje da dama. A birnin Taroudant, an kashe kusan mutane 200. Gundumomi da dama na tsoffi ko na tarihi a cikin birnin sun lalace sosai. An kashe mutane 90 ko kuma kusan rabin mutanen kauyen a Tafeghagte. Kauyukan da ke cikin kwarin Ouirgane har yanzu ba su da sabis na lantarki da na sadarwa kwanaki biyu bayan girgizar kasar. Tashar talabijin ta Morocco ta bayar da rahoton cewa, sama da iyalai 18,000 ne abin ya shafa a Al-Haouz kadai.
Bayan haka Mutanen Marrakesh sun kwashe baraguzan da hannu yayin da suke jiran manyan kayan aiki. Yawancin mazauna wurin sun kasance a waje saboda fargabar wata girgizar kasa. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna mutane suna kwashe wata cibiyar kasuwanci, gidajen cin abinci da gine-gine. Mazauna birnin sun kwana ukun farko a waje; cika wuraren zagayawa, wuraren shakatawa na mota da dandalin jama'a. An sake buɗe wasu kasuwanni a birnin a ranar 10 ga Satumba yayin da Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da ayyukan kasuwanci. A babban birnin Rabat, 350 km (220 mi) arewa da tsakiyar yankin, kuma a Imsouane, wani gari na bakin teku, mazauna sun bar gidajensu. Babban Sakatare Janar na Hukumar Harkokin Cikin Gida ya ce jami’ai da kungiyoyin tsaro na hada kayan aiki don samar da kayan agaji da tantance barnar da aka yi. Sojojin Moroko sun share daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zuwa wuraren da abin ya fi shafa, wanda ya ba da damar taimako mai mahimmanci ga mutane. A Salé, manyan motoci sun ɗauki barguna, gadaje sansanin, da na'urorin hasken wuta zuwa wuraren da abin ya shafa. Manyan tireloli kuma sun dauki kayayyaki don isa wadannan wuraren. Tashar gida ta 2M ta raba bidiyon motocin gaggawa da ke tafiya tare da ƙazamin hanya. Aikin ceto dai ya samu cikas yayin da hanyoyin da suka bi ta yankin tsaunuka ke cike da cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma duwatsu. A lardin Al-Haouz, an kawar da duwatsu daga kan tituna domin ba da damar motocin daukar marasa lafiya da kuma kai agaji zuwa yankunan da abin ya shafa. An yi amfani da wata babbar hanya a tsaunukan Atlas, cike da motocin daukar marasa lafiya, motocin haya da kuma ‘yan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, don jinyar wadanda suka jikkata; An kai wadanda suka samu munanan raunuka zuwa asibiti a Marrakesh. A wurare masu nisa da ke da wahalar shiga, Rundunar Sojan Maroko ta yi amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu don samar da bukatu na yau da kullun. An samu karuwar mutanen da suka jikkata da aka kwantar a asibitoci a birnin Marrakesh. Mutanen da suka jikkata daga wajen Marrakesh suma sun fara kutsawa cikin birnin domin samun magani. An yi kira ga mazauna birnin da su ba da gudummawar jini. A safiyar ranar 9 ga Satumba, kusan mutane 200, ciki har da masu yawon bude ido, sun ziyarci asibiti don ba da gudummawar jini. Daga cikin wadanda suka ba da gudummawa har da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco Shirin ya tara buhunan jini 6,000 a cikin yini guda da kaddamar da yakin neman zaben. Kididdigar barnar da aka yi a Marrakesh ta nuna cewa yawancin birnin ba su da lahani. Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da izinin tura sojojin Masarautar Moroccan a garuruwa daban-daban da abin ya shafa domin taimakawa. Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa tare da bayar da umarnin kafa hukumar bayar da agaji don tallafawa wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu, da kuma bude asusun ajiyar banki na musamman domin ba da damar bayar da taimako. Daga baya sojojin sun kafa asibitin filin a Moulay Brahim. Jami'an ceto sun yi amfani da manyan kayan aiki don kwato wadanda suka tsira da gawarwakin tarkace. Wadanda suka tsira daga kauyen sun fara tona kaburbura a kan wani tudu domin binne wadanda suka mutu. An kafa wata katuwar tanti a kauyen domin a zaunar da marasa gida. Aiki a filin jirgin saman Marrakesh ya kasance al'ada amma an soke jirage biyu na Ryanair daga Marrakesh zuwa Brussels da Beauvais, Faransa, waɗanda aka shirya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. Kamfanin jiragen sama na British Airways ya maye gurbin jirginsa na yau da kullun zuwa Marrakesh da wani wanda ya fi girma don jigilar 'yan Burtaniya da ke neman komawa gida. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta sanar da murmurewa na iya daukar shekaru; ƙauyuka da yawa da ke kusa da babban yankin a cikin tsaunuka masu nisa gaba ɗaya sun lalace kuma/ko kuma ba za su iya shiga ba, tare da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa irin su layin dogo, tituna, da asibitoci da ke biye da arewacin ƙasar suna kawo cikas ga ayyukan agaji.
Martani Spain, India, Algeria, Argentina, France, Iran, Israel, Portugal, Pakistan, Romania, Taiwan, Tailandia, Oman, Turkey, Kuwait, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Ƙungiyar, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba da taimako da tallafi ga Maroko. Netherlands ta saki Yuro miliyan 10 a cikin agajin gaggawa. Sauran shugabannin duniya sun yi ta'aziyya. Jinkirin da aka yi na sa'o'i 18 ga Sarkin don yin sanarwar a hukumance ya sha suka a cikin jama'a. An kuma yi suka kan jinkirin da gwamnati ta yi wajen gabatar da bukatar agaji a hukumance da kuma cewa ba a ba da damar karin taimako daga waje ba. Har ila yau takaici ya karu a tsakanin kungiyoyin agaji na kasa da kasa da ke jiran aiki saboda ba su samu buƙatu na yau da kullun ba. Gwamnatin Moroko ba ta nemi taimakon kasashen waje bisa hukuma ba, duk da haka, sun karɓi taimako daga Qatar, Spain, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Burtaniya. Jami'ai sun ce sun amince da tayin na kasashe hudu ne kawai saboda "rashin hadin kai na iya haifar da illa." Sun kara da cewa ana iya amincewa da wasu tayin lokacin da ake bukata. Benoît Payan magajin garin Marrakesh 'yar uwar birnin Marseille na kasar Faransa, ya sanar da cewa ya aike da jami'an kashe gobara zuwa kasar Maroko domin su taimaka da ayyukan ceto. Shugaban Majalisar Yankin Île-de-Faransa Valérie Pécresse ya aika da dala 535,000 a matsayin taimako. ya buɗe layin wayar tarho. An aika da ma'aikatan ceto daga Nice, yayin da al'ummomi a fadin kasar suka ba da agaji sama da Yuro miliyan 2 (dala miliyan 2.1). Firaministan Isra'ila Benyamin Netanyahu da Sarki Abdallah na biyu na Jordan sun umarci gwamnatocinsu da su aika da agaji zuwa Maroko, yayin da shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ya ba da umarnin kafa wata gada ta jirgin sama don jigilar kayan agaji. taimako da sauran tallafi, kamar yadda Saudiyya ta yi. Sultan Haitham bin Tarik na Oman ya ba da umarnin a aika da kungiyoyin agaji da agajin jinya zuwa Maroko a ranar 10 ga Satumba. Aljeriya, a karon farko tun shekarar 2021, ta buɗe sararin samaniyarta ga Maroko domin saukaka isar kayayyakin jin ƙai. Washegari, Aljeriya ta ba da shawarar wata ƙungiyar sa kai ta musamman mai mambobi 80. Spain ta ba da Sashin Gaggawa na Sojoji, da sauran hukumomin agajinta, da ofishin jakadancinta a Rabat a hannun Maroko. Jirgin saman sojojin Spain guda biyu dauke da sojoji 86 da karnukan bincike 8 an kai su birnin Marrakesh bayan da gwamnatin Moroko ta yi kira ga bangarori biyu. Jamhuriyar Czech ta sanar da cewa a shirye take ta aike da mambobi kusan 70 na tawagar ceto, ciki har da likitoci 9, bayan da ta samu bukatar a hukumance daga gwamnatin Morocco. Ministan tsaron kasar Czech Jana Cernochova ya ce an shirya jiragen soji uku domin jigilar tawagar. Cibiyar horarwa da bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNITAR ta kunna Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Sararin Samaniya da Manyan Bala'i a madadin kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Societies IFRC don samar da fa'ida, ko da yake an rage, tauraron dan adam ɗaukar hoto. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, wata tawagar ma'aikatan jinya da ma'aikata 50 daga Tunisiya ta isa. Har ila yau, tawagar ta kawo karnukan bincike, na'urorin hoto masu zafi, jirgi mara matuki, da asibitin filin. Tawagar ceto ta Qatar ta isa Morocco a ranar 11 ga Satumba. </br>Hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta dage wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2023 tsakanin Morocco da Laberiya, wanda ya kamata a yi a Agadir ranar 9 ga watan Satumba. Sai dai an ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Congo da Gambia kamar yadda aka tsara a birnin Marrakesh a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba. UEFA ta ba da sanarwar yin shiru na dan lokaci ga wadanda abin ya shafa a duk waɗannan kungiyoyi da na kasa har zuwa ranar 21 ga Satumba.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ReliefWeb's main page for this event.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30321 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20yin%20%C6%99orafe-%C6%99orafe%20na%20amurka | Ƴancin yin ƙorafe-ƙorafe na amurka | A Amurka an lissafta yancin yin koke a cikin Gyaran Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasar Amurka, wanda musamman ya haramtawa Majalisa dage "yancin jama'a a cikin lumana na hallara, da kuma shigar da kara ga Gwamnati don gyara koke-koke".
Ko da yake sau da yawa ba a manta da su ba don neman wasu shahararrun ƴancin yanci, kuma wani lokaci ana ɗaukar su ba tare da izini ba, yawancin sauran 'yancin ɗan adam ana aiwatar da su a kan gwamnati kawai ta hanyar amfani da wannan ainihin haƙƙin. A cewar Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa, tun lokacin da aka rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki, haƙƙin neman koke ya faɗaɗa. Ba a taƙaice kawai ga buƙatun "gyara korafe-korafe" a kowace ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi ba, amma yana fahimtar buƙatun na yin aiki da gwamnati na ikonta don ci gaban sha'awa da wadata ga masu kora da kuma ra'ayoyinsu a kan. Kuma al'amuran siyasa masu rikitarwa. Haƙƙin ya shafi “kusantar ƴan ƙasa ko ƙungiyoyin su ga hukumomin gudanarwa (waɗanda duka halittu ne na majalisa, da kuma hannun zartarwa) da kuma kotuna, sashe na uku na Gwamnati. Lallai ‘yancin yin koke ya shafi dukkan sassan gwamnati. Haƙƙin shiga kotuna hakika wani bangare ne na ‘yancin kai ƙara”.
Tushen tarihi A cikin <i id="mwIw">Sharhin</i> Blackstone, Amurkawa a cikin Mallaka goma sha uku sun karanta cewa "haƙƙin neman koke GA sarki, ko kuma ko dai majalisar dokoki, don magance korafe-korafe" ya kasance "haƙƙin da ya shafi kowane mutum". A cikin shekarata 1776, Bayanin Independence ya ambaci gazawar Sarki George don magance korafe-korafen da aka jera a cikin koke-koke na mulkin mallaka, kamar Bukatun Reshen Zaitun na shekarata 1775, a matsayin hujjar ayyana 'yancin kai:A kowane mataki na waɗannan Zaluncin Mun Koka don gyarawa cikin mafi ƙasƙanci: Koke-kokenmu da aka maimaita an amsa su ne kawai ta maimaita rauni. Basarake, wanda halinsa ke da alamar kowane irin aiki da zai iya ayyana Azzalumi, bai dace ya zama shugaban mutane masu 'yanci ba. A tarihi, ana iya gano haƙƙin a baya zuwa takaddun Ingilishi kamar Magna Carta, wanda, ta hanyar karɓuwa daga masarauta, ya tabbatar da haƙƙin a fakaice. 14 Dokar Edw III 1 Babi na 5 (1340) ya sanya koke a kan ƙa'idar doka. Sannan kumaYa bukaci a samar da wata Hukuma a kowace Majalissar da za ta “ji karar da aka kai musu, korafe-korafen duk wadanda za su yi korafin irin wannan jinkiri ko korafin da aka yi musu”.
Sa'an nan kuma daga baya, Mataki na ashirin da 5 Bill of Rights 1689, wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa "Hakkin wadanda ake zargi da kai karar Sarki ne kuma duk alkawurra da kararrakin da ake yi na irin wannan karar ba bisa ka'ida ba ne." "Maganin korafe-korafe", da aka samu a cikin sashe na gabatar da gyare-gyare na farko na ƙasar Amurka yana samuwa a cikin Mataki na 13 na Dokar Hakki na 1689 "Kuma don Gyara dukkan Korafe-korafe da inganta ƙarfafawa da kiyaye Dokokin da ya kamata a gudanar da su. akai-akai." wanda ke nuni da cewa ‘yancin gabatar da kara yana hade da ‘yancin gyara koke-koke a majalisar. Ana samun irin wannan magana a cikin Ƙoƙarin Haƙƙin Scotland.
Yarima William na Orange (Sarki na gaba William III) ya bayyana a cikin Sanarwar Dalili na korafe-korafen da zai haifar da Dokar Haƙƙin a shekarata 1688. Game da 'yancin yin koke ya yi tsokaci game da gwaji na Bishops Bakwai inda Ubangijin Ruhaniya ciki har da Arch Bishop na Canterbury suka sadaukar da Hasumiyar kuma suka yi ƙoƙari don Seditious Libel don ƙin bin umarnin karanta sanarwar Indulgence. alkalai sun yi musu shari'a kuma suka wanke su. An gano cewa ba za a iya hukunta Bishops da laifin Seditious Libel ba saboda suna yin haƙƙin neman koke da ke ƙunshe a wancan lokacin a cikin Dokar Ta'addanci ta 1661. Wannan halin da ake ciki kuma yana da alaƙa da Art.1 Bill of Rights (1688) inda irin wannan dakatar da dokoki ba tare da izinin majalisar ba, ba tare da la'akari da "lalacewar hujja" an gane shi ba bisa doka ba "Cewa ikon da aka yi na dakatar da dokoki ko zartar da dokoki. ta Hukumar Gudanarwa ba tare da amincewar Majalisa ba haramun ne."
Amfani na farko Babban motsa jiki na farko da kare haƙƙin koke a cikin ƙasar Amurka shi ne bayar da shawarar kawo ƙarshen bauta ta hanyar aika Majalisar da koke fiye da dubu kan batun, wanda wasu 'yan ƙasa 130,000 suka sa hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 1836, Majalisar Wakilai ta amince da jerin ka'idoji na gag wanda kai tsaye ya gabatar da duk irin wadannan koke-koke na yaki da bautar ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma suka haramta tattaunawarsu. Majalisar dattawa ta dauki irin wannan mataki. Kuma Tsohon shugaban kasa John Quincy Adams da sauran Wakilai daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar soke waɗannan dokoki a cikin 1844 bisa ga cewa ya saba wa yancin Tsarin Mulki (a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko don "koken gwamnati don magance koke- koke Iyakar Yayin da haramcin tauye haƙƙin neman koke a asali ana magana ne kawai ga majalisar tarayya Majalisar dokoki da kotuna, koyarwar haɗakarwa daga baya ta faɗaɗa kare haƙƙin da yake da shi a halin yanzu, kuma a kan dukkan kotunan jihohi da tarayya da majalisun dokoki da zartarwa. rassan jaha da gwamnatocin tarayya. Haƙƙin shigar da ƙara ya haɗa da a ƙarƙashin inuwarta haƙƙin doka na gurfanar da gwamnati, da haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi da yuwuwar ƙungiyoyi don shigar da gwamnati.
Wasu masu shigar da kara sun ce ‘yancin kai karar gwamnati ya hada da wata bukata da gwamnati ta saurara ko kuma ta mayar da martani ga jama’a. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ƙi wannan ra'ayi a cikin shekarata 1984:Babu wani abu a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko ko kuma a cikin dokar shari'ar wannan Kotun da ke fassara cewa 'yancin yin magana, tarayya, da koke ya buƙaci masu tsara manufofin gwamnati su saurara ko mayar da martani ga hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a kan al'amuran jama'a. Duba kuma Smith v. Ma'aikatan Babban Titin Jihar Arkansas, inda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin la'akari da korafe-korafen ma'aikata lokacin da ƙungiyar ta shigar da su, sannan maimakon ma'aikacin Ma'aikatar Babban Titin ta Jiha, bai keta gyare-gyaren farko ga Amurka ba. Tsarin Mulki. Kotun Koli ta fi fassara Faɗin Ƙoƙarin a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da Maganar Magana ta Kyauta na Gyaran Farko, amma a cikin yanke shawara na shekarata 2010 a Borough na Duryea v. Guarnieri (2010) ya yarda cewa za a iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin su biyun:
Ƙuntatawa Dokar South Dakota ta hana masu laifin yin lalata da su yada koke, suna da hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da tarar dala 2,000. Bayar da koke na wani fursuna a Ofishin Gidan Yari na Tarayya (BOP) haramun ne a ƙarƙashin 28 CFR 541.3, kuma ana azabtar da shi ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku Kalmar “Koke” kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin waɗannan ka’idoji guda biyu ta taƙaita ne ga waɗannan korafe-korafen da ke gudana a ɓangaren zartarwa ko na majalisu na gwamnati, kuma ba ta haɗa da takaddun da aka shigar a gaban kotu ba, waɗanda kuma ake kira da “koke”, kamar koke-koke na coram nobis, mandamus, habeas corpus, haramci, da certiorari, da sauransu. Kuma A yayin da aka fi kiran wadannan a matsayin "koke" nau'i ne na karan-tsaye ga gwamnati wanda zai iya sa kotuna ta fitar da wata takarda ta umurci gwamnati ta yi aiki, ko kuma ta daina aiki, ta hanyar da aka kayyade. ‘Yancin ma’aikatan gwamnati na magance korafe-korafe da ma’aikatansu kan al’amuran da suka shafi aiki za a iya takaita shi ga tsarin gudanarwa a karkashin tsarin kotun koli. Sannan A cikin Pickering v. Hukumar Ilimi, Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa dole ne kotu ta daidaita 'yancin ma'aikaci na yin magana a kan sha'awar gwamnati na kasancewa mai inganci da tasiri a ayyukan jama'a da take yi. Daga baya Kotun Koli Connick v. Myers, Garcetti v. Ceballos, da Gundumar Duryea v. Guarnieri ya kafa cewa dole ne ma'aikatan gwamnati su nuna cewa sun yi magana a matsayinsu na ɗan ƙasa a kan abin da ya shafi jama'a lokacin da suke tuhumar ma'aikacin su a ƙarƙashin Magana na Farko ko Ƙa'idar Ƙorafi.
Duba wasu abubuwan Mu Jama'a (tsarin shigar da kara)
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15224 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy%20Akide | Mercy Akide | Mercy Akide Udoh (An haife ta 26 Agustan 1975 a Port Harcourt, Nigeria tsohuwar ‘yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta Nijeriya Farkon rayuwa Mercy ta fara wasan kwallon kafa ne tana da shekara biyar tare da babban wanta Seleipiri da kanensa Ipali a filin yashi na Bundu Waterside, kusa da gidan yarin Fatakwal An gano cewa tana da sauri tin tun tana karama, kuma a lokacin da take ‘yar shekara 12, a makarantar Holy Rosary Secondary School da ke Port Harcourt, ta shiga cikin tsere mai nisa, inda ta shiga tseren mita 400, 800 da 1500 a kan tsofaffin masu fafatawa. Ta kuma kasance zakara a fagen kwallon tebur na yanki, amma ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce wasanni inda ta yi fice sosai.
Mercy ta sami laƙabi da "Ske", wanda a yare yake nufin "fata", yayin wasa da yara maza data yi a Mile 1 a Port Harcourt. Daga cikin dimbin masoyanta a lokacin akwai wani karamin yaro da ake kira Chidi Odiah, wanda a yanzu ya zama cikakken ɗan wasan kwallan kafa ne na Najeriya wanda a yanzu haka yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da CSKA Moscow Dangane da ƙwarewarta musamman, ƙungiyar matasa masu shirya ƙwallon ƙafa sun hada gasa ta 'yan mata don zaɓar' yan matan da za su zama "The Garden City Queens".
Bayan shekaru biyu na wasa da Queens, da kuma juya saukar da overtures na kishiya Port Harcourt-tushen Larry ta Mala'iku, Akide bar Port Harcourt for Lagos ci gaba biyu da ilimi da kuma wasan kwallon kafa tare da Jegede Babes a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Princess Bola Jegede.
Kariya 1988–1990 Garden City Queens Najeriya 1991–1994 Jegede Babes (Najeriya)
1995–1998 Ufuoma Babes (Najeriya)
1998–1999 Taurarin Pelican (Najeriya)
1999-2000 Milligan College Hampton Roads Piranhas
2001–2002 Ruhun San Diego WUSA 2003–2006 Hanyoyin Hampton Piranhas W-League Garden Citu Queen A waccan lokacin, kungiyar matan Najeriya ta kasance a shekarun da ta fara kamfani kuma Garden City Queens bata cikin manyan kungiyoyin kamar Jegede Babes, Ufuoma Babes da Larry's Angels. Kulob din ya buga wasanni nune-nunen a kusa da jihar tare da Akide a matsayin tauraron jan hankali. Ta yi kusan kusan kwallaye biyar a kowane wasa a tsawon shekaru biyu da ta shafe a kungiyar. Daya daga cikin wadannan wasannin sada zumuncin shi ne karawa da fitacciyar kungiyar Jegede Babes, kuma duk da cewa Queens ta sha kashi da ci 6-1, Akide ce ta ci mata kwallo daya.
Mai mallakar kulob din Bola Jegede ya burge ta kwarai da gaske hakan yasa ta ba ta wuri a kulab din nata.
Jegede Babes Akide ya shiga Jegede Babes ne dai-dai lokacin da Najeriya ke halartar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta farko a kasar China a shekarar 1991. Tare da tuni an kafa rundunar yajin aiki, an dauke Akide zuwa tsakiyar tsakiyar kakar 1992 inda ta dauki lokaci don daidaitawa. Amma a kakar wasanni ta 1993, ta zama mafi yawan kwallaye a duka laliga da Kofin. Ta kwashe kwallaye 16 a gasar sannan ta zura kwallaye takwas a gasar Kofin Kalubale. Ta dauki fom din ne a kaka mai zuwa, inda ta ci kwallaye 15 a kakar wasanni ta 1994 da kuma 10 a gasar Kofin Kalubale don neman a kira ta zuwa kocin kungiyar Ismaila Mabo. Abin takaici, burinta bai isa ya taimaki Jegede ko wanne taken ba.
Ufuoma Babes Bayan dawowa daga Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA 1995, Akide (wanda a yanzu ya sami laƙabi da Marvel) ya yi tanti tare da ƙungiyar Ufuoma Babes da ke Warri, wanda ya ci gasar da Kofin sau biyu a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Ya kasance ya zama lada mai kyau. Kwallayenta 17 a gasar da tara a Kofin Kalubale sun taimakawa Ufuoma sau biyu. Shi ne farkon take da yawa. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ta zira kwallaye 11 a raga da kwallaye 10 a Gasar Cin Kofin kuma Ufuoma Babes ta ci gaba da mamayar ta na cikin gida Akide har yanzu ya gama da babbar lambar yabo ta zura kwallaye a shekarar 1997. Ta zira kwallaye 14 a raga da kuma kwallaye 8 a gasar cin kofin kalubale yayin da Ufuoma ta zira kwallaye na hudu a jere. Pelican Stars ta maye gurbin Ufuoma Babes a duka gasar da Kofin a 1998 tare da Akide wanda ya ci kwallaye 10 a raga da 7 a gasar Kofin Kalubale.
Taurarin Pelican Akide ya yi shekara guda kawai tare da Pelican Stars, amma shekara ce mai fa'ida, ganima mai hikima. Pelican ta sake cin nasara sau biyu duk da cewa Akide ya ci kwallaye 9 ne kawai a raga da kuma kwallaye 6 na Kofin Kalubale. A lokacin da kakar ta kare, Akide ya samu gurbin karatu a kwalejin Milligan da ke Tennessee, Amurka, bayan kammala wasan Kofin Duniya tare da Super Falcons Ayyukan duniya Zamanta biyu na daidaito tare da Jegede Babes, inda ta ci jimillar kwallaye 49 a cikin yanayi biyu, ya ɗauki hankalin kocin ƙasar Ismaila Mabo kuma an kira Mercy zuwa sansanin a 1994. Amma wani karin kwallaye, 17 a gasar da tara a gasar cin kofin Kalubale sun sa an tuna da ita. Wasanta na farko a duniya ya zo ba da daɗewa ba, wasan neman cancantar zuwa Kofin Duniya da Saliyo a Ibadan tare da Mercy tana wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe Ta sanya alama a raga da kwallaye biyu. Ta zira kwallaye daya a bugun daga baya don tabbatar da matsayinta a kungiyar. A shekara ta 2001, an sanya mata sunan thean wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata na Afirka na farko a shekara, kuma ta kasance tauraruwar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya FIFA da 1999 da 2004. Ta buga wa Najeriya wasa a Kofin Duniya na Mata uku na FIFA sannan kuma ta taimaka wa Super Falcons ta Najeriya zuwa lashe gasar zakarun Afirka karo uku na mata (AWC) a 1998, 2000 da 2002. A watan Nuwamba 2004, ta auri ɗan jaridar kwallon kafa Colin Udoh a garinsu na Fatakwal A cikin 2005, FIFA ta sanya ta a matsayin daya daga cikin Jakadun 15 na Mata Kwallan Mata.
Kariyan ta na kocin Tsakanin 2006-2008, an dauki Mercy a Stars Soccer Club, inda ta kasance babban kocin Stars U-16 Athena C Gold Girls kuma ta yi aiki a cikin Ci gaban Matasa (wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta kuma ta ɗauki abokiyarta Luke Concannon, mai horar da U-13 aiki kungiyar yan mata. Daga 2008-2013, Mercy tayi aiki a matsayin co-darekta na Ci gaban Matasa da kuma na Beach FC a Virginia Beach, Virginia A cikin 2013, Mercy ta shiga cikin masu horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Virginia Rush, a Virginia Beach, Virginia.
Manazarta Mata
Yan kwallon kafa
Haihuwan 1975
Rayayyun mutane
Mutane
Mata yan kwallan kafa
Ƴan Najeriya
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23545 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Ifeanyichukwu%20Ekwueme | Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme | Alexander Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme GCON (21 ga Oktoba 1932 19 Nuwamba 2017) shi ne zababben Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya na farko daga 1979 zuwa 1983 a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Najeriya da ke aiki karkashin Shugaba Shehu Shagari a matsayin memba na Jam’iyyar Jama’a ta Kasa (NPN) Rayuwar mutum An haifi Alex Ekwueme ga iyayen Igbo a Garin Oko, a jihar Anambra a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1932. Ya rasu da karfe 10:00 na daren Lahadi 19 ga Nuwamba 2017 a wani asibitin Landan. Dole ne a kai shi can bayan ya koma cikin suma wanda ya fada cikinsa sakamakon faduwarsa a gidansa na Enugu.
Ilimi Ekwueme ya fara makarantar firamare a St John's Anglican Central School, a Ekwulobia, sannan ya zarce zuwa Kwalejin King, Legas A matsayinsa na mai ba da kyautar Fulbright Scholarship a Amurka (kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Najeriya na farko da suka sami lambar yabo), Ya halarci Jami'ar Washington inda ya sami digiri na farko a Tsarin gine -gine da tsara birni.
Ya samu digirinsa na biyu a fannin tsara birane. Dakta Ekwueme ya kuma sami digirin digirin digirgir a fannin zamantakewa, tarihi, falsafa da shari'a daga Jami'ar London Daga baya ya ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir. a Gine -gine daga Jami'ar Strathclyde, kafin samun digiri na BL (girmamawa) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya Farkon aiki Ekwueme fitaccen masanin gine -gine ne. Ya fara sana'a aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Architect tare da Seattle-tushen m, Leo A. Daly da Associates, kuma ma da London tushen m Nickson kuma abũbuwan shirkinsu. Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, ya shiga ESSO ta Yammacin Afirka, Legas, inda ya ke kula da sashin gine -gine da gyare -gyare. Daga nan ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar kasuwanci mai zaman kansa mai nasara tare da kamfaninsa Ekwueme Associates, Architects and Town Planners, kamfanin gine -gine na farko a Najeriya. Ayyukansa sun bunƙasa tare da ofisoshi 16 da aka bazu a duk faɗin Najeriya kuma an raunata su a cikin shirye -shiryen Dakta Ekwueme ya zama mukamin mataimakin shugaban Najeriya na farko. Dakta Ekwueme ya shugabanci cibiyar gine -gine ta Najeriya da kuma kwamitin rijistar gine -gine na Najeriya. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Cibiyar gine -gine ta Najeriya. Kafin Dokta Ekwueme ya samu babban matsayi na ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya a 1979, ya kasance mai himma sosai a cikin ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arzikin al'ummarsa. Baya ga dimbin ayyukan hidimarsa na jama'a a cikin al'ummarsa, Dr. Ekwueme ya ƙaddamar da Asusun Tallafawa Ilimi wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar nauyin karatun ɗari da yawa zuwa jami'o'i a Najeriya da kasashen waje. Dakta Ekwueme ya kasance memba na karamin kwamiti na gidaje na kwamitin duba albashi da albashi na Adebo. Ya kuma yi aiki na shekaru da dama a hukumar hukumar raya gidaje ta jihar Anambra A bangaren kasa.
Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya Ekwueme shi ne zababben mataimakin shugaban Najeriya na farko daga 1979 zuwa 1983 a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Najeriya da ta yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba Shehu Shagari a matsayin memba na Jam’iyyar Jama’a ta Kasa (NPN) Sana'a daga baya Ekwueme ya halarci Babban Taron Tsarin Mulki na Kasa (NCC) na 1995 a Abuja, inda ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Tsarin da Tsarin Tsarin Mulki. Shahararrun shawarwarin da ya bayar a hukumar NCC na raba madafun iko da adalci a Najeriya bisa la’akari da shiyyoyin yanki shida yanzu an yarda da cewa ya zama dole don tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin Najeriya. Dr Ekwueme ya tara gungun manyan fitattun 'yan Najeriya 34 da suka sadaukar da rayuwarsu don tashi tsaye don yakar mulkin kama -karya na Janar Sani Abacha a lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya. Shi ne Shugaban Jam'iyyar da ke mulki a Najeriya kuma shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na Jam'iyyar na farko. Dakta Ekwueme mutum ne mai son taimakawa jama'a, ma'aikacin gwamnati, kuma mutum ne mai son zaman lafiya. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kanada -tushen Forum of Federations. Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawan Kungiyar Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS). Dokta Ekwueme shi ne jagoran tawagar da National Democratic Institute (NDI) ta tattara domin sa ido kafin zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki a Zimbabwe a 2000 Shi ne jagoran tawagar masu sa ido na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) a zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisun Tanzania a 2000. Dakta Ekwueme ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 28 ta NDI/Carter Center ta ɗauki nauyin tawagar masu sa ido zuwa zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Laberiya Kwanan nan ne jam’iyya mai mulki a Najeriya ta kira Dr Ekwueme da ya jagoranci kwamitin sulhu sakamakon rikicin cikin gida da kuma bayan zaben shugaban kasa na baya-bayan nan.
Lakabi da karramawa Ekwueme shi ne Ra'ayin masarautar Oko a jihar Anambra, inda kanin sa, Farfesa Lazarus Ekwueme, ke sarautar sarautar gargajiya. Haka kuma majalisar sarakunan gargajiya a tsohuwar Aguata ta karrama shi a matsayin Akidar karamar hukumar Aguata na jihar Anambra wanda ya ƙunshi garuruwa arba'in da huɗu (44). An karrama shi da umurnin Jamhuriyar Guinea da Najeriya, lambar girma ta biyu mafi girma ta kasa ta Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger (GCON). Dakta Ekwueme shi ne ya kasance mai taimakawa da kuma taimakon "Gidauniyar Alex Ekwueme". Jami'ar Alex Ekwueme, Abakaliki, jihar Ebonyi an sanya masa suna bayan rasuwarsa Mataimakin shugaban kasa Farfesa Yemi Osinbajo ya bayyana marigayi tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Alex Ekwueme a matsayin mara tsoro kuma jigon mutunci “A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, ya kafa kyakkyawan misali na biyayya, tarbiyya, ruhin ƙungiya da riƙon amana ga al’umma. Ba shi da tsoro kuma da ƙarfin hali na abin da ya yarda da shi, ya jagoranci G-34, ƙungiyar fitattun 'yan Najeriya waɗanda suka fuskanci mulkin kama-karya na soja a cikin mafi duhu kuma mafi tsoran kwanaki a tarihin Najeriya. Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga dawowar dimokuradiyya a 1999, in ji Osinbajo.
Manazarta 2017 deaths
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50514 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche%20Lazzell%20ne%20adam%20wata | Blanche Lazzell ne adam wata | Blanche Lazzell, an haife ta a goma ga Oktoba, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da takwas a Monongalia County, West Virginia kuma ta mutu11 ga Yunin shekarar 1956 a Bourne, Massachusetts, Ba'amurke ne mai zane, mai yin bugu kuma mai zane Wanda aka fi sani da tsintsiya madaurinta na fari-layi, ta kasance farkon yar wasan zamani na zamani na Amurka, tana kawo abubuwa na cubism da abstraction ga fasaharta.
Farkon rayuwa
An haife ta a cikin ƙaramin yanki na noma, Blanche Lazzell ya yi tafiya sau biyu zuwa Turai, yana karatu a Paris tare da masu fasahar Faransa Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger da André Lhote. A cikin shekarar 1915, ta fara ciyar da lokacin bazara a cikin al'ummar Cape Cod a lardin Provincetown, Massachusetts kuma daga ƙarshe ta zauna a can na dindindin. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar masu fasaha waɗanda suka gwada fasahar bugu na farar layi na itace bisa ga kwafin ukiyo-e na Japan.
Farkon yara da ilimi An haifi Nettie Blanche Lazzell goma ga watan Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da takwas a wata gona kusa da Maidsville (cikin) wani ƙaramin ƙauye a West Virginia Mary Prudence Paparoma da Cornelius Carhart Lazzell Mahaifinta kai tsaye zuriyar Reverend Thomas da Hannah Lazzell ce, majagaba waɗanda suka zauna a gundumar Monongalia bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka Lazzells masu ibada ne na Methodist, suna halartar Cocin Methodist Episcopal Church. Ta tara cikin ‘ya’ya goma, ana yi mata laqabi”. fart da babban yayanta Rufus, sunan da iyalinta za su ci gaba da amfani da su a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta girma a gonar iyali mai girman eka dari biyu(0.81 tana halartar makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya akan kadarorin inda ɗalibai a aji ɗaya zuwa takwas suka karɓi koyarwa daga Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu. Mahaifiyarta ta rasu tana da shekara Quand Blanche Lazzell a quinze ans, elle s'inscrit au (maintenant à Buckhannon. Probablement quelque temps avant son entrée dans cette école, elle devient partiellement sourde, bien que l'origine exacte de son état ne soit pas claire. En 1894, elle se fait soigner par un médecin de Baltimore qui attribue sa surdité au catarrhe, une inflammation des muqueuses.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da tara, Blanche Lazzell ta shiga cikin Bayan kammala karatunta daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta zama malami a a Ramsey, South Carolina A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara, ta koma Maidsville, inda ta horar da kanwarta, Blanche Lazzell est inscrite à l'université de Virginie-Occidentale (WVU) en 1901 et décide d'étudier les beaux-arts. Bien que ses études soient payées par son père, elle tient un compte strict de ses dépenses et prend un travail de coloriage de photos à Frieds, un studio de Morgantown. Elle suit les cours de dessin et d'histoire de l'art de William J. Leonard et étudie avec Eva E. Hubbard. En Lazzell obtient son diplôme des beaux-arts. Elle continue à étudier à l'université de Virginie de temps en temps jusqu'en 1909, poursuivant ses études d'art et remplaçant deux fois Hubbard comme professeur de peinture. Pendant cette période, elle apprend la céramique, la gravure sur or et la décoration de porcelaine.
Ta shiga cikin a 1908 inda ta yi karatu a karkashin masu zane Kenyon Cox da William Merritt Chase Georgia O'Keeffe sun halarci wannan makaranta a daidai wannan lokacin, amma babu tabbas ko su biyun sun halarci darasi A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da takwas mahaifin Blanche Lazzell ya mutu kuma ta bar Tafiya a Turai Blanche Lazzell ta kaddamar da SS, Cunard liner, ga Uku juillet, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha biyu wanda aka ɗaure zuwa Turai a matsayin wani ɓangare na balaguron bazara wanda ta shirya. Yawon shakatawa ta fara a Ingila kuma ta ci gaba ta cikin Netherlands, Belgium da Italiya, inda Lazzell ke nazarin gine-ginen coci. A watan Agusta, ta bar yawon shakatawa kuma ta tafi Paris, inda ta zauna a wani gidan kwana a Montparnasse a gefen hagu Ta halarci laccoci na Florence Heywood da Rossiter Howard, ta guje wa rayuwar cafe kuma ta shiga ɗakin kwanan dalibai a Boulevard Saint-Michel Yayin da yake a birnin Paris, Lazzell ya ɗauki darasi a Académie de la Grande Chaumière, Académie Julian da Académie Delécluse, a ƙarshe ya zauna a Académie Moderne inda ta yi karatu tare da mai zane -zane Charles Guérin da David Rosen Ya kasance a Académie Moderne, wanda ke hade da Parisian avant-garde, Lazzell ya fi jin daɗi a A cikin fabrairu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha biyu Ta yi rangadin makonni shida a Italiya tare da wasu 'yan mata hudu. Quintet ya koma Paris ta Jamus inda Blanche Lazzell ya sami gilashin giya na farko a Munich A watan Afrilu, ta ga wani kwararren kunne wanda ya cire wani girma daga bayan makogwaron ta, wanda ya haifar da abin da ta kira kadan inganta na sauraronsa Ta ci gaba da yin nazari da Charles Guérin wannan ya yarda Blanche Lazzell's penchant don fasahar shimfidar wuri Blanche Lazzell ta tsawaita zamanta a Faransa kuma ta halarci laccoci a Louvre game da zanen Flemish, fasahar Dutch da Renaissance Italiya Ta koma Amurka a karshen watan Satumba, ta tashi daga Landan akan layin SS na
Manazarta
Mutuwan |
29968 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20%C6%B4ancin%20sakandire | Makarantar ƴancin sakandire | Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yanci, kuma aka sani da Freedom-South Riding, makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a a Kudancin Riding, al'ummar da ba ta da haɗin kai a cikin Loudoun County, Virginia, Amurka mai nisan mil 25 yamma da Washington, DC Makarantar tana cikin Makarantun Jama'a na Loudoun County.
Gudanarwa Shugabar Makarantar Sakandare ta Freedom Neelum Chaudhry. Chaudhry ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban makarantar kafin ya zama shugaban makarantar.
Tarihi An buɗe 'yanci a cikin shekarata 2005, yana zana ɗalibansa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Broad Run, Makarantar Sakandare ta Loudoun County, da ƙaramin yanki na Makarantar Sakandare na Stone Bridge.
Kafin shekarar makaranta ta 2011-2012 an yanke shawarar gudanar da wani ɓangare na azuzuwan farko a makarantar sakandaren da ke kusa, Mercer Middle School. Rijistar a Freedom ya haura sama da ɗalibai kimanin 2,000 (bayanin kula: ƙarfin ginin shine 1,600). Saboda sabon bude makarantar J. Michael Lunsford wannan ya yiwu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, makarantar sakandare ta John Champe ta buɗe don rage cunkoso. Kafin farkon shekarar makaranta ta 2015-2016, an faɗaɗa makarantar da kusan ƙafa 13,000.
Malamai 'Yanci ya sami lambobin yabo na shekara-shekara na Index na Ayyuka (VIP), waɗanda, tun daga shekarata 2007, sun gane ci gaba koyo da nasara kuma Gwamna na Virginia da Sashen Ilimi na Virginia ke ba su Zane-zane 2010 Freedom Marching Band Season Nasaro: USSBA Arewacin Virginia Yanki, Satumba 25, shekarata 2010 Matsayi na farko gabaɗaya a rukunin 5A Mafi kyawun Tasirin Gabaɗaya, Ayyukan Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kaya, da Kare Launi
2009 Freedom Marching Band Season Nasarorin USSBA Northern Virginia Regional, Herndon High School, Satumba 26, shekarar 2009 Matsayi na 3 gabaɗaya a cikin rukuni na 4A bugun wuri na 1st
USSBA Blue Ridge Showcase, James Wood High School, Oktoba 17, shekarar 2009 Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya a cikin rukuni 4 Babban Tasiri Gabaɗaya Babban Kiɗa
Nasarar Lokacin Kwangilar 'Yanci na 2014:
Gasar Wasannin Da'awa na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Atlantic a Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yanci, Maris 29, shekarar 2014 Matsayi na 4 Gabaɗaya a PSO
Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta WGI a Dayton, Ohio, Afrilu 10–12, 2014 Matsayi na 7 Gabaɗaya a PSA
2011 Freedom Drumline Season Nasaro: Gasar Yanki na Cikin Gida na Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa a Ƙasar Ƙarfafa na Runduna, Fabrairu 12, shekarata 2011 Matsayi na 3 Gabaɗaya a PSO
Gasar Yanki na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Potomac Falls, Fabrairu 19, shekarata 2011 Matsayi na 2 Gabaɗaya a PSO
2010 Freedom Drumline Season Nasarorin: Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Cikin Gida na Atlantic, Chesapeake, VA, Maris 27–28, shekarar 2010 Matsayi na 2 Gabaɗaya da AIA PSA Masu Lamban Azurfa tare da maki na ƙarshe na 90.488 Matsayi na farko na Kayayyakin gani
Gasar Yanki na Cikin Gida na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun CD, CD Hylton High School, Maris 20, shekarata 2010 Matsayi na Farko Gabaɗaya a cikin PSA
Gasar Yanki na Cikin Cikin Ƙungiyar Atlantic, Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Thomas Jefferson, Maris 13, shekarar 2010 Wuri na Farko Gabaɗaya a cikin PSA tare da maki 86.05 Matsayi na Farko Babban Tasirin Wuri na Farko
Gasar Yanki na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Atlantic, Makarantar Sakandare ta Mills Godwin, Maris 6, 2010 Wuri na Farko Gabaɗaya a cikin PSA tare da maki 81.20 Wuri na 1st Kayayyakin Babban Tasirin Matsayi na 1st
2011 Freedom WinterGuard Season Complishments Freedom Winterguard AA Nasara a TJHS: Broken Hallelujah
Gasar Yanki na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Atlantic, Makarantar Sakandare ta Runduna, Fabrairu 12, 2011 Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya a CGSRA An Sake Rarraba zuwa CGSA3.
Gasar Yanki na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Atlantic, Makarantar Sakandare ta Potomac Falls, Fabrairu 19, 2011 Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya a CGSA3 An Sake Rarraba zuwa CGSA2.
2010 Freedom Winterguard Season Nasarorin Gasar Wasannin Da'awa na Cikin Gida na Atlantic Indoor Association, Chesapeake, VA, Maris 27–28, 2010 Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya da shekarar 2010 AIA CGSN Gold Medalists tare da maki na ƙarshe na 83.45 Ya ɗauki duk taken.
Gasar Yanki na Cikin cikin Ƙungiyar Atlantic, Makarantar Sakandare ta CD Hylton, Maris 20, 2010 Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya a cikin CGSN tare da maki 72.1 Nasara kayan aiki, motsi, da taken gani
Gasar Yanki na Cikin Gida na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun na Mills Godwin, Maris 6, shekarata 2010 matsayi na 1 gaba ɗaya a cikin CGSN tare da maki 62.5
Alkaluma Tun daga shekarar makaranta ta a shekarar 2016–17, 'Yanci ya kasance 0.4% Ba'amurke Ba'amurke/'Yan Asalin Alaska, 27.9% Asiya, 6.4% Baƙar fata, 9.0% Hispanic, 0.2% Ɗan Asalin Hawai Tsibirin Pacific, 50.5% Fari, da 5.6% na launin fata da yawa.
Wasan motsa jiki 'Yanci memba ne na Kungiyar Makarantar Sakandare ta Virginia (Class 5, Yanki 5C, gundumar Potomac) kuma tana fafatawa a matsayin Eagles a cikin waɗannan wasannin varsity da ayyuka: Wasanni maza: Ƙ
Ƙwallon ƙafa
Co-ed: Golf
Wasannin Haɗin Kai Kwando, Waƙa Filaye
Gasar zakarun jihar Virginia
Kwando ('yan mata): shekarun 2009, 2010 Gymnastics: 2018, 2019 Lacrosse ('yan mata): 2016, 2018, 2019
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
35832 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abun%20Rufe%20Fuska%20Na%20Gargajiya | Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya | Abubuwan rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu al'adu da bukukuwan gargajiya na Afirka.
Masks suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adu ko bukukuwa tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar tabbatar da gurbi mai kyau, magance bukatun kabilanci a lokutan zaman lafiya ko yaƙi, ko isar da kasancewar ruhaniya a cikin al'adar dake faraway ko bikin binnewa. Wasu abin rufe fuska suna wakiltar ruhin kakanni da suka mutu. Wasu suna wakiltar dabbobin totem, halittu masu mahimmanci ga wani dangi ko rukuni. A wasu al'adu, kamar wasu al'adun kuba na Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, abin rufe fuska na wakiltar takamaiman mutane a tatsuniyar kabilanci, kamar sarki ko kishiya ga mai mulki.
An yi imanin wanda ya sa abin rufe fuska sau da yawa zai iya yin magana da wanda aka kwatanta da shi, ko kuma ya mallaki wanda ko abin da abin rufe fuska yake wakilta.
Al'adu da abin rufe fuska wani muhimmin fasali ne na al'adun gargajiya na al'ummar wani yanki na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, misali tsakanin Sahara da hamadar Kalahari Sannan kuma Yayin da kuma takamaiman abubuwan da ke tattare da abin rufe fuska na al'ada sun bambanta a cikin al'adu daban-daban, wasu halaye sun zama ruwan dare ga yawancin al'adun Afirka Misali, abin rufe fuska yawanci yana da ma’ana ta ruhaniya da ta addini kuma ana amfani da su a cikin raye-rayen al’ada da al’amuran zamantakewa da na addini, kuma ana danganta matsayi na musamman ga masu fasaha da ke yin abin rufe fuska ga masu sanya su a cikin bukukuwa. Kuma A mafi yawan lokuta, yin abin rufe fuska wata fasaha ce da ake yadawa daga uba zuwa ɗa, tare da sanin ma'anar ma'anar da waɗannan masks ɗin ke bayarwa. Sannan Masks na Afirka sun zo cikin kowane launi daban-daban, kamar ja, baƙar fata, orange, da launin ruwan kasa.
A yawancin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya, mutumin da ya sa abin rufe fuska a zahiri ya rasa ransa na ɗan adam kuma ya koma ruhun da abin rufe fuska yake wakilta. Wannan canji na mai abin rufe fuska zuwa ruhi yawanci yakan dogara ne da wasu ayyuka, kamar takamaiman nau'ikan kiɗa da raye-raye, ko kuma kayan ado na al'ada waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga zubar da ainihin ɗan adam mai rufe fuska. Don haka mai sanya abin rufe fuska ya zama wani nau'in matsakaici wanda ke ba da damar tattaunawa tsakanin al'umma da ruhohi (yawanci na matattu ko ruhohin da ke da alaƙa). Kuma raye-rayen da aka rufe fuska wani bangare ne na yawancin bukukuwan gargajiya na Afirka da ke da alaka da bukukuwan aure, jana'izar, bukukuwan qaddamarwa, da kuma sauransu. Wasu daga cikin mafi sarkakiya da masana suka yi nazari a kansu, ana samun su a al’adun Nijeriya irin na Yarabawa da na Edo, al’adun da ke da kamanceceniya da ra’ayin wasan kwaikwayo na yammacin Turai. Tunda kowane abin rufe fuska yana da takamaiman ma'ana ta ruhaniya, yawancin al'adun sun ƙunshi masarukan gargajiya daban-daban. Addinin gargajiya na mutanen Dogon na Mali, alal misali, ya ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin asiri guda uku Awa ko ƙungiyar matattu, Bini ko ƙungiyar sadarwa da ruhohi, da Lebe ko ɗabi'a); kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana da ruhohin ruhohi, wanda ya dace da nau'ikan masks guda 78 gabaɗaya. Kuma Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa ingancin zane-zane da rikitarwa na abin rufe fuska yana nuna mahimmancin dangi na ruhun da aka kwatanta a cikin tsarin imani na wasu mutane; alal misali, abin rufe fuska mafi sauƙi kamar su kple kple mutanen Baoulé na Cote d’Ivoire (ainihin da’irar da ke da ƙananan idanu, baki da ƙaho) suna da alaƙa da ƙananan ruhohi. Masks na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan manyan fasahar Afirka waɗanda a bayyane suka yi tasiri ga fasahar Turai da Yammacin Turai gabaɗaya kuma a cikin karni na ashirin, ƙungiyoyin fasaha irin su cubism, fauvism da kuma expressionism sau da yawa sun ɗauki wahayi daga ɗimbin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Hakanan ana iya samun tasirin wannan gadon a cikin wasu al'adu kamar su Kudu- da Amurka ta tsakiya da abin rufe fuska na Carnival Maudu'i da salo Masks na Afirka galibi ana yin su ne da siffar fuskar mutum ko wani lankwasa na dabba, duk da cewa ana yin su ta wani nau'i na musamman. Kuma Rashin hakikanin gaskiya a cikin abin rufe fuska na Afirka (da fasahar Afirka gabaɗaya) ya cancanta ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa yawancin al'adun Afirka sun bambanta ainihin batun a fili daga kamanninsa, na farko, maimakon na ƙarshe, sannan kasancewar ainihin batun wakilcin fasaha. Kuma An ba da misali mai matuƙar ƙaƙƙarfan abin rufe fuska na nwantantay na mutanen Bwa Burkina Faso waɗanda ke wakiltar ruhohin dajin; tun da ana ganin waɗannan ruhohin ba za su iya gani ba, mashin ɗin da ya dace suna da siffa bayan m, siffofi na geometric zalla.
Abubuwa masu salo a cikin kamannin abin rufe fuska an tsara su ta al'adar kuma suna iya gano takamaiman al'umma ko kuma su ba da takamaiman ma'ana. Misali, mutanen Bwa da Buna na Burkina Faso duka suna da abin rufe fuska na shaho, tare da kuma siffar baki da ke nuna abin rufe fuska kamar Bwa ko Buna. Kuma A cikin duka biyun, an ƙawata fikafikan shaho da sifofi na geometric waɗanda ke da ma'anar ɗabi'a; Layukan da aka yi da gani suna wakiltar tafarki mai wuyar da kuma kakanni ke bi, yayin da sifofi da aka duba suna wakiltar mu'amalar abokan gaba (namiji-mace, daren dare, da sauransu) Ana samun halaye masu wakiltar ɗabi'u a cikin al'adu da yawa. Masks daga mutanen Senufo na Ivory Coast, alal misali, idanunsu sun rufe rabin rabi, suna nuna halin zaman lafiya, kamun kai, da haƙuri. A Saliyo da sauran wurare, ƙananan idanu da baki suna wakiltar tawali'u, kuma faffadan gaban goshi mai faɗi yana wakiltar hikima. Kuma A Gabon, manyan haɓɓaka da baki suna wakiltar iko da ƙarfi. Grebo na Ivory Coast ya sassaƙa abin rufe fuska tare da zagaye idanu don wakiltar faɗakarwa da fushi, tare da madaidaiciyar hanci yana wakiltar rashin son ja da baya.
Dabbobi Dabbobi batutuwa ne na gama gari a cikin abin rufe fuska na Afirka. Abin rufe fuska na dabba yana iya wakiltar ruhin dabbobi, ta yadda mai saka abin rufe fuska ya zama mai magana da dabbobi da kansu (misali don neman namomin daji su nisanci ƙauyen); kuma a yawancin lokuta, duk da haka, dabba ma (wani lokaci galibi) alama ce ta takamaiman kyawawan halaye. Sannan kuma Abubuwan dabbobi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da buffalo (yawanci yana wakiltar ƙarfi, kamar yadda yake a cikin al'adun Baoulé), kada, shaho, hyena, warthog da tururuwa Antelopes suna da muhimmiyar rawa a yawancin al'adu na yankin Mali (misali a cikin al'adun Dogon da Bambara a matsayin wakilan noma Dogon tururuwa masks ne sosai m, tare da gaba ɗaya siffar rectangular da yawa ƙaho (wakilta mai yawa girbi. Mashin bambara (wanda ake kira chiwara suna da dogayen ƙahoni da ke wakiltar bunƙasar gero, ƙafafu (suna wakiltar tushen), dogayen kunnuwa (waɗanda ke wakiltar waƙoƙin da mata masu aiki suka rera a lokacin girbi), da kuma layi mai siffa wanda ke wakiltar hanyar da aka bi. by Rana tsakanin solstices Wani bangon bango na karni na 12/13 daga Old Dongola, babban birnin masarautar Nubian na Makuria, sannan kuma yana nuna abin rufe fuska na raye-raye da aka yi wa ado da harsashi na cowrie suna kwaikwayon wasu dabbobi masu dogon hanci da manyan kunnuwa. Bambance-bambancen gama gari akan jigon abin rufe fuska shine nau'in halayen dabbobi daban-daban a cikin abin rufe fuska guda ɗaya, wani lokacin tare da halayen ɗan adam. Sannan Haɗa nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban tare wani lokaci hanya ce ta wakiltar wani sabon abu, kyawawan halaye na musamman ko babban matsayi. Alal misali, ƙungiyoyin asirin Poro na mutanen Senufo na Ivory Coast suna da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ke nuna kyakkyawan ikon al'umma ta hanyar haɗa alamomin "haɗari" daban-daban guda uku: ƙahonin tururuwa, haƙoran kada, da kuma ɓangarorin warthog. Wani sanannen misali shi ne na kifwebe masks na mutanen Songye Kongo basin waɗanda ke haɗa ratsi na zebra (ko okapi haƙoran kada, idanun hawainiya, bakin aardvark, bakin zakara, gashin mujiya da sauransu.
Kyawun mata Wani batu na yau da kullun na abin rufe fuska na Afirka shine fuskar mace, yawanci bisa ƙayyadaddun al'ada na kyawawan mata Kuma Makullin mata na mutanen Punu na Gabon, alal misali, suna da dogon gashin idanu masu lanƙwasa, idanu masu siffar almond, siraran haɓɓaka, da kayan ado na gargajiya a kumatunsu, domin duk waɗannan ana ɗaukarsu halaye masu kyau. Makullin mata na mutanen Baga suna da tabo na ado da nono. A yawancin lokuta, sanya abin rufe fuska da ke wakiltar kyawun mata an keɓe shi sosai ga maza. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wakilcin kyawawan mata shine Idia mask na Benin Kuma An yi imanin cewa Sarkin Benin Esigie ne ya ba da umarnin tunawa da mahaifiyarsa. Domin girmama mahaifiyarsa da ta mutu, sarki ya sanya abin rufe fuska a kugunsa a lokacin bukukuwa na musamman.
Masks na matattu (mask na matattu) Da yake girmama kakanni da suka mutu wani muhimmin abu ne na yawancin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa matattu kuma batun gama gari ne na abin rufe fuska. Masks da ke magana game da matattun kakanni ana yin su ne da siffar kwanyar mutum Wani sanannen misali shi ne mwana pwo (a zahiri, "mace mace") na mutanen Chokwe Angola wanda ke haɗuwa da abubuwa masu magana da kyau na mace (daidaitaccen fuska mai kyau, ƙananan hanci da chin) da sauran suna nufin mutuwa dusar ƙanƙara na idanu, fashewar fata, da hawaye; yana wakiltar kakanin mace da ya mutu yana ƙarami, wanda aka girmama a cikin ayyukan ibada kamar kaciya da bukukuwan da ke da alaƙa da sabunta rayuwa. Kamar yadda ake danganta girmama matattu da haihuwa da kuma haifuwa, kuma yawancin abin rufe fuska na kakanni ma suna da alamun jima'i; abin rufe fuska na ndeemba na mutanen Yaka (Angola da DR Congo alal misali, kuma ana yin su ne bayan kwanyar da aka cika da hanci mai siffar fata. Wani nau'i na musamman na abin rufe fuska na kakanni sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sanannun mutane, tarihi ko almara. Mashin mwaash amboy na mutanen Kuba (DR Congo), alal misali, yana wakiltar almara wanda ya kafa Masarautar Kuba, Woot, yayin da mgady amwaash mask ke wakiltar matarsa Mweel.
Kayan aiki da tsari Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su don masks shine itace, ko da yake ana iya amfani da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na sauran abubuwa, ciki har da dutse mai haske kamar steatite, karafa irin su jan karfe ko tagulla, nau'in masana'anta daban-daban, tukwane, da kuma sauransu. Ana fentin wasu abin rufe fuska (misali ta amfani da ocher ko wasu masu launin halitta). Kuma Za a iya amfani da abubuwa masu yawa na kayan ado a saman abin rufe fuska; misalan sun haɗa da gashin dabba, ƙaho, ko hakora, bawo na teku, tsaba, bambaro, harsashi kwai, da fuka-fukan. Sannan kuma Ana yawan amfani da gashin dabba ko bambaro don gashin abin rufe fuska ko gemu.
Tsarin gaba ɗaya na abin rufe fuska ya bambanta dangane da yadda ake son sawa. Kuma Nau'in da aka fi sani da shi ya shafi fuskar mai sawa, kamar yawancin abin rufe fuska na yamma (misali, carnival). Wasu kuma ana sawa kamar hula a saman kan mai sawa; Misalai sun hada da na mutanen Ekhoi na Najeriya da na Bwa na Burkina Faso, da kuma shahararrun mashin chiwara na mutanen Bambara. Wasu abin rufe fuska (misali na al'ummar Sande na Laberiya da na Mende na Saliyo, waɗanda aka yi da kututturen bishiya) ana sawa kamar kwalkwali da ke rufe kai da fuska. Wasu al'adun Afirka suna da kayan ado masu kama da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ake sawa a ƙirji maimakon kan fuska; kuma sannan wannan ya hada da wadanda mutanen Makonde na Gabashin Afirka ke amfani da su wajen bukukuwan ndimu Masks da aka samar da kasuwanci Kamar yadda Turawa ke amfani da abin rufe fuska na Afirka, ana sayar da su sosai kuma ana sayar da su a mafi yawan kasuwanni da shagunan yawon buɗe ido a Afirka (da kuma shagunan "ƙabilanci" a Yammacin duniya Kuma Sakamakon haka, fasahar yin abin rufe fuska ta gargajiya a hankali ta daina zama gata, al'adar da ke da alaƙa, kuma yawan samar da abin rufe fuska ya yaɗu. Duk da yake, a mafi yawan lokuta, masks na kasuwanci sune (mafi ko žasa da aminci) haifuwa na kayan masarufi na gargajiya, wannan haɗin yana raguwa a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda dabaru na samar da taro ya sa ya fi wuya a gano ainihin asalin yanki da al'adu na masks da aka samu a ciki. wurare kamar shagunan curio da kasuwannin yawon bude ido. Misali, kasuwar Okahandja a Namibiya galibi tana sayar da abin rufe fuska da ake samarwa a Zimbabwe (saboda suna da rahusa da sauki fiye da abin rufe fuska na gida), kuma, bi da bi, kuma masu yin abin rufe fuska na Zimbabwe suna haifar da abin rufe fuska daga kusan ko'ina a Afirka maimakon daga nasu. nasu gadon gida.
Duba wasu abubuwan Fasahar kabilanci
Fasahar Afirka
sassaken Afirka
Zaman Picasso na Afirka
FESTIMA, biki ne na bikin al'adun gargajiya
Toloy
Manazarta
Manazartai Alamar Masks na Afirka
The Art of the African Mask, Jami'ar Virginia
Fuskokin Ruhu, Jami'ar Virginia
Icons of Power, Jami'ar Virginia
Hotunan Magabata, Jami'ar Virginia
Hotunan Masu Mulki, Jami'ar Virginia
Halayen jiki na Masks na Kabilanci na Afirka, Haihuwar Gidan Batsa na Afirka
Bortolot, Alexander Ives, Idia: Uwar Sarauniya ta Farko ta Benin A cikin Timeline of Art History New York: Gidan Tarihi na Art, Oktoba 2003. An dawo da Maris 25, 2007.
Lommel, Andreas Masks, Ma'anarsu da Aiki, Ferndale Editions, London, Orig. Atlantis Verlag Zurich 1970 Gabatarwa, bayan Himmelheber Afrikanische Masken
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Farawa: ra'ayoyin asali a cikin sassaka na Afirka, kundin nunin nuni daga Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi (cikakken samuwa a kan layi kamar PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa a kan masks na Afirka.
Ga ruhohi da sarakuna: fasahar Afirka daga tarin Paul da Ruth Tishman, kundin nuni
Gidan kayan tarihi na Laburaren Fasaha (cikakken samuwa akan layi azaman PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa akan abin rufe fuska na |
30530 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fataucin%20Mutane%20a%20Najeriya | Fataucin Mutane a Najeriya | Najeriya ƙasa ce da ke cikin ƙasashen da ake fataucin mutane musamman mata da ƙananan yara ta hanyar tilasta waɗanda akayi fataucin su don suyi karuwanci da kuma maida su bayi na tsawon lokaci bayan an gama lalata rayuwar su sai waɗanda suka yi fataucin su, su sallame su ba tare da duba wace rayuwa zasu tsinta kansu ba. Ana daukar mata da yara da aka yi safararsu a Najeriya daga yankunan karkara da ke kan iyakokin kasar mata da ‘yan mata domin aikin gida ba tare da son rai ba da lalata, da kuma samari don yin aikin tilas a sana’ar sayar da titi, bautar gida, ma’adinai, da bara. Ana dauykar mata da kananan yara daga Najeriya zuwa wasu kasashen yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman Gabon, Kamaru, Ghana, Chadi, Benin, Togo, Nijar, Burkina Faso, da Gambia, don dalilai iri daya. Yara daga ƙasashen yammacin Afirka kamar Benin, Togo, da Ghana inda dokokin kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ke ba da damar shiga cikin sauki suma ana tilasta musu yin aiki a Najeriya, wasu kuma suna fuskanta ayyuka masu wahala da qunci a ma'adanai na Najeriya. Ana kai mata da kuma ’yan matan Najeriya zuwa Turai musamman Italiya da Rasha da kuma kasashen larabawa musamman Gabas ta Tsakiya, Saudi da Arewacin Afirka don yin karuwanci ta tilas Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Sa ido da Yaki da fataucin mutane ya sanya kasar a cikin "Jerin Kallon Tier 2" a cikin shekarar 2017.
Laifi Dokar hana fataucin bil adama da gudanar da doka a shekarar 2003 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2005, kuma daga karshe shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya sake kafa shi a shekarar 2015 domin kara hukunta masu safarar mutane, kuma don yin tasiri sosai ya haramta duk wani nau’in safarar mutane. Hukunce-hukuncen da shari'a ta gindaya na zaman gidan yari na shekaru biyar da/ko tarar dala $670 kan fataucin kwadago, daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari ga fataucin yara saboda barace ko barace- barace, da kuma shekaru 10 zuwa daurin rai da rai saboda fataucin jima'i sun cika tsauri kuma sun yi daidai da hukuncin da aka tsara. ga sauran manyan laifuka, kamar fyade. Dokar kare Haƙƙin yara a Najeriya ta shekarar 2003 ta kuma haramta safarar yara, duk da cewa jihohi 23 ne kawai daga cikin 36 na kasar, ciki har da babban birnin tarayya, suka kafa ta. A tsarin mulkin Najeriya, dokokin da suka shafi 'yancin yara suna karkashin ikon gwamnati; don haka, dole ne a amince da dokar kare hakkin yara ta kowane majalisu na jihohi don aiwatar da su gaba daya. Hukumar ta NAPTIP ta bayar da rahoton bincike 149, da gurfanar da mutane 26, da kuma laifuka 25 na laifukan safarar mutane a lokacin rahoton a karkashin dokar fataucin mutane ta 2003. Hukuncin ya kasance daga watanni biyu zuwa shekaru 10, tare da matsakaita hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 2.66; Mutane biyu ne kawai da aka samu da laifi aka ba su zabin biyan tara maimakon yin zaman gidan yari. Tare da abokan hulda na kasa da kasa, gwamnati ta ba da horo na musamman ga jami'ai kan yadda za su gane, bincike, da kuma gurfanar da laifukan fataucin. ‘Yan sanda da jami’an shige-da-fice da suka hada da masu aiki a ma’aikatun kan iyakoki da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama, a wasu lokutan ana zarginsu da karbar cin hanci don yin la’akari da laifukan safarar mutane. Hukumar NAPTIP ta kori wasu ma’aikatan gwamnati guda biyu da aka samu da karkatar da kudaden wadanda abin ya shafa; an sa su dawo da kudaden. A shekarar 2014 ne Babbar Darakta ta Hukumar hana zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta kasa (NAPTIP), Beatrice Jedy-Agba, ta samu lambar yabo daga John Kerry a birnin Washington DC, domin karrama ayyukan da ta ke jagorantar yaki da safarar mutane a Najeriya. A watan Maris din shekarar 2017 ne aka nada Dame Julie Okah-Donli a matsayin Darakta-Janar na Hukumar NAPTIP, kuma ta samu gagarumar nasara wajen yaki da safarar mutane a Najeriya. Fataucin 'yan Najeriya a Italiya Najeriya mafari ce da kuma hanyar safarar mutane. Saboda yawan al'ummar Najeriya, kasar na zama daya daga cikin kasashen Afirka da ke kan gaba wajen safarar mutane ta hanyar wuce gona da iri. Sai dai ya zuwa shekarar 2016 daga cikin bakin haure 181,000 da suka isa Italiya ta tekun Bahar Rum, 'yan Najeriya sun kai kashi 21%. Fataucin bil adama wata hanya ce ta cin zarafin mata da yara kan aikin arha da karuwanci a matsayin wata dama ta taimakon kansu daga kangin talauci. Fataucin bil adama na Najeriya yana faruwa ne a cikin iyakokin Najeriya, a kasashe makwabta, da kuma a kasashen Turai da dama saboda suna iya jigilar mata da yara a cikin hanyar sadarwa don safarar mutane don fadada kasuwa a cikin wannan masana'anta. Kungiyoyin ‘yan Najeriya sun aike da dubban mata zuwa kasuwannin jima’i a kasashen Italiya da Spain da kuma Netherlands. Kimanin mata da ‘yan mata ‘yan Najeriya 21,000 ne aka yi safarar su zuwa kasar Italiya tun daga shekarar 2015 inda kashi 80 cikin 100 na fama da safarar mutane. A cewar wani rahoto na aikin Vie d'Uscita (Fita Hanyar), 64% na 'yan matan da ake safarar su zuwa Italiya sun fito ne daga Najeriya yayin da 34% daga Albania, Balkans da Romania suka fito. An fara fataucin matan Najeriya zuwa Italiya a shekarun 1980 saboda bukatar karancin kwararrun ma’aikata a harkar noma da ayyuka. Najeriya dai na da tarihin tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da kudi da ke haddasa rashin aikin yi da fatara da kuma al'adar ba da matasa daga gidajen talakawa zuwa ga iyalan masu hannu da shuni a matsayin taimakon gida. Hakan ya kara tsananta safarar mutane. An yi kiyasin cewa kusan 'yan Najeriya miliyan 15 ne ke zaune a kasashen waje don neman ilimi, samun ayyukan yi, da ingantacciyar rayuwa fiye da nasu a Najeriya. Matsanancin yanayin tattalin arziki da ya haifar da rashin aikin yi da rashin aikin yi, da yawan jama'a, rashin zaman lafiya, rashin tsaro da iyakokin iyakoki na taimaka wa ƙaura daga ciki da waje a Nijeriya. Babban dalilin yin hijira ga ’yan Najeriya shi ne don su taimaka wajen fitar da iyalansu daga kangin talauci ta hanyar samun aikin yi a kasashen waje da kuma aika kudi zuwa gida. Ba a kididdige Najeriya a cikin kasashe goma mafi talauci a Afirka da kowane mutum GNP na kusan dalar Amurka bn 433.449 kamar yadda aka yi a watan December na shekarar 2019. An yaki fataucin bil adama a Najeriya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da kungiyoyi na gida suka kafa irin su NAPTIP's Public Enlightenment Unit da ke haɗin gwiwa da Devatop Center for Africa Development, da gwamnatin Italiya da ke haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin Najeriya don yin darasi game da yawan fataucin mutane da ke faruwa a cikin Italiya. Italiya ba wai kawai jami'ai sun rufe gidajen karuwai a manyan biranen ba, amma gwamnati ta tsara shirye-shirye tare da ma'aikatan jin dadin jama'a don haɗa mata cikin al'umma da zarar sun sami 'yancin kansu. Yawancin ‘yan Najeriya da ke zuwa Italiya ba su iya karatu da karatu ba kuma ba su da masaniyar rayuwar birni, don haka samun wurin zama a cikin biranen Italiya yana da wahala ga ’yan Najeriya ba tare da jagora ba. Mummunar fataucin ‘yan mata da mata ‘yan Najeriya don yin lalata da su zuwa kasar Italiya ya zaburar da wani fim mai suna Oloture wanda ke nuna irin mugun halin da wadanda abin ya shafa ke ciki da kuma jure wa zuwa Italiya. Fim din wanda ya kasance cikin manyan fina-finai 10 na Netflix kwanaki kadan bayan fitowar shi a shekarar 2019 kuma ana kallon shi a matsayin wani mataki na ilimantar da 'yan mata da mata don fahimtar gaskiyar gaskiyar da ke bayan alkawuran 'aiki a Turai'. Galibin mata da ‘yan mata da ake safarar su zuwa kasar Italiya sun fito ne daga jihar Edo da ke Kudancin Najeriya. Wadanda aka kama da safarar su, yawanci sun ki bayyana sunayen wakilan da aka sayar da su da kuma mutanen da aka sayar da su, saboda rantsuwar da aka yi da su a gaban likitocin ‘yan asalin jihar suna amfani da gashin kansu, farce da kuma jininsu a wasu lokutan a jihar Edo. Oba na Benin wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin shugaban ruhi a Masarautar Benin, Jihar Edo kwanan nan ya la'anci wadanda ke taimakawa da fataucin 'yan matan Edo zuwa Italiya da sauran wurare. Ya kuma karya duk wasu yarjejeniyoyin da ake zargin wadanda aka yi fatauci da su sun kulla da barayin da wakilansu. Ana sa ran wannan mataki da Oba na Benin ya dauka zai rage yawan fataucin mutane daga jihar Edo tare da kwarin gwiwar bayyana masu fataucin da wakilansu.
Kariya Najeriya ta ci gaba da kokarinta na kare fataucin wadanda abin ya shafa a shekarar 2009. Jami'an 'yan sanda, kwastam, shige-da- fice, da hukumar NAPTIP sun yi amfani da tsari don gano wadanda abin ya shafa a tsakanin masu hadarin gaske, kamar matasa mata ko 'yan mata da ke tafiya tare da wadanda ba dangi ba. Bayanai da hukumar ta NAPTIP ta bayar sun nuna cewa an gano jimillar mutane 1,109 da aka gano tare da bayar da agaji a daya daga cikin matsugunan NAPTIP guda takwas a fadin kasar nan a lokacin rahoton; 624 sun kasance lokuta na fataucin don cin zarafin kasuwanci da kuma 328 don cin zarafin aiki. Hukumomin gwamnati dabam-dabam sun aika da wadanda abin ya shafa fataucin zuwa ga NAPTIP don matsuguni da sauran ayyukan kariya: shige-da-fice da aka ambata 465; 'yan sanda sun mika 277; Ayyukan zamantakewa suna magana 192; kuma Hukumar Tsaron Jiha ta yi nuni da tara. Ma'aikatan mafaka sun tantance bukatun wadanda abin ya shafa a lokacin da suka isa wurin kuma sun ba da abinci, tufafi, matsuguni, ayyukan nishaɗi, da koyarwa kan fasaha daban-daban, gami da koyar da sana'o'i; An ba da shawara ta hankali ga mafi tsanani lokuta kawai. Yayin da suke matsugunan NAPTIP, mutane 70 da abin ya shafa sun samu tallafin koyar da sana’o’in hannu da tallafin gwamnati. Hukumar ta NAPTIP ta kiyasta kashe kudaden da gwamnati ta kashe a shekarar 2009 kan matsugunan ta ya kai dala 666,000. Dokar Taimakawa Doka da Gudanarwa ta 2003 ta ba da kulawa, kariya, da ayyukan rashin nuna wariya ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Dokar ta bayyana cewa ba za a iya tsare wanda aka yi fatauci ba saboda wani laifi da aka aikata sakamakon fataucinsa. A lokacin rahoton, gwamnati ta dauki matakin mayar da wuraren da wadanda abin ya shafa ke da nisa mai nisa daga wuraren da ake tsare da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi, lamarin da ya rage yiwuwar masu safarar za su iya yin tasiri da bai dace ba a kan wadanda abin ya shafa. An bar wadanda abin ya shafa su zauna a matsugunin gwamnati na tsawon makonni shida. Idan ana buƙatar lokaci mai tsawo, an tuntuɓi hukumomin ƙungiyoyin jama'a don ɗaukar wanda aka azabtar. Jami’ai sun karfafa wadanda abin ya shafa su taimaka wajen gudanar da bincike da hukunta masu safarar mutane, kuma wadanda abin ya shafa sun zama shaida a duk shari’ar da hukumar ta NAPTIP ta samu. Waɗanda abin ya shafa za su iya neman hakkinsu bisa ka’ida ta hanyar ƙararrakin farar hula a kan masu fataucin, ko kuma neman kudi daga Asusun Tallafawa wadanda aka kashe a shekarar 2009 inda ake mika kadarorin da aka kwace daga hannun masu fataucin ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Kwamitin Asusun Tallafawa yana karkashin jagorancin Ministan Shari'a kuma yana yin taro sau hudu a kowace shekara. Gwamnati ta ba da wani iyakataccen tsari na shari'a na kawar da waɗanda aka kashe daga ƙasashen waje zuwa kasashen da suke fuskantar wahala ko azaba zama na gajeren lokaci wanda ba za a iya tsawaita ba.
Rigakafi Sashen wayar da kan jama’a na NAPTIP da ke aiki a yankunan karkarar Binuwai, Kogi, da Edo, NAPTIP ta bullo da shirye-shirye na asali tare da gudanar da gasar tseren gudun hijira na farko na shekara-shekara na yaki da fataucin mutane a Jihar Edo tare da ‘yan gudun hijira mutum 5,000 a shekara ta 2009.
Sashen wayar da kan jama'a na NAPTIP ya yi hadin gwiwa da Cibiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Devatop don ilimantar da mata, matasa, malamai da matasa sama da 5000 kan yadda za a hana safarar mutane. A cikin shekara ta 2015, sun tallafa wa Cibiyar Devatop don Ci gaban Afirka don aiwatar da aikin gwaji: "The Academy for Prevention of Human Trafficking and Other Related Alters (TAPHOM)". An kaddamar da aikin ne domin tara masu fafutukar yaki da fataucin bil-Adama da za su taka rawar gani wajen yaki da safarar mutane a yankunansu da jihohinsu daban-daban. Mata 120, matasa, malamai, jami’an tsaro, masu aikin shari’a, kwararrun kafafen yada labarai, ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya, da masu aikin sa kai na al’umma daga jihohi 6 an horar dasu tsakanin watan Yuli 2015 zuwa Mayu 2016. Mahalarta taron sun taka rawar gani wajen hana safarar mutane. Mataki na gaba shine a kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Rigakafin Fataucin Bil Adama wanda zai mayar da hankali kan horarwa, bincike, shawarwari, shawarwari da wallafe-wallafe.
A matakin kasa, ta kira taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2009 don ɗaliban sakandare da taken yaki da safarar mutane. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da rangadi na jihohi tara domin kafa ƙungiyoyin aiki na jiha don yaƙi da safarar mutane. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, NAPTIP ta gudanar da taron bita na masu ruwa da tsaki a Kaduna don tsara abubuwan da suka shafi shirye-shirye da kiyasin farashi don aiwatar da shirin na kasa. Sojojin Najeriya na samun horo na tilas kan kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam da fataucin mutane a shirye-shiryen gudanar da ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a ƙasashen waje. Jami’ai sun koma rufe gidajen karuwai biyu a Legas a cikin kwata na farko na shekara ta 2010. A waɗannan gidajen karuwai, hukumomi sun ceto Mata guda 12, ciki har da wasu ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru shida da aka yi musu fatauci. An yanke masa hukuncin dauri na shekaru biyu a gidan yari, an kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari, sannan aka bukaci ya kwace otal dinsa. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020, 'yan sanda sun yi nasarar ceto mutane 232 da aka yi musu fataucin jima'i da kuma aikin tilastawa a wani babban aiki a Yamai, babban birnin kasar.
Ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da safarar mutane a Najeriya Cibiyar Devatop for Africa Development (DCAD), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta tare da mayar da hankali kan yaki da fataucin mutane, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin yara da bayar da tallafin ilimi ga yara masu rauni. Ƙungiya ce ƙarƙashin jagorancin matasa wacce ta kasance a sahun gaba wajen yaƙi da safarar mutane da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi su. Ƙungiyar ta kasance tana jan hankalin matasa wajen gina kasa ba tare da safarar mutane ba.
Gidauniyar Fataucin Mata da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (WOTCLEF), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ta dau ƙaƙƙarfan matsaya a kan fataucin mata da bautar da yara. WOTCLEF ta ba da shawarar kafa NAPTIP.
Pathfinders Justice Initiative, Inc. (www.pathfindersji.org) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai yaki da fataucin mutane wacce ke aiki don hana bautar zamani (fasirin jima'i) da 'yantar da mata da 'yan mata da suke bayi ta hanyar kawar da tushen tushen kai tsaye. R. Evon Benson-Idahosa ne ya kafa ta, Esq., babban kwararre kuma jagoran tunani kan fataucin jima'i wanda kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi na ƙasa da kasta.
Ƙungiyar Mata ta Najeriya
Hadin gwiwar Yaki da Fataucin Bil Adama da Cin Duri da Yara
Viable Knowledge Masters (VKM), wani kamfani ne na bincike da ba da shawara wanda ya yi aiki sosai kan masana'antar jarirai da fataucin jarirai da mata da ke faruwa a waɗannan wurare. Ana buga ayyukan VKM akan masana'antar jarirai a cikin sanannun mujallolin da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu.
Task Force Against Human Trafficking (ETAHT): Gwamnan Jihar Edo, Mista Godwin Obaseki ya kafa a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2017, a matsayin martani ga yawaitar fataucin bil’adama da kaura ba bisa ka’ida ba a jihar. An kafa ETAHT da farko don kawar da bala'in fataucin mutane gaba daya a cikin jihar. a ƙarƙashinzu yana karkashin jagorancin Prof. Yinka Omorogbe. Babban Lauyan Gwamnati da comm. na Adalci.
Duba kuma Karuwanci a Najeriya
Hakkin Dan Adam a Najeriya
Laifuka a Najeriya
Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya
Ƴancin muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51983 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20tsarin%20kogun%20dangane%20da%20tsawonsu | Jerin tsarin kogun dangane da tsawonsu | Wannan jerin kogunan da sukafi kowanne tsayi a Duniya. Sun haɗa da tsarin kogi da ke da tsayin sama da kilomita Ma'anar tsayi Akwai abubuwa da dama, kamar tantance tushe, ganewa ko ma'anar bakin ruwan, da kuma ma'aunin gwaji, na tsawon kogin tsakanin tushe da baki, waɗanda ke ƙayyade ma'anar "tsayin kogi". Sakamakon haka, ma'aunin gwada koguna da yawa sun kasance mafi yawansu kintatawa ne (duba kuma paradox na bakin ruwa). Musamman, da kuma alama akwai sabani game da kogin da yafi kowanne tsayi a duniya a tsakanin kogin Nilu ko Amazon A al'adance ana la'akari da kogin Nilu ya fi tsayi, amma a cikin shekarar 2007 da 2008 wasu masana kimiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa Amazon ya fi tsayi ta hanyar auna kogin tare da maƙwabtan Pará da ke kusa da tashar ruwa mafi tsayi. Wani labarin da aka yi bita wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2009 a cikin International Journal of Digital Earth ya kammala cewa kogin Nilu ya fi tsayi.
Ko da idan akwai taswirori dalla-dalla, ma'aunin tsayi ba koyaushe yake zama daidai ba. Kogin yana iya samun tashoshi da yawa, ko anabranches. Tsawon zai iya dogara ne akan ko an auna tsakiya ko gefen kogin. Wataƙila ba a bayyana yadda za a auna tsawon ta tafki ko rijiyoyi ba. Canje-canje na yanayi da na shekara-shekara na iya canza koguna da tafkuna. Sauran abubuwan da za su iya canza tsawon kogin sun hada da zagayowar zaizayar kasa da ambaliya, madatsun ruwa, lefes, da kuma tashoshi. Bugu da ƙari, tsayin ma'ana zai iya canzawa sosai a tsawon lokaci saboda cutoffs daga Allah ko kuma wanda mutum yayi, lokacin da wani sabon tashar ya yanke a kan ƙasa, yana ƙetare babban kogi mai lankwasa. Misali, saboda cutoffs 18 da aka kirkira tsakanin 1766 da 1885, tsawon kogin Mississippi daga Alkahira, Illinois zuwa New Orleans, Louisiana, an rage shi da Waɗannan wurare suna sa yayi wahala, watakila ma ba zai yiwu ba, don samun daidaitaccen ma'auni na tsawon kogi. Bambancin daidai da asali kuma yana sa wahalar yin kwatancen tsayi tsakanin koguna daban-daban ba tare da an samu sabani ba.
Jerin tsarin kogin ya fi tsayin kilomita 1,000 Ga mafi yawan koguna, kafofin daban-daban sun bayar bayanai masu karo da juna kan tsawon kogunansu. Bayanin da ke cikin tushe daban-daban yana tsakanin alamar baka.
Bayanan kula Duk tsawon kogin da akayiwa alamar asterisk to ya kasance matsakaicin tsawo da kafofi daban-daban suke bayar. Idan kuwa akwai bambanci sosai a tsakanin bayanan da kafofif daban-daba n suka bayar, to an lissafosu duka. Amma idan kuwa tsayi da kafofi na mataki na biyu suka bayara sun zama daya, to ana sanya matsakaicinsu sannan kuma ayi masa alamar asterick.
Masana kimiyya sunyi sabani akan wani kogi ne yafi kowanne tsawo a duniya. A al'adance, ana daukar Kogin Nile a matsayin mafi tsayi, amma bayanan kwana-kwanan nan sun nuna cewa Kogin Amazon na iya fin shi tsayi. Bambanci a tsakanin tsayin Kogin Amazon ya danganta ne daga cewa ko za'a sanya sashin Ilha de Marajó da ke gabar Kogin Amazon a matsayin bangare na Amazon, ko kuma a matsayin bangare na daban na sashin Kogin Tocantins.Sabbin hujjoji da suka soma daga (ranar 16 June 2007) wanda aka samo daga Andes, ya nuna cewa Amazon yafi Nile tsayi da kilomita 100km, da kan ruwanta mafi tsayi a koramar Carhuasanta, wacce ta soma daga kudanci Peru, a yankin arewacin dutsen Nevado Mismi sannan yana kwarara zuwa cikin Río Apurímac. Amma kuma, an riga an san asalin Nevado Mismi tun tsawon shekaru goma da suka gabata (see [http://www.palkiewicz.com/ekspedycje/index.php?p=zrodl_amaz Jacek Palkiewicz), sannan kuma ma'auni da aka gwada ta tauraron dan-Adam daga wannan wuri zuwa gabar Amazon ya bada akalla abun da bai wuce kilomita 6,400km ba.
Gabaki daya anyi amfani da sunayen kogunan na yau da kullum. Yawancin sunayen sun kasance sunaye ne na gargajiya na harshe ko kuma anyi amfani da kwatankwanci sunan.
Kara dubawa
Lists of rivers
List of drainage basins by area
List of rivers by discharge
List of river films and television series
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24899 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackichand%20Singh | Jackichand Singh | Telem Jackichand Singh (An haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Maris, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. A cikin gida yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob ɗin Indian Super League, na East Bengal, a matsayin aro daga Mumbai City, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Indiya Sana'a
Royal Wahingdoh Jackichand ya fara zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa don Royal Wahingdoh, sannan a cikin I-League 2nd Division, a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2011 a Gasar Cin Kofin Federation da Churchill Brothers Wahingdoh ya ci wasan da ci 2-1 inda Jacki ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 53 don kammala tashin hankali a kofin. Jackichand zai sake yin wasa sau biyu a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin tarayya, ya sake zira kwallaye, amma ba zai iya taimakawa kungiyarsa fice daga rukunin ba. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Royal Wahingdoh a lokacin kamfen ɗin su na 2011 I-League 2nd Division kuma zai zira kwallaye uku a lokacin rukunin, yana taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta cancanci zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta 2 na shekarar 2011 a matsayin masu nasara a rukuni, amma Wahingdoh ya gama na 6. kuma ya kasa samun ci gaba. Jackichand ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar a lokacin gasar I-League ta shekarar 2012, inda Wahingdoh ya sake samun cancantar shiga rukuninsu a matsayin wadanda suka lashe gasar a zagayen karshe, inda Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu. A lokacin zagaye na ƙarshe, za mu iya lissafin wasanni 10 da ya yi, ya zira kwallaye 8 amma ba zai iya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta sami ci gaba zuwa I-League ba. Jackichand ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Royal Wahingdoh na rukunin I-League na shekarar 2013 amma a wannan karon, Wahingdoh ya kasa tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe daga rukuninsu yayin da suka gama na uku. A ƙarshe, yana cikin rukunin I-League na shekarar 2014 lokacin da Wahingdoh ya lashe gasar don haka ya sami ci gaba, bayan samun cancantar zama masu nasara a rukunin zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe na I-League 2nd Division shekara ta 2014, lokacin da Jackichand ya zira kwallaye biyu a zagayen ƙarshe.
2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand ya fara wasan farko na sabuwar kakar don Royal Wahingdoh bayan samun ci gaba, a kan Mumbai a gasar cin kofin Federation na shekarun 2014 da 15 a cikin nasarar 2-1 inda ya zira duka ƙwallon ƙungiyarsa a kowane ɓangaren rabin lokaci. Ya zira kwallon sa ta uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Tarayya da Sporting Goa ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015 a raunin 2-1. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar I-league a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu da Shillong Lajong a farkon Shillong Derby a cikin I-league kuma ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh don Kwallo na Biyu a cikin nasara 2-1. Jackichand ya zira kwallon sa ta farko I-League a kan Salgaocar Ya ci kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Bharat FC a ranar 21 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015. Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Pune a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. Ya taimaki Godwin Franco a wasan da suka ci 1-0 a gida da Gabashin Bengal a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015. Jackichand ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh sau uku don hat-trick da ya yi da Salgaocar a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015 a nasarar 4-2 ga tawagarsa. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand an ba shi mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.
Super League na Indiya
Pune City A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2015, an yi gwanjon Jackichand don yin wasa da FC Pune City akan 45 lakhs 58.2k) a cikin Super Indian na 2015 Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a lokacin Delhi Dynamos na ISL a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ɗauki wasanni biyu kacal ya ci wa ƙungiyar kwallaye a kan ATK a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ci kwallon a cikin minti 1 da dakika 15. Ita ce ƙwallo mafi sauri da aka ci a bugun ISL na biyu. Ya buga wasansa na karshe a kulob din da NorthEast United a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2015. Ya kammala kakar wasa tare da wasanni 9, inda ya zira kwallaye guda daya a cikin tsari.
I-League
Salgaocar (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 2016, Jackichand ya rattaba hannu kan Salgaocar yayin da Royal Wahingdoh ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga I-League, a matsayin aro daga Pune City don I-League na 2015-16. Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar wasa a cikin 2015–16 I-League da Bengaluru FC 9 Janairu 2016. Jackichand ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Salgaocar a kan Mumbai a I-League a cikin rashin nasara 2-1. Ya buga wasan karshe na kulob din da Sporting Goa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2016.
Komawa zuwa ISL
Mumbai City A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Mumbai City ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Jackichand a karo na uku na ISL. Ya fara wasansa na farko ranar 3 ga Oktoba a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Pune City, inda ya maye gurbin Léo Costa a minti na 90 a wasan da suka ci 1-0. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2016, ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko da nasara, a minti na 45 a kan NorthEast United bayan mai tsaron ragar NorthEast Lima Gomes ya yi kuskure. Ya buga wasansa na karshe na kulob din da ATK a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2016, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 (raunin 3-2) a wasan zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe.
Komawa I-League
Gabashin Bengal (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara 2017, Singh ya rattaba hannu don kulob din I-League na gabas Bengal don kakar I-League ta 2016-17. Ya fara wasan farko da zakarun zakarun Aizawl a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2017 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. Amma bayyanar da wahalar zuwa Singh kamar yadda babban kocin Gabashin Bengal Trevor Morgan baya buƙatar masu yawo a cikin tsarin sa. Ya buga wasanni 7 ne kawai a kulob din wanda daga ciki wasanni 4 suka fito daga benci. Wasansa na karshe na kulob din ya zo ne da Punjab a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2017.
Komawa zuwa ISL (x2)
Kerala Blasters A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, shekara 2017, an zaɓi Singh a zagaye na 8th na 2017-18 'Yan wasan ISL na Kerala Blasters don kakar 2017 18 na Indian Super League Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2017 da ATK Ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Courage Pekuson na minti na 81 yayin da Kerala Blasters ya yi canjaras 0-0. Daga nan Singh ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Goa Ya zira kwallaye daidai wa Kerala Blasters a minti na 30 don yin 2-2 amma abin takaici kulob din zai ci gaba da yin rashin nasara 5-2. Daga nan ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallo ta biyu a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara 2018 a kan Pune City Kwallon da ya zura a minti na 58 shine farkon fara wasan a nasarar 2-1 ga Blasters. Ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye 2 cikin wasanni 17 da ya bugawa kungiyar yayin da Kerala Blasters ya kare a matsayi na 6 a jadawalin gasar FC Goa A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara 2018, ya sanya hannu kan Goa daga Kerala Blasters A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu ya ci kwallo daga yadi 22 wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwallo mafi sauri a cikin 18-19 ISL kakar wanda ya haifar da nasarar 3-0 ga FC Goa a kan masu nasara ISL sau biyu ATK Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi burge Gaurs a kakar wasa ta farko tare da su, inda ya zira kwallaye 4 sannan ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 21 yayin da ya taimaki Goa ya kai wasan karshe na ISL. Ya ci gaba da wannan tsari ta hanyar zira kwallaye 5 a wasanni 19 a kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kulob din yayin da Goa ya kare a matsayi na 1 a jadawalin gasar, kuma ta haka ne ya zama kulob din Indiya na farko da ya cancanci shiga rukunin rukunin Champions League na AFC.
Jamshedpur A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2020, Singh ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 3 tare da Jamshedpur don kakar ISL mai zuwa. An sanya masa riga mai lamba 12. Ya taimaka a wasansa na farko da Chennaiyin a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba.
Mumbai City FC Mumbai City FC ta tabbatar da sa hannun Jackichand Singh daga Jamshedpur FC a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021 don ragowar kakar ISL a shekarar 2020-2021. Dan wasan gefe na Manipur ya ba da taimako uku a wasanni 12 da ya yi wa Jamshedpur FC a gasar Super League ta Indiya 2020-2021.
Kasashen duniya Jackichand ya fara bugawa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa wasa da Nepal a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, inda ya maye gurbin Lalrindika Ralte A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar 2019 da Laos, ya taimaka sau uku bayan ya maye gurbinsa a farkon rabin nasarar da Indiya ta ci 6-1. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Jacki ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Udanta Kumam a minti na 44 a wasan gida da Laos a filin wasa na Indira Gandhi Athletic, Guwahati inda ya ba da taimako uku kuma ya taimaka wa Indiya ta cancanci zuwa zagaye na uku na wasannin cancantar gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Jackichand ya ci ƙwallon sa ta farko ga Indiya a nasarar 4 1 akan Puerto Rico a Andheri Sports Complex, Mumbai.
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Kasashen duniya Indiya da aka jera da farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Jackichand.
Gasar Super League ta Indiya 2018–19 Super Cup na Indiya 2019
Na ɗaya I-League 2014-15 Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa na kakar
Rayuwar mutum Babban wahayi na Singh shine ɗan wasan Manipuri Renedy Singh, da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jackie Chan, wanda aka sanya masa suna. Ya fito ne daga ƙasƙantar da kai kuma abokan wasan sa da abokan sa sun san shi da Jacki. Ya auri Beauty kuma yana da ɗa mai shekaru uku mai suna Civic. An saka sunayen matarsa da dansa a hannunsa na dama.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1992
Pages with unreviewed |
33425 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerianisation | Nigerianisation | Najeriyar dai ita ce manufar horar da ‘yan Nijeriya da kuma tura ‘yan Nijeriya mukaman da ‘yan kasashen ketare ke rike da su a ma’aikatan gwamnatin Najeriya a baya. An aiwatar da tsarin sosai a cikin shekara ta 1950s. A hankali aka yi shi kuma ya haɗa da sake tsara hukumomin gwamnati da faɗaɗa wuraren ilimi a zaɓaɓɓun manyan makarantu da kwalejoji. Kasancewar Najeriya ya zama muhimmi yayin da Najeriya ke tafiya neman 'yancin kai, Majalisar Ministocin Najeriya da Majalisar Wakilai duk sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa Najeriya ta mallaki manyan mukaman ma'aikatan gwamnati kamar sakatarorin dindindin Fage
Sabis na mulkin mallaka A cikin 1930s, Hukumar Mulkin Mallaka ta zama haɗin kai tare da sarrafa shi daga London, yana mai da ita siffar daular haɗin kai Sakamakon tsarin haɗin gwiwar shi ne ɗaukar ma'aikata da sanya hafsoshi cikin hidimar Najeriya ta hanyar ofishin London yayin da aka yi la'akari da ƙaramin shawara ga 'yan Afirka masu dacewa. A Najeriya tsarin na’urar ‘yan mulkin mallaka ya ba da muhimmanci ga mulkin kai tsaye da kuma sanya ’yan gudun hijira mazauna yankunan karkara, jami’an sashe da masu gudanar da mulki zuwa larduna inda suke hulɗa kai tsaye da ‘yan kasa. Haɗin kai tsarin ya kuma haifar da sakatariyar hukuma tare da sakatarorin ƴan ƙasashen waje da ke da alhakin sadarwa da London. Duk da cewa an cika ma’aikatu biyu da ma’aikata akai-akai da rashin kudi, yawancin mukaman da ke cikin sakatariyar sun cika da ‘yan kasashen waje daga wasu yankuna yayin da mafi yawan ayyukan gudanar da mulki mazauna larduna ne. A farkon yaƙin duniya na biyu, Najeriya na da babban aikin gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati da 'yan ƙasashen waje ke gudanarwa. Amma ingancin hidimar da ’yan gudun hijirar ke bayarwa ya fara raguwa, lamarin da ya ta’azzara da wasu abubuwan da ba a biya su ba, da hana ’yan gudun hijira shiga fagen fama a yakin da ake yi, da musayar ra’ayi akai-akai, rabuwa da iyalai da karuwar sarkakiyar mulki da bai dace ba. cancantar. Bayan yakin, an kafa hukumar biyan albashi don duba jin daɗin ma'aikatan gwamnati. Hukumar ta karfafa amfani da kalmar ‘Senior Posts’ a matsayin mukaman gudanarwa a sakatariya da larduna da Turawa suka mamaye da a da ake kira ‘Policean Posts’. Sabon naɗin ya kuma zo da albashin ‘yan gudun hijira da kuma alawus-alawus yayin da ake kiran ‘post African’ a matsayin kananan mukamai amma ba shi da fa’ida. Tun daga 1930s, adadin ƴan Najeriya daga Kudancin ƙasar da suka kammala karatun mishan yana ƙaruwa. 'Yan Afirka da suka yi karatu ciki har da wasu kan ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu kishin kasa sun fara yunƙurin ganin an ƙara shigar 'yan Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na gwamnati. An siffata Nijeriya a matsayin yaƙi da wariya da mulkin mallaka Kafin shekara ta 1948, manyan muƙamai sun kasance 'yan ƙasashen waje ne suka mamaye duk da cewa wasu 'yan Afirka kaɗan ne suka sami damar ci gaba. Jami’an mulkin mallaka a Landan da Najeriya sun takaita ci gaba da daukar ’yan Afirka masu ilimi zuwa manyan mukamai in ban da wasu kamar Henry Rawlingson Carr da Joseph McEwen. A tsakiyar 1948, daga cikin jimillar manyan mukamai 3,786, 245 'yan Afirka ne, 1,245 babu kowa da sauran 'yan kasashen waje. Don haɗa da ƙarin 'yan Afirka a cikin hidimar jama'a, matakin farko yakan fara ne tare da ƙaddamar da bincike game da yanayi da buƙatun sabis na jama'a.
1948-1952 Hukumar ta farko ita ce Hukumar Bincike ta ƙafafu, tana da aikin nemo hanyoyin da za a ɗauki ƴan Najeriya masu dacewa da ƙwararrun aiki don yin aikin gwamnati Rahoton hukumar ya ba da shawarwari masu ci gaba. Hukumar ta Hugh Foot ta ba da shawarar kafa Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a don yin aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata don aiwatar da shawarwarin ta. A cikin wannan shekarar, wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya kafa gwamnatin yanki a Najeriya wanda ya iyakance aiwatar da shawarwarin Foot. Sabon tsarin ya kuma ƙara yawan shiga harkar ci gaban siyasa ta ‘yan Najeriya masu ilimi wadanda suka zaɓi kin shiga aikin gwamnati. Bayan ‘yan shekaru da hukumar ta fitar da rahotonta, shugabannin siyasar yankin Kudancin Najeriya ba su gamsu da cewa ana daukar isassun ‘yan Najeriya da suka cancanta shiga aikin gwamnati ba. Wannan ra’ayi ya banbanta a Arewacin kasar da akasarin Islama inda mulkin kai tsaye ya kasance makamin mulki, ilimin Turawan Yamma yana da iyaka don haka ’yan Arewa da suka cancanta ba su da yawa. Gwamnatin yankin Arewa ta yi fargabar cewa ci gaba da ɗaukar ’yan Najeriya aikin gwamnati zai haifar da mayar da ‘yan Arewa saniyar ware.
Wasu daga cikin shawarwarin Hukumar Kafa Cewa babu wani dan Najeriya da za a dauki aikin gwamnati idan dan Najeriya ya cancanta kuma ya dace.
Ya kamata a nada kwamitocin kula da ayyukan gwamnati da ba na hukuma ba don zabar wadanda za su yi wa manyan mukaman hidima da neman tallafin karatu da tsarin horo.
Ya kamata a nada kwamitocin sassan da za su ba da shawarwarin karin girma zuwa manyan ayyuka da kuma zabin horo tare da ra'ayin karin girma zuwa manyan mukamai.
Cewa ya kamata a fadada tallafin karatu da lambar yabo ta horo
Ya kamata a ba mata ƙarin tallafin karatu
Yakamata a fadada wuraren horarwa na gida
Samun Nijeriya: 1952-1960
Ci gaba a yankin Kudu A farkon shekara ta 1952 ne aka ƙaddamar da sabuwar Majalisar Ministoci, wadda ita ce ta farko a ƙasar da ‘yan Najeriya suka mamaye. Ministocin sun zabi mayar da Najeriya a matsayin wata babbar manufar da za su bi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1952, majalisar ta nada wani kwamiti da Simeon Adebo da Sydney Phillipson suka jagoranta domin su duba yadda ake ɗaukar karin ‘yan Najeriya aikin gwamnati. A cikin rahoton da hukumar ta fitar bayan shekara guda, ta yi nuni da cewa a tsakanin shekara ta 1948 zuwa shekara ta 1953, yawan ‘yan Afirka da ke rike da muƙamai ya karu daga shekara ta 245 zuwa shekara ta 685 amma kuma yawan ‘yan ƙasashen waje ya karu daga 2,296 zuwa 2,984. A ƙarshe, hukumar ta ba da shawarwari masu nisa. Taken rahoton shi ne "Nigerianisation of the Civil Service", wannan shi ne karon farko da aka yi amfani da aikin Najeriya a bainar jama'a a kasar. Daga cikin shawarwarin da hukumar ta bayar sun hada da: tallata guraben aiki ga 'yan Najeriya a kasashen waje, karin girma bisa cancanta amma ban da wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya ba a matsayin wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya ba, cewa ba za a ba wa wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya shawarar cika sabbin mukamai ko mukamai a sabbin ma'aikatu, da sharuddan kwangila ya kamata su zama zabi na farko wajen daukar wadanda ba ‘yan Najeriya ba. Koyaya, kamar dai hukumar da ta gabata sabbin ci gaban siyasa sun yi tasiri ga cikakken aiwatar da shawarwari. A cikin 1954, Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton ya kori Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951. Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya sauya ma'aikatan gwamnati daga tsarin bai daya zuwa na yanki. Don haka ne gwamnatocin yankin Kudu guda biyu, karkashin jagorancin Awolowo ’s Action Group da Azikiwe ’s NCNC suka yi kakkausar suka wajen ciyar da ‘yan Nijeriya horo da daukar ma’aikata a yankin. Yawancin 'yan Afirka a cikin sabis na tarayya gwamnatocin yanki suna neman su sosai. Wannan ya haifar da samun ci gaba a Nijeriya a cikin gwamnatocin yankin Kudu maso Kudu amma an rasa ’yan Afirka a hidimar Tarayya.
Ci gaba a cikin sabis na Tarayya Gwamnonin yankin kudancin kasar nan sun gagauta tsarin mayar da Najeriya, a shekara ta 1955, gwamnatin Yamma ta rage daukar ’yan gudun hijira masu karbar fansho yayin da aka naɗa sabbin ’yan Najeriya da suka samu horo daga kwalejojin kasashen waje a manyan mukamai.
A matakin tarayya, an fara ci gaba daga baya. A watan Agustan 1955, Majalisar Wakilai ta yi kira ga Majalisar Ministoci da ta gabatar da shawarwari game da mayar da ma’aikatan gwamnati Najeriya. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1956, majalisar ta gabatar a gaban majalisar, takardar zama mai lamba 4 ta shekarar 1956, manufar sanarwa kan mayar da Najeriya. Majalisar ta ba da shawarar cewa, a samar da wani sabon mukami, a samar da ofishin jami’in kula da ‘yan Najeriya da kuma kara wa ‘yan Nijeriya matakin horas da su gaba da sakandare domin biyan bukatun ma’aikatan gwamnati. Don tabbatar da nasarar shawarwarin an tsara shirye-shiryen horo uku. Babban Horo, Horon Matsakaici da Horon Farko. An tuhumi manyan hukumomin gwamnati guda uku da aiwatar da tsarin: Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a, Hukumar bayar da tallafin karatu da ofishin kafa. An umurci kowace ma’aikatar da ta ci gaba da bin diddigin bukatun sassan da ‘yan Najeriya wajen horar da su wadanda za su dace da bukatun ma’aikata. Haka kuma tsarin ya kunshi daukar dalibai ‘yan Najeriya a kasar Burtaniya aikin gudanar da mulki a gida. Yayin da adadin ‘yan Najeriya da ke rike da mukamai ya kai 786 a cikin jimillar 5,125, a shekarar 1961 adadin ya karu zuwa 3,030 daga cikin 5,133. A shekara ta 1965, an kusan kammala aikin mayar da Najeriya a ma'aikatar tarayya da kuma a matakin yanki.
Hidimar waje Horar da jami'an diflomasiyya ga aikin mutum a ketare yana ƙunshe ne a cikin Takarda mai lamba 11 na shekara ta 1956. An tura wasu zababbun jami’an gudanarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje domin horar da ‘yan Najeriya ’yancin kai da kafa ofisoshin jakadancin Najeriya a ketare.
Soja A wani bangare na sauye-sauyen samun ‘yancin kai, an mayar da iko da rundunonin sojoji daga majalisar sojoji zuwa ofishin Gwamna-Janar. Yanzu haka an sanya jami’an soji da ke kasashen waje a karkashin ikon ‘yan Najeriya kuma an ba su wa’adin shekaru 3 na karatun boko kafin su koma gida. A shekarar 1959, akwai hafsoshi 297 a cikin sojoji, 37 daga cikinsu ‘yan Najeriya ne. ’Yan sandan Najeriya a shekara ta 1959, sun kasance manya-manya 3, kyaftin 6 da kuma 28. A shekarar 1960, an yi shirin ba da karin hafsoshi da kuma kara wa wasu karin girma zuwa manyan mukamai da kyaftin. Daga 1956 zuwa 1961 an rage yawan hafsoshin Burtaniya da ba na ba da izini ba sannu a hankali kuma a lokacin sauran hafsoshin su ne masu fasaha. An kafa Cadetship a zaɓaɓɓun makarantun sakandare don gano masu yuwuwar daukar ma'aikata waɗanda za su iya cancantar matsayin jami'ai. Kimanin dalibai goma sha bakwai na shekara-shekara ana daukar su aikin horar da su a kasashen waje a matsayin hafsoshi.
Arewaci Najeriya ta yi tafiyar hawainiya a yankin Arewa saboda karancin wadanda suka kammala karatu a yankin. Mulki a Arewa ya kasance ta hanyar mulkin kai tsaye kuma ba a la'akari da ilimin Yammacin Turai da muhimmanci sosai a sassa da yawa. Bayan an raba ma’aikatan gwamnati zuwa yanki, shugabannin siyasa a yankin suna ganin cewa yawan ‘yan Arewa da ke hidima ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Kudu. Bisa la’akari da siyasa, shugabannin yankin sun takaita daukar ’yan Kudu aikin yi wa yankin Arewa aiki, inda aka gano hanyoyin da za a bi wajen ganin an kara kaimi ga ’yan Arewa a kanana da manya. Shugabannin sun rike hidimar ’yan gudun hijira, saboda ’yan Arewa sun dauki ’yan gudun hijira a matsayin ’yan gudun hijira amma suna tsoron mamaye kudancin yankin na ma’aikatan gwamnati. An samar da matakan horar da ’yan Arewa; a shekarar 1949, hukumar bayar da tallafin karatu ta bayar da tallafi ga kusan dukkan ‘yan Arewa masu cancantar shiga jami’o’i. A cikin 1957, an koyar da darussan gudanarwa a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da ke Zariya Baya ga kokarin cike mukamai a ma’aikatan gwamnati da ’yan Arewa, shugabannin siyasa na shiyyar sun ba da fifiko wajen tabbatar da wakilcin Arewa a manyan mukamai na ma’aikatan tarayya.
Batutuwa
'Yan kasashen waje Don hana hasarar damar aiki, ƴan gudun hijirar da suka jagoranci ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta bukaci gwamnati ta biya su diyya. A cikin 1958, ofishin mulkin mallaka ya amince da shirin biyan diyya kafin tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Tarayya. Ta haka ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta samar da ɗimbin kuɗi ga jami'an da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke son barin kafin a ba da 'yancin kai a 1960 kuma ta yi alkawarin yin adalci ga ƴan ƙasar da suka rage bayan samun 'yancin kai. An yi gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyar a cikin 1959.
Bayanan kula
Sources Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
16128 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonto%20Dikeh | Tonto Dikeh | Tonto Charity Dikeh (An haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1985) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Nijeriya, mawaƙiya, marubuciya da kuma taimakon ɗan adam. A ranar 27 ga Agustan shekara ta 2000, Tonto Dikeh ta kafa gidauniyarta; Gidauniyar Tonto Dikeh. An kafa Gidauniyar ne tare da kyakkyawar hangen nesa da sha'awar inganta rayuwa ga duk waɗanda ke gudun hijira kuma a ƙarƙashin gata mata, 'yan mata, matasa, da yara a Afirka, game da banbancin Siyasa, Addini da Al'adu. Hakanan yana nufin shirya shirye-shiryen wayar da kai na yau da kullun da tattaunawar tattaunawa wanda zai kawo lafiya da wayewa ga launin fata; ta hanyar daukar batutuwan da suka shafi mata, matsalolin jinsi, fyade, ƙarfafawa, canjin yanayi da haƙƙin yara.
Fina-finai da talabijin An saka ta a wani fim mai suna Sirrin Banza, wanda ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce tsakanin 'yan Najeriya saboda sanya hotunan manya. Duk da yake wasu mutane sun soki rawar da ta taka saboda ba al'ada ba ce kuma ba 'yar Afirka ba, wasu kuma sun bayyana cewa Dikeh ta kasance ƙwararriya ce kawai.
Waƙar aiki Bayan samun nasarar wasan kwaikwayo, Dikeh ya yanke shawarar neman aikin waka. Kafin wannan, an nuna ta a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don Amaco Investments, tare da Patience Ozokwor Ta fara gabatar da kade-kade ne ta hanyar sakin wakar "Hi" da "Itz Ova", wanda daga baya Snypa ta fito dashi. A ranar 13 ga Yunin 2014, mawaƙin Najeriyar D'banj ya sanya mata hannu a cikin rikodin rikodin sa, DB Records. Dikeh ta sanar da ficewa daga bayanan DB a cikin Maris din 2015.
Rayuwar mutum Dikeh an haife shi ne a gidan mai yara bakwai kuma shine na uku cikin yara biyar. Iyalinta sun fito ne daga Obio-Akpor, karamar hukuma a jihar Ribas, kuma asalinsu Ikwerre ne. Tana da shekaru 3, ta rasa mahaifiyarta kuma ta tashi tare da mahaifiyarta, wanda ke da yara biyu. Dikeh ya karanci ilimin kere kere a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas Aurenta na gargajiya da Oladunni Churchill an yi shi a watan Agusta 2015. A watan Fabrairun 2016, Dikeh ta haifi ɗanta, wanda ta raɗa masa suna Baby X. Koyaya, tun daga wannan lokacin, ma'auratan suka tafi suka ƙaura ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A 31 ga watan Agusta 2020, Tonto Dikeh yayi amfani da shafinta na Instagram don murnar babban abokinta, Bobrisky. Ta raba hoto irin na Indiya irin na Bobirisky ga mabiyanta miliyan 6.4 a shafin Instagram.
Amincewa A ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2016, Dikeh ya zama Ambasadan wani kamfani a Abuja (NUMATVILLE) na miliyoyin Naira. A ranar 9 Janairu 2018, Dikeh ya sami amincewa a matsayin jakadan alama don kyakkyawa da yanayin kula da fata (Pels International). Alamar kyakkyawa sananniya sananniya don yin fata mai haske kayayyakin kyan gani. A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2018, Dikeh ya zama jakadan Sapphire Scents, sabon layin turare da ke ba da damar kasuwanci ga 'yan Najeriya. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2018, Dikeh ya kulla yarjejeniyar amincewa da Hukumar hana fataucin mutane ta kasa (NAPTIP) kan safarar mutane. A ranar 24 Maris 2019, Dikeh ya bayyana a matsayin jakadan jakada na Amstel Malta. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da Dikeh ya fito cikin salo don liyafar cin abincin dare da Amstel Malta ta shirya. Abincin abincin, wanda aka shirya musamman don masu tasiri, ya ga Dikeh a matsayin daya daga cikin jakadunsa. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2019, Dikeh ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amincewa da naira miliyan 100 tare da Zikel Cosmetics.
Zaɓaɓɓun marayu
Filmography da aka zaba Tea or Coffee (2006) Pounds and Dollars (2006) Missing Rib (2007) Final Hour (2007) Divine Grace (2007) 7 Graves (2007) Crisis in Paradise (2007)
Insecurity (2007) Away Match (2007) Games Fools Play (2007) The Plain Truth (2008) Love my Way (2008) Before the Fall (2008)
Total Love (2008) Strength to Strength (2008)
Missing Child (2009) Native Son (2009) Dangerous Beauty (2009)
My Fantasy (2010)
Zara
Dirty Secret (2010) Last Mission Blackberry Babes Re-loaded (2012) Secret Mission
Rush Hour Fatal Mistake Family Disgrace
Miss Maradonna
Mortal Desire Criminal Widow 1 Criminal Widow 2 (2013)
Then Terror of a Widow 1 (2013)
Then Terror of a Widow 2 (2013)
Battle of the Queens (2014)
Throne of War (2014)
Duba kuma Jerin mutane daga Fatakwal
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tonto Dikeh Tonto Dikeh akan InfoGuideAfrica
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Haifaffun 1985
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed |
24503 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Qingzhao | Li Qingzhao | Li Qingzhao Chinese 1084 c. 1155, c. pseudonym Mai gidan Yi'an ya kasance mawaƙin Sinawa kuma marubuci a lokacin daular Song An dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan mawaka a tarihin kasar Sin.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Li Qingzhao a shekara ta 1084, a Zhangqiu dake lardin Shandong na zamani. An haife ta ga dangin manyan malamai, kuma mahaifinta dalibi ne na Su Shi Iyalin suna da tarin littattafai, kuma Li ta sami damar samun cikakken ilimi a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Tun tana ƙarami, ta kasance mai yawan son mace ga dangi daga dangi mai ilimi.
Kafin ta yi aure, an riga an san waƙar ta a cikin fitattun mawaka. A shekarar 1101 ta auri Zhao Mingcheng, wanda ta raba abubuwan sha'awa cikin tarin zane -zane da zane -zane Sun rayu a Shandong na yanzu. Bayan mijinta ya fara aikinsa na yau da kullun, galibi baya zuwa. Ba su da arziƙi musamman amma sun more jin daɗin tattara rubuce -rubuce a zane wanda ya sa rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun ta kasance kuma suna rayuwa cikin farin ciki tare. Wannan ya zaburar da wasu wakokin soyayya da ta rubuta. Li da mijinta sun tattara littattafai da yawa. Sun raba soyayya da waka kuma sau da yawa suna rubuta wakoki ga juna tare da yin rubutu game da kayayyakin tagulla na daular Shang da Zhou A Arewancin Song babban birnin kasar na Kaifeng fadi a 1127 zuwa Jurchens a lokacin da Ƴaƙin Song An yi fada a Shandong kuma an kone gidansu. Ma'auratan sun kwace kayansu da yawa lokacin da suka tsere zuwa Nanjing, inda suka zauna tsawon shekara guda. Zhao ya mutu a cikin 1129 yayin da yake kan hanyar zuwa mukamin hukuma. Mutuwar mijinta mummunan rauni ne wanda Li bai warke ba. Daga nan ya rage mata ta kiyaye abin da ya saura na tarin su. Li ta bayyana rayuwar aurenta da rudanin tashin jirgin a cikin Bayan Magana ga aikin da mijinta ya buga bayan mutuwarsa, Jīn Shí Lù Waƙarta ta baya tana nuna kwanakin rashin kulawa a matsayin mace mai yawan jama'a, kuma tana da kyan gani.
Daga baya Li ya zauna a Hangzhou, inda gwamnatin Song ta yi sabon babban birnin ta bayan yaƙin Jurchen. A wannan lokacin, ta ci gaba da rubuta waƙa. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki don kammala littafin Jīn Shí Lù, wanda asalinsa Zhao Mingcheng ya rubuta. Littafin ya fi mayar da hankali ne akan rubutun kira na tagulla da duwatsu: ya kuma ambaci takardun da Li da Zhao suka tattara kuma aka gani a farkon lokacin. A cewar wasu asusun zamani, ta auri wani mutum mai suna Zhang Ruzhou wanda ya wulaƙanta ta, kuma ta sake shi cikin watanni. Ta tsira daga sukar wannan aure.
Kimanin waƙoƙi ɗari ne kawai aka sani da tsira, galibi a cikin sigar ci kuma suna bin diddigin nasarorin da suka bambanta a rayuwa. Hakanan wasu waƙoƙi kaɗan a cikin sigar shi sun tsira, Bayan Magana da nazarin nau'in cí na waƙoƙi. Rayuwarta cike take da juyi da juyi kuma ana iya raba wakokinta zuwa manyan sassa biyu layin rarrabuwa shine lokacin da ta koma kudu. A farkon lokacin, yawancin waƙoƙin ta suna da alaƙa da yadda take ji a matsayin budurwa. Sun kasance kamar wakokin soyayya. Bayan matsayinta zuwa kudu, suna da alaƙa da ƙiyayya da yaƙin yaƙi da Jurchen da kishin ƙasa. An ba ta lambar yabo ta farko mai cikakken bayani game da ma'aunin waƙoƙin Sinawa. An ɗauke ta a matsayin maigidan wǎnyuē pài "taƙaitaccen ƙuntatawa".
Nassoshi na Zamani Wasu ramuka biyu masu tasiri, Li Ch'ing-Chao a duniyar Mercury da Li Qingzhao a duniyar Venus, an sanya mata suna.
'Ru Meng Ling' da 'Sheng Sheng Man' an saita su zuwa kiɗa a matsayin wani ɓangare na waƙar waƙoƙin 'Abun tunawa a kasar Sin' daga mawaki Johan Famaey a cikin 2011.
A cikin 2017, mawaƙin Karol Beffa ya rubuta daɗaɗa wakokin ta na sin (Klarthe), inda ya saita waƙoƙin ta guda huɗu zuwa kiɗa. Kogin taurari, labari na Guy Gavriel Kay wanda aka kafa a Daular Song China, ya ƙunshi babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda Li Qingzhao ya yi wahayi, kamar yadda marubucin ya yarda a cikin littafin.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Kara karantawa Egan, Ronald [mai fassara], Garkuwa, Anna M. [edita] (Janairu 2019). Ayyukan Li Qingzhao .De Gruyter Mouton ISBN 978-1-5015-0451-8
Hanyoyin waje Waƙar Li Qinzhao
Wakar Li Qingzhao
Zaɓin waƙarta daga Shahararrun Mawaƙa Waƙoƙi
Shiga cikin Li Qingzhao daga Sauran Muryoyin Mata
Works by Li Qingzhao Sin
Mutanen Asiya
Marubuta
Yaren ƙasar |
29914 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%C6%99iya%20mai%20ha%C9%97ari | Walƙiya mai haɗari | Yajin walƙiya ko walƙiya shine fitarwar lantarki tsakanin yanayi da ƙasa. Yawancin ya samo asali ne a cikin gajimare na cumulonimbus kuma yana ƙarewa a ƙasa, wanda ake kira walƙiya -zuwa ƙasa (CG). Wani nau'in yajin da ba a saba sabawa ba, walƙiya daga ƙasa zuwa gajimare (GC), walƙiya ce mai haɓakawa zuwa sama wanda aka fara daga wani abu mai tsayi kuma yana shiga cikin gajimare. Kusan kashi 69 cikin 100 na duk abubuwan da ke faruwa na walƙiya a duk duniya suna faruwa ne tsakanin yanayi da abubuwan da ke daure ƙasa. Yawancin su ne intracloud (IC) walƙiya da gajimare-zuwa-girgije (CC), inda fitarwa kawai ke faruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Walƙiya tana afkawa matsakaicin jirgin sama na kasuwanci aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, amma injiniyanci da ƙira na zamani yana nufin wannan ba matsala bace. Motsin jirage ta cikin gajimare na iya haifar da tashin walƙiya.
Walƙiya guda ɗaya ita ce "flash", wanda ke da sarƙaƙƙiya, tsari mai yawa, wasu sassa waɗanda ba a fahimta sosai ba. Yawancin CG suna walƙiya kawai "busa" wuri ɗaya na jiki, wanda ake magana da shi azaman "ƙarewa". Tashar gudanarwa ta farko, haske mai haske, wanda ake iya gani kuma ana kiranta "yajin", kusan inci ɗaya ne kawai a diamita, amma saboda tsananin haske, sau da yawa ya fi girma ga idon ɗan adam da hotuna. Fitowar walƙiya yawanci tsayin mil ne, amma wasu nau'ikan watsawar a kwance na iya kaiwa sama da dubun mil a tsayi. Dukan filasha yana ɗaukar ɗan juzu'in daƙiƙa ɗaya kacal
Yajin aiki Walƙiya na iya cutar da mutane ta hanyoyi daban-daban: Kai tsaye
Yajin kai tsaye mutumin wani yanki ne na tashar walƙiya. Yawancin kuzari suna wucewa cikin jiki da sauri, yana haifar da konewa na ciki, lalata gabobin jiki, fashewar nama da kashi, da lalacewar tsarin juyayi. Dangane da ƙarfin walƙiya da samun dama ga sabis na likita, yana iya zama mai mutuwa nan take ko ya haifar da rauni da lahani na dindindin.
Raunin tuntuɓa abu (gaba ɗaya madugu) wanda mutum yake taɓawa yana samun wutar lantarki ta yajin aiki.
Fashewar gefe rassan igiyoyin igiyoyin ruwa "tsalle" daga tashar filasha ta farko, tana kunna mutum.
Raunin fashewar jifa da fama da rauni mai ƙarfi daga girgizar girgiza (idan yana kusa) da yuwuwar lalacewar ji daga aradu Kai tsaye
Ƙarƙashin ƙasa na halin yanzu ko "yiwuwar mataki" saman duniya yana cajin tseren zuwa tashar walƙiya yayin fitarwa. Saboda ƙasa tana da babban haɗari, na yanzu "zaɓi" mafi kyawun jagora, sau da yawa kafafun mutum, suna wucewa ta jiki. Matsakaicin saurin fitarwa na kusa yana haifar da yuwuwar (bambanci) akan nisa, wanda zai iya kai adadin volts dubu da yawa a kowace ƙafar madaidaiciya. Wannan al'amari (wanda kuma ke da alhakin rahotannin mutuwar dawa da yawa a sakamakon guguwar walƙiya) yana haifar da ƙarin raunuka da mutuwar fiye da uku na sama. haɗe. EMPs tsarin fitarwa yana haifar da bugun jini na lantarki EMP wanda zai iya lalata na'urar bugun zuciya ta wucin gadi, ko kuma ya shafi tsarin rayuwa na yau da kullun.
Ana iya haifar da ruɗi a cikin mutanen da ke tsakanin a ƙalla 200 m (650 ft) na guguwar walƙiya mai tsanani. Sakandare ko sakamako
Fashewa
Gobara
Hatsari
Alamomin faɗakarwa na yajin da ke gabatowa a kusa na iya haɗawa da ƙarar sauti, jin daɗin wutar lantarki a gashi ko fata, ƙamshi mai ƙamshi na ozone, ko bayyanar hazo mai shuɗi a kusa da mutane ko abubuwa Wutar St. Elmo An shawarci mutanen da aka kama a cikin irin wannan matsanancin yanayi ba tare da sun iya guduwa zuwa wuri mafi aminci ba, cikakken sararin samaniya an shawarci su ɗauki "matsayin walƙiya", wanda ya haɗa da "zauna ko tsuguno tare da gwiwoyi da ƙafafu kusa da juna don ƙirƙirar wuri ɗaya kawai. Sannan Kuma tare da ƙasa" (tare da ƙafafu daga ƙasa idan zaune; idan ana buƙatar matsayi na tsaye, ƙafafu dole ne su taɓa).
Raunin Hatsarin walƙiya na iya haifar da munanan raunuka, kuma suna da mutuwa a tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 30% na lokuta, tare da kusan kashi 80% na waɗanda suka tsira suna samun raunuka na dogon lokaci. Wadannan raunuka masu tsanani ba yawanci ba ne suke haifar da ƙonawar zafi, tun da halin yanzu yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci don zafi da kyallen takarda; A maimakon haka, jijiyoyi da tsokoki na iya lalacewa kai tsaye ta hanyar babban ƙarfin lantarki da ke samar da ramuka a cikin membranes na tantanin halitta, tsarin da ake kira electroporation A cikin yajin kai tsaye, igiyoyin lantarki a cikin tashar walƙiya suna wucewa kai tsaye ta cikin wanda aka azabtar. Yawan faɗuwar wutar lantarki a kusa da mafi ƙarancin na'urorin lantarki (kamar ɗan adam), yana haifar da iskar da ke kewaye da ionize kuma ta karye, sannan kuma walƙiya na waje yana karkatar da mafi yawan magudanar ruwa ta yadda ya zagaya "zagaye" jiki, yana rage rauni. Abubuwan ƙarfe da ke hulɗa da fata na iya "maida hankali" ƙarfin walƙiya, idan aka yi la'akari da shi shi ne mafi kyawun jagorar halitta da kuma hanyar da aka fi so, wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni, kamar konewa daga narkakkar da ƙarfe ko ƙafe. Akalla lokuta biyu (2) ne aka bayar da rahoton inda wani yajin aikin sanye da iPod ya samu munanan raunuka sakamakon haka. A lokacin walƙiya, to Amman kodayake, halin yanzu yana gudana ta hanyar tashar da kewayen jiki na iya haifar da manyan filayen lantarki da EMPs, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ɓacin rai (surges) a cikin tsarin juyayi ko bugun zuciya, yana ɓata ayyukan yau da kullun Wannan tasirin na iya bayyana lokuta inda kamawar zuciya ko kamawa ya biyo bayan yajin walƙiya wanda bai haifar da rauni na waje ba. Hakanan yana iya yin nuni ga wanda aka azabtar ba a buga shi kai tsaye ba kwata-kwata, amma kawai yana kusa da ƙarshen yajin. Wani illar walƙiya akan masu kallo shi ne ga jinsu Sakamakon girgizar tsawa na iya lalata kunnuwa. Hakanan, kutsewar wutar lantarki ga wayoyi ko belun kunne na iya haifar da lalatar amo Epidemiology Kimanin al'amura kimanin 240,000 game da walƙiya na faruwa a duniya kowace shekara. A cewar National Geographic, kimanin mutane kimanin 2,000 a duk shekara ana kashe su a duniya ta hanyar walƙiya. Dangane da waɗannan alkalumman, to, matsakaicin ɗan adam yana da kusan ɗaya daga cikin 60,000 zuwa 80,000 damar faɗaɗa wa walƙiya a cikin rayuwar kusan shekaru 65-70. Haka kuma, saboda karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da ingantattun masu kula da walƙiya da kariya, adadin masu mutuwan walƙiya a kowace shekara yana raguwa a kowace shekara.
A cewar Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa, a cikin shekaru 40 da suka wuce, Amurka ta yi asarar rayuka 51 a duk shekara, lamarin da ya sa ya zama na biyu mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar masu nasaba da yanayi bayan ambaliya A cikin Amurka, tsakanin 9 zuwa 10% na waɗanda aka kashe sun mutu, tare da matsakaicin mutuwar 25 na shekara-shekara a cikin shekaru goma na shekarar 2010 (16 a cikin shekarata 2017). A Kisii da ke yammacin Kenya, kimanin mutane kimanin 30 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon tsawa. Yawan kashewar walƙiyar Kisii na faruwa ne saboda yawan tsawa da kuma saboda yawancin gine-ginen yankin suna da rufin ƙarfe. Wadannan kididdigar ba su nuna bambanci tsakanin hare-haren kai tsaye ba, inda wanda aka azabtar ya kasance wani bangare na hanyar walƙiya, sakamakon kai tsaye na kusa da wurin ƙarewa, kamar igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa, da kuma sakamakon, inda abin da ya faru ya taso daga abubuwan da suka biyo baya, kamar gobara. ko fashewa. Ko da mafi yawan ƙwararrun masu amsawa na farko ba za su iya gane raunin da ya shafi walƙiya ba, balle cikakkun bayanai, wanda ma'aikacin likita, mai binciken 'yan sanda, ko kuma a wani lokaci da ba kasafai ƙwararren ƙwararren walƙiya na iya samun wahalar gano yin rikodin daidai ba. Wannan yana watsi da gaskiyar cewa walƙiya, a matsayin abin da ya faru na farko, na iya ɗaukar alhakin gaba ɗaya da sakamakon haɗari.
Rikicin kai-tsaye na iya yin sama da adadin da aka ruwaito.
Tasiri akan yanayi
Tasiri kan ciyayi Bishiyoyi sune masu jagorantar walƙiya akai-akai zuwa ƙasa. Tunda ruwan 'ya'yan itace maras nauyi ne, juriyar wutar lantarki ya sa ya yi zafi da zafi zuwa tururi, wanda ke fitar da bawon a wajen hanyar walƙiya. A cikin yanayi masu zuwa, bishiyoyi suna girma wurin da suka lalace kuma suna iya rufe shi gaba ɗaya, yana barin tabo a tsaye kawai. Idan lalacewar ta yi tsanani, to bishiyar ba za ta iya farfadowa ba, kuma rubewar ya taso, daga ƙarshe ya kashe bishiyar gaba ɗaya.
A yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha da Siberiya, walƙiya na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gobarar dazuzzuka Hayaki da hazo da wata babbar gobarar dajin ke fitarwa na iya haifar da cajin wutar lantarki, tare da kunna ƙarin gobara a ƙasan kilomita da yawa sosai.
Fasa duwatsu Lokacin da ruwa a cikin dutsen da ya karye ya yi saurin zafi ta hanyar yajin walƙiya, sakamakon fashewar tururi zai iya haifar da tarwatsewar dutse da kuma jujjuya duwatsu. Yana iya zama wani muhimmin al'amari na zaizayar wurare masu zafi da tsaunuka na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ba a taɓa samun dusar ƙanƙara ba. To Amman Shaidar faɗuwar walƙiya ta haɗa da filayen maganadisu marasa kuskure.
Lalacewar lantarki da tsarin Wayoyin hannu, modem, kwamfuta, da sauran na’urorin lantarki na iya lalacewa ta hanyar walƙiya, saboda cutar da ke tattare da wuce gona da iri na iya isa gare su ta hanyar jack ɗin wayar, kebul na Ethernet, ko wutar lantarki Kusa-kusa yana iya haifar da EMPs, musamman a lokacin fitowar walƙiya".
Wutar walƙiya tana da saurin tashi sosai, akan tsari na kusan 40 kA a cikin microsecond. Don haka, masu gudanar da irin wannan igiyoyin suna nuna alamar tasirin fata, yana haifar da mafi yawan igiyoyin ruwa suna gudana ta hanyar waje na mai gudanarwa. Baya ga lalacewar wayoyi na lantarki, sauran nau'ikan lalacewar da za a yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da tsari, gobara, da lalacewar kadarori.
Rigakafi da raguwa Fannin tsarin kariyar walƙiya babbar masana'anta ce a duk duniya saboda tasirin walƙiya kan gine-gine da ayyukan ɗan adam. Walƙiya, kamar yadda ya bambanta a cikin kaddarorin da aka auna a fadin oda mai girma kamar yadda yake, na iya haifar da tasiri kai tsaye ko kuma yana da tasiri na biyu (2); kai ga rugujewar kayan aiki ko tsari ko kuma kawai haifar da gazawar firikwensin lantarki mai nisa; zai iya haifar da dakatar da ayyukan waje saboda matsalolin tsaro ga ma'aikata yayin da tsawa ta kusa kusa da wani yanki kuma har sai ta wuce isasshe; yana iya ƙone kayayyaki marasa ƙarfi da aka adana a cikin adadi mai yawa ko tsoma baki tare da aiki na yau da kullun na kayan aiki a lokuta masu mahimmanci sosai.
Yawancin na'urori da tsarin kariya na walƙiya suna kare tsarin jiki a cikin ƙasa, jirgin sama a cikin jirgin ya kasance sanannen keɓanta. Yayin da aka biya wasu hankali ga ƙoƙarin sarrafa walƙiya a cikin sararin samaniya, duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi ya kasance mai iyaka a cikin nasara. Chaff da azurfa iodide kristal an ƙirƙira su don yin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da ƙwayoyin gajimare, kuma an ba su kai tsaye cikin gajimare daga wani jirgin sama mai wuce gona da iri. An ƙera ƙashin ne don magance alamun wutar lantarki na guguwar daga ciki, yayin da aka ƙirƙiri fasahar gishirin iodide na azurfa don tunkarar ƙarfin injina na guguwar.
Tsarin kariya na walƙiya Ana amfani da ɗaruruwan na'urori, gami da sandunan walƙiya da tsarin canja wurin caji, don rage lalacewar walƙiya da tasiri hanyar walƙiya.
Sanda mai walƙiya (ko kariyar walƙiya) tsiri ne na ƙarfe ko sanda da aka haɗa da ƙasa ta hanyar madubi da tsarin ƙasa, ana amfani da shi don samar da hanyar da aka fi so zuwa ƙasa idan walƙiya ta ƙare akan tsari. Ajin waɗannan samfuran ana kiran su da "ƙarshe" ko "air terminal". Sanda mai walƙiya ko kuma "sandan Franklin" don girmama sanannen mai ƙirƙira, Benjamin Franklin, sandar ƙarfe ce kawai, kuma ba tare da haɗa shi da tsarin kariya na walƙiya ba, kamar yadda ya kasance a wasu lokuta a baya, ba zai ba da ƙarin kariya ga tsari. Sauran sunaye sun hada da "dukiya mai walƙiya", "mai kama", da "mai fitar da wuta"; duk da haka, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an shigar da waɗannan sunaye cikin wasu kayayyaki ko masana'antu tare da hannun jari na kariya ta walƙiya. Sai dai Mai kama walƙiya, alal misali, sau da yawa yana nufin haɗaɗɗun hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo waɗanda ke fashewa lokacin da yajin ya faru zuwa layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi don kare mafi tsadar tasfoma a kan layi ta buɗe kewaye. A zahiri, farkon nau'i ne na na'urar kariya mai nauyi mai nauyi. Masu kamawa na zamani, waɗanda aka gina su da ƙarfe oxides, suna da ikon yin watsi da matsananciyar wutar lantarki da ba ta dace ba zuwa ƙasa yayin da suke hana gajartawar tsarin wutar lantarki na yau da kullun zuwa ƙasa.
A cikin shekarata 1962, Hukumar ta USAF ta sanya ginshiƙan hasumiya mai kariyar walƙiya a duk wuraren da aka harba makami mai linzami na Jupiter MRBM na Italiya da Turkiyya bayan wasu hare-hare biyu da ke ɗauke da makamai masu linzami.
Tsarin kulawa da faɗakarwa Har yanzu ba a iya tantance ainihin wurin da walkiya za ta kasance da kuma lokacin da zai faru. Koyaya, an ƙirƙira samfura da tsare-tsare daban-daban na sarƙaƙƙiya don faɗakar da mutane yayin da yuwuwar yajin aikin ke ƙaruwa sama da matakin da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar kimanta haɗarin yanayi da yanayin wurin. Wani muhimmin ci gaba shi ne a fannin gano walƙiya ta hanyar na'urorin kallo na tushen ƙasa da na tauraron dan adam. Ba a yi hasashen buguwa da walƙiya na yanayi ba, amma matakin dalla-dalla da waɗannan fasahohin suka rubuta ya inganta sosai a cikin shekaru a ƙalla 20 da suka gabata.
Ko da yake yawanci ana danganta shi da tsawa a kusa, walƙiya na iya faruwa a ranar da kamar babu gajimare. Ana kiran wannan abin da ya faru da "kullun daga shuɗi [sky]"; Walƙiya na iya afkawa har zuwa mil kusan 10 daga gajimare.
Walƙiya tana tsoma baki tare da sigina na rediyo na amplitude (AM) fiye da siginar daidaitawa (FM), yana ba da hanya mai sauƙi don auna ƙarfin walƙiya na gida. Don yin haka, ya kamata mutum ya daidaita daidaitaccen mai karɓar raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na AM zuwa mitar ba tare da tashoshi masu watsawa ba, kuma ya saurari ƙuƙumma a tsakanin madaidaicin Ƙarfi ko walƙiya na kusa zai haifar da tsagewa idan an kunna mai karɓar zuwa tasha. Yayin da ƙananan mitoci ke yaɗuwa tare da ƙasa fiye da na sama, ƙananan ƙananan igiyoyin igiya (MW) (a cikin kashi 500-600). kewayon kHz) na iya gano alamun walƙiya a nesa mai tsayi; idan band longwave (153-279 kHz) yana samuwa, yin amfani da shi na iya ƙara wannan kewayon har ma da ƙari.
An ƙirƙira tsarin gano walƙiya kuma ana iya tura shi a wuraren da walƙiya ke haifar da haɗari na musamman, kamar wuraren shakatawa na jama'a. An tsara irin waɗannan tsare-tsare don gano yanayin da aka yi imanin zai taimaka wa faɗakarwar walƙiya da kuma ba da gargaɗi ga waɗanda ke kusa da su don ba su damar ɗaukar matakan da suka dace.
Tsaro na sirri Cibiyar Tsaro ta Walƙiya ta Ƙasar Amirka tana ba da shawara ga jama'ar Amirka da su yi shiri don kare lafiyarsu lokacin da hadari ya faru kuma su fara shi da zarar an ga walƙiya na farko ko aka ji tsawa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, saboda walƙiya na iya tashi ba tare da faɗuwar ruwan sama ba. Idan za a iya jin aradu kwata-kwata, to akwai hadarin walƙiya. Wuri mafi aminci shine cikin gini ko abin hawa. Idan a ciki, guje wa kayan lantarki da famfo, gami da shawa. Hatsarin ya kasance har zuwa mintuna a ƙalla 30 bayan walƙiya ko tsawa ta ƙarshe.
Cibiyar Tsaro ta Walƙiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da hanyar FB (flash to boom) don auna nisa zuwa yajin walƙiya. Walƙiyar walƙiya da sakamakon tsawa na faruwa a kusan lokaci guda. Amma haske yana tafiyar kilomita kusan 300,000 a cikin dakika 1, kusan sau miliyoyi gudun sauti. Sauti yana tafiya a hankali cikin sauri kusan 340 m/sec (ya danganta da yanayin zafi), don haka ana ganin walƙiyar walƙiya kafin a ji aradu. Hanya don tantance tazara tsakanin yajin walƙiya da mai kallo ya haɗa da kirga daƙiƙa tsakanin walƙiyar walƙiya da tsawa. Sannan, a raba uku don tantance tazarar kilomita, ko da biyar tsawon mil. Ya kamata a dauki matakan gaggawa don guje wa walƙiya idan lokacin FB ya kasance daƙiƙa kimanin 25 ko ƙasa da haka, ma'ana, idan walƙiya ya kusa kusa da 8. km da 5 mil.
Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa ko mutum yana tsaye, yana tsugunne, ko yana kwance a waje yayin da ake tsawa ba kome ba ne, domin walƙiya na iya tafiya tare da ƙasa; wannan rahoton ya ba da shawarar kasancewa a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan tsari ko abin hawa ya fi aminci. A cikin Amurka, matsakaicin adadin masu mutuwa na shekara-shekara daga walƙiya yana kusan mutuwar mutane 51 a kowace shekara, kodayake kwanan nan, a cikin lokacin shekarata 2009 zuwa 2018, Amurka ta sami matsakaicin asarar walƙiya 27 kawai a kowace shekara. Ayyuka mafi haɗari sun haɗa da kamun kifi, kwale-kwale, zango, da golf. Mutumin da ya ji rauni ta hanyar walƙiya ba ya ɗaukar cajin wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya kula da shi lafiya don neman taimakon gaggawa kafin isowar sabis na gaggawa. Walƙiya na iya shafar ƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke sarrafa numfashi. Yawancin bincike da aka gudanar a Kudancin Asiya da Afirka sun nuna cewa ba a yi la'akari da illolin walƙiya da muhimmanci a can ba. Wata tawagar bincike daga Jami'ar Colombo ta gano cewa ko a unguwannin da suka fuskanci mace-mace sakamakon walkiya, ba a dauki matakan kariya daga guguwar da za ta yi gaba ba. A shekarar 2007 ne aka gudanar da taron kwararru kan yadda za a wayar da kan jama'a game da walƙiya da kuma inganta matakan kariya daga walƙiya, tare da nuna damuwa cewa ƙasashe da dama ba su da ƙa'idojin kafa sandunan walƙiya a hukumance.
Sanannen al'amura Dukkan abubuwan da ke da alaƙa ko waɗanda ake zargi da haifar da lalacewa ana kiran su "haɗuwar walƙiya" saboda abubuwa huɗu masu mahimmanci.
Hujjojin ƙarewar walƙiya, a cikin mafi kyawun misalan da aka bincika, su ne kaɗan (rami a cikin ƙarfe ƙasa da wurin alƙalami) ko kuma wanda bai dace ba (launi mai duhu).
Abin da ya faru na iya fashe ko kuma gobarar da ta biyo baya ta lalata duk ƴan ƴan shaidar da ka iya samuwa nan da nan bayan yajin aikin da kansa.
Tashar walƙiya da fitarwar kanta ba ita ce kaɗai ke haifar da rauni, ƙonewa, ko lalacewa ba, watau, igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa ko fashewar abubuwan fashewa.
Gashin hankalin ɗan adam bai kai na millise seconds ba a tsawon lokacin walƙiyar walƙiya, kuma ikon da mutane ke iya lura da wannan al'amari yana ƙarƙashin gazawar kwakwalwar fahimtarsa. Na'urorin gano walƙiya suna tafe akan layi, duka tauraron dan adam da na ƙasa, amma har yanzu ana auna daidaitonsu a cikin ɗaruruwan ƙafafu zuwa dubunnan ƙafa, da wuya su ba su damar tantance ainihin wurin da aka dakatarwa.
Kamar yadda irin wannan sau da yawa ba shi da ma'ana, kodayake sai mai yiwuwa walƙiyar walƙiya ta shiga, don haka rarraba shi a matsayin "al'amarin walƙiya" ya rufe dukkan tushe.
Duniya-daure 1660s: A cikin shekarata 1660, walƙiya ta kunna mujallolin bindiga a Osaka Castle, Japan Sakamakon fashewar fashewar ya kunna wuta a gidan sarauta. A shekara ta 1665, walƙiya ta sake ƙarewa a kan babban hasumiya na katangar, inda ta kunna wuta, wanda daga baya ya ƙone har zuwa tushe.
1769: Wani mummunar walƙiya ta faru a Brescia, Italiya Walƙiya ta afkawa cocin St. Nazaire, inda ta kona mutane 90 ton na gunpowder a cikin rumbunsa; Sakamakon fashewar ya kashe mutane 3,000 mutane suka lalata kashi shida na birnin. 1901: An kashe 11 kuma daya ya shanye a kasa da kwatangwalo ta hanyar wani yajin aiki a Chicago. 1902: Yajin walƙiya ya lalata sashin sama na Hasumiyar Eiffel, yana buƙatar sake gina samansa. 1970 ga Yuli 12: Babban mast ɗin tashar rediyon Orlunda da ke tsakiyar Sweden ya ruguje bayan wata walƙiya ta lalata insulator na tushe.
1980 Yuni 30: Wata walkiya ta kashe dalibai 11 a makarantar firamare ta Biego a Kenya a gundumar Nyamira ta yau. Wasu almajirai 50 kuma sun sami raunuka, yayin da wasu kuma suka ji rauni. 1994 Nuwamba 2: Wata walƙiya ta haifar da fashewar tankunan mai a Durunka, Masar, wanda ya haddasa 469 mace-mace. 2005 Oktoba 31: Shanu sittin da takwas sun mutu a wata gona a Fernbrook a kan hanyar Waterfall kusa da Dorrigo, New South Wales, bayan sun shiga cikin lamarin walƙiya. Wasu uku kuma sun samu gurguzu na wani dan lokaci na tsawon sa’o’i da dama, daga baya suka samu cikakkiyar lafiya. Shanun dai suna mafaka ne a kusa da wata bishiya sai walkiya ta same su. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa gabaɗaya ya fi na naman dabba girma. Lokacin da aka fitar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin ƙasa, ƴan ƴan mita sama da ƙafar dabba, ta cikin jikinta da ƙasa sauran ƙafafu na iya haifar da raguwar juriya ga wutar lantarki kuma daidai gwargwado mafi girma zai gudana ta cikin dabba fiye da ƙasa. wanda yake tsaye. Wannan al'amari, da ake kira hawan ƙasa mai yuwuwa, na iya haifar da girgizar wuta mai mahimmanci da lahani, wanda ya isa ya kashe manyan dabbobi. Yuli shekarata 2007: Wata walƙiya ta kashe mutane 30 mutane lokacin da ta afkawa Ushari Dara, wani ƙauyen dutse mai nisa a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan 2011 Yuni 8: An aika da walƙiya 77 Iska Tilasta jami'an tsaro zuwa asibiti lokacin da abin ya faru a tsakiyar sansanin horo a Camp Shelby, Mississippi. 2013 Fabrairu: An kwantar da yara 9 a Afirka ta Kudu a asibiti bayan da wata walkiya ta faru a filin wasan kurket a makarantarsu, inda ta raunata yara biyar a filin wasa da kuma ‘yan mata hudu da ke tafiya gida. 2016 Mayu–Yuni: An soke bikin Rock am Ring da ke kusa da birnin Frankfurt bayan da aƙalla mutane 80 suka jikkata sakamakon walƙiya a yankin. Bugu da kari. Yara 11 a Faransa da kuma manya uku a Jamus sun ji rauni sannan an kashe mutum daya a kudancin Poland a daidai wannan ranakun. 2016 Agusta 26: An kashe wani garke na daji a Hardangervidda a tsakiyar Norway, inda ya kashe 323. Kakakin Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Norway Kjartan Knutsen ya ce ba a taba jin adadin wadanda suka mutu irin wannan ba. Ya ce bai sani ba ko an sami wasu hare-hare da dama, amma duk sun mutu a cikin “lokaci daya”. 2017: Rikodin rayuwa ta farko na yajin walƙiya a kan tsiri na bugun zuciya ya faru a cikin wani saurayi matashi wanda ke da rikodin madauki a matsayin mai saka idanu na zuciya don syncope neurocardiogenic 2018: Wata walkiya ta kashe akalla mutane 16 tare da raunata wasu da dama a wani cocin Seventh-day Adventist a kasar Rwanda 2021: Wata tsawa ta kashe wani yaro dan shekara 9 a wata gona a Blackpool, Ingila. 2021: A cikin Afrilu, aƙalla mutane 76 a duk faɗin Indiya sun mutu sakamakon tsautsayi a ƙarshen mako guda; Mutane 23 sun mutu a hasumiya ta Amer Fort, sanannen wurin yawon bude ido a Rajasthan, kuma an kashe 42 a Uttar Pradesh tare da adadin 14 mafi girma da ya faru a birnin Allahabad A karshe, an kashe kusan 11 a Madhya Pradesh tare da kashe biyu daga cikinsu a lokacin da suke fakewa a karkashin bishiyoyi a lokacin da suke kiwon tumaki. 2021: A ranar 04 ga Agusta, an kashe mutane 17 sakamakon wata tsawa daya ta kama a Shibganj Upazila na gundumar Chapainawabganj a Bangladesh; Mutane 16 ne suka mutu nan take yayin da daya kuma ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da ya ga sauran.
A cikin jirgin Ana yawan afkawa jiragen sama da walƙiya ba tare da lahani ba, tare da buga irin na kasuwanci da aka saba yi aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. Wani lokaci, ko da yake, sakamakon yajin aiki yana da tsanani sosai.
1963 Disamba 8: Pan Am Flight 214 ya fado a wajen Elkton, Maryland, a lokacin wata mummunar guguwar lantarki, tare da asarar duka 81. fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin. Jirgin Boeing 707-121, mai rijista a matsayin N709PA, yana kan matakin karshe na jirgin San Juan-Baltimore-Philadelphia.
1969 Nuwamba 14: The Apollo<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaY"> </span>12 manufa ta Saturn Roka V da ionized plume ɗin sa ya zama wani ɓangare na tashar walƙiya mai walƙiya 36.5 dakika kadan bayan dagawa. Ko da yake fitar ta faru ne "ta hanyar" fatar karfe da tsarin motar, bai kunna wutar da rokar din ke da shi sosai ba.
1971 Disamba 24: Jirgin LANSA Flight 508, Lockheed L-188A Electra turboprop, mai rijista OB-R-941, wanda aka tsara a matsayin jirgin fasinja na cikin gida ta Lineas Aéreas Nacionales Sociedad Anonima (LANSA), ya fado bayan wata walƙiya ta kunna tankin mai yayin da yake tafiya. Yana kan hanyarsa daga Lima, Peru, zuwa Pucallpa, Peru, inda ya kashe 91 mutane duk 6 ma'aikatan jirgin da 85 daga 86 fasinjoji. Wanda ya tsira shine Juliane Koepcke, wanda ya fadi zuwa cikin gandun daji na Amazon wanda ke daure a kujerarta kuma ta tsira da gaske daga faɗuwar, sannan ta sami damar tafiya cikin daji na tsawon 10. kwanaki har sai da masunta na cikin gida suka ceto ta.
2012 Nuwamba 4: An bayar da rahoton wani jirgin sama yana fashe a bakin tekun Herne Bay, Kent, yayin da yake cikin jirgin. Hakan bai kasance haka ba; a maimakon haka, jirgin ya zama wani ɓangare na tashar walƙiya, wanda ya sa masu kallo suka ba da rahoton jirgin kuma sararin samaniya ya bayyana mai haske. 2019 May 5: Aeroflot Flight 1492, Sukhoi Superjet 100, a cewar kyaftin din jirgin, walkiya ta same shi a yayin tashinsa, ya lalata na'urorin lantarki tare da tilasta matukan jirgin su yi yunkurin saukar gaggawa. Jirgin ya daki kasa da karfin tsiya ya kama wuta, lamarin da ya cinye jirgin a kan titin jirgin. Daga cikin mutane 78 da ke cikin jirgin, 41 sun mutu.
Dan Adam da ya fi kamuwa da cutar Roy Sullivan yana rike da kundin tarihin duniya na Guinness bayan ya tsallake rijiya da baya a wata walkiya daban-daban guda bakwai. Ya samu raunuka da dama sosai a jikinsa.
Wutar walƙiya mafi tsayi Wutar walƙiya ta shekarar 2020 a kudancin Amurka ta kafa tarihi mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ganowa. Jirgin ya yi nisan mil 477 (kilomita 768) a kan Mississippi, Louisiana, da Texas, duk da cewa yana tsakanin gajimare ne kuma bai taba kasa ba. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta tabbatar da matsayinta na karya rikodin a cikin Janairun shekarata 2022.
Duba wasu abubuwan Fulgurite wani lamari ne na fitarwa na walƙiya na CG wanda zai iya haifar da "walƙiya mai walƙiya", yana nuna babban, duk da taƙaitaccen adadin kuzarin da aka tura ta hanyar walƙiya. Suna iya nunawa a gani yadda makamashi zai iya yaduwa a ciki ko waje daga ɗaya ko dama tsakiya na ƙarshen ƙarshen, da kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin diamita na waɗannan tashoshi, wanda ke tsakanin ƴan mm kawai zuwa santimita da yawa. Yiwuwar kewayon nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fulgurite sun bambanta da ban mamaki, suna nuna rikitattun kaddarorin lantarki, sinadarai, da zahiri na laka, dutse, ko yawan halittu.
Matsalolin da ke haifar da geomagnetically abubuwan al'ajabi ne da ke da alaƙa da hasken sararin samaniya, suna haifar da wuce gona da iri da rashin daidaituwa na lantarki waɗanda ke tasiri tsarin watsa wutar lantarki da bayanai akan sikeli mai faɗi. Filashin EMPs da igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa suna aiki iri ɗaya, amma sun fi yawa kuma suna da tasiri da yawa akan fasaha.
Keraunopathy shine nazarin likita na raunin walƙiya da jiyya mai alaƙa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Lokacin da walkiya ta afkawa mutane -NASA
Shafin Tsaro na Walƙiya Sabis na Yanayi na Ƙasa Pueblo Colorado Hotunan bidiyo Bishiyar Beech (Fagus sylvatica) da walƙiya ta afkawa.
Walkiya
Tsawa
Yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29323 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binciken%20Ciwon%20Daji | Binciken Ciwon Daji | Binciken ciwon daji yana nufin gano, cewon kansa kafin bayyanar cututtuka. Wannan na iya haɗawa da gwajin jini, gwajin fitsari, gwajin DNA, da koma, wasu gwaje-gwaje, ko hoton likita Amfanin dubawa cikin sharuddan rigakafin ciwon daji, gano wuri da wuri da magani na gaba dole ne a auna shi da kowane lahani.
Nunawa na duniya, wanda kuma aka sani da gwajin taro ko tantance yawan jama'a, ya haɗa da tantance kowa, yawanci a cikin takamaiman rukunin shekaru. Zaɓen tantancewa yana gano mutanen da aka san suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa, kamar mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali na ciwon daji.
Nunawa na iya haifar da sakamako mai kyau na ƙarya da hanyoyin ɓarna na gaba. Hakanan dubawa na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau na ƙarya, inda aka rasa ciwon daji da ke wanzu. Rikici yana tasowa lokacin da ba a bayyana ba idan fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce kasadar tsarin tantancewar da kanta, da kuma duk wani gwaji da jiyya na bin diddigi.
Gwaje-gwajen nunawa dole ne su kasance masu tasiri, lafiyayye, jurewa da kyau tare da ƙarancin ƙima na sakamako mara kyau na ƙarya Idan an gano alamun ciwon daji, ana yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci da ɓarna don isa ga ganewar asali. Yin gwajin cutar kansa zai iya haifar da rigakafin cutar kansa da kuma ganewar asali a baya. Ganewar asali na farko na iya haifar da ƙarin ƙimar magani mai nasara da tsawaita rayuwa. Duk da haka, yana iya zama ƙarya don ƙara lokacin mutuwa ta hanyar nuna son kai ko tsayin lokaci Amfanin likitanci Manufar gwajin cutar kansa ita ce samar da bayanan lafiya masu amfani waɗanda za su iya jagorantar jiyya. Binciken na iya taimakawa wajen gano ciwon daji a farkon matakai. Kyakkyawan gwajin cutar kansa ba zai zama mafi kusantar haifar da lahani ba fiye da samar da bayanai masu amfani. Gabaɗaya, gwajin cutar kansa yana da haɗari kuma bai kamata a yi shi ba sai da alamar likita Daban-daban hanyoyin duban cutar kansa suna da haɗari daban-daban, amma gwaje-gwaje masu kyau suna raba wasu halaye. Idan gwajin ya gano ciwon daji, to sakamakon gwajin shima yakamata ya haifar da zabin magani. Gwaje-gwaje masu kyau sun zo tare da bayanin majiyyaci na dalilin da yasa wannan mutumin yana da isasshen haɗarin kansa don tabbatar da gwajin. Wani ɓangare na ƙwarewar gwaji shine don mai ba da kiwon lafiya don bayyana yadda sakamakon tabbataccen ƙarya na gama gari ya kasance don majiyyaci ya fahimci mahallin sakamakon su. Idan akwai gwaje-gwaje da yawa, to yakamata a gabatar da gwajin gwaji tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka.
Hatsari Binciken cutar kansa yana da cece-kuce a lokuta lokacin da har yanzu ba a san ko gwajin ya ceci rayuka ba. Nunawa na iya haifar da ingantaccen sakamako na gaskiya na ƙarya da kuma hanyoyin cin zarafi na gaba. Rigimar ta taso lokacin da ba a bayyana ba idan fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce haɗarin gwaje-gwajen bincike na bin diddigin da kuma maganin ciwon daji. Ba a nuna gwajin cutar kansa ba sai dai idan tsawon rayuwa ya wuce shekaru biyar kuma amfanin ba shi da tabbas fiye da shekaru 70.
Ana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa don tantance ko fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce kasada da tsadar aikin tantancewar. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da:
Matsalolin da za a iya samu daga gwajin nunawa: Wasu nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen nunawa, kamar hotunan X-ray, suna fallasa jiki ga radiation ionizing mai cutarwa. Akwai ƙaramin damar cewa radiation a cikin gwajin zai iya haifar da sabon ciwon daji a cikin mutum mai lafiya. Binciken mammography, wanda ake amfani da shi don gano ciwon nono, ba a ba da shawarar ga maza ko matasa mata ba saboda suna iya cutar da su ta hanyar gwajin fiye da amfana da shi. Sauran gwaje-gwaje, kamar duban fata don ciwon daji, ba su da wani babban haɗari na cutarwa ga majiyyaci. Gwajin da ke da babban lahani ana ba da shawarar ne kawai lokacin da fa'idodin kuma ya yi yawa.
Yiwuwar gwajin gano kansa daidai: Idan gwajin ba shi da hankali, to yana iya rasa kansa. Idan gwajin ba takamaiman ba, to yana iya kuskure ya nuna ciwon daji a cikin mutum mai lafiya. Duk gwaje-gwajen gwajin cutar kansa suna haifar da abubuwan da suka dace na ƙarya da na ƙarya, kuma galibi suna samar da ƙarin tabbataccen ƙarya. Masana sunyi la'akari da adadin kurakurai lokacin yin shawarwari game da gwajin, idan akwai, don amfani. Gwaji na iya yin aiki mafi kyau a wasu jama'a fiye da wasu. Ƙimar tsinkaya mai kyau ita ce ƙididdige yiwuwar cewa sakamakon gwaji mai kyau yana wakiltar ciwon daji a cikin wani mutum da aka ba shi, bisa sakamakon mutanen da ke da irin abubuwan haɗari.
Yiwuwar ciwon kansa ya kasance: Binciken ba ya da amfani ga cututtukan daji da ba kasafai ba. Ba kasafai ake yi wa matasa ba, tunda ciwon daji cuta ce da ake samu a cikin mutanen da suka haura shekaru 50. Kasashe galibi suna mai da hankali kan shawarwarin tantancewarsu kan manyan nau'ikan cutar kansar da ake iya magancewa da ake samu a yawan al'ummarsu. Alal misali, {asar Amirka ta ba da shawarar yin nazari na duniya don ciwon daji na hanji, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka, amma ba don ciwon ciki ba, wanda ba shi da yawa; Sabanin haka, Japan ta ba da shawarar auna cutar kansar ciki, amma ba cutar kansar hanji ba, wadda ba ta da yawa a Japan. Shawarwari na tantancewa sun dogara da haɗarin mutum, tare da mutanen da ke da haɗari waɗanda ke karɓar gwajin farko da yawa fiye da masu ƙarancin haɗari.
Matsalolin da za a iya samu daga hanyoyin biyowa: Idan gwajin gwajin ya tabbata, ana yin ƙarin gwaje-gwajen bincike akai-akai, kamar biopsy na nama. Idan gwajin ya haifar da alamun ƙarya da yawa, to, mutane da yawa za su yi amfani da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya marasa buƙata, wasu daga cikinsu na iya zama haɗari.
Ko akwai maganin da ya dace kuma ya dace: An hana yin gwajin gwaji idan babu ingantaccen magani. Lokacin da ba a sami ingantacciyar magani mai dacewa ba, to, ganewar cutar mai saurin kisa yana haifar da lahani mai mahimmanci na tunani da tunani. Misali, gwajin cutar kansa na yau da kullun bai dace ba a cikin tsoho mai rauni sosai, saboda maganin duk wani ciwon daji da aka gano zai iya kashe majiyyaci.
Ko ganowa da wuri yana inganta sakamakon jiyya: Ko da lokacin da ake samun magani, wani lokacin ganowa da wuri ba ya inganta sakamakon. Idan sakamakon maganin ya kasance daidai da cewa ba a yi gwajin ba, to, shirin kawai na tantancewa shine ƙara tsawon lokacin da mutum ya rayu tare da sanin cewa yana da ciwon daji. Ana kiran wannan al'amari son zuciya-lokaci Shirin tantancewa mai fa'ida yana rage adadin shekarun yuwuwar rayuwa da aka rasa (tsawon rayuka) da kuma daidaita rayuwar nakasassu da aka rasa (rayuwar lafiya).
Ko ciwon daji zai taɓa buƙatar magani: Ganewar ciwon daji a cikin mutumin da kansar ba zai taɓa cutar da shi ba ana kiransa overdiagnosis Ciwon daji ya fi yawa a tsakanin tsofaffi masu ciwon daji masu saurin girma. Damuwa game da cutar kanjamau ya zama ruwan dare ga ciwon nono da prostate.
Ko gwajin ya kasance karbuwa ga marasa lafiya: Idan gwajin gwajin yana da nauyi sosai, kamar buƙatar lokaci mai yawa, zafi mai yawa, ko halayen da ba a yarda da su a al'ada ba, to mutane za su ƙi shiga.
Farashin gwajin: Wasu ƙwararrun Ma'aikata ta Amurka, ta yi watsi da batun kuɗi gaba ɗaya. Yawancin, duk da haka, sun haɗa da nazarin ingancin farashi wanda, duk sauran daidai yake, yana son gwaje-gwaje marasa tsada akan gwaje-gwaje masu tsada, da ƙoƙarin daidaita farashin shirin nunawa akan fa'idodin amfani da waɗannan kuɗi don wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya Waɗannan ƙididdigar yawanci sun haɗa da jimillar kuɗin shirin nunawa ga tsarin kiwon lafiya, kamar ba da odar gwaji, yin gwajin, bayar da rahoton sakamakon, da biopsies don sakamakon da ake tuhuma, amma ba yawanci farashin mutum ba, kamar na ɗan lokaci da aka ɗauka. nesa da aiki.
Matsayin da ake iya magance ciwon daji: idan mutum yana da ƙarancin tsawon rayuwa ko kuma yana cikin matakan ƙarshe na rashin lafiya, to irin wannan majiyyaci na iya samun rayuwa mafi kyau ta hanyar yin watsi da ciwon daji ko da an gano shi. Idan ganewar ciwon daji ba zai haifar da canji a cikin kulawa ba to gwajin ciwon daji ba zai iya haifar da sakamako mai kyau ba. Ƙwararren bincike a cikin wannan yanayin yana faruwa, alal misali, a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na ƙarshen zamani da kungiyoyi suna ba da shawarar yin gwajin cutar kansa ga irin waɗannan marasa lafiya.
Ta nau'in
Ciwon nono Binciken ciwon nono shine gwajin likita na asymptomatic, a fili mata masu lafiya don ciwon nono a yunƙurin cimma ganewar asali a baya. Manufar ganowa da wuri shine a nemo ciwon daji lokacin da za'a iya magance shi. An yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaji da yawa, gami da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da na kai, mammography, gwajin nono na asibiti, jarrabawar nono, thermography, samfurin nama da hoton maganadisu. Mammography ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita don tantance ciwon nono ga matan da suka kai shekaru 50 zuwa sama. Akwai mammograms na 3D yanzu ana amfani da su kuma ga matan da ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono suna iya samun MRI. Ana la'akari da abubuwan haɗari na ciwon nono don yanke shawara idan ana buƙatar gwajin gwaji kuma idan haka ne wanda ya fi dacewa ga mutum.
Ciwon mahaifa Binciken mahaifa ta hanyar gwajin Pap ko wasu hanyoyin yana da matukar tasiri wajen ganowa da kuma hana ciwon daji na mahaifa, kodayake akwai haɗarin wuce gona da iri a cikin mata matasa har zuwa shekaru 20 ko sama da haka, waɗanda ke da saurin samun ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda ke sharewa. ta halitta. Akwai kewayo mai yawa a cikin shekarun da aka ba da shawarar da za a fara nunawa a duniya. Dangane da ka'idodin Turai na 2010 don gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa, shekarun da za a fara gwajin ya bambanta tsakanin shekaru 20-30, "amma ba fi son kafin shekaru 25 ko 30 ba", ya danganta da nauyin cutar a cikin yawan jama'a da albarkatun da ake da su.
A Amurka adadin ciwon sankarar mahaifa ya kai kashi 0.1 cikin 100 na mata ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, don haka kungiyar Cancer ta Amurka da kuma kwalejin likitocin mata na Amurka suna ba da shawarar cewa a fara tantancewar tun daga shekara 21, ba tare da la’akari da shekaru a lokacin jima’i ba. ko wasu halaye masu alaƙa da haɗari. Ga mata masu lafiya masu shekaru 21-29 waɗanda ba su taɓa yin smear mara kyau ba, gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa tare da cytology na mahaifa (Pap smear) ya kamata ya faru kowace shekara 3, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin rigakafin HPV ba. Abin da aka fi so don mata masu shekaru 30-65 shine "gwaji tare", wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwajin cytology na mahaifa da gwajin HPV, kowane shekaru 5. Duk da haka, yana da kyau a gwada wannan rukunin shekaru tare da yin gwajin Pap kadai a kowace shekara 3. A cikin matan da suka haura shekaru 65, ana iya dakatar da yin gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa idan babu sakamakon binciken da bai dace ba a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata kuma babu tarihin CIN 2 ko sama da haka.
Ciwon daji na hanji Binciken ciwon daji na launin fata, idan an yi shi da wuri, yana da kariya domin kusan dukkanin ciwon daji na launin fata ya samo asali ne daga ci gaban da ake kira <i id="mwrA">polyps</i>, wanda za'a iya samuwa kuma a cire shi a lokacin colonoscopy (duba polypectomy colonic A Amurka M Services Task Force ya bayar da shawarar nunawa ga colorectal ciwon daji ta amfani da fecal occult jini gwaji, sigmoidoscopy, ko colonoscopy, a manya, farko a shekaru 50 da shekaru da kuma ci gaba har shekaru 75 years. Ga mutane sama da 75 ko waɗanda ke da tsawon rayuwar ƙasa da 10 ba a ba da shawarar duba shekaru ba. Sabuwar hanyar enzyme don tantance ciwon daji na launin fata shine gwajin M2-PK, wanda ke iya gano ciwon jini da kuma ciwon daji marasa jini da kuma polyps. A cikin 2008, Kaiser Permanente Colorado ya aiwatar da wani shiri wanda ya yi amfani da kira mai sarrafa kansa kuma ya aika da na'urorin gwajin rigakafi na fecal ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka wuce lokacin gwajin cutar kansar launin fata. Shirin ya kara yawan adadin membobin da suka cancanta da aka tantance da kashi 25 cikin dari. Multi-Target Stool DNA Test (Cologuard) da Plasma SEPT9 DNA Methylation Test (Epi proColon) an yarda da FDA.
A Ingila, ana yin gwajin manya a duk shekara ta hanyar gwajin jini na faecal a tsakanin shekarun 60 zuwa 74, kuma kwanan nan ya wuce shekaru daga 50 zuwa 74.
Prostate ciwon daji Lokacin da ake yin gwajin cutar kansar prostate, gwajin PSA na iya gano ƙananan ciwon daji waɗanda ba za su taɓa zama masu barazanar rai ba, amma da zarar an gano su za su kai ga jiyya. Wannan yanayin, wanda ake kira overdiagnosis, yana sanya maza cikin haɗari don rikitarwa daga jiyya maras muhimmanci kamar tiyata ko radiation. Bibiyar hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don gano cutar kansar prostate prostate biopsy na iya haifar da illa, gami da zubar jini da kamuwa da cuta. Maganin ciwon daji na prostate na iya haifar da rashin natsuwa (rashin iya sarrafa kwararar fitsari) da tabarbarewar karfin mazakuta (rashin karfin jima'i). A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2012, da Amurka ke hana ayyukan hana daukar nauyin su (USPSF) da takamammen antigen (PSA) don cutar kansa da cutar cututtukan cutar sankara ba, yayin da kowa ke son taimakawa wajen hana mace-mace daga cutar sankara ta prostate, hanyoyin gwajin PSA na yanzu da kuma maganin ciwon daji da aka gano a allo ba shine amsar ba."
Kwanan nan, Fenton's 2018 bita (wanda aka gudanar don USPSTF) ya mayar da hankali kan manyan nau'o'in sarrafawa guda biyu masu inganci na farashi da fa'idodin binciken PSA, kuma binciken ya kwatanta al'amurra masu rikitarwa da ke hade da binciken ciwon daji. Fenton ya bayar da rahoton cewa, tantance maza 1,000 a duk shekara hudu na shekaru 13 yana rage mace-mace daga cutar sankara ta prostate da guda ɗaya kawai. Musamman ma, daga cikin waɗancan maza 1,000: 243 sun sami alamar ciwon daji a lokacin gwajin PSA (mafi yawansu sannan suna da biopsy); daga cikinsu, 3 dole ne a kwantar da su a asibiti don matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta; An gano 35 tare da ciwon gurguwar prostate (saboda haka adadin ƙararrawar ƙarya daga ainihin gwajin PSA shine> 85%); Daga cikin wadancan 35, 3 sun guje wa cutar sankara ta prostate da kuma 1 sun guje wa mutuwa ta hanyar ciwon gurguwar prostate yayin da 9 suka sami rashin ƙarfi ko rashin iya yoyon fitsari saboda jinyarsu sannan 5 sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansar prostate duk da cewa an yi musu magani. A cikin shawarwarin su na 2018, USPSTF ta kiyasta cewa 20% -50% na maza da aka gano da cutar sankara ta prostate bayan ingantaccen gwajin PSA suna da ciwon daji wanda, ko da ba a kula da su ba, ba zai taɓa girma, yadawa, ko cutar da su ba
Yawancin ƙungiyoyin likitocin Arewacin Amurka suna ba da shawarar yanke shawara na keɓaɓɓu game da tantancewa, la'akari da kasada, fa'idodi, da abubuwan da majiyyata suka zaɓa.
Ciwon daji na huhu Nazarin bincike don ciwon huhu na huhu an yi shi ne kawai a cikin yawan haɗari masu haɗari, kamar masu shan taba da ma'aikata masu bayyanar da sana'a ga wasu abubuwa. A cikin 2010s shawarwarin da hukumomin kiwon lafiya suka bayar suna nuna goyon baya ga gwajin cutar kansar huhu, wanda mai yuwuwa ya zama sananne a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.
A watan Disamba 2013 The Amurka Ayyukan da ke hana ayyukansa (Uspstf) ya ba da shawarar shaidar cutar ta shekara-shekara don karancin ciwon kai lissafta tomography a cikin manya masu shekaru 55 zuwa 80 waɗanda ke da tarihin fakitin shekaru 30 na shan taba kuma a halin yanzu suna shan taba ko kuma sun daina a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata. Yakamata a daina tantancewa da zarar mutum bai sha taba ba har tsawon shekaru 15 ko kuma ya sami matsalar lafiya wanda ke da iyakacin tsawon rai ko kuma iyawa ko kuma niyyar yin tiyatar huhu na curative.”
Ciwon daji na Pancreatic Gano farkon gano ciwon daji na pancreatic biomarkers an cika shi ta amfani da tsarin rigakafi na tushen SERS. A SERS-base multiplex proteinbiomarker gano dandamali a cikin guntu microfluidic don ganowa ana amfani da shi don gano furotin biomarkers da yawa don tsinkayar nau'in cuta da masu mahimmancin halittu da haɓaka damar ganowa tsakanin cututtuka tare da masu siyar da halittu masu kama (PC, OVC, da pancreatitis). An yarda da cewa gabaɗaya gwajin manyan ƙungiyoyi don ciwon daji na pancreatic ba zai iya yin tasiri a halin yanzu ba, kuma a waje gwaje-gwajen asibiti babu shirye-shirye don wannan. A Turai Society for Medical Oncology bada shawarar yau da kullum nunawa tare da endoscopic duban dan tayi da kuma MRI CT Dabarar ga waɗanda a babban hadarin daga gaji halittar jini, a layi tare da wasu shawarwari, wanda zai iya kuma sun hada da CT. Don tantancewa, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin duban CT na musamman, kamar CT scan multiphase.
Ga matsakaitan mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin, ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don ciwon daji na pancreatic ba a halin yanzu.
Ciwon daji na baka Ayyukan rigakafin na Amurka (Uspstf) a cikin 2013 sun gano cewa shaidar ta isa don tantance daidaiton fa'idodi da cutar kansa ba tare da masu samar da kulawa ba. Cibiyar Nazarin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka ta zo ga irin wannan matsaya yayin da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa manya sama da shekaru 20 waɗanda ke yin gwajin lafiya na lokaci-lokaci yakamata a bincika kogon baki don ciwon daji. Ƙungiyar Haƙori ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa masu ba da sabis su kasance a faɗake don alamun ciwon daji yayin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun. Wasu ƙungiyoyin likitocin haƙori kuma suna ba da shawarar gwajin cutar kansar baki.
Sauran cututtukan daji Babu isassun shedar da za a ba da shawarar don ko ƙin gwajin cutar kansar fata, da kansar mafitsara Ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don kansar ƙwanƙwasa da kansar kwai ba
Bincike
Hoton jiki duka Ana samun cikakkun sikanin CT na jiki don gwajin cutar kansa, amma irin wannan nau'in hoto na likitanci don bincika cutar kansa a cikin mutane ba tare da bayyananniyar alamun bayyanar ba na iya haifar da matsaloli kamar haɓakar haɓakar ionizing radiation Koyaya, sikanin maganadisu na maganadisu MRI ba su da alaƙa da haɗarin radiation, kuma ana ƙididdige sikanin MRI don amfani da su wajen tantance cutar kansa. Akwai babban haɗarin gano abin da ake kira incidentalomas raunuka marasa kyau waɗanda za a iya fassara su azaman ciwon daji kuma suna sanya marasa lafiya cikin haɗari mai yuwuwa ta hanyar bin hanyoyin da za a bi.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shirye-shiryen gwajin cutar kansa na NHS
Bincike don ciwon daji, Cancer Research UK
Binciken Ciwon daji, Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa
Binciken Ciwon daji a eMedicine
ColonCancerCheck gami da takaddun gaskiya a cikin yaruka 24 a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ontario da Kulawar Tsawon Lokaci
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Health/health/cancer/Cancer-Screening/criteria
Yadda shawarwarin nunawa suka canza cikin lokaci daga Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka
Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslyne%20Akombe | Roslyne Akombe | Roselyn Kwamboka Akombe (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976) tsohuwar kwamishiniyar Kenya ce ta Hukumar Zaɓe da Kan Iyakoki (IEBC) ta Kenya.
Ta shahara a kafafen yada labarai na kasar Kenya bayan ta bayyana a gaban hukumar da ke tattaunawa da wadanda za su nada a hukumar, ta kuma ce a shirye ta ke ta karbi sabon mukaminta na kwamishina, duk da cewa hakan na nufin za a rage ma ta albashi da kashi 70 cikin 100 daga aikinta na baya. a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ta ce wannan sadaukarwa ce da ta ke a shirye ta yi wa kasarta. Ta shahara a duniya bayan ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na kwamishina a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017 a cikin rikicin siyasa a Kenya.
Jim kadan bayan murabus din nata, ta tashi daga kasar saboda fargabar rayuwarta a cikin yanayin siyasar da ake ciki.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife ta a cikin 1976, a gundumar Nyamira ta yau, a cikin lardin Nyanza a lokacin, Kenya. Ta girma ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na cikin gida. Ta sami digiri na farko, Digiri na Ilimi, daga Jami'ar Nairobi.Daga baya, ta sami digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a Harkokin Duniya, daga Jami'ar Rutgers, ta Amurka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa, a cikin wannan fanni, kuma daga Jami'ar Rutgers.
Aiki An dauki Akombe a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar kan harkokin siyasa a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke birnin New York.
Aikin a IEBC A watan Janairun 2017, aka nada ta a matsayin kwamishina a hukumar ta IEBC, lamarin da ya bai wa jama’a mamaki lokacin da jama’a suka fahimci cewa za ta rage albashin kashi 70 cikin 100 daga tsohuwar aikinta ta yin aiki da hukumar. Ta bayyana cewa wannan lamari ne na kishin kasa ga kasarta kuma tana da burin taimakawa kasar ta gudanar da sahihin zabe da kuma fatan taka rawa a cikinsa. Kafofin yada labarai sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, "An ba ta hutu na musamman ba tare da albashi ba don yin aiki a hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta Kenya," kuma "za ta ba da goyon baya na fasaha ga hukumar a shirye-shiryen zaben 2017 da kuma goyon bayan kokarin hanawa. rikicin bayan zabe a Kenya." Ta yi aiki tare da IEBC Akombe ba zata karɓi kowane albashi a matsayin ma'aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Matsakaicin albashin Akombe a matsayinsa na kwamishinan IEBC an kiyasta shi akan KES 800,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 8000) a wata.
Bayan aikinta a IEBC, nan take Roselyn ta zama fuskar hukumar, kuma ta halarci taron manema labarai da yawa da aka baiwa jama'a. Hasali ma, ita ce ke da alhakin fitar da da yawa daga cikin wadannan tarukan manema labarai, inda ake ganin ta a matsayin mai iya magana da santsi. Hakan ya sa mutane da yawa suke ganin ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar, duk da cewa ita kwamishina ce kawai. A cewar jaridar Daily Nation ta Kenya, Akombe "wata matasa ce, mai magana da kai tsaye kuma kwamishina mara kunya tare da manyan kunci wanda ya bayyana abubuwa da murmushi." Ayyukanta a hukumar sun hada da horas da jami'ai, yin jawabi ga taron manema labarai, bayar da rahoto ga shugaba da babban jami'in hukumar da kuma daukar wasu ayyuka don tabbatar da gaskiya da adalci a zaben Kenya.
Rigimar murabus A ranar 18 ga watan Oktoban 2017, Akombe ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na kwamishiniyar hukumar ta IEBC a lokacin da kasar ke cikin rikici bayan da kotun koli ta soke zaben Kenya na 2017. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017, Kotun Koli ta Kenya ta yanke hukuncin da ta bayyana sakamakon zaben shugaban kasa na ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 2017. Kotun ta ce hukumar ta IEBC ta gaza cika sharuddan da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya gindaya na gudanar da sahihin zabe tare da bayar da umarnin sake gudanar da zaben cikin kwanaki 60.
Sakamakon haka, IEBC ta shirya gudanar da sabon zabe tare da sanar da sabon ranar zabe a matsayin ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2017, sannan ta tura shi zuwa 26 ga Oktoba 2017. Sai dai jam'iyyar adawa ta National Super Alliance (NASA), karkashin jagorancin Raila Amolo Odinga ta yi tur da matsin lamba kan hukumar, tana mai cewa ba za ta iya gudanar da zabe kamar yadda aka tsara a halin yanzu ba. Wannan ra'ayi ya samu goyon bayan dukkanin 'yan siyasa masu alaka da dan takarar NASA, Raila Amolo Odinga, ciki har da abokin takararsa Kalonzo Musyoka. Hasali ma, hakan ya kai ga kauracewa zaman da daukacin ‘yan majalisar dokoki da na majalisar dattawa suka yi tare da cewa ba su amince da shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a matsayin zababben shugaban kasa ba. Sai dai kuma, Uhuru Kenyatta da dukkan 'yan siyasa masu alaka da jam'iyyarsa ta Jubilee Party sun yi adawa da wannan ra'ayi, suna masu cewa Raila ba shi da hurumin jagorantar IEBC kan ayyukanta. Bambancin da ke tsakanin wadannan jiga-jigan biyu ya haifar da abin da wasu ke kira da rikicin siyasa a Kenya.
Kokarin ci gaba da kasancewa tsaka mai wuya, IEBC ta yi kokarin gudanar da tarurruka tsakanin 'yan adawa da gwamnati ba tare da cimma wata nasara ba. A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan hukuncin kotun, Raila da jam'iyyarsa ta NASA sukan bayar da wa'adi, wanda ta kira a matsayin mafi karanci da ba za a iya ragewa ba idan ba tare da wanda ba za a iya gudanar da sahihin zabe a Kenya ba. Yayin da IEBC ta fito yana cewa ba za ta iya cika wadannan ka’idoji ba, Raila Odinga ya bai wa kasar da al’ummar duniya mamaki da cewa ya janye daga takarar shugabancin kasar da aka maimaita saboda hukumar ba ta da ikon bai wa ‘yan kasar Kenya zabe mai inganci da gaskiya. Wannan ya haifar da rikicin siyasa a Kenya yayin da Raila da jam'iyyarsa suka tayar da hankali na soke zaben da aka yi a ranar 26 ga Oktoban 2017, yayin da Uhuru da jam'iyyarsa suka matsa kaimi a sake zaben. Dangane da wannan rugujewar siyasar da aka yi, ya bayyana cewa ’yan iska da ma’aikata daga jam’iyyar Jubilee Party da NASA ne suka kutsa cikin hukumar kuma an yi mata magudi.
A ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017, Akombe ta tabbatar da wannan jita-jita lokacin da ta yi murabus a cikin takardar murabus din ta da aka buga a yanar gizo.
Tasiri kan maimaita zaben shugaban kasar Kenya na 2017 Murabus din da Kwamishinan ya yi ya jawo hankulan kafafen yada labarai. An ci gaba da sabon zaben duk da cewa Raila Odinga daya daga cikin manyan 'yan takara ya janye daga zaben kuma ya bukaci magoya bayansa da kada su shiga kada kuri'a. An ayyana Uhuru Kenyatta a matsayin shugaban kasa tare da rantsar da shi, kuma ‘yan sanda sun kashe masu zanga-zangar a wurare daban-daban na kasar.
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27121 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%20Gaban%20Magungunan%20COVID-19 | Ci Gaban Magungunan COVID-19 | COVID-19 miyagun ƙwayoyi ci gaba ne na bincike tsari wajen samar da preventative warkewa sayen magani kwayoyi da cewa zai rage tsananin coronavirus cuta 2019 (COVID-19). Daga farkon shekarar 2020 zuwa shekarar 2021, kamfanoni ɗari da yawa na magunguna, kamfanonin fasahar kere kere, ƙungiyoyin bincike na jami'a, da kuma ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna haɓaka ƴan takarar warkewa don cutar COVID-19 a matakai daban-daban na bincike na asali ko na asibiti (jimillan yan takara 506 a cikin Afrilun shekarar 2021), tare da yuwuwar 419. Magungunan COVID-19 a cikin gwaji na asibiti, har zuwa Afrilu 2021.
Kamar yadda a farkon Maris din shekarar 2020, da World Health Organization (WHO), Turai Magunguna Agency (Ema), Amurka Food and Drug Administration (FDA), kuma gwamnatin kasar Sin da kuma miyagun ƙwayoyi masana'antun sun kasance suna haɗin gwiwa tare da masu bincike na ilimi da masana'antu don haɓaka haɓakar rigakafi, magungunan rigakafi, da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali bayan kamuwa da cuta. Platform Registry Platform na Clinical Trials na WHO ya rubuta karatun asibiti 536 don haɓaka hanyoyin kwantar da hankali bayan kamuwa da cuta don cututtukan COVID-19, tare da kafaffen magungunan rigakafi da yawa don kula da wasu cututtuka a ƙarƙashin binciken asibiti don sake dawowa,
A cikin Maris din shekarar 2020, WHO ta ƙaddamar da Gwajin SOLIDARITY a cikin ƙasashe 10, tare da yin rajistar dubunnan mutanen da suka kamu da COVID-19 don tantance tasirin jiyya na mahaɗan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta guda huɗu tare da mafi girman alƙawarin inganci.An kafa bita mai ƙarfi, mai tsauri a cikin Afrilu 2020 don bin diddigin ci gaban gwajin asibiti da aka yi rajista don rigakafin COVID-19 da ƴan takarar magungunan warkewa.
Ci gaban ƙwayoyi tsari ne na matakai da yawa, yawanci yana buƙatar fiye da shekaru biyar don tabbatar da aminci da ingancin sabon fili. Hukumomin gudanarwa na ƙasa da yawa, kamar EMA da FDA, sun amince da hanyoyin don hanzarta gwajin asibiti. A watan Yuni 2021, da yawa yuwuwar hanyoyin warkewar kamuwa da cuta sun kasance a matakin ƙarshe na gwajin ɗan adam gwaji na asibiti na Phase III-IV Ingantacciyar magani, dacewa ta COVID-19 na iya kaiwa tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara sama da dala biliyan 10, a cewar wani kiyasin Jefferies & Co na baya- bayan nan.
Fage Ci gaban ƙwayoyi shi ne tsarin kawo sabon rigakafin cututtuka ko magungunan warkewa zuwa kasuwa da zarar an gano wani sinadarin gubar ta hanyar gano magunguna. Ya haɗa da binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje a kan ƙwayoyin cuta da dabbobi, yin rajista don matsayin tsari, kamar ta hanyar FDA, don sabon magani na bincike don fara gwajin asibiti akan mutane, kuma yana iya haɗawa da matakin samun amincewar tsari tare da sabon aikace-aikacen magani don tallata maganin.Gabaɗayan tsari daga ra'ayi ta hanyar gwaji na ainihi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa haɓaka gwaji na asibiti, gami da gwaji na Mataki na I-III zuwa ingantaccen maganin rigakafi ko magani yana ɗaukar fiye da shekaru goma.
Kalmar "bincike na ainihi" an bayyana shi ta hanyar binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin vitro da in vivo, yana nuna matakin farko don haɓaka maganin rigakafin rigakafi, maganin rigakafi ko wasu hanyoyin kwantar da hankali bayan kamuwa da cuta, kamar gwaje-gwaje don ƙayyade ingantattun allurai da guba a cikin dabbobi., kafin a ƙaddamar da fili na ɗan takara don aminci da ƙimar inganci a cikin mutane. Don kammala ainihin matakin haɓaka magunguna sannan a gwada don aminci da inganci a cikin isassun adadin mutanen da suka kamu da COVID-19 (daruruwan zuwa dubbai a ƙasashe daban-daban) tsari ne mai yuwuwa yana buƙatar shekaru 1-2 don COVID-19 hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, bisa ga rahotanni da yawa a farkon shekarar 2020. Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, yawan nasarar da aka samu ga masu neman magani don samun amincewar ƙa'ida ta ƙarshe ta hanyar tsarin haɓaka magunguna don magance cututtukan da ke yaduwa shine kawai 19%.
Gwajin gwaji na mataki na farko da farko don aminci da allurai na farko a cikin wasu dozin dozin masu lafiya, yayin da gwaji na II bin nasara a cikin Mataki na I kimanta tasirin warkewa game da cutar COVID-19 a matakan haɓakar kashi (sakamako dangane da biomarkers yayin da kusanci. kimanta yiwuwar illar cutarwar ɗan takarar (ko hanyoyin kwantar da hankali), yawanci a cikin ɗaruruwan mutane. Tsarin gwaji na gama-gari don nazarin Mataki na II na yiwuwar magungunan COVID-19 bazuwar bazuwar, mai sarrafa wuribo makanta, kuma ana gudanar da shi a shafuka da yawa, yayin da ake tantance ƙarin madaidaicin, ingantattun allurai da saka idanu don illa.
Nasarar nasarar gwaji na Mataki na II don ci gaba zuwa Mataki na III (ga duk cututtuka) kusan kashi 31% ne, kuma ga cututtuka musamman, kusan 43%. Ya danganta da tsawon lokacin sa (ya fi tsayi tsada) yawanci tsawon watanni da yawa zuwa shekaru biyu matsakaicin tsayin gwajin Mataki na II yana kashe (dala 2013, gami da daidaitaccen farashi da na Mataki na I). Nasarar kammala gwajin Mataki na II baya yin hasashen cewa ɗan takara magani zai yi nasara a cikin bincike na Mataki na III.
Gwajin kashi na III na COVID-19 ya ƙunshi ɗaruruwan-zuwa-dubban mahalarta asibiti, da gwada tasirin jiyya don rage tasirin cutar, yayin da ake sa ido kan illolin da ba su da kyau a mafi kyawun kashi, kamar a cikin gwaje-gwajen Solidarity da Gano na ƙasa da ƙasa.
'Yan takara Dangane da wata majiya (tun daga watan Agusta 2020), nau'ikan nau'ikan bincike na asibiti ko na farko don haɓaka 'yan takarar warkewa na COVID-19 sun haɗa da:
Antibodies ('yan takara 81)
antiviral ('yan takara 31)
mahadi na tushen cell ('yan takara 34)
mahadi na tushen RNA ('yan takara 6)
za a sake dawo da mahaɗan binciken ('yan takara 18)
daban-daban sauran nau'o'in jiyya, irin su anti-mai kumburi, antimalarial, interferon, tushen furotin, maganin rigakafi, da mahadi masu daidaitawa.
Gwaje-gwajen Pivotal Phase III suna tantance ko maganin ɗan takarar yana da tasiri musamman akan cuta, kuma a cikin yanayin mutanen da ke asibiti tare da cututtukan COVID-19 mai tsanani gwada ingantaccen matakin kashi na wanda aka sake dawowa ko sabon ɗan takarar magani don inganta rashin lafiya (musamman ciwon huhu) daga kamuwa da cutar COVID-19. Don maganin da aka riga aka yarda da shi (kamar hydroxychloroquine don zazzabin cizon sauro), Gwajin Mataki na III-IV ya ƙayyade a cikin ɗaruruwa zuwa dubunnan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta COVID-19 yiwuwar tsawaita amfani da maganin da aka riga aka yarda da shi don magance kamuwa da COVID-19. Tun daga watan Agustan 2020, sama da magungunan ɗan takarar 500 sun kasance a cikin daidaitaccen tsari ko matakin ci gaban Mataki na I-IV, tare da sabbin gwaji na Mataki na II-III da aka sanar don ɗaruruwan 'yan takarar warkewa yayin 2020.
Yawancin magungunan 'yan takara da ke ƙarƙashin binciken a matsayin jiyya na "tallafawa" don kawar da rashin jin daɗi yayin rashin lafiya, irin su NSAIDs ko bronchodilators, ba a haɗa su a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Wasu a cikin gwaji na farko-farko na II ko kuma masu neman magani da yawa a cikin gwaje-gwajen Mataki na I, suma an cire su. 'Yan takarar ƙwayoyi a cikin gwaji na Mataki na I-II suna da ƙarancin nasara (a ƙarƙashin 12%) don wuce duk matakan gwaji don samun amincewa na ƙarshe. Da zarar an kai ga gwaji na Mataki na III, 'yan takarar warkewa don cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 cututtukan cututtuka da na numfashi suna samun nasarar kusan kashi 72%.
'Yan takarar da aka sake dawo da su Mayar da magunguna (kuma ana kiranta repurposing) binciken magungunan da ake dasu don sabbin dalilai na warkewa layin daya ne na binciken kimiyya da aka bi don haɓaka amintattun jiyya na COVID-19. Yawancin magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka haɓaka a baya ko aka yi amfani da su azaman jiyya don matsanancin ciwo na numfashi mai tsanani (SARS), ciwo na numfashi na gabas ta tsakiya (MERS), HIV/AIDS, da zazzabin cizon sauro, ana binciken su azaman jiyya na COVID-19, tare da wasu ƙaura zuwa gwaji na asibiti.
A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, sake fasalin ƙwayoyi shine tsarin bincike na asibiti na yin bincike cikin sauri da ma'anar aminci da ingancin magungunan da aka riga aka amince da su don wasu cututtukan da za a yi amfani da su ga mutanen da ke da kamuwa da COVID-19. A cikin tsarin haɓaka magunguna na yau da kullun, tabbatar da sake fasalin sabon maganin cutar zai ɗauki shekaru masu yawa na bincike na asibiti gami da gwaji na asibiti na Mataki na III akan magungunan ɗan takarar don tabbatar da amincin sa da ingancinsa musamman don magance kamuwa da COVID-19. A cikin gaggawa na cutar ta COVID-19 mai girma, ana haɓaka aikin sake dawo da magunguna a cikin Maris 2020 don kula da mutanen da ke asibiti tare da COVID-19.
Gwajin gwaji na asibiti ta amfani da maimaitawa, gabaɗaya amintattu, magungunan da ake da su don mutanen COVID-19 na asibiti na iya ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan kuma suna da ƙarancin ƙimar gabaɗaya don samun ƙarshen abubuwan da ke tabbatar da aminci (rashin sakamako masu illa da ingancin cutar bayan kamuwa da cuta, kuma yana iya shiga cikin sauri da wadatar wadatar magunguna. sarƙoƙi don masana'anta da rarraba duniya. A cikin ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa don kama waɗannan fa'idodin, WHO ta fara ne a tsakiyar Maris 2020 ta haɓaka gwaji na Mataki na II-III na ƙasa da ƙasa akan zaɓuɓɓukan magani huɗu masu ban sha'awa gwajin SOLIDARITY tare da sauran magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da yuwuwar. repurposing a cikin daban-daban hanyoyin magance cututtuka, irin su anti-mai kumburi, corticosteroid, antibody, rigakafi, da kuma girma factor hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, da sauransu, ana ci gaba a cikin Phase II ko III gwaji a lokacin 2020.
A cikin Maris, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ta ba da shawarar likita game da remdesivir ga mutanen da ke kwance a asibiti tare da cutar huhu da COVID-19 ke haifarwa: “Yayin da gwaje-gwajen asibiti suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da aminci da ingancin wannan magani, likitocin ba tare da la’akari da su ba. samun damar yin gwajin asibiti na iya buƙatar remdesivir don amfanin jinƙai ta hanyar masana'anta don masu fama da ciwon huhu na asibiti."
Duba kuma Kudin ci gaban miyagun ƙwayoyi
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje R&D Blueprint da COVID-19, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya
Coronaviruses ta Cibiyar Nazarin Allergy da Cututtuka ta Amurka
COVID-19 therapeutics tracker Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
34889 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Kan-Dapaah | Albert Kan-Dapaah | Albert Kan-Dapaah (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da uku1953A.C) ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne da aka hayar akawu kuma ɗan siyasa. A halin yanzu shi ne ministan tsaro na kasa. Shugaba Nana Addo Danquah Akufo-Addo ne ya nada shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Kan-Dapaah a ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1953. Shi dan Ashanti ne kuma ya fito daga Maase-Boaman a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Albert Kan-Dapaah ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Acherensua daga shekara ta 1964 zuwa 1969. Sannan ya karanci Accountancy a Jami'ar Professional Studies (UPS), Accra Legon. Ya kara da kwasa-kwasan Accountancy a North East London Polytechnic, London da Emile Woolf College of Accountancy.
Aiki Kan-Dapaah ya yi aiki tare da Pannel Kerr Forster, wani kamfani na lissafin kuɗi a matsayin Babban Audit. Ya yi aiki a ofisoshinsu a Monrovia, Laberiya da London, UK tsakanin shekarar 1978 zuwa 1986. Ya koma Ghana, ya kasance shugaban Audit a Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) daga watan Janairu shekarar 1987. A watan Satumban shekarar 1987, ya shiga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki ta Ghana inda ya tashi daga daraktan binciken kudi har ya zama darakta mai kula da kudi, inda ya rike shekaru shida.
Kan-Dapaah abokin tarayya ne a Kwesie, Kan-Dapaah da Baah Co., wani kamfani na Chartered Accountants a Accra. Hakanan yana kula da mai ba da shawara na Kan-Dapaah da Associates, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara ta kayan aiki. Ya kuma karantar da Auditing na ɗan lokaci a Makarantar Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Ghana da Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararru.
Siyasa Albert Kan-Dapaah shi ne wakilin yankin Ashanti a majalisar New Patriotic Party (NPP) ta kasa tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa 1996. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin kudi da tattalin arziki na jam’iyyar NPP. Ya lashe kujerar Afigya-Sekyere a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekarar 1996. Ya hau kujerarsa a watan Janairun shekarar 1997 a jam'iyyar adawa kuma ya rike kujerarsa a zabukan 'yan majalisar dokoki guda biyu da suka biyo baya a shekara ta 2000 da 2004. Ya zama ministan makamashi a gwamnatin Kufuor bayan jam'iyyar NPP ta lashe madafun iko a zaben shekarar 2000. A lokacin da aka yi wa majalisar ministocin garambawul a watan Afrilun shekarar 2003, ya zama ministan sadarwa da fasaha. Ya zama ministan harkokin cikin gida a wa'adi na biyu na Kufuor.
Zabe A shekara ta 2000, Kan-Dapaah ya lashe babban zaben a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Afigya Sekyere ta Yamma a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 31 na majalisar dokoki daga cikin kujeru 33 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 99 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200. An zabe shi da kuri'u 10,605 daga cikin 14,878 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 72.2% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Beatrice Aboagye ta National Democratic Congress, S.Osei Yaw na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Agyem Vincent na People's National Convention da Tawiah Joseph na New Reformed Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 3,806, 129, 82 da 62 daga cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 25.9%, 0.9%, 0.6%, da 0.4% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
An zabi Kan-Dapaah a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Afigya-Sekyere ta yamma na yankin Ashanti ta Ghana a karo na uku a babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekara ta 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 13,936 daga cikin 17,863 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 78% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Ampofo Stephen na Peoples’ National Convention, Joseph Baah na National Democratic Congress da A.S. Osei Yaw na Convention People's Party. Waɗannan sun sami 0.8%, 20.1% da 1% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
A shekarar 2008, ya lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta lashe kujerun 'yan majalisa 109 daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 13,824 daga cikin 18,747 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 73.74% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Joyce Oduro ta jam'iyyar Peoples' National Congress, Joseph Baah na National Democratic Congress da James Gyimah Dabo na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kashi 1.28%, 23.07% da 1.91% bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.
Rayuwa ta sirri Kan-Dapaah tana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. Kawun Collins Adomako-Mensah ne.
Rigima A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2020, wani bidiyo na kiran wayan bidiyo na kwarkwasa a WhatsApp tsakanin Albert Kan-Dapaah da wata budurwa ya bayyana a shafukan sada zumunta wanda ya haifar da kiraye-kirayen yin murabus daga mukaminsa na Ministan Tsaro na kasa.
Sauran mukaman da aka gudanar 1996 Shugaban Cibiyar Akawu na Chartered, Ghana
1996 Mataimakin shugaban kasa, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lissafi a Yammacin Afirka
Manazarta Rayayyun |
32491 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebur | Shebur | Shebur kayan aiki ne don tono, ɗagawa, da motsin abubuwa masu yawa, kamar ƙasa, tsakuwa, dusar ƙanƙara, yashi dadai sauransu.
Yawancin shebur kayan aikin hannu ne wanda ya ƙunshi faɗuwar ruwan wuƙaƙe da aka gyara zuwa madaidaicin tsayi. Yawan shebur ɗin ana yin su ne da ƙarfen ƙarfe ko robobi masu wuya kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai. Hannun shebur yawanci ana yin su ne da itace (musamman taƙamaiman nau'ikan irin su ash ko maple ko filastik da aka ƙarfafa gilashin (fiberglass).
Wuraren shebur na hannu da aka yi da ƙarfen takarda yawanci suna da dunƙulewa ko kati a baya don yin soket don riƙe wa. Wannan ninka kuma yawanci yana ba da ƙarin rigidity ga ruwa. Hannun suna yawanci riveted a wuri. An kuma fi dacewa da yanki na T-tsalle zuwa ƙarshen hannun don taimakawa riƙo da sarrafawa inda aka ƙera felu don motsi ƙasa da kayan nauyi. Waɗannan ƙirar za a iya samar da su cikin sauƙi.
Kalmar shebur kuma ta shafi manyan injunan haƙowa da ake kira shebur wutar lantarki, waɗanda ke yin aiki iri ɗaya tono, ɗagawa, da kayan motsi. Ko da yake irin wannan injinan wutan lantarki na zamani kamar masu lodin gaba da na tona (ciki har da tarakta masu ɗauke da bokitin lodi a gefe ɗaya da kuma hodar bayan gida don tono da ajiye kayan a ɗayan) suna saukowa daga injin tururi suna yin irin wannan aikin ba a rarraba su a matsayin shebur.
An daidaita felun hannu don ayyuka da wurare daban-daban. Ana iya inganta su don ɗawainiya ɗaya ko ƙirƙira su azaman tsallake-tsallake ko daidaita masu yawan ayyuka Suna da matukar amfani a harkar noma.
Tarihi A cikin shekarun Neolithic kuma a baya, ana amfani da babban scapula na dabba (fadar kafadu) sau da yawa azaman ɗanyen shebur ko spade Ta wannan haɗin tsakanin igiyoyin kafaɗa da ƙwanƙwasa ne kalmomin spatula da spade duka suna da alaƙar asali da scapulas Ƙirƙirar da aka ƙera na bututun da aka gina da niyya ya kasance ci gaba mai ban sha'awa. Tambura da hannu, sau da yawa a haɗe tare da tsinke, ita ce babbar hanyar haƙowa a cikin gini har zuwa injina ta hanyar injinan tururi da kayan aikin injin daga baya (masu haƙa kamar hotan baya da lodi sannu a hankali sun maye gurbin mafi yawan shebur na hannu. Haka abin yake game da tarihin haƙar ma'adinai da faɗuwar ruwa da yawan sarrafa kayayyaki a masana'antu irin su ƙera ƙarfe da tuƙi Motocin titin jirgin kasa da dakunan kaya masu dauke da tama, gawayi, tsakuwa, yashi, ko hatsi galibi ana loda su da sauke su ta wannan hanya. Waɗannan masana'antu ba ko yaushe suna dogara kawai akan irin wannan aikin ba, amma irin wannan aikin ya kasance wani ɓangare na su a ko'ina. Har zuwa 1950s, shebur ɗin hannu na ɗaukar ma'aikata da yawa aiki. An sanya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da ake kira 'ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago' ga duk wani aikin tono ko sarrafa kayan da ake buƙata a kowane mako, kuma ɗaruruwan ko ɗaruruwan ma'aikata waɗanda ke da shebur ɗin hannu za su yi irin saurin tonowa ko sarrafa kayan da a yau galibi ana yin su da ƙarfi. ƙwararrun ma'aikata ke sarrafa su. Don haka farashin aiki, ko da lokacin da kowane ma'aikaci ba shi da ƙarancin albashi, ya kasance babban kuɗaɗen ayyuka. An danganta haɓakar kasuwancin galibi ga yawan aiki Har yanzu sau da yawa ma a yau; amma a da ya ma fi haka. A cikin sarrafa kayan masana'antu da na kasuwanci, daga baya an maye gurbin shebur ɗin hannu ba kawai da masu lodi da na baya ba.
Ganin mahimmancin da farashin aikin hannu a cikin masana'antu a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20th, "kimiyyar shebur" wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa ga masu haɓaka ilimin kimiyya kamar Frederick Winslow Taylor Taylor, tare da mayar da hankali kan lokaci da nazarin motsi, ya ɗauki sha'awar bambanta yawancin motsin aikin hannu zuwa matsayi mafi girma fiye da yadda wasu ke so. Manajoji ba za su damu da tantance shi ba (yiwuwar tsammanin cewa aikin hannu aiki ne mai sauƙi na hankali kuma ma'aikata ba za su damu da bincikar ta ba ta kowace hanya da ke ƙarfafa gudanarwa don ɗaukar haƙƙin aikin sana'a ga mai sana'a don yanke shawara. cikakkun bayanai na hanyoyinsa. Taylor ya gane cewa rashin yin nazarin aikin shebur yana wakiltar damar da aka rasa don ganowa ko haɗa mafi kyawun ayyuka don yin shebur, wanda zai iya samun mafi girman aiki (darajar dala da aka kashe). Ya kasance taylor da abokan aiki a cikin 1890s zuwa 1910 waɗanda suka faɗaɗa sosai game da wasu abubuwa daban-daban, ɗaya ga kowane abu, dangane da kayan abu, dangane da kayancin abu. A ƙarƙashin kulawar kimiyya, ba a yarda da yin amfani da felu iri ɗaya ba don bukar gawayi mai launin ruwan ƙasa wata rana da tsakuwa a gaba. Taylor ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman kuɗin da ake kashewa na kula da shebur biyu fiye da biyan kuɗin kanta ta hanyar haɓaka yawan aikin ma'aikata da zai haifar da shi, wanda ke nufin ƙarancin kuɗin da ake kashewa kan albashi ga kowane rukunin aikin shebur da aka cimma.
A lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu a kusa da 1900, shebur ya ba da damar yin amfani da kayan aiki masu nauyi kamar injin tono Nau'ukan
Duba kuma Dustpan, wani nau'i na shebur
ambato
Littafin littafin gabaɗaya
Hanyoyin haɗi na |
32008 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Toko%20Ekambi | Karl Toko Ekambi | Karl Brillant Toko Ekambi (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ligue 1 Olympique Lyonnais da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kamaru.
Ya fara aikinsa tare da Paris FC a cikin Championnat National da Sochaux a Ligue 2 kafin ya shiga Angers a Ligue 1. Bayan watanni 18 a Villarreal a gasar La Liga ta Spain, ya koma Faransa zuwa kulob ɗin Lyon.
An haife shi a Faransa, Toko Ekambi ya buga wasansa na farko a Kamaru a shekara ta 2015. Ya wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2017, 2019 da 2021, inda ya lashe gasar shekarar 2017.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Sochaux An haife shi a birnin Paris, Toko Ekambi ya fara aikinsa a Paris FC a mataki na uku na Championnat National. A cikin watan Yuni shekara ta 2014, kasancewar ya kasance dan wasa na uku tare da kwallaye 13, ya koma Sochaux. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Ligue 2 a ranar farko ta kakar shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015 da Orléans, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Thomas Guerbert na mintuna na 57 a cikin gida da ci 1-0. Ya kare kakarsa ta farko a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallo a raga da kwallaye 14.
Angers A watan Yuni shekara ta 2016, Toko Ekambi ya shiga Angers akan Yuro 1 miliyan, akan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya zura kwallaye bakwai a kakar wasansa ta farko ta Ligue 1, ciki har da biyu a wasan da suka doke Bastia a gida da ci 3-0 a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu. A watan Agusta shekarar 2017, Brighton & Hove Albion, sabon ciyarwa zuwa Premier League, a gwargwadon rahoto ya yi tayin shi, yana ba da 8. miliyan da €1 miliyan a cikin yuwuwar kari ga Angers. Ya fara wannan kakar a cikin yanayi mai kyau, inda ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 18 da ya buga a gasar Ligue 1 a farkon kakar wasa ta bana, abin da ya jawo hankalin Ingila a kan ayyukan da ya yi a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta Janairu. A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2018 an sake ba da rahoton cewa Brighton ta yi tayin nemansa, wanda Angers ya ki amincewa da shi. A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu, Toko Ekambi ya zira kwallaye biyu da rabi, ciki har da wanda ya yi nasara a minti na 89, don taimakawa Angers ficewa daga yankin relegation a 2-1 a waje da abokan gwagwarmaya Lille. Ya kammala gasar Ligue 1 ta shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018 da kwallaye 17, a matsayi na tara a cikin wadanda suka fi cin kwallaye a gasar. Ya lashe Prix Marc-Vivien Foé don mafi kyawun Afirka a gasar. Shi ne dan Kamaru na farko da ya lashe kyautar mai suna Marc-Vivien Foé, wanda ya mutu yana taka leda a kasar a shekarar 2003. A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2017, wanda ya maye gurbin Toko Ekambi ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka doke Guingamp da ci 2-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe na Coupe de France. A wasan karshe na farko na Angers tun shekarar alif 1957 a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, ya buga wasan gaba daya na rashin nasara da ci 1–0 a hannun Paris Saint-Germain.
Villareal A watan Yuni shekara ta 2018, Toko Ekambi ya rattaba hannu tare da Villarreal a gasar La Liga ta Spain, akan kimanin €20. miliyan. An sanya hannu don maye gurbin Cédric Bakambu, wanda ya bar kungiyar Super League ta kasar Sin a watan Janairu. Ya zira kwallaye goma a kakar wasansa ta farko, ciki har da biyu a wasan da suka doke Rayo Vallecano da ci 3–1 a gida a ranar 17 ga watan Maris. Tare da kwallaye biyar kowanne, Toko Ekambi da Getafe 's Ángel sun kasance manyan masu zura kwallaye a gasar Copa del Rey 2018 zuwa 2019. Wannan ya hada da hudu a cikin 8-0 (11-3 aggregate) nasara a gida a kan Almería a wasan karshe na 32 na biyu, ya biyo baya a mataki na gaba da Espanyol, wanda ya kawar da tawagarsa. Toko Ekambi shi ne Gwarzon dan wasan La Liga na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, inda ya ci kwallaye uku ciki har da biyu a wasan da suka doke Alavés da ci 4-1 a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba.
Lyon A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2020, Toko Ekambi ya koma Ligue 1, a matsayin aro zuwa Lyon na sauran kakar. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, ya koma kan canja wuri na dindindin tare da kwantiragin shekaru hudu, akan farashin 11.5 miliyan. Ya buga wasan karshe na Coupe de la Ligue na shekarar 2020 a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli, wasa na karshe a tarihin gasar. A matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Memphis Depay na minti na 80, ya zura kwallo a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi babu ci, amma kungiyarsa ta sha kashi a hannun PSG. Tare da kwallaye 14 a cikin shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021, Toko Ekambi ya sake kasancewa tare da wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar Ligue 1.
Ayyukan kasa Toko Ekambi ya fara buga wa Kamaru wasa ne a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 2015 a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Burkina Faso da ci 3-2 a Colombes, Faransa, a minti na 66 da Justin Mengolo ya maye gurbinsa. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 3 ga Satumbar shekara ta gaba a wasan da suka doke Gambiya da ci 2-0 a gida a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2017. Manaja Hugo Broos ya kira shi a gasar karshe a Gabon, wanda kungiyar ta lashe. A ranar 28 ga Maris 2017, Toko Ekambi ya zira kwallo kuma an kore shi a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Guinea a Brussels 2-1. A watan Yuni, Broos ya zabe shi a gasar cin kofin Confederations na 2017 a Rasha. Ya kuma je gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2019 a Masar. A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2021 da aka yi a gida a farkon shekara ta gaba, Toko Ekambi ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Habasha da ci 4-1 a rukuninsu, da kwallon farko na ci 2-1 da Comoros a karshe. 16. A ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Gambia a wasan daf da na kusa da karshe. A ranar 29 ga Maris 2022, ya zira kwallo a minti na hudu na lokacin da aka kara a karshen karin lokacin da Algeria ta tura Kamaru zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Kamaru na farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Toko Ekambi Girmamawa Kamaru
Gasar cin kofin Afrika 2017 Gasar cin kofin Afirka tagulla: 2021 Mutum
Gwarzon qungiyar Ligue 2 2014-15 Prix Marc-Vivien Foé 2018 Gwarzon dan wasan La Liga na watan Oktoba 2019
Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30106 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalunci%20da%20Hukuncin%20da%20ba%27a%20saba%20ba | Zalunci da Hukuncin da ba'a saba ba | Hukunci mai tsanani da ba a saba gani ba jumla ce a cikin dokar gama-gari da ke bayyana hukuncin da ake ganin ba za a karɓa ba saboda wahala, raɗaɗi, ko cin zarafi da ake yi wa mutumin da aka sa wa takunkumi.
Tarihi
Ƙarshen bayanin Daniyel 3:19 a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Geneva (1576-1644) ya ce: “Wannan yana bayyana cewa da zarar azzalumai suka fusata, kuma da wayo suna ƙirƙirar azaba mai ban mamaki, haka kuma bayinsa suna girmama Allah. wanda ya ba su hakuri da dawwama ga zaluncin azabarsu, domin ko da ya kuɓutar da su daga mutuwa, ko kuwa don rayuwar duniya ta kasance mafi alheri." An fara amfani da waɗannan ainihin kalmomi a cikin Dokar Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Engila 1689. Daga baya kuma an karɓa wannan dokar a cikin Amurka ta daftari na takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka (wanda aka amince da shi 1791) da kuma a cikin Tsibirin Leeward na Biritaniya (1798). Kalmomi makamantan haka, “Babu wanda za a azabtar da shi ko kuma a yi masa zalunci, ko cin zarafi ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa”, sun bayyana a cikin Mataki na 5 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil’adama ta Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1948. Hakki A ƙarƙashin wani tsari na daban kuma ana samunsa a cikin Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Turai (1950) da kuma a cikin Mataki na 7 na Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Duniya kan ƴancin Bil Adama da Siyasa (1966). Yarjejeniyar ta Kanada ta Hakkoki da ƴanci (1982) ita ma tana ƙunshe da wannan haƙƙin a sashe na 12 kuma za a same shi a cikin Mataki na 4 (yana faɗar Yarjejeniyar Turai verbatim) na Yarjejeniya ta Muhimman Haƙƙin Tarayyar Turai (2000). Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin Mataki na 16 na Yarjejeniya ta Yaƙi da Azabtar da dan adam da sauran Mummunan dabi'u ko Hukunci (1984), da kuma cikin Mataki na 40 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Poland (1997). Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tsibirin Marshall, a sashe na shida na Dokar Hakkokinsa (Mataki na 2), ya haramta “zalunci da hukuncin da ba'a saba ba”, wanda ya bayyana da: hukuncin kisa; azabtarwa; "cin mutunci da wulakanci"; da “ciwon tara ko rashi.
Amurka
Kwaskwarima ta takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya bayyana cewa "baza ayi mummunan hukunci da azabtar wa da ba'a saba ba ga mai laifi." Gabaɗayan ƙa'idodin da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta dogara da su don yanke shawara ko wani hukunci na musamman na zalunci ne ko a'a, mai shari'a William Brennan ya ƙaddara. A cikin Furman v. Georgia, 408 US 238 (1972), Justice Brennan dissenting ya rubuta, "Sa'an nan, akwai ka'idoji guda huɗu da za mu iya tantance ko wani hukunci na musamman shine 'm kuma sabon abu'." “Mahimmin tsinkaya” shinne.
Cewa ba dole ba ne hukunci ya zama mai wulakanta mutuncin ɗan adam” musamman azabtarwa. Azãba mai tsanani wadda a bayyane yake an yi shi bisa ga kaidi (Furman da Georgia sun dakatar da hukuncin kisa na dan lokaci saboda wannan dalili.) Azaba mai tsanani da aka yi watsi da ita a cikin al'umma.
Azãba mai tsanani wanda bai zama dole ba.
Kuma ya ƙara da cewa: "Ayyukan waɗannan ka'idoji, bayan haka, shine kawai samar da hanyoyin da kotu za ta iya tantance ko hukuncin da aka ƙalubalanci ya dace da mutuncin dan Adam. Don haka, suna da alaka da juna, kuma, a mafi yawan lokuta. lokuta, haɗin kansu ne zai tabbatar da cewa hukunci 'mummuna ne kuma sabon abu.' Jarabawa, to, yawanci za ta kasance mai tarawa: idan hukunci ya yi tsanani sosai, idan akwai yuwuwar yin shi ba bisa ka'ida ba, idan al'ummar wannan zamani ta ƙi amincewa da shi, kuma idan babu wani dalili na yarda da hakan. yana aiki da kowace manufa mafi inganci fiye da wasu hukunce-hukuncen da ba su da ƙarfi, sannan ci gaba da aiwatar da wannan hukuncin ya saba wa umarnin Sashe na cewa Gwamnati ba za ta iya hukunta waɗanda aka samu da aikata laifuka ba. Ya ci gaba da rubuta cewa yana sa ran cewa babu wata ƙasa da za ta zartar da wata doka a fili ta keta ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙa'idodin, don haka hukunce-hukuncen kotu game da Kwaskwarima ta Takwas za ta ƙunshi nazarin "tari" game da abin da kowane ɗayan ƙa'idodin guda huɗu ke da shi. Ta wannan hanyar, Kotun Koli ta Amurka "ta kafa ma'auni cewa hukunci zai kasance mai tsanani da kuma sabon abu ga wanda yayi laifin, ya kasance mai saɓani, idan ya ɓata ma'anar adalci da ake so a tabbatar a cikin al'umma, ko kuma idan ya yi laifi. bai fi tasiri ba fiye da mafi ƙarancin hukunci.
Hukuncin kisa
A ƙarƙashin Hukuncin kisa Akwai tattaunawa mai yawan gaske game da ko kuma idan ana ɗaukar hukuncin kisa a matsayin zalunci da kuma sabon abu. Hukunce-hukuncen gama gari sune cewa hukuncin kisa ya fi tsada lokacin da ake ƙara ƙararraki da rayuwa a gidan yari, da kuma cewa gwamnati ta yi kuskure a baya kan hukuncin kisa (don haka, gwamnati na iya sake yin kwaskwarima, kuma bai kamata gwamnati ta sami ikon kashewa ba a rayuwa). Wadannan muhawara guda biyu kadai za su iya ko ba za su iya shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen da gwamnati ta yi ba, wanda kuma za a iya la'akari da ita a matsayin mai son rai, musamman ma idan ba a yi wa al'umma cikakken bayani kan wadannan muhimman bayanai ba. Ga mafi yawan tarihin da aka rubuta, hukuncin kisa ya kasance da gangan da gangan, mai zafi, da/ko wulakanci. Hanyoyi masu tsanani na kisa na tarihi sun haɗa da dabaran karya, rataye, zana da kwata, lallashi kafin mutuwa, mutuwa ta hanyar ƙonewa, kisa ta hanyar nutsewa, mutuwa ta yunwa, cututtuka, ƙeƙashewa, rushewa, gicciye, daskarewa, murkushewa, kisa da giwa, jifa, tarwatsewa, sarewa, yankan jinkiri, mikiya na jini, azabtar da bamboo da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin 2008, Michael Portillo akan wasan kwaikwayon Horizon ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin tabbatar da aiwatar da kisa ba dabi'a na zalunci ba ne, dole ne a cika waɗannan ka'idoji: Mutuwa ta zama mai sauri da rashin zafi don hana wahala ga wanda ake kashewa Ya kamata a ba da ilimin likitanci ga mai zartar da hukunci don hana wahala ta hanyar kuskure Kada mutuwar ta zama mai tsanani (don hana wahala ga masu aiwatar da kisa) kuma Bai kamata a buƙaci haɗin kai daga mutumin da ake kashewa ba, don hana rashin aiki, damuwa, da/ko wahala da fursunoni ya haifar da buƙatar shiga cikin aiwatar da nasu. Ya kamata a bayyana an cika ka'idoji, ta hanyar yin amfani da haɗin gas na argon da nitrogen, kamar yadda mutumin da ake kashewa ba zai ji wani ciwo na jiki ba amma zai fuskanci yanayi na daban. An ƙara da cewa ana iya amfani da wadannan iskar gas a cikin arha da inganci ta hanyar kame fursunoni ta hanyar kame jiki da abin rufe fuska.
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26462 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why | Why | Me yasa na iya nufin to:
Dalili, alaƙa mai alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan biyu
Dalili (muhawara), wani jigo na goyon bayan hujja, akan wane dalili ko manufa
Ginin ƙasa (metaphysics), wani batu a cikin metaphysics game da yadda abubuwa ke wanzuwa saboda kyawawan abubuwa.
Me yasa ɗayan Ws guda biyar da ake amfani da su a aikin jarida
Kiɗa
Masu fasaha Me ya sa? (Ƙungiyar Amurka) ƙungiyar hip hop/indie rock band da aka kafa a Oakland, California, a cikin shekara ta 2004
Yoni Wolf, wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki Me yasa?
Me ya sa ƙungiyar mutanen Burtaniya ta shekara ta 1990s, membobinta biyu daga baya suka kafa Quench a shekara ta dubu da ɗaya 2001
Me yasa (ƙungiyar Kanada), ƙungiyar dutsen da aka kafa a Winnipeg, Manitoba, a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da Uku 1993
Kundaye <i id="mwIg">Me ya sa?</i> (Kundin album)
<i id="mwJQ">Me ya sa?</i> (Ginger Baker album)
<i id="mwKA">Me ya sa?</i> (Littafin Yakubu Whitesides)
<i id="mwKw">Me yasa</i> (Prudence Liew album)
<i id="mwLg">Me ya sa?</i> (Suna iya zama Kattai album)
<i id="mwMQ">Me yasa</i> (Taeyeon EP)
<i id="mwNA">Me yasa</i> (Baby VOX)
Me yasa, daga Moahni Moahna
Wakoki "Me yasa" (waƙar 3T), tare da Michael Jackson
"Me yasa" (waƙar Andy Gibb)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Annie Lennox), DJ Sammy, Kelly Clarkson, Lara Fabian, Allison Crowe, da sauransu
"Me yasa?" (Bronski Beat song)
"Me yasa" (Waƙar Byrds), B-gefe zuwa ɗayan "Takwas Miles High"
"Me yasa" (waƙar Carly Simon)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Cathy Dennis)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Frankie Avalon), wanda Anthony Newley ya rufe da kuma Donny Osmond
"Me yasa" (wakar Gabrielle)
"Me yasa?" (Wakar Geir Rönning)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Glamma Kid)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Godsmack)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Jadakiss)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Jason Aldean)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Jieqiong)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Lionel Richie)
"Me yasa?" (Wakar Marika Gombitová)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Mary J. Blige), tare da Rick Ross
"Me yasa" (waƙar Miliyah Kato)
"Me yasa?" (Mis-Teeq song)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Rascal Flatts)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Sabrina Carpenter)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Sonique)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Taeyeon)
"Me yasa" (waƙar Tony Sheridan), tare da The Beatles
Me yasa (Dole ne Mu Fada cikin Soyayya) waƙar Diana Ross The Supremes
Me yasa, me yasa, me yasa waƙar Billy Currington
"Me yasa", ta 4Minute daga Mafi kyawun 4Minute
"Me yasa", ta Air Supply daga Mumbo Jumbo
"Me yasa?", Na Aminé daga OnePointFive
"Me yasa", ta Antique daga Die a gare ku
"Me yasa", ta Matsakaicin Farin Band daga Yanke Cake
"Me yasa" ta Avril Lavigne, B-gefe zuwa guda "Mai rikitarwa "Me yasa", ta Ayaka daga guda "Tafawa & Ƙauna"/"Me yasa" da waƙar jigon wasan PSP Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII
"Me yasa", ta Bazzi daga Cosmic
"Me yasa", ta Basshunter daga Bass Generation
"Me yasa", ta Busted daga Kyauta ga Kowa
"Me yasa, Pt. 2", ta Rai Mai Ruwa daga Blender
"Me yasa?", Daga Des'ree daga Sojan Mafarki
"Me yasa! ta Enigma daga Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi!
"Me yasa", daga Fleetwood Mac daga Sirrin Zuwa gare Ni
"Me yasa", na Frankie Valli daga Closeup
"Me yasa", ta Helloween daga Jagora na Zobba
"Me yasa", na Irene Cara daga Kowa na iya gani
"Me yasa", na Jamie Walters daga Jamie Walters
"Me yasa", na Jason Aldean, shima Shannon Brown ya rufe shi daga Masara Fed
"Me yasa", ta Jocelyn Enriquez daga Duk Rayuwata
"Me yasa", na Joe Satriani daga mai tsattsauran ra'ayi
"Me yasa", ta Limp Bizkit daga Greatest Hitz
"Me yasa?", Lonnie Mack daga The Wham na wancan Memphis Man
"Me yasa", ta Mario daga Go!
"Me yasa", na Melanie Chisholm daga Northern Star
"Me yasa", na Natalie Imbruglia daga Hagu na Tsakiya
"Me yasa", ta Ne-Yo daga Ba-labari
"Me yasa", ta NF daga Binciken
"Me yasa", ta Rooney
"Me yasa?", Ta Sehandade na biyu daga Juya A Labari na
"Me yasa", na Shawn Mendes daga Shawn Mendes
"Me yasa", ta hanyar Stabbing Westward daga Wither Blister Burn & Peel
"Me yasa", ta Swift daga Tunani Ana Tunani
"Me yasa?", Tracy Chapman daga Tracy Chapman
"Me yasa", ta Uriah Heep daga Aljanu da Bokaye
"Me yasa?", Daga Vanilla Ninja daga Vanilla Ninja
"Me yasa", ta Wide Mouth Mason daga Inda Na Fara
"Me yasa", na Yoko Ono daga Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band
"Me yasa?", Daga Z-Ro daga Rayuwar Joseph W. McVey
"Me yasa", wanda Buddy Feyne ya rubuta, musamman Nat King Cole ya yi
"Me yasa", daga Tick na musika, kaska. BUM!
"Me yasa", daga jerin talabijin Fraggle Rock
"Me yasa (Menene ke faruwa?)", Waƙar da Tushen daga Tipping Point
"Me yasa, me yasa, me yasa", waƙar Eddie Rabbitt daga Waƙoƙi daga Rabbittland
"Me yasa? Me ya sa? Me ya sa? (Shin Yana Da Wuya) waƙar Paul Revere The Raiders daga Ruhun '67
Sauran kafofin watsa labarai <i id="mw-A">Me yasa</i> (wasan jirgi), wasan da ya danganci jerin talabijin Alfred Hitchcock Presents
<i id="mw_A">Me ya sa?</i> (fim), fim na Czech na shekara ta 1987
<i id="mw_w">Me ya sa?</i> (Fim na shekara ta 1971), ɗan gajeren fim na shekara ta 1971 wanda OJ Simpson da Tim Buckley suka yi
<i id="mwAQM">Me ya sa?</i> (littafi), littafin yara na Tomie dePaola
"Me yasa?", Wani sashi na jerin shirye -shiryen TV Kamar yadda Lokaci Ya Wuce
Me ya sa? tare da Hannibal Buress, jerin talabijin wurin barkwanci
Wurare Me ya sa, Arizona, wata al'umma da ba a haɗa ta ba a Amurka
Me yasa, Lakes, Sudan ta Kudu
Sunan mahaifi Alby Why (1899 1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta rugby ta Australiya
Jack Why (1903 1944), dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta rugby ta Australiya
Sufuri Tashar jirgin kasa ta Whyteleafe, Surrey, lambar tashar jirgin ƙasa
Sauran amfani Me yasa mai sa'a yayi taurin kai, ko kuma kawai me yasa ko _why, mai shirye -shiryen kwamfuta kuma mai zane
Shekarar Yunwar Duniya (WHY), ƙungiyar agaji
Me yasa wiki na satirical da ƙaramin aikin Uncyclopedia
Duba kuma Wai (disambiguation)
Wye (rashin fahimta)
Y (rarrabuwa)
All pages with titles containing dalili
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50342 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah%20Horowitz | Leah Horowitz | Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Horowitz (1715–1795), wacce aka fi sani da Leah Horowitz,ƙwararriya ce kuma ƙwararriyar kabbalistic,wacce ta rubuta cikin Yiddish. Ita ce marubucin Tkhinne imohes (Addu'ar Ma'aurata). Ta zauna a Poland.
Rayuwa Horowitz 'yar Yakubu Yokl ben Meir Ha-Levi Horowitz (1680-1755)da Reyzel bat Heshl.Mahaifinta memba ne na mashahurin kloiz na Brody.Horowitz yana ɗaya daga cikin wasu yara bakwai.Uku daga cikin 'yan'uwanta malamai ne,wanda ya fi shahara shine Isaac (wanda aka sani da Itsikl Hamburger ",1715-1767),rabbi na Hamburg, Altona,da Wandsbek.Akwai kuma wata 'yar'uwa,mai suna Pessil.Akwai wasu shakku game da wanene wani ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa. A matsayinta na ’yar’uwar fitattun ’yan’uwa,Lai’atu ta ƙaryata tsohon kanar cewa mata masu ilimi a zamaninta su ne ’ya’yan malamai mata waɗanda ba su da ’ya’ya maza.
Leah ta kasance a farkon rayuwarta a Bolechów,a ƙasar Poland Galicia (yanzu Bolekhiv,Ukrain),inda mahaifinta ya zama rabbi.Lokacin da ya zama rabbi na Brody a 1735,ɗansa Mordekai ya gaje shi a matsayin malamin Bolechow. Lai’atu ta ci gaba da zama a Bolechow,ta ci gaba da zama a matsayin budurwa mai aure a gidan ɗan’uwanta.Mijinta a wannan lokacin shine Aryeh Leib,ɗan rabbi na Dobromyl,Ukraine; daga baya ta auri Shabbetai ben Benjamin ha-Cohen Rappoport,rabbi na Krasny, Rasha.Ba a sani ba ko tana da 'ya'ya.
Aikin ilimi Ko da yake tana ƙarama,Leah ta shahara don koyan da ta yi na musamman.A cikin zamanin da mata da yawa ba su koyi karatu ba, kuma waɗanda ba su taɓa koyon karatu fiye da ƙa'idodin Ibrananci ba,Horowitz ya yi nazarin Talmud tare da sharhi kuma ya karanta wasu ayyukan kabbalistic.Mawallafin tarihin Ber na Bolechow ya ce sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyu,Lai’atu ta taimaka masa ya shirya darasi na Talmud tare da ɗan’uwanta,rabbi Mordekai.“Za ta fara karanta kalmomin Talmud ko Rashi da zuciya ɗaya,cikin yare mai haske,tana bayyana shi da kyau kamar yadda aka rubuta a wurin,kuma na koya daga kalmominta.Kuma lokacin da malamin ya farka daga barcinsa,na san yadda zan bayyana masa nassin da ke cikin Talmud yadda ya kamata.A cikin wannan nassi,Ber yana kiranta da "masani kuma shahararriyar farka Leah,mai albarka mai albarka".Sauran marubutan kuma sun san sunanta na koyo.Aikin Sefer Ozar Sihot Hakhamim wanda ba a bayyana sunansa ba ya kwatanta ta a matsayin "babban malami,ƙwararren Talmud" kuma ya ba da labarin tattaunawar Talmudic da wata mata mai ilimi,Dinah,matar Saul Halevi (babban malamin Hague daga 1748 zuwa 1785). Ko da yake kaɗan ne kaɗan daga cikin matan Yahudawa na Gabashin Turai kafin karni na sha tara suka bar rubuce-rubuce,Lai'atu ita ce marubucin Tkhinne na Matriarchs,addu'a mai shafi takwas,addu'a na harsuna uku don Asabar kafin sabon wata.(Kamar yadda yake sau da yawa,ba a ambaci wurin da kwanan watan da aka buga ba a yawancin bugu na bugu.) Aikin ya ƙunshi gabatarwar Ibrananci, piyyut (waƙar liturgical)a cikin Aramaic,da kuma ƙa'idar Yadish na waƙar.Wannan rubutu, wanda ke da mahimmancin tarihi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan rubuce-rubucen da wata Bayahudiya ta Gabashin Turai ta ƙarni na sha takwas ta rubuta,ya shaida cewa marubucin ya fi koyo fiye da yadda aka saba.(Wani aikin,Tkhinne Moyde Ani,an danganta ta da kuskuren kuskure.)
Leah Horowitz ta damu sosai da wurin addini da matsayin matan Yahudawa kuma tana da masaniya sosai game da matsayinta na ban mamaki a matsayinta na mace mai ilimi.Ta yi magana da waɗannan batutuwan a sarari a cikin gabatarwar Ibrananci zuwa tkhinne, da ma'ana a cikin Aramaic piyyut da fassarar Yadish.Lai’atu ta damu da tabbatar da halaccin shigar kanta cikin “nazarin Attaura”,wato,cikin tattaunawar Talmudic da halak.Bugu da ƙari,wannan shi ne kawai nassi kafin zamani wanda mace Ashkenazic ta yi magana game da mahimmancin addu'ar mata,hanyar da ta dace da mata don yin addu'a da kuma yanayin da ya kamata mata su mika wuya ga ikon mazajensu.Duk da haka,gardamar Lai’atu ba ta da yawa ga mutanen zamaninta.Bayan bugu na farko,gabatarwar Ibrananci da Aramaic piyyut ba a buga su ba,an bar sashin Yadish ne kawai na rubutun.Mai yiwuwa,yawancin mata ba za su iya karanta Ibrananci ko Aramaic ba,yayin da yawancin maza ba sa sha'awar karanta tkhinne ta mace,ko da wani yanki nasa yana cikin Harshe Mai Tsarki Duk da haka,a cikin gabatarwar ta Ibrananci Lai'atu ta ba da hujjar cewa addu'ar mata tana da ikon kawo fansa na Almasihu idan mata suka koyi yin addu'a "da kyau".Ta ci gaba da cewa,saboda addu’ar mata na iya kawo fansa,ya kamata mata su rika yin addu’a a majami’a kowace rana,safe da yamma,kuma ta koka da cewa ba haka ake yi a zamaninta ba.Lai'atu tana da fahimtar kabbalistic game da addu'a:addu'a ta gaskiya ba don bukatun ɗan adam ba ne, amma don haɗuwa da sephirot (halayen allahntaka) na Tiferet da Shekhinah.Domin galibin mata ba su da masaniya kan adabi na sufanci da fahimtar juna,manufar Leah ta rubuta wannan rubutu ita ce ta koya wa mata ba tare da ƙwararrun masaniyar yadda ake yin addu’a yadda ya kamata ba,wato don fansar Shekhina daga ƙaura,tare da kuka.Biyan tushen kabbalistic,Lai'atu ta danganta ƙarfi ga hawaye.
Da take bayyana abin da ya rigaya ya fi mayar da hankali ga tsoron Allah,albarkar sabon wata a cikin majami'u,ta ba da tsarin da ta yi imani zai iya kawo fansa.A cikin sashin Yiddish na rubutunta (mai iya samun damar masu karatunta mata),Leah ta yi kuka game da ɓacin rai na gudun hijira kuma ta sanya sunan sabon wata a matsayin lokacin farin ciki.Ana kiran kariyar kowane daga cikin magabata na Littafi Mai Tsarki guda huɗu.Misalin tsakiyar da ta gabatar shi ne ɗimbin ɗabi’a na ’ya’yan Isra’ila da suke gudun hijira, suna kuka a kabarin Rahila.Rahila,alama ce ta kowa ga Shekhinah, sannan ta roƙi Mai Tsarki Mai Tsarki (Tiferet), da hawaye, ya fanshi Isra'ilawa daga zaman bauta.Sosai rok'on da tayi ya motsa shi ya yarda ya kawo fansa.Lai’atu ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata mata a zamaninta su bi misalin ’ya’yan Isra’ila da kuma na “mahaifiyarmu Rahila” mai aminci.Tare da hotunan Lai'atu na sauran ma'aurata,Yiddish tkhinne,kamar gabatarwar ta,ta haɗu da jin daɗin matsayin mata na al'ada tare da tabbatar da cewa mata sun fi ƙarfin ruhaniya fiye da yadda ake gane su.
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15289 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Okogua-Apiafi | Betty Okogua-Apiafi | Betty Jocelyne Okagua Apiafi (an haife ta a 19 ga Fabrairu 1962) 'yar Siyasar Najeriya ce, masaniyar tattalin arziki, ma'aikaciyar banki mai ritaya kuma masaniyar ilimi. An zabe Apiafi a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Yamma a 2019. Ta kuma taba zama dan majalisar wakilai a mazabar Abua/Odual-Ahoada ta Tarayya ta Gabas ta Jihar Ribas tun 2007. Ita 'yar jam'iyyar PDP ce.
Farkon rayuwa da Ilimi Betty Jocelyne Okagua Apiafi an haife ta ne a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1962. Ta yi digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami’ar Fatakwal sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas.
Majalisar Wakilai A lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar Wakilai (2007-2019), Apiafi ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga harkokin mata, ilimi da sake fasalin bangaren banki. Sauran matan da aka zaba sun hada da Folake Olunloyo, Maimunat Adaji, Martha Bodunrin, Suleiman Oba Nimota, Mulikat Adeola Akande, Uche Lilian Ekunife, Beni Lar, Linda Chuba-Ikpeazu, Mercy Almona-Isei, Doris Uboh, Olubimi Etteh. Ta dauki nauyin Kuɗi da yawa kuma ta gudanar da ayyuka da yawa wasu waɗanda aka ambata wasu a ƙasa;
Membobin kwamitin Apiafi ta shugabanci kwamitoci da yawa a lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar Wakilai tsakanin shekarun 2007 zuwa 2019. Sun hada da:
1. Shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan kiwon lafiya
2. Mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin kasashen waje
3. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Noma
4. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan kwamitin raya yankin Neja Delta
5. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Banki da Kudin
6. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan lamuran zabe
7. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Tsaron Kasa
8. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin mata
9. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan mata a majalisa
10. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Jirgin Sama
Kudaden da aka dauki nauyi 1. HB 837: Hukumar Kula da Bincike da Gudanar da Mutane masu Bukatu Na Musamman (Kafa da dai sauransu) Bill, 2018
2. HB 1496: Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Laboratory Science Science (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2018
3. HB 982: Dokar Horar da Zama na Likita, 2017
4. HB 1095: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2017
5. HB 1157: Dokar Dokar Gudanar da Asibitocin Orthopedic (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2017
6. HB 534: Dokar Dokar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2017
7. HB National Drug Formulary da Essential Drugs List Act (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2016
HB 646: Kwamitin Kula da Magunguna na Nijeriya (Kafa, Etc.) Bill, 2016
9. HB 868: Dokar Asusun Bayar da Ilimin Manyan Ilimi (Kwaskwarimar), 2016
10. HB 172: Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2015
11. HB 191: Dokar likitocin da likitan hakori (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
12. HB 192: Dokar Hukumar Kula da Asibitocin tabin hankali (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
13. HB 194: Tallace-tallace (Canza Madarar Mace) Dokar (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
14. HB 195: Dokar Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
15. HB 196: Dokar Cibiyar Kula da Ido ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
16. HB 197: Dokar Kifi a Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
17. HB 198: Dokar Hukumar Kula da Kawance Masu zaman kansu ta Jama'a, 2015
18: HB 199: Magungunan Abinci da Kayayyaki masu Alaka (Rajista, Da Sauransu) Dokar (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
19: HB 200: Lamuni (Ci gaban Jiha) Dokar (Maimaitawa) Bill, 2015
20. HB 201: Likitocin Kula da Lafiya na Kula da Lafiya (Rajista, Da Sauransu) Bill, 2015
21. HB 203: Binciken Jirgin Kaya na Dokar Fitarwa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
22. HB 204: Dokar Magunguna ta Dokar Dokar Dokar Nijeriya (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
23. HB 205: Dokar Haraji ta Dokar (Kwaskwarima) Bill, 2015
24. HB 75: Yarjejeniyar Cibiyar Kudi da Kual ta Najeriya (Kafa) Bill, 2015
25. HB 34: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2011 Dokar Bautar Kasa ta Matasa ta Kasa Dokar 1993)
26. HB 35: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Sanarwa) Bill, 2011
27. HB 231: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2009 (National Youth Service Corps Decree 1993)
28. HB 232: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2009
Daga cikin yawan iyawarta a siyasance, ta kuma dauki nauyin Dokar Horar da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya, 2017; Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa Jos Bill, 2017 wanda daga karshe Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya ya sanya hannu a kan Dokar.
Ayyukan gida A shekarar 2011, Hon. Betty Apiafi tana daga cikin zababbun 'yan majalisun Najeriya da suka yi nasarar gyara kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1999 wanda shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin ya amince da shi wanda shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Dokta Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ya amince da shi.
Ta kuma kasance mamba a majalisar Afirka ta PAN 2007-2015, shugabar majalisar wakilai ta PAN Afirka ta 2011- 2015
Majalisar Dattawa An zabe Betty Apiafi a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta Majalisar 9 a 2019 a karkashin Jam’iyyar PDP. A yanzu haka tana wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Yamma ta Yamma. Ita ce mace ta farko a majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya kuma 'yar majalisar dattijai daga jihar Ribas.
Membobin kwamitin 1. Shugaban kwamitin kan harkokin mata
2. Kwamitin Memba a kan Kiwon Lafiya 3. Kwamitin Memba a kan Ka’idojin Dokoki
3. Memba na kwamitin dokoki da kasuwanci
4. Memba na kwamitin man fetur (Na gaba)
5. Memba kwamitin kan harkokin cikin gida
6. Memba a kwamitin muhalli
7. Memba a kwamitin SDG
8. Kwamitin Memba a Banki da Sauran Cibiyoyin Kudi
9. Memba na kwamitin Ferma
Bills da aka dauki nauyi A halin yanzu, a matsayinta na fitacciyar 'yar majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta 9, ta gabatar da wadannan kudade a gaban majalisar dattawan kuma sun hada da:
1. SB 94: Cibiyoyin Likitocin Tarayya (Kafa. Etc.) Bill, 2019 2. SB 90: Dokar Dokar Asusun Ilimin Manyan Ilimi (Kwaskwarima), 2019
3. SB 126: Dokar Tsaron Aiki da Kiwan Lafiya, 2019 (HADIN GWIWA SEN. BENJAMIN UWAJUMOGU)
4. SB 91: Dokar Dokar 'Yan Sanda (Gyara) Bill, 2019
5. SB: Hukumar Bincike da Gudanar da Mutane masu Bukatu Na Musamman (Kafa) Bill, 2019 (Jiran Karanta Na 1)
6. SB 92: Dokar Dokar Laifuka (Gyara) Bill, 2019
7. SB 175: Dokar Talla (Canjin Madara-Madara) Dokar (Gyara) Bill, 2019
8. SB: Dokar Banki da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Sake Maimaitawa da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2019 (HADIN GWIWA SEN. UBA SANI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uba_Sani)
9. SB: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, (Halin Tarayya da Abubuwan da suka Shafi 2020)
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayanin Betty Apiafi
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14003 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chioma%20Chukwuka | Chioma Chukwuka | Chioma Chukwuka (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1980A.c), itace wanda aka lasafta ta Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha ko Chioma Akpotha yar wasan Najeriya ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai. A shekara ta 2007 ta sami lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Academy Award don "Mafi nuna fina-finai a cikin jagorancin jagoranci", kuma lambar yabo ta Afro Hollywood ta nuna mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin rawar da ta dace a shekarar 2010.
Farkon rayuwa An haifi Chioma Chukwuka ce a jihar Legas, Kuma ta girma ne daga Oraifite, karamar hukumar Ekwusigo, jihar Anambra, Nigeria. Ta kammala karatun ta na firamare a Onward Nursery da Primary School a jihar Legas, daga nan ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'Yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Onitsha, Jihar Anambra don yin karatun sakandare. Daga nan kuma ta wuce zuwa Jami’ar Jihar Legas, inda ta karanci Banki da Kudi.
Aiki Rawar da Chioma Chukwuka ta fara takawa da farawarta a cikin fim shine cikin fim din "The Apple" a shekarar 2000. Ta kuma yi rawar gani a fim ɗin The Handkerchief a shekarar 2000. A shekara ta 2007 ta sami kyautar mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a jagora "a kyautar Academy Movie Awards don fim ɗin Sins of the naman Tare da shekaru 20 na gwaninta, ta yi tauraron fina -finai a cikin fina-finai sama da 350 na Nollywood, ta samar fina-finai 6 kuma suna da lambobin yabo da yawa a cikin ta. A matsayinta na mai shirya fina-finai, Chioma ta fito da wasu fina-finai sama da 8 wadanda suka hada da wadanda aka zaba wadanda aka baiwa kyautar On Bend Knees Ita ce kuma mai magana da yawun jama'a kuma mai ba da shawara. Ta ƙaddamar da wani tsarin inganta ƙarfin gini a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Masterclass Tare da Chioma (Masterclasschioma.com) inda matasa masu koyar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu zane-zane, masu shirya fina-finai, da sauran ƙwararrun masana'antu ke koyar da su.
Babban-aji tare da Chioma A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani tsari na samar da ƙarfafawa da ake kira Masterclass With Chioma, inda ake son baiwa, musamman 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu shirya fina-finai, masu zane-zane,' yan wasan kwaikwayo da sauran ƙwararrun masana'antu kan abin da ake buƙatar yin ta a fim, TV., da wasan kwaikwayo.
Yarjejeniyar yarda Chioma Akpotha ta zama jakadiyar talla ta Erisco Foods a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2018. Chukwuka ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada mai farin jini ga wasu kamfanoni na kasuwanci na Najeriya da na duniya, gami da Globacom Nigeria, wani kamfanin sadarwa, Omo Detergent da Harpic Cleaner.
Rayuwar mutum Chukwuka ta auri Franklyn Akpotha a shekarar 2006.
Fina-finai
Amatsayin yar'wasa 2000: The Apple
2000: Three Musketeers
2000: Handkerchief
2002: Sunrise
2002: The Final Clash
2003: Disguise
2003: Handsome
2003: Real Love
2003: Romantic Attraction
2004: Foul Play
2004: Unbroken Promise
2004: Two Become One
2004: Promise Fail
2004: Legacy
2004: Home Sickness
2004: Heavy Rain
2004: Circle of Tears
2005: War for War
2005: Years of Tears
2005: Sins of the Flesh Chukwuka won the African Movie Academy Award in 2007 for Best Actress for her role in this movie
2005: Second Adam
2005: Sacred Tradition
2005: Real Love 2
2005: Real Love 3
2005: Moment of Truth
2005: Knowing You
2005: Golden Moon
2005: Azima
2005: Fake Angel
2005: Eagle's Bride
2005: The Bridesmaid
2006: Wisdom of the Gods
2006: Zoza
2006: Traumatized
2006: Total Crisis
2006: Tears in My Heart
2006: Strange Love
2006: Sound of Love
2006: Serpent in Paradise
2006: Saviour
2006: The Saint
2006: Royal Insult
2006: Royal Doom
2006: On My Wedding Day
2006: Naked Sin
2006: On My Wedding Day
2006: Last Dance
2006: Holy Family
2006: Games Men Play Directed by Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen
2006: End of Discussion
2006: Desperate Ambition
2006: Dead in Faith
2006: Chinwe Okeke
2006: Asunder
2006: Ass on Fire
2006: Death In Faith
2007: Double Game
2008: Red Soil
2008: World Of Our Own
2008: Wind Of Sorrow
2009: Odum Na Akwaeke
2011: The Throne Is Mine
2011: Nne Ifedigo
2012: Cry No More
2013: On Bended Knees
2014: Heart Of Gold
2014: Warrior Sisters
2014: Aziza
2014: Warrior Sisters
2014: Sabina Makosa
2014: Magic Dragon
2014: Unforgiven
2014: Police On Duty
2014: Village Commando
2014: Nwaogo The House Maid
2015: Agbaranze
2015: Ezi Nwa Di Uko
2015: Rain Of Hope
2015: Chinasa My Love
2015: Nwanyi Nnewi
2015: Kamsi The Freedom Fighter
2015: The Lioness
2015: Amarachi
2015: Coffin Business
2015: Anelka
2015: Udu Bundle
2016: Rain Of Hope
2016: Evil Coffin
2016: Genesis Of Love
2016: The Flute Boy
2016: Marriage Crisis
2016: Sister Maria
2016: Akwaeke
2016: Wives On Strike I
2017: Evil Culture
2017: 2nd Coming Of Christ
2017: Innocent Murderer
2017: My Mother My Pain
2017: All For Love
2017: Heart of Ulimma
2017: King Uremma
2017: Reign Of Truth
2017: God Of Liberation
2017: My Mother
2017: Jehovah Witness
2017: Local Queen
2017: Somto
2017: Christmas Is Coming
2017: Choked
2017: Bird Watcher
2017: Village Champion
2017: The Unforeseen Truth
2017: Dangerous Confession
2017: Innocent Murderer
2017: The Tradition
2017: Broken Vow
2017: Beyond Trust
2017: Tender Heart
2018: Sound of Wisdom
2018: Let Me Love You 1
2018: Let Me Love You 2
2018: Deeper Than Pain
2018: Desperate Twins
2018: In Love Again After Heartbreak 1
2018: In Love Again After Heartbreak 2
2018: My Drum of Love 1
2018: My Drum of Love 2
2018: Life After Marriage
2018: Immortal Love 1
2018: Immortal Love 2
2018: Cause for Love 1
2018: Cause for Love 2
2018: Cause for Love 3
2018: Cause for Love 4
2018: Cause for Love 5
2018: Cause for Love 6
2018: The Ghost and the Tout
2018: Lara the Beat
2019: Void
2019: For Want Of A Queen
2019: In Your Dreams
2019: The Street Kid
2019: Rain of LOVE
2019: Dark Cloud
A matsayin mai shiryawa 2013: A Kan Knees 2016: Kukan Mutuwar 2017: Zaɓa 2017: Bird Watcher 2019: Ga Fatan Sarauniya 2019: A cikin Mafarkan ku 2019: ruwan sama na soyayya 2019: Girgije mai duhu
Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa
Manazarta Haifaffun |
50938 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20Amoo%20Addo | Elijah Amoo Addo | Elijah Amoo Addo (an haife shi 1 ga watan Agusta 1990) ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne mai dafa abinci kuma mai salo na abinci wanda ya zama ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Food for all Africa. An kafa Food for all Africa a cikin 2014, kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke gudanar da cibiyar tallafin abinci ta farko ta yammacin Afirka. Bisa ga babban birnin Ghana, Accra, ƙungiyar tana amfani da shawarwari da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na raba abinci don ciyar da dubban yara masu rauni ta hanyar farfadowa da rarraba abinci. Aiki tare da gidajen cin abinci, manyan kantuna, kamfanoni masu rarraba abinci, da ƙananan manoma na karkara, ƙungiyar Addo tana tattara ragowar abinci ko abincin da ba a so wanda ya aka kusa dai naamfani da shi a sake rarraba shi ga yara marasa galihu a gidajen marayu, asibitoci da ƙananan makarantu. Har ila yau, kungiyar tana aiki kan matakin manufofin kasa don saukakawa masu samar da kayayyaki don ba da gudummawar abinci da neman haraji. Bugu da kari, bayan gano cewa kusan kashi 46% na abincin da ake nomawa a gonaki a Ghana yakan tafi a asara saboda rashin kyawun hanyoyi, manyan motocin dakon kaya da rashin ingantaccen kasuwanci, Food for All Africa na hada kai da masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar abinci ta Ghana da nemo hanyoyin da za a rage barnar abinci.
A shekarar 2017, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta ba Addo lambar yabo ta shugabannin matasa a fadar Buckingham, saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen sake fasalin tsarin rabon abinci a Ghana, domin rage almubazzaranci, da kawar da yunwa, da kawar da fatara da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Takeda Young Entrepreneurship Award daga Takeda Foundation a shekarar 2018.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Addo a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1990 a Accra, Ghana amma ya fito daga Akuapem-Mampong. Yaro daya tilo a cikin ‘ya’yansa hudu, ya rasa iyayensa yana da shekara 12, ya tafi wurin innarsa a Legas, inda ya yi makaranta. Ya ci gaba da tafiyarsa karatu a makarantar sakandare ta St. Thomas Aquinas da ke Accra, Ghana sannan ya kammala kwas a fannin ilimin abinci a makarantar Sphinx Hospitality da hidimar abinci a Legas, Najeriya. Yana da takardar shedar kasuwanci da gudanarwa daga YALI West Africa RLC-GIMPA kuma ya sami takardar shaidar Canjin Jagora a Jami'ar Cambridge a 2017.
Sana'ar dafa abinci da ƙwazo Tafiyar Addo a matsayin mai dafa abinci ta faro ne a birnin Lagos na Najeriya lokacin da ya fara aiki a gidan abinci a matsayin dan dako don tallafawa karatunsa. Watarana yana gaggawar komawa gida sai ya jefar da wani miya na zaitun da shugaban masu dafa abinci ya shirya, yana tunanin asara ce. Hakan ya sa mai dafa abinci ya fusata har ya zage shi. Kuka ya fara yi yana fadin "kana tunanin idan iyayena suna raye zan kasance a nan a matsayin mai tsaftacewa yayin da abokan aikina ke makaranta?" Wannan ya taba shugaban Chef wanda ya yanke shawarar ba shi shawara kuma ya tallafa masa ta hanyar karatun dafa abinci a makarantar koyon sana'a ta Sphinx da ke Legas. Bayan samun horo, ya samu aiki a gidan cin abinci na Marios, sannan daya daga cikin gidajen cin abinci mafi yawan jama'a a Legas, kuma a shekarar 2010 ya koma Ghana don taimakawa wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Lebanon wanda ya ga aikinsa a Legas don bude gidan cin abinci na Chase. Bayan shekara daya ya dawo Legas bisa gayyatar mai ba shi shawara ya yi aiki a otal din nasu har na tsawon wata shida, ya kuma tashi ya zama Sous Chef. Addo ya dawo Ghana kuma a shekarar 2011, ya hadu da wani mutum mai tabin hankali wanda ke kwato ragowar abinci daga masu sayar da kayayyaki a tituna domin ciyar da abokan aikinsa masu tabin hankali a kan tituna. Wannan ne ya ba shi kwarin gwiwar kafa gidauniyar Chefs for Change Ghana, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta kwato wuce gona da iri daga kamfanonin karbar baki don ciyar da marasa galihu da bayar da shawarwari kan almubazzaranci da yunwa. A shekarar 2015, Chefs for Change ya zama shirin Food for all Africa, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke gudanar da bankin abinci na farko a Yammacin Afirka ta hanyar samar da hanyoyin abinci mai ɗorewa ga yara masu rauni, tsofaffi da masu tabin hankali ta hanyar banki abinci, noma da taron masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin samar da abinci na Ghana. A shekarar 2012, an zabe shi don jagorantar dafa abinci a +233 Jazz Bar a Accra kuma ya zama Sakataren kungiyar masu dafa abinci na Greater Accra, inda ya yi aiki tare da shugabannin kungiyar don sake fasalin tare da mai da hankali kan horar da masu dafa abinci na dalibai don inganta matakan bayarwa a cikin kasuwar aiki. Ya kuma yi aiki a Burger da Relish amma a shekarar 2015 ya yi murabus don mai da hankali kan jagorancin shirin Abinci ga Food for all Africa. A shekarar 2017, ya fara aikace-aikacen wayar hannu ta Okumkom ("It Ends Hunger") a matsayin dandamali don kawo kayan abinci na gida masu araha ga al'ummomin, tare da kantin sayar da al'umma na farko da ke Teshie, Accra. Kungiyarsa ta Food for All Africa ta dawo da abinci tsakanin dala 8,000 zuwa dala 10,000 duk shekara don tallafawa sama da masu cin gajiyar 5485 a fadin kasar Ghana kuma a shekarar 2014 an zabi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka na duniya 100 don kawo karshen yunwa da fatara a Ghana ta Dubai International Awards for Best practices. Tana fatan kaiwa da tasiri ga mutane masu karamin karfi miliyan 1 nan da shekarar 2020. A cikin 2017, an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin masu kawo sauyi daga Afirka a cikin Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta ta Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta Burtaniya a Fadar Buckingham don karrama ayyukansa na ci gaban zamantakewa a fadin Commonwealth, ciyar da marasa galihu da kuma gyara tsarin rarraba abinci na Ghana don shawo kan sharar abinci, yunwa, talauci da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A shekarar 2018, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Takeda Young Entrepreneurship Award a taron Takeda na shekara-shekara a Tokyo, Japan don aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na Okumkom da shagunan abinci na al'umma, wanda ke kawo samfuran abinci masu araha da dacewa ga al'ummomin ta hanyar wayar hannu, gidan yanar gizo da al'umma shagunan manufa.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2015, Wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Kyauta ta Afirka a Ayyukan Al'umma 2017, Kyautar Shugabannin Matasan Sarauniya
2017 100 Mafi Tasirin Matasan Afirka 2018, Takeda Foundation Young Entrepreneurship Award
Delivered a pitch at the EuroAfrican Forum.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Elijah Amoo, Chef dan Ghana, mai shekaru 26, Mai gudanar da Bankin Abinci ga marasa galihu Sarauniyar ta karrama mai dafa abinci haifaffen Ghana ne saboda sha'awar dafa abinci Haihuwan 1990
Rayayyun |
24202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina | Elmina | Elmina, wanda aka fi sani da Edina ta Fante na gida, birni ne kuma babban birnin gundumar Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem da ke gabar tekun kudu na Ghana a Yankin Tsakiya, yana kan bakin teku a Tekun Atlantika, kilomita 12 7+1⁄2 mil) yamma da Cape Coast. Elmina ita ce mazaunin Turai na farko a Yammacin Afirka kuma tana da yawan mutane 33,576.
Tarihi Kafin isowar Fotigal ɗin, ana kiran garin Anomansah ("madawwami" ko "abin sha mara ƙarewa") daga matsayinsa akan tsibirin tsakanin tekun Benya da teku.
A cikin 1478 (lokacin Yaƙin Mutuwar Castilian), wani jirgin ruwa na Castilian na caravels 35 da jirgin ruwan Fotigal sun yi babban yaƙin sojan ruwa kusa da Elmina don sarrafa kasuwancin Guinea (zinariya, bayi, hauren giwa da barkono melegueta). Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da nasarar sojan ruwa na Fotigal, sannan kuma amincewar hukuma daga masarautar Katolika na ikon mallakar Fotigal akan yawancin yankuna na Yammacin Afirka da ke takaddama a cikin yarjejeniyar Alcáçovas, 1479. Wannan shi ne yakin mulkin mallaka na farko tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai. Da yawa za su zo.
Garin ya girma a kusa da São Jorge da Mina Castle, wanda Diogo de Azambuja na Fotigal ya gina a 1482 a kan wani gari ko ƙauye mai suna Amankwakurom ko Amankwa. Ita ce hedikwatar Fotigal ta Yammacin Afirka don kasuwanci da cin dukiyar Afirka. Sha'awar Fotigal na asali shine zinari, tare da jigilar 8,000 zuwa Lisbon daga 1487 zuwa 1489, oza 22,500 daga 1494 zuwa 1496, da oza 26,000 a farkon karni na sha shida.
Daga baya tashar jiragen ruwa ta faɗaɗa don haɗawa da dubun dubatar bayi da aka bi ta hanyar kasuwancin Elmina, dubu goma zuwa sha biyu daga 1500-35 kadai. A shekara ta 1479, Fotigal na safarar bayi daga nesa har zuwa Benin, wanda ya kai kashi 10 na cinikin da ake yi a Elmina, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen share filaye don yin noma.
Wurin da Elmina ya sanya ya zama wani muhimmin wuri don sake samar da jiragen ruwa da ke zuwa kudu zuwa Cape of Good Hope akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Indiya. Bayan shekaru na kasuwancin Fotigal a gabar tekun Elmina, Yaren mutanen Holland sun sami labarin ayyukan ribar da ke faruwa ta hanyar Barent Eriksz na Medemblik, ɗaya daga cikin farkon 'yan kasuwa da masu kewaya Guinea. Ericksz ya koya game da ciniki a gabar tekun Elmina yayin da yake fursuna a Principe kuma daga baya ya zama babban abin amfani ga Dutch dangane da samar da bayanan yanki da ciniki. Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya kame Elmina a 1637; a cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa galibi ana amfani da ita azaman cibiyar cinikin bayi. Turawan Burtaniya sun kai hari a garin a cikin 1782, amma ya kasance a hannun Dutch har zuwa 1872, lokacin da aka siyar da Tekun Gold na Dutch ga Burtaniya. Sarkin Ashanti, mai da'awar suzerain, ya ki amincewa da canja wurin, kuma ya fara yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na uku na 1873-1874.
Elmina kuma gida ne na Sansanin Coenraadsburg akan St. Jago Hill, wanda Fotigal ya gina a 1555 a ƙarƙashin sunan Forte de Santiago; an yi amfani da shi don kasuwanci. A cikin 1637 Dutch sun ci nasara da sake masa suna, bayan sun ƙwace babban gidan Elmina. A yau, babbar masana'antar tattalin arzikin Elmina ita ce kamun kifi, samar da gishiri da yawon shakatawa. Gidan Elmina yana da kusanci da Cape Coast Castle, wani sansanin tarihi mai mahimmanci sanannu ga rawar da ya taka a cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic.
Tattalin Arziki Tun daga 2003, Elmina, tare da masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje, sun fara The Elmina Strategy 2015, babban aiki don inganta fannoni da yawa na garin, wanda ya ƙunshi magudanar ruwa da sarrafa sharar gida wanda ke taimakawa haɓaka lafiyar 'yan ƙasa, gyara masana'antar kamun kifi da tashar jiragen ruwa. na cikin Elmina, yawon shakatawa da bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi, ingantattun ayyukan kiwon lafiya, da ingantattun ayyukan ilimi.
Yanayi
Yawon shakatawa Baya ga Castle na Elmina da Sansanin Coenraadsburg, manyan wuraren yawon shakatawa a Elmina sun haɗa da Makabartar Mutanen Holland da Gidan Tarihi na Elmina Java.
Bikin Elmina gida ce ga Bikin Bakatue na shekara -shekara, bikin teku da al'adun kamun kifi na gida, wanda ake yi a ranar Talata na farko na Yuli kowace shekara.
An fassara Bakatue yana nufin "buɗe rafin" ko "malalawar Lagoon". An yi bikin ne domin tunawa da kafuwar garin, Elmina da Turawa suka yi. Ana kuma yin biki don roƙon allahn, Nana Benya ta ci gaba da kare jihar da jama'ar ta.
Gallery
Manazarta
Littafin tarihin Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press, 1977.
Newitt, Malyn, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668, Routledge, New York, |
23870 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashen%20Bishiyoyi | Dashen Bishiyoyi | Dasa bishiyoyi shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi daji a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon kaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada.
Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km 2 na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO</br> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O 2.
Tsarin aiki Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaba dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, ƙasa, ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam. Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. Bayan an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don shuka. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe ciyawa, da kone-kone da aka tsara. Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin. Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe. Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara. Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa bishiya, don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.
Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa. Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen, Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya.
Kasashe da yankuna
Ostiraliya A Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO</br> CO a shekara.
Kanada A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin kasar Kanada ta kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance.
A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050.
China Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79.
Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi".
Turai Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen.
Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma Spain ta kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai.
A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya.
Indiya Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88 km 2 An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci.
A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar India Mr. Narendra Modi saki 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa Iran Iran ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta.
Isra'ila Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, Isra'ila na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). abin da ake buƙata Arewacin Afirka Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar Senegal don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida.
Amurka Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ana bukatar Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga North Dakota zuwa Texas don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt Fa'idodi Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage dumamar yanayi ta hanyar rage CO</br> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <sub id="mwxA">2</sub> Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO</br> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO</br> CO Suka
Dashen ciyawar daji Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna
Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin.
Surface albedo Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar.
Duba kuma
Majiya
Bayani
Bayanan kula
Bibliography Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa Ci gaba. Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil, Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146 Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai, Springer, shafuka 320 Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120 Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara. Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005, TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan, Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242. Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests, CRC Press, shafuka 569 Wilson, EO (2002) Rayuwar Rayuwa, Vintage
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006. Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC). Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD. Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp. Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka
Manazarta
Gandun-daji
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19537 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubayr%20ibn%20al-Awam | Zubayr ibn al-Awam | Az-Zubair dan Al-Awam 594–656) dan'uwa ne kuma aboki ga Annabin Musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) kuma yana Daya daga cikin farkon wayanda suka musulunta.Shima yana daga cikin sahabbai goma da Annabin tsira yayi musu bushara da aljannah.Ya zama Daya daga cikin jagororin siyasa da soja na al'umma bayan mutuwar Muhammad. Az-Zubayr ya mutu a Yakin Rakumi.
Iyali da yarinta An haifi Al-Zubayr a garin Makka a shekarar 594. Mahaifinsa shi ne Al-Awam bn Khuwaylid na dangin Asad na kabilar Kuraishawa, yana mai da Al-Zubayr dan'uwan Khadijah Mahaifiyarsa ita ce kanwar Annabi Muhammad (S A W), Safiyyah bint 'Abd al-Muttalib, saboda haka Al-Zubayr shine dan uwan Muhammad na farko. Yana da yaya biyu, Sa'ib da Abdul Kaaba; wani dan uwa, Safi ibn Al-Harith, wanda ya fito daga dangin Umayya; da wasu kannen uba, ciki har da Hind bint Al-Awwam, matar Zayd ibn Haritha Tun yana saurayi, Al-Zubayr ya yi yaƙi da wani babban mutum kuma ya buge shi da ƙarfi sosai har sai da hannun mutumin ya karye. Safiyyah, wacce ke da ciki a lokacin, dole ta dauki mutumin zuwa gida. Lokacin da masu wucewa suka tambayi abin da ya faru, sai ta ce musu, “Ya yi yaƙi da Al-Zubayr. Shin kun sami Al-Zubayr mai taushi kamar cuku ko dabino ko cike da tagulla? Hakan ne lokacin da suka san cewa zai girma ya zama mai ƙarfi yayin yaƙi. Al-Awam ya mutu tun Al-Zubayr yana saurayi. Mahaifiyarsa ta sha duka sosai. A lokacin da aka ce mata, “Kun kashe shi! Kun buge zuciyarsa. Shin za ku halakar da yaron? "Ta amsa," Na buge shi don ya zama mai hankali kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfin gwiwa a cikin yaƙin An bayyana Al-Zubayr da matsakaiciyar tsayi, siriri, mai launi-launi, da gashi, duk da siririn gemu. Gashin kansa ya rataya zuwa kafaɗunsa, kuma bai shafa shi ba bayan ya zama fari.
Musulunta Al-Zubayr ya kasance ɗayan mutane biyar na farko da suka karɓi Musulunci daga Abubakar, kuma an ce shi ne na huɗu ko na biyar manya da suka musulunta. Yana daga cikin farkon mutum goma sha biyar da suka yi hijira zuwa Abisiniya a shekara ta 615, kuma ya koma can a cikin 616. Yayin da yake cikin Abisiniya, tawaye ga Negus (Sarki) ya ɓarke. Negus ya sadu da 'yan tawaye a gabar Kogin Nilu. Musulmai, cikin tsananin damuwa game da rasa mai kare su, sun wakilta Al-Zubayr ya zama mai kawo musu labarai. Taimakon wani farin ruwa mai iska, ya yi iyo a Kogin Nilu har sai da ya kai ga inda ake yaƙi. Ya kalli har sai da Negus ya ci nasara akan 'yan tawaye, sannan ya sake iyo ya koma kan musulmai. Ya tashi sama yana daga tufafinsa ya sanar, "Hurray, Negus ya ci nasara kuma Allah ya ruguza maƙiyansa kuma ya tabbatar da shi a ƙasarsa!" Musulmi suka yi murna. Al-Zubayr yana cikin wadanda suka koma Makka a shekara ta 619 saboda sun ji cewa mutanen Makka sun musulunta. "Amma da suka kusanci Makka, sai suka gano cewa rahoton karya ne don haka suka shiga garin karkashin kariyar wani dan kasa ko ta hanyar sata." Duk da haka, Al-Zubayr bai ambaci sunan mai tsaron nasa ba.
Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin ƙaura baki ɗaya zuwa Madina a cikin 622. Da farko ya sauka tare da Al-Mundhir bn Muhammad. Ana takaddama game da wanda ya zama “dan’uwan” Al-Zubayr a Musulunci: hadisai daban-daban masu suna Abdullah ibn Masood, Talha bin Ubaydullah, Kaab bin Malik da Salama ibn Salama. Muhammad ya ba shi babban fili don ya gina gidansa da kuma tallafin wasu itacen dabino. A 625 an sake ba Al-Zubayr ƙarin dabinai daga ƙasar ƙabilar Nadir da aka kora. Ayyukan soja karkashin Muhammad (S A W) An ce Al-Zubayr ya haɗu da dukkan balaguron soja na Muhammad, galibi sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya.
An ruwaito shi ya ce:"Wallahi, Manzon Allah bai yi wata tafiya ba ko wani balaguro face na kasance daga gare ta."
Badar A Yaƙin Badar an aike shi a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri kuma ya kama ɗan leƙen asirin Makka. Sannan ya shiga yakin ya kashe Ubayda bn Sa'id na Umayya. Yana sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya a wannan yaƙin.
Uhudu A yakin Uhud ya ba da kansa ya dauki takobin Muhammad "da damarta," wanda shi ne "ya buge abokan gaba da shi har sai ya lankwasa," kuma ya kasance "mai matukar rauni" lokacin da Muhammad ya ki amincewa da tayin nasa. Yana tsaye kusa da matan Makka mai guduwa har ya ga duwawun Hind bint Utbah Amma a wannan lokacin ne yaƙin ya juya; Al-Zubayr yana daya daga cikin dinbin mutanen da suka tsaya a gefen Muhammad lokacin da musulmai daga nasu biyun suka tsere kuma suka bi shi zuwa gawar. "Ya kasance tare da shi a yakin Uhudu kuma ya yi masa bai'a har zuwa mutuwa."
Mahararen A yayin yakin yakin mahara, Al-Zubayr ya hau dokin Ya ba da kansa don ya kawo labarin ƙabilar Qurayza ga Muhammad, wanda ya amsa, "Kowane Annabi yana da almajiri, kuma almajiri na shi ne Al-Zubayr." Khaybara A cikin 628 Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Khaybar kuma ya amsa wa Yasir kalubalen Bayahude game da faɗa ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa Safiya ta tambayi Muhammad, "Shin zai kashe ɗana?" kuma Muhammad ya tabbatar mata, "A'a, dan ku zai kashe shi, insha Allah." Al-Zubayr ya inganta yana karantawa:"Khaybar, know that I am Zabbar,
chief of a people no cowardly runaways,
the son of those who defends their glory,
the son of princes.
O Yasir let not all the unbelievers deceive you,
for all of them are like a slowly moving mirage."Sun gwabza, kuma Al-Zubayr ya kashe Yasir. Bayan haka, musulmai sun yi bayani a kan yadda takobi ya kasance mai kaifi; Al-Zubayr ya amsa da cewa ba ta yi kaifi ba amma ya yi amfani da ita da karfi. Bayan da musulmai suka ci Al-Qamus, sai aka kawo baitul malin nan, Kinana, ga Muhammad, amma ya ki bayyana inda aka boye kudadensu. Koda yake, daga baya Muhammad bn Maslama ya yanke kan Kinana, don ramuwar gayya ga dan uwansa Mahmud, wanda aka kashe a yaƙin kwanakin baya. Daga baya an sanya Al-Zubayr daga cikin mashahurai goma sha takwas waɗanda kowannensu ke kula da rabon wani rukunin ganima.
Makkah A watan Disamba na 629, a jajibirin cin nasarar Makka, Muhammad ya aika Al-Zubayr da Ali don su tare wani dan leken asiri wanda ke dauke da wasika zuwa ga Kuraishawa. Lokacin da suka kasa samun wasikar a cikin kayanta, sai suka fahimci cewa tabbas ta ɓoye ta ne a kan nata, sai suka yi mata magana a kai. Daga nan dan leken asirin ya fito da wasikar,wacce ta boye a cikin gashinta,sai Al-Zubayr da Ali suka dawo da ita ga Muhammad, suna da yakinin cewa yanzu Musulmai za su kwace Makka da mamaki. Lokacin da Muhammad ya shiga Makka, Al-Zubayr ya riƙe ɗayan tutocin ƙaura uku na Muhajirai kuma ya umurci reshen hagu na sojojin da suka ci yaƙi. Ya kuma yi yaƙin Hunayn Aiki bayan Muhammad A cikin sati na uku na watan yuli na shekara ta 632, halifa Abubakar ya tara runduna galibi daga Banu Hashim (dangin Muhammad) don kare Madina daga mamayar da ridda ta yi daga sojojin ridda na Tulayha, wanda ya ce shi annabi ne. Rundunar ta hada da manyan mutane kamar Zubayr da Talha bn Ubaidullah. An nada kowannensu a matsayin kwamandan kashi daya bisa uku na sabuwar rundunar da aka tsara. Suna da rawar da suka taka yayin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda duk da haka, ba su fuskanci wani yanayin faɗa ba.
Al-Zubayr shi ne kwamandan filin da ya fi samun nasara a lokacin da Musulmai suka ci Masar da yaki a karkashin Khalifa Umar Ya yi umurni da runduna a yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636, sannan a 640 ya ba da umarnin karfafa wadanda aka aika zuwa Amr bn al-As a Misira Lokacin da Umar yake mutuwa a shekara ta 644, ya zabi Al-Zubayr da wasu mutane biyar don su zabi Khalifa na gaba. Sun zabi Uthman yadda ya kamata, a lokacin halifancin wane. Al-Zubayr ya kasance mai taka tsantsan dangane da kawo hadisai game da Muhammad duk da cewa ya kasance yana cikin kamfaninsa koyaushe. Kamar yadda ya bayyana wa dansa Abdullahi, "Na ji Manzon Allah (S A W) yana cewa: Duk wanda ya yi karya a kaina to ya tanadi ymazauni a cikin Wuta"
Matan sa da yara Al-Zubayr ya yi aure har sau takwas kuma ya sami yara ashirin. Asma bint Abi Bakr Sun yi aure kafin Hijira ta 622 kuma sun sake aure lokacin da Urwa ke ƙarami, watau a kusan 645. Abdullah
Al-Mundhir
Asim
Al-Muhajir
Khadija Babba
Umm Al-Hasan
Aisha
Urwa
Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba ta dangin Umayya. Sun yi aure a 629, amma "ta ƙi shi," kuma an sake su cikin 'yan watanni. Bayan haihuwar 'yarsu, Ummu Kulthum ta auri Abdur Rahman bin Awf Zainab
Al-Halal bint Qays na kabilar Asad.
Khadija Karami
Umm Khalid Ama bint Khalid daga dangin Umayya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙaura waɗanda suka dawo daga Abaisiniya a shekara ta 628. Khalid
Amr
Habiba
Sawda
Hind
Ar-Rabbab bint Unayf na kabilar Kalb.
Mus'ab
Hamza
Ramla
Tumadir bint Al-Asbagh na kabilar Kalb, bazawara ce ga Abdur Rahman bn Awf. Al-Zubayr ya sake ta ne kwana bakwai kacal da yin auren. Ta kasance tana gaya wa wasu matan cewa, "Idan dayanku ya yi aure, kada ya yaudare ta da kwana bakwai bayan abin da Zubairu ya yi mini." Ba ta, fadada kan yanayin "yaudarar" ba.
Ummu Ja'far Zainab bint Marthad ta ƙabilar Thaalaba.
Ubayda
Ja'far
Atiqa bint Zayd daga dangin Adi, bazawara ga Omar Mutanen Madina sun kasance suna cewa:"Duk wanda yake son shahada to ya auri Atiqa bint Zayd An fara auren ta ga Abdullahi bn Abi Bakr kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Umar bn Khattab kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Zubair kuma ya yi shahada Matan Al-Zubayr sun yi korafin cewa yana da "wani tsauri game da mata". Ummu Kulthum ta tambaye shi kai tsaye don saki, lokacin da ya ƙi, sai ta yaudare shi a ciki ta hanyar yin lalata da shi yayin da yake cikin hidimar wankan janaba ga sallah. Al-Zubayr ya koka da cewa, "Ta yaudare ni, Allah Ya yi mata wayo!" Muhammad ya shawarce shi da ya sake neman aurenta, amma Al-Zubayr ya fahimci cewa, "Ba za ta sake dawowa wurina ba." Atiqa kawai ta yarda ta aure shi ne da sharadin bazai taɓa doke ta ba.
Yaƙin Rakumi An kashe Uthman a cikin 656. Al-Zubayr yana da dalilin fatan cewa za a zaɓe shi a matsayin Kalifa na gaba, duk da cewa ya san cewa tsohon abokinsa Talha shi ma mai ƙarfi ne. Amma an zabi Ali, zuwa muhawarar matar Muhammadu mai takaba Aisha Daga nan Al-Zubayr ya hadu da Aisha da Talha a Makka, suna masu cewa ya yi wa Ali mubaya'a ne kawai da takobi. Al-Zubayr, Talha da Aisha sun yi kira da a rama mutuwar Uthman, yayin da Ali ya yarda, ya ce shi bai iya yin haka ba a lokacin. Daga nan kawayen suka tattara sojoji suka yi tattaki zuwa Basra A cikin Basrah kuwa, sun kayar da Gwamna kuma sun mamaye garin, suna kashe duk wanda aka samu da hannu a kisan Uthman. Lokacin da aka kalubalance su kan dalilin da yasa yanzu suka damu da Uthman alhalin sun nuna masa kiyayya sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa, sai suka ce: "Mun so Uthman ya biya mana bukatunmu. Ba mu so a kashe shi. Haƙiƙa Ali yayi kama da mutumin da yake zargin ƙiyayya ga kansa, don ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga Basra tare da ƙwararrun sojoji dubu ashirin. Tsawon kwanaki, ana tattaunawa, saboda bangarorin biyu sun tabbatar da cewa suna so ne kawai su ga an yi adalci. Amma a ranar 7 ga Disamba 656 tashin hankali ya barke. Mayakan A’isha sun kashe dan sakon Ali, kuma Ali ya ba shi amsa, "Yaƙi yanzu ya dace, don haka ku yaƙi su!" Don haka
Al-Zubayr kuwa, ya rasa sha'awar yin yaƙin. Ya ce Ali ya yi magana da shi a waje yayin tattaunawar kan cewa su 'yan uwan juna ne, amma dan nasa ya zarge shi da tsoron sojojin Ali. Al-Zubayr ya bar fagen daga yayin da A’isha ta ci gaba da jagorantar dakarunta. Wani mutum mai suna Amr bn Jurmuz ya yanke shawarar bin diddigin motsin sa kuma ya bi shi zuwa wani filin da ke kusa. Lokacin sallah yayi don haka, bayan kowannensu ya tambayi dan uwansa abin da yake yi a can, sai suka amince da yin addu'ar. Yayin da Al-Zubayr yake sujada, Amr bn Jurmuz ya soke shi a wuya ya kashe shi.
Wasiyya A cikin wasiyyarsa Al-Zubayr ya bar gida ga duk 'yan matansa da aka sake. Ya bar kashi ɗaya cikin uku na dukiyarsa a wasiyya kuma ya umurci ɗansa Abdullah da ya sayar da sauran dukiyarsa don biyan bashinsa, yana mai roƙon Allah idan ba za a iya biyan ɗaya ba. Abdullah ya gano cewa bashin sun kai 1,200,000, mai yiwuwa a cikin dirhami Kodayake Abdullah ya shiga wata matsala don warware dukkan basussukan, amma zawarawan Al-Zubayr su huɗu suka gaji 1,100,000 kowannensu, ya bar sama da 30,000,000 da za a raba tsakanin 'ya'yansa. Al-Zubayr bn Al-Awam yana daya daga cikin musulmai goma da Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya lamunce musu da Aljanna tun suna raye.
Duba kuma Jerin hijra Muhammadu
Manazarta
duba littafin da Kuma Sahabbai |
44561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikembe%20Mutombo | Dikembe Mutombo | Dikembe Mutombo Mpolondo Mukamba Jean-Jacques Wamutombo (an haife shi ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1966) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Kongo-Amurka. Mutombo ya buga wasanni 18 a Kungiyar Kwando ta Kasa (NBA). A waje da kwallon kwando, ya zama sananne saboda aikinsa na jin kai. Cibiyar 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m), 260-lb (120 kg), wanda ya fara aikinsa tare da Georgetown Hoyas, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu toshe harbi da 'yan wasan tsaron da suka taɓa kasancewa, ya lashe kyautar NBA Defensive Player of the Year sau huɗu; shi ma ya kasance All-Star sau takwas. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2007, ya zarce Kareem Abdul-Jabbar a matsayin na biyu mafi yawan masu toshe harbi a tarihin NBA, a bayan Hakeem Olajuwon, kuma ya samu matsakaicin ninki biyu a mafi yawan aikinsa. [1] [2] A ƙarshen wasan ƙarshe na 2009 NBA, Mutombo ya sanar da ritaya. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2015, an shigar da shi cikin Zauren Shahararren Kwando na Naismith Memorial. 6]
Farkon rayuwa An haifi Mutombo a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1966, a Kinshasa, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, a matsayin ɗayan yara 10 ga Samuel da Biamba Marie Mutombo. [1] [2] Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan makaranta sannan kuma a ma'aikatar ilimi ta Kongo. [3] 10] Mutombo yana magana da Ingilishi, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, Fotigal, da yaruka biyar na Afirka ta Tsakiya, gami da Lingala da Tshiluba. Shi memba ne na kabilun Luba. 13] Don makarantar sakandare, Mutombo ya tafi Kwalejin Boboto a Kinshasa don shimfida tushe don aikin likitancinsa kamar yadda azuzuwan suka fi ƙalubale a can. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya halarci wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. 10] A kusan shekara 16, Mutombo ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a kan aikin kwando a karfafa mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa saboda tsayinsa. 10 [1] Ya koma Amurka a 1987 yana da shekaru 21 don shiga kwaleji. [2] 15]
Kwalejin Mutombo ya halarci Jami'ar Georgetown a kan tallafin karatu na USAID. Da farko ya yi niyyar zama likita, amma kocin kwando na Georgetown Hoyas John Thompson ya ɗauke shi aiki don buga kwando. [1] [2] Bai yi magana da Ingilishi ba lokacin da ya isa Georgetown kuma ya yi karatu a cikin shirin ESL. [1] [2] A lokacin shekararsa ta farko ta kwando ta kwaleji a matsayin na biyu, Mutombo ya taba toshe harbi 12 a wasa. [3] 20] Gina kan ikon toshe harbi na Mutombo da abokin aikinsa Alonzo Mourning, magoya bayan Georgetown sun kirkiro wani sashi na "Rashin yarda" a karkashin kwando, suna kara babban silhouette na hannun da aka miƙa zuwa banner don kowane harbi da aka toshe a lokacin wasan. 21 [1] Mutombo an kira shi Big East Defensive Player of the Year sau biyu, a 1990 (wanda aka raba tare da Mourning) da kuma a 1991. [2] 23] A Georgetown, asalin Mutombo da sha'awarsa na ƙasashen waje sun yi fice. Kamar sauran ɗaliban kwaleji na yankin Washington, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin bazara, sau ɗaya don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sau ɗaya don Bankin Duniya. 24] A 1991, ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilimin harshe da diflomasiyya. 25]
Aikin NBA
Denver Nuggets A cikin rubutun NBA na 1991, Denver Nuggets sun tsara Mutombo tare da zaɓi na huɗu gaba ɗaya. 26] Nuggets sun kasance na ƙarshe a cikin NBA a cikin maki na abokin hamayya a kowane wasa da ƙimar tsaro, [1] kuma ikon Mutombo na toshe harbi ya yi tasiri nan da nan a cikin gasar. Ya haɓaka sa hannun sa hannu a cikin 1992 a matsayin hanya don zama mafi kasuwa da samun kwangilar tallafin samfura. 28] Bayan ya toshe harbin wani dan wasa, zai nuna yatsan sa na dama zuwa ga wannan dan wasan kuma ya motsa shi gefe zuwa gefe. 29] A waccan shekarar, Mutombo ya fito a cikin tallan Adidas wanda ya yi amfani da taken "Mutum ba ya tashi... a gidan Mutombo", wanda ke nuni da yawan harbinsa. 30] A matsayinsa na rookie, an zabi Mutombo a cikin kungiyar All-Star kuma ya zira kwallaye 16.6, 12.3 rebounds, da kusan uku a kowane wasa. Mutombo ya fara kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa a gasar, yana sanya manyan lambobin rebound da block. Lokacin 1993-94 ya ga Denver ya ci gaba da inganta tare da Mutombo a matsayin dutsen dutse na kulob din. A wannan kakar, Mutombo ya samu maki 12.0 a kowane wasa, 11.8 rebounds a kowane wasa, da kuma 4.1 a kowane wasa. [31] Da hakan, ya taimaka wa Nuggets su gama da rikodin 42-40 kuma su cancanci zama iri na takwas a wasan ƙarshe. An daidaita su tare da manyan 'yan wasa 63 19 Seattle SuperSonics a zagaye na farko. Bayan faduwa zuwa rashi na 0-2 a wasan wasa biyar, Denver ta ci wasanni uku a jere don fitar da babbar damuwa ta wasan kwaikwayo, ta zama farkon iri na takwas don kayar da lambar farko a jerin wasan kwaikwayo na NBA. [32] A ƙarshen wasa na 5, Mutombo ya kama abin tunawa da wasan da ya lashe wasan kuma ya fadi a ƙasa, yana riƙe da kwallon a kansa a lokacin farin ciki. 33] Kasancewar Mutombo a cikin tsaro shine mabuɗin nasarar da aka samu; jimlarsa 31 ya kasance rikodin jerin wasanni biyar. 30] A zagaye na biyu na wasan kwaikwayo, Nuggets sun fadi ga Utah Jazz, 4-3. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an zaba shi don wasan All-Star na biyu kuma ya karbi kyautar NBA Defensive Player of the Year. Denver ta kasa ci gaba da nasarar da ta samu daga wasan karshe na baya, saboda Mutombo ba shi da goyon baya mai kyau a kusa da shi. A lokacin kakar wasa ta ƙarshe tare da Nuggets, Mutombo ya sami maki 11.0 a kowane wasa, 11.8 rebounds a kowane wasa da kuma mafi girman aikin 4.5 a kowane wasa. 34] A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 1995-96, Mutombo ya zama ɗan wasa kyauta, kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ya nemi kwangila na shekaru 10, wani abu da Nuggets suka ɗauka ba zai yiwu ba. Bernie Bickerstaff, a lokacin babban manajan Nuggets, daga baya ya ce rashin dawo da Mutombo shine babban nadamarsa a matsayin GM. 35]
Atlanta Hawks Bayan kakar wasa ta NBA ta 1995-96, Mutombo ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar kyauta ta shekara 5, dala miliyan 55 tare da Atlanta Hawks. [36] [37] Shi da Hawks All-Star Steve Smith sun jagoranci Atlanta zuwa baya-da-baya 50 +-win kakar wasa a 1996 97 (56 26) da 1997 98 (50 32). Mutombo ya lashe gwarzon dan wasan tsaron shekara a duka shekaru biyu, yana ci gaba da sanya kyawawan lambobin tsaro tare da Hawks. A wasan NBA na 1997, Hawks sun doke Detroit Pistons a wasanni biyar. A wasa na 1 na wannan jerin, Mutombo ya jagoranci dukkan masu zira kwallaye da rebounders, tare da maki 26 da rebounds 15 bi da bi, a cikin nasara 89-75 akan Pistons. 38] A zagaye na gaba, duk da cewa Mutombo yana da matsakaicin ninki biyu da kuma kwallaye 2.6 a kowane wasa, Hawks sun yi asara a wasanni biyar ga zakaran Chicago Bulls. 39] A kakar wasa mai zuwa, a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1998, Mutombo ya zira kwallaye 20 kuma ya ɗauki rebounds 24 a cikin asara 105-102 ga Indiana Pacers. 40] Wannan kakar ta ƙare cikin takaici ga Mutombo da Hawks, kamar yadda duk da kammala tare da irin wannan rikodin zuwa kakar da ta gabata, Mutombo ya sami maki 8.0 ne kawai da 12.8 rebounds a wasa yayin da Hawks suka rasa wa abokin hamayyarsu Charlotte Hornets wasanni uku zuwa ɗaya a zagaye na farko. 41] A lokacin da aka rage lokacin kulle-kulle na 1998-99, shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta IBM ta NBA, kyautar dan wasan shekara da aka ƙaddara ta hanyar ƙirar kwamfuta. A waccan shekarar, NBA ta hana Mutombo yatsan yatsa, kuma bayan wani lokaci na zanga-zanga, ya bi sabon doka. 42] A cikin abin da zai zama kakar wasa ta ƙarshe tare da Hawks a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1999-00, Mutombo ya zira kwallaye 11.5 a kowane wasa, 14.1 rebounds a kowane wasa, da 3.3 a kowane wasa. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1999, Mutombo ya zira kwallaye 27, a kan 11 daga cikin 11 da aka harba daga filin wasa, ya kama kwallaye 29 na kakar wasa kuma ya yi rikodin wasanni 6 na wasa don fitar da nasara a kan Minnesota Timberwolves. 43].
New Jersey Nets
Neman babban mutum don yin gogayya da Shaquille O'Neal da Tim Duncan, Nets sun aika abokin aikin su na gaba Keith Van Horn da Todd MacCulloch zuwa Philadelphia a musayar Mutombo. 50] Amma Mutombo ya shafe mafi yawan wannan kakar tare da raunin da ya rage shi zuwa wasanni 24 kawai. Gabaɗaya bai iya yin wasa a wasan ƙarshe ba, yawanci yana aiki a matsayin mutum na shida a lokacin wasan Nets na biyu a jere (sun rasa Spurs a wasanni shida). Bayan kakar wasa guda daya a New Jersey, Nets sun sayi sauran shekaru biyu a kwangilarsa. 51]
New York Knicks
A watan Oktoba na 2003, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu tare da New York Knicks. [52] Bayan babban wasan kwaikwayon da suka yi da abokan hamayyar New Jersey Nets wanda ya hada da katanga 10, magoya bayan Knicks sun fara nuna yatsunsu a Mutombo. Ya zaɓi ya amsa daidai bayan wani alkalin wasa ya gaya masa cewa muddin ba'a yi amfani da wata alama ga wani dan wasa ba, gasar ba za ta hukunta shi ba. A watan Agusta 2004, Knicks sun yi musayar shi zuwa Chicago Bulls, tare da Cezary Trybański, Othella Harrington, da Frank Williams a musayar Jerome Williams da Jamal Crawford. 53]
Houston Rockets
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2004-05, Bulls sun yi musayar Mutombo zuwa Houston Rockets don Mike Wilks, Eric Piatkowski da Adrian Griffin. 54] Yao Ming da Mutombo sun kafa daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin cibiyar NBA. A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi da Rockets, Mutombo ya samu 15.2 MPG, 5.3 RPG, 4.0 PPG, da 1.3 BPG. Rockets sun rasa a zagaye na farko da Dallas Mavericks. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2007, a cikin nasara a kan Denver Nuggets a shekara 40, Mutombo ya zama dan wasa mafi tsufa a tarihin NBA don yin rikodin sama da 20 rebounds a wasa, tare da 22. 55] A cikin kakar 2007-08, Mutombo ya sami lokaci mai yawa na wasa lokacin da Yao ya fadi tare da karyewar kashi kuma ya karu da lambobi biyu a cikin rebounding a matsayin mai farawa. A tsakiyar cin nasara wasanni 10 a lokacin raunin Yao, Mutombo ya shiga tsakani kuma ya taimaka wa Rockets su ci wasanni 12 don kammala nasarar wasanni 22, sannan rikodin ƙungiyar. 56][57] A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2008, a cikin 102?? 77 na Los Angeles Lakers, Mutombo ya yi rikodin harbi 5 da aka toshe kuma ya wuce Kareem Abdul-Jabbar a cikin jimlar harbin da aka toshe a cikin aikin, yana bin Hakeem Olajuwon kawai. 58][59] Bayan ya yi la'akari da yin ritaya kuma ya ciyar da farkon rabin 2008 a matsayin dan wasan da ba a sanya hannu ba, a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2008, Mutombo ya sanya hannu tare da Houston Rockets don sauran kakar 2008-09. Ya ce shekarar 2009 za ta kasance "tafiyar ban kwana" da kakar wasa ta karshe; shi ne dan wasa mafi tsufa a NBA a shekarar 2009. 60] A wasa na 1 na wasan farko na Houston da Portland, Mutombo ya buga minti 18 kuma ya sami rebounds tara, toshe biyu, da sata. 61] A kashi na biyu na wasa na biyu, Mutombo ya sauka cikin rashin jin daɗi kuma dole ne a ɗauke shi daga bene. Bayan wasan, ya ce, "an gama ni don aikina" kuma za a buƙaci tiyata. 60 [1] Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa an fasa jijiyar quadriceps na gwiwar hagu a wasa na 2. [2] 63] Mutombo ya sanar da ritaya a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2009, bayan shekaru 18 a NBA. 62]
Bayanan mai kunnawa 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) 260 lb (120 kg), Mutombo ya taka leda a tsakiya, inda aka dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu karewa a duk lokacin. Ana kiransa "Mt. Mutombo", hadewarsa da tsayi, iko, da kuma dogon makamai ya haifar da rikodin rikodin NBA na shekaru hudu, wanda Ben Wallace ne kawai ya dace. Mutombo yana cikin manyan 'yan wasa uku a cikin' Yan wasan Tsaro na Shekara wanda aka zaba a cikin yanayi tara a jere daga 1994 zuwa 2002. 64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da Mutombo na tsaron gida sune fitaccen ikon toshewa da sake dawowa. A cikin aikinsa, ya samu matsakaicin 2.8 da 10.3 rebounds a kowane wasa. Shi ne na biyu a duk lokacin da aka yi rajista, a bayan Hakeem Olajuwon, kuma shi ne na 20 mafi yawan rebounders. 73] Ya kuma kasance All-Star sau takwas kuma an zabe shi zuwa All-NBA uku da All-Defensive Teams shida. 74] Tare da kwarewar tsaron sa, Mutombo ya kuma ba da gudummawa a cikin hare-hare, yana samun aƙalla maki 10 a kowane wasa har ya kai shekara 35. 74] Mutombo kuma ya sami wani sanannen sananne a kotu. Bayan ya yi nasara, an san shi da yi wa abokan hamayyarsa ba'a ta wajen nuna yatsansa, kamar yadda iyaye suke yi wa ɗansu marar biyayya ba'a. Daga bisani a cikin aikinsa, jami'an NBA za su amsa wannan aikin tare da fasaha na fasaha don rashin wasanni. Don kauce wa kuskuren fasaha, Mutombo ya fara nuna yatsansa ga jama'a ko kyamarorin talabijin bayan toshewa, wanda ba a la'akari da yin ba'a da dokoki. 75] Bugu da ƙari, an san shi da raunukan da ya yi wa 'yan wasan NBA, ciki har da Michael Jordan, Dennis Rodman, Charles Oakley, Patrick Ewing, Chauncey Billups, Ray Allen, Yao Ming, LeBron James da Tracy McGrady. Tsohon abokin aikinsa Yao Ming yayi barkwanci game da shi: "Ina bukatar in yi magana da Koci don dakatar da Dikembe daga horo, saboda idan ya buge wani a horo, abokin aikinmu ne. Aƙalla a wasannin, yana da 50/50. 76]
Rayuwar mutum A shekara ta 1987, babban ɗan'uwan Mutombo, Ilo, ya fara buga wasan kwando na kwaleji a Sashen II don kudancin Indiana Screaming Eagles a matsayin ɗan shekara 26. 'Yan'uwan sun yi wasa da juna a wasan 1990 a Cibiyar Babban Birni. 77] Ya haɗu da matarsa, Rose, sa'ad da ya ziyarci birnin Kinshasa a shekara ta 1995. Suna zaune a Atlanta kuma suna da yara uku tare. 78] Sun kuma dauki yara hudu daga 'yan uwan Rose da suka mutu. 79] [80] Dan sa, Ryan, an sanya shi a matsayin mafi kyawun cibiyar cibiyar 16 a makarantar sakandare kuma ya yi alkawarin a 2021 don yin wasa a Georgetown. 81] Jami'ar Jihar New York College a Cortland ta ba Mutombo lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta Dokta na Human Human a shekara ta 2004 saboda aikinsa na jin kai a Afirka. Kwanan nan, Jami'ar Georgetown ta ba shi lambar yabo ta girmamawa a shekara ta 2010. A can ne ya gabatar da jawabin kammala karatun kwalejin fasaha da kimiyya ta Georgetown, wanda shi ma tsohon ɗalibi ne. 82] Ya kuma sami digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Haverford a watan Mayu 2011. 83] A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2015, NCAA ta sanar da Mutombo a matsayin mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Silver Anniversary Awards don 2016. Ana ba da kyaututtukan kowace shekara ga tsoffin 'yan wasa shida na NCAA a ranar tunawa da shekaru 25 na shekarar karatun karshe na aikin kwalejin su, suna girmama duka wasan kwaikwayo yayin da suke kwaleji da kuma aikin sana'a bayan kwaleji. Sanarwar ta ambaci aikin kwando da kuma aikin jin kai da yawa. 84] Dan uwan Mutombo Harouna Mutombo ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga Western Carolina Catamounts da kuma sana'a a Turai. 85] Harouna shine babban mai zira kwallaye na kungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2009 kuma an nada shi dan wasan farko na Kudancin. 86] Dan uwansa Haboubacar Mutombo kuma ya yi alkawarin buga wasan kwando a Western Carolina tun daga shekarar 2013. 85] Dan uwansa Mfiondu Kabengele ya buga kwando a kwalejin kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Florida kuma ya kasance Mutumin Na Shida na ACC na Shekarar 2018 ′19. [87] Daga baya an tsara shi a zagaye na farko na zanen NBA na 2019 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar wasa tare da Los Angeles Clippers. 88] Dan sa, Ryan Mutombo, a halin yanzu yana buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Georgetown. 89] Ryan an lissafa shi a 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) kuma yana wasa a tsakiya. Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, Ryan ya kasance babban mai daukar hoto mai tauraro 4 a ajin daukar ma'aikata na 2021. 90] Mutombo na daga cikin wadanda suka shaida harin bam din da aka kai a filin jirgin saman Brussels a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2016. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fashewar, ya buga rahoto a shafinsa na Facebook yana cewa yana cikin aminci. Sakonsa na farko ya ce, "Allah mai kyau ne. Ina cikin filin jirgin saman Brussels da wannan hauka. Ina lafiya". 91] A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2022, ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana shan magani don ciwon daji na kwakwalwa. 92]
Mediya Mutombo ya fito a fim din 2002 Juwanna Mann da Like Mike, wanda kuma ya ambaci sunansa a waƙar taken "Basketball". 93][94] A shekarar 2012, Mutombo ya ba da muryarsa da kamanninsa ga wasan Flash mai salo 16 wanda Old Spice ya fitar mai suna Dikembe Mutombo's 4 1/2 Weeks to Save the World. 95] Mutombo ya bayyana a cikin tallan inshorar mota na GEICO a watan Fabrairun 2013, yana wasa da ikon toshe harbi ta hanyar amfani da shi ga yanayin duniyar gaske. 96] Mutombo ya yi aiki tare da Kevin Harvick a cikin tallan Mobil 1 don alamar kariya ta shekara-shekara, yana cewa "Kada ku canza man ku". [1] 97] Mutombo yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin fim ɗin 2021 Mai zuwa 2 Amurka a matsayin kansa. 98]
Aikin jin kai Shahararren dan agajin jin kai, Mutombo, ya kafa gidauniyar Dikembe Mutombo Foundation domin inganta rayuwa a kasarsa ta Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a shekarar 1997. Kokarin da ya yi ya ba shi lambar yabo ta NBA ta J. Walter Kennedy a matsayin dan kasa a 2001 da 2009. A sakamakon nasarorin da ya samu, Sporting News mai suna. shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Good Guys in Sports" a cikin 1999 da 2000, [99] da kuma a cikin 1999, an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 20 da suka lashe lambar yabo ta hidimar shugaban kasa, mafi girman karramawa na al'umma don hidimar sa kai.[99] A cikin 2004, ya shiga cikin shirin NBA na Basketball Without Borders, inda taurarin NBA kamar Shawn Bradley, Malik Rose da DeSagana Diop suka zagaya Afirka don yada labarai game da wasan kwallon kwando da inganta ababen more rayuwa.[99] Ya biya wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata na Zaire riguna da kashe kuɗi a lokacin wasannin Olympics na ƙarni na 1996 a Atlanta.[99] Mutombo shi ne mai magana da yawun hukumar agaji ta kasa da kasa, CARE kuma shi ne wakilin matasa na farko na shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[80]
Mutombo ya dade yana goyon bayan wasannin Olympics na musamman kuma a halin yanzu memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Olympics na kasa da kasa, da kuma jakadan duniya.[100] Ya kasance majagaba na Wasannin Haɗaɗɗen Wasanni, wanda ke haɗa mutane masu nakasa da marasa hankali. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010, tare da shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu Jacob Zuma da kuma 'yan wasa na musamman na Olympics daga sassan duniya.[101] Mutombo ya shiga kungiyarsa ta Unity Cup a shekara ta 2012.[102]
Domin girmama ayyukan jin kai, an gayyaci Mutombo zuwa ga jawabin shugaban kasa George W.Bush a shekara ta 2007 kuma shugaban ya kira shi "dan Kongo" a cikin jawabinsa.[103] Daga baya Mutombo ya ce, “Zuciyata ta cika da murna, ban san shugaban kasa zai fadi irin wadannan manyan kalamai ba.[104]
A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2011, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg ta ba Mutombo lambar yabo ta Goodermote Humanitarian Award "saboda kokarin da ya yi na rage cutar shan inna a duniya da kuma ayyukansa na inganta lafiyar jama'ar da aka yi watsi da su da kuma marasa galihu a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo." 105] Michael J. Klag, shugaban Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Bloomberg, ya ce "Mr. Mutombo ya kasance mai nasara ta hanyoyi da yawa-a kan kotu da kuma a matsayin agaji. Ayyukansa sun inganta lafiyar jama'ar Jamhuriyar Demokuradiyya Kongo, da asibitin Biamba Marie Mutombo da cibiyar bincike abin koyi ne ga yankin, haka nan Mista Mutombo ya taka rawar gani wajen yaki da cutar shan inna ta hanyar karfafa aikin allurar rigakafi da kuma kawo magunguna ga wadanda suka kamu da cutar."[105]
A cikin 2012, Gidauniyar Mutombo, tare da haɗin gwiwar Almajiran Mutombo, Jami'ar Georgetown, sun fara wani sabon shiri wanda ke da nufin ba da kulawa ga yara masu fama da nakasa daga iyalai masu karamin karfi a yankin Washington, D.C. gidauniya ta fara gina makarantar share fage na zamani zuwa aji shida. Sunan mahaifinsa, wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 2003, Cibiyar Kimiyya da Kasuwanci ta Samuel Mutombo, wadda ke wajen birnin Mbuji-Mayi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.[106][107]
Asibitin Biamba Marie Mutombo A shekara ta 1997, Gidauniyar Mutombo ta fara shirin bude asibiti na dala miliyan 29, mai gadaje 300 a gefen garinsu, babban birnin Congo na Kinshasa. An fara ginin a shekara ta 2001, amma ba a fara ginin ba har zuwa 2004, saboda Mutombo yana da matsala wajen samun gudummawa tun da wuri duk da cewa da kansa ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 3.5 don gina asibitin. 80] Da farko Mutombo yana da wasu matsaloli, kusan rasa ƙasar ga gwamnati saboda ba a amfani da ita kuma dole ne ya biya 'yan gudun hijirar da suka fara noma ƙasar don su tafi. Ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya don tabbatar wa wasu cewa ba shi da wata manufa ta siyasa ko siyasa don aikin. 80] An karɓi aikin sosai a duk matakan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Kinshasa. 80] A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2006, Mutombo ya ba da dala miliyan 15 don kammala asibitin don bikin buɗewa a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2006. A lokacin an kira shi Asibitin Biamba Marie Mutombo, don mahaifiyarsa ta marigayi, wacce ta mutu sakamakon bugun jini a shekarar 1997. 108] Lokacin da aka buɗe shi a 2007, cibiyar dala miliyan 29 ta zama cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta zamani ta farko da aka gina a wannan yankin cikin kusan shekaru 40. Asibitin nasa yana kan yanki mai girman eka 12 (49,000 m2) a gefen garin Kinshasa a Masina, inda kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mazaunan birnin miliyan 7.5 ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Yana da nisan minti kaɗan daga filin jirgin sama da ke birnin Kinshasa kuma yana kusa da wata kasuwa.
Cibiyar Tsarin Mulki ta Kasa Mutombo yana aiki a kwamitin amintattu na Cibiyar Tsarin Mulki ta Kasa a Philadelphia, wanda gidan kayan gargajiya ne da aka keɓe ga Amurka. Tsarin Mulki. 110]
Ƙungiyar Wasanni
A shekarar 2011, Mutombo ya kuma yi tafiya zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a matsayin jakadan wasanni na SportsUnited na Amurka. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. A wannan matsayin, ya yi aiki tare da Sam Perkins don jagorantar jerin asibitocin kwando da motsa jiki na ginin ƙungiya tare da matasa 50 da masu horarwa 36. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ba da gudummawa ga aikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen don cire shinge da ƙirƙirar duniya inda mutane da nakasa ke jin daɗin mutunci da cikakken shiga cikin al'umma. 111]
Ask The Doctor
A watan Afrilun 2020, Dikembe Mutombo a hukumance ya shiga ƙungiyar a Tambayi Likita a matsayin babban jami'in su na duniya. Tambayi Likita dandamali ne wanda ke haɗa mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya zuwa manyan likitoci da ƙwararrun likitocin lafiya.
Ci gaban tattalin arziki da daidaiton jinsi
A shekarar 2021, ya kirkiro kamfanin kofi mai suna, wanda da farko ya maida hankali kan Kongo, don bunkasa halartar mata masu shuka a kasuwancin duniya. 107]
Career summary and highlights 4-time NBA Defensive Player of the Year: 1995, 1997, 1998, 2001
8-time NBA All-Star: 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002
3-time All-NBA:
Second Team: 2001
Third Team: 1998, 2002
6-time All-Defensive:
First Team: 1997, 1998, 2001
Second Team: 1995, 1999, 2002
NBA All-Rookie First Team: 1992
2nd in Career NBA Blocks: 3,256
2-time NBA regular-season leader, rebounding average: 2000 (14.1), 2001 (13.5)
4-time NBA regular-season leader, total rebounds: 1995 (1029), 1997 (929), 1999 (610), 2000 (1157)
NBA regular-season leader, offensive rebounds: 2001 (307)
2-time NBA regular-season leader, defensive rebounds: 1999 (418), 2000 (853)
3-time NBA regular-season leader, blocked shots average: 1994 (4.1), 1995 (3.9), 1996 (4.5)
5-time NBA regular-season leader, total blocks: 1994 (336), 1995 (321), 1996 (332), 1997 (264), 1998 (277)
Invited to be a special guest at 2007 President George W. Bush's State of the Union address; commended for his humanitarian aid to his homeland
Oldest player in NBA history to collect over 20 rebounds in a game (40 years old, March 2, 2007 vs. Denver Nuggets)
Retired NBA alumnus in Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game.
Hall of Fame Class of 2015
NCAA Silver Anniversary Award (Class of 2016)
No. 55 retired by the Atlanta Hawks (November 24, 2015)
No. 55 retired by the Denver Nuggets (October 29, 2016)
Sager Strong Award (June 25, 2018)
Ƙididdigar aikin NBA
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1996
Rayayyun |
20051 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27idodin%20Jagora%20na%20Majalisar%20Dinkin%20Duniya%20kan%20Kasuwanci%20da%20%27Yancin%20Dan%20Adam | Ka'idodin Jagora na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam | Ka'idojin Jagora na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UNGPs) kayan aiki ne wanda ya kunshi ka'idoji 31 wadanda ke aiwatar da tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) "Kare, Mutuntawa da kuma Magance" kan batun' yancin dan adam da kungiyoyin kasashen ketare da sauran kamfanonin kasuwanci. Wanda Babban Sakataren Sakatare Janar (SRSG) John Ruggie ya haɓaka, waɗannan cia'idodin Jagoran sun ba da ƙa'idar farko ta duniya don hanawa da magance haɗarin mummunar tasiri game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da kasuwancin kasuwanci, kuma ci gaba da samar da tsarin da duniya ta yarda dashi don haɓaka ƙa'idodi da ayyuka game da kasuwanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2011, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya gaba daya ta amince da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ya sanya tsarin zama farkon shirin kare hakkin dan adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta amince da shi.
UNGPs sun kunshi ginshikai guda uku wadanda suka bayyana yadda yakamata jihohi da kasuwanci su aiwatar da tsarin:
Hakkin hukuma na kare hakkin dan adam
Hakkin kamfani na mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam
Samun damar magancewa ga wadanda aka ci zarafinsu da suka shafi kasuwanci
UNGPs sun sami tallafi sosai daga jihohi, kungiyoyin farar hula, har ma da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wannan ya kara tabbatar da matsayinsu a matsayin babban ginshikin duniya na kasuwanci da 'yancin dan adam. UNGP an san su bisa ka'ida da suna "Ruggie Principles" ko "Ruggie Framework" saboda marubucinsu da Ruggie, wanda ya ɗauki cikinsu kuma ya jagoranci aiwatar da shawarwarinsu da aiwatarwa.
Tarihi UNGPs sun zo ne sakamakon kokarin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi shekaru da dama na kirkirar mizanin 'yancin dan adam na duniya ga' yan kasuwa. A farkon shekarun 1970, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki ta bukaci Sakatare Janar ya kirkiro wani kwamiti don yin nazari kan tasirin kamfanonin kasashen duniya (TNCs) kan ayyukan ci gaba da alakar kasashen duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kirkiro Hukumar kan Hukumomin Kasa da Kasa a shekarar 1973, da nufin samar da tsarin gudanar da aiki na TNCs. Aikin Hukumar ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, amma kungiyar daga karshe ta kasa amincewa da lambar da za a iya yarda da ita saboda sabani iri-iri tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa. An rushe kungiyar a cikin 1994. Muhawara game da nauyin kasuwanci dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam ya zama sananne a cikin 1990s, yayin da kamfanonin mai, gas, da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai suka faɗaɗa zuwa yankuna masu wahala, kuma yayin da al'adar samar da kaya daga waje ba cikin sutura da takalmi ta jawo hankali ga matalauta masu aiki yanayi a cikin sassan duniya. Yawo daga waɗannan damuwar an ƙirƙiri wasu manyan abubuwa guda biyu.
A watan Agusta 1998, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ingantawa da Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam ya kafa Rukunin Aiki a kan Hukumomin Kasashen Duniya. Hakanan kungiyar Aiki tayi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi don haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na hukumomi. Zuwa 2003 sun kammala rubutun ƙarshe na "msa'idodi kan Hakkokin ofungiyoyin andasashe da Sauran Enteran Kasuwa game da 'Yancin Dan Adam" (Ka'idodin). Yayin da Ka'idoji suka sami tallafi daga wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamar Cibiyar Turai ta Uku (CETIM) ko Amnesty International, daftarin ya gamu da babbar adawa daga bangaren kasuwanci, kuma Hukumar kare hakkin dan adam a karshe ta yanke hukunci a 2004 cewa tsarin ba shi da wata doka tsaye.
A shekara ta 2005, a yunƙurin shawo kan rarrabuwar kawuna game da haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na kasuwanci, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta nemi nadin wakili na musamman na Sakatare-Janar (SRSG) kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da TNCs. A watan Yulin 2005, an nada farfesa Harvard John Ruggie a wannan matsayin na farkon shekaru biyu wanda daga nan aka kara shi zuwa karin shekara. A shekara ta 2008, bayan kammala aikinsa na farko na shekaru uku, Ruggie ya gabatar da kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da tsarin "Kare, Mutuntawa da kuma Magani" a matsayin hanya mai ma'ana don karfafa tattaunawar. Wannan tsarin ya fayyace aikin da Jiha ta ke da shi na karewa daga cin zarafin bil adama da ya shafi kasuwanci, da nauyin da ke kan kamfanoni na mutunta hakkin dan adam, da kuma bukatar karfafa hanyoyin samun dacewa da ingantattun magunguna ga wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin bil adama. Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ya yi maraba da rahoton Ruggie kuma ya tsawaita aikinsa har zuwa shekara ta 2011 tare da aikin "aiki da aiki" da "inganta" tsarin. Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ya nemi Ruggie da ya ba da shawarwari na zahiri kan yadda jihar za ta iya hana cin zarafin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, don yin karin bayani kan girman nauyin da ke kan kamfanoni, da kuma bincika zaɓuɓɓuka don ingantattun magunguna waɗanda ake samu ga waɗanda ayyukan kamfanoni ke shafar haƙƙin ɗan adam.A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, Ruggie ya gudanar da shawarwari masu yawa tare da kungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki ciki har da gwamnatoci, 'yan kasuwa, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ruggie yayi niyyar ƙirƙirar "mahimmin matsayi wanda tunanin 'yan wasan zai iya haɗuwa—wani tsari wanda ya fayyace nauyin da ya dace da 'yan wasan, kuma ya samar da tushe wanda tunani da aiki za su iya ginawa a kan lokaci Aikin Ruggie ya haifar da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam a watan Yunin 2011. Ruggie ya ce,
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam gaba daya ya amince da Ka'idodin Jagora, don haka ya kirkiri matakin farko na duniya kan wannan batun.
A watan Yunin 2011, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta zartar da kuduri mai lamba 17/4, ta amince da karshen wa'adin Ruggie a matsayin SRSG kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da TNCs da Sauran Masana'antu, kuma gabaɗaya ya amince da Ka'idodin Jagora wanda ya sanya su zama matattarar isharar duniya game da kasuwanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Allyari, Majalisar ta kafa ƙungiyar aiki don mai da hankali kan yaɗuwar duniya da aiwatar da Prina'idodin Jagora. OHCHR tana ba da tallafi mai gudana da shawarwari ga theungiyar Aiki, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun masana biyar masu zaman kansu, na daidaitaccen wakilcin yanki, na tsawon shekaru uku. Membobin Rukunin Aikin Yanzu sune Michael Addo, Alexandra Guaqueta, Margaret Jungk, Puvan Selvanathan, da Pavel Sulyandziga. Taro na farko kan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam ya gudana a ranar 4 zuwa 5 ga Disamba, 2012, a Geneva, Switzerland.
Ginshikan uku
Hakkin Jiha na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam Rukunin farko na Ka'idodin Jagora shine aikin jihar don karewa daga keta haƙƙin bil adama ta hanyar tsarawa, tsara manufofin, bincike, da aiwatarwa. Wannan ginshiƙi ya sake tabbatar da abubuwan da ake da su a halin yanzu a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin sanarwar 1948 ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam.
Batutuwa a yankunan da rikici ya shafa Yankin da ya kasance abin dubawa sosai a ƙarƙashin ginshiƙi na farko shi ne dangane da tallafawa mutunta kasuwanci na haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankunan da ke fama da rikici a ƙarƙashin jagorancin 7. Batun farko da ya bayyana game da wannan ƙa'idar ita ce fassarar kalmar "yankunan da rikici ya shafa". SRSG tayi amfani da wannan kalmomin don nuna niyyar faɗaɗa ƙa'idodin ɗaukar hoto fiye da ma'anar rikice-rikicen makamai a cikin dokar agaji ta duniya. Lokacin bayyana aikin ka'idar 7, dole ne a ba da la'akari ga iyakokin ma'anar sassauƙa waɗanda UNGP, a matsayin kayan aikin doka mai laushi, ke aiki da kuma mahimmancin tushen ka'idar. Inda batun tare da fassarar ka'ida ta 7 ta kasance game da wane irin rikici ne za'a bar shi daga ka'idar.
Wani yanki na rashin tabbas wanda ya kasance shine alaƙar da ke tsakanin 'mummunan zagi' da 'yankunan da rikici ya shafa' wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye kan zartar da ƙa'idar 7 ga manyan laifuka a cikin yankunan rikici wanda ke buƙatar jihohin ƙasashe su yi tasiri ga kamfanonin da ke aiki a yankin. Babban cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam na faruwa ne a yankunan rikici, da yankunan da ba a samun rikici, kamar a cikin Statesasashe masu taurin kai da mulkin kama-karya. Tambayar da aka sani a nan ita ce ko ƙa'ida ta 7 ta shafi manyan cin zarafi a yankunan da ba sa fama da rikici. Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idar 7 tana da aikace-aikace iri ɗaya a duk faɗin dimokiradiyya, masu iko, da Statesannun ƙasashe inda ake cin zarafin da suka samo asali yayin rikice-rikice ko kuma ƙa'idodin aikace-aikacen da ke dogaro da losingasar da rasa ikonsu akan yankinta.
Haɗin kan kamfanoni don girmamawa Dole ne 'yan kasuwa suyi aiki tare da himma don kaucewa keta haƙƙin wasu kuma don magance duk wani mummunan tasiri. UNGPs sun yarda cewa kamfanoni suna da ikon shafar kusan dukkanin haƙƙoƙin da duniya ta yarda da shi. Saboda haka, akwai nauyi a kan jiha da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su amince da rawar da suka taka wajen kiyayewa da kare hakkin dan adam. Yayin gudanar da aiki yadda ya kamata, UNGP na karfafawa kamfanoni gwiwa don gudanar da Tattaunawar Tasirin Yancin Dan Adam ta inda suke tantance hakikanin tasirin da suke da shi na hakkin dan adam.
Samun hanyar gyara idan ba'a kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba Rukunin na uku yana magana ne kan nauyin da jihar ke da shi na samar da damar yin gyara ta hanyar shari'a, gudanarwa, da kuma doka, da kuma alhakin kamfanoni na hanawa da kuma magance duk wata tauye hakkokin da suke bayarwa. Samun ingantattun hanyoyin koke-koke a wurin yana da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye hakkin jihar na karewa da kuma hakkin kamfanonin da su mutunta. UNGPs sun ayyana cewa hanyoyin da ba na shari'a ba, walau na jihohi ko masu zaman kansu, su kasance masu halal, masu sauki, wadanda ake iya hasashe, masu dacewa da hakki, daidaito, da kuma nuna gaskiya. Hakanan, ana ƙarfafa tsarin matakan Kamfani don aiki ta hanyar tattaunawa da haɗin gwiwa, maimakon tare da kamfanin da ke yin hukunci a kan ayyukansa.
Batutuwa tare da samun dama ga magungunan gida Batun da aka gabatar tare da ginshiƙi na uku na Ka'idodin Jagora shine ƙalubalen samar da magunguna masu inganci ga waɗanda abin ya shafa, musamman tare da maganin shari'a ga waɗanda ke fama da hukumomin ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke aiki a sama da jiha ɗaya. Ruggie ya lura da cewa Ka'idojin Jagora sun fi tasiri wajen gano rashin isashshen damar samun hanyar shari'a fiye da gyara shi. Ya isar da cewa inda ka'idojin da ke jagorantar suka yi karanci shi ne cewa sun dukufa ne don gano matsalolin da kuma karfafa Jihohi don shawo kansu, amma sun kasa tabbatar da hakan a aikace. Ka'idodin Jagora sun kasa fahimtar rashin daidaiton iko dangane da albarkatu da bayanai tsakanin wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin kamfanoni da kuma kamfanonin kansu. Wani batun kuma ya shafi Sharhi ne ga Ka'idar Jagora ta 2 wacce ta bayar da cewa "an yarda wa jihohin gida" da su dauki matakan tabbatar da samun magunguna. Wannan harshe ya sha suka mai yawa saboda rashin kunya da rashin fahimta inda wadanda ke cin zarafinsu ta hanyar manyan kamfanoni na yau da kullun ke fuskantar cikas na hanyoyin da ba za a iya magance su ba don magance su a cikin kasar da ke karbar bakuncin kuma ba su da wani waje da za su nemi taimako. Anan Ka'idodin Jagora sun kasa bayar da takamaiman jagora kan yadda za a bi hanyoyin da za a bi don magance matsalolin jihohin gida kuma sun kasa yin bayani dalla-dalla kan 'gibin shugabanci' don taimakawa jihohin cikin gida don aiwatar da hanyoyin tabbatar da kamfanoninsu ba su keta hakkin bil'adama a kasashen waje. Bugu da kari, masu sharhi sun kuma nuna damuwa game da nuna karfi kan hanyoyin da ba na shari'a ba da kuma hanyoyin son rai wadanda ba su bai wa wadanda abin ya shafa damar samun kariya daga cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam da ya shafi kasuwanci. Abin da aka ba da shawara shi ne cewa Ka'idodin Jagora ya kamata su kafa cikakkun magunguna waɗanda ke ɗaure doka da dacewa da haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na jihohi da 'yan kasuwa a cikin jihar mai karɓar bakunci da ƙasa ta asali. Ingantaccen localarfin gida shine zaɓin da aka fi so don tabbatar da samun damar gama gari ga magungunan shari'a a cikin dogon lokaci.
Amsawa da aiwatarwa UNGPs sun sami karɓuwa da tallafi daga jama'a da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanoni da yawa sun bayyana goyon bayansu a bainar jama'a. Misali, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya "goyi bayan" UNGPs sosai, yana kiran su "tushe da sassauƙa ga kamfanoni kamar namu", kuma General Electric ya rubuta cewa UNGPs "sun taimaka wajen fayyace bambancin matsayi da nauyi na jihohi da cibiyoyin kasuwanci a wannan yankin" kuma cewa "babu shakka za su zama fitila mai dorewa ga kamfanonin kasuwanci da ke neman (don) bunkasa ayyukansu da samfur bayarwa yayin girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam Har ila yau, UNGPs sun gamu da suka, musamman daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin dan adam irin su Human Rights Watch, wadanda ke jayayya da cewa rashin tsarin aiwatar da aiki, “ba za su iya bukatar kamfanoni da su yi komai ba kwata-kwata. Kamfanoni na iya ƙin ƙa'idodin kwata-kwata ba tare da sakamako ba-ko kuma su rungume su a bainar jama'a alhali ba su yin komai don aiwatar da su.
UNGPs sun kirkiro darussan ga dokar kasa da kasa, musamman game da rawar da wadanda ba ‘yan jihar ba suke takawa a dokar kasa da kasa da mahimmancin mahimman hanyoyin samun doka. Nasarar UNGPs na iya kasancewa sanadin rawar da 'yan wasan da ba na Gwamnati suka taka ba, musamman a wannan yanayin, neman' yan kasuwa. Abin da tasirin UNGPs yake nunawa shine ci gaban ƙa'idodin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa kamar waɗanda suka shafi diflomasiyya da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa za su ci gaba da samun gudummawa daga masu rawar Jiha. Koyaya, ci gaba a yankuna kamar dokar tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ke tasiri kai tsaye ga actorsan wasan da ba na Stateasa ba, na iya buƙatar wata hanya daban daga tsarin al'adun gargajiyar gargajiyar kuma zana daga abubuwan lura da abubuwan da ake yi na waɗanda ba 'yan jihar ba idan dokoki masu inganci. ne da za a halitta a cikin wadannan yankunan.
Kayan aiki ne mai ɗauke da doka Duk da tallafi daga jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wasu masu ruwa da tsaki sun yi tambaya kan ko UNGPs sun kafa kyakkyawan misali ga harkokin kasuwanci, suna jayayya cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya kamata su sami "wajibi" don fahimtar hakkoki, maimakon kawai "nauyi". Sauran sun ce UNGPs suna buƙatar babban tsarin aiwatar da lissafi wanda zai iya sanya tsarin aiwatar da doka. Magoya baya, duk da haka, suna kare UNGPs don ƙirƙirar yarjejeniya sosai fiye da kowane ƙoƙari na baya don ƙirƙirar kasuwancin duniya-haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Muhawara game da isasshen tsarin sassauƙan doka mai sauƙin kai wanda ke ɗaukar Prina'idodin Jagora, duk da haka, an sake buɗe shi a watan Satumba na 2013 lokacin da Ecuador, goyan bayan gwamnatoci 84 sun ba da shawarar kayan aiki na doka don ayyukan TNC don “samar da kariya mai dacewa, adalci da kuma magance wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na take hakkin dan adam kai tsaye da ya samo asali daga ko kuma yake da alaka da ayyukan wasu kamfanonin kasashen ketare da sauran kamfanonin kasuwanci.” Kiran ya samu goyon bayan sama da kungiyoyin farar hula 530 (CSOs) kuma a cikin watan Yunin 2014 ya sami goyon bayan mafi yawan Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya amince da kafa kungiyar hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen waje da aka ba wa izinin tsara abin da za a daure.
ikon yinsa Batun da Ruggie ya gabatar dangane da gabatar da wata yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam shine ke ƙayyade girman da girman wannan kayan aikin. Daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin shine cewa yarjejeniyar zata fi UNGPs tasiri a wasu fannoni na kasuwanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Misali, wata yarjejeniya tana iya bayyana a bayyane game da haƙƙin Indan Asalin ko kuma yarda da haƙƙin ma'aikata fiye da waɗanda aka kafa a cikin UNGPs. Akasin haka, Ruggie ya daɗe yana nuna ƙiyayyarsa ga duk wani yunƙuri na mayar da dukkanin harkokin kasuwanci da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a dunkule cikin manyan kayan aiki na ƙasa da ƙasa. Bayaninsa shi ne cewa kasuwanci da 'yancin ɗan adam ya ƙunshi matsaloli iri-iri da yawa, bambancin doka da na hukumomi, da kuma maslaha iri-iri tsakanin da tsakanin Jihohi. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a gina haɗin gwiwar gama gari da yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam a irin wannan matakin na toshewa ta yadda duk wani amfani da zai yi zai ragu. A wannan ma'anar, UNGPs sun fi dacewa saboda kasancewa "doka mai taushi" kayan aiki ya ba su damar zama cikakke kuma su yi kira ga Gwamnatoci.
Alaka da Ka'idodin Jagora Fatawar yarjejeniya mai ɗauke da doka ta haifar da tambayoyi game da yiwuwar tashin hankali tsakanin kayan aikin da aka tsara da UNGPs kuma tabbatar da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ba ya lalata ci gaban da aka samu a ƙarƙashin UNGPs. Masu shakka game da wata yarjejeniya mai ɗaure kai ta jaddada bukatar fahimtar haɗarin da ke tattare da wata yarjejeniya mara kyau wacce za ta haifar da batutuwa daga mahangar ƙungiyoyin farar hula kamar samun ƙa'idodi waɗanda jihohi za su iya yarda da su sosai, amma rashin tsabta a cikin abin da suke buƙata a aikace. Sabanin haka, wasu sun isar da cewa kayan aiki tare tare da wasu manufofi, kamar su UNGPs, za su ci gaba da bunkasa dokokin kasa da kasa a wannan fannin domin zai iya taimakawa kayan aikin da ake da su. Wannan hangen nesan yana nuna wata yarjejeniya da aka gabatar ta zama bangare daya a cikin babban tsari mai tasowa da nufin daidaita kasuwanci da 'yancin dan adam.
Tilasta doka Wani mahimmin batun da aka gabatar shi ne yadda za a aiwatar da irin wannan yarjejeniyar, ganin rashin isar da karfi ya nuna a matsayin babban gazawar UNGPs. Ruggie, a cikin tunanin sa na tambaya kan shin haƙiƙa mai yiwuwa shine ya kafa kotun ƙasa da ƙasa don ƙungiyoyi ko kuma irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin za su iya aiwatar da su. A cikin binciken nasa, Ruggie ya goyi bayan tsohon yana mai bayyana cewa inda wata Jiha ta amince da yarjejeniya, tuni tana da hakkoki na kare mutane daga keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da wasu keɓaɓɓu ke yi a cikin yankunansu. Don haka don ƙara kowane sabon ƙima, tanadi na aiwatar da yarjejeniya dole ne ya ƙunshi ikon ƙetare ikon mulki wanda, duk da goyan bayan wasu ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar aiwatar da jihohi ya zama hanyar da ba za a amince da ita ba don magance take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kasashen da ba su amince da wata muhimmiyar hanyar UN da ILO ba game da hakkin dan adam ba su da wuyar tallafawa ko tilasta aiwatar da yarjejeniya da ke ɗaukar nauyi a kan ayyukan ƙasashen ƙetare na MNCs ɗinsu.
Duba kuma Haɗin kan jama'a
Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwancin 'Yancin Dan Adam don UNGP
OHCHR Yanar gizo don Kungiyar Aiki kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kungiyoyin Kasashen waje
Cikakken Rubutun Ka'idodin Jagora
Rahoton kan Aiwatar da UNGP Jagora na shari'a ga 'Ka'idodin Jagora' akan Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Kawancen Yarjejeniya: kungiya ce ta duniya don yarjejeniya mai |
33984 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gembu%2C%20Najeriya | Gembu, Najeriya | Gembu birni ne, da ke a yankin Plateau na Mambilla, a Jihar Taraba, a Najeriya. Ita ce hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar Sardauna (tsohon "Mambilla") a jihar Taraba.
Zaune a matsakaicin tsayi na kusan sama da matakin teku, yana daga cikin manyan biranen Najeriya.
Tarihi An yi imani tun da daɗewa cewa mutanen farko na mazaunan Mambilla Plateau su ne zuriyar kakannin Bantu. Sun zama mutanen Bantu waɗanda suka zauna a Gembu na zamani bayan faɗaɗa Bantu a faɗin Afirka daga 4000 zuwa 3500 KZ.
Wuri Gembu, sunan gudanarwa na Garin Mambilla na Bommi, an cire shi ne daga sunan wani tsohon sarkin garin da aka fi sani da 'Gelmvu'. Ana samun garin ne a yankin Mambilla dake yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar Taraba, kusa da kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru. Bantuists sun yi imanin cewa mutanen da ke zaune a yankin Mambilla da maƙwabtansu zuriyar kakannin Proto-Bantu ne waɗanda suka mamaye yankin gaba ɗaya kafin faɗaɗa Bantu. Sun zama Bantu ko Bantoid mutanen da suka rage bayan babban rarrabuwar kawuna da kuma fadada Bantu a duk faɗin Afirka tun daga 2000 BC (ana kwatanta su da 'Bantu waɗanda suka zauna a gida'). Wannan wani yanki ne daga littafin Yankin Mambilla a Tarihin Afirka .Ya zuwa yanzu babban abin da ya fi ɗaukar hankali a tarihin Afirka shi ne ƙabilanci da yaɗuwar al'ummar Bantu da ke haɗe da yankin Mambilla na iyakokin Najeriya da Kamaru (Yankin Mambillobantu) a yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya. Faɗaɗa Bantu, wanda hukumomi da yawa suka yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga wannan yanki bayan 2000 BC har zuwa kimanin 1500 AD, ya haifar da haɓaka sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka ta hanyar rukuni ɗaya na Afirka, Bantus, wanda ya shafi wasu ƙasashe talatin na Afirka a yau. Galibin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin tsakiya da kudancin Najeriya da Kamaru, da kudancin Kamaru, da tsakiya, da gabas da kuma kudancin Afirka a yau, sakamakon fadada Bantu ne daga wannan yankin ko kuma sakamakon haɗewar da 'yan gudun hijirar Bantu suka yi da Nilo. Saharawa da Kushites (kamar a cikin ƴan al'ummomi a Gabashin Afirka) ko Bantu da Pygmies (kamar a wasu al'ummomi a tsakiyar Afirka). Daya daga cikin kowane 'yan Afirka uku a yau shine Bantoid. Yankin Mambilla shi kansa ba a ƙaura ba kwata-kwata, kuma yankin har yanzu yana hannun al'ummar Mambilloid masu magana da harshen Macro-Bantu waɗanda ke wakiltar ragowar wannan babban faɗuwar Afirka. Garin Bommi (Gembu) yana da daga kwarin Kyiumdua ko Donga River Mutane Asali, mazaunan Bommi kawai su ne 'Bom-bo' ko Tungbo Clan na Mambilla. Sun zama mutanen Bommi na gaskiya. Bommi sune tsakiyar rukunin faffadan Tungbo da suka haɗa da Mbubo, Ngebo (daga Lenge zuwa arewa maso yamma kamar Tumbuà, Jimau, Nasò, Ngùng, Yénájù Plain, abd Furrmi), Gulkal, Mverip, Kwubo, da Saan Cradle daga wanda duk suka faɗaɗa. Hakanan ana samun tsaga daga Tungbo a Liimila (Mbamnga), Mvurr (Warwar), Tem, Niggi, da Ngunochin. A yau, garin Bommi (Gembu), kasancewar hedkwatar wata ƙaramar hukuma, ya jawo hankulan al’umma daban-daban na ƙabilanci, wanda hakan ya sa garin ya yi kama da kowa. Mutanen da suka fito daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya sun mayar da garin gidansu. Ana kuma iya samun baƙin hauren Kamaru a garin. Ƙaramar hukumar da aka fi sani da "Mambilla" a tsawon tarihinta na da da daɗewa, sai Col. Jega, mai alaƙa da “Sardaunan Sakkwato” Ahmadu Bello, lokacin da ya zama Gwamnan Soja na tsohuwar Jihar Gongola a shekarar 1976. An yi watsi da wannan kuskuren a jamhuriya ta biyu (1979-1983) kuma an dawo da tsohon sunan "Mambilla". Sai dai kuma a karo na biyu a shekarar 1984 Jega ya sake ɗora sunan “Sardauna” a wannan Ƙaramar Hukumar ba bisa ƙa’ida ba (wanda aka fi sani da “Mambilla Landschaft”, “Lardin Mambilla”, “Mambilla-Gashaka Native Authority”)., Mambilla Division and "Mambilla Local Authority"). Jega ya ɗora wa “Sardauna” mummunar suna duk da cewa ba tarihi ba ne kuma ba gaskiya ba ne. Shi ya sa Mubi, Ganye, Toungo, Michika da duk wasu yankunan da aka fi sani da "Lardin Sardauna" suka koma amfani da sunayensu na gaskiya da na gaskiya.
Ƙabilar Mambila ita ce ƙabila guda mafi girma a garin, sai Kaka, sai kuma Hausa-Fulani, manyan masu kiwon dabbobin tudu. Ƙabilar Mambilla, ’yan asalin wannan Filato, su kaɗai ne mazauna garin har lokacin da mulkin mallaka ya shiga. Ana kyautata zaton sun kasance a wannan yankin shekaru dubu biyar da suka wuce. A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, mai yiwuwa Kaka (Yamba) na farko ya isa Plateau a “farkon zamanin Jamus” amma ba a lura da shi ba har zuwa 1928, yayin da ziyarar kiwo na farko da Fulani makiyaya suka kai a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. A cewar Percival, “Ba wani Bafulatani da ya zauna a Filaton Mambilla sai bayan Turawan Ingila”. An ƙiyasta cewa kashi 85% na Mambilla Plateau ya ƙunshi rukunin Mambilla kuma adadin ya haura 500,000 a duniya. Haka kuma akwai ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da dama, musamman ’yan kasuwa da mata daga sassan Najeriya da Kamaru, waɗanda ake iya samun su suna kasuwanci a yankin Filato na Mambilla, irin su Igbo, Hausawa, Bansos, da Kambus.
Dama Duk da cewa a baya hanyoyin da suka kai Garin Bommi (Gembu) da ke Mambilla Plateau ba su da kyau sosai, kuma tafiya garin daga wasu sassan Najeriya ke da wahala, matsalar sufuri ta samu sauƙi sosai inda aka gina babbar hanyar Mambilla da ta haɗa tudu da tudu. Ƙasashen yamma da arewacinta. Ayyukan titin da gwamnatin jihar Taraba ta fara a shekarar 2012 ya ƙara samun kyakkyawan fata na samun sauƙin sadarwa da sauran sassan Najeriya.
Manazarta Jihar taraba
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
60645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin%20Inganta%20Makamashi%20na%20CRC | Shirin Inganta Makamashi na CRC | Shirin Inganta Makamashi na CRC (CRC, wanda a da shi ne ƙaddamar da Rage Carbon) wani tsari ne na rage yawan iskar carbon da ke cikin United Kingdom wanda ya shafi manyan kungiyoyi masu karfin makamashi a cikin jama'a da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. An ƙiyasta cewa shirin zai rage hayaƙin carbon da tan miliyan 1.2 na carbon a kowace shekara nan da shekarar 2020. A yunƙurin guje wa sauyin yanayi mai haɗari, Gwamnatin Biritaniya ta fara ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da iskar carbon ta Burtaniya da kashi 60% nan da 2050 (idan aka kwatanta da matakan 1990), kuma acikin Oktoba 2008 ya ƙara wannan alƙawarin zuwa 80%. An kuma yi la'akari da tsarin da haɓɓaka buƙatun kayayyaki da ayyuka masu amfani da makamashi.
An sanar da CRC acikin 2007 Energy White Paper, wanda aka buga a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2007. Tattaunawar da akayi a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna goyon baya mai ƙarfi don ya zama wajibi, maimakon na son rai. An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa a ƙarƙashin ikon ba da damar a cikin Sashe na 3 na Dokar Canjin Yanayi na 2008. An ƙaddamar da shawarwari kan aiwatar da shirin a watan Yuni 2007. An gabatar da tsarin a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin Inganta Makamashi na CRC na 2010.
Gwamnatin Conservative ta janye shirin a 2019.
Teburin gasar wasan kwaikwayo An buga tebur wasan wasan farko a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2011. Ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin aikin farkon shirin, wanda shine ma'auni na ingantaccen sarrafa makamashi kafin kafa tushen makamashi. Anan gaba tebur zaiyi amfani da girma da cikakken ma'auni daga wannan tushe. Ana sa ran teburin zai kasance da amfani musamman ga masu saka hannun jari masu ɗa'a da kore. An jera manyan samfuran da yawa a cikin teburin League ciki har da manyan manyan kantuna huɗu, Asda(37),Morrisons(56), Tesco (93),da Sainsbury's (164).Acikin dukkanin kungiyoyi 22 sun raba matsayi na farko, labarun labarai sun mayar da hankali kan gaskiyar cewa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United tana daya daga cikin wadanda ke saman tebur.An sanar da cewa bayan Yuli 2013, ba za'a sake buga waɗannan wasannin gasar ba, kuma a maimakon haka za'a maye gurbinsu da littafin amfani da makamashi da fitar da mahalarta ke yi.
Rufewa Shirin na CRC zai shafi kungiyoyin da ke da wutar lantarki ta rabin sa'a fiye da MWh 6,000 a kowace shekara. Ƙungiyoyin da suka cancanci CRC zasu sami duk amfanin makamashin da tsarin ya rufe, gami da hayaƙi daga amfani da makamashi kai tsaye da kuma siyan wutar lantarki. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ciki harda sarƙoƙin otal, manyan kantuna, bankuna, gwamnatin tsakiya da manyan Hukumomin cikin gida galibi suna faɗuwa ƙasa da madaidaicin tsarin ciniki na Emissions na Tarayyar Turai, amma suna da kusan kashi 10% na iskar carbon na Burtaniya. Tushen da tsarin ciniki na Makamashi na EU ya rufe da kuma yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ba za'a keɓance shi daga CRC ba, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin da ke da fiye da kashi 25% na hayaƙin su suka rufe ta yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi.
Mitoci rabin sa'a (HHM) suna rikodin amfani da wutar lantarki na kowane rabin sa'a na kowace rana, kuma gabaɗaya suna bada wannan bayanan ga mai siyarwa ta atomatik ta hanyar haɗin waya. Wasu kungiyoyi masu yawan amfani da makamashi na shekara-shekara ba sa amfani da HHM, saboda kayayyakinsu galibi kan farashi ne mara iyaka ko Tattalin Arziki 7 (rana/dare ko 'mare da kuma karshen mako'). Koyaya, ƙila duk da haka dole ne su samar da 'rahoton sawun ƙafa'.
Hanyoyin aiki Ko da yake ya zama dole, CRC za ta ƙunshi tabbatar da kai na fitar da hayaƙi, wanda aka goyi bayan binciken tabo, sabanin tabbatarwa na ɓangare na uku. Za'a yi gwanjon izinin fitar da hayaƙi maimakon kakanni (kamar yadda aka yi a farkon tsarin ciniki na Emissions Trading Scheme). Shawarar ta asali ta yi hasashen tsarin sake amfani da kudaden shiga, duk da haka an cire wannan don tallafawa kudaden jama'a bayan cikakken nazari na kashe kudi. Gwamnati ta sanar a cikin kasafin kudin alawus farashin £12/tCO2 don siyarwa ta farko. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi tallace-tallacen farashi guda biyu acikin shekarar farko ta tsarin.
Sauƙaƙe A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2011 Gwamnati ta sanar da shawarwarin ta na farko game da sauƙaƙa tsarin. Wannan ya fito ne daga tsarin tattaunawar da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Sauyin yanayi ta fara gudanarwa tun daga watan Janairu, wanda ke mayar da martani ga damuwar kungiyoyin dake shiga cikin shirin cewa yana da sarkakiya da yawa kuma hakan ya sanya bin ka'ida cikin wahala da tsada. Za'a buga daftarin shawarwarin majalisa a farkon 2012 don tuntubar jama'a na yau da kullun wanda zai gyara tsarin CRC da ke akwai. Daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin za su kasance, cigaba da siyar da ƙayyadaddun farashi (maimakon gwanjon alawus-alawus a cikin tsarin da aka kayyade) zuwa kashi na biyu, kamar yadda kwamitin Canjin Yanayi ya ba da shawarar, samar da kasuwanci tareda sassaucin ra'ayi ta hanyar barin ƙungiyoyi su shiga a matsayin rukunin kasuwanci na halitta., rage yawan man fetur da ke ƙarƙashin tsarin daga 30 zuwa 4, cire ƙayyadaddun tsarin 90% da ka'idojin CCA, yayin da ake samun sakamako iri ɗaya) da kuma rage haɗuwa da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati kamar EU Emission Trading Scheme Yarjejeniyar Canjin Yanayi.
Suka An ba da shawarar cewa tasirin CRC yana iyakance ta hanyar haɗuwa da EU ETS. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa yayin da kamfanoni ke rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki, tashoshin wutar lantarki suna samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki don haka suna buƙatar ƙarancin Alawus na EU; sauran hukumomin da ETS ke rufe su sannan zasu iya amfani da waɗannan alawus ɗin don fitar da kansu. An bada shawarar cewa a cire alawus-alawus daga ETS daidai da rage wutar lantarki da akayi a karkashin CRC.
Duba kuma Dokar Canjin Yanayi 2008
The Green Deal
Yarjejeniyar Canjin Yanayi
Izinin jari
Manufar makamashi ta Burtaniya
Amfani da makamashi da kiyayewa a cikin Burtaniya
Wajibancin Sabuntawa
Shirin Sauyin Yanayi na Burtaniya
Tariff ɗin ciyarwa a cikin Burtaniya
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50541 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair%20Braverman | Blair Braverman | Blair Braverman (an haifeta a shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan 'yar ƙasar Amurka ne, 'yar tseren karnuka, musher, marubuciyar shawara kuma marubuciyar almara. Tayi tsere kuma ta kammala Iditarod na shekara ta 2019, tseren karnuka daga Anchorage zuwa Nome, Alaska A cikin shekarar 2016, Ƙungiyar Masana'antu tawaje ta zaɓi Braverman amatsayin ɗaya daga cikin Outdoor 30 Under 30 list and Publishers Weekly called Braverman a "21st century Feminist Reincarnation of Jack London Fagenta An haifi Braverman a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1988, 'yar masanin kimiyyar bincike Jana Kay Slater kuma malamin jami'a kuma marubuci Marc Braverman. An reneta Bayahudiya a tsakiyar kwarin California Lokacin data kai shekaru goma, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Norway na tsawon shekara guda don binciken mahaifinta game da cikakken dokar hana shan taba a ƙasar. Braverman ta halarci makarantun gida. Komawa zuwa Davis, California, Braverman ta gama karatunta, gami da lokaci amatsayin ɗalibar musayar a Lillehammer, Norway. Lokacin bazara a Camp Tawonga, sansanin Yahudawa kusa da Yosemite, daga baya ta halarci makarantar jama'a ta Scandinavia a Mortenhals, shirin kasuwanci na shekara guda na gargajiya, kuma tayi karatun kare kare da tsirar hunturu. Ta koma Amurka ashekara ta 2007, inda ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Colby a shekara ta 2011. Lokacin da take makaranta, tana da labaran da aka buga a cikin gida da na ƙasa, a cikin mujallu da jaridu. Ta kumayi lokacin bazara biyu tana aiki a matsayin jagorar karnuka akan glacier a Alaska Daga baya Braverman ta sami Jagora na Fine Arts a cikin ƙirƙira ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Iowa, inda ita ma ta kasance ƴar Fasaha. Ta kasance mazauniyarzama a Cibiyar Blue Mountain da MacDowell Colony Tana zaune tare da abokin aikinta, Quince Mountain, a Mountain, Wisconsin Adventure da aikin rubutu A cikin shekara ta 2016, Braverman ta buga Barka da zuwa Goddamn Ice Cube, abin tunawa game da yarinta da abubuwan dasuka faru na arewa da kuma nazarin hanyoyin da maza da mata suke bida yanayi mai tsanani da juna. Braverman ta tattauna matsalolin ba kawai daga blizzards, keɓewa da namun daji ba,har ma daga jima'i da tashin hankali da mata masu sha'awar sha'awa ke fuskanta acikin filin da maza suka mamaye tana bambanta abin tunawa daga labarun balaguro da tarihin gano kai. A gabatarwar littafin, Masu Buga Makowa sun kira Braverman da "reincarnation na mata na Jack London na karni na 21" kuma O, Mujallar Oprah ta ba da shawarar littafin. Ta kuma rubuta labarai game da jinsi, al'amurran da suka shafi trans, da cinzarafi akan layi Itace edita mai bada gudummawa ga Mujallar Waje, tare da rukunin shawarwari na yauda kullun da ake kira Ƙauna mai Tauri dake hulɗa da dangantaka da waje. Har ila yau, aikin Braverman ta bayyana acikin Atavist, BuzzFeed, da Smithsonian, dai sauransu. Braverman tayi aiki a gidan wanka Tayi horo don shekara ta 2018 Iditarod kuma ta kammala shekara ta 2019 Iditarod, ta ƙare 36th. Itace kawai mace Bayahudiya ta biyu da ta kammala tseren.
Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai Acikin shekarar 2015, an nuna Braverman akan nunin rediyo na jama'a Wannan Rayuwar Amurkawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin "Face Game." Braverman ta bayyana a wani shiri na musamman na Gano Tsirara da Tsoro acikin shekara ta 2019, ƙwarewar data rubuta game da shi dalla-dalla don Waje Hakanan acikin shekara ta 2019, ta kasance baƙowa a Nunin Yau Bayan bayyanarta, Harry Smith taci gaba da bin kokarinta na Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race; kuma a mako mai zuwa ta nuna wani wuri game da ƙungiyarta, waɗanda suka tara sama da $100,000 ga makarantun gwamnati na Alaska yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe mai suna #igivearod. Yaƙin neman zaɓe yaci gaba da tara kuɗi don dalilai a yankunan karkarar Alaska kowace shekara.
Acikin shekara ta 2021, tafito a kan New York Times Sway podcast, inda itada ma masaukin baki Kara Swisher suka tattauna rayuwa da juriya.
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1988
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20403 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Shakatawa%20na%20Korup | Filin Shakatawa na Korup | Filin shaƙatawa na Korup yana cikin lardin Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru kuma ya faɗaɗa fiye da 1,260 km 2 na galibi gandun daji na farko da ba a daidaita shi ba. Shi ne mashahuri ɗaya daga mafi tsufa a Afirka da kuma arziki na wurare masu zafi gandun daji cikin sharuddan na fure da faunal bambancin. Ita ce mafi kyawun filin shakatawa na ƙasar da ke cikin ƙasar Kamaru tare da kayan aiki na yau da kullun da kuma manyan hanyoyin da aka buɗe wa baƙi. Wurin shakatawa shahararren wurin kallon tsuntsaye ne kuma sananne ne ga kuma kallon birrai (gami da nau'ikan halittu irin su rawar soja, da jan launi na Preuss, guenon mai jan kunne da Najeriya chimpanzee Masu bincike daga fannoni daban-daban suna gudanar da nazarin ilmin halitta a cikin Korup sama da shekaru talatin, suna samar da bayanai masu yawa game da yanayin halittar dazuzzuka.
Wuri Filin shakatawa na Korup yana cikin lardin kudu maso yamma na Kamaru tsakanin ahaus N da 8 42 'zuwa 9 16' E. Yana da 50 kilomita daga cikin Bight of Biafra, 20 kilomita daga gefen dausayin mangrove na mashigar Rio Del Rey kuma wani yanki yayi iyaka da Najeriya. Ya ƙaru a kan 1,260 km 2 na galibin gandun dajin da ke kusa da kasa kuma yana dab da dajin Ejagham a arewa da kuma ɓangaren Oban Hills na Kwarin Ketare na Kasa na Najeriya zuwa yamma. Kusa amma ba masu haɗuwa da wurin shaƙatawa ba sune Rumpi Hills da Nta Ali Forest Reserve.
Tarihi Asalin an ware yankin a matsayin ajiyar gandun daji a shekarar 1937. A cikin 1986, an bayyana Korup a matsayin wurin shaƙatawa na ƙasa ta Dokar Shugaban Kasa No.86-1283 bayan kamfen na shekaru goma wanda Dokta J Stephen Gartlan, Phil Agland da Gidauniyar Duniya suka jagoranta. Fim din Phil Agland wanda ya sami lambar yabo Korup: An Rainforest na Afirka, wanda aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya a watan Nuwamba 1982 kuma daga baya a duk duniya, ya kawo ilimin halittu na Korup ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma ya jagoranci kamfen din wanda shine tabbatar da gudummawar Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta farko of 440,000 ta hanyar ODA zuwa kiyaye dazuzzuka a 1986. A cikin 1987, aikin na Korup, wanda aka ba da tallafi na duniya don aikin kiyayewa da haɓakawa, ya ba da tallafi ga sabon wurin shakatawa da aka kafa. Yankin aikin na Korup ya hada da yankin tallafi da kuma gandun daji na Ejagham, Nta Ali da Rumpi Hills. A cikin 2003, aikin Korup ya ƙare, ya bar Gudanar da Parkasa ta Kasa ba tare da taimakon kuɗi da kayan aiki ba. Wannan ya shafi ikon gudanarwar shakatawa don kare lafiyar namun daji daga farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006 duk da haka, Filin shakatawa na Ƙasa na Korup yana daya daga cikin ɓangarori uku da aka fi mayar da hankali kan "Shirin Gudanar da Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ƙasa Lardin Kudu Maso Yamma" (PSMNR-SWP), hadin gwiwar bangarorin biyu tsakanin Gwamnatin Kamaru da Jamus. Tare da sabunta hankali da tallafi da aka baiwa Korup National Park, masu sintirin hana farauta sun zama na yau da kullun. A matsayinta na abokiyar kawance a PSMNR-SWP, WWF-Kamaru na da rawar ba da shawara kan kiyayewa da ilmin kula da muhalli a yankin Korup, yayin da Hukumar Bunkasa Ci gaban Jamus (DED) ke lura da ayyukan ci gaban karkara.
Gudanarwa A tsarin mulki, galibin gandun dajin na Korup suna karkashin ikon Yankin Ndian na Lardin Kudu maso Yamma, Kamaru. Ma'aikatar kula da gandun daji da namun daji ta Kamaru ce ke kula da dajin. Gudanar da wurin shakatawa a halin yanzu yana dauke da Conservator da kimanin masu tsaron wasa 27. Hedikwatar tana cikin garin Mundemba, wanda yake 8 kilomita gabas daga ƙofar kawai ta tashar shakatawa a gadar Mana. Filin gadin wasa yana nan a gada. Cibiyar yaɗa labaran yawon shakatawa tana tsakiyar garin Mundemba. An kirkiro da wani tsarin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru biyar ga Korup a 2002, yana mai bayyana cewa babban burin wurin shakatawa shine kiyaye halittu masu yawa da mutuncin duk wani tsari na zahiri da na muhalli na gandun dajin Korup. Wannan za a cimma shi ne ta hanyar tilasta bin doka, inganta ayyukan amfani da kasa mai dorewa da ci gaban karkara a tsakanin al'ummomin karkara, da kuma tallafawa karamin yawon shakatawa mai tasirin muhalli wanda zai haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewar jama'a ga mazauna yankin.
Yanayi Korup yana da yanayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi tare da yanayi biyu maimakon huɗu: lokacin rani mai bayyana daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu tare da yawan ruwan sama na wata ƙasa da 100 mm da kuma wani tsawan lokaci mai tsananin zafi kamar daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara tsakanin 1973 da 1994 ana aunawa kusa da yankin kudu maso gabashin wurin shakatawa ya kai kimanin 5,272 mm (zangon 4,027-6,368 mm). Ruwan sama mai tsananin gaske yawanci a watan Agusta (wasu shekaru sun wuce 10,000 mm). Zazzaɓi ya ɗan bambanta kaɗan a cikin shekara tare da ma'anar matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata a lokacin rani kasancewar 31.8 C kuma a lokacin damina 30.2 C. Sassan arewacin wurin shakatawa suna karɓar raƙuman ruwa ƙwarai da gaske 2500-3000 mm).
Tsarin ƙasa Asa Korup gabaɗaya ba su da hatsi, yashi, sanannu kuma sun sami ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki. Yanayin yanayinsu na acid da karancin kwayoyin halitta ya sanya basu dace da wuraren noman rani da gonakin noman kuɗi ba, suna bayanin karancin damuwar noma a wurin shakatawar, wanda ya kasance mafi yawanci gandun daji na farko. Hawan gandun dajin ya yi ƙasa (m 50) a ɓangaren kudanci, yana hawa a hankali zuwa arewa tare da ƙara ƙasa mai tsaunuka, har ya kai matsayinsa mafi girma a dutsen. Yuhan (1,079 m) kusa da tsohuwar wurin da ƙauyen Ikondokondo ya kaura yanzu. A arewa, ana nuna yanayin ƙasa da tsaunuka masu juyawa tare da gangare masu laushi. Yawancin (82%) na wurin shakatawa suna cikin tsawa daga 120 zuwa 850 m.
Tsananin hanyoyin rafuka sun kwashe yankin Korup zuwa manyan tsarukan ruwa guda uku: a) Kogin Korup da Akpassang, b) Kogin Ndian, da c) Kogin Bake-Munaya. Yawancin ƙananan ƙananan rafuka a cikin KNP suna bushe lokaci-lokaci a lokacin ganiyar lokacin rani.
Kasancewar mutum A yanzu haka akwai ƙauyuka biyar da ke cikin KNP tare da yawan jama'a a cikin 1999 na kusan mutane 900 (Erat: 447, Esukutan: 202, Ikenge: 179, Bareka-Batanga: 52, da Bera: 26). A shekarar 2000, an sake tsugunar da ƙauyen Ikup na Ikondokondo (Ekundukundu?) A wajen wurin shakatawa a wani ɓangare na shirin dakatarwa a halin yanzu na sake tsugunar da dukkan ƙauyukan. Akwai ƙarin ƙauyuka 23 cikin 3 km daga iyakar KNP, yankin da galibi ake kira da ƙungiyar Yankin KNP (PZ). Haɗin ƙauyukan KNP da ƙauyukan PZ sun kai kusan 2,700 tare da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 2 km 2 Babban ayyukan rayuwa a yankunan karkara shine abinci da noman tsabar kuɗi (dabinon mai, koko), kamun kifi, farauta kuma, zuwa wani lokaci, kasuwanci.
Bambancin halittu Dazuzzuka na Korup sun kasance tsoffin da wadatattun kayan tarihi, bayan sun tsira daga lokacin bushewar yankin Pleistocene a matsayin ɓangare na Kuros Riba-Mayombe Refugium. Letouzey ya tsara kayan lambu a matsayin gandun dajin Biafran na bakin teku wanda ya mamaye bishiyoyin Caesalpinioideae, dangin Leguminosae Babu wata hujja ta wata fitina ta tarihin ɗan adam kuma aƙalla ɓangaren kudancin wurin shakatawar na iya zama dajin farko. A fure, Korup yana da wadataccen arziki tare da bishiyoyi sama da 1,100, bishiyar shrub, herb da liana wanda aka bayyana zuwa yau da kuma matakan endemism (30%). Manyan bishiyoyi masu tasowa, wadanda suka kai tsayinsu zuwa 50 m, suna huda mafi yawan ci gaba amma rashin daidaiton labulen da galibi Annonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Olacaceae, Scytopetalaceae da Verbenaceae bishiyoyi kusan 15 zuwa 25 m. Launin da ke ƙasa yana da kyau sosai tare da lianas da ƙananan bishiyoyi (waɗanda Rubiaceae ke mamaye da su), yayin da keɓaɓɓen layin (musamman Acanthaceae, Araceae, Commelinaceae, Graminae, Marantaceae, Rubiaceae, da Zingiberaceae) galibi ba su da yawa. Tsarin tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire a cikin Korup suna da yanayi mai ƙarfi tare da furanni galibi waɗanda ke faruwa tsakanin Janairu zuwa Yuli (tsaka-tsakin Maris zuwa Mayu), sannan lokutan 'ya'yan itace masu girma. Matsayin furanni da 'ya'yan itace ya banbanta sosai tsakanin shekaru don yawancin jinsuna. 'Ya'yan' ya'yan itace suna faruwa a tsakanin lokaci fiye da shekara guda.
Fauna Daular Korup ta kasance ɗayan dazuzzuka na Afirka da suka fi dacewa ta fuskar wadatar arziƙi da bambancin rayuwa, musamman ma ga tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da amphibians da butterflies A jinsin jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa kunshi 161 nau'in a 33 iyalansu, wadda Primate al'umma lissafinsu 14 jinsunan (8 diurnal da kuma 6 nocturnal Kayan yawon buɗe ido Filin shaƙatawa na Korup yana daya daga cikin yankuna masu kariya da ke dazuzzuka a Kamaru. Tafiya na rana ko tafiye-tafiye na rana da yawa za a iya shirya daga garin Mundemba, ta hanyar ziyartar ofishin ba da sanarwar yawon buɗe ido da ke tsakiyar garin. Ana ba da izinin shiga cikin wurin shakatawa ne kawai tare da jagorar gida. Akwai tsayayyun yini, na dare, zango da kuma jagorar dako. Akwai shafuka uku na sansanin da aka bude wa masu yawon buɗe ido, inda baƙi za su iya shirya zama ko dai a tanti (kawo naka) ko a ɗaya daga cikin masaukin (tare da gadaje na katako na asali windows na da sauƙin dubawa). Kowane rukunin sansanin yana kusa da rafi wanda yake matsayin tushen ruwan dafa abinci (tafasa ko matatar sha) da kuma wanka mai wartsakewa. Akwai gidan wanka na rami na asali.
Matsayin Ƙungiyar Jama'a (ƙungiya mai zaman kanta) Ƙungiyar kula da yanayin ruwan sama ta Al'ummar Korup (KRCS) tana ba da shawarwarin kiyayewa da kuma ba da gudummawar ƙungiyoyin kula da gandun daji a yankin. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi yawancin mutane masu son kiyaye-kiyaye gida da kuma wasu membobin girmamawa (daga sassa daban-daban na duniya) waɗanda ke da ƙwarin gwiwa don ba da gudummawar ƙwarewar su don tabbatar da amincin gandun dajin damina ta hanyar binciken matsaloli masu buƙata da kuma kara shigar da mazauna yankin cikin ayyukan kiyayewa a wani yunƙurin na rage rikice-rikice da inganta rayuwar mazauna yankin. Tunda 2009 KRCS ta kasance mai taimakawa sosai wajen taimaka wa masu bincike masu zuwa tare da jagoranci, neman izinin aikace-aikace, nemo ƙwararrun mataimaka na cikin gida gami da fadada ci gaban ƙauye da shirin amfani da ƙasa, da tabbatar da ɗaukar yawancin mazauna yankin a fannoni daban-daban a ayyukan shaƙatawa da wasa Rawar taka rawa a cikin ilimin muhalli da kuma ba da shawarwari kan kiyayewa da kuma musamman game da juyar da gandun daji masu arzikin makwabta zuwa gonar dabino tare da kungiyar kasa da kasa kamar Pro-wildlife da WWF-CPO Kwanan nan ayyukan KRCS sun sami ci gaba ta hanyar kyaututtukan Jagora na Kariya na 2012 (CLP); haɗin gwiwa tsakanin CI, FFI, WSC da BirdLife International.
Tashin hankali Fim din Greystoke Labarin Tarzan, Ubangijin Birrai da Christopher Lambert da Andie MacDowell suka fito a cikin gidan shakatawa a shekarar 1984 kafin a kafa ta.
Charles, Yariman Wales ya ƙaddamar da wurin shaƙatawa a 1986, kuma akwai wata alama da ba ta da nisa daga ƙofar kan gadar Mana wanda ke nuna ma'anar inda ya kai yayin gajeriyar ziyarar tasa.
Manaji, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mashigar Korup National Park, wasu gungun masu ba da agaji ne suka gina shi a cikin wani aikin Operation Raleigh a cikin 1989. Ofungiyar masu ba da agaji sama da 100 sun kwashe watanni 3 a Kamaru suna gina gada gami da gudanar da bincike kan namun daji a cikin gandun daji da kuma abubuwan da kwale-kwale ke yi a tsaunukan Rumpi.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wuraren shaƙatawa a Najeriya
Wuraren shaƙatawa
Wuraren bude ido
Tarihin Najeriya
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53137 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabib%20Nurmagomedov | Khabib Nurmagomedov | Khabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov (an haife shi 20 Satumba 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Rasha wanda ya yi gasa a rukunin ƙananan nauyi na Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A cikin UFC, shi ne zakara mafi dadewa a kan UFC Lightweight Champion, wanda ya rike taken daga Afrilu 2018 zuwa Maris 2021. Tare da nasara 29 kuma ba asara ba, ya yi ritaya tare da rikodin da ba a yi nasara ba. An yi la'akari da Nurmagomedov a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na yaƙi a kowane lokaci, kuma an shigar da shi cikin UFC Hall of Fame a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2022. Yaƙin Sambo World Champion sau biyu, Nurmagomedov yana da tushe a cikin horo na sambo, judo da kokawa Nurmagomedov ya kasance a matsayi #1 a cikin darajar fam-for-pound maza na UFC a lokacin da ya yi ritaya, har sai an cire shi bayan hutun takensa a cikin Maris 2021. Fight Matrix ya sanya shi a matsayin mai nauyi #1 na kowane lokaci. Nurmagomedov ya fito daga Jamhuriyar Dagestan ta kasar Rasha, shi ne musulmi na farko da ya lashe kambun UFC. Shi ne ɗan Rashan da aka fi bin shi akan Instagram, tare da mabiya sama da 34 million tun daga Disamba 2022. Har ila yau, shi ne mai tallata kayan wasan Martial Arts (MMA), wanda aka sani don haɓaka gasar tseren Eagle Fighting Championship (EFC). Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sauya sheka zuwa zama koci kuma mai horar da ‘yan wasa kafin ya yi ritaya daga wasan gaba daya a watan Janairun 2023.
Rayuwar farko Khabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov an haife shi ga dangin Avar a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1988, a ƙauyen Sildi a gundumar Tsumadinsky na Dagestan ASSR, jamhuriya ce mai cin gashin kanta a cikin SFSR na Rasha, Tarayyar Soviet Yana da kane mai suna Magomed da kanwar Amina. Iyalin mahaifinsa sun ƙaura daga Sildi zuwa Kirovaul, inda mahaifinsa ya mai da kasan ginin bene mai hawa biyu zuwa wurin motsa jiki. Nurmagomedov ya girma a cikin gidan tare da 'yan uwansa da 'yan uwansa. Sha'awar sa game da wasan motsa jiki ya fara ne lokacin kallon horar da dalibai a dakin motsa jiki. Horon da Khabib ya yi tun yana yaro ya hada da kokawa a lokacin yana dan shekara tara. Kamar yadda aka saba da yara da yawa a Dagestan, ya fara kokawa tun yana ƙarami: ya fara tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa, Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov Wani dan wasa da aka yi wa ado kuma tsohon sojan Soviet, Abdulmanap shi ma ya yi kokawa tun yana karami, kafin ya samu horo a judo da sambo a aikin soja. Abdulmanap ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen horas da matasa a birnin Dagestan, da fatan bayar da wani zabi ga tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da ya zama ruwan dare a yankin. A cikin 2001, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Makhachkala, babban birnin Dagestan, inda ya horar da wasan kokawa tun yana ɗan shekara 12, da Judo daga 15. Ya koma horo a fagen fama sambo, a karkashin mahaifinsa, yana da shekara 17. A cewar Nurmagomedov, sauyi daga kokawa zuwa judo yana da wuya, amma mahaifinsa ya so ya saba yin fafatawa a cikin <i id="mwkQ">gi</i> jaket Abdulmanap babban koci ne na kungiyar sambo ta kasa a Jamhuriyar Dagestan, inda ya horar da 'yan wasa da dama a sambo a Makhachkala na kasar Rasha. Nurmagomedov ya sha shiga fadace-fadacen tituna a lokacin kuruciyarsa, kafin ya mai da hankalinsa ga hadaddiyar fasahar fada. Khabib ya ce, tare da mahaifinsa, 'yan wasa uku da suka zaburar da shi su ne 'yan damben Amurka Muhammad Ali da Mike Tyson da kuma dan wasan kwallon kafa na Brazil Ronaldo Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha
Farkon aiki Nurmagomedov ya fara wasansa na MMA na farko a watan Satumba na 2008 kuma ya tattara nasarori hudu cikin kasa da wata guda. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, ya zama zakaran gasar cin kofin Atrium na farko, bayan da ya doke abokan hamayyarsa uku a taron Moscow A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ya yi rashin nasara, inda ya kammala 11 cikin 12 na abokan hamayya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙarshen armbar zagaye na farko na mai kalubalantar taken Bellator na gaba Shahbulat Shamhalaev, wanda ya nuna alamar M-1 Global na farko. A cikin 2011, ya yi takara a cikin gwagwarmaya bakwai don haɓaka ProFC, duk wanda ya ci nasara ta TKO ko ƙaddamarwa.
Rikodin 16-0 a cikin da'irori na yankuna na Rasha da Ukraine ya haifar da sha'awa daga Gasar Yaƙi na Ƙarshe (UFC) don sanya hannu kan Nurmagomedov. Daga baya, mahaifin Nurmagomedov ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa saboda kwangilar kwangila tare da ProFC suna da shari'o'in kotu 11 da ke adawa da haƙƙin kwangilar UFC Nurmagomedov. Bayan sun sha kashi shida sun samu nasara a kararraki biyar, sun cimma yarjejeniya kuma Khabib ya ci gaba da aikinsa.
Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe
Farkon yaƙe-yaƙe na UFC da neman gasa A ƙarshen 2011, Nurmagomedov ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gwagwarmaya shida don yin gasa a cikin rukunin UFC mai sauƙi. A cikin UFC na farko, a ranar 20 Janairu 2012 a UFC akan FX 1, Nurmagomedov ya ci Kamal Shalorus ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa a zagaye na uku. Nurmagomedov ya ci Gleison Tibau na gaba a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2012 a UFC 148 ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya, tare da dukan alkalai uku sun zira kwallaye 30-27. Yaƙin na gaba na Nurmagomedov ya kasance da Thiago Tavares akan 19 Janairu 2013 a UFC akan FX 7 Ya yi nasara ta KO a zagayen farko. Bayan yaƙin, Tavares ya gwada tabbatacce ga Drostanolone, steroid anabolic, kuma ya karɓi dakatarwar watanni 9. A cikin yakinsa na biyar na UFC, a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2013 a UFC 165, Nurmagomedov ya fuskanci Pat Healy Ya mamaye yakin kuma ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba daya, tare da dukkan alkalai uku da suka zira kwallaye 30 27. Da yake halartar taron manema labarai na farko bayan taron, shugaban UFC Dana White ya yaba wa sabon dan uwan yana mai cewa, "Wannan slam, lokacin da kawai ya tsinke shi ya caka shi, salon Matt Hughes Wannan ya tunatar da ni tsohon Matt Hughes inda zai gudu da wani Guy a fadin Octagon kuma ya buge shi. Yaron yana da ban sha'awa. Wataƙila za mu yi manyan abubuwa da wannan yaron.” A cikin Disamba, Nurmagomedov ya kalubalanci Gilbert Melendez a kan kafofin watsa labarun, tare da biyu sannan ana sa ran za su fuskanci UFC 170 akan 22 Fabrairu 2014. Koyaya, an soke wasan saboda dalilai da ba a bayyana ba, kuma Nate Diaz ya maye gurbin Melendez. Duk da haka, an soke wasan yayin da Diaz ya yi watsi da karawar. Nurmagomedov ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa, yana bayyana a kan MMA Hour, "Idan sun ce suna shirye su yi yaki mafi kyau, ya kamata su yi yaki mafi kyau. Idan sun so, zan dauke su duka a cikin keji." Nurmagomedov na gaba ya fuskanci tsohon UFC Lightweight Champion Rafael dos Anjos a kan 19 Afrilu 2014 a UFC a kan Fox 11 Ya mamaye yakin kuma ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba daya, tare da dukkan alkalai uku da suka zira kwallaye 30 27. An danganta Nurmagomedov a taƙaice da faɗa da Donald Cerrone akan 27 Satumba 2014 a UFC 178 Duk da haka, an kawar da haɗin gwiwar da sauri bayan an bayyana cewa Nurmagomedov ya sami rauni a gwiwa. Daga baya an sa ran zai fuskanci Cerrone a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2015, a UFC 187 Duk da haka, Nurmagomedov ya fice daga fafatawar ranar 30 ga Afrilu saboda raunin da ya samu a gwiwa kuma John Makdessi ya maye gurbinsa. An sa ran Nurmagomedov zai fuskanci Tony Ferguson a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2015 a Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarfafa 22 Duk da haka, Nurmagomedov ya janye daga yakin a ƙarshen Oktoba, yana ambaton wani rauni, kuma Edson Barboza ya maye gurbinsa. An sake shirya wasan da Ferguson don 16 Afrilu 2016 a UFC akan Fox 19 Koyaya, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, Ferguson ya fice daga fafatawar saboda matsalar huhu. An maye gurbin Ferguson da sabon mai talla Darrell Horcher a nauyi na 160 lb. Nurmagomedov ya yi nasara a fafatawar da TKO ta yi mai gefe daya a zagaye na biyu. A watan Satumba, Nurmagomedov ya sanya hannu kan kwangila biyu don lakabin harbi a kan mai mulki na UFC Lightweight Champion, Eddie Alvarez, akan ko dai UFC 205 ko UFC 206 yakin katin, tare da Dana White yana tabbatar da yakin UFC 205. Duk da haka, a ranar 26 ga Satumba, UFC ta sanar da cewa Alvarez a maimakon haka za a kare take da Conor McGregor Nurmagomedov ya bayyana rashin jin dadinsa a shafukan sada zumunta, inda ya kira Alvarez a matsayin "champ" don ƙin yaƙin da kuma zaɓen fafatawar da McGregor a maimakon haka, yana zargin UFC da kasancewa "wasan kwaikwayo". In lieu of a title shot, Nurmagomedov next faced Michael Johnson on 12 November 2016 at UFC 205. Nurmagomedov dominated the fight and was heard telling Dana White to give him a title shot as he mauled Johnson, winning via submission in the third round.
An shirya fafatawar da Ferguson a karo na uku a UFC 209 a ranar 4 ga Maris 2017 don Gasar Fuska ta wucin gadi. Nurmagomedov, duk da haka, ya kamu da rashin lafiya saboda raunin da aka yanke, kuma an soke wasan a sakamakon haka. Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1988
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21691 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierno%20Abdourahmane%20Bah%2C | Thierno Abdourahmane Bah, | Tarihin rayuwa: Rayuwa ta farko: 1916-1927 An haifi Thierno Abdourahmane Bah a shekara ta 1916 a Donghol Thiernoya, Labe, Guinea. Shi ne mafi girman girman 'ya'ya maza tara na Thierno Aliou Boûbha Ndiyan. Thierno Abdourahmane shine na uku daga yara hudu daga Nênan Maryama Fadi Diallo, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1978 yana da shekaru 102.A cikin dangi, ana kiran yara maza da suka yi baftisma kamar shi Thierno, saboda girmamawa ga kakan Thierno Abdourahmane Nduyeejo, ɗan Thierno Malal Jafounanke,limamin farko na Labé. Yi caji cewa Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé ne ya damka shi, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin kusan zuriyarsa ke ɗaukar nauyinsa.
Yara
Gidan Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan a cikin Labe Thierno Abdourahmane ya yi rayuwarsa ta farko yayin da aka yarda da mahaifinsa Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan kuma aka yarda da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin ruhun jama'a a cikin Fouta-Djallon, memba na aristocracy na littafin a cikin karni na 18 da 19. Paul Marty, wanda ya halarta a hankali kuma ya "yi nazari" Thierno Aliou a cikin 1915, baya ɓoye ainihin sha'awar da ya ji halartar malamin. Ya dauke shi a matsayin "masanin Larabci mai daraja ta farko, wanda yake da ilimi sosai a fannin larabci da kuma ilimin addinin Islama," wanda "ya shafi kowa da iliminsa, tsoron Allah da darajarsa da dai sauransu. na Karamokos sun shafe ƙaramin shekarunsu a Makarantarsa Ya ambaci lamba, yana mai lura da cewa "waɗannan gabaɗaya sun fi ilimi", ya rubuta: Thierno Aliou ya bayyana cewa ya mai da hankali kan ɗaga wasu hanyoyin koyarwar na Foula na yau da kullun da kuma ba ɗalibansa wasu Maganganun larabci,
Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan ba wai kawai babban malamin manyan littattafai ba ne, mai ilimantarwa na zamani, sannan kuma ya kasance shahararren mawaki a cikin Larabci da kuma Poular, wanda Paul Marty ya lura da shi a addinin Musulunci a Guinea 1917. A cewar Ibrahima Caba Bah, 'ya'yansa sun ba da labarai cewa wasu maraice, bayan da wutar ta kare a makarantar, ya kan hada wasu daga cikin daliban, galibi karkashin jagorancin Thierno Oumar Kaana, don sanya su karanta baitocin nasa. daga ɗayan littattafansa (Maqaliida-As-Sa'aadati). Ya saurari daga ɗakinsa a tsaye a ƙarƙashin itaciyar lemu a tsakar gida, wanda wutar da take mutuwa ta haskakawa ta haskaka shi Matasan, suna sane da hankalin da suke nunawa game da hotunan da suke yi wa maigidansu mai girmamawa, za su tafi da zuciya ɗaya, tare da sanya mafi kyawun gwaninta. Ba tare da tunani ba, sun ɗanɗana waƙoƙin, sun haɗu da larabcin mai wadatarwa kuma, ta hanyar haɗuwa. Gaskiyar ita ce, yawancin waɗannan ɗaliban sun bar kyawawan halaye idan ba waƙoƙi masu daɗi ba, galibi a cikin Pular, wanda ya fi bayar da fa'ida shi ne Thierno Jawo Pellel.
Saboda haka a cikin dangin dangi inda nazarin littattafai da motsa jiki na hankali shine babban aikin da Thierno Abdourahmane ya fara gano duniya. Lokacin da yara da matasa da yawa, suna zaune a cikin da'ira a sararin sama, a kewayen babbar wuta don nazarin maraice, sautuka ko ayoyin Kur'ani da aka rubuta a kan allunansu, wasan kwaikwayon "Sauti da Haske" yana nuna waƙar da ba za ta iya manta da kowa ba wanda ya rayu ko kuma kawai aka lura. Kada ku nemi wani wuri don asalin da Thierno Abdourahmane yake jan hankalinsa ga rubutacciyar kalmar, da kuma waƙoƙi musamman.
Thierno Abdourahmane, duk da ƙuruciyarsa, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, tare da ɗan'uwansa Thierno Habibou, wanda ya haddace Kur'ani Mai Tsarki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsu, ya kammala Bu hanu da Sulaymi, littattafai biyu, na Musulunci. 'Yan uwan biyu sun kuma kammala littafin Shaykh Abu Zayd, sanannen limamin garin Kairouan a Tunisia, da Ricalat, wannan wasiƙar da ke cike da girma da kuma cikakken littafin doka da tsarin addinin Islama, wanda aka koyar a duk makarantun Kur'ani na Fouta-Djallon. Tare da dan dan uwansu Dai, dan Alfa Bakar Diari, ‘yan’uwan biyu sun kasance a cikin bita na Muhayyibi, waka don darajar annabi Muhammad.Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan ya lura da wayayyen da yaron nasa yake dashi, don haka ya karfafa shi bisa tsari, duk da cewa ya rayu shekaru goma sha daya a karkashin inuwar kai tsaye Thierno Aliou.Mutuwar Thierno Aliou tabbas ba ta kasa barin ɗansa mara ƙarfi ba. Amma azurtawa tana lura da shi, mai yiwuwa wataƙila don albarkar Thierno Aliou, wanda ya rubuta a cikin Maqaliida -As- Saaadati:
Zan yabi Annabi duk rayuwata. Bayan mutuwata, ta gaji daga gare ni, ina yabon Annabi, wanda yake daidai da ni.
Sonan zai nuna fifikon wannan magana a cikin littafinsa, Wasiyyat-tu Al-Walidi. Akwai lokacin da za a yi doudhal, bayan mutuwar Thierno Aliou a cikin watan Maris na 1927, ɗaliban da suka ci gaba, waɗanda suka kasance maimaitawa da mataimakan ilimi. Thierno Mamadou Sow, ɗan Thierno Oumarou Perejo, Thierno Abdoullahi Rumirgo, ɗan Salli Ouri, Thierno Oumarou Kana na Taranbali, mutumin da ke da kwarin gwiwa, "almajirin da aka fi so" na Thierno Aliou, Thierno Jawo Pellel, mawaki, wanda daga baya ya yi rubutu game da abokin aikinsa kuma dattijo:
Akwai kuma Thierno Oumarou Taran, wanda ɗalibin maigidana ne; ya mallake ni kuma ya taimake ni na dawo ba tare da kuskure ba. Maigidan ya so shi kuma ya kusance shi Haƙiƙa yawancin sirrinsa, bai ɓoye shi ba. Zai sanya shi a matsayinsa na 'ya'yansa, saboda wannan a bayyane yake soyayyar da ta ci gaba da zama sirri ne wanda ban sani ba.
Thierno Abdourahmane Bah yayin huduba kafin sallar Juma'a a Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé a 1989
Akwai a ƙarshen, a Thierno Aliou Doudhal a cikin watan Maris 1927, ɗaliban da suka ci gaba waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin masu koyarwa da mataimakan koyarwa. Thierno Mamadou shuka, ɗan Thierno Oumar Perejo, da Thierno Abdoullahi Roumirgo, ɗan Salli Ouri. Har ila yau akwai Thierno Oumar Kaana na Taranbaali, almajirin da Thierno Aliou ya fi so. Akwai kuma Thierno Jawo Pellel, mawaki, wanda daga baya ya yi rubutu game da abokin aikinsa kuma dattijo:
Akwai kuma Thierno Oumarou Taran, wanda ɗalibin maigidana ne; ya mallake ni ya kuma daidaita ni ba kuskure. Maigidan ya ƙaunace shi kuma ya kusace shi. Lallai da yawa daga cikin sirrinsa, bai boye shi baYa sanya shi a cikin 'ya'yansa, saboda abin da ke bayyane soyayyar da ta ci gaba da zama boyayye ba ni da ganewa
Ilimi Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a 1927, Thierno Abdourahmane Bah, yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya koyi karatu da rubutu na Kur'ani, farkon zagaye na koyarwar gargajiya Fouta-Djallon. Ya yi karatu a Thierno Oumar Pereedjo Dara Labe, inda ya yi karatu daga 1927 zuwa 1935. Thierno Oumar wani almajiri ne da aka horar a makarantar Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan, wanda ya kasance ɗan wa ne. Thierno Abdourahmane Bah ya koya daga wajen dan uwan nasa: Grammar (nahaw), Law (fiqh), theology (Tawhid), da sauran fannoni (Fannu, bayan, Tasrif, Maani). Tafsir (Kur'ani mai fassara) ya nuna lokacin karatun, kuma ya bashi, bisa ga al'ada, taken Thierno. A cikin shekarunsa na farko na karatu, Thierno Bah Abdourahmane ya nuna ainihin kyaututtukan waƙoƙin da ya bayyana a cikin yanayin larabci da Pular. Ya ci gaba koyaushe wannan aikin adabi a cikin yarukan biyu.
Rubutu
Thierno Abdourahmane ya samar da adadi mai yawa na rubutu, cikin larabci da kuma Pular (caakal da gimi). Littattafan larabci wadanda suke nuni da halin addini sune hudubobin da ya gabatar kafin sallar juma'a a Masallacin Alpha Karamoko Mo Labé. Wani rukuni na biyu na rubutun larabawa ya kunshi karatun makaranta akan tambayoyin da rayuwar zamani tayi wa alummar musulmai zuwa tarurrukan makarantar koyar da shari'ar musulinci wanda ya kasance memba kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa. Jigogin da aka inganta su ne: mazhabobi a cikin addinin Islama, farashin jini, cika yarjejeniyoyi, 'yancin dan adam, da uwaye mata, tsarin iyali, Taimakawa, da sauransu.
Waƙoƙin Larabcin Haɗaɗɗen Baƙin Larabci ya fara ne lokacin da Thierno Abdourahmane, ɗan shekara goma sha uku yana karatu a Thierno Oumarou Pereejo Dara-Labe. An tattara adadi da yawa karkashin taken Banaatu Afkaarii, 'Ya'yan Tunanina, a cikin juzu'i wanda Al-Hajj Hanafiyyou Kompayya ya rubuta. An buga rubutun a Kuwait, bisa shawarar Ministan harkokin kasashen waje na Sarkin kasar. Wannan tarin ya kunshi godiyar da dalibi Thierno Abdourahmane ya yiwa ubangidan nasa a karshen karatunsa, da kuma martanin da Thierno Oumarou Pereejo ya yi, yabo daga manyan larabawa da marubucin ya samu damar haduwa da shi: Gamal Abdel Nasser na Egypt, The King Fahd na Saudi Arabia, Sarkin Kuwait, da sauransu Wasu ayyuka guda biyu: Maqalida As- Saadati, mabuɗan farin ciki, da Jilada Mada.Fii Hizbi Al Qahhar, waɗannan ayyukan guda biyu suna haɓaka waƙoƙin aikin gargajiya a cikin adabin larabci. Duk ayyukan asali suna da alaƙa guda biyu waɗanda ya haɓaka zuwa baiti biyar, suna ƙunshe da asali, suna riƙe da rhyme da mahimmancin ma'anar rubutun farko. Salon ana kiransa Takhmisu, wanda ke da kofa biyar. An buga Maqalida -As- Saadati a kasar Algeria, karkashin wannan taken, tare da taken: Miftahu AlMasarrati, Mabudin Farin Ciki, Waciyyatu-Al- Walidi, wanda Al Hajj Hanafiyyou ya rubuta da hannu, an buga shi a Conakry
Agv da yaƙi Rayuwa tana cikin nutsuwa da sauki ga Thierno Abdourahmane tsakanin hisan uwansa, matansa da coman uwansa, tare da aikinsa na al'ada da muke aiwatarwa ba tare da tunani mai yawa ba. Ba zato ba tsammani za a katse shi farat ɗaya lokacin da Hitler ya fara Yaƙin Duniya na II.Hitler ya bayyana cewa yakin nasa,yayin da mutane ke tahowa cikin sauki, har sai lokacin, suna ci gaba da harkokin su, watsar da hakan kuma suka sanya kansu cikin yanayi na fada. Thierno Abdourahmane, mai ɗimbin makamai, ya fara lura da ƙaruwar matsalolin da ke addabar jama'a, 'yan ƙasa. Ya rayu cikin tsananin wahala, mawaƙi wanda ya san kansa a matsayin madubin mutanensa, kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya: Mawaƙi ne wanda ke farantawa mutane rai, wanda ya ninka himmarsu; kuma mawaƙi ne ke girgiza zukata waɗanda ke rayarwa.Bayan yakin, Fulani masu hankali na Fouta Djallon sun kirkiro wata kungiyar al'adu, Amicale Gilbert Viellard (agv) don Renaissance da ci gaban Lafiya mai kyau. Thierno Abdourahmane sha'awar Agv; ya yi daya daga cikin wakokin siyasarsa na farko don karfafawa Fulawa gwiwa don tallafawa kungiyar Amma Foulbhe, dalilinsu ya ɓace tun shekaru masu yawa; babu wani daga cikinmu da ke muhawara game da abin da yake yi. An kora mu kamar shanu zuwa makiyaya,ma'aikata zuwa kowane nau'in taches ashi, faɗuwa, ba tare da sanin dalili ko yaya ba.
Wasikar dimokiradiyya wacce take bayanin ainihin manufofinta da hanyoyinta, kayan hadin kai ne ga al'ummar Fulani wacce shuwagabanninsu ya kamata su zama masu gaskiya da kishin kasa:Ya shugaban kasa, zama mai gaskiya, mai kaunar nasa ƙasa da mutanensa, wannan kaɗai ke haifar da manufa;Ya ku membobi, ku kasance a dunkule a kan wannan shugaba, kalli abin da yake yi.Rubutun ya samu karbuwa daga shugabannin Gilbert Viellard (AGV), gami da Mr. Yacine Diallo. An ninka waƙar kuma an rarraba ta ko'ina cikin Fouta. An zabi Thierno Abdourahmane a matsayin shugaban sashen na Agv a Labé, ya tsara, a yayin taron kungiyar a birni, da Hymn to Peace da Fouta Djallon, wanda aka yi maraba da shi da nasarar da ba a taba samu ba. Wakar ta bayyana wani waƙoƙi na ban mamaki da wahalar "yunƙurin yaƙi", ayyuka waɗanda aka ɗora wa zalunci a kan jama'a a lokacin tsakanin 1940-1944. Ya bambanta da bala'in yaƙi da zalunci, an girmama maza da yankuna na Fouta-Djallon, don ƙarfafa ƙaunar ƙasa, suna bayanin menene wannan soyayyar. Wakar ta ƙare da gayyatar foan banzan a wurin aiki da zuwa binciken. Thierno Abdourahmane ya nuna launi daga abubuwan da aka fi so na waƙoƙin da ya rubuta: soyayya da jinƙai ga masu tawali'u, nasiha ga nazari da aiki, kaunar landan :asar: Jigogi suna sane da dimokiradiyya, 'yan gurguzu ko kuma aƙalla masu taimakon jama'a cewa za ta ci gaba fiye da sau daya.
Bayyanar asalinsa Fouta
Wani jigon Thierno Abdourahmane shi ne kiran Fouta-Djallon, da shimfidar wurare da jama'arta, al'adun gargajiya, da lokutta. Thearshen waɗannan matani, wanda yayi ƙarshe (lannirdhun) yana ba da kyakkyawar ra'ayi game da tsinkaye wanda yake da yanayin. Jin daɗin ilimi bisa ga mawaƙi, yana da tsada, dalili: gayyata ce zuwa aikin kirkirar ci gaba, gabatar da aiki a matsayin ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a, in ba haka ba addini. Ya dan uwa, ka ga kyan da aka yi wa kasarka, da fa'idodi da wadannan dukiyar da ba ta lalacewa! Kiyaye kasar ka, ka so ‘yan kasar ka,‘ ya’yan ka su basu ilimi, ka tabbatar da iyayen ka, ka wahala dasu, baza ka tuba ba! Cewa Anan na tsaya; wannan ya isa a fara fahimtar baiwar Allah Madaukakin Sarki, mara gajiyawa, Allah, ka cece mu, ka ceci Guinea, ka kara imani, Tarayya da fahimtarmu, da ni'imomi ba iyaka. Thierno Abdourahmane ya wadatar da rubutaccen wallafe-wallafen Fouta Djallon na abubuwa masu ban mamaki, duk da yanayin yanayin halittar su. Kagaggen labaran da aka haifa da gaskiya; ayyukan adabin da aka haifar da wani lamari ko wani yanayi da aka lura ko aka samu, ya haifar da hakan, wani yanayi na kirkirarru, wanda iliminsa ke tsara tunanin al'umma. A matsayin mutum na mai al'adu, Thierno Abdourahmane ya kasance mai ci gaba. Ya kasance cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri, kamar yadda yake a cikin imaninsa na Islama. Ya kasance mai ci gaba a cikin kirkirarrun littattafan Fula.
Rayuwar jama'a
Thierno ya kuma jagoranci ayyukan jama'a da yawa, kuma ya gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, siyasa, da addini. Ayyukan Siyasa 1945: An zaɓa shugaban ɓangaren Amicale Gilbert Vieillard (Agv) a cikin Labé
1956–1959: Mataimakin Magajin Garin Labé
1963-1966: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Thiangel-Boori (Labé)
1967–1969: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Timbi-Madiina (pita)
1971–1973: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Kona (Koin)
1974–1976: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Daara-Labé (Labé)
1975–1983: Sufeto na madrasas (Ecole Franco-Arabe) 1984–1987: Ministan shari'a na Guinea
Ayyukan Addini
1950: An zabi Khalife janar na kungiyar 'Yan uwa ta Tidjania don yammacin Afirka ta Cherif Boun Oumar 1950: zababben Ma'ajin Masallacin Karamoko Alfa Mo Labé. 1976–1984: Memba na Majalisar Musulunci ta Kasa ta Guinea, hukumar da ke kula da aikin hajji a Makka 1981: Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar Koyon Addinin Musulunci ta Duniya (Majmau-al-Fiqh)
1973–1983: Limamin Babban Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé 1984–1987: Imam Ratib na Babban Masallacin Faisal Conakry, Guinea
1987–2010: Imam Ratib na babban masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé
Mutuwa Wikimedia Commons tana da kafofin watsa labarai masu alaƙa da Thierno Abdourahmane Bah. Thierno Abdourahmane ya shafe shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa a Labe, inda ya mutu 22 Satumba 2013 yana da shekara 97; an binne shi 23 Satumba 2013 a cikin yardar mahaifinsa, kusa da Babban Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labe.
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50936 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Constantine | Mildred Constantine | Mildred Constantine Bettelheim(28 ga Yuni,1913–Disamba 10,2008)wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne wanda ya taimaka wajen jawo hankali ga fastoci da sauran zane-zane a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na fasahar zamani a cikin 1950s da 1960s.
Tarihin Rayuwa Constantine (ta yi amfani da sunanta na sana'a)an haife shi a 1913 a Brooklyn, New York .Ta sami digiri na farko da na biyu daga Jami'ar New York kuma ta halarci makarantar digiri na Jami'ar National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Ta yi aiki da Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwalejin daga 1931 zuwa 1937 a matsayin mataimakiyar edita akan mujallar Parnassus.Ta sadu da Rene d'Harnoncourt,maigidanta na gaba a matsayin darekta na Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,yayin da take aiki a Washington,DC a Ofishin Mai Gudanarwa na Inter-American Affairs.Ta kuma yi tafiya zuwa Mexico, a cikin 1936,a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Hagu na Yaƙi da Fascism,inda ta haɓaka sha'awar zane-zanen siyasar Latin da Tsakiyar Amurka.An nuna tarin fosta na Latin Amurka da ta shirya a ɗakin karatu na Majalisa kuma daga baya ta zama wani ɓangare na tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi.
Yayin da take birnin Washington,ta sadu da Ralph Bettelheim,wani ɗan gudun hijira daga Ostiriya kuma masanin tattalin arziki.Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1942.
Daga 1943 zuwa 1970,Constantine ya yi aiki a sashen gine-gine da ƙira na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani,a matsayin abokin kula da kuma daga baya a matsayin mai ba da shawara,inda ta taimaka wajen yada tarin abubuwan da ke da wuyar rarrabawa ko kuma an yi watsi da su,wanda ta kira "kayan gudun hijira.".Nunin ta 1948 Posters na Polio shine gidan kayan gargajiya na farko da aka sadaukar don dalilai,kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan da ta ba da izini don taimakawa wajen wayar da kan al'amuran zamantakewa daban-daban. Ta shirya nune-nunen nune-nunen na solo don masu zane-zane da kayayyaki ciki har da Alvin Lustig,Bruno Munari,Massimo Vignelli da Tadanori Yokoo wanda The New York Times ya bayyana a matsayin"ma'anar sana'a."Nunin nune-nunen ta masu fa'ida a cikin aikace-aikacen fasaha da kayan ado sun haɗa da Olivetti:Zane a Masana'antu a 1952, Alamun Titin a 1954,da nunin 1962 na Wasika ta Hannu.
Constantine ya shirya baje kolin na 1968 mai taken Kalma da Hoto,wanda shine nuni na farko da ya mayar da hankali kan fastoci a cikin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya tun daga karni na 20,wanda kataloginsa ana daukarsa a matsayin babban abin da ke tattara tarihin fosta.A cikin nazarinsa na Janairu 1968 na nunin,mai sukar fasaha John Canaday na The New York Times ya rubuta:"Sabon nune-nunen nune-nunen fastoci na gidan kayan tarihi na zamani,wanda aka buɗe jiya a ƙarƙashin taken Kalma da Hoto,yana da kyau sosai har tsawon minti ɗaya kuna mamakin dalilin da yasa allunan talla suka lalace,"lura da cewa gidan kayan gargajiya ya gudanar da nune-nunen fosta 35 a baya amma hakan ya kasance.mafi girmansa kuma cewa yayin da mafi yawan fastocin suna kallon kwanan watan bayan ƴan shekaru,abubuwan da Constantine ya zaɓa daga tarin fastoci 2,000 na gidan kayan gargajiya"suna da ƙarfi kamar lokacin da aka buga su."Binciken Critic Hilton Kramer a cikin The Times,ya bayyana nunin a matsayin wanda ya ƙunshi fastoci 300 daga lokacin daga 1879 zuwa 1967,wanda Constantine ya zaɓa bisa la'akari da"darajar su," kodayake Kramer yana jin cewa nunin ba zai iya bayyana ƙarshen-1960s ba.foster fad wanda zane-zanen kwakwalwarsa da ya yi imani bai dace da fitattun zane-zane na zamanin farko ba.
Constantine ya mutu yana da shekaru 95 a ranar 10 ga Disamba,2008 na ciwon zuciya a gidanta a Nyack,New York.
Yadi Har ila yau Constantine ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta game da tufafi.Tare da Jack Lenor Larsen,Constantine ya gyara bangon bango wanda ya zagaya biranen 11 daga 1968-1969 kuma ya rubuta Beyond Craft: The Art Fabric a 1973.
A cikin 1972,Mildred Constantine ya sake buga Alice Adams's Gina 1966 a cikin littafinta Beyond Craft.Ta rubuta littafin tare da Jack Lenor Larsen wanda shine farkon zurfafan kallon motsin fasaha na fiber.Wannan rubutun ya yi magana game da yadda fasahar fiber ya samo asali, ya bayyana manufofinsa na ado,da kuma kare aikin da aka yi da fiber a matsayin "kyakkyawan fasaha."
Bayan da ta tashi a 1971 daga gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,ta samar da nune-nunen nune-nunen da litattafai a kan batutuwa na caricature,zane-zane,zane-zane na ado da daukar hoto,da kuma ƙaddamar da 1988 Frontiers a Fiber: Amirkawa,da 2002 suna nuna Ƙananan Ayyuka a Fiber .Dukansu sun ja hankali ga zane-zane da zane-zane
Marubuci Constantine ya rubuta ko ya rubuta littattafai da yawa akan fasahar fiber da sauran batutuwa:.
1960 Art Nouveau:Art da Design a Juya na Karni,edita(tare da Peter Selz 1969 Kalma da Hoto:Posters daga Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani(tare da Alan M. Fern)
1973 Beyond Craft:The Art of Fabric (tare da Jack Lenor Larsen 1974 juyin juya halin Soviet Film Posters
1981 Fabric Art:Mainstream
1983 Tina Modotti:Rayuwa mai rauni
1986 The Art Fabric:Mainstream
1997 Duk Tufafi
1999 25 na 25th:Glancing Back, Gazing Ahead(tare da Lloyd Cotsen, Jack Lenor Larsen da Patricia Mal)
2000 Theo Leffmann(tare da Mary Jane Jacob,Theo Leffmann da David Mickenberg 2004 Jack Lenor Larsen:Mahalicci da Mai Tara (tare da David Revere McFadden Duba kuma Mata a fagen tarihin fasaha
Nassoshi
Kara |
31352 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Onnoghen | Walter Onnoghen | Political partyWalter Onnoghen
Walter Samuel Nkanu Onnoghen, GCON (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Disamban 1950) shi ne tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya. Kafin ya shiga Kotun Koli, ya kasance alkali a Jihar Cross River kuma alkali na Kotun daukaka kara.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Walter Onnoghen a ranar 22 ga watan Disamban 1950 a garin Okurike, karamar hukumar Biase ta jihar Cross Rivers. Onnoghen ya yi karatun firamare a Presbyterian Primary School, garin Okurike tsakanin 1959 zuwa 1965. Daga nan ne ya zarce zuwa Accra a Ghana, inda ya samu takardar shedar karatun O-Level daga makarantar Odorgonno Senior High School tsakanin 1967 zuwa 1972, da WAEC (A-Levels) a Accra Academy tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1974. Ya sauke karatu a Jami'ar Ghana da ke Legon, Ghana a 1977 da kuma Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya da ke Legas a 1978.
Aiki Kafin a nada shi a matsayin Alkalin Alkalan Tarayya, ya yi aiki da ma’aikatar shari’a ta Ikeja, Legas, Jihar Ogun a tsakanin 1978 zuwa 1979, a matsayin Lauyan Jihar. Lokacin da ya bar ma'aikatar shari'a, ya tafi aiki tare a kamfanin lauyoyi na Effiom Ekong Company, Calabar tsakanin 1979 1988. Daga baya ya zama Babban Abokin Hulɗa Shugaban Chamber na Walter Onnoghen Associates, Calabar daga lokacin 1988 1989.
Tsakanin shekarar 1989 1998, ya kasance Alkalin Babbar Kotun Jihar Kuros Ribas. A lokacin da yake Alkalin Babbar Kotun Jihar Kuros Ribas an nada shi Shugaban Kotun Kolin Fashi da Makamai na Jihar Kuros Ribas sannan ya rike mukamin na tsawon shekaru 3 tsakanin 1990 1993. Wani lokaci a shekarar 1996 yana rike da mukamin Alkalin Babbar Kotun Jihar Kuros Ribas, sai aka nada shi Shugaban Hukumar Binciken Shari’a kan Rikicin Daliban Jami’ar Calabar da Obufa Esuk Orok, Calabar. A 1998, ya kasance Shugaban Kotun Kasa ta Banki, shiyyar Ibadan. A tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa 2004, ya yi aiki a matsayin alkalin babbar kotun jihar Ribas yayin da daga 1998 zuwa 2005 ya zama alkalin kotun daukaka kara.
A watan Fabrairun 2016, Mai Shari’a Onnoghen ya jagoranci wani kwamitin mutum bakwai na alkalai na kotun koli da suka yi nazari tare da tabbatar da hukuncin kisa na Chukwuemeka Ezeugo (aka Rev. Sarkin) Majalisar Sallar Kirista. A shekarar 2007, Mai shari’a Onnoghen ya taka rawa sosai a zaben 2007 wanda ya baiwa Marigayi Umaru Yar’adua damar zama shugaban tarayyar Najeriya. Ya yi wani hukunci da ya sabawa doka wanda da gaske ya soke zaben shugaban kasa. Matsayinsa duk da haka hukunci ne na tsiraru.
An nadashi matsayin CJN Bayan da mukaddashin shugaban kasa Farfesa Yemi Osinbajo ya zabe shi a matsayin alkalin alkalan kotun kolin Najeriya, majalisar dattawa ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 1 ga Maris 2017, kuma ta rantsar da shi a ranar 7 ga watan Maris, 2017.
Dakatarwa a matsayin CJN An fara jin karar Onnoghen ne a lokacin da kungiyar kare hakkin jama’a ta shigar da kara a kotun Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB) tana zargin cewa ya mallaki “asusu guda-guda da aka samu ta hanyar ajiyar kudade da kansa ya yi har zuwa ranar 10 ga watan Agustan 2016, wanda da alama ya samu. an gudanar da shi ta hanyar da ba ta dace da nuna gaskiya na kudi da kuma ka'idojin aiki na jami'an gwamnati ba." An jera zarge-zargen a nan An fara shari’ar ne a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 2019 a kotun da’ar ma’aikata amma Onnoghen bai halarta ba. Daga nan aka dage ci gaba da sauraron karar zuwa mako mai zuwa saboda Onnoghen ya saba tsarin sammacin. Za a ci gaba da sauraren karar a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2019 amma bai sake zuwa kotu ba. Bayan rashin dawowar sa, shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu tare da nada Tanko Ibrahim a matsayin alkalin alkalan Najeriya na rikon kwarya. Daga nan ne ‘yan sanda suka rufe ofishinsa sannan kuma mambobin masu kare muradun kasa da lauyoyi sun yi zanga-zanga a kofar ofishin kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya. Dakatar da shi ya janyo ce-ce-ku-ce daga masu ruwa da tsaki na siyasa, da lauyoyi har ma da samun daukaka a duniya daga hukumomin duniya. Atiku ya bayyana dakatarwar da aka yi masa a matsayin ‘An yi nisa da mulkin kama karya’. Ministan yada labarai, Lai Mohammed, ya zargi wadanda ke sukar shugaba Buhari kan dakatarwar da aka yi wa Onnoghen a matsayin munafukai. A ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, 2019, Kotun da’ar ma’aikata ta dage ci gaba da sauraren shari’ar tasa har abada.
Hukunci a matsayin CJN Kotun da’ar ma’aikata ta yanke wa Onnoghen hukunci a ranar Alhamis 18 ga Afrilu, 2019 saboda bayyana kadarorin karya, an bayyana asusu na 5 ba kuma ya kasa yin lissafinsu. Hukumar CCT ta ce an dakatar da shi daga rike mukamin gwamnati na tsawon shekaru 10. Shugaba Buhari ya karbi takardar murabus din Onoghen na son rai wanda zai fara aiki daga ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2019. Bayan nuna rashin yarda da amincewa da Buhari ya amince da Onoghen ya yi ritaya, hukumar shari’a ta kasa ta bayyana cewa murabus din Onnoghen shine mafi alheri ga Najeriya.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1950
Tsaffin Daliban Accra Academy
Mutane daga jihar Cross T
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
37374 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Barcelona%206%E2%80%931%20Paris%20Saint-Germain%20F.C. | FC Barcelona 6–1 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. | FC Barcelona 6-1 Paris Saint-Germain FC ta kasance sakamakon wasa na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA wanda ya gudana a ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017 a Camp Nou a Barcelona FC Barcelona ta samu rashin nasara da ci hudu da nema a wasa na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar but 2016-17 da Paris Saint-Germain a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai zagaye na 16, inda ta yi nasara da ci 6-5 a jimillar, abin da ya sa ta zama mafi girma a tarihin gasar zakarun Turai a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. wasan, wanda ya zama sananne a Spain da Faransa a matsayin la Remontada (dawowa).
Fage
Tarihi Wannan ne karo na uku da Paris Saint-Germain za ta kara da Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, bayan da ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni biyun da suka gabata a kakar wasa wasa ta shekarar 2012-13 da kuma shekarar 2014-15 a jimillar.
Matakin rukuni Dukan kungiyoyin biyu sun sami kagewa cancanta daga matakin rukuni Paris Saint-Germain ta cancanci a matsayin ta biyu a rukunin A bayan da ta fuskanci Arsenal, Basel, kuma ta samu maki 9 a kan Ludogorets Razgrad mai matsayi na 3 Barcelona Barcelona ce ta zama jagorar rukunin C, mai nisa a gaban Borussia Mönchengladbach da Celtic kuma Manchester City ce ta biyu da maki 6.
Kafar farko An buga wasan farko ne a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu a filin wasa na Parc des Princes da ke birnin Paris Kungiyoyin biyu sun kasance cikin tsari mai kyau tare da Paris Saint-Germain sun fito ne daga ci 3-0 a waje da Bordeaux a Ligue 1 da Barcelona Barcelona ta lallasa Deportivo Alavés a ci 6-0 a waje a gasar La Liga Angel Di María ne ya farkewa ‘yan wasan Paris din a minti na 18 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida gida bayan da Samuel Umtiti na Barcelona ya yi keta. Julian Draxler ya yi 2-0 tare da bugun ƙasa kaɗan a minti na 40, Marco Verratti ya taimaka. Bayan mintuna 55 Di María ya sake zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Edinson Cavani ne ya zura kwallo ta karshe a wasan a minti na 72 da fara wasa, inda aka tashi wasan da ci 4-0. Barcelona ta samu bugun begun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a duk lokacin wasan.
Bayan wasa
Takaitawa Na biyu kafa da aka buga a ranar 8 ga watan Maris a Camp Nou a Barcelona A karo na farko, kungiyoyin biyu sun shiga wasan bayan da suka lashe wasanninsu na gasar, Barcelona da ci 5-0. Celta Vigo da Paris Saint-Germain 1234567 0 da Nancy Wasan ya samu halartar mutane 96,290 duk da tsananin rashin nasara da kungiyar ta yi a wasan farko. Dan wasan Barcelona Luis Suárez ne ya zura kwallon farko a wasan a minti na 3 da fara wasa bayan da ya kai kwallon a kan layi kafin Thomas Meunier ya farke ta. A cikin mintuna na 40, dan wasan Paris Saint-Germain Layvin Kurzawa ya zura kwallo ta kansa a kokarin da ya yi na toshe kwallon da Andrés Iniesta ya yi. Kwalla ta uku ta zo ne a minti na 50 da fara wasa ta hanyar bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Lionel Messi bayan da Thomas Meunier ya yi wa Neymar keta. A minti na 62 da fara wasa ne dai Barcelona ta samu nasarar zura kwallo a ragar Barcelona, wanda hakan ya sa ta bukaci karin wasu uku da ta yi nasara saboda ka’idar cin kwallaye a waje a yanzu ta fifita kungiyar da ke waje wato PSG.Dan wasan Barcelona Mascherano ya ja Di Maria a bugun fanareti na Barcelona amma alkalin wasa Deniz Aytekin bai ba. kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 88 da bugun fanariti mai cike da takaddama lokacin da Luis Suárez ya fadi a 90+1st inda aka tashi 5-1. A cikin dakika na karshe na wasan ne Neymar ya kai bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, sannan Sergi Roberto ya zura kwallo ta shida kuma ta karshe a minti na 90+5, inda aka tashi wasan da ci 6-1, ya kuma tsallake zuwa wasan kusa dana karshe da ci 6-5. tara.
Cikakkun bayanai
Kididdiga Bayan da aka tashi kunnen doki, yayin da ake yabon Barcelona an kuma yi suka ga Paris Saint-Germain kan yadda suka gaza shawo kan matsin lamba na ci gaba Haba da jan ragamar da suka yi, da kuma hasashen cewa. Hukumar za ta iya ragewa alkalin wasa daga matsayinsa saboda wasu hukunce-hukuncen da ya yanke a lokacin wasan, musamman bayar da bugun fanareti na biyu na Barcelona. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa da Paris Saint-Germain ta yi nasara a wasan wasan da a yi amfani da tsarin na'urar VAR A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, Barcelona ta sake shan wahala a wasan farko na kunnen doki daga gida, a wannan karon ta sha kashi a hannun Juventus da ci 3-0 Sai dai sun kasa maimaita wasan da suka yi a zagayen baya kuma kuma an fitar da su bayan sun tashi 0-0 a wasan da suka buga. Daya daga cikin manyan jaruman wasan kunnen doki, dan wasan Brazil Neymar, ya kasance a tsakiyar wani lamari daban da ya shafi kungiyoyin biyu a cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2017 lokacin da ya tashi daga Barcelona zuwa Paris Saint-Germain kan kudin rikodin rikodin duniya A zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2020-21, Barcelona da Paris Saint-Germain sun sake fuskantar juna, a wannan karon cikin yanayi daban-daban. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankalin kafafen yada labarai shi ne komawar Neymar Barcelona, duk da cewa ba zai buga wasan farko ba saboda rauni. Ko da kuwa, PSG ta lashe wasan 4-1 a Camp Nou, tare da hat-trick daga Kylian Mbappé A karawa ta biyu, kungiyar PSG wadda ba ta da Neymar ta yi nasarar ci gaba da tashi kunnen doki 1-1, inda ta lallasa Barça da ci 5-2 a jumulla, kuma ta tsallake zuwa natakinmatakin daf da na kusa da na karshe.
Makamantan sakamako a yanayi masu zuwa A gasar kakar wasanni ta gaba, Barcelona ce ta samu nasarar dawowa ba zato ba tsammani, ta sha kashi a hannun Roma da ke Italiya da ci 3-0 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da kuma fitar da kwallaye a waje, duk da cewa ta yi nasara da ci 4-1 mai karfi daga kafar gida ta taye. A nasu bangare, Paris Saint-Germain sun sake sunkuyar da kai a zagaye na 16, duk da cewa sun kara da Neymar Neymar da sauran su a cikin tawagar da kuma lashe rukuninsu, sun yi rashin nasara ga wadanda suka yi nasara, abokan hamayyar Barcelona Real Madrid A cikin shekarar 2018-19 UEFA Champions League zagaye na 16, Paris Saint-Germain ba tare da Neymar da ya ji rauni ba su ne kungiyar da ta sha kashi a wani gagarumin koma baya, yayin da kungiyar Manchester United da ke da karfi ta ci 3-1 a Parc des Princes (The Parc des Princes). Hukunci burin daga bugun fenareti a karin lokacin da VAR ta bayar) bayan da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a Old Trafford, karo na farko a tarihin gasar da aka shawo kan irin wannan gibin da aka samu a wasan farko na gida. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, an kawar da Barcelona bayan rugujewar zagaye na biyu: rike da fa'idar 3-0 daga Camp Nou, sun zura kwallaye hudu ba tare da amsa wa Liverpool ba a Anfield A gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar 2021-22, PSG ta doke Real Madrid da ci 1-0 a wasan farko na zagaye na 16 kawai inda aka tashi wasa na biyu da ci 3-1 a filin wasa na Santiago Bernabéu Duba kuma 1997 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final
2016-17 FC Barcelona kakar
2016-17 Paris Saint-Germain FC kakar
FC Barcelona in international football
Paris Saint-Germain FC a wasan kwallon kafa na duniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sharhin wasan UEFA
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20424 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Kilba | Mutanen Kilba | Kilba ƙabila ce a cikin Ƙaramar hukumar Hong ta jihar Adamawa (tsohuwar jihar Gongola) a Najeriya.
Tarihi A da, Höba ya zauna a cikin manyan al'ummomin tsaunukan dangi. Waɗannan garuruwan sun haɗa da Pella, Gwaja, Hong, Kulinyi, Garaha, Bangshika, Miljili, Gaya-jaba, Gaya-maki, Gaya-skalmi, Gaya-gou, Gaya Fa'a, Gaya Jabba, Ndlang, Hyama, Kinking, Motaku, Kwapor, Za da Zivi, duk a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Hong ta yanzu. Mountainungiyoyin tsaunuka na garin Höba kowannensu ya kasance ƙarƙashin "Töl köra ma" (Sarkin al'umman dutsen). "Köra ma" yana nufin "saman dutse". Ana kuma kiran Töl da "ttle", wanda ke nufin Sarki. Musamman Töl saboda haka, an san shi da sunan danginsa. Kowane ɗayan al'ummomin tsaunukan sun haɗu da ƙauyuka da yawa. Waɗannan ƙauyuka suna da hanyar sadarwarsu. Suna da takamaiman hanyoyin yin komai, kuma rayuwa ta kasance mai sassauƙa da jin daɗi. Töl köra ma ya kasance mai mulkin-addini tare. Yana da majalisar zartarwa wacce ta kunshi Yaduma, Midala, Bira'ol, Kadagimi, Kadala, Dzarma da Batari, ya danganta da yankin. Kowannensu yana da kayil na hukuma. Kabet na duk Töls har yanzu suna da hali iri ɗaya. Höba ƙabila ce mai babbar runduna. Sun kasance masu magana kuma suna da hanyoyi daban-daban na yin abubuwa da kuma samun abubuwa. Höba ƙabila ce mai cikakken haɗin kai. Bayan karni na 18 miladiyya, Dr. Henry Barth (1965) (wani bajamushe matafiyi) ya sami kan Höba yayin tafiyarsa.
Tsarin siyasa Furaya daga cikin Furkudol yana kawo Höba, a cikin al'ummomin tsaunuka daban-daban na dangi a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tsakiya ɗaya a wancan lokacin. A cikin rahoton da Dr. Barth ya bayar game da balaguron nasa, ya rubuta cewa Höba "kyakkyawan tsari ne na arna wanda ba shi da na biyu a Yammacin Sudan". Bugu da kari, ya ambaci cewa wannan masarauta "ta yi kama da ta tsohuwar Misira ko mulkin Turai na zamani. An raba masarautar gida biyu wacce aka tura mambobin dangi masu mulki don gudanar da su a matsayin gwamnoni Ya kuma ambaci cewa "Duk wata, su (gwamnoni da ministocin tsakiya) suna aikawa da rahoto zuwa ga Sarki don ƙarin umarnin ko yanke shawara na ƙarshe". Waɗannan gwamnonin sune Yirmas da Shalls. Yirma ɗaya ne kawai daga Udong. Tun da yake akwai kuma har yanzu shi kansa ne, kawai ana kiransa Yirma. Gwamnoni suna cikin matsayi, tare da Yirma sune mafi girma a cikinsu, Udong shine wurin da muke kira Udong a yanzu. Gwamnatin Höba ta kasu kashi biyu, tare da Töl a matsayin mai cikakken mulki. Gwamnatin yankin ita ce ta Shalls da Yirma. Ginin tsakiya shine alhakin membobin majalisar Töls. Ministocin sun hada da masu zuwa:
Sabiya Sabiya Firayim Minista ne kuma Babban Mashawarci ga Töl.
Bira'ol Bira'ol shi ne Mataimakin Firayim Minista
Midala Midala shine Ministan Tsaro kuma Kwamandan Yaki
Kadala Kadala shine Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda. Yana kamawa kuma yana bada umarnin kama masu laifi.
Dzarma Dzarma shi ne Ministan da ke Kula da Gidan Sarauta
Batari Batari shine Shugaban Gidan Sarauta
Kadagimi Kadagimi shine Fursuna kuma jami'in Fadar Sarki
Yaduma Yaduma shi ne kakakin Majalisar Wakilai na masu ba da shawara
Yaki tsakanin Höba da Fulani Tun bayan da aka tabbatar da mulkin masarauta mun san daga tarihin gaba daya cewa karni na 19 ya kasance ana fama da yake-yake saboda jihadi da kuma fada da ake yi da Fulani inda bayanai suka nuna mana cewa ba a taba cin Hoba ba. Anyi ƙoƙari sosai don yin hakan. Höba, kodayake yana fama da yunwar yaƙi a wancan lokacin, kawai yana zuwa ne don fatattakar mazaunan Fulani tare da ƙwace dukiyoyinsu. Yayi kamanceceniya da Isra’ilawa na zamanin da, lokacin da suke ƙaura zuwa Alkawari daga Masar. Höba bai taɓa ƙarfafa nasarar su ba a ko'ina. Hanyar ta kasance mai mahimmanci sosai. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa babu wata nasara tsakanin masu jihadi da Höba, dole ne a ayyana tsagaita wuta a ranakun kasuwa a Pella da Mbilla Kilba. Fulani da Höba sun halarci waɗannan ranakun kasuwa kyauta.
Wuri Kilba da ke zaune a ƙaramar hukumar Hong suna cikin yankin tsakanin ƙananan hukumomi hudu: Gombi, Song, Mubi da Michika. Mis Nissen tayi kyakkyawan bayanin wurin da yankin Kilba yake a cikin littafinta,
Bayanan kula Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Al'adun Najeriya
Harsunan |
34209 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20bounty%20program | Russian bounty program | Shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha wani shiri ne da ake zargin jami'an leken asirin sojan Rasha na biyan tukwicin ga mayakan da ke da alaka da Taliban saboda kashe Amurkawa da sauran dakarun kawance a lokacin yakin Afghanistan Kasancewar shirin da ake zargin an ruwaito shi a kafafen yada labarai a cikin shekarata 2020 kuma ya zama batu a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2020 A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2020, The Washington Post ta ba da rahoton cewa bayanan sirri da ke ba da shawarar kasancewar wani aiki na kyauta wanda aka kwanan watan a farkon 2018. The Washington Post da Associated Press duk sun ba da rahoton cewa an sanar da jami'an gwamnatin Trump game da rahoton leken asirin a farkon shekara ta 2019. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2020, jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin leken asirin Amurka sun tantance, watanni da dama da suka gabata, cewa Unit 29155 na hukumar leken asirin sojan Rasha GRU ta yi tayin baiwa mayakan Taliban lamuni a asirce don kashe sojojin Amurka da sauran jami’an hadin gwiwa a Afghanistan, ciki har da yayin tattaunawar sulhu da Taliban Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa "Jami'ai sun ce an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin jami'an leken asirin game da karfin shaidun da ake zargin na Rasha ne." Jami'an ma'aikatar tsaro sun bayar da rahoton cewa leken asirin sojojin Amurka sun kasa tabbatar da shirin da aka ruwaito. A cikin Afrilu 2021, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa ƙungiyar leƙen asirin Amurka tana da "ƙananan amana zuwa matsakaici" a cikin zarge-zargen shirin kyauta.
Fage A cikin shekarar 2010, an bayar da rahoton cewa Iran ta biya wa mayakan Taliban dala 1,000 ga kowane sojan Amurka da suka kashe a Afghanistan equivalent to $1,240 a 2021 Jami'an Amurka da Birtaniyya sun zargi Iran da bayar da tallafi da makamai ga mayakan Taliban a Afganistan. A watan Agustan 2019, jaridar Washington Post ta ba da rahoton cewa "dangantakar Iran da Taliban a yanzu ta shafi tattalin arziki, tsaro da siyasa kuma mai yiwuwa ta bunkasa kamar yadda Taliban ta sake jaddada kanta." Ana kuma zargin Pakistan da Saudiyya da goyon bayan Taliban. Da farko dai Rasha ta goyi bayan yakin da Amurka ke yi da ta'addanci tare da amincewa da bayar da tallafin dabaru ga sojojin Amurka a Afganistan A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, Rasha ta rufe wata babbar hanyar safarar sojoji wacce ta baiwa NATO damar isar da kayayyakin soji zuwa Afghanistan ta cikin yankin Rasha. Hukumar leken asiri ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Rasha tana ba wa yan Taliban makamai na tsawon shekaru da dama tare da tuntuɓar juna a Arewacin Afghanistan tun daga 2015. A baya dai jami'an tsaro daga Amurka da Afganistan sun ayyana cewa kasar Rasha na bayar da tallafin kudi da makamai ga kungiyar Taliban da shugabanninta. Jami'an gwamnatin Rasha dai sun bayyana zargin mara tushe. Carter Malkasian, tsohon mai ba da shawara ga kwamandojin sojojin Amurka a Afganistan, ya ce Rasha ta fara kulla alaka da "wasu 'yan Taliban" a arewacin Afganistan a shekara ta 2015, mai yiwuwa a matsayin mayar da martani ga ayyukan IS A cewar BBC, Rasha "ta damu matuka game da karuwar masu tsatstsauran ra'ayin Islama a yankin da ke yaduwa a cikin ta. Kuma tana kallon ’yan Taliban a matsayin wata katafariyar katangar da za ta iya magance wannan.” A watan Fabrairu da kuma a cikin Mayu 2019, wata tawaga ta jami'an Taliban da manyan 'yan siyasar Afghanistan sun gana a Moscow don gudanar da wani sabon zagaye na tattaunawar zaman lafiya na Afghanistan Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayar da rahoton cewa "Jami'an Rasha da shugabannin addinai da dattawa sun nemi a tsagaita wuta." Unit 29155 rukunin sirri ne na GRU wanda ke da alhakin kashe-kashen waje da sauran ayyukan ɓoye. An dai alakanta sashin da yunkurin juyin mulkin kasar Montenegrin na shekarar 2016, da gubar da aka yiwa kamfanin kera makamai na Bulgaria Emilian Gebrev, da kuma gubar Sergei da Yulia Skripal A cikin shekarar 2019, an kashe jami'an Amurka 23 a wani aiki a Afghanistan. Ma'aikatan sabis na Amurka goma sun mutu sakamakon harbin bindiga ko fashewar abubuwa a cikin 2018 da 16 a cikin 2019. An kuma kashe wasu biyu a cikin 2020 kafin tsagaita bude wuta a watan Fabrairu da farkon cutar ta COVID-19 An kashe da yawa daga cikin sojojin a hare-haren kore-da-blue (harin da jami'an tsaron Afganistan suka kai kan dakarun hadin gwiwa). A watan Disamba na 2019, takardun Afghanistan sun bayyana cewa manyan sojoji da jami'an gwamnati gabaɗaya suna da ra'ayin cewa yaƙin Afghanistan ba shi da nasara, amma sun ɓoye hakan ga jama'a. A cewar karar, wanda aka shigar a watan Disamban shekarar 2019 a Kotun Gundumar DC a madadin iyalan Gold Star, manyan yan kwangilar tsaro na Amurka da na kasa da kasa da ke da hannu a Afganistan sun ba da "kudaden kariya" ga Taliban ba bisa ka'ida ba, tare da ba da tallafin "Ta'addancin da Taliban ke jagoranta" kashe ko jikkata dubban Amurkawa a Afghanistan. Wata shari'ar da ke da alaka da ita ta zargi gwamnatin Iran. A shekara ta 2009, Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a lokacin Hillary Clinton ta ce "kudin kariya" yana daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kudade ga Taliban. A ranar 29 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Trump ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Taliban, wanda ke yin kira da a janye sojojin kasashen waje a cikin watanni 14 idan Taliban ta kiyaye sharuddan yarjejeniyar. A watan Mayun 2020, Shugaba Trump ya ce "lokaci ya yi" da za a dawo da sojojin Amurka gida daga Afghanistan.
Tarin hankali A farkon shekarar 2019 ne aka fara sanar da jami'an fadar White House rahotannin sirri game da shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha. Rahotannin da ke fitowa daga dakarun Amurka na musamman da kuma jami’an leken asiri da ke da hedkwata a Afganistan na cewa an biya ‘yan ta’addar tukwici a shekarar 2019 saboda harin da suka kai wa sojojin Amurka a shekarar 2019 da 2020. Rahotannin sun dogara ne kan tambayoyin mayakan da aka kama (ciki har da tambayoyin da sojojin Amurka suka yi), tambayoyin wadanda aka kama; da bayanan sa ido. Bayanan da aka samu daga mayakan Taliban "daga bangarori daban-daban na kasar da kuma na kabilu daban-daban" sun kasance iri daya. Tun da farko dai hukumomin leken asiri da manazarta sun samu sabani kan amincin binciken da aka yi kan tambayoyin da ake tsare da su. Bayanai na lantarki da aka kama sun nuna babban musayar banki zuwa asusun da ke da alaƙa da Taliban daga asusun da GRU ke sarrafawa. Jami'an Afganistan sun ce 'yan kasuwa da dama da suka aika kudi ta hanyar hawala ana zargin su ne masu shiga tsakani na shirin bayar da lamuni kuma an kama su a wani samame. A cikin watan Janairun 2020, wani farmakin hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da Hukumar Tsaro ta Afganistan, sun kai farmaki kan sansanin Taliban a Kunduz An kama mutane 13. Daya ya tsere zuwa Tajikistan yayin da ake tunanin wani dan kasar Afganistan mai safarar miyagun kwayoyi Rahmatullah Azizi ya tsere zuwa kasar Rasha. Jami'an tsaro sun kwato kusan dalar Amurka 500,000 daga gidan Azizi a Kabul A cewar jaridar New York Times, jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun bayyana Azizi a matsayin babban dan tsakani, inda ya karbi makudan kudade na dubban daruruwan daloli daga kasar Rasha tare da raba su ga mayakan da ke da alaka da Taliban. Wannan farmakin dai ya kara tsananta zargin da leken asirin Amurka ke da shi na alaka ta kudi da Rasha da kungiyar Taliban da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa masu alaka. An ba da bayanai kan shirin bayar da lamuni a cikin rahotannin leken asiri kuma jami'ai biyu sun ce babban jami'in hukumar CIA na yankin ne ya san shirin da kuma sojojin da ke da alhakin shigar da kungiyar Taliban. CIA ta samar da kima na leken asiri, bita da kuma tabbatar da binciken. Kiyasin ya kammala da cewa, jami'an sojan Rasha sun bayar da tukuicin tuhume-tuhume kan nasarar da aka samu kan dakarun hadin gwiwa a shekarar 2019. Ana kyautata zaton mayakan Islama ne ko kuma abokan huldar su da suka yi mugun laifi suka tattara tukuicin da aka bayar daga shirin. Jami'an soji sun kuma yi nazari kan wadanda aka kashe a fadan da suka yi a baya domin tantance ko za a iya alakanta wani daga cikin wadanda suka mutu da shirin bayar da kyautar. Masu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan hare-hare guda biyu kan sojojin Amurka, daya daga cikinsu shi ne harin bam a wajen filin jirgin saman Bagram a watan Afrilun 2019 wanda ya kashe sojojin ruwa Robert A. Hendriks, Benjamin S. Hines, da Christopher Slutman. Jami’ai ba su bayyana yadda aka zabo wuraren da sojoji suka kai wa hari ba ko kuma yadda ake biyan mayakan. Jami'an Afganistan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba sun yi ikirarin cewa shirin bayar da ladan ya yi tayin bayar da dala 100,000 ga kowane sojan Amurka ko na kawancen da aka kashe.
Ƙimar hankali Kasancewar shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha zai nuna ci gaban yakin cacar baki na biyu da ke gudana kuma a karon farko da aka san GRU da kitsa kai hare-hare kan jami'an soji na Yamma. A cewar wani rahoto na New York Times a watan Yuli 2020, gwamnatin Trump ta nemi haifar da shakku game da wanzuwar shirin lamuni na Rasha. Hukumar Leken Asiri ta kasa, wacce ta ba da rahoto ga daraktan leken asirin kasa na Trump, John Ratcliffe, ta samar da wata takarda mai shafi biyu da rabi da ke nuna cewa CIA da Cibiyar Yaki da Ta'addanci ta kasa sun tantance da "matsakaicin amincewa" (watau, "da gaske an samo asali kuma a bayyane yake)., amma faduwa kusa da tabbas") cewa GRU ya ba da kyauta, amma Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSA) da sauran sassan Al'umman Leken asiri sun ce "ba su da bayanan da za su goyi bayan wannan matakin a matakin guda" don haka suna da ƙasa. amincewa a ƙarshe. Wani rahoton Wall Street Journal na daban ya ce hukumar ta NSA ta "ba da ra'ayi sosai" daga kimantawar CIA da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro cewa makircin ladar gaskiya ne kuma na gaske. Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DOD), a cikin shaida a cikin Yuli 2020 ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar ta Janar Mark Milley, shugaban hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin soja da sakataren tsaro Mark Esper, ya ce hukumomin leken asirin Amurka ba su da wani bayani don tabbatar da rahotanni. na shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha a Afganistan kuma ba shi da wata shaida na "sabani da tasiri dangane da shirin lamuni na Rasha wanda ke haddasa asarar sojojin Amurka." Da hawansa mulki, Biden ya umurci gwamnatinsa da ta gudanar da cikakken nazari kan manufofin Amurka game da Rasha. An haɗa rahotannin kyauta a cikin bita, tare da wasu batutuwa (kamar guba da ɗaurin kurkuku na Alexei Navalny, ƙoƙarin Rasha don tsoma baki tare da zaɓen Amurka, da SolarWinds cyberespionage harin A cikin 2021, Sanata Tammy Duckworth (Democrat na Illinois) ya nemi Daraktan Leken Avril Haines da ya fito fili ya fitar da wani kima na Al'ummar Leken Asiri na Amurka game da leken asirin Rasha don nuna gaskiya. Wani mai magana da yawun Hukumar Tsaron Kasa ta Amurka (NSC) ya fada a cikin sanarwar Afrilu 2021 cewa Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka tana da "kyakkyawan amincewa da matsakaici" kan wanzuwar shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha. A cikin leken asirin Amurka, "madaidaicin kwarin gwiwa" yana nufin cewa bayanan sirri sun tantance bayanan a matsayin "masu inganci kuma an samo su cikin aminci, amma ba a tabbatar da su sosai don cancantar ƙima mafi girma" da "ƙananan ƙarfin gwiwa" yana nufin ƙarshen ya kasance "dangane da bayanan da ake tambaya ko rashin fahimta ko kuma bayanin da ya tarwatse ko kuma ba a tabbatar da shi ba don yin tsattsauran ra'ayi". Jami'ai sun ce "ƙananan amincewa da matsakaici" yana da nasaba da tushen bayanan falala ('yan fursunonin Afghanistan, bayanan kuɗi da aka kama yayin wani hari, da "bayanai da shaidar alaƙa da masu aikata laifuka a Afghanistan da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin gwamnatin Rasha" wanda ba za a iya ɗauka da ƙima ba, da kuma yanayin aiki a Afghanistan wanda ke sa tattara bayanan sirri (don tabbatar da hasashe) da wahala. Sai dai wannan sanarwar ta kuma ce hukumar leken asirin Amurka tana da "kwarin gwiwa" kan wani bincike na daban na cewa leken asirin sojan Rasha na gudanar da "mu'amala da daidaikun mutane a cikin kungiyoyin masu aikata laifukan Afganistan" ta hanyar "daidai da hare-haren karfafa gwiwar da Rasha ke kai wa Amurka da ma'aikatan hadin gwiwa a Afghanistan. Kwararru a fannin leken asiri sun ce abu ne na al'ada don hankali ya yi duhu.
Rahoto Da yake ambaton majiyoyin da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba, a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2020, jaridar New York Times ta ba da rahoto game da wani shirin soja na Rasha na biyan tukwici ga mayakan da ke da alaka da Taliban saboda kashe sojojin Amurka a Afghanistan Bayan kwanaki biyu, jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa shirin bayar da kyautar ya yi sanadin mutuwar akalla sojan Amurka daya. Jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa, "Mutane da dama da ke da masaniya kan lamarin sun ce ba a san takamaimai nawa Amurkawa ko sojojin hadin gwiwa na wasu kasashe aka kashe ko aka kai musu hari a karkashin shirin ba" da kuma bayanan sirrin da aka samu daga tambayoyi da sojojin Amurka suka yi wa 'yan Taliban da suka kama. 'Yan ta'addar da ke da alaka, an "gare su daga sojojin Amurka na musamman da ke Afganistan kuma sun kai ga wani taƙaitaccen taron fadar White House" a ƙarshen Maris 2020. Jaridar The Times ta ruwaito cewa masu binciken na Amurka sun gano akalla hari guda daya da suke zargin an karfafa musu gwiwa: wani harin bam da aka kai a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019 a wajen filin jirgin saman Bagram wanda ya kashe sojojin ruwa uku tare da raunata wasu uku, tare da jikkata akalla ‘yan kasar Afghanistan shida. A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2020, Sakataren Tsaro Mark Esper ya ce Marine Gen. Kenneth McKenzie Jr. da hukumomin leken asiri na DOD ba su sami wata alaƙa tsakanin tuhume-tuhumen da ake zargin Rasha da kai harin ba.
Martani
Afghanistan Shugaban kasar Afganistan Ashraf Ghani ya ce kasar ba za ta iya zama wurin da ake gudanar da manyan wasannin motsa jiki ba tsakanin shugabannin kasashen duniya, yana mai cewa hakan ya kawo bala'i a kasar a karni na 19 da kuma karshen karni na 20.
Rasha Rasha ta musanta cewa akwai shirin bayar da lamuni, tana ba da musantawa ta hannun mai magana da yawun Putin Dmitry Peskov, Sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Rasha Nikolai Patrushev, Wakilin Rasha a Afghanistan, Zamir Kabulov, da kuma dan majalisar Rasha Frants Klintsevich. memba na kwamitin tsaro da tsaro na Majalisar Tarayya. Jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha sun zargi jaridar New York Times da yada labaran karya kuma sun ce labarin ya haifar da barazana ga jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Rasha ta ce labarin ya nuna "karancin basirar masu yada bayanan leken asirin Amurka." Wasu ƙwararrun Rasha sun ce "Leƙen asirin Amurka game da Rasha sun rabu da gaskiya gaba ɗaya" kuma rahotanni game da falala "sun yi aiki kawai don rura wutar yakin basasa na siyasa tsakanin Shugaba Donald Trump da abokan hamayyarsa a Washington"; darektan majalisar kula da harkokin kasa da kasa ta kasar Rasha, mai alaka da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar, ya bayyana cewa, biyan kudade ga kungiyar Taliban zai cutar da muradun kasar Rasha, ta hanyar gaggauta janyewar Amurka daga yankin, da kuma kara barazanar da masu kishin Islama za su shiga kan karagar mulki. a Afghanistan, yana haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da tayar da zaune tsaye a cikin tsoffin jihohin Soviet na tsakiyar Asiya. Sai dai kuma a cewar wata hira da aka yi da jami'an Afghanistan, da jami'an Amurka, da jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje da suka yi aiki a Kabul, 'yan Taliban, Rasha da Iran, duk da cewa abokan gaba ne na tarihi, suna da sha'awar ficewar Amurka daga Afganistan, inda Rashawa ke kallon kasancewar Amurka. a tsakiyar Asiya a matsayin barazanar dabara. Jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun ce a shekara ta 2012 ne Rasha ta fara gina hanyar diflomasiyya ga kungiyar Taliban Lokacin da Rasha ta fahimci cewa Amurka na da niyyar barin Afghanistan, sai ta fara aiki don taimakawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ƙungiyoyin Taliban masu kishin ƙasa su yi galaba a kan fikafikan da suka fi muni. Yana da nufin matsar da tsarin zaman lafiya zuwa matsakaiciyar hanya ta hanyar kai tsaye tare da Taliban kuma, a cewar masana na Rasha, watakila sun ƙirƙiri ƙarin alaƙar sirri.
Taliban Taliban ta musanta cewa akwai shirin bayar da kyautar, tare da mai magana da yawun Taliban Zabiullah Mujahid yana mai cewa "kashe-kashen mu da kashe-kashen mu sun ci gaba da faruwa a shekarun da suka gabata, kuma mun yi hakan ne da kanmu" ba tare da taimakon hukumomin leken asiri ba.
Amurka
Gwamnatin Trump Ƙididdigar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa (NSC) a Fadar White House ta Trump a ƙarshen Maris 2020. Jami’an gwamnati sun ce an yi wa manyan jami’an fadar White House bayani kan shirin bayar da kyauta kuma an sanya shirin a cikin Takaitaccen Takaice na Shugaban Kasa a karshen watan Fabrairu. An tattauna batutuwa daban-daban ga Rasha a taron, ciki har da yin rajistar koken diflomasiyya da jerin takunkumi, amma gwamnatin Donald Trump ba ta ba da izini ba. Yayin da wakilin Amurka na musamman kan sasanta Afganistan Zalmay Khalilzad ya ba da shawarar yin tir da Rasha kai tsaye, jami'ai tare da NSC "sun yi watsi da daukar matakin gaggawa". A cikin watannin da suka biyo baya, jami'ai sun ce "an kula da shirin bayar da kyautar a matsayin sirrin sirri". A cikin makon da ya gabata na watan Yuni, an faɗaɗa taƙaitaccen bayani kuma an yiwa gwamnatin Birtaniyya bayani. Su ne kawai memba na haɗin gwiwar da aka sanar da su a hukumance game da bayanan sirri. Trump da mukarrabansa sun ce ba a yi masa bayani kan bayanan sirrin ba. Darektan leken asiri na kasa (DNI) John Ratcliffe da sakataren yada labarai na fadar White House Kayleigh McEnany sun ce Trump bai samu wani takaitaccen bayani kan shirin bayar da kyautar ba. Richard Grenell, wanda ke rike da mukamin DNI har zuwa Mayu 2020, ya ce ba a sanar da shi game da shirin kyautar ba. Trump ya kira shirin bayar da kyautar "Labaran karya" da kuma yaudara, ya kuma rubuta a shafin Twitter cewa jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun ba shi shawarar cewa ba su kai rahoto gare shi ko Mike Pence ba saboda ba su samu sahihanci ba. Jaridar New York Times ta ce "a cikin musun cewa an yi wa Mista Trump bayani, jami'an gudanarwar sun nuna rashin jin dadinsu game da yadda ake ayyana wannan ra'ayi da kuma ko ya hada da bayanan baki da kuma takaitaccen bayanin shugaban kasa." Wasu jami'ai biyu da ke da masaniya kan lamarin sun ce Trump ya samu rubutaccen bayani a cikin takaitaccen bayani na Daily Daily ta shugaban kasar kan leken asirin Rasha a karshen watan Fabrairu; McEnany ya ce Trump "ba a yi masa bayani da kansa kan lamarin ba." An ba da rahoton cewa Trump sau da yawa ba ya karanta Takaitattun Labaran Shugaban Kasa, a maimakon haka yana karbar bayanan baka na lokaci-lokaci. Jami'an leken asiri na yanzu da na tsoffin jami'an leken asiri sun ce ko da a yayin ganawar sirri, Trump "yana da matukar wahala a yi takaitaccen bayani kan lamuran tsaron kasa" kuma "sau da yawa yana dogara a maimakon kafofin yada labarai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da abokai don samun bayanai." Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro Robert O'Brien ya ce "Ma'aikacin CIA na Trump ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi masa bayani saboda bayanan sirri ne da ba a tantance ba" kuma ya lura cewa Amurka na samun bayanan sirri da yawa a kowane mako. McEnany ya ce "Babu wata yarjejeniya tsakanin jami'an leken asirin kan wadannan zarge-zargen kuma a sakamakon haka akwai ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba daga wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin leken asirin dangane da sahihancin abin da ake yadawa." Kakakin hukumar ta NSC John Ullyot ya ce "ana ci gaba da tantance sahihancin zarge-zargen." Duk da haka, jaridar New York Times, ta ambato jami'ai biyu, ta ruwaito a ranar 29 ga Yuni cewa "bayanin kima na leken asirin cewa sashin na Rasha ya aiwatar da makircin falala kuma ana ganin yana da mahimmanci kuma mai ƙarfi sosai don yaɗa shi gabaɗaya a cikin al'ummomin leken asirin. wani labarin Mayu 4 a cikin Binciken Leken asirin Duniya na CIA." 'Yar majalisar wakilai ta Democrat Elissa Slotkin 'yar Michigan tsohuwar manazarci ta CIA, ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Tsaro ta kasa, kuma mai ba da bayanan leken asiri ta ce a cikin kwarewarta a Fadar White House George W. Bush da Obama, wani bayanan sirri kamar yadda aka ruwaito tukuicin da Rasha ke yiwa sojojin Amurka. za a yi la'akari da cewa yana da matukar mahimmanci a raba shi da shugaban ko da akwai sabanin ra'ayi tsakanin leken asirin Amurka. Slotkin ya ce zai zama "damuwa sosai" idan manyan ma'aikata suka kasa kai irin wannan bayanin ga Trump duk da kiran waya biyar da ya yi da Putin kwanan nan. Robert Cardillo, tsohon babban jami'in leken asirin Amurka, da David Priess, tsohon mai ba da bayanai na hukumar leken asiri ta CIA na yau da kullun, kuma marubucin wani littafi kan bayanan bayanan sirri na shugaban kasa, dukkansu sun ce a gwamnatocin da suka gabata, shugabannin "sun sami tantancewa kan batutuwa masu mahimmancin mahimmanci ko da idan suna da ra'ayi daga wasu manazarta ko hukumomi," da kuma cewa irin wannan rashin amincewa an kai ga shugabannin "don taimaka musu fahimtar rashin tabbas da tsarin nazari." Priess ya lura cewa rashin tabbas yana tattare da yanayin hankali. Shugaban ma'aikatan fadar White House Mark Meadows ya ce mutane za su "daure" saboda rahotannin da ke cewa Rasha ta yi tayin tuhume-tuhume ga mayakan Taliban. Meadows ya ce "Mun san an aikata laifi. Duk wanda ya leka wannanBa su ma fitar da labarin duka ba. Mun kuduri aniyar kaiwa ga gaci, ba mu da wani hankali da zai taimaka wajen bayar da rahoto." Rudy Giuliani, memba na kungiyar lauyoyin Trump, ya kira mai ba da labarin a matsayin "mai zurfin tunani wanda ya aikata babban laifi. Ba zan iya tunanin wani laifi mafi muni ba. Ba cin amana ba ne amma ya zo kusa." A watan Yunin 2020, Mark Milley, shugaban hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin sojojin, ya shaida wa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar cewa, duk da cewa ba a sami wata alaka da irin wannan shirin ga Amurkawa da aka kashe ba, Amurka na ci gaba da bincike kuma za ta “dau mataki” idan shirin falala ya tabbata gaskiya ne. Sakataren tsaro Mark Esper ya ce Janar Kenneth McKenzie, kwamandan rundunar Amurka ta tsakiya, da Janar Scott Miller, babban kwamandan sojojin Amurka a Afganistan, ba su yi tunanin "rahotanni sun tabbata ba yayin da aka tona su." McKenzie ya ce bai sami wani "hankali mai haddasawa" a tsakanin bayar da rahoton bayar da rahoton mutuwar sojojin Amurka ba, amma ya ce rahotannin suna da matukar damuwa kuma ya ce rashin hujja "sau da yawa gaskiya ne a leken asirin fagen fama." A watan Satumba na 2020, McKenzie ya ce wanzuwar wata baiwa ta Rasha "ba a tabbatar da matakin da ya gamsar da ni ba" amma sojoji sun ci gaba da neman shaida tare da daukar lamarin "ba batun rufe ba."
Majalisa Trump bai taba tayar da tuhume-tuhume ba a cikin tattaunawarsa da shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin, yana haifar da suka daga 'yan Democrat da wasu 'yan Republican. Masana harkokin ketare da dama sun ce kamata ya yi gwamnatin Amurka ta gabatar da batun ga gwamnatin Rasha, ko da kuwa babu tabbatacciyar hujja. Shugabar majalisar Nancy Pelosi ta soki Trump, tana mai cewa: "Wannan mummunan abu ne kamar yadda ake samu, kuma duk da haka shugaban ba zai fuskanci Rashawa kan wannan maki ba, ya musanta cewa an yi musu bayani." Pelosi ya yi ishara da shawarwarin da Trump ya bayar na mayar da Rasha cikin G8, inda aka kori Rasha daga cikinta bayan mamaye Crimea a ranar 24 ga Maris, 2014. Pelosi da shugaban marasa rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa Chuck Schumer sun yi kira da a yi wa dukkan ‘yan majalisar bayani kan lamarin. Fadar White House ta ba da bayani game da matsayinta a watan Yuni 2020 ga gungun 'yan Republican House takwas da ke kawance da gwamnatin. Daga cikin 'yan jam'iyyar Republican, Sanata Lindsey Graham da Wakilai Liz Cheney da Dan Crenshaw sun nuna bacin ransu game da labarin tare da neman bayani, yayin da Wakilin Adam Kinzinger ya yi kira ga Trump da ya dakatar da zargin "yakin inuwa" da Rasha ke yi. Sauran 'yan jam'iyyar Republican sun kare Trump, ciki har da shugaban marasa rinjaye Kevin McCarthy A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, Kwamitin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Majalisar ya kada kuri'a da gagarumin rinjaye don amincewa da wani gyara don takaita ikon Trump na janye sojojin Amurka daga Afghanistan Rep. Seth Moulton ya ce: "Yanzu mun sami labarin cewa [Trump] yana yin [yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya da Taliban] a daidai lokacin da ake samun alheri a kan sojojin Amurka, 'ya'yan Amurka maza da mata. A fili muna bukatar karin sa ido kan abin da shugaban kasar ke yi a Afghanistan."
Gudanar da Biden A cikin 2020, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Joe Biden, yayin da yake yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa, ya soki Trump da kasa "kakaba takunkumi ko dorawa Rasha kowane irin sakamako kan wannan mummunar take hakkin dokokin kasa da kasa" kuma ya ce Trump ya ci gaba da yakin neman zabensa na nuna kunya. da kuma wulakanta kansa a gaban Vladimir Putin." Biden ya ci gaba da bayyana rashin mayar da martanin Trump a matsayin hujjar cewa "dukkanin shugabancin Trump kyauta ce ga Putin" kuma ya yi alkawarin idan aka zabe shi, "Putin zai fuskanci kalubale kuma za mu dora wa Rasha tsada." A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2021, kwanaki hudu bayan Biden ya hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya fara samun cikakkun bayanan sirri, ya canza kalaman nasa, yana nufin "rahotanni na alheri." A cikin Afrilu 2021, gwamnatin ta fitar da wata takarda ta gaskiya tana mai cewa manazarta CIA suna da "ƙananan amincewa da matsakaici" game da wanzuwar shirin kyauta amma suna da "kwarin gwiwa" cewa leken asirin sojan Rasha ya yi aiki tare da cibiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na Afghanistan wanda "ya yi daidai da ƙarfafawar Rasha. hare-haren da ake kaiwa Amurka da dakarun hadin gwiwa a Afghanistan." Leken asirin ya dogara ne akan "bayar da rahoton da aka tsare". Takardar ta ce: "Gwamnatin tana mayar da martani ne kan rahotannin da ke cewa Rasha ta karfafa hare-haren Taliban a kan Amurka da jami'an kawance a Afganistan bisa la'akari mafi kyawu daga Hukumar Leken Asiri. Idan aka yi la’akari da hazakar wannan al’amari, wanda ya shafi tsaro da jin dadin dakarunmu, ana gudanar da shi ta hanyoyin diflomasiyya, da soja da kuma bayanan sirri.” Sakatariyar yada labaran fadar White House, Jen Psaki, ta yi kira ga Rasha da gwamnatin Rasha da su yi bayanin yadda suka kulla a nan. A cikin Afrilu 2021, gwamnatin Biden ta sanya takunkumi a kan hukumomi da daidaikun jama'a na Rasha saboda "cika kokarin da gwamnatin Rasha ta yi na yin tasiri a zaben shugaban Amurka na 2020, da sauran ayyukan rashin fahimta da tsoma baki"; don ayyukan Rasha a cikin Crimea, da kuma harin yanar gizo na SolarWinds, amma gwamnati ta yi taka tsantsan don fayyace cewa ba a sanya takunkumin ba don falala.
Wasu David B. Rivkin ya rubuta cewa "irin wannan farautar fatar kai zai zama wani abu da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Ko a lokacin yakin cacar baka, Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka sun kaurace wa irin wannan aiki, duk da shagaltuwa da shiga cikin yakin neman zabe a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a duniya." Tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Colin Powell ya bayar da hujjar cewa kafafen yada labarai sun yi matukar kaduwa da rahotannin, yana mai cewa "Abin da na sani shi ne kwamandojin sojojinmu da ke kasa ba su yi tunanin cewa hakan babbar matsala ce kamar yadda jaridu ke yadawa ba".
Ra'ayin jama'a na Amurka Wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayi na Reuters/Ipsos da aka gudanar a watan Yuli 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 60% na Amurkawa sun ce sun gano shirin bayar da lamuni na Rasha ya kasance "sosai" ko "dan" abin gaskatawa. Kashi 54% na wadanda suka yi zabe sun so sanya karin takunkumi kan Rasha, yayin da kashi 9% ke goyan bayan hare-haren soji a kan Sojojin Rasha, 29% ba su sani ba, kuma "9% na son ci gaba da kokarin inganta dangantaka da Rasha".
Ƙasar Ingila An yi wa Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Boris Johnson bayani game da shirin bayar da lamuni. Bai fitar da rahoton kwamitin leken asiri da tsaro na majalisar dokokin kasar ba kan tsoma bakin Rasha a siyasar Burtaniya Tobias Ellwood, Shugaban Kwamitin Zaɓar Tsaro na Majalisar Wakilai, ya nemi ya gabatar da wata tambaya ta gaggawa a cikin majalisar dokokin game da lamarin, don samun bayani daga wani ministan gwamnati.
Sauran rahotannin shirye-shiryen kyauta An kuma zargi Iran da bayar da lamuni ga sojojin Amurka daga baya a cikin 2020. Jami’an leken asirin Amurka sun kiyasta cewa Iran (wadda ke yawan amfani da ‘yan amshin shata wajen kai hare-hare a Gabas ta Tsakiya) ta biya wa kungiyar Haqqani kudade da ke da alaka da akalla hare-hare shida na cibiyar sadarwa a shekarar 2019 ciki har da wani sabon harin da aka kai a Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, Disamba 11, 2019 Jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun yi nuni da cewa, mai yiwuwa kungiyar Haqqani za ta kai hari kan sojojin Amurka ko da ba tare da biya ba, amma kudaden da ke da alaka da harin na Bagram "watakila ya kara zaburar da manyan hare-hare a nan gaba kan sojojin Amurka da na hadin gwiwa." A cewar CNN, gwamnatin Trump "ba ta taba ambaton alakar Iran da harin bam ba, watsi na yanzu da tsoffin jami'ai da aka ce yana da alaka da babban fifiko" na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Amurka da Taliban da kuma ficewa daga Afghanistan An ambaci alakar da ake zargin Iran da Taliban a matsayin wani bangare na hujjar kisan Qasem Soleimani A gefe guda kuma, an samu rahotannin da ba su da tabbas na cewa gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi tayin bayar da tukuicin biyan kudaden da aka kai wa sojojin Amurka a Afganistan. Ba a fayyace ko wata leken asiri da ta nuna cewa an biya wata kyauta da gaske ko kuma an yi yunkurin kai harin. An ba da rahoton cewa an yi wa shugaban Amurka Donald Trump bayani game da bayanan sirrin da ba a tantance ba, duk da watsi da rahotanni (wanda kwararrun tsaron kasa suka yi la’akari da su) game da tuhume-tuhumen da Rasha ta bayar.
Duba kuma An kashe sojojin Amurka a yakin Afghanistan
Takardun Afganistan
Takardun yakin Afghanistan sun leka
Operation Cyclone
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
49736 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Yawon Buɗe Ido a Afirka ta Kudu | Afirka ta Kudu wuri ne na yawon bude ido tare da masana'antar yawon buɗe ido da ke da kashi 2.34% na GDP a cikin shekarar 2019 wanda ya biyo bayan raguwa sosai a cikin shekarar 2020 zuwa 0.81% na GDP saboda rashin balaguron da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar. Hukumar da ke kula da harkokin yawon bude ido ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu ce ke da alhakin tallata Afirka ta Kudu ga duniya. A cewar Majalisar Balaguro da Yawon bude ido ta Duniya, masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ta ba da gudummawar ZAR biliyan 102 kai tsaye ga GDP na Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2012, kuma tana tallafawa 10.3% na ayyukan yi a kasar. Hukumar kasuwanci ta kasa ta gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu, tare da manufar inganta yawon buɗe ido a Afirka ta Kudu a gida da kuma duniya ana kiranta da yawon buɗe ido na Afirka ta Kudu. Afirka ta Kudu tana ba wa masu yawon buɗe ido na gida da na ƙasashen waje zaɓuɓɓuka iri-iri iri-iri, da sauransu kyawawan yanayin yanayi da wuraren ajiyar wasa, al'adun al'adu iri-iri da ruwan inabi masu daraja. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wuraren da ake zuwa sun haɗa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da yawa, irin su filin shakatawa na Kruger National Park a arewacin ƙasar, bakin teku da rairayin bakin teku na lardunan KwaZulu-Natal da Western Cape, da manyan biranen kamar Cape Town, Johannesburg da Durban. Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yi na baya-bayan nan game da yawon bude ido da na bakin haure, kusan matafiya miliyan 3,5 ne suka ratsa ta tashar jiragen ruwa na kasar a watan Agustan 2017. Kasashe biyar na farko a ketare da suka fi yawan masu yawon bude ido zuwa Afirka ta Kudu su ne Amurka da Birtaniya da Jamus da Netherlands da Faransa. Yawancin 'yan yawon bude ido da ke isa Afirka ta Kudu daga wasu wurare a Afirka sun fito ne daga kasashen SADC. Zimbabwe ce ke kan gaba da kashi 31%, sai Lesotho da Mozambique da Eswatini da Botswana. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta kasance kasa ta asali kusan kashi 30% na masu yawon bude ido da ke isa Afirka ta Kudu.
Abubuwa masu jan hankali
Diversity da ecotourism Afirka ta Kudu tana matsayi na goma sha tara daga cikin ƙasashe ashirin na duniya na megadivers Afirka ta kudu gida ce ga rayuwar dabbobi iri-iri. Daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a cikin daji na arewa sun hada da zakuna, damisa, cheetahs, farar rhinoceroses, blue wildebeest, kudus, impalas, hyenas, hippopotamuses da rakuman ruwa. Matsakaicin girman daji yana wanzuwa a arewa maso gabas, gami da dajin Kruger National Park, ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar wasa a Afirka, da Sabi Sand Game Reserve. Kruger National Park, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1926, yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da aka fi ziyarta a ƙasar, tare da jimlar 1 659 793 baƙi a cikin shekarar 2014/15. Yankin kuma yana da kusan kashi 80 na yawan karkanda a duniya. Sakamakon takunkumin da aka yi na Covid-19 da ke hana yawon bude ido da zirga-zirga a yankin, kashe-kashen karkanda a Afirka ta Kudu ya ragu da kashi 53 cikin 100 a shekarar 2020. Har ila yau, ƙasar tana da wadata musamman a nau'ikan tsire-tsire, tare da nau'ikan halittu iri-iri da ake samu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ciyayi na ciyayi a cikin Highveld, ƙaƙƙarfan Karoo a tsakiyar Afirka ta Kudu, da fynbos biome, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan yanki da rayuwar shuka a yankin Cape floristic na Western Cape. Wannan ciyayi da ba kasafai ake kiyaye shi ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na National Park Mountain (wanda kuma ya haɗa da wurin shakatawa mai tsayin teburi), wanda shine wurin shakatawa na ƙasa da aka fi ziyarta a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 2014/15, tare da jimlar 2 677 767 baƙi.
Ecotourism Ecotourism shine manufar tafiye-tafiye masu alhakin da balaguron balaguro zuwa wuraren da za a iya kariya kuma musamman masu rauni. Manufar ita ce haifar da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri mai lahani akan muhalli gwargwadon yiwuwa. Afirka ta Kudu ta yi amfani da yawon buɗe ido don dorewa da inganta dimbin halittunta, da kuma karfafa tattalin arzikinta. Yawon buɗe ido shine na huɗu mafi girma na samar da musayar kuɗaɗen waje a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yawon buɗe ido shine ra'ayin ƙarfafa baƙi yayin haɓakawa da tallafawa nau'ikan halittu na ƙasa. Afirka ta Kudu ta ƙunshi nau'o'in halittu masu yawa, don haka yawon buɗe ido wata hanya ce da ƙasar za ta ci moriyar namun daji ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba kuma ta hanyar doka sabanin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar farauta da fataucin namun daji na duniya.
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28375 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg | Bamberg | Bamberg rɡ/, Amurka mbɛərk/, Jamusanci: bambɛʁk] (saurara)) birni ne, da ke cikin Upper Franconia, Jamus, akan kogin Regnitz kusa da haɗuwarsa da kogin Main. Garin ya samo asali ne tun karni na 9, lokacin da aka samo sunansa daga gidan Babenberch na kusa. Da aka ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun garuruwan Jamus, tsohon garinsa ya kasance wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO tun 1993, tare da Bamberg gida ne ga katangar tsohon birni mafi girma a Turai.
Daga karni na 10 zuwa gaba, Bamberg ya zama babbar hanyar haɗi tare da al'ummomin Slav, musamman na Poland da Pomerania. Ta samu babban ci gaba tun daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, wanda a lokacin ya kasance tsakiyar Daular Rum a takaice. An kuma binne sarki Henry II a tsohon garin, tare da matarsa Kunigunde. Gine-ginen garin daga wannan lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai a Arewacin Jamus da Hungary. Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. An haɓaka wannan haɓakar ta hanyar samun babban yanki na ƙididdigar Meran a cikin 1248 da 1260 ta wurin gani, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar rabon fifs ɗin da aka kashe.
Bamberg ya rasa ƴancin kai a cikin 1802, bayan da aka mayar da ƙasar coci, ya zama wani yanki na Bavaria a 1803. An fara haɗa garin da tsarin layin dogo na Jamus a 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg).
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Bamberg ya kasance muhimmin tushe ga Bavaria, Jamusanci, sannan sojojin Amurka da aka jibge a Barrack Warner, wanda kawai ya rufe a cikin 2014.
Tarihi A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan Roman na ƙaura da zama na Jamus, yankin daga baya ya haɗa da Diocese na Bamberg galibi Slavs ne suka zauna. Garin, wanda aka fara ambata a cikin 902, ya girma ta gidan sarauta Babenberch wanda ya ba da suna ga dangin Babenberg. A kan bacewar su, ya wuce gidan Saxon. Sufaye na Benedictine Fulda Abbey ya zama Kirista musamman yankin, kuma ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ikon ruhaniya na Diocese na Würzburg.
A cikin 1007, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Henry II ya mai da Bamberg gadon iyali, wurin zama na diocese daban. Manufar Sarkin a cikin wannan shi ne don mayar da Diocese na Würzburg rashin ƙarfi a girman da kuma ba da Kiristanci mai karfi a gundumomin Franconia, gabashin Bamberg. A shekara ta 1008, bayan doguwar tattaunawa da limaman cocin Würzburg da Eichstätt, wadanda za su raba wasu sassan majami'unsu, an bayyana iyakokin sabuwar diocese, kuma Paparoma John XVIII ya ba da tabbacin Paparoma a cikin wannan shekarar. Henry II ya ba da umarnin gina sabon babban coci, wanda aka keɓe ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1012. Cocin ya wadata da kyaututtuka daga Paparoma, kuma Henry ya keɓe shi don girmama shi. A cikin 1017 Henry kuma ya kafa Michaelsberg Abbey a kan Michaelsberg ("Mount St. Michael"), kusa da Bamberg, gidan gidan Benedictine don horar da malamai. Sarkin da matarsa Kunigunde sun ba wa sabuwar diocese manyan abubuwa na wucin gadi, kuma ta sami gata da yawa waɗanda daga cikinsu suka haɓaka ikon bishop na duniya. Paparoma Benedict na VIII ya ziyarci Bamberg a cikin 1020 don ganawa da Henry II don tattaunawa game da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki. Yayin da yake nan ya sanya diocese bisa dogaro kai tsaye ga Mai Tsarki. Shi ma da kansa ya tsarkake wasu majami'un Bamberg. Na ɗan lokaci Bamberg ya kasance cibiyar daular Roma mai tsarki. An binne Henry da Kunigunde a babban cocin.
Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. A cikin 1248 da 1260 gani ɗin ya sami babban yanki na kadarorin Counts na Meran, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar keɓancewar fif ɗin da aka kashe. Tsohon Bishopric na Bamberg ya ƙunshi wani yanki mara karye daga Schlüsselfeld a arewa maso gabas zuwa dajin Franconian, kuma yana da ƙarin kadarori a Duchies na Carinthia da Salzburg, a cikin Nordgau (Upper Palatinate na yanzu), a Thuringia, da kuma na Danube. Ta wurin sauye-sauyen da aka samu daga gyare-gyaren, yankin wannan gani an rage kusan rabin gwargwado. Tun 1279 an san rigar makamai na birnin Bamberg a cikin hanyar hatimi.
Gwajin mayu na ƙarni na 17 ya yi da’awar kimanin mutane dubu ɗaya da aka kashe a Bamberg, wanda ya kai kololuwa tsakanin 1626 da 1631, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Yarima-Bishop Johann Georg II Fuchs von Dornheim. Shahararren Drudenhaus kurkukun mayya), wanda aka gina a 1627, ba ya nan a yau; duk da haka, cikakkun bayanai na wasu lokuta, kamar na Johannes Junius, sun kasance.
A cikin 1647, an kafa Jami'ar Bamberg azaman Academia Bambergensis.
Bambrzy (Posen Bambergers) 'yan sandan Jamus ne waɗanda suka fito daga mazauna yankin Bamberg waɗanda suka zauna a ƙauyuka da ke kusa da Poznań a cikin shekaru 1719-1753.
A cikin 1759, an sayar da dukiyoyi da hukunce-hukuncen diocese a Ostiriya zuwa waccan jihar. Lokacin da aka wayi gari da masu zaman kansu na coci (1802) diocese ta rufe 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 207,000. Don haka Bamberg ya rasa 'yancin kai a 1802, ya zama wani ɓangare na Bavaria a 1803.
An fara haɗa Bamberg zuwa tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Jamus a cikin 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg).
A watan Fabrairun 1926 Bamberg ya zama wurin taron Bamberg, wanda Adolf Hitler ya kira a yunƙurinsa na haɓaka haɗin kai da kuma murkushe adawa a cikin jam'iyyar Nazi ta matasa a lokacin. An zaɓi Bamberg don wurin da yake a Upper Franconia, kusa da gidajen membobin ƙungiyar Nazi ta arewa masu adawa amma har yanzu a cikin Bavaria.
A cikin 1973, garin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 1,000 da kafuwar sa.
Yawan jama'a na tarihi
Labarin ƙasa Bamberg yana cikin Franconia, mai tazarar kilomita 63 (39 mi) arewa da Nuremberg ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da 101 km (63 mi) gabashin Würzburg, kuma ta jirgin ƙasa. Yana kan kogin Regnitz, kilomita 3 (1.9 mi) kafin ya kwarara cikin Babban kogin.
Yanayin yanayinsa yana da siffa ta hanyar Regnitz da kuma tsaunin Steigerwald, wani yanki na tsaunukan Jamus. Daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma, an raba garin zuwa farkon filin Regnitz, sannan ɗayan manyan tsibirai da yawa da yawa waɗanda makamai biyu na Regnitz (Inselstadt) suka kirkira, kuma a ƙarshe ɓangaren garin kan tsaunuka, “Tudun Gari” (Bergstadt).
Duwatsu bakwai na Bamberg Bamberg ya shimfida sama da tsaunuka bakwai, kowanne coci ya yi rawani. Wannan ya haifar da Bamberg ana kiransa "Romawa Franconiya" ko da yake wasan barkwanci tsakanin jagororin yawon shakatawa na Bamberg shine a koma Rome a maimakon "Bamberg Italiyanci". Tuddan sune Cathedral Hill, Michaelsberg, Kaulberg/Obere Pfarre, Stefansberg, Jakobsberg, Altenburger Hill da Abtsberg.
Yanayin Yanayi a wannan yanki yana da ɗan bambanci tsakanin sama da ƙasa, kuma ana samun isasshen ruwan sama duk shekara. Tsarin yanayin Köppen na wannan yanayin shine "Cfb" (Yanayin Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic weather), tare da wani tasiri na nahiyar kamar yadda aka nuna ta matsakaicin yanayin sanyi na dare da ke ƙasa da sifili.
Tattalin Arziki A cikin 2013 (bayanan da aka samu) GDP na kowane mazaunin ya kasance €56,723. Wannan ya sanya gunduma ta 10 daga cikin gundumomi 96 (na karkara da birane) a cikin Bavaria (matsakaicin gabaɗaya: €39,691).
Abubuwan jan hankali Garin Bamberg an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 1993 saboda tsarinsa na da da kuma kyawawan gine-ginensa na tarihi. Tun tsakiyar zamanai, ana yin aikin lambu a birane a Bamberg. Gundumar Masu Lambun Kasuwa tare da Birni a kan tuddai da Gundumar Tsibiri wani muhimmin yanki ne na Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. A cikin 2005, Municipality ya kafa naúrar don daidaita aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya a Bamberg. A cikin 2019, an buɗe baƙo da cibiyar fassara don Gidan Tarihi na Duniya.
Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan gani sune:
Cathedral na Bamberg (1237), tare da kaburburan Emperor Henry II da Paparoma Clement II.
Alte Hofhaltung, wurin zama na bishops a ƙarni na 16 da 17
Neue Residenz, mazaunin bishop bayan karni na 17
Laburare na Jihar Bamberg a cikin Sabon Gidan zama
Tsohon zauren gari (1386), wanda aka gina a tsakiyar kogin Regnitz, gada biyu ke samun damar shiga
Klein-Venedig ("Little Venice"), wani yanki ne na gidajen masunta daga karni na 19 tare da wani bankin kogin Regnitz.
Michaelsberg Abbey, wanda aka gina a karni na 12 akan ɗayan Bamberg's "Bakwai Hills"
Altenburg, castle, tsohon wurin zama na bishops
Cathedral
Bamberg Cathedral marigayi ginin Romanesque ne mai hasumiya hudu. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1004 da Sarkin sarakuna Henry II, ya ƙare a 1012 kuma ya tsarkake shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1012. Daga baya an lalata shi da wuta a cikin 1081. Sabon Cathedral, wanda Saint Otto na Bamberg ya gina, an keɓe shi a cikin 1111 kuma a cikin karni na 13. ya karɓi sigar ta na ƙarshen-Romanesque na yanzu.
Ilimi Jami'ar Bamberg, mai suna Otto-Friedrich University, tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin kimiyyar zamantakewa, nazarin kasuwanci da zamantakewa, kuma dalibai fiye da 13,000 ke halarta. Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatar da Bamberg tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin lafiyar jama'a. Bamberg kuma gida ne ga makarantun sakandare guda takwas (dakunan motsa jiki):
Clavius-Gymnasium
Dientzenhofer-Gymnasium
Eichendorff-Gymnasium
E.T.A. Hoffmann-Gymnasium
Franz-Ludwig-Gymnasium
Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium
Maria-Ward-Gymnasium
Theresianum
Haka kuma akwai sauran cibiyoyi masu yawa na firamare, sakandare, fasaha, sana'a da manyan makarantu.
Fitattun mutane
A-K Annette von Aretin (1920 2006), mai shelar talabijin ta farko na Bayerischer Rundfunk.
Carl Adam Bader, (1789 a Bamberg; 1870 a Berlin), tenor
Lisa Badum
Dorothee Bär (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), Memba na Majalisar (CSU), Sakataren Jiha na Ministan Sufuri da Kayayyakin Dijital na Tarayya.
Wilhelm Batz, (1916-1988), Luftwaffe, ace
Louis-Alexandre Berthier, (1753-1815), Shugaban Ma'aikatan Napoleon Bonaparte
Joachim Camerarius (1500-1574), ɗan adam, polymath da mawaƙi
Claudia Ciesla, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987), 'yar wasan Poland-Jamus
Paparoma Clement II, (ya mutu 1047), bishop na Bamberg daga 1040 zuwa 1046
Christopher Clavius, (1538-1612), masanin lissafi, astronomer da Jesuit.
Conrad III na Jamus, (1093-1152), Sarkin Jamus
Cunigunde na Luxembourg, (c. 975–1040), uwargidan sarki, mai mulkin Daular Roman Mai Tsarki kuma matar Henry II.
Stefan Dassler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), marubucin da ba na almara ba
Günther Denzler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), tsohon shugaban gundumar Bamberg (CSU)
Karlheinz Deschner (1924-2014), marubuci kuma mai sukar addini da coci
Gottfried Diener (1907-1987), masanin ilimin kimiyya da bincike na Goethe
Ignaz Dollinger (1770-1841), likita
Ignaz von Dollinger (1799-1890), muhimmin masanin tauhidin Katolika da tarihin coci
Curt Echtermeyer, wanda kuma aka sani da Curt Bruckner (1896-1971), mai zane.
Erich Ebermayer (1900-1970), marubuci
Hans Ehard (1887-1980), lauya kuma ɗan siyasa
Günter Faltin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), malamin jami'a
Heinrich Finck (1444-1527), madugu kuma mawaki
Klaus-Dieter Fritsche (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), masanin shari'a kuma ɗan siyasa (CSU),
Karl von Gareis (1844-1923), lauya kuma marubuci, memba na Reichstag
Nora-Eugenie Gomringer, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), mawaki kuma marubuci
Thomas Gottschalk (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mai gudanarwa, mai gabatar da talabijin, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
Lukas Görtler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne
Hans Grassmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma marubuci
Joseph Heller (1798-1849), mai tarawa, a yau Helleriana a cikin Laburaren Jihar Bamberg
Karl Höller (1907-1987), mawaki
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, (1770-1831), masanin falsafar Jamus.
Henry II, (973-1024), Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki
E.T.A. Hoffmann, (1776-1822), marubucin Jamusanci kuma marubuci
Joachim Jung (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), mai fasaha
Harry Koch (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne
Lorenz Krapp (1882-1947), lauya, mawaƙi kuma ɗan siyasa (BVP, CSU)
Dieter Kunzelmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan majalisa kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar hagu
Paul Lautensack (1478-1558), mai zane kuma organist
L-Z Paul Maar, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), marubucin Jamus kuma marubuci
Emil Marschalk von Ostheim (1841-1903), masanin tarihi kuma mai tarawa.
Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria, a zahiri Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria (1808-1888), mai tallata kiɗan jama'ar Bavaria a ƙarni na 19.
Willy Messerschmitt (1898-1978), mai zanen jirgin sama na Jamus, Flugzeugbau Messerschmitt GmbH
Wolf-Dieter Montag (1924-2018), likitan Jamus, ƙwararren likitancin wasanni, likitan ceton dutse, da mai kula da wasanni na duniya.
Christina Morhaubt, wanda aka samu da laifin maita kuma an yanke mata hukumcin kisa ta hanyar ƙonewa a 1627 a lokacin gwajin mayya na Bamberg.
Martin Münz (1785-1848), masanin ilimin halitta kuma farfesa
Ida Noddack-Tacke, (1896-1978), masanin ilmin sunadarai da physicist; ta gano kashi 75, rhenium
Christopher Park (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan pian
Fiona Parker (1991), wacce ta samu lambar azurfa ta Olympic
Bernd Redmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), mawaki kuma masanin kiɗa
Mike Rose, (1932-2006), mai zane, saiti kuma marubuci
Gerd Schaller (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), shugaba
Rainer Schaller (an haife shi 1969), ɗan kasuwa kuma wanda ya kafa McFit Fitness GmbH.
Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (1907-1944), wani jami'in Jamus wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe mai mulkin Jamus Adolf Hitler a cikin makirci na Yuli 20.
Berthold Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1934), tsohon Janar na Bundeswehr.
Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), tsohon ɗan majalisar Bavaria na Turai.
Ritter Josef von Schmitt (1838-1907), Bajamushe mai martaba, Shugaban Kotu na Masarautar Bavaria, mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Luitpold na Bavaria, dan majalisa mai zaman kansa kuma ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na birnin Bamberg.
Gottfried von Schmitt (1827-1908), ɗan Jamus mai daraja, memba na Kotun Koli kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Bavaria.
Josef Schmitt (1875-1944), ɗan Jamus mai daraja kuma ɗan majalisa mai zaman kansa.
Gottfried Schmitt (1865-1919), ɗan siyasan Jamus
Josh Shipp, (1986-yanzu), ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando na Brose Baskets Bamberg
Tom Schütz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne
Sven Schultze (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando
Karsten Tadda (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando
Karl Borromäus Thumann (1820-1874), masanin tauhidin Jamus
Oscar Wassermann (1869-1934), ma'aikacin banki na Jamus
Andrew Wooten (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
Karl Friedrich Gottlob Wetzel, (1779-1819), marubuci kuma mai zane Fränkischer Merku.
Hotuna
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23829 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin%20Karkashin%20Kasa%20%28Beijing%29 | Birnin Karkashin Kasa (Beijing) | Birnin Ƙarƙashin ƙasa tsari ne na ma'ajiyar bama -bamai na lokacin Yakin Cacar Baki wanda ya ƙunshi hanyar sadarwa na ramuka da ke ƙarƙashin birnin Beijing, China An kuma kira ta a matsayin Babban Bango na Ƙasa tun lokacin da aka gina ta don manufar tsaron sojoji An gina katafaren gidan daga shekarun 1969 zuwa 1979 a cikin tsammanin yakin nukiliya tare da Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da dangantakar Sino-Soviet ta tabarbare kuma an sake bude shi a hukumance a 2000. An ba wa baƙi damar zagaya sassan ginin, wanda aka bayyana shi da "duhu, danshi, kuma da gaske". An rufe birnin ƙarƙashin ƙasa don gyarawa tun a kalla watan Fabrairun 2008.
Wuri Hanyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna gudana a ƙarƙashin tsakiyar birnin Beijing, suna rufe a ƙarƙashin farfajiya. A wani lokaci akwai ƙofofi kusan 90 na ginin, duk an ɓoye su a shagunan da ke kan manyan titunan Qianmen Da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin shiga an rushe su ko an toshe su don sake gina su. Sanannun hanyoyin shiga sun haɗa da titin 62 Damochang West a Qianmen, masana'antar Kafetin Qianmen ta Beijing a 44 Xingfu Dajie a gundumar Chongwen, da 18 Dashilan Jie a Qianmen.
Tarihi A lokacin tashin hankali tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da China a shekarar 1969, Shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China Mao Zedong ya ba da umarnin gina birnin ƙarƙashin ƙasa yayin rikicin iyaka kan Tsibirin Zhenbao a cikin Kogin Heilongjiang An ƙera Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa don tsayayya da makaman nukiliya, biochemical da na yau da kullun. Rikicin zai kare yawan jama'ar Beijing, kuma zai ba jami'an gwamnati damar ficewa idan an kai hari a birnin. Gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ramukan na iya ɗaukar dukkan mazaunan miliyan shida na Beijing bayan kammala su. Ginin yana da kayan aiki kamar gidajen abinci, ɗakunan shan magani, makarantu, gidajen sinimomi, masana'antu, filin tsere kan abin hawa, hatsin hatsi da mai, da gonar noman naman kaza. Har ila yau, akwai kusan wurare 70 da za a iya haƙa rijiyoyin ruwa cikin sauƙi idan an buƙata. Bayani dalla-dalla iska tsarin da aka shigar, da 2300 shafts cewa za a iya killace kare Tunnels 'mazaunan daga guba gas, Gas- da ruwa-hujja hatches, kazalika da m kankare babban ƙofofi, da aka gina don kare Tunnels daga hare -haren biochemical da faduwar nukiliya. Babu wani bayani a hukumance game da ainihin hadadden, amma ana hasashen cewa ramukan na iya haɗa alamun alaƙa daban -daban na Beijing, da mahimman gine -ginen gwamnati kamar Zhongnanhai, Babban Zauren Jama'a, har ma sansanonin soji a wajen birnin. Cibiyar Bayanai ta Intanet ta China ta tabbatar da cewa "da alama suna danganta dukkan yankunan tsakiyar Beijing, daga Xidan da Xuanwumen zuwa Qianmen da gundumar Chongwen ban da Tudun Yamma. Ana kuma yayatawa cewa kowane mazauni ya taɓa samun ɓoyayyen tarko a kusa da ke kaiwa zuwa ramuka. Idan aka kai harin nukiliya, shirin shi ne a mayar da rabin mutanen Beijing ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rabin kuma zuwa tsaunukan Yammacin Turai Sama da ƴan ƙasa 300,000 ne suka gina ramukan, gami da ɗaliban makaranta, a kan ayyukan sa kai. Har ma an haƙa wasu sassan ba tare da taimakon wani babban injin ba. Tsoffin garun birni, hasumiyai da ƙofofi, gami da tsoffin ƙofofin birni na Xizhimen, Fuchengmen, da Chongwenmen sun lalace don samar da kayan gini don ginin. Tun lokacin da aka kammala ginin, mazauna yankin sun yi amfani da shi ta hanyoyi daban -daban yayin da ramukan suka kasance masu sanyi a lokacin bazara da ɗumi a lokacin hunturu. A kan titinan da ke cike da cunkoso, an gyara wasu sassan ginin kamar otal -otal masu arha, yayin da wasu kuma suka rikiɗe zuwa shagunan kasuwanci da wuraren kasuwanci, ko ma gidajen wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da yake ba a taɓa amfani da rukunin ba don manufar da aka nufa, ba a taɓa yin watsi da shi ba. Hukumomin yankin na ci gaba da gudanar da binciken kwararar ruwa da kula da kwari a cikin ramukan akai -akai.
A matsayin mai yawon shakatawa An buɗe katafaren gidan a hukumance a cikin 2000, amma an rufe shi don sabuntawa tun aƙalla Fabrairu 2008. Yayin da yake a buɗe, an yarda baƙi su zagaya ɓangarorin ginin; Birnin ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya shahara da masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje amma kusan 'yan asalin yankin sun manta da shi. Kodayake akwai wasu hanyoyin shiga da yawa, baƙi na ƙasashen waje sun shiga sassan da aka amince da su ta hanyar ƙaramin shago a Qianmen, kudu da Tiananmen Square, a Titin 62 Damochang West. Ƙungiyoyin yawon shakatawa za su iya shiga kyauta kuma ba tare da izini na farko ba yayin da kowane ɗan yawon buɗe ido da ba na ƙungiya ba ake cajin yuan 20 2.40) kowannensu. Yawon shakatawa na hukuma ya ɗauki baƙi kawai a kan ƙaramin madauwari madaidaiciyar birni. A cikin haɗaɗɗun, baƙi za su iya ganin alamomin manyan alamomin da hanyoyin rami, kamar dandalin Tiananmen da City Haramtacciya, kuma suna iya ganin ɗakunan da aka yiwa alama da ayyukansu na asali, kamar gidajen sinima, asibitoci, ko kayan ƙonawa Za a iya ganin hoton Mao Zedong a cikin bangon bango na mazauna yankin da ke ba da gudummawa don tono ramuka da taken da ke ɓacewa kamar "tara hatsi", da "Ga Mutane: Shirya Yaƙi, Shirya Yunwa". Dakuna masu gadaje masu gadaje da kwandon kwali masu ruɓewa na ruwa ana iya ganin su a wuraren da ba buɗe ga masu yawon buɗe ido. Baƙi a kan ziyarar ta hukuma za su kuma wuce ta masana'antar siliki da ke aiki a ɗayan ɗakunan tarurrukan ma'aikatan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na rukunin, kuma za a ba su hanyar nuna hanyar samun siliki daga cocoons na siliki Sun sami damar siyan abubuwan tunawa a shagon masu yawon buɗe ido wanda cibiyar fasaha da fasaha ta Qianmen mallakar gwamnati da kamfanin siliki na China Kai Tian ke sarrafawa.
Manazarta Sin
Tarihin Sin
Pages with unreviewed |
57901 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Thomas%20Galbaud%20du%20Fort | François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort | François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort (ko Dufort; 25 ga Satumba 1743 21 Afrilu 1801)wani janar na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance gwamna-janar na Saint-Domingue a taƙaice.Ya zo ne a lokacin da masu shukar suka kasance masu adawa da sabuwar Jamhuriyyar Faransa ta Farko tare da manufofinta na daidaito na kowa da kowa, lokacin da bayi da yawa suka bar gonaki kuma suna gwagwarmaya don samun 'yanci,kuma lokacin da Mutanen Espanya da ke makwabtaka da Santo Domingo suka yi yaƙi da su.Faransa Ya fara tawaye a birnin Cap-Français da ke arewacin kasar,kan kwamishinonin da ke wakiltar Jamhuriyar.Bayan tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin farar fata magoya bayan Galbaud da mulattoes da kuma sabbin’yantattun bayi da ke goyon bayan kwamishinonin an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira zuwa Amurka tare da da yawa daga cikin’yan tawayen da iyalansu.
Shekarun farko An haifi François Thomas Galbaud du Fort a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1743 a Le Fort,Nantes .Ya yi baftisma a Notre Dame,Nantes,a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1743.Iyayensa sune François Galbaud Dufort da Agnès Dubreuil (1717-1793).Mahaifinsa shi ne conseiller du roy maître ordinaire des comptes de Bretagne.Yana daya daga cikin 'ya'ya hudu maza shida mata.Galbaud ya zama almajiri a makarantar manyan bindigogi a 1760,an nada shi laftanar a 1762,kyaftin a 1772.Ya kasance kawai tsayi.A cikin 1775 ya auri Marie-Alexis Tobin de Saint-Aubin. Matarsa yar Creole ce wacce danginta suka mallaki dukiya mai yawa a Saint-Domingue.'Ya'yansu uku duk sun shiga soja.
Galbaud ya yi yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.Bayan haka ya kasance a cikin sansanin soja a Strasbourg har zuwa juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789.An ba shi shawarar ga giciye na Order of Saint Louis a 1788 a kan dogon sabis,kawai ado da ya samu.Ya goyi bayan juyin juya hali,kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kulob din Jacobin na Strasbourg a cikin Janairu 1790.Daga baya ya kasance a cikin kulob din Jacobin a Metz.Lokacin da ya rasa gabatarwa a cikin bazara na 1791 ya koka da nuna bambanci saboda ra'ayinsa na juyin juya hali. Galbaud ya zama Laftanar-Kanar a 1791.Louis na 16 ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa sansanin maréchal de a 1792,matsayi na ƙarshe da sarki ya yi.A 1792 ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar Charles François Dumouriez Galbaud yayi ƙoƙari ya jagoranci sojoji 1,500 don ƙarfafa sansanin Verdun,amma ya mika wuya kafin ya isa.Duk da haka,ya dakatar da abokan gaba a wani mataki a kan Biesme ridge,kuma ya shiga yakin Valmy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1792.An aika shi don yin shawarwari tare da sojojin Prussian,kuma ya yi magana da kwamandan su Duke na Brunswick,ta hanyar asusunsa yana ba da kariya ga Faransa.An lura Galbaud,kuma da yawa masu tasiri na Saint-Domingue a Paris suna tunanin zai zama gwamnan da ya dace da mulkin mallaka.
An nada Galbaud Gwamna Janar na Tsibirin Windward,sannan a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1793 aka canza wannan zuwa Gwamna Janar na Saint-Domingue a madadin Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes Mahaifiyarsa,wadda ta mallaki dukiya a Saint-Domingue, ta mutu bayan ƴan kwanaki,kuma Galbaud abokin gādo ne.A karkashin dokar Afrilu 4th,1792 wannan ya hana Galbaud zama gwamna.Ya sanar da Ministan Sojojin ruwa matsalar, amma da bai samu amsa ba sai ya bar Brest a farkon watan Afrilu a kan jirgin ruwan Concorde ya isa Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien) a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1793.
Saint-Domingue Saint-Domingue ya kasance cikin tashin hankali a wannan lokacin,tun lokacin da fararen fata suka kasance masu adawa da kwamishinonin farar hula Léger-Félicité Sonthonax da Étienne Polverel.Wasu daga cikin turawan sun so a maido da sarautar.A halin yanzu,bayi a cikin gida sun yi tawaye.Janar Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Cap-Français a arewa.Ya kamata Galbaud ya jira a tabbatar da shi a matsayin gwamna da kwamishinonin farar hula,waɗanda ke Port-au-Prince.A maimakon haka sai ya yi rantsuwar mulki a ranar da ya zo ya yi jawabin da ya yi kamar ya shaida wa Turawan mulkin mallaka cewa za su iya dogaro da goyon bayansa.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1793 ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Polvérel da Sonthonax yana sanar da zuwansa,amma bai tura sako daga gwamnatin da ta ba su umarnin yaƙi da Spain da Biritaniya ba.
Kwamishinonin sun isa Cap-Français a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1793,inda mutane masu launi suka yi maraba da su amma sun sami liyafar sanyi daga fararen fata.Sun ji cewa Galbaud yana abokantaka ne da bangaren da ke adawa da hukumar,kuma ba su da niyyar yin biyayya ga kwamishinonin. Dangantaka tsakanin Galbaud da kwamishinonin ta yi tsami sosai tun daga farko.Galbaud ba zai yarda da"'yan ƙasa na 4 ga Afrilu" cikin tawagarsa ba, ko kuma ya sa "dukkan ƙwaraƙwaran garin zama daidai da matarsa." Polvérel da Sonthonax sun nemi Galbaud ya yi murabus,kuma lokacin da ya ƙi,suka kore shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1793.Kwamishinonin sun yi hira da Galbaud,wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai bi umarninsu ba kuma zai iya nuna cewa an yafe masa cikas na mallakar kadarorinsa. A ranar 13 ga Yuni 1793 Polvérel da Sonthonax sun yi shelar cewa sun kori Galbaud kuma sun umarce shi da ya hau kan Normande,ya tashi zuwa Faransa kuma ya ba da labarin halinsa ga Babban Taron Kasa.An adana doguwar wasiƙar da Galbaud ya rubuta wa taron ƙasa daga kurkuku yana nuna rashin amincewa da kama shi.Kwamishinonin sun gudanar da fete a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1793 wanda suka gayyaci mata masu yawa masu kyauta,ko dai sun auri maza masu launi ko fararen fata.
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun tada ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Cap-Français kan kwamishinonin.A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yi shelar cewa yana ci gaba da aiki kuma ya yi kira da a taimaka wajen korar kwamishinonin farar hula.Ya sauka a karfe 3:30 na yamma a kan shugaban mazaje 3,000,wadanda ba su gamu da turjiya ba da farko.Kanar Antoine Chanlatte ya dauki kwamandan sojojin fararen fata da masu launin da suka zo taimakon kwamishinonin.Jean-Baptiste Belley,baƙar fata mai’yanci wanda daga baya ya zama memba na taron ƙasa ya taimaka masa.An yi gumurzu a kan titi,inda magoya bayan kwamishinonin,duk da cewa sun fi yawa,sun yi galaba a kansu,suka kama dan'uwan Galbaud da wasu hafsoshin ruwa da dama.> Gobara ta tashi a garin.Galbaud ya yi ritaya tare da ƙarfinsa zuwa jiragen ruwa,amma ya sake sauka da asuba a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 kuma ya kama arsenal daga masu kare launin fata.
Kwamishinonin da maza masu launin fata sun ja da baya zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan wurin Haut-du-Cap. Ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da sauran turawa suka fara washe garin, suna watsi da umarnin Galbaud.An hada su da wasu‘yan ta’addan bakaken fata dari da dama wadanda kwamishinonin sun‘yantar da su amma ba su da makamai,kuma suka shiga cikin halaka tare da bayin da ke garin.Baƙar fata da aka 'yantar da bayin birni,waɗanda Pierrot,Macaya da Goa suka jagoranta,sun fahimci cewa kwamishinoni suna gefensu. Ɗalibai suka jagorance su suka far wa ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da farar fata da suka tare su. Bayan gwagwarmayar tashin hankali turawan suka firgita suka koma cikin jiragen ruwa,ciki har da Galbaud,amma sun ci gaba da kula da makaman.
Kwamishinonin sun sami kansu a cikin tsaka mai wuya,tun da sun dogara da goyon bayan ’yan tada kayar baya,kuma Mutanen Espanya suna ba da kyauta mai ban sha'awa na 'yantar da su idan bayin suka zo wurinsu.A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 sun yi shelar cewa duk baƙar fata da za su yi yaƙi da su Spain da sauran abokan gaba za a ba su 'yancinsu. Wannan manufar ta sake farfado da dokar da sarki ya bayar a shekara ta 1784 amma ba a aiwatar da hakan ba saboda juriya daga masu shukar.Sanarwar 21 ga Yuni ta zama sauyi a cikin gwagwarmaya,kuma a cikin faɗuwar motsi don 'yantar da bayi.A cikin majalisar yaki a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yanke shawarar lalata bindigogin dukkanin batura da za su iya cutar da jiragen ruwa,ta haka ne ya lalata garkuwar birnin da turawa.Daga nan aka yanke shawarar cewa dukkan jiragen za su tashi zuwa Amurka,kuma daga nan zuwa Faransa.
'Yan ta'addan da aka 'yantar sun bi sahun sojojin farar fata da na mulatto masu biyayya ga kwamishinonin tare da fatattaki ma'aikatan ruwa daga cikin makamai da kuma birnin a ranakun 22-23 ga watan Yuni.Yawancin Cap Francais an kona su a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1793.Galbaud ya gudu zuwa Baltimore a cikin jerin jiragen ruwa 120 dauke da 'yan gudun hijira 10,000.Jirgin ya tashi zuwa Amurka a ranar 24-25 ga Yuni.A wannan dare Rear Admiral Joseph de Cambis ya sake samun iko a kan ma'aikatan jirgin Jupiter,inda Galbaud ya fake,kuma ya kama Galbaud.Duk da haka,jim kaɗan bayan isa Amurka Galbaud ya sami nasarar sa ma'aikatan su sake yin tawaye ga Cambis,wanda dole ne ya bar jirgin ya fake a ofishin jakadancin Faransa.Kwamishinonin farar hula sun koma Cap-Français a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1793,inda suka cire jami'ai marasa aminci daga ofis kuma suka maye gurbinsu da amintattun maza.A ranar 10 ga Yuli 1793 sun rubuta wa Babban Taron Kasa suna kwatanta abin da ya faru,da kuma yadda Galbaud ya bar lardin arewa ba tare da kariya ba.An zarge Gilbaud da 'yan uwansa "masu tayar da hankali" da haɗa kansu "a lokacin mulkin tarayya, tare da dukan 'yan mulkin mallaka,ko 'yan kasuwa na sarakuna da sarakuna,a cikin manyan biranen kasuwancin mu."A ranar 29 ga Agusta da 31 ga Oktoba 1793 Sonthonax da Polverel sun ba da umarni waɗanda suka 'yantar da duk bayi a lardunan arewa da kudanci bi da bi.
Daga baya aiki Lokacin da Galbaud ya isa birnin Paris a cikin bazara na 1794,nan take aka jefa shi cikin kurkukun Abbaye bisa zarginsa da zama dan sarauta.Matarsa ta yi aiki don a sake shi,kuma an yi masa afuwa bayan wata takwas.Ba zai iya komawa soja ba,amma ya sami aiki a ofishin Kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a.Wata daya bayan juyin mulkin Napoleon na Nuwamba 1799 ya koma soja, kuma aka tura shi Masar, inda ya kasance tare da matarsa. Ya isa Masar a shekara ta 1800 tare da mukamin birgediya-janar.Galbaud ya mutu da annoba a cikin 1801 a |
51449 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie%20Bovie | Virginie Bovie | Joséphine-Louise-Virginie Bovie, an haife ta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da ashirin da bakwai kuma ta mutu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai yar ƙasar Belgium ne mai zane kuma majiɓinci. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in0, an kwatanta shi da sananne amma ya fada cikin mantuwa a xx 20th da xxi 21st karni kuma bakwai ne kawai daga cikin ayyukansa sama da aka gano.
Rayuwar ta da aiki An haife ta a Brussels, Bovie ya fara karatun zane a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Frans-Karel Deweirdt (1799-1855) kafin ya shiga ɗakin zanen Antoine Wiertz (1806-1865), wanda megalomaniac kayayyaki Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin, ta kasance tana baje kolin ayyukanta a kai a kai a cikin wuraren shakatawa na shekara-shekara na Brussels, Antwerp da Ghent Waɗannan fage ne na tarihi da kwatanci, hotuna ko sassa. Ya zuwa shekaru 30, Bovie ya riga ya samar da manyan zane-zane guda biyu don cocin Ikklesiya Ta gudanar da rangadin Italiya a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin da biyar tare da 'yar'uwarta, Louise Bovie, marubuci wanda aka buga asusunsa a cikin Daga cikin 300 masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane da gine-ginen 300 na Belgium waɗanda suka tafi Italiya don yin karatu a can tsakanin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma daya, biyar ne kawai ake daukar mata. Bovie yana ɗaya daga cikin uku waɗanda aka tabbatar da kasancewarsu da tabbaci. Ta ziyarci Roma, Florence, Naples da Venice, inda ta sami izinin yin kwafin zane-zane a cikin gidajen tarihi na Florence kamar yadda za ta yi daga baya a Paris a Louvre, inda a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin da takwas, ta sake buga Le Radeau de La Méduse na Théodore Géricault Bovie ta zana ayyuka da yawa akan zanen zane akan batutuwan Italiyanci ciki har da Matar Neapolitan tare da Yara (1857) kuma ya nuna wasu daga cikinsu a cikin Salon Brussels na 1866 da Salon Antwerp a 1879 Mahaifinta ɗan jari-hujja ne, kuma Bovie ta sami damar zama mai zaman kanta ta fannin kuɗi kuma ba ta yi aure ba a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta na zaune a Saint-Josse-ten-Noode da kuma Ixelles, Brussels yankunan da masu fasaha suka fi so. Ta gina babban gida a 208 rue du Trone a Ixelles. Ta zauna a can shekaru da yawa tare da Louise, wadda ita ma ba ta yi aure ba, kuma ta yi amfani da gidan a matsayin wurin baje kolin. Dan uwansa Félix Bovie, da sculptor Antoine-Félix Bouré suma sun baje kolin ayyukansu a wurin. A cikin littafin jagora na Turanci na 1873 wanda ke kwatanta balaguron tafiya na kwanaki shida na Brussels, an lura da Musée Bovie yana kusa da Musée Wiertz Bovie ta ci gaba da zana tarihi a lokacin da ya fita daga salon zamani, amma batutuwansa sun bambanta sosai. 'Yancin kansa na tattalin arziki da na kansa ya ba shi damar mai da hankali kan kuzarinsa kan aikinsa na mai zane. Masanin tarihin fasaha Anne-Marie ten Bokum ta yi hasashen cewa Bovie 'yar Virginie da Louise suna da 'yar'uwa ta uku, Hortence ko Hortense, wanda ya auri François-Joachim-Alexandre Rouen kuma ya bayyana ya tsira da shi da 'yan uwansa mata biyu A lokacin mutuwar Bovie, jihar ta ki amincewa da wasiyyar gidan kayan tarihi nasa kuma ta ba da izinin yin abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Katalogi don gwanjo, wanda aka gudanar a cikin Fabrairu shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da tara Jules de Brauwere ne ya tattara shi.
Aikin ta Kas ɗin gwanjon gidan ya lissafa ayyukan fasaha 170 na Bovie, baya ga da ta tattara. An yi imanin cewa ta samar da ayyuka akalla 204, adadi mai yawa ga mace a lokacin, amma a shekara ta 2005 bakwai daga cikin wadannan za a iya gano su. Baya ga manyan zane-zane na tarihi da na addini, gami da wasu kwamitocin hukuma, ayyukansa daban-daban sun hada da al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun, shirye-shiryen furanni da hotuna. Ba kamar manyan zane-zane ba, nau'ikan ayyuka suna jan hankalin bourgeois hankali kuma yana ba da damar hangen nesa A cikin shekaru goma na farko xxi 21st karni, Gicciyen Giciye da Saukowa daga Giciye har yanzu ana iya gani a cocin Saints-Jean-et-Nicolas a Schaerbeek a Brussels Wadannan zane-zane na farko sun nuna tasirin Wiertz da Flemish Baroque masters irin su Rubens da de Crayer Bovie ta nuna The Visitation da The Iconoclasts a Antwerp Cathedral a Antwerp Salon a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da sittin da daya. Wani mai bita ya yi tsokaci mai zuwa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26666 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziza%20Amir | Aziza Amir | Aziza Amir 17 Disamban shekarar 1901 28 Fabrairun shekarar 1952) jarumar Finafinai ƴar ƙasar Masar, kuma mai rubuta fim. Tana da matsayi na almara a cikin fim ɗin Masar. Ita ce matar farko ga Mahmoud Zulfikar.
AzizaRayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Aziza Amir Mofida Mohamed Ghoneim a Damiettia, Masar a ranar 17 ga Disamban shekarata 1901. Amir ta tafi makaranta a Hosn El Massarat dake kan titin Mohamed Ali. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a teku don ciyar da iyalinta. Amir ta canza sunanta saboda yadda al'ummar Masar suke kallon matan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yadda hakan zai yi illa ga mutuncin danginta. Bayan juyin juya hali na 1919 matakan makamashi na mata ya tashi kuma suna so su kawo canji. Amir ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Daga nan sai Aziza ta dauki mataki ta fara aiki a matsayin jarumar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta taka rawar ƴar Napoleon a kan mataki, kuma ta haka ne ta hadu da mijinta na farko Ahmed El Sheirei, wanda shi ne magajin garin Samalout.
Ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta "Ramsis" a 1925. Ta yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo har zuwa 1935, lokacin da ta yanke shawarar mayar da hankalinta kan fina-finai. Bayan shekaru a cikin kasuwancin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta yanke shawarar shiga kasuwancin silima, Ta fito cikin abin da masana za su iya cewa fim ɗin Masar na farko da aka taɓa yin Laila (1927) ya fito a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1927. Sakin Laila (1927) ya biyo bayan matsaloli daban-daban da Daraktanta na Turkiyya Wadad Orfi da furodusoshi na Jamus. Akwai rikice-rikice yayin da ake yin fim ɗin kuma, sakamakon haka, Orfi ya maye gurbin Stephane Rosti Kafafen yada labarai da dangin Amir a lokacin da aka saki Laila sun yi adawa da shigarta a fim din; Laila taci gaba da samun nasara. A cikin 1933, ta rubuta, ba da umarni, da fitowa a cikin Biyan Zunubanku (1933). Masana'antar fina-finai ta Masar ta fara bunkasuwa a shekarun 1940; Amir ya fara rubuta karin wasan kwaikwayo a sakamakon haka. A ƙarshe za ta sami rubutattun ƙididdiga goma sha bakwai ga sunanta. Amir tana da ƴar riƙo Amira wadda ta yi aiki tare da ita a cikin fim ɗin ‘yata (1944). Amir za ta fito kuma ta fito da jimillar fina-finai ashirin da biyar a rayuwarta. Haka kuma Amir ya taka rawa a fim din Fattah min Istanbul (1928) wanda ba shi da rai, kuma ya taka rawar Brezka a cikin fim din Ahl El Kahf.
Amir ya shiga harkar fim ya zauna ya kuma yi aiki a bangarori daban-daban na shirya fina-finai, walau furodusa, ‘yar wasa ko darakta. Ta shirya wani fim game da gwagwarmayar Falasdinu tare da mijinta Mohamed Zul Fokar da Soad Mohamed a kan gaba. An ambato Talaat Harb yana cewa "ta samu abin da maza ba su samu ba." Taha Hussein tace "ta mallaki muryar zinare." Amir ya gabatar da wani rawa da shahararren dan rawa Bamba Kashar ya yi a Laila (1927) Har ila yau, an saka raye-raye a cikin daruruwan wakokin wakokin Masarawa wadanda suka biyo bayan wannan fim ɗin. Amir ta ci gaba da taka rawa a fina-finan kusan dozin biyu, yawancinsu mijinta ne, jarumin darakta Mahmoud Zoulficar. Akwai wasu mahawara a kan ko Amir ne ya ba da umarni a fina-finan biyu wanda a wasu lokuta ake ba ta kyautar darakta, Bint l /The Girl from the Nile (1929) da 'an khati'atik Atone for Your Sins (1933), amma abin da ya tabbata shi ne ta shirya mafi yawan fina-finan da ta fito ta hanyar kamfanin shirya fina-finan nata, Isis Films. Ta kasance mai ƙwazo a matsayinta na jagorar ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da furodusa har zuwa rasuwarta tana da shekaru hamsin da ɗaya, lokacin da ta rasu daga rashin lafiyan da ba a bayyana ba.
Siyasa da harkar fim Tare da sakin Laila, a cikin shekarun 1920 lokacin da Masar ke kafa ƙafafu da kuma ginawa a matsayin al'ummarta, dabam da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, tunanin kishin ƙasa da abin da ya dace ya tashi sama kuma jama'a suna fatan ganin wani fim na Masar. Sai dai ba wannan ne dalilin da ya sa Amir ya maye gurbin daraktan Turkiyya Wadad Orfi da Stephane Rosti ba, sai dai kokarin da ya yi na wani shirin fim ya yi barna. An nuna fim ɗin Laila (1927) a cikin gidan sarki ga Sarki Fuuad, fim ɗin "Masar" wanda ya dace da lokaci kuma mai ban sha'awa don ɗauka a cikin allo. Yayin da Saad Zaghloul ya zama firaminista kuma sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya fitar da cewa dukkan maza da mata suna daidai da yadda suke yi wa kasarsu hidima, hakan ya kara wa mata da yawa jin dadin zama na kasa da kasa baki daya. Matsayin Amir a cikin fim din Laila bai wuce kawai rawar da ya taka ba amma ya yi kokarin gyara tsohuwar al'ada tare da wanda ya fi dacewa da zamani, inda ya nuna halin da ake ciki a yankunan karkara tare da haɗawa da halin da ya fi dacewa da tushen fir'auna ta hanyar nuna mata a cikin sahara na Saqarra. Yayin da kasar ke kokawa da asalinta da kuma mayar da kasashen yammaci da kuma jawaban ra'ayin mazan jiya da suka sabawa ra'ayin 'yanci, wasan da Aziza Amir ta yi a cikin fim dinta Laila har yanzu abin lura ne kuma an ambace ta a matsayin fim din Masar na farko da aka taba yi.
Ƙaunar mata Yayin da Masar ke gwagwarmaya don gina asalinta, mutane ba su san ko za su yi riko da tsohuwar al'adunsu ba ko kuma sabo. Ƙungiyoyi irin su Feminism sun bayyana a Masar amma a cikin irinsa. Masarawa sun zaɓi su mai da hankali kan ikon mata da matsayinsu a cikin gida da kuma haɓaka ƙarfin kishin ƙasa musamman a cikin gida. A cikin jan hankalin al'adun da suka shafi dangi na tsarin dangin Larabawa, mata na Masar sun nuna kansu a matsayin keɓantacce kuma ba a shigo da su daga sauran ƙungiyoyin ƴantar da mata na ƙasashen waje ba. Asalin Amir wanda yake a waje da hoton mata na al'ada na yunƙurin ginawa duk da haka ba a yi la'akari da shi ba saboda kalamanta da suka mai da hankali kan haihuwa da kuma ra'ayin kallon "Masar a matsayin iyali." A daya bangaren kuma, Amir ta zanta da kaifin basirar da ta yi game da matsayinta na mace kuma mai shirya fina-finai ta hanyar wayo ta yin amfani da kalaman da aka fada a baya wajen baiwa kanta 'yancin kai ta hanyar cewa "Ina da 'ya daya kuma ita ce Cinema ta Masar". Ta karkatar da tattaunawar kasa da jigogin haihuwa, inda ta karfafa matsayinta na mace mai aiki a harkar fim. Ana yawan kiran Amir a matsayin "mahaifiyar silima ta Masar."
Fina-finai
A matsayin jaruma Laila (1927)
Daughter of the Nile (1929)
Istanbul sokaklarinda (1931)
Pay for Your Sins (1933)
His Highness Wishes to Marry (1936)
The Apple Seller (1940)
El warsha (1941)
Wedding Night (1942)
Ibn al-Balad (1943)
The Urchin (1943)
Valley of Stars (1943)
The Magic Hat (1944)
My Daughter (1945)
Money (1945)
The Return of the Magic Hat (1946)
The Unknown Singer (1946)
All is Well with the World (1946)
A Candle Is Burning (1946)
Hadaya (1947)
Above the Clouds (1948)
Everyone is Singing (1948)
Nadia (1949)
Fate and Fortune (1951)
A matsayin marubuciya Pay for Your Sins (1933)
The Workshop (1940)
El warsha (1941)
Ibn al-Balad''' (1942)
The Urchin (1943)
The Magic Hat (1944)
My Daughter (1944)
Hadaya (1947)
Above the Clouds (1948)
A Girl from Palestine (1948)
My Father Deceived Me (1951)
A matsayin furodusa Laila (1927)
Pay for your Sins (1933)
My Daughter (1945)
Hadaya (1947)
Everyone Is Singing (1948)
Above the Clouds (1948)
Virtue for Sale (1950)
My Father Deceived Me (1951)
A matsayin darakta Daughter of the Nilu (1927)
Pay for your sins'' (1933)
Nassoshi Matan Masar
Mata Mawaka
Mata yan fim
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22138 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Seda | Jon Seda | Jonathan Seda (an haife shi ne a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarata 1970). ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Ba'amurke. Kuma ɗan dambe ne mai son bita wanda ya taka rawa a matsayin Gladiator a wani fim ɗin dambe wanda aka yi a shekarar 1992. Ya taka rawar Chris Pérez tare da Jennifer Lopez a cikin fim ɗin Selena da kuma jami'in tsaro Antonio Dawson a NBC na Chicago PD. Ya kuma taka rawar Paul Falsone a cikin wasan Homicide: Life on the Street Ya kuma taka rawar US Marine John Basilone, mai kambar lambar girmamawa a Tom Hanks da Steven Spielberg ya bisa zuwa Band of Brothers, The Pacific.
Rayuwar farko An haife Seda na a Manhattan ga iyayen asalin Puerto Rican kuma ya girma ne a Clifton, New Jersey.
Bayan kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Clifton, abokai biyu sun shawo kan Seda cewa ya kamata ya fara dambe, don haka ya fara aiki a dakin motsa jiki.
Yayi dambe a wasu wuraren motsa jiki a ciki New Jersey kuma ba da dadewa ba ya zama mai tsere a gasar New Jersey Golden Gloves. A matsayin dan koyo mai son dambe, Seda yana da tarihin nasara 21 da rashin nasara daya.
Ayyuka Farkon fim din seda ya kasance a fim din dmbe ne mai suna Gladiator a shekarar (1992), inda ya taka rawar Romano, Ɗan damben Cuban. Tun daga nan ya yi aiki a cikin fina-finai daban-daban da jerin TV. A cikin shekarar 1995, an zabi Seda Mafi Kyawun Shugabancin Mata a Gwarzon Ruhu saboda rawar da ya taka a fim din Ina son shi kamar wancan (1994), kishiyar Rita Moreno da Lauren Vélez. A shekarar 1996, an zabi shi a matsayin Palme d'Or (Kyautar Mafi Kyawun 'Yan wasa) a bikin Fina -Finan Cannes, saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Blue a fim din The Sunchaser, wanda ya sabawa jarumi Woody Harrelson. Seda ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron fina-finai kamar su Hispanic lokacin da ya nuna Chris Pérez a tare da Jennifer Lopez a cikin Selena (1997), fim din dai ya danganci ainihin labarin mawaƙiyar mai suna Tejano Selena Quintanilla-Perez, wand aka kashe ta a kan hanyarta ta zuwa babban taron ta na waka. Seda ta bugawa mijinta Selena.
Har ila yau kuma, a cikin 1997, Seda ya fito a matsayin mai binceke a bangaren tsaro mai suna Paul Falsone akan NBC :Homicide: Life on the street Marubutan, sunyi amfani da damar tarihin damben nasa, suka rubuta koyo mara riga a cikin wani yanki, wanda ya tabbatar da kyawawan halayensa ga ɗan sanda mai binciken Laura Ballard Seda ya kuma yi dambe a gaban Jimmy Smits a cikin fim din Darajan Daukaka (2000). Matsayinsa na farko a kan babban allo ya kasance a matsayin jarumi a cikin Sarki Rikki na 2002, sake yin tunanin Shakespeare 's Richard III a Gabas LA Seda ta fito a fina-finai sama da dozin biyu, gami da Bad Boys II (2003) a matsayin Roberto, da kuma bayyanar talabijin da yawa. Baya ga Kashe-kashe, yana da manyan ayyuka kamar Dino Ortolani a Oz, Matty Caffey a cikin Duba na Uku, Paul Falsone (a cikin hanyar kisan kai tare da Doka da oda Gida, da CSI: Miami An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagorori uku a cikin HBO na yakin duniya na II na ƙaramin jerin Pacific (wanda aka fitar a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2010), wanda ke nuna Marine John Basilone Seda ya fito a matsayin tauraron bako a cikin wani shiri na Sanarwa na Konewa, kuma a 2007 ya yi fito-na-fito a cikin waƙar Ludacris "Loveaunar Runaway a matsayin mai zagi, mai maye.
Seda ya bayyana a lokutan Treme 2-4 a matsayin Nelson Hidalgo, mai haɓaka ƙasar da ke da alaƙa da siyasa daga Dallas wanda ke taimakawa da taimako na agaji a bayan Katrina New Orleans Ya fito a fim din Larry Crowne (2011), wanda ya yi fice tare kuma Tom Hanks ya wallafa shi kuma ya ba da umarni. Hanks ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban furodusa a cikin Pacific, wanda Seda ya yi fice. A cikin 2013, Seda ya fito tare da Sylvester Stallone, Christian Slater, da kuma Jason Momoa a cikin Walter Hill Daidaitaccen wasan Bullet zuwa Shugaban A cikin 2012, Seda ya fara nuna mai binciken Antonio Dawson a cikin ikon mallakar <i id="mwlg">Chicago na</i> Dick Wolf, wanda ya fara yin fim a cikin Chicago Fire a cikin rawar da yake maimaituwa sannan kuma, a cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan 'yan wasa na Chicago PD a cikin 2017, Seda ya ɗauka rawar da yake takawa a wani zagaye, Chicago Justice, wanda aka soke shi bayan kakarsa ta farko. 'Yarsa Haley ta yi baƙo a kan Chicago PD a matsayin babbar shaida a tashin bam. A watan Yulin 2017, an sanar da cewa Seda zai koma Chicago PD biyo bayan soke shari'ar Chicago A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, an ba da rahoton cewa jami'an NBC Wolf Entertainment sun sanar da Seda cewa ba za su sabunta kwantiraginsa ba, wanda hakan ya sa ya bar jerin jim kadan bayan yanayi shida. A cikin 2020, Seda zai taka rawar gani na Dr. Benjaminamine Glass a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na NBC na La Brea wanda David Appelbaum ya rubuta, duk da haka Seda zai dawo kuma zai nuna Dr. Sam Velez bayan an ɗauki jerin.
Rayuwar mutum Seda ya auri tsohuwar budurwarsa, Lisa Gomez, a shekarar 2000. Ma'auratan suna da yara huɗu.
Filmography
Fina-finai
Talabijan
Duba kuma Jerin Puerto Ricans
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jon Seda Game da Birnin Chicago PD NBC
Yanar gizo Jon Seda
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34361 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucostoma%20kunzei | Leucostoma kunzei | Naman gwari mai tsire-tsire Leucostoma kunzei (tsohon Valsa kunzei shine wakili na cutar Leucostoma canker (wanda aka fi sani da Cytospora canker ko spruce canker cuta na bishiyoyin spruce da aka samu a Arewacin Hemisphere, yawanci akan Norway spruce Picea abies da Colorado blue spruce Picea pungens Wannan cuta tana daya daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi yawa kuma suna cutar da nau'in Picea a arewa maso gabashin Amurka, duk da haka kuma tana shafar sauran nau'ikan coniferous Da kyar yakan kashe bishiyar da ke masaukinsa; duk da haka, cutar ba ta lalacewa ta hanyar kashe rassan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma haifar da fitar da guduro daga raunuka na shekara shekara a kan rassan ko kututture.
Asalin Leucostoma kunzei or Valsa kunzei (Fr.:Fr) Fr. (conidial state Cytospora kunzei Waterman ne ya fara bayyana shi a cikin 1955, a matsayin mai haifar da reshe da masu tsini da ta lura akan Douglas fir. Waterman ya al'ada naman gwari daga bishiyoyin daji daga Washington, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Hampshire, da Massachusetts kuma ya ba da bayanin farko na canker da naman gwari. Ta kuma lura cewa bishiyu na kankara yawanci suna faruwa a wuraren da ba su da kyau ko kuma wasu abubuwan muhalli sun raunana su.
Runduna masu saukin kamuwa Balsam Fir Abin balsamea
Farashin Fraser Abies fraseri
Turai Larch Larix decidua
Jafananci Larch Larix kampferi
Amurka Larch Larix laricina
Norway Spruce Picea abin
Engelmann Spruce ne adam wata Picea engelmannii
Farin Spruce Picea glauca
Black Spruce Picea mariana
Caucasian Spruce Picea Orientalis
Colorado Blue Spruce Picea pungens
Red Spruce Picea rubens
Jack Pine Pinus banksiana
Red Pine Pinus resinosa
Gabashin Farin Pine Pinus strobus
Bhutan Pine Pinus wallichiana
Eldar Pine Pinus eldaric
Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga ma'ana
Western Redcedar Thuja plicata
Gabashin Hemlock Tsuga canadensis
Alamun Alamomin wannan cuta a cikin rundunonin spruce sun haɗa da matattu da rassan da ke mutuwa da raunuka na dindindin a kan rassan da gangar jikin, waɗanda ke fitar da resins. Tsofaffin rassan (ƙananan bishiyoyi) suna ɗaukar lalacewa fiye da ƙananan. A lokacin bazara da farkon lokacin rani ganyen rassan da suka kamu da cutar a kan bishiyar da aka yi garkuwa da su suna yin shuɗewa kuma suna yin launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke nuni da ɗaurin gindi da ke faruwa a cikin reshe ko kuma tare da tushen tushen da wannan cuta ke haifarwa. Wadannan allura masu launin ruwan kasa za su kasance a manne a lokacin girma sannan kuma su fadi a lokacin hunturu, suna barin rassan rassan da ba su da tushe. Duk wannan tsari zai iya faruwa a kowace shekara, yana motsawa daga ƙananan rassan zuwa manyan rassan, don haka ya lalata alamar bishiyar mai masauki. Twigs da rassan da wannan cuta ta kashe na iya kasancewa a kan bishiyar da take da cuta na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk wannan lalacewar da wannan cuta ta fungal ke haifarwa ba ya farawa har sai bishiyoyin da ke cikin gida sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 10-15. Koyaya, a cikin wuraren gandun daji na shimfidar wuri ana iya kashe ƙananan rassan matasa spruce shuɗi ko fari spruce lokaci-lokaci. Launuka yawanci suna farawa ne daga ƙananan ƙananan rassan kuma suna girma zuwa elliptic ko wani lokaci-lokaci masu kama da lu'u-lu'u. Raunin da ya samo asali a kan rassan da ke kusa da babban tushe na iya bazuwa a cikin babban tushe. Cambium da wannan cuta ta kashe yana da launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan ja-ja-jaja kuma yana cike da resins. Sapwood da ke ƙasa, wanda aka kashe kuma ya mamaye ta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, ba a cika samun launi ba. Guduro mai launin amber yana fitowa sosai daga gefuna na cankers, yana gangarowa cikin haushi, ko kuma ya digo a kan ƙananan rassan ko ƙasa, sannan ya taurare ya zama farin ɓawon burodi. Launukan da ke da alaƙa da wannan ƙwayar cuta yawanci suna tafiya a bayyane ba a lura da su ba a kan bishiyoyin da suka kamu da cutar na tsawon shekaru da yawa, saboda ƙwayar cuta da ke riƙe da resin. Samuwar callus a gefen canker yana da dabara ko kusan ba ya nan, yawanci guduro shine kawai alamar raunin haushi. Cankers da aka kafa akan gangar jikin zasu bayyana kamar sun nutse saboda rayayyun kyallen takarda (calus) suna fadadawa da girma a kusa da kyallen da suka ji rauni. Cikakkiyar ɗaurin gindin runduna ko manyan gaɓoɓi na iya faruwa; duk da haka, wannan taron na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa har ma da shekaru masu yawa don cikawa. A cikin wasu conifers masu saukin kamuwa, alamun suna kama da na spruce sai dai fitar da guduro yawanci ba shi da fice. Game da pine, mabuɗin alamar da za a lura da shi shine cututtukan reshen da ba a san su ba wanda wannan cuta ta haifar.
Alamu Alamun Leucostoma kunzei sun haɗa da fungal stromata na mataki na Cytospora wanda ke samuwa kowace shekara a cikin bawon daji da aka kashe kwanan nan kuma mafi yawa, a waje da masu ciwon daji. Pycnidial stromata suna da siffa kamar gajerun mazugi, 1-2 mm a diamita, tare da ɗakuna masu ƙyalƙyali suna haskakawa daga tsakiya kuma suna buɗewa ta hanyar rami na kowa a saman. A lokacin damshin yanayi, za su samar da rawaya tendrils na conidia. Wani mutum stroma duk da haka, yana yin wannan sau ɗaya kawai. Conidia su ne unicellular, allantoid (siffar tsiran alade), da 4-6 x 0.5-1 m girma. Perithecial stromata wanda balagagge a cikin bazara suma gajere ne da 1-2 mm a diamita. Nama na ciki kodadde rawaya ne zuwa launin ruwan toka mai launin ruwan toka tare da baƙar perithecia 5-30 a ciki. Perithecia shine 200-600 m a diamita, kuma wuyoyinsu suna haɗuwa a saman diski-kamar stroma. Fayilolin yawanci 0.2-1.0 mm a diamita da launin toka zuwa baki a saman. Ascospores sune hyaline (marasa launi), unicellular, lanƙwasa, kuma auna 5-8 x 1-2 m.
Zagayowar cuta An fara kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta ta shiga cikin raunukan kwanan nan na bishiyar mai saurin kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya haifar da waɗannan raunuka ta hanyar inji kamar kayan aiki, ta hanyar shigar kwari, ko a cikin raunuka na halitta saboda matsalolin muhalli kamar dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara. Gabaɗaya, yawancin kamuwa da cuta ana tsammanin yana faruwa a farkon bazara, kodayake bazara na kuma sabunta cututtukan da ke ɓoye daga kakar da ta gabata, da zarar yanayin muhalli yana da fa'ida ga naman gwari. Yawanci, yanayi mara kyau na muhalli kamar fari, matsanancin zafi, ko takamaiman wurin yana ƙarfafa haɓakawa da kamuwa da wannan cuta. Ana iya samun wannan ƙwayar cuta a cikin haushi na waje na abin da ya zama rassan rassa masu lafiya, wanda ke nuna kamuwa da cuta na iya faruwa kafin ci gaban rauni. Dukansu conidia da ascospores na wannan naman gwari suna kamuwa da cuta. Ana fitar da Conidia a lokacin damina yanayi na bazara, amma kuma a duk lokacin bazara da kaka. Wadannan conidia na iya jure yanayin sanyi, wanda ke taimakawa ga rayuwar wannan naman gwari, kuma conidia suna tsiro a kusan 20-33 C. Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don haɓakar conidial da farkon girma na naman gwari yana kusa da 27 °C. Hakanan ana fitar da ascospores a cikin bazara, da kuma, farkon lokacin rani. Watsewar conidiospores da ascospores ta hanyar gudu ko watsa ruwa yana ba da shaida don haɓakawar shekara zuwa shekara da haɓaka ci gaban bayyanar cututtuka. Dukkanin nau'ikan spore sun gano a kan iska a kusancin bishiyoyi marasa lafiya, duk da haka hanyar zama iska har yanzu ba ta da tabbas. Akwai rade-radin cewa wannan tarwatsawar iska na iya kasancewa saboda sakin ɗigon ruwa ta hanyar ɗigon ruwan sama wanda ya zama 'yanci a cikin iska yayin da ɗigon ruwa ke ƙafewa. Ana samun conidia da yawa a cikin ruwa da iska, sabanin ascospores. Wadannan tururuwa masu iska, da kuma, kwari suna ba da bayani game da yaduwar wannan cuta daga bishiya zuwa bishiya. Da zarar an ɗaure reshe ko tushe na majiɓinci mai rauni, ƙwayoyin cuta za su mamaye manyan wuraren haushi da sauri fiye da wurin ɗaurin gindi. Bayan wannan, ƙwayoyin cuta za su haifar da pycnial da yawa daga baya kuma daga baya perithecial stromata. Tsawon lokaci mai yiwuwa na wannan sake zagayowar cutar shine shekara 1, saboda pycnidial stromata wanda ke samuwa a cikin shekarar farko na haɓakar rauni.
Gudanar da cututtuka Saboda tsofaffi, bishiyoyi masu rauni sun fi dacewa da Leucostoma kunzei, mahimmin mahimmanci wajen kula da wannan cuta mai kyau shine kula da lafiyar bishiyar da karfi ta hanyar rage damuwa akan bishiyar. Zabi wuraren dasa shuki tare da ƙasa mai kyau, m, ƙasa mai kyau; guje wa ƙasa mara zurfi ko magudanar ruwa. A lokacin lokutan fari mai tsawo ko a wuraren busassun ruwa na yau da kullum yana da mahimmanci a lokacin girma kakar, da kuma, aikace-aikace na takin mai magani kowace 'yan shekaru. Ingantattun bishiyoyi da nisantar duk wani matsala ga tushen tsarin wanda zai iya haifar da rauni ko rashin ci gaban tushen duka duka suna rage yuwuwar bishiyar guda ɗaya ta kamu da cuta. Zaɓaɓɓen pruning na ƙananan rassan a inda zai yiwu, ba tare da lalata gaba ɗaya da kyawawan bayyanar itacen yana da kyau ba. A kan bishiyar da ba ta da ƙarfi sosai, duk rassan da ba su da lafiya da kuma kusa da su ya kamata a datse su zuwa ga reshe mai rai mafi kusa ko gangar jikin. Ya kamata a yanke rassan rauni da rauni zuwa gangar jikin bishiyar. A kan manyan gaɓoɓi ko kututtuka za a iya fitar da ɓangaren cankered. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar cire duk launin ruwan kasa, matattun kyallen jikin, da kuma, 1 inci lafiyayyen haushi da itace a kowane bangare, yanke zuwa zurfin inch. Tsaftar kayan aiki da kyau yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin yaduwar wannan cuta ta bazata; Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar kashe su ta hanyar shafa su ko kuma a nutsar da su cikin maganin 70% shafa barasa. Yankewa a lokacin jika na iya haifar da yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka da ke yaduwa ta hanyar raunuka; don haka, a datse kawai lokacin da ganye da haushi suka bushe. Ba za a iya maido da bishiyoyin da suka daɗe da kyau ba kuma a cire su gaba ɗaya daga wurin kuma idan zai yiwu, a ƙone su don cire tushen inoculum. Ya zuwa yau, babu wani fungicides wanda ya iya ba da rigakafi ko kama ci gaban Leucostoma canker akan bishiyoyin spruce
Nau'in maye gurbin da aka ba da shawarar (iri mai ƙarfi) Siberian Spruce Picea omorika
Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus Atlantika
Nikko Fir Abin homolepis
Leyland Cypress Cupressus leylandii
Juniper na kasar Sin Juniperus chinensis
Dutsen Rocky Juniper Juniperus scopulorum
Jafananci Cedar Cryptomeria japonica
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Farashin Fungorum
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
46381 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kiyashi%20a%20Odi | Kisan kiyashi a Odi | Kisan kiyashin Odi wani hari ne a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, 1999 da sojojin Najeriya suka kai a garin Odi da ke jihar Bayelsa mafi rinjayen kabilar Ijaw. Harin dai ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da ake ci gaba da samun tashe tashen hankula a yankin Neja-Delta kan haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar mai albarkatun mai da kuma kare muhalli. An kiyasta cewa an kashe fararen hula sama da 900 a harin.
Jama'a dai na cewa gwamnatin tsohon shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo da mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Atiku Abubakar ne suka bada umarnin kisan kiyashi. Sojoji sun sha kare matakin da suka dauka inda suka ce an yi musu kwanton ɓauna a hanyarsu ta zuwa Odi. Hakan ya sa tashin hankali ya tashi kafin shiga kauyen.
Kisan kiyashi Kafin kisan kiyashin, wasu ƴan daba sun kashe ƴan sandan Najeriya goma sha biyu a kusa da Odi, bakwai daga ciki an kashe su a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, sauran kuma kwanaki kaɗan biyo bayan kisan na farkon. A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, sojojin sun yanke shawarar kutsawa kauyen amma rahotanni sun ce an yi wa sojojin kwanton ɓauna a kusa da kauyen don haka rikici ya tashi, inda suka yi kwanton ɓauna tare da yin musayar wuta da wasu ƴan bindiga a ƙauyen waɗanda ake kyautata zaton suna amfani da fararen hula. Hakan ya harzuka ‘yan kwanton bauna har ta kai ga kai hari kan fararen hula da gine-ginen garin. Duk wani gini da ke garin ya ƙone ƙurmus in ban da banki da cocin Anglican da cibiyar lafiyar garin. Duk wannan ya faru ne a zamanin mulkin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo.
Adadin wadanda suka mutu An yi ƙiyasi da dama na adaɗin fararen hula da aka kashe. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kammala da cewa tabbas sojojin sun kashe dubun dubatan fararen hular da ba su ɗauke da makamai kuma alƙaluman da ke bayyana ɗaruruwan da suka mutu na iya yiwuwa gaskiya ne." Nnimmo Bassey, Babban Darakta na Action Rights Action, yayi iƙirarin cewa kusan fararen hula 2500 ne aka kashe. Da farko dai gwamnati ta ce adaɗin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 43, ciki har da sojoji takwas.
Shari'ar kotu A watan Fabrairun 2013, Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta umarci Gwamnatin Tarayya ta biya diyyar Naira biliyan 37.6 ga al’ummar Odi da ke karamar Hukumar Kolokuma Opokuma a Jihar Bayelsa. Alƙali ya ba da umarnin a biya diyya cikin makonni uku.
A hukuncin da ya yanke, Mai shari’a Lambi Akanbi na babbar kotun tarayya, ya yi Allah-wadai da gwamnatin da tauye haƙƙin ƴan Adam na tafiya da rayuwa da kuma mallakar dukiyoyi da zaman lafiya a gidajen su na gadon iyaye da kakanninsu.
Al’amarin ya kai ga biyan Naira biliyan 15 daga gwamnatin Goodluck Jonathan ba tare da sasantawa a kotu ba. A cewar Prof. Kobina Imananagha (Shugaban kwamitin gabatar da kara na Odi Destruction Case Prosecution Committee (ODCPC)) “Kotun Landan ta yi barazanar cewa za ta aiwatar da cikakken hukuncin da kotun ta yanke (biyan Naira biliyan 37.6) idan har zuwa ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2014, gwamnati ta kasa aiwatar da hukuncin. Wannan sulhu da kuma biyan diyya da aka amince da Odi. Da alama hakan ya tilastawa ma'aikatar shari'a ta tarayya da shugabannin ƙungiyar lauyoyi, ODCPC da sarkin Odi zuwa teburin tattaunawa a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2014 inda N15billion (a matsayin biya daya tilo kuma na karshe) a matsayin diyya ga Odi daga gwamnatin tarayya”.
Daga baya gwamnati ta biya Naira biliyan 15 wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin al’umma da kuma sace shugaban kwamitin Farfesa Prof. Zibokere wanda daga baya aka sake shi.
Nassoshi a cikin shahararrun al'adu Kisan kiyashin Odi ya jawo waka mai suna "Dem Mama" a cikin kundin na 'Labarin Gaskiya' na mawaƙi Timaya.
Har ila yau, kisan kiyashin Odi ya kasance gidan tarihin waƙa mai suna "Potpourri of Perdition" na Success Akpojotor, kuma aka buga/wallafa a Poets Reading The News.
Kisan kiyashin na Odi ya kuma zaburar da wata Waka "Shin Odi yayi Aikin?" Ibiwari Ikiriko ne ya rubuta.
Duba kuma Jerin kisan kiyashi a Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ayyukan Afirka (na asali)
Odi: Ba za mu taɓa bari ka manta ba (na asali)
Blanket na Shiru: Hotunan kisan kiyashin Odi
"Potpourri na Halaka": Waka ta Success Akpojotor
1999 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Jihar |
34491 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awsi%20Rasu | Awsi Rasu | Awsi Rasu, wanda kuma aka fi sani da shiyya ta 1 ta Gudanarwa, shiyya ce a yankin Afar na kasar Habasha Wannan shiyyar tana iyaka da kudu da Gabi Rasu, a kudu maso yamma da Hari Rasu, a yamma da yankin Amhara, a arewa maso yamma da Fantí Rasu, a arewa ta yi iyaka da Kilbet Rasu, a arewa maso gabas da Eritriya, daga gabas kuma tana iyaka da ita da Djibouti Garin mafi girma a cikin Awsi Rasu shine Asayita Kogunan da ke wannan shiyyar sun hada da na Awash da magudanan ruwa na Mille da Logiya Akwai tafkuna guda shida masu alaka da juna a wannan Shiyya, wadanda Awash ke ciyar da su: daga arewa zuwa kudu sune Gargori, Laitali, Gummare, Bario da Tafkin Abbe (ko Abhe Bad).
Tarihi Bayan rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin jam'iyyar siyasa ta Djibouti Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy a 1994, 'yan Djibouti 18,000 sun tsere zuwa wannan shiyya. Yawancin wadannan 'yan gudun hijirar suna warwatse ne a babban titin Ayasita zuwa Bure, ko dai a hade su cikin matsugunan cikin gida, ko kuma a bangaren makiyaya a bar su su yi kiwo a yankunan da suke zaune. A cikin watan Agustan 1999, wani shiri na fitar da ruwa daga Tafkin Koka ya haifar da ambaliya daga Awash—ko da yake bincike daga baya ya nuna cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta faru ne sakamakon gazawar daka da kuma silalar Awash. Kimanin kadada 4,000 na gonakin noma a shiyyar da kuma kauyuka 3 a Asayita 5 a cikin Afambo da 8 a gundumomin Dubti abin ya shafa.
Alkaluma Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2007 da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, wannan yanki yana da jimillar mutane 410,790, daga cikinsu 224,656 maza ne da mata 186,134; Tana da fadin kasa kilomita murabba'i 30,242.10, tana da yawan jama'a 13.58. Yayin da 82,886 ko 20.18% mazauna birni ne, sauran 178,557 ko kuma 43.47% makiyaya ne. An kirga gidaje 75,735 a wannan shiyyar, wanda ya haifar da matsakaita na mutum 5.4 zuwa gida, da gidaje 78,104. Manyan kabilu biyu da aka ruwaito a Awsi Rasu sune Afar (88.52%) da Amhara (9.97%); duk sauran kabilun sun kasance kashi 1.51% na yawan jama'a. Ana magana da Afara a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 88.43%, sannan Amhari da kashi 10.4%; sauran kashi 1.17% sun yi magana duk sauran yarukan farko da aka ruwaito. 96.55% na yawan jama'a sun ce su Musulmai ne, kuma 3.29% Kiristocin Orthodox ne Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 1996 ta ba da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 327,901, waɗanda 186,616 maza ne da mata 141,285; 42,213 ko kuma 12.9% na al'ummarta mazauna birni ne a lokacin. Manyan kabilun a 1996 su ne 88.09% Afar, 9.98% Amhara, 0.75% Tigrean, da 0.71% Oromo Daga cikin yaran da suka isa makaranta, 4.86% (5.05% namiji da 4.60% mata) a halin yanzu suna zuwa makaranta, wanda ya fi matsakaicin yanki; Kashi 11.28% na yawan jama'ar da suka haura shekaru 10 (12.93% maza da 9.14% na mata) an ruwaito sun yi karatu.
Noma Dangane da samfurin kidayar filaye masu zaman kansu da aka gudanar a wannan yankin da CSA ta yi a shekarar 2001, kashi 43.1% na noma ne, kashi 2.82% na kiwo, kashi 35.9% fallow ne, sauran kashi 5.15 kuma an sadaukar da su ga sauran amfanin. A kasar da ake nomawa a wannan gundumar, kashi 53.32 cikin dari da aka shuka a cikin hatsi kamar masara da dawa bayanai sun ɓace don ƙasar da aka dasa a cikin kayan lambu da kayan lambu, amma an dasa hectare 3.54 a cikin bishiyar 'ya'yan itace, hectare 0.9 a cikin ayaba da 0.91 a cikin guavas Kashi 5.53% na manoman duk suna noman amfanin gona da kiwo, yayin da kashi 17.35% ke noman amfanin gona ne kawai, kashi 77.12% na kiwo ne kawai. Ana rarraba filayen fili a wannan shiyya tsakanin kashi 76.63% na mallakar fili, kashi 7.65% na haya, sauran kashi 15.72% kuma ana gudanar da su ne a karkashin wasu nau'o'in mulki.
Bayanan |
57552 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Civic%20Type%20R | Honda Civic Type R | Honda Civic Type R jerin manyan hatchback sedan model ne na civic, haɓakawa da samarwa ta Honda tun Satumba 19. Nau'in Civic na farko R shine samfuri na uku don karɓar lambar lambar Honda's Type R (bayan NSX da Integra Nau'in nau'in R na Civic yawanci suna da haske da taurin jiki, injuna na musamman, da ingantattun birki da chassis, kuma ana bayar da su ne kawai a cikin watsa mai sauri-biyar ko shida. Kamar sauran nau'in r modoci, ana amfani da ja a bangon Honda Badge don ba shi ɗan wasa na wasanni na musamman kuma ya ware shi daga wasu samfuran.
EK9 (1997; dangane da ƙarni na shida Civic) Civic na farko da ya karɓi farantin sunan Nau'in R ya dogara ne akan ƙarni na shida na fan-base 'EK' Civic. Samfurin tushe mai ba da gudummawa shine JDM Civic 3-kofa hatchback da ake kira SiR (lamba mai suna EK4). Kamar ɗan'uwansa, Integra Type R DC2 JDM DB8, Civic SiR ta canji a cikin wani nau'i na R ya samu ta hanyar yin aiki a kan samfurin tushe da kuma inganta shi zuwa ra'ayin Honda na mota mai iya yin babban aiki a kan kewaye.
An gabatar da Civic na farko da ya karɓi lambar Type R a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1997, azaman EK9. EK9 ya raba halaye da yawa tare da Nau'in Integra R DC2 JDM DB8 kamar tsallakewar mutuwar sauti da sauran matakan rage nauyi, injin B16B mai ɗaukar hoto, gaban helical iyakance-zamewa bambanci da watsa ragi na kusa Injin B16B ya yi alfahari da ɗayan mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki a kowace lita na kowane lokaci don injin da ake so na zahiri tare da a 8,200 rpm da a 7,500 rpm na karfin juyi daga na ƙaura. A karon farko, an yi amfani da dabarar kabu mai welded monocoque chassis don inganta rigidity na chassis. Cikin ciki ya nuna jajayen kujerun guga na Recaro, katunan kofa, jajayen katifa na bene na nau'in R, kullin motsi na titanium, da sitiyarin nannade fata na Momo EK9 yana samuwa ne kawai don siyarwa a Japan. Ƙididdiga masu aiki sun haɗa da 0–97 km/h (0-60 mph) lokacin hanzari na daƙiƙa 6.7 da lokacin mil kwata na 15.3 seconds. EK9 na iya kaiwa babban gudun 225 km/h (140 mph) A cikin 1998, an gabatar da bugun Civic Type R Motor Sports. Ya zo tare da ƙafafun karfe, daidaitaccen ciki EK launin toka, tagogin hannu, babu kwandishan kuma ba tare da wani jin daɗin halitta ba.
Nau'in Rx da aka gabatar a cikin 1999 an ba da na'urar CD, madubin ƙofar lantarki mai launin jiki, tagogin wutar lantarki, kwandishan na atomatik, tsarin buɗe maɓalli na maɓalli, fedal ɗin wasanni na aluminum, da kwamiti na nau'in carbon. Nau'in Rx shine samfurin ƙarshe na tsarar EK9. Samar da Nau'in Civic na EK9 R ya kai raka'a 16,000. A cikin 1999, Kamfanin tuning Honda Spoon Sports ya tsara nau'in tseren N1 na Type R wanda ke da layin injin B16B ya karu daga 8,400. rpm zuwa 11,000 rpm.
EP3 (2001; dangane da ƙarni na bakwai Civic) A cikin 2001, Honda ya gabatar da ƙarni na gaba na Civic Type R a matsayin keɓaɓɓen hatchback mai ƙofa 3 zuwa kasuwar Burtaniya, wanda aka kera a Swindon, Ingila. Wannan Kasuwar Cikin Gida ta Turai ta Civic Type R ta ƙunshi injin i-VTEC 2.0-lita (K20A2) da nau'in nau'in R na yau da kullun na maganin walda, watsa saurin 6-gudu da haɓaka birki, amma bai haɗa da wasu manyan fasalulluka na ƙarshe ba kamar ƙarancin helical. -slip bambancin kujerun tseren Recaro ja waɗanda suka kasance daidai da EK9.
Koyaya, Honda ya tallata sigar JDM kasuwar cikin gida ta Jafananci na EP3 (wanda aka kera shi na musamman a Swindon, UK kuma an tura shi zuwa Japan), wanda ya riƙe babban mashahurin helical LSD mai kama da na EK9 da jajayen kujerun tseren Recaro Sauran bambance-bambancen samfurin JDM sun haɗa da ƙarin saitunan chassis mai ɗaukar waƙa idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar Turai da kuma injin da ya fi ƙarfin da ke da ƙarfin (wanda aka zana K20A) yana da cikakkiyar ma'auni na crankshaft taro tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan abinci daban-daban, nau'ikan shaye-shaye, camshafts masu ɗagawa, manyan pistons masu matsawa, chrome-moly flywheel da shirye-shiryen ECU. Dukkanin na'urorin wutar lantarki na K20A na nau'in R na Japan-spec an gina su a cikin Japan kuma an tura su zuwa shukar Swindon da za a girka a cikin nau'in Japan-spec Type R EP3. Hakanan ana samun JDM EP3 a cikin Nau'in Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin gargajiya na gargajiya yayin da kasuwar cikin gida ta Turai (EDM) ba ta kasance ba. EDM yana da mafi annashuwa ma'auni na kayan aiki da kuma wasu ƙananan juzu'in rpm da aka yi ciniki don ƙananan rpm idan aka kwatanta da bambancin |
49034 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandalin%20Shahararrun%20Nakasassu%20na%20Kanada | Dandalin Shahararrun Nakasassu na Kanada | Dandalin shahararrun nakasassu na kasar Kanada (a da, Zauren Terry Fox na Shahararru), ya kunshi "fitattun mutanen kasar Kanada waɗanda suka bayar da gudummawa wajen inganta rayuwar mutane masu nakasa ta zahiri". Gidauniyar Kanada don naƙasassui ne ke tafiyar da ita kuma tana a Metro Hall, 55 John St., a cikin garin Toronto. Ana kuma kiran Hall din ne bayan Terry Fox, dan gwagwarmayar bincike kan cutar kansa wanda ta kusa mamaye fadin kasar Kanada, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Marathon of Hope Wadanda aka ba su
1993 Edwin A. Baker
John Gibbons Counsell
Rick Hansen
Robert Wilson Jackson
Margaret McLeod
André Viger ne adam wata
1994 Arnold Boldt
William Cameron
Beryl Potter
Robert L. Rumbal
1995 Bruce Halliday
Albin T. Jouse
Jeremy Rempel ne adam wata
Mona Winberg
1996 Arlette Lefebvre
Joanne Mucz
Vicki Keith Munro
Walter Wu
1997 Jeff Adams
Alice Laine da Audrey Morrice
David Onley
Billy Watson
1998 Lincoln M. Alexander
Gary Birch
Harry Botterell ne adam wata
Frank Bruno
1999 Clifford Chadderton
Leslie Lam
Pier Morten
Allan Simpson
2000 Morris (Mickey) Milner
Eugene Reimer
Sarah Thompson
Sam Sullivan
2001 Amy Doofenbaker
Ivy Grandstrom asalin
Tom Hainey
James MacDougall
2002 Mae Brown da Joan Mactavish
Stephanie McClellan
Jo-Anne Robinson
Robert Steadward
2003 Joanne Berdan
Jack Donohue
Brian Keown
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2004 Carlos Costa
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2005 Peter Eriksson
Lucy Fletcher da Robert Fletcher
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2006 Michael Edgson
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Steven Fletcher ne adam wata
Yuni Hooper
2007 Elizabeth Grandbois, Builder
Joanne Smith, Achiever
Lauren Woolstencroft, 'yar wasa
2008 Adrian Anantawan, Achiever
Linda Crabtree, Achiever
Dr. Geoff Fernie, Mai Ginewa
Daniel Westley, Dan wasa
2009 Jeff Healey, Achiever
David Hingsburger, Mai gini
Diane Roy, Dan wasa
Jill Taylor da Gary Taylor, Achievers
2010 Colette Bourgonje, Dan wasa
Alan Dean, Mai gini
David Shannon, Achiever
Jeffrey Tiessen, Achiever
2011 Archie Allison, Mai gini
Benoit Huot, Dan wasa
Brian McKeever da Robin McKeever, 'Yan wasa
Celia Southward, Achiever
2012 Ann Caine, Builder
Tracey Ferguson, Dan wasa
Robert Hampson, Achiever
Joyce Thompson, Mai Gine-gine (bayan mutuwa)
2013 Raymond Cohen, Builder
David Crombie, Mai Ci Gaban Rayuwa
Stephanie Dixon, Dan wasa
Ramesh Ferris, Achiever
Jerry Johnston da Annie Johnston, Gine-gine
2014 Sudarshan Gautam, Achiever
Hon. Vim Kochhar, Macijin Rayuwa
Mark Wafer, Builder
Elisabeth Walker-Young, Mai nasara
Chris Williamson, Dan wasa
2015 Lauren Barwick, Mai gini
Bernard Gluckstein, Achiever
Rick Mercer, Mai nasara
2016 Marni Abbott-Peter, Dan wasa
Tim Frick, Builder
Terry Kelly, Achiever
2017 Todd Nicholson, Dan wasa
Jim Sanders, Builder
Shirley Shelby, Achiever
Rob Snoek, Mai nasara
2018 James G. Kyte, Dan wasa
Alvin Law, Mai nasara
Brian Mulroney, Gine-gine
2019 Bradley Bowden, dan wasa
Brian MacPherson, Maginin gini
Richard Peter, Dan wasa
Tracy Schmitt, Mai nasara
2020 Tim Cormode, Builder
Martha Sandoval Gustafson, 'yar wasa
Meenu Sikand, Achiever
2021 Vivian Berkeley, Dan wasa
Frank Folino, Achiever
Carla Qualtrough, Mai gini
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Official site jerin inductee Dandalin Shahararru na kasar |
60434 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20iskar%20gas | Filin iskar gas | Filin iskar gas na Sleipner; iskar gas ne acikin shingen 15/9 na Tekun Arewa, kimanin yammacin Stavanger, Norway. Sashe biyu na filin suna cikin samarwa, Sleipner West (tabbatar acikin 1974), da Sleipner East (1981). Filin yana samar da iskar gas da iskar gas mai haske daga ginin yashi kimanin ƙasa matakin teku. Equinor ne ke sarrafa shi. Sunan filin ne bayan steed Sleipnir a tarihin Norse.
Adana da samarwa Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2005, kiyasin ajiyar da za'a iya dawo da su don filayen Sleipner West da Gabas sun kasance 51.6 biliyan cubic mita na iskar gas, na ruwan gas, da 3.9 miliyoyin cubic mita na condensates. A kullum samar da filin a 2008 ya mai dai-dai da kowace rana, 36 miliyan cubic mita na iskar gas a kowace rana, da 14,000 cubic mita na condensate kowace rana. Acikin wani sabon rahoto na shekarar 2017, Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Norway tayi kiyasin cewa cubic mita miliyan 2.72 na man fetur, mita cubic biliyan 11.72 na iskar gas, tan miliyan 0.67 na ruwan iskar gas, da mitoci cubic miliyan 0.07 na condensates sun kasance a cikin ajiyar.
Filin Sleipner ya ƙunshi dandamali huɗu. An dasa filin da rijiyoyin samarwa guda 18. Dandalin Sleipner A yana kan Sleipner East kuma dandalin Sleipner B yana kan Sleipner West. Ana sarrafa Sleipner B daga nesa daga Sleipner A ta hanyar kebul na cibiya. Ana haɗa dandalin jiyya na Sleipner T carbon dioxide ta jiki zuwa dandalin Sleipner A ta hanyar gada da kuma zuwa dandalin Sleipner B mai nisan layin kwararar carbon dioxide. Dandalin Sleipner Riser, yana hidimar bututun Langeled da Zeepipe, yana kan filin Sleipner Gabas.
Aikin kamawa da adana carbon Ana amfani da filin Sleipner Vest (West) a matsayin kayan aiki don kama carbon da adanawa (CCS). Ita ce tashar CCS ta farko a duniya, tana aiki tun daga ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1996. Aikin, a cikin shekarar farko, ya tabbatar da rashin tsaro saboda nutsewar yashi. Koyaya, bayan sake fashewa da shigar da wani layin dutse a watan Agustan 1997, ayyukan CCS sun kasance masu aminci. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2018, an kai tan miliyan daya na CO2 kuma an yi amfani da shi a cikin tsari a kowace shekara tun 1996. Takaitaccen aikin ya ba da rahoton ƙarfin har zuwa tan biliyan 600 tan biliyan 660).
Filin Sleipner West yana da har zuwa 9% CO maida hankali; Norway kawai tana ba da izinin 2.5% CO kafin zartar da hukunce-hukuncen ingancin fitarwa, wanda ƙila ya kasance NOK miliyan 1/rana (~$120,000US/rana). Kuɗin aiki shine US $17/ ton na CO allura, duk da haka, kamfanin baya biyan harajin carbon carbon na Norway na 1991 kuma yana karɓar ƙimar carbon a cikin tsarin ciniki na hayaƙin EU. Kafin harajin carbon, masana'antu sun saki CO mara kyau a cikin yanayi. Acikin yanayin kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba, fitar da Norway zai sami karuwar kashi 3% sama da shekaru 20 idan ba don gwajin CCS ba. Ana kula da carbon dioxide akan dandalin jiyya na Sleipner T. Bayan haka ana jigilar carbon dioxide zuwa dandalin Sleipner A inda aka yi masa allura a cikin samuwar Utsira ta rijiyar sadaukarwa Mita 1000 karkashin teku. Yin amfani da ƙarfin lokaci da hanyoyin girgizar ƙasa, aikin majagaba na Sleipner carbon kama aikin ya tabbatar da yuwuwar fasahar yin allura da auna CO a cikin tafki na teku, da kuma tasirin rage hayaki ta hanyar kwanciyar hankali. Don guje wa yuwuwar yabo da za su iya haifar da haɗarin lafiya da lalata muhalli, sama da wurin alluran Formation na Utsira ya ta'allaka ne da tashoshi 30 na nauyi na teku don sa ido a ƙarƙashin taken, Saline Aquifer CO Storage. Waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon suna lura da ayyukan microseismic tare da ƙarfin gravitational da zurfin awo. Tsayin shimfidar teku, samar da iskar gas, da sauye-sauyen magudanar ruwa sun ƙayyade ƙarfin da aka auna.
An tsara shi a fili a ƙarƙashin dokar man fetur ta Norway acikin Disamba 2014 kuma bisa ga umarnin EU na 2009/31/EC, manufofin sa ido suna mayar da hankali kan kimanta motsin iskar gas, kwanciyar hankali, da tasiri na yanayin magance matsalolin idan ya faru. Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, ma'aunai sun gano canje-canje a tsaye a cikin iyakokin awo da aka kafa, mai yuwuwa an danganta su ga zaizayewa da rayuwar ruwa. Simulators na geochemical da tafki suna bayyana babban ginin CO a ƙarƙashin hatimin kafa. Duk da haka, lokacin da allurar ta ƙare a ƙarshe, simulations suna nuna tarawa kusa da hatimin hular yumbu mai cike da yashi, wanda zai haifar da tarko mai narkewa. Wannan tarkon solubility, wanda yawancin yadudduka na yumbu da yashi suka haifar, yana hana CO tashi sama kuma zai juya zuwa tarkon ma'adinai acikin ma'adinai. Bugu da ƙari kuma, kwararar ruwa na ƙasa yana sauƙaƙe rarraba iskar gas da damuwa, rage haɗarin yabo. Halin abun da ke tattare da cakuda yumbu, yashi, da carbon shine ma'aunin kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci a cikin aikin Sleipner CCS. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, ma'aunai daga tashoshin nauyi sun nuna cewa allurar CO acikin Tsarin Utsira bai haifar da wani aikin girgizar ƙasa ba kuma ba'a sami kwararar carbon dioxide acikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata ba.
Ma'aikacin bututun iskar gas Gassco ya bada shawarar gina bututun carbon dioxide daga Kårstø don jigilar carbon dioxide daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Kårstø da ta daina aiki. Yayin da bututun allura ba sa karkata ga tsatsa yayin jigilar CO, bututun sufuri suna fuskantar ƙarancin yanayin zafi da matsanancin matsin lamba, wanda ke haifar da samuwar raɓa, kuma daga baya, tsatsa.
Samuwar Miocene Utsira Samuwar Miocene Utsira babban ruwa ne mai tsayayye, hatimin yumbu. Rarraba ta matakai da yawa a sakamakon bambancin matakin teku da abubuwan da suka faru na glacial suka haifar a cikin lokacin Pliocene, adibas sun dawo daga marigayi Miocene/ farkon Pliocene zuwa farkon lokutan Pleistocene, ƙaddara ta hanyar palynology. Yashi na sama na Pliocene ya sanya yashi ya rufe samuwar tare da mafi girman yashi wanda ke kusan mita 150 ƙasa da matakin teku. An auna tare da bayanan girgizar ƙasa na 3D, dutsen yashi na Utsira yana ƙarƙashin ƙasan mita 800-1000 na laka a ƙarƙashin teku tare da matsakaicin kauri na sama da mita 300. Yankin Utsira yana da nisan kilomita 450 daga arewa zuwa kudu da kilomita 90 daga gabas zuwa yamma. A arewa da kudanci kwance zurfin yashi tsarin, yayin da a tsakiyar yankin slimmer adibas rufe seafloor. Yankin Tampen, wanda ke cikin mafi yawan yankin arewa, yana ƙunshe da tsumman yashi na glaucontic.
Duba kuma Rarraba carbon
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mai bacci a Taswirar Makamashi Mai |
50412 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Midnight%20%28mai%20zane%29 | Lady Midnight (mai zane) | Adriana Rimpel, wanda akafi saninta a matsayin Lady Midnight, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce na Amurka mai tsara zane zane, mawaƙiya, marubuciyar waƙa,malama kuma shugaban al'umma wanda ke zaune a Minneapolis, Minnesota Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Rimpel a St. Paul 's West Side a Minnesota. Mahaifinta ya kasance mai ganga kuma mahaifiyarta mawaƙiya ce a rukunin salsa na farko na Minnesota, Sabroson. Ta kasance mai horarwa akan Kada ku Gaskanta da Hype ,shirin talabijin akan Twin Cities' PBS wanda matasan POC suka samar wanda ta ba da damar samar da basirar matasa. Tana da Bachelor of Fine Arts a Hoto daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Minneapolis kuma ta yi karatun Dance Studio sama da shekaru 12. Rimpel tana da yare biyu kuma tana bayyana a matsayin Afro-Indigenous, Mexican, Haitian, da Aztec.
Aikin kiɗa Rimpel tana da asali a cikin kiɗan Afro-Cuban, hip-hop, pop, R&B,da kiɗan gwaji. Ta fara yin kade-kade ne a matsayin mawakiya a kungiyar Afro-Cubana Malamanya da ke Minneapolis a shekara ta 2000. Ta kasance tare da Malamanya na tsawon shekaru hudu kuma ta yi tare da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na layin The Lowertown, wani rikodin kai tsaye da hira ta TPT Twin Cities PBS. Ita ma memba ce a rukunin tagwayen birane na electro-pop VANDAAM. A cikin 2016 ta fitar da EP mai waƙa 5 tare da Afrokeys a ƙarƙashin sunan Parables of Neptune wanda ta haɗa da waƙar "Wax Line". Rimple ta ƙirƙira sunan Lady Midnight a cikin 2012, kuma ta ƙaddamar da aikinta na solo na suna iri ɗaya yayin wasanta mai taken Midnight Special at First Avenue 's 7th Street Entry a 2016. Ayyukan Lady Midnight sun haɗa da sauti, abubuwan gani,da kaya. Haɗe kayan ado na ƴan asali da na gaba,tana amfani da kaya da gashi don ƙirƙirar sassaka masu iya sawa. Ta yi aiki tare da mai zanen gashi na tushen Minneapolis kuma mai fafutuka Dre Demry-Sanders don ƙirƙirar rigunan kai na musamman da salon masara don wasan kwaikwayo. Waƙarta ita ce bayanin abubuwan da ta samu game da al'ada, mata,da launin fata.Ta yi imanin cewa kiɗan tana da ikon warkarwa da maidowa. Rimpel ta buga wasanta na farko na Chicago a cikin 2018 a Kombi Chicago tare da buɗe wasan DJ Just Nine. Ta yi a Pilsen Fest a Chicago a cikin 2018. Kundin solo dinta na farko, Mutuwa Kafin Makoki,an yi rikodin shi a Kudancin Minneapolis's Woodgrain Studios kuma an sake shi a cikin 2019. An gudanar da nunin sakin kundi nata a St.Paul's Turf Club kuma an nuna ayyukan budewa Ziyad, Booboo,da DJ Keezy. Rimpel ta yi kuma ta rubuta tare da masu fasaha ciki har da Brother Ali, Bon Iver, Common, Sarah White, Moby,Andra Day, POS., Maria Isa, Mike the Martyr,da Aloe Blacc Wayar da kan al'umma Rimpel ita ce Manajan Shirye-shiryen Matasa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Matasa ta Walker Arts Council a cikin 2010 inda ta ƙarfafa matasa su koyi fasaha da fasaha na warware matsala tare da samun ilimin fasaha da yuwuwarsu ta gudummawar jama'a. Ita ce mai koyarwa mai zaman kanta a Jami'ar Minnesota,St. Paul's Community Library da Rec Centers, da Minneapolis Institute of Arts Ta koyar da wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa da samarwa ga matasa a Kulture Klub Collaborative, Minnesota arts ba riba ga matasa fuskantar rashin gida. Ta yi magana a kan bangarori kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga bincike a duk faɗin ƙasar game da tasirin zane-zane a kan matasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Walker Art,Gidan Tarihi na Whitney, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani,da Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Houston.
A cikin Yuli 2020,Rimpel ta haɗu tare da DJ Keezy da Sophia Eris don ƙaddamar da tara kuɗi akan dandamali GoFundMe. Tallafin, wanda ta tara kusan dala 30,000 a ranar farko,tana da niyyar bayar da kuɗin buɗe wani wurin waƙa da ake kira Aunties, wanda zai kasance wurin kiɗan kawai a Minnesota da mata masu launi za su mallaki.Masu zane-zanen sun bayyana kwarin gwiwarsu na fara wani wurin taron ta fito ne daga tarzomar da ta biyo bayan kisan George Floyd da kuma bukatar samar da wani wuri mai aminci sakamakon zargin cin zarafi a masana'antar waka ta tagwaye. Masu zane-zane sun yi alkawarin kawo ma'aikata a fagen kula da lafiyar hankali da cin zarafin jima'i da kuma membobin al'umma don ƙirƙirar tsarin kasuwanci wanda ke nuna manufofinsu da manufarsu.
Kyaututuka An nada Rimpel ɗaya daga cikin Mawakan Nunin Gida don Kallo a cikin 2016. An ba ta suna Best Twin Cities Vocalist na 2017 ta Shafukan birni, da 3 An zaɓa don Dannawa a cikin 2017 ta Shafukan birni Album dinta,Mutuwa Kafin Makoki, ta lashe Kyawun Album daga Shafukan Birni 'Mafi kyawun Biranen Twin 2020.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Lady Midnight akan Bandcamp
Lady Midnight, Bloodsong, akan YouTube
Lady Midnight ba ta da ƙarfi, hira da CW Twin Cities
Uwargidan Tsakar dare Live Akan KFAI Radio Pocho akan |
20716 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim%20Amir%20Ali | Hashim Amir Ali | Hashim Amir Ali Urdu (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta alif 1903 ya mutu a shekara ta alib 1987), malamin addinin Musuluncine kuma marubuci ne. Ya kasance dan Ahmed Ali Khan da Fatima Bagum, dan asalin Hyderabad ne, cikin Andhra Pradesh, a kasar India Tarihin Rayuwa Ya girma a cikin Salar Jung Ya sami karatunsa na farko a ƙasarsa ta asali a Madrasa-i-Aliya wacce ke da alaƙa da Makarantar Hyderabad (Noble School) don kafa Kwalejin Nizam Ya kuma kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Bombay, sannan ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Chicago a fannin Ilimi da Ilimin zamantakewar dan adam a matakin digiri na biyu (1927–28) kuma galibi a Jami’ar Cornell, inda ya samu digirin digirgir. a cikin ilimin ilimin karkara na karkara (1929), rubutunsa shi ne: "Canjin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin jihar Hyderabad a Indiya kamar yadda tasirin al'adun yamma ya shafa."
A cikin shekara ta 1938 Ali ya kasance a ƙarƙashin tasirin Mirza Abul Fazl, wanda ya tayar masa da sha'awa da girmama Alƙur'ani Ya kasance malami mai zurfin fahimta da hangen nesa, kuma an bashi baiwar fahimtar Alkur'ani mai girma. Ya dukufa sama da shekaru talatin wajen fassara Kur'ani zuwa harshen Turanci na waƙa don sake maido da kyan sa da kuma yanayin sa. Yana sane da mahimmancin tsarin lokacin saukarwar Alƙur'ani kuma ya tsara shi bisa tsarin tsarin lokacin. Fassarar tasa ta fito a shekara ta 1974 da take, Sakon Kur'ani: An gabatar da shi ta mahangar Ali ya kasance mai ilmantarwa kuma mai himma a gwagwarmayar sake fasalin kalanda na kimanin shekaru goma. Ya kasance babban jagoran musulmai kan lamuran kalanda. Ya fara aiki ne a Hyderabad don daidaita ranakun watannin Fasli tare da kalandar Miladiyya, kuma a karshe ya yi nasara, a shekara ta 1946, wajen jan hankalin Nizam ya ba da izinin sake fasalin. Nasarar da ya samu a wannan bita mai nisa ta kara masa kwarin gwiwa, a matsayinsa na Muslem mai sassaucin ra'ayi, don nazarin matsalar gabatar da Kalandar Duniya yadda ya kamata a masarautar Crescent. Ya dawo Amurka a shekara ta 1953 a karkashin wata zumunci daga Fulbright da Ford Foundation Game da kalandar, Ali ya ci gaba da cewa Kalanda na Hindu sun kusanci kusanci da ainihin kayan masarufin abubuwan falaki da ke tafiyar da rayuwa a duniyarmu.
Ali ya jagoranci aiki iri-iri a fannonin ilimi da na gwamnati, gami da haɗuwa da shekaru uku tare da mai lambar yabo ta Nobel Rabindranath Tagore Ya kasance Darakta a Cibiyar Karkara, Jamia Millia Islamia (1960-65). Ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Babban Ministan na Hyderabad, Rt. Honarabul Sir Akbar Hydari, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Amintaccen wasu daga cikin HEH na Sirrin Nizam da Amintattun Addini (1967) wanda mai mulkin gado na ƙarshe na Hyderabad ya kafa. Ya kasance shugaban aikin gona a Jami'ar Osmania, Hyderabad, Deccan, Indiya. Tsakanin shekara ta 1926 da shekara ta 1969, ya yi balaguro zuwa USA Australia, Egypt, Tehran, Baghdad, Beirut, Istanbul da Japan.
Ya yi rubutu kan batutuwan zamantakewa da na addinin Musulunci. A duk tsawon rayuwarsa ya kalubalanci akidun karya da suka dade da dadewa ko dai ta hanyar koyarwar zamanin da ko kuma wanda ya shiga addinin Musulunci.
Matarsa Soghra Amir-Ali (b. 3 Mayu 1911) ta goyi bayan ayyukansa sosai.
Hashim Amir-Ali ya mutu a shekara ta 1987 a Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, ya bar 'ya mace da maza biyu. 'Ya'yansa Hyder Amir-Ali da Asad Amir-Ali da' yarsa Naveed Jehan Reza yanzu suna zaune a Kasar Amurka
Littattafai Binciken Karkara a Tagrin's Sriniketon (1934)
Alqur'anin Dalibin Gabatarwa (1961)
Yankin Tagore Sannan da Yanzu (1961)
Gaskiya da Ra'ayoyi Littafin rubutu (1947)
Mees na Mewat; tsofaffin maƙwabta na New Delhi (1970)
Sakon Alqur'ani An gabatar dashi a Hangen nesa (1974)
Faɗakarwa zuwa streamasa Sake ginin Tarihin Musulunci (1978)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sakon Alkur'ani (Fitowa ta Farko), Tokyo, 1974.
"Shekaru Uku Tare Da Tagore"
"Meos na Mewat; tsoffin maƙwabta na New Delhi" (1970)
https://www.google.com/search?q=hashim+amir+ali&sxsrf=ALeKk02YErutvSXfHDk91w-ZVJODJkUd9g:1618870653672&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN9f6Rq4vwAhWnF1kFHd9YAR4Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1869&bih=935#imgrc=zB4h7iZ5zZsHEM
Musulman Indiya
Mutanen Indiya
Haidarabad
Masana Ilimi
Marubuta
Pages with unreviewed |
51165 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco%20%28kudi%29 | Eco (kudi) | Eco shine sunan kuɗin da aka tsara na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS). Shirye-shiryen da aka yi kira ga Yankin Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) jihohin da su gabatar da kuɗin da farko, wanda daga ƙarshe za a haɗa shi da CFA franc wanda yankin Yammacin Afrịka ke amfani da shi a cikin Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Ruwa ta Yammacin Afrika (UEMOA). Wannan kuma zai ba jihohin UEMOA damar samun cikakken 'yancin kai na kasafin kudi da kudi daga Faransa. Jihohin UEMOA sun ba da shawarar sake fasalin CFA franc a cikin eco na farko, wanda za'a iya faɗaɗa shi ga duk jihohin ECOWAS.
Ka'idoji Goma Don a aiwatar da Eco, dole ne a cika ka'idoji goma, waɗanda Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAMI) ta tsara. Wadannan ka'idoji an raba su zuwa ka'idojin farko da na biyu guda shida. Har zuwa shekara ta kasafin kudi ta 2011, Ghana ce kawai ta iya cika dukkan ka'idojin farko a kowane shekara ta kasafi.
Ka'idoji huɗu na farko da kowace ƙasa memba za ta cimma sune:
Adadin hauhawar farashin lambobi guda ɗaya a ƙarshen kowace shekara.
Rashin kasafin kudi bai wuce 4% na GDP ba.
Kudin ajiyar kuɗi na babban banki na ba fiye da 10% na kudaden harajin shekarar da ta gabata ba.
Babban ajiyar waje wanda zai iya ba da rufe shigo da kaya na akalla watanni uku.
Ka'idoji shida na biyu da kowace ƙasa memba za ta cimma sune:
Hana sabbin biyan kuɗi na cikin gida da kuma kawar da waɗanda ke akwai.
Kudin haraji ya kamata ya zama daidai ko fiye da kashi 20 cikin 100 na GDP.
Kudin albashi don harajin haraji daidai da ko ƙasa da kashi 35.
Zuba jari na jama'a don harajin haraji daidai da ko sama da kashi 20.
Kyakkyawan canjin canji.
Kyakkyawan yawan riba.
Tarihin kuɗin
Kafin 2019 Manufar kudin gama gari, na farko a Cibiyar Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAMI) Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afrika (WAMZ) ƙasashe-Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea-Conakry (wanda ke magana da Faransanci amma ba ya amfani da CFA franc), Laberiya, Najeriya da Saliyo-kuma daga baya a duk yankin ECOWAS, an bayyana shi a hukumance a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000 dangane da ƙaddamar da WAMZ. An fara shirya gabatar da Eco a shekara ta 2003, amma an jinkirta wannan sau da yawa, zuwa 2005, 2010 da 2014. A wani taron Majalisar Ministoci da Gwamnoni ta Yammacin Afirka a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2009, an sake tsara farkon kuɗin zuwa 2015 saboda rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya. Taron Disamba na 2009 ya kuma kafa wani shiri na fara aiki don hada Eco tare da CFA franc nan da nan bayan ƙaddamar da Eco; an shirya wannan a cimma shi a shekarar 2020.
A shekara ta 2001, an kafa Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAMI) tare da hedikwatar a Accra, Ghana. Zai zama kungiya ta wucin gadi a shirye-shiryen Babban Bankin Yammacin Afirka na gaba. Ayyukanta da tsari sun samo asali ne daga Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Turai. Don haka, WAMI shine samar da tsari ga bankunan tsakiya a cikin WAMZ don fara hadewa da fara shirye-shiryen farko don bugawa da kuma yin kudi na zahiri, kamar yadda EMI ta yi a baya a cikin Yurozone kafin gabatar da Yuro. Babban darektan yanzu shine J.H. Tei Kitcher Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da kokarin kasashe membobin don biyan ka'idojin ba su da kyau. Katin wasan kwaikwayon da aka gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na 2012 na WAMZ ya nuna cewa an yi hasashen ci gaban GDP zai ragu zuwa 6.9% a cikin 2012 daga 8.7% a cikin 2011. An kuma yi hasashen ma'auni na dukan yankin WAMZ zai sauka daga kashi 79.2% a cikin 2011 zuwa 62.5% a cikin 2012; saboda babu wani memba da ya cika dukkan ka'idojin haɗuwa. Matsakaicin hauhawar farashin shekara-shekara ya karu daga 11.6% a 2011 zuwa 12.6% a 2012. Darakta na Hukumar Kula da ECOWAS, Lassane Kabore, ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "mai banƙyama", amma kuma ya tabbatar da jajircewar kwamishinansa ga kafa Eco.
A watan Fabrairun 2018, ECOWAS ta tabbatar da niyyar sake fara aikin tare da gabatarwa a cikin 2020, wanda ba zai yiwu ba: saboda haka sanarwar niyya ce. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2018, a cewar masanin tattalin arziki Jean Joseph Boillot, har yanzu ba a gudanar da wani aiki mai tsanani a fannonin fasaha na wannan aiwatarwa ba, ko dai a matakin jami'a ko a matakin jiha.
2019 A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 2019 shugabannin kungiyar tattalin arziki ta kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) sun karbi sunan "eco" don aikin su na kudin daya. An shirya gabatar da kuɗin a cikin 2020.
Shugabannin ECOWAS sun hadu a Abuja a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, watanni shida bayan sun karbi sunan "eco" don aikin kuɗi guda ɗaya na gaba. Wannan taron ya zo ne bayan taron kwamitin ministocin kudi da gwamnonin manyan bankunan yankin a babban birnin Najeriya.
Kamar yadda kamfanin dillancin labarai na Najeriya NAN ya ambata, shugaban kwamitin ministocin ya ce Togo ne kawai, daga cikin kasashen ECOWAS, za su cika manyan bukatun ko ka'idoji don karɓar kuɗi ɗaya. Wadannan ka'idoji sun hada da haɗuwa, tsarin musayar sauƙin sauyawa, yaki da rashin tsaro da haɗin gwiwar jihohi.
A ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 Shugaban kasar Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sake fasalin CFA franc na Yammacin Afirka, gami da sake masa suna eco. Faransa ba za ta sake gudanar da kuɗin ba, amma Banque de France za ta kasance mai ba da tabbacin sauyawa tsakanin Eco da Yuro wanda zai ci gaba da daidaitawa. Ana sa ran aiwatar da shi a ƙarshen 2020.
Ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 Manajan Darakta na Asusun Kudi na Duniya (IMF) ya yi maraba da babban gyare-gyare na CFA franc da kasashe takwas na Yammacin Afirka da Faransa suka yanke shawarar. Ga Kristalina Georgieva, waɗannan canje-canje "sun zama babban mataki a cikin sabunta shirye-shiryen dogon lokaci tsakanin Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka da Faransa".
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Shugaban Equatorial Guinea, Teodoro Obiang Nguema, ya ziyarci Abidjan a Ivory Coast. A lokacin da manema labarai suka yi magana bayan wannan taron tsakanin shugabannin kasashe biyu, Alassane Ouattara da Teodoro Obiang Nguema, shugabannin kasashe guda biyu sun kuma tattauna game da sake fasalin CFA na Yammacin Afirka. Shugaban Equatorial Guinea yana so ya ga irin wannan gyare-gyare ga CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya, wanda ya ga "ya wuce gona da iri".
A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 shugaban kasar Ghana ya nuna sha'awarsa na karɓar sabon yanayin da ake kafawa don maye gurbin CFA franc na Yammacin Afirka.
2020 A watan Janairun 2020, bisa ga labarai da yawa da suka ambaci kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida, Najeriya za ta buƙaci "kalmomi biyar da ba za a iya musayar su ba" kafin shiga kuɗin guda ɗaya. Wasu musamman sun ambaci ajiya a cikin Baitulmalin Faransa na wani ɓangare na ajiyar musayar kasashen waje na kuɗin da za a iya amfani da shi a nan gaba. A wannan batu, an riga an ambaci ƙarshen wannan tabbacin a cikin sake fasalin da aka gabatar a ranar 21 ga Disamba. Duk da haka a cewar 'yan jaridar Najeriya, Abuja za ta buƙaci gudanar da muhalli ta ECOWAS kanta, ba tare da manta da ra'ayinta a Afirka ba a Faransa ba.
Saliyo ta sanar a ranar Alhamis 9 ga Janairun 2020 za ta yanke shawara kan kudin ECOWAS na gaba, Eco, nan ba da daɗewa ba. Bankin Saliyo (BSL) ya sanar a ranar Alhamis 9 ga Janairun 2020 cewa kasar za ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Leone a matsayin takardar shari'a har zuwa taron Kwamitin Gwamnonin ECOWAS da aka shirya don 16 ga Janairu 2020.
A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2020 manyan bankunan yankin ECOWAS sun fara babban taro na musamman don tattaunawa kan tambayoyin da suka shafi gabatar da kudin guda, ECO, wanda aka shirya don 2020. Ana sa ran kwamitin gwamnonin bankin tsakiya za su tattauna tasirin sanarwar da kasashen ECOWAS masu magana da Faransanci suka yi kwanan nan game da shawarar gabatar da kudin ECO guda ɗaya don maye gurbin CFA franc. Tattaunawar za ta kuma tantance hanyar ci gaba ga jihohin membobin Yankin Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) daidai da taswirar hanya don gabatar da kuɗin guda ɗaya CEE. Kungiyar fasaha ta ECOWAS, duk da haka, ana sa ran gabatar da shawarwari da Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka ta yi game da CEE. Ya kamata gwamnoni su aika da shawarwarinsu ga shugabannin jihohin yankin don gano ko yankin yana shirye don gabatar da kuɗin guda ɗaya.
A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2020 Najeriya da kasashe da yawa na Yammacin Afirka, musamman wadanda ke magana da Ingilishi, sun yi tir a Abuja da shawarar maye gurbin CFA franc da Eco, suna cewa "ba daidai ba ne" da shirin da duk yankin ya karɓa kwanan nan don kafa kudin guda.
A duk lokuta, kasashe shida na Yankin Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) "sun lura da damuwa da sanarwar da ke da niyyar sake sunan CFA franc zuwa Eco ta 2020", a cewar sanarwar manema labarai da aka bayar bayan wannan taron na musamman tsakanin ministocin kudi daban-daban da gwamnonin bankunan tsakiya. WAMZ ta ƙunshi Najeriya, Ghana, Laberiya, Saliyo, Gambiya da Guinea (Conakry), wanda ba ɓangare na yankin CFA ba ne. Wadannan ƙasashe sun yi la'akari da cewa "wannan aikin bai dace da yanke shawara ba" na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) tare da "karɓar Eco a matsayin sunan kuɗin guda ɗaya" na dukan yankin.
Sun "maimaita muhimmancin ga dukkan mambobin ECOWAS su bi yanke shawara na ikon Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnatin ECOWES game da aiwatar da taswirar hanyar da aka sake sabuntawa don shirin kuɗi ɗaya". An shirya taron koli da ke tattare da shugabannin jihohin WAMZ "ba da daɗewa ba" don yanke shawara kan halin da zai zo, ya ƙayyade sanarwar ƙarshe.
Sanarwarsu ta 16 ga Janairu ta kuma kawo haske game da yakin neman jagoranci tsakanin Côte d'Ivoire da Najeriya. A cikin sukar shawarar da kungiyar tattalin arziki da kudi ta Afirka ta Yamma (Uemoa) ta yanke na sake sunan CFA franc "eco" a shekarar 2020, ministocin kudi da gwamnonin bankin tsakiya na Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Laberiya, Najeriya da Saliyo ba wai kawai sun bayyana rarrabuwar ECOWAS ba.
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2020 Shugaban kasar Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara ya bayyana zargin da ake yi na kin amincewa da Eco da kasashe 7 na Yankin Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ). "Akwai kasashe biyar ne kawai da suka ƙare a Abuja daga cikin goma sha biyar na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka [ECOWAS]", ya yi fushi, ya yanke ciyawa a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunsa CFA masu adawa da Franks, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ihu "farin murfi da fararen murfi".
"Yawancin kasashe ba su halarci wannan taron ba. Ba taron shugabannin kasashe ba ne, amma na ministoci da gwamnoni, "in ji Ouattara. "Abin da muka yanke shawara a matakin shugabannin kasashe, nufinmu shine mu kawo muhalli a cikin 2020", bisa ga, ya nace, na "yanayi".
Yanayin farko shine ya sadu da ka'idojin aiki 5: rashi na kasa da 3%, bashin kasa da 70%, ƙarancin hauhawar farashi, da dai sauransu. (...Rashin amfani da shi A halin yanzu, akwai kasashe huɗu ko biyar kawai, gami da Côte d'Ivoire, waɗanda suka cika waɗannan ƙa'idodin, "ya kara da cewa ya kamata tsarin ya kasance "sannu a hankali". "Kasuwa biyar, takwas, goma [sun cika ka'idojin] na iya haɗuwa, "in ji shi, ya kara da cewa wasu na iya shiga su kamar yadda yankin euro ya fara a goma sha ɗaya kuma wanda ya haɗa da ƙasashe goma sha tara a yau.
"Muna so mu yi shi a matakai. Ba mu son hanzari, amma kuma ba mu son ƙasashe da ba su cika ƙa'idodin haɗuwa su girgiza tsarin, "ya kammala.
A watan Fabrairun 2020, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Najeriya ya bayyana cewa taron da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya halarta kuma shugabancin ECOWAS, Shugaba Mahamadou Issoufou na Nijar, ya kuma tattauna sabon kudin Afirka ta Yamma, CEE.
A kan wannan takamaiman batu, Ministan Onyeama ya sanar da cewa "Babu wani abu da ya canza game da matsayin Najeriya". Ya bayyana cewa a cewar Najeriya, yawancin kasashe ba su cika ka'idojin haɗuwa ba kuma saboda haka ya zama dole a tsawaita lokacin ƙaddamar da kuɗin ECOWAS guda ɗaya.
A watan Fabrairun 2020, an gudanar da wani taron koli na musamman na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS). An gabatar da maki da yawa. Musamman kafa kudi guda (Eco),
A kan kudin guda, sanarwa ta ƙarshe wacce ta amince da wannan taron ta ambaci cewa Taron Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati na kungiyar ta yanki sun gamsu da muhimman abubuwan da kungiyar tattalin arziki da kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (Uemoa) ta fara wajen kirkirar kudin guda daya. "Alassane Ouattara, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire, Shugaban Taron Shugabannin Jihohin Uemoa ne ya sanar da taron kan sake fasalin CFA franc. Wannan gyare-gyare mataki ne na cimma nasarar kafa Eco kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin taswirar hanyar da Taron Shugabannin Jiha na ECOWAS ya karɓa. Taron ya nuna gamsuwa da waɗannan muhimman abubuwan da suka faru da kuma fahimtar da shugaban taron shugabannin jihohin Uemoa ya bayar a kan wannan batun, "ya karanta sanarwar manema labarai.
A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, an buga Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (Uemoa, kasashe takwas) da kuma shirin fadada shi ga dukan Kungiyar Taron Arziki ta Kasashen Afirka (Cedeao, kasashe 15). An ba da izini ga Shigarwa cikin Zamanin Eco: Sakamakon Gyara a Yammacin Afirka, yana da niyyar magance rashin tabbas da ya taso daga sanarwar wannan maye gurbin da Shugabannin Ouattara da Macron suka yi a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2019. Ƙarshen farko shi ne cewa daidaito da aka kiyaye tare da Yuro da tabbacin da ba a iyakance na Faransa na juyawa zai ci gaba da amincewa da sabon kuɗin. Wannan tabbacin ya taimaka wajen hana hauhawar farashi daga 2000 zuwa 2019 a matsakaicin 2% a yankin Uemoa, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 10% a Cedeao da kusan 16% a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. "Babu tasirin nan take" a kan darajar mai mulki na jihohi, Ƙarshen ajiyar rabin ajiyar musayar na Ƙasashen membobin Tarayyar tare da Baitulmalin Faransa ba ya damuwa da S-P, saboda ana kiyaye canjin canjin canji. "Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa muka yi imanin cewa wannan gyare-gyare bai kamata ya yi tasiri nan take a kan ƙididdigarmu ba, "marubutan sun kammala. A wasu kalmomi, masu saka hannun jari ba dole ba ne su damu a halin yanzu. Ƙarshen na biyu shi ne cewa aikin don fadada eco ga mambobi goma sha biyar na Cedeao yana da nisa. "An kasance shingen kayan aiki, wanda ke sa mu yi la'akari da wannan aikin da ba zai yiwu ba a matsakaici", in ji rahoton. Da farko saboda nauyin Najeriya, saboda Najeriya tana da kashi biyu bisa uku na GDP na Cedeao kuma sau uku fiye da na Uemoa. Amma kuma saboda manufofin kariya, rahoton ya ce: "Amincewa da manufofin kuɗi na yau da kullun tsakanin Najeriya da abokan hulɗarta na Cedeao saboda haka yana da wahala, musamman tunda Najeriya kwanan nan ta yanke shawarar rufe iyakokinta da Benin da Nijar don rage smuggling da tallafawa samar da aikin gona na gida. Ƙarin bayan tabbacin Uemoa na Faransa zai buƙaci amincewar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai bayan tuntuɓar Babban Bankin Turai, wanda ba ta atomatik ba. A ƙarshe, karɓar tsarin musayar musayar da Cedeao ke so zai kara haɗarin haɗari dangane da girgizar kuɗi ga tattalin arzikin Uemoa, musamman waɗanda suka kara amfani da rance na kuɗin waje a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Shekaru, "in ji S-P, yana tunawa da ƙarshen ɗaya daga cikin rahotannin 2017 game da haɗarin raguwa: a yayin rikicin kuɗi kuma ba tare da tabbacin Faransa ba, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal da Togo, waɗanda suka ranta sosai, musamman a cikin nau'in Eurobonds, suna ganin bashin su ya kafa sosai kuma S-P za a tilasta su rage ƙimar su. Rahoton ya kammala da shawarar inganta kudaden shiga na haraji da gargadi: "Duk abin da tsarin musayar Uemoa ya zaɓa, ko kula da Yuro ne, zaɓi na kwando na kuɗi ko kuma yawan musayar, horo na kasafin kuɗi da manufofin tattalin arziki masu ƙarfi za su kasance mafi mahimmanci ga kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arzikin ƙungiyar kuɗi.
A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2020, Majalisar Ministocin Jamhuriyar Faransa ta amince da lissafin da Babban Bankin Yammacin Afirka, babban bankin da ke kula da kuɗin kasashe takwas na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afrika waɗanda ke amfani da franc na CFA na Yammacin Afrịka, ba za a sake buƙatar saka rabin ajiyar musayar ta tare da Baitulmalin Jama'a na Faransa ba. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Faransa za ta janye daga dukkan hukumomin da ke kula da Babban Bankin Yammacin Afirka; har zuwa yanzu, duka Ministan Kudi na Faransa da gwamnan Bankin Faransa sun shiga cikin tarurruka na shekara-shekara na Babban Bankin, daya daga cikinsu ya faru a Paris. Gidajen majalisa biyu na Faransa, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da Majalisar Dattijai, dole ne su amince da lissafin don tanadinta su fara aiki. Bayan tabbatarwa, ana sa ran za a fara amfani da muhalli a watan Yulin 2020. Ya kasance ga al'ummomin da suka ba da shawarar karɓar kuɗin guda ɗaya, ko ci gaba da amfani da sunan 'eco'. Faransa za ta ba da tabbacin canjin canji na Yuro 1 zuwa 655.96 na Yammacin Afirka, kodayake wannan tsari na iya canzawa bayan gabatar da sabon kuɗin.
Mataki na biyu zuwa ga bacewar CFA franc da maye gurbinsa da kudin daya da ake kira Eco, ya kamata majalisar dokokin Faransa ta karɓi lissafin da aka fara a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2020 a Majalisar Ministoci kuma ta yi niyyar tabbatar da yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar kudi da aka kammala a Abidjan a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2019 tare da gwamnatocin jihohin membobin Tarayyar Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (Umoa).
Ganin cewa doka game da sake fasalin Eco kawai ta wuce zuwa majalisar dokokin Faransa har zuwa karshen Satumba 2020, yarjejeniyar karɓar Eco ba ta da haɗarin yin hakan kafin Oktoba 2020.
A watan Satumbar 2020, Alassane Ouattara, Shugaban Côte d'Ivoire, ya ba da sanarwar shawarar taron 57 na taron shugabannin kasashe da Gwamnatin ECOWAS don ci gaba da aiwatar da muhalli "a cikin shekaru uku zuwa biyar".
2021 A watan Yunin 2021, Shugabannin Kasashen Tattalin Arziki na Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) sun karɓi taswirar hanya don ƙaddamar da kuɗin "Eco" a cikin 2027, sun sanar da sanarwar manema labarai ta ƙarshe na zaman 59 na Majalisar Shugabannin Jiha da Gwamnatin ECOWAS.
2023 A watan Satumbar 2023, kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta jaddada kudirinta na kaddamar da kudin bai daya na Eco nan da shekarar 2027. Hukumar ta ECOWAS ta ce za ta yi duk mai yiwuwa domin ganin matakai da shirye-shiryen da aka zayyana a cikin taswirar kaddamar da kudin bai-daya na Eco sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsari da tsari. Kwamitin don hanzarta kafa babban bankin Afirka ta Yamma da sauran hukumomin da suka dace don samun nasarar hada-hadar kudi a yankin.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje Cibiyar Kula da Kudin Yammacin Afirka
Daraktan Kula da Multilateral na Manufofin Macroeconomic a cikin Hukumar ECOWAS
Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci
Kudi
Kudade
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24154 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone%20%28TV%20series%29 | Alone (TV series) | Shi kadai shine jerin talabijin na gaskiya na Amurka akan Tarihi Ya bi gwagwarmayar yau da kullun na mutane goma 10 (ƙungiyoyi guda bakwai a cikin kakar guda hudu 4) yayin da suke tsira su kaɗai a cikin jeji har tsawon lokacin da za su iya amfani da ƙarancin kayan aikin rayuwa. Ban da duba lafiyar likita, mahalartan sun ware daga juna da duk sauran mutane. Suna iya "fita" a kowane lokaci, ko a cire su saboda gazawar duba lafiyar likita. Mai takarar wanda ya kasance mafi tsawo ya lashe babbar kyautar 500,000. An yi fim ɗin yanayi a cikin wurare masu nisa, galibi akan ƙasashen da ake sarrafawa, ciki har da arewacin tsibirin Vancouver, British Columbia, Nahuel Huapi National Park a Patagonia na Argentina, arewacin Mongolia, Babban Bakin Slave a Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, da Chilko Lake a ciki British Columbia Tarihin farawa
An fara shirin a ranar 18 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2015. A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, kafin ƙarshen kakar na farko 1, an ba da sanarwar cewa an sabunta jerin don kakar ta biyu, wacce za ta fara samarwa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2015 a tsibirin Vancouver, Kanada. Lokaci na biyu 2 ya fara ranar 21 gawatan Afrilu, shekara ta 2016. An yi fim ɗin Season na uku 3 a cikin kwata na biyu na shekara ta 2016 a Patagonia, Argentina kuma an fara shi ranar 8 gawatan Disamba. Kwana ɗaya kafin fara kakar wasa ta uku 3, Tarihi ya ba da sanarwar cewa an fara simintin don kakar ta hudu 4. An saita Lokaci na hudu 4 a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver tare da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi da farawa a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni,shekara ta 2017. An saita yanayi na 5 a Arewacin Mongoliya kuma ya ba da damar masu hasara daga lokutan baya su dawo su yi gasa. An fara shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2018. Lokaci na 6 ya fara ne a watan Yuni na shekara ta 2019 kuma ya ƙunshi sabbin sabbin masu fafatawa tsakanin shekarun 31 zuwa 55. An kafa ta ne kawai kudu da Arctic Circle akan wani tafki a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada.
Lokaci na bakwai ya fara ranar 11 gawaan Yuni, shekara ta 2020. Mahalarta sun yi ƙoƙarin tsira na kwanaki 100 a cikin Arctic don samun kyautar 1 miliyan.
Jerin kashe-kashe, Alone: The Beast, wanda aka fara nunawa a ranar 30 gawatan Janairu, shekara ta 2020. A cikin wannan jerin, mutane uku suna ƙoƙarin tsira a cikin daji na tsawon kwanaki 30, ba tare da kayan aiki ko kayayyaki ba sai tufafinsu da dabbar da aka kashe. Daya kungiyar, a cikin Arctic, aka bayar da wani 1,000-laba sa muz an tura wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu daban zuwa fadama ta Louisiana kuma aka ba su alligator da boar daji, bi da bi.
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, sigar Danish da aka fara gabatarwa tare da taken Alone in the Hamada Danish a kan DR3 Ya ƙunshi masu fafatawa goma kuma an yi fim ɗinsa a arewacin Norway a ƙarshen shekara ta 2016. Mahalarta sun zaɓi abubuwa guda 12 daga jerin guda 18. Wanda ya ci nasarar sigar Danish ba ya samun komai sai ɗaukaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, an samar da ƙarin yanayi huɗu tare da Kadai a cikin jeji.
A cikin faduwar shekara ta 2017, sigar Yaren mutanen Norway an watsa shi tare da masu fafatawa 10 da ke yawo kusa da tafkin da kifi. Yana kusa da layin bishiyar, don haka kaɗan, ƙanana, galibi bishiyoyin birch sun bar albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan.
Tsarin da dokoki
Dokokin gabaɗaya duk yanayi Ana sauke masu fafatawa a cikin yankuna masu nisa na Tsibirin Vancouver na Arewa (yanayi 1-2, 4), Patagonia (lokacin 3), Mongoliya ta Arewa (kakar 5) da gabar Tekun Babbar Slave (yanayi na 6 da 7), nesa ba kusa ba don tabbatar da cewa ba za su sadu da juna ba. Tsarin yana farawa daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen kaka; wannan yana ƙara matsin lokaci don ƙwarewar rayuwa yayin da hunturu da ke gabatowa ke haifar da faduwar yanayi da ƙarancin abinci. Kodayake filaye na iya bambanta a wurin kowane mai fafatawa, ana tantance yankunan da za a faɗo a gaba don tabbatar da samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun gida ga kowane ɗan takara.
Masu fafatawa kowanne ya zaɓi abubuwa guda 10 na kayan rayuwa daga jerin abubuwan da aka riga aka amince da su na 40, kuma ana ba su kit ɗin kayan aiki na yau da kullun, sutura da agajin gaggawa/kayan gaggawa. Ana kuma ba su kyamarar kyamarori don yin rikodin abubuwan da suka shafi yau da kullun da motsin zuciyar su. Ƙoƙarin zama cikin daji har tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu, masu fafatawa dole ne su nemo abinci, gina mafaka, da jimre warewa mai zurfi, rashi na jiki da damuwa na tunani.
Masu fafatawa waɗanda ke son ficewa daga gasar saboda kowane dalili (wanda ake kira "tapping out") na iya siginar ma'aikatan ceto ta amfani da wayar tauraron dan adam da aka bayar. Bugu da kari, kwararrun likitocin suna gudanar da binciken lafiya na lokaci -lokaci kan masu fafatawa kuma suna iya, a cikin hankalinsu, cire cancantar da fitar da duk wanda suke jin ba zai iya ci gaba da shiga cikin aminci ba. Wanda ya tsaya takara na ƙarshe ya lashe kyautar tsabar kuɗi 500,000. Ana gargadin masu fafatawa cewa wasan kwaikwayon na iya ɗaukar tsawon shekara guda.
Tsarin nau'i -nau'i (Yanayi na 4) Hakanan an yi fim ɗin Season na 4 a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver amma ya haɗa da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi. Masu fafatawa goma sha huɗu, waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i guda bakwai na dangi, an sauke su daban-daban a yankuna masu nisa na Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver. Membobi biyu na kowace ƙungiya sun zaɓi abubuwa guda 10 na kayan aikin rayuwa don a raba daidai tsakanin su. Tawagar ta zaɓi memba ɗaya da za a kai shi sansani; ɗayan ya fara kusan guda nesa kuma ana buƙatar yin tafiya zuwa wurin, ta amfani da kamfas kawai da ɗaukar hanya don nemo hanyar. Idan ko memba ya fita ko kuma an fitar da shi a asibiti, abokin aikin sa ma ya cancanci. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe da ta rage ta lashe kyautar 500,000.
Season 5 An zaɓi masu fafatawa na kakar 5 daga masu fafatawa da ba sa cin nasara daga Lokacin 1 zuwa 4. Ka'idojin sun kasance daidai da Lokacin 1 zuwa 3.
Season 7 Don Lokacin 7, masu fafatawa sun yi ƙoƙarin tsira na kwanaki 100 don samun babbar kyautar 1 miliyan. A cikin "Kadai: Tatsuniyoyi daga yankin Arctic" a ƙarshen kowane lamari, mai masaukin baki Colby Donaldson ya yi magana bayan kakar wasa ga masu fafatawa da aka nuna a wannan labarin game da abin da ya faru, tare da "wanda ba a taɓa gani ba."
Lokacin 8 (2021) An yi fim ɗin Lokaci na 8 a ƙarshen bazara na 2020 a bakin Tekun Chilko, British Columbia, babban tafkin da ke cike da ƙanƙara a kan busasshiyar gabashin Gabashin Dutsen Tekun Lokaci ya koma tsarin asalin wasan kwaikwayon, tare da mutum na ƙarshe tsaye (ba tare da la'akari da lokacin lokaci ba) ya bayyana wanda ya ci nasara kuma ya ba da kyautar 500,000.
Karɓar baki Jerin ya karɓi sake dubawa mai kyau a farkon kakar sa da fitattun bita don kakar sa ta uku, kuma ya sami cikakkiyar masu kallo miliyan 2.5, wanda ya sanya shi a cikin sabbin sabbin jerin kebul guda uku marasa inganci na 2015.
Yankuna
Siffar jeri
Lokacin 1 (2015) An fara kakar farko a ranar 18 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2015. Alan Kay, wanda ya yi asarar sama da fam 60 a lokacin kakar. Babban abincinsa shine limpets da ciyawar teku. Ya kuma cinye mussels, kaguwa, kifi da slugs. Lucas Miller ya ji daɗin lokacin sa akan wasan kwaikwayon kuma an zaɓi shi gwargwadon aikinsa a matsayin likitan ilimin jeji. Ƙwarewar sa mafi wahala tare da wasan kwaikwayon shine yin ikirarin gaskiya ga kyamara. Sam Larson ya bayyana lokacinsa na wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "wasa cikin dazuzzuka". Ya kafa wa kansa wata manufa ta tsawon kwanaki 50. Bayan ya kai ga burinsa, wani babban guguwa ya afkawa tsibirin, wanda Larson ya bayyana ya fi girma fiye da wanda ya gani kuma ya sa ya yanke shawarar barin tsibirin. Larson ya ce kadaici da kadaici sun ɗauki mafi yawan lokaci don daidaitawa, kuma shirye -shiryen sa galibi ya ƙunshi shirye -shiryen hankali.
Wuri Hakanan an saita lokacin na biyu a tsibirin Vancouver, a cikin Yankin Quatsino, wanda ke kusa da Port Hardy, British Columbia Quatsino ƙaramin ƙauye ne na mutane sama da 91 wanda ke kan Sautin Quatsino a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver, Kanada, kawai ana iya isa ta jirgin ruwa ko jirgin sama. Maƙwabcinta mafi kusa shine Coal Harbour, zuwa gabas, kusan mintuna sama da 20 ta jirgin ruwa, da Port Alice, zuwa kudu, kusan mintuna sama da 40 ta jirgin ruwa. Garin mafi girma a yankin, Port Hardy, yana kusan awa daya arewa maso gabas ta jirgin ruwa da abin hawa.
Masu takara
Lokaci na 2 (2016) An fara kakar 2 a ranar 21 gawatan Afrilu,shekara ta 2016. Lokacin yana da shirye-shirye 13 na sa'a guda ɗaya, gami da wasan sake haduwa da "Episode 0" na farko, wanda ke nuna yadda aka zaɓi masu fafatawa 10 (waɗanda aka rage daga 20) bisa ƙwarewar rayuwa (watau ikon yin wuta ba tare da farawa ba, shirye-shiryen dabbobi na asali, mafaka), halayen kamara, da yadda suke koyan kayan aikin kyamara cikin sauƙi. Wannan shine farkon kakar da aka haɗa mata da maza. Wanda ya ci nasara, David McIntyre, ya yi asarar kusan fam 20 a cikin makwannin farko kaɗai. Mike Lowe ya sanya lokacin sa akan Alone na kirkire -kirkire kuma ya sanya nutse, jirgin ruwa, wasan kwallon kafa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.
Wuri
Masu takara Lokaci na uku ya fara ranar 8 gawatan Disamba, shekara ta 2016. Wanda ya yi nasara, Zachary Fowler, ya sha kashi 70 lbs (sulusin nauyin jikinsa na farawa) kafin ƙarshen zamansa. Lokaci na 3 shine farkon lokacin da aka ja mai fafatawa saboda dalilan lafiya; na farko shine wuri na huɗu, Dave Nessia, wanda aka cire lokacin da, saboda rashin isasshen adadin kuzari, matsin lambar systolic da kyar ya wuce matsin lamba na diastolic (80/60 mmHg), yana jefa shi cikin haɗarin mutuwa saboda ƙarancin turare na gabobin ciki. Ya daɗe yana cikin yanayin yunwa, duk da cewa ya tafi tare da rabi na busasshen kifi har yanzu yana shirye ya ci, yana rayuwa tare da tunanin cin rabin kifi kowace rana. Na biyu, kuma mutumin da ya zauna na biyu mafi tsayi, Carleigh Fairchild, an cire shi saboda, a 101 lbs/45.8 kg, ta yi asarar kusan 30% na nauyin jikinta na farawa kuma tana da BMI na 16.8. Ana “jawo” mahalarta ta atomatik a BMI na 17 ko ƙasa da haka.
Wuri An saita kakar ta uku a Patagonia, Argentina, a Kudancin Amurka. Masu fafatawa sun bazu a cikin tafkuna da yawa a cikin gindin tsaunin Andes. Ba kamar a cikin yanayi na 1 da na 2 ba, waɗanda ke kan Tekun Pacific, albarkatun abinci na lokacin 3 galibi an iyakance su ga magudanar ruwa da bakan gizo, abinci, ƙananan tsuntsaye, da yuwuwar daji. Su ma masu fafatawa sun kasance cikin rashi saboda ba su da damar zuwa flotsam da jetsam da ke wanke a gabar tekun Pacific. Ba su kuma da tushen gishiri.
Yanayin Patagonia yayi daidai da na tsibirin Vancouver, tare da ruwan sama mai matsakaicin inci 78 a shekara. Koyaya, sabanin Tsibirin Vancouver, dusar ƙanƙara ta zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Masu takara Mai taken "Shi kadai: Lost Found", kakar ta huɗu da aka fara ranar 8 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2017. A wannan kakar, a karon farko mahalarta sun kasance biyu (2) na dangin (ɗan'uwan/ɗan'uwana, miji/mata, uba/ɗa), tare da ƙungiyoyi bakwai da aka warwatsa ko'ina cikin tsibirin. Kyautar har yanzu 500,000 ce, wanda za a raba tsakanin su biyun. An jefa memba ɗaya a cikin al'adar gargajiya, tare da kan rairayin bakin teku tare da ra'ayin cewa za su zauna a yankin dangi na tsawon lokacin su, yayin da aka jefa memba na biyu kusan mil 10 daga waje tare da kamfas da ɗaukar hoto kawai kuma yana buƙatar yin tafiya. hanyar sansanin sansanin. Abubuwan da aka tanada har yanzu an iyakance su zuwa jimlar kayan aikin rayuwa guda 10 da aka zaɓa, waɗanda aka raba tsakanin membobin ƙungiyar har zuwa sake haɗawa. Idan memba ɗaya ya yanke shawarar fita kowane lokaci, an kawar da abokin tarayya. Ƙungiyoyi uku ba su taɓa haduwa ba kafin su fita, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki takwas don ƙungiyar ta farko ta taru. Pete Brockdorff ya sami matsalar gaggawa ta likita yayin fitowar fitowar sa da dan sa. Ciwon kirji ne mai tsananin gaske wanda reflux acid ya kawo sakamakon rashin abinci. Jim da Ted Baird sun lashe kakar bayan sun shafe kwanaki 75.
Wuri An sake saita kakar ta huɗu a tsibirin Vancouver, a cikin Yankin Quatsino, wanda ke kusa da Port Hardy, British Columbia An ware ƙungiyoyi fiye da yadda aka saba a wannan kakar, saboda tafiyar radius mil 10 da ake buƙata don haɗuwa a wurin taron su.
Masu takara Member Memba (s) wanda ya fita
Lokacin 5 (2018) Mai taken "Shi kaɗai: Kubuta", Lokaci na 5 da aka fara ranar 14 gawatan Yuni, shekara ta 2018. 'Yan takarar 10 ba wadanda suka ci nasara aka zaba daga lokutan 4 da suka gabata na Kadai Wuri An saita kakar ta biyar a Arewacin Mongoliya a Asiya An yi fim ɗin a cikin Khonin Nuga kusa da birnin Züünkharaa, Selenge aimag "Khonin Nuga" kwari ne da ke kusa da tsaunukan Khentii na Arewacin Mongoliya, ɗayan wuraren musamman na ƙasar kuma har yanzu ba a taɓa samun su ba.
Masu takara
Wuri Kodayake an yi masa taken The Arctic an saita lokacin na shida tare da gefen gabas na Great Slave Lake a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada, kusan kudu da Arctic Circle da kusan kudu da layin bishiyar arctic Masu takara Mai taken "Shi Kadai: Kalubalen Dalar Miliyoyin", Lokaci na 7 ya fara a ranar 11 gawatan Yuni, shekara ta 2020. Ba kamar lokutan baya ba, maimakon ƙoƙarin wuce duk masu fafatawa da su, babban burin mahalarta shine su rayu na kwanaki 100 da kansu, wanda ke nufin cewa akwai yuwuwar samun nasara da yawa ko akasin haka, babu masu cin nasara kwata -kwata. A ƙarshen kowane mai watsa shirye -shiryen Colby Donaldson yana barin masu fafatawa su yi sharhi game da labarin wanda ke tare da "fim ɗin da ba a taɓa gani ba."
Wuri An sake saita lokacin na bakwai tare da gabar gabas na Great Slave Lake a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada Fitowa (Rana ta 1) ta kasance a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2019. Mai taken Shi kaɗai: Grizzly Mountain Lokacin 8 ya fara a ranar 3 gawatan Yuni, 2021. Lokacin ya koma tsarin asalin wasan kwaikwayon, tare da mutum na ƙarshe da ke tsaye ya bayyana mai nasara kuma ya ba da rabin mil 500,000). A ƙarshen mafi yawan abubuwan da mai fafatawa ya fitar, mai fafatawa a kakar 6 da kuma mai matsayi na biyar Nikki van Schyndel (masanin rayuwa da mai amsawa na farko yana gudanar da ɗan gajeren hirar fita a sansanin sansanin 'yan kwanaki bayan fitowar.
Lokaci na takwas an saita shi a bakin tudun Chilko Lake (Tŝilhqox Biny), British Columbia wani tafkin ruwan kankara mai nisan mil 40 a busasshiyar gabashin Tekun Tekun Tekun tafkin yana kan sama da 3800 ft sama da matakin teku, yana yin Yanayi na 8 shine farkon lokacin Alpine na Kadai, kasancewa sama da 1000 ft sama sama da na gaba mafi girma, Lokacin 3, a Patagonia Saukewa (Rana ta 1) ta kasance a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, kusa da farkon kaka Duba kuma Rayuwar daji
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed |
24549 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana%20Akuoko%20Sarpong | Nana Akuoko Sarpong | Nana Kwame Akuoko Sarpong, CV sarkin gargajiya ne, ɗan siyasa kuma lauya. Shi ne babban sarki ko Omanhene na yankin Gargajiya na Agogo na Ghana. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Lafiya (Ministan Lafiya), Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida (Ministan Cikin Gida) da Sakataren Harkokin Masarautu (Ministan Masarautu da Harkokin Addini) a gwamnatin PNDC. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba na majalisar jiha a jamhuriya ta huɗu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Nana Kwame Akuoko Sarpong a ranar 11 ga Agustan shekarar 1938 a Agogo, Yankin Ashanti, Ghana. Ya fara karatun firamare a Methodist da Presbyterian Primary Schools, Agogo. A 1954 ya sami shiga cikin Accra Academy. Mutanen zamaninsa sun haɗa da Janar Edward Utuka, wanda AFRC ta kashe tare da Janar Acheampong a 1979. Ya samu takardar shaidar Makarantar Cambridge a 1957. Ya yi rajista a Makarantar Opoku Ware a 1958, yana ɗaya daga cikin membobin rukunin farko na ɗaliban fom na shida waɗanda suka yi rajista a makarantar. Ya samu shedar kammala karatun sakandare ta Cambridge a shekarar 1959. Ya sami gurbin karatu a jami’ar Ghana don neman kwasa -kwasa kan tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, shari’a da kimiyyar siyasa. Ya sauke karatu a 1963 tare da digiri na Bachelor of Arts. A Jami'ar ya kasance memba na kwamitin edita na Echo, (Mujallar mako -mako na Majalissar Commonwealth), sakataren Junior Common Room, sakataren kungiyar Commonwealth Hall Union, memba na Kungiyar Tattaunawar Zauren Commonwealth da kuma mai koyarwa na kungiyar rawa ta Jami'ar Ghana. A cikin 1963 ya bi shirin karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Ghana kuma ya sami LLB (Hons) a 1965. Wasu daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa sun haɗa da Tawia Modibo Ocran wanda ya fafata da shi don lashe Shugaban JCR na Zauren Commonwealth a shekarar da ta gabata; 1964. A 1965 ya shiga Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana (GIMPA), Green hill don yin karatun Gudanar da Jama'a. A GIMPA, ya kasance shugaban majalisar wakilan ɗalibai (SRC) sannan kuma shugaban riko na ƙungiyar ɗaliban Ghana (NUGS). Ya kammala karatu a 1965 kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Ghana a wannan shekarar a watan Oktoba.
Aiki A 1966 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na gwamnati (Mataimakin Mai Shari'a na Jiha) a ofishin Babban Mai Shari'a kuma Ministan Shari'a, Cape Coast, Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana). Ya yi murabus bayan shekara guda don shiga aikin shari’a mai zaman kansa a cikin Lauyan Firm na E.M.A. Ablor Co., Cape Coast kuma daga baya ya zama babban abokin tarayya kuma memba mai kafa Forson, Sarpong Co. tare da ofisoshi a Cape Coast da Takoradi. Tsakanin 1967 zuwa 1969 an zabe shi a matsayin Sakatare sannan daga baya ya zama shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ta yankin tsakiya kuma ya yi aiki a Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ghana. Daga 1970 zuwa 1972 ya yi aiki a hukumar wasu cibiyoyi da suka hada da; Graphic Corporation, Makarantar Sakandare ta Aggrey Memorial, Cape Coast, Kungiyar Lauyoyin Ghana kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar 'Yan Sanda ta Ghana. A shekarar 1972 ya kasance mataimakin sakataren kungiyar lauyoyin Ghana. Ya zama Babban Memba a kamfanin lauyoyin Nana Sarpong, Ahenkora da Co., ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin gyaran dokar Ghana a 1988. A shekarar 2009 aka nada shi mamba na Majalisar Jiha.
Siyasa A cikin 1967, ya haɗu da Dokta John Bilson da Dokta Obed Asamoah don kafa Jam'iyya ta Uku don zaɓen 1969. Jam'iyyar ba za ta iya fara aiki ba yayin da Dakta Obed Asamoah ya shiga cikin Komla Agbeli Gbedemah National Alliance of Liberals kuma daga baya aka zabe shi ya wakilci Gundumar Biakoye ta Yankin Volta a tsohuwar Jamhuriya ta Biyu wadda Dokta Kofi Abrefa Busia ke jagoranta. Ya zama Babban Sakatare na Republican Party (wanda P.K.K Quaidoo, tsohon minista a gwamnatin Nkrumah) ya kafa amma daga baya ya shiga Progress Party kafin Babban Zaben 1969 kuma daga baya ya zama babban memba na Progress Party.
A shekarar 1979 lokacin da Ghana ta koma kan tsarin mulki, Victor Owusu, abokin da ya dade yana jagorantar Popular Front Party, ya gayyaci Nana ya tsaya ya tsaya takarar majalisar a kan tikitin Popular Front Party. Ya amsa gayyatar kuma an zabe shi dan majalisa mai wakiltar Asante-Akim ta Arewa a Yankin Ashanti. Ya zama mai magana da yawun bankin gaban marasa rinjaye kan tsaro da ciki sannan kuma memba a kwamitin zabin majalisar kan tsaro da ciki.
Juyin mulkin da aka yi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1981 ya haifar da tsare Nana siyasa a gidan yarin Nsawam. A cikin 1982 da 1984 sau biyu ya ki gayyata daga PNDC. Kokarin da Mai Shari'a Daniel Francis Annan ya yi wanda ya yi amfani da soyayyar da ke tsakaninsu na wasanni, sana'ar aikin lauya da kuma iliminsu na Accra Academy don samun shi a jirgin ya ci tura. Kokarin tsohon abokin aikinsa na siyasa, Dokta Obed Asamoah ne ya yi nasarar sanya shi shiga gwamnatin PNDC a shekarar 1988. Ya sanar da John Kufuor; tsohon abokin aikinsa na majalisa kuma daga baya shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana da Victor Owusu game da gayyatar zama sakataren PNDC wanda dukkansu suka yi maraba da shi. A wannan shekarar aka nada shi Sakataren Lafiya. A lokacin da yake zaman sakataren lafiya shi ne jagoran tawagar da ke wakiltar Ghana a taron Ministocin Lafiya na Commonwealth da aka gudanar a Melbourne, Australia. A wannan shekarar ne ya jagoranci tawagar Ghana zuwa taron Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland. Shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Kungiyar Ministocin Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma.
A matsayin Mukaddashin Sakataren Harkokin Waje, ya kasance memba na wakilai biyu da suka ziyarci Amurka don daidaita alaƙa tsakanin Gwamnatin Amurka da Ghana bayan dangantakar ta yi tsami tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a ƙarshen 1980s saboda abin da aka sani da Soussoudis.
A cikin 1991 an nada shi Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida kuma daga baya ya zama memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa. A lokacin da yake kan mulki, shi ne jagoran tawagar a taron Ministoci don yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da satar kudi da aka gudanar a Versailles, kusa da Paris, Faransa.
Ya kasance mukaddashin sakataren harkokin wajen kasar a karo na biyu kuma a wannan lokacin ya taka rawar gani wajen sauyin kasar Ghana zuwa mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1992. Nadin mukaminsa na minista na karshe kafin Jamhuriya ta hudu shi ne Sakataren Harkokin Masarautu. Bayan Ghana ta koma mulkin tsarin mulki kundin tsarin sa ya canza zuwa; mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin masarautu a ofishin shugaban jamhuriyar Ghana.
Sarauta A safiyar ranar 16 ga Disamba 1975, Nana Kwaku Duah, kawun Kwame Akuoko Sarpong ya rasu. An binne shi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1975. Kashegari aka fara aikin shigarwa kuma Lauya Akuoko Sarpong ya naɗa Nana Akuoko Sarpong, Omanhene na Yankin Gargajiya na Agogo yana ɗan shekara 38. A ranar 16 ga Janairun 1976, Nana Akuoko Sarpong ya yi rantsuwar mubaya'a a gaban Asantehene, Otumfuo Opoku Ware II a Fadar Manhyia da ke Kumasi. Otumfuo a wurin bikin ya ce ga mutanen Agogo,
"Yanzu kun sami babban sarkin da kuka cancanci, ƙwararren masani kuma ƙwararren lauya. Rike shi sosai."
Wasanni Nana ta kasance kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta makaranta da kuma kungiyar wasannin motsa jiki a matakin farko. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar wasanni ta Accra Academy a matsayin ɗan wasan hockey da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya kuma buga wasan ƙwallo a makarantar Opoku Ware. A Jami'ar Ghana, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar wasan tennis na makarantar kuma kyaftin na ƙungiyar wasan tennis ta GIMPA. Ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Wasannin Yanki ta Tsakiya sannan kuma shugaban kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Venomous Vipers, Cape Coast. Daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ghana sannan kuma shugaban kulob din Cape Coast Hills, wata kungiyar wasanni a Cape Coast. Ya yi aiki sau uku a matsayin shugaban Accra Great Olympics F.C. kwamitin gudanarwa. Shi amintacce ne kuma mai kula da kulob din Tennis na Accra Lawn sannan kuma majiɓinci kungiyar 'yan wasan Ghana.
Manazarta Haifaffun |
9707 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Taymiyyah | Ibn Taymiyyah | Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad dan Taymiyyah (larabci: ya rayu daga watan Janairu 22, shekarar 1263 zuwa watan Satumba 26, shekarar 1328), an san shi da suna Dan Taymiyyah ya kasance Wanda ke da cece-kuce medieval Mabiyin Sunnah theologian, jurisconsult, logician, kuma mujaddadi. Mabiyi daga mazhabar Hanbaliya na jurisprudence da Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal yasamar, Ibn Taymiyyah kuma ya kasance daga cikin masu bin Qadiriyya Sufi order wanda mystic kuma saint Abdul-Qadir Gilani yakafa. mabanbanci a wurin da'awa, irin fahimtar Ibn Taymiyyah akan abubuwa da suke sabbin a musulunci ya sa bai samu karbuwa ba sosai atsakanin Ahlus-Sunnah da Malamann lokacinsa, kamar girmama waliyai da ziyarar makabarta, wanda hakan yasa aka kulle shi a kurkuku a lokuta daban-daban.
Ibn Taymiyyah ya zama daya daga cikin marubuta mafi mahimmanci a cikin musulunci na zamani da kuma karni masu zuwa, inda wasu ma'anarsa na Alkur'ani da Sunnah da kuma tunkude wasu al'adu na gargajiya suka kasance ababen lura da kuma bi ga wahabiyawa,salafawa da kuma masu jihadi suka kasance a cikinsu. lallai ne dangane da wasu harka na karantarwa an samu samuwar Muhammad dan Abdul wahab, wannan wanda ya samar da bin mazhabin Ahmad dan hambali akan aikata mazhaban da kuma dabbbakata a kasar saudiyya wanda aka fi sani da wahabiyawa, kuma daga bisani malamin wahabiya. har wa yau rikirkitattun fatawowin ibn taimiyyah sun bayar da daman yin jihadi ga wasu musalmai masu kiran kansu da alqa`ida da kuma wasu kungiyoyin jihadi cikakken sunan Ibn Taymiyyah shi ne Taqī ad-Dīn Abu 'l-'Abbās Ahmad bn Abd al-Halīm ibn' Abd al-Salām bn'Abd Al-Khudr ibn Muhammad bn Al-Khidr ibn 'Ali ibn'Abd Allāh ibn Taymiyyah al -Ḥarrānī Larabci Ma'anar sunan Ibn Taymiyyah abu ne wanda ba`a saba gani ba, kan cewa an samo shi ne daga wata mace daga cikin danginshi,wanda ba`a karbar sunan ga namiji a cikin dangin, hakan ya kansance al`ada ce wacce a lokacin kuma har wayau ma hakane. taimiyyah sunan macece,ta kasance shahararriya akan karantarwa da kuma tausayi,shi ne dalilin da yasa sunanta ya dinga bin mazan zurriyyanta Ibn Taymiyyah ya yi rayuwa mai sauƙi, mafi yawancin rayuwarsa ya sadaukar da ita ne akan koyon karatu,rubuce-rubuce da kuma karantarwa. Bai taba yin aure ba kuma haka ma baida majibinciya mace a cikin mafi yawan rayuwar shi Al-Matroudi ya ce wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ya sami damar shiga cikin harkokin siyasarsa na lokaci amman ba tare da yin wani matsayi na matsayin hukuma ba koda ko alkaline. akan yunkurinsa a addinance an hukunta shi da kuma mayar da shi zuwa gidan kaso har sau shida a lokuta mabanbanta. An ba shi damar zama hukuma a wani matsayi amman yaki karba. Rayuwarsa na zama malamin addini ne da kuma wayar da kai a siyasance. Wasu kafofin sun ce ya shafe shekara goma sha biyu a kurkuku. tsare shi da akayi a gidan kaso ya faru ne akan wasu al`amura dangane da akidarshi da kuma ra`ayinsa dangane da al`amuran da yashafi mazhaban fikhu. Dangane da Yahya Michot kuma ya ce, "ainihin dalilai sun kasance mafi mahimmanci". Michot ya ba da dalilai biyar akan dalilin da aka sa Ibn Taymiyyah a kurkuku, suna kasancewa: ba su yarda da "koyarwar da kuma ayyukan da ke tsakanin manyan addinai da Sufi ba, da mummunar hali, da kishi da abokansa, da hadari ga tsarin jama'a saboda wannan shahararrun ra'ayoyin siyasa. Baber Johansen, farfesa a makarantar allahntaka ta Harvard ya ce dalilan da suka shafi Ibn Taymiyyah sun kasance "saboda sakamakonsa na rikici tare da Musulmai masu tunani, malamai, da masu ilimin tauhidi, waɗanda suka iya rinjayi 'yan siyasar da ake bukata don rage Ibn Taymiyyah ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan ta hanyar siyasa da kuma tsare. Mu`amalar Ibn Taymiyyah, a matsayin masanin addini,da yake da basira na a fannin shari'a, wanda ya yi watsi da dokar shari'ar, ba a ko yaushe ba. Ya fito ne daga shiru don buɗe tawaye. A lokutan da ya bada wannan ra'ayi da kuma manufofin hukumomi, an karbe shi hannu bibbiyu. amma lokacin da Ibn Taymiyyah ya ci gaba da fuskantar matsin lamba, an yi masa kallon "rashin kulawa" kuma a lokuta da yawa ya rayu ne a kurkuku. Halin Ibn Taymiyyah ga shugabanninsa, ya dogara ne akan ayyukan sahabbansa da yanda suka rayu (sahaba) lokacin da suka yi wa Annabi Muhammadu alkawari da haka; "Ku yi biyayya cikin biyayya ga Allah, koda kuwa wanda ya ba da umarni ba daidai ba ne, ku guje wa jayayya da ikon waɗanda suke yin hakan, kuma suyi magana da gaskiya, ko kuma su dauki matakan ba tare da tsoro ba game da Allah, dangane da zargin daga koma waye. |
13564 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%20Diesel | Vin Diesel | Mark Sinclair (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, shekarar ta alif dari tara da sittin da bakwai 1967),wanda da aka sani da Vin Diesel, ɗan wasan Amurka ne kuma mai samarhirya fina-finai tashi zuwa sanannu naenkdan'wasa kasa da kasa tare da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Dominic Toretto a cikin fim din Fast and the Fuirous. Vin Diesel ya fara aikinsa ne a shekarar 1990, amma da farko yayi gwagwarmaya don samun matsayi har sai da ya sami fitowa a cikin gajeren fim mai suna Multi-Facial shekara ta (1995), wanda ya jawo hankalin Steven Spielberg, wanda ke haɓaka fim ɗin Saving Private Ryan a lokacin. Spielberg ya sake rubuta wasu abubuwa na fim din don ba da damar Diesel ya fito a ciki, wanda ya taimaka akan fara aikinsa. Daga baya ya nuna halin dattako a cikin The Iron Giant shekara ta (1999), yayin da ya sami suna a matsayin tauraron daukar hoto bayan ya sanya taken The Fast and the Furious, jerin XXX, da Tarihi na Riddick. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, Vin Diesel ya zama sananne asaboda bayar da muryarsa da yayi ga mai wasa Groot a cikin Guardians of the Galaxy shekara ta (2014), da kuma sanya murfin sabon halin a cikin Ralph Breaks Intanet shekarar (2018). Ya kuma kafa kamfanin samar da Kamfanin One Race Films Daga cikin fina-finai na yau da kullun, Diesel ya ji daɗin nasarar kasuwancin a cikin wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan, irin su a cikin fim din mai ban dariya The Pacifier shekara (2005), yayin da ya yaba da rawar da ya yi a Find Me Guvidence shekarar (2006). Vin Diesel ya nuna hoton mai ban dariya mai suna Bloodshot a cikin fim din sa ta shekara ta 2020, kuma an shirya shi ne domin bayyana a jerin jerin wakokin Avatar Farkon rayuwa An haifi Vin Diesel ne Mark Sinclair a ranar 18 ga Watan Yunin shekarar 1967, a Alameda County, California, tare da dan'uwansa, Paul. Mahaifiyarsa, Delora Sherleen Vincent (née Sinclair), masaniyar taurari ce Diesel ya bayyana cewa "dan kabila ne masu hazaka". Mahaifiyarsa tana da tushe daga Turanci, Jamusanci, da Scottish. Bai taɓa saduwa da mahaifinsa ba, kuma ya bayyana cewa "duk abin da na sani daga mahaifiyata cewa ina da alaƙa da al'adu daban-daban". Diesel ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "tabbas mutum mai launi ne", kuma ya bayyana cewa dangantakar iyayenta da ba ta kasance ta saba doka a wasu sassan Amurka ba saboda dokokin hana bayanan karya Ya aka tashe a New York City da ya fari American mahaifiyarsa da kuma Afirka ta-American uban rana, Irving H. Vincent, wani aiki malami da kuma wasan kwaikwayo sarrafa. Diesel ya yi wasansa na farko yayin da yake shekara bakwai lokacin da ya bayyana a wasan yara Dinosaur Door, wanda Barbara Garson ya rubuta An buga wannan wasan a gidan wasan kwaikwayon don New City a cikin Greenwich Village na New York. Kasancewarsa a cikin wasan ya zo ne lokacin da shi, ɗan'uwansa da wasu abokansa suka shiga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayon don sararin samaniya na New City da ke kan titin Jane da niyyar ɓarke da shi. Sun fuskance su da darektan zane mai wasan kwaikwayo, Crystal Field, wanda ya ba su matsayin rawar da za su taka a wasan mai zuwa maimakon kiran 'yan sanda. Diesel ya kasance tare da wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin samartaka, yana ci gaba da halartar Kwalejin Harkokin NYC, inda karatun kirkirar rubuce-rubuce ya sa ya fara rubutun zane. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa".
1990-2000: Gwagwarmaya da nasara Matsayin fim na Diesel na farko shine ɗan gajeren bayyanar da ba'a bayyana ba a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo Awakenings (1990). A 1994, ya rubuta, ya jagoranci, ya samar, da tauraruwa a cikin gajeren fim din Multi-Facial, wani fim mai cike da tarihi wanda ya biyo bayan gwagwarmayar nuna fina-finai da yawa da ke makale a cikin aikin binciken. An zaɓi fim ɗin don nuna allo a bikin Cannes na 1995. A cikin 1997, Diesel ya yi fim dinta na farko mai suna Strays, wasan kwaikwayo na birni inda ya yi jagorancin jagoran ƙungiya wanda ƙaunar mace ta sa shi ƙoƙarin canza hanyoyinsa. Diesel ne ya rubuta shi, ya ba shi umarni, kuma ya samar da fim din don gasa a bikin Sati na 1997, wanda ya kai ga yarjejeniyar MTV don juya shi zuwa jerin. Darakta Steven Spielberg ya lura da Diesel bayan ya gan shi a cikin Multi-Facial kuma ya jefa shi a cikin karamin aiki a matsayin soja a fim dinsa na Oscar wanda ya yi nasara a 1998 Saving Private Ryan A cikin 1999, ya ba da muryar sunan take a cikin fim mai rai The Iron Giant 2000–10: Tashi zuwa matsayin jigo a matsayin tauraron daukar hoto A cikin 2000, Diesel yana da rawar da ya dace a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Boiler Room, inda ya fito tare da Giovanni Ribisi da Ben Affleck Ya sami nasarar jagorancinsa a matsayin dan gaba na jarumi Riddick a cikin fim din almara mai suna Pitch Black daga baya a shekarar. Diesel ya kai matsayin gwarzo wanda ya ci mutum biyu tare da akwatin ofishin biyu: titin wasan tsere kan titi mai suna The Fast and the Furious (2001), da kuma babban mai fafutuka XXX (2002). Ya yi watsi da damar sake bayyana matsayinsa a cikin jerin abubuwa 2 Fast 2 Furful (2003) da XXX: Stateungiyar ungiyar (2005). A maimakon haka ya zaɓi ya sake wakiltar aikinsa na Riddick a cikin Tarihi na Riddick, wanda ya kasance akwatin akwatin gazawar la'akari da manyan kuɗin. Ya kuma nuna halayen a wasanni biyu na wasan bidiyo da anime Tarihi na Riddick: Fury Dark A wani canji daga rawar da ya taka a baya, a cikin 2005, ya taka rawar gani a fim din mai ban dariya The Pacifier, wanda nasara ce a ofishi. A shekara ta 2006, ya zabi rawar taka rawar gani inda ya taka matattarar rayuwar mai suna Jack DiNorscio a cikin Find Me Guvidence Dukda cewa ya samu yabo sosai game da aikinsa, fim din yayi kasa a ofishin akwatin inda ya tara 2 miliyan kawai game da kasafin kudi na 13 miliyan. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Diesel ya fito da kayan sa fitowar a cikin Azumi da Furful: Tokyo Drift, yana mai bayanin rawar da ya taka daga Azumi da Azaba A 2007, Diesel an saita shi kuma ya zama tauraro a matsayin wakili na 47 a cikin daidaita fim din wasan bidiyo na Hitman, amma daga baya ya ja da baya kuma ya kasance mai gabatarwa na zartarwa a fim. A shekara ta 2008, ya yi rawar gani a fagen ilimin kimiya-mai ban mamaki Babila AD wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci kuma gazawar ofishi. Diesel ya dawo cikin jerin Fast da Furful, tare da yawancin manyan fitattun finafinan fim na asali na 2001, cikin Fast Furious, wanda aka saki a watan Afrilun 2009.
2010-2020: Ci gaba mai nasara, aiki a wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan Diesel ya ba da izinin matsayinsa Dominic Toretto a cikin wasu abubuwa guda biyar zuwa takwas na Azumi da Furious, ikon Azumi (2011), Fast Furious 6 (2013), Furious 7 (2015), and the Fate of the Furious (2017). Ya ba da izinin matsayinsa a matsayin Riddick a cikin fim na uku na jerin Labarun Tarihi na Riddick, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Riddick (2013). A watan Agusta na 2013, Diesel ya sami tauraro akan Hollywood Walk of Fame Ya bayyana Groot a cikin 2014 mamaki cinematic Universe film wãto matsaranta na Galaxy Ya taurare a cikin fim ɗin allahntaka mai ɗaukar The Last maych Hunter (2015). A cikin 2016, Diesel ya bayyana a matsayin mai nuna goyon baya a wasan kwaikwayon na Ang Lee na wasan kwaikwayo na Bill Lee Lynn na Long Halftime Walk A cikin 2017, Diesel ya sake ba da izinin matsayinsa a matsayin Xander Cage a cikin XXX: Dawowar Xander Cage, da Groot a cikin Masu tsaron lafiyar Galaxy Vol. Na biyu A cikin shekaru da yawa Diesel ya tattauna game da rawar da ya banbanta tsakanin Al'adun Cinematic Universe. A Nuwamba 2016 darektan Masu Kula da Galaxy, James Gunn, ya tabbatar da cewa Diesel ya kasance yana tattaunawa don yin fim din Blackagar Boltagon Black Bolt don fim ɗin Inhumans da aka shirya, amma an juya shi zuwa jerin talabijin maimakon ba tare da Diesel ya shiga ba. Diesel ya sake ba da izinin aikinsa na Groot sake a cikin fina-finai na crossover Avengers: Infinity War (2018) da Avengers: Endgame (2019) wanda ya haɗu da manyan superhero na Guardians na Galaxy da The Avengers Ya ce, "[Ina] tsammanin akwai lokacin da muke jiran komai, kuma ko kun san shi ko a'a, kuna jira ne ganin [Groot] da [Hulk] za su sauka."
2020 Diesel ta ba da alama mai halayyar Jaruma Comics Bloodshot a fim ɗin suna iri ɗaya wanda aka saki a cikin Maris 2020. Hakanan yana shiga cikin kundin James Cameron na Avatar 2 Rayuwar mutum An lura da Diesel saboda muryar sa mai zurfi Ya ce muryarsa ta ɓarke kusan shekara 15, yana ba shi cikakkiyar murya mai kara girma a waya. A kusan shekara ta 2001, ya yi lamuran Azuminsa da Babban Abokan wasa, Michelle Rodriguez Diesel da abokin aikinsa na yanzu, samfurin Mexico Paloma Jimenez, suna da yara uku: 'yarta Hania Riley (an haife Afrilu 2008), ɗa Vincent Sinclair (an haife 2010), da' yarta Pauline (waɗanda aka haifa a watan Maris 2015). An nada Pauline a cikin girmamawa ga abokinsa kuma abokin hadin gwiwar Fast Furious franchise co-star, Paul Walker, wanda ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 2013. Hakanan shi kuma shine mahaifin 'yar Walker, Meadow Rain Walker. 'Yarsa Hania tana karatun jiu-jitsu na Brazil da kuma judo Diesel ya ce a 2006 cewa ya fi son ya ci gaba da tsare sirri game da rayuwarsa ta sirri, yana mai cewa: "Ba zan fitar da shi a can ba a bangon mujallar kamar sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Na zo ne daga Harrison Ford, Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro, lambar Al Pacino ta yin shuru. Ya nuna kaunarsa ga Jamhuriyar Dominica da yadda ya shafi bangarorin al'adun ta. Yana da masaniya da tsohon shugaban, Leonel Fernández, kuma ya fito a ɗayan tallace-tallacen tallar da Fernández ya yi a baya. Los Bandoleros, wani ɗan gajeren fim ne wanda Diesel ya jagoranta, aka yi fim a Dominican Republic. Diesel ya yi wasa Dungeons Dragons sama da shekaru 20, kuma ya rubuta asalinta na littafin tunawa da Shekaru 30 na Adventure: A Celebration of Dungeons Dragons A cikin batun shekaru 30 na mujallar Dragon, an bayyana cewa Diesel ya yi rubutun karya da sunan halinsa, Melkor, a ciki yayin da yake yin fim din XXX Kirar wasan bidiyo na Kanada kuma mai haɓaka Merritt k ya kirkiro wasan 2015 (ASMR) Vin Diesel DMing Game na D&D Just For You dangane da fandom na D&D Fine-finite
Fim
Wasanin bidiyo
Wuraren shakatawa na taken
Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Vin Diesel on IMDb
Vin Diesel at Rotten Tomatoes
Vin Diesel at Curlie
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50942 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Agambire | Roland Agambire | Roland Agambire (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Afrilun shekarar 1976) ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan Ghana ne. Ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Agams Holdings kuma shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa Rlg Communications. Ya kafa Roagam Links a cikin watan Maris 2001, sannan a matsayin hanyar gyaran wayar hannu wanda ya fadada daga baya ya zama kamfani na farko na samar da bayanai da fasahar sadarwa na asali a Ghana. An ce kungiyar ta Rlg tana a kasashen China, Dubai, UAE, Angola, Nigeria, Kenya da Gambia, Afirka ta Kudu, Ghana, da Rwanda.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Agambire a garin Sirigu da ke arewacin Ghana. Ya sami horo a matsayin malami sannan ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin harkokin kasuwanci.
Sana'a
Rlg Sadarwa Kamfanin sadarwa na Rlg yana daukar ma'aikata kusan 500 na dindindin, wasu 1,000 kuma ya samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa sama da 30,000. a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban da gwamnati. Reshen horar da kamfaninsa, Rlg Institute of Technology yana aiwatar da irin wannan tsare-tsare a Najeriya da Gambia, tare da aiki da gwamnatocin.
AGAMS Holdings Limited Agambire kuma shine shugaban zartarwa na AGAMS Holdings Limited kuma shine ke da alhakin gudanar da tsare-tsare da sarrafa manyan kamfanoni guda goma sha ɗaya waɗanda suka haɗa da hannun jari. Ya ci lambar yabo da kyaututtuka na gida da na waje da yawa don ƙirƙira, kasuwanci, sadaukar da kai don haɓakawa da taimakon jama'a.
A cikin watan Satumba 2012, ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta mutum da aka ba da Chartered Institute of Marketing Ghana CIMG Marketing Man of the Year for 2011. Ɗaya daga cikin samfuransa, wayar Rlg, ita ma an yanke hukuncin samfurin na shekarar 2011.
A cikin matsayi na shekarar 2012 na Ghana Club 100, Agambire's Rlg ya kasance kamfani na biyu mafi kyau a Ghana ta Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Ghana. An kuma ba wa kamfanin hukunci a kan Kamfani mafi sauri a Ghana, Shugaban sashen ICT na Ghana da kuma wanda ya fi kowa shiga kungiyar 100. Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu mai suna Roland a cikin 'yan takara 12 na karshe a shekarar 2012 Africa Awards for entrepreneurship kamar yadda Ernst da Young West Africa suka sanya shi a cikin 'yan wasa na karshe a cikin 2011 entrepreneur entrepreneurs Awards. A watan Janairun 2013, gidan talabijin na Pan African Television, E-TV ya zabe shi a matsayin dan Ghana mafi tasiri a shekarar 2012 a wata kuri'ar da ta gudanar a tsakanin masu kallonta, kuma daga baya ya zama gwarzon dan kasuwa na shekara ta 2012 a wata gasa da ta shirya. Gidauniyar Kasuwanci ta Ghana. Ya lashe Gwarzon dan kasuwan Ghana na shekarar 2013 a City People Awards for Excellence.
Sauran harkokin kasuwanci Agambire ya yi jawabi da yawa daga manyan abubuwan duniya da na gida ciki har da ikilisiyoyin jami'o'i, taron kasuwanci, bikin bayar da kyaututtuka da taro. Ya kasance babban bako na kungiyar Bankin Duniya a matsayin mai ba da taimako ga wani taron karawa juna sani kan samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa a yammacin Afirka a Abuja babban birnin Najeriya da kuma ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Ghana kan shirin jagoranci na kasuwanci a Arewacin Ghana. A baya ya taba gabatar da jawabi a wajen taron kasuwanci na Afrika karo na daya a Jami'ar Robert Gordon da ke Scotland a kasar Birtaniya da kuma taron kasuwanci na duniya na Afirka a Dubai A halin yanzu Rlg yana da Ofishinsa na Duniya a Dubai, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan kamfanoni na Afirka da suka kafa cibiyarsa ta duniya a wannan yanki na duniya. A shekarar 2013 ya sanar da cewa yana saka hannun jari a Hope City, wani aikin dalar Amurka biliyan 10 don cibiyar IT kusa da Accra, wanda aka yi niyya ya ƙunshi ginin mafi tsayi a Afirka. Bayan duk abin yabo da hankalin kafofin watsa labaru, Hope City ya kasance wani shiri akan takarda kuma a halin yanzu ba a shirya shi ba. A shekarar 2014, RLG ya fara haɗa wayoyi masu mahimmanci a Najeriya. An ce sun isar da wayoyi 50,000 na Najeriya da aka hade a shekarar 2015. Kamfanin na RLG da aka fi sani da RLG Adulawo Tech City, hadin gwiwa ne na jama'a da masu zaman kansu tsakanin gwamnatin jihar Osun da RLG Communications.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Roland Agambire na Ghana ya fito a cikin Mujallar Forbes African", Joy Online via GhanaWeb, 10 Satumba 2013
Haihuwan 1976
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |