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Ratu Techi

Ratu Techi (born 1965) is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed. Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of Papum Pare district. He studied in government schools in Sagalee and Doimukh. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in Public Works Department of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years. In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school. Techi was elected unopposed to the Sagalee Assembly Constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by Indian National Congress MLAs from 1991. “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.

Ratu Techi is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed.

{{Short description|Arunachal Pradesh MLA}} '''Ratu Techi''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=author |date=2024-03-31 |title=From a humble background to becoming MLA: The story of first-time MLA Ratu Techi {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/31/from-a-humble-background-to-becoming-mla-the-story-of-first-time-mla-ratu-techi/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] in [[Papum Pare district]]. He was elected to the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] unopposed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=With Ratu Techi, Kaso’s unopposed wins, Doimukh 'set' to witness a triangular contest |url=http://www.echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26242 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.echoofarunachal.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-11 |title=23 candidates in Arunachal assembly polls have criminal cases |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/23-candidates-in-arunachal-assembly-polls-have-criminal-cases/articleshow/109213609.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> == Early life and education == Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of [[Papum Pare district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Arunachal Pradesh: Over 4000 people join BJP in Congress chief Nabam Tuki's home constituency |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/arunachal-pradesh-over-4000-people-join-bjp-in-congress-chief-nabam-tukis-home-constituency-777446-2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref> He studied in government schools in [[Sagalee]] and [[Doimukh]]. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in [[Public Works Department]] of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == Techi was elected unopposed to the [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratu Techi, Techi Kaso of BJP declared elected unopposed |url=http://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/ratu-techi-techi-kaso-of-bjp-declared-elected-unopposed.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.easternsentinel.in}}</ref> He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in Assembly elections |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-2958740 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2024-03-29 |title=Arunachal: Techi Kaso 7th BJP candidate set to get elected unopposed from Itanagar |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/arunachalpradesh/arunachal-techi-kaso-7th-bjp-candidates-set-to-get-elected-unopposed-from-itanagar/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by [[Indian National Congress]] MLAs from 1991.<ref name=":0" /> “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ratu, Techi}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]] [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:People from Papum Pare district]]

2024-05-31T20:56:54Z

2024-05-31T21:15:05Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Techi

Ratu Techi

Ratu Techi (born 1965) is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed. Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of Papum Pare district. He studied in government schools in Sagalee and Doimukh. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in Public Works Department of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years. In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school. Techi was elected unopposed to the Sagalee Assembly Constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by Indian National Congress MLAs from 1991. “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.

Ratu Techi is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed.

{{Short description|Arunachal Pradesh MLA}} '''Ratu Techi''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=author |date=2024-03-31 |title=From a humble background to becoming MLA: The story of first-time MLA Ratu Techi {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/31/from-a-humble-background-to-becoming-mla-the-story-of-first-time-mla-ratu-techi/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] in [[Papum Pare district]]. He was elected to the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] unopposed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=With Ratu Techi, Kaso’s unopposed wins, Doimukh 'set' to witness a triangular contest |url=http://www.echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26242 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.echoofarunachal.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-11 |title=23 candidates in Arunachal assembly polls have criminal cases |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/23-candidates-in-arunachal-assembly-polls-have-criminal-cases/articleshow/109213609.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> == Early life and education == Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of [[Papum Pare district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Arunachal Pradesh: Over 4000 people join BJP in Congress chief Nabam Tuki's home constituency |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/arunachal-pradesh-over-4000-people-join-bjp-in-congress-chief-nabam-tukis-home-constituency-777446-2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref> He studied in government schools in [[Sagalee]] and [[Doimukh]]. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in [[Public Works Department]] of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == Techi was elected unopposed to the [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratu Techi, Techi Kaso of BJP declared elected unopposed |url=http://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/ratu-techi-techi-kaso-of-bjp-declared-elected-unopposed.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.easternsentinel.in}}</ref> He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in Assembly elections |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-2958740 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2024-03-29 |title=Arunachal: Techi Kaso 7th BJP candidate set to get elected unopposed from Itanagar |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/arunachalpradesh/arunachal-techi-kaso-7th-bjp-candidates-set-to-get-elected-unopposed-from-itanagar/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by [[Indian National Congress]] MLAs from 1991.<ref name=":0" /> [[Nabam Tuki]], former chief minister and a five-time Congress MLA from Sagalee, preferred to contest the Lok Sabha election this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=author |date=2024-03-22 |title=Tuki to contest MP election on Congress ticket {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/22/tuki-to-contest-mp-election-on-congress-ticket/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ratu, Techi}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]] [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:People from Papum Pare district]]

2024-05-31T20:56:54Z

2024-05-31T21:21:48Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Techi

Ratu Techi

Ratu Techi (born 1965) is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed. Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of Papum Pare district. He studied in government schools in Sagalee and Doimukh. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in Public Works Department of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years. In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school. Techi was elected unopposed to the Sagalee Assembly Constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by Indian National Congress MLAs from 1991. Nabam Tuki, former chief minister and a five-time Congress MLA from Sagalee, preferred to contest the Lok Sabha election this time. “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.

Ratu Techi is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed.

{{Short description|Arunachal Pradesh MLA}} '''Ratu Techi''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-31 |title=From a humble background to becoming MLA: The story of first-time MLA Ratu Techi {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/31/from-a-humble-background-to-becoming-mla-the-story-of-first-time-mla-ratu-techi/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] in [[Papum Pare district]]. He was elected to the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] unopposed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=With Ratu Techi, Kaso’s unopposed wins, Doimukh 'set' to witness a triangular contest |url=http://www.echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26242 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.echoofarunachal.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-11 |title=23 candidates in Arunachal assembly polls have criminal cases |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/23-candidates-in-arunachal-assembly-polls-have-criminal-cases/articleshow/109213609.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> == Early life and education == Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of [[Papum Pare district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Arunachal Pradesh: Over 4000 people join BJP in Congress chief Nabam Tuki's home constituency |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/arunachal-pradesh-over-4000-people-join-bjp-in-congress-chief-nabam-tukis-home-constituency-777446-2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref> He studied in government schools in [[Sagalee]] and [[Doimukh]]. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in [[Public Works Department]] of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == Techi was elected unopposed to the [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratu Techi, Techi Kaso of BJP declared elected unopposed |url=http://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/ratu-techi-techi-kaso-of-bjp-declared-elected-unopposed.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.easternsentinel.in}}</ref> He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in Assembly elections |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-2958740 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2024-03-29 |title=Arunachal: Techi Kaso 7th BJP candidate set to get elected unopposed from Itanagar |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/arunachalpradesh/arunachal-techi-kaso-7th-bjp-candidates-set-to-get-elected-unopposed-from-itanagar/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by [[Indian National Congress]] MLAs from 1991.<ref name=":0" /> [[Nabam Tuki]], former chief minister and a five-time Congress MLA from Sagalee, preferred to contest the Lok Sabha election this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=author |date=2024-03-22 |title=Tuki to contest MP election on Congress ticket {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/22/tuki-to-contest-mp-election-on-congress-ticket/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ratu, Techi}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]] [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:People from Papum Pare district]]

2024-05-31T20:56:54Z

2024-05-31T22:09:30Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Techi

Ratu Techi

Ratu Techi (born 1965) is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed. Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of Papum Pare district. He studied in government schools in Sagalee and Doimukh. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in Public Works Department of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years. In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school. Techi was elected unopposed to the Sagalee Assembly Constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by Indian National Congress MLAs from 1991. Nabam Tuki, former chief minister and a five-time Congress MLA from Sagalee, preferred to contest the Lok Sabha election this time. “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.

Ratu Techi is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed.

{{Short description|Arunachal Pradesh MLA}} '''Ratu Techi''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-31 |title=From a humble background to becoming MLA: The story of first-time MLA Ratu Techi {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/31/from-a-humble-background-to-becoming-mla-the-story-of-first-time-mla-ratu-techi/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] in [[Papum Pare district]]. He was elected to the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] unopposed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=With Ratu Techi, Kaso’s unopposed wins, Doimukh 'set' to witness a triangular contest |url=http://www.echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26242 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.echoofarunachal.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-11 |title=23 candidates in Arunachal assembly polls have criminal cases |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/23-candidates-in-arunachal-assembly-polls-have-criminal-cases/articleshow/109213609.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> == Early life and education == Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of [[Papum Pare district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Arunachal Pradesh: Over 4000 people join BJP in Congress chief Nabam Tuki's home constituency |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/arunachal-pradesh-over-4000-people-join-bjp-in-congress-chief-nabam-tukis-home-constituency-777446-2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref> He studied in government schools in [[Sagalee]] and [[Doimukh]]. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in [[Public Works Department]] of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == Techi was elected unopposed to the [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratu Techi, Techi Kaso of BJP declared elected unopposed |url=http://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/ratu-techi-techi-kaso-of-bjp-declared-elected-unopposed.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.easternsentinel.in}}</ref> He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in Assembly elections |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-2958740 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2024-03-29 |title=Arunachal: Techi Kaso 7th BJP candidate set to get elected unopposed from Itanagar |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/arunachalpradesh/arunachal-techi-kaso-7th-bjp-candidates-set-to-get-elected-unopposed-from-itanagar/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by [[Indian National Congress]] MLAs from 1991.<ref name=":0" /> [[Nabam Tuki]], former chief minister and a five-time Congress MLA from Sagalee, preferred to contest the Lok Sabha election this time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Tuki to contest MP election on Congress ticket {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/22/tuki-to-contest-mp-election-on-congress-ticket/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ratu, Techi}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]] [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:People from Papum Pare district]]

2024-05-31T20:56:54Z

2024-05-31T22:10:12Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Techi

Ratu Techi

Ratu Techi (born 1965) is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed. Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of Papum Pare district. He studied in government schools in Sagalee and Doimukh. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in Public Works Department of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years. In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school. Techi was elected unopposed to the Sagalee Assembly Constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by Indian National Congress MLAs from 1991. Nabam Tuki, former chief minister and a five-time Congress MLA from Sagalee, preferred to contest the Lok Sabha election this time. “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.

Ratu Techi is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is an MLA of Bharatiya Janata Party from Sagalee Assembly Constituency in Papum Pare district. He was elected to the 2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election unopposed.

{{Short description|Arunachal Pradesh MLA}} '''Ratu Techi''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-31 |title=From a humble background to becoming MLA: The story of first-time MLA Ratu Techi {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/31/from-a-humble-background-to-becoming-mla-the-story-of-first-time-mla-ratu-techi/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] in [[Papum Pare district]]. He was elected to the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] unopposed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=With Ratu Techi, Kaso’s unopposed wins, Doimukh 'set' to witness a triangular contest |url=http://www.echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26242 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.echoofarunachal.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-11 |title=23 candidates in Arunachal assembly polls have criminal cases |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/23-candidates-in-arunachal-assembly-polls-have-criminal-cases/articleshow/109213609.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> == Early life and education == Techi was born in Rigo village but lives in Nimte village of [[Papum Pare district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Arunachal Pradesh: Over 4000 people join BJP in Congress chief Nabam Tuki's home constituency |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/arunachal-pradesh-over-4000-people-join-bjp-in-congress-chief-nabam-tukis-home-constituency-777446-2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref> He studied in government schools in [[Sagalee]] and [[Doimukh]]. Later, he did engineering and joined the government as Assistant Engineer in [[Public Works Department]] of Arunachal Pradesh in 1989. He was an active ABVP leader for many years.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, he took voluntary retirement as superintendent of engineering to enter politics. He was a recipient of National Talent Research Organisation scholarship during middle school.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == Techi was elected unopposed to the [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratu Techi, Techi Kaso of BJP declared elected unopposed |url=http://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/ratu-techi-techi-kaso-of-bjp-declared-elected-unopposed.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.easternsentinel.in}}</ref> He is one among the 10 BJP candidates who were elected unopposed as MLAs in the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in Assembly elections |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-2958740 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Arunachal: Techi Kaso 7th BJP candidate set to get elected unopposed from Itanagar |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/arunachalpradesh/arunachal-techi-kaso-7th-bjp-candidates-set-to-get-elected-unopposed-from-itanagar/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the first BJP MLA in the Sagalee seat which was dominated by [[Indian National Congress]] MLAs from 1991.<ref name=":0" /> [[Nabam Tuki]], former chief minister and a five-time Congress MLA from Sagalee, preferred to contest the Lok Sabha election this time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Tuki to contest MP election on Congress ticket {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/03/22/tuki-to-contest-mp-election-on-congress-ticket/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> “I wanted to join politics to give something back to society. I come from a very poor economic background and have worked hard to reach where I am now. I will try my best to ensure that many more poor kids come out of poverty through proper education and support,” Techi told Arunachal Times newspaper.<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ratu, Techi}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]] [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:People from Papum Pare district]]

2024-05-31T20:56:54Z

2024-05-31T22:11:55Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Techi

Mixed nuts (disambiguation)

Mixed nuts are a snack food. Mixed Nuts may also refer to

Mixed nuts are a snack food. Mixed Nuts may also refer to Mixed Nuts (1994), French comedy film Mixed Nuts, a Laurel and Hardy comedy short "Mixed Nuts" (song)

'''[[Mixed nuts]]''' are a snack food. '''Mixed Nuts''' may also refer to * ''[[Mixed Nuts]]'' (1994), French comedy film * [[Mixed Nuts (1922 film)|''Mixed Nuts'' (1922 film)]], a Laurel and Hardy comedy short * [[Mixed Nuts (song)|"Mixed Nuts" (song)]] {{dab}}

2024-05-31T20:57:21Z

2024-05-31T20:57:21Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_nuts_(disambiguation)

Mixed nuts (disambiguation)

Mixed nuts are a snack food. Mixed Nuts may also refer to

Mixed nuts are a snack food. Mixed Nuts may also refer to Mixed Nuts (1994), American comedy film Mixed Nuts, a Laurel and Hardy comedy short "Mixed Nuts" (song)

'''[[Mixed nuts]]''' are a snack food. '''Mixed Nuts''' may also refer to * ''[[Mixed Nuts]]'' (1994), American comedy film * [[Mixed Nuts (1922 film)|''Mixed Nuts'' (1922 film)]], a Laurel and Hardy comedy short * [[Mixed Nuts (song)|"Mixed Nuts" (song)]] {{dab}}

2024-05-31T20:57:21Z

2024-06-01T00:10:59Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_nuts_(disambiguation)

Lucy Julia Hayner

Lucy Julia Hayner (1898 - September 23, 1928) was a physicist, known for inventing a circular slide rule in Braille and for her work in atomic and electron physics. Hayner was born in 1898 in Haynerville, New York, on a farm which her family had owned since 1742. Hayner attended Barnard College where she was a student of Margaret Eliza Maltby. She graduated in 1919. She attended graduate school at Columbia University, earning her Master of Arts in 1920 and her Doctor of Philosophy in 1924. She was the fourth woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University. Her dissertation, supervised by Harold W. Webb, was entitled "The Persistence of the Radiation Excited in Mercury Vapor." Following graduation, she studied at the University of Cambridge under the Barnard Fellowship from 1924 to 1925. Upon her return to the United States, Hayner took up a position as a researcher at General Electric where she assisted Irving Langmuir. She stayed at General Electric from 1925 to 1928 researching electron emission in vacuum tubes. In 1929 Hayner returned to Columbia University. She taught in the Ernest Kempton Adams Laboratory and specialized in teaching the advanced laboratory class. She later directed the laboratory until her retirement in 1966. In 1937, Hayner designed and constructed a circular slide rule in Braille. The construction took over 100 hours and the resulting slide rule offered slightly better reading accuracy than the conventional 12-inch straight slide rule in use at the time. Hayner married Bernhard Kurrelmeyer, who was a professor of physics at Brooklyn College. They frequently collaborated on research and published two papers together on the shot effect. Hayner died in 1971 at Doctors Hospital in New York City.

Lucy Julia Hayner was a physicist, known for inventing a circular slide rule in Braille and for her work in atomic and electron physics.

{{Short description|American Physicist}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Lucy Julia Hayner | birth_date = 1898 | birth_place = [[Brunswick, New York|Haynerville, New York]] | death_date = {{death date|1971|09|23}} | death_place = [[New York City]] | citizenship = | nationality = | workplaces = [[General Electric]] <br/> Columbia University | alma_mater = [[Barnard College]], [[B.A.]] 1919 <br/>[[Columbia University]], [[M.A.]] 1920, [[Ph.D.]] 1924 | thesis_title = The Persistence of the Radiation Excited in Mercury Vapor | thesis_year = 1924 | doctoral_advisor = Harold W. Webb | academic_advisors = | spouse = Bernhard Kurrelmeyer }} '''Lucy Julia Hayner''' (1898 - September 23, 1928) was a [[physicist]], known for inventing a circular [[slide rule]] in [[Braille]] and for her work in atomic and electron physics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1971-09-25 |title=DR. LUCY HAYNER, PHYSICIST, WAS 73 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/25/archives/dr-lugy-hayner-i-physicist-was73-professor-who-columbia-aided-the.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Career== Hayner was born in 1898 in [[Brunswick, New York|Haynerville, New York]], on a farm which her family had owned since 1742.<ref name=":0" /> Hayner attended Barnard College where she was a student of [[Margaret Eliza Maltby]]. She graduated in 1919. She attended graduate school at [[Columbia University]], earning her [[Master of Arts]] in 1920 and her [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in 1924.<ref name=":0" /> She was the fourth woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University. Her dissertation, supervised by Harold W. Webb, was entitled "The Persistence of the Radiation Excited in Mercury Vapor."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Howes |first=Ruth |title=After the war: women in physics in the United States |last2=Herzenberg |first2=Caroline L. |date=2015 |publisher=Morgan & Claypool Publishers |isbn=978-1-68174-030-0 |series=IOP concise physics |location=San Rafael, CA}}</ref> Following graduation, she studied at the [[University of Cambridge]] under the Barnard Fellowship from 1924 to 1925. Upon her return to the United States, Hayner took up a position as a researcher at [[General Electric]] where she assisted [[Irving Langmuir]]. She stayed at General Electric from 1925 to 1928 researching electron emission in [[Vacuum tube|vacuum tubes]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1972-01-01 |title=Lucy J. Hayner |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/25/1/97/428129/Lucy-J-Hayner |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=97–97 |doi=10.1063/1.3070698 |issn=0031-9228}}</ref> In 1929 Hayner returned to Columbia University. She taught in the Ernest Kempton Adams Laboratory and specialized in teaching the advanced laboratory class.<ref name=":2" /> She later directed the laboratory until her retirement in 1966.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1937, Hayner designed and constructed a circular [[slide rule]] in [[Braille]]. The construction took over 100 hours and the resulting slide rule offered slightly better reading accuracy than the conventional 12-inch straight slide rule in use at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witcher |first=C. M. |date=1954-12-01 |title=Physics without sight |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/7/12/8/416085/Physics-without-sight |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=8–10 |doi=10.1063/1.3061483 |issn=0031-9228}}</ref> == Personal life == Hayner married Bernhard Kurrelmeyer, who was a professor of physics at [[Brooklyn College]]. They frequently collaborated on research and published two papers together on the [[Shot noise|shot effect]]. Hayner died in 1971 at [[Doctors Hospital (Manhattan)|Doctors Hospital]] in New York City.<ref name=":0" /> == Publications == * {{Cite journal |last=Hayner |first=Lucy J. |date=September 1925 |title=The Persistence of the Radiation Excited in Mercury Vapor |url=https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.26.364 |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=364 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.26.364}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hayner |first=Lucy J. |date=October 1935 |title=Shot Effects of Secondary Electron Currents |url=https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745273 |journal=[[Journal of Applied Physics|Physics]] |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=323-333 |doi=10.1063/1.1745273}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kurrelmeyer |first=Bernhard |last2=Hayner |first2=Lucy J. |date=June 1936 |title=Electrostatic Capacity Measurements |url=https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1752135 |journal=[[Review of Scientific Instruments]] |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=233–237 |doi=10.1063/1.1752135}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kurrelmeyer |first=Bernhard |last2=Hayner |first2=Lucy J. |date=November 1937 |title=Shot Effect of Secondary Electrons from Nickel and Beryllium |url=https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.52.952 |journal=Physical Review |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=952 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.52.952}} ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078876 Finding aid to the Lucy Julia Hayner papers, 1919-1966 at Columbia University] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hayner, Lucy Julia}} [[Category:1898 births]] [[Category:1971 deaths]] [[Category:American women physicists]] [[Category:20th-century American physicists]] [[Category:20th-century American women scientists]] [[Category:Barnard College alumni]] [[Category:Columbia University alumni]] [[Category:Columbia University faculty]]

2024-05-31T20:57:52Z

2024-05-31T20:57:52Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Julia_Hayner

2024 Mallorca Championships

The 2024 Mallorca Championships is a men's tennis tournament to be played on outdoor grass courts. It will be the fourth edition of the Mallorca Championships, and part of the ATP 250 tournaments of the 2024 ATP Tour. It will be held at the Santa Ponsa Tennis Academy in Santa Ponsa, Spain, from 23 to 29 June 2024. The following players received wildcards into the main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:

The 2024 Mallorca Championships is a men's tennis tournament to be played on outdoor grass courts. It will be the fourth edition of the Mallorca Championships, and part of the ATP 250 tournaments of the 2024 ATP Tour. It will be held at the Santa Ponsa Tennis Academy in Santa Ponsa, Spain, from 23 to 29 June 2024.

{{TennisEventInfo|2024|Mallorca Championships| | date= 23–29 June | edition=4th | category= [[ATP 250 tournaments]] | draw=28S / 16D | surface=[[Tennis court#Grass courts|Grass]] | location=[[Santa Ponsa]], Spain | venue=Santa Ponsa Tennis Academy | defchamps={{flagicon|USA}} [[Christopher Eubanks]] | defchampd={{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri]] / {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Lloyd Harris (tennis)|Lloyd Harris]] }} The '''2024 Mallorca Championships''' is a men's [[tennis]] tournament to be played on outdoor [[grass court|grass courts]]. It will be the fourth edition of the [[Mallorca Open|Mallorca Championships]], and part of the [[ATP 250 tournaments]] of the [[2024 ATP Tour]]. It will be held at the Santa Ponsa Tennis Academy in [[Santa Ponsa]], Spain, from 23 to 29 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/mallorca/8994/overview|title=Mallorca Championships Overview|website=atptour.com|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> == Champions == === Singles === {{main|2024 Mallorca Championships – Singles}} * {{flagicon|}} vs. {{flagicon|}} === Doubles === {{main|2024 Mallorca Championships – Doubles}} * {{flagicon|}} / {{flagicon|}} vs. {{flagicon|}} / {{flagicon|}} ==Singles main draw entrants== ===Seeds=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! width="70"| Country ! width="175"| Player ! Rank¹ ! Seed |- |{{flag|USA}} |[[Ben Shelton]] |15 |1 |- |{{flag|FRA}} |[[Ugo Humbert]] |16 |2 |- |{{flag|FRA}} |[[Adrian Mannarino]] |22 |3 |- |{{flag|CHI}} |[[Alejandro Tabilo]] |24 |4 |- |{{flag|NED}} |[[Tallon Griekspoor]] |25 |5 |- |{{flag|CZE}} |[[Tomáš Macháč]] |34 |6 |- |{{flag|AUS}} |[[Jordan Thompson (tennis)|Jordan Thompson]] |36 |7 |- |{{flag|FRA}} |[[Gaël Monfils]] |37 |8 |} *¹ Rankings are as of 27 May 2024.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Players 2024|url=https://www.mallorca-championships.com/jugadores-1|website=mallorca-championships.com|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> ===Other entrants=== The following players received [[Wild card (sports)|wildcard]]s into the main draw: * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Fabio Fognini]] * {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Dominic Thiem]] * {{flagicon|}} The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: * {{flagicon|}} * {{flagicon|}} * {{flagicon|}} * {{flagicon|}} ==Doubles main draw entrants== ===Seeds=== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- ! width="70"| Country ! width="175"| Player ! width="70"| Country ! width="175"| Player ! Rank¹ ! Seed |- |{{flag|}} | |{{flag|}} | | |1 |- |{{flag|}} | |{{flag|}} | | |2 |- |{{flag|}} | |{{flag|}} | | |3 |- |{{flag|}} | |{{flag|}} | | |4 |} *¹ Rankings are as of 17 June 2024. ===Other entrants=== The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw: * {{flagicon|}} / {{flagicon|}} * {{flagicon|}} / {{flagicon|}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.mallorca-championships.com/en/home/ Official website] {{2024 ATP Tour}} [[Category:2024 ATP Tour|Mallorca Championships]] [[Category:Tennis tournaments in Spain|Mallorca Championships]] [[Category:June 2024 sports events in Spain|Mallorca Championships]]

2024-05-31T21:01:51Z

2024-05-31T21:01:51Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mallorca_Championships

John Staunton Rochfort

Colonel John Staunton Rochfort (1763 – 6 May 1844) was an Anglo-Irish landowner and sheriff. Rochfort was born in Ireland in 1763. He was the eldest son of John Rochfort and Dorothea Burgh. Among his siblings were Anne Rochfort (who married Sir Matthew Blakiston, 2nd Baronet, heir of Sir Matthew Blakiston, 1st Baronet), and the Rev. Robert Rochfort (1775–1811), the notorious "Slashing Parson" of 1798. His paternal grandparents Deborah Staunton (a daughter of Thomas Staunton) and John Rochfort, MP for Ballyshannon and for Mullingar. They lived in Clogrennane, County Carlow, and Newpark, County Dublin, His maternal grandparents were Thomas Burgh, MP for Lanesborough and Anne Downes. His maternal uncle was Thomas Burgh. The Rochfort family estate included the lands of Newpark in Dublin, estates in County Westmeath and County Wexford. His primary estate was Clogrennane in County Carlow, which included the lands of Raheendoran, the ruins of Clogrennane Castle and Clogrennane Lodge. When in Dublin, they had a residence on Jervis Street and another on Ormond Quay. In Carlow, they had a residence on Dublin Street. He served as High Sheriff of County Carlow in 1823. Between 1806 and 1815, he built a new house in Clogrennane which had 52 rooms including 30 bedrooms, 33 fireplaces, 365 panes of glass and cost approximately £32,000. The house and estate were inherited by his eldest son, Horace. After his death in 1891, his descendants continued to own the house until they through their last ball in January 1922, shortly before the house was sold. Like the castle, it was later abandoned and has been roofless since 1945. On 27 July 1801, he married Harriette Mann in Linton, Kent. She was a daughter of Sir Horatio Mann, 2nd Baronet and Lady Lucy Noel (a daughter of the 4th Earl of Gainsborough). Before her death in 1810, they were the parents of: In 1814, he married Mary Burgh, a daughter of Anne Aigion and Thomas Burgh, MP. Together, they were the parents of: Rochfort died on 6 May 1844 and was succeeded in his estate by his eldest son Horace. His second son, John, owned the Bawnboy estate in the parish of Templeport, in the barony of Tullyhaw, County Cavan. Through his daughter Dorothea, he was a grandfather of Edward Law, 5th Baron Ellenborough, and Cecil Law, 6th Baron Ellenborough. Through his son Horace, he was a grandfather of Sir Alexander Nelson Rochfort (1850–1916), a Major-General in the Royal Artillery who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey. Through his daughter Anne, he was a grandfather of General Sir Henry Hildyard (1846–1916), and the great-grandfather of General Sir Reginald Hildyard (1876–1965).

Colonel John Staunton Rochfort was an Anglo-Irish landowner and sheriff.

Colonel '''John Staunton Rochfort''' (1763 – 6 May 1844) was an [[Anglo-Irish]] landowner and sheriff. ==Early life== Rochfort was born in Ireland in 1763. He was the eldest son of John Rochfort and Dorothea [[House of Burgh|Burgh]]. Among his siblings were Anne Rochfort (who married [[Sir Matthew Blakiston, 2nd Baronet]], heir of [[Sir Matthew Blakiston, 1st Baronet]]),<ref name="Cokayne1983"/> and the Rev. [[Robert Rochfort (clergyman)|Robert Rochfort]] (1775–1811), the notorious "Slashing Parson" of 1798.<ref name="Kinsella2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kinsella |first1=Shay |title=The 'Slashing Parson' of 1798: The Life & Death of Rev. Robert Rochfort of Clogrennane, Co. Carlow, 1775-1811 |journal=Carloviana |date=2012 |pages=117-120 |url=https://carlowhistorical.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Carloviana-No-61-2012.pdf |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=[[Carlow Historical & Archaeological Society]]}}</ref><ref name="Maxwell2013">{{cite journal |last1=Maxwell |first1=Nick |title=The ‘slashing parson’ of ’98 |journal=[[History Ireland]] |date=27 December 2013 |url=https://www.historyireland.com/slashing-parson-98/ |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> His paternal grandparents Deborah Staunton (a daughter of Thomas Staunton) and [[John Rochfort (politician)|John Rochfort]], MP for [[Ballyshannon (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Ballyshannon]] and for [[Mullingar (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Mullingar]].<ref>'MPs in Dublin: Companion to History of the Irish Parliament, 1692-1800', By E. M. Johnston-Liik</ref> They lived in [[Clogrennane Castle|Clogrennane]], [[County Carlow]], and Newpark, [[County Dublin]],<ref>'The Peerage of Ireland: Or, A Genealogical History of the Present Nobility of that Kingdom, Volume 3' by John Lodge</ref> His maternal grandparents were [[Thomas Burgh (Lanesborough MP)|Thomas Burgh]], MP for [[Lanesborough (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Lanesborough]] and Anne Downes. His maternal uncle was [[Thomas Burgh (MP died 1810)|Thomas Burgh]].<ref name="Cokayne1983">Cokayne, George Edward, editor, ''The Complete Baronetage, 5 volumes'' (({{circa|1900}}); reprint, [[Gloucester]]: [[Alan Sutton Publishing]], 1983), volume V, page 127.</ref> ==Career== The [[Rochfort family]] estate included the lands of Newpark in [[Dublin]], estates in [[County Westmeath]] and [[County Wexford]]. His primary estate was [[Clogrennane Castle|Clogrennane]] in [[County Carlow]], which included the lands of Raheendoran, the ruins of [[Clogrennane Castle]] and Clogrennane Lodge.<ref name="Kinsella2012"/> When in Dublin, they had a residence on [[Jervis Street]] and another on [[Ormond Quay]]. In [[Carlow]], they had a residence on Dublin Street.<ref name="Kinsella2012"/> He served as [[High Sheriff of Carlow|High Sheriff of County Carlow]] in 1823.<ref name="lapada"/> ===Clogrennan House=== Between 1806 and 1815, he built a new house in [[Clogrennane Castle|Clogrennane]] which had 52 rooms including 30 bedrooms, 33 fireplaces, 365 panes of glass and cost approximately £32,000.<ref name="lapada">{{cite web |title=The Rochfort Family Clogrennan Hall Benches (1806 to 1815 Ireland) MACK, WILLIAMS AND GIBTON |url=https://lapada.org/art-and-antiques/the-rochfort-family-clogrennan-hall-benches-1806-to-1815ireland/ |website=lapada.org |publisher=[[LAPADA]] |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref> The house and estate were inherited by his eldest son, [[Horace William Noel Rochfort|Horace]]. After his death in 1891, his descendants continued to own the house until they through their last ball in January 1922, shortly before the house was sold. Like the castle, it was later abandoned and has been roofless since 1945. ==Personal life== On 27 July 1801, he married Harriette Mann in Linton, Kent. She was a daughter of [[Sir Horatio Mann, 2nd Baronet]] and Lady Lucy Noel (a daughter of the [[Baptist Noel, 4th Earl of Gainsborough|4th Earl of Gainsborough]]).<ref name = SirHM2ndbtHOP>{{cite web| url = http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/mann-sir-horatio-1744-1814 | title= MANN, Sir Horatio (1744-1814), of Linton, nr. Maidstone, Kent| publisher= History of Parliament Online (1754-1790)| accessdate = 21 November 2017}}</ref> Before her death in 1810, they were the parents of: * [[Horace William Noel Rochfort]] (1809–1891), who married Frances Elizabeth Cosby, a daughter of Thomas Cosby, in 1837.<ref name="Linzee1917">{{cite book |last1=Linzee |first1=John William |title=The Lindeseie and Limesi Families of Great Britain: Including the Probates at Somerset House, London, England, of All the Spellings of the Name Lindeseie from 1300 to 1800 |date=1917 |publisher=The Fort Hill Press |page=750 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lindeseie_and_Limesi_Families_of_Gre/av4wAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA750 |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> After her death in 1841, he married Hon. Charlotte Hood, a daughter of [[Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport]] and [[Charlotte Hood, 3rd Duchess of Bronte]], in 1845.<ref name="Burke's1848">{{cite book |title=Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |date=1848 |publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited. |page=123 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Genealogical_and_Heraldic_Dictionary_of/99lDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA123 |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In 1814, he married Mary Burgh, a daughter of Anne Aigion and [[Thomas Burgh (MP died 1810)|Thomas Burgh]], MP.<ref name="IB1887">{{cite journal |title=Family of Rochfort |journal=[[Irish Builder|Irish Builder and Engineer]] |date=1887 |page=289 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Irish_Builder_and_Engineer/IjdJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA289 |access-date=30 May 2024 |publisher=Howard MacGarvey & Sons. |language=en}}</ref> Together, they were the parents of: * Dorothea Anne Rochfort (1815–1871),<ref name="bonhams">{{cite web |title=English School, Dorethea Anne Law (née Rochfort) (1815-71), wearing blue dress with white underslip, a veil falling from her upswept hair (hairline cracks) |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/10245/lot/152/?category=list&length=10&page=16 |website=www.bonhams.com |publisher=[[Bonhams]] |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> who married Hon. [[Henry Spencer Law]], fifth son of the [[Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough|1st Baron Ellenborough]], in 1839.<ref name="Forster1852">{{cite book |last1=Forster |first1=Henry Rumsey |title=The Pocket Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland: With Genealogical and Historical Notices of the Families of the Nobility, the Archbishops and Bishops, a List of Titles of Courtesy, a Baronetage of the United Kingdom, Etc |date=1852 |publisher=D. Bogue |page=424 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Pocket_Peerage_of_Great_Britain_and/_bEKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA424 |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dod's1901">{{cite book |title=Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes |date=1901 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |page=334 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dod_s_Peerage_Baronetage_and_Knightage_o/DcVsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA334 |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> * Anne Margaret Rochfort (b. 1821), who married [[Thomas Thoroton-Hildyard]], MP for [[South Nottinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South Nottinghamshire]] who was a son of Col. Thomas Blackborne Thoroton-Hildyard of [[Flintham|Flintham Hall]] and brother to [[Henry Hildyard (cricketer)|Henry Hildyard]].<ref name="nottingham">{{cite web |title=Biography of Thomas Blackborne Thoroton Hildyard (1821-1888) |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/thorotonhildyard/biographies/biographyofthomasblackbornethorotonhildyard(1821-1888).aspx |website=www.nottingham.ac.uk |publisher=[[The University of Nottingham]] |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> * John Downes Rochfort (1825–1885), who married [[Ruth Herbert|Louisa Ruther Herbert Maynard]], a well-known [[Victorian-era]] [[English people|English]] stage actress.<ref name="IB1887">{{cite journal |title=Family of Rochfort |journal=[[Irish Builder|Irish Builder and Engineer]] |date=1887 |page=289 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Irish_Builder_and_Engineer/IjdJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA289 |access-date=30 May 2024 |publisher=Howard MacGarvey & Sons. |language=en}}</ref> Rochfort died on 6 May 1844 and was succeeded in his estate by his eldest son [[Horace William Noel Rochfort|Horace]]. His second son, John, owned the [[Bawnboy]] estate in the parish of [[Templeport]], in the [[Barony (Ireland)|barony]] of [[Tullyhaw]], [[County Cavan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rochfort |url=https://landedestates.ie/estate/995 |website=landedestates.ies |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> ===Descendants=== Through his daughter Dorothea, he was a grandfather of [[Edward Law, 5th Baron Ellenborough]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 July 1855|title=The Morning Post}}</ref> and [[Cecil Law, 6th Baron Ellenborough]].<ref name="Dod's1901"/> Through his son Horace, he was a grandfather of Sir [[Alexander Rochfort|Alexander Nelson Rochfort]] (1850–1916), a Major-General in the [[Royal Artillery]] who served as [[Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey]].<ref name="burkegreatwar">{{cite book |title= [[Burke's Peerage|Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood]]|publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |editor= Burke, Sir Bernard |editor-link=Bernard Burke |edition=76th |year= 1914 |page= 2502|ref=Burke }}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: General Sir A. N. Rochfort |work=[[The Times]] |date=6 December 1916 |page= 12 }}</ref> Through his daughter Anne,<ref name="nottingham"/> he was a grandfather of [[Henry Hildyard|General Sir Henry Hildyard]] (1846–1916), and the great-grandfather of [[Reginald Hildyard|General Sir Reginald Hildyard]] (1876–1965).<ref name=Debrett>[https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1881londuoft#page/112/mode/2up Debretts House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1881]</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rochfort, John Staunton}} [[Category:1763 births]] [[Category:1844 deaths]] [[Category:Rochfort family|John]] [[Category:High Sheriffs of Carlow]]

2024-05-31T21:03:02Z

2024-05-31T21:03:02Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Staunton_Rochfort

1 Called Manders

Steven Manders better known by his ring name 1 Called Manders is an American professional wrestler, currently working for Major League Wrestling (MLW) where he is a former MLW World Tag Team Champion. He is also known for his time with American promotions Game Changer Wrestling (GCW), IWA Mid-South and AAW Wrestling. Manders made his professional wrestling debut in SCW Strike II, an event promoted by Scott County Wrestling on April 22, 2017, where he fell short to Joe Acer in singles competition. Among his main field promotions, Manders also shared brief or longer tenures with various other promotions from the American independent scene such as IWA Mid-South, AAW Wrestling, Beyond Wrestling and many others. Manders made his debut in IWA Mid-South at IWA Crowning A Champion 2017 on September 9, an event which hosted a tournament for the vacant IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship in which he defeated Dante Leon in singles competition outside of the tournament. He competed in one of the promotion's signature events, the Ted Petty Invitational in which he made his only appearance at the 2020 edition where he fell short to Vincent Nothing in the first rounds. Manders often works for The Wrestling Revolver, especially in cross-over events promoted alongside various other promotions. At REVOLVER x HOG, a cross-over event promoted by The Wrestling Revolver and House of Glory on April 5, 2022, Manders unsuccessfully challenged Carlos Ramirez for the Crown Jewel Championship. At REVOLVER Cage Of Horrors on Julu 9, 2022, he unsuccessfully challenged Mike bailey for the Impact X Division Championship. At REVOLVER Tales From The Ring 5, a cross-over event promoted alongside Impact Wrestling on September 17, 2022, he unsuccessfully challenged Josh Alexander for the Impact World Championship. Manders made his debut in Game Changer Wrestling at GCW – Lights Out on July 21, 2019, where he competed in a seven-way match won by Shane Mercer and also involving AJ Grey, Alex Zayne, Allie Katch, JJ Garrett and Logan Stunt. He chased for several championships promoted by GCW. At GCW Find You Again on April 22, 2022, he teamed up with Levi Everett to unsuccessfully challenge Bussy (Allie Katch and Effy) for the GCW Tag Team Championship. He competed in various signature events of the promotion. At GCW Fight Club on October 8, 2022, he teamed up with Mance Warner and Matthew Justice to defeat Wasted Youth (Jimmy Lloyd, Dyln McKay, and Marcus Mathers). In the Joey Janela's Spring Break branch of events, Manders made his debut at GCW Joey Janela's Spring Break 6 on October 18, 2023, where he competed in the traditional Clusterfuck Battle Royal, bout won by The Second Gear Crew stablrmates AJ Gray, Mance Warner and Matthew Justice, and also involving many other notable opponents such as Billie Starkz, Blake Christian, Dante Leon, Dark Sheik, Joey Janela, Josh Barnett and others. At Joey Janela's Spring Break: Clusterfuck Forever on April 8, 2024, he competed in the same type of match, this time won by Microman and also involving Nick Gage, Mike Bailey, Colin Delaney, Jordan Oliver, Man Like DeReiss, Shane Douglas and others. Manders made his debut in Major League Wrestling at War Chamber 2023 on April 6, where he teamed up with Alexander Hammerstone and "The Second Gear Crew" stablemates Mance Warner and Matthew Justice in a losing effort against The Calling (Rickey Shane Page, Delirious, Akira, and Dr. Cornwallus) in a War Chamber match. At MLW Fusion #172 on April 8, 2023 (broadcast on July 7), where he teamed up with Mance Warner to unsuccessfully challenge The Samoan SWAT Team (Juicy Finau and Lance Anoa'i) for the MLW World Tag Team Championship. At Battle Riot V on April 8, 2023, Manders competed in the traditional 40-man Battle Riot match for a future MLW World Heavyweight Championship match won by Alex Kane and also involving various other notable opponents such as Jesus Rodriguez, Willie Mack, Lince Dorado, Sam Adonis, John Morrison, and many others. At Never Say Never on July 8, 2023, Manders teamed up with Mance Warner to defeat The Calling (Delirious and Dr. Cornwallis) and The Samoan SWAT Team (Lance Anoa'i and Juicy Finau). At Fury Road on September 3, Manders competed twice in two bouts taped for MLW Fusion. In the first one, he teamed up with Matthew Justice to defeat The Calling (Cannonball and Talon), and in the second one, he fell short to Matt Cardona. At MLW Slaughterhouse on October 14, 2023, Manders unsuccessfully challenged Rickey Shane Page in a Spin the Wheel, Make the Deal: Falls Count Anywhere match for the MLW National Openweight Championship. At Fightland on November 18, 2023, Manders teamed up with Matthew Justice and defeated The Calling (Akira and Rickey Shane Page) to win he MLW World Tag Team Championship. At Kings of Colosseum on January 6, 2024, Manders and Justice successfully defended the MLW tag team titles against World Titan Federation (Tom Lawlor and Josh Bishop). At Superfight on February 3, 2024, Manders fell short to Davey Boy Smith Jr.. At Intimidation Games on February 29, 2024, Manders and Justice dropped the MLW tag team titles to Davey Bot Smith Jr. and Tom Lawlor. At War Chamber on March 29, Manders teamed up with Matthew Justice and CozyMax (Shigeo Okumura and Satoshi Kojima) in the traditional War Chamber match. At MLW Azteca Lucha on May 11, 2024, Manders and Justice fell short to Kojima and Okumura in a bout disputd for the vacant tag team titles. Manders made his debut in Westside Xtreme Wrestling at the 2023 edition of the wXw World Tag Team Festival where he teamed up with Mance Warner and fell short to Astronauts (Fuminori Abe and Takuya Nomura) in the first rounds. As for the 16 Carat Gold Tournament, he made his first appearance at the 2024 edition of the tournament where he defeated Luke Jacobs in the first rounds, Stephanie Maze in the quarterfinals, then fell short to Laurance Roman in the semifinals.

Steven Manders better known by his ring name 1 Called Manders is an American professional wrestler, currently working for Major League Wrestling (MLW) where he is a former MLW World Tag Team Champion. He is also known for his time with American promotions Game Changer Wrestling (GCW), IWA Mid-South and AAW Wrestling.

{{Use British English|date=May 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} {{short description|American professional wrestler}} {{Infobox professional wrestler |name = 1 Called Manders |image = 1 Called Manders in April 2024.jpg |caption = Manders in April 2024 |birthname = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|10|23|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=36285|title=One Called Manders • General Information|website=wrestlingdata.com|first=Axel|last=Saalbach|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> |birth_place = [[Iowa City, Iowa]] |names = {{ubl|'''One Called Manders'''<br>'''1 Called Manders'''<br>Haystack Steve<br>Steve Manders<br>Manders}} |height = 185 cm<ref name="Data">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=21981|title=Man Like DeReiss/Career Data|work=cagematch.de|language=de|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> |weight = 113 kg |resides = |billed = |trainer = [[Seth Rollins]]<br>Marek Brave |debut = 2017 |retired = }} '''Steven Manders''' better known by his [[ring name]] '''1 Called Manders''' is an American [[professional wrestler]], currently working for [[Major League Wrestling]] (MLW) where he is a former [[MLW World Tag Team Championship|MLW World Tag Team Champion]]. He is also known for his time with American promotions [[Game Changer Wrestling]] (GCW), [[IWA Mid-South]] and [[AAW Wrestling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/steve-manders-13755.html|title=Steve Manders Profile & Match Listing|work=profightdb.com|author=Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> ==Professional wrestling career== ===American independent circuit (2017–present)=== Manders made his [[professional wrestling]] debut in ''SCW Strike II'', an event promoted by Scott County Wrestling on April 22, 2017, where he fell short to Joe Acer in singles competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=176894|title=SCW Strike II|work=cagematch.de|language=de|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|date=April 22, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> Among his main field promotions, Manders also shared brief or longer tenures with various other promotions from the American independent scene such as [[IWA Mid-South]], [[AAW Wrestling]], [[Beyond Wrestling]] and many others.<ref name="Data"/> ====IWA Mid-South (2017–2020)==== Manders made his debut in [[IWA Mid-South]] at ''IWA Crowning A Champion 2017'' on September 9, an event which hosted a tournament for the vacant [[IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship]] in which he defeated [[Dante Leon (wrestler)|Dante Leon]] in singles competition outside of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=183414|title=IWA Mid-South Crowning A Champion|work=cagematch.de|language=de|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|date=September 9, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> He competed in one of the promotion's signature events, the [[Ted Petty Invitational]] in which he made his only appearance at the 2020 edition where he fell short to Vincent Nothing in the first rounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/iwa-mid-south-ted-petty-invitational-night-1-results/|title=IWA Mid-South Ted Petty Invitational Night 1 Results|work=[[411Mania]]|first=Joseph|last=Lee|date=April 24, 2021|access-date=April 25, 2021}}</ref> ====The Wrestling Revolver (2018–present)==== Manders often works for The Wrestling Revolver, especially in cross-over events promoted alongside various other promotions. At ''REVOLVER x HOG'', a cross-over event promoted by The Wrestling Revolver and [[House of Glory]] on April 5, 2022, Manders unsuccessfully challenged Carlos Ramirez for the Crown Jewel Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voicesofwrestling.com/2024/04/05/wrestling-revolver-hog-wrestling-philadelphia-april-5-review/|title=WRESTLING REVOLVER & HOG WRESTLING PHILADELPHIA (APRIL 5) REVIEW|work=voicesofwrestling.com|first=Brady|last=Trappett|date=April 5, 2022|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At ''REVOLVER Cage Of Horrors'' on Julu 9, 2022, he unsuccessfully challenged [[Mike Bailey (wrestler)|Mike Bailey]] for the [[Impact X Division Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/wrestling-revolver-cage-horrors-79-jon-moxley-ruby-soho-and-more|title=Wrestling REVOLVER Cage Of Horrors (7/9): Jon Moxley, Ruby Soho, and More|work=fightful.com|first=Noah|last=Walraven|date=July 10, 2022|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At ''REVOLVER Tales From The Ring 5'', a cross-over event promoted alongside [[Impact Wrestling]] on September 17, 2022, he unsuccessfully challenged [[Josh Alexander]] for the [[Impact World Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/wrestling-revolver-tales-from-the-ring-5-resulimpact-world-title-defended/|title=Wrestling REVOLVER Tales From The Ring 5 Results 9.17|publisher=[[411Mania]]|date=September 18, 2022|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> ====Game Changer Wrestling (2019–present)==== Manders made his debut in [[Game Changer Wrestling]] at ''GCW – Lights Out'' on July 21, 2019, where he competed in a [[Professional wrestling match types|seven-way match]] won by Shane Mercer and also involving AJ Grey, [[Alex Zayne]], [[Allie Katch]], JJ Garrett and Logan Stunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sobrosnetwork.com/2019/07/gcw-lights-out-recap/|title=GCW: Lights Out Recap|work=sobrosnetwork.com|publisher=SoBros Newtork|date=July 23, 2019|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> He chased for several championships promoted by GCW. At ''GCW Find You Again'' on April 22, 2022, he teamed up with Levi Everett to unsuccessfully challenge Bussy (Allie Katch and [[Effy (wrestler)|Effy]]) for the [[GCW Tag Team Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2022/04/gcw-find-you-again-2022-04-22-results/|title=GCW Find You Again 2022 Results (04/22) – GCW Tag Title Match, Shelley/Oliver, Janela/JWM|work=wrestlinginc.com|first=Danny|last=Wolstanholme|date=April 22, 2022|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> He competed in various signature events of the promotion. At [[GCW Fight Club (2022)|GCW Fight Club]] on October 8, 2022, he teamed up with Mance Warner and Matthew Justice to defeat Wasted Youth (Jimmy Lloyd, Dyln McKay, and Marcus Mathers).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/gcw-fight-club-night-two-results-109-joey-janela-lio-rush-mike-bailey-action|title=GCW Fight Club Night Two Results (10/9): Joey Janela, Lio Rush, Mike Bailey In Action|date=October 9, 2022|accessdate=October 9, 2022|author=Tessier, Colin|work=Fightful}}</ref> In the [[Joey Janela's Spring Break]] branch of events, Manders made his debut at ''GCW Joey Janela's Spring Break 6'' on October 18, 2023, where he competed in the traditional [[Battle_royal_(professional_wrestling)|Clusterfuck Battle Royal]], bout won by The Second Gear Crew stablrmates AJ Gray, [[Mance Warner]] and [[Matthew Justice]], and also involving many other notable opponents such as [[Billie Starkz]], [[Blake Christian]], [[Dante Leon (wrestler)|Dante Leon]], [[Dark Sheik]], [[Joey Janela]], [[Josh Barnett]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2022/04/gcw-joey-janelas-spring-break-6-part-2-results/|title=GCW Joey Janela’s Spring Break 6 Part 2 Results (04/02) – The Greatest Clusterf*** Battle Royal|work=wrestlinginc.com|first=Danny|last=Wolstanholme|date=April 2, 2022|access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref> At ''Joey Janela's Spring Break: Clusterfuck Forever'' on April 8, 2024, he competed in the same type of match, this time won by [[Microman]] and also involving [[Nick Gage]], [[Mike Bailey (wrestler)|Mike Bailey]], [[Colin Delaney]], [[Jordan Oliver (professional wrestler)|Jordan Oliver]], [[Man Like DeReiss]], [[Shane Douglas]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/joey-janela-s-spring-break-clusterfck-forever-results-46-punjabi-prison-clusterfck%3famp|title=Joey Janela's Spring Break: Clusterf*ck Forever Results (4/6): Punjabi Prison, Clusterf*ck|work=Fightful|first=Jeremy|last=Lambert|date=April 7, 2024|access-date =April 8, 2024}}</ref> ====Major League Wrestling (2023–present)==== Manders made his debut in [[Major League Wrestling]] at [[War Chamber (2023)|War Chamber 2023]] on April 6, where he teamed up with [[Alexander Hammerstone]] and "The Second Gear Crew" stablemates Mance Warner and Matthew Justice in a losing effort against [[Raven's Nest#The Calling|The Calling]] ([[Rickey Shane Page]], [[Delirious (wrestler)|Delirious]], [[Akira (American wrestler)|Akira]], and Dr. Cornwallus) in a [[WarGames match|War Chamber match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/mlw/mlw-underground-results-war-chamber/|title=MLW Underground results: War Chamber|work=f4wonline.com|first=Iain|last=Oliver|date=April 19, 2023|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At ''MLW Fusion #172'' on April 8, 2023 (broadcast on July 7), where he teamed up with Mance Warner to unsuccessfully challenge [[The Samoan SWAT Team ]] (Juicy Finau and [[Lance Anoa'i]]) for the [[MLW World Tag Team Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/winfrees-mlw-fusion-ep-172-review-7-06-23/|title=Winfree's MLW: Fusion (Ep. 172) Review 7.06.23|work=411mania.com|publisher=[[411Mania]]|date=July 6, 2023|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At [[Battle Riot V]] on April 8, 2023, Manders competed in the traditional 40-man [[Battle Riot match]] for a future [[MLW World Heavyweight Championship]] match won by [[Alex Kane]] and also involving various other notable opponents such as [[Ricardo Rodriguez (wrestler)|Jesus Rodriguez]], [[Willie Mack]], [[Lince Dorado]], [[Sam Adonis]], [[John Morrison (wrestler)|John Morrison]], and many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/mlw/mlw-underground-results-battle-riot-v/|title=MLW Underground results: Battle Riot V|work=f4wonline.com|first=Iain|last=Oliver|date=April 26, 2023|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At [[Never Say Never (2023)|Never Say Never]] on July 8, 2023, Manders teamed up with Mance Warner to defeat The Calling (Delirious and Dr. Cornwallis) and The Samoan SWAT Team (Lance Anoa'i and Juicy Finau).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwmania.com/mlws-never-say-never-results-july-8-2023|title=MLW Never Say Never Results – July 8, 2023|work=pwmania.com|first=Rich|last=Michaels|date=July 8, 2023|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At [[Fury Road (2023)|Fury Road]] on September 3, Manders competed twice in two bouts taped for ''MLW Fusion''. In the first one, he teamed up with Matthew Justice to defeat The Calling (Cannonball and Talon), and in the second one, he fell short to [[Matt Cardona]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/09/03/mlw-fury-road-results-powells-review-of-alex-kane-vs-willie-mack-for-the-mlw-heavyweight-championship-jacob-fatu-vs-rickey-shane-page-in-a-weapons-of-mass-destruction-match-for-the-mlw-natio/|title=MLW "Fury Road" results: Powell's review of Alex Kane vs. Willie Mack for the MLW Heavyweight Championship, Jacob Fatu vs. Rickey Shane Page in a Weapons of Mass Destruction match for the MLW National Openweight Title|work=prowrestling.net|first=Jason|last=Powell|date=September 3, 2023|access-date=September 4, 2023}}</ref> At [[MLW Slaughterhouse]] on October 14, 2023, Manders unsuccessfully challenged [[Rickey Shane Page]] in a [[Spin the Wheel, Make the Deal]]: [[Falls Count Anywhere match]] for the [[MLW National Openweight Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sescoops.com/results/mlw-slaughterhouse-results-alex-kane-vs-tom-lawlor-minoru-suzuki-vs-jacob-fatu|title=MLW Slaughterhouse Results: Alex Kane vs. Tom Lawlor, Minoru Suzuki vs. Jacob Fatu|work=sescoops.com|first=Tyriece|last=Simon|date=October 14, 2023|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At [[Fightland (2023)|Fightland]] on November 18, 2023, Manders teamed up with Matthew Justice and defeated [[Raven's Nest#The Calling|The Calling]] ([[Akira (American wrestler)|Akira]] and [[Rickey Shane Page]]) to win he [[MLW World Tag Team Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/2023/11/20/23968539/mlw-fightland-recap-review-alex-kane-jacob-fatu-world-champ-hammerstone-cardona-wtf|title=MLW Fightland recap & reactions: World champ Alex Kane & Jacob Fatu battle for over 45 minutes|work=cagesideseats.com|first=Manolo|last=Has Pizzazz|date=November 20, 2023|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At [[Kings of Colosseum (2024)|Kings of Colosseum]] on January 6, 2024, Manders and Justice successfully defended the MLW tag team titles against World Titan Federation ([[Tom Lawlor]] and Josh Bishop).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2024/01/07/mlw-kings-of-colosseum-results-matt-riddle-vs-jacob-fatu/|title=MLW Kings Of Colosseum Results: Matt Riddle vs. Jacob Fatu|work=postwrestling.com|first=John|last=Siino|date=April 7, 2024|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> At [[SuperFight (2024)|Superfight]] on February 3, 2024, Manders fell short to [[Davey Boy Smith Jr.]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2024/02/04/mlw-superfight-results-alex-kane-vs-satoshi-kojima-jacob-fatu-vs-yuji-nagata/|title=MLW SuperFight Results: Alex Kane vs. Satoshi Kojima, Jacob Fatu vs. Yuji Nagata|work=Post Wrestling|first=John|last=Siino|date=February 4, 2024|access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> At [[Intimidation Games (2024)|Intimidation Games]] on February 29, 2024, Manders and Justice dropped the MLW tag team titles to Davey Bot Smith Jr. and Tom Lawlor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlezone.com/news/1449695-mlw-intimidation-games-results-february-29-2024-satoshi-kojima-defends-against-minoru-suzuki|title=MLW Intimidation Games Results – February 29, 2024: Satoshi Kojima Defends Against Minoru Suzuki|work=wrestlezone.com|first=Matt|last=Black|date=February 29, 2024|access-date=March 1, 2024}}</ref> At [[War Chamber (2024)|War Chamber]] on March 29, Manders teamed up with Matthew Justice and CozyMax ([[Shigeo Okumura]] and [[Satoshi Kojima]]) in the traditional [[WarGames match|War Chamber match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/03/29/mlw-war-chamber-results-3-29-vetters-review-of-satoshi-kojima-matthew-justice-1-called-manders-and-okumura-vs-tom-lawlor-davey-boy-smith-jr-richard-holliday-and-josh-bishop-in-a-war-c/|title=MLW "War Chamber" results (3/29): Vetter's review of Satoshi Kojima, Matthew Justice, 1 Called Manders, and Okumura vs. Tom Lawlor, Davey Boy Smith Jr., Richard Holliday, and Josh Bishop in a War Chamber match|first=Chris|last=Vetter|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=March 29, 2024}}</ref> At [[MLW Azteca Lucha]] on May 11, 2024, Manders and Justice fell short to Kojima and Okumura in a bout disputd for the vacant tag team titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/05/13/mlw-azteca-lucha-results-5-11-vetters-review-of-mistico-vs-barbaro-cavernario-star-jr-and-fuego-vs-averno-and-magnus-matt-riddle-vs-joshua-bishop/|title=MLW “Azteca Lucha” results (5/11): Vetter’s review of Mistico vs. Barbaro Cavernario, Star Jr. and Fuego vs. Averno and Magnus, Matt Riddle vs. Joshua Bishop|first=Chris|last=Vetter|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=May 13, 2024|access-date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> ===European independent circuit (2023–present)=== ====Westside Xtreme Wrestling (2023; 2024)==== Manders made his debut in [[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]] at the 2023 edition of the ''wXw World Tag Team Festival'' where he teamed up with Mance Warner and fell short to Astronauts ([[Fuminori Abe]] and [[Takuya Nomura (wrestler)|Takuya Nomura]]) in the first rounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwenetworknews.com/2023/11/28/wxw-world-tag-team-festival-night-1-quick-results-feat-first-round-tournament-matches-and-the-final-arrow/|title=WXW WORLD TAG TEAM FESTIVAL NIGHT 1 QUICK RESULTS FEAT. FIRST ROUND TOURNAMENT MATCHES AND THE FINAL ARROW|work=wwenetworknews.com|author=Jordi|date=November 28, 2023|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> As for the [[16 Carat Gold Tournament]], he made his first appearance at the 2024 edition of the tournament where he defeated [[Luke Jacobs]] in the first rounds, Stephanie Maze in the quarterfinals, then fell short to [[Laurance Roman]] in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wxw-wrestling.com/pages/posts/Erste-Infos-zu-wXw-16-Carat-Gold-2024-8872.php|title= ERSTE INFOS ZU wXw 16 CARAT GOLD 2024|work=wxw-wrestling.com|publisher=[[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]]|language=de|access-date=March 7, 2024}}</ref> ==Championships and accomplishments== *'''[[AAW Wrestling]]''' **[[AAW Tag Team Championship]] ([[AAW Tag Team Championship#Title history|1 time]]) – with Matthew Justice<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/il/aaw/aaw-t.html|title=All American Wrestling Tag Team Title|work=wrestling-titles.com|author=Wrestling Titles|access-date=April 15, 2024}}</ref> *'''ACTION Wrestling''' **ACTION Championship (1 time, current) *'''H2O Wrestling: Hardcore Hustle Organization''' **H2O Heavyweight Championship (1 time) **H2O Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ryan Redfield *'''[[Major League Wrestling]]''' **[[MLW World Tag Team Championship]] ([[MLW World Tag Team Championship#Title history|1 time]]) – with [[Matthew Justice]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/mlw/mlw-t.html|title=Major League Wrestling World Tag Team Title|work=wrestling-titles.com|author=''Wrestling Titles''|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> *'''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]''''' **Ranked No. 163 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[PWI 500]]'' of 2023<ref name="PWI2023">{{cite web|url=https://tjrwrestling.net/news/complete-2023-pwi-500-list-revealed-top-njpw-star-absent/|title=Complete 2023 PWI 500 List Revealed, Top NJPW Star Absent|work=tjrwrestling.net|first=Sondra|last=Ruth|date=14 September 2023|access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref> **Ranked No. 35 of the top 100 tag teams in the ''[[PWI Tag Team 100]]'' of 2023 – with Matthew Justice and Mance Warner *'''The Wrestling Revolver''' **PWR Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Matthew Justice and [[Mance Warner]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes |list1= {{AAW Tag Team Championship}} {{MLW World Tag Team Championship}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Manders, 1 Called}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century male professional wrestlers]] [[Category:American male professional wrestlers]] [[Category:American professional wrestlers]] [[Category:American sportspeople]] [[Category:People from Iowa City, Iowa]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Iowa City, Iowa]] [[Category:AAW Tag Team Champions]] [[Category:MLW World Tag Team Champions]]

2024-05-31T21:12:19Z

2024-05-31T21:40:28Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Called_Manders

FSIV

FSIV may refer to:

FSIV may refer to: FastStone Image Viewer Fast Supply Intervention Vessel, a type of platform supply vessel

'''FSIV''' may refer to: * [[FastStone Image Viewer]] * Fast Supply Intervention Vessel, a type of [[platform supply vessel]] {{dab}}

2024-05-31T21:14:20Z

2024-05-31T21:14:20Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSIV

Jean de Vivonne

Jean de Vivonne, seigneur de Saint-Gouard and marquis de Pisani (c. 1530–7 October 1599) was a French soldier, governor, courtier and diplomat during the final years of the Italian Wars and throughout the French Wars of Religion. Starting his military service at the age of 15, he participated in the siege of Mariembourg in 1554 against the Imperial (Holy Roman) forces, and was briefly made captive. He then fought in several campaigns in Italia under the leading commanders of the day before the peace of 1559. In the first French War of Religion he fought at the climactic battle of Dreux. In the coming years he would participate in the major battles of Saint-Denis, Jarnac and Moncontour. In 1571 he received a break in his recognition when he gained stature through a mission he conducted to the Papal States that secured the release of a French subject condemned by the inquisition, succeeding through an audacious and aggressive style in intimidating the Pope. The following year, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace the long serving ambassador to España the baron de Fourquevaux. He was confronted immediately by several crises in relations between France and España, chief among them covert French involvement in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Saint-Gouard fruitlessly tried to convince king Felipe II of the innocence of the French crown in the affair. He faced much anger in España after the French candidate for the throne of the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), the king's brother the duc d'Anjou bested the Spanish candidate. A little while later the French king died and was succeeded by the duc d'Anjou who took the name Henri III. On his return to France, Henri was confronted by a new civil war which would involve the rebellion of his brother the duc d'Alençon. Alençon dispatched an agent to the Spanish court to negotiate with Felipe. Saint-Gouard tried to frustate the agents negotiations, largely unsuccessfully. Efforts to convince Felipe of French good intentions in Spanish Nederland would continue in the late 1570s, and would become more complex as Alençon increasingly involved himself in the territory. This would culminate in 1580 with the princes establishment as a replacement king for Felipe in the rebel held territory. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe Henri opposed Alençon's designs in Nederland. Relations between the two countries would be most seriously tested in the crisis of Portuguese succession after the death of the king without heir. Felipe asserted his rights to the crown, and invaded Portugal, establishing himself in Lisboa. Saint-Gouard intrigued to frustrate Felipe's hold on the kingdom without success. He met with the king in Lisboa and increasingly weared on the king and his advisers. This climaxed after the French crown sent an expedition to seize the Açores in 1582. That same year he was relieved of his responsibilities in España after ten years, ending his residency by trying to engineer the torching of the Spanish fleet in Lisboa. Back in France, Saint-Gouard was rewarded with induction into the king's new most senior chivalric order and the post of governor of Saintonge in 1583. When the following year the ambassador to the Papal States, Paul de Foix died, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace him. Arriving in the territory in March 1585 he enjoyed a combative relationship with the new pope, Sixtus V. This culminated in his expulsion from the Papal States after he vigorously supported his king's decision to refuse to receive the new Papal Nuncio. His return would be facilitated in 1586, and as a reward for his services, Henri erected the marquisate of Pisani in his favour. Over the following years he would defend his king against challenges to his Catholicity, and push the Pope to condemn the resurgent Catholic Ligue (League) which had re-emerged after the death of Alençon with Henri's heir now a Protestant, an unacceptable state of affairs to the members. The crisis between the French crown and the Catholic ligue would explode in December 1588 with the assassination of the duc de Guise, leader of the ligue and his brother the cardinal de Guise. The Pope was enraged that a cardinal had been murdered. Pisani and his ally the cardinal de Joyeuse would desperately try to stop the Pope employing radical action against Henri. However, after Henri entered into alliance with his Protestant heir, Sixtus issued a monitoire threatening to excommunicate Henri unless certain conditions were met. At this time Pisani withdrew from Roma. After the assassination of Henri III and succession of the king of Navarre as Henri IV, Pisani would be among the royalist Catholics who stood by the Protestant king. He received a final further honour in 1596 when he was made the governor of the heir to the French throne the prince de Condé. He died three years later, leaving his lands to his daughter, the celebrated marquise de Rambouillet. Jean de Vivonne was born around 1530 in Aunis, the son of Artus de Vivonne and Catherine de Brémond. His parents had married in 1519. His father Artus served the French crown during the Italian Wars, meanwhile his mother was in the entourage of the queen mother Louise. While Jean would have many siblings, only one had descendants, Marie de Vivonne. He came from the junior branch of an old family (recorded from the latter 11th century) established in the Saintonge and Angoumois. The family enjoyed many connections to great noble families such as the: Montmorency, Chabot, Rochechouart, La Rochefoucauld, Clisson, Saint-Gelais and Lusignan. Jena de Vivonne, as a member of the noblesse seconde (upper crust of the provincial nobility) was an anchor of royal authority in Saintonge and a conduit between the crown and the local nobility. It was useful for the king to have men such as Jean to aid his control in a region far from his authority and racked by religious divisions during the civil wars. In addition to his seigneurie of Saint-Gouard, and baronie, then marquisate of Pisany, Jean de Vivonne was also the sieur de Ramades, Foyes, Pessines, Les Comes and La Croix-Blance. After his return to court in 1582 rumour swirled at court of his marriage to a fashionable woman of the court named mademoiselle de Vitry. However, Saint-Gouard was happy to remain simply a lover of hers. In 1587 he secured an excellent marriage (enabled by his recent establishment as the marquis de Pisani) to a young widow of a very noble Roman family named Julia Savelli, who had been married to Ludovico Orsini prior to his execution by the senato di Venezia (senate of Venezia). The marriage contract between the two was signed on 22 September 1587, with the marriage itself celebrated in the church of Sant'Eustachio in Roma on 8 November. Jean de Vivonne and Julia Savelli would have the following issue: His wife and daughter would join him in France during the final years of his life. Julia would be naturalised as French in 1593. As concerns his youthful education little is known though he had a greater taste for being a 'valiant gentleman' than he did for reading. The historian Ribera highlights that he would have spent much of his youth participating in festivals and hunts. Saint-Gouard enjoyed the privilege of being an enfant d'honneur, meaning that he was raised alongside the royal princes. He first took a role in combat at the age of 15 in 1545 with responsibility for carrying an arquebus. A few years later when he reached 18 he participated in his first real campaign. Saint-Gouard fought in the siege of Mariembourg during the French campaign of 1554–1555. He was to bring supplies to the fortification. In this campaign he was wounded and briefly experienced Imperial captivity. He fought under the command of the maréchal (marshal) de Strozzi during the latter's campaign in Toscana, then with the duc de Guise during his 1557 campaign into the peninsula. He was with Guise in Roma which he had come to at the call of Pope Paul IV so that he might campaign into Napoli. This campaign made a great impression on Saint-Gouard. After this he was in Piemonte where he fought under the authority of maréchal de Brissac. After the French kings surrendered their claims to the Italian peninsula, the combat moved to the domestic sphere, as France's problems became internal. During the first French War of Religion he participated in the only major field battle of the war at the royal victory of Dreux in December 1562. With the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (Ottoman Empire) putting Malta to siege in 1565, certain French seigneurs rushed to join the defence of the island bastion. In this they were responding to a call for aid from the grand master Valette. Among those joining the defenders on the walls were the sons of maréchal de Brissac, and maréchal de Strozzi, and Saint-Gouard. In total around 300 French gentleman and 800 soldiers would arrive at Malta. They would however, only arrive after the siege had ended. Nevertheless the Osmanlı government was greatly perturbed at this development, and Catherine sought to sooth their anger through condemning those nobles who had rushed to join the defence of Malta and banishing those who had made the journey. This punishment was however aimed at seeing them return to France. Saint-Gouard fought in the major engagement of the battle of Saint-Denis during the second French War of Religion. During this battle the Connétable de France (Constable of France) Montmorency was killed. In the short peace between the second and third French civil wars, Saint-Gouard undertook his first diplomatic mission when he was made an extraordinary ambassador to Spanish Nederland. Saint-Gouard was involved in all the major battles of the Third French War of Religion (1568–1570|third French War of Religion]]. He fought at the royal victory of Jarnac in 1568 at which the Protestant prince de Condé was executed. At the royal victory of Moncontour in 1569 he was seriously injured. Saint-Gouard was entrusted with the military responsibility of being capitaine de cinquante hommes d'armes des ordonnances du roi (captain of 50 men-at-arms in the royal ordinance company). In the winter of 1571, at the age of 40, Saint-Gouard returned to diplomatic service when he undertook an extraordinary diplomatic mission to the Holy See for the purpose of securing the release from captivity of the comte de Caiazzo, a servant of the French crown who had been put before the Inquisition under suspicion of 'heresy'. Saint-Gouard approached Pope Pius V with haughty resolve on the matter. He reminded the Pope that Caiazzo as a French subject was within the jurisdiction of the king of France, and as such must be released. Pius responded that he was surprised to see Charles was so interested in the fate of a 'heretic'. Three days later Saint-Gouard returned and declared his patience to be at an end, if he were not sated within three days he would look to 'extreme measures'. With this deadline having come and gone he burst in on the Pope without having requested an audience to declare that he was leaving Roma, which he then did. After his departure Pius lost his temper at the behaviour of the ambassador, accusing him of drunkenness. Nevertheless it seemed that a diplomatic rupture between Roma and France was imminent and there was fear to this effect in Roma. Thus Caiazzo was released. His success against the 'formidable' Pius V in this effort greatly elevated his profile, with Ribera describing the episode as 'bringing him out of the shadows'. To maintain face, Saint-Gouard was asked not to report his explosion with the Pope. According to the English ambassador, when back in France, shortly before his departure to España, Saint-Gouard involved himself in a Catholic plot. Upon the arrival of the Protestant amiral de Coligny at court, Saint-Gouard was intending to surprise and destroy him. However this did not transpire. In early 1572 he was sent to España for the purpose of congratulating the Spanish king Felipe II on the birth of his son Fernando. He arrived in the country on 23 February 1572. Felipe received him four days later and he made a good impression on the monarch. He was presented to Felipe by the current French ambassador to España, the baron de Fourquevaux and it was agreed that Saint-Gouard would succeed him in the difficult post. Saint-Gouard was provided with several specific instructions beyond the maintenance of peace and defence of French royal policy. He was to investigate Spanish preparations for war and angrily protest against the build up of forces by the duque de Alba (duke of Alba) on the French border in Vlaaderen. Fourquevaux had advised the crown to select a 'man of experience' as his replacement, as after the death of the queen of España, Catherine's daughter, in 1568 the ambassador had been forced to operate alone in the defence of France. The crown thus turned to Saint-Gouard as a man of the appropriate temperament and military spirit to fill the charge. His credentials were issued by the court on 19 January. Fourquevaux expressed his great pleasure at the choice. His residency of 10 and a half years in España would be the fifth longest French diplomatic mission of his time, behind the ambassadorships of du Ferrier to Venezia (11.5 years), Jean de Liverdis to the Swiss Grauer Bund - Grey League (14.5 years), Guillaume Ancel to the Holy Roman Empire (17.5 years) and Danzay to Danmark (21 years). As the latter decades of the sixteenth-century wore on ambassadorships trended towards longer and longer periods. In this office Saint-Gouard would be a subject of correspondence for Catherine, the queen mother. In total 53 letters survive from Catherine to Saint-Gouard covering both his roles in Madrid, and in Roma, an average of one every 96 days. She would be a considerable correspondent for him in turn, receiving 85 of his letters. Only three letters from Catherine to Saint-Gouard survive for the period 1572–1580. Gellard argues from this that given the regularity of her correspondence we have for the 1560s, this likely reflects a low survival rate of the queen's communication with her ambassador as opposed to a ceasing of communication. Nevertheless, the historian notes it is quite possible the death of the queen of España, Catherine's daughter |Élisabeth in 1568 would have caused a decrease in the quantity of communication. Correspondence with the queen mother was official diplomatic correspondence, and would be conducted in tandem with the correspondence to the king. Letters from each, and to each often composed the diplomatic 'packet' that the ambassador received and sent out to the French court. Despite this, the historian Ribera sees Catherine's role as a diplomatic correspondent becoming more secondary during Saint-Gouard's tenure in España, with the letters to her become more sparse in detail, with the understanding king Henri III was to confide the more elaborate details to her. Gellard disagrees with Ribera as to the simplicity of the correspondence imparted to Catherine. In his capacity as ambassador, Saint-Gouard would be unflappable in his devotion to both the king (first Charles, and then Henri) and the queen mother Catherine. In addition to his regular correspondence with the king and Catherine, Saint-Gouard would also exchange letters with the king's brother the duc d'Anjou (the future Henri III) in the early 1570s and with the sécretaire d'État (secretary of state) the seigneur de Villeroy the latter of whom was the recipient of 10% of his correspondence. During the reign of Henri III, Villeroy assumes the position of de-facto minister of foreign affairs, hence his elevation as an important correspondent for Saint-Gouard. By the time of Saint-Gouard's successor Longlée's mission in España a quarter of diplomatic correspondence would be sent to Villeroy. Around a half of Saint-Gouard's correspondence back to France would be encrypted. This represented an acceleration on prior practice which only furthered as the sixteenth-century wore on. The encrypted letters were primarily the ones sent to Henri, whilst those sent to Catherine and Villeroy were only ciphered in exceptional circumstances. In 1574 Saint-Gouard's entourage would be compromised by an agent of the Spanish kings who delivered all the ambassador's secrets to Felipe. This is the only example of such an act of subterfuge in the period subject to Gellard's study (1559-1589). Despite the security concerns he had, on occasion, Saint-Gouard would take advantage of the movement of Spanish diplomatic missions to provide his messages to Spanish couriers, thus he provided correspondence in November 1581 to the new Spanish ambassador to France to take with him to the French court. As ambassador to España, Saint-Gouard was to enjoy an income of 18,000 livres annually. During his tenure in España, Saint-Gouard frequently complained that both his income and his expenses went unpaid by the French crown. Only six months into his residence he complained of his financial situation and asked to receive recall. It was too early for the French court to consider such a course of action. He renewed his campaign for relief in February 1574 explaining that he could not properly carry out his responsibilities due to his paucity of resources. It was explained to him by the court that he might receive reward on the death of the cardinale d'Este (cardinal d'Este). Saint-Gouard was shocked by this promise and abhorred the possibility that he might have to look forward to the cardinale's death. Instead he looked to receive an abbey that had become vacant, however it was granted to the maréchal de Biron instead. He complained to Charles of this 'disfavour' reminding the king of the services he had given to the crown. Over time his situation worsened and his apprehension towards his creditors in España bloomed. In periods of financial difficult he was embarrassed to show himself in front of the Spanish ministers, as he could not represent his rank properly. In 1580 he protested to Henri that he was completely ruined in terms of his finances to the point of no longer being able to endure his role as an ambassador. According to Saint-Gouard he was owed around 75,000 livres by the crown at the start of 1580. While in Portugal in January 1582, he wrote to Henri that his creditors in Madrid had lost their patience with him. The king endeavoured to provide him ecclesiastical benefices. In addition to financial complaints, Saint-Gouard complained in September 1580 that his ambassadorship was akin to a disgrace in which he was 'poor and miserable'. He opined that his 'disgrace' in 'exile' would feel less sore if it had been possible to experience it in France, as opposed to on the diplomatic stage where he was exposed and humiliated in front of everyone. In part the large number of complaints were a product of rhetoric, money did sometimes arrive from court and when it did not it could be supplemented with offices. As ambassador he was subject to the hostility of Spanish public opinion towards France. This distaste for France was directed at him personally. For example the corregidor of Madrid refused to provide food to Saint-Gouard's maître d'hôtel and insisted that if Saint-Gouard wished for it that he should collect it personally. Saint-Gouard complained to a Spanish secratario (secretary) of the humiliations inflicted on him by the corregidor and protested that he would have to inform Henri that rather than a man he had sent a slave as an ambassador. On occasion Saint-Gouard would be compelled to draw his sword on the street to defend himself. Spaniards came to jeer at him outside his residence. Beyond the hostility he personally experienced, Saint-Gouard observed broader anti-French hostility. For example Saint-Gouard complained of the arrest of French people in Valencia despite them having been given letters of safe conduct by Felipe. Despite paying money as a guarantee, they remained in prison without food or the ability to defend themselves. He made a new complaint on similar grounds to Felipe in 1576 about the arrest of French merchants in Cartagena. He accused the Spanish of arresting ships crews solely because they were French, sequestering their property and leaving people in prison to die of brutal treatment. Saint-Gouard found Felipe a difficult man to read, opining to the duc d'Anjou in July 1572 that Felipe was 'taciturn and inscrutable'. Both he and his court were well versed in keeping their opinion secret. By the end of his residency, Saint-Gouard found Felipe to be 'tired and aged'. As for the Spanish ministers, Saint-Gouard held little appreciation for them, seeing them as hypocrites who were proud in their manners, and arrogant. Saint-Gouard viewed the Spanish as 'haughty and contemptuous', further adding that if he looked like them he would never appear in public. In his dealings with Felipe, Saint-Gouard adopted a far more combatative attitude than his three predecessors as ambassador (Fourquevaux, Saint-Sulpice and the bishop of Limoges). He was little interested in contorting himself for the benefit of Felipe's style. Felipe thus preferred to negotiate with him through written memoranda that Saint-Gouard would submit to him. Saint-Gouard conceded to providing memoranda to the Spanish king on the condition he would still be able to meet with the king frequently. Not overly diplomatic in nature, Saint-Gouard participated in brawls and 'thrashed his enemies with his cane'. He informed the king of these episodes. At the start of his residency, Saint-Gouard lodged himself in the house of Juan de Medrano. He was immediately put under Spanish surveillance. Ribera characterises his treatment as a de facto 'quarantine'. His greeting more generally was cold and reluctant, coming as it did during a period of French policy that was viewed disfavourably in España. By now relations between France and España were beginning to transform from happy courtesies towards open combat. In the first year of his tenure he was faced with several crises in Franco-Spanish relations. Felipe convinced the Pope to refuse dispensation for the royal marriage of the Protestant king of Navarre to the king's sister Marguerite, a key component of securing the longevity of the peace that brought the third war of religion to a close. In his eyes the marriage was an aberration in that it united the family of the Roi Très-chrétien (Most Christian King) with the Protestants. In April the Spanish secretario Gabriel de Zayas [es] offered to aid the finding of a more suitable husband for Marguerite, Saint-Gouard proudly responded that in France, woman did not need help in finding their husbands. Meanwhile French Protestants offered aid to rebels against Spanish authority in Nederland. The ambassador would propose the advancing of the timetable for the execution of several French subjects who had been captured in the territory. Further a fleet was assembled in La Rochelle that was suspected of being brought together for operations against Spanish colonial possessions. When Zayas brought him accusations from a spy that France was establishing a league against España and had armed 60 merchant ships to this effect, Saint-Gouard ridiculed him. The ambassador retorted the spy was misinformed, and it was in fact 4–5,000 merchant ships, and that Zayas' spy lacked any credibility. In April the French entered into a defensive agreement with the English, this was further proof to Felipe that France intended to unite Europe against España. Through all this, Saint-Gouard had to keep the two kingdoms at peace with one another. In turbulent interviews with the Spanish royal secretario Zayas he claimed the French king Charles was not involved in any anti-Spanish actions. Felipe for his part, was not fooled by the protests of innocence of involvement the French offered and was well aware of French participation in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Nevertheless he advised his ambassador that as long as the French maintained the façade of being uninvolved, they would pretend to believe the French crown. In July, the Spanish ambassador noted with concern that 10,000 were massed on the border with Nederland. Panic dominated Madrid, with rumours of French troop levies. Felipe maintained his cool, arguing that if the French intrigues with the Dutch rebels were successful they would throw down their mask and embrace the cause openly, while if it was a failure the 'double game' would continue. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that the king had adopted a new pro-Spanish policy that would please the Spanish king, but the situation on the ground continued to contradict him. Saint-Gouard was greatly embarrassed when word reached España of the defeat of the French force under the command of the sieur de Genlis which had invaded Nederland in the hopes of relieving the Spanish siege of Mons. Though the French crown denied involvement in Genlis' expedition, compromising papers were found which discussed future provisions to Genlis. On 19 July the duque de Alba provided papers on Genlis' person dated to April allegedly from the French king to the Dutch rebel leader van Nassau. Charles instructed Saint-Gouard to congratulate Felipe on his victory. In a difficult position, Saint-Gouard first wrote to Felipe explaining how the Protestants had gathered on the French border against the king's express order under the command of the 'madman' Genlis. Saint-Gouard then congratulated the Spanish king on providing suitable 'chastisement' to the rebel Protestants. In the audience with Felipe, he again defended Charles' innocence. Felipe abandoned his usual subdued demeanour, humiliating Saint-Gouard by asking him to recount the course of events several times on the pretext that his ambassador in Paris had written him a very jumbled account. He then announced it was time for Charles to see his real enemy at last, those who were against god. On 27 August Saint-Gouard reported to the Spanish king that Charles was going to carefully guard the border. This occasioned a sarcastic reply from Felipe who warned of the troubles that resulted from unreliable border guards. News of the St Bartholomew's Day massacre was greeted with delight by the Spanish king Felipe II. At a time of great discredit with the Spanish crown, Saint-Gouard found the French now subject to enthusiasm and great sympathy in España. Receiving word on 7 September from one of his agents in France Felipe went to a monastery to hear 'Te Deums' in celebration. Saint-Gouard received news of the massacre from the Spanish king, and made a good face of sharing his pleasure at the news. Unlike the French ambassador in Venezia who reacted with horror at word of the massacres, Saint-Gouard expressed no shock. The ambassador was uninterested in discussing morality or justice, devoted instead to the matter of obedience to the crown. He assured the Spanish king he had no cause to distrust Charles and that this massacre had been planned for a long time, which Felipe in his delight accepted. There were many strategic advantage to España from the massacres, with the elimination of amiral de Coligny the architect of French support for the rebels in Nederland. Further the event weakened Protestantism in France and offered the prospect of diplomatically isolating the rival kingdom from England and the Protestant German princes. Despite the Spanish pleasure at the unfolding of an anti-Protestant massacre, this could not entirely paper over the displeasure of the Spanish crown at the marriage of Navarre and Marguerite. It would only be on 12 September that Saint-Gouard received his instructions as related to the massacre. This slow delivery of the information to Saint-Gouard laid bare the disarray in the royal court. Word from the French court explained the course of events more precisely: the massacre was not premeditated but rather a by-product of the failed assassination of Admiral Coligny. The Spanish ambassador informed Felipe that there was nothing pre-meditated about the massacre and it was ordered as a response to the Protestant threat. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to maintain the illusion of a crown that was in charge. He was unable to convince anyone that the massacres had been planned for a long time, with people sneering at him for the 'indecisive' policy of the French crown. The ambassador noted sadly to Charles that the Spanish wished to deprive the king of the glory he deserved. Charles likewise complained to Saint-Gouard that people were saying the policy had transpired 'by chance'. Catherine wrote to Felipe gratefully that she and her son had been able to fight off the Protestant conspiracy against them. Eager to seize the moment she proposed a marriage between the duc d'Anjou and Felipe's daughter Isabel. Around this time, Anjou wrote to Saint-Gouard optimistic that the recent massacre might see the king properly obeyed by those who had 'deceitfully become his companions' who from now on would not seek to defy their kings wishes. Saint-Gouard opined that the massacre had elevated French prestige in the eyes of the Spanish. This honeymoon was short-lived, and the people of Madrid quickly began questioning the French policy. Charles wrote to Saint-Gouard assuring him of his desire to maintain a friendship with the English queen. Saint-Gouard for his part enthusiastically championed a proposal for the Portuguese to conquer an empire in the Indies for France, seeing it as a method to counterbalance Spanish power. By now France was embroiled in a new civil war and had little ability to follow through on such a proposal. The king's brother the duc d'Anjou was elected as king of the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) on 11 May 1573. To secure this position he had to compete with a Spanish backed candidate: the erzherzog von Österreich (archduke of Österreich). To support his candidate Felipe had poured in around 600,000 écus (crowns) according to Saint-Gouard. Saint-Gouard received word of Anjou's victory on 8 June, but was disappointed to find that Felipe was not in Madrid as he had wanted to taunt him. When he attained an audience with Felipe later in the month the Spanish king declared himself greatly pleased to learn of the election of Anjou. Nevertheless was thus much anger about the French victory in the election in España and rumours swirled in the country (fed by the Spanish ambassador in Paris) that the duc d'Anjou did not wish to assume the mantle of the Commonwealth's kingship, seeing the post as an 'exile'. Saint-Gouard was left to face off against this hostility and received word from Charles that Anjou had departed to take up his new charge in the hopes that this would combat the Spanish rumours. The ambassador proposed distributing notice of the election to impress upon the Spanish who he felt were full of presumption, that the whole world was not at their feet. In the regency government of Catherine after the death of Charles and before Anjou (now Henri III) could return from the Commonwealth to France, Catherine became the sole conduit for diplomatic correspondence from Saint-Gouard. The period between the kingships was a delicate one for Saint-Gouard, as Henri made his way back through Italia to France. He faced off mocking jeers from those who noted Henri's leisurely return through Italia while his kingdom awaited him. Several events threatened the embassy of Saint-Gouard in 1574. His stables were stormed by an angry crowd in December who shouted insults against France. During the invasion one of his grooms lost their leg. On another occasion also in December one of his men was attacked in the street. Saint-Gouard and a few servants rushed to his aid and a melee ensued. The following day the door of his ambassadorial residence was forced by an alcalde (mayor) and a group of soldiers who proceeded to arrest two young boys and a groom from his stable, taking them off to prison. Saint-Gouard dispatched his sécretaire to demand justice for this iniquity, but instead of attaining anything he was threatened with having more of his servants seized. Saint-Gouard thus appealed directly to Felipe. In 1576 a Parisian lawyer named Jean David made his way back from Roma (possibly after a meeting with the Pope) in the retinue of the bishop of Paris. On route he died in Lyon, and papers were allegedly discovered on his person by the authorities that argued the descendants of Hugues Capet had been abandoned by god and had fallen into degeneracy (i.e. Henri III), while the descendants of Charlemagne (including the house of Lorraine-Guise) were flourishing in body and spirit. It followed that the duc de Guise wished to establish himself as king. The text spread around the capital but for the moment the king did not view it as a serious threat. According to the contempotary historian de Thou, Henri had received a copy of the treasonous text from his ambassador Saint-Gouard, who in turn had discovered it after it was sent by the Pope to Felipe. Thus both the Papacy and the Spanish crown were implicated in the conspiracy. The authenticity of the text is disputed, with some arguing that it may have been manufactured to justify the 1588 assassination of the duc de Guise by arguing that he had been engaged in anti-Valois plans for over ten years. Felipe for his part would have seen advantage in providing to Saint-Gouard a text which could cause factional instability in France. During the years 1576 and 1577, the king's brother the duc d'Alençon and the Protestant king of Navarre both undertook negotiations with Felipe through the agent Claude du Bourg (brother of the Protestant martyr Anne du Bourg). Du Bourg first arrived in España in the final days of April 1576 in the covert services of Alençon. Du Bourg was to meet with Felipe on Alençon's behalf. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to combat these negotiations. Alençon's representative arrived in Madrid on 20 May. Saint-Gouard needed to employ tact in how he handled the representative, as Alençon was the heir apparent to the throne and also presently in rebellion against Henri. To this end he decided to consider du Bourg to be an imposter so that he was not operating in direct opposition to the king's brother. He warned the secretario Zayas that du Bourg should not be received, but nevertheless Felipe received him on 30 May. Du Bourg informed the Spanish king that Alençon wished to put himself at the service of Felipe and prove himself by feats of arms. Felipe suspected Alençon was seeking the hand of one of his daughters so that he might establish himself as the sovereign of Nederland. After waiting three weeks for a response from the Spanish king, du Bourg was provided a vague and unsatisfactory response from the king. During these weeks Saint-Gouard was working to discredit du Bourg, and passed Felipe a letter from Henri to this effect which described the envoys mission as 'strange and impertinent'. Du Bourg was sent back to France with a gift of a gold chain worth around 400 écus. Felipe opined to his ambassador that Saint-Gouard was furious that he had received du Bourg, but that his policy was not to displease anyone, especially as Alençon might be able to influence his brother in the future. Having returned to France, du Bourg would be sent back to España by Alençon in August 1576 with a letter of introduction from the prince. Du Bourg made a bad impression in Catalunya with the virrey de Catalunya (viceroy of Catalunya). The virrey informed the Spanish court of his arrival on 2 September, causing embarrassment in Madrid. Felipe feared a new trouble, and his secretario Zayas wrote to the virrey de Catalunya urging him to maintain du Bourg in Barcelona, postulating that providing him wines might cease his progress. Saint-Gouard insisted that du Bourg not be received, and further than this, that his person be seized. Nevertheless he was received on 21 September by Felipe with Zayas assuring Saint-Gouard that he was sent by Alençon. Saint-Gouard violently disagreed, arguing du Bourg was an imposter and that if he could not prove this to have his own head cut off. Frustratedly, Saint-Gouard threatened to retire from the country back to France. After having once more provided an evasive answer to du Bourg, Felipe asked the representative to hurry and leave the country. Du Bourg meanwhile complained to Zayas of the spies of Saint-Gouard who surrounded him to report on his every action. With pressure mounting for him to leave, du Bourg departed, after having offered his services to the Spanish king in the Levant. Du Bourg appeared a third time in the peninsula on the behalf of the king of Navarre within six months of his last appearance. He expressed the king of Navarre's desire to lead a crusade against the 'Turk'. He further sought to negotiate a marriage between Navarre's sister, Catherine and the prince de Savoie. Du Bourg would not make it to Madrid, having been detained in Barcelona by the virrey de Catalunya who wished him to communicate his letters. On 2 August 1577 he sent a memorandum to Felipe in which he explained Navarre's situation and asked for a loan of 200,000 écus. Saint-Gouard was apoplectic when he learned of du Bourg's return to España and wrote to Felipe to this effect on 19 August. Receiving a poor response from the Spanish king, du Bourg departed back to France without an audience. Saint-Gouard makes it clear to Felipe that he would not wish for du Bourg to be allowed to return. Simultaneously to these efforts, Saint-Gouard worked to reassure Felipe that Alençon was not being supported by Henri in his ambitions against Spanish held Nederland. Saint-Gouard also sought to secure the marriage of a Spanish princess for the duc d'Alençon however in this he was unsuccessful. In 1577 Saint-Gouard received the royal honour of induction as a chevalier (knight) into the the Ordre de Saint-Michel (Order of Saint-Michel), the highest order of French chivalry. That same year he entered the king's household when he was made a gentilhomme de la chambre du roi (gentleman of the king's chamber), and also the royal government when he was made a conseiller (councillor) in the conseil privé (privy council), a charge he would hold until 1598, the year before his death. After the seizure of French shipping in 1577 Saint-Gouard protested that the Spanish were so unjust in their behaviour that they made the 'Turks' look good by comparison. In January 1578 Saint-Gouard detailed to the Spanish secretario Zayas that the French prisoners were put in the hold without food and left to starve. After this the ambassador alleged they were subject to tortures and falsified confessions. The French court sent the king's sécretaire Jules Gassot to Madrid as an extraordinary ambassador at the end of 1577, so that he might reassure Felipe that the French supported the Spanish king in Vlaanderen. Gassot was to propose the mediation of Catherine to resolve the disputes over Vlaanderen. This was followed from September to December in 1578 by another extraordinary diplomatic mission, this time led by the marquis de Maintenon to again reassure Felipe about France's intentions as regarded Vlaanderen. A secret negotiation led by the seigneur de Lansac was uncovered by Saint-Gouard in 1579. The purpose of Lansac's efforts appeared to be the seizure of the city of Al Araish in north west Africa. To uncover what was transpiring, Saint-Gouard entrusted his sécretaire to look into the matter. He had great success in his efforts and the Spanish ambassador in France was surprised to see how well appraised Saint-Gouard was of the affair, urging Felipe to investigate who Saint-Gouard was in contact with as whoever it was appeared to be well informed. Suspecting a man of Marseille named Reboul who was in Madrid of regularly selling information to the Spanish crown about Languedoc and Provence, Saint-Gouard attacked him in the street with his cane. The ambassador reported happily back to Henri in April 1580 that the beating he had inflicted had discredited Reboul in the eyes of the Spanish. The ambassador had an issue with the interception of his mail during 1580, with the letters opened, read and then resealed. This was a problem for Saint-Gouard as he was engaging in intrigues with the Portuguese and discussing the intrigues in these letters. Fortunately for him, his cipher was not cracked. Nevertheless he complained to the secretarios of Felipe, Zayas and Idiáquez but was unable to convince them to care. He therefore escalated his complaints to Felipe who referred him back to Idiáquez. With no satisfaction, Saint-Gouard complained to Villeroy, urging him to share in his anger. On 31 January 1580, the king of Portugal Henrique died without an heir. To solve the matter of his succession, he had established five governors to manage affairs on his death and appoint his successor. In the crisis that followed, Saint-Gouard did not believe that the claims of dom António to the throne had merit. Nevertheless, he observed that the people of Portugal were greatly hostile to a foreign candidate residing on their throne, and would prefer even a 'Turk' to submission to España. He received the pleas of Rodriguez de Castro, the cousin of the Portuguese duque de Bragança asking for French aid. Believing the Bragança family to enjoy great support in Portugal he therefore asked Henri to jump into action in March 1580. He proposed to the French king that the duquesa de Bragança (duchess of Bragança) ally with dom António. In return for French aid, the kingdom would be rewarded with possession of the Portuguese territories of Madeira, Brasil and Guiné Portuguesa in addition to rights to trade with the East Indies. Saint-Gouard deluded himself into believing in the strength of the Bragança position and resolve. He was thus surprised to learn of the submission of the duquesa de Bragança to Felipe. After a final visit from Rodgriguez de Castro, Saint-Gouard conceded to seeking support for dom António in July 1580. The five governors who held the regency indicated to Felipe that he should not think to bring his army across the border but wait until they had made their decision on who was to succeed Henrique. Felipe could not however abide by their restrictions, seeing dom António's position consolidating (having been proclaimed king in Santarém he then entered Lisboa as king in June.) Felipe therefore raised levies across España to see Portugal subdued to him, with Saint-Gouard noting that the soil shook with the march of the soldiers. To lead the army the duque de Alba was brought out of retirement to command the force of 30,000 into Portugal. Alba enjoyed a fearsome reputation for his campaigns against rebels in Spanish Nederland. The troops invaded Portugal in July. Saint-Gouard hoped the people might be able to resist the Spanish armies. Felipe's army was however able to subdue the country very rapidly, much to Saint-Gouard's surprise. Victory in battle on 25 August at Alcântara gave Alba possession of Lisboa on 2 September. The only frustration for the Spanish during the campaign was the successful flight of dom António who escaped from Portugal to France. This vexed Saint-Gouard who felt it would have been more productive had he remained in Portugal. During 1580, the king's brother Alençon succeed in his negotiations with elements of the rebellion in Nederland for him to become their prince. An agreement to this effect was signed on 19 September. This was a difficult situation for Henri as if he directly opposed his brother he risked throwing France back into civil war, but at the same time he could not afford war with España. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that Henri was entirely opposed to Alençon's 'despicable' enterprise. Felipe entered Portugal on 5 December 1580 to receive the homage of the great nobility, in particular the duque de Bragança. Saint-Gouard sent forth spies to inform him of Felipe's progress into Portugal and actions in the country. On 16 April 1581, Felipe was proclaimed king of Portugal by the Cortes de Tomar de 1581 [pt]. The prospect of Felipe's aggrandisement over Portugal was a great concern not only to the French crown but also the English. He established a general pardon, excluding only dom António and his chief supporters. On 24 June Felipe entered Lisboa. During this period Saint-Gouard was learning of the abuses the French in Portugal were experiencing. In April 1581 Saint-Gouard voiced his dismissive opinion of the Spanish ambassador to France, characterising him as a 'little agent'. Back in France, the Spanish ambassador protested to Henri about the interception of his mail. Henri, who had the mail in his possession, only agreed to receive the ambassador after his cipher had been cracked. Receiving the ambassador, Henri postulated that his mail must have been stolen by Portuguese refugees in France. From here the affair escalated to such an extent that Saint-Gouard advised Henri in August to no longer allow the Spainsh ambassador's despatches to be intercepted, as it left the impression in España that France could not control its population of Portuguese refugees. The French ambassador was little interested in remaining in Madrid to discuss affairs with Felipe's minister, the cardenal de Granvelle and was determined to jump on his horse and join with Felipe in Lisboa. He undertook no interviews with Granvelle for a year, the gravity of the political situation required he meet with Felipe. He was disheartened that the other ambassadors in Madrid were not dissatisfied by Felipe's coup in Portugal. In June Henri tasked Saint-Gouard with travelling to Belém near Lisboa where Felipe was established to complain of the treatment of French merchants and people that had accompanied the occupation.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=536 Saint-Gouard was faced with the problem of determining how he was to finance the trip, and he speculated whether he might need to sell everything he possessed in Madrid and proceed on a couple of mules to Portugal. A month came and went without him able to depart. Around this time Henri informed Saint-Gouard he was to be relieved of his charge. As a result of this decision, it would be necessary for him to travel to Lisboa to inform Felipe of this also. Having arrived in Portugal in September, he learned he was to be without his diplomatic prerogatives. Granvelle had advised Felipe to this effect, as Saint-Gouard reported indignantly in October. While established at the monastary of Belém near Lisboa, he refused the attempts of the secretario Idiáquez to establish tutelage over him by offering the ambassador accommodation in his house. Saint-Gouard saw this as a method by which to have his every action and visitor spied upon. When offered a galley by Idiáquez to take him to Lisboa he pretended not to see it and jumped into a small boat with a couple of servants. Idiáquez continued to signal to him but he ignored the efforts and made it to Lisboa by hugging the edge of the river where the waters were shallow. He established himself in a gambling den in the capital, all the better to keep appraised of the various intrigues. In Lisboa Idiáquez renewed his request to accommodate Saint-Gouard one final time, deploring where Saint-Gouard has established himself and telling him it was the command of Felipe that he stay with the secretario. The ambassador sarcastically remarked to Henri that he was surprised having conquered such a city as Lisboa that Felipe had been unable to find independent accommodation for him. With relations between France and España further deteriorating, Saint-Gouard advised the French king see to the defence of the coasts of Provence and Languedoc. From his centre of operations Saint-Gouard fostered several connections with influential inhabitants of the city. While in Portugal he did not hesitate to appear insolent before Felipe, and in his correspondence back to the French court, harshly critiqued Spanish policy. He would remain in Portugual from August 1581 to January 1582 living in great poverty during his stay. The paucity of his resources would be such that he would be mocked by people as a 'simple valet'. During this period he had dismissed all his sécretaires for financial reasons, and therefore wrote his despatches himself, despite suffering from an eye disease. He apologised for the poor quality of his writing to Villeroy on the grounds of his eye health. While in Portugal he learned that his creditors in Madrid had seized his horses and wardrobe and were suing him. While ambassadorial communication back to France was typically conducted by horse, during his stay in Portugal he took advantage of ships travelling to Bordeaux to communicate more speedily. In case some trouble befell the communication by sea, Saint-Gouard informed the king he had a duplicate of the correspondence he had sent ready to go. He also on occasion utilised merchants who were travelling to France to bring letters to the kingdom, though the French employed this practice less frequently than their Spanish counterparts. He wrote back to the French court in September that Felipe was undertaking the fortification of Lisboa. As for the Portuguese, they were in Saint-Gouard's estimation 'dejected and submissive'. From his rough accommodation, Saint-Gouard received Portuguese visitors who wished to re-establish the kingdoms independence. Ribera describes Saint-Gouard as working 'frantically' through this period in the employ of all his agents to frustrate Felipe's ambitions to the crown of Portugal. He was disappointed to discover however that the Portuguese had lost the will to fight by and large, as such his efforts were largely in vain. In his first audience with the king he explained why he had come to Lisboa without seeking Felipe's permission. He then turned to the matter of the suffering of the French in Portugal. He summarised the damages in a memoranda to be submitted to Felipe for the allocation of compensation. This accomplished he informed Felipe that he would imminently be replaced as ambassador. He concluded by reminding the Spanish king that Portugal was dependant on Breton grain, and without it in 1581 the country would have been depopulated. In a new meeting with Felipe on 9 October, Saint-Gouard conceded that Felipe had the rights to the kingdom of Portugal, but observed that he had imposed himself on the land (and maintained himself) with the sword. This provocative statement was designed to upset Felipe through challenging his legitimacy, but the Spanish king remained cordial during the interview. Nevertheless, Felipe's contempt for Saint-Gouard further developed during this period. In October, during an audience with Felipe in Lisboa, Saint-Gouard assured the Spanish king that Henri was sincerely opposed to Alençon's Dutch enterprise, but had no way of containing the prince. He suggested it might be prudent for the Spanish king to offer one of his daughters to Alençon to calm his passions. He further informed Felipe that Henri could not militarily confront his brother. Alençon was his heir in the absence of a child. That same month, Idiáquez reminded Saint-Gouard how patient Felipe had been the French crown. Felipe hoped that Henri would employ the appropriate remedies to the situation so that in future his subjects did not interfere with the public peace as rebels. Idiáquez spoke with Saint-Gouard again in November. He informed the ambassador that Felipe had sent a representative to the French court to resolve the situation of the treatment of the French in Portugal. This was an indirect way of explaining to Saint-Gouard he was not needed in Lisboa. The ambassador warned the secretario against ministers whose pride deluded them into believing the power of their prince was eternal. He competed with the Spanish over the nomination of a consul in Portugal to represent French interests, strongly representing Henri's choice (Melchior de Rieux) against the choices of the Spanish, who were favourable to their position. He was unable to get his choice of consul accepted. After five months in Portugal, and with it being made clear to him that he was unwelcome, he resolved to return to Madrid. Funds were granted to him on route to the capital while he was in Sevilla by his sécretaire Longlée. This came as a great boon to him as he feared that he might even be imprisoned over his debts at this time. Saint-Gouard was little interested in waiting in Madrid for his successor to arrive, or alternatively for Felipe to return. He thus undertook the sale of his furniture in Saintonge, which allowed him to finance a return to Portugal. He was even obligated to mortgage some of lands in Saintonge. The Portuguese crisis had been a further catalyst for the deterioration of Franco-Spanish relations. At this time, a French military expedition to the Açores that was being organised under the command of the colonel-general Strozzi (son of the maréchal with whom Saint-Gouard had travelled to Malta in 1565) set sail. Propositioned by a prospective spy in April, he paid the man 700 écus for his services. Saint-Gouard arrived back at Aldeia Galega near Lisboa in June. He wrote to Idiáquez to announce his return and asking the secretario to arrange accommodation for him. Instead of offering accommodation Idiáquez inquired coldly as to why he had returned. Saint-Gouard explained he had important matters to discuss with Felipe. The Spanish king shared his secretarios distaste at Saint-Gouard's return and asked why, at a time when Catherine was dispatching fleets against the Spanish, Saint-Gouard felt he had the right to 'cavort' among the people. He asked the ambassador to specify his mission and if they judged it to be truly serious they would move from there. Saint-Gouard dispatched Longlée to secure accommodation for him, and the sécretaire succeeded in finding lodgings for him with a rich Genoese man. It was quickly apparent he was under close watch. Despite being under watch, Saint-Gouard continued to meet with those who opposed Spanish rule in Portugal. On 21 June Saint-Gouard attained an audience with Felipe. The ambassador assured the Spanish king that Henri desired peace between their kingdoms and regretted the actions of his brother in Vlaanderen. He went as far as to propose a marriage between Alençon and one of the Spanish king's daughters might still be an appropriate solution. This was greeted coldly by Felipe. The following day, Idiáquez visited Saint-Gouard to inform him that it was absurd to seek a marriage between Alençon and one of Felipe's daughters at a time when Alençon was seeking a marriage with the English queen, and France was sending an armed fleet out against España. Idiáquez then attacked Henri for the support he offered to the claims of dom António. Though the secretario stated this was the end of matters, Saint-Gouard retorted he had already explained everything to Felipe. He further clarified Henri had only accepted António into France due to the pity he felt for him. The protections afforded the pretender to the throne were a product of the warnings Saint-Gouard had provided that there were many assassins who desired António dead. It would be a considerable dishonour to Henri for the Portuguese noble to be murdered in his territory. Idiáquez returned to meet with Saint-Gouard for a final time a week later. Saint-Gouard was ordered to leave Lisboa and return to Madrid. On 10 July, shortly before he left Portugal he bore witness to the departure of the Spanish fleet that was going to crush Strozzi's expedition, led by the marqués de Santa Cruz. That same month the French expeditionary force to the Açores under the command of Strozzi was destroyed by the Spanish. The captured French prisoners were considered to be pirates, and therefore all were killed. On 23 July 1582 Saint-Gouard held his final audience with Felipe, it was cordial as decorum dictated despite the hatred Felipe had for the ambassador. Saint Gouard then departed Lisboa on 26 July and made his way back to Madrid, arriving in the city on 17 August. Once there he observed bitterly that for weeks after the Spanish naval victory, bonfires were maintained in the capital. The ambassador complained to Catherine and Henri about the 'insolence' of the Spanish people. Having heard reports that Strozzi's force had not put up strong resistance but rather fled, the ambassador remarked bitterly that the soldiers should die of shame. In October he wrote that they spat at French people in the street. His time as ambassador had so penured him that he worried about the image he would present on his return to France, having sold even his shirts to his creditors. The following month he reported to the crown of the arrival of a treasure fleet from the Spanish colonial territories weighed down with between three and four million écus. His successor as ambassador , the sieur de Longlée was already in Iberia at the time of Saint-Gouard's relief. He had in fact served as a sécretaire to Saint-Gouard for the last nine years of his diplomatic mission, being first mentioned in this capacity in 1574 correspondence from Diego de Zúñiga to Felipe . Saint-Gouard had richly praised Longlée in his writings to the French court, informing the crown that they had 'no greater servant' than he. Nevertheless, Saint-Gouard's combative style and willingness to anger Felipe and overstep his prerogatives during his tenure left Longlée in a difficult position. The departing ambassador warned his successor to be careful about involving himself in matters without a strong supply of money. Longlée was well aware his financial resources were inferior to those his predecessor had enjoyed. In his final month in España (December), Saint-Gouard bribed some men to undertake the burning of the Spanish fleet that was anchored in Lisboa. He entrusted Longlée with overseeing the operation, however nothing would come of it. Alongside this mission, Saint-Gouard made sure his successor was well appraised of current affairs. While the crown struggled with the prospect of seeing Saint-Gouard financially compensated for his long ambassadorship, it could reward him with office. In 1583 Henri established Saint-Gouard in the position of governor of the province of Saintonge, with particular responsibility for the château de Saintes, a charge that offered great prospects of profit. He would hold this charge until 1596. During the 31 December 1583 induction into his new most senior (and more exclusive) order of French chivalry, Saint-Gouard would be established as a chevalier of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit (Order of the Holy-Spirit). Saint-Gouard's successor as ambassador, the sieur de Longlée had in his employ a Portuguese spy (named Rondela) who was compromised in 1584 and arrested by the Spanish authorities. Longlée feigned shock when links between the spy and himself were proposed, and suggested that perhaps Rondela may have known Saint-Gouard in Vlaanderen or Konstantiniyye and that there was nothing compromising about their relationship. In June 1584, the king's brother Alençon died. As the king lacked a son the succession to the crown defaulted to his distant Protestant cousin the king of Navarre. This was seized upon as unacceptable by a segment of the Catholic nobility led by the duc de Guise who re-founded the Catholic Ligue (League) to oppose Navarre's succession and various other royal policies. In 1584 Saint-Gouard was established as the French ambassador to the Papal States upon the death of the prior ambassador Paul de Foix. He would be the only sword noble of this period to hold multiple ordinary diplomatic postings, something that was more common for robe nobles. He would further be a deviation from the usual royal policy of sending a man of the church as ambassador to Roma. The French ambassadorial post to Roma was the most chaotic one, with several of the incumbents in the office dying during their postings while others were made cardinals. This caused numerous interims in the posting. There would be a considerable deal of time between the death of Foix and his arrival, and it is unknown who held the office on an interim basis pending his arrival. He arrived in the city in March 1585 and established himself in a palazzo belonging to the queen mother Catherine. He found his life easier and more comfortable in Roma than he had his service in Madrid. He would enjoy much support and many connections in Roma. As his sécretaire he enjoyed the services of Antoine de La Boderie. In his capacity as ambassador he received correspondence from the queen mother Catherine, and would still be receiving letters from her as late as 1588, near to her death when she was both ill and depressed. Unlike his residence in España, the communications he received in Roma from Catherine are well preserved. As during his time in España, he was often forced to take loans to support himself, due to the lack of income he was supposed to be in receipt of. Prior to leaving the Papal States he was unable to balance his books, and as such his wife was pursued by his creditors. The following month after his establishment, in April, Pope Gregory XIII was succeeded in the Papal office by Pope Sixtus V. Sixtus endeavoured to establish himself independent of both French and Spanish influence. In his capacity as ambassador to Roma, Saint-Gouard frequently clashed with Sixtus. Despite their often tense relations, Sixtus appreciated Saint-Gouard's 'vigour and courage'. Saint-Gouard quickly succeeded in securing from him the re-establishment of an old etiquette that had been abolished by Gregory XIII. The ambassadors were to serve the Pope in the séance en capelle. Saint-Gouard as French ambassador would enjoy the second most senior position in this ceremony, behind that of the Imperial ambassador and before that of the Spanish. Frustrated at this the Spanish ambassador the conde de Olivares (count of Olivares) refused to participate in the coronation ceremony on 1 May. He was also granted other symbolic honours as concerned courtly etiquette in Roma. In his diplomatic mission, Saint-Gouard would endeavour to ensure that Sixtus distrusted the Spanish. He stated to the Pontiff that while he would not wish to bet a crown on the Spanish deceiving him, he would bet everything that when it was to their advantage to do so, they would deceive the Pope. He would fight vigorously to defend the Catholicity and reputation of his king Henri against Sixtus. In this he was up against the cardinal de Pellevé an agent of Guise's in the Roman capital. During his ambassadorship he denounced the cardinal de Pellevé, who had been established in Roma around 1574, as a source of intrigues and mischief. Saint-Gouard wrote to the duc de Guise in early July 1585 chiding him for his rebellion against the crown. He informed the duc that he had learned his obedience to the crown from Guise's father the previous duc de Guise. Thus he exhorted Guise to abandon his rebellious pretensions if he did not want to sabotage the reputation of his ancestors. The new Pope decided to recall his Papal Nuncio to France the bishop of Bergamo and replace him with the ligueur and Spanish sympathetic archbishop of Nazareth. Henri was greatly aggrieved by this and refused to receive the replacement, ordering the governor of the Lyonnais to halt his progress at Lyon. Chevallier speculates he may have been driven by the domestic frustrations he was experiencing after having been forced into a peace which conceded to his enemies in the Catholic ligue. Saint-Gouard championed Henri's decision before the Pope, even before he had received instructions from France, and demanded the Pope see to the archbishops recall. This offended the Pope so significantly that the Pope ordered that he depart the Papal States within 5 days, something he would do on 25 July 1585. Henri did not retaliate against Sixtus for the dismissal of his ambassador. Shortly after being expelled from Roma by Sixtus and returning to France, Saint-Gouard found himself in the centre of a storm. He was suspected by the duc de Nevers of being the author of several libellous letters against him. Keen to confirm his suspicions, the duc de Nevers turned to the doctor Philippe de Cavriana in September to gather information on Saint-Gouard. Cavriana inquired of the royal entourage' as to what Saint-Gouard may have said about the duc de Nevers in his diplomatic despatches back to France. This inquisitiveness greatly aggrieved Catherine who asked Cavriana to cease his investigations. Still enquiring on the duc's behalf, several days later Cavriana got into a showdown with the royal favourite the duc d'Épernon. Épernon informed Cavriani that the ambassador had written nothing as concerned the duc de Nevers and swore as such on his honour as a gentleman. If Cavriana continued to investigate Saint-Gouard it would attract the ire of the king. While Nevers' agent took cares to speak quietly to Épernon, the latter was embarrassed that Épernon spoke loudly in front of many courtiers. Cavriana assured Épernon that if Nevers was sure that it was Saint-Gouard they would not be in this position right now. As such he was seeking more information. Cavrians pushed Épernon on the matter, asking him whether he'd seen the 'slanderous letters' and whether they had not been written in Saint-Gouard's hand. Épernon in turn replied that he had indeed seen the letters, but that they were unsigned and unmarked. Clearly understanding the situation, and appreciating that Henri was both keen to protect Saint-Gouard, and see him returned to his ambassadorial post, Cavriana advised Nevers that it would be best to end his attempts to receive satisfaction (Nevers had been seeking a duel with the ambassador). He wrote similarly to the duc's wife Henriette de Clèves advising her to intercede with her husband against his desire for revenge. As a further reward for his services, in May 1586 Henri erected the marquisate de Pisani in Saint-Gouard's favour, comprising his lands in Poitou and Saintonge. It would be by this name he would be known forthwith. Henri for his part found himself subject to the distaste of the existing Papal Nuncio for his decision to seek negotiations with the Protestant king of Navarre and prince de Condé in the summer of 1586. The king justified himself on the grounds of the immiseration of the kingdom. The Nuncio begged him not to make such a decision to seek peace without first seeking the advice of the Pope. Catherine, who was to lead the negotiations , would depart to conduct them in July. Before she did she urged Pisani to sooth the Pope's concerns about her peace mission. Her efforts succeeded in securing an armistice with the Protestants which lasted until the spring of 1587. Thanks to the work of the cardinal de Rambouillet and cardinale d'Este, the return of Pisani to his embassy would be arranged, and thus he departed Paris back for Roma on 23 June 1586, arriving in the city on 19 August. After the return of Pisani to Roma, Henri consented to the replacement of the bishop of Bergamo with the archbishop of Nazareth as Papal Nuncio. In late August, Pisani reported back to Henri of the Pope's disapproval for Catherine's peace mission. The Pope reminded Pisani that until such time as 'heresy' was vanquished in France, Henri could not truly be absolute master of his kingdom. There was also much domestic opposition to the efforts to broker peace between the royal party and the Protestants both radical preachers and from the ligueur lords like the duc de Guise (who liaised with the new Papal Nuncio on his plans to reject a peace). It was with sadness that Pisani observed the death of the cardinale d'Este, a great supporter of the French in December 1586. However this was counterbalanced by a new ally for the protection of French affairs the cardinal de Joyeuse. A flood of Catholic outrage greeted the execution of Mary Stuart on 1 March 1587 by the English queen Elizabeth I. The Pope enquired of Pisani as to how Henri was planning to respond to the killing, 'was Henri going to avenge the murder, as he was obligated to do for his honour?'. Henri was no more able to avenge the death of Mary than he was to stop her execution. He contented himself to host a solemn service in Paris in her memory. Relations between the Papacy and Henri were improved at this time. In March of 1587 the hostile Papal Nuncio archbishop of Nazareth died and was replaced by the pro-French bishop of Brescia in the charge. Sixtus opined to Pisani that the rebellion of Guise against the crown was of advantage to the Protestants. The Catholic ligue should unite with the crown for the destruction of Protestantism. In August the Pope authorised an alienation of 500,000 écus of church land in France. This was in response to his being informed that Henri intended to personally lead an army against the Protestants. Pisani sent a porter to inform Henri of the Pope's decision When word arrived in France, the clergy was outraged and protested against the measure. They were soothed by the the cardinal de Gondi and the new Papal Nuncio. Due to the fact the money was not presently available, Henri asked Pisani to request a 400,000 écus loan from the Pope in return for receipt of interest from the alienation. In early 1588, the Papal Nuncio tried to nudge Henri towards delivering his campaign against the Protestants. Henri was reluctant to comply, and argued that if he threw himself against the Protestants, he would be leaving Picardie and Normandie in the hands of the ligue. The Nuncio retorted that Henri had two enemies, and as he could only make war on one it should be the Protestants. On 18 February, Henri wrote to Pisani asking him to see to it that the Pope reminded the ligue of their need to show obedience to him and see to the service of god, as opposed to their ambitions. Having established an agreement with the Spanish king Felipe, when the time came in April for a conference at Soissons between Henri's surintendant des finances Bellièvre and the ligueurs the duc de Guise, and cardinals of Bourbon and Guise there was no prospect of an accord being reached. The Papal Nuncio informed Sixtus of the conferences failure before it had opened. Pisani continued to push Sixtus to make it clear to the ligueurs that they needed to unite loyally with the king to achieve the destruction of Protestantism. However, the speed of the Pope's response did not reflect the urgency of the situation. From 10-13 May 1588 the ligue rose up in Paris with Guise at its head, and attempted to impose a settlement on Henri. After the humiliation of the day of the Barricades, Henri retreated from Paris to Chartres leaving the capital in the hands of the ligueur rebels. He opined to his ambassador in Roma that he held duc de Guise solely responsible for the uprising. Pisani was to assure the Pope that Henri remained committed to wage war against the Protestants in Poitou, but before he could do this, Guise needed to be removed from the capital and returned to his governate of Champagne. If Guise continued to further his own ambitions, Henri would be compelled to preserve what authority he had left by combatting the duc. He furthered this with a letter to the Pope in which he obliquely implied he could be compelled to assassinate Guise (though he did not name him in his letter to Sixtus) when he stated that the extreme circumstances he found himself in might force him to resort to extreme remedies. Pisani would demonstrate his hostility to the Spanish at the Papal court over the matter of the canonisation of a Spanish Franciscan named Diego de Alcalá. For Felipe the canonisation was a great honour and the conde de Olivares wished to enjoy diplomatic precedence for this day which be in honour of España. To facilitate this, the cardinale de Rusticucci (cardinal of Rusticucci) appealed to Pisani on 25 June to call in sick on the day of the event (2 July). Pisani reported to Henri his horror at the prospect, saying that even were he on the 'point of death' he would still 'drag himself on his stomach' to show the king of España that he was inferior to the king of France. He added that saints belonged to all countries, and if España wished to have a monopoly on this saint, then he should be excluded from the common calendar. He affirmed to Henri his determination to be at the ceremony, and honour Diego as a universal saint. Refusing to back down despite Rusticucci's pleas, he attended the ceremony with his precedence over the Spanish. Unable to tolerate this, Olivares called in sick to be replaced by cardenal Deza. Olivares would not forgive the French for a long time. On 4 July Henri noted with impatience to Pisani that if he did not have peace in his kingdom within the next several weeks, he would enter open war with the ligueurs. He thanked the Pope through Pisani for offering the services of a Legate, but requested this role be given to the Nuncio. On 21 July he concluded an agreement with the ligueurs sin the edict of Union in which he swore never again to make an accord with 'heretics'. Similarly France was never to have a 'heretical' king, he would adopt the decisions of the Council of Trent, grant to the Catholic princes the towns conceded to them in the 1585 treaty of Nemours, relieve Épernon of his governate of Boulogne and sell off the property of Protestants. With this agreement confirmed, Henri assured Pisani he would now be waging war against the Protestants alongside the ligueur leaders the duc de Guise and duc de Mayenne. Though Henri had initially acceded to the demands of the ligue, he chafed at the duc's tutelage and this was furthered by his suspicion that Guise was behind the defiance of the Estates General to him. Thus he resolved to assassinate the duc in December 1588. After have effected the assassination of the duc de Guise, Henri moved to ensuring the act was properly justified internationally. André Hurault de Maisse who was departing for Italia was instructed to inform the late duc's maternal uncle the duca di Ferrara that Guise had been poisoned by his ambition and was planning to seize Henri and hand him over to the ligueurs in Paris. Henri was confident that the Pope would approve of the act he had undertaken, and wrote to Pisani to this effect. He justified himself on the grounds that Guise was a threat to not only his crown but also his life. Almost as an afterthought the king mentioned the assassination of the cardianl de Guise. Pisani was further informed that the Pope would see it as not only lawful but also a pious act. By this means, Henri declared, he had stemmed the greatest source of strife between his Catholic subjects. To assist Pisani in this effort with the Pope would be the cardinal de Joyeuse. Henri's impression that the Pope might be supportive was not drawn from nothing, as a few months previous the Pope had urged him to punish those who defied his authority with severity. The Papal Nuncio in France decided against excommunicating Henri out of fear it could drive him into the arms of the Protestants, and therefore left the decision in the hands of the Pope. On 4 January word reached the Papacy of the assassinations that had transpired at Blois. This was followed a day later by the official notice of the act from Henri. According to cardinal de Joyeuse, the Pope was not surprised to learn of the assassinations, remarking that Guise and his brother had received several warnings of the king's intentions. On 6 January Pisani, who had not yet received his diplomatic despatch from the king, met with the Pope. Pisani attempted to explain Henri's actions. Pope Sixtus restrained himself in his reactions, asking only if Pisani had ever heard of a prince who killed a cardinal. However, in his next meeting, with the Venetian ambassador, the Pope exploded in anger. He argued to the ambassador that if Henri had executed the duc de Guise after the day of the barricades it would have been one thing, but to kill the duc after having made a public reconciliation with him was murder and not justice. This was furthered in his meetings with the Spanish representative. On 7 January Joyeuse spoke with Sixtus and tried to justify the 'deserved end' of the ligueur princes. The Pope cut him off, crying that that was not the way to deal with men of such quality. Guise should have been arrested, and the cardinal sent to Roma for trial. Joyeuse retorted that the Pope himself had proposed to Henri that he should defenestrate the duc de Guise back in May. The king only needed the forgiveness of god for the killing of the duc, however the cardinal informed the pope that Henri wished to receive absolution for the death of cardinal de Guise. On 9 January Sixtus discussed the murder of the cardinal de Guise with the cardinals of the consistory, arguing to the body that the deed could not go unpunished. Both Pisani and Joyeuse grew fearful that extraordinary penance might be imposed on Henri as a result. After the meeting of cardinals on 10 January it was decided to suspend consistorial matters related to France. Joyeuse opined fearfully that this could cause a break between the French and Roman churches, and a return to pre-Concordat elections in the French church. Joyeuse advised Henri that he would need to request absolution from the Pope, and also release the ligueur cardinal de Bourbon and archbishop of Lyon who he had arrested. In early January Henri sent to Pisani and Joyeuse the brief which the Pope had provided him on 20 July 1587. This brief granted him the privilege to receive absolution for his sins for a confessor of his choosing, including for sins that would normally be the business of the Holy See, such as the automatic excommunication the killing of a cardinal resulted in (the king had killed the cardinal de Guise alongside the duc de Guise). When the Pope was reminded of this brief, he retorted that it only applied to sins committed prior to its granting. In January the commander of Dyo was sent to the Holy See by the duc de Guise's brother the duc de Mayenne to represent him. Dyo took the position that after the murder of the duc and cardinal all good Catholics were fearful and required the protection of an act emanating from the Pope. During these months, the ligueur representative in the Papal court, Jean de Piles, abbot of Orbais worked to convince the Pope to excommunicate Henri. Pisani denounced the abbot as a pernicious agent of the Lorraine princes on 25 January. Ligueur pamphlets printed in Paris were also sent to Roma. From January to February 1589, the cardinal de Joyeuse and Pisani negotiated with the Pope. Joyeuse seeing that neither he nor Pisani were making any impression on the Pontiff after a month of work, wrote to Henri urging him to establish a special envoy who would request absolution for him. Henri conceded to the Pope's position and his representative the bishop of Le Mans was sent to Roma. The bishop arrived on 23 February and was received by the Pope two days later. He enjoyed several audiences with the Pope, and in one on 8 March the Pope demanded that the envoy provide a simple request for the king's absolution. After Le Mans again demurred on the grounds of the rights of the king and French nation, Sixtus exploded and threatened to imprison the bishop. Pisani who was also present for the audience protested that it was the duty of ambassadors to explain their masters reasoning. On 13 March Joyeuse brokered an agreement by which the bishop of Le Mans would make the appeal for absolution, kneeling at the feet of the Pope he confessed on the behalf of Henri. The Pope declared his satisfaction but maintained his refusal of absolution until such time as the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon were released, as this had not yet come to pass. Subsequently in April Henri entered into alliance with his distant Protestant cousin and heir the king of Navarre, throwing the prospect of agreement with the Papacy into doubt. The Pope's ambassador in France withdrew from the court after the agreement was reached, staying in Lyon until the death of the king. Over the coming months, Henri continued to fail to release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon from prison. However now the Pope was more incensed to learn of Henri's alliance with the Protestant king. On 5 May, Sixtus announced his decision, Henri must release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon within ten days. Within sixty days he must either come to Roma himself or send a proxy to represent him. If he failed to undertake both of these acts he would be excommunicated. In this declaration he did not mention Henri's alliance with Navarre but admitted to the Venetian ambassador that it was the reason he had made the declaration. Judging Henri's situation to be desperate he expected the king's submission and readied himself to open his arms to the errant prince. Pisani for his part attempted to stop the publication of the decision, but was unsuccessful. On 8 May Pisani spoke with 'pride and loyalty' to Sixtus that Henri maintained his continual obedience to the Pontiff, but that the king's ministers expected to be able to speak frankly, and not threatened with prison. Neither prison nor death would stop his advocacy for his king. The Pope was stunned by this address. During May, the military situation for the ligue in France declined greatly after the loss of the battle of Senlis, Navarre writing confidently that soon Paris might fall to them. In response to this Mayenne looked to Roma for a coup of his own, hoping to see the expelling of Pisani, the prosecution of the bishop of Le Mans and the declaration of a crusade. Upon the publication of the Papal monitoire (warning that proceeds excommunication) on 26 May, both Joyeuse and Pisani abandoned Roma. 1589 thus represented the end of Pisani's tenure as ambassador to the Papacy, the marquis judging the publication of the monitoire to conclude his ambassadorship. Henri was distraught to learn of his excommunication, but was reassured by Navarre that the true way to respond to the Pope's move was to recapture Paris. The withdrawal of Pisani from Roma would be one piece of the diplomatic withdrawals which would typify the early reign of Henri III's Protestant successor due to his lack of recognition in the Catholic courts. After tarrying for a while in Firenze, Pisani embarked at Livorno for France alongside the bishop of Le Mans. Joyeuse meanwhile travelled on to Venezia. On route back to France the ship Pisani and Le Mans were travelling in was attacked by a corsair, Pisani led the successful repelling of the attacker, allowing them to reach Languedoc. When informed, Sixtus was impressed to learn of Pisani's feat. At the time of the assassination of Henri III on 1 August 1589, Pisani was residing on his estates in the marquisate of Pisani. The change of dynasty from Valois to Bourbon that accompanied the death of Henri III did not result in Pisani's loss of importance, and through his reputation and political significance he entered into the confidence of the new king. Many French Catholics were left in a difficult position after the assassination of Henri III. The royal army that was besieging Paris collapsed from a size of 40,000 men to 18,000, many soldiers deserting rather than lending their services to a Protestant. They now faced the prospect of having to serve a Protestant king. While this was too much for some, in the following days many nobles of Guyenne swore themselves to the king of Navarre as Henri IV. Among them were maréchal de Matignon and Biron, the duc de Ventadour, the seigneur de La Rochefoucauld, the comte de La Vauguyon, the duc de Thouars and Pisani. These were all military nobles capable of mobilising their networks in the favour of the new king. For Pisani it was a matter of monarchical loyalty. The new king appointed him lieutenant in the escadron de la cornette blanche (squadron of the white cornet). He maintained proximity to the king, always armoured, despite his considerable age. In October 1589 he returned to Roma briefly for a brief extraordinary mission so as to secure for the duc de Luxembourg an audience with the Pope. Despite Spanish opposition, this mission was a success. In July 1590, Pisani undertook a conference for Henri at Saint-Germain with the Papal legate Caetani. Peace was discussed in the meeting, on the understanding of Henri's conversion to Catholicism. Saint-Gouard did not address this condition, but passed it on to some nobles of the army, who brought it to the king's attention via his cousin the comte de Soissons. However this meeting bore no fruit. The Pope greatly opposed the Protestant Navarre's assumption of the crown. All Catholics who supported him were ordered to withdraw their support on pains of excommunication. Beyond his spiritual interventions, the Pope dispatched a small army to support the ligueur cause in their war with Henri, however it was badly ravaged by dysentery and accomplished little. With the death of Pope Gregory in October 1591 a new election was held. The new Pope, elected in January 1592 maintained his support for the ligueur cause. Henri meanwhile dispatched two of his supporters who he hoped would be well received by the Papacy on 4 October, Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi. They were to swear Henri's support for the Pope and that in the same manner as his predecessors he had a 'filial devotion' to the Holy See. The Papal Legate informed Pisani and Gondi that they would not be welcome in the Papal territories as the Pope did not wish to meet with representatives of the 'king of Navarre'. Pisani knew that the Pope would not agree to meet with him and that he would likely only be able to make his devotions to Loreto. However the Pope continued to direct his severity against Catholic supporters of Henri IV. Thus, with Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi on the road to Roma to ask the Pope to assist in the potential conversion of Henri to Catholicism, the Pope forbid them to continue their journey. He was supported in his refusal to meet with Pisani and Gondi by the ligueur agents in Roma. As such the royalist party stopped its journey in Firenze, forbidden from travelling further. Meanwhile emissaries from the ligueur duc de Mayenne assured the Pope that Henri would not convert to Catholicism and that if he did it would be a simulacrum. On 25 July 1593 Henri abjured Protestantism and became a Catholic. Many Catholics however suspected his conversion was cynical or invalid. To this end Henri redoubled his efforts to gain absolution from the Pope. He was supported in this effort by the Tuscan and Venetian ambassadors in Roma who faced off with the Spanish Papal ambassador who sought to convince the Pope to continue the fight. From late 1592 the Venetian ambassador had convinced Clement military and financial support towards the Catholic ligue was playing into the hands of the Spanish. The Pope remained determined though not to receive Gondi and Pisani, and upon receiving word of Henri's adoption of Catholicism considered declaring the Catholics who received him schismatics. He was talked out of this by the Venetian ambassador on the grounds it would accelerate French Gallican sentiment. The reason for the Pope's refusal to see the two envoys was, according to a 'well connected' priest due to his fear of the Spanish reprisals he would be inviting if he were to take such a step. Henri resolved to send a new diplomatic mission, led by a man that the Pope could not refuse to see, the Italian Catholic the duc de Nevers. In November 1593 the Pope agreed to receive the duc de Nevers, however only in his capacity as a private person and not as a representative of Henri IV. Even after this meeting the Pope remained firm, declaring Henri could not be absolved as he 'persisted in his errors'. It would only be in August 1595 that conditional absolution was granted to the French king. Having stayed in northern Italia since his arrival in late 1592, Pisani returned to France in early 1594. During his stay he had felt useless. During the crisis of the Croquant rebellions, armed peasant bands rose across much of southern France. Henri resolved that he must employ a gentle hand to defuse their grievances. He opined to the lieutenant-general of Haute-Auvergne, that if he came down harshly on the movement, it would entail further damages. In the Limoges the rebel peasants numbered around 12-15,000. While working towards the disarmament of this group, a band of nobles charged into the peasants in June 1594, killing many. The sieur de Boissise arrived sometime after this and promised a reduction of the taille (the land tax). He then undertook a siege of the château de Gimel which was held by some rebel seigneurs. A little while later in October, Pisani arrived with a military force and undertook a limited expedition. Maréchal de Matignon then continued the work of ending the rebellion peaceably, and attempted to avoid prosecution of the Croquant ringleaders to this effect. However in 1595 the heat of the conflict would rise again and there would be a battle before the Croquant leadership submitted, soothed further by tax relief Henri ordered in 1596 and 1599. With 'surprising youthfulness', Pisani fought alongside the king at the royalist victory of the battle of Fontaine-Française in 1595. This battle facilitated the defection of the lieutenant-general of the ligue Mayenne, who abandoned his Spanish allies in disgust. The aged marquis was granted the honour in 1596 of raising the eight year old prince de Condé in the Catholic faith after Henri received absolution from the Papacy. At this time the prince was the heir to the French throne, though he would not remain such. He would also be governor of the prince's properties. He settled with the young prince at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The governor found himself in conflict with the prince's mother Charlotte-Catherine over the choice of tutor for the prince. While she favoured Joseph Justus Scaliger for her son, this was opposed by Henri who hated Scaliger. He favoured Nicolas Lefèvre, a man whose religious disposition suited Pisani. The hatred between the princesse de Condé and Henri exasperated Pisani, who was fundamentally a man of the king. Given the princesse's distaste for Henri, this complicated matters. According to an anecdote from Tallémant des Réaux, at a certain time Pisani and the young Condé were walking together when they passed a peasant who threw himself to the ground before the prince. Condé did not even gesture towards the peasant, and Pisani took him to task over this. He argued to the prince that without the peasant, there would be no food for the nobility and princes to eat. On 21 May 1596 Pisani wrote his will. He expressed his desire to be buried in the cathedral of Saintes. His non domestic property was to go to his wife as well as the usufruct of his French properties. Meanwhile his daughter would enjoy possession of the French territories. His wife was to return to the king his collier (collar) of the ordre du Saint-Esprit with the appropriate honours worthy of the order. All outstanding sums that were owed to him were to be paid to his descendants. Henri established Pisani as the sénéchal (seneschal) of Poitou and as the colonel-général de la cavalerie légère italienne (colonel general of the Italian light cavalry). Pisani died on 7 October 1599 at Saint-Maur near Paris. He was succeeded as governor of the prince de Condé by the ligueur comte de Belin who got on far better with the princesse de Condé. Pisani's widow received support from Pisani's network of friends. Henri III's sécretaire Jules Gassot spoke very highly of the marquis de Pisani. In his estimation Pisani was an unusually excellent lord. The sécretaire described his ascetic lifestyle, with preponderance for vegetables and 'clear water'. In addition to this virtue, Pisani was a 'devout Catholic' who was also devoted to royal service, and acted with honour and virtue. For the historian Ribera, Pisani appeared 'Gascon' in disposition: sensitive to slight and ready to brawl or cross swords. As an ambassador he could be argued to have been 'haughty and accusatory'. He was uncompromising in his defence of the honour of the French crown, with he and his colleagues sometimes losing themselves in their service. The historian argues that of all the French ambassadors of the period he was the most absolute in his defence of French policy and his inability to tolerate any Spanish interference in French internal affairs. He had a strong sense of honour and the importance of service to the crown. He enjoyed confusing his adversaries to such a degree it sometimes hampered his ability to achieve results. Though Catholic, religion concerned him little and for Ribera his true religion was royalism.

Jean de Vivonne, seigneur de Saint-Gouard and marquis de Pisani was a French soldier, governor, courtier and diplomat during the final years of the Italian Wars and throughout the French Wars of Religion. Starting his military service at the age of 15, he participated in the siege of Mariembourg in 1554 against the Imperial forces, and was briefly made captive. He then fought in several campaigns in Italia under the leading commanders of the day before the peace of 1559. In the first French War of Religion he fought at the climactic battle of Dreux. In the coming years he would participate in the major battles of Saint-Denis, Jarnac and Moncontour. In 1571 he received a break in his recognition when he gained stature through a mission he conducted to the Papal States that secured the release of a French subject condemned by the inquisition, succeeding through an audacious and aggressive style in intimidating the Pope. The following year, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace the long serving ambassador to España the baron de Fourquevaux. He was confronted immediately by several crises in relations between France and España, chief among them covert French involvement in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Saint-Gouard fruitlessly tried to convince king Felipe II of the innocence of the French crown in the affair. He faced much anger in España after the French candidate for the throne of the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów, the king's brother the duc d'Anjou bested the Spanish candidate. A little while later the French king died and was succeeded by the duc d'Anjou who took the name Henri III. On his return to France, Henri was confronted by a new civil war which would involve the rebellion of his brother the duc d'Alençon. Alençon dispatched an agent to the Spanish court to negotiate with Felipe. Saint-Gouard tried to frustate the agents negotiations, largely unsuccessfully. Efforts to convince Felipe of French good intentions in Spanish Nederland would continue in the late 1570s, and would become more complex as Alençon increasingly involved himself in the territory. This would culminate in 1580 with the princes establishment as a replacement king for Felipe in the rebel held territory. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe Henri opposed Alençon's designs in Nederland. Relations between the two countries would be most seriously tested in the crisis of Portuguese succession after the death of the king without heir. Felipe asserted his rights to the crown, and invaded Portugal, establishing himself in Lisboa. Saint-Gouard intrigued to frustrate Felipe's hold on the kingdom without success. He met with the king in Lisboa and increasingly weared on the king and his advisers. This climaxed after the French crown sent an expedition to seize the Açores in 1582. That same year he was relieved of his responsibilities in España after ten years, ending his residency by trying to engineer the torching of the Spanish fleet in Lisboa. Back in France, Saint-Gouard was rewarded with induction into the king's new most senior chivalric order and the post of governor of Saintonge in 1583. When the following year the ambassador to the Papal States, Paul de Foix died, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace him. Arriving in the territory in March 1585 he enjoyed a combative relationship with the new pope, Sixtus V. This culminated in his expulsion from the Papal States after he vigorously supported his king's decision to refuse to receive the new Papal Nuncio. His return would be facilitated in 1586, and as a reward for his services, Henri erected the marquisate of Pisani in his favour. Over the following years he would defend his king against challenges to his Catholicity, and push the Pope to condemn the resurgent Catholic Ligue (League) which had re-emerged after the death of Alençon with Henri's heir now a Protestant, an unacceptable state of affairs to the members. The crisis between the French crown and the Catholic ligue would explode in December 1588 with the assassination of the duc de Guise, leader of the ligue and his brother the cardinal de Guise. The Pope was enraged that a cardinal had been murdered. Pisani and his ally the cardinal de Joyeuse would desperately try to stop the Pope employing radical action against Henri. However, after Henri entered into alliance with his Protestant heir, Sixtus issued a monitoire threatening to excommunicate Henri unless certain conditions were met. At this time Pisani withdrew from Roma. After the assassination of Henri III and succession of the king of Navarre as Henri IV, Pisani would be among the royalist Catholics who stood by the Protestant king. He received a final further honour in 1596 when he was made the governor of the heir to the French throne the prince de Condé. He died three years later, leaving his lands to his daughter, the celebrated marquise de Rambouillet.

{{short description|16th Century French governor and diplomat}} {{Infobox ambassador | honorific-prefix = | name = Jean de Vivonne | honorific-suffix = seigneur de Saint-Gouard <br> marquis de Pisany | image = PSNY3.jpg | caption = Bust of the marquis de Pisany | order = 11th French Ambassador to Spain | ambassador_from1 = French | country1 = Spain | term_start1 = February 1572 | term_end1 = August 1582 | predecessor1 = [[Raymond de Rouer de Pavie de Beccarie, Baron de Fourquevaux|Baron de Fourquevaux]] | successor1 = [[Pierre de Ségusson|Sieur de Longlée]] | ambassador_from2 = French | country2 = Papal States | term_start2 = March 1585 | term_end2 = 25 July 1585 | predecessor2 = [[Paul de Foix]] | successor2 = Vacant |ambassador_from3 = French | country3 = Papal States | term_start3 = 19 August 1586 | term_end3 = 26 May 1589 | predecessor3 = Vacant | successor3 = Vacant | birth_date = {{circa|1530}} | birth_place = [[Aunis]] | death_date = 7 October 1599 | death_place = [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés|Saint-Maur]] | father = Artus de Vivonne | mother = Catherine de Brémond | spouses = Julia Savelli | relations = | children = [[Catherine de Vivonne, Marquise de Rambouillet|Catherine de Vivonne]] }} '''Jean de Vivonne, seigneur de Saint-Gouard and marquis de Pisani''' ({{circa|1530}}–7 October 1599) was a French soldier, governor, courtier and diplomat during the final years of the [[Italian Wars]] and throughout the [[French Wars of Religion]]. Starting his military service at the age of 15, he participated in the siege of Mariembourg in 1554 against the Imperial (Holy Roman) forces, and was briefly made captive. He then fought in several campaigns in Italia under the leading commanders of the day before the peace of 1559. In the [[First French War of Religion (1562–1563)|first French War of Religion]] he fought at the climactic [[battle of Dreux]]. In the coming years he would participate in the major battles of [[Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)|Saint-Denis]], [[Battle of Jarnac|Jarnac]] and [[Battle of Moncontour|Moncontour]]. In 1571 he received a break in his recognition when he gained stature through a mission he conducted to the Papal States that secured the release of a French subject condemned by the inquisition, succeeding through an audacious and aggressive style in intimidating the Pope. The following year, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace the long serving ambassador to España [[Raymond de Rouer de Pavie de Beccarie, Baron de Fourquevaux|the baron de Fourquevaux]]. He was confronted immediately by several crises in relations between France and España, chief among them covert French involvement in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Saint-Gouard fruitlessly tried to convince king [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II]] of the innocence of the French crown in the affair. He faced much anger in España after the French candidate for the throne of the [[Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów|Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)]], the king's brother [[Henri III of France|the duc d'Anjou]] bested the Spanish candidate. A little while later the French king died and was succeeded by the duc d'Anjou who took the name Henri III. On his return to France, Henri was confronted by a [[Fifth French War of Religion (1574–1576)|new civil war]] which would involve the rebellion of his brother the [[François, Duke of Anjou|duc d'Alençon]]. Alençon dispatched an agent to the Spanish court to negotiate with Felipe. Saint-Gouard tried to frustate the agents negotiations, largely unsuccessfully. Efforts to convince Felipe of French good intentions in Spanish Nederland would continue in the late 1570s, and would become more complex as Alençon increasingly involved himself in the territory. This would culminate in 1580 with the princes establishment as a replacement king for Felipe in the rebel held territory. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe Henri opposed Alençon's designs in Nederland. Relations between the two countries would be most seriously tested in the crisis of Portuguese succession after the death of the [[Henry, King of Portugal|king]] without heir. Felipe asserted his rights to the crown, and invaded Portugal, establishing himself in Lisboa. Saint-Gouard intrigued to frustrate Felipe's hold on the kingdom without success. He met with the king in Lisboa and increasingly weared on the king and his advisers. This climaxed after the French crown sent an expedition to seize the [[Açores]] in 1582. That same year he was relieved of his responsibilities in España after ten years, ending his residency by trying to engineer the torching of the Spanish fleet in Lisboa. Back in France, Saint-Gouard was rewarded with induction into the [[Ordre du Saint-Esprit|king's new most senior chivalric order]] and the post of governor of Saintonge in 1583. When the following year the ambassador to the Papal States, [[Paul de Foix]] died, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace him. Arriving in the territory in March 1585 he enjoyed a combative relationship with the new pope, [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]. This culminated in his expulsion from the Papal States after he vigorously supported his king's decision to refuse to receive the new Papal Nuncio. His return would be facilitated in 1586, and as a reward for his services, Henri erected the marquisate of Pisani in his favour. Over the following years he would defend his king against challenges to his Catholicity, and push the Pope to condemn the resurgent [[Catholic League (France)|Catholic Ligue (League)]] which had re-emerged after the death of Alençon with Henri's heir now a Protestant, an unacceptable state of affairs to the members. The crisis between the French crown and the Catholic ''ligue'' would explode in December 1588 with the [[Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)|assassination of the duc de Guise, leader of the ''ligue'']] and his brother the cardinal de Guise. The Pope was enraged that a cardinal had been murdered. Pisani and [[François de Joyeuse|his ally the cardinal de Joyeuse]] would desperately try to stop the Pope employing radical action against Henri. However, after Henri entered into alliance with his Protestant heir, Sixtus issued a ''monitoire'' threatening to excommunicate Henri unless certain conditions were met. At this time Pisani withdrew from Roma. After the assassination of Henri III and succession of the king of Navarre as Henri IV, Pisani would be among the royalist Catholics who stood by the Protestant king. He received a final further honour in 1596 when he was made the governor of the heir to the French throne [[Henri II, Prince of Condé|the prince de Condé]]. He died three years later, leaving his lands to his daughter, [[Catherine de Vivonne, Marquise de Rambouillet|the celebrated marquise de Rambouillet]]. ==Early life and family== Jean de Vivonne was born around 1530 in [[Aunis]], the son of Artus de Vivonne and Catherine de Brémond.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=87}} His parents had married in 1519. His father Artus served the French crown during the Italian Wars, meanwhile his mother was in the entourage of [[Louise de Savoie|the queen mother Louise]]. While Jean would have many siblings, only one had descendants, Marie de Vivonne.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} He came from the junior branch of an old family (recorded from the latter 11th century){{ref|Beta|β}} established in the Saintonge and Angoumois.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}}{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1264}} ===Vivonne family=== The family enjoyed many connections to great noble families such as the: [[House of Montmorency|Montmorency]], Chabot, [[House of Rochechouart|Rochechouart]], [[House of La Rochefoucauld|La Rochefoucauld]], Clisson, Saint-Gelais and [[House of Lusignan|Lusignan]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=87}} Jena de Vivonne, as a member of the ''noblesse seconde'' (upper crust of the provincial nobility) was an anchor of royal authority in Saintonge and a conduit between the crown and the local nobility. It was useful for the king to have men such as Jean to aid his control in a region far from his authority and racked by religious divisions during the civil wars.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=104}} In addition to his seigneurie of Saint-Gouard, and baronie, then marquisate of Pisany, Jean de Vivonne was also the sieur de Ramades, Foyes, Pessines, Les Comes and La Croix-Blance.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} ===Marriage and issue=== [[File:Mme_de_Rambouillet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet|Jean's daughter the marquise de Rambouillet]]]] [[File:Portrait_of_Charles_d'Angennes_(1577-1652).jpg|thumb|right|[[Charles d'Angennes|Marquis de Rambouillet]] husband to Jean's daughter Catherine]] After his return to court in 1582 rumour swirled at court of his marriage to a fashionable woman of the court named mademoiselle de Vitry. However, Saint-Gouard was happy to remain simply a lover of hers. In 1587 he secured an excellent marriage (enabled by his recent establishment as the marquis de Pisani) to a young widow of a very noble Roman family named Julia Savelli, who had been married to Ludovico Orsini prior to his execution by the senato di Venezia (senate of Venezia).{{sfn|Boucher|1998|pp=1266-1267}} The marriage contract between the two was signed on 22 September 1587, with the marriage itself celebrated in the church of [[Sant'Eustachio]] in [[Roma (city)|Roma]] on 8 November.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=90}} Jean de Vivonne and Julia Savelli would have the following issue:{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} * [[Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet]] (1588–) married [[Charles d'Angennes|the vidame de La Mans]] in January 1600 and became famous through her salon for her influence on the intellectual life of high society.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265–1268}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=96}} His wife and daughter would join him in France during the final years of his life.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} Julia would be naturalised as French in 1593.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=95}} As concerns his youthful education little is known though he had a greater taste for being a 'valiant gentleman' than he did for reading.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} The historian Ribera highlights that he would have spent much of his youth participating in festivals and hunts.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=87}} Saint-Gouard enjoyed the privilege of being an ''enfant d'honneur'', meaning that he was raised alongside the royal princes. He first took a role in combat at the age of 15 in 1545 with responsibility for carrying an arquebus.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} A few years later when he reached 18 he participated in his first real campaign.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} ==Reign of Henri II== ===Latter Italian Wars=== Saint-Gouard fought in the siege of Mariembourg during the French campaign of 1554–1555. He was to bring supplies to the fortification.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} In this campaign he was wounded and briefly experienced Imperial captivity.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} He fought under the command of the [[Piero Strozzi|maréchal (marshal) de Strozzi]] during the latter's campaign in [[Toscana]], then with [[François de Lorraine, duc de Guise|the duc de Guise]] during his 1557 campaign into the peninsula. He was with Guise in Roma which he had come to at the call of [[Pope Paul IV]] so that he might campaign into Napoli. This campaign made a great impression on Saint-Gouard.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} After this he was in Piemonte where he fought under the authority of [[Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac|maréchal de Brissac]].{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} ==Reign of Charles IX== After the French kings surrendered their claims to the Italian peninsula, the combat moved to the domestic sphere, as France's problems became internal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} ===First war of religion and the 'long peace'=== During the [[First French War of Religion (1562–1563)|first French War of Religion]] he participated in the only major field battle of the war at the royal victory of [[Battle of Dreux|Dreux]] in December 1562.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} With the [[Osmanlı İmparatorluğu]] (Ottoman Empire) putting [[Great Siege of Malta|Malta to siege in 1565]], certain French seigneurs rushed to join the defence of the island bastion. In this they were responding to a call for aid from the grand master [[Jean Parisot de Valette|Valette]].{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} Among those joining the defenders on the walls were the sons of [[Timoléon de Cossé|maréchal de Brissac]], [[Filippo di Piero Strozzi|and maréchal de Strozzi]], and Saint-Gouard.{{sfn|Haan|2011|p=226}} In total around 300 French gentleman and 800 soldiers would arrive at Malta. They would however, only arrive after the siege had ended. Nevertheless the Osmanlı government was greatly perturbed at this development, and Catherine sought to sooth their anger through condemning those nobles who had rushed to join the defence of Malta and banishing those who had made the journey. This punishment was however aimed at seeing them return to France.{{sfn|Haan|2011|p=227}} ===Second and third war of religion=== Saint-Gouard fought in the major engagement of the [[Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)|battle of Saint-Denis]] during the [[Second French War of Religion (1567–1568)|second French War of Religion]]. During this battle the [[Connétable de France]] (Constable of France) [[Anne de Montmorency|Montmorency]] was killed.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} In the short peace between the second and third French civil wars, Saint-Gouard undertook his first diplomatic mission when he was made an extraordinary ambassador to Spanish Nederland.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=593}} Saint-Gouard was involved in all the major battles of the Third French War of Religion (1568–1570|third French War of Religion]]. He fought at the royal victory of [[Battle of Jarnac|Jarnac]] in 1568 at which the Protestant [[Louis I, Prince of Condé|prince de Condé]] was executed.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} At the royal victory of [[Battle of Moncontour|Moncontour]] in 1569 he was seriously injured.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} Saint-Gouard was entrusted with the military responsibility of being ''capitaine de cinquante hommes d'armes des ordonnances du roi'' (captain of 50 men-at-arms in the royal ordinance company).{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=186}} ===Out of the shadows=== In the winter of 1571, at the age of 40, Saint-Gouard returned to diplomatic service when he undertook an extraordinary diplomatic mission to the [[Holy See]] for the purpose of securing the release from captivity of the comte de Caiazzo, a servant of the French crown who had been put before the Inquisition under suspicion of 'heresy'.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=595}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} Saint-Gouard approached [[Pope Pius V]] with haughty resolve on the matter. He reminded the Pope that Caiazzo as a French subject was within the jurisdiction of the king of France, and as such must be released. Pius responded that he was surprised to see Charles was so interested in the fate of a 'heretic'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} Three days later Saint-Gouard returned and declared his patience to be at an end, if he were not sated within three days he would look to 'extreme measures'. With this deadline having come and gone he burst in on the Pope without having requested an audience to declare that he was leaving Roma, which he then did. After his departure Pius lost his temper at the behaviour of the ambassador, accusing him of drunkenness. Nevertheless it seemed that a diplomatic rupture between Roma and France was imminent and there was fear to this effect in Roma. Thus Caiazzo was released.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} His success against the 'formidable' Pius V in this effort greatly elevated his profile, with Ribera describing the episode as 'bringing him out of the shadows'.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}}{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=251}} To maintain face, Saint-Gouard was asked not to report his explosion with the Pope.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} According to the English ambassador, when back in France, shortly before his departure to España, Saint-Gouard involved himself in a Catholic plot. Upon the arrival of the Protestant [[Gaspard II de Coligny|amiral de Coligny]] at court, Saint-Gouard was intending to surprise and destroy him. However this did not transpire.{{sfn|Sutherland|1980|p=194}} ===Introduction to España=== [[File:Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_III_Duque_de_Alba,_por_Antonio_Moro.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duque de Alba (duke of Alba)]] one of the principal ministers and commanders of [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II's]] government]] In early 1572 he was sent to España for the purpose of congratulating the Spanish king [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II]] on the birth of his son [[Infante Fernando|Fernando]]. He arrived in the country on 23 February 1572.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=348}} Felipe received him four days later and he made a good impression on the monarch. He was presented to Felipe by the current French ambassador to España, [[Raymond de Rouer de Pavie de Beccarie, Baron de Fourquevaux|the baron de Fourquevaux]] and it was agreed that Saint-Gouard would succeed him in the difficult post.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} Saint-Gouard was provided with several specific instructions beyond the maintenance of peace and defence of French royal policy.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=518}} He was to investigate Spanish preparations for war and angrily protest against the build up of forces by the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|duque de Alba (duke of Alba)]] on the French border in Vlaaderen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} Fourquevaux had advised the crown to select a 'man of experience' as his replacement, as after the death of [[Élisabeth of Valois|the queen of España]], Catherine's daughter, in 1568 the ambassador had been forced to operate alone in the defence of France. The crown thus turned to Saint-Gouard as a man of the appropriate temperament and military spirit to fill the charge. His credentials were issued by the court on 19 January. Fourquevaux expressed his great pleasure at the choice.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=517}} ===Ordinary ambassador=== [[File:Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Felipe II de España|Felipe II, the king of España]]]] [[File:Catherine_de_Médicis_-_entourage_de_François_Clouet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Catherine de Médicis|Queen Mother Catherine]] wife of [[Henri II of France|Henri II]], mother of three French kings and a frequent receiver of Saint-Gouard's despatches as ambassador to España and the Papacy]] His residency of 10 and a half years in España would be the fifth longest French diplomatic mission of his time, behind the ambassadorships of [[Arnaud du Ferrier|du Ferrier]] to Venezia (11.5 years), Jean de Liverdis to the Swiss [[Grauer Bund]] - Grey League (14.5 years), Guillaume Ancel to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (17.5 years) and [[Charles de Quissarme, seigneur de Danzay|Danzay]] to [[Denmark|Danmark]] (21 years). As the latter decades of the sixteenth-century wore on ambassadorships trended towards longer and longer periods.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=201}} In this office Saint-Gouard would be a subject of correspondence for Catherine, the queen mother. In total 53 letters survive from Catherine to Saint-Gouard covering both his roles in Madrid, and in Roma, an average of one every 96 days.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=76}} She would be a considerable correspondent for him in turn, receiving 85 of his letters.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=132}} Only three letters from Catherine to Saint-Gouard survive for the period 1572–1580. Gellard argues from this that given the regularity of her correspondence we have for the 1560s, this likely reflects a low survival rate of the queen's communication with her ambassador as opposed to a ceasing of communication.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=61}} Nevertheless, the historian notes it is quite possible the death of the queen of España, Catherine's daughter |Élisabeth in 1568 would have caused a decrease in the quantity of communication.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=86}} Correspondence with the queen mother was official diplomatic correspondence, and would be conducted in tandem with the correspondence to the king.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=132}} Letters from each, and to each often composed the diplomatic 'packet' that the ambassador received and sent out to the French court.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=109}} Despite this, the historian Ribera sees Catherine's role as a diplomatic correspondent becoming more secondary during Saint-Gouard's tenure in España, with the letters to her become more sparse in detail, with the understanding king Henri III was to confide the more elaborate details to her. Gellard disagrees with Ribera as to the simplicity of the correspondence imparted to Catherine.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=138}} In his capacity as ambassador, Saint-Gouard would be unflappable in his devotion to both the king (first Charles, and then Henri) and the queen mother Catherine.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=11}} In addition to his regular correspondence with the king and Catherine, Saint-Gouard would also exchange letters with the king's brother the duc d'Anjou (the future Henri III) in the early 1570s and with the ''sécretaire d'État'' (secretary of state) [[Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy|the seigneur de Villeroy]] the latter of whom was the recipient of 10% of his correspondence.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=119}} During the reign of Henri III, Villeroy assumes the position of de-facto minister of foreign affairs, hence his elevation as an important correspondent for Saint-Gouard. By the time of Saint-Gouard's successor [[Pierre de Ségusson|Longlée's]] mission in España a quarter of diplomatic correspondence would be sent to Villeroy.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=287}} Around a half of Saint-Gouard's correspondence back to France would be encrypted.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=255}} This represented an acceleration on prior practice which only furthered as the sixteenth-century wore on. The encrypted letters were primarily the ones sent to Henri, whilst those sent to Catherine and Villeroy were only ciphered in exceptional circumstances.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=298}} In 1574 Saint-Gouard's entourage would be compromised by an agent of the Spanish kings who delivered all the ambassador's secrets to Felipe. This is the only example of such an act of subterfuge in the period subject to Gellard's study (1559-1589).{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=260}} Despite the security concerns he had, on occasion, Saint-Gouard would take advantage of the movement of Spanish diplomatic missions to provide his messages to Spanish couriers, thus he provided correspondence in November 1581 to the new Spanish ambassador to France to take with him to the French court.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=267}} As ambassador to España, Saint-Gouard was to enjoy an income of 18,000 ''livres'' annually.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=267}} During his tenure in España, Saint-Gouard frequently complained that both his income and his expenses went unpaid by the French crown. Only six months into his residence he complained of his financial situation and asked to receive recall. It was too early for the French court to consider such a course of action. He renewed his campaign for relief in February 1574 explaining that he could not properly carry out his responsibilities due to his paucity of resources. It was explained to him by the court that he might receive reward on the death of the [[Luigi d'Este|cardinale d'Este (cardinal d'Este)]]. Saint-Gouard was shocked by this promise and abhorred the possibility that he might have to look forward to the cardinale's death.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=243}} Instead he looked to receive an abbey that had become vacant, however it was granted to [[Armand de Gontaut|the maréchal de Biron]] instead. He complained to Charles of this 'disfavour' reminding the king of the services he had given to the crown. Over time his situation worsened and his apprehension towards his creditors in España bloomed.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=244}} In periods of financial difficult he was embarrassed to show himself in front of the Spanish ministers, as he could not represent his rank properly.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=345}} In 1580 he protested to Henri that he was completely ruined in terms of his finances to the point of no longer being able to endure his role as an ambassador.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=268}} According to Saint-Gouard he was owed around 75,000 ''livres'' by the crown at the start of 1580.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=271}} While in Portugal in January 1582, he wrote to Henri that his creditors in Madrid had lost their patience with him.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=271}} The king endeavoured to provide him ecclesiastical benefices.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} In addition to financial complaints, Saint-Gouard complained in September 1580 that his ambassadorship was akin to a disgrace in which he was 'poor and miserable'. He opined that his 'disgrace' in 'exile' would feel less sore if it had been possible to experience it in France, as opposed to on the diplomatic stage where he was exposed and humiliated in front of everyone.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=278}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=245}} In part the large number of complaints were a product of rhetoric, money did sometimes arrive from court and when it did not it could be supplemented with offices.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=279}} As ambassador he was subject to the hostility of Spanish public opinion towards France. This distaste for France was directed at him personally. For example the ''corregidor'' of Madrid refused to provide food to Saint-Gouard's ''maître d'hôtel'' and insisted that if Saint-Gouard wished for it that he should collect it personally. Saint-Gouard complained to a Spanish ''secratario'' (secretary) of the humiliations inflicted on him by the ''corregidor'' and protested that he would have to inform Henri that rather than a man he had sent a slave as an ambassador. On occasion Saint-Gouard would be compelled to draw his sword on the street to defend himself. Spaniards came to jeer at him outside his residence.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=315}} Beyond the hostility he personally experienced, Saint-Gouard observed broader anti-French hostility. For example Saint-Gouard complained of the arrest of French people in Valencia despite them having been given letters of safe conduct by Felipe. Despite paying money as a guarantee, they remained in prison without food or the ability to defend themselves. He made a new complaint on similar grounds to Felipe in 1576 about the arrest of French merchants in Cartagena. He accused the Spanish of arresting ships crews solely because they were French, sequestering their property and leaving people in prison to die of brutal treatment.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=322}} Saint-Gouard found Felipe a difficult man to read, opining to [[Henri III of France|the duc d'Anjou]] in July 1572 that Felipe was 'taciturn and inscrutable'. Both he and his court were well versed in keeping their opinion secret. By the end of his residency, Saint-Gouard found Felipe to be 'tired and aged'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=335}} As for the Spanish ministers, Saint-Gouard held little appreciation for them, seeing them as hypocrites who were proud in their manners, and arrogant.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=345}} Saint-Gouard viewed the Spanish as 'haughty and contemptuous', further adding that if he looked like them he would never appear in public.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=343}} In his dealings with Felipe, Saint-Gouard adopted a far more combatative attitude than his three predecessors as ambassador (Fourquevaux, [[Jean Ébrard, Seigneur de Saint-Sulpice|Saint-Sulpice]] and [[Sébastien de L'Aubespine|the bishop of Limoges]]). He was little interested in contorting himself for the benefit of Felipe's style. Felipe thus preferred to negotiate with him through written memoranda that Saint-Gouard would submit to him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} Saint-Gouard conceded to providing memoranda to the Spanish king on the condition he would still be able to meet with the king frequently.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=520}} Not overly diplomatic in nature, Saint-Gouard participated in brawls and 'thrashed his enemies with his cane'. He informed the king of these episodes.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} At the start of his residency, Saint-Gouard lodged himself in the house of Juan de Medrano. He was immediately put under Spanish surveillance. Ribera characterises his treatment as a de facto 'quarantine'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=314}} His greeting more generally was cold and reluctant, coming as it did during a period of French policy that was viewed disfavourably in España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=518}} ===Crisis of 1572=== By now relations between France and España were beginning to transform from happy courtesies towards open combat.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=14}} In the first year of his tenure he was faced with several crises in Franco-Spanish relations. Felipe convinced the Pope to refuse dispensation for the royal marriage of [[Henri IV of France|the Protestant king of Navarre]] to the king's sister [[Marguerite de Valois|Marguerite]], a key component of securing the longevity of the [[Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye|peace that brought the third war of religion to a close]].{{sfn|Carroll|2011|p=189}} In his eyes the marriage was an aberration in that it united the family of the ''Roi Très-chrétien'' (Most Christian King) with the Protestants.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=518}} In April the Spanish ''secretario'' {{ill|Gabriel de Zayas|es}} offered to aid the finding of a more suitable husband for Marguerite, Saint-Gouard proudly responded that in France, woman did not need help in finding their husbands.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} Meanwhile French Protestants offered aid to rebels against Spanish authority in Nederland. The ambassador would propose the advancing of the timetable for the execution of several French subjects who had been captured in the territory.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=97}} Further a fleet was assembled in La Rochelle that was suspected of being brought together for operations against Spanish colonial possessions. When Zayas brought him accusations from a spy that France was establishing a league against España and had armed 60 merchant ships to this effect, Saint-Gouard ridiculed him. The ambassador retorted the spy was misinformed, and it was in fact 4–5,000 merchant ships, and that Zayas' spy lacked any credibility.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} In April the French entered into a defensive agreement with the English, this was further proof to Felipe that France intended to unite Europe against España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=518}} Through all this, Saint-Gouard had to keep the two kingdoms at peace with one another. In turbulent interviews with the Spanish royal ''secretario'' Zayas he claimed the French king Charles was not involved in any anti-Spanish actions.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} Felipe for his part, was not fooled by the protests of innocence of involvement the French offered and was well aware of French participation in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Nevertheless he advised his ambassador that as long as the French maintained the façade of being uninvolved, they would pretend to believe the French crown. In July, the Spanish ambassador noted with concern that 10,000 were massed on the border with Nederland. Panic dominated Madrid, with rumours of French troop levies. Felipe maintained his cool, arguing that if the French intrigues with the Dutch rebels were successful they would throw down their mask and embrace the cause openly, while if it was a failure the 'double game' would continue. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that the king had adopted a new pro-Spanish policy that would please the Spanish king, but the situation on the ground continued to contradict him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=325}} Saint-Gouard was greatly embarrassed when word reached España of the defeat of the French force under the command of the [[Jean de Hangest, seigneur d'Yvoy|sieur de Genlis]] which had invaded Nederland in the hopes of relieving the Spanish siege of [[Mons]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=326}} Though the French crown denied involvement in Genlis' expedition, compromising papers were found which discussed future provisions to Genlis.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=520}} On 19 July the duque de Alba provided papers on Genlis' person dated to April allegedly from the French king to the Dutch rebel leader [[Louis of Nassau|van Nassau]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=520}} Charles instructed Saint-Gouard to congratulate Felipe on his victory. In a difficult position, Saint-Gouard first wrote to Felipe explaining how the Protestants had gathered on the French border against the king's express order under the command of the 'madman' Genlis. Saint-Gouard then congratulated the Spanish king on providing suitable 'chastisement' to the rebel Protestants.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=520}} In the audience with Felipe, he again defended Charles' innocence. Felipe abandoned his usual subdued demeanour, humiliating Saint-Gouard by asking him to recount the course of events several times on the pretext that his ambassador in Paris had written him a very jumbled account. He then announced it was time for Charles to see his real enemy at last, those who were against god. On 27 August Saint-Gouard reported to the Spanish king that Charles was going to carefully guard the border. This occasioned a sarcastic reply from Felipe who warned of the troubles that resulted from unreliable border guards.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=521}} ===Calm in the storm=== News of the [[St Bartholomew's Day massacre]] was greeted with delight by the Spanish king [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II]]. At a time of great discredit with the Spanish crown, Saint-Gouard found the French now subject to enthusiasm and great sympathy in España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=326}} Receiving word on 7 September from one of his agents in France Felipe went to a monastery to hear 'Te Deums' in celebration. Saint-Gouard received news of the massacre from the Spanish king, and made a good face of sharing his pleasure at the news. Unlike the [[Arnaud du Ferrier|French ambassador in Venezia]] who reacted with horror at word of the massacres, Saint-Gouard expressed no shock. The ambassador was uninterested in discussing morality or justice, devoted instead to the matter of obedience to the crown.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=97}} He assured the Spanish king he had no cause to distrust Charles and that this massacre had been planned for a long time, which Felipe in his delight accepted.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=326}} There were many strategic advantage to España from the massacres, with the elimination of amiral de Coligny the architect of French support for the rebels in Nederland. Further the event weakened Protestantism in France and offered the prospect of diplomatically isolating the rival kingdom from England and the Protestant German princes.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=326}} Despite the Spanish pleasure at the unfolding of an anti-Protestant massacre, this could not entirely paper over the displeasure of the Spanish crown at the marriage of Navarre and Marguerite.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=14}} It would only be on 12 September that Saint-Gouard received his instructions as related to the massacre.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} This slow delivery of the information to Saint-Gouard laid bare the disarray in the royal court. Word from the French court explained the course of events more precisely: the massacre was not premeditated but rather a by-product of the failed [[assassination of Admiral Coligny]]. The Spanish ambassador informed Felipe that there was nothing pre-meditated about the massacre and it was ordered as a response to the Protestant threat. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to maintain the illusion of a crown that was in charge.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} He was unable to convince anyone that the massacres had been planned for a long time, with people sneering at him for the 'indecisive' policy of the French crown. The ambassador noted sadly to Charles that the Spanish wished to deprive the king of the glory he deserved. Charles likewise complained to Saint-Gouard that people were saying the policy had transpired 'by chance'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=327}} Catherine wrote to Felipe gratefully that she and her son had been able to fight off the Protestant conspiracy against them. Eager to seize the moment she proposed a marriage between [[Henri III of France|the duc d'Anjou]] and [[Isabella Clara Eugenia|Felipe's daughter Isabel]].{{sfn|Cloulas|1979|p=299}} Around this time, Anjou wrote to Saint-Gouard optimistic that the recent massacre might see the king properly obeyed by those who had 'deceitfully become his companions' who from now on would not seek to defy their kings wishes.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=52}} Saint-Gouard opined that the massacre had elevated French prestige in the eyes of the Spanish. This honeymoon was short-lived, and the people of Madrid quickly began questioning the French policy.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=327}} Charles wrote to Saint-Gouard assuring him of his desire to maintain a friendship with the English queen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=521}} Saint-Gouard for his part enthusiastically championed a proposal for the Portuguese to conquer an empire in the Indies for France, seeing it as a method to counterbalance Spanish power. By now France was embroiled in a [[Fourth French War of Religion (1572–1573)|new civil war]] and had little ability to follow through on such a proposal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=522}} ===Anjou's crown=== The king's brother the duc d'Anjou was elected as king of the [[Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów|Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)]] on 11 May 1573.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=181}} To secure this position he had to compete with a Spanish backed candidate: [[Archduke Ernest of Austria|the erzherzog von Österreich (archduke of Österreich)]]. To support his candidate Felipe had poured in around 600,000 ''écus'' (crowns) according to Saint-Gouard.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=522}} Saint-Gouard received word of Anjou's victory on 8 June, but was disappointed to find that Felipe was not in Madrid as he had wanted to taunt him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=523}} When he attained an audience with Felipe later in the month the Spanish king declared himself greatly pleased to learn of the election of Anjou.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=523}} Nevertheless was thus much anger about the French victory in the election in España and rumours swirled in the country (fed by the Spanish ambassador in Paris) that the duc d'Anjou did not wish to assume the mantle of the Commonwealth's kingship, seeing the post as an 'exile'. Saint-Gouard was left to face off against this hostility and received word from Charles that Anjou had departed to take up his new charge in the hopes that this would combat the Spanish rumours.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=523}} The ambassador proposed distributing notice of the election to impress upon the Spanish who he felt were full of presumption, that the whole world was not at their feet.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|pp=342-343}} ==Reign of Henri III== [[File:Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg|thumb|right|Duc d'Anjou who succeeded Charles as king Henri III]] In the regency government of Catherine after the death of Charles and before Anjou (now Henri III) could return from the Commonwealth to France, Catherine became the sole conduit for diplomatic correspondence from Saint-Gouard.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=110}} The period between the kingships was a delicate one for Saint-Gouard, as Henri made his way back through Italia to France. He faced off mocking jeers from those who noted Henri's leisurely return through Italia while his kingdom awaited him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=524}} Several events threatened the embassy of Saint-Gouard in 1574. His stables were stormed by an angry crowd in December who shouted insults against France. During the invasion one of his grooms lost their leg.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=315}} On another occasion also in December one of his men was attacked in the street. Saint-Gouard and a few servants rushed to his aid and a melee ensued. The following day the door of his ambassadorial residence was forced by an ''alcalde'' (mayor) and a group of soldiers who proceeded to arrest two young boys and a groom from his stable, taking them off to prison.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=118}} Saint-Gouard dispatched his sécretaire'' to demand justice for this iniquity, but instead of attaining anything he was threatened with having more of his servants seized. Saint-Gouard thus appealed directly to Felipe.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=315}} ===Jean David affair=== In 1576 a Parisian lawyer named Jean David made his way back from Roma (possibly after a meeting with the Pope) in the retinue of [[Pierre de Gondi|the bishop of Paris]]. On route he died in Lyon, and papers were allegedly discovered on his person by the authorities that argued the descendants of [[Hugues Capet]] had been abandoned by god and had fallen into degeneracy (i.e. Henri III), while the descendants of Charlemagne (including the house of Lorraine-Guise) were flourishing in body and spirit. It followed that [[Henri I, Duke of Guise|the duc de Guise]] wished to establish himself as king.{{sfn|Constant|1984|p=193}} The text spread around the capital but for the moment the king did not view it as a serious threat. According to [[Jacques-Auguste de Thou|the contempotary historian de Thou]], Henri had received a copy of the treasonous text from his ambassador Saint-Gouard, who in turn had discovered it after it was sent by the Pope to Felipe.{{sfn|Sutherland|1980|pp=240-243}} Thus both the Papacy and the Spanish crown were implicated in the conspiracy.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} The authenticity of the text is disputed, with some arguing that it may have been manufactured to justify the 1588 assassination of the duc de Guise by arguing that he had been engaged in anti-Valois plans for over ten years. Felipe for his part would have seen advantage in providing to Saint-Gouard a text which could cause factional instability in France.{{sfn|Constant|1996|p=74}} ===Du Bourg affair=== During the years 1576 and 1577, the king's brother [[François, Duke of Anjou|the duc d'Alençon]] and the Protestant king of Navarre both undertook negotiations with Felipe through the agent [[Claude du Bourg]] (brother of the Protestant martyr [[Anne du Bourg]]). Du Bourg first arrived in España in the final days of April 1576 in the covert services of Alençon. Du Bourg was to meet with Felipe on Alençon's behalf. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to combat these negotiations. Alençon's representative arrived in Madrid on 20 May. Saint-Gouard needed to employ tact in how he handled the representative, as Alençon was the heir apparent to the throne and also presently in rebellion against Henri. To this end he decided to consider du Bourg to be an imposter so that he was not operating in direct opposition to the king's brother. He warned the ''secretario'' Zayas that du Bourg should not be received, but nevertheless Felipe received him on 30 May. Du Bourg informed the Spanish king that Alençon wished to put himself at the service of Felipe and prove himself by feats of arms. Felipe suspected Alençon was seeking the hand of one of his daughters so that he might establish himself as the sovereign of Nederland. After waiting three weeks for a response from the Spanish king, du Bourg was provided a vague and unsatisfactory response from the king. During these weeks Saint-Gouard was working to discredit du Bourg, and passed Felipe a letter from Henri to this effect which described the envoys mission as 'strange and impertinent'. Du Bourg was sent back to France with a gift of a gold chain worth around 400 ''écus''. Felipe opined to his ambassador that Saint-Gouard was furious that he had received du Bourg, but that his policy was not to displease anyone, especially as Alençon might be able to influence his brother in the future.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=213}} Having returned to France, du Bourg would be sent back to España by Alençon in August 1576 with a letter of introduction from the prince.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=213}} Du Bourg made a bad impression in Catalunya with the [[Fernando de Toledo|virrey de Catalunya (viceroy of Catalunya)]]. The virrey informed the Spanish court of his arrival on 2 September, causing embarrassment in Madrid. Felipe feared a new trouble, and his ''secretario'' Zayas wrote to the virrey de Catalunya urging him to maintain du Bourg in Barcelona, postulating that providing him wines might cease his progress. Saint-Gouard insisted that du Bourg not be received, and further than this, that his person be seized. Nevertheless he was received on 21 September by Felipe with Zayas assuring Saint-Gouard that he was sent by Alençon. Saint-Gouard violently disagreed, arguing du Bourg was an imposter and that if he could not prove this to have his own head cut off. Frustratedly, Saint-Gouard threatened to retire from the country back to France. After having once more provided an evasive answer to du Bourg, Felipe asked the representative to hurry and leave the country. Du Bourg meanwhile complained to Zayas of the spies of Saint-Gouard who surrounded him to report on his every action. With pressure mounting for him to leave, du Bourg departed, after having offered his services to the Spanish king in the Levant.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=214}} Du Bourg appeared a third time in the peninsula on the behalf of the king of Navarre within six months of his last appearance.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=212}} He expressed the king of Navarre's desire to lead a crusade against the 'Turk'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=214}} He further sought to negotiate a marriage between Navarre's sister, [[Catherine de Bourbon|Catherine]] and the prince de Savoie. Du Bourg would not make it to Madrid, having been detained in Barcelona by the virrey de Catalunya who wished him to communicate his letters. On 2 August 1577 he sent a memorandum to Felipe in which he explained Navarre's situation and asked for a loan of 200,000 ''écus''. Saint-Gouard was apoplectic when he learned of du Bourg's return to España and wrote to Felipe to this effect on 19 August. Receiving a poor response from the Spanish king, du Bourg departed back to France without an audience. Saint-Gouard makes it clear to Felipe that he would not wish for du Bourg to be allowed to return.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=215}} Simultaneously to these efforts, Saint-Gouard worked to reassure Felipe that Alençon was not being supported by Henri in his ambitions against Spanish held Nederland. Saint-Gouard also sought to secure the marriage of a Spanish princess for the duc d'Alençon however in this he was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} ===Royal favour=== In 1577 Saint-Gouard received the royal honour of induction as a ''chevalier'' (knight) into the the [[Ordre de Saint-Michel|Ordre de Saint-Michel (Order of Saint-Michel)]], the highest order of French chivalry. That same year he entered the king's household when he was made a ''gentilhomme de la chambre du roi'' (gentleman of the king's chamber), and also the royal government when he was made a ''conseiller'' (councillor) in the ''conseil privé'' (privy council), a charge he would hold until 1598, the year before his death.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=186}}{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} After the seizure of French shipping in 1577 Saint-Gouard protested that the Spanish were so unjust in their behaviour that they made the 'Turks' look good by comparison.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=295}} In January 1578 Saint-Gouard detailed to the Spanish ''secretario'' Zayas that the French prisoners were put in the hold without food and left to starve. After this the ambassador alleged they were subject to tortures and falsified confessions.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=295}} The French court sent the king's ''sécretaire'' [[Jules Gassot]] to Madrid as an extraordinary ambassador at the end of 1577, so that he might reassure Felipe that the French supported the Spanish king in Vlaanderen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=139}} Gassot was to propose the mediation of Catherine to resolve the disputes over Vlaanderen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=526}} This was followed from September to December in 1578 by another extraordinary diplomatic mission, this time led by [[Louis d'Angennes|the marquis de Maintenon]] to again reassure Felipe about France's intentions as regarded Vlaanderen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=139}} ===Intrigues=== A secret negotiation led by [[Guy de Saint-Gelais|the seigneur de Lansac]] was uncovered by Saint-Gouard in 1579. The purpose of Lansac's efforts appeared to be the seizure of the city of [[Al Araish]] in north west Africa. To uncover what was transpiring, Saint-Gouard entrusted his ''sécretaire'' to look into the matter.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=197}} He had great success in his efforts and the Spanish ambassador in France was surprised to see how well appraised Saint-Gouard was of the affair, urging Felipe to investigate who Saint-Gouard was in contact with as whoever it was appeared to be well informed.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=198}} Suspecting a man of Marseille named Reboul who was in Madrid of regularly selling information to the Spanish crown about Languedoc and Provence, Saint-Gouard attacked him in the street with his cane. The ambassador reported happily back to Henri in April 1580 that the beating he had inflicted had discredited Reboul in the eyes of the Spanish.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=215}} The ambassador had an issue with the interception of his mail during 1580, with the letters opened, read and then resealed. This was a problem for Saint-Gouard as he was engaging in intrigues with the Portuguese and discussing the intrigues in these letters. Fortunately for him, his cipher was not cracked. Nevertheless he complained to the ''secretarios'' of Felipe, Zayas and [[Juan de Idiáquez y Olazábal|Idiáquez]] but was unable to convince them to care. He therefore escalated his complaints to Felipe who referred him back to Idiáquez. With no satisfaction, Saint-Gouard complained to Villeroy, urging him to share in his anger.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=301}} ===Portuguese crisis=== [[File:Catarina_duquesa_braganza.jpg|thumb|right|[[Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza|Duquesa de Bragança]] one of the key power brokers in Portugal after the death without heir of king [[Henry, King of Portugal|Henrique]]]] [[File:Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg|thumb|left|[[António, Prior of Crato|Dom António]], claimant to the Portuguese throne]] On 31 January 1580, the king of Portugal [[Henry, King of Portugal|Henrique]] died without an heir. To solve the matter of his succession, he had established five governors to manage affairs on his death and appoint his successor.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=232}} In the crisis that followed, Saint-Gouard did not believe that the claims of [[António, Prior of Crato|dom António]] to the throne had merit. Nevertheless, he observed that the people of Portugal were greatly hostile to a foreign candidate residing on their throne, and would prefer even a 'Turk' to submission to España. He received the pleas of Rodriguez de Castro, the cousin of the Portuguese [[João I, Duke of Braganza|duque de Bragança]] asking for French aid. Believing the Bragança family to enjoy great support in Portugal he therefore asked Henri to jump into action in March 1580. He proposed to the French king that the [[Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza|duquesa de Bragança]] (duchess of Bragança) ally with dom António. In return for French aid, the kingdom would be rewarded with possession of the Portuguese territories of [[Madeira]], [[Brasil Colonial|Brasil]] and [[Portuguese Guinea|Guiné Portuguesa]] in addition to rights to trade with the East Indies. Saint-Gouard deluded himself into believing in the strength of the Bragança position and resolve. He was thus surprised to learn of the submission of the duquesa de Bragança to Felipe. After a final visit from Rodgriguez de Castro, Saint-Gouard conceded to seeking support for dom António in July 1580. The five governors who held the regency indicated to Felipe that he should not think to bring his army across the border but wait until they had made their decision on who was to succeed Henrique. Felipe could not however abide by their restrictions, seeing dom António's position consolidating (having been proclaimed king in Santarém he then entered [[Lisboa]] as king in June.){{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=233}} Felipe therefore raised levies across España to see Portugal subdued to him, with Saint-Gouard noting that the soil shook with the march of the soldiers.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=531}} To lead the army the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|duque de Alba]] was brought out of retirement to command the force of 30,000 into Portugal. Alba enjoyed a fearsome reputation for his campaigns against rebels in Spanish Nederland.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=234}} The troops invaded Portugal in July.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=233}} Saint-Gouard hoped the people might be able to resist the Spanish armies. Felipe's army was however able to subdue the country very rapidly, much to Saint-Gouard's surprise.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=25}} Victory in battle on 25 August at [[Battle of Alcântara (1580)|Alcântara]] gave Alba possession of Lisboa on 2 September. The only frustration for the Spanish during the campaign was the successful flight of dom António who escaped from Portugal to France. This vexed Saint-Gouard who felt it would have been more productive had he remained in Portugal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=534}} During 1580, the king's brother Alençon succeed in his negotiations with elements of the rebellion in Nederland for him to become their prince. An agreement to this effect was signed on 19 September. This was a difficult situation for Henri as if he directly opposed his brother he risked throwing France back into civil war, but at the same time he could not afford war with España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=525}} Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that Henri was entirely opposed to Alençon's 'despicable' enterprise.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=526}} Felipe entered Portugal on 5 December 1580 to receive the homage of the great nobility, in particular the duque de Bragança.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=535}} Saint-Gouard sent forth spies to inform him of Felipe's progress into Portugal and actions in the country.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=210}} On 16 April 1581, Felipe was proclaimed king of Portugal by the {{ill|Cortes de Tomar de 1581|pt}}. The prospect of Felipe's aggrandisement over Portugal was a great concern not only to the French crown but also the English.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=545}} He established a general pardon, excluding only dom António and his chief supporters. On 24 June Felipe entered Lisboa. During this period Saint-Gouard was learning of the abuses the French in Portugal were experiencing.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=535}} In April 1581 Saint-Gouard voiced his dismissive opinion of the [[Juan de Tassis, 1st Count of Villamediana|Spanish ambassador to France]], characterising him as a 'little agent'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=162}} Back in France, the Spanish ambassador protested to Henri about the interception of his mail. Henri, who had the mail in his possession, only agreed to receive the ambassador after his cipher had been cracked. Receiving the ambassador, Henri postulated that his mail must have been stolen by Portuguese refugees in France. From here the affair escalated to such an extent that Saint-Gouard advised Henri in August to no longer allow the Spainsh ambassador's despatches to be intercepted, as it left the impression in España that France could not control its population of Portuguese refugees.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=302}} The French ambassador was little interested in remaining in Madrid to discuss affairs with Felipe's minister, the [[Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle|cardenal de Granvelle]] and was determined to jump on his horse and join with Felipe in Lisboa. He undertook no interviews with Granvelle for a year, the gravity of the political situation required he meet with Felipe.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=356}} He was disheartened that the other ambassadors in Madrid were not dissatisfied by Felipe's coup in Portugal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=535}} In June Henri tasked Saint-Gouard with travelling to [[Belém, Lisbon|Belém]] near Lisboa where Felipe was established to complain of the treatment of French merchants and people that had accompanied the occupation.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=536 Saint-Gouard was faced with the problem of determining how he was to finance the trip, and he speculated whether he might need to sell everything he possessed in Madrid and proceed on a couple of mules to Portugal. A month came and went without him able to depart.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=245}} Around this time Henri informed Saint-Gouard he was to be relieved of his charge. As a result of this decision, it would be necessary for him to travel to Lisboa to inform Felipe of this also.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=246}} Having arrived in Portugal in September, he learned he was to be without his diplomatic prerogatives. Granvelle had advised Felipe to this effect, as Saint-Gouard reported indignantly in October.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=536}} While established at the monastary of Belém near Lisboa, he refused the attempts of the ''secretario'' Idiáquez to establish tutelage over him by offering the ambassador accommodation in his house.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=14}} Saint-Gouard saw this as a method by which to have his every action and visitor spied upon.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=537}} When offered a galley by Idiáquez to take him to Lisboa he pretended not to see it and jumped into a small boat with a couple of servants. Idiáquez continued to signal to him but he ignored the efforts and made it to Lisboa by hugging the edge of the river where the waters were shallow.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=537}} He established himself in a gambling den in the capital, all the better to keep appraised of the various intrigues.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=15}} In Lisboa Idiáquez renewed his request to accommodate Saint-Gouard one final time, deploring where Saint-Gouard has established himself and telling him it was the command of Felipe that he stay with the secretario. The ambassador sarcastically remarked to Henri that he was surprised having conquered such a city as Lisboa that Felipe had been unable to find independent accommodation for him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=538}} With relations between France and España further deteriorating, Saint-Gouard advised the French king see to the defence of the coasts of Provence and Languedoc.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=540}} From his centre of operations Saint-Gouard fostered several connections with influential inhabitants of the city.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=190}} While in Portugal he did not hesitate to appear insolent before Felipe, and in his correspondence back to the French court, harshly critiqued Spanish policy.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=25}} He would remain in Portugual from August 1581 to January 1582 living in great poverty during his stay.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} The paucity of his resources would be such that he would be mocked by people as a 'simple valet'. During this period he had dismissed all his ''sécretaires'' for financial reasons, and therefore wrote his despatches himself, despite suffering from an eye disease. He apologised for the poor quality of his writing to Villeroy on the grounds of his eye health.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=539}} While in Portugal he learned that his creditors in Madrid had seized his horses and wardrobe and were suing him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=246}} While ambassadorial communication back to France was typically conducted by horse, during his stay in Portugal he took advantage of ships travelling to Bordeaux to communicate more speedily.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=265}} In case some trouble befell the communication by sea, Saint-Gouard informed the king he had a duplicate of the correspondence he had sent ready to go.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=289}} He also on occasion utilised merchants who were travelling to France to bring letters to the kingdom, though the French employed this practice less frequently than their Spanish counterparts.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=270}} He wrote back to the French court in September that Felipe was undertaking the fortification of Lisboa. As for the Portuguese, they were in Saint-Gouard's estimation 'dejected and submissive'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=537}} From his rough accommodation, Saint-Gouard received Portuguese visitors who wished to re-establish the kingdoms independence.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=540}} Ribera describes Saint-Gouard as working 'frantically' through this period in the employ of all his agents to frustrate Felipe's ambitions to the crown of Portugal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=594}} He was disappointed to discover however that the Portuguese had lost the will to fight by and large, as such his efforts were largely in vain.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=595}} In his first audience with the king he explained why he had come to Lisboa without seeking Felipe's permission. He then turned to the matter of the suffering of the French in Portugal. He summarised the damages in a memoranda to be submitted to Felipe for the allocation of compensation. This accomplished he informed Felipe that he would imminently be replaced as ambassador.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=538}} He concluded by reminding the Spanish king that Portugal was dependant on Breton grain, and without it in 1581 the country would have been depopulated. In a new meeting with Felipe on 9 October, Saint-Gouard conceded that Felipe had the rights to the kingdom of Portugal, but observed that he had imposed himself on the land (and maintained himself) with the sword. This provocative statement was designed to upset Felipe through challenging his legitimacy, but the Spanish king remained cordial during the interview.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=539}} Nevertheless, Felipe's contempt for Saint-Gouard further developed during this period.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=540}} In October, during an audience with Felipe in Lisboa, Saint-Gouard assured the Spanish king that Henri was sincerely opposed to Alençon's Dutch enterprise, but had no way of containing the prince. He suggested it might be prudent for the Spanish king to offer one of his daughters to Alençon to calm his passions. He further informed Felipe that Henri could not militarily confront his brother. Alençon was his heir in the absence of a child.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=526}} That same month, Idiáquez reminded Saint-Gouard how patient Felipe had been the French crown. Felipe hoped that Henri would employ the appropriate remedies to the situation so that in future his subjects did not interfere with the public peace as rebels.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=527}} Idiáquez spoke with Saint-Gouard again in November. He informed the ambassador that Felipe had sent a representative to the French court to resolve the situation of the treatment of the French in Portugal. This was an indirect way of explaining to Saint-Gouard he was not needed in Lisboa. The ambassador warned the ''secretario'' against ministers whose pride deluded them into believing the power of their prince was eternal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=540}} He competed with the Spanish over the nomination of a consul in Portugal to represent French interests, strongly representing Henri's choice ([[Melchior de Rieux]]) against the choices of the Spanish, who were favourable to their position. He was unable to get his choice of consul accepted.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=541}} After five months in Portugal, and with it being made clear to him that he was unwelcome, he resolved to return to Madrid. Funds were granted to him on route to the capital while he was in Sevilla by his ''sécretaire'' Longlée. This came as a great boon to him as he feared that he might even be imprisoned over his debts at this time. Saint-Gouard was little interested in waiting in Madrid for his successor to arrive, or alternatively for Felipe to return.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=541}} He thus undertook the sale of his furniture in Saintonge, which allowed him to finance a return to Portugal. He was even obligated to mortgage some of lands in Saintonge.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=247}} The Portuguese crisis had been a further catalyst for the deterioration of Franco-Spanish relations.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=14}} At this time, a French military expedition to the [[Açores]] that was being organised under the command of the colonel-general Strozzi (son of the maréchal with whom Saint-Gouard had travelled to Malta in 1565) set sail. Propositioned by a prospective spy in April, he paid the man 700 ''écus'' for his services.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=190}} ===Second expedition to Lisboa=== Saint-Gouard arrived back at [[Aldeia Galega da Merceana|Aldeia Galega]] near Lisboa in June. He wrote to Idiáquez to announce his return and asking the ''secretario'' to arrange accommodation for him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=541}} Instead of offering accommodation Idiáquez inquired coldly as to why he had returned. Saint-Gouard explained he had important matters to discuss with Felipe. The Spanish king shared his ''secretarios'' distaste at Saint-Gouard's return and asked why, at a time when Catherine was dispatching fleets against the Spanish, Saint-Gouard felt he had the right to 'cavort' among the people. He asked the ambassador to specify his mission and if they judged it to be truly serious they would move from there. Saint-Gouard dispatched Longlée to secure accommodation for him, and the ''sécretaire'' succeeded in finding lodgings for him with a rich Genoese man. It was quickly apparent he was under close watch.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=542}} Despite being under watch, Saint-Gouard continued to meet with those who opposed Spanish rule in Portugal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=543}} On 21 June Saint-Gouard attained an audience with Felipe. The ambassador assured the Spanish king that Henri desired peace between their kingdoms and regretted the actions of his brother in Vlaanderen. He went as far as to propose a marriage between Alençon and one of the Spanish king's daughters might still be an appropriate solution. This was greeted coldly by Felipe.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=542}} The following day, Idiáquez visited Saint-Gouard to inform him that it was absurd to seek a marriage between Alençon and one of Felipe's daughters at a time when Alençon was seeking a marriage with the English queen, and France was sending an armed fleet out against España. Idiáquez then attacked Henri for the support he offered to the claims of dom António. Though the ''secretario'' stated this was the end of matters, Saint-Gouard retorted he had already explained everything to Felipe.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=542}} He further clarified Henri had only accepted António into France due to the pity he felt for him. The protections afforded the pretender to the throne were a product of the warnings Saint-Gouard had provided that there were many assassins who desired António dead. It would be a considerable dishonour to Henri for the Portuguese noble to be murdered in his territory.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=543}} Idiáquez returned to meet with Saint-Gouard for a final time a week later. Saint-Gouard was ordered to leave Lisboa and return to Madrid. On 10 July, shortly before he left Portugal he bore witness to the departure of the Spanish fleet that was going to crush Strozzi's expedition, led by the [[Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz|marqués de Santa Cruz]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=543}} ===Back in Madrid=== [[File:Isla_Terceira.jpg|thumb|right|Spanish naval victory over the force under [[Filippo di Piero Strozzi|the French commander Strozzi]] at [[Battle of Vila Franca do Campo|Vila Franca do Compo]]]] That same month the French expeditionary force to the Açores under the command of Strozzi [[Battle of Vila Franca do Campo|was destroyed by the Spanish]]. The captured French prisoners were considered to be pirates, and therefore all were killed. On 23 July 1582 Saint-Gouard held his final audience with Felipe, it was cordial as decorum dictated despite the hatred Felipe had for the ambassador.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=543}} Saint Gouard then departed Lisboa on 26 July and made his way back to Madrid, arriving in the city on 17 August. Once there he observed bitterly that for weeks after the Spanish naval victory, bonfires were maintained in the capital. The ambassador complained to Catherine and Henri about the 'insolence' of the Spanish people.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=315}} Having heard reports that Strozzi's force had not put up strong resistance but rather fled, the ambassador remarked bitterly that the soldiers should die of shame.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=544}} In October he wrote that they spat at French people in the street.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=316}} His time as ambassador had so penured him that he worried about the image he would present on his return to France, having sold even his shirts to his creditors.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=247}} The following month he reported to the crown of the arrival of a treasure fleet from the Spanish colonial territories weighed down with between three and four million ''écus''.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=192}} His successor as ambassador {{ref|Alpha|α}}, [[Pierre de Ségusson|the sieur de Longlée]] was already in Iberia at the time of Saint-Gouard's relief.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=193}} He had in fact served as a ''sécretaire'' to Saint-Gouard for the last nine years of his diplomatic mission, being first mentioned in this capacity in 1574 correspondence from [[Diego de Zúñiga]] to Felipe .{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=11}} Saint-Gouard had richly praised Longlée in his writings to the French court, informing the crown that they had 'no greater servant' than he.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=98}} Nevertheless, Saint-Gouard's combative style and willingness to anger Felipe and overstep his prerogatives during his tenure left Longlée in a difficult position.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=548}} The departing ambassador warned his successor to be careful about involving himself in matters without a strong supply of money.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=247}} Longlée was well aware his financial resources were inferior to those his predecessor had enjoyed.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=248}} In his final month in España (December), Saint-Gouard bribed some men to undertake the burning of the Spanish fleet that was anchored in Lisboa. He entrusted Longlée with overseeing the operation, however nothing would come of it.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=343}} Alongside this mission, Saint-Gouard made sure his successor was well appraised of current affairs.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=547}} While the crown struggled with the prospect of seeing Saint-Gouard financially compensated for his long ambassadorship, it could reward him with office. In 1583 Henri established Saint-Gouard in the position of governor of the province of Saintonge, with particular responsibility for the château de [[Saintes, Charente-Maritime|Saintes]], a charge that offered great prospects of profit.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} He would hold this charge until 1596.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} During the 31 December 1583 induction into his new most senior (and more exclusive) order of French chivalry, Saint-Gouard would be established as a ''chevalier'' of the [[Ordre du Saint-Esprit|Ordre du Saint-Esprit (Order of the Holy-Spirit)]].{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} Saint-Gouard's successor as ambassador, the sieur de Longlée had in his employ a Portuguese spy (named Rondela) who was compromised in 1584 and arrested by the Spanish authorities. Longlée feigned shock when links between the spy and himself were proposed, and suggested that perhaps Rondela may have known Saint-Gouard in Vlaanderen or Konstantiniyye and that there was nothing compromising about their relationship.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=205}} In June 1584, the king's brother Alençon died. As the king lacked a son the succession to the crown defaulted to his distant Protestant cousin the king of Navarre. This was seized upon as unacceptable by a segment of the Catholic nobility led by the duc de Guise who re-founded the [[Catholic League (France)|Catholic Ligue (League)]] to oppose Navarre's succession and various other royal policies.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|pp=229-331}} ===Papal mission=== In 1584 Saint-Gouard was established as the French ambassador to the Papal States upon the death of the prior ambassador [[Paul de Foix]]. He would be the only [[Nobles of the Sword|sword noble]] of this period to hold multiple ordinary diplomatic postings, something that was more common for [[Nobles of the Robe|robe nobles]].{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=226}} He would further be a deviation from the usual royal policy of sending a man of the church as ambassador to Roma.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=49}} The French ambassadorial post to Roma was the most chaotic one, with several of the incumbents in the office dying during their postings while others were made cardinals. This caused numerous interims in the posting.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=82}} There would be a considerable deal of time between the death of Foix and his arrival, and it is unknown who held the office on an interim basis pending his arrival.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=191}} He arrived in the city in March 1585 and established himself in a palazzo belonging to the queen mother Catherine. He found his life easier and more comfortable in Roma than he had his service in Madrid.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=90}} He would enjoy much support and many connections in Roma.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} As his ''sécretaire''{{ref|Gamma|γ}} he enjoyed the services of Antoine de La Boderie.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} In his capacity as ambassador he received correspondence from the queen mother Catherine, and would still be receiving letters from her as late as 1588, near to her death when she was both ill and depressed. Unlike his residence in España, the communications he received in Roma from Catherine are well preserved.{{sfn|Crouzet|2014|p=23}}{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=82}} As during his time in España, he was often forced to take loans to support himself, due to the lack of income he was supposed to be in receipt of. Prior to leaving the Papal States he was unable to balance his books, and as such his wife was pursued by his creditors.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=95}} ===Sixtus V=== [[File:(Albi)_Cathédrale_Sainte-Cécile_-_Trèsor_-_Portrait_du_pape_Sixte_V_-_PalissyIM81001477.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pope Sixtus V]]]] The following month after his establishment, in April, [[Pope Gregory XIII]] was succeeded in the Papal office by [[Pope Sixtus V]]. Sixtus endeavoured to establish himself independent of both French and Spanish influence.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} In his capacity as ambassador to Roma, Saint-Gouard frequently clashed with Sixtus. Despite their often tense relations, Sixtus appreciated Saint-Gouard's 'vigour and courage'.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} Saint-Gouard quickly succeeded in securing from him the re-establishment of an old etiquette that had been abolished by Gregory XIII. The ambassadors were to serve the Pope in the ''séance en capelle''. Saint-Gouard as French ambassador would enjoy the second most senior position in this ceremony, behind that of the Imperial ambassador and before that of the Spanish. Frustrated at this the Spanish ambassador the [[Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares|conde de Olivares (count of Olivares)]] refused to participate in the coronation ceremony on 1 May.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} He was also granted other symbolic honours as concerned courtly etiquette in Roma.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=90}} In his diplomatic mission, Saint-Gouard would endeavour to ensure that Sixtus distrusted the Spanish. He stated to the Pontiff that while he would not wish to bet a crown on the Spanish deceiving him, he would bet everything that when it was to their advantage to do so, they would deceive the Pope.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=91}} He would fight vigorously to defend the Catholicity and reputation of his king Henri against Sixtus. In this he was up against [[Nicolas de Pellevé|the cardinal de Pellevé]] an agent of Guise's in the Roman capital.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=91}} During his ambassadorship he denounced the cardinal de Pellevé, who had been established in Roma around 1574, as a source of intrigues and mischief.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} Saint-Gouard wrote to the duc de Guise in early July 1585 chiding him for his rebellion against the crown. He informed the duc that he had learned his obedience to the crown from Guise's father the previous duc de Guise. Thus he exhorted Guise to abandon his rebellious pretensions if he did not want to sabotage the reputation of his ancestors.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=100}} The new Pope decided to recall his Papal Nuncio to France the [[Gerolamo Ragazzoni|bishop of Bergamo]] and replace him with the ''ligueur'' and Spanish sympathetic [[Fabio Mirto Frangipani|archbishop of Nazareth]]. Henri was greatly aggrieved by this and refused to receive the replacement, ordering [[François de Mandelot|the governor of the Lyonnais]] to halt his progress at Lyon. Chevallier speculates he may have been driven by the domestic frustrations he was experiencing after having been forced into a peace which conceded to his enemies in the Catholic ''ligue''. Saint-Gouard championed Henri's decision before the Pope, even before he had received instructions from France, and demanded the Pope see to the archbishops recall.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=579}} This offended the Pope so significantly that the Pope ordered that he depart the Papal States within 5 days, something he would do on 25 July 1585.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=396}}{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=313}}{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=186}} Henri did not retaliate against Sixtus for the dismissal of his ambassador.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=238}} ===Exile from Roma=== Shortly after being expelled from Roma by Sixtus and returning to France, Saint-Gouard found himself in the centre of a storm. He was suspected by [[Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers|the duc de Nevers]] of being the author of several libellous letters against him. Keen to confirm his suspicions, the duc de Nevers turned to the doctor [[Philippe de Cavriana]] in September to gather information on Saint-Gouard. Cavriana inquired of the royal entourage' as to what Saint-Gouard may have said about the duc de Nevers in his diplomatic despatches back to France. This inquisitiveness greatly aggrieved Catherine who asked Cavriana to cease his investigations.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} Still enquiring on the duc's behalf, several days later Cavriana got into a showdown with the royal favourite [[Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette|the duc d'Épernon]]. Épernon informed Cavriani that the ambassador had written nothing as concerned the duc de Nevers and swore as such on his honour as a gentleman. If Cavriana continued to investigate Saint-Gouard it would attract the ire of the king. While Nevers' agent took cares to speak quietly to Épernon, the latter was embarrassed that Épernon spoke loudly in front of many courtiers. Cavriana assured Épernon that if Nevers was sure that it was Saint-Gouard they would not be in this position right now. As such he was seeking more information. Cavrians pushed Épernon on the matter, asking him whether he'd seen the 'slanderous letters' and whether they had not been written in Saint-Gouard's hand. Épernon in turn replied that he had indeed seen the letters, but that they were unsigned and unmarked.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=312}} Clearly understanding the situation, and appreciating that Henri was both keen to protect Saint-Gouard, and see him returned to his ambassadorial post, Cavriana advised Nevers that it would be best to end his attempts to receive satisfaction (Nevers had been seeking a duel with the ambassador). He wrote similarly to the duc's wife [[Henriette de Clèves]] advising her to intercede with her husband against his desire for revenge.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=313}} ===Pisani=== As a further reward for his services, in May 1586 Henri erected the marquisate de Pisani in Saint-Gouard's favour, comprising his lands in Poitou and Saintonge.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} It would be by this name he would be known forthwith.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=591}} Henri for his part found himself subject to the distaste of the existing Papal Nuncio for his decision to seek negotiations with the Protestant [[Henri IV of France|king of Navarre]] and [[Henri I, Prince of Condé|prince de Condé]] in the summer of 1586. The king justified himself on the grounds of the immiseration of the kingdom. The Nuncio begged him not to make such a decision to seek peace without first seeking the advice of the Pope. Catherine, who was to lead the negotiations , would depart to conduct them in July. Before she did she urged Pisani to sooth the Pope's concerns about her peace mission. Her efforts succeeded in securing an armistice with the Protestants which lasted until the spring of 1587.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=591}} ===Return to the Papacy=== Thanks to the work of the [[Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet|cardinal de Rambouillet]] and [[Ippolito II d'Este|cardinale d'Este]], the return of Pisani to his embassy would be arranged, and thus he departed Paris back for Roma on 23 June 1586, arriving in the city on 19 August.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=313}}{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=186}} After the return of Pisani to Roma, Henri consented to the replacement of the bishop of Bergamo with the archbishop of Nazareth as Papal Nuncio.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=592}} In late August, Pisani reported back to Henri of the Pope's disapproval for Catherine's peace mission. The Pope reminded Pisani that until such time as 'heresy' was vanquished in France, Henri could not truly be absolute master of his kingdom. There was also much domestic opposition to the efforts to broker peace between the royal party and the Protestants both radical preachers and from the ''ligueur'' lords like the duc de Guise (who liaised with the new Papal Nuncio on his plans to reject a peace).{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=592}} It was with sadness that Pisani observed the death of the [[Luigi d'Este|cardinale d'Este]], a great supporter of the French in December 1586. However this was counterbalanced by a new ally for the protection of French affairs the [[François de Joyeuse|cardinal de Joyeuse]].{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} A flood of Catholic outrage greeted the execution of [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary Stuart]] on 1 March 1587 by the English queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. The Pope enquired of Pisani as to how Henri was planning to respond to the killing, 'was Henri going to avenge the murder, as he was obligated to do for his honour?'. Henri was no more able to avenge the death of Mary than he was to stop her execution. He contented himself to host a solemn service in Paris in her memory.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=596}} Relations between the Papacy and Henri were improved at this time. In March of 1587 the hostile Papal Nuncio archbishop of Nazareth died and was replaced by the pro-French [[Giovan Francesco Morosini (cardinal)|bishop of Brescia]] in the charge. Sixtus opined to Pisani that the rebellion of Guise against the crown was of advantage to the Protestants. The Catholic ''ligue'' should unite with the crown for the destruction of Protestantism.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=600}} In August the Pope authorised an alienation of 500,000 ''écus'' of church land in France. This was in response to his being informed that Henri intended to personally lead an army against the Protestants. Pisani sent a porter to inform Henri of the Pope's decision{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=600}} When word arrived in France, the clergy was outraged and protested against the measure. They were soothed by the [[Pierre de Gondi|the cardinal de Gondi]] and the new Papal Nuncio. Due to the fact the money was not presently available, Henri asked Pisani to request a 400,000 ''écus'' loan from the Pope in return for receipt of interest from the alienation.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=601}} In early 1588, the Papal Nuncio tried to nudge Henri towards delivering his campaign against the Protestants. Henri was reluctant to comply, and argued that if he threw himself against the Protestants, he would be leaving Picardie and Normandie in the hands of the ''ligue''. The Nuncio retorted that Henri had two enemies, and as he could only make war on one it should be the Protestants. On 18 February, Henri wrote to Pisani asking him to see to it that the Pope reminded the ''ligue'' of their need to show obedience to him and see to the service of god, as opposed to their ambitions.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=624}} ===Crisis of the French crown=== [[File:Le_duc_de_Guise_lors_de_la_journee_des_barricades_by_Paul_Lehugeur_19th_century.jpg|thumb|right|[[Henri I, Duke of Guise|Duc de Guise]] on top the barricades in Paris during the ''ligueur'' uprising in the city]] Having established an agreement with the Spanish king Felipe, when the time came in April for a conference at Soissons between [[Pomponne de Bellièvre|Henri's ''surintendant des finances'' Bellièvre]] and the ''ligueurs'' the duc de Guise, and cardinals of [[Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon|Bourbon]] and [[Louis II de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise|Guise]] there was no prospect of an accord being reached. The Papal Nuncio informed Sixtus of the conferences failure before it had opened. Pisani continued to push Sixtus to make it clear to the ''ligueurs'' that they needed to unite loyally with the king to achieve the destruction of Protestantism. However, the speed of the Pope's response did not reflect the urgency of the situation.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=625}} From 10-13 May 1588 the ''ligue'' rose up in Paris with Guise at its head, and attempted to impose a settlement on Henri.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|pp=628-638}} After the humiliation of the [[day of the Barricades]], Henri retreated from Paris to Chartres leaving the capital in the hands of the ''ligueur'' rebels. He opined to his ambassador in Roma that he held duc de Guise solely responsible for the uprising. Pisani was to assure the Pope that Henri remained committed to wage war against the Protestants in Poitou, but before he could do this, Guise needed to be removed from the capital and returned to his governate of Champagne. If Guise continued to further his own ambitions, Henri would be compelled to preserve what authority he had left by combatting the duc. He furthered this with a letter to the Pope in which he obliquely implied he could be compelled to assassinate Guise (though he did not name him in his letter to Sixtus) when he stated that the extreme circumstances he found himself in might force him to resort to extreme remedies.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=378}}{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=641}} ===Dispute over precedence=== Pisani would demonstrate his hostility to the Spanish at the Papal court over the matter of the canonisation of [[Didacus of Alcalá|a Spanish Franciscan named Diego de Alcalá]]. For Felipe the canonisation was a great honour and the conde de Olivares wished to enjoy diplomatic precedence for this day which be in honour of España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=90}} To facilitate this, the [[Girolamo Rusticucci|cardinale de Rusticucci (cardinal of Rusticucci)]] appealed to Pisani on 25 June to call in sick on the day of the event (2 July). Pisani reported to Henri his horror at the prospect, saying that even were he on the 'point of death' he would still 'drag himself on his stomach' to show the king of España that he was inferior to the king of France. He added that saints belonged to all countries, and if España wished to have a monopoly on this saint, then he should be excluded from the common calendar. He affirmed to Henri his determination to be at the ceremony, and honour Diego as a universal saint.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=91}} Refusing to back down despite Rusticucci's pleas, he attended the ceremony with his precedence over the Spanish. Unable to tolerate this, Olivares called in sick to be replaced by [[Pedro de Deza|cardenal Deza]]. Olivares would not forgive the French for a long time.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=91}} On 4 July Henri noted with impatience to Pisani that if he did not have peace in his kingdom within the next several weeks, he would enter open war with the ''ligueurs''. He thanked the Pope through Pisani for offering the services of a Legate, but requested this role be given to the Nuncio. On 21 July he concluded an agreement with the ''ligueurs'' sin the [[edict of Union]] in which he swore never again to make an accord with 'heretics'. Similarly France was never to have a 'heretical' king, he would adopt the decisions of the [[Council of Trent]], grant to the Catholic princes the towns conceded to them in the 1585 [[treaty of Nemours]], relieve Épernon of his governate of [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] and sell off the property of Protestants.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=644}} With this agreement confirmed, Henri assured Pisani he would now be waging war against the Protestants alongside the ''ligueur'' leaders the duc de Guise and [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne|duc de Mayenne]].{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=646}} ===Assassination of the duc and cardinal=== [[File:Légended'Henri_III.jpg|thumb|right|[[Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)|Assassination of the duc de Guise]]]] Though Henri had initially acceded to the demands of the ''ligue'', he chafed at the duc's tutelage and this was furthered by his suspicion that Guise was behind the defiance of the Estates General to him. Thus he resolved to assassinate the duc in December 1588.{{sfn|Carroll|2011|p=289}}{{sfn|Jouanna|1998|p=346}} After have effected the [[Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)|assassination of the duc de Guise]], Henri moved to ensuring the act was properly justified internationally. [[André Hurault de Maisse]] who was departing for Italia was instructed to inform the late duc's maternal uncle [[Alfonso II d'Este|the duca di Ferrara]] that Guise had been poisoned by his ambition and was planning to seize Henri and hand him over to the ''ligueurs'' in Paris. Henri was confident that the Pope would approve of the act he had undertaken, and wrote to Pisani to this effect. He justified himself on the grounds that Guise was a threat to not only his crown but also his life.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=674}} Almost as an afterthought the king mentioned the assassination of the cardianl de Guise. Pisani was further informed that the Pope would see it as not only lawful but also a pious act. By this means, Henri declared, he had stemmed the greatest source of strife between his Catholic subjects.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=284}} To assist Pisani in this effort with the Pope would be the cardinal de Joyeuse. Henri's impression that the Pope might be supportive was not drawn from nothing, as a few months previous the Pope had urged him to punish those who defied his authority with severity.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=405}} The Papal Nuncio in France decided against excommunicating Henri out of fear it could drive him into the arms of the Protestants, and therefore left the decision in the hands of the Pope.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=675}} ===Justifying the killings=== [[File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_050.jpg|thumb|right|[[François de Joyeuse|Cardinal de Joyeuse]] who would assist Pisani in his attempted negotiations with [[Pope Sixtus V]]]] On 4 January word reached the Papacy of the assassinations that had transpired at Blois. This was followed a day later by the official notice of the act from Henri. According to cardinal de Joyeuse, the Pope was not surprised to learn of the assassinations, remarking that Guise and his brother had received several warnings of the king's intentions.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=246}} On 6 January Pisani, who had not yet received his diplomatic despatch from the king, met with the Pope. Pisani attempted to explain Henri's actions. Pope Sixtus restrained himself in his reactions, asking only if Pisani had ever heard of a prince who killed a cardinal.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=247}} However, in his next meeting, with the Venetian ambassador, the Pope exploded in anger. He argued to the ambassador that if Henri had executed the duc de Guise after the day of the barricades it would have been one thing, but to kill the duc after having made a public reconciliation with him was murder and not justice.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=682}} This was furthered in his meetings with the Spanish representative.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=247}} On 7 January Joyeuse spoke with Sixtus and tried to justify the 'deserved end' of the ''ligueur'' princes. The Pope cut him off, crying that that was not the way to deal with men of such quality. Guise should have been arrested, and the cardinal sent to Roma for trial. Joyeuse retorted that the Pope himself had proposed to Henri that he should defenestrate the duc de Guise back in May. The king only needed the forgiveness of god for the killing of the duc, however the cardinal informed the pope that Henri wished to receive absolution for the death of cardinal de Guise.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=247}} On 9 January Sixtus discussed the murder of the cardinal de Guise with the cardinals of the consistory, arguing to the body that the deed could not go unpunished. Both Pisani and Joyeuse grew fearful that extraordinary penance might be imposed on Henri as a result.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=682}} After the meeting of cardinals on 10 January it was decided to suspend consistorial matters related to France. Joyeuse opined fearfully that this could cause a break between the French and Roman churches, and a return to pre-[[Concordat of Bologna|Concordat]] elections in the French church. Joyeuse advised Henri that he would need to request absolution from the Pope, and also release the ''ligueur'' [[Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon|cardinal de Bourbon]] and [[Pierre Épinac|archbishop of Lyon]] who he had arrested.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=249}} In early January Henri sent to Pisani and Joyeuse the brief which the Pope had provided him on 20 July 1587. This brief granted him the privilege to receive absolution for his sins for a confessor of his choosing, including for sins that would normally be the business of the Holy See, such as the automatic excommunication the killing of a cardinal resulted in (the king had killed [[Louis II de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise|the cardinal de Guise]] alongside the duc de Guise). When the Pope was reminded of this brief, he retorted that it only applied to sins committed prior to its granting.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=246}} In January the commander of Dyo was sent to the Holy See by the duc de Guise's brother the duc de Mayenne to represent him. Dyo took the position that after the murder of the duc and cardinal all good Catholics were fearful and required the protection of an act emanating from the Pope.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=682}} During these months, the ''ligueur'' representative in the Papal court, Jean de Piles, abbot of Orbais worked to convince the Pope to excommunicate Henri. Pisani denounced the abbot as a pernicious agent of the Lorraine princes on 25 January. ''Ligueur'' pamphlets printed in Paris were also sent to Roma.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=252}} From January to February 1589, the cardinal de Joyeuse and Pisani negotiated with the Pope. Joyeuse seeing that neither he nor Pisani were making any impression on the Pontiff after a month of work, wrote to Henri urging him to establish a special envoy who would request absolution for him.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=683}} Henri conceded to the Pope's position and his representative [[Claude d'Angennes|the bishop of Le Mans]] was sent to Roma. The bishop arrived on 23 February and was received by the Pope two days later. He enjoyed several audiences with the Pope, and in one on 8 March the Pope demanded that the envoy provide a simple request for the king's absolution. After Le Mans again demurred on the grounds of the rights of the king and French nation, Sixtus exploded and threatened to imprison the bishop. Pisani who was also present for the audience protested that it was the duty of ambassadors to explain their masters reasoning. On 13 March Joyeuse brokered an agreement by which the bishop of Le Mans would make the appeal for absolution, kneeling at the feet of the Pope he confessed on the behalf of Henri.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=684}} The Pope declared his satisfaction but maintained his refusal of absolution until such time as the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon were released, as this had not yet come to pass. Subsequently in April Henri entered into alliance with his distant Protestant cousin and heir the king of Navarre, throwing the prospect of agreement with the Papacy into doubt.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=413}} The Pope's ambassador in France withdrew from the court after the agreement was reached, staying in Lyon until the death of the king.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=422}} Over the coming months, Henri continued to fail to release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon from prison. However now the Pope was more incensed to learn of Henri's alliance with the Protestant king. On 5 May, Sixtus announced his decision, Henri must release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon within ten days. Within sixty days he must either come to Roma himself or send a proxy to represent him. If he failed to undertake both of these acts he would be excommunicated.{{sfn|Le Roux|2022|p=302}} In this declaration he did not mention Henri's alliance with Navarre but admitted to the Venetian ambassador that it was the reason he had made the declaration. Judging Henri's situation to be desperate he expected the king's submission and readied himself to open his arms to the errant prince. Pisani for his part attempted to stop the publication of the decision, but was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=692}} On 8 May Pisani spoke with 'pride and loyalty' to Sixtus that Henri maintained his continual obedience to the Pontiff, but that the king's ministers expected to be able to speak frankly, and not threatened with prison. Neither prison nor death would stop his advocacy for his king. The Pope was stunned by this address.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=97}} During May, the military situation for the ''ligue'' in France declined greatly after the loss of the [[battle of Senlis]], Navarre writing confidently that soon Paris might fall to them. In response to this Mayenne looked to Roma for a coup of his own, hoping to see the expelling of Pisani, the prosecution of the bishop of Le Mans and the declaration of a crusade.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=691}} Upon the publication of the Papal ''monitoire'' (warning that proceeds excommunication) on 26 May, both Joyeuse and Pisani abandoned Roma.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=422}}{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=692}} 1589 thus represented the end of Pisani's tenure as ambassador to the Papacy, the marquis judging the publication of the ''monitoire'' to conclude his ambassadorship.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}}{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} Henri was distraught to learn of his excommunication, but was reassured by Navarre that the true way to respond to the Pope's move was to recapture Paris.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=422}} The withdrawal of Pisani from Roma would be one piece of the diplomatic withdrawals which would typify the early reign of Henri III's Protestant successor due to his lack of recognition in the Catholic courts.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=55}} ===Withdrawal from Roma=== After tarrying for a while in Firenze, Pisani embarked at Livorno for France alongside the bishop of Le Mans. Joyeuse meanwhile travelled on to Venezia.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=255}} On route back to France the ship Pisani and Le Mans were travelling in was attacked by a corsair, Pisani led the successful repelling of the attacker, allowing them to reach Languedoc. When informed, Sixtus was impressed to learn of Pisani's feat.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} At the time of the [[assassination of Henri III]] on 1 August 1589, Pisani was residing on his estates in the marquisate of Pisani.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=92}} The change of dynasty from Valois to Bourbon that accompanied the death of Henri III did not result in Pisani's loss of importance, and through his reputation and political significance he entered into the confidence of the new king.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=106}} ==Reign of Henri IV== ===Royalist=== [[File:Heinrich_IV_von_Frankreich(1553-1610).jpg|thumb|right|[[Henri III of France|Henri III's]] distant cousin the Protestant king of Navarre who succeeded him to the French throne as [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]]]] Many French Catholics were left in a difficult position after the assassination of Henri III. The royal army that was besieging Paris collapsed from a size of 40,000 men to 18,000, many soldiers deserting rather than lending their services to a Protestant.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=309}} They now faced the prospect of having to serve a Protestant king. While this was too much for some, in the following days many nobles of Guyenne swore themselves to the king of Navarre as Henri IV. Among them were [[Jacques II de Goyon|maréchal de Matignon]] and [[Armand de Gontaut|Biron]], [[Gilbert III de Lévis|the duc de Ventadour]], [[François IV de La Rochefoucauld|the seigneur de La Rochefoucauld]], [[Jean de Pérusse|the comte de La Vauguyon]], [[Claude de La Trémoille, 2nd Duke of Thouars|the duc de Thouars]] and Pisani. These were all military nobles capable of mobilising their networks in the favour of the new king.{{sfn|Le Roux|2020|p=165}} For Pisani it was a matter of monarchical loyalty.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=92}} The new king appointed him lieutenant in the ''escadron de la cornette blanche'' (squadron of the white cornet). He maintained proximity to the king, always armoured, despite his considerable age.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=92}} In October 1589 he returned to Roma briefly for a brief extraordinary mission so as to secure for the duc de Luxembourg an audience with the Pope. Despite Spanish opposition, this mission was a success.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=92}} In July 1590, Pisani undertook a conference for Henri at Saint-Germain with the Papal legate [[Enrico Caetani|Caetani]]. Peace was discussed in the meeting, on the understanding of Henri's conversion to Catholicism. Saint-Gouard did not address this condition, but passed it on to some nobles of the army, who brought it to the king's attention via his cousin the [[Charles, Count of Soissons|comte de Soissons]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=93}} However this meeting bore no fruit.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} ===Absolution=== The Pope greatly opposed the Protestant Navarre's assumption of the crown. All Catholics who supported him were ordered to withdraw their support on pains of excommunication. Beyond his spiritual interventions, the Pope dispatched a small army to support the ''ligueur'' cause in their war with Henri, however it was badly ravaged by dysentery and accomplished little. With the death of Pope Gregory in October 1591 a new election was held. The [[Pope Clement VIII|new Pope]], elected in January 1592 maintained his support for the ''ligueur'' cause. Henri meanwhile dispatched two of his supporters who he hoped would be well received by the Papacy on 4 October, Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi. They were to swear Henri's support for the Pope and that in the same manner as his predecessors he had a 'filial devotion' to the Holy See.{{sfn|Babelon|2009|p=534}} The Papal Legate informed Pisani and Gondi that they would not be welcome in the Papal territories as the Pope did not wish to meet with representatives of the 'king of Navarre'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=93}} Pisani knew that the Pope would not agree to meet with him and that he would likely only be able to make his devotions to Loreto.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} However the Pope continued to direct his severity against Catholic supporters of Henri IV. Thus, with Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi on the road to Roma to ask the Pope to assist in the potential conversion of Henri to Catholicism, the Pope forbid them to continue their journey. He was supported in his refusal to meet with Pisani and Gondi by the ''ligueur'' agents in Roma.{{sfn|Micallef|2023|p=321}} As such the royalist party stopped its journey in Firenze, forbidden from travelling further. Meanwhile emissaries from the ''ligueur'' [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne|duc de Mayenne]] assured the Pope that Henri would not convert to Catholicism and that if he did it would be a simulacrum.{{sfn|Carpi|2012|p=583}} On 25 July 1593 Henri abjured Protestantism and became a Catholic.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=55}} Many Catholics however suspected his conversion was cynical or invalid. To this end Henri redoubled his efforts to gain absolution from the Pope. He was supported in this effort by the Tuscan and Venetian ambassadors in Roma who faced off with the Spanish Papal ambassador who sought to convince the Pope to continue the fight. From late 1592 the Venetian ambassador had convinced Clement military and financial support towards the Catholic ''ligue'' was playing into the hands of the Spanish. The Pope remained determined though not to receive Gondi and Pisani, and upon receiving word of Henri's adoption of Catholicism considered declaring the Catholics who received him schismatics. He was talked out of this by the Venetian ambassador on the grounds it would accelerate French Gallican sentiment. The reason for the Pope's refusal to see the two envoys was, according to a 'well connected' priest due to his fear of the Spanish reprisals he would be inviting if he were to take such a step. Henri resolved to send a new diplomatic mission, led by a man that the Pope could not refuse to see, the Italian Catholic [[Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers|the duc de Nevers]].{{sfn|Babelon|2009|p=576}} In November 1593 the Pope agreed to receive the duc de Nevers, however only in his capacity as a private person and not as a representative of Henri IV. Even after this meeting the Pope remained firm, declaring Henri could not be absolved as he 'persisted in his errors'.{{sfn|Micallef|2023|p=328}} It would only be in August 1595 that conditional absolution was granted to the French king.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=94}} ===Return to France=== [[File:Bataille_de_Fontaine-Française.jpg|thumb|right|Royalist victory at the [[battle of Fontaine-Française]] which saw Henri triumph over the ''ligueur''-Spanish army]] Having stayed in northern Italia since his arrival in late 1592, Pisani returned to France in early 1594. During his stay he had felt useless.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} During the crisis of the [[Croquant rebellions]], armed peasant bands rose across much of southern France. Henri resolved that he must employ a gentle hand to defuse their grievances. He opined to the lieutenant-general of Haute-Auvergne, that if he came down harshly on the movement, it would entail further damages. In the Limoges the rebel peasants numbered around 12-15,000. While working towards the disarmament of this group, a band of nobles charged into the peasants in June 1594, killing many. The sieur de Boissise arrived sometime after this and promised a reduction of the ''taille'' (the land tax). He then undertook a siege of the château de Gimel which was held by some rebel seigneurs. A little while later in October, Pisani arrived with a military force and undertook a limited expedition. Maréchal de Matignon then continued the work of ending the rebellion peaceably, and attempted to avoid prosecution of the Croquant ringleaders to this effect. However in 1595 the heat of the conflict would rise again and there would be a battle before the Croquant leadership submitted, soothed further by tax relief Henri ordered in 1596 and 1599.{{sfn|Babelon|2009|p=774}} With 'surprising youthfulness', Pisani fought alongside the king at the royalist victory of the [[battle of Fontaine-Française]] in 1595.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} This battle facilitated the defection of the lieutenant-general of the ''ligue'' Mayenne, who abandoned his Spanish allies in disgust.{{sfn|Pitts|2012|p=195}}{{sfn|Salmon|1979|p=293}} ===Governor of Condé=== [[File:Henri_II_Conde.jpg|thumb|left|[[Henri II, Prince of Condé|Prince de Condé]] as a young child]] The aged marquis was granted the honour in 1596 of raising the eight year old [[Henri II, Prince of Condé|prince de Condé]] in the Catholic faith after Henri received absolution from the Papacy. At this time the prince was the heir to the French throne, though he would not remain such. He would also be governor of the prince's properties.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=94}} He settled with the young prince at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The governor found himself in conflict with the prince's mother [[Charlotte Catherine de La Trémoille|Charlotte-Catherine]] over the choice of tutor for the prince. While she favoured [[Joseph Justus Scaliger]] for her son, this was opposed by Henri who hated Scaliger. He favoured Nicolas Lefèvre, a man whose religious disposition suited Pisani.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} The hatred between the princesse de Condé and Henri exasperated Pisani, who was fundamentally a man of the king.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} Given the princesse's distaste for Henri, this complicated matters.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=95}} According to an anecdote from Tallémant des Réaux, at a certain time Pisani and the young Condé were walking together when they passed a peasant who threw himself to the ground before the prince. Condé did not even gesture towards the peasant, and Pisani took him to task over this. He argued to the prince that without the peasant, there would be no food for the nobility and princes to eat.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=95}} On 21 May 1596 Pisani wrote his will. He expressed his desire to be buried in the cathedral of Saintes. His non domestic property was to go to his wife as well as the usufruct of his French properties. Meanwhile his daughter would enjoy possession of the French territories.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} His wife was to return to the king his ''collier'' (collar) of the ''ordre du Saint-Esprit'' with the appropriate honours worthy of the order. All outstanding sums that were owed to him were to be paid to his descendants.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=96}} Henri established Pisani as the ''sénéchal'' (seneschal) of Poitou and as the ''colonel-général de la cavalerie légère italienne'' (colonel general of the Italian light cavalry).{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} Pisani died on 7 October 1599 at [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés|Saint-Maur]] near Paris.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} He was succeeded as governor of the prince de Condé by the ''ligueur'' [[François de Faudoas|comte de Belin]] who got on far better with the princesse de Condé.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} Pisani's widow received support from Pisani's network of friends.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} ==Reputation== Henri III's ''sécretaire'' Jules Gassot spoke very highly of the marquis de Pisani. In his estimation Pisani was an unusually excellent lord. The ''sécretaire'' described his ascetic lifestyle, with preponderance for vegetables and 'clear water'. In addition to this virtue, Pisani was a 'devout Catholic' who was also devoted to royal service, and acted with honour and virtue.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} For the historian Ribera, Pisani appeared 'Gascon' in disposition: sensitive to slight and ready to brawl or cross swords. As an ambassador he could be argued to have been 'haughty and accusatory'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=176}} He was uncompromising in his defence of the honour of the French crown, with he and his colleagues sometimes losing themselves in their service.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=306}} The historian argues that of all the French ambassadors of the period he was the most absolute in his defence of French policy and his inability to tolerate any Spanish interference in French internal affairs.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} He had a strong sense of honour and the importance of service to the crown. He enjoyed confusing his adversaries to such a degree it sometimes hampered his ability to achieve results. Though Catholic, religion concerned him little and for Ribera his true religion was royalism.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=96}} ==Notes== {{note|Alpha|α}} The sieur de Longlée was not technically ambassador to España but rather a permanent resident.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=277}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=116}} <br> {{note|Beta|β}} A connection can be established between the Vivonne of the Sixteenth-Century and 'Hugues de Vivonne' who lived around 1050.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=87}} <br> {{note|Gamma|γ}} The role of the ''sécretaire'' to the ambassador was severalfold. They could act as a discreet spokesman, a courier, write the ambassadors despatches and in the absence of the ambassador could take care of affairs on a temporary basis.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=116}} Ribera argues courier service offered useful skills for future diplomats, in that it incentivised the learning of language and the customs of the foreign state. Longlée received 400 ''écus'' from Saint-Gouard for the performance of courier services.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=271}} ==Sources== * {{cite book |title=Diplomatie et Espionnage: Les Ambassadeurs du Roi de France auprès de Philippe II - Du Traité du Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) à la mort de Henri III (1589) |chapter=Préface |last=Amalric |first=Jean-Pierre |publisher=Classiques Garnier |year=2018}} * {{cite book |last=Babelon |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Henri IV |publisher=Fayard |year=2009}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jouanna |editor-first=Arlette |editor2-last=Boucher |editor2-first=Jacqueline |editor3-last=Biloghi |editor3-first=Dominique |editor4-last=Le Thiec |editor4-first=Guy|title=Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion |last=Boucher |first=Jacqueline |chapter=Saint-Goard-Pisani|year=1998}} * {{cite book |title=Les Guerres de Religion (1559-1598): Un Conflit Franco-Français |last=Carpi |first=Olivia |publisher=Ellipses |year=2012}} * {{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Stuart |title=Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011}} * {{cite book |last=Chevallier |first=Pierre |title=Henri III: Roi Shakespearien |publisher=Fayard |year=1985}} * {{cite book |last=Cloulas |first=Ivan |title=Catherine de Médicis |publisher=Fayard |year=1979}} * {{cite book |last=Constant |first=Jean-Marie |title=Les Guise |publisher=Hachette |year=1984}} * {{cite book |last=Constant |first=Jean-Marie |title=La Ligue |publisher=Fayard |year=1996}} * {{cite book |title=Une Reine Épistolaire: Lettres et Pouvoir au Temps de Catherine de Médicis |chapter=Préface |last=Crouzet |first=Denis |publisher=Classiques Garnier |year=2014}} * {{cite book |last=Gellard |first=Matthieu |title=Une Reine Épistolaire: Lettres et Pouvoir au Temps de Catherine de Médicis |publisher=Classiques Garnier |year=2014}} * {{cite book |last=Haan |first=Bertrand |title=L'Amitié Entre Princes: Une Alliance Franco-Espagnole au Temps des Guerres de Religion (1560-1570) |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2011}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jouanna |editor-first=Arlette |editor2-last=Boucher |editor2-first=Jacqueline |editor3-last=Biloghi |editor3-first=Dominique |editor4-last=Le Thiec |editor4-first=Guy|title=Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion |last=Jouanna |first=Arlette |chapter=Le Temps des Guerres de Religion en France (1559-1598) |year=1998}} * {{cite book |last=Knecht |first=Robert |title=Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589 |publisher=Routledge |year=2016}} * {{cite book |last=Le Person |first=Xavier |title=«Practiques» et «practiqueurs»: la vie politique à la fin du règne de Henri III (1584-1589) |publisher=Librairie Droz |year=2002}} * {{cite book |last=Le Roux |first=Nicolas |title=Un Régicide au nom de Dieu: L'Assassinat d'Henri III |publisher=Gallimard |year=2006}} * {{cite book |last=Le Roux |first=Nicolas |title=Portraits d'un Royaume: Henri III, la Noblesse et la Ligue |publisher=Passés Composés |year=2020}} * {{cite book |last=Le Roux |first=Nicolas |title=1559-1629 Les Guerres de Religion |publisher=Gallimard |year=2022}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Le Roux |editor-first=Nicolas |title=Les Guerres de Religion: Une Histoire de l'Europe au XVIe Siècle|last=Micallef |first=Fabrice |chapter=La Puissance Italiennes face aux Guerres de Religion en France|year=2023}} * {{cite book |last=Pernot |first=Michel |title=Henri III: Le Roi Décrié |publisher=Éditions de Fallois |year=2013}} *{{cite book |last=Pitts |first=Vincent |title=Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press| year=2012}} * {{cite book |title=Diplomatie et Espionnage: Les Ambassadeurs du Roi de France auprès de Philippe II - Du Traité du Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) à la mort de Henri III (1589) |last=Ribera |first=Jean-Michel |publisher=Classiques Garnier |year=2018}} * {{cite book |title=Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century |first=J.H.M |last=Salmon |year=1979 |publisher=Metheun & Co.}} * {{cite book|last=Sutherland |first=Nicola |year=1980 |publisher=Yale University Press |title=The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vivonne, Jean de}} [[Category:1530 births]] [[Category:1599 deaths]] [[Category:French people of the French Wars of Religion]] [[Category:Military leaders of the Italian Wars]] [[Category:Court of Charles IX of France]] [[Category:Court of Henry III of France]] [[Category:Court of Henry IV of France]] [[Category:Barons of France]] [[Category:16th-century French diplomats]]

2024-05-31T21:15:20Z

2024-05-31T21:15:20Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Vivonne

Jean de Vivonne

Jean de Vivonne, seigneur de Saint-Gouard and marquis de Pisani (c. 1530–7 October 1599) was a French soldier, governor, courtier and diplomat during the final years of the Italian Wars and throughout the French Wars of Religion. Starting his military service at the age of 15, he participated in the siege of Mariembourg in 1554 against the Imperial (Holy Roman) forces, and was briefly made captive. He then fought in several campaigns in Italia under the leading commanders of the day before the peace of 1559. In the first French War of Religion he fought at the climactic battle of Dreux. In the coming years he would participate in the major battles of Saint-Denis, Jarnac and Moncontour. In 1571 he received a break in his recognition when he gained stature through a mission he conducted to the Papal States that secured the release of a French subject condemned by the inquisition, succeeding through an audacious and aggressive style in intimidating the Pope. The following year, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace the long serving ambassador to España the baron de Fourquevaux. He was confronted immediately by several crises in relations between France and España, chief among them covert French involvement in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Saint-Gouard fruitlessly tried to convince king Felipe II of the innocence of the French crown in the affair. He faced much anger in España after the French candidate for the throne of the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), the king's brother the duc d'Anjou bested the Spanish candidate. A little while later the French king died and was succeeded by the duc d'Anjou who took the name Henri III. On his return to France, Henri was confronted by a new civil war which would involve the rebellion of his brother the duc d'Alençon. Alençon dispatched an agent to the Spanish court to negotiate with Felipe. Saint-Gouard tried to frustate the agents negotiations, largely unsuccessfully. Efforts to convince Felipe of French good intentions in Spanish Nederland would continue in the late 1570s, and would become more complex as Alençon increasingly involved himself in the territory. This would culminate in 1580 with the princes establishment as a replacement king for Felipe in the rebel held territory. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe Henri opposed Alençon's designs in Nederland. Relations between the two countries would be most seriously tested in the crisis of Portuguese succession after the death of the king without heir. Felipe asserted his rights to the crown, and invaded Portugal, establishing himself in Lisboa. Saint-Gouard intrigued to frustrate Felipe's hold on the kingdom without success. He met with the king in Lisboa and increasingly weared on the king and his advisers. This climaxed after the French crown sent an expedition to seize the Açores in 1582. That same year he was relieved of his responsibilities in España after ten years, ending his residency by trying to engineer the torching of the Spanish fleet in Lisboa. Back in France, Saint-Gouard was rewarded with induction into the king's new most senior chivalric order and the post of governor of Saintonge in 1583. When the following year the ambassador to the Papal States, Paul de Foix died, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace him. Arriving in the territory in March 1585 he enjoyed a combative relationship with the new pope, Sixtus V. This culminated in his expulsion from the Papal States after he vigorously supported his king's decision to refuse to receive the new Papal Nuncio. His return would be facilitated in 1586, and as a reward for his services, Henri erected the marquisate of Pisani in his favour. Over the following years he would defend his king against challenges to his Catholicity, and push the Pope to condemn the resurgent Catholic Ligue (League) which had re-emerged after the death of Alençon with Henri's heir now a Protestant, an unacceptable state of affairs to the members. The crisis between the French crown and the Catholic ligue would explode in December 1588 with the assassination of the duc de Guise, leader of the ligue and his brother the cardinal de Guise. The Pope was enraged that a cardinal had been murdered. Pisani and his ally the cardinal de Joyeuse would desperately try to stop the Pope employing radical action against Henri. However, after Henri entered into alliance with his Protestant heir, Sixtus issued a monitoire threatening to excommunicate Henri unless certain conditions were met. At this time Pisani withdrew from Roma. After the assassination of Henri III and succession of the king of Navarre as Henri IV, Pisani would be among the royalist Catholics who stood by the Protestant king. He received a final further honour in 1596 when he was made the governor of the heir to the French throne the prince de Condé. He died three years later, leaving his lands to his daughter, the celebrated marquise de Rambouillet. Jean de Vivonne was born around 1530 in Aunis, the son of Artus de Vivonne and Catherine de Brémond. His parents had married in 1519. His father Artus served the French crown during the Italian Wars, meanwhile his mother was in the entourage of the queen mother Louise. While Jean would have many siblings, only one had descendants, Marie de Vivonne. He came from the junior branch of an old family (recorded from the latter 11th century) established in the Saintonge and Angoumois. The family enjoyed many connections to great noble families such as the: Montmorency, Chabot, Rochechouart, La Rochefoucauld, Clisson, Saint-Gelais and Lusignan. Jena de Vivonne, as a member of the noblesse seconde (upper crust of the provincial nobility) was an anchor of royal authority in Saintonge and a conduit between the crown and the local nobility. It was useful for the king to have men such as Jean to aid his control in a region far from his authority and racked by religious divisions during the civil wars. In addition to his seigneurie of Saint-Gouard, and baronie, then marquisate of Pisany, Jean de Vivonne was also the sieur de Ramades, Foyes, Pessines, Les Comes and La Croix-Blance. After his return to court in 1582 rumour swirled at court of his marriage to a fashionable woman of the court named mademoiselle de Vitry. However, Saint-Gouard was happy to remain simply a lover of hers. In 1587 he secured an excellent marriage (enabled by his recent establishment as the marquis de Pisani) to a young widow of a very noble Roman family named Julia Savelli, who had been married to Ludovico Orsini prior to his execution by the senato di Venezia (senate of Venezia). The marriage contract between the two was signed on 22 September 1587, with the marriage itself celebrated in the church of Sant'Eustachio in Roma on 8 November. Jean de Vivonne and Julia Savelli would have the following issue: His wife and daughter would join him in France during the final years of his life. Julia would be naturalised as French in 1593. As concerns his youthful education little is known though he had a greater taste for being a 'valiant gentleman' than he did for reading. The historian Ribera highlights that he would have spent much of his youth participating in festivals and hunts. Saint-Gouard enjoyed the privilege of being an enfant d'honneur, meaning that he was raised alongside the royal princes. He first took a role in combat at the age of 15 in 1545 with responsibility for carrying an arquebus. A few years later when he reached 18 he participated in his first real campaign. Saint-Gouard fought in the siege of Mariembourg during the French campaign of 1554–1555. He was to bring supplies to the fortification. In this campaign he was wounded and briefly experienced Imperial captivity. He fought under the command of the maréchal (marshal) de Strozzi during the latter's campaign in Toscana, then with the duc de Guise during his 1557 campaign into the peninsula. He was with Guise in Roma which he had come to at the call of Pope Paul IV so that he might campaign into Napoli. This campaign made a great impression on Saint-Gouard. After this he was in Piemonte where he fought under the authority of maréchal de Brissac. After the French kings surrendered their claims to the Italian peninsula, the combat moved to the domestic sphere, as France's problems became internal. During the first French War of Religion he participated in the only major field battle of the war at the royal victory of Dreux in December 1562. With the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (Ottoman Empire) putting Malta to siege in 1565, certain French seigneurs rushed to join the defence of the island bastion. In this they were responding to a call for aid from the grand master Valette. Among those joining the defenders on the walls were the sons of maréchal de Brissac, and maréchal de Strozzi, and Saint-Gouard. In total around 300 French gentleman and 800 soldiers would arrive at Malta. They would however, only arrive after the siege had ended. Nevertheless the Osmanlı government was greatly perturbed at this development, and Catherine sought to sooth their anger through condemning those nobles who had rushed to join the defence of Malta and banishing those who had made the journey. This punishment was however aimed at seeing them return to France. Saint-Gouard fought in the major engagement of the battle of Saint-Denis during the second French War of Religion. During this battle the Connétable de France (Constable of France) Montmorency was killed. In the short peace between the second and third French civil wars, Saint-Gouard undertook his first diplomatic mission when he was made an extraordinary ambassador to Spanish Nederland. Saint-Gouard was involved in all the major battles of the Third French War of Religion (1568–1570|third French War of Religion]]. He fought at the royal victory of Jarnac in 1568 at which the Protestant prince de Condé was executed. At the royal victory of Moncontour in 1569 he was seriously injured. Saint-Gouard was entrusted with the military responsibility of being capitaine de cinquante hommes d'armes des ordonnances du roi (captain of 50 men-at-arms in the royal ordinance company). In the winter of 1571, at the age of 40, Saint-Gouard returned to diplomatic service when he undertook an extraordinary diplomatic mission to the Holy See for the purpose of securing the release from captivity of the comte de Caiazzo, a servant of the French crown who had been put before the Inquisition under suspicion of 'heresy'. Saint-Gouard approached Pope Pius V with haughty resolve on the matter. He reminded the Pope that Caiazzo as a French subject was within the jurisdiction of the king of France, and as such must be released. Pius responded that he was surprised to see Charles was so interested in the fate of a 'heretic'. Three days later Saint-Gouard returned and declared his patience to be at an end, if he were not sated within three days he would look to 'extreme measures'. With this deadline having come and gone he burst in on the Pope without having requested an audience to declare that he was leaving Roma, which he then did. After his departure Pius lost his temper at the behaviour of the ambassador, accusing him of drunkenness. Nevertheless it seemed that a diplomatic rupture between Roma and France was imminent and there was fear to this effect in Roma. Thus Caiazzo was released. His success against the 'formidable' Pius V in this effort greatly elevated his profile, with Ribera describing the episode as 'bringing him out of the shadows'. To maintain face, Saint-Gouard was asked not to report his explosion with the Pope. According to the English ambassador, when back in France, shortly before his departure to España, Saint-Gouard involved himself in a Catholic plot. Upon the arrival of the Protestant amiral de Coligny at court, Saint-Gouard was intending to surprise and destroy him. However this did not transpire. In early 1572 he was sent to España for the purpose of congratulating the Spanish king Felipe II on the birth of his son Fernando. He arrived in the country on 23 February 1572. Felipe received him four days later and he made a good impression on the monarch. He was presented to Felipe by the current French ambassador to España, the baron de Fourquevaux and it was agreed that Saint-Gouard would succeed him in the difficult post. Saint-Gouard was provided with several specific instructions beyond the maintenance of peace and defence of French royal policy. He was to investigate Spanish preparations for war and angrily protest against the build up of forces by the duque de Alba (duke of Alba) on the French border in Vlaaderen. Fourquevaux had advised the crown to select a 'man of experience' as his replacement, as after the death of the queen of España, Catherine's daughter, in 1568 the ambassador had been forced to operate alone in the defence of France. The crown thus turned to Saint-Gouard as a man of the appropriate temperament and military spirit to fill the charge. His credentials were issued by the court on 19 January. Fourquevaux expressed his great pleasure at the choice. His residency of 10 and a half years in España would be the fifth longest French diplomatic mission of his time, behind the ambassadorships of du Ferrier to Venezia (11.5 years), Jean de Liverdis to the Swiss Grauer Bund - Grey League (14.5 years), Guillaume Ancel to the Holy Roman Empire (17.5 years) and Danzay to Danmark (21 years). As the latter decades of the sixteenth-century wore on ambassadorships trended towards longer and longer periods. In this office Saint-Gouard would be a subject of correspondence for Catherine, the queen mother. In total 53 letters survive from Catherine to Saint-Gouard covering both his roles in Madrid, and in Roma, an average of one every 96 days. She would be a considerable correspondent for him in turn, receiving 85 of his letters. Only three letters from Catherine to Saint-Gouard survive for the period 1572–1580. Gellard argues from this that given the regularity of her correspondence we have for the 1560s, this likely reflects a low survival rate of the queen's communication with her ambassador as opposed to a ceasing of communication. Nevertheless, the historian notes it is quite possible the death of the queen of España, Catherine's daughter |Élisabeth in 1568 would have caused a decrease in the quantity of communication. Correspondence with the queen mother was official diplomatic correspondence, and would be conducted in tandem with the correspondence to the king. Letters from each, and to each often composed the diplomatic 'packet' that the ambassador received and sent out to the French court. Despite this, the historian Ribera sees Catherine's role as a diplomatic correspondent becoming more secondary during Saint-Gouard's tenure in España, with the letters to her become more sparse in detail, with the understanding king Henri III was to confide the more elaborate details to her. Gellard disagrees with Ribera as to the simplicity of the correspondence imparted to Catherine. In his capacity as ambassador, Saint-Gouard would be unflappable in his devotion to both the king (first Charles, and then Henri) and the queen mother Catherine. In addition to his regular correspondence with the king and Catherine, Saint-Gouard would also exchange letters with the king's brother the duc d'Anjou (the future Henri III) in the early 1570s and with the sécretaire d'État (secretary of state) the seigneur de Villeroy the latter of whom was the recipient of 10% of his correspondence. During the reign of Henri III, Villeroy assumes the position of de-facto minister of foreign affairs, hence his elevation as an important correspondent for Saint-Gouard. By the time of Saint-Gouard's successor Longlée's mission in España a quarter of diplomatic correspondence would be sent to Villeroy. Around a half of Saint-Gouard's correspondence back to France would be encrypted. This represented an acceleration on prior practice which only furthered as the sixteenth-century wore on. The encrypted letters were primarily the ones sent to Henri, whilst those sent to Catherine and Villeroy were only ciphered in exceptional circumstances. In 1574 Saint-Gouard's entourage would be compromised by an agent of the Spanish kings who delivered all the ambassador's secrets to Felipe. This is the only example of such an act of subterfuge in the period subject to Gellard's study (1559-1589). Despite the security concerns he had, on occasion, Saint-Gouard would take advantage of the movement of Spanish diplomatic missions to provide his messages to Spanish couriers, thus he provided correspondence in November 1581 to the new Spanish ambassador to France to take with him to the French court. As ambassador to España, Saint-Gouard was to enjoy an income of 18,000 livres annually. During his tenure in España, Saint-Gouard frequently complained that both his income and his expenses went unpaid by the French crown. Only six months into his residence he complained of his financial situation and asked to receive recall. It was too early for the French court to consider such a course of action. He renewed his campaign for relief in February 1574 explaining that he could not properly carry out his responsibilities due to his paucity of resources. It was explained to him by the court that he might receive reward on the death of the cardinale d'Este (cardinal d'Este). Saint-Gouard was shocked by this promise and abhorred the possibility that he might have to look forward to the cardinale's death. Instead he looked to receive an abbey that had become vacant, however it was granted to the maréchal de Biron instead. He complained to Charles of this 'disfavour' reminding the king of the services he had given to the crown. Over time his situation worsened and his apprehension towards his creditors in España bloomed. In periods of financial difficult he was embarrassed to show himself in front of the Spanish ministers, as he could not represent his rank properly. In 1580 he protested to Henri that he was completely ruined in terms of his finances to the point of no longer being able to endure his role as an ambassador. According to Saint-Gouard he was owed around 75,000 livres by the crown at the start of 1580. While in Portugal in January 1582, he wrote to Henri that his creditors in Madrid had lost their patience with him. The king endeavoured to provide him ecclesiastical benefices. In addition to financial complaints, Saint-Gouard complained in September 1580 that his ambassadorship was akin to a disgrace in which he was 'poor and miserable'. He opined that his 'disgrace' in 'exile' would feel less sore if it had been possible to experience it in France, as opposed to on the diplomatic stage where he was exposed and humiliated in front of everyone. In part the large number of complaints were a product of rhetoric, money did sometimes arrive from court and when it did not it could be supplemented with offices. As ambassador he was subject to the hostility of Spanish public opinion towards France. This distaste for France was directed at him personally. For example the corregidor of Madrid refused to provide food to Saint-Gouard's maître d'hôtel and insisted that if Saint-Gouard wished for it that he should collect it personally. Saint-Gouard complained to a Spanish secratario (secretary) of the humiliations inflicted on him by the corregidor and protested that he would have to inform Henri that rather than a man he had sent a slave as an ambassador. On occasion Saint-Gouard would be compelled to draw his sword on the street to defend himself. Spaniards came to jeer at him outside his residence. Beyond the hostility he personally experienced, Saint-Gouard observed broader anti-French hostility. For example Saint-Gouard complained of the arrest of French people in Valencia despite them having been given letters of safe conduct by Felipe. Despite paying money as a guarantee, they remained in prison without food or the ability to defend themselves. He made a new complaint on similar grounds to Felipe in 1576 about the arrest of French merchants in Cartagena. He accused the Spanish of arresting ships crews solely because they were French, sequestering their property and leaving people in prison to die of brutal treatment. Saint-Gouard found Felipe a difficult man to read, opining to the duc d'Anjou in July 1572 that Felipe was 'taciturn and inscrutable'. Both he and his court were well versed in keeping their opinion secret. By the end of his residency, Saint-Gouard found Felipe to be 'tired and aged'. As for the Spanish ministers, Saint-Gouard held little appreciation for them, seeing them as hypocrites who were proud in their manners, and arrogant. Saint-Gouard viewed the Spanish as 'haughty and contemptuous', further adding that if he looked like them he would never appear in public. In his dealings with Felipe, Saint-Gouard adopted a far more combatative attitude than his three predecessors as ambassador (Fourquevaux, Saint-Sulpice and the bishop of Limoges). He was little interested in contorting himself for the benefit of Felipe's style. Felipe thus preferred to negotiate with him through written memoranda that Saint-Gouard would submit to him. Saint-Gouard conceded to providing memoranda to the Spanish king on the condition he would still be able to meet with the king frequently. Not overly diplomatic in nature, Saint-Gouard participated in brawls and 'thrashed his enemies with his cane'. He informed the king of these episodes. At the start of his residency, Saint-Gouard lodged himself in the house of Juan de Medrano. He was immediately put under Spanish surveillance. Ribera characterises his treatment as a de facto 'quarantine'. His greeting more generally was cold and reluctant, coming as it did during a period of French policy that was viewed disfavourably in España. By now relations between France and España were beginning to transform from happy courtesies towards open combat. In the first year of his tenure he was faced with several crises in Franco-Spanish relations. Felipe convinced the Pope to refuse dispensation for the royal marriage of the Protestant king of Navarre to the king's sister Marguerite, a key component of securing the longevity of the peace that brought the third war of religion to a close. In his eyes the marriage was an aberration in that it united the family of the Roi Très-chrétien (Most Christian King) with the Protestants. In April the Spanish secretario Gabriel de Zayas [es] offered to aid the finding of a more suitable husband for Marguerite, Saint-Gouard proudly responded that in France, woman did not need help in finding their husbands. Meanwhile French Protestants offered aid to rebels against Spanish authority in Nederland. The ambassador would propose the advancing of the timetable for the execution of several French subjects who had been captured in the territory. Further a fleet was assembled in La Rochelle that was suspected of being brought together for operations against Spanish colonial possessions. When Zayas brought him accusations from a spy that France was establishing a league against España and had armed 60 merchant ships to this effect, Saint-Gouard ridiculed him. The ambassador retorted the spy was misinformed, and it was in fact 4–5,000 merchant ships, and that Zayas' spy lacked any credibility. In April the French entered into a defensive agreement with the English, this was further proof to Felipe that France intended to unite Europe against España. Through all this, Saint-Gouard had to keep the two kingdoms at peace with one another. In turbulent interviews with the Spanish royal secretario Zayas he claimed the French king Charles was not involved in any anti-Spanish actions. Felipe for his part, was not fooled by the protests of innocence of involvement the French offered and was well aware of French participation in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Nevertheless he advised his ambassador that as long as the French maintained the façade of being uninvolved, they would pretend to believe the French crown. In July, the Spanish ambassador noted with concern that 10,000 were massed on the border with Nederland. Panic dominated Madrid, with rumours of French troop levies. Felipe maintained his cool, arguing that if the French intrigues with the Dutch rebels were successful they would throw down their mask and embrace the cause openly, while if it was a failure the 'double game' would continue. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that the king had adopted a new pro-Spanish policy that would please the Spanish king, but the situation on the ground continued to contradict him. Saint-Gouard was greatly embarrassed when word reached España of the defeat of the French force under the command of the sieur de Genlis which had invaded Nederland in the hopes of relieving the Spanish siege of Mons. Though the French crown denied involvement in Genlis' expedition, compromising papers were found which discussed future provisions to Genlis. On 19 July the duque de Alba provided papers on Genlis' person dated to April allegedly from the French king to the Dutch rebel leader van Nassau. Charles instructed Saint-Gouard to congratulate Felipe on his victory. In a difficult position, Saint-Gouard first wrote to Felipe explaining how the Protestants had gathered on the French border against the king's express order under the command of the 'madman' Genlis. Saint-Gouard then congratulated the Spanish king on providing suitable 'chastisement' to the rebel Protestants. In the audience with Felipe, he again defended Charles' innocence. Felipe abandoned his usual subdued demeanour, humiliating Saint-Gouard by asking him to recount the course of events several times on the pretext that his ambassador in Paris had written him a very jumbled account. He then announced it was time for Charles to see his real enemy at last, those who were against god. On 27 August Saint-Gouard reported to the Spanish king that Charles was going to carefully guard the border. This occasioned a sarcastic reply from Felipe who warned of the troubles that resulted from unreliable border guards. News of the St Bartholomew's Day massacre was greeted with delight by the Spanish king Felipe II. At a time of great discredit with the Spanish crown, Saint-Gouard found the French now subject to enthusiasm and great sympathy in España. Receiving word on 7 September from one of his agents in France Felipe went to a monastery to hear 'Te Deums' in celebration. Saint-Gouard received news of the massacre from the Spanish king, and made a good face of sharing his pleasure at the news. Unlike the French ambassador in Venezia who reacted with horror at word of the massacres, Saint-Gouard expressed no shock. The ambassador was uninterested in discussing morality or justice, devoted instead to the matter of obedience to the crown. He assured the Spanish king he had no cause to distrust Charles and that this massacre had been planned for a long time, which Felipe in his delight accepted. There were many strategic advantage to España from the massacres, with the elimination of amiral de Coligny the architect of French support for the rebels in Nederland. Further the event weakened Protestantism in France and offered the prospect of diplomatically isolating the rival kingdom from England and the Protestant German princes. Despite the Spanish pleasure at the unfolding of an anti-Protestant massacre, this could not entirely paper over the displeasure of the Spanish crown at the marriage of Navarre and Marguerite. It would only be on 12 September that Saint-Gouard received his instructions as related to the massacre. This slow delivery of the information to Saint-Gouard laid bare the disarray in the royal court. Word from the French court explained the course of events more precisely: the massacre was not premeditated but rather a by-product of the failed assassination of Admiral Coligny. The Spanish ambassador informed Felipe that there was nothing pre-meditated about the massacre and it was ordered as a response to the Protestant threat. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to maintain the illusion of a crown that was in charge. He was unable to convince anyone that the massacres had been planned for a long time, with people sneering at him for the 'indecisive' policy of the French crown. The ambassador noted sadly to Charles that the Spanish wished to deprive the king of the glory he deserved. Charles likewise complained to Saint-Gouard that people were saying the policy had transpired 'by chance'. Catherine wrote to Felipe gratefully that she and her son had been able to fight off the Protestant conspiracy against them. Eager to seize the moment she proposed a marriage between the duc d'Anjou and Felipe's daughter Isabel. Around this time, Anjou wrote to Saint-Gouard optimistic that the recent massacre might see the king properly obeyed by those who had 'deceitfully become his companions' who from now on would not seek to defy their kings wishes. Saint-Gouard opined that the massacre had elevated French prestige in the eyes of the Spanish. This honeymoon was short-lived, and the people of Madrid quickly began questioning the French policy. Charles wrote to Saint-Gouard assuring him of his desire to maintain a friendship with the English queen. Saint-Gouard for his part enthusiastically championed a proposal for the Portuguese to conquer an empire in the Indies for France, seeing it as a method to counterbalance Spanish power. By now France was embroiled in a new civil war and had little ability to follow through on such a proposal. The king's brother the duc d'Anjou was elected as king of the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) on 11 May 1573. To secure this position he had to compete with a Spanish backed candidate: the erzherzog von Österreich (archduke of Österreich). To support his candidate Felipe had poured in around 600,000 écus (crowns) according to Saint-Gouard. Saint-Gouard received word of Anjou's victory on 8 June, but was disappointed to find that Felipe was not in Madrid as he had wanted to taunt him. When he attained an audience with Felipe later in the month the Spanish king declared himself greatly pleased to learn of the election of Anjou. Nevertheless was thus much anger about the French victory in the election in España and rumours swirled in the country (fed by the Spanish ambassador in Paris) that the duc d'Anjou did not wish to assume the mantle of the Commonwealth's kingship, seeing the post as an 'exile'. Saint-Gouard was left to face off against this hostility and received word from Charles that Anjou had departed to take up his new charge in the hopes that this would combat the Spanish rumours. The ambassador proposed distributing notice of the election to impress upon the Spanish who he felt were full of presumption, that the whole world was not at their feet. In the regency government of Catherine after the death of Charles and before Anjou (now Henri III) could return from the Commonwealth to France, Catherine became the sole conduit for diplomatic correspondence from Saint-Gouard. The period between the kingships was a delicate one for Saint-Gouard, as Henri made his way back through Italia to France. He faced off mocking jeers from those who noted Henri's leisurely return through Italia while his kingdom awaited him. Several events threatened the embassy of Saint-Gouard in 1574. His stables were stormed by an angry crowd in December who shouted insults against France. During the invasion one of his grooms lost their leg. On another occasion also in December one of his men was attacked in the street. Saint-Gouard and a few servants rushed to his aid and a melee ensued. The following day the door of his ambassadorial residence was forced by an alcalde (mayor) and a group of soldiers who proceeded to arrest two young boys and a groom from his stable, taking them off to prison. Saint-Gouard dispatched his sécretaire to demand justice for this iniquity, but instead of attaining anything he was threatened with having more of his servants seized. Saint-Gouard thus appealed directly to Felipe. In 1576 a Parisian lawyer named Jean David made his way back from Roma (possibly after a meeting with the Pope) in the retinue of the bishop of Paris. On route he died in Lyon, and papers were allegedly discovered on his person by the authorities that argued the descendants of Hugues Capet had been abandoned by god and had fallen into degeneracy (i.e. Henri III), while the descendants of Charlemagne (including the house of Lorraine-Guise) were flourishing in body and spirit. It followed that the duc de Guise wished to establish himself as king. The text spread around the capital but for the moment the king did not view it as a serious threat. According to the contempotary historian de Thou, Henri had received a copy of the treasonous text from his ambassador Saint-Gouard, who in turn had discovered it after it was sent by the Pope to Felipe. Thus both the Papacy and the Spanish crown were implicated in the conspiracy. The authenticity of the text is disputed, with some arguing that it may have been manufactured to justify the 1588 assassination of the duc de Guise by arguing that he had been engaged in anti-Valois plans for over ten years. Felipe for his part would have seen advantage in providing to Saint-Gouard a text which could cause factional instability in France. During the years 1576 and 1577, the king's brother the duc d'Alençon and the Protestant king of Navarre both undertook negotiations with Felipe through the agent Claude du Bourg (brother of the Protestant martyr Anne du Bourg). Du Bourg first arrived in España in the final days of April 1576 in the covert services of Alençon. Du Bourg was to meet with Felipe on Alençon's behalf. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to combat these negotiations. Alençon's representative arrived in Madrid on 20 May. Saint-Gouard needed to employ tact in how he handled the representative, as Alençon was the heir apparent to the throne and also presently in rebellion against Henri. To this end he decided to consider du Bourg to be an imposter so that he was not operating in direct opposition to the king's brother. He warned the secretario Zayas that du Bourg should not be received, but nevertheless Felipe received him on 30 May. Du Bourg informed the Spanish king that Alençon wished to put himself at the service of Felipe and prove himself by feats of arms. Felipe suspected Alençon was seeking the hand of one of his daughters so that he might establish himself as the sovereign of Nederland. After waiting three weeks for a response from the Spanish king, du Bourg was provided a vague and unsatisfactory response from the king. During these weeks Saint-Gouard was working to discredit du Bourg, and passed Felipe a letter from Henri to this effect which described the envoys mission as 'strange and impertinent'. Du Bourg was sent back to France with a gift of a gold chain worth around 400 écus. Felipe opined to his ambassador that Saint-Gouard was furious that he had received du Bourg, but that his policy was not to displease anyone, especially as Alençon might be able to influence his brother in the future. Having returned to France, du Bourg would be sent back to España by Alençon in August 1576 with a letter of introduction from the prince. Du Bourg made a bad impression in Catalunya with the virrey de Catalunya (viceroy of Catalunya). The virrey informed the Spanish court of his arrival on 2 September, causing embarrassment in Madrid. Felipe feared a new trouble, and his secretario Zayas wrote to the virrey de Catalunya urging him to maintain du Bourg in Barcelona, postulating that providing him wines might cease his progress. Saint-Gouard insisted that du Bourg not be received, and further than this, that his person be seized. Nevertheless he was received on 21 September by Felipe with Zayas assuring Saint-Gouard that he was sent by Alençon. Saint-Gouard violently disagreed, arguing du Bourg was an imposter and that if he could not prove this to have his own head cut off. Frustratedly, Saint-Gouard threatened to retire from the country back to France. After having once more provided an evasive answer to du Bourg, Felipe asked the representative to hurry and leave the country. Du Bourg meanwhile complained to Zayas of the spies of Saint-Gouard who surrounded him to report on his every action. With pressure mounting for him to leave, du Bourg departed, after having offered his services to the Spanish king in the Levant. Du Bourg appeared a third time in the peninsula on the behalf of the king of Navarre within six months of his last appearance. He expressed the king of Navarre's desire to lead a crusade against the 'Turk'. He further sought to negotiate a marriage between Navarre's sister, Catherine and the prince de Savoie. Du Bourg would not make it to Madrid, having been detained in Barcelona by the virrey de Catalunya who wished him to communicate his letters. On 2 August 1577 he sent a memorandum to Felipe in which he explained Navarre's situation and asked for a loan of 200,000 écus. Saint-Gouard was apoplectic when he learned of du Bourg's return to España and wrote to Felipe to this effect on 19 August. Receiving a poor response from the Spanish king, du Bourg departed back to France without an audience. Saint-Gouard makes it clear to Felipe that he would not wish for du Bourg to be allowed to return. Simultaneously to these efforts, Saint-Gouard worked to reassure Felipe that Alençon was not being supported by Henri in his ambitions against Spanish held Nederland. Saint-Gouard also sought to secure the marriage of a Spanish princess for the duc d'Alençon however in this he was unsuccessful. In 1577 Saint-Gouard received the royal honour of induction as a chevalier (knight) into the the Ordre de Saint-Michel (Order of Saint-Michel), the highest order of French chivalry. That same year he entered the king's household when he was made a gentilhomme de la chambre du roi (gentleman of the king's chamber), and also the royal government when he was made a conseiller (councillor) in the conseil privé (privy council), a charge he would hold until 1598, the year before his death. After the seizure of French shipping in 1577 Saint-Gouard protested that the Spanish were so unjust in their behaviour that they made the 'Turks' look good by comparison. In January 1578 Saint-Gouard detailed to the Spanish secretario Zayas that the French prisoners were put in the hold without food and left to starve. After this the ambassador alleged they were subject to tortures and falsified confessions. The French court sent the king's sécretaire Jules Gassot to Madrid as an extraordinary ambassador at the end of 1577, so that he might reassure Felipe that the French supported the Spanish king in Vlaanderen. Gassot was to propose the mediation of Catherine to resolve the disputes over Vlaanderen. This was followed from September to December in 1578 by another extraordinary diplomatic mission, this time led by the marquis de Maintenon to again reassure Felipe about France's intentions as regarded Vlaanderen. A secret negotiation led by the seigneur de Lansac was uncovered by Saint-Gouard in 1579. The purpose of Lansac's efforts appeared to be the seizure of the city of Al Araish in north west Africa. To uncover what was transpiring, Saint-Gouard entrusted his sécretaire to look into the matter. He had great success in his efforts and the Spanish ambassador in France was surprised to see how well appraised Saint-Gouard was of the affair, urging Felipe to investigate who Saint-Gouard was in contact with as whoever it was appeared to be well informed. Suspecting a man of Marseille named Reboul who was in Madrid of regularly selling information to the Spanish crown about Languedoc and Provence, Saint-Gouard attacked him in the street with his cane. The ambassador reported happily back to Henri in April 1580 that the beating he had inflicted had discredited Reboul in the eyes of the Spanish. The ambassador had an issue with the interception of his mail during 1580, with the letters opened, read and then resealed. This was a problem for Saint-Gouard as he was engaging in intrigues with the Portuguese and discussing the intrigues in these letters. Fortunately for him, his cipher was not cracked. Nevertheless he complained to the secretarios of Felipe, Zayas and Idiáquez but was unable to convince them to care. He therefore escalated his complaints to Felipe who referred him back to Idiáquez. With no satisfaction, Saint-Gouard complained to Villeroy, urging him to share in his anger. On 31 January 1580, the king of Portugal Henrique died without an heir. To solve the matter of his succession, he had established five governors to manage affairs on his death and appoint his successor. In the crisis that followed, Saint-Gouard did not believe that the claims of dom António to the throne had merit. Nevertheless, he observed that the people of Portugal were greatly hostile to a foreign candidate residing on their throne, and would prefer even a 'Turk' to submission to España. He received the pleas of Rodriguez de Castro, the cousin of the Portuguese duque de Bragança asking for French aid. Believing the Bragança family to enjoy great support in Portugal he therefore asked Henri to jump into action in March 1580. He proposed to the French king that the duquesa de Bragança (duchess of Bragança) ally with dom António. In return for French aid, the kingdom would be rewarded with possession of the Portuguese territories of Madeira, Brasil and Guiné Portuguesa in addition to rights to trade with the East Indies. Saint-Gouard deluded himself into believing in the strength of the Bragança position and resolve. He was thus surprised to learn of the submission of the duquesa de Bragança to Felipe. After a final visit from Rodgriguez de Castro, Saint-Gouard conceded to seeking support for dom António in July 1580. The five governors who held the regency indicated to Felipe that he should not think to bring his army across the border but wait until they had made their decision on who was to succeed Henrique. Felipe could not however abide by their restrictions, seeing dom António's position consolidating (having been proclaimed king in Santarém he then entered Lisboa as king in June.) Felipe therefore raised levies across España to see Portugal subdued to him, with Saint-Gouard noting that the soil shook with the march of the soldiers. To lead the army the duque de Alba was brought out of retirement to command the force of 30,000 into Portugal. Alba enjoyed a fearsome reputation for his campaigns against rebels in Spanish Nederland. The troops invaded Portugal in July. Saint-Gouard hoped the people might be able to resist the Spanish armies. Felipe's army was however able to subdue the country very rapidly, much to Saint-Gouard's surprise. Victory in battle on 25 August at Alcântara gave Alba possession of Lisboa on 2 September. The only frustration for the Spanish during the campaign was the successful flight of dom António who escaped from Portugal to France. This vexed Saint-Gouard who felt it would have been more productive had he remained in Portugal. During 1580, the king's brother Alençon succeed in his negotiations with elements of the rebellion in Nederland for him to become their prince. An agreement to this effect was signed on 19 September. This was a difficult situation for Henri as if he directly opposed his brother he risked throwing France back into civil war, but at the same time he could not afford war with España. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that Henri was entirely opposed to Alençon's 'despicable' enterprise. Felipe entered Portugal on 5 December 1580 to receive the homage of the great nobility, in particular the duque de Bragança. Saint-Gouard sent forth spies to inform him of Felipe's progress into Portugal and actions in the country. On 16 April 1581, Felipe was proclaimed king of Portugal by the Cortes de Tomar de 1581 [pt]. The prospect of Felipe's aggrandisement over Portugal was a great concern not only to the French crown but also the English. He established a general pardon, excluding only dom António and his chief supporters. On 24 June Felipe entered Lisboa. During this period Saint-Gouard was learning of the abuses the French in Portugal were experiencing. In April 1581 Saint-Gouard voiced his dismissive opinion of the Spanish ambassador to France, characterising him as a 'little agent'. Back in France, the Spanish ambassador protested to Henri about the interception of his mail. Henri, who had the mail in his possession, only agreed to receive the ambassador after his cipher had been cracked. Receiving the ambassador, Henri postulated that his mail must have been stolen by Portuguese refugees in France. From here the affair escalated to such an extent that Saint-Gouard advised Henri in August to no longer allow the Spainsh ambassador's despatches to be intercepted, as it left the impression in España that France could not control its population of Portuguese refugees. The French ambassador was little interested in remaining in Madrid to discuss affairs with Felipe's minister, the cardenal de Granvelle and was determined to jump on his horse and join with Felipe in Lisboa. He undertook no interviews with Granvelle for a year, the gravity of the political situation required he meet with Felipe. He was disheartened that the other ambassadors in Madrid were not dissatisfied by Felipe's coup in Portugal. In June Henri tasked Saint-Gouard with travelling to Belém near Lisboa where Felipe was established to complain of the treatment of French merchants and people that had accompanied the occupation.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=536 Saint-Gouard was faced with the problem of determining how he was to finance the trip, and he speculated whether he might need to sell everything he possessed in Madrid and proceed on a couple of mules to Portugal. A month came and went without him able to depart. Around this time Henri informed Saint-Gouard he was to be relieved of his charge. As a result of this decision, it would be necessary for him to travel to Lisboa to inform Felipe of this also. Having arrived in Portugal in September, he learned he was to be without his diplomatic prerogatives. Granvelle had advised Felipe to this effect, as Saint-Gouard reported indignantly in October. While established at the monastary of Belém near Lisboa, he refused the attempts of the secretario Idiáquez to establish tutelage over him by offering the ambassador accommodation in his house. Saint-Gouard saw this as a method by which to have his every action and visitor spied upon. When offered a galley by Idiáquez to take him to Lisboa he pretended not to see it and jumped into a small boat with a couple of servants. Idiáquez continued to signal to him but he ignored the efforts and made it to Lisboa by hugging the edge of the river where the waters were shallow. He established himself in a gambling den in the capital, all the better to keep appraised of the various intrigues. In Lisboa Idiáquez renewed his request to accommodate Saint-Gouard one final time, deploring where Saint-Gouard has established himself and telling him it was the command of Felipe that he stay with the secretario. The ambassador sarcastically remarked to Henri that he was surprised having conquered such a city as Lisboa that Felipe had been unable to find independent accommodation for him. With relations between France and España further deteriorating, Saint-Gouard advised the French king see to the defence of the coasts of Provence and Languedoc. From his centre of operations Saint-Gouard fostered several connections with influential inhabitants of the city. While in Portugal he did not hesitate to appear insolent before Felipe, and in his correspondence back to the French court, harshly critiqued Spanish policy. He would remain in Portugual from August 1581 to January 1582 living in great poverty during his stay. The paucity of his resources would be such that he would be mocked by people as a 'simple valet'. During this period he had dismissed all his sécretaires for financial reasons, and therefore wrote his despatches himself, despite suffering from an eye disease. He apologised for the poor quality of his writing to Villeroy on the grounds of his eye health. While in Portugal he learned that his creditors in Madrid had seized his horses and wardrobe and were suing him. While ambassadorial communication back to France was typically conducted by horse, during his stay in Portugal he took advantage of ships travelling to Bordeaux to communicate more speedily. In case some trouble befell the communication by sea, Saint-Gouard informed the king he had a duplicate of the correspondence he had sent ready to go. He also on occasion utilised merchants who were travelling to France to bring letters to the kingdom, though the French employed this practice less frequently than their Spanish counterparts. He wrote back to the French court in September that Felipe was undertaking the fortification of Lisboa. As for the Portuguese, they were in Saint-Gouard's estimation 'dejected and submissive'. From his rough accommodation, Saint-Gouard received Portuguese visitors who wished to re-establish the kingdoms independence. Ribera describes Saint-Gouard as working 'frantically' through this period in the employ of all his agents to frustrate Felipe's ambitions to the crown of Portugal. He was disappointed to discover however that the Portuguese had lost the will to fight by and large, as such his efforts were largely in vain. In his first audience with the king he explained why he had come to Lisboa without seeking Felipe's permission. He then turned to the matter of the suffering of the French in Portugal. He summarised the damages in a memoranda to be submitted to Felipe for the allocation of compensation. This accomplished he informed Felipe that he would imminently be replaced as ambassador. He concluded by reminding the Spanish king that Portugal was dependant on Breton grain, and without it in 1581 the country would have been depopulated. In a new meeting with Felipe on 9 October, Saint-Gouard conceded that Felipe had the rights to the kingdom of Portugal, but observed that he had imposed himself on the land (and maintained himself) with the sword. This provocative statement was designed to upset Felipe through challenging his legitimacy, but the Spanish king remained cordial during the interview. Nevertheless, Felipe's contempt for Saint-Gouard further developed during this period. In October, during an audience with Felipe in Lisboa, Saint-Gouard assured the Spanish king that Henri was sincerely opposed to Alençon's Dutch enterprise, but had no way of containing the prince. He suggested it might be prudent for the Spanish king to offer one of his daughters to Alençon to calm his passions. He further informed Felipe that Henri could not militarily confront his brother. Alençon was his heir in the absence of a child. That same month, Idiáquez reminded Saint-Gouard how patient Felipe had been the French crown. Felipe hoped that Henri would employ the appropriate remedies to the situation so that in future his subjects did not interfere with the public peace as rebels. Idiáquez spoke with Saint-Gouard again in November. He informed the ambassador that Felipe had sent a representative to the French court to resolve the situation of the treatment of the French in Portugal. This was an indirect way of explaining to Saint-Gouard he was not needed in Lisboa. The ambassador warned the secretario against ministers whose pride deluded them into believing the power of their prince was eternal. He competed with the Spanish over the nomination of a consul in Portugal to represent French interests, strongly representing Henri's choice (Melchior de Rieux) against the choices of the Spanish, who were favourable to their position. He was unable to get his choice of consul accepted. After five months in Portugal, and with it being made clear to him that he was unwelcome, he resolved to return to Madrid. Funds were granted to him on route to the capital while he was in Sevilla by his sécretaire Longlée. This came as a great boon to him as he feared that he might even be imprisoned over his debts at this time. Saint-Gouard was little interested in waiting in Madrid for his successor to arrive, or alternatively for Felipe to return. He thus undertook the sale of his furniture in Saintonge, which allowed him to finance a return to Portugal. He was even obligated to mortgage some of lands in Saintonge. The Portuguese crisis had been a further catalyst for the deterioration of Franco-Spanish relations. At this time, a French military expedition to the Açores that was being organised under the command of the colonel-general Strozzi (son of the maréchal with whom Saint-Gouard had travelled to Malta in 1565) set sail. Propositioned by a prospective spy in April, he paid the man 700 écus for his services. Saint-Gouard arrived back at Aldeia Galega near Lisboa in June. He wrote to Idiáquez to announce his return and asking the secretario to arrange accommodation for him. Instead of offering accommodation Idiáquez inquired coldly as to why he had returned. Saint-Gouard explained he had important matters to discuss with Felipe. The Spanish king shared his secretarios distaste at Saint-Gouard's return and asked why, at a time when Catherine was dispatching fleets against the Spanish, Saint-Gouard felt he had the right to 'cavort' among the people. He asked the ambassador to specify his mission and if they judged it to be truly serious they would move from there. Saint-Gouard dispatched Longlée to secure accommodation for him, and the sécretaire succeeded in finding lodgings for him with a rich Genoese man. It was quickly apparent he was under close watch. Despite being under watch, Saint-Gouard continued to meet with those who opposed Spanish rule in Portugal. On 21 June Saint-Gouard attained an audience with Felipe. The ambassador assured the Spanish king that Henri desired peace between their kingdoms and regretted the actions of his brother in Vlaanderen. He went as far as to propose a marriage between Alençon and one of the Spanish king's daughters might still be an appropriate solution. This was greeted coldly by Felipe. The following day, Idiáquez visited Saint-Gouard to inform him that it was absurd to seek a marriage between Alençon and one of Felipe's daughters at a time when Alençon was seeking a marriage with the English queen, and France was sending an armed fleet out against España. Idiáquez then attacked Henri for the support he offered to the claims of dom António. Though the secretario stated this was the end of matters, Saint-Gouard retorted he had already explained everything to Felipe. He further clarified Henri had only accepted António into France due to the pity he felt for him. The protections afforded the pretender to the throne were a product of the warnings Saint-Gouard had provided that there were many assassins who desired António dead. It would be a considerable dishonour to Henri for the Portuguese noble to be murdered in his territory. Idiáquez returned to meet with Saint-Gouard for a final time a week later. Saint-Gouard was ordered to leave Lisboa and return to Madrid. On 10 July, shortly before he left Portugal he bore witness to the departure of the Spanish fleet that was going to crush Strozzi's expedition, led by the marqués de Santa Cruz. That same month the French expeditionary force to the Açores under the command of Strozzi was destroyed by the Spanish. The captured French prisoners were considered to be pirates, and therefore all were killed. On 23 July 1582 Saint-Gouard held his final audience with Felipe, it was cordial as decorum dictated despite the hatred Felipe had for the ambassador. Saint Gouard then departed Lisboa on 26 July and made his way back to Madrid, arriving in the city on 17 August. Once there he observed bitterly that for weeks after the Spanish naval victory, bonfires were maintained in the capital. The ambassador complained to Catherine and Henri about the 'insolence' of the Spanish people. Having heard reports that Strozzi's force had not put up strong resistance but rather fled, the ambassador remarked bitterly that the soldiers should die of shame. In October he wrote that they spat at French people in the street. His time as ambassador had so penured him that he worried about the image he would present on his return to France, having sold even his shirts to his creditors. The following month he reported to the crown of the arrival of a treasure fleet from the Spanish colonial territories weighed down with between three and four million écus. His successor as ambassador , the sieur de Longlée was already in Iberia at the time of Saint-Gouard's relief. He had in fact served as a sécretaire to Saint-Gouard for the last nine years of his diplomatic mission, being first mentioned in this capacity in 1574 correspondence from Diego de Zúñiga to Felipe . Saint-Gouard had richly praised Longlée in his writings to the French court, informing the crown that they had 'no greater servant' than he. Nevertheless, Saint-Gouard's combative style and willingness to anger Felipe and overstep his prerogatives during his tenure left Longlée in a difficult position. The departing ambassador warned his successor to be careful about involving himself in matters without a strong supply of money. Longlée was well aware his financial resources were inferior to those his predecessor had enjoyed. In his final month in España (December), Saint-Gouard bribed some men to undertake the burning of the Spanish fleet that was anchored in Lisboa. He entrusted Longlée with overseeing the operation, however nothing would come of it. Alongside this mission, Saint-Gouard made sure his successor was well appraised of current affairs. While the crown struggled with the prospect of seeing Saint-Gouard financially compensated for his long ambassadorship, it could reward him with office. In 1583 Henri established Saint-Gouard in the position of governor of the province of Saintonge, with particular responsibility for the château de Saintes, a charge that offered great prospects of profit. He would hold this charge until 1596. During the 31 December 1583 induction into his new most senior (and more exclusive) order of French chivalry, Saint-Gouard would be established as a chevalier of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit (Order of the Holy-Spirit). Saint-Gouard's successor as ambassador, the sieur de Longlée had in his employ a Portuguese spy (named Rondela) who was compromised in 1584 and arrested by the Spanish authorities. Longlée feigned shock when links between the spy and himself were proposed, and suggested that perhaps Rondela may have known Saint-Gouard in Vlaanderen or Konstantiniyye and that there was nothing compromising about their relationship. In June 1584, the king's brother Alençon died. As the king lacked a son the succession to the crown defaulted to his distant Protestant cousin the king of Navarre. This was seized upon as unacceptable by a segment of the Catholic nobility led by the duc de Guise who re-founded the Catholic Ligue (League) to oppose Navarre's succession and various other royal policies. In 1584 Saint-Gouard was established as the French ambassador to the Papal States upon the death of the prior ambassador Paul de Foix. He would be the only sword noble of this period to hold multiple ordinary diplomatic postings, something that was more common for robe nobles. He would further be a deviation from the usual royal policy of sending a man of the church as ambassador to Roma. The French ambassadorial post to Roma was the most chaotic one, with several of the incumbents in the office dying during their postings while others were made cardinals. This caused numerous interims in the posting. There would be a considerable deal of time between the death of Foix and his arrival, and it is unknown who held the office on an interim basis pending his arrival. He arrived in the city in March 1585 and established himself in a palazzo belonging to the queen mother Catherine. He found his life easier and more comfortable in Roma than he had his service in Madrid. He would enjoy much support and many connections in Roma. As his sécretaire he enjoyed the services of Antoine de La Boderie. In his capacity as ambassador he received correspondence from the queen mother Catherine, and would still be receiving letters from her as late as 1588, near to her death when she was both ill and depressed. Unlike his residence in España, the communications he received in Roma from Catherine are well preserved. As during his time in España, he was often forced to take loans to support himself, due to the lack of income he was supposed to be in receipt of. Prior to leaving the Papal States he was unable to balance his books, and as such his wife was pursued by his creditors. The following month after his establishment, in April, Pope Gregory XIII was succeeded in the Papal office by Pope Sixtus V. Sixtus endeavoured to establish himself independent of both French and Spanish influence. In his capacity as ambassador to Roma, Saint-Gouard frequently clashed with Sixtus. Despite their often tense relations, Sixtus appreciated Saint-Gouard's 'vigour and courage'. Saint-Gouard quickly succeeded in securing from him the re-establishment of an old etiquette that had been abolished by Gregory XIII. The ambassadors were to serve the Pope in the séance en capelle. Saint-Gouard as French ambassador would enjoy the second most senior position in this ceremony, behind that of the Imperial ambassador and before that of the Spanish. Frustrated at this the Spanish ambassador the conde de Olivares (count of Olivares) refused to participate in the coronation ceremony on 1 May. He was also granted other symbolic honours as concerned courtly etiquette in Roma. In his diplomatic mission, Saint-Gouard would endeavour to ensure that Sixtus distrusted the Spanish. He stated to the Pontiff that while he would not wish to bet a crown on the Spanish deceiving him, he would bet everything that when it was to their advantage to do so, they would deceive the Pope. He would fight vigorously to defend the Catholicity and reputation of his king Henri against Sixtus. In this he was up against the cardinal de Pellevé an agent of Guise's in the Roman capital. During his ambassadorship he denounced the cardinal de Pellevé, who had been established in Roma around 1574, as a source of intrigues and mischief. Saint-Gouard wrote to the duc de Guise in early July 1585 chiding him for his rebellion against the crown. He informed the duc that he had learned his obedience to the crown from Guise's father the previous duc de Guise. Thus he exhorted Guise to abandon his rebellious pretensions if he did not want to sabotage the reputation of his ancestors. The new Pope decided to recall his Papal Nuncio to France the bishop of Bergamo and replace him with the ligueur and Spanish sympathetic archbishop of Nazareth. Henri was greatly aggrieved by this and refused to receive the replacement, ordering the governor of the Lyonnais to halt his progress at Lyon. Chevallier speculates he may have been driven by the domestic frustrations he was experiencing after having been forced into a peace which conceded to his enemies in the Catholic ligue. Saint-Gouard championed Henri's decision before the Pope, even before he had received instructions from France, and demanded the Pope see to the archbishops recall. This offended the Pope so significantly that the Pope ordered that he depart the Papal States within 5 days, something he would do on 25 July 1585. Henri did not retaliate against Sixtus for the dismissal of his ambassador. Shortly after being expelled from Roma by Sixtus and returning to France, Saint-Gouard found himself in the centre of a storm. He was suspected by the duc de Nevers of being the author of several libellous letters against him. Keen to confirm his suspicions, the duc de Nevers turned to the doctor Philippe de Cavriana in September to gather information on Saint-Gouard. Cavriana inquired of the royal entourage' as to what Saint-Gouard may have said about the duc de Nevers in his diplomatic despatches back to France. This inquisitiveness greatly aggrieved Catherine who asked Cavriana to cease his investigations. Still enquiring on the duc's behalf, several days later Cavriana got into a showdown with the royal favourite the duc d'Épernon. Épernon informed Cavriani that the ambassador had written nothing as concerned the duc de Nevers and swore as such on his honour as a gentleman. If Cavriana continued to investigate Saint-Gouard it would attract the ire of the king. While Nevers' agent took cares to speak quietly to Épernon, the latter was embarrassed that Épernon spoke loudly in front of many courtiers. Cavriana assured Épernon that if Nevers was sure that it was Saint-Gouard they would not be in this position right now. As such he was seeking more information. Cavrians pushed Épernon on the matter, asking him whether he'd seen the 'slanderous letters' and whether they had not been written in Saint-Gouard's hand. Épernon in turn replied that he had indeed seen the letters, but that they were unsigned and unmarked. Clearly understanding the situation, and appreciating that Henri was both keen to protect Saint-Gouard, and see him returned to his ambassadorial post, Cavriana advised Nevers that it would be best to end his attempts to receive satisfaction (Nevers had been seeking a duel with the ambassador). He wrote similarly to the duc's wife Henriette de Clèves advising her to intercede with her husband against his desire for revenge. As a further reward for his services, in May 1586 Henri erected the marquisate de Pisani in Saint-Gouard's favour, comprising his lands in Poitou and Saintonge. It would be by this name he would be known forthwith. Henri for his part found himself subject to the distaste of the existing Papal Nuncio for his decision to seek negotiations with the Protestant king of Navarre and prince de Condé in the summer of 1586. The king justified himself on the grounds of the immiseration of the kingdom. The Nuncio begged him not to make such a decision to seek peace without first seeking the advice of the Pope. Catherine, who was to lead the negotiations , would depart to conduct them in July. Before she did she urged Pisani to sooth the Pope's concerns about her peace mission. Her efforts succeeded in securing an armistice with the Protestants which lasted until the spring of 1587. Thanks to the work of the cardinal de Rambouillet and cardinale d'Este, the return of Pisani to his embassy would be arranged, and thus he departed Paris back for Roma on 23 June 1586, arriving in the city on 19 August. After the return of Pisani to Roma, Henri consented to the replacement of the bishop of Bergamo with the archbishop of Nazareth as Papal Nuncio. In late August, Pisani reported back to Henri of the Pope's disapproval for Catherine's peace mission. The Pope reminded Pisani that until such time as 'heresy' was vanquished in France, Henri could not truly be absolute master of his kingdom. There was also much domestic opposition to the efforts to broker peace between the royal party and the Protestants both radical preachers and from the ligueur lords like the duc de Guise (who liaised with the new Papal Nuncio on his plans to reject a peace). It was with sadness that Pisani observed the death of the cardinale d'Este, a great supporter of the French in December 1586. However this was counterbalanced by a new ally for the protection of French affairs the cardinal de Joyeuse. A flood of Catholic outrage greeted the execution of Mary Stuart on 1 March 1587 by the English queen Elizabeth I. The Pope enquired of Pisani as to how Henri was planning to respond to the killing, 'was Henri going to avenge the murder, as he was obligated to do for his honour?'. Henri was no more able to avenge the death of Mary than he was to stop her execution. He contented himself to host a solemn service in Paris in her memory. Relations between the Papacy and Henri were improved at this time. In March of 1587 the hostile Papal Nuncio archbishop of Nazareth died and was replaced by the pro-French bishop of Brescia in the charge. Sixtus opined to Pisani that the rebellion of Guise against the crown was of advantage to the Protestants. The Catholic ligue should unite with the crown for the destruction of Protestantism. In August the Pope authorised an alienation of 500,000 écus of church land in France. This was in response to his being informed that Henri intended to personally lead an army against the Protestants. Pisani sent a porter to inform Henri of the Pope's decision When word arrived in France, the clergy was outraged and protested against the measure. They were soothed by the the cardinal de Gondi and the new Papal Nuncio. Due to the fact the money was not presently available, Henri asked Pisani to request a 400,000 écus loan from the Pope in return for receipt of interest from the alienation. In early 1588, the Papal Nuncio tried to nudge Henri towards delivering his campaign against the Protestants. Henri was reluctant to comply, and argued that if he threw himself against the Protestants, he would be leaving Picardie and Normandie in the hands of the ligue. The Nuncio retorted that Henri had two enemies, and as he could only make war on one it should be the Protestants. On 18 February, Henri wrote to Pisani asking him to see to it that the Pope reminded the ligue of their need to show obedience to him and see to the service of god, as opposed to their ambitions. Having established an agreement with the Spanish king Felipe, when the time came in April for a conference at Soissons between Henri's surintendant des finances Bellièvre and the ligueurs the duc de Guise, and cardinals of Bourbon and Guise there was no prospect of an accord being reached. The Papal Nuncio informed Sixtus of the conferences failure before it had opened. Pisani continued to push Sixtus to make it clear to the ligueurs that they needed to unite loyally with the king to achieve the destruction of Protestantism. However, the speed of the Pope's response did not reflect the urgency of the situation. From 10-13 May 1588 the ligue rose up in Paris with Guise at its head, and attempted to impose a settlement on Henri. After the humiliation of the day of the Barricades, Henri retreated from Paris to Chartres leaving the capital in the hands of the ligueur rebels. He opined to his ambassador in Roma that he held duc de Guise solely responsible for the uprising. Pisani was to assure the Pope that Henri remained committed to wage war against the Protestants in Poitou, but before he could do this, Guise needed to be removed from the capital and returned to his governate of Champagne. If Guise continued to further his own ambitions, Henri would be compelled to preserve what authority he had left by combatting the duc. He furthered this with a letter to the Pope in which he obliquely implied he could be compelled to assassinate Guise (though he did not name him in his letter to Sixtus) when he stated that the extreme circumstances he found himself in might force him to resort to extreme remedies. Pisani would demonstrate his hostility to the Spanish at the Papal court over the matter of the canonisation of a Spanish Franciscan named Diego de Alcalá. For Felipe the canonisation was a great honour and the conde de Olivares wished to enjoy diplomatic precedence for this day which be in honour of España. To facilitate this, the cardinale de Rusticucci (cardinal of Rusticucci) appealed to Pisani on 25 June to call in sick on the day of the event (2 July). Pisani reported to Henri his horror at the prospect, saying that even were he on the 'point of death' he would still 'drag himself on his stomach' to show the king of España that he was inferior to the king of France. He added that saints belonged to all countries, and if España wished to have a monopoly on this saint, then he should be excluded from the common calendar. He affirmed to Henri his determination to be at the ceremony, and honour Diego as a universal saint. Refusing to back down despite Rusticucci's pleas, he attended the ceremony with his precedence over the Spanish. Unable to tolerate this, Olivares called in sick to be replaced by cardenal Deza. Olivares would not forgive the French for a long time. On 4 July Henri noted with impatience to Pisani that if he did not have peace in his kingdom within the next several weeks, he would enter open war with the ligueurs. He thanked the Pope through Pisani for offering the services of a Legate, but requested this role be given to the Nuncio. On 21 July he concluded an agreement with the ligueurs sin the edict of Union in which he swore never again to make an accord with 'heretics'. Similarly France was never to have a 'heretical' king, he would adopt the decisions of the Council of Trent, grant to the Catholic princes the towns conceded to them in the 1585 treaty of Nemours, relieve Épernon of his governate of Boulogne and sell off the property of Protestants. With this agreement confirmed, Henri assured Pisani he would now be waging war against the Protestants alongside the ligueur leaders the duc de Guise and duc de Mayenne. Though Henri had initially acceded to the demands of the ligue, he chafed at the duc's tutelage and this was furthered by his suspicion that Guise was behind the defiance of the Estates General to him. Thus he resolved to assassinate the duc in December 1588. After have effected the assassination of the duc de Guise, Henri moved to ensuring the act was properly justified internationally. André Hurault de Maisse who was departing for Italia was instructed to inform the late duc's maternal uncle the duca di Ferrara that Guise had been poisoned by his ambition and was planning to seize Henri and hand him over to the ligueurs in Paris. Henri was confident that the Pope would approve of the act he had undertaken, and wrote to Pisani to this effect. He justified himself on the grounds that Guise was a threat to not only his crown but also his life. Almost as an afterthought the king mentioned the assassination of the cardianl de Guise. Pisani was further informed that the Pope would see it as not only lawful but also a pious act. By this means, Henri declared, he had stemmed the greatest source of strife between his Catholic subjects. To assist Pisani in this effort with the Pope would be the cardinal de Joyeuse. Henri's impression that the Pope might be supportive was not drawn from nothing, as a few months previous the Pope had urged him to punish those who defied his authority with severity. The Papal Nuncio in France decided against excommunicating Henri out of fear it could drive him into the arms of the Protestants, and therefore left the decision in the hands of the Pope. On 4 January word reached the Papacy of the assassinations that had transpired at Blois. This was followed a day later by the official notice of the act from Henri. According to cardinal de Joyeuse, the Pope was not surprised to learn of the assassinations, remarking that Guise and his brother had received several warnings of the king's intentions. On 6 January Pisani, who had not yet received his diplomatic despatch from the king, met with the Pope. Pisani attempted to explain Henri's actions. Pope Sixtus restrained himself in his reactions, asking only if Pisani had ever heard of a prince who killed a cardinal. However, in his next meeting, with the Venetian ambassador, the Pope exploded in anger. He argued to the ambassador that if Henri had executed the duc de Guise after the day of the barricades it would have been one thing, but to kill the duc after having made a public reconciliation with him was murder and not justice. This was furthered in his meetings with the Spanish representative. On 7 January Joyeuse spoke with Sixtus and tried to justify the 'deserved end' of the ligueur princes. The Pope cut him off, crying that that was not the way to deal with men of such quality. Guise should have been arrested, and the cardinal sent to Roma for trial. Joyeuse retorted that the Pope himself had proposed to Henri that he should defenestrate the duc de Guise back in May. The king only needed the forgiveness of god for the killing of the duc, however the cardinal informed the pope that Henri wished to receive absolution for the death of cardinal de Guise. On 9 January Sixtus discussed the murder of the cardinal de Guise with the cardinals of the consistory, arguing to the body that the deed could not go unpunished. Both Pisani and Joyeuse grew fearful that extraordinary penance might be imposed on Henri as a result. After the meeting of cardinals on 10 January it was decided to suspend consistorial matters related to France. Joyeuse opined fearfully that this could cause a break between the French and Roman churches, and a return to pre-Concordat elections in the French church. Joyeuse advised Henri that he would need to request absolution from the Pope, and also release the ligueur cardinal de Bourbon and archbishop of Lyon who he had arrested. In early January Henri sent to Pisani and Joyeuse the brief which the Pope had provided him on 20 July 1587. This brief granted him the privilege to receive absolution for his sins for a confessor of his choosing, including for sins that would normally be the business of the Holy See, such as the automatic excommunication the killing of a cardinal resulted in (the king had killed the cardinal de Guise alongside the duc de Guise). When the Pope was reminded of this brief, he retorted that it only applied to sins committed prior to its granting. In January the commander of Dyo was sent to the Holy See by the duc de Guise's brother the duc de Mayenne to represent him. Dyo took the position that after the murder of the duc and cardinal all good Catholics were fearful and required the protection of an act emanating from the Pope. During these months, the ligueur representative in the Papal court, Jean de Piles, abbot of Orbais worked to convince the Pope to excommunicate Henri. Pisani denounced the abbot as a pernicious agent of the Lorraine princes on 25 January. Ligueur pamphlets printed in Paris were also sent to Roma. From January to February 1589, the cardinal de Joyeuse and Pisani negotiated with the Pope. Joyeuse seeing that neither he nor Pisani were making any impression on the Pontiff after a month of work, wrote to Henri urging him to establish a special envoy who would request absolution for him. Henri conceded to the Pope's position and his representative the bishop of Le Mans was sent to Roma. The bishop arrived on 23 February and was received by the Pope two days later. He enjoyed several audiences with the Pope, and in one on 8 March the Pope demanded that the envoy provide a simple request for the king's absolution. After Le Mans again demurred on the grounds of the rights of the king and French nation, Sixtus exploded and threatened to imprison the bishop. Pisani who was also present for the audience protested that it was the duty of ambassadors to explain their masters reasoning. On 13 March Joyeuse brokered an agreement by which the bishop of Le Mans would make the appeal for absolution, kneeling at the feet of the Pope he confessed on the behalf of Henri. The Pope declared his satisfaction but maintained his refusal of absolution until such time as the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon were released, as this had not yet come to pass. Subsequently in April Henri entered into alliance with his distant Protestant cousin and heir the king of Navarre, throwing the prospect of agreement with the Papacy into doubt. The Pope's ambassador in France withdrew from the court after the agreement was reached, staying in Lyon until the death of the king. Over the coming months, Henri continued to fail to release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon from prison. However now the Pope was more incensed to learn of Henri's alliance with the Protestant king. On 5 May, Sixtus announced his decision, Henri must release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon within ten days. Within sixty days he must either come to Roma himself or send a proxy to represent him. If he failed to undertake both of these acts he would be excommunicated. In this declaration he did not mention Henri's alliance with Navarre but admitted to the Venetian ambassador that it was the reason he had made the declaration. Judging Henri's situation to be desperate he expected the king's submission and readied himself to open his arms to the errant prince. Pisani for his part attempted to stop the publication of the decision, but was unsuccessful. On 8 May Pisani spoke with 'pride and loyalty' to Sixtus that Henri maintained his continual obedience to the Pontiff, but that the king's ministers expected to be able to speak frankly, and not threatened with prison. Neither prison nor death would stop his advocacy for his king. The Pope was stunned by this address. During May, the military situation for the ligue in France declined greatly after the loss of the battle of Senlis, Navarre writing confidently that soon Paris might fall to them. In response to this Mayenne looked to Roma for a coup of his own, hoping to see the expelling of Pisani, the prosecution of the bishop of Le Mans and the declaration of a crusade. Upon the publication of the Papal monitoire (warning that proceeds excommunication) on 26 May, both Joyeuse and Pisani abandoned Roma. 1589 thus represented the end of Pisani's tenure as ambassador to the Papacy, the marquis judging the publication of the monitoire to conclude his ambassadorship. Henri was distraught to learn of his excommunication, but was reassured by Navarre that the true way to respond to the Pope's move was to recapture Paris. The withdrawal of Pisani from Roma would be one piece of the diplomatic withdrawals which would typify the early reign of Henri III's Protestant successor due to his lack of recognition in the Catholic courts. After tarrying for a while in Firenze, Pisani embarked at Livorno for France alongside the bishop of Le Mans. Joyeuse meanwhile travelled on to Venezia. On route back to France the ship Pisani and Le Mans were travelling in was attacked by a corsair, Pisani led the successful repelling of the attacker, allowing them to reach Languedoc. When informed, Sixtus was impressed to learn of Pisani's feat. At the time of the assassination of Henri III on 1 August 1589, Pisani was residing on his estates in the marquisate of Pisani. The change of dynasty from Valois to Bourbon that accompanied the death of Henri III did not result in Pisani's loss of importance, and through his reputation and political significance he entered into the confidence of the new king. Many French Catholics were left in a difficult position after the assassination of Henri III. The royal army that was besieging Paris collapsed from a size of 40,000 men to 18,000, many soldiers deserting rather than lending their services to a Protestant. They now faced the prospect of having to serve a Protestant king. While this was too much for some, in the following days many nobles of Guyenne swore themselves to the king of Navarre as Henri IV. Among them were maréchal de Matignon and Biron, the duc de Ventadour, the seigneur de La Rochefoucauld, the comte de La Vauguyon, the duc de Thouars and Pisani. These were all military nobles capable of mobilising their networks in the favour of the new king. For Pisani it was a matter of monarchical loyalty. The new king appointed him lieutenant in the escadron de la cornette blanche (squadron of the white cornet). He maintained proximity to the king, always armoured, despite his considerable age. In October 1589 he returned to Roma briefly for a brief extraordinary mission so as to secure for the duc de Luxembourg an audience with the Pope. Despite Spanish opposition, this mission was a success. In July 1590, Pisani undertook a conference for Henri at Saint-Germain with the Papal legate Caetani. Peace was discussed in the meeting, on the understanding of Henri's conversion to Catholicism. Saint-Gouard did not address this condition, but passed it on to some nobles of the army, who brought it to the king's attention via his cousin the comte de Soissons. However this meeting bore no fruit. The Pope greatly opposed the Protestant Navarre's assumption of the crown. All Catholics who supported him were ordered to withdraw their support on pains of excommunication. Beyond his spiritual interventions, the Pope dispatched a small army to support the ligueur cause in their war with Henri, however it was badly ravaged by dysentery and accomplished little. With the death of Pope Gregory in October 1591 a new election was held. The new Pope, elected in January 1592 maintained his support for the ligueur cause. Henri meanwhile dispatched two of his supporters who he hoped would be well received by the Papacy on 4 October, Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi. They were to swear Henri's support for the Pope and that in the same manner as his predecessors he had a 'filial devotion' to the Holy See. The Papal Legate informed Pisani and Gondi that they would not be welcome in the Papal territories as the Pope did not wish to meet with representatives of the 'king of Navarre'. Pisani knew that the Pope would not agree to meet with him and that he would likely only be able to make his devotions to Loreto. However the Pope continued to direct his severity against Catholic supporters of Henri IV. Thus, with Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi on the road to Roma to ask the Pope to assist in the potential conversion of Henri to Catholicism, the Pope forbid them to continue their journey. He was supported in his refusal to meet with Pisani and Gondi by the ligueur agents in Roma. As such the royalist party stopped its journey in Firenze, forbidden from travelling further. Meanwhile emissaries from the ligueur duc de Mayenne assured the Pope that Henri would not convert to Catholicism and that if he did it would be a simulacrum. On 25 July 1593 Henri abjured Protestantism and became a Catholic. Many Catholics however suspected his conversion was cynical or invalid. To this end Henri redoubled his efforts to gain absolution from the Pope. He was supported in this effort by the Tuscan and Venetian ambassadors in Roma who faced off with the Spanish Papal ambassador who sought to convince the Pope to continue the fight. From late 1592 the Venetian ambassador had convinced Clement military and financial support towards the Catholic ligue was playing into the hands of the Spanish. The Pope remained determined though not to receive Gondi and Pisani, and upon receiving word of Henri's adoption of Catholicism considered declaring the Catholics who received him schismatics. He was talked out of this by the Venetian ambassador on the grounds it would accelerate French Gallican sentiment. The reason for the Pope's refusal to see the two envoys was, according to a 'well connected' priest due to his fear of the Spanish reprisals he would be inviting if he were to take such a step. Henri resolved to send a new diplomatic mission, led by a man that the Pope could not refuse to see, the Italian Catholic the duc de Nevers. In November 1593 the Pope agreed to receive the duc de Nevers, however only in his capacity as a private person and not as a representative of Henri IV. Even after this meeting the Pope remained firm, declaring Henri could not be absolved as he 'persisted in his errors'. It would only be in August 1595 that conditional absolution was granted to the French king. Having stayed in northern Italia since his arrival in late 1592, Pisani returned to France in early 1594. During his stay he had felt useless. During the crisis of the Croquant rebellions, armed peasant bands rose across much of southern France. Henri resolved that he must employ a gentle hand to defuse their grievances. He opined to the lieutenant-general of Haute-Auvergne, that if he came down harshly on the movement, it would entail further damages. In the Limoges the rebel peasants numbered around 12-15,000. While working towards the disarmament of this group, a band of nobles charged into the peasants in June 1594, killing many. The sieur de Boissise arrived sometime after this and promised a reduction of the taille (the land tax). He then undertook a siege of the château de Gimel which was held by some rebel seigneurs. A little while later in October, Pisani arrived with a military force and undertook a limited expedition. Maréchal de Matignon then continued the work of ending the rebellion peaceably, and attempted to avoid prosecution of the Croquant ringleaders to this effect. However in 1595 the heat of the conflict would rise again and there would be a battle before the Croquant leadership submitted, soothed further by tax relief Henri ordered in 1596 and 1599. With 'surprising youthfulness', Pisani fought alongside the king at the royalist victory of the battle of Fontaine-Française in 1595. This battle facilitated the defection of the lieutenant-general of the ligue Mayenne, who abandoned his Spanish allies in disgust. The aged marquis was granted the honour in 1596 of raising the eight year old prince de Condé in the Catholic faith after Henri received absolution from the Papacy. At this time the prince was the heir to the French throne, though he would not remain such. He would also be governor of the prince's properties. He settled with the young prince at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The governor found himself in conflict with the prince's mother Charlotte-Catherine over the choice of tutor for the prince. While she favoured Joseph Justus Scaliger for her son, this was opposed by Henri who hated Scaliger. He favoured Nicolas Lefèvre, a man whose religious disposition suited Pisani. The hatred between the princesse de Condé and Henri exasperated Pisani, who was fundamentally a man of the king. Given the princesse's distaste for Henri, this complicated matters. According to an anecdote from Tallémant des Réaux, at a certain time Pisani and the young Condé were walking together when they passed a peasant who threw himself to the ground before the prince. Condé did not even gesture towards the peasant, and Pisani took him to task over this. He argued to the prince that without the peasant, there would be no food for the nobility and princes to eat. On 21 May 1596 Pisani wrote his will. He expressed his desire to be buried in the cathedral of Saintes. His non domestic property was to go to his wife as well as the usufruct of his French properties. Meanwhile his daughter would enjoy possession of the French territories. His wife was to return to the king his collier (collar) of the ordre du Saint-Esprit with the appropriate honours worthy of the order. All outstanding sums that were owed to him were to be paid to his descendants. Henri established Pisani as the sénéchal (seneschal) of Poitou and as the colonel-général de la cavalerie légère italienne (colonel general of the Italian light cavalry). Pisani died on 7 October 1599 at Saint-Maur near Paris. He was succeeded as governor of the prince de Condé by the ligueur comte de Belin who got on far better with the princesse de Condé. Pisani's widow received support from Pisani's network of friends. Henri III's sécretaire Jules Gassot spoke very highly of the marquis de Pisani. In his estimation Pisani was an unusually excellent lord. The sécretaire described his ascetic lifestyle, with preponderance for vegetables and 'clear water'. In addition to this virtue, Pisani was a 'devout Catholic' who was also devoted to royal service, and acted with honour and virtue. For the historian Ribera, Pisani appeared 'Gascon' in disposition: sensitive to slight and ready to brawl or cross swords. As an ambassador he could be argued to have been 'haughty and accusatory'. He was uncompromising in his defence of the honour of the French crown, with he and his colleagues sometimes losing themselves in their service. The historian argues that of all the French ambassadors of the period he was the most absolute in his defence of French policy and his inability to tolerate any Spanish interference in French internal affairs. He had a strong sense of honour and the importance of service to the crown. He enjoyed confusing his adversaries to such a degree it sometimes hampered his ability to achieve results. Though Catholic, religion concerned him little and for Ribera his true religion was royalism.

Jean de Vivonne, seigneur de Saint-Gouard and marquis de Pisani was a French soldier, governor, courtier and diplomat during the final years of the Italian Wars and throughout the French Wars of Religion. Starting his military service at the age of 15, he participated in the siege of Mariembourg in 1554 against the Imperial forces, and was briefly made captive. He then fought in several campaigns in Italia under the leading commanders of the day before the peace of 1559. In the first French War of Religion he fought at the climactic battle of Dreux. In the coming years he would participate in the major battles of Saint-Denis, Jarnac and Moncontour. In 1571 he received a break in his recognition when he gained stature through a mission he conducted to the Papal States that secured the release of a French subject condemned by the inquisition, succeeding through an audacious and aggressive style in intimidating the Pope. The following year, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace the long serving ambassador to España the baron de Fourquevaux. He was confronted immediately by several crises in relations between France and España, chief among them covert French involvement in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Saint-Gouard fruitlessly tried to convince king Felipe II of the innocence of the French crown in the affair. He faced much anger in España after the French candidate for the throne of the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów, the king's brother the duc d'Anjou bested the Spanish candidate. A little while later the French king died and was succeeded by the duc d'Anjou who took the name Henri III. On his return to France, Henri was confronted by a new civil war which would involve the rebellion of his brother the duc d'Alençon. Alençon dispatched an agent to the Spanish court to negotiate with Felipe. Saint-Gouard tried to frustate the agents negotiations, largely unsuccessfully. Efforts to convince Felipe of French good intentions in Spanish Nederland would continue in the late 1570s, and would become more complex as Alençon increasingly involved himself in the territory. This would culminate in 1580 with the princes establishment as a replacement king for Felipe in the rebel held territory. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe Henri opposed Alençon's designs in Nederland. Relations between the two countries would be most seriously tested in the crisis of Portuguese succession after the death of the king without heir. Felipe asserted his rights to the crown, and invaded Portugal, establishing himself in Lisboa. Saint-Gouard intrigued to frustrate Felipe's hold on the kingdom without success. He met with the king in Lisboa and increasingly weared on the king and his advisers. This climaxed after the French crown sent an expedition to seize the Açores in 1582. That same year he was relieved of his responsibilities in España after ten years, ending his residency by trying to engineer the torching of the Spanish fleet in Lisboa. Back in France, Saint-Gouard was rewarded with induction into the king's new most senior chivalric order and the post of governor of Saintonge in 1583. When the following year the ambassador to the Papal States, Paul de Foix died, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace him. Arriving in the territory in March 1585 he enjoyed a combative relationship with the new pope, Sixtus V. This culminated in his expulsion from the Papal States after he vigorously supported his king's decision to refuse to receive the new Papal Nuncio. His return would be facilitated in 1586, and as a reward for his services, Henri erected the marquisate of Pisani in his favour. Over the following years he would defend his king against challenges to his Catholicity, and push the Pope to condemn the resurgent Catholic Ligue (League) which had re-emerged after the death of Alençon with Henri's heir now a Protestant, an unacceptable state of affairs to the members. The crisis between the French crown and the Catholic ligue would explode in December 1588 with the assassination of the duc de Guise, leader of the ligue and his brother the cardinal de Guise. The Pope was enraged that a cardinal had been murdered. Pisani and his ally the cardinal de Joyeuse would desperately try to stop the Pope employing radical action against Henri. However, after Henri entered into alliance with his Protestant heir, Sixtus issued a monitoire threatening to excommunicate Henri unless certain conditions were met. At this time Pisani withdrew from Roma. After the assassination of Henri III and succession of the king of Navarre as Henri IV, Pisani would be among the royalist Catholics who stood by the Protestant king. He received a final further honour in 1596 when he was made the governor of the heir to the French throne the prince de Condé. He died three years later, leaving his lands to his daughter, the celebrated marquise de Rambouillet.

{{short description|16th Century French governor and diplomat}} {{Infobox ambassador | honorific-prefix = | name = Jean de Vivonne | honorific-suffix = seigneur de Saint-Gouard <br> marquis de Pisany | image = PSNY3.jpg | caption = Bust of the marquis de Pisany | order = 11th French Ambassador to Spain | ambassador_from1 = French | country1 = Spain | term_start1 = February 1572 | term_end1 = August 1582 | predecessor1 = [[Raymond de Rouer de Pavie de Beccarie, Baron de Fourquevaux|Baron de Fourquevaux]] | successor1 = [[Pierre de Ségusson|Sieur de Longlée]] | ambassador_from2 = French | country2 = Papal States | term_start2 = March 1585 | term_end2 = 25 July 1585 | predecessor2 = [[Paul de Foix]] | successor2 = Vacant |ambassador_from3 = French | country3 = Papal States | term_start3 = 19 August 1586 | term_end3 = 26 May 1589 | predecessor3 = Vacant | successor3 = Vacant | birth_date = {{circa|1530}} | birth_place = [[Aunis]] | death_date = 7 October 1599 | death_place = [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés|Saint-Maur]] | father = Artus de Vivonne | mother = Catherine de Brémond | spouses = Julia Savelli | relations = | children = [[Catherine de Vivonne, Marquise de Rambouillet|Catherine de Vivonne]] }} '''Jean de Vivonne, seigneur de Saint-Gouard and marquis de Pisani''' ({{circa|1530}}–7 October 1599) was a French soldier, governor, courtier and diplomat during the final years of the [[Italian Wars]] and throughout the [[French Wars of Religion]]. Starting his military service at the age of 15, he participated in the siege of Mariembourg in 1554 against the Imperial (Holy Roman) forces, and was briefly made captive. He then fought in several campaigns in Italia under the leading commanders of the day before the peace of 1559. In the [[First French War of Religion (1562–1563)|first French War of Religion]] he fought at the climactic [[battle of Dreux]]. In the coming years he would participate in the major battles of [[Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)|Saint-Denis]], [[Battle of Jarnac|Jarnac]] and [[Battle of Moncontour|Moncontour]]. In 1571 he received a break in his recognition when he gained stature through a mission he conducted to the Papal States that secured the release of a French subject condemned by the inquisition, succeeding through an audacious and aggressive style in intimidating the Pope. The following year, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace the long serving ambassador to España [[Raymond de Rouer de Pavie de Beccarie, Baron de Fourquevaux|the baron de Fourquevaux]]. He was confronted immediately by several crises in relations between France and España, chief among them covert French involvement in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Saint-Gouard fruitlessly tried to convince king [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II]] of the innocence of the French crown in the affair. He faced much anger in España after the French candidate for the throne of the [[Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów|Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)]], the king's brother [[Henri III of France|the duc d'Anjou]] bested the Spanish candidate. A little while later the French king died and was succeeded by the duc d'Anjou who took the name Henri III. On his return to France, Henri was confronted by a [[Fifth French War of Religion (1574–1576)|new civil war]] which would involve the rebellion of his brother the [[François, Duke of Anjou|duc d'Alençon]]. Alençon dispatched an agent to the Spanish court to negotiate with Felipe. Saint-Gouard tried to frustate the agents negotiations, largely unsuccessfully. Efforts to convince Felipe of French good intentions in Spanish Nederland would continue in the late 1570s, and would become more complex as Alençon increasingly involved himself in the territory. This would culminate in 1580 with the princes establishment as a replacement king for Felipe in the rebel held territory. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe Henri opposed Alençon's designs in Nederland. Relations between the two countries would be most seriously tested in the crisis of Portuguese succession after the death of the [[Henry, King of Portugal|king]] without heir. Felipe asserted his rights to the crown, and invaded Portugal, establishing himself in Lisboa. Saint-Gouard intrigued to frustrate Felipe's hold on the kingdom without success. He met with the king in Lisboa and increasingly weared on the king and his advisers. This climaxed after the French crown sent an expedition to seize the [[Açores]] in 1582. That same year he was relieved of his responsibilities in España after ten years, ending his residency by trying to engineer the torching of the Spanish fleet in Lisboa. Back in France, Saint-Gouard was rewarded with induction into the [[Ordre du Saint-Esprit|king's new most senior chivalric order]] and the post of governor of Saintonge in 1583. When the following year the ambassador to the Papal States, [[Paul de Foix]] died, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace him. Arriving in the territory in March 1585 he enjoyed a combative relationship with the new pope, [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]. This culminated in his expulsion from the Papal States after he vigorously supported his king's decision to refuse to receive the new Papal Nuncio. His return would be facilitated in 1586, and as a reward for his services, Henri erected the marquisate of Pisani in his favour. Over the following years he would defend his king against challenges to his Catholicity, and push the Pope to condemn the resurgent [[Catholic League (France)|Catholic Ligue (League)]] which had re-emerged after the death of Alençon with Henri's heir now a Protestant, an unacceptable state of affairs to the members. The crisis between the French crown and the Catholic ''ligue'' would explode in December 1588 with the [[Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)|assassination of the duc de Guise, leader of the ''ligue'']] and his brother the cardinal de Guise. The Pope was enraged that a cardinal had been murdered. Pisani and [[François de Joyeuse|his ally the cardinal de Joyeuse]] would desperately try to stop the Pope employing radical action against Henri. However, after Henri entered into alliance with his Protestant heir, Sixtus issued a ''monitoire'' threatening to excommunicate Henri unless certain conditions were met. At this time Pisani withdrew from Roma. After the assassination of Henri III and succession of the king of Navarre as Henri IV, Pisani would be among the royalist Catholics who stood by the Protestant king. He received a final further honour in 1596 when he was made the governor of the heir to the French throne [[Henri II, Prince of Condé|the prince de Condé]]. He died three years later, leaving his lands to his daughter, [[Catherine de Vivonne, Marquise de Rambouillet|the celebrated marquise de Rambouillet]]. ==Early life and family== Jean de Vivonne was born around 1530 in [[Aunis]], the son of Artus de Vivonne and Catherine de Brémond.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=87}} His parents had married in 1519. His father Artus served the French crown during the Italian Wars, meanwhile his mother was in the entourage of [[Louise de Savoie|the queen mother Louise]]. While Jean would have many siblings, only one had descendants, Marie de Vivonne.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} He came from the junior branch of an old family (recorded from the latter 11th century){{ref|Beta|β}} established in the Saintonge and Angoumois.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}}{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1264}} ===Vivonne family=== The family enjoyed many connections to great noble families such as the: [[House of Montmorency|Montmorency]], Chabot, [[House of Rochechouart|Rochechouart]], [[House of La Rochefoucauld|La Rochefoucauld]], Clisson, Saint-Gelais and [[House of Lusignan|Lusignan]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=87}} Jena de Vivonne, as a member of the ''noblesse seconde'' (upper crust of the provincial nobility) was an anchor of royal authority in Saintonge and a conduit between the crown and the local nobility. It was useful for the king to have men such as Jean to aid his control in a region far from his authority and racked by religious divisions during the civil wars.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=104}} In addition to his seigneurie of Saint-Gouard, and baronie, then marquisate of Pisany, Jean de Vivonne was also the sieur de Ramades, Foyes, Pessines, Les Comes and La Croix-Blance.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} ===Marriage and issue=== [[File:Mme_de_Rambouillet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet|Jean's daughter the marquise de Rambouillet]]]] [[File:Portrait_of_Charles_d'Angennes_(1577-1652).jpg|thumb|right|[[Charles d'Angennes|Marquis de Rambouillet]] husband to Jean's daughter Catherine]] After his return to court in 1582 rumour swirled at court of his marriage to a fashionable woman of the court named mademoiselle de Vitry. However, Saint-Gouard was happy to remain simply a lover of hers. In 1587 he secured an excellent marriage (enabled by his recent establishment as the marquis de Pisani) to a young widow of a very noble Roman family named Julia Savelli, who had been married to Ludovico Orsini prior to his execution by the senato di Venezia (senate of Venezia).{{sfn|Boucher|1998|pp=1266-1267}} The marriage contract between the two was signed on 22 September 1587, with the marriage itself celebrated in the church of [[Sant'Eustachio]] in [[Roma (city)|Roma]] on 8 November.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=90}} Jean de Vivonne and Julia Savelli would have the following issue:{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} * [[Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet]] (1588–) married [[Charles d'Angennes|the vidame de La Mans]] in January 1600 and became famous through her salon for her influence on the intellectual life of high society.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265–1268}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=96}} His wife and daughter would join him in France during the final years of his life.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} Julia would be naturalised as French in 1593.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=95}} As concerns his youthful education little is known though he had a greater taste for being a 'valiant gentleman' than he did for reading.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} The historian Ribera highlights that he would have spent much of his youth participating in festivals and hunts.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=87}} Saint-Gouard enjoyed the privilege of being an ''enfant d'honneur'', meaning that he was raised alongside the royal princes. He first took a role in combat at the age of 15 in 1545 with responsibility for carrying an arquebus.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} A few years later when he reached 18 he participated in his first real campaign.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} ==Reign of Henri II== ===Latter Italian Wars=== Saint-Gouard fought in the siege of Mariembourg during the French campaign of 1554–1555. He was to bring supplies to the fortification.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} In this campaign he was wounded and briefly experienced Imperial captivity.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} He fought under the command of the [[Piero Strozzi|maréchal (marshal) de Strozzi]] during the latter's campaign in [[Toscana]], then with [[François de Lorraine, duc de Guise|the duc de Guise]] during his 1557 campaign into the peninsula. He was with Guise in Roma which he had come to at the call of [[Pope Paul IV]] so that he might campaign into Napoli. This campaign made a great impression on Saint-Gouard.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} After this he was in Piemonte where he fought under the authority of [[Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac|maréchal de Brissac]].{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} ==Reign of Charles IX== After the French kings surrendered their claims to the Italian peninsula, the combat moved to the domestic sphere, as France's problems became internal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} ===First war of religion and the 'long peace'=== During the [[First French War of Religion (1562–1563)|first French War of Religion]] he participated in the only major field battle of the war at the royal victory of [[Battle of Dreux|Dreux]] in December 1562.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} With the [[Osmanlı İmparatorluğu]] (Ottoman Empire) putting [[Great Siege of Malta|Malta to siege in 1565]], certain French seigneurs rushed to join the defence of the island bastion. In this they were responding to a call for aid from the grand master [[Jean Parisot de Valette|Valette]].{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} Among those joining the defenders on the walls were the sons of [[Timoléon de Cossé|maréchal de Brissac]], [[Filippo di Piero Strozzi|and maréchal de Strozzi]], and Saint-Gouard.{{sfn|Haan|2011|p=226}} In total around 300 French gentleman and 800 soldiers would arrive at Malta. They would however, only arrive after the siege had ended. Nevertheless the Osmanlı government was greatly perturbed at this development, and Catherine sought to sooth their anger through condemning those nobles who had rushed to join the defence of Malta and banishing those who had made the journey. This punishment was however aimed at seeing them return to France.{{sfn|Haan|2011|p=227}} ===Second and third war of religion=== Saint-Gouard fought in the major engagement of the [[Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)|battle of Saint-Denis]] during the [[Second French War of Religion (1567–1568)|second French War of Religion]]. During this battle the [[Connétable de France]] (Constable of France) [[Anne de Montmorency|Montmorency]] was killed.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} In the short peace between the second and third French civil wars, Saint-Gouard undertook his first diplomatic mission when he was made an extraordinary ambassador to Spanish Nederland.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=593}} Saint-Gouard was involved in all the major battles of the Third French War of Religion (1568–1570|third French War of Religion]]. He fought at the royal victory of [[Battle of Jarnac|Jarnac]] in 1568 at which the Protestant [[Louis I, Prince of Condé|prince de Condé]] was executed.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} At the royal victory of [[Battle of Moncontour|Moncontour]] in 1569 he was seriously injured.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} Saint-Gouard was entrusted with the military responsibility of being ''capitaine de cinquante hommes d'armes des ordonnances du roi'' (captain of 50 men-at-arms in the royal ordinance company).{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=186}} ===Out of the shadows=== In the winter of 1571, at the age of 40, Saint-Gouard returned to diplomatic service when he undertook an extraordinary diplomatic mission to the [[Holy See]] for the purpose of securing the release from captivity of the comte de Caiazzo, a servant of the French crown who had been put before the Inquisition under suspicion of 'heresy'.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=595}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=88}} Saint-Gouard approached [[Pope Pius V]] with haughty resolve on the matter. He reminded the Pope that Caiazzo as a French subject was within the jurisdiction of the king of France, and as such must be released. Pius responded that he was surprised to see Charles was so interested in the fate of a 'heretic'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} Three days later Saint-Gouard returned and declared his patience to be at an end, if he were not sated within three days he would look to 'extreme measures'. With this deadline having come and gone he burst in on the Pope without having requested an audience to declare that he was leaving Roma, which he then did. After his departure Pius lost his temper at the behaviour of the ambassador, accusing him of drunkenness. Nevertheless it seemed that a diplomatic rupture between Roma and France was imminent and there was fear to this effect in Roma. Thus Caiazzo was released.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} His success against the 'formidable' Pius V in this effort greatly elevated his profile, with Ribera describing the episode as 'bringing him out of the shadows'.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}}{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=251}} To maintain face, Saint-Gouard was asked not to report his explosion with the Pope.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} According to the English ambassador, when back in France, shortly before his departure to España, Saint-Gouard involved himself in a Catholic plot. Upon the arrival of the Protestant [[Gaspard II de Coligny|amiral de Coligny]] at court, Saint-Gouard was intending to surprise and destroy him. However this did not transpire.{{sfn|Sutherland|1980|p=194}} ===Introduction to España=== [[File:Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_III_Duque_de_Alba,_por_Antonio_Moro.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duque de Alba (duke of Alba)]] one of the principal ministers and commanders of [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II's]] government]] In early 1572 he was sent to España for the purpose of congratulating the Spanish king [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II]] on the birth of his son [[Infante Fernando|Fernando]]. He arrived in the country on 23 February 1572.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=348}} Felipe received him four days later and he made a good impression on the monarch. He was presented to Felipe by the current French ambassador to España, [[Raymond de Rouer de Pavie de Beccarie, Baron de Fourquevaux|the baron de Fourquevaux]] and it was agreed that Saint-Gouard would succeed him in the difficult post.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} Saint-Gouard was provided with several specific instructions beyond the maintenance of peace and defence of French royal policy.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=518}} He was to investigate Spanish preparations for war and angrily protest against the build up of forces by the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|duque de Alba (duke of Alba)]] on the French border in Vlaaderen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} Fourquevaux had advised the crown to select a 'man of experience' as his replacement, as after the death of [[Élisabeth of Valois|the queen of España]], Catherine's daughter, in 1568 the ambassador had been forced to operate alone in the defence of France. The crown thus turned to Saint-Gouard as a man of the appropriate temperament and military spirit to fill the charge. His credentials were issued by the court on 19 January. Fourquevaux expressed his great pleasure at the choice.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=517}} ===Ordinary ambassador=== [[File:Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Felipe II de España|Felipe II, the king of España]]]] [[File:Catherine_de_Médicis_-_entourage_de_François_Clouet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Catherine de Médicis|Queen Mother Catherine]] wife of [[Henri II of France|Henri II]], mother of three French kings and a frequent receiver of Saint-Gouard's despatches as ambassador to España and the Papacy]] His residency of 10 and a half years in España would be the fifth longest French diplomatic mission of his time, behind the ambassadorships of [[Arnaud du Ferrier|du Ferrier]] to Venezia (11.5 years), Jean de Liverdis to the Swiss [[Grauer Bund]] - Grey League (14.5 years), Guillaume Ancel to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (17.5 years) and [[Charles de Quissarme, seigneur de Danzay|Danzay]] to [[Denmark|Danmark]] (21 years). As the latter decades of the sixteenth-century wore on ambassadorships trended towards longer and longer periods.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=201}} In this office Saint-Gouard would be a subject of correspondence for Catherine, the queen mother. In total 53 letters survive from Catherine to Saint-Gouard covering both his roles in Madrid, and in Roma, an average of one every 96 days.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=76}} She would be a considerable correspondent for him in turn, receiving 85 of his letters.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=132}} Only three letters from Catherine to Saint-Gouard survive for the period 1572–1580. Gellard argues from this that given the regularity of her correspondence we have for the 1560s, this likely reflects a low survival rate of the queen's communication with her ambassador as opposed to a ceasing of communication.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=61}} Nevertheless, the historian notes it is quite possible the death of the queen of España, Catherine's daughter |Élisabeth in 1568 would have caused a decrease in the quantity of communication.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=86}} Correspondence with the queen mother was official diplomatic correspondence, and would be conducted in tandem with the correspondence to the king.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=132}} Letters from each, and to each often composed the diplomatic 'packet' that the ambassador received and sent out to the French court.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=109}} Despite this, the historian Ribera sees Catherine's role as a diplomatic correspondent becoming more secondary during Saint-Gouard's tenure in España, with the letters to her become more sparse in detail, with the understanding king Henri III was to confide the more elaborate details to her. Gellard disagrees with Ribera as to the simplicity of the correspondence imparted to Catherine.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=138}} In his capacity as ambassador, Saint-Gouard would be unflappable in his devotion to both the king (first Charles, and then Henri) and the queen mother Catherine.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=11}} In addition to his regular correspondence with the king and Catherine, Saint-Gouard would also exchange letters with the king's brother the duc d'Anjou (the future Henri III) in the early 1570s and with the ''sécretaire d'État'' (secretary of state) [[Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy|the seigneur de Villeroy]] the latter of whom was the recipient of 10% of his correspondence.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=119}} During the reign of Henri III, Villeroy assumes the position of de-facto minister of foreign affairs, hence his elevation as an important correspondent for Saint-Gouard. By the time of Saint-Gouard's successor [[Pierre de Ségusson|Longlée's]] mission in España a quarter of diplomatic correspondence would be sent to Villeroy.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=287}} Around a half of Saint-Gouard's correspondence back to France would be encrypted.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=255}} This represented an acceleration on prior practice which only furthered as the sixteenth-century wore on. The encrypted letters were primarily the ones sent to Henri, whilst those sent to Catherine and Villeroy were only ciphered in exceptional circumstances.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=298}} In 1574 Saint-Gouard's entourage would be compromised by an agent of the Spanish kings who delivered all the ambassador's secrets to Felipe. This is the only example of such an act of subterfuge in the period subject to Gellard's study (1559-1589).{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=260}} Despite the security concerns he had, on occasion, Saint-Gouard would take advantage of the movement of Spanish diplomatic missions to provide his messages to Spanish couriers, thus he provided correspondence in November 1581 to the new Spanish ambassador to France to take with him to the French court.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=267}} As ambassador to España, Saint-Gouard was to enjoy an income of 18,000 ''livres'' annually.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=267}} During his tenure in España, Saint-Gouard frequently complained that both his income and his expenses went unpaid by the French crown. Only six months into his residence he complained of his financial situation and asked to receive recall. It was too early for the French court to consider such a course of action. He renewed his campaign for relief in February 1574 explaining that he could not properly carry out his responsibilities due to his paucity of resources. It was explained to him by the court that he might receive reward on the death of the [[Luigi d'Este|cardinale d'Este (cardinal d'Este)]]. Saint-Gouard was shocked by this promise and abhorred the possibility that he might have to look forward to the cardinale's death.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=243}} Instead he looked to receive an abbey that had become vacant, however it was granted to [[Armand de Gontaut|the maréchal de Biron]] instead. He complained to Charles of this 'disfavour' reminding the king of the services he had given to the crown. Over time his situation worsened and his apprehension towards his creditors in España bloomed.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=244}} In periods of financial difficult he was embarrassed to show himself in front of the Spanish ministers, as he could not represent his rank properly.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=345}} In 1580 he protested to Henri that he was completely ruined in terms of his finances to the point of no longer being able to endure his role as an ambassador.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=268}} According to Saint-Gouard he was owed around 75,000 ''livres'' by the crown at the start of 1580.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=271}} While in Portugal in January 1582, he wrote to Henri that his creditors in Madrid had lost their patience with him.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=271}} The king endeavoured to provide him ecclesiastical benefices.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} In addition to financial complaints, Saint-Gouard complained in September 1580 that his ambassadorship was akin to a disgrace in which he was 'poor and miserable'. He opined that his 'disgrace' in 'exile' would feel less sore if it had been possible to experience it in France, as opposed to on the diplomatic stage where he was exposed and humiliated in front of everyone.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=278}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=245}} In part the large number of complaints were a product of rhetoric, money did sometimes arrive from court and when it did not it could be supplemented with offices.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=279}} As ambassador he was subject to the hostility of Spanish public opinion towards France. This distaste for France was directed at him personally. For example the ''corregidor'' of Madrid refused to provide food to Saint-Gouard's ''maître d'hôtel'' and insisted that if Saint-Gouard wished for it that he should collect it personally. Saint-Gouard complained to a Spanish ''secratario'' (secretary) of the humiliations inflicted on him by the ''corregidor'' and protested that he would have to inform Henri that rather than a man he had sent a slave as an ambassador. On occasion Saint-Gouard would be compelled to draw his sword on the street to defend himself. Spaniards came to jeer at him outside his residence.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=315}} Beyond the hostility he personally experienced, Saint-Gouard observed broader anti-French hostility. For example Saint-Gouard complained of the arrest of French people in Valencia despite them having been given letters of safe conduct by Felipe. Despite paying money as a guarantee, they remained in prison without food or the ability to defend themselves. He made a new complaint on similar grounds to Felipe in 1576 about the arrest of French merchants in Cartagena. He accused the Spanish of arresting ships crews solely because they were French, sequestering their property and leaving people in prison to die of brutal treatment.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=322}} Saint-Gouard found Felipe a difficult man to read, opining to [[Henri III of France|the duc d'Anjou]] in July 1572 that Felipe was 'taciturn and inscrutable'. Both he and his court were well versed in keeping their opinion secret. By the end of his residency, Saint-Gouard found Felipe to be 'tired and aged'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=335}} As for the Spanish ministers, Saint-Gouard held little appreciation for them, seeing them as hypocrites who were proud in their manners, and arrogant.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=345}} Saint-Gouard viewed the Spanish as 'haughty and contemptuous', further adding that if he looked like them he would never appear in public.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=343}} In his dealings with Felipe, Saint-Gouard adopted a far more combatative attitude than his three predecessors as ambassador (Fourquevaux, [[Jean Ébrard, Seigneur de Saint-Sulpice|Saint-Sulpice]] and [[Sébastien de L'Aubespine|the bishop of Limoges]]). He was little interested in contorting himself for the benefit of Felipe's style. Felipe thus preferred to negotiate with him through written memoranda that Saint-Gouard would submit to him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} Saint-Gouard conceded to providing memoranda to the Spanish king on the condition he would still be able to meet with the king frequently.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=520}} Not overly diplomatic in nature, Saint-Gouard participated in brawls and 'thrashed his enemies with his cane'. He informed the king of these episodes.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} At the start of his residency, Saint-Gouard lodged himself in the house of Juan de Medrano. He was immediately put under Spanish surveillance. Ribera characterises his treatment as a de facto 'quarantine'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=314}} His greeting more generally was cold and reluctant, coming as it did during a period of French policy that was viewed disfavourably in España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=518}} ===Crisis of 1572=== By now relations between France and España were beginning to transform from happy courtesies towards open combat.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=14}} In the first year of his tenure he was faced with several crises in Franco-Spanish relations. Felipe convinced the Pope to refuse dispensation for the royal marriage of [[Henri IV of France|the Protestant king of Navarre]] to the king's sister [[Marguerite de Valois|Marguerite]], a key component of securing the longevity of the [[Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye|peace that brought the third war of religion to a close]].{{sfn|Carroll|2011|p=189}} In his eyes the marriage was an aberration in that it united the family of the ''Roi Très-chrétien'' (Most Christian King) with the Protestants.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=518}} In April the Spanish ''secretario'' {{ill|Gabriel de Zayas|es}} offered to aid the finding of a more suitable husband for Marguerite, Saint-Gouard proudly responded that in France, woman did not need help in finding their husbands.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} Meanwhile French Protestants offered aid to rebels against Spanish authority in Nederland. The ambassador would propose the advancing of the timetable for the execution of several French subjects who had been captured in the territory.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=97}} Further a fleet was assembled in La Rochelle that was suspected of being brought together for operations against Spanish colonial possessions. When Zayas brought him accusations from a spy that France was establishing a league against España and had armed 60 merchant ships to this effect, Saint-Gouard ridiculed him. The ambassador retorted the spy was misinformed, and it was in fact 4–5,000 merchant ships, and that Zayas' spy lacked any credibility.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} In April the French entered into a defensive agreement with the English, this was further proof to Felipe that France intended to unite Europe against España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=518}} Through all this, Saint-Gouard had to keep the two kingdoms at peace with one another. In turbulent interviews with the Spanish royal ''secretario'' Zayas he claimed the French king Charles was not involved in any anti-Spanish actions.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} Felipe for his part, was not fooled by the protests of innocence of involvement the French offered and was well aware of French participation in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Nevertheless he advised his ambassador that as long as the French maintained the façade of being uninvolved, they would pretend to believe the French crown. In July, the Spanish ambassador noted with concern that 10,000 were massed on the border with Nederland. Panic dominated Madrid, with rumours of French troop levies. Felipe maintained his cool, arguing that if the French intrigues with the Dutch rebels were successful they would throw down their mask and embrace the cause openly, while if it was a failure the 'double game' would continue. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that the king had adopted a new pro-Spanish policy that would please the Spanish king, but the situation on the ground continued to contradict him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=325}} Saint-Gouard was greatly embarrassed when word reached España of the defeat of the French force under the command of the [[Jean de Hangest, seigneur d'Yvoy|sieur de Genlis]] which had invaded Nederland in the hopes of relieving the Spanish siege of [[Mons]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=326}} Though the French crown denied involvement in Genlis' expedition, compromising papers were found which discussed future provisions to Genlis.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=520}} On 19 July the duque de Alba provided papers on Genlis' person dated to April allegedly from the French king to the Dutch rebel leader [[Louis of Nassau|van Nassau]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=520}} Charles instructed Saint-Gouard to congratulate Felipe on his victory. In a difficult position, Saint-Gouard first wrote to Felipe explaining how the Protestants had gathered on the French border against the king's express order under the command of the 'madman' Genlis. Saint-Gouard then congratulated the Spanish king on providing suitable 'chastisement' to the rebel Protestants.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=520}} In the audience with Felipe, he again defended Charles' innocence. Felipe abandoned his usual subdued demeanour, humiliating Saint-Gouard by asking him to recount the course of events several times on the pretext that his ambassador in Paris had written him a very jumbled account. He then announced it was time for Charles to see his real enemy at last, those who were against god. On 27 August Saint-Gouard reported to the Spanish king that Charles was going to carefully guard the border. This occasioned a sarcastic reply from Felipe who warned of the troubles that resulted from unreliable border guards.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=521}} ===Calm in the storm=== News of the [[St Bartholomew's Day massacre]] was greeted with delight by the Spanish king [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II]]. At a time of great discredit with the Spanish crown, Saint-Gouard found the French now subject to enthusiasm and great sympathy in España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=326}} Receiving word on 7 September from one of his agents in France Felipe went to a monastery to hear 'Te Deums' in celebration. Saint-Gouard received news of the massacre from the Spanish king, and made a good face of sharing his pleasure at the news. Unlike the [[Arnaud du Ferrier|French ambassador in Venezia]] who reacted with horror at word of the massacres, Saint-Gouard expressed no shock. The ambassador was uninterested in discussing morality or justice, devoted instead to the matter of obedience to the crown.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=97}} He assured the Spanish king he had no cause to distrust Charles and that this massacre had been planned for a long time, which Felipe in his delight accepted.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=326}} There were many strategic advantage to España from the massacres, with the elimination of amiral de Coligny the architect of French support for the rebels in Nederland. Further the event weakened Protestantism in France and offered the prospect of diplomatically isolating the rival kingdom from England and the Protestant German princes.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=326}} Despite the Spanish pleasure at the unfolding of an anti-Protestant massacre, this could not entirely paper over the displeasure of the Spanish crown at the marriage of Navarre and Marguerite.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=14}} It would only be on 12 September that Saint-Gouard received his instructions as related to the massacre.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} This slow delivery of the information to Saint-Gouard laid bare the disarray in the royal court. Word from the French court explained the course of events more precisely: the massacre was not premeditated but rather a by-product of the failed [[assassination of Admiral Coligny]]. The Spanish ambassador informed Felipe that there was nothing pre-meditated about the massacre and it was ordered as a response to the Protestant threat. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to maintain the illusion of a crown that was in charge.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} He was unable to convince anyone that the massacres had been planned for a long time, with people sneering at him for the 'indecisive' policy of the French crown. The ambassador noted sadly to Charles that the Spanish wished to deprive the king of the glory he deserved. Charles likewise complained to Saint-Gouard that people were saying the policy had transpired 'by chance'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=327}} Catherine wrote to Felipe gratefully that she and her son had been able to fight off the Protestant conspiracy against them. Eager to seize the moment she proposed a marriage between [[Henri III of France|the duc d'Anjou]] and [[Isabella Clara Eugenia|Felipe's daughter Isabel]].{{sfn|Cloulas|1979|p=299}} Around this time, Anjou wrote to Saint-Gouard optimistic that the recent massacre might see the king properly obeyed by those who had 'deceitfully become his companions' who from now on would not seek to defy their kings wishes.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=52}} Saint-Gouard opined that the massacre had elevated French prestige in the eyes of the Spanish. This honeymoon was short-lived, and the people of Madrid quickly began questioning the French policy.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=327}} Charles wrote to Saint-Gouard assuring him of his desire to maintain a friendship with the English queen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=521}} Saint-Gouard for his part enthusiastically championed a proposal for the Portuguese to conquer an empire in the Indies for France, seeing it as a method to counterbalance Spanish power. By now France was embroiled in a [[Fourth French War of Religion (1572–1573)|new civil war]] and had little ability to follow through on such a proposal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=522}} ===Anjou's crown=== The king's brother the duc d'Anjou was elected as king of the [[Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów|Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)]] on 11 May 1573.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=181}} To secure this position he had to compete with a Spanish backed candidate: [[Archduke Ernest of Austria|the erzherzog von Österreich (archduke of Österreich)]]. To support his candidate Felipe had poured in around 600,000 ''écus'' (crowns) according to Saint-Gouard.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=522}} Saint-Gouard received word of Anjou's victory on 8 June, but was disappointed to find that Felipe was not in Madrid as he had wanted to taunt him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=523}} When he attained an audience with Felipe later in the month the Spanish king declared himself greatly pleased to learn of the election of Anjou.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=523}} Nevertheless was thus much anger about the French victory in the election in España and rumours swirled in the country (fed by the Spanish ambassador in Paris) that the duc d'Anjou did not wish to assume the mantle of the Commonwealth's kingship, seeing the post as an 'exile'. Saint-Gouard was left to face off against this hostility and received word from Charles that Anjou had departed to take up his new charge in the hopes that this would combat the Spanish rumours.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=523}} The ambassador proposed distributing notice of the election to impress upon the Spanish who he felt were full of presumption, that the whole world was not at their feet.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|pp=342-343}} ==Reign of Henri III== [[File:Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg|thumb|right|Duc d'Anjou who succeeded Charles as king Henri III]] In the regency government of Catherine after the death of Charles and before Anjou (now Henri III) could return from the Commonwealth to France, Catherine became the sole conduit for diplomatic correspondence from Saint-Gouard.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=110}} The period between the kingships was a delicate one for Saint-Gouard, as Henri made his way back through Italia to France. He faced off mocking jeers from those who noted Henri's leisurely return through Italia while his kingdom awaited him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=524}} Several events threatened the embassy of Saint-Gouard in 1574. His stables were stormed by an angry crowd in December who shouted insults against France. During the invasion one of his grooms lost their leg.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=315}} On another occasion also in December one of his men was attacked in the street. Saint-Gouard and a few servants rushed to his aid and a melee ensued. The following day the door of his ambassadorial residence was forced by an ''alcalde'' (mayor) and a group of soldiers who proceeded to arrest two young boys and a groom from his stable, taking them off to prison.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=118}} Saint-Gouard dispatched his sécretaire'' to demand justice for this iniquity, but instead of attaining anything he was threatened with having more of his servants seized. Saint-Gouard thus appealed directly to Felipe.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=315}} ===Jean David affair=== In 1576 a Parisian lawyer named Jean David made his way back from Roma (possibly after a meeting with the Pope) in the retinue of [[Pierre de Gondi|the bishop of Paris]]. On route he died in Lyon, and papers were allegedly discovered on his person by the authorities that argued the descendants of [[Hugues Capet]] had been abandoned by god and had fallen into degeneracy (i.e. Henri III), while the descendants of Charlemagne (including the house of Lorraine-Guise) were flourishing in body and spirit. It followed that [[Henri I, Duke of Guise|the duc de Guise]] wished to establish himself as king.{{sfn|Constant|1984|p=193}} The text spread around the capital but for the moment the king did not view it as a serious threat. According to [[Jacques-Auguste de Thou|the contempotary historian de Thou]], Henri had received a copy of the treasonous text from his ambassador Saint-Gouard, who in turn had discovered it after it was sent by the Pope to Felipe.{{sfn|Sutherland|1980|pp=240-243}} Thus both the Papacy and the Spanish crown were implicated in the conspiracy.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} The authenticity of the text is disputed, with some arguing that it may have been manufactured to justify the 1588 assassination of the duc de Guise by arguing that he had been engaged in anti-Valois plans for over ten years. Felipe for his part would have seen advantage in providing to Saint-Gouard a text which could cause factional instability in France.{{sfn|Constant|1996|p=74}} ===Du Bourg affair=== During the years 1576 and 1577, the king's brother [[François, Duke of Anjou|the duc d'Alençon]] and the Protestant king of Navarre both undertook negotiations with Felipe through the agent [[Claude du Bourg]] (brother of the Protestant martyr [[Anne du Bourg]]). Du Bourg first arrived in España in the final days of April 1576 in the covert services of Alençon. Du Bourg was to meet with Felipe on Alençon's behalf. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to combat these negotiations. Alençon's representative arrived in Madrid on 20 May. Saint-Gouard needed to employ tact in how he handled the representative, as Alençon was the heir apparent to the throne and also presently in rebellion against Henri. To this end he decided to consider du Bourg to be an imposter so that he was not operating in direct opposition to the king's brother. He warned the ''secretario'' Zayas that du Bourg should not be received, but nevertheless Felipe received him on 30 May. Du Bourg informed the Spanish king that Alençon wished to put himself at the service of Felipe and prove himself by feats of arms. Felipe suspected Alençon was seeking the hand of one of his daughters so that he might establish himself as the sovereign of Nederland. After waiting three weeks for a response from the Spanish king, du Bourg was provided a vague and unsatisfactory response from the king. During these weeks Saint-Gouard was working to discredit du Bourg, and passed Felipe a letter from Henri to this effect which described the envoys mission as 'strange and impertinent'. Du Bourg was sent back to France with a gift of a gold chain worth around 400 ''écus''. Felipe opined to his ambassador that Saint-Gouard was furious that he had received du Bourg, but that his policy was not to displease anyone, especially as Alençon might be able to influence his brother in the future.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=213}} Having returned to France, du Bourg would be sent back to España by Alençon in August 1576 with a letter of introduction from the prince.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=213}} Du Bourg made a bad impression in Catalunya with the [[Fernando de Toledo|virrey de Catalunya (viceroy of Catalunya)]]. The virrey informed the Spanish court of his arrival on 2 September, causing embarrassment in Madrid. Felipe feared a new trouble, and his ''secretario'' Zayas wrote to the virrey de Catalunya urging him to maintain du Bourg in Barcelona, postulating that providing him wines might cease his progress. Saint-Gouard insisted that du Bourg not be received, and further than this, that his person be seized. Nevertheless he was received on 21 September by Felipe with Zayas assuring Saint-Gouard that he was sent by Alençon. Saint-Gouard violently disagreed, arguing du Bourg was an imposter and that if he could not prove this to have his own head cut off. Frustratedly, Saint-Gouard threatened to retire from the country back to France. After having once more provided an evasive answer to du Bourg, Felipe asked the representative to hurry and leave the country. Du Bourg meanwhile complained to Zayas of the spies of Saint-Gouard who surrounded him to report on his every action. With pressure mounting for him to leave, du Bourg departed, after having offered his services to the Spanish king in the Levant.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=214}} Du Bourg appeared a third time in the peninsula on the behalf of the king of Navarre within six months of his last appearance.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=212}} He expressed the king of Navarre's desire to lead a crusade against the 'Turk'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=214}} He further sought to negotiate a marriage between Navarre's sister, [[Catherine de Bourbon|Catherine]] and the prince de Savoie. Du Bourg would not make it to Madrid, having been detained in Barcelona by the virrey de Catalunya who wished him to communicate his letters. On 2 August 1577 he sent a memorandum to Felipe in which he explained Navarre's situation and asked for a loan of 200,000 ''écus''. Saint-Gouard was apoplectic when he learned of du Bourg's return to España and wrote to Felipe to this effect on 19 August. Receiving a poor response from the Spanish king, du Bourg departed back to France without an audience. Saint-Gouard makes it clear to Felipe that he would not wish for du Bourg to be allowed to return.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=215}} Simultaneously to these efforts, Saint-Gouard worked to reassure Felipe that Alençon was not being supported by Henri in his ambitions against Spanish held Nederland. Saint-Gouard also sought to secure the marriage of a Spanish princess for the duc d'Alençon however in this he was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} ===Royal favour=== In 1577 Saint-Gouard received the royal honour of induction as a ''chevalier'' (knight) into the [[Ordre de Saint-Michel|Ordre de Saint-Michel (Order of Saint-Michel)]], the highest order of French chivalry. That same year he entered the king's household when he was made a ''gentilhomme de la chambre du roi'' (gentleman of the king's chamber), and also the royal government when he was made a ''conseiller'' (councillor) in the ''conseil privé'' (privy council), a charge he would hold until 1598, the year before his death.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=186}}{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} After the seizure of French shipping in 1577 Saint-Gouard protested that the Spanish were so unjust in their behaviour that they made the 'Turks' look good by comparison.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=295}} In January 1578 Saint-Gouard detailed to the Spanish ''secretario'' Zayas that the French prisoners were put in the hold without food and left to starve. After this the ambassador alleged they were subject to tortures and falsified confessions.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=295}} The French court sent the king's ''sécretaire'' [[Jules Gassot]] to Madrid as an extraordinary ambassador at the end of 1577, so that he might reassure Felipe that the French supported the Spanish king in Vlaanderen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=139}} Gassot was to propose the mediation of Catherine to resolve the disputes over Vlaanderen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=526}} This was followed from September to December in 1578 by another extraordinary diplomatic mission, this time led by [[Louis d'Angennes|the marquis de Maintenon]] to again reassure Felipe about France's intentions as regarded Vlaanderen.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=139}} ===Intrigues=== A secret negotiation led by [[Guy de Saint-Gelais|the seigneur de Lansac]] was uncovered by Saint-Gouard in 1579. The purpose of Lansac's efforts appeared to be the seizure of the city of [[Al Araish]] in north west Africa. To uncover what was transpiring, Saint-Gouard entrusted his ''sécretaire'' to look into the matter.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=197}} He had great success in his efforts and the Spanish ambassador in France was surprised to see how well appraised Saint-Gouard was of the affair, urging Felipe to investigate who Saint-Gouard was in contact with as whoever it was appeared to be well informed.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=198}} Suspecting a man of Marseille named Reboul who was in Madrid of regularly selling information to the Spanish crown about Languedoc and Provence, Saint-Gouard attacked him in the street with his cane. The ambassador reported happily back to Henri in April 1580 that the beating he had inflicted had discredited Reboul in the eyes of the Spanish.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=215}} The ambassador had an issue with the interception of his mail during 1580, with the letters opened, read and then resealed. This was a problem for Saint-Gouard as he was engaging in intrigues with the Portuguese and discussing the intrigues in these letters. Fortunately for him, his cipher was not cracked. Nevertheless he complained to the ''secretarios'' of Felipe, Zayas and [[Juan de Idiáquez y Olazábal|Idiáquez]] but was unable to convince them to care. He therefore escalated his complaints to Felipe who referred him back to Idiáquez. With no satisfaction, Saint-Gouard complained to Villeroy, urging him to share in his anger.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=301}} ===Portuguese crisis=== [[File:Catarina_duquesa_braganza.jpg|thumb|right|[[Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza|Duquesa de Bragança]] one of the key power brokers in Portugal after the death without heir of king [[Henry, King of Portugal|Henrique]]]] [[File:Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg|thumb|left|[[António, Prior of Crato|Dom António]], claimant to the Portuguese throne]] On 31 January 1580, the king of Portugal [[Henry, King of Portugal|Henrique]] died without an heir. To solve the matter of his succession, he had established five governors to manage affairs on his death and appoint his successor.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=232}} In the crisis that followed, Saint-Gouard did not believe that the claims of [[António, Prior of Crato|dom António]] to the throne had merit. Nevertheless, he observed that the people of Portugal were greatly hostile to a foreign candidate residing on their throne, and would prefer even a 'Turk' to submission to España. He received the pleas of Rodriguez de Castro, the cousin of the Portuguese [[João I, Duke of Braganza|duque de Bragança]] asking for French aid. Believing the Bragança family to enjoy great support in Portugal he therefore asked Henri to jump into action in March 1580. He proposed to the French king that the [[Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza|duquesa de Bragança]] (duchess of Bragança) ally with dom António. In return for French aid, the kingdom would be rewarded with possession of the Portuguese territories of [[Madeira]], [[Brasil Colonial|Brasil]] and [[Portuguese Guinea|Guiné Portuguesa]] in addition to rights to trade with the East Indies. Saint-Gouard deluded himself into believing in the strength of the Bragança position and resolve. He was thus surprised to learn of the submission of the duquesa de Bragança to Felipe. After a final visit from Rodgriguez de Castro, Saint-Gouard conceded to seeking support for dom António in July 1580. The five governors who held the regency indicated to Felipe that he should not think to bring his army across the border but wait until they had made their decision on who was to succeed Henrique. Felipe could not however abide by their restrictions, seeing dom António's position consolidating (having been proclaimed king in Santarém he then entered [[Lisboa]] as king in June.){{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=233}} Felipe therefore raised levies across España to see Portugal subdued to him, with Saint-Gouard noting that the soil shook with the march of the soldiers.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=531}} To lead the army the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|duque de Alba]] was brought out of retirement to command the force of 30,000 into Portugal. Alba enjoyed a fearsome reputation for his campaigns against rebels in Spanish Nederland.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=234}} The troops invaded Portugal in July.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=233}} Saint-Gouard hoped the people might be able to resist the Spanish armies. Felipe's army was however able to subdue the country very rapidly, much to Saint-Gouard's surprise.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=25}} Victory in battle on 25 August at [[Battle of Alcântara (1580)|Alcântara]] gave Alba possession of Lisboa on 2 September. The only frustration for the Spanish during the campaign was the successful flight of dom António who escaped from Portugal to France. This vexed Saint-Gouard who felt it would have been more productive had he remained in Portugal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=534}} During 1580, the king's brother Alençon succeed in his negotiations with elements of the rebellion in Nederland for him to become their prince. An agreement to this effect was signed on 19 September. This was a difficult situation for Henri as if he directly opposed his brother he risked throwing France back into civil war, but at the same time he could not afford war with España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=525}} Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that Henri was entirely opposed to Alençon's 'despicable' enterprise.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=526}} Felipe entered Portugal on 5 December 1580 to receive the homage of the great nobility, in particular the duque de Bragança.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=535}} Saint-Gouard sent forth spies to inform him of Felipe's progress into Portugal and actions in the country.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=210}} On 16 April 1581, Felipe was proclaimed king of Portugal by the {{ill|Cortes de Tomar de 1581|pt}}. The prospect of Felipe's aggrandisement over Portugal was a great concern not only to the French crown but also the English.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=545}} He established a general pardon, excluding only dom António and his chief supporters. On 24 June Felipe entered Lisboa. During this period Saint-Gouard was learning of the abuses the French in Portugal were experiencing.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=535}} In April 1581 Saint-Gouard voiced his dismissive opinion of the [[Juan de Tassis, 1st Count of Villamediana|Spanish ambassador to France]], characterising him as a 'little agent'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=162}} Back in France, the Spanish ambassador protested to Henri about the interception of his mail. Henri, who had the mail in his possession, only agreed to receive the ambassador after his cipher had been cracked. Receiving the ambassador, Henri postulated that his mail must have been stolen by Portuguese refugees in France. From here the affair escalated to such an extent that Saint-Gouard advised Henri in August to no longer allow the Spainsh ambassador's despatches to be intercepted, as it left the impression in España that France could not control its population of Portuguese refugees.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=302}} The French ambassador was little interested in remaining in Madrid to discuss affairs with Felipe's minister, the [[Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle|cardenal de Granvelle]] and was determined to jump on his horse and join with Felipe in Lisboa. He undertook no interviews with Granvelle for a year, the gravity of the political situation required he meet with Felipe.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=356}} He was disheartened that the other ambassadors in Madrid were not dissatisfied by Felipe's coup in Portugal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=535}} In June Henri tasked Saint-Gouard with travelling to [[Belém, Lisbon|Belém]] near Lisboa where Felipe was established to complain of the treatment of French merchants and people that had accompanied the occupation.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=536 Saint-Gouard was faced with the problem of determining how he was to finance the trip, and he speculated whether he might need to sell everything he possessed in Madrid and proceed on a couple of mules to Portugal. A month came and went without him able to depart.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=245}} Around this time Henri informed Saint-Gouard he was to be relieved of his charge. As a result of this decision, it would be necessary for him to travel to Lisboa to inform Felipe of this also.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=246}} Having arrived in Portugal in September, he learned he was to be without his diplomatic prerogatives. Granvelle had advised Felipe to this effect, as Saint-Gouard reported indignantly in October.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=536}} While established at the monastary of Belém near Lisboa, he refused the attempts of the ''secretario'' Idiáquez to establish tutelage over him by offering the ambassador accommodation in his house.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=14}} Saint-Gouard saw this as a method by which to have his every action and visitor spied upon.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=537}} When offered a galley by Idiáquez to take him to Lisboa he pretended not to see it and jumped into a small boat with a couple of servants. Idiáquez continued to signal to him but he ignored the efforts and made it to Lisboa by hugging the edge of the river where the waters were shallow.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=537}} He established himself in a gambling den in the capital, all the better to keep appraised of the various intrigues.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=15}} In Lisboa Idiáquez renewed his request to accommodate Saint-Gouard one final time, deploring where Saint-Gouard has established himself and telling him it was the command of Felipe that he stay with the secretario. The ambassador sarcastically remarked to Henri that he was surprised having conquered such a city as Lisboa that Felipe had been unable to find independent accommodation for him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=538}} With relations between France and España further deteriorating, Saint-Gouard advised the French king see to the defence of the coasts of Provence and Languedoc.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=540}} From his centre of operations Saint-Gouard fostered several connections with influential inhabitants of the city.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=190}} While in Portugal he did not hesitate to appear insolent before Felipe, and in his correspondence back to the French court, harshly critiqued Spanish policy.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=25}} He would remain in Portugual from August 1581 to January 1582 living in great poverty during his stay.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} The paucity of his resources would be such that he would be mocked by people as a 'simple valet'. During this period he had dismissed all his ''sécretaires'' for financial reasons, and therefore wrote his despatches himself, despite suffering from an eye disease. He apologised for the poor quality of his writing to Villeroy on the grounds of his eye health.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=539}} While in Portugal he learned that his creditors in Madrid had seized his horses and wardrobe and were suing him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=246}} While ambassadorial communication back to France was typically conducted by horse, during his stay in Portugal he took advantage of ships travelling to Bordeaux to communicate more speedily.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=265}} In case some trouble befell the communication by sea, Saint-Gouard informed the king he had a duplicate of the correspondence he had sent ready to go.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=289}} He also on occasion utilised merchants who were travelling to France to bring letters to the kingdom, though the French employed this practice less frequently than their Spanish counterparts.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=270}} He wrote back to the French court in September that Felipe was undertaking the fortification of Lisboa. As for the Portuguese, they were in Saint-Gouard's estimation 'dejected and submissive'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=537}} From his rough accommodation, Saint-Gouard received Portuguese visitors who wished to re-establish the kingdoms independence.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=540}} Ribera describes Saint-Gouard as working 'frantically' through this period in the employ of all his agents to frustrate Felipe's ambitions to the crown of Portugal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=594}} He was disappointed to discover however that the Portuguese had lost the will to fight by and large, as such his efforts were largely in vain.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=595}} In his first audience with the king he explained why he had come to Lisboa without seeking Felipe's permission. He then turned to the matter of the suffering of the French in Portugal. He summarised the damages in a memoranda to be submitted to Felipe for the allocation of compensation. This accomplished he informed Felipe that he would imminently be replaced as ambassador.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=538}} He concluded by reminding the Spanish king that Portugal was dependant on Breton grain, and without it in 1581 the country would have been depopulated. In a new meeting with Felipe on 9 October, Saint-Gouard conceded that Felipe had the rights to the kingdom of Portugal, but observed that he had imposed himself on the land (and maintained himself) with the sword. This provocative statement was designed to upset Felipe through challenging his legitimacy, but the Spanish king remained cordial during the interview.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=539}} Nevertheless, Felipe's contempt for Saint-Gouard further developed during this period.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=540}} In October, during an audience with Felipe in Lisboa, Saint-Gouard assured the Spanish king that Henri was sincerely opposed to Alençon's Dutch enterprise, but had no way of containing the prince. He suggested it might be prudent for the Spanish king to offer one of his daughters to Alençon to calm his passions. He further informed Felipe that Henri could not militarily confront his brother. Alençon was his heir in the absence of a child.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=526}} That same month, Idiáquez reminded Saint-Gouard how patient Felipe had been the French crown. Felipe hoped that Henri would employ the appropriate remedies to the situation so that in future his subjects did not interfere with the public peace as rebels.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=527}} Idiáquez spoke with Saint-Gouard again in November. He informed the ambassador that Felipe had sent a representative to the French court to resolve the situation of the treatment of the French in Portugal. This was an indirect way of explaining to Saint-Gouard he was not needed in Lisboa. The ambassador warned the ''secretario'' against ministers whose pride deluded them into believing the power of their prince was eternal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=540}} He competed with the Spanish over the nomination of a consul in Portugal to represent French interests, strongly representing Henri's choice ([[Melchior de Rieux]]) against the choices of the Spanish, who were favourable to their position. He was unable to get his choice of consul accepted.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=541}} After five months in Portugal, and with it being made clear to him that he was unwelcome, he resolved to return to Madrid. Funds were granted to him on route to the capital while he was in Sevilla by his ''sécretaire'' Longlée. This came as a great boon to him as he feared that he might even be imprisoned over his debts at this time. Saint-Gouard was little interested in waiting in Madrid for his successor to arrive, or alternatively for Felipe to return.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=541}} He thus undertook the sale of his furniture in Saintonge, which allowed him to finance a return to Portugal. He was even obligated to mortgage some of lands in Saintonge.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=247}} The Portuguese crisis had been a further catalyst for the deterioration of Franco-Spanish relations.{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=14}} At this time, a French military expedition to the [[Açores]] that was being organised under the command of the colonel-general Strozzi (son of the maréchal with whom Saint-Gouard had travelled to Malta in 1565) set sail. Propositioned by a prospective spy in April, he paid the man 700 ''écus'' for his services.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=190}} ===Second expedition to Lisboa=== Saint-Gouard arrived back at [[Aldeia Galega da Merceana|Aldeia Galega]] near Lisboa in June. He wrote to Idiáquez to announce his return and asking the ''secretario'' to arrange accommodation for him.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=541}} Instead of offering accommodation Idiáquez inquired coldly as to why he had returned. Saint-Gouard explained he had important matters to discuss with Felipe. The Spanish king shared his ''secretarios'' distaste at Saint-Gouard's return and asked why, at a time when Catherine was dispatching fleets against the Spanish, Saint-Gouard felt he had the right to 'cavort' among the people. He asked the ambassador to specify his mission and if they judged it to be truly serious they would move from there. Saint-Gouard dispatched Longlée to secure accommodation for him, and the ''sécretaire'' succeeded in finding lodgings for him with a rich Genoese man. It was quickly apparent he was under close watch.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=542}} Despite being under watch, Saint-Gouard continued to meet with those who opposed Spanish rule in Portugal.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=543}} On 21 June Saint-Gouard attained an audience with Felipe. The ambassador assured the Spanish king that Henri desired peace between their kingdoms and regretted the actions of his brother in Vlaanderen. He went as far as to propose a marriage between Alençon and one of the Spanish king's daughters might still be an appropriate solution. This was greeted coldly by Felipe.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=542}} The following day, Idiáquez visited Saint-Gouard to inform him that it was absurd to seek a marriage between Alençon and one of Felipe's daughters at a time when Alençon was seeking a marriage with the English queen, and France was sending an armed fleet out against España. Idiáquez then attacked Henri for the support he offered to the claims of dom António. Though the ''secretario'' stated this was the end of matters, Saint-Gouard retorted he had already explained everything to Felipe.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=542}} He further clarified Henri had only accepted António into France due to the pity he felt for him. The protections afforded the pretender to the throne were a product of the warnings Saint-Gouard had provided that there were many assassins who desired António dead. It would be a considerable dishonour to Henri for the Portuguese noble to be murdered in his territory.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=543}} Idiáquez returned to meet with Saint-Gouard for a final time a week later. Saint-Gouard was ordered to leave Lisboa and return to Madrid. On 10 July, shortly before he left Portugal he bore witness to the departure of the Spanish fleet that was going to crush Strozzi's expedition, led by the [[Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz|marqués de Santa Cruz]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=543}} ===Back in Madrid=== [[File:Isla_Terceira.jpg|thumb|right|Spanish naval victory over the force under [[Filippo di Piero Strozzi|the French commander Strozzi]] at [[Battle of Vila Franca do Campo|Vila Franca do Compo]]]] That same month the French expeditionary force to the Açores under the command of Strozzi [[Battle of Vila Franca do Campo|was destroyed by the Spanish]]. The captured French prisoners were considered to be pirates, and therefore all were killed. On 23 July 1582 Saint-Gouard held his final audience with Felipe, it was cordial as decorum dictated despite the hatred Felipe had for the ambassador.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=543}} Saint Gouard then departed Lisboa on 26 July and made his way back to Madrid, arriving in the city on 17 August. Once there he observed bitterly that for weeks after the Spanish naval victory, bonfires were maintained in the capital. The ambassador complained to Catherine and Henri about the 'insolence' of the Spanish people.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=315}} Having heard reports that Strozzi's force had not put up strong resistance but rather fled, the ambassador remarked bitterly that the soldiers should die of shame.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=544}} In October he wrote that they spat at French people in the street.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=316}} His time as ambassador had so penured him that he worried about the image he would present on his return to France, having sold even his shirts to his creditors.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=247}} The following month he reported to the crown of the arrival of a treasure fleet from the Spanish colonial territories weighed down with between three and four million ''écus''.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=192}} His successor as ambassador {{ref|Alpha|α}}, [[Pierre de Ségusson|the sieur de Longlée]] was already in Iberia at the time of Saint-Gouard's relief.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=193}} He had in fact served as a ''sécretaire'' to Saint-Gouard for the last nine years of his diplomatic mission, being first mentioned in this capacity in 1574 correspondence from [[Diego de Zúñiga]] to Felipe .{{sfn|Amalric|2018|p=11}} Saint-Gouard had richly praised Longlée in his writings to the French court, informing the crown that they had 'no greater servant' than he.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=98}} Nevertheless, Saint-Gouard's combative style and willingness to anger Felipe and overstep his prerogatives during his tenure left Longlée in a difficult position.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=548}} The departing ambassador warned his successor to be careful about involving himself in matters without a strong supply of money.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=247}} Longlée was well aware his financial resources were inferior to those his predecessor had enjoyed.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=248}} In his final month in España (December), Saint-Gouard bribed some men to undertake the burning of the Spanish fleet that was anchored in Lisboa. He entrusted Longlée with overseeing the operation, however nothing would come of it.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=343}} Alongside this mission, Saint-Gouard made sure his successor was well appraised of current affairs.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=547}} While the crown struggled with the prospect of seeing Saint-Gouard financially compensated for his long ambassadorship, it could reward him with office. In 1583 Henri established Saint-Gouard in the position of governor of the province of Saintonge, with particular responsibility for the château de [[Saintes, Charente-Maritime|Saintes]], a charge that offered great prospects of profit.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} He would hold this charge until 1596.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} During the 31 December 1583 induction into his new most senior (and more exclusive) order of French chivalry, Saint-Gouard would be established as a ''chevalier'' of the [[Ordre du Saint-Esprit|Ordre du Saint-Esprit (Order of the Holy-Spirit)]].{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} Saint-Gouard's successor as ambassador, the sieur de Longlée had in his employ a Portuguese spy (named Rondela) who was compromised in 1584 and arrested by the Spanish authorities. Longlée feigned shock when links between the spy and himself were proposed, and suggested that perhaps Rondela may have known Saint-Gouard in Vlaanderen or Konstantiniyye and that there was nothing compromising about their relationship.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=205}} In June 1584, the king's brother Alençon died. As the king lacked a son the succession to the crown defaulted to his distant Protestant cousin the king of Navarre. This was seized upon as unacceptable by a segment of the Catholic nobility led by the duc de Guise who re-founded the [[Catholic League (France)|Catholic Ligue (League)]] to oppose Navarre's succession and various other royal policies.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|pp=229-331}} ===Papal mission=== In 1584 Saint-Gouard was established as the French ambassador to the Papal States upon the death of the prior ambassador [[Paul de Foix]]. He would be the only [[Nobles of the Sword|sword noble]] of this period to hold multiple ordinary diplomatic postings, something that was more common for [[Nobles of the Robe|robe nobles]].{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=226}} He would further be a deviation from the usual royal policy of sending a man of the church as ambassador to Roma.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=49}} The French ambassadorial post to Roma was the most chaotic one, with several of the incumbents in the office dying during their postings while others were made cardinals. This caused numerous interims in the posting.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=82}} There would be a considerable deal of time between the death of Foix and his arrival, and it is unknown who held the office on an interim basis pending his arrival.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=191}} He arrived in the city in March 1585 and established himself in a palazzo belonging to the queen mother Catherine. He found his life easier and more comfortable in Roma than he had his service in Madrid.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=90}} He would enjoy much support and many connections in Roma.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} As his ''sécretaire''{{ref|Gamma|γ}} he enjoyed the services of Antoine de La Boderie.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} In his capacity as ambassador he received correspondence from the queen mother Catherine, and would still be receiving letters from her as late as 1588, near to her death when she was both ill and depressed. Unlike his residence in España, the communications he received in Roma from Catherine are well preserved.{{sfn|Crouzet|2014|p=23}}{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=82}} As during his time in España, he was often forced to take loans to support himself, due to the lack of income he was supposed to be in receipt of. Prior to leaving the Papal States he was unable to balance his books, and as such his wife was pursued by his creditors.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=95}} ===Sixtus V=== [[File:(Albi)_Cathédrale_Sainte-Cécile_-_Trèsor_-_Portrait_du_pape_Sixte_V_-_PalissyIM81001477.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pope Sixtus V]]]] The following month after his establishment, in April, [[Pope Gregory XIII]] was succeeded in the Papal office by [[Pope Sixtus V]]. Sixtus endeavoured to establish himself independent of both French and Spanish influence.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} In his capacity as ambassador to Roma, Saint-Gouard frequently clashed with Sixtus. Despite their often tense relations, Sixtus appreciated Saint-Gouard's 'vigour and courage'.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} Saint-Gouard quickly succeeded in securing from him the re-establishment of an old etiquette that had been abolished by Gregory XIII. The ambassadors were to serve the Pope in the ''séance en capelle''. Saint-Gouard as French ambassador would enjoy the second most senior position in this ceremony, behind that of the Imperial ambassador and before that of the Spanish. Frustrated at this the Spanish ambassador the [[Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares|conde de Olivares (count of Olivares)]] refused to participate in the coronation ceremony on 1 May.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=89}} He was also granted other symbolic honours as concerned courtly etiquette in Roma.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=90}} In his diplomatic mission, Saint-Gouard would endeavour to ensure that Sixtus distrusted the Spanish. He stated to the Pontiff that while he would not wish to bet a crown on the Spanish deceiving him, he would bet everything that when it was to their advantage to do so, they would deceive the Pope.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=91}} He would fight vigorously to defend the Catholicity and reputation of his king Henri against Sixtus. In this he was up against [[Nicolas de Pellevé|the cardinal de Pellevé]] an agent of Guise's in the Roman capital.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=91}} During his ambassadorship he denounced the cardinal de Pellevé, who had been established in Roma around 1574, as a source of intrigues and mischief.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} Saint-Gouard wrote to the duc de Guise in early July 1585 chiding him for his rebellion against the crown. He informed the duc that he had learned his obedience to the crown from Guise's father the previous duc de Guise. Thus he exhorted Guise to abandon his rebellious pretensions if he did not want to sabotage the reputation of his ancestors.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=100}} The new Pope decided to recall his Papal Nuncio to France the [[Gerolamo Ragazzoni|bishop of Bergamo]] and replace him with the ''ligueur'' and Spanish sympathetic [[Fabio Mirto Frangipani|archbishop of Nazareth]]. Henri was greatly aggrieved by this and refused to receive the replacement, ordering [[François de Mandelot|the governor of the Lyonnais]] to halt his progress at Lyon. Chevallier speculates he may have been driven by the domestic frustrations he was experiencing after having been forced into a peace which conceded to his enemies in the Catholic ''ligue''. Saint-Gouard championed Henri's decision before the Pope, even before he had received instructions from France, and demanded the Pope see to the archbishops recall.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=579}} This offended the Pope so significantly that the Pope ordered that he depart the Papal States within 5 days, something he would do on 25 July 1585.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=396}}{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=313}}{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=186}} Henri did not retaliate against Sixtus for the dismissal of his ambassador.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=238}} ===Exile from Roma=== Shortly after being expelled from Roma by Sixtus and returning to France, Saint-Gouard found himself in the centre of a storm. He was suspected by [[Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers|the duc de Nevers]] of being the author of several libellous letters against him. Keen to confirm his suspicions, the duc de Nevers turned to the doctor [[Philippe de Cavriana]] in September to gather information on Saint-Gouard. Cavriana inquired of the royal entourage' as to what Saint-Gouard may have said about the duc de Nevers in his diplomatic despatches back to France. This inquisitiveness greatly aggrieved Catherine who asked Cavriana to cease his investigations.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} Still enquiring on the duc's behalf, several days later Cavriana got into a showdown with the royal favourite [[Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette|the duc d'Épernon]]. Épernon informed Cavriani that the ambassador had written nothing as concerned the duc de Nevers and swore as such on his honour as a gentleman. If Cavriana continued to investigate Saint-Gouard it would attract the ire of the king. While Nevers' agent took cares to speak quietly to Épernon, the latter was embarrassed that Épernon spoke loudly in front of many courtiers. Cavriana assured Épernon that if Nevers was sure that it was Saint-Gouard they would not be in this position right now. As such he was seeking more information. Cavrians pushed Épernon on the matter, asking him whether he'd seen the 'slanderous letters' and whether they had not been written in Saint-Gouard's hand. Épernon in turn replied that he had indeed seen the letters, but that they were unsigned and unmarked.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=312}} Clearly understanding the situation, and appreciating that Henri was both keen to protect Saint-Gouard, and see him returned to his ambassadorial post, Cavriana advised Nevers that it would be best to end his attempts to receive satisfaction (Nevers had been seeking a duel with the ambassador). He wrote similarly to the duc's wife [[Henriette de Clèves]] advising her to intercede with her husband against his desire for revenge.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=313}} ===Pisani=== As a further reward for his services, in May 1586 Henri erected the marquisate de Pisani in Saint-Gouard's favour, comprising his lands in Poitou and Saintonge.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1266}} It would be by this name he would be known forthwith.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=591}} Henri for his part found himself subject to the distaste of the existing Papal Nuncio for his decision to seek negotiations with the Protestant [[Henri IV of France|king of Navarre]] and [[Henri I, Prince of Condé|prince de Condé]] in the summer of 1586. The king justified himself on the grounds of the immiseration of the kingdom. The Nuncio begged him not to make such a decision to seek peace without first seeking the advice of the Pope. Catherine, who was to lead the negotiations , would depart to conduct them in July. Before she did she urged Pisani to sooth the Pope's concerns about her peace mission. Her efforts succeeded in securing an armistice with the Protestants which lasted until the spring of 1587.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=591}} ===Return to the Papacy=== Thanks to the work of the [[Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet|cardinal de Rambouillet]] and [[Ippolito II d'Este|cardinale d'Este]], the return of Pisani to his embassy would be arranged, and thus he departed Paris back for Roma on 23 June 1586, arriving in the city on 19 August.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=313}}{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=186}} After the return of Pisani to Roma, Henri consented to the replacement of the bishop of Bergamo with the archbishop of Nazareth as Papal Nuncio.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=592}} In late August, Pisani reported back to Henri of the Pope's disapproval for Catherine's peace mission. The Pope reminded Pisani that until such time as 'heresy' was vanquished in France, Henri could not truly be absolute master of his kingdom. There was also much domestic opposition to the efforts to broker peace between the royal party and the Protestants both radical preachers and from the ''ligueur'' lords like the duc de Guise (who liaised with the new Papal Nuncio on his plans to reject a peace).{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=592}} It was with sadness that Pisani observed the death of the [[Luigi d'Este|cardinale d'Este]], a great supporter of the French in December 1586. However this was counterbalanced by a new ally for the protection of French affairs the [[François de Joyeuse|cardinal de Joyeuse]].{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} A flood of Catholic outrage greeted the execution of [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary Stuart]] on 1 March 1587 by the English queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. The Pope enquired of Pisani as to how Henri was planning to respond to the killing, 'was Henri going to avenge the murder, as he was obligated to do for his honour?'. Henri was no more able to avenge the death of Mary than he was to stop her execution. He contented himself to host a solemn service in Paris in her memory.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=596}} Relations between the Papacy and Henri were improved at this time. In March of 1587 the hostile Papal Nuncio archbishop of Nazareth died and was replaced by the pro-French [[Giovan Francesco Morosini (cardinal)|bishop of Brescia]] in the charge. Sixtus opined to Pisani that the rebellion of Guise against the crown was of advantage to the Protestants. The Catholic ''ligue'' should unite with the crown for the destruction of Protestantism.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=600}} In August the Pope authorised an alienation of 500,000 ''écus'' of church land in France. This was in response to his being informed that Henri intended to personally lead an army against the Protestants. Pisani sent a porter to inform Henri of the Pope's decision{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=600}} When word arrived in France, the clergy was outraged and protested against the measure. They were soothed by the [[Pierre de Gondi|the cardinal de Gondi]] and the new Papal Nuncio. Due to the fact the money was not presently available, Henri asked Pisani to request a 400,000 ''écus'' loan from the Pope in return for receipt of interest from the alienation.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=601}} In early 1588, the Papal Nuncio tried to nudge Henri towards delivering his campaign against the Protestants. Henri was reluctant to comply, and argued that if he threw himself against the Protestants, he would be leaving Picardie and Normandie in the hands of the ''ligue''. The Nuncio retorted that Henri had two enemies, and as he could only make war on one it should be the Protestants. On 18 February, Henri wrote to Pisani asking him to see to it that the Pope reminded the ''ligue'' of their need to show obedience to him and see to the service of god, as opposed to their ambitions.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=624}} ===Crisis of the French crown=== [[File:Le_duc_de_Guise_lors_de_la_journee_des_barricades_by_Paul_Lehugeur_19th_century.jpg|thumb|right|[[Henri I, Duke of Guise|Duc de Guise]] on top the barricades in Paris during the ''ligueur'' uprising in the city]] Having established an agreement with the Spanish king Felipe, when the time came in April for a conference at Soissons between [[Pomponne de Bellièvre|Henri's ''surintendant des finances'' Bellièvre]] and the ''ligueurs'' the duc de Guise, and cardinals of [[Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon|Bourbon]] and [[Louis II de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise|Guise]] there was no prospect of an accord being reached. The Papal Nuncio informed Sixtus of the conferences failure before it had opened. Pisani continued to push Sixtus to make it clear to the ''ligueurs'' that they needed to unite loyally with the king to achieve the destruction of Protestantism. However, the speed of the Pope's response did not reflect the urgency of the situation.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=625}} From 10-13 May 1588 the ''ligue'' rose up in Paris with Guise at its head, and attempted to impose a settlement on Henri.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|pp=628-638}} After the humiliation of the [[day of the Barricades]], Henri retreated from Paris to Chartres leaving the capital in the hands of the ''ligueur'' rebels. He opined to his ambassador in Roma that he held duc de Guise solely responsible for the uprising. Pisani was to assure the Pope that Henri remained committed to wage war against the Protestants in Poitou, but before he could do this, Guise needed to be removed from the capital and returned to his governate of Champagne. If Guise continued to further his own ambitions, Henri would be compelled to preserve what authority he had left by combatting the duc. He furthered this with a letter to the Pope in which he obliquely implied he could be compelled to assassinate Guise (though he did not name him in his letter to Sixtus) when he stated that the extreme circumstances he found himself in might force him to resort to extreme remedies.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=378}}{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=641}} ===Dispute over precedence=== Pisani would demonstrate his hostility to the Spanish at the Papal court over the matter of the canonisation of [[Didacus of Alcalá|a Spanish Franciscan named Diego de Alcalá]]. For Felipe the canonisation was a great honour and the conde de Olivares wished to enjoy diplomatic precedence for this day which be in honour of España.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=90}} To facilitate this, the [[Girolamo Rusticucci|cardinale de Rusticucci (cardinal of Rusticucci)]] appealed to Pisani on 25 June to call in sick on the day of the event (2 July). Pisani reported to Henri his horror at the prospect, saying that even were he on the 'point of death' he would still 'drag himself on his stomach' to show the king of España that he was inferior to the king of France. He added that saints belonged to all countries, and if España wished to have a monopoly on this saint, then he should be excluded from the common calendar. He affirmed to Henri his determination to be at the ceremony, and honour Diego as a universal saint.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=91}} Refusing to back down despite Rusticucci's pleas, he attended the ceremony with his precedence over the Spanish. Unable to tolerate this, Olivares called in sick to be replaced by [[Pedro de Deza|cardenal Deza]]. Olivares would not forgive the French for a long time.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=91}} On 4 July Henri noted with impatience to Pisani that if he did not have peace in his kingdom within the next several weeks, he would enter open war with the ''ligueurs''. He thanked the Pope through Pisani for offering the services of a Legate, but requested this role be given to the Nuncio. On 21 July he concluded an agreement with the ''ligueurs'' sin the [[edict of Union]] in which he swore never again to make an accord with 'heretics'. Similarly France was never to have a 'heretical' king, he would adopt the decisions of the [[Council of Trent]], grant to the Catholic princes the towns conceded to them in the 1585 [[treaty of Nemours]], relieve Épernon of his governate of [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] and sell off the property of Protestants.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=644}} With this agreement confirmed, Henri assured Pisani he would now be waging war against the Protestants alongside the ''ligueur'' leaders the duc de Guise and [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne|duc de Mayenne]].{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=646}} ===Assassination of the duc and cardinal=== [[File:Légended'Henri_III.jpg|thumb|right|[[Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)|Assassination of the duc de Guise]]]] Though Henri had initially acceded to the demands of the ''ligue'', he chafed at the duc's tutelage and this was furthered by his suspicion that Guise was behind the defiance of the Estates General to him. Thus he resolved to assassinate the duc in December 1588.{{sfn|Carroll|2011|p=289}}{{sfn|Jouanna|1998|p=346}} After have effected the [[Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)|assassination of the duc de Guise]], Henri moved to ensuring the act was properly justified internationally. [[André Hurault de Maisse]] who was departing for Italia was instructed to inform the late duc's maternal uncle [[Alfonso II d'Este|the duca di Ferrara]] that Guise had been poisoned by his ambition and was planning to seize Henri and hand him over to the ''ligueurs'' in Paris. Henri was confident that the Pope would approve of the act he had undertaken, and wrote to Pisani to this effect. He justified himself on the grounds that Guise was a threat to not only his crown but also his life.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=674}} Almost as an afterthought the king mentioned the assassination of the cardianl de Guise. Pisani was further informed that the Pope would see it as not only lawful but also a pious act. By this means, Henri declared, he had stemmed the greatest source of strife between his Catholic subjects.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=284}} To assist Pisani in this effort with the Pope would be the cardinal de Joyeuse. Henri's impression that the Pope might be supportive was not drawn from nothing, as a few months previous the Pope had urged him to punish those who defied his authority with severity.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=405}} The Papal Nuncio in France decided against excommunicating Henri out of fear it could drive him into the arms of the Protestants, and therefore left the decision in the hands of the Pope.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=675}} ===Justifying the killings=== [[File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_050.jpg|thumb|right|[[François de Joyeuse|Cardinal de Joyeuse]] who would assist Pisani in his attempted negotiations with [[Pope Sixtus V]]]] On 4 January word reached the Papacy of the assassinations that had transpired at Blois. This was followed a day later by the official notice of the act from Henri. According to cardinal de Joyeuse, the Pope was not surprised to learn of the assassinations, remarking that Guise and his brother had received several warnings of the king's intentions.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=246}} On 6 January Pisani, who had not yet received his diplomatic despatch from the king, met with the Pope. Pisani attempted to explain Henri's actions. Pope Sixtus restrained himself in his reactions, asking only if Pisani had ever heard of a prince who killed a cardinal.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=247}} However, in his next meeting, with the Venetian ambassador, the Pope exploded in anger. He argued to the ambassador that if Henri had executed the duc de Guise after the day of the barricades it would have been one thing, but to kill the duc after having made a public reconciliation with him was murder and not justice.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=682}} This was furthered in his meetings with the Spanish representative.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=247}} On 7 January Joyeuse spoke with Sixtus and tried to justify the 'deserved end' of the ''ligueur'' princes. The Pope cut him off, crying that that was not the way to deal with men of such quality. Guise should have been arrested, and the cardinal sent to Roma for trial. Joyeuse retorted that the Pope himself had proposed to Henri that he should defenestrate the duc de Guise back in May. The king only needed the forgiveness of god for the killing of the duc, however the cardinal informed the pope that Henri wished to receive absolution for the death of cardinal de Guise.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=247}} On 9 January Sixtus discussed the murder of the cardinal de Guise with the cardinals of the consistory, arguing to the body that the deed could not go unpunished. Both Pisani and Joyeuse grew fearful that extraordinary penance might be imposed on Henri as a result.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=682}} After the meeting of cardinals on 10 January it was decided to suspend consistorial matters related to France. Joyeuse opined fearfully that this could cause a break between the French and Roman churches, and a return to pre-[[Concordat of Bologna|Concordat]] elections in the French church. Joyeuse advised Henri that he would need to request absolution from the Pope, and also release the ''ligueur'' [[Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon|cardinal de Bourbon]] and [[Pierre Épinac|archbishop of Lyon]] who he had arrested.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=249}} In early January Henri sent to Pisani and Joyeuse the brief which the Pope had provided him on 20 July 1587. This brief granted him the privilege to receive absolution for his sins for a confessor of his choosing, including for sins that would normally be the business of the Holy See, such as the automatic excommunication the killing of a cardinal resulted in (the king had killed [[Louis II de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise|the cardinal de Guise]] alongside the duc de Guise). When the Pope was reminded of this brief, he retorted that it only applied to sins committed prior to its granting.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=246}} In January the commander of Dyo was sent to the Holy See by the duc de Guise's brother the duc de Mayenne to represent him. Dyo took the position that after the murder of the duc and cardinal all good Catholics were fearful and required the protection of an act emanating from the Pope.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=682}} During these months, the ''ligueur'' representative in the Papal court, Jean de Piles, abbot of Orbais worked to convince the Pope to excommunicate Henri. Pisani denounced the abbot as a pernicious agent of the Lorraine princes on 25 January. ''Ligueur'' pamphlets printed in Paris were also sent to Roma.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=252}} From January to February 1589, the cardinal de Joyeuse and Pisani negotiated with the Pope. Joyeuse seeing that neither he nor Pisani were making any impression on the Pontiff after a month of work, wrote to Henri urging him to establish a special envoy who would request absolution for him.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=683}} Henri conceded to the Pope's position and his representative [[Claude d'Angennes|the bishop of Le Mans]] was sent to Roma. The bishop arrived on 23 February and was received by the Pope two days later. He enjoyed several audiences with the Pope, and in one on 8 March the Pope demanded that the envoy provide a simple request for the king's absolution. After Le Mans again demurred on the grounds of the rights of the king and French nation, Sixtus exploded and threatened to imprison the bishop. Pisani who was also present for the audience protested that it was the duty of ambassadors to explain their masters reasoning. On 13 March Joyeuse brokered an agreement by which the bishop of Le Mans would make the appeal for absolution, kneeling at the feet of the Pope he confessed on the behalf of Henri.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=684}} The Pope declared his satisfaction but maintained his refusal of absolution until such time as the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon were released, as this had not yet come to pass. Subsequently in April Henri entered into alliance with his distant Protestant cousin and heir the king of Navarre, throwing the prospect of agreement with the Papacy into doubt.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=413}} The Pope's ambassador in France withdrew from the court after the agreement was reached, staying in Lyon until the death of the king.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=422}} Over the coming months, Henri continued to fail to release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon from prison. However now the Pope was more incensed to learn of Henri's alliance with the Protestant king. On 5 May, Sixtus announced his decision, Henri must release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon within ten days. Within sixty days he must either come to Roma himself or send a proxy to represent him. If he failed to undertake both of these acts he would be excommunicated.{{sfn|Le Roux|2022|p=302}} In this declaration he did not mention Henri's alliance with Navarre but admitted to the Venetian ambassador that it was the reason he had made the declaration. Judging Henri's situation to be desperate he expected the king's submission and readied himself to open his arms to the errant prince. Pisani for his part attempted to stop the publication of the decision, but was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=692}} On 8 May Pisani spoke with 'pride and loyalty' to Sixtus that Henri maintained his continual obedience to the Pontiff, but that the king's ministers expected to be able to speak frankly, and not threatened with prison. Neither prison nor death would stop his advocacy for his king. The Pope was stunned by this address.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=97}} During May, the military situation for the ''ligue'' in France declined greatly after the loss of the [[battle of Senlis]], Navarre writing confidently that soon Paris might fall to them. In response to this Mayenne looked to Roma for a coup of his own, hoping to see the expelling of Pisani, the prosecution of the bishop of Le Mans and the declaration of a crusade.{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=691}} Upon the publication of the Papal ''monitoire'' (warning that proceeds excommunication) on 26 May, both Joyeuse and Pisani abandoned Roma.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=422}}{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=692}} 1589 thus represented the end of Pisani's tenure as ambassador to the Papacy, the marquis judging the publication of the ''monitoire'' to conclude his ambassadorship.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}}{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} Henri was distraught to learn of his excommunication, but was reassured by Navarre that the true way to respond to the Pope's move was to recapture Paris.{{sfn|Pernot|2013|p=422}} The withdrawal of Pisani from Roma would be one piece of the diplomatic withdrawals which would typify the early reign of Henri III's Protestant successor due to his lack of recognition in the Catholic courts.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=55}} ===Withdrawal from Roma=== After tarrying for a while in Firenze, Pisani embarked at Livorno for France alongside the bishop of Le Mans. Joyeuse meanwhile travelled on to Venezia.{{sfn|Le Roux|2006|p=255}} On route back to France the ship Pisani and Le Mans were travelling in was attacked by a corsair, Pisani led the successful repelling of the attacker, allowing them to reach Languedoc. When informed, Sixtus was impressed to learn of Pisani's feat.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} At the time of the [[assassination of Henri III]] on 1 August 1589, Pisani was residing on his estates in the marquisate of Pisani.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=92}} The change of dynasty from Valois to Bourbon that accompanied the death of Henri III did not result in Pisani's loss of importance, and through his reputation and political significance he entered into the confidence of the new king.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=106}} ==Reign of Henri IV== ===Royalist=== [[File:Heinrich_IV_von_Frankreich(1553-1610).jpg|thumb|right|[[Henri III of France|Henri III's]] distant cousin the Protestant king of Navarre who succeeded him to the French throne as [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]]]] Many French Catholics were left in a difficult position after the assassination of Henri III. The royal army that was besieging Paris collapsed from a size of 40,000 men to 18,000, many soldiers deserting rather than lending their services to a Protestant.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=309}} They now faced the prospect of having to serve a Protestant king. While this was too much for some, in the following days many nobles of Guyenne swore themselves to the king of Navarre as Henri IV. Among them were [[Jacques II de Goyon|maréchal de Matignon]] and [[Armand de Gontaut|Biron]], [[Gilbert III de Lévis|the duc de Ventadour]], [[François IV de La Rochefoucauld|the seigneur de La Rochefoucauld]], [[Jean de Pérusse|the comte de La Vauguyon]], [[Claude de La Trémoille, 2nd Duke of Thouars|the duc de Thouars]] and Pisani. These were all military nobles capable of mobilising their networks in the favour of the new king.{{sfn|Le Roux|2020|p=165}} For Pisani it was a matter of monarchical loyalty.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=92}} The new king appointed him lieutenant in the ''escadron de la cornette blanche'' (squadron of the white cornet). He maintained proximity to the king, always armoured, despite his considerable age.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=92}} In October 1589 he returned to Roma briefly for a brief extraordinary mission so as to secure for the duc de Luxembourg an audience with the Pope. Despite Spanish opposition, this mission was a success.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=92}} In July 1590, Pisani undertook a conference for Henri at Saint-Germain with the Papal legate [[Enrico Caetani|Caetani]]. Peace was discussed in the meeting, on the understanding of Henri's conversion to Catholicism. Saint-Gouard did not address this condition, but passed it on to some nobles of the army, who brought it to the king's attention via his cousin the [[Charles, Count of Soissons|comte de Soissons]].{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=93}} However this meeting bore no fruit.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} ===Absolution=== The Pope greatly opposed the Protestant Navarre's assumption of the crown. All Catholics who supported him were ordered to withdraw their support on pains of excommunication. Beyond his spiritual interventions, the Pope dispatched a small army to support the ''ligueur'' cause in their war with Henri, however it was badly ravaged by dysentery and accomplished little. With the death of Pope Gregory in October 1591 a new election was held. The [[Pope Clement VIII|new Pope]], elected in January 1592 maintained his support for the ''ligueur'' cause. Henri meanwhile dispatched two of his supporters who he hoped would be well received by the Papacy on 4 October, Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi. They were to swear Henri's support for the Pope and that in the same manner as his predecessors he had a 'filial devotion' to the Holy See.{{sfn|Babelon|2009|p=534}} The Papal Legate informed Pisani and Gondi that they would not be welcome in the Papal territories as the Pope did not wish to meet with representatives of the 'king of Navarre'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=93}} Pisani knew that the Pope would not agree to meet with him and that he would likely only be able to make his devotions to Loreto.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} However the Pope continued to direct his severity against Catholic supporters of Henri IV. Thus, with Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi on the road to Roma to ask the Pope to assist in the potential conversion of Henri to Catholicism, the Pope forbid them to continue their journey. He was supported in his refusal to meet with Pisani and Gondi by the ''ligueur'' agents in Roma.{{sfn|Micallef|2023|p=321}} As such the royalist party stopped its journey in Firenze, forbidden from travelling further. Meanwhile emissaries from the ''ligueur'' [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne|duc de Mayenne]] assured the Pope that Henri would not convert to Catholicism and that if he did it would be a simulacrum.{{sfn|Carpi|2012|p=583}} On 25 July 1593 Henri abjured Protestantism and became a Catholic.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=55}} Many Catholics however suspected his conversion was cynical or invalid. To this end Henri redoubled his efforts to gain absolution from the Pope. He was supported in this effort by the Tuscan and Venetian ambassadors in Roma who faced off with the Spanish Papal ambassador who sought to convince the Pope to continue the fight. From late 1592 the Venetian ambassador had convinced Clement military and financial support towards the Catholic ''ligue'' was playing into the hands of the Spanish. The Pope remained determined though not to receive Gondi and Pisani, and upon receiving word of Henri's adoption of Catholicism considered declaring the Catholics who received him schismatics. He was talked out of this by the Venetian ambassador on the grounds it would accelerate French Gallican sentiment. The reason for the Pope's refusal to see the two envoys was, according to a 'well connected' priest due to his fear of the Spanish reprisals he would be inviting if he were to take such a step. Henri resolved to send a new diplomatic mission, led by a man that the Pope could not refuse to see, the Italian Catholic [[Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers|the duc de Nevers]].{{sfn|Babelon|2009|p=576}} In November 1593 the Pope agreed to receive the duc de Nevers, however only in his capacity as a private person and not as a representative of Henri IV. Even after this meeting the Pope remained firm, declaring Henri could not be absolved as he 'persisted in his errors'.{{sfn|Micallef|2023|p=328}} It would only be in August 1595 that conditional absolution was granted to the French king.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=94}} ===Return to France=== [[File:Bataille_de_Fontaine-Française.jpg|thumb|right|Royalist victory at the [[battle of Fontaine-Française]] which saw Henri triumph over the ''ligueur''-Spanish army]] Having stayed in northern Italia since his arrival in late 1592, Pisani returned to France in early 1594. During his stay he had felt useless.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} During the crisis of the [[Croquant rebellions]], armed peasant bands rose across much of southern France. Henri resolved that he must employ a gentle hand to defuse their grievances. He opined to the lieutenant-general of Haute-Auvergne, that if he came down harshly on the movement, it would entail further damages. In the Limoges the rebel peasants numbered around 12-15,000. While working towards the disarmament of this group, a band of nobles charged into the peasants in June 1594, killing many. The sieur de Boissise arrived sometime after this and promised a reduction of the ''taille'' (the land tax). He then undertook a siege of the château de Gimel which was held by some rebel seigneurs. A little while later in October, Pisani arrived with a military force and undertook a limited expedition. Maréchal de Matignon then continued the work of ending the rebellion peaceably, and attempted to avoid prosecution of the Croquant ringleaders to this effect. However in 1595 the heat of the conflict would rise again and there would be a battle before the Croquant leadership submitted, soothed further by tax relief Henri ordered in 1596 and 1599.{{sfn|Babelon|2009|p=774}} With 'surprising youthfulness', Pisani fought alongside the king at the royalist victory of the [[battle of Fontaine-Française]] in 1595.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} This battle facilitated the defection of the lieutenant-general of the ''ligue'' Mayenne, who abandoned his Spanish allies in disgust.{{sfn|Pitts|2012|p=195}}{{sfn|Salmon|1979|p=293}} ===Governor of Condé=== [[File:Henri_II_Conde.jpg|thumb|left|[[Henri II, Prince of Condé|Prince de Condé]] as a young child]] The aged marquis was granted the honour in 1596 of raising the eight year old [[Henri II, Prince of Condé|prince de Condé]] in the Catholic faith after Henri received absolution from the Papacy. At this time the prince was the heir to the French throne, though he would not remain such. He would also be governor of the prince's properties.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=94}} He settled with the young prince at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The governor found himself in conflict with the prince's mother [[Charlotte Catherine de La Trémoille|Charlotte-Catherine]] over the choice of tutor for the prince. While she favoured [[Joseph Justus Scaliger]] for her son, this was opposed by Henri who hated Scaliger. He favoured Nicolas Lefèvre, a man whose religious disposition suited Pisani.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1267}} The hatred between the princesse de Condé and Henri exasperated Pisani, who was fundamentally a man of the king.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} Given the princesse's distaste for Henri, this complicated matters.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=95}} According to an anecdote from Tallémant des Réaux, at a certain time Pisani and the young Condé were walking together when they passed a peasant who threw himself to the ground before the prince. Condé did not even gesture towards the peasant, and Pisani took him to task over this. He argued to the prince that without the peasant, there would be no food for the nobility and princes to eat.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=95}} On 21 May 1596 Pisani wrote his will. He expressed his desire to be buried in the cathedral of Saintes. His non domestic property was to go to his wife as well as the usufruct of his French properties. Meanwhile his daughter would enjoy possession of the French territories.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} His wife was to return to the king his ''collier'' (collar) of the ''ordre du Saint-Esprit'' with the appropriate honours worthy of the order. All outstanding sums that were owed to him were to be paid to his descendants.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=96}} Henri established Pisani as the ''sénéchal'' (seneschal) of Poitou and as the ''colonel-général de la cavalerie légère italienne'' (colonel general of the Italian light cavalry).{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} Pisani died on 7 October 1599 at [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés|Saint-Maur]] near Paris.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1265}} He was succeeded as governor of the prince de Condé by the ''ligueur'' [[François de Faudoas|comte de Belin]] who got on far better with the princesse de Condé.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} Pisani's widow received support from Pisani's network of friends.{{sfn|Boucher|1998|p=1268}} ==Reputation== Henri III's ''sécretaire'' Jules Gassot spoke very highly of the marquis de Pisani. In his estimation Pisani was an unusually excellent lord. The ''sécretaire'' described his ascetic lifestyle, with preponderance for vegetables and 'clear water'. In addition to this virtue, Pisani was a 'devout Catholic' who was also devoted to royal service, and acted with honour and virtue.{{sfn|Le Person|2002|p=311}} For the historian Ribera, Pisani appeared 'Gascon' in disposition: sensitive to slight and ready to brawl or cross swords. As an ambassador he could be argued to have been 'haughty and accusatory'.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=176}} He was uncompromising in his defence of the honour of the French crown, with he and his colleagues sometimes losing themselves in their service.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=306}} The historian argues that of all the French ambassadors of the period he was the most absolute in his defence of French policy and his inability to tolerate any Spanish interference in French internal affairs.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=519}} He had a strong sense of honour and the importance of service to the crown. He enjoyed confusing his adversaries to such a degree it sometimes hampered his ability to achieve results. Though Catholic, religion concerned him little and for Ribera his true religion was royalism.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=96}} ==Notes== {{note|Alpha|α}} The sieur de Longlée was not technically ambassador to España but rather a permanent resident.{{sfn|Gellard|2014|p=277}}{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=116}} <br> {{note|Beta|β}} A connection can be established between the Vivonne of the Sixteenth-Century and 'Hugues de Vivonne' who lived around 1050.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=87}} <br> {{note|Gamma|γ}} The role of the ''sécretaire'' to the ambassador was severalfold. They could act as a discreet spokesman, a courier, write the ambassadors despatches and in the absence of the ambassador could take care of affairs on a temporary basis.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=116}} Ribera argues courier service offered useful skills for future diplomats, in that it incentivised the learning of language and the customs of the foreign state. Longlée received 400 ''écus'' from Saint-Gouard for the performance of courier services.{{sfn|Ribera|2018|p=271}} ==Sources== * {{cite book |title=Diplomatie et Espionnage: Les Ambassadeurs du Roi de France auprès de Philippe II - Du Traité du Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) à la mort de Henri III (1589) |chapter=Préface |last=Amalric |first=Jean-Pierre |publisher=Classiques Garnier |year=2018}} * {{cite book |last=Babelon |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Henri IV |publisher=Fayard |year=2009}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jouanna |editor-first=Arlette |editor2-last=Boucher |editor2-first=Jacqueline |editor3-last=Biloghi |editor3-first=Dominique |editor4-last=Le Thiec |editor4-first=Guy|title=Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion |last=Boucher |first=Jacqueline |chapter=Saint-Goard-Pisani|year=1998}} * {{cite book |title=Les Guerres de Religion (1559-1598): Un Conflit Franco-Français |last=Carpi |first=Olivia |publisher=Ellipses |year=2012}} * {{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Stuart |title=Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011}} * {{cite book |last=Chevallier |first=Pierre |title=Henri III: Roi Shakespearien |publisher=Fayard |year=1985}} * {{cite book |last=Cloulas |first=Ivan |title=Catherine de Médicis |publisher=Fayard |year=1979}} * {{cite book |last=Constant |first=Jean-Marie |title=Les Guise |publisher=Hachette |year=1984}} * {{cite book |last=Constant |first=Jean-Marie |title=La Ligue |publisher=Fayard |year=1996}} * {{cite book |title=Une Reine Épistolaire: Lettres et Pouvoir au Temps de Catherine de Médicis |chapter=Préface |last=Crouzet |first=Denis |publisher=Classiques Garnier |year=2014}} * {{cite book |last=Gellard |first=Matthieu |title=Une Reine Épistolaire: Lettres et Pouvoir au Temps de Catherine de Médicis |publisher=Classiques Garnier |year=2014}} * {{cite book |last=Haan |first=Bertrand |title=L'Amitié Entre Princes: Une Alliance Franco-Espagnole au Temps des Guerres de Religion (1560-1570) |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2011}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jouanna |editor-first=Arlette |editor2-last=Boucher |editor2-first=Jacqueline |editor3-last=Biloghi |editor3-first=Dominique |editor4-last=Le Thiec |editor4-first=Guy|title=Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion |last=Jouanna |first=Arlette |chapter=Le Temps des Guerres de Religion en France (1559-1598) |year=1998}} * {{cite book |last=Knecht |first=Robert |title=Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589 |publisher=Routledge |year=2016}} * {{cite book |last=Le Person |first=Xavier |title=«Practiques» et «practiqueurs»: la vie politique à la fin du règne de Henri III (1584-1589) |publisher=Librairie Droz |year=2002}} * {{cite book |last=Le Roux |first=Nicolas |title=Un Régicide au nom de Dieu: L'Assassinat d'Henri III |publisher=Gallimard |year=2006}} * {{cite book |last=Le Roux |first=Nicolas |title=Portraits d'un Royaume: Henri III, la Noblesse et la Ligue |publisher=Passés Composés |year=2020}} * {{cite book |last=Le Roux |first=Nicolas |title=1559-1629 Les Guerres de Religion |publisher=Gallimard |year=2022}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Le Roux |editor-first=Nicolas |title=Les Guerres de Religion: Une Histoire de l'Europe au XVIe Siècle|last=Micallef |first=Fabrice |chapter=La Puissance Italiennes face aux Guerres de Religion en France|year=2023}} * {{cite book |last=Pernot |first=Michel |title=Henri III: Le Roi Décrié |publisher=Éditions de Fallois |year=2013}} *{{cite book |last=Pitts |first=Vincent |title=Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press| year=2012}} * {{cite book |title=Diplomatie et Espionnage: Les Ambassadeurs du Roi de France auprès de Philippe II - Du Traité du Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) à la mort de Henri III (1589) |last=Ribera |first=Jean-Michel |publisher=Classiques Garnier |year=2018}} * {{cite book |title=Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century |first=J.H.M |last=Salmon |year=1979 |publisher=Metheun & Co.}} * {{cite book|last=Sutherland |first=Nicola |year=1980 |publisher=Yale University Press |title=The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vivonne, Jean de}} [[Category:1530 births]] [[Category:1599 deaths]] [[Category:French people of the French Wars of Religion]] [[Category:Military leaders of the Italian Wars]] [[Category:Court of Charles IX of France]] [[Category:Court of Henry III of France]] [[Category:Court of Henry IV of France]] [[Category:Barons of France]] [[Category:16th-century French diplomats]]

2024-05-31T21:15:20Z

2024-05-31T21:31:56Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Vivonne

Loch Ness Supergroup

The Loch Ness Supergroup is one of the subdivisions of the Neoproterozoic sequence of sedimentary rocks (or their metamorphic equivalents) in the Scottish Highlands. It is found everywhere in tectonic contact above the older Wester Ross Supergroup. It is thought to be unconformable overlain by the Cryogenian to Cambrian Dalradian Supergroup.

The Loch Ness Supergroup is one of the subdivisions of the Neoproterozoic sequence of sedimentary rocks in the Scottish Highlands. It is found everywhere in tectonic contact above the older Wester Ross Supergroup. It is thought to be unconformable overlain by the Cryogenian to Cambrian Dalradian Supergroup.

{{Infobox rockunit | name = Loch Ness Supergroup | period = [[Tonian]] | age = 1000–720 Ma | image = File:Vertically-tilted Metamorphic Rocks near Carn Eighe in Scotland.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Vertically banded rocks of the Glenfinnan Group | type = [[Stratigraphic unit#Supergroup|Geological supergroup]] | prilithology = Semi-pelite, Pelite, Psammite | otherlithology = Quartzite | unitof = | subunits = [[Loch Eil Group]], [[Glenfinnan Group]], [[Badenoch Group]] | underlies = [[Dalradian Supergroup]] | overlies = [[Wester Ross Supergroup]] with tectonic contact | thickness = 6–9 km | area = Northwestern Scotland | map = | map_caption = <!----Location----> | location = | coordinates = | region = | country = | extent = <!--Type section---> | namedfor = [[Loch Ness]] | namedby = <!--Author of defining paper--> | year_ts = <!--Year of definition--> | location_ts = <!--Place,mountain,...--> | coordinates_ts = <!--Geographic coordinates--> | paleocoordinates_ts = <!--Paleocoordinates--> | region_ts = <!--Region of type section--> | country_ts = <!--Country of type section--> | thickness_ts = <!--Thickness at type section--> }} The '''Loch Ness Supergroup''' is one of the subdivisions of the [[Neoproterozoic]] sequence of [[sedimentary rock]]s (or their metamorphic equivalents) in the [[Scottish Highlands]].<ref name="BGS_Lexicon_WROS">{{Cite web |last=[[British Geological Survey]] |title=Loch Ness Supergroup |url=https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=LNES |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=BGS Lexicon of named rock units}}</ref> It is found everywhere in tectonic contact above the older [[Wester Ross Supergroup]]. It is thought to be unconformable overlain by the [[Cryogenian]] to [[Cambrian]] [[Dalradian Supergroup]].<ref name="Krabbendam_etal_2022">{{Cite journal |last=Krabbendam |first=M. |last2=Strachan |first2=R. |last3=Prave |first3=T. |date=2022 |title=A new stratigraphic framework for the early Neoproterozoic successions of Scotland |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=179 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-05}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geology of Scotland]] [[Category:Geological supergroups]]

2024-05-31T21:15:32Z

2024-05-31T21:15:32Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ness_Supergroup

Wester Ross Supergroup

The Wester Ross Supergroup is one of the subdivisions of the Neoproterozoic sequence of sedimentary rocks (or their metamorphic equivalents) in the Scottish Highlands. It lies unconformably on medieum to high-grade metamorphic rocks and associated igneous rocks of the Archaean and Paleoproterozoic age Lewisian complex or locally over the Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Stoer Group. The contact between the Wester Ross Supergroup and the next youngest of the Neoproterozoic sequences in the Scottish Highlands, the Loch Ness Supergroup is everywhere a tectonic one.

The Wester Ross Supergroup is one of the subdivisions of the Neoproterozoic sequence of sedimentary rocks in the Scottish Highlands. It lies unconformably on medieum to high-grade metamorphic rocks and associated igneous rocks of the Archaean and Paleoproterozoic age Lewisian complex or locally over the Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Stoer Group. The contact between the Wester Ross Supergroup and the next youngest of the Neoproterozoic sequences in the Scottish Highlands, the Loch Ness Supergroup is everywhere a tectonic one.

{{Infobox rockunit | name = Wester Ross Supergroup | period = [[Tonian]] | age = 1000–720 Ma | image = File:Torridonian Sandstone.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Torridon Group sandstones near [[Diabaig]] | type = [[Stratigraphic unit#Supergroup|Geological supergroup]] | prilithology = Sandstone (psammite where metamorphosed) | otherlithology = Conglomerate, mudstone (pelite where metamorphosed) | unitof = | subunits = [[Sleat Group]], [[Torridon Group]], [[Morar Group]], [[Tarskavaig Group]] | underlies = [[Ardvreck Group]] | overlies = [[Lewisian complex]] or [[Stoer Group]] | thickness = 6–9 km | area = Northwestern Scotland | map = | map_caption = <!----Location----> | location = | coordinates = | region = | country = | extent = <!--Type section---> | namedfor = [[Wester Ross]] | namedby = <!--Author of defining paper--> | year_ts = <!--Year of definition--> | location_ts = <!--Place,mountain,...--> | coordinates_ts = <!--Geographic coordinates--> | paleocoordinates_ts = <!--Paleocoordinates--> | region_ts = <!--Region of type section--> | country_ts = <!--Country of type section--> | thickness_ts = <!--Thickness at type section--> }} The '''Wester Ross Supergroup''' is one of the subdivisions of the [[Neoproterozoic]] sequence of [[sedimentary rock]]s (or their metamorphic equivalents) in the [[Scottish Highlands]]. It lies [[unconformity|unconformably]] on medieum to high-grade [[metamorphic rock]]s and associated [[igneous rock]]s of the [[Archean|Archaean]] and [[Paleoproterozoic]] age [[Lewisian complex]] or locally over the [[Mesoproterozoic]] sedimentary rocks of the [[Stoer Group]].<ref name="BGS_Lexicon_WROS">{{Cite web |last=[[British Geological Survey]] |title=Wester Ross Supergroup |url=https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=WROS |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=BGS Lexicon of named rock units}}</ref> The contact between the Wester Ross Supergroup and the next youngest of the Neoproterozoic sequences in the Scottish Highlands, the [[Loch Ness Supergroup]] is everywhere a tectonic one.<ref name="Krabbendam_etal_2022">{{Cite journal |last=Krabbendam |first=M. |last2=Strachan |first2=R. |last3=Prave |first3=T. |date=2022 |title=A new stratigraphic framework for the early Neoproterozoic successions of Scotland |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=179 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-05}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geology of Scotland]] [[Category:Geological supergroups]]

2024-05-31T21:15:40Z

2024-05-31T21:15:40Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wester_Ross_Supergroup

Wester Ross Supergroup

The Wester Ross Supergroup is one of the subdivisions of the Neoproterozoic sequence of sedimentary rocks (or their metamorphic equivalents) in the Scottish Highlands. It lies unconformably on medieum to high-grade metamorphic rocks and associated igneous rocks of the Archaean and Paleoproterozoic age Lewisian complex or locally over the Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Stoer Group. The contact between the Wester Ross Supergroup and the next youngest of the Neoproterozoic sequences in the Scottish Highlands, the Loch Ness Supergroup is everywhere a tectonic one.

The Wester Ross Supergroup is one of the subdivisions of the Neoproterozoic sequence of sedimentary rocks in the Scottish Highlands. It lies unconformably on medieum to high-grade metamorphic rocks and associated igneous rocks of the Archaean and Paleoproterozoic age Lewisian complex or locally over the Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Stoer Group. The contact between the Wester Ross Supergroup and the next youngest of the Neoproterozoic sequences in the Scottish Highlands, the Loch Ness Supergroup is everywhere a tectonic one.

{{Infobox rockunit | name = Wester Ross Supergroup | period = [[Tonian]] | age = 1000–720 Ma | image = File:Torridonian Sandstone.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Torridon Group sandstones near [[Diabaig]] | type = [[Stratigraphic unit#Supergroup|Geological supergroup]] | prilithology = Sandstone (psammite where metamorphosed) | otherlithology = Conglomerate, mudstone (pelite where metamorphosed) | unitof = | subunits = [[Sleat Group]], [[Torridon Group]], [[Morar Group]], [[Tarskavaig Group]] | underlies = [[Ardvreck Group]] | overlies = [[Lewisian complex]] or [[Stoer Group]] | thickness = 6–9 km | area = Northwestern Scotland | map = | map_caption = <!----Location----> | location = | coordinates = | region = | country = | extent = <!--Type section---> | namedfor = [[Wester Ross]] | namedby = <!--Author of defining paper--> | year_ts = <!--Year of definition--> | location_ts = <!--Place,mountain,...--> | coordinates_ts = <!--Geographic coordinates--> | paleocoordinates_ts = <!--Paleocoordinates--> | region_ts = <!--Region of type section--> | country_ts = <!--Country of type section--> | thickness_ts = <!--Thickness at type section--> }} The '''Wester Ross Supergroup''' is one of the subdivisions of the [[Neoproterozoic]] sequence of [[sedimentary rock]]s (or their metamorphic equivalents) in the [[Scottish Highlands]]. It lies [[unconformity|unconformably]] on medieum to high-grade [[metamorphic rock]]s and associated [[igneous rock]]s of the [[Archean|Archaean]] and [[Paleoproterozoic]] age [[Lewisian complex]] or locally over the [[Mesoproterozoic]] sedimentary rocks of the [[Stoer Group]].<ref name="BGS_Lexicon_WROS">{{Cite web |last=[[British Geological Survey]] |title=Wester Ross Supergroup |url=https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=WROS |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=BGS Lexicon of named rock units}}</ref> The contact between the Wester Ross Supergroup and the next youngest of the Neoproterozoic sequences in the Scottish Highlands, the [[Loch Ness Supergroup]], is everywhere a tectonic one.<ref name="Krabbendam_etal_2022">{{Cite journal |last=Krabbendam |first=M. |last2=Strachan |first2=R. |last3=Prave |first3=T. |date=2022 |title=A new stratigraphic framework for the early Neoproterozoic successions of Scotland |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=179 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-05}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geology of Scotland]] [[Category:Geological supergroups]]

2024-05-31T21:15:40Z

2024-05-31T21:16:52Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wester_Ross_Supergroup

Kotaro Hayashi

Kotaro Hayashi (林 幸多郎, Hayashi Kotaro, born 16 November 2000) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a left back for J1 League club Machida Zelvia. Hayashi was born in Ureshino, Saga and started playing football in the third grade of elementary school. He studied at Saga Prefectural Konan Junior High School and later Saga Prefectural Sagakita High School. Hayashi started his youth football career with Sagan Tosu U-15s and quickly made his way up to the U-18s, being named as a substitute for them in 2016 at just 15. He made his debut for the U-18s in 2017 and became a regular starter in the 2018 season, captaining Sagan Tosu U-18s and helping them finish top of Prince Takamado JFA U-18 Prince League Kyushu and reach the quarter-finals of the Japan Club Youth Cup. In February 2019, Meiji University announced that Hayashi would be joining their team. He became a registered member of the team in 2021. He made his debut for Meiji University in April 2021, coming off the bench to replace Ren Kato in a 2–1 JUFA Kanto League 1 match against the University of Tsukuba. He made 15 appearances in his first season, scoring two goals. In his final year, Hayashi was named captain and helped Meiji University win the league, despite fracturing his metatarsal midway through the season. Hayashi was offered a professional contract with Yokohama FC after playing a training game against them for Meiji University – a match he was not originally scheduled to take part in but played due to a clash with exams. It was officially announced in July 2022. He made his debut for the club in March 2023 in a 3–1 league defeat to Kashima Antlers. He also scored his first professional goal in his debut season, scoring in a 1–1 league draw with Sanfrecce Hiroshima. He made 32 appearances and scored two goals across all competitions in his debut season, but was unable to prevent Yokohama FC from being relegated to the J2 League. In January 2024, it was announced that Hayashi would be transferring to newly promoted J1 League club Machida Zelvia ahead of the 2024 season. Hayashi is a right-footed left back and has named one of his favourite foreign players as João Cancelo. Due to the tactics played by Machida Zelvia during the 2024 season, Hayashi has been effective at long throw-ins. Hayashi is a hard-working player who is adept in one-on-one situations.

Kotaro Hayashi is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a left back for J1 League club Machida Zelvia.

{{Short description|Japanese footballer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox football biography |name = Kotaro Hayashi <br/> 林 幸多郎 |image = |fullname = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|11|16|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Ureshino, Saga]], [[Saga Prefecture]], Japan |height = 1.70 m<ref>{{cite web |title=林幸多郎 |url=https://web.gekisaka.jp/player/?45382-45382-jp |website=ゲキサカ |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja}}</ref> |currentclub = [[FC Machida Zelvia|Machida Zelvia]] |clubnumber = 26 |position = [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Left back]] |youthclubs1 = Ureshino JSC |youthclubs2 = Sagan Tosu U-15 |youthclubs3 = Sagan Tosu U-18<ref name="yokohama-profile">{{cite web |title=林 幸多郎 {{!}} 2023 |url=https://www.yokohamafc.com/player/2023_26_kotarou_hayashi-2/ |website=横浜FCオフィシャルウェブサイト |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja}}</ref> |youthyears3 = 2016–2018 |youthclubs4 = [[Meiji University]] |youthyears4 = 2019–2022 |years1 = 2023 |clubs1 = [[Yokohama FC]] |caps1 = 29 |goals1 = 2 |years2 = 2024– |clubs2 = [[FC Machida Zelvia|Machida Zelvia]] |caps2 = 16 |goals2 = 0 |nationalyears1 = |nationalteam1 = |nationalcaps1 = |nationalgoals1 = |club-update = 21:48, 28 May 2024 (UTC) |nationalteam-update = }} {{nihongo|'''Kotaro Hayashi'''|林 幸多郎|Hayashi Kotaro|born 16 November 2000}} is a Japanese professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|left back]] for {{Japanese football updater|MachidaZ}} club [[FC Machida Zelvia|Machida Zelvia]].<ref>{{cite web |title={{!}} FC Machida Zelvia Player |url=https://www.jleague.co/players/6698/Kotaro-HAYASHI/ |website=J.LEAGUE |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> ==Early life== Hayashi was born in [[Ureshino, Saga]] and started playing football in the third grade of elementary school. He studied at Saga Prefectural Konan Junior High School and later Saga Prefectural Sagakita High School.<ref>{{cite web |title=「兄が医者なら、俺は弁護士」名門・明治大サッカー部主将が目指す“弁護士Jリーガー”「プロ生活は今以上に自由な時間が増える」（安藤隆人） |url=https://number.bunshun.jp/articles/-/854789?page=1 |website=Number Web - ナンバー |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja |date=30 September 2022}}</ref> ==Youth career== Hayashi started his youth football career with Sagan Tosu U-15s and quickly made his way up to the U-18s, being named as a substitute for them in 2016 at just 15.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer D.B. : 2016 Japan Club Youth Cup 16/07/25 Sagan Tosu U-18 - Mitsubishi-Yowa Youth Results,Players |url=https://soccer-db.net/result.php?g=20160725906&la=e |website=Soccer D.B. |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He made his debut for the U-18s in 2017 and became a regular starter in the 2018 season, captaining Sagan Tosu U-18s and helping them finish top of [[Prince Takamado Cup|Prince Takamado JFA U-18 Prince League Kyushu]] and reach the quarter-finals of the Japan Club Youth Cup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer D.B. : 2018 Kotaro Hayashi Result by Season |url=https://soccer-db.net/player/index.php?pl=62420&yr=2018&la=e |website=soccer-db.net |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> In February 2019, [[Meiji University]] announced that Hayashi would be joining their team.<ref>{{cite web |title=総理大臣杯王者・明治大にMF松原、CB山田、FW赤井、SB福田ら注目選手加入へ |url=https://web.gekisaka.jp/news/university/detail/?265498-265498-fl |website=ゲキサカ |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja |date=3 February 2019}}</ref> He became a registered member of the team in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=[関東]明治大登録メンバー/21前期 |url=https://web.gekisaka.jp/news/university/detail/?327868-327868-fl |website=ゲキサカ |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja |date=2 April 2021}}</ref> He made his debut for Meiji University in April 2021, coming off the bench to replace [[Ren Kato]] in a 2–1 JUFA Kanto League 1 match against the [[University of Tsukuba]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer D.B. : 2021 JUFA Kanto League 1 21/04/25 Meiji University - University of Tsukuba Results,Players |url=https://soccer-db.net/result.php?g=20210425060&la=e |website=Soccer D.B. |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He made 15 appearances in his first season, scoring two goals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer D.B. : 2021 Kotaro Hayashi Result by Season |url=https://soccer-db.net/player/index.php?pl=62420&yr=2021&la=e |website=soccer-db.net |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> In his final year, Hayashi was named captain and helped Meiji University win the league, despite fracturing his metatarsal midway through the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=[MOM822]明治大DF林幸多郎(4年)_目指すはJリーガーと弁護士の二刀流…信頼厚い主将が骨折から復帰 |url=https://web.gekisaka.jp/news/university/detail/?369371-369371-fl |website=ゲキサカ |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja |date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer D.B. : 2022 Kotaro Hayashi Result by Season |url=https://soccer-db.net/player/index.php?pl=62420&yr=2022&la=e |website=soccer-db.net |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> ==Club career== ===Yokohama FC=== Hayashi was offered a professional contract with [[Yokohama FC]] after playing a training game against them for [[Meiji University]] – a match he was not originally scheduled to take part in but played due to a clash with exams.<ref>{{cite web |title=「兄が医者なら、俺は弁護士」名門・明治大サッカー部主将が目指す“弁護士Jリーガー”「プロ生活は今以上に自由な時間が増える」（安藤隆人） |url=https://number.bunshun.jp/articles/-/854789?page=2 |website=Number Web - ナンバー |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja}}</ref> It was officially announced in July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=明治大学より林幸多郎選手加入内定のお知らせ |url=https://www.yokohamafc.com/2022/07/19/kotaro_hayashi/ |website=横浜FCオフィシャルウェブサイト |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=ja}}</ref> He made his debut for the club in March 2023 in a 3–1 league defeat to [[Kashima Antlers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer D.B. : 2023 J1 League 23/03/04 Yokohama FC - Kashima Antlers Results,Players,Highlight |url=https://soccer-db.net/result.php?g=20230304007&la=e |website=Soccer D.B. |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He also scored his first professional goal in his debut season, scoring in a 1–1 league draw with [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer D.B. : 2023 J1 League 23/07/16 Sanfrecce Hiroshima - Yokohama FC Results,Players,Highlight |url=https://soccer-db.net/result.php?g=20230716001&la=e |website=Soccer D.B. |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He made 32 appearances and scored two goals across all competitions in his debut season, but was unable to prevent Yokohama FC from being relegated to the [[J2 League]]. ===Machida Zelvia=== In January 2024, it was announced that Hayashi would be transferring to newly promoted [[J1 League]] club [[FC Machida Zelvia|Machida Zelvia]] ahead of the 2024 season.<ref>{{cite web |title=林幸多郎選手 完全移籍加入のお知らせ |url=https://www.zelvia.co.jp/news/news-252281/ |website=FC町田ゼルビア オフィシャルサイト |access-date=31 May 2024 |language=ja |date=6 January 2024}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|28 May 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer D.B. : 2024 Kotaro Hayashi Result by Season |url=https://soccer-db.net/player/index.php?pl=62420&la=e |website=soccer-db.net |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National Cup !colspan="2"|League Cup !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- ! colspan=3 | Japan ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | [[Emperor's Cup]] ! colspan=2 | [[J.League Cup]] ! colspan=2 | Total |- |[[Yokohama FC]] |[[2023 J1 League|2023]] |[[J1 League]] |29||2||0||0||3||0||32||2 |- |[[FC Machida Zelvia|Machida Zelvia]] |[[2024 J1 League|2024]] |J1 League |16||0||0||0||0||0||16||0 |- ! colspan=3 | Career total !45!!2!!0!!0!!3!!0!!48!!2 |} ==Style of play== Hayashi is a right-footed left back and has named one of his favourite foreign players as [[João Cancelo]].<ref name="yokohama-profile" /><ref>{{cite web |title=林 幸多郎 |url=https://www.zelvia.co.jp/club/clubteam/252552/ |website=FC町田ゼルビア オフィシャルサイト |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja}}</ref> Due to the tactics played by Machida Zelvia during the 2024 season, Hayashi has been effective at long throw-ins.<ref>{{cite web |title=football life：相手がロングスローをしてきたら…町田DFは「嫌です」と即答 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20240501/k00/00m/050/071000c |website=毎日新聞 |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja}}</ref> Hayashi is a hard-working player who is adept in one-on-one situations.<ref>{{cite web |title=新加入で即スタメン、フルタイム出場にも「何一つ満足していない」。躍進ゼルビアを支えるDF林幸多郎は、仲間を活かすプレーを常に重視【インタビュー】 {{!}} サッカーダイジェストWeb |url=https://www.soccerdigestweb.com/news/detail/id=152849 |website=www.soccerdigestweb.com |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=ja}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[https://www.zelvia.co.jp/club/clubteam/252552/ Profile at Machida Zelvia] *[https://www.jleague.jp/player/1635337/ Profile at jleague.jp] {{FC Machida Zelvia squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hayashi, Kotaro}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Japanese men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football defenders]] [[Category:Association football people from Saga Prefecture]] [[Category:Meiji University alumni]] [[Category:Yokohama FC players]] [[Category:FC Machida Zelvia players]] [[Category:J1 League players]]

2024-05-31T21:21:05Z

2024-05-31T21:21:05Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaro_Hayashi

Charles Simmons (American football)

Charles Wayne Simmons (September 15, 1931 – February 23, 2020) was an former American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas from 1967 to 1975 and Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the athletic director at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from Nacogdoches High School. He then played football at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at Carthage High School in Carthage, Texas. He was the head football coach at Leverett's Chapel High School in 1961 and DeKalb High School (TX) of De Kalb, Texas in 1962. Simmons return to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under Shorty Hughes. He succeeded Boyd Converse as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967. Simmons led Kilgore to three Texas Junior College Football Federation (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975. Simmons was named Lone Star Conference (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season. Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.

Charles Wayne Simmons was an former American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas from 1967 to 1975 and Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the athletic director at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from Nacogdoches High School. He then played football at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at Carthage High School in Carthage, Texas. He was the head football coach at Leverett's Chapel High School in 1961 and DeKalb High School (TX) of De Kalb, Texas in 1962. Simmons return to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under Shorty Hughes. He succeeded Boyd Converse as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967. Simmons led Kilgore to three Texas Junior College Football Federation (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975. Simmons was named Lone Star Conference (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season. Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.

{{Short description|American football coach and college athletics administrator}} {{Infobox college coach | name = Charles Simmons | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|9|15}} | birth_place = [[Nacogdoches County, Texas]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|2|23|1931|9|15}} | death_place = [[Nacogdoches, Texas]], U.S. | alma_mater = | player_years1 = 1949–1950 | player_team1 = [[Del Mar Vikings football|Del Mar]] | player_years2 = 1954–1955 | player_team2 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin]] | player_positions = [[Fullback (gridiron football)|Fullback]], [[Guard (gridiron football)|guard]] | coach_years1 = 1957–1960 | coach_team1 = [[Carthage High School (Texas)|Carthage HS (TX)]] (assistant) | coach_years2 = 1961 | coach_team2 = [[Leverett's Chapel Independent School District|Leverett's Chapel HS (TX)]] | coach_years3 = 1962 | coach_team3 = [[DeKalb High School (Texas)|DeKalb HS (TX)]] | coach_years4 = 1963–1966 | coach_team4 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin]] (OL) | coach_years5 = 1967–1975 | coach_team5 = [[Kilgore Rangers football|Kilgore]] | coach_years6 = 1976–1981 | coach_team6 = Stephen F. Austin | admin_years1 = 1976–1981 | admin_team1 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks|Stephen F. Austin]] | overall_record = 19–44–1 (college)<br>55–34–3 (junior college) | bowl_record = 0–1 (junior college) | tournament_record = | championships = 3 [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|TJCFF]] (1968, 1970, 1975) | awards = [[Lone Star Conference|LSC]] Coach of the Year (1979) | coaching_records = }} '''Charles Wayne Simmons''' (September 15, 1931 – February 23, 2020) was an former [[American football]] coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at [[Kilgore College]] in [[Kilgore, Texas]] from 1967 to 1975 and [[Stephen F. Austin State University]] in [[Nacogdoches, Texas]] from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the [[athletic director]] at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from [[Nacogdoches High School]]. He then played football at [[Del Mar College]] in [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at [[Carthage High School (Texas)|Carthage High School]] in [[Carthage, Texas]]. He was the head football coach at [[Leverett's Chapel Independent School District|Leverett's Chapel High School]] in 1961 and [[DeKalb High School (Texas)|DeKalb High School (TX)]] of [[De Kalb, Texas]] in 1962. Simmons return to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under [[Shorty Hughes]]. He succeeded [[Boyd Converse]] as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Charles Simmons New Grid Mentor for Kilgore Rangers |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/148451573/ |newspaper=[[The Times (Shreveport, Louisiana)|The Times]] |location=[[Shreveport, Louisiana]] |date=January 11, 1967 |page=C1 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons led Kilgore to three [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|Texas Junior College Football Federation]] (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elliot |first=Scott |title=Simmons Resigns KC Post For SFA Helm |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kilgore-news-herald/148451281/ |newspaper=[[Kilgore News Herald]] |location=[[Kilgore, Texas]] |date=January 8, 1976 |page=2 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons was named [[Lone Star Conference]] (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=SFA fires Charles Simmons |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-caller-times/148453572/ |newspaper=[[Corpus Christi Caller-Times|Corpus Christi Caller]] |location=[[Corpus Christi, Texas]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 27, 1981 |page=4D |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Charles Wayne Simmons Obituary |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/nacogdoches-tx/charles-simmons-9048954 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |access-date=May 31, 2024 }}</ref> ==Head coaching record== ===College=== {{CFB Yearly Record Start | type = coach | team = | conf = | bowl = | poll = NAIA Division I }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks]] | conf = [[Lone Star Conference]] | startyear = 1976 | endyear = 1981 }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1976 NAIA Division I football season|1976]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 1–9–1 | conference = 1–6 | confstanding = 8th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1977 NAIA Division I football season|1977]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 2–8 | conference = 2–5 | confstanding = 6th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1978 NAIA Division I football season|1978]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 3–8 | conference = 3–4 | confstanding = T–5th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1979 NAIA Division I football season|1979]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 8–3 | conference = 5–2 | confstanding = T–2nd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = 17 | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1980 NAIA Division I football season|1980]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 4–6 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 5th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1981 NCAA Division II football season|1981]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 1–10 | conference = 0–7 | confstanding = 8th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 19–44–1 | confrecord = 15–27 }} {{CFB Yearly Record End | overall = 19–44–1 | bowls = no | poll = no | polltype = | legend = no }} <ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=NCAA Statistics |url=https://stats.ncaa.org/people/28535?sport_code=MFB |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 }}</ref> ===Junior college=== {{CFB Yearly Record Start | type = coach | team = | conf = | bowl = | poll = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Kilgore Rangers football|Kilgore]] | conf = [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|Texas Junior College Football Federation]] | startyear = 1967 | endyear = 1875 }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1967 junior college football season|1967]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 5–5 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = T–3rd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1968 junior college football season|1968]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 7–3 | conference = 6–1 | confstanding = T–1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1969 junior college football season|1969]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 4–6 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 3rd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1970 junior college football season|1970]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 7–2–1 | conference = 6–0–1 | confstanding = 1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1971 junior college football season|1971]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 8–2–1 | conference = 6–1 | confstanding = 2nd | bowlname = Wool Bowl | bowloutcome = L | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1972 junior college football season|1972]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 6–4 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1973 junior college football season|1973]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 4–6 | conference = 3–4 | confstanding = T–4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1974 junior college football season|1974]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 6–3–1 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1975 junior college football season|1975]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 8–3 | conference = 5–1 | confstanding = 1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Kilgore | overall = 55–34–3 | confrecord = 42–19–1 }} {{CFB Yearly Record End | overall = 55–34–3 | bowls = no | poll = no | polltype = }} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Kilgore Rangers football coach navbox}} {{Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football coach navbox}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simmons, Charles}} [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American football fullbacks]] [[Category:American football guards]] [[Category:Del Mar Vikings football players]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks athletic directors]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football coaches]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football players]] [[Category:Kilgore Rangers football coaches]] [[Category:High school football coaches in Texas]] [[Category:Players of American football from Nacogdoches, Texas]] [[Category:Players of American football from Texas]] {{1960s-collegefootball-coach-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:22:25Z

2024-05-31T21:22:25Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simmons_(American_football)

Charles Simmons (American football)

Charles Wayne Simmons (September 15, 1931 – February 23, 2020) was an former American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas from 1967 to 1975 and Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the athletic director at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from Nacogdoches High School. He then played football at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at Carthage High School in Carthage, Texas. He was the head football coach at Leverett's Chapel High School in 1961 and DeKalb High School (TX) of De Kalb, Texas in 1962. Simmons return to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under Shorty Hughes. He succeeded Boyd Converse as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967. Simmons led Kilgore to three Texas Junior College Football Federation (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975. Simmons was named Lone Star Conference (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season. Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.

Charles Wayne Simmons was an former American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas from 1967 to 1975 and Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the athletic director at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from Nacogdoches High School. He then played football at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at Carthage High School in Carthage, Texas. He was the head football coach at Leverett's Chapel High School in 1961 and DeKalb High School (TX) of De Kalb, Texas in 1962. Simmons return to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under Shorty Hughes. He succeeded Boyd Converse as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967. Simmons led Kilgore to three Texas Junior College Football Federation (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975. Simmons was named Lone Star Conference (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season. Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.

{{Short description|American football coach and college athletics administrator}} {{Infobox college coach | name = Charles Simmons | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|9|15}} | birth_place = [[Nacogdoches County, Texas]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|2|23|1931|9|15}} | death_place = [[Nacogdoches, Texas]], U.S. | alma_mater = | player_years1 = 1949–1950 | player_team1 = [[Del Mar Vikings football|Del Mar]] | player_years2 = 1954–1955 | player_team2 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin]] | player_positions = [[Fullback (gridiron football)|Fullback]], [[Guard (gridiron football)|guard]] | coach_years1 = 1957–1960 | coach_team1 = [[Carthage High School (Texas)|Carthage HS (TX)]] (assistant) | coach_years2 = 1961 | coach_team2 = [[Leverett's Chapel Independent School District|Leverett's Chapel HS (TX)]] | coach_years3 = 1962 | coach_team3 = [[DeKalb High School (Texas)|DeKalb HS (TX)]] | coach_years4 = 1963–1966 | coach_team4 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin]] (OL) | coach_years5 = 1967–1975 | coach_team5 = [[Kilgore Rangers football|Kilgore]] | coach_years6 = 1976–1981 | coach_team6 = Stephen F. Austin | admin_years1 = 1976–1981 | admin_team1 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks|Stephen F. Austin]] | overall_record = 19–44–1 (college)<br>55–34–3 (junior college) | bowl_record = 0–1 (junior college) | tournament_record = | championships = 3 [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|TJCFF]] (1968, 1970, 1975) | awards = [[Lone Star Conference|LSC]] Coach of the Year (1979) | coaching_records = }} '''Charles Wayne Simmons''' (September 15, 1931 – February 23, 2020) was an former [[American football]] coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at [[Kilgore College]] in [[Kilgore, Texas]] from 1967 to 1975 and [[Stephen F. Austin State University]] in [[Nacogdoches, Texas]] from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the [[athletic director]] at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from [[Nacogdoches High School]]. He then played football at [[Del Mar College]] in [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at [[Carthage High School (Texas)|Carthage High School]] in [[Carthage, Texas]]. He was the head football coach at [[Leverett's Chapel Independent School District|Leverett's Chapel High School]] in 1961 and [[DeKalb High School (Texas)|DeKalb High School (TX)]] of [[De Kalb, Texas]] in 1962. Simmons return to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under [[Shorty Hughes]]. He succeeded [[Boyd Converse]] as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Charles Simmons New Grid Mentor for Kilgore Rangers |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/148451573/ |newspaper=[[The Times (Shreveport, Louisiana)|The Times]] |location=[[Shreveport, Louisiana]] |date=January 11, 1967 |page=C1 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons led Kilgore to three [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|Texas Junior College Football Federation]] (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elliot |first=Scott |title=Simmons Resigns KC Post For SFA Helm |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kilgore-news-herald/148451281/ |newspaper=[[Kilgore News Herald]] |location=[[Kilgore, Texas]] |date=January 8, 1976 |page=2 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons was named [[Lone Star Conference]] (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=SFA fires Charles Simmons |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-caller-times/148453572/ |newspaper=[[Corpus Christi Caller-Times|Corpus Christi Caller]] |location=[[Corpus Christi, Texas]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 27, 1981 |page=4D |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Charles Wayne Simmons Obituary |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/nacogdoches-tx/charles-simmons-9048954 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |access-date=May 31, 2024 }}</ref> ==Head coaching record== ===College=== {{CFB Yearly Record Start | type = coach | team = | conf = | bowl = | poll = NAIA Division I }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks]] | conf = [[Lone Star Conference]] | startyear = 1976 | endyear = 1981 }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1976 NAIA Division I football season|1976]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 1–9–1 | conference = 1–6 | confstanding = 8th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1977 NAIA Division I football season|1977]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 2–8 | conference = 2–5 | confstanding = 6th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1978 NAIA Division I football season|1978]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 3–8 | conference = 3–4 | confstanding = T–5th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1979 NAIA Division I football season|1979]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 8–3 | conference = 5–2 | confstanding = T–2nd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = 17 | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1980 NAIA Division I football season|1980]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 4–6 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 5th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1981 NCAA Division II football season|1981]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 1–10 | conference = 0–7 | confstanding = 8th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 19–44–1 | confrecord = 15–27 }} {{CFB Yearly Record End | overall = 19–44–1 | bowls = no | poll = no | polltype = | legend = no }} <ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=NCAA Statistics |url=https://stats.ncaa.org/people/28535?sport_code=MFB |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 }}</ref> ===Junior college=== {{CFB Yearly Record Start | type = coach | team = | conf = | bowl = | poll = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Kilgore Rangers football|Kilgore]] | conf = [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|Texas Junior College Football Federation]] | startyear = 1967 | endyear = 1875 }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1967 junior college football season|1967]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 5–5 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = T–3rd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1968 junior college football season|1968]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 7–3 | conference = 6–1 | confstanding = T–1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1969 junior college football season|1969]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 4–6 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 3rd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1970 junior college football season|1970]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 7–2–1 | conference = 6–0–1 | confstanding = 1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1971 junior college football season|1971]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 8–2–1 | conference = 6–1 | confstanding = 2nd | bowlname = Wool Bowl | bowloutcome = L | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1972 junior college football season|1972]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 6–4 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1973 junior college football season|1973]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 4–6 | conference = 3–4 | confstanding = T–4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1974 junior college football season|1974]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 6–3–1 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1975 junior college football season|1975]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 8–3 | conference = 5–1 | confstanding = 1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Kilgore | overall = 55–34–3 | confrecord = 42–19–1 }} {{CFB Yearly Record End | overall = 55–34–3 | bowls = no | poll = no | polltype = }} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Kilgore Rangers football coach navbox}} {{Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football coach navbox}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simmons, Charles}} [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American football fullbacks]] [[Category:American football guards]] [[Category:Del Mar Vikings football players]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks athletic directors]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football coaches]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football players]] [[Category:Kilgore Rangers football coaches]] [[Category:High school football coaches in Texas]] [[Category:Players of American football from Nacogdoches, Texas]] [[Category:Players of American football from Texas]] {{1960s-collegefootball-coach-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:22:25Z

2024-05-31T21:23:05Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simmons_(American_football)

Charles Simmons (American football)

Charles Wayne Simmons (September 15, 1931 – February 23, 2020) was an former American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas from 1967 to 1975 and Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the athletic director at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from Nacogdoches High School. He then played football at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at Carthage High School in Carthage, Texas. He was the head football coach at Leverett's Chapel High School in 1961 and DeKalb High School (TX) of De Kalb, Texas in 1962. Simmons returned to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under Shorty Hughes. He succeeded Boyd Converse as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967. Simmons led Kilgore to three Texas Junior College Football Federation (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975. Simmons was named Lone Star Conference (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season. Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.

Charles Wayne Simmons was an former American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas from 1967 to 1975 and Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the athletic director at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from Nacogdoches High School. He then played football at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at Carthage High School in Carthage, Texas. He was the head football coach at Leverett's Chapel High School in 1961 and DeKalb High School (TX) of De Kalb, Texas in 1962. Simmons returned to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under Shorty Hughes. He succeeded Boyd Converse as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967. Simmons led Kilgore to three Texas Junior College Football Federation (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975. Simmons was named Lone Star Conference (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season. Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.

{{Short description|American football coach and college athletics administrator}} {{Infobox college coach | name = Charles Simmons | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|9|15}} | birth_place = [[Nacogdoches County, Texas]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|2|23|1931|9|15}} | death_place = [[Nacogdoches, Texas]], U.S. | alma_mater = | player_years1 = 1949–1950 | player_team1 = [[Del Mar Vikings football|Del Mar]] | player_years2 = 1954–1955 | player_team2 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin]] | player_positions = [[Fullback (gridiron football)|Fullback]], [[Guard (gridiron football)|guard]] | coach_years1 = 1957–1960 | coach_team1 = [[Carthage High School (Texas)|Carthage HS (TX)]] (assistant) | coach_years2 = 1961 | coach_team2 = [[Leverett's Chapel Independent School District|Leverett's Chapel HS (TX)]] | coach_years3 = 1962 | coach_team3 = [[DeKalb High School (Texas)|DeKalb HS (TX)]] | coach_years4 = 1963–1966 | coach_team4 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin]] (OL) | coach_years5 = 1967–1975 | coach_team5 = [[Kilgore Rangers football|Kilgore]] | coach_years6 = 1976–1981 | coach_team6 = Stephen F. Austin | admin_years1 = 1976–1981 | admin_team1 = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks|Stephen F. Austin]] | overall_record = 19–44–1 (college)<br>55–34–3 (junior college) | bowl_record = 0–1 (junior college) | tournament_record = | championships = 3 [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|TJCFF]] (1968, 1970, 1975) | awards = [[Lone Star Conference|LSC]] Coach of the Year (1979) | coaching_records = }} '''Charles Wayne Simmons''' (September 15, 1931 – February 23, 2020) was an former [[American football]] coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at [[Kilgore College]] in [[Kilgore, Texas]] from 1967 to 1975 and [[Stephen F. Austin State University]] in [[Nacogdoches, Texas]] from 1976 to 1981. Simmons was also the [[athletic director]] at Stephen F. Austin during the same years. A native of Nacogdoches, Simmons graduated from [[Nacogdoches High School]]. He then played football at [[Del Mar College]] in [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] and Stephen F. Austin. After graduating from Stephen F. Austin in 1957, Simmons spent four years as an assistant footfall coach at [[Carthage High School (Texas)|Carthage High School]] in [[Carthage, Texas]]. He was the head football coach at [[Leverett's Chapel Independent School District|Leverett's Chapel High School]] in 1961 and [[DeKalb High School (Texas)|DeKalb High School (TX)]] of [[De Kalb, Texas]] in 1962. Simmons returned to Stephen F. Austin in 1963 and worked as offensive line coach for four seasons under [[Shorty Hughes]]. He succeeded [[Boyd Converse]] as head football coach at Kilgore in 1967.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Charles Simmons New Grid Mentor for Kilgore Rangers |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/148451573/ |newspaper=[[The Times (Shreveport, Louisiana)|The Times]] |location=[[Shreveport, Louisiana]] |date=January 11, 1967 |page=C1 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons led Kilgore to three [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|Texas Junior College Football Federation]] (TJCFF) titles, in 1968, 1970, 1975.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elliot |first=Scott |title=Simmons Resigns KC Post For SFA Helm |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kilgore-news-herald/148451281/ |newspaper=[[Kilgore News Herald]] |location=[[Kilgore, Texas]] |date=January 8, 1976 |page=2 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons was named [[Lone Star Conference]] (LSC) Coach of the Year in 1979 after leading Stephen F. Austin and an 8–3 record a title for second place in the conference. He was fired from his post at head football coach and athletic director following the 1981 season.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=SFA fires Charles Simmons |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-caller-times/148453572/ |newspaper=[[Corpus Christi Caller-Times|Corpus Christi Caller]] |location=[[Corpus Christi, Texas]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 27, 1981 |page=4D |access-date=May 31, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{Open access}} }}</ref> Simmons died on February 23, 2020, at his home in Nacogdoches.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Charles Wayne Simmons Obituary |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/nacogdoches-tx/charles-simmons-9048954 |publisher=Dignity Memorial |access-date=May 31, 2024 }}</ref> ==Head coaching record== ===College=== {{CFB Yearly Record Start | type = coach | team = | conf = | bowl = | poll = NAIA Division I }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks]] | conf = [[Lone Star Conference]] | startyear = 1976 | endyear = 1981 }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1976 NAIA Division I football season|1976]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 1–9–1 | conference = 1–6 | confstanding = 8th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1977 NAIA Division I football season|1977]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 2–8 | conference = 2–5 | confstanding = 6th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1978 NAIA Division I football season|1978]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 3–8 | conference = 3–4 | confstanding = T–5th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1979 NAIA Division I football season|1979]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 8–3 | conference = 5–2 | confstanding = T–2nd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = 17 | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1980 NAIA Division I football season|1980]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 4–6 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 5th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1981 NCAA Division II football season|1981]] | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 1–10 | conference = 0–7 | confstanding = 8th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Stephen F. Austin | overall = 19–44–1 | confrecord = 15–27 }} {{CFB Yearly Record End | overall = 19–44–1 | bowls = no | poll = no | polltype = | legend = no }} <ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=NCAA Statistics |url=https://stats.ncaa.org/people/28535?sport_code=MFB |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 }}</ref> ===Junior college=== {{CFB Yearly Record Start | type = coach | team = | conf = | bowl = | poll = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Kilgore Rangers football|Kilgore]] | conf = [[Southwest Junior College Football Conference|Texas Junior College Football Federation]] | startyear = 1967 | endyear = 1875 }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1967 junior college football season|1967]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 5–5 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = T–3rd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1968 junior college football season|1968]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 7–3 | conference = 6–1 | confstanding = T–1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1969 junior college football season|1969]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 4–6 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 3rd | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1970 junior college football season|1970]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 7–2–1 | conference = 6–0–1 | confstanding = 1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1971 junior college football season|1971]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 8–2–1 | conference = 6–1 | confstanding = 2nd | bowlname = Wool Bowl | bowloutcome = L | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1972 junior college football season|1972]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 6–4 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1973 junior college football season|1973]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 4–6 | conference = 3–4 | confstanding = T–4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | year = [[1974 junior college football season|1974]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 6–3–1 | conference = 4–3 | confstanding = 4th | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference | year = [[1975 junior college football season|1975]] | name = Kilgore | overall = 8–3 | conference = 5–1 | confstanding = 1st | bowlname = | bowloutcome = | bcsbowl = | ranking = no | ranking2 = no }} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Kilgore | overall = 55–34–3 | confrecord = 42–19–1 }} {{CFB Yearly Record End | overall = 55–34–3 | bowls = no | poll = no | polltype = }} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Kilgore Rangers football coach navbox}} {{Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football coach navbox}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simmons, Charles}} [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American football fullbacks]] [[Category:American football guards]] [[Category:Del Mar Vikings football players]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks athletic directors]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football coaches]] [[Category:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football players]] [[Category:Kilgore Rangers football coaches]] [[Category:High school football coaches in Texas]] [[Category:Players of American football from Nacogdoches, Texas]] [[Category:Players of American football from Texas]] {{1960s-collegefootball-coach-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:22:25Z

2024-05-31T23:04:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simmons_(American_football)

Babinets

Babinets may refer to:

Babinets may refer to: Babinets, Komarichsky District, Bryansk Oblast, village in Russia Sergey Babinets, Russian lawyer and human rights activist, member of the Crew Against Torture Savva (Babinets), Russian archbishop Sava Babinets (architecture), element of an Orthodox church building

'''Babinets''' may refer to: * [[Babinets, Komarichsky District, Bryansk Oblast]], village in Russia *{{ill|Sergey Babinets|ru|Бабинец, Сергей Сергеевич}}, Russian lawyer and human rights activist, member of the [[Crew Against Torture]] *{{ill|Savva (Babinets)|ru|Савва (Бабинец)}}, Russian archbishop [[Sava]] *{{ill|Babinets (architecture)|cs|Babinec|ru|Бабинец (архитектура)|pl|Babiniec}}, element of an Orthodox church building {{disambig}}

2024-05-31T21:22:32Z

2024-05-31T21:36:07Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets

Babinets

Babinets may refer to:

Babinets may refer to: Babinets, Komarichsky District, Bryansk Oblast, village in Russia Sergey Babinets, Russian lawyer and human rights activist, member of the Crew Against Torture Savva (Babinets), Russian archbishop Sava Babinets (architecture), element of an Orthodox church building

'''Babinets''' may refer to: * [[Babinets, Komarichsky District, Bryansk Oblast]], village in Russia *{{ill|Sergey Babinets|ru|Бабинец, Сергей Сергеевич}}, Russian lawyer and human rights activist, member of the [[Crew Against Torture]] *{{ill|Savva (Babinets)|ru|Савва (Бабинец)}}, Russian archbishop *{{ill|Babinets (architecture)|cs|Babinec|ru|Бабинец (архитектура)|pl|Babiniec}}, element of an Orthodox church building {{disambig}}

2024-05-31T21:22:32Z

2024-05-31T21:36:20Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets

Babinets

Babinets may refer to:

Babinets may refer to: Babinets, Komarichsky District, Bryansk Oblast, village in Russia Sergey Babinets, Russian lawyer and human rights activist, member of the Crew Against Torture Savva (Babinets), Russian archbishop Babinets (architecture), element of an Orthodox church building

'''Babinets''' may refer to: * [[Babinets, Komarichsky District, Bryansk Oblast]], village in Russia *{{ill|Sergey Babinets|ru|Бабинец, Сергей Сергеевич}}, Russian lawyer and human rights activist, member of the [[Crew Against Torture]] *{{ill|Savva (Babinets)|ru|Савва (Бабинец)}}, Ukrainian archbishop of the Russian Orthodox Church *{{ill|Babinets (architecture)|cs|Babinec|ru|Бабинец (архитектура)|pl|Babiniec}}, element of an Orthodox church building {{disambig}}

2024-05-31T21:22:32Z

2024-05-31T21:38:19Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets

Babinets

Babinets may refer to:

Babinets may refer to: Babinets, Komarichsky District, Bryansk Oblast, village in Russia Sergey Babinets, Russian lawyer and human rights activist, member of the Crew Against Torture Savva (Babinets), Ukrainian archbishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Babinets (architecture), element of an Orthodox church building

'''Babinets''' may refer to: * [[Babinets, Komarichsky District, Bryansk Oblast]], village in Russia *{{ill|Sergey Babinets|ru|Бабинец, Сергей Сергеевич}}, Russian lawyer and human rights activist, member of the [[Crew Against Torture]] *{{ill|Savva (Babinets)|ru|Савва (Бабинец)}}, Ukrainian archbishop of the Russian Orthodox Church *{{ill|Babinets (architecture)|cs|Babinec|ru|Бабинец (архитектура)|pl|Babiniec}}, element of an Orthodox church building ==See also== *{{intitle|Babinets}} * [[Babinec (disambiguation)]] * [[Babiniec (disambiguation)]] {{disambig}}

2024-05-31T21:22:32Z

2024-05-31T22:28:15Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets

Elinor Frey

Elinor Frey, (born Aug. 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey, is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} Elinor Frey, (born Aug. 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, she has a strong background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Reviews == * "This recital confirms Frey [...] as [an] exciting and astute ambassador for the Baroque cello" (Gramophone 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=dallabaco-and-the-art-of-variation |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Gramophone |language=en}}</ref> * "Frey’s tone is at once bright, warm, and focused, and she delivers with the verve and personality of a soloist. Elsewhere, in an accompanying role, she blends with the ensemble – evidence of a solid chamber musician." (Early Music America 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Jean Baur, Where Have You Been? » Early Music America |url=https://www.earlymusicamerica.org/web-articles/jean-baur-happy-to-meet-you/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Early Music America |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Frey performs these sonatas of varied design and content with style and flair, mastering their various technical challenges across the instrument’s extensive range with apparent ease and adding extempore ornamentation aplenty. She shapes the line in the wistful slow movements with seasoned musicality..." (The Strad 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stowell |first=Robin |title=Elinor Frey: Dall’Abaco |url=https://www.thestrad.com/reviews/elinor-frey-dallabaco/10572.article |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Strad |language=en}}</ref> * "[...] her tone is incredibly sweet and unforced as she sails through her phrases and ornaments with apparent ease and infectious joy." (CBC 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Top 20 Classical Albums of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/music/canada-s-top-20-classical-albums-of-2020-1.5805420 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref> * "She's a fearless, sleeves-rolled up player who tackles the disc's title track with resolute derring-do" (BBC Music Magazine 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/bbc-music-magazine/20190710/283442078024928 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control}}

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T21:39:58Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Frey

Elinor Frey

Elinor Frey, (born Aug. 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey, is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} '''Elinor Frey''' (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, she has a strong background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Reviews == * "This recital confirms Frey [...] as [an] exciting and astute ambassador for the Baroque cello" (Gramophone 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=dallabaco-and-the-art-of-variation |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Gramophone |language=en}}</ref> * "Frey’s tone is at once bright, warm, and focused, and she delivers with the verve and personality of a soloist. Elsewhere, in an accompanying role, she blends with the ensemble – evidence of a solid chamber musician." (Early Music America 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Jean Baur, Where Have You Been? » Early Music America |url=https://www.earlymusicamerica.org/web-articles/jean-baur-happy-to-meet-you/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Early Music America |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Frey performs these sonatas of varied design and content with style and flair, mastering their various technical challenges across the instrument’s extensive range with apparent ease and adding extempore ornamentation aplenty. She shapes the line in the wistful slow movements with seasoned musicality..." (The Strad 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stowell |first=Robin |title=Elinor Frey: Dall’Abaco |url=https://www.thestrad.com/reviews/elinor-frey-dallabaco/10572.article |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Strad |language=en}}</ref> * "[...] her tone is incredibly sweet and unforced as she sails through her phrases and ornaments with apparent ease and infectious joy." (CBC 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Top 20 Classical Albums of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/music/canada-s-top-20-classical-albums-of-2020-1.5805420 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref> * "She's a fearless, sleeves-rolled up player who tackles the disc's title track with resolute derring-do" (BBC Music Magazine 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/bbc-music-magazine/20190710/283442078024928 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control}}

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T21:40:23Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Frey

Elinor Frey

Elinor Frey (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} '''Elinor Frey''' (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, she has a strong background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Reviews == * "This recital confirms Frey [...] as [an] exciting and astute ambassador for the Baroque cello" (Gramophone 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=dallabaco-and-the-art-of-variation |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Gramophone |language=en}}</ref> * "Frey’s tone is at once bright, warm, and focused, and she delivers with the verve and personality of a soloist. Elsewhere, in an accompanying role, she blends with the ensemble – evidence of a solid chamber musician." (Early Music America 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Jean Baur, Where Have You Been? » Early Music America |url=https://www.earlymusicamerica.org/web-articles/jean-baur-happy-to-meet-you/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Early Music America |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Frey performs these sonatas of varied design and content with style and flair, mastering their various technical challenges across the instrument’s extensive range with apparent ease and adding extempore ornamentation aplenty. She shapes the line in the wistful slow movements with seasoned musicality..." (The Strad 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stowell |first=Robin |title=Elinor Frey: Dall’Abaco |url=https://www.thestrad.com/reviews/elinor-frey-dallabaco/10572.article |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Strad |language=en}}</ref> * "[...] her tone is incredibly sweet and unforced as she sails through her phrases and ornaments with apparent ease and infectious joy." (CBC 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Top 20 Classical Albums of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/music/canada-s-top-20-classical-albums-of-2020-1.5805420 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref> * "She's a fearless, sleeves-rolled up player who tackles the disc's title track with resolute derring-do" (BBC Music Magazine 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/bbc-music-magazine/20190710/283442078024928 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control}} [[Category: 1979 births]] [[Category: Musicians]][[Category: Cellists]] [[Category: Canadian women classical cellists]] [[Category: Women performers of early music]] [[Category: 21st-century classical musicians]] [[Category: Canadian performers of early music]] [[Caetgory:

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T21:42:39Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Frey

Elinor Frey

Elinor Frey (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} '''Elinor Frey''' (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, she has a strong background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Reviews == * "This recital confirms Frey [...] as [an] exciting and astute ambassador for the Baroque cello" (Gramophone 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=dallabaco-and-the-art-of-variation |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Gramophone |language=en}}</ref> * "Frey’s tone is at once bright, warm, and focused, and she delivers with the verve and personality of a soloist. Elsewhere, in an accompanying role, she blends with the ensemble – evidence of a solid chamber musician." (Early Music America 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Jean Baur, Where Have You Been? » Early Music America |url=https://www.earlymusicamerica.org/web-articles/jean-baur-happy-to-meet-you/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Early Music America |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Frey performs these sonatas of varied design and content with style and flair, mastering their various technical challenges across the instrument’s extensive range with apparent ease and adding extempore ornamentation aplenty. She shapes the line in the wistful slow movements with seasoned musicality..." (The Strad 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stowell |first=Robin |title=Elinor Frey: Dall’Abaco |url=https://www.thestrad.com/reviews/elinor-frey-dallabaco/10572.article |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Strad |language=en}}</ref> * "[...] her tone is incredibly sweet and unforced as she sails through her phrases and ornaments with apparent ease and infectious joy." (CBC 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Top 20 Classical Albums of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/music/canada-s-top-20-classical-albums-of-2020-1.5805420 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref> * "She's a fearless, sleeves-rolled up player who tackles the disc's title track with resolute derring-do" (BBC Music Magazine 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/bbc-music-magazine/20190710/283442078024928 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control}} [[Category: 1979 births]] [[Category: Musicians]][[Category: Cellists]] [[Category: Canadian women classical cellists]] [[Category: Women performers of early music]] [[Category: 21st-century classical musicians]] [[Category: Canadian performers of early music]]

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T21:43:03Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Frey

Elinor Frey

Elinor Frey (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} '''Elinor Frey''' (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, she has a strong background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Reviews == * "This recital confirms Frey [...] as [an] exciting and astute ambassador for the Baroque cello" (Gramophone 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=dallabaco-and-the-art-of-variation |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Gramophone |language=en}}</ref> * "Frey’s tone is at once bright, warm, and focused, and she delivers with the verve and personality of a soloist. Elsewhere, in an accompanying role, she blends with the ensemble – evidence of a solid chamber musician." (Early Music America 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Jean Baur, Where Have You Been? » Early Music America |url=https://www.earlymusicamerica.org/web-articles/jean-baur-happy-to-meet-you/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Early Music America |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Frey performs these sonatas of varied design and content with style and flair, mastering their various technical challenges across the instrument’s extensive range with apparent ease and adding extempore ornamentation aplenty. She shapes the line in the wistful slow movements with seasoned musicality..." (The Strad 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stowell |first=Robin |title=Elinor Frey: Dall’Abaco |url=https://www.thestrad.com/reviews/elinor-frey-dallabaco/10572.article |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Strad |language=en}}</ref> * "[...] her tone is incredibly sweet and unforced as she sails through her phrases and ornaments with apparent ease and infectious joy." (CBC 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Top 20 Classical Albums of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/music/canada-s-top-20-classical-albums-of-2020-1.5805420 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref> * "She's a fearless, sleeves-rolled up player who tackles the disc's title track with resolute derring-do" (BBC Music Magazine 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/bbc-music-magazine/20190710/283442078024928 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control| qid=Q126089541}} [[Category: 1979 births]] [[Category: Musicians]][[Category: Cellists]] [[Category: Canadian women classical cellists]] [[Category: Women performers of early music]] [[Category: 21st-century classical musicians]] [[Category: Canadian performers of early music]]

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T21:44:20Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Frey

Elinor Frey

Elinor Frey (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{pov|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} '''Elinor Frey''' (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, she has a strong background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Reviews == * "This recital confirms Frey [...] as [an] exciting and astute ambassador for the Baroque cello" (Gramophone 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=dallabaco-and-the-art-of-variation |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Gramophone |language=en}}</ref> * "Frey’s tone is at once bright, warm, and focused, and she delivers with the verve and personality of a soloist. Elsewhere, in an accompanying role, she blends with the ensemble – evidence of a solid chamber musician." (Early Music America 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Jean Baur, Where Have You Been? » Early Music America |url=https://www.earlymusicamerica.org/web-articles/jean-baur-happy-to-meet-you/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Early Music America |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Frey performs these sonatas of varied design and content with style and flair, mastering their various technical challenges across the instrument’s extensive range with apparent ease and adding extempore ornamentation aplenty. She shapes the line in the wistful slow movements with seasoned musicality..." (The Strad 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stowell |first=Robin |title=Elinor Frey: Dall’Abaco |url=https://www.thestrad.com/reviews/elinor-frey-dallabaco/10572.article |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Strad |language=en}}</ref> * "[...] her tone is incredibly sweet and unforced as she sails through her phrases and ornaments with apparent ease and infectious joy." (CBC 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Top 20 Classical Albums of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/music/canada-s-top-20-classical-albums-of-2020-1.5805420 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref> * "She's a fearless, sleeves-rolled up player who tackles the disc's title track with resolute derring-do" (BBC Music Magazine 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/bbc-music-magazine/20190710/283442078024928 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control| qid=Q126089541}} [[Category: 1979 births]] [[Category: Musicians]][[Category: Cellists]] [[Category: Canadian women classical cellists]] [[Category: Women performers of early music]] [[Category: 21st-century classical musicians]] [[Category: Canadian performers of early music]]

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T22:01:59Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Frey

Elinor Frey

Elinor Frey (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is specializes in the music of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has recorded this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition to her main focus on early music, she has a background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is specializes in the music of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has recorded this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition to her main focus on early music, she has a background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{pov|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} '''Elinor Frey''' (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is specializes in the music of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has recorded this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to her main focus on early music, she has a background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control| qid=Q126089541}} [[Category: 1979 births]] [[Category: Musicians]][[Category: Cellists]] [[Category: Canadian women classical cellists]] [[Category: Women performers of early music]] [[Category: 21st-century classical musicians]] [[Category: Canadian performers of early music]]

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T22:43:13Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Frey

Elinor Frey

Elinor Frey (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is specializes in the music of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has recorded this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition to her main focus on early music, she has a background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is specializes in the music of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has recorded this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition to her main focus on early music, she has a background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} '''Elinor Frey''' (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is specializes in the music of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has recorded this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to her main focus on early music, she has a background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control| qid=Q126089541}} [[Category: 1979 births]] [[Category: Musicians]][[Category: Cellists]] [[Category: Canadian women classical cellists]] [[Category: Women performers of early music]] [[Category: 21st-century classical musicians]] [[Category: Canadian performers of early music]]

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T22:51:53Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Frey

Elinor frey

Elinor Frey, (born Aug. 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them. Elinor Frey was born in Seattle Washington, and started playing the cello at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist Barbara Thornton. She pursued studies in cello performance at the Mannes School of Music and Juilliard with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist David Fung) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to Montreal, where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at McGill University. There she began to work extensively in the field of historical performance, receiving a Fulbright to study baroque cello in Como Italy for a year with Paolo Beschi. Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012). And now leads the Accademia dei Dissonanti, an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra. Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the Passacaille and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco and Antonio Vandini. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, teaching baroque cello and performance practice. As Featured Soloist Other Credits

Elinor Frey, is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the baroque era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the Passacaille label. In addition, she has a strong background in contemporary music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.

{{Infobox person | name = Elinor Frey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|23}} | birth_place = Seattle | education = McGill University, Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music | occupation = Baroque Cellist, Musicologist | website = elinorfrey.com }} Elinor Frey, (born Aug. 23, 1979) is a Canadian-American cellist, specializing in music of the eighteenth century. She is a champion of underperformed composers from the later part of the [[Baroque music|baroque]] era, and has an extensive discography of this repertoire on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] label.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, she has a strong background in [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] music, and has commissioned new works for the baroque cello, recording several of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guided By Voices |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/guided-voices |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> == Biography == Elinor Frey was born in [[Seattle|Seattle Washington]], and started playing the [[cello]] at a young age. She was exposed to early music from an early age by listening to recordings of her Aunt, the pioneering vocalist [[Barbara Thornton]].<ref name=":0" /> She pursued studies in cello performance at the [[Mannes School of Music]] and [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]] with an emphasis on new music. Her first solo recording (a recital of contemporary cello music with pianist [[David Fung]]) dates from this portion of her career. In 2008, she moved to [[Montreal]], where she still resides, to begin a doctorate at the Schulich School of music at [[McGill University]]. There she began to work extensively in the field of [[Historically informed performance|historical performance]], receiving a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] to study [[baroque cello]] in [[Como|Como Italy]] for a year with Paolo Beschi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> Frey was a founding member of the ensemble Pallade Musica (winners of the Early Music America Performance Competition in 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Music America Fall 2012 - EMA Competition |url=https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/EMAM/18-3/index.php?startid=3#/p/2 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.nxtbook.com |language=en}}</ref> And now leads the [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ Accademia dei Dissonanti], an organization for perfomance and research. She maintains a busy performance schedule, concertizing and recording across Canada, the US and Europe. She made her Australian debut in 2023, playing concertos with the Brandenburg Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwartz |first=Barney |date=2023-03-01 |title=How to get a rare instrument to tell you its story, and other fiddly questions |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/music/how-to-get-a-rare-instrument-to-tell-you-its-story-and-other-fiddly-questions-20230301-p5coi2.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Her extensive discography, of largely unknown repertoire, on the [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] and Analekta record lables has won several prizes and critical acclaim. In addition to recording, she has also made critical editions of the complete cello music of [[Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco]] and [[Antonio Vandini]]. She is on the faculty of the Schulich School of Music at McGill University and the [[Université de Montréal]], teaching baroque cello and performance practice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche |url=https://musique.umontreal.ca/communaute/corps-enseignant/fiche/in/in19723/sg/Nicolas%20Bernier/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Faculté de musique - Université de Montréal |language=fr}}</ref> == Reviews == * "This recital confirms Frey [...] as [an] exciting and astute ambassador for the Baroque cello" (Gramophone 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=dallabaco-and-the-art-of-variation |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Gramophone |language=en}}</ref> * "Frey’s tone is at once bright, warm, and focused, and she delivers with the verve and personality of a soloist. Elsewhere, in an accompanying role, she blends with the ensemble – evidence of a solid chamber musician." (Early Music America 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Jean Baur, Where Have You Been? » Early Music America |url=https://www.earlymusicamerica.org/web-articles/jean-baur-happy-to-meet-you/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Early Music America |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Frey performs these sonatas of varied design and content with style and flair, mastering their various technical challenges across the instrument’s extensive range with apparent ease and adding extempore ornamentation aplenty. She shapes the line in the wistful slow movements with seasoned musicality..." (The Strad 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stowell |first=Robin |title=Elinor Frey: Dall’Abaco |url=https://www.thestrad.com/reviews/elinor-frey-dallabaco/10572.article |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Strad |language=en}}</ref> * "[...] her tone is incredibly sweet and unforced as she sails through her phrases and ornaments with apparent ease and infectious joy." (CBC 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Top 20 Classical Albums of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/music/canada-s-top-20-classical-albums-of-2020-1.5805420 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref> * "She's a fearless, sleeves-rolled up player who tackles the disc's title track with resolute derring-do" (BBC Music Magazine 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/bbc-music-magazine/20190710/283442078024928 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> == Prizes == * 2016 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), “Berlin Sonatas”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Opus, Lauréats An 1 à 23 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/Archives/An%2025/LaureatsAn1_25.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2020 - [[Diapason d'Or]] for "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Lisez Diapason du 01 juillet 2020 sur ePresse.fr |url=https://www.epresse.fr/kiosque_premium/diapason/2020-07-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=epresse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> * 2021 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus]]: “Performer of the Year” 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauréats, 24eme édition/ Saison 2019-2020 |url=http://www.cqm.qc.ca/docs/Opus/00An24/ListeOfficielleLaureats_An24.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Prix Opus}}</ref> * 2023 - [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]]: Classical Album of the Year (small ensemble) for “Early Italian Cello Concertos.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey |url=https://junoawards.ca/artist-profile/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The JUNO Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 - [[:fr:Prix_Opus|Prix Opus:]] Disque de l’année (Musiques Médiévale, de la renaissance, Baroque), for “Jean Baur: Chamber Music,”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Jean Baur: Chamber Music |url=https://prixopus.com/finalistes/1-3-jean-baur-chamber-music/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=27e Gala des Prix Opus du Conseil québécois de la musique |language=fr-CA}}</ref> == Discography == As Featured Soloist * 2008 - "Dialoghi" with [[David Fung]] Piano. Yarlung Records.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elinor Frey Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> * 2013 - "La Voce del Violoncello" with Esteban La Rotta and [[Susie Napper]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille Records]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ELINOR FREY |url=https://passacaille.be/en/artists/elinor-frey/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Passacaille |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 - "Berlin Sonatas" with [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Marc Vanscheeuwijck. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2017 - "Angelo Maria Fiorè" with [[Suzie LeBlanc|Susie LeBlanc]], [[Lorenzo Ghielmi]] and Esteban La Rotta. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2019 - "Guided by Voices" with Melisande McNabney. Analekta Records<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 - "Giuseppe Clemente Dall'Abaco Cello Sonatas" with Marco Valli, Federica Bianchi, and Giangiacomo Pinardi. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2021 - "Antonio Vandini: Complete Works" with Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Federica Bianchi and Patxi Montero. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2022 - "Early Italian Cello Concertos" with Rosa Barocca, Claude Lapalme dir. Analekta Records <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEO, SAMMARTINI, TARTINI & VIVALDI: EARLY ITALIAN CELLO CONCERTOS |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/leo-sammartini-tartini-vivaldi-early-italian-cello-concertos |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2022 - "The Cello According to Dall'Abaco" with Catherine Jones, Federica Bianchi and Michele Pasotti. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2023 - "Jean Bauer Chamber Music" with Antoine Malette-Chénier, Mélisande McNabney, Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records <ref name=":3" /> * 2024 - "Dall'Abaco and the Art of Variation" with Federica Bianchi, Michele Pasotti, Eva Lymenstull, and Octavie Dostaller-Lalonde. Passacaille Records<ref name=":3" /> Other Credits * 2014 - "Back Venezia" with Pallade Musica. [[ATMA Classique]]<ref name=":2" /> * 2017 - "Trio Sonatas - Shieferlien, CPE Bach, and Telemann" with Pallade Musica. ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2018 - "Fauré, Duruflé Requiem" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2022 - "Magnificat Fugues" with Space Time Continuo. Analekta Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachelbel: Magnificat Fugues |url=https://outhere-music.com/en/albums/pachelbel-magnificat-fugues |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Out-Here Music}}</ref> * 2021 - "Distance" Choir of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul dir Jean-Sébasitien Vallée ATMA Classique<ref name=":2" /> * 2023 - "Lovers and Mourners" with Dorian Bandy and Hank Knox. Leaf Music<ref name=":2" /> == Publications == * Frey, Elinor. 2012. “We Are All (Baroque) Cellists Now : Baroque and Modern Italian Solo Cello Music in Direct Dialogue.” Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=au="Frey, Elinor" - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Frey,%20Elinor%22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref> * Frey, Elinor. 2017. “Sonatas for Violoncello and Arias with Obbligato Violoncello : From the Como Manuscript I-COc, 2808 Autori Vari (XVII-XVIII Sec.) ; Edited by Elinor Frey.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor. 2018. “On Commissioning New Music for Baroque Cello.” ''Circuit'' 28 (2): 11–23. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/1051289ar</nowiki>.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “6 Sonate Manoscritte per Violoncello E B.C., Ms. I-Vnm, D-B, F-PN.” Albese con Cassano: Musedita.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band IV, 8 Sonaten (ABV 32 - ABV 39).” Magdeburg: Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2020. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band V, 7 Sonaten (ABV 40 - 46 ).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Elinor Frey ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten FüR Violoncello Und Basso Continuo--Band III - 8 Sonaten (ABV 24-31).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2021. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band I, 6 Sonaten (ABV 12-17).” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Zwei Trios ABV 54-55, Für 3 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “Drei Duette ABV 47-49, Für 2 Violoncelli.” Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> * Frey, Elinor, ed. 2022. “35 Sonaten Für Violoncello Und Basso Continuo. Band II, 6 Sonaten (ABV 18-23).” Edited by Elinor Frey. Magdeburg: Edition Walhall.<ref name=":4" /> == References ==<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references.--> <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.elinorfrey.com/en/index.php Personal Website] * [https://www.accademiadedissonanti.com/ The Accademia dei Dissonanti] * [https://www.mcgill.ca/music/elinor-frey McGill University Faculty Page] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/5001791 Discogs Artist Page] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002736032 AllMusic Artist Page] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/elinorfrey/videos YouTube Channel] * [https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-382-this-is-my-music/clip/15975611-this-is-my-music-april-1-2023- Frey's guest appearance on CBC radio's This is my music.] {{Authority control}}

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

2024-05-31T21:23:30Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_frey

Rodlo Square

REDURECT Rodło Square

#REDURECT [[Rodło Square]]

2024-05-31T21:25:42Z

2024-05-31T21:25:42Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodlo_Square

Bamberg County School District

Bamberg County School District (BCSD) is a school district headquartered in Denmark, South Carolina. It includes all of Bamberg County. The district was established in 2022 as a merger of Bamberg School District One and Bamberg School District Two. Circa 2019 the state government of South Carolina offered money to small school districts willing to consolidate. A belief in these districts was that the state government could at another point force a consolidation and not give additional money to the forcibly merged districts. This prompted the merger of the Bamberg County districts. High schools: Middle schools: Elementary schools: The Denmark-Olar schools had been co-located, after an expansion of the high school campus, since circa 2019.

Bamberg County School District (BCSD) is a school district headquartered in Denmark, South Carolina. It includes all of Bamberg County.

'''Bamberg County School District''' ('''BCSD''') is a school district headquartered in [[Denmark, South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bambergschools.org/|title=Home|publisher=Bamberg County School District|access-date=2024-05-31|quote=62 S. Holly Avenue, Denmark, SC 29042}}</ref> It includes all of [[Bamberg County, South Carolina|Bamberg County]]. ==History== The district was established in 2022<!--Previous August from January 29, 2023 would be August 2022--> as a merger of [[Bamberg School District One]] and [[Bamberg School District Two]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gleaton|first=Dionne|url=https://thetandd.com/special-section/progress/progress-august-2022-bamberg-county-brings-school-districts-together/article_a3f86f3f-e8a4-54d6-a188-4fbebc12cbfb.html|title=PROGRESS/AUGUST 2022: Bamberg County brings school districts together|newspaper=[[The Times and Democrat]]|date=2023-01-29|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Circa 2019 the state government of South Carolina offered money to small school districts willing to consolidate. A belief in these districts was that the state government could at another point force a consolidation and not give additional money to the forcibly merged districts. This prompted the merger of the Bamberg County districts.<ref name=Advox>{{cite web|last=Adcox|first=Seanna|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/scs-tiniest-school-districts-planning-to-merge-its-for-the-students/article_fe925f60-ad84-11e9-8424-7b7384436351.html|title=SC's tiniest school districts planning to merge: 'It's for the students'|newspaper=[[Post and Courier]]|date=2019-07-28|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> ==Schools== High schools: * [[Bamberg-Ehrhardt High School]] * [[Denmark-Olar High School]] Middle schools: * Bamberg-Ehrhardt Middle School * Denmark-Olar Middle School Elementary schools: * Richard Carroll Elementary School (Bamberg) * Denmark-Olar Elementary School The Denmark-Olar schools had been co-located, after an expansion of the high school campus, since circa 2019.<ref name=Advox/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.bambergschools.org Bamberg County School District] [[Category:Education in Bamberg County, South Carolina]] {{USA-school-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:30:02Z

2024-05-31T21:30:02Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg_County_School_District

Bamberg County School District

Bamberg County School District (BCSD) is a school district headquartered in Denmark, South Carolina. It includes all of Bamberg County. The district was established in 2022 as a merger of Bamberg School District One and Bamberg School District Two. Circa 2019 the state government of South Carolina offered money to small school districts willing to consolidate. A belief in these districts was that the state government could at another point force a consolidation and not give additional money to the forcibly merged districts. This prompted the merger of the Bamberg County districts. High schools: Middle schools: Elementary schools: The Denmark-Olar schools had been co-located, after an expansion of the high school campus, since circa 2019.

Bamberg County School District (BCSD) is a school district headquartered in Denmark, South Carolina. It includes all of Bamberg County.

'''Bamberg County School District''' ('''BCSD''') is a school district headquartered in [[Denmark, South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bambergschools.org/|title=Home|publisher=Bamberg County School District|access-date=2024-05-31|quote=62 S. Holly Avenue, Denmark, SC 29042}}</ref> It includes all of [[Bamberg County, South Carolina|Bamberg County]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st45_sc/schooldistrict_maps/c45009_bamberg/DC20SD_C45009.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Bamberg County, SC|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2024-05-31}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st45_sc/schooldistrict_maps/c45009_bamberg/DC20SD_C45009_SD2MS.txt Text list] - Since both districts merged in 2022, the new district has the combined sum of the area.</ref> ==History== The district was established in 2022<!--Previous August from January 29, 2023 would be August 2022--> as a merger of [[Bamberg School District One]] and [[Bamberg School District Two]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gleaton|first=Dionne|url=https://thetandd.com/special-section/progress/progress-august-2022-bamberg-county-brings-school-districts-together/article_a3f86f3f-e8a4-54d6-a188-4fbebc12cbfb.html|title=PROGRESS/AUGUST 2022: Bamberg County brings school districts together|newspaper=[[The Times and Democrat]]|date=2023-01-29|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Circa 2019 the state government of South Carolina offered money to small school districts willing to consolidate. A belief in these districts was that the state government could at another point force a consolidation and not give additional money to the forcibly merged districts. This prompted the merger of the Bamberg County districts.<ref name=Advox>{{cite web|last=Adcox|first=Seanna|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/scs-tiniest-school-districts-planning-to-merge-its-for-the-students/article_fe925f60-ad84-11e9-8424-7b7384436351.html|title=SC's tiniest school districts planning to merge: 'It's for the students'|newspaper=[[Post and Courier]]|date=2019-07-28|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> ==Schools== High schools: * [[Bamberg-Ehrhardt High School]] * [[Denmark-Olar High School]] Middle schools: * Bamberg-Ehrhardt Middle School * Denmark-Olar Middle School Elementary schools: * Richard Carroll Elementary School (Bamberg) * Denmark-Olar Elementary School The Denmark-Olar schools had been co-located, after an expansion of the high school campus, since circa 2019.<ref name=Advox/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.bambergschools.org Bamberg County School District] [[Category:Education in Bamberg County, South Carolina]] {{USA-school-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:30:02Z

2024-05-31T21:48:57Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg_County_School_District

2023–24 Furman Paladins women's basketball team

The 2023–24 Furman Paladins women's basketball team represented Furman University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Paladins, who were led by first-year head coach Pierre Curtis, played their home games at Timmons Arena in Greenville, South Carolina, as members of the Southern Conference. The Paladins finished the 2022–23 season 11–19, 3–11 in SoCon play to finish in seventh place. They were defeated by eventual tournament champions Chattanooga in the quarterfinals of the SoCon tournament. On June 8, 2023, it was announced that head coach Jackie Carson would be leaving the program, in order to take the job of the ACC's Senior Associate Commissioner for Women's Basketball. Two days later, on June 10, the school announced that associate head coach Pierre Curtis would be elevated to head coach, becoming the eighth head coach in the program's history. Sources:

The 2023–24 Furman Paladins women's basketball team represented Furman University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Paladins, who were led by first-year head coach Pierre Curtis, played their home games at Timmons Arena in Greenville, South Carolina, as members of the Southern Conference.

{{Short description|American college basketball season}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox NCAA team season | sport = women's basketball | year = 2023–24 | team = Furman Paladins | logo = Furman Paladins logo.svg | logo_size = 150 | conference = Southern Conference | short_conf = SoCon | record = 15–16 | conf_record = 5–9 | head_coach = Pierre Curtis | hc_year = 1st | asst_coach1 = Ashley Johnson | asst_coach2 = Amber Reeves | asst_coach3 = Lauren Johnson | arena = [[Furman University#Timmons Arena|Timmons Arena]] }} {{2023–24 Southern Conference women's basketball standings}} The '''2023–24 Furman Paladins women's basketball team''' represented [[Furman University]] during the [[2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season]]. The Paladins, who were led by first-year head coach Pierre Curtis, played their home games at [[Furman University#Timmons Arena|Timmons Arena]] in [[Greenville, South Carolina]], as members of the [[Southern Conference]]. ==Previous season== The Paladins finished the [[2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2022–23 season]] 11–19, 3–11 in SoCon play to finish in seventh place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://soconsports.com/standings.aspx?standings=280|title=2022-23 Women's Basketball Standings|work=[[Southern Conference]]|access-date=May 31, 2024|language=en}}</ref> They were defeated by eventual tournament champions [[2022–23 Chattanooga Mocs women's basketball team|Chattanooga]] in the quarterfinals of the [[2023 Southern Conference women's basketball tournament|SoCon tournament]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gomocs.com/news/2023/3/2/womens-basketball-recap-womens-basketball-rolls-into-the-socon-semifinals.aspx|title=RECAP: Women's Basketball Rolls into the SoCon Semifinals|work=[[Chattanooga Mocs|University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Athletics]]|access-date=May 31, 2024|language=en}}</ref> On June 8, 2023, it was announced that head coach [[Jackie Carson]] would be leaving the program, in order to take the job of the [[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]]'s Senior Associate Commissioner for Women's Basketball.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theacc.com/news/2023/6/8/acc-hires-jackie-carson-as-senior-associate-commissioner-for-womens-basketball.aspx|title=ACC Hires Jackie Carson as Senior Associate Commissioner for Women's Basketball|work=[[Atlantic Coast Conference]]|access-date=May 31, 2024|language=en}}</ref> Two days later, on June 10, the school announced that associate head coach Pierre Curtis would be elevated to head coach, becoming the eighth head coach in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/sports/college/furman/2023/06/10/furman-women-basketball-pierre-curtis-jackie-carson-acc/70309323007/|title=Pierre Curtis named Furman women's basketball coach, succeeding Jackie Carson who leaves for ACC|work=[[The Greenville News|Greenville Online]]|access-date=May 31, 2024|language=en}}</ref> ==Roster== {{CBB roster/Header|sex=w|year=2023|team=Furman Paladins|teamcolors=y|high_school=y}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Jayda|last=Pinder|num=0|pos=G|ft=5|in=7|class=fr|rs=|home=[[Tampa, Florida]]|high_school=[[Academy of the Holy Names (Florida)|Academy of the Holy Names]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Evie|last=DePetro|num=1|pos=G|ft=5|in=9|class=sr|rs=|home=[[Knoxville, Tennessee]]|high_school=[[Carter High School (Strawberry Plains, Tennessee)|Carter High School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Jada|last=Session|num=3|pos=F|ft=6|in=1|class=jr|rs=|home=[[Locust Grove, Georgia]]|high_school=[[Luella High School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Tate|last=Walters|num=4|pos=G|ft=5|in=9|class=jr|rs=y|home=[[Buford, Georgia]]|high_school=[[Buford High School (Georgia)|Buford High School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Kennedy|last=Grier|num=10|pos=G|ft=5|in=4|class=sr|rs=|home=[[Charlotte, North Carolina]]|high_school=[[Charlotte Country Day School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Ella|last=Riggs|num=11|pos=G|ft=5|in=9|class=so|rs=|home=[[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]]|high_school=[[Indian Hill High School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Asa|last=Snyder|num=12|pos=G|ft=5|in=7|class=fr|rs=|home=[[Charleston, South Carolina]]|high_school=[[Porter-Gaud School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Paraskevi|last=Koilia|num=13|pos=G|ft=5|in=8|class=sr|rs=|home=[[Athens]], [[Greece]]|high_school=[[Moraitis School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Hanna|last=Hansson|num=14|pos=F|ft=6|in=4|class=fr|rs=y|home=[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]|high_school=Riksidrottsgymnasiet Lulea}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Sydney|last=Ryan|num=20|pos=G|ft=5|in=11|class=so|rs=|home=[[Nashville, Tennessee]]|high_school=[[Brentwood High School (Tennessee)|Brentwood High School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Niveya|last=Henley|num=21|pos=G|ft=6|in=0|class=so|rs=y|home=[[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]]|high_school=[[Montverde Academy]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Jaelyn|last=Acker|num=24|pos=G|ft=5|in=7|class=so|rs=y|home=[[Richfield, Wisconsin]]|high_school=[[Germantown High School (Wisconsin)|Germantown High School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Nia|last=Johnson|num=30|pos=G|ft=5|in=8|class=gs|rs=|home=[[Sacramento, California]]|high_school=[[New Mexico Lobos women's basketball|New Mexico]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Sydney|last=James|num=35|pos=G/F|ft=6|in=0|class=sr|rs=|home=[[Ocala, Florida]]|high_school=[[West Port High School]]}} {{CBB roster/Player|sex=w|first=Kate|last=Johnson|num=42|pos=F|ft=6|in=3|class=jr|rs=|home=[[Canton, Georgia]]|high_school=[[Cherokee High School (Georgia)|Cherokee High School]]}} {{CBB roster/Footer |head_coach= * Pierre Curtis ({{college|James Madison}}) |asst_coach= * Ashley Johnson ({{college|LSU}}) * Amber Reeves ([[University of North Carolina Wilmington|UNC Wilmington]]) * Lauren Johnson ({{college|Southern Wesleyan}}) |roster_url=https://furmanpaladins.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/2023-24 |accessdate=May 31, 2024 }} ==Schedule and results== {{CBB schedule start|attend=yes}} |- !colspan=12 style={{NCAA color cell|Furman Paladins}}| Non-conference regular season {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = November 7, 2023 | time = 7:00 pm | nonconf = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 UNC Asheville Bulldogs women's basketball team|UNC Asheville]] | site_stadium = [[Furman University#Timmons Arena|Timmons Arena]] | site_cityst = [[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]] | tv = [[ESPN+]] | score = 71–61 | attend = 577 | record = 1–0 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = November 11, 2023 | time = 2:00 pm | nonconf = yes | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets women's basketball team|Georgia Tech]] | site_stadium = [[McCamish Pavilion]] | site_cityst = [[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA]] | tv = [[ACC Network|ACCNX]] | score = 56–91 | attend = 1,538 | record = 1–1 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = November 14, 2023 | time = 6:00 pm | nonconf = yes | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Charleston Southern Buccaneers women's basketball team|Charleston Southern]] | site_stadium = [[Buccaneer Field House]] | site_cityst = [[North Charleston, South Carolina|North Charleston, SC]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 71–68 | attend = 208 | record = 2–1 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = November 18, 2023 | time = 2:00 pm | nonconf = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers women's basketball team|Coastal Carolina]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 72–78 | attend = 227 | record = 2–2 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = November 20, 2023 | time = 7:00 pm | nonconf = yes | opponent = [[Southern Wesleyan University|Southern Wesleyan]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 96–62 | attend = 158 | record = 3–2 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = November 23, 2023 | time = 1:30 pm | nonconf = yes | neutral = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Appalachian State Mountaineers women's basketball team|Appalachian State]] | site_stadium = [[Coliseo Rubén Rodríguez]] | site_cityst = [[Bayamón, Puerto Rico|Bayamón, PR]] | gamename = Puerto Rico Thanksgiving Basketball Clasico | tv = | score = 63–68 | attend = 100 | record = 3–3 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = November 25, 2023 | time = 1:30 pm | nonconf = yes | neutral = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Binghamton Bearcats women's basketball team|Binghamton]] | site_stadium = Coliseo Rubén Rodríguez | site_cityst = Bayamón, PR | gamename = Puerto Rico Thanksgiving Basketball Clasico | tv = | score = 74–72 | attend = 100 | record = 4–3 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = November 29, 2023 | time = 7:00 pm | nonconf = yes | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs women's basketball team|Gardner–Webb]] | site_stadium = [[Paul Porter Arena]] | site_cityst = [[Boiling Springs, North Carolina|Boiling Springs, NC]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 73–66 | attend = 150 | record = 5–3 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = December 3, 2023 | time = 2:00 pm | nonconf = yes | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Georgia Lady Bulldogs basketball team|Georgia]] | site_stadium = [[Stegeman Coliseum]] | site_cityst = [[Athens, Georgia|Athens, GA]] | tv = [[SEC Network|SECN+]] | score = 55–85 | attend = 2,944 | record = 5–4 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = December 6, 2023 | time = 7:00 pm | nonconf = yes | opponent = [[Bob Jones University|Bob Jones]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 124–44 | attend = 301 | record = 6–4 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = December 9, 2023 | time = 4:30 pm | nonconf = yes | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 USC Upstate Spartans women's basketball team|USC Upstate]] | site_stadium = [[G. B. Hodge Center]] | site_cityst = [[Spartanburg, South Carolina|Spartanburg, SC]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 58–61 | attend = 259 | record = 6–5 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = December 14, 2023 | time = 7:00 pm | nonconf = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Elon Phoenix women's basketball team|Elon]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 73–47 | attend = 518 | record = 7–5 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = December 17, 2023 | time = 1:00 pm | nonconf = yes | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Kentucky Wildcats women's basketball team|Kentucky]] | site_stadium = [[Rupp Arena]] | site_cityst = [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington, KY]] | tv = SECN+ | score = 45–75 | attend = 3,287 | record = 7–6 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = December 21, 2023 | time = 7:00 pm | nonconf = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 South Carolina State Lady Bulldogs basketball team|South Carolina State]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 67–43 | attend = 502 | record = 8–6 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = December 31, 2023 | time = 1:00 pm | nonconf = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 North Carolina Central Eagles women's basketball team|North Carolina Central]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 73–63 | attend = 366 | record = 9–6 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = January 7, 2024 | time = 2:00 pm | nonconf = yes | opponent = [[Converse University|Converse]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 93–40 | attend = 832 | record = 10–6 }} |- !colspan=12 style={{NCAA color cell|Furman Paladins}}| SoCon regular season {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = January 11, 2024 | time = 7:00 pm | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Western Carolina Catamounts women's basketball team|Western Carolina]] | site_stadium = [[Ramsey Center]] | site_cityst = [[Cullowhee, North Carolina|Cullowhee, NC]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 84–69 | attend = 526 | record = 11–6 | conference = 1–0 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = January 13, 2024 | time = 2:00 pm | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 UNC Greensboro Spartans women's basketball team|UNC Greensboro]] | site_stadium = [[Fleming Gymnasium]] | site_cityst = [[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro, NC]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 55–70 | attend = 321 | record = 11–7 | conference = 1–1 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = January 20, 2024 | time = 2:00 pm | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Wofford Terriers women's basketball team|Wofford]] | site_stadium = [[Jerry Richardson Indoor Stadium]] | site_cityst = Spartanburg, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 51–69 | attend = 1,049 | record = 11–8 | conference = 1–2 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = January 25, 2024 | time = 7:00 pm | opponent = [[2023–24 Samford Bulldogs women's basketball team|Samford]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 60–66 | attend = 342 | record = 11–9 | conference = 1–3 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = January 27, 2024 | time = 2:00 pm | opponent = [[2023–24 Mercer Bears women's basketball team|Mercer]] | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 58–56 | attend = 518 | record = 12–9 | conference = 2–3 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = February 1, 2024 | time = 7:00 pm | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 East Tennessee State Buccaneers women's basketball team|East Tennessee State]] | site_stadium = Brooks Gymnasium | site_cityst = [[Johnson City, Tennessee|Johnson City, TN]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 59–78 | attend = 659 | record = 12–10 | conference = 2–4 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = February 3, 2024 | time = 2:00 pm | away = yes | opponent = [[2023–24 Chattanooga Mocs women's basketball team|Chattanooga]] | site_stadium = [[McKenzie Arena]] | site_cityst = [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga, TN]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 62–79 | attend = – | record = 12–11 | conference = 2–5 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = February 8, 2024 | time = 7:00 pm | opponent = UNC Greensboro | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 56–59 | attend = 357 | record = 12–12 | conference = 2–6 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = February 11, 2024 | time = 2:00 pm | opponent = Western Carolina | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 58–53 | attend = 358 | record = 13–12 | conference = 3–6 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = February 15, 2024 | time = 7:00 pm | opponent = Wofford | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 64–51 | attend = 667 | record = 14–12 | conference = 4–6 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = February 22, 2024 | time = 7:00 pm | away = yes | opponent = Mercer | site_stadium = [[Hawkins Arena]] | site_cityst = [[Macon, Georgia|Macon, GA]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 50–55 | attend = 473 | record = 14–13 | conference = 4–7 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = February 24, 2024 | time = 5:30 pm | away = yes | opponent = Samford | site_stadium = [[Pete Hanna Center]] | site_cityst = [[Homewood, Alabama|Homewood, AL]] | tv = ESPN+ | score = 66–74 | attend = 423 | record = 14–14 | conference = 4–8 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = February 29, 2024 | time = 7:00 pm | opponent = Chattanooga | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 53–60 | attend = 344 | record = 14–15 | conference = 4–9 }} {{CBB Schedule Entry | date = March 2, 2024 | time = 6:00 pm | opponent = East Tennessee State | site_stadium = Timmons Arena | site_cityst = Greenville, SC | tv = ESPN+ | score = 67–59 | attend = 417 | record = 15–15 | conference = 5–9 }} |- !colspan=9 style={{NCAA color cell|Furman Paladins}}| [[2024 Southern Conference women's basketball tournament|<span style={{NCAA color cell|Furman Paladins}}>SoCon tournament</span>]] {{CBB schedule entry | date = March 7, 2024 | time = 1:15 pm | seed = 7 | neutral = yes | opponent = UNC Greensboro | oppseed = 2 | site_stadium = [[Harrah's Cherokee Center]] | site_cityst = [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville, NC]] | gamename = Quarterfinals | tv = ESPN+ | score = 44–64 | attend = – | record = 15–16 }} |- {{CBB Schedule End |timezone=[[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] |poll=[[2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings#AP Poll|AP Poll]]}} Sources:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://furmanpaladins.com/sports/womens-basketball/schedule/2023-24|title=2023-24 Women's Basketball Schedule|work=[[Furman Paladins|Furman University]]|access-date=May 31, 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/team/schedule/_/id/231/season/2024|title=Furman Paladins 2023-24 Regular Season NCAAW Schedule|work=[[ESPN]]|access-date=May 31, 2024|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Furman Paladins women's basketball navbox}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Furman Paladins women's basketball team}} [[Category:Furman Paladins women's basketball seasons]] [[Category:2023–24 Southern Conference women's basketball season|Furman Paladins]] [[Category:2023 in sports in South Carolina|Furman Paladins women's basketball]] [[Category:2024 in sports in South Carolina|Furman Paladins women's basketball]]

2024-05-31T21:34:29Z

2024-05-31T21:34:29Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Furman_Paladins_women%27s_basketball_team

Anton Roshchin

Anton Vladimirovich Roshchin (Russian: Антон Владимирович Рощин; born 24 March 2005) is a Russian football player who plays as a right midfielder for Spartak Moscow. Roshchin made his debut in the Russian Premier League for Spartak Moscow on 21 April 2024 in a game against Rostov.

Anton Vladimirovich Roshchin is a Russian football player who plays as a right midfielder for Spartak Moscow.

{{short description|Russian footballer}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Anton Roshchin | fullname = Anton Vladimirovich Roshchin | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|3|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Astrakhan]], Russia | height = 1.81 m | position = [[Right midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] | clubnumber = 91 | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [[FC Volgar Astrakhan|Volgar Astrakhan]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = UOR-5 Yegoryevsk | youthyears3 = | youthclubs3 = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] | years1 = 2023– | clubs1 = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] | caps1 = 1 | goals1 = 0 | pcupdate = 21 April 2024 | ntupdate = }} '''Anton Vladimirovich Roshchin''' ({{lang-ru|Антон Владимирович Рощин}}; born 24 March 2005) is a Russian [[association football|football]] player who plays as a [[right midfielder]] for [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]]. ==Career== Roshchin made his debut in the [[Russian Premier League]] for [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] on 21 April 2024 in a game against [[FC Rostov|Rostov]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Russian Premier League]]|url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_15677.html|title=Rostov v Spartak game report|date=21 April 2024}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{updated|25 May 2024}} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan=2|Club !rowspan=2|Season !colspan=3|League !colspan=2|Cup !colspan=2|Continental !colspan=2|Other !colspan=2|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |[[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] |[[2023–24 Russian Premier League|2023–24]] |[[Russian Premier League]] |1||0||0||0||colspan=2|–||colspan=2|–||1||0 |- !colspan=3|Career total !1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0 |} {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{Soccerway|anton-roshchin/960015}} * {{Sportbox.ru|Futbol/Anton_Vladimirovich_Roshhin__Futbol___24_03_2005_/}} * {{RPL player|Roschin-Anton}} * {{FootballFacts.ru|681382-roschinantonvladimirovich}} {{FC Spartak Moscow squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roshchin, Anton}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:Footballers from Astrakhan]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Russian men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]] [[Category:FC Spartak Moscow players]] [[Category:Russian Premier League players]] {{Russia-footy-midfielder-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:38:21Z

2024-05-31T21:38:21Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Roshchin

Indirana duboisi

The Karnataka leaping frog or Dubois's leaping frog (Indirana duboisi) is a frog. It is endemic to India in the Western Ghat mountains. This frog inhabits secondary forests and in forests with at least some evergreen trees. This frog needs some canopy cover and moist leaf litter. It has been observed on acacia and arecanut plantations. This frog has been observed between 80 and 1042 meters above sea level. This frog has semi-aquatic tadpoles that live on wet rocks and moss. They move using their strong tails and hind back legs, which grow in sooner than other tadpoles' back legs. The IUCN classifies this frog as near threatened. Scientists cite pesticides and habitat loss associated with tourism as threats. Scientists also name climate change as a possible threat. Alterations to the monsoon climate could cause drying of the moist soil the frog requires. The frog's range includes protected parks, including Kudremukh National Park, Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, and Bhadra Tiger Reserve. Scientists have observed the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on other frogs in Indirana, but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.

The Karnataka leaping frog or Dubois's leaping frog is a frog. It is endemic to India in the Western Ghat mountains.

{{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status =NT | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Indirana duboisi | authority = Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} The '''Karnataka leaping frog''' or '''Dubois's leaping frog''' (''Indirana duboisi'') is a [[frog]]. It is endemic to [[India]] in the [[Western Ghat]] mountains.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Indirana duboisi'' Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-duboisi |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Indirana duboisi'' Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, & Molur, 2016 |author1= |editor1= |editor2= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8515 |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title= Tyson's Leaping Frog: ''Indirana duboisi'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/119243196/119243208 |page=e.T119243196A119243208 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T119243196A119243208.en |id=119243196 |year=2023 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |accessdate=May 31, 2024}}</ref> ==Habitat== This frog inhabits secondary forests and in forests with at least some evergreen trees. This frog needs some [[canopy (biology)|canopy cover]] and moist [[leaf litter]]. It has been observed on [[acacia]] and [[arecanut]] plantations. This frog has been observed between 80 and 1042 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Reproduction== This frog has semi-aquatic tadpoles that live on wet rocks and moss. They move using their strong tails and hind back legs, which grow in sooner than other tadpoles' back legs.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Threats== The IUCN classifies this frog as near threatened. Scientists cite pesticides and habitat loss associated with tourism as threats.<ref name=IUCN /> Scientists also name [[climate change]] as a possible threat. Alterations to the monsoon climate could cause drying of the moist soil the frog requires.<ref name=IUCN /> The frog's range includes protected parks, including [[Kudremukh National Park]], [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Bhadra Tiger Reserve]].<ref name=IUCN /> Scientists have observed the fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' on other frogs in ''Indirana'', but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality. ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'' causes the fungal disease [[chytridiomycosis]].<ref name=IUCN /> ==Original publication== *{{cite journal|author1=Dahanukar N|author2= Modak N|author3= Krutha K|author4= Nameer PO|author5= Padhye AD|author6= Molur S |year=2016 |title=Leaping Frogs (Anura: Ranixalidae) of the Western Ghats of India: an integrated taxonomic review. |journal=J Threatened Taxa |volume=8|pages= 9221-9288|accessdate=May 29, 2024|url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2532|doi=10.11609/jott.2532.8.10.9221-9288 |type=Abstract}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of Asia]][[Category:Amphibians described in 2016]][[Category:Endemic fauna of India]] {{Taxonbar|from=Q51326729}} {{biology-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:40:20Z

2024-05-31T21:40:20Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirana_duboisi

Indirana duboisi

The Karnataka leaping frog or Dubois's leaping frog (Indirana duboisi) is a frog. It is endemic to India in the Western Ghat mountains. This frog inhabits secondary forests and in forests with at least some evergreen trees. This frog needs some canopy cover and moist leaf litter. It has been observed on acacia and arecanut plantations. This frog has been observed between 80 and 1042 meters above sea level. This frog has semi-aquatic tadpoles that live on wet rocks and moss. They move using their strong tails and hind back legs, which grow in sooner than other tadpoles' back legs. The IUCN classifies this frog as near threatened. Scientists cite pesticides and habitat loss associated with tourism as threats. Scientists also name climate change as a possible threat. Alterations to the monsoon climate could cause drying of the moist soil the frog requires. The frog's range includes protected parks, including Kudremukh National Park, Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, and Bhadra Tiger Reserve. Scientists have observed the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on other frogs in Indirana, but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.

The Karnataka leaping frog or Dubois's leaping frog is a frog. It is endemic to India in the Western Ghat mountains.

{{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status =NT | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Indirana duboisi | authority = Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} The '''Karnataka leaping frog''' or '''Dubois's leaping frog''' (''Indirana duboisi'') is a [[frog]]. It is endemic to [[India]] in the [[Western Ghat]] mountains.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Indirana duboisi'' Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-duboisi |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Indirana duboisi'' Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, & Molur, 2016 |author1= |editor1= |editor2= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8515 |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title= Tyson's Leaping Frog: ''Indirana duboisi'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/119243196/119243208 |page=e.T119243196A119243208 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T119243196A119243208.en |id=119243196 |year=2023 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |accessdate=May 31, 2024}}</ref> ==Habitat== This frog inhabits secondary forests and in forests with at least some evergreen trees. This frog needs some [[canopy (biology)|canopy cover]] and moist [[leaf litter]]. It has been observed on [[acacia]] and [[arecanut]] plantations. This frog has been observed between 80 and 1042 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Reproduction== This frog has semi-aquatic tadpoles that live on wet rocks and moss. They move using their strong tails and hind back legs, which grow in sooner than other tadpoles' back legs.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Threats== The IUCN classifies this frog as near threatened. Scientists cite pesticides and habitat loss associated with tourism as threats.<ref name=IUCN /> Scientists also name [[climate change]] as a possible threat. Alterations to the monsoon climate could cause drying of the moist soil the frog requires.<ref name=IUCN /> The frog's range includes protected parks, including [[Kudremukh National Park]], [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Bhadra Tiger Reserve]].<ref name=IUCN /> Scientists have observed the fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' on other frogs in ''Indirana'', but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality. ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'' causes the fungal disease [[chytridiomycosis]].<ref name=IUCN /> ==Original publication== *{{cite journal|author1=Dahanukar N|author2= Modak N|author3= Krutha K|author4= Nameer PO|author5= Padhye AD|author6= Molur S |year=2016 |title=Leaping Frogs (Anura: Ranixalidae) of the Western Ghats of India: an integrated taxonomic review. |journal=J Threatened Taxa |volume=8|pages= 9221-9288|accessdate=May 29, 2024|url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2532|doi=10.11609/jott.2532.8.10.9221-9288 |type=Abstract}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of Asia]][[Category:Amphibians described in 2016]][[Category:Endemic fauna of India]] {{Taxonbar|from=Q51326729}} {{Ranoidea-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:40:20Z

2024-05-31T21:41:50Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirana_duboisi

Kwadwo Addaikrom

Kwadwo Addaikrom is a town in the Asunafo North Municipal District in the Ahafo Region of Ghana. The town can be described as an averagely dynamic center for farming. The fundamental occupation of residents of Kwadwo Addaikrom is farming, which is cultivation of cash crops and food crops.. The predominant cash crops grown in this area is cocoa. Kwadwo Addaikrom also produces foodstuffs that are sent to Mim, Ahafo, Accra, Goaso and other big towns. In spite of the town's immense contribution to the Agricultural economy of Ghana, Residents who are predominantly COCOA farmers lack basic social amenities in life. The Chiefs and residents of the town recently registered their displeasure against the Ghana Government over Lack of pipeborne water; lack of proper healthcare facility; lack of telecommunication network; lack of Police Post among others.

Kwadwo Addaikrom is a town in the Asunafo North Municipal District in the Ahafo Region of Ghana. The town can be described as an averagely dynamic center for farming. The fundamental occupation of residents of Kwadwo Addaikrom is farming, which is cultivation of cash crops and food crops.. The predominant cash crops grown in this area is cocoa. Kwadwo Addaikrom also produces foodstuffs that are sent to Mim, Ahafo, Accra, Goaso and other big towns. In spite of the town's immense contribution to the Agricultural economy of Ghana, Residents who are predominantly COCOA farmers lack basic social amenities in life. The Chiefs and residents of the town recently registered their displeasure against the Ghana Government over Lack of pipeborne water; lack of proper healthcare facility; lack of telecommunication network; lack of Police Post among others.

{{Short description|City in Ahafo region, Ghana}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} {{Use Ghanaian English|date=January 2023}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Kwadwo Addaikrom | pushpin_label_position = bottom | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | image_skyline = | caption = | settlement_type = [[Town]] <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_link = | blank_emblem_size = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | other_name = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Ghana}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Ahafo Region]] | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = [[Asunafo North Municipal District]] | subdivision_type3 = '''Sub-District''' | subdivision_name3 = | pushpin_map = Ghana<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | population_as_of = | population_blank3_title = | population_blank3 = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|6|59|28|N|2|42|52|W|region:GH|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref></ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | name = }} '''Kwadwo Addaikrom''' is a town in the [[Asunafo North Municipal District]] in the [[Ahafo Region]] of [[Ghana]]<ref>https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/composite-budget/2021/AH/Asunafo_North.pdf</ref>. The town can be described as an averagely dynamic center for [[Agriculture|farming]]. The fundamental occupation of residents of Kwadwo Addaikrom is [[Agriculture|farming]], which is cultivation of [[cash crop]]s and [[Crop|food crops]].<ref>https://ndpc.gov.gh/media/AH_Asunafo_North_APR_2020_Xqrw9WP.pdf</ref>. The predominant cash crops grown in this area is [[cocoa bean|cocoa]]. Kwadwo Addaikrom also produces foodstuffs that are sent to [[Mim, Ahafo]], [[Accra]], [[Goaso]] and other big towns. In spite of the town's immense contribution to the Agricultural economy of Ghana, Residents who are predominantly COCOA farmers lack basic social amenities in life. The Chiefs and residents of the town recently registered their displeasure against the Ghana Government over Lack of pipeborne water; lack of proper healthcare facility; lack of telecommunication network; lack of Police Post among others. <ref>https://www.adomonline.com/chiefs-and-residents-of-kwadwo-addaikrom-demand-completion-of-abandoned-projects/</ref><ref>https://rejoicefmonline.com/kwadwo-addaikrom-community-appeals-to-government-to-complete-abandoned-projects/</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wiktionary-inline}} {{GhanaLargestCities}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kwadwo Addaikrom,Kojo Addaikrom, Kwadwo Addai krom}} [[Category:Populated places in the Ahafo Region]]

2024-05-31T21:41:06Z

2024-05-31T21:41:06Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwadwo_Addaikrom

Kwadwo Addaikrom

Kwadwo Addaikrom is a town in the Asunafo North Municipal District in the Ahafo Region of Ghana. The town can be described as an averagely dynamic center for farming which is the fundamental occupation of residents who cultivate both cash crops and food crops.. The predominant cash crop grown in this area is cocoa. food crops produced in Kwadwo Addaikrom are sent to big cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Mim, Ahafo,Goaso among others. In spite of the town's immense contribution to the Agricultural economy of Ghana, Residents who are predominantly COCOA farmers lack basic social amenities in life. The Chiefs and residents of the town recently registered their displeasure against the Ghana Government over Lack of pipeborne water; lack of proper healthcare facility; lack of telecommunication network; lack of Police Post among others.

Kwadwo Addaikrom is a town in the Asunafo North Municipal District in the Ahafo Region of Ghana. The town can be described as an averagely dynamic center for farming which is the fundamental occupation of residents who cultivate both cash crops and food crops.. The predominant cash crop grown in this area is cocoa. food crops produced in Kwadwo Addaikrom are sent to big cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Mim, Ahafo,Goaso among others. In spite of the town's immense contribution to the Agricultural economy of Ghana, Residents who are predominantly COCOA farmers lack basic social amenities in life. The Chiefs and residents of the town recently registered their displeasure against the Ghana Government over Lack of pipeborne water; lack of proper healthcare facility; lack of telecommunication network; lack of Police Post among others.

{{Short description|City in Ahafo region, Ghana}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} {{Use Ghanaian English|date=January 2023}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Kwadwo Addaikrom | pushpin_label_position = bottom | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | image_skyline = | caption = | settlement_type = [[Town]] <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_link = | blank_emblem_size = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | other_name = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Ghana}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Ahafo Region]] | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = [[Asunafo North Municipal District]] | subdivision_type3 = '''Sub-District''' | subdivision_name3 = | pushpin_map = Ghana<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | population_as_of = | population_blank3_title = | population_blank3 = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|6|59|28|N|2|42|52|W|region:GH|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref></ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | name = }} '''Kwadwo Addaikrom''' is a town in the [[Asunafo North Municipal District]] in the [[Ahafo Region]] of [[Ghana]]<ref>https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/composite-budget/2021/AH/Asunafo_North.pdf</ref>. The town can be described as an averagely dynamic center for [[Agriculture|farming]] which is the fundamental occupation of residents who cultivate both [[cash crop]]s and [[Crop|food crops]].<ref>https://ndpc.gov.gh/media/AH_Asunafo_North_APR_2020_Xqrw9WP.pdf</ref>. The predominant cash crop grown in this area is [[cocoa bean|cocoa]]. [[Crop|food crops]] produced in Kwadwo Addaikrom are sent to big cities such as [[Accra]], [[Kumasi]], [[Mim|Mim, Ahafo]],[[Goaso]] among others. In spite of the town's immense contribution to the Agricultural economy of Ghana, Residents who are predominantly COCOA farmers lack basic social amenities in life. The Chiefs and residents of the town recently registered their displeasure against the Ghana Government over Lack of pipeborne water; lack of proper healthcare facility; lack of telecommunication network; lack of Police Post among others. <ref>https://www.adomonline.com/chiefs-and-residents-of-kwadwo-addaikrom-demand-completion-of-abandoned-projects/</ref><ref>https://rejoicefmonline.com/kwadwo-addaikrom-community-appeals-to-government-to-complete-abandoned-projects/</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wiktionary-inline}} {{GhanaLargestCities}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kwadwo Addaikrom,Kojo Addaikrom, Kwadwo Addai krom}} [[Category:Populated places in the Ahafo Region]]

2024-05-31T21:41:06Z

2024-05-31T22:21:43Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwadwo_Addaikrom

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Early Zionist Leader, Agronomist, Pioneer of agricultural settlements in Israel (1900–1980)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' (1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Biography== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]]. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref>

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Early Zionist Leader, Agronomist, Pioneer of agricultural settlements in Israel (1900–1980)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' ({{lang-he|עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}}{{ltr}}; 1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Biography== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]]. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref>

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-05-31T21:49:22Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (Hebrew: עקיבא יעקב אטינגר; 1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Early Zionist Leader, Agronomist, Pioneer of agricultural settlements in Israel (1900–1980)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' ({{lang-he|עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}}{{ltr}}; 1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Biography== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]]. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> ==References==

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-05-31T21:51:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (Hebrew: עקיבא יעקב אטינגר; 1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Early Zionist Leader, Agronomist, Pioneer of agricultural settlements in Israel (1900–1980)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | native_name = {{lang|he| עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}} | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' ({{lang-he|עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}}{{ltr}}; 1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Biography== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]]. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> ==References==

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-05-31T22:09:55Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (Hebrew: עקיבא יעקב אטינגר; 1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Early Zionist Leader, Agronomist, Pioneer of agricultural settlements in Israel, Jewish Leader (1900–1980)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | native_name = {{lang|he| עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}} | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' ({{lang-he|עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}}{{ltr}}; 1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Biography== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]]. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> ==References==

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-05-31T22:13:10Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (Hebrew: עקיבא יעקב אטינגר; 1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Early Zionist Leader, Agronomist, Pioneer of agricultural settlements in Israel, Jewish Leader (1900–1980)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | native_name = {{lang|he| עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}} | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' ({{lang-he|עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}}{{ltr}}; 1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Early Life== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> ==Zionist Activism== In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]]. ==Death== Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> ==References==

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-05-31T22:15:20Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (Hebrew: עקיבא יעקב אטינגר; 1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Early Zionist Leader, Agronomist, Pioneer of agricultural settlements in Israel, Jewish Leader (1900–1980)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | native_name = {{lang|he| עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}} | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' ({{lang-he|עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}}{{ltr}}; 1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Early Life== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> ==Zionist Activism== In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> ==Death== Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> ==References==

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-05-31T22:18:01Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (Hebrew: עקיבא יעקב אטינגר; 1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Early Zionist Leader, Agronomist, Pioneer of agricultural settlements in Israel, Jewish Leader (1872–1945)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | native_name = {{lang|he| עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}} | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' ({{lang-he|עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}}{{ltr}}; 1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Early Life== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> ==Zionist Activism== In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> ==Death== Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> ==References==

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-05-31T22:44:59Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Akiva Ettinger

Akiva Jacob Ettinger (Hebrew: עקיבא יעקב אטינגר; 1872 - 1945) was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in Vitebsk, Belorussia; his mother was descended from the renowned Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He received a degree in agriculture from Saint Petersburg University. In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in southern Russia as a representative of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in Bessarabia. In 1902, the Odessa Committee of Hovevei Zion dispatched Ettinger and Ahad HaAm to Ottoman Palestine to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. Chaim Weizmann called Ettinger to London as an advisor on settlement issues during the Balfour Declaration negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”. After relocating to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1918, Ettinger led the Zionist Organization's Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: Kiryat Anavim. Ettinger was a key figure in the Jewish National Fund's acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements (kibbutzes, moshavs, and kevuaahs), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for afforestation. Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in Kiryat Anavim.

Akiva Jacob Ettinger was an agronomist and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in Ottoman Palestine. He led the Jewish National Fund's land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the Jewish Colonization Association in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina. During World War I, he was one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. He was also affiliated with with the Jewish National Council, where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests.

{{Short description|Russian agronomist and Zionist leader (1872–1945)}} {{Infobox person | name = Akiva Ettinger | image = Akiva Ettinger.jpg | native_name = {{lang|he| עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}} | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Akiva Jacob Ettinger | birth_date = 1872 | birth_place = [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Akiva-Ettinger/4784119053940123558], [[Geni]]</ref> | death_date = 1945 | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]] | nationality = Russian | other_names = | occupation = [[Agronomist]], Director General of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] | years_active = | known_for = Co-Founder of the [[Zion Mule Corps]], Agricultural Settlement Leader | notable_works = *Jewish Colonization in Palestine: Methods, Plans and Capital (1916) *Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development (1918) }} '''Akiva Jacob Ettinger''' ({{lang-he|עקיבא יעקב אטינגר}}{{ltr}}; 1872 - 1945) was an [[agronomist]] and an early Zionist leader who advocated for agricultural settlement in [[Ottoman Palestine]]. He led the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s land purchases in Palestine and functioned as director general of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] in South Russia, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> During [[World War I]], he was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Legion]]. He was also affiliated with with the [[Jewish National Council]], where he oversaw projects to drain swamps and forests. <ref>[https://israeled.org/akiva-ettinger-1872-1945/amp/], [[Center for Israel Education]]</ref> ==Early Life== Ettinger was born into a well-to-do family in [[Vitebsk]], [[Belorussia]]; his mother was descended from the renowned [[Talmudic]] scholar Rabbi [[Akiva Eiger]]. He received a degree in [[agriculture]] from [[Saint Petersburg University]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> ==Zionist Activism== In 1898, he participated in an inquiry into the conditions facing Jewish farmers in [[southern Russia]] as a representative of the [[Jewish Colonization Association]] (ICA). Following this, he was requested to create a Jewish model farm in [[Bessarabia]]. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> In 1902, the [[Odessa Committee]] of [[Hovevei Zion]] dispatched Ettinger and [[Ahad HaAm]] to [[Ottoman Palestine]] to look into the condition of Jewish settlements. [[Chaim Weizmann]] called Ettinger to [[London]] as an advisor on settlement issues during the [[Balfour Declaration]] negotiations. It was during this trip that he wrote his memorandum titled “Palestine after the War: Proposals for Administration and Development”.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> After relocating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1918, Ettinger led the [[Zionist Organization]]'s Department of Agricultural Settlement until 1924. After acquiring land in 1919, he established a village that would later serve as a model for hill settlements: [[Kiryat Anavim]]. Ettinger was a key figure in the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s acquisition of land, as well as in the planning and execution of settlements ([[kibbutzes]], [[moshavs]], and [[kevuaahs]]), supporting their growth as mixed farms with a focus on orchards and dairy farming. He also presented fresh techniques for [[afforestation]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ettinger-akiva-jacob], [[Encyclopedia]]</ref> ==Death== Akiva Ettinger died in 1945, and was buried in [[Kiryat Anavim]].<ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-a-j-ettinger-agronomist-former-ica-director-dies-in-palestine], [[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]</ref> ==References==

2024-05-31T21:41:47Z

2024-06-01T00:37:50Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Ettinger

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to:

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to: Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip Targeted killings by Israel Gaza Strip mass graves

'''Extrajudicial killings in Palestine''' may refer to: * [[Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip]] * [[Targeted killings by Israel]] * [[Gaza Strip mass graves]] {{disambiguation|geo}}

2024-05-31T21:43:30Z

2024-05-31T21:43:30Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to:

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to: Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip Targeted killings by Israel Gaza Strip mass graves

'''Extrajudicial killings in Palestine''' may refer to: * [[Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip]] * [[Targeted killings by Israel]] * [[Gaza Strip mass graves]] * [[Extrajudicial killings]] {{disambiguation|geo}}

2024-05-31T21:43:30Z

2024-05-31T21:43:57Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to:

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to: Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip Targeted killings by Israel Gaza Strip mass graves Extrajudicial killings

'''[[Extrajudicial killings]] in Palestine''' may refer to: * [[Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip]] * [[Targeted killings by Israel]] * [[Gaza Strip mass graves]] * [[Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings]] {{disambiguation|geo}}

2024-05-31T21:43:30Z

2024-05-31T21:47:04Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to:

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to: Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip Targeted killings by Israel Gaza Strip mass graves Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings

{{QD| nothing links here }} '''[[Extrajudicial killings]] in Palestine''' may refer to: * [[Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip]] * [[Targeted killings by Israel]] * [[Gaza Strip mass graves]] * [[Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings]] {{disambiguation|geo}}

2024-05-31T21:43:30Z

2024-05-31T21:54:53Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to:

Extrajudicial killings in Palestine may refer to: Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip Targeted killings by Israel Gaza Strip mass graves Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings

'''[[Extrajudicial killings]] in Palestine''' may refer to: * [[Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip]] * [[Targeted killings by Israel]] * [[Gaza Strip mass graves]] * [[Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings]] {{disambiguation|geo}}

2024-05-31T21:43:30Z

2024-05-31T22:59:18Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Palestine

FK Pčinja 2015

FK Pchinja 2015 (Macedonian: ФК Пчиња 2015) is a football club based in the village of Pchinja near Kumanovo, North Macedonia. They are currently competing in the Macedonian Third League (North Division). The club was founded in 1963 under the name Zadrugar. Later in 1968, it received the name Pchinja according to the club's homeplace. Pchinja competes until spring 2001. From the 2001–02 season, the club gets the new name Pchinja 2001. And from the 2007–08 season, the new logo of the club was made, after which Pchinja 2001 became Pchinja Junajted. The color of the home jersey was orange and red in stripes, the shorts are black and the socks were white, and in the away matches Pchinja Junajted competed in a blue jersey, blue shorts and white socks or in a completely white jersey. In 2015, the club was renewed under the name Pchinja 2015.

FK Pchinja 2015 is a football club based in the village of Pchinja near Kumanovo, North Macedonia. They are currently competing in the Macedonian Third League.

{{Infobox football club | clubname = FK Pchinja 2015 | image = FK Pčinja 2015.png | fullname = Fudbalski klub Pchinja 2015 | founded = {{start date and age|1963}} | ground = Stadion Milko Ilievski | capacity = 1,014 | chairman = Boban Manevski | manager = Chaslav Vukanovski &<br>Zoran Kuzevski | league = [[Macedonian Third Football League|Macedonian Third League]] (North) | season = 2023–24 | position = [[Macedonian Municipal Football Leagues|OFS Kumanovo]], 1st (promoted)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://macedonianfootball.com/rzhanichino-and-pchinja-promoted-to-3-mfl-north/|title=R’zhanichino and Pchinja promoted to 3.MFL North|publisher=macedonianfootball.com|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> }} '''FK Pchinja 2015''' ({{lang-mk|ФК Пчиња 2015}}) is a [[football (soccer)|football]] club based in the village of [[Pčinja, Kumanovo|Pchinja]] near [[Kumanovo]], [[North Macedonia]]. They are currently competing in the [[Macedonian Third Football League|Macedonian Third League]] (North Division). ==History== The club was founded in 1963 under the name ''Zadrugar''.<ref name="macedonianfootball">{{cite web|url=https://macedonianfootball.com/team/pchinja-junajted/|title=Macedonian Football &#124; Pchinja|publisher=macedonianfootball.com|accessdate=2024-05-31}}</ref> Later in 1968, it received the name ''Pchinja'' according to the club's homeplace. Pchinja competes until spring 2001. From the 2001–02 season, the club gets the new name ''Pchinja 2001''. And from the 2007–08 season, the new logo of the club was made, after which ''Pchinja 2001'' became ''Pchinja Junajted''. The color of the home jersey was orange and red in stripes, the shorts are black and the socks were white, and in the away matches ''Pchinja Junajted'' competed in a blue jersey, blue shorts and white socks or in a completely white jersey. In 2015, the club was refounded under the name ''Pchinja 2015''. [[File:FK Pčinja Junajted.jpg|thumbnail|100px|right|Former logo as Pchinja Junajted]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[https://macedonianfootball.com/team/pchinja-junajted/ Club info at MacedonianFootball] {{in lang|en}} *[http://ffm.mk/ Football Federation of Macedonia] {{in lang|mk}} {{Macedonian Third Football League teamlist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:FK Kadino}} [[Category:Football clubs in North Macedonia|Pcinja]] [[Category:Association football clubs established in 1963]] [[Category:1963 establishments in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia]] [[Category:Kumanovo Municipality]] {{RMacedonia-footyclub-stub}}

2024-05-31T21:45:15Z

2024-05-31T22:13:52Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_P%C4%8Dinja_2015

Extrajudicial killings in the Gaza Strip

Extrajudicial killings in the Gaza Strip may refer to:

Extrajudicial killings in the Gaza Strip may refer to: Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip Targeted killings by Israel Gaza Strip mass graves Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings

'''[[Extrajudicial killings]] in the [[Gaza Strip]]''' may refer to: * [[Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip]] * [[Targeted killings by Israel]] * [[Gaza Strip mass graves]] * [[Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings]] {{disambiguation|geo}}

2024-05-31T21:51:38Z

2024-05-31T21:51:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_Gaza_Strip

Gema Igual

Gema Igual Ortiz (born 10 September 1973) is a Spanish politician of the People's Party (PP). She was elected to the city council of Santander in Cantabria in 2003 and became mayor in 2016. Igual was born in Santander in Cantabria. She was raised in nearby Isla, in the municipality of Arnuero. Her older brother José Manuel is also a People's Party politician, mayor of Arnuero since 1999 and member of the Parliament of Cantabria from 2003 to 2019. She studied teaching at the University of Cantabria but did not finish her course. After leaving university, Igual relocated to Madrid, where she worked for eight years at a travel agency and then returned to Cantabria to lead its Association of Young Businesspeople. In 2003, she was elected to the city council on a list led by mayor Gonzalo Piñeiro [es], and was put in charge of tourism and festivities by his administration. In November 2016, mayor Íñigo de la Serna left office to be Minister of Growth in the national government, and Igual was sworn in as the first woman to be mayor of Santander. In the 2019 Spanish local elections, her party fell to 10 out of 27 seats and governed as a minority with the two councillors from Citizens. Four years later, her party achieved an absolute majority with 14 seats. In September 2023, Igual became vice president of the Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces (FEMP).

Gema Igual Ortiz is a Spanish politician of the People's Party (PP). She was elected to the city council of Santander in Cantabria in 2003 and became mayor in 2016.

[[File:Gema_Igual.jpg|thumb|upright]] '''Gema Igual Ortiz''' (born 10 September 1973)<ref name=onda>{{cite news |last1=Real |first1=Alicia |title=Gema Igual, la primera mujer en llegar a la alcaldía de Santander|trans-title=Gema Igual, the first woman to become mayor of Santander |url=https://www.ondacero.es/emisoras/cantabria/noticias/gema-igual-primer-mujer-llegar-alcaldia-santander_202305186465f1456cbd630001a92bae.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=[[Onda Cero]] |date=18 May 2023 |language=Spanish}}</ref> is a Spanish politician of the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] (PP). She was elected to the city council of [[Santander, Spain|Santander]] in [[Cantabria]] in 2003 and became mayor in 2016. She was elected to the [[Parliament of Cantabria]] in 2023. ==Biography== Igual was born in [[Santander, Spain|Santander]] in [[Cantabria]].<ref name=onda/> She was raised in nearby [[Isla (Cantabria)|Isla]], in the municipality of [[Arnuero]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gema Igual, la alcaldesa 'slow': “Quiero que Santander entre en la ruta de la alta cultura”|trans-title=Gema Igual, the 'slow' mayor: "I want Santander to enter the route of high culture"|url=https://www.elespanol.com/mujer/protagonistas/20220501/gema-igual-alcaldesa-slow-quiero-santander-cultura/668683555_0.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=[[El Español]] |date=1 May 2022 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Her older brother José Manuel is also a [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] politician, mayor of Arnuero since 1999 and member of the [[Parliament of Cantabria]] from 2003 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahumada |first1=José |title=Hermanos y alcaldes|trans-title=Siblings and mayors |url=https://www.eldiariomontanes.es/cantabria/hermanos-alcaldes-20230625120443-nt.html|access-date=31 May 2024 |work=[[El Diario Montañés]] |date=24 June 2023 |language=Spanish}}</ref> She studied teaching at the [[University of Cantabria]] but did not finish her course.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vivar |first1=Rubén |title=Gema Igual se resiste a dimitir y atribuye su título de Magisterio a un “error”|trans-title=Gema Igual resists calls to resign and attributes her teaching title to an "error"|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cantabria/ultimas-noticias/gema-igual-dimitir-atribuye-magisterio_1_3503437.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=[[elDiario.es]] |date=29 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gema Igual protagoniza la próxima edición de Foro SER Cantabria|trans-title=Gema Igual will lead the next edition of SER Cantabria Forum |url=https://cadenaser.com/emisora/2021/11/22/radio_santander/1637581677_488346.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=[[Cadena SER]] |date=24 November 2021 |language=Spanish}}</ref> After leaving university, Igual relocated to [[Madrid]], where she worked for eight years at a travel agency and then returned to Cantabria to lead its Association of Young Businesspeople. In 2003, she was elected to the city council on a list led by mayor {{ill|Gonzalo Piñeiro|es}}, and was put in charge of tourism and festivities by his administration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santiago |first1=Violeta |last2=Chato |first2=Pilar |title=Gema Igual apela al consenso para construir el futuro de Santander|trans-title=Gema Igual calls for consensus to contruct the future of Santander|url=https://www.eldiariomontanes.es/santander/santander-20190615104840-nt.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=El Diario Montañés|date=15 June 2019}}</ref> In November 2016, mayor [[Íñigo de la Serna]] left office to be Minister of Growth in the national government, and Igual was sworn in as the first woman to be mayor of Santander.<ref>{{cite news |last1=López |first1=Álvaro |title=Gema Igual toma posesión como alcaldesa ofreciendo más diálogo con la oposición|trans-title=Gema Igual takes office as mayor offering more dialogue with the opposition |url=https://cadenaser.com/emisora/2016/11/17/radio_santander/1479407274_111627.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=Cadena SER |date=17 November 2016 |language=Spanish}}</ref> In the [[2019 Spanish local elections]], her party fell to 10 out of 27 seats and governed as a minority with the two councillors from [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Citizens]].<ref>{{cite news |title=El PP revalida la alcaldía de Santander con el apoyo de Ciudadanos|trans-title=PP retain Santander mayor's office with support from Citizens |url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2019/06/15/5d04fec7fdddfffa068b4576.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |date=15 June 2019 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Four years later, her party achieved an absolute majority with 14 seats.<ref>{{cite news |title=La popular Gema Igual, reelegida alcaldesa de Santander con mayoría absoluta|trans-title=PP's Gema Igual, re-elected mayor of Santander with absolute majority |url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/politica-directo-ultima-hora_6_10303011_1101050.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=elDiario.es |date=17 June 2023 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Igual was elected to the [[Parliament of Cantabria]] in the [[2023 Cantabrian regional election]], running second on the PP list.<ref>{{cite news |title=El Parlamento de Cantabria tendrá en esta legislatura 17 caras nuevas|trans-title=Parliament of Cantabria will have 17 new faces in this legislature |url=https://www.ifomo.es/articulo/elecciones-2023/cantabria-28m-parlamento-cantabria-tendra-legislatura-17-caras-nuevas/20230529184824261705.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=Ifomo |date=29 May 2023 |language=Spanish}}</ref> In September 2023, she became vice president of the [[Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces]] (FEMP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bustamente |first1=M. |title=Gema Igual: "Es el momento de volver a la FEMP de todos" |trans-title=Gema Igual: "It's time to make FEMP everyone's again"|url=https://cadenaser.com/cantabria/2023/09/22/gema-igual-es-el-momento-de-volver-a-la-femp-de-todos-radio-santander/ |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=Cadena SER |date=22 September 2023 |language=Spanish}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Mayors of Santander, Spain}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Igual, Gema}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Santander, Spain]] [[Category:People from Trasmiera]] [[Category:University of Cantabria alumni]] [[Category:People's Party (Spain) politicians]] [[Category:Mayors of places in Cantabria]] [[Category:Women mayors of places in Spain]] [[Category:21st-century Spanish women politicians]] [[Category:Members of the Parliament of Cantabria]]

2024-05-31T21:56:11Z

2024-05-31T22:13:33Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gema_Igual

Jeff Cooling

Jeff Cooling (born 1987) is an American politician and electrician who has represented the 77th district of the Iowa House of Representatives since January 2023, which consists of parts of southern Linn County, including parts of southern Cedar Rapids. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Cooling was born in 1987 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and was raised in Shueyville, Iowa. He graduated from Prairie High School in 2006 and completed his apprenticeship through IBEW Local 405. Following decennial redistricting in 2021, Cooling announced his candidacy for the open 77th district seat of the Iowa House of Representatives in early 2022. He won the Democratic primaries unopposed on June 7, 2022, and won the general election on November 8 unopposed with over 95 percent of the vote. Cooling serves on the Local Government, State Government, Transportation, and Labor and Workforce committees, the lattermost of which he is the ranking member. In 2024, Cooling filed paperwork to run for reelection. Cooling has said that his priorities include workers' rights, childcare and education. Cooling has a wife, Amanda, and two children. He resides in Cedar Rapids. He is the president of IBEW Local 405 and is vice president of the Hawkeye Area Labor Council.

Jeff Cooling is an American politician and electrician who has represented the 77th district of the Iowa House of Representatives since January 2023, which consists of parts of southern Linn County, including parts of southern Cedar Rapids. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

{{Short description|American politician (born 1987)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Jeff Cooling |image = Jeff Cooling.jpg |state_house1 = Iowa |district1 = [[Iowa's 77th House of Representatives district|77th]] |term_start1 = January 9, 2023 |term_end1 = |predecessor1 = [[Amy Nielsen]] |successor1 = |constituency1 = [[Iowa's 77th House of Representatives district|District 77]] - (2023–present) |birth_date = {{birth year and age|1987}} |birth_place = [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] |spouse = Amanda |children = 2 |education = [[IBEW]] [[apprenticeship]] |occupation = Electrician }} '''Jeff Cooling''' (born 1987) is an American politician and electrician who has represented the [[Iowa's 77th House of Representatives district|77th district]] of the [[Iowa House of Representatives]] since January 2023, which consists of parts of southern [[Linn County, Iowa|Linn County]], including parts of southern [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name="Legislature">{{cite web |title=State Representative - All Years |url=https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislators/legislator/legislatorAllYears?personID=33987 |website=Iowa Legislature |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> ==Early life== Cooling was born in 1987 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and was raised in [[Shueyville, Iowa]]. He graduated from [[Prairie High School (Iowa)|Prairie High School]] in 2006 and completed his apprenticeship through [[IBEW]] Local 405.<ref name=Legislature/> ==Political career== Following decennial redistricting in 2021, Cooling announced his candidacy for the open 77th district seat of the Iowa House of Representatives in early 2022.<ref name="Gazette">{{cite web |last1=Lynch |first1=James Q. |title=Cedar Rapids union leader running for Iowa House seat |url=https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/cedar-rapids-union-president-seeking-open-iowa-house-seat/ |website=The Gazette |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> He won the Democratic primaries unopposed on June 7, 2022, and won the general election on November 8 unopposed with over 95 percent of the vote.<ref name="Ballotpedia">{{cite web |title=Jeff Cooling |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Jeff_Cooling |website=Ballotpedia |access-date=May 31, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Cooling serves on the Local Government, State Government, Transportation, and Labor and Workforce committees, the lattermost of which he is the [[ranking member]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Representative - Bills & Committees |url=https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislators/legislator?ga=90&personID=33987 |website=Iowa Legislature |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> In 2024, Cooling filed paperwork to run for reelection.<ref>{{cite web |title=primarycandidatelist.pdf |url=https://sos.iowa.gov/elections/pdf/Candidates/primarycandidatelist.pdf |website=Iowa Secretary of State |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> Cooling has said that his priorities include workers' rights, [[childcare]] and education.<ref name=Gazette/> ==Personal life== Cooling has a wife, Amanda, and two children. He resides in Cedar Rapids. He is the president of IBEW Local 405 and is vice president of the Hawkeye Area Labor Council.<ref name=Legislature/><ref name=Gazette/> ==Electoral history== {{Compact election box no change begin}} {{Compact election box no change |election_title = Iowa House of Representatives Democratic primary elections, 2022 |election_note = District 77 |election_ref = <ref name=Ballotpedia/> |turnout_votes = 1,612 |result = (newly redistricted) |winner = Jeff Cooling <!-- no incumbent --> |winner_party = Iowa Democratic Party |winner_votes = 1,609 |winner_percent = 99.8 |candidate2 = Other/Write-in votes |candidate2_party = |candidate2_votes = 3 |candidate2_percent = 0.2 }} {{Compact election box no change |election_title = [[2022 Iowa House of Representatives election|Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 2022]] |election_note = District 77 |election_ref = <ref name=Ballotpedia/> |turnout_votes = 7,298 |result = (newly redistricted) |winner = Jeff Cooling <!-- no incumbent --> |winner_party = Iowa Democratic Party |winner_votes = 6,951 |winner_percent = 95.2 |candidate2 = Other/Write-in votes |candidate2_party = |candidate2_votes = 347 |candidate2_percent = 4.8 }} {{Compact election box no change end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Iowa House of Representatives}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cooling, Jeff}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Democratic Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives]] [[Category:21st-century American legislators]] [[Category:International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers people]] [[Category:People from Cedar Rapids, Iowa]] [[Category:People from Shueyville, Iowa]] [[Category:American electricians]]

2024-05-31T22:00:26Z

2024-05-31T22:00:26Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Cooling

Jeff Cooling

Jeff Cooling (born 1987) is an American politician and electrician who has represented the 77th district of the Iowa House of Representatives since January 2023, which consists of parts of southern Linn County, including parts of southern Cedar Rapids. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Cooling was born in 1987 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and was raised in Shueyville, Iowa. He graduated from Prairie High School in 2006 and completed his apprenticeship through IBEW Local 405. Following decennial redistricting in 2021, Cooling announced his candidacy for the open 77th district seat of the Iowa House of Representatives in early 2022. He won the Democratic primaries unopposed on June 7, 2022, and won the general election on November 8 unopposed with over 95 percent of the vote. Cooling serves on the Local Government, State Government, Transportation, and Labor and Workforce committees, the lattermost of which he is the ranking member. In 2024, Cooling filed paperwork to run for reelection. Cooling has said that his priorities include workers' rights, childcare and education. Cooling has a wife, Amanda, and two children. He resides in Cedar Rapids. He is the president of IBEW Local 405 and is vice president of the Hawkeye Area Labor Council.

Jeff Cooling is an American politician and electrician who has represented the 77th district of the Iowa House of Representatives since January 2023, which consists of parts of southern Linn County, including parts of southern Cedar Rapids. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

{{Short description|American politician (born 1987)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Jeff Cooling |image = Jeff Cooling.jpg |state_house1 = Iowa |district1 = [[Iowa's 77th House of Representatives district|77th]] |term_start1 = January 9, 2023 |term_end1 = |predecessor1 = [[Amy Nielsen]] |successor1 = |constituency1 = [[Iowa's 77th House of Representatives district|District 77]] - (2023–present) |birth_date = {{birth year and age|1987}} |birth_place = [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] |spouse = Amanda |children = 2 |education = [[IBEW]] [[apprenticeship]] |occupation = Electrician }} '''Jeff Cooling''' (born 1987) is an American politician and electrician who has represented the [[Iowa's 77th House of Representatives district|77th district]] of the [[Iowa House of Representatives]] since January 2023, which consists of parts of southern [[Linn County, Iowa|Linn County]], including parts of southern [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name="Legislature">{{cite web |title=State Representative - All Years |url=https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislators/legislator/legislatorAllYears?personID=33987 |website=Iowa Legislature |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> ==Early life== Cooling was born in 1987 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and was raised in [[Shueyville, Iowa]]. He graduated from [[Prairie High School (Iowa)|Prairie High School]] in 2006 and completed his apprenticeship through [[IBEW]] Local 405.<ref name=Legislature/> ==Political career== Following decennial redistricting in 2021, Cooling announced his candidacy for the open 77th district seat of the Iowa House of Representatives in early 2022.<ref name="Gazette">{{cite web |last1=Lynch |first1=James Q. |title=Cedar Rapids union leader running for Iowa House seat |url=https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/cedar-rapids-union-president-seeking-open-iowa-house-seat/ |website=The Gazette |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> He won the Democratic primaries unopposed on June 7, 2022, and won the general election on November 8 unopposed with over 95 percent of the vote.<ref name="Ballotpedia">{{cite web |title=Jeff Cooling |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Jeff_Cooling |website=Ballotpedia |access-date=May 31, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Cooling serves on the Local Government, State Government, Transportation, and Labor and Workforce committees, the lattermost of which he is the [[ranking member]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Representative - Bills & Committees |url=https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislators/legislator?ga=90&personID=33987 |website=Iowa Legislature |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> In 2024, Cooling filed paperwork to run for reelection.<ref>{{cite web |title=primarycandidatelist.pdf |url=https://sos.iowa.gov/elections/pdf/Candidates/primarycandidatelist.pdf |website=Iowa Secretary of State |access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref> Cooling has said that his priorities include workers' rights, [[childcare]] and education.<ref name=Gazette/> ==Personal life== Cooling has a wife, Amanda, and two children. He resides in Cedar Rapids. He is the president of IBEW Local 405 and is vice president of the Hawkeye Area Labor Council.<ref name=Legislature/><ref name=Gazette/> ==Electoral history== {{Compact election box no change begin}} {{Compact election box no change |election_title = Iowa House of Representatives Democratic primary elections, 2022 |election_note = District 77 |election_ref = <ref name=Ballotpedia/> |turnout_votes = 1,612 |result = (newly redistricted) |winner = Jeff Cooling <!-- no incumbent --> |winner_party = Iowa Democratic Party |winner_votes = 1,609 |winner_percent = 99.8 |candidate2 = Other/Write-in votes |candidate2_party = |candidate2_votes = 3 |candidate2_percent = 0.2 }} {{Compact election box no change |election_title = [[2022 Iowa House of Representatives election|Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 2022]] |election_note = District 77 |election_ref = <ref name=Ballotpedia/> |turnout_votes = 7,298 |result = (newly redistricted) |winner = Jeff Cooling <!-- no incumbent --> |winner_party = Iowa Democratic Party |winner_votes = 6,951 |winner_percent = 95.2 |candidate2 = Other/Write-in votes |candidate2_party = |candidate2_votes = 347 |candidate2_percent = 4.8 }} {{Compact election box no change end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Iowa House of Representatives}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cooling, Jeff}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Democratic Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives]] [[Category:21st-century American legislators]] [[Category:International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers people]] [[Category:Politicians from Cedar Rapids, Iowa]] [[Category:People from Shueyville, Iowa]] [[Category:American electricians]]

2024-05-31T22:00:26Z

2024-05-31T22:11:46Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Cooling

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman". <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|3- ''Babiniec'' of [[Tarnów Cathedral]]]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Narthex]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} {{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman". <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|3- ''Babiniec'' of [[Tarnów Cathedral]]]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Narthex]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T22:47:11Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} {{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman". <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|3- ''Babiniec'' of [[Tarnów Cathedral]]]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Narthex]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T23:12:08Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} {{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}<ref>[http://www.sekowa.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/?page_id=15 Historia kościołów]</ref>, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman". <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|3- ''Babiniec'' of [[Tarnów Cathedral]]]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Narthex]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T23:15:55Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} {{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}<ref>[http://www.sekowa.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/?page_id=15 Historia kościołów]</ref>, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women.<ref>[https://www.beskidsadecki.eu/index.php?id=szlak_cerkwi_lemkowskich&sk=cerkiewnik Tu jest tworzony słowniczek pojęć, używanych w opisach konstrukcji i wystroju cerkwi]</ref> The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman". <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|3- ''Babiniec'' of [[Tarnów Cathedral]]]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Narthex]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T23:17:31Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} {{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}<ref>[http://www.sekowa.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/?page_id=15 Historia kościołów]</ref>, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women.<ref>[https://www.beskidsadecki.eu/index.php?id=szlak_cerkwi_lemkowskich&sk=cerkiewnik Tu jest tworzony słowniczek pojęć, używanych w opisach konstrukcji i wystroju cerkwi]</ref> The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman". <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|3- ''Babiniec'' of [[Tarnów Cathedral]]]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Narthex]] *[[Church porch]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T23:19:01Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} {{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}<ref>[http://www.sekowa.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/?page_id=15 Historia kościołów]</ref>, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women.<ref>[https://www.beskidsadecki.eu/index.php?id=szlak_cerkwi_lemkowskich&sk=cerkiewnik Tu jest tworzony słowniczek pojęć, używanych w opisach konstrukcji i wystroju cerkwi]</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-9U7zj5ucuAC&pg=PA321</ref> The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman". <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|3- ''Babiniec'' of [[Tarnów Cathedral]]]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Narthex]] *[[Church porch]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T23:20:35Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} {{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}<ref>[http://www.sekowa.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/?page_id=15 Historia kościołów]</ref>, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women.<ref>[https://www.beskidsadecki.eu/index.php?id=szlak_cerkwi_lemkowskich&sk=cerkiewnik Tu jest tworzony słowniczek pojęć, używanych w opisach konstrukcji i wystroju cerkwi]</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-9U7zj5ucuAC&pg=PA321</ref> The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RO_VAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD&dq=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsyN36hbmGAxWBHjQIHTU_Coc4ChDoAXoECAIQAg p. 81]</ref> <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|3- ''Babiniec'' of [[Tarnów Cathedral]]]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Narthex]] *[[Church porch]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T23:31:55Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} {{under construction|date=May 2024}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}<ref>[http://www.sekowa.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/?page_id=15 Historia kościołów]</ref>, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women.<ref>[https://www.beskidsadecki.eu/index.php?id=szlak_cerkwi_lemkowskich&sk=cerkiewnik Tu jest tworzony słowniczek pojęć, używanych w opisach konstrukcji i wystroju cerkwi]</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-9U7zj5ucuAC&pg=PA321</ref> The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RO_VAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD&dq=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsyN36hbmGAxWBHjQIHTU_Coc4ChDoAXoECAIQAg p. 81]</ref> <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|[[Tarnów Cathedral]]: 3- ''Babiniec'', 4-Southern [[narthex]] ]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Church porch]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T23:37:34Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}<ref>[http://www.sekowa.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/?page_id=15 Historia kościołów]</ref>, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women.<ref>[https://www.beskidsadecki.eu/index.php?id=szlak_cerkwi_lemkowskich&sk=cerkiewnik Tu jest tworzony słowniczek pojęć, używanych w opisach konstrukcji i wystroju cerkwi]</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-9U7zj5ucuAC&pg=PA321</ref> The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RO_VAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD&dq=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsyN36hbmGAxWBHjQIHTU_Coc4ChDoAXoECAIQAg p. 81]</ref> <center> <div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div> </center> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|[[Tarnów Cathedral]]: 3- ''Babiniec'', 4-Southern [[narthex]] ]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Church porch]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-05-31T23:38:00Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

Babinets (architecture)

Babinets (Czech: Babinec, Polish: Babiniec, Russian: Бабинец, Ukrainian: Бабинець) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

Babinets is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women. The term derives from the Slavic word baba, "woman".

{{Short description|Church arcitecture element}} '''Babinets''' ({{lang-cs|Babinec}}, {{lang-pl|Babiniec}}<ref>[http://www.sekowa.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/?page_id=15 Historia kościołów]</ref>, {{lang-ru|Бабинец }}, {{lang-uk|Бабинець}}<ref>[https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us/translate/uk-uk/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C бабинець]</ref>) is a compartment in some Slavic churches, historically intended for women.<ref>[https://www.beskidsadecki.eu/index.php?id=szlak_cerkwi_lemkowskich&sk=cerkiewnik Tu jest tworzony słowniczek pojęć, używanych w opisach konstrukcji i wystroju cerkwi]</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-9U7zj5ucuAC&pg=PA321</ref> The term derives from the Slavic word ''baba'', "woman".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RO_VAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD&dq=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsyN36hbmGAxWBHjQIHTU_Coc4ChDoAXoECAIQAg p. 81]</ref> <div class="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 400px;"> {{Image label begin|image=Plan of ST. Voznesinnia church in Chortiv.gif|width=400px|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.18 |y=0.31 |scale=400|text='''Babinets'''}} {{Image label|x=0.5|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Nave]]}} {{Image label|x=0.745|y=0.31|scale=400|text=[[Altar]]}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.6|scale=400|text=Floorplan of the three-part [[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Orthodox church]]}} {{Image label end}} </div></div> [[File:Plan kolegiaty tarnowskiej w 1785 r. wg F. Herziga.svg|thumb|center|[[Tarnów Cathedral]]: 3- ''Babiniec'', 4-Southern [[narthex]] ]] ==See also== *[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture]] *[[Church porch]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Church architecture]] [[Category:Women's history]]

2024-05-31T22:01:01Z

2024-06-01T00:15:10Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinets_(architecture)

2024 Bilderberg Conference

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker. The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting. These topics included: A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website. This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told The Daily Telegraph in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized. Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Estonia European Union (International) Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy NATO (International) Netherlands Norway Other (International) Poland Portugal Russia Spain Switzerland Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United Nations (International) United States

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.

{{Short description|International conference in Madrid}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox summit meeting | name = 2024 Bilderberg Conference | other_titles = 70th Bilderberg Meeting | logo = | logo_alt = | image = | alt = <!-- See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images]] --> | caption = | country = Spain | date = May 30–June 2, 2024 | motto = | venues = | cities = [[Madrid]] | participants = {{circa|130}} from 23 countries | chairperson = | president = | follows = [[2023 Bilderberg Conference]] | precedes = 2025 Bilderberg Conference | website = https://bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/ | keypoints = | compactnav = }} The '''2024 Bilderberg Conference''' is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in [[Madrid]], Spain.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="z034">{{cite web | last=Wall | first=Martin | title=Donohoe, Varadkar and Coveney to attend Bilderberg meeting in Madrid | website=The Irish Times | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/05/31/donohoe-varadkar-and-coveney-to-attend-bilderberg-meeting-in-madrid/ | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> The 2024 meeting was the [[List of Bilderberg meetings|70th edition]] of the event.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> A [[Bilderberg Group]] press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries.<ref name="Participants 2024">{{cite web | title=Participants 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings| url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/participants-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Established in [[1954 Bilderberg Conference|1954]] by [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands]], Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business [[elite]]. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's [[Bilderberg meeting#Organizational structure|steering committee]]; including prominent politicians, [[CEOs]], [[national security|national security experts]], [[Academic staff|academics]] and journalists.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023"/><ref>{{cite web | last=Sommerlad | first=Joe | title=Who are the secretive Bilderberg Group and are they really the New World Order? | website=The Independent | date=June 4, 2019 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bilderberg-group-conspiracy-theories-secret-societies-new-world-order-alex-jones-a8377171.html | access-date=April 26, 2023}}</ref><ref name="s891">{{cite web | last=Kantor | first=Lukas | title=Bilderbergers head EU, NATO, IMF and UN | website=Academia.edu | date=2024-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/120147696/Bilderbergers_head_EU_NATO_IMF_and_UN | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Bilderberg conferences operate under [[Chatham House rules]], meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A secretive annual meeting attended by the world's elite has A.I. top of the agenda | website=CNBC | date=May 18, 2023 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/18/bilderberg-openai-microsoft-google-join-ai-talks-at-secretive-meeting.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> ==Agenda== The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting.<ref name="y631">{{cite web | title=Press release 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings | url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/press-release-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> These topics included: {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *State of [[AI]] *AI Safety *Changing Faces of Biology *[[Climate]] *Future of [[Warfare]] *Geopolitical Landscape *Europe's Economic Challenges *US Economic Challenges *US Political Landscape *Ukraine and the World *[[Middle East]] *China *Russia {{div col end}} ==Participants== A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website.<ref name="Participants 2024"/> This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | last=Holehouse | first=Matthew | title=Bilderberg Group? No conspiracy, just the most influential group in the world | website=The Telegraph | date=June 6, 2013 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10102168/Bilderberg-Group-No-conspiracy-just-the-most-influential-group-in-the-world.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} '''{{flagu|Austria}}''' *[[Pamela Rendi-Wagner]] *[[Robert Zadrazil]] *[[Gerhard Zeiler]] '''{{flagu|Belgium}}''' *[[Ilham Kadri]] *[[Thomas Leysen]] *[[Karel Verhoeven]] '''{{flagu|Canada}}''' *[[Yoshua Bengio]] *[[Mark J. Carney]] *[[François-Philippe Champagne]] *[[Evan Siddall]] '''{{flagu|Denmark}}''' *[[Bjarne Corydon]] *[[Connie Hedegaard]] *[[Søren Pind]] '''{{flagu|Estonia}}''' *[[Kaja Kallas]] '''{{flagu|European Union}} (International)''' *[[Nadia Calviño]] *[[Paschal Donohoe]] *[[Paolo Gentiloni]] *[[Wopke Hoekstra]] *[[Ylva Johansson]] *[[Charles Michel]] *[[Maroš Šefčovič]] '''{{flagu|Finland}}''' *[[Anders Adlercreutz]] *[[Erkki Liikanen]] *[[Alexander Stubb]] *[[Erja Yläjärvi]] '''{{flagu|France}}''' *[[Patricia Barbizet]] *[[Valérie Baudson]] *[[Henri de Castries]] *[[Arthur Mensch]] *[[Agnès Pannier-Runacher]] *[[Édouard Philippe]] *[[Patrick Pouyanné]] '''{{flagu|Germany}}''' *[[Jamil Anderlini]]{{efn|Identified as from Germany and the United States}} *[[Marco Buschmann]] *[[Mathias Döpfner]] *[[Friedrich Merz]] *[[Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)|Wolfgang Schmidt]] *[[Christian Sewing]] '''{{flagu|Greece}}''' *[[Niki Kerameus]] *[[Alexis Papahelas]] *[[Dimitri Papalexopoulos]] '''{{flagu|Ireland}}''' *[[Simon Coveney]] *[[Michael O'Leary (businessman)|Michael O'Leary]] *[[Leo Varadkar]] '''{{flagu|Italy}}''' *[[Marco Alverà]] *[[Lorenzo Bini Smaghi]] *[[Michele Della Vigna]] *[[Giuliano da Empoli]] *[[Lilli Gruber]] *[[Mario Monti]] '''{{flagu|NATO}} (International)''' *[[James Appathurai]] *[[Christopher Cavoli]] *[[Jens Stoltenberg]] '''{{flagu|Netherlands}}''' *[[Charlene de Carvalho]] *[[Caroline de Gruyter]] *[[Victor Halberstadt]] *[[Tom-Jan Meeus]] *[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]] *[[Mark Rutte]] '''{{flagu|Norway}}''' *[[Kjerstin Braathen]] *[[Øyvind Eriksen]] '''Other (International)''' *[[Alexander Gabuev]] '''{{flagu|Poland}}''' *[[Andrzej Domański]] *[[Kasia Kieli]] *[[Radoslaw Sikorski]] '''{{flagu|Portugal}}''' *[[José Manuel Barroso]] *[[Isabel Gil]] *[[Duarte Moreira]] '''{{flagu|Russia}}''' *[[Anatoly Chubays]]{{efn|Identified as from Russia and Israel}} '''{{flagu|Spain}}''' *[[José Manuel Albares]] *[[Ana P. Botín]] *[[Ildefonso Castro]] *[[José Creuheras]] *[[Carlos Cuerpo]] *[[Sol Daurella Comadrán]] *[[José M. Entrecanales]] *[[Pablo Hernández de Cos]] *[[Pedro J. Ramírez]] *[[José Juan Ruiz]] '''{{flagu|Switzerland}}''' *[[Anna Fontcuberta i Morral]] *[[André Kudelski]] '''{{flagu|Sweden}}''' *[[Daniel Ek]] *[[Ann Linde]] *[[Marcus Wallenberg]] '''{{flagu|Turkey}}''' *[[Mustafa Aydin]] *[[Kadri Gürsel]] *[[Sebnem Kalemli-Özcan]] *[[Ömer Koç]] *[[Mehmet Şimşek]] '''{{flagu|Ukraine}}''' *[[Dmytro Kuleba]] '''{{flagu|United Kingdom}}''' *[[Murray Auchincloss]] *[[Demis Hassabis]] *[[Zanny Minton Beddoes]] *[[Gideon Rachman]] *[[Wael Sawan]] *[[John Sawers]] *[[Mustafa Suleyman]] *[[Martin H. Wolf]] '''{{flagu|United Nations}} (International)''' *[[Sigrid Kaag]] '''{{flagu|United States}}''' *[[Stacey Abrams]] *[[Adewale Adeyemo]] *[[Roger C. Altman]] *[[Dario Amodei]] *[[Anne Applebaum]] *[[Albert Bourla]] *[[Tarun Chhabra]] *[[Jen Easterly]] *[[Niall Ferguson]] *[[Jonathan Finer]] *[[Jane Fraser (executive)|Jane Fraser]] *[[Kevin Harrington (entrepreneur)|Kevin Harrington]] *[[Mellody Hobson]] *[[Alex Karp]] *[[Stephen Kotkin]] *[[Henry R. Kravis]] *[[Marie-Josée Kravis]] *[[Eric S. Lander]] *[[Peter Lee (computer scientist)|Peter Lee]] *[[Robert Lighthizer]] *[[Palmer Luckey]] *[[John Micklethwait]] *[[David H. Petraeus]] *[[Richard H. Phillips]] *[[Nadia Schadlow]] *[[Eric E. Schmidt]] *[[Wendy R. Sherman]] *[[Bret Stephens]] *[[Peter Thiel]] *[[Jonathan D. T. Ward]] *[[Thomas J. Wright (American scholar)|Thomas Wright]] *[[Fareed Zakaria]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Bilderberg Group}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilderberg Conference, 2024}} [[Category:2024 conferences]] [[Category:2024 in international relations]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence conferences]] [[Category:May 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:June 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:Bilderberg Meeting|2024]] [[Category:Events in Madrid]]

2024-05-31T22:04:17Z

2024-05-31T22:04:17Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bilderberg_Conference

2024 Bilderberg Conference

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker. The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting. These topics included: A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website. This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told The Daily Telegraph in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized. Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Estonia European Union (International) Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy NATO (International) Netherlands Norway Other (International) Poland Portugal Russia Spain Switzerland Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United Nations (International) United States

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.

{{Short description|International conference in Madrid}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox summit meeting | name = 2024 Bilderberg Conference | other_titles = 70th Bilderberg Meeting | logo = | logo_alt = | image = | alt = <!-- See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images]] --> | caption = | country = Spain | date = May 30–June 2, 2024 | motto = | venues = | cities = [[Madrid]] | participants = {{circa|130}} from 23 countries | chairperson = | president = | follows = [[2023 Bilderberg Conference]] | precedes = 2025 Bilderberg Conference | website = https://bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/ | keypoints = | compactnav = }} The '''2024 Bilderberg Conference''' is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in [[Madrid]], Spain.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="z034">{{cite web | last=Wall | first=Martin | title=Donohoe, Varadkar and Coveney to attend Bilderberg meeting in Madrid | website=The Irish Times | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/05/31/donohoe-varadkar-and-coveney-to-attend-bilderberg-meeting-in-madrid/ | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> The 2024 meeting was the [[List of Bilderberg meetings|70th edition]] of the event.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> A [[Bilderberg Group]] press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries.<ref name="Participants 2024">{{cite web | title=Participants 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings| url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/participants-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Established in [[1954 Bilderberg Conference|1954]] by [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands]], Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business [[elite]]. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's [[Bilderberg meeting#Organizational structure|steering committee]]; including prominent politicians, [[CEOs]], [[national security|national security experts]], [[Academic staff|academics]] and journalists.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023"/><ref>{{cite web | last=Sommerlad | first=Joe | title=Who are the secretive Bilderberg Group and are they really the New World Order? | website=The Independent | date=June 4, 2019 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bilderberg-group-conspiracy-theories-secret-societies-new-world-order-alex-jones-a8377171.html | access-date=April 26, 2023}}</ref><ref name="s891">{{cite web | last=Kantor | first=Lukas | title=Bilderbergers head EU, NATO, IMF and UN | website=Academia.edu | date=2024-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/120147696/Bilderbergers_head_EU_NATO_IMF_and_UN | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Bilderberg conferences operate under [[Chatham House rules]], meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A secretive annual meeting attended by the world's elite has A.I. top of the agenda | website=CNBC | date=May 18, 2023 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/18/bilderberg-openai-microsoft-google-join-ai-talks-at-secretive-meeting.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> ==Agenda== The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting.<ref name="y631">{{cite web | title=Press release 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings | url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/press-release-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> These included: {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *State of [[AI]] *AI Safety *Changing Faces of Biology *[[Climate]] *Future of [[Warfare]] *Geopolitical Landscape *Europe's Economic Challenges *US Economic Challenges *US Political Landscape *Ukraine and the World *[[Middle East]] *China *Russia {{div col end}} ==Participants== A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website.<ref name="Participants 2024"/> This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | last=Holehouse | first=Matthew | title=Bilderberg Group? No conspiracy, just the most influential group in the world | website=The Telegraph | date=June 6, 2013 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10102168/Bilderberg-Group-No-conspiracy-just-the-most-influential-group-in-the-world.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} '''{{flagu|Austria}}''' *[[Pamela Rendi-Wagner]] *[[Robert Zadrazil]] *[[Gerhard Zeiler]] '''{{flagu|Belgium}}''' *[[Ilham Kadri]] *[[Thomas Leysen]] *[[Karel Verhoeven]] '''{{flagu|Canada}}''' *[[Yoshua Bengio]] *[[Mark J. Carney]] *[[François-Philippe Champagne]] *[[Evan Siddall]] '''{{flagu|Denmark}}''' *[[Bjarne Corydon]] *[[Connie Hedegaard]] *[[Søren Pind]] '''{{flagu|Estonia}}''' *[[Kaja Kallas]] '''{{flagu|European Union}} (International)''' *[[Nadia Calviño]] *[[Paschal Donohoe]] *[[Paolo Gentiloni]] *[[Wopke Hoekstra]] *[[Ylva Johansson]] *[[Charles Michel]] *[[Maroš Šefčovič]] '''{{flagu|Finland}}''' *[[Anders Adlercreutz]] *[[Erkki Liikanen]] *[[Alexander Stubb]] *[[Erja Yläjärvi]] '''{{flagu|France}}''' *[[Patricia Barbizet]] *[[Valérie Baudson]] *[[Henri de Castries]] *[[Arthur Mensch]] *[[Agnès Pannier-Runacher]] *[[Édouard Philippe]] *[[Patrick Pouyanné]] '''{{flagu|Germany}}''' *[[Jamil Anderlini]]{{efn|Identified as from Germany and the United States}} *[[Marco Buschmann]] *[[Mathias Döpfner]] *[[Friedrich Merz]] *[[Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)|Wolfgang Schmidt]] *[[Christian Sewing]] '''{{flagu|Greece}}''' *[[Niki Kerameus]] *[[Alexis Papahelas]] *[[Dimitri Papalexopoulos]] '''{{flagu|Ireland}}''' *[[Simon Coveney]] *[[Michael O'Leary (businessman)|Michael O'Leary]] *[[Leo Varadkar]] '''{{flagu|Italy}}''' *[[Marco Alverà]] *[[Lorenzo Bini Smaghi]] *[[Michele Della Vigna]] *[[Giuliano da Empoli]] *[[Lilli Gruber]] *[[Mario Monti]] '''{{flagu|NATO}} (International)''' *[[James Appathurai]] *[[Christopher Cavoli]] *[[Jens Stoltenberg]] '''{{flagu|Netherlands}}''' *[[Charlene de Carvalho]] *[[Caroline de Gruyter]] *[[Victor Halberstadt]] *[[Tom-Jan Meeus]] *[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]] *[[Mark Rutte]] '''{{flagu|Norway}}''' *[[Kjerstin Braathen]] *[[Øyvind Eriksen]] '''Other (International)''' *[[Alexander Gabuev]] '''{{flagu|Poland}}''' *[[Andrzej Domański]] *[[Kasia Kieli]] *[[Radoslaw Sikorski]] '''{{flagu|Portugal}}''' *[[José Manuel Barroso]] *[[Isabel Gil]] *[[Duarte Moreira]] '''{{flagu|Russia}}''' *[[Anatoly Chubays]]{{efn|Identified as from Russia and Israel}} '''{{flagu|Spain}}''' *[[José Manuel Albares]] *[[Ana P. Botín]] *[[Ildefonso Castro]] *[[José Creuheras]] *[[Carlos Cuerpo]] *[[Sol Daurella Comadrán]] *[[José M. Entrecanales]] *[[Pablo Hernández de Cos]] *[[Pedro J. Ramírez]] *[[José Juan Ruiz]] '''{{flagu|Switzerland}}''' *[[Anna Fontcuberta i Morral]] *[[André Kudelski]] '''{{flagu|Sweden}}''' *[[Daniel Ek]] *[[Ann Linde]] *[[Marcus Wallenberg]] '''{{flagu|Turkey}}''' *[[Mustafa Aydin]] *[[Kadri Gürsel]] *[[Sebnem Kalemli-Özcan]] *[[Ömer Koç]] *[[Mehmet Şimşek]] '''{{flagu|Ukraine}}''' *[[Dmytro Kuleba]] '''{{flagu|United Kingdom}}''' *[[Murray Auchincloss]] *[[Demis Hassabis]] *[[Zanny Minton Beddoes]] *[[Gideon Rachman]] *[[Wael Sawan]] *[[John Sawers]] *[[Mustafa Suleyman]] *[[Martin H. Wolf]] '''{{flagu|United Nations}} (International)''' *[[Sigrid Kaag]] '''{{flagu|United States}}''' *[[Stacey Abrams]] *[[Adewale Adeyemo]] *[[Roger C. Altman]] *[[Dario Amodei]] *[[Anne Applebaum]] *[[Albert Bourla]] *[[Tarun Chhabra]] *[[Jen Easterly]] *[[Niall Ferguson]] *[[Jonathan Finer]] *[[Jane Fraser (executive)|Jane Fraser]] *[[Kevin Harrington (entrepreneur)|Kevin Harrington]] *[[Mellody Hobson]] *[[Alex Karp]] *[[Stephen Kotkin]] *[[Henry R. Kravis]] *[[Marie-Josée Kravis]] *[[Eric S. Lander]] *[[Peter Lee (computer scientist)|Peter Lee]] *[[Robert Lighthizer]] *[[Palmer Luckey]] *[[John Micklethwait]] *[[David H. Petraeus]] *[[Richard H. Phillips]] *[[Nadia Schadlow]] *[[Eric E. Schmidt]] *[[Wendy R. Sherman]] *[[Bret Stephens]] *[[Peter Thiel]] *[[Jonathan D. T. Ward]] *[[Thomas J. Wright (American scholar)|Thomas Wright]] *[[Fareed Zakaria]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Bilderberg Group}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilderberg Conference, 2024}} [[Category:2024 conferences]] [[Category:2024 in international relations]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence conferences]] [[Category:May 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:June 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:Bilderberg Meeting|2024]] [[Category:Events in Madrid]]

2024-05-31T22:04:17Z

2024-05-31T22:06:37Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bilderberg_Conference

2024 Bilderberg Conference

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker. The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting. These included: A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website. This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told The Daily Telegraph in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized. Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Estonia European Union (International) Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy NATO (International) Netherlands Norway Other (International) Poland Portugal Russia Spain Switzerland Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United Nations (International) United States

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.

{{Short description|International conference in Madrid}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox summit meeting | name = 2024 Bilderberg Conference | other_titles = 70th Bilderberg Meeting | logo = | logo_alt = | image = | alt = <!-- See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images]] --> | caption = | country = Spain | date = May 30–June 2, 2024 | motto = | venues = | cities = [[Madrid]] | participants = {{circa|130}} from 23 countries | chairperson = | president = | follows = [[2023 Bilderberg Conference]] | precedes = 2025 Bilderberg Conference | website = https://bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/ | keypoints = | compactnav = }} The '''2024 Bilderberg Conference''' is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in [[Madrid]], Spain.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="z034">{{cite web | last=Wall | first=Martin | title=Donohoe, Varadkar and Coveney to attend Bilderberg meeting in Madrid | website=The Irish Times | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/05/31/donohoe-varadkar-and-coveney-to-attend-bilderberg-meeting-in-madrid/ | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> The 2024 meeting was the [[List of Bilderberg meetings|70th edition]] of the event.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> A [[Bilderberg Group]] press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries.<ref name="Participants 2024">{{cite web | title=Participants 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings| url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/participants-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Established in [[1954 Bilderberg Conference|1954]] by [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands]], Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business [[elite]]. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's [[Bilderberg meeting#Organizational structure|steering committee]]; including prominent politicians, [[CEOs]], [[national security|national security experts]], [[Academic staff|academics]] and journalists.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023"/><ref>{{cite web | last=Sommerlad | first=Joe | title=Who are the secretive Bilderberg Group and are they really the New World Order? | website=The Independent | date=June 4, 2019 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bilderberg-group-conspiracy-theories-secret-societies-new-world-order-alex-jones-a8377171.html | access-date=April 26, 2023}}</ref><ref name="s891">{{cite web | last=Kantor | first=Lukas | title=Bilderbergers head EU, NATO, IMF and UN | website=Academia.edu | date=2024-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/120147696/Bilderbergers_head_EU_NATO_IMF_and_UN | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Bilderberg conferences operate under [[Chatham House rules]], meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A secretive annual meeting attended by the world's elite has A.I. top of the agenda | website=CNBC | date=May 18, 2023 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/18/bilderberg-openai-microsoft-google-join-ai-talks-at-secretive-meeting.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> ==Agenda== The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting.<ref name="y631">{{cite web | title=Press release 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings | url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/press-release-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> These topics included: {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *State of [[AI]] *AI Safety *Changing Faces of Biology *[[Climate]] *Future of [[Warfare]] *Geopolitical Landscape *Europe's Economic Challenges *US Economic Challenges *US Political Landscape *Ukraine and the World *[[Middle East]] *China *Russia {{div col end}} ==Participants== A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website.<ref name="Participants 2024"/> This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | last=Holehouse | first=Matthew | title=Bilderberg Group? No conspiracy, just the most influential group in the world | website=The Telegraph | date=June 6, 2013 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10102168/Bilderberg-Group-No-conspiracy-just-the-most-influential-group-in-the-world.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} '''{{flagu|Austria}}''' *[[Pamela Rendi-Wagner]] *[[Robert Zadrazil]] *[[Gerhard Zeiler]] '''{{flagu|Belgium}}''' *[[Ilham Kadri]] *[[Thomas Leysen]] *[[Karel Verhoeven]] '''{{flagu|Canada}}''' *[[Yoshua Bengio]] *[[Mark J. Carney]] *[[François-Philippe Champagne]] *[[Evan Siddall]] '''{{flagu|Denmark}}''' *[[Bjarne Corydon]] *[[Connie Hedegaard]] *[[Søren Pind]] '''{{flagu|Estonia}}''' *[[Kaja Kallas]] '''{{flagu|European Union}} (International)''' *[[Nadia Calviño]] *[[Paschal Donohoe]] *[[Paolo Gentiloni]] *[[Wopke Hoekstra]] *[[Ylva Johansson]] *[[Charles Michel]] *[[Maroš Šefčovič]] '''{{flagu|Finland}}''' *[[Anders Adlercreutz]] *[[Erkki Liikanen]] *[[Alexander Stubb]] *[[Erja Yläjärvi]] '''{{flagu|France}}''' *[[Patricia Barbizet]] *[[Valérie Baudson]] *[[Henri de Castries]] *[[Arthur Mensch]] *[[Agnès Pannier-Runacher]] *[[Édouard Philippe]] *[[Patrick Pouyanné]] '''{{flagu|Germany}}''' *[[Jamil Anderlini]]{{efn|Identified as from Germany and the United States}} *[[Marco Buschmann]] *[[Mathias Döpfner]] *[[Friedrich Merz]] *[[Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)|Wolfgang Schmidt]] *[[Christian Sewing]] '''{{flagu|Greece}}''' *[[Niki Kerameus]] *[[Alexis Papahelas]] *[[Dimitri Papalexopoulos]] '''{{flagu|Ireland}}''' *[[Simon Coveney]] *[[Michael O'Leary (businessman)|Michael O'Leary]] *[[Leo Varadkar]] '''{{flagu|Italy}}''' *[[Marco Alverà]] *[[Lorenzo Bini Smaghi]] *[[Michele Della Vigna]] *[[Giuliano da Empoli]] *[[Lilli Gruber]] *[[Mario Monti]] '''{{flagu|NATO}} (International)''' *[[James Appathurai]] *[[Christopher Cavoli]] *[[Jens Stoltenberg]] '''{{flagu|Netherlands}}''' *[[Charlene de Carvalho]] *[[Caroline de Gruyter]] *[[Victor Halberstadt]] *[[Tom-Jan Meeus]] *[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]] *[[Mark Rutte]] '''{{flagu|Norway}}''' *[[Kjerstin Braathen]] *[[Øyvind Eriksen]] '''Other (International)''' *[[Alexander Gabuev]] '''{{flagu|Poland}}''' *[[Andrzej Domański]] *[[Kasia Kieli]] *[[Radoslaw Sikorski]] '''{{flagu|Portugal}}''' *[[José Manuel Barroso]] *[[Isabel Gil]] *[[Duarte Moreira]] '''{{flagu|Russia}}''' *[[Anatoly Chubays]]{{efn|Identified as from Russia and Israel}} '''{{flagu|Spain}}''' *[[José Manuel Albares]] *[[Ana P. Botín]] *[[Ildefonso Castro]] *[[José Creuheras]] *[[Carlos Cuerpo]] *[[Sol Daurella Comadrán]] *[[José M. Entrecanales]] *[[Pablo Hernández de Cos]] *[[Pedro J. Ramírez]] *[[José Juan Ruiz]] '''{{flagu|Switzerland}}''' *[[Anna Fontcuberta i Morral]] *[[André Kudelski]] '''{{flagu|Sweden}}''' *[[Daniel Ek]] *[[Ann Linde]] *[[Marcus Wallenberg]] '''{{flagu|Turkey}}''' *[[Mustafa Aydin]] *[[Kadri Gürsel]] *[[Sebnem Kalemli-Özcan]] *[[Ömer Koç]] *[[Mehmet Şimşek]] '''{{flagu|Ukraine}}''' *[[Dmytro Kuleba]] '''{{flagu|United Kingdom}}''' *[[Murray Auchincloss]] *[[Demis Hassabis]] *[[Zanny Minton Beddoes]] *[[Gideon Rachman]] *[[Wael Sawan]] *[[John Sawers]] *[[Mustafa Suleyman]] *[[Martin H. Wolf]] '''{{flagu|United Nations}} (International)''' *[[Sigrid Kaag]] '''{{flagu|United States}}''' *[[Stacey Abrams]] *[[Adewale Adeyemo]] *[[Roger C. Altman]] *[[Dario Amodei]] *[[Anne Applebaum]] *[[Albert Bourla]] *[[Tarun Chhabra]] *[[Jen Easterly]] *[[Niall Ferguson]] *[[Jonathan Finer]] *[[Jane Fraser (executive)|Jane Fraser]] *[[Kevin Harrington (entrepreneur)|Kevin Harrington]] *[[Mellody Hobson]] *[[Alex Karp]] *[[Stephen Kotkin]] *[[Henry R. Kravis]] *[[Marie-Josée Kravis]] *[[Eric S. Lander]] *[[Peter Lee (computer scientist)|Peter Lee]] *[[Robert Lighthizer]] *[[Palmer Luckey]] *[[John Micklethwait]] *[[David H. Petraeus]] *[[Richard H. Phillips]] *[[Nadia Schadlow]] *[[Eric E. Schmidt]] *[[Wendy R. Sherman]] *[[Bret Stephens]] *[[Peter Thiel]] *[[Jonathan D. T. Ward]] *[[Thomas J. Wright (American scholar)|Thomas Wright]] *[[Fareed Zakaria]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Bilderberg Group}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilderberg Conference, 2024}} [[Category:2024 conferences]] [[Category:2024 in international relations]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence conferences]] [[Category:May 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:June 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:Bilderberg Meeting|2024]] [[Category:Events in Madrid]]

2024-05-31T22:04:17Z

2024-05-31T22:06:46Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bilderberg_Conference

2024 Bilderberg Conference

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker. The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting. These topics included: A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website. This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told The Daily Telegraph in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized. King Felipe VI of Spain attended the meeting despite his name not being on the list. Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Estonia European Union (International) Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy NATO (International) Netherlands Norway Other (International) Poland Portugal Russia Spain Switzerland Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United Nations (International) United States

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.

{{Short description|International conference in Madrid}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox summit meeting | name = 2024 Bilderberg Conference | other_titles = 70th Bilderberg Meeting | logo = | logo_alt = | image = Madrid - Hotel Eurostars Suites Mirasierra 2.jpg | alt = <!-- See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images]] --> | caption = | country = Spain | date = May 30–June 2, 2024 | motto = | venues = Eurostars Suites Mirasierra<ref name="o621">{{cite web | last=Yebra | first=Daniel | title=Hermetismo absoluto en la cumbre Bilderberg que acoge Madrid con la participación de Albares y Cuerpo | website=elDiario.es | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.eldiario.es/economia/hermetismo-absoluto-cumbre-bilderberg-acoge-madrid-participacion-albares-cuerpo_1_11408226.html | language=es | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> | cities = [[Madrid]] | participants = {{circa|130}} from 23 countries | chairperson = | president = | follows = [[2023 Bilderberg Conference]] | precedes = 2025 Bilderberg Conference | website = https://bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/ | keypoints = | compactnav = }} The '''2024 Bilderberg Conference''' is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in [[Madrid]], Spain.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="z034">{{cite web | last=Wall | first=Martin | title=Donohoe, Varadkar and Coveney to attend Bilderberg meeting in Madrid | website=The Irish Times | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/05/31/donohoe-varadkar-and-coveney-to-attend-bilderberg-meeting-in-madrid/ | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> The 2024 meeting was the [[List of Bilderberg meetings|70th edition]] of the event.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> A [[Bilderberg Group]] press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries.<ref name="Participants 2024">{{cite web | title=Participants 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings| url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/participants-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Established in [[1954 Bilderberg Conference|1954]] by [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands]], Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business [[elite]]. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's [[Bilderberg meeting#Organizational structure|steering committee]]; including prominent politicians, [[CEOs]], [[national security|national security experts]], [[Academic staff|academics]] and journalists.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023"/><ref>{{cite web | last=Sommerlad | first=Joe | title=Who are the secretive Bilderberg Group and are they really the New World Order? | website=The Independent | date=June 4, 2019 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bilderberg-group-conspiracy-theories-secret-societies-new-world-order-alex-jones-a8377171.html | access-date=April 26, 2023}}</ref><ref name="s891">{{cite web | last=Kantor | first=Lukas | title=Bilderbergers head EU, NATO, IMF and UN | website=Academia.edu | date=2024-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/120147696/Bilderbergers_head_EU_NATO_IMF_and_UN | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Bilderberg conferences operate under [[Chatham House rules]], meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A secretive annual meeting attended by the world's elite has A.I. top of the agenda | website=CNBC | date=May 18, 2023 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/18/bilderberg-openai-microsoft-google-join-ai-talks-at-secretive-meeting.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> ==Agenda== The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting.<ref name="y631">{{cite web | title=Press release 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings | url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/press-release-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> These topics included: {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *State of [[AI]] *AI Safety *Changing Faces of Biology *[[Climate]] *Future of [[Warfare]] *Geopolitical Landscape *Europe's Economic Challenges *US Economic Challenges *US Political Landscape *Ukraine and the World *[[Middle East]] *China *Russia {{div col end}} ==Participants== A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website.<ref name="Participants 2024"/> This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | last=Holehouse | first=Matthew | title=Bilderberg Group? No conspiracy, just the most influential group in the world | website=The Telegraph | date=June 6, 2013 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10102168/Bilderberg-Group-No-conspiracy-just-the-most-influential-group-in-the-world.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> [[King Felipe VI]] of Spain attended the meeting despite his name not being on the list.<ref name="p617">{{cite web | title=El Club Bilderberg celebra su 70 aniversario en Madrid: 10 españoles en la lista de 130 invitados | website=MARCA | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.marca.com/tiramillas/television/2024/05/31/665981aa46163f39b18b45c2.html | language=es | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} '''{{flagu|Austria}}''' *[[Pamela Rendi-Wagner]] *[[Robert Zadrazil]] *[[Gerhard Zeiler]] '''{{flagu|Belgium}}''' *[[Ilham Kadri]] *[[Thomas Leysen]] *[[Karel Verhoeven]] '''{{flagu|Canada}}''' *[[Yoshua Bengio]] *[[Mark J. Carney]] *[[François-Philippe Champagne]] *[[Evan Siddall]] '''{{flagu|Denmark}}''' *[[Bjarne Corydon]] *[[Connie Hedegaard]] *[[Søren Pind]] '''{{flagu|Estonia}}''' *[[Kaja Kallas]] '''{{flagu|European Union}} (International)''' *[[Nadia Calviño]] *[[Paschal Donohoe]] *[[Paolo Gentiloni]] *[[Wopke Hoekstra]] *[[Ylva Johansson]] *[[Charles Michel]] *[[Maroš Šefčovič]] '''{{flagu|Finland}}''' *[[Anders Adlercreutz]] *[[Erkki Liikanen]] *[[Alexander Stubb]] *[[Erja Yläjärvi]] '''{{flagu|France}}''' *[[Patricia Barbizet]] *[[Valérie Baudson]] *[[Henri de Castries]] *[[Arthur Mensch]] *[[Agnès Pannier-Runacher]] *[[Édouard Philippe]] *[[Patrick Pouyanné]] '''{{flagu|Germany}}''' *[[Jamil Anderlini]]{{efn|Identified as from Germany and the United States}} *[[Marco Buschmann]] *[[Mathias Döpfner]] *[[Friedrich Merz]] *[[Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)|Wolfgang Schmidt]] *[[Christian Sewing]] '''{{flagu|Greece}}''' *[[Niki Kerameus]] *[[Alexis Papahelas]] *[[Dimitri Papalexopoulos]] '''{{flagu|Ireland}}''' *[[Simon Coveney]] *[[Michael O'Leary (businessman)|Michael O'Leary]] *[[Leo Varadkar]] '''{{flagu|Italy}}''' *[[Marco Alverà]] *[[Lorenzo Bini Smaghi]] *[[Michele Della Vigna]] *[[Giuliano da Empoli]] *[[Lilli Gruber]] *[[Mario Monti]] '''{{flagu|NATO}} (International)''' *[[James Appathurai]] *[[Christopher Cavoli]] *[[Jens Stoltenberg]] '''{{flagu|Netherlands}}''' *[[Charlene de Carvalho]] *[[Caroline de Gruyter]] *[[Victor Halberstadt]] *[[Tom-Jan Meeus]] *[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]] *[[Mark Rutte]] '''{{flagu|Norway}}''' *[[Kjerstin Braathen]] *[[Øyvind Eriksen]] '''Other (International)''' *[[Alexander Gabuev]] '''{{flagu|Poland}}''' *[[Andrzej Domański]] *[[Kasia Kieli]] *[[Radoslaw Sikorski]] '''{{flagu|Portugal}}''' *[[José Manuel Barroso]] *[[Isabel Gil]] *[[Duarte Moreira]] '''{{flagu|Russia}}''' *[[Anatoly Chubays]]{{efn|Identified as from Russia and Israel}} '''{{flagu|Spain}}''' *[[José Manuel Albares]] *[[Ana P. Botín]] *[[Ildefonso Castro]] *[[José Creuheras]] *[[Carlos Cuerpo]] *[[Sol Daurella Comadrán]] *[[José M. Entrecanales]] *[[Pablo Hernández de Cos]] *[[Pedro J. Ramírez]] *[[José Juan Ruiz]] '''{{flagu|Switzerland}}''' *[[Anna Fontcuberta i Morral]] *[[André Kudelski]] '''{{flagu|Sweden}}''' *[[Daniel Ek]] *[[Ann Linde]] *[[Marcus Wallenberg]] '''{{flagu|Turkey}}''' *[[Mustafa Aydin]] *[[Kadri Gürsel]] *[[Sebnem Kalemli-Özcan]] *[[Ömer Koç]] *[[Mehmet Şimşek]] '''{{flagu|Ukraine}}''' *[[Dmytro Kuleba]] '''{{flagu|United Kingdom}}''' *[[Murray Auchincloss]] *[[Demis Hassabis]] *[[Zanny Minton Beddoes]] *[[Gideon Rachman]] *[[Wael Sawan]] *[[John Sawers]] *[[Mustafa Suleyman]] *[[Martin H. Wolf]] '''{{flagu|United Nations}} (International)''' *[[Sigrid Kaag]] '''{{flagu|United States}}''' *[[Stacey Abrams]] *[[Adewale Adeyemo]] *[[Roger C. Altman]] *[[Dario Amodei]] *[[Anne Applebaum]] *[[Albert Bourla]] *[[Tarun Chhabra]] *[[Jen Easterly]] *[[Niall Ferguson]] *[[Jonathan Finer]] *[[Jane Fraser (executive)|Jane Fraser]] *[[Kevin Harrington (entrepreneur)|Kevin Harrington]] *[[Mellody Hobson]] *[[Alex Karp]] *[[Stephen Kotkin]] *[[Henry R. Kravis]] *[[Marie-Josée Kravis]] *[[Eric S. Lander]] *[[Peter Lee (computer scientist)|Peter Lee]] *[[Robert Lighthizer]] *[[Palmer Luckey]] *[[John Micklethwait]] *[[David H. Petraeus]] *[[Richard H. Phillips]] *[[Nadia Schadlow]] *[[Eric E. Schmidt]] *[[Wendy R. Sherman]] *[[Bret Stephens]] *[[Peter Thiel]] *[[Jonathan D. T. Ward]] *[[Thomas J. Wright (American scholar)|Thomas Wright]] *[[Fareed Zakaria]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Bilderberg Group}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilderberg Conference, 2024}} [[Category:2024 conferences]] [[Category:2024 in international relations]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence conferences]] [[Category:May 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:June 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:Bilderberg Meeting|2024]] [[Category:Events in Madrid]]

2024-05-31T22:04:17Z

2024-05-31T23:19:17Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bilderberg_Conference

2024 Bilderberg Conference

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker. The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting. These topics included: A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website. This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told The Daily Telegraph in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized. King Felipe VI of Spain attended the meeting despite his name not being on the list. Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Estonia European Union (International) Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy NATO (International) Netherlands Norway Other (International) Poland Portugal Russia Spain Switzerland Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United Nations (International) United States

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.

{{Short description|International conference in Madrid}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox summit meeting | name = 2024 Bilderberg Conference | other_titles = 70th Bilderberg Meeting | logo = | logo_alt = | image = Madrid - Hotel Eurostars Suites Mirasierra 2.jpg | alt = <!-- See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images]] --> | caption = | country = Spain | date = May 30–June 2, 2024 | motto = | venues = [[Eurostars Suites]] Mirasierra<ref name="o621">{{cite web | last=Yebra | first=Daniel | title=Hermetismo absoluto en la cumbre Bilderberg que acoge Madrid con la participación de Albares y Cuerpo | website=elDiario.es | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.eldiario.es/economia/hermetismo-absoluto-cumbre-bilderberg-acoge-madrid-participacion-albares-cuerpo_1_11408226.html | language=es | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> | cities = [[Madrid]] | participants = {{circa|130}} from 23 countries | chairperson = | president = | follows = [[2023 Bilderberg Conference]] | precedes = 2025 Bilderberg Conference | website = https://bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/ | keypoints = | compactnav = }} The '''2024 Bilderberg Conference''' is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in [[Madrid]], Spain at the [[Eurostars Suites]] Mirasierra hotel.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="z034">{{cite web | last=Wall | first=Martin | title=Donohoe, Varadkar and Coveney to attend Bilderberg meeting in Madrid | website=The Irish Times | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/05/31/donohoe-varadkar-and-coveney-to-attend-bilderberg-meeting-in-madrid/ | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> The 2024 meeting was the [[List of Bilderberg meetings|70th edition]] of the event.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> A [[Bilderberg Group]] press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries.<ref name="Participants 2024">{{cite web | title=Participants 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings| url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/participants-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Established in [[1954 Bilderberg Conference|1954]] by [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands]], Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business [[elite]]. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's [[Bilderberg meeting#Organizational structure|steering committee]]; including prominent politicians, [[CEOs]], [[national security|national security experts]], [[Academic staff|academics]] and journalists.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023"/><ref>{{cite web | last=Sommerlad | first=Joe | title=Who are the secretive Bilderberg Group and are they really the New World Order? | website=The Independent | date=June 4, 2019 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bilderberg-group-conspiracy-theories-secret-societies-new-world-order-alex-jones-a8377171.html | access-date=April 26, 2023}}</ref><ref name="s891">{{cite web | last=Kantor | first=Lukas | title=Bilderbergers head EU, NATO, IMF and UN | website=Academia.edu | date=2024-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/120147696/Bilderbergers_head_EU_NATO_IMF_and_UN | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Bilderberg conferences operate under [[Chatham House rules]], meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A secretive annual meeting attended by the world's elite has A.I. top of the agenda | website=CNBC | date=May 18, 2023 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/18/bilderberg-openai-microsoft-google-join-ai-talks-at-secretive-meeting.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> ==Agenda== The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting.<ref name="y631">{{cite web | title=Press release 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings | url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/press-release-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> These topics included: {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *State of [[AI]] *AI Safety *Changing Faces of Biology *[[Climate]] *Future of [[Warfare]] *Geopolitical Landscape *Europe's Economic Challenges *US Economic Challenges *US Political Landscape *Ukraine and the World *[[Middle East]] *China *Russia {{div col end}} ==Participants== A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website.<ref name="Participants 2024"/> This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | last=Holehouse | first=Matthew | title=Bilderberg Group? No conspiracy, just the most influential group in the world | website=The Telegraph | date=June 6, 2013 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10102168/Bilderberg-Group-No-conspiracy-just-the-most-influential-group-in-the-world.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> [[King Felipe VI]] of Spain attended the meeting despite his name not being on the list.<ref name="p617">{{cite web | title=El Club Bilderberg celebra su 70 aniversario en Madrid: 10 españoles en la lista de 130 invitados | website=MARCA | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.marca.com/tiramillas/television/2024/05/31/665981aa46163f39b18b45c2.html | language=es | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} '''{{flagu|Austria}}''' *[[Pamela Rendi-Wagner]] *[[Robert Zadrazil]] *[[Gerhard Zeiler]] '''{{flagu|Belgium}}''' *[[Ilham Kadri]] *[[Thomas Leysen]] *[[Karel Verhoeven]] '''{{flagu|Canada}}''' *[[Yoshua Bengio]] *[[Mark J. Carney]] *[[François-Philippe Champagne]] *[[Evan Siddall]] '''{{flagu|Denmark}}''' *[[Bjarne Corydon]] *[[Connie Hedegaard]] *[[Søren Pind]] '''{{flagu|Estonia}}''' *[[Kaja Kallas]] '''{{flagu|European Union}} (International)''' *[[Nadia Calviño]] *[[Paschal Donohoe]] *[[Paolo Gentiloni]] *[[Wopke Hoekstra]] *[[Ylva Johansson]] *[[Charles Michel]] *[[Maroš Šefčovič]] '''{{flagu|Finland}}''' *[[Anders Adlercreutz]] *[[Erkki Liikanen]] *[[Alexander Stubb]] *[[Erja Yläjärvi]] '''{{flagu|France}}''' *[[Patricia Barbizet]] *[[Valérie Baudson]] *[[Henri de Castries]] *[[Arthur Mensch]] *[[Agnès Pannier-Runacher]] *[[Édouard Philippe]] *[[Patrick Pouyanné]] '''{{flagu|Germany}}''' *[[Jamil Anderlini]]{{efn|Identified as from Germany and the United States}} *[[Marco Buschmann]] *[[Mathias Döpfner]] *[[Friedrich Merz]] *[[Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)|Wolfgang Schmidt]] *[[Christian Sewing]] '''{{flagu|Greece}}''' *[[Niki Kerameus]] *[[Alexis Papahelas]] *[[Dimitri Papalexopoulos]] '''{{flagu|Ireland}}''' *[[Simon Coveney]] *[[Michael O'Leary (businessman)|Michael O'Leary]] *[[Leo Varadkar]] '''{{flagu|Italy}}''' *[[Marco Alverà]] *[[Lorenzo Bini Smaghi]] *[[Michele Della Vigna]] *[[Giuliano da Empoli]] *[[Lilli Gruber]] *[[Mario Monti]] '''{{flagu|NATO}} (International)''' *[[James Appathurai]] *[[Christopher Cavoli]] *[[Jens Stoltenberg]] '''{{flagu|Netherlands}}''' *[[Charlene de Carvalho]] *[[Caroline de Gruyter]] *[[Victor Halberstadt]] *[[Tom-Jan Meeus]] *[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]] *[[Mark Rutte]] '''{{flagu|Norway}}''' *[[Kjerstin Braathen]] *[[Øyvind Eriksen]] '''Other (International)''' *[[Alexander Gabuev]] '''{{flagu|Poland}}''' *[[Andrzej Domański]] *[[Kasia Kieli]] *[[Radoslaw Sikorski]] '''{{flagu|Portugal}}''' *[[José Manuel Barroso]] *[[Isabel Gil]] *[[Duarte Moreira]] '''{{flagu|Russia}}''' *[[Anatoly Chubays]]{{efn|Identified as from Russia and Israel}} '''{{flagu|Spain}}''' *[[José Manuel Albares]] *[[Ana P. Botín]] *[[Ildefonso Castro]] *[[José Creuheras]] *[[Carlos Cuerpo]] *[[Sol Daurella Comadrán]] *[[José M. Entrecanales]] *[[Pablo Hernández de Cos]] *[[Pedro J. Ramírez]] *[[José Juan Ruiz]] '''{{flagu|Switzerland}}''' *[[Anna Fontcuberta i Morral]] *[[André Kudelski]] '''{{flagu|Sweden}}''' *[[Daniel Ek]] *[[Ann Linde]] *[[Marcus Wallenberg]] '''{{flagu|Turkey}}''' *[[Mustafa Aydin]] *[[Kadri Gürsel]] *[[Sebnem Kalemli-Özcan]] *[[Ömer Koç]] *[[Mehmet Şimşek]] '''{{flagu|Ukraine}}''' *[[Dmytro Kuleba]] '''{{flagu|United Kingdom}}''' *[[Murray Auchincloss]] *[[Demis Hassabis]] *[[Zanny Minton Beddoes]] *[[Gideon Rachman]] *[[Wael Sawan]] *[[John Sawers]] *[[Mustafa Suleyman]] *[[Martin H. Wolf]] '''{{flagu|United Nations}} (International)''' *[[Sigrid Kaag]] '''{{flagu|United States}}''' *[[Stacey Abrams]] *[[Adewale Adeyemo]] *[[Roger C. Altman]] *[[Dario Amodei]] *[[Anne Applebaum]] *[[Albert Bourla]] *[[Tarun Chhabra]] *[[Jen Easterly]] *[[Niall Ferguson]] *[[Jonathan Finer]] *[[Jane Fraser (executive)|Jane Fraser]] *[[Kevin Harrington (entrepreneur)|Kevin Harrington]] *[[Mellody Hobson]] *[[Alex Karp]] *[[Stephen Kotkin]] *[[Henry R. Kravis]] *[[Marie-Josée Kravis]] *[[Eric S. Lander]] *[[Peter Lee (computer scientist)|Peter Lee]] *[[Robert Lighthizer]] *[[Palmer Luckey]] *[[John Micklethwait]] *[[David H. Petraeus]] *[[Richard H. Phillips]] *[[Nadia Schadlow]] *[[Eric E. Schmidt]] *[[Wendy R. Sherman]] *[[Bret Stephens]] *[[Peter Thiel]] *[[Jonathan D. T. Ward]] *[[Thomas J. Wright (American scholar)|Thomas Wright]] *[[Fareed Zakaria]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Bilderberg Group}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilderberg Conference, 2024}} [[Category:2024 conferences]] [[Category:2024 in international relations]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence conferences]] [[Category:May 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:June 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:Bilderberg Meeting|2024]] [[Category:Events in Madrid]]

2024-05-31T22:04:17Z

2024-05-31T23:20:04Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bilderberg_Conference

2024 Bilderberg Conference

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain at the Eurostars Suites Mirasierra hotel. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker. The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting. These topics included: A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website. This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told The Daily Telegraph in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized. King Felipe VI of Spain attended the meeting despite his name not being on the list. Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Estonia European Union (International) Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy NATO (International) Netherlands Norway Other (International) Poland Portugal Russia Spain Switzerland Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United Nations (International) United States

The 2024 Bilderberg Conference is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in Madrid, Spain at the Eurostars Suites Mirasierra hotel. The 2024 meeting was the 70th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Bilderberg conferences are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business elite. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's steering committee; including prominent politicians, CEOs, national security experts, academics and journalists. Bilderberg conferences operate under Chatham House rules, meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.

{{Short description|International conference in Madrid}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox summit meeting | name = 2024 Bilderberg Conference | other_titles = 70th Bilderberg Meeting | logo = | logo_alt = | image = Madrid - Hotel Eurostars Suites Mirasierra 2.jpg | alt = <!-- See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images]] --> | caption = | country = Spain | date = May 30–June 2, 2024 | motto = | venues = [[Eurostars Suites]] Mirasierra<ref name="o621">{{cite web | last=Yebra | first=Daniel | title=Hermetismo absoluto en la cumbre Bilderberg que acoge Madrid con la participación de Albares y Cuerpo | website=elDiario.es | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.eldiario.es/economia/hermetismo-absoluto-cumbre-bilderberg-acoge-madrid-participacion-albares-cuerpo_1_11408226.html | language=es | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> | cities = [[Madrid]] | participants = {{circa|130}} from 23 countries | chairperson = | president = | follows = [[2023 Bilderberg Conference]] | precedes = 2025 Bilderberg Conference | website = https://bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/ | keypoints = | compactnav = }} The '''2024 Bilderberg Conference''' is being held between May 30–June 2, 2024 in [[Madrid]], Spain at the [[Eurostars Suites]] Mirasierra hotel.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="z034">{{cite web | last=Wall | first=Martin | title=Donohoe, Varadkar and Coveney to attend Bilderberg meeting in Madrid | website=The Irish Times | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/05/31/donohoe-varadkar-and-coveney-to-attend-bilderberg-meeting-in-madrid/ | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> The 2024 meeting was the [[List of Bilderberg meetings|70th edition]] of the event.<ref name="a284">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A top secret meeting is kicking off in Madrid with the CEOs of Google DeepMind, Anthropic and Microsoft AI in attendance | website=CNBC | date=2024-05-30 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/30/bilderberg-google-deepmind-microsoft-ai-anthropic-among-elite-guests.html | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> A [[Bilderberg Group]] press release stated that there were 131 participants from around 25 countries.<ref name="Participants 2024">{{cite web | title=Participants 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings| url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/participants-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Established in [[1954 Bilderberg Conference|1954]] by [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands]], Bilderberg conferences (or meetings) are an annual private gathering of the European and North American political and business [[elite]]. Events are attended by between 120 and 150 people each year invited by the Bilderberg Group's [[Bilderberg meeting#Organizational structure|steering committee]]; including prominent politicians, [[CEOs]], [[national security|national security experts]], [[Academic staff|academics]] and journalists.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023"/><ref>{{cite web | last=Sommerlad | first=Joe | title=Who are the secretive Bilderberg Group and are they really the New World Order? | website=The Independent | date=June 4, 2019 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bilderberg-group-conspiracy-theories-secret-societies-new-world-order-alex-jones-a8377171.html | access-date=April 26, 2023}}</ref><ref name="s891">{{cite web | last=Kantor | first=Lukas | title=Bilderbergers head EU, NATO, IMF and UN | website=Academia.edu | date=2024-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/120147696/Bilderbergers_head_EU_NATO_IMF_and_UN | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> Bilderberg conferences operate under [[Chatham House rules]], meaning that participants are sworn to secrecy and cannot disclose the identity or affiliation of any particular speaker.<ref name="Gilchrist 2023">{{cite web | last=Gilchrist | first=Karen | title=A secretive annual meeting attended by the world's elite has A.I. top of the agenda | website=CNBC | date=May 18, 2023 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/18/bilderberg-openai-microsoft-google-join-ai-talks-at-secretive-meeting.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> ==Agenda== The key topics for discussion were announced on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting.<ref name="y631">{{cite web | title=Press release 2024 | website=Bilderberg Meetings | url=https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meetings/meeting-2024/press-release-2024 | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> These topics included: {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *State of [[AI]] *AI Safety *Changing Faces of Biology *[[Climate]] *Future of [[Warfare]] *Geopolitical Landscape *Europe's Economic Challenges *US Economic Challenges *US Political Landscape *Ukraine and the World *[[Middle East]] *China *Russia {{div col end}} ==Participants== A list of 131 participants was published on the Bilderberg website.<ref name="Participants 2024"/> This list may not be complete, as a source connected to the Bilderberg group told ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 2013 that some attendees do not have their names publicized.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | last=Holehouse | first=Matthew | title=Bilderberg Group? No conspiracy, just the most influential group in the world | website=The Telegraph | date=June 6, 2013 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10102168/Bilderberg-Group-No-conspiracy-just-the-most-influential-group-in-the-world.html | access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> [[King Felipe VI]] of Spain was reported to have attended the meeting despite his name not being on the list.<ref name="p617">{{cite web | title=El Club Bilderberg celebra su 70 aniversario en Madrid: 10 españoles en la lista de 130 invitados | website=MARCA | date=2024-05-31 | url=https://www.marca.com/tiramillas/television/2024/05/31/665981aa46163f39b18b45c2.html | language=es | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} '''{{flagu|Austria}}''' *[[Pamela Rendi-Wagner]] *[[Robert Zadrazil]] *[[Gerhard Zeiler]] '''{{flagu|Belgium}}''' *[[Ilham Kadri]] *[[Thomas Leysen]] *[[Karel Verhoeven]] '''{{flagu|Canada}}''' *[[Yoshua Bengio]] *[[Mark J. Carney]] *[[François-Philippe Champagne]] *[[Evan Siddall]] '''{{flagu|Denmark}}''' *[[Bjarne Corydon]] *[[Connie Hedegaard]] *[[Søren Pind]] '''{{flagu|Estonia}}''' *[[Kaja Kallas]] '''{{flagu|European Union}} (International)''' *[[Nadia Calviño]] *[[Paschal Donohoe]] *[[Paolo Gentiloni]] *[[Wopke Hoekstra]] *[[Ylva Johansson]] *[[Charles Michel]] *[[Maroš Šefčovič]] '''{{flagu|Finland}}''' *[[Anders Adlercreutz]] *[[Erkki Liikanen]] *[[Alexander Stubb]] *[[Erja Yläjärvi]] '''{{flagu|France}}''' *[[Patricia Barbizet]] *[[Valérie Baudson]] *[[Henri de Castries]] *[[Arthur Mensch]] *[[Agnès Pannier-Runacher]] *[[Édouard Philippe]] *[[Patrick Pouyanné]] '''{{flagu|Germany}}''' *[[Jamil Anderlini]]{{efn|Identified as from Germany and the United States}} *[[Marco Buschmann]] *[[Mathias Döpfner]] *[[Friedrich Merz]] *[[Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)|Wolfgang Schmidt]] *[[Christian Sewing]] '''{{flagu|Greece}}''' *[[Niki Kerameus]] *[[Alexis Papahelas]] *[[Dimitri Papalexopoulos]] '''{{flagu|Ireland}}''' *[[Simon Coveney]] *[[Michael O'Leary (businessman)|Michael O'Leary]] *[[Leo Varadkar]] '''{{flagu|Italy}}''' *[[Marco Alverà]] *[[Lorenzo Bini Smaghi]] *[[Michele Della Vigna]] *[[Giuliano da Empoli]] *[[Lilli Gruber]] *[[Mario Monti]] '''{{flagu|NATO}} (International)''' *[[James Appathurai]] *[[Christopher Cavoli]] *[[Jens Stoltenberg]] '''{{flagu|Netherlands}}''' *[[Charlene de Carvalho]] *[[Caroline de Gruyter]] *[[Victor Halberstadt]] *[[Tom-Jan Meeus]] *[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands]] *[[Mark Rutte]] '''{{flagu|Norway}}''' *[[Kjerstin Braathen]] *[[Øyvind Eriksen]] '''Other (International)''' *[[Alexander Gabuev]] '''{{flagu|Poland}}''' *[[Andrzej Domański]] *[[Kasia Kieli]] *[[Radoslaw Sikorski]] '''{{flagu|Portugal}}''' *[[José Manuel Barroso]] *[[Isabel Gil]] *[[Duarte Moreira]] '''{{flagu|Russia}}''' *[[Anatoly Chubays]]{{efn|Identified as from Russia and Israel}} '''{{flagu|Spain}}''' *[[José Manuel Albares]] *[[Ana P. Botín]] *[[Ildefonso Castro]] *[[José Creuheras]] *[[Carlos Cuerpo]] *[[Sol Daurella Comadrán]] *[[José M. Entrecanales]] *[[Pablo Hernández de Cos]] *[[Pedro J. Ramírez]] *[[José Juan Ruiz]] '''{{flagu|Switzerland}}''' *[[Anna Fontcuberta i Morral]] *[[André Kudelski]] '''{{flagu|Sweden}}''' *[[Daniel Ek]] *[[Ann Linde]] *[[Marcus Wallenberg]] '''{{flagu|Turkey}}''' *[[Mustafa Aydin]] *[[Kadri Gürsel]] *[[Sebnem Kalemli-Özcan]] *[[Ömer Koç]] *[[Mehmet Şimşek]] '''{{flagu|Ukraine}}''' *[[Dmytro Kuleba]] '''{{flagu|United Kingdom}}''' *[[Murray Auchincloss]] *[[Demis Hassabis]] *[[Zanny Minton Beddoes]] *[[Gideon Rachman]] *[[Wael Sawan]] *[[John Sawers]] *[[Mustafa Suleyman]] *[[Martin H. Wolf]] '''{{flagu|United Nations}} (International)''' *[[Sigrid Kaag]] '''{{flagu|United States}}''' *[[Stacey Abrams]] *[[Adewale Adeyemo]] *[[Roger C. Altman]] *[[Dario Amodei]] *[[Anne Applebaum]] *[[Albert Bourla]] *[[Tarun Chhabra]] *[[Jen Easterly]] *[[Niall Ferguson]] *[[Jonathan Finer]] *[[Jane Fraser (executive)|Jane Fraser]] *[[Kevin Harrington (entrepreneur)|Kevin Harrington]] *[[Mellody Hobson]] *[[Alex Karp]] *[[Stephen Kotkin]] *[[Henry R. Kravis]] *[[Marie-Josée Kravis]] *[[Eric S. Lander]] *[[Peter Lee (computer scientist)|Peter Lee]] *[[Robert Lighthizer]] *[[Palmer Luckey]] *[[John Micklethwait]] *[[David H. Petraeus]] *[[Richard H. Phillips]] *[[Nadia Schadlow]] *[[Eric E. Schmidt]] *[[Wendy R. Sherman]] *[[Bret Stephens]] *[[Peter Thiel]] *[[Jonathan D. T. Ward]] *[[Thomas J. Wright (American scholar)|Thomas Wright]] *[[Fareed Zakaria]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Bilderberg Group}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilderberg Conference, 2024}} [[Category:2024 conferences]] [[Category:2024 in international relations]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence conferences]] [[Category:May 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:June 2024 events in Spain]] [[Category:Bilderberg Meeting|2024]] [[Category:Events in Madrid]]

2024-05-31T22:04:17Z

2024-05-31T23:21:32Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bilderberg_Conference

Miss Grand Veneto

Miss Grand Veneto is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2019 by an Padua-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto. The winners of the contest represent the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Veneto candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Veneto region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, who then organized the region-level pageants in Padua and Treviso to select the region representatives for that year's national competition. In 2022, after two consecutive years of absence, Veneto returned to the competition with the leadership of Giulio Romi, chairperson of the Fashion Lady Eventi. However, Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana the following year. Several local auditions and contests were organized annually to determine the finalists for the Miss Grand Veneto pageant The following table details Miss Grand Veneto's annual editions since 2019. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Veneto is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2019 by an Padua-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto. The winners of the contest represent the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Veneto candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Veneto | logo = Flag of Veneto.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2019|6}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Enzo Lamberto | headquarters = [[Padua]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto ''(2019)''|Giulio Romi ''(2022)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2023–2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Veneto''' is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=casting22/><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2019 by an [[Padua]]-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto.<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/02/02/agente-regione-veneto/|title=Agente Regionale Veneto|date=2 February 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/behal}}</ref><ref name=contest2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/04/29/selezione-regionale-veneto-ristorante-fuori-orario-padova/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto Risrorante Fouri Orario Padova|date=29 April 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/NDlIq}}</ref> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Veneto]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant.<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=casting22/><ref name=2024license/> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Veneto]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Veneto]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee/><ref name=contest2019/> who then organized the region-level pageants in [[Padua]] and [[Treviso]] to select the region representatives for that year's national competition.<ref name=contest2019/><ref name=sch19/> In 2022, after two consecutive years of absence, Veneto returned to the competition with the leadership of Giulio Romi,<ref name=casting22/><ref name=vene22/> chairperson of the Fashion Lady Eventi.<ref name=casting22>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801194313/https://gidiferroblog.altervista.org/notte-bianca-e-bellezza-selma-aingoud-e-miss-piove-di-sacco-2022-per-miss-grand-international-17206-2/|title=Notte bianca e bellezza: Selma Aingoud, è Miss Piove di Sacco 2022 per Miss Grand international|date=1 October 2022|language=it|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=Altervista.org|via=[[Internet Archive]]|trans-title=White night and beauty: Selma Aingoud, is Miss Piove di Sacco 2022 for Miss Grand international|author=Lauretta Bonesi}}</ref> However, Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana the following year.<ref name=2023license>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/05/10/selezione-regionale-veneto-2/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=10 May 2023|accessdate=25 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=24 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yU5PX}}</ref><ref name=2024audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/10/04/selezione-regionale-veneto-3/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=4 October 2023|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/eTRAU}}</ref> Several local auditions and contests were organized annually to determine the finalists for the Miss Grand Veneto pageant<ref name=2023license/><ref name=2024audition/><ref name=2022audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2022/05/03/3615/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=3 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2024|archivedate=6 May 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/RyqAy|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy}}</ref><ref name=2023audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/04/04/selezione-regionale-veneto/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=4 April 2023|accessdate=27 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/TVEH7}}</ref> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Veneto's annual editions since 2019. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !rowspan=2|1st |April 18, 2019||Via Guizza Conselvana 441, [[Padua]] ([[Province of Padua|PD]])||rowspan=4 colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=2|{{center|<ref name=contest2019/><ref name=sch19>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/feqnI|title=Abbiamo il piacere di informarvi che Miss Grand Italy apre le porte del concorso in Veneto con le prime 2 selezioni.|date=14 March 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy Veneto|via=[[Archive Today]]|trans-title=We are pleased to inform you that Miss Grand Italy opens the doors of the competition in Veneto with the first 2 selections.}}</ref>}} |- |{{left|April 25, 2019}}||Ponte Ottavi Restaurant, [[Treviso]] ([[Province of Treviso|TV]]) |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol]] 2022 pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{center|<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref>}} |- !3rd{{efn|Held parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol]] 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Notes {{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Veneto]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original state title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !rowspan=2|2019 |Giulia Zancato||rowspan=2|Winners of the 2019 Miss Grand Veneto qualification stage||rowspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2273849406004321&set=ms.c.eJxFkduNRSEMAztaOe~_k~%3B8ZWmBPu7wgPNqiWtU~_1ZmECf0rQDc0SeC~%3BwIGj7wDgScFNZ0DNmlYgPVNuJiH8goH4iarVSsROpfo5QOlz3RFBattLJomP8k4rJAWJYwKao17THWd02gkpG~_kkNnD~%3Bf2lBlD6vXQ~%3BtE3J5U6PA3TsCIj64j2CPLFtwHsvdAnXecvgfCcFysQ6IptVwgcqQttZEwglqHInhLz467Te33DUagv2uT1cP2WgwIsC~_mdbfE3TIDF83I7nogLvid0JiByiyI4oniZzsQciLhwogbxnV0JO~%3B8A0YIYP8wXYnY.bps.a.2273847486004513|title=Giulia Zancato, Regione Veneto|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Linda Sovegni}}||{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2273848286004433&set=ms.c.eJxFkduNRSEMAztaOe~_k~%3B8ZWmBPu7wgPNqiWtU~_1ZmECf0rQDc0SeC~%3BwIGj7wDgScFNZ0DNmlYgPVNuJiH8goH4iarVSsROpfo5QOlz3RFBattLJomP8k4rJAWJYwKao17THWd02gkpG~_kkNnD~%3Bf2lBlD6vXQ~%3BtE3J5U6PA3TsCIj64j2CPLFtwHsvdAnXecvgfCcFysQ6IptVwgcqQttZEwglqHInhLz467Te33DUagv2uT1cP2WgwIsC~_mdbfE3TIDF83I7nogLvid0JiByiyI4oniZzsQciLhwogbxnV0JO~%3B8A0YIYP8wXYnY.bps.a.2273847486004513|title=Linda Sovegni, Regione Veneto|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>}} |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Selma Aingound||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto qualification stage||rowspan=3 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> |- |{{left|Evelina Rezheenskaya}} |- |{{left|Alessia Alberti}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-Alto Adige qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Veneto]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2019]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Grand Veneto]]

2024-05-31T22:16:29Z

2024-05-31T22:16:29Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Veneto

Miss Grand Veneto

Miss Grand Veneto is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2019 by an Padua-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto. The winners of the contest represent the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Veneto candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Veneto region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, who then organized the region-level pageants in Padua and Treviso to select the region representatives for that year's national competition. In 2022, after two consecutive years of absence, Veneto returned to the competition with the leadership of Giulio Romi, chairperson of the Fashion Lady Eventi. However, Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana the following year. Several local auditions and contests were organized annually to determine the finalists for the Miss Grand Veneto pageant The following table details Miss Grand Veneto's annual editions since 2019. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Veneto is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2019 by an Padua-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto. The winners of the contest represent the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Veneto candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Short description|Italian regional beauty pageant}} {{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Veneto | logo = Flag of Veneto.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2019|6}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Enzo Lamberto | headquarters = [[Padua]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto ''(2019)''|Giulio Romi ''(2022)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2023–2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Veneto''' is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=casting22/><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2019 by an [[Padua]]-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto.<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/02/02/agente-regione-veneto/|title=Agente Regionale Veneto|date=2 February 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/behal}}</ref><ref name=contest2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/04/29/selezione-regionale-veneto-ristorante-fuori-orario-padova/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto Risrorante Fouri Orario Padova|date=29 April 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/NDlIq}}</ref> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Veneto]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant.<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=casting22/><ref name=2024license/> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Veneto]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Veneto]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee/><ref name=contest2019/> who then organized the region-level pageants in [[Padua]] and [[Treviso]] to select the region representatives for that year's national competition.<ref name=contest2019/><ref name=sch19/> In 2022, after two consecutive years of absence, Veneto returned to the competition with the leadership of Giulio Romi,<ref name=casting22/><ref name=vene22/> chairperson of the Fashion Lady Eventi.<ref name=casting22>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801194313/https://gidiferroblog.altervista.org/notte-bianca-e-bellezza-selma-aingoud-e-miss-piove-di-sacco-2022-per-miss-grand-international-17206-2/|title=Notte bianca e bellezza: Selma Aingoud, è Miss Piove di Sacco 2022 per Miss Grand international|date=1 October 2022|language=it|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=Altervista.org|via=[[Internet Archive]]|trans-title=White night and beauty: Selma Aingoud, is Miss Piove di Sacco 2022 for Miss Grand international|author=Lauretta Bonesi}}</ref> However, Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana the following year.<ref name=2023license>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/05/10/selezione-regionale-veneto-2/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=10 May 2023|accessdate=25 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=24 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yU5PX}}</ref><ref name=2024audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/10/04/selezione-regionale-veneto-3/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=4 October 2023|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/eTRAU}}</ref> Several local auditions and contests were organized annually to determine the finalists for the Miss Grand Veneto pageant<ref name=2023license/><ref name=2024audition/><ref name=2022audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2022/05/03/3615/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=3 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2024|archivedate=6 May 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/RyqAy|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy}}</ref><ref name=2023audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/04/04/selezione-regionale-veneto/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=4 April 2023|accessdate=27 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/TVEH7}}</ref> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Veneto's annual editions since 2019. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !rowspan=2|1st |April 18, 2019||Via Guizza Conselvana 441, [[Padua]] ([[Province of Padua|PD]])||rowspan=4 colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=2|{{center|<ref name=contest2019/><ref name=sch19>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/feqnI|title=Abbiamo il piacere di informarvi che Miss Grand Italy apre le porte del concorso in Veneto con le prime 2 selezioni.|date=14 March 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy Veneto|via=[[Archive Today]]|trans-title=We are pleased to inform you that Miss Grand Italy opens the doors of the competition in Veneto with the first 2 selections.}}</ref>}} |- |{{left|April 25, 2019}}||Ponte Ottavi Restaurant, [[Treviso]] ([[Province of Treviso|TV]]) |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol]] 2022 pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{center|<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref>}} |- !3rd{{efn|Held parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol]] 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Notes {{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Veneto]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original state title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !rowspan=2|2019 |Giulia Zancato||rowspan=2|Winners of the 2019 Miss Grand Veneto qualification stage||rowspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2273849406004321&set=ms.c.eJxFkduNRSEMAztaOe~_k~%3B8ZWmBPu7wgPNqiWtU~_1ZmECf0rQDc0SeC~%3BwIGj7wDgScFNZ0DNmlYgPVNuJiH8goH4iarVSsROpfo5QOlz3RFBattLJomP8k4rJAWJYwKao17THWd02gkpG~_kkNnD~%3Bf2lBlD6vXQ~%3BtE3J5U6PA3TsCIj64j2CPLFtwHsvdAnXecvgfCcFysQ6IptVwgcqQttZEwglqHInhLz467Te33DUagv2uT1cP2WgwIsC~_mdbfE3TIDF83I7nogLvid0JiByiyI4oniZzsQciLhwogbxnV0JO~%3B8A0YIYP8wXYnY.bps.a.2273847486004513|title=Giulia Zancato, Regione Veneto|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Linda Sovegni}}||{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2273848286004433&set=ms.c.eJxFkduNRSEMAztaOe~_k~%3B8ZWmBPu7wgPNqiWtU~_1ZmECf0rQDc0SeC~%3BwIGj7wDgScFNZ0DNmlYgPVNuJiH8goH4iarVSsROpfo5QOlz3RFBattLJomP8k4rJAWJYwKao17THWd02gkpG~_kkNnD~%3Bf2lBlD6vXQ~%3BtE3J5U6PA3TsCIj64j2CPLFtwHsvdAnXecvgfCcFysQ6IptVwgcqQttZEwglqHInhLz467Te33DUagv2uT1cP2WgwIsC~_mdbfE3TIDF83I7nogLvid0JiByiyI4oniZzsQciLhwogbxnV0JO~%3B8A0YIYP8wXYnY.bps.a.2273847486004513|title=Linda Sovegni, Regione Veneto|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>}} |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Selma Aingound||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto qualification stage||rowspan=3 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> |- |{{left|Evelina Rezheenskaya}} |- |{{left|Alessia Alberti}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-Alto Adige qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Veneto]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2019]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Grand Veneto]]

2024-05-31T22:16:29Z

2024-05-31T22:17:50Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Veneto

Miss Grand Veneto

Miss Grand Veneto is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2019 by an Padua-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto. The winners of the contest represent the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Veneto candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Veneto region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, who then organized the region-level pageants in Padua and Treviso to select the region representatives for that year's national competition. In 2022, after two consecutive years of absence, Veneto returned to the competition with the leadership of Giulio Romi, chairperson of the Fashion Lady Eventi. However, Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana the following year. Several local auditions and contests were organized annually to determine the finalists for the Miss Grand Veneto pageant The following table details Miss Grand Veneto's annual editions since 2019. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Veneto is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2019 by an Padua-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto. The winners of the contest represent the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Veneto candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Short description|Italian regional beauty pageant}} {{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Veneto | logo = Flag of Veneto.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2019|6}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Enzo Lamberto | headquarters = [[Padua]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto ''(2019)''|Giulio Romi ''(2022)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2023–2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Veneto''' is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=casting22/><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2019 by an [[Padua]]-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto.<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/02/02/agente-regione-veneto/|title=Agente Regionale Veneto|date=2 February 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/behal}}</ref><ref name=contest2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/04/29/selezione-regionale-veneto-ristorante-fuori-orario-padova/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto Risrorante Fouri Orario Padova|date=29 April 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/NDlIq}}</ref> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Veneto]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant.<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=casting22/><ref name=2024license/> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Veneto]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Veneto]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee/><ref name=contest2019/> who then organized the region-level pageants in [[Padua]] and [[Treviso]] to select the region representatives for that year's national competition.<ref name=contest2019/><ref name=sch19/> In 2022, after two consecutive years of absence, Veneto returned to the competition with the leadership of Giulio Romi,<ref name=casting22/><ref name=vene22/> chairperson of the Fashion Lady Eventi.<ref name=casting22>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801194313/https://gidiferroblog.altervista.org/notte-bianca-e-bellezza-selma-aingoud-e-miss-piove-di-sacco-2022-per-miss-grand-international-17206-2/|title=Notte bianca e bellezza: Selma Aingoud, è Miss Piove di Sacco 2022 per Miss Grand international|date=1 October 2022|language=it|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=Altervista.org|via=[[Internet Archive]]|trans-title=White night and beauty: Selma Aingoud, is Miss Piove di Sacco 2022 for Miss Grand international|author=Lauretta Bonesi}}</ref> However, Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana the following year.<ref name=2023license>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/05/10/selezione-regionale-veneto-2/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=10 May 2023|accessdate=25 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=24 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yU5PX}}</ref><ref name=2024audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/10/04/selezione-regionale-veneto-3/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=4 October 2023|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/eTRAU}}</ref> Several local auditions and contests were organized annually to determine the finalists for the Miss Grand Veneto pageant<ref name=2023license/><ref name=2024audition/><ref name=2022audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2022/05/03/3615/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=3 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2024|archivedate=6 May 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/RyqAy|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy}}</ref><ref name=2023audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/04/04/selezione-regionale-veneto/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=4 April 2023|accessdate=27 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/TVEH7}}</ref> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Veneto's annual editions since 2019. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !rowspan=2|1st |April 18, 2019||Via Guizza Conselvana 441, [[Padua]] ([[Province of Padua|PD]])||rowspan=4 colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=2|{{center|<ref name=contest2019/><ref name=sch19>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/feqnI|title=Abbiamo il piacere di informarvi che Miss Grand Italy apre le porte del concorso in Veneto con le prime 2 selezioni.|date=14 March 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy Veneto|via=[[Archive Today]]|trans-title=We are pleased to inform you that Miss Grand Italy opens the doors of the competition in Veneto with the first 2 selections.}}</ref>}} |- |{{left|April 25, 2019}}||Ponte Ottavi Restaurant, [[Treviso]] ([[Province of Treviso|TV]]) |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol]] 2022 pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{center|<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref>}} |- !3rd{{efn|Held parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol]] 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Notes {{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Veneto]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original state title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !rowspan=2|2019 |Giulia Zancato||rowspan=2|Winners of the 2019 Miss Grand Veneto qualification stage||rowspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2273849406004321&set=ms.c.eJxFkduNRSEMAztaOe~_k~%3B8ZWmBPu7wgPNqiWtU~_1ZmECf0rQDc0SeC~%3BwIGj7wDgScFNZ0DNmlYgPVNuJiH8goH4iarVSsROpfo5QOlz3RFBattLJomP8k4rJAWJYwKao17THWd02gkpG~_kkNnD~%3Bf2lBlD6vXQ~%3BtE3J5U6PA3TsCIj64j2CPLFtwHsvdAnXecvgfCcFysQ6IptVwgcqQttZEwglqHInhLz467Te33DUagv2uT1cP2WgwIsC~_mdbfE3TIDF83I7nogLvid0JiByiyI4oniZzsQciLhwogbxnV0JO~%3B8A0YIYP8wXYnY.bps.a.2273847486004513|title=Giulia Zancato, Regione Veneto|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Linda Sovegni}}||{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2273848286004433&set=ms.c.eJxFkduNRSEMAztaOe~_k~%3B8ZWmBPu7wgPNqiWtU~_1ZmECf0rQDc0SeC~%3BwIGj7wDgScFNZ0DNmlYgPVNuJiH8goH4iarVSsROpfo5QOlz3RFBattLJomP8k4rJAWJYwKao17THWd02gkpG~_kkNnD~%3Bf2lBlD6vXQ~%3BtE3J5U6PA3TsCIj64j2CPLFtwHsvdAnXecvgfCcFysQ6IptVwgcqQttZEwglqHInhLz467Te33DUagv2uT1cP2WgwIsC~_mdbfE3TIDF83I7nogLvid0JiByiyI4oniZzsQciLhwogbxnV0JO~%3B8A0YIYP8wXYnY.bps.a.2273847486004513|title=Linda Sovegni, Regione Veneto|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>}} |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Selma Aingound||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto qualification stage||rowspan=3 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> |- |{{left|Evelina Rezheenskaya}} |- |{{left|Alessia Alberti}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-Alto Adige qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Veneto]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2019]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Grand Veneto]] [[Category:2019 establishments in Italy]]

2024-05-31T22:16:29Z

2024-05-31T22:18:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Veneto

Miss Grand Veneto

Miss Grand Veneto is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2019 by an Padua-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto. The winners of the contest represent the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Veneto candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Veneto region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, who then organized the region-level pageants in Padua and Treviso to select the region representatives for that year's national competition. In 2022, after two consecutive years of absence, Veneto returned to the competition with the leadership of Giulio Romi, chairperson of the Fashion Lady Eventi. However, Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana the following year. Several local auditions and contests were organized annually to determine the finalists for the Miss Grand Veneto pageant The following table details Miss Grand Veneto's annual editions since 2019. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Veneto is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2019 by an Padua-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto. The winners of the contest represent the region of Veneto in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Veneto candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Short description|Italian regional beauty pageant}} {{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Veneto | logo = Flag of Veneto.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2019|6}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Enzo Lamberto | headquarters = [[Padua]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto ''(2019)''|Giulio Romi ''(2022)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2023–2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Veneto''' is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|trans-title=Miss Grand International Italy great success at the Villa Italia restaurant in Padua|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=casting22/><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2019 by an [[Padua]]-based event organizer, Pubblistar 2000, led by Enzo Lamberto.<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/02/02/agente-regione-veneto/|title=Agente Regionale Veneto|date=2 February 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/behal}}</ref><ref name=contest2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/04/29/selezione-regionale-veneto-ristorante-fuori-orario-padova/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto Risrorante Fouri Orario Padova|date=29 April 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/NDlIq}}</ref> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Veneto]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant.<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=casting22/><ref name=2024license/> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Veneto]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Veneto]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee/><ref name=contest2019/> who then organized the region-level pageants in [[Padua]] and [[Treviso]] to select the region representatives for that year's national competition.<ref name=contest2019/><ref name=sch19/> In 2022, after two consecutive years of absence, Veneto returned to the competition with the leadership of Giulio Romi,<ref name=casting22/><ref name=vene22/> chairperson of the Fashion Lady Eventi.<ref name=casting22>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801194313/https://gidiferroblog.altervista.org/notte-bianca-e-bellezza-selma-aingoud-e-miss-piove-di-sacco-2022-per-miss-grand-international-17206-2/|title=Notte bianca e bellezza: Selma Aingoud, è Miss Piove di Sacco 2022 per Miss Grand international|date=1 October 2022|language=it|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=Altervista.org|via=[[Internet Archive]]|trans-title=White night and beauty: Selma Aingoud, is Miss Piove di Sacco 2022 for Miss Grand international|author=Lauretta Bonesi}}</ref> However, Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana the following year.<ref name=2023license>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/05/10/selezione-regionale-veneto-2/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=10 May 2023|accessdate=25 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=24 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yU5PX}}</ref><ref name=2024audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/10/04/selezione-regionale-veneto-3/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=4 October 2023|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/eTRAU}}</ref> Several local auditions and contests were organized annually to determine the finalists for the Miss Grand Veneto pageant<ref name=2023license/><ref name=2024audition/><ref name=2022audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2022/05/03/3615/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=3 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2024|archivedate=6 May 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.is/RyqAy|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy}}</ref><ref name=2023audition>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2023/04/04/selezione-regionale-veneto/|title=Selezione Regionale Veneto|date=4 April 2023|accessdate=27 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/TVEH7}}</ref> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Veneto's annual editions since 2019. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !rowspan=2|1st |April 18, 2019||Via Guizza Conselvana 441, [[Padua]] ([[Province of Padua|PD]])||rowspan=4 colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=2|{{center|<ref name=contest2019/><ref name=sch19>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/feqnI|title=Abbiamo il piacere di informarvi che Miss Grand Italy apre le porte del concorso in Veneto con le prime 2 selezioni.|date=14 March 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy Veneto|via=[[Archive Today]]|trans-title=We are pleased to inform you that Miss Grand Italy opens the doors of the competition in Veneto with the first 2 selections.}}</ref>}} |- |{{left|April 25, 2019}}||Ponte Ottavi Restaurant, [[Treviso]] ([[Province of Treviso|TV]]) |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol]] 2022 pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{center|<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref>}} |- !3rd{{efn|Held parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol]] 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Notes {{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Veneto]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original state title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !rowspan=2|2019 |Giulia Zancato||rowspan=2|Winners of the 2019 Miss Grand Veneto qualification stage||rowspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2273849406004321&set=ms.c.eJxFkduNRSEMAztaOe~_k~%3B8ZWmBPu7wgPNqiWtU~_1ZmECf0rQDc0SeC~%3BwIGj7wDgScFNZ0DNmlYgPVNuJiH8goH4iarVSsROpfo5QOlz3RFBattLJomP8k4rJAWJYwKao17THWd02gkpG~_kkNnD~%3Bf2lBlD6vXQ~%3BtE3J5U6PA3TsCIj64j2CPLFtwHsvdAnXecvgfCcFysQ6IptVwgcqQttZEwglqHInhLz467Te33DUagv2uT1cP2WgwIsC~_mdbfE3TIDF83I7nogLvid0JiByiyI4oniZzsQciLhwogbxnV0JO~%3B8A0YIYP8wXYnY.bps.a.2273847486004513|title=Giulia Zancato, Regione Veneto|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Linda Sovegni}}||{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2273848286004433&set=ms.c.eJxFkduNRSEMAztaOe~_k~%3B8ZWmBPu7wgPNqiWtU~_1ZmECf0rQDc0SeC~%3BwIGj7wDgScFNZ0DNmlYgPVNuJiH8goH4iarVSsROpfo5QOlz3RFBattLJomP8k4rJAWJYwKao17THWd02gkpG~_kkNnD~%3Bf2lBlD6vXQ~%3BtE3J5U6PA3TsCIj64j2CPLFtwHsvdAnXecvgfCcFysQ6IptVwgcqQttZEwglqHInhLz467Te33DUagv2uT1cP2WgwIsC~_mdbfE3TIDF83I7nogLvid0JiByiyI4oniZzsQciLhwogbxnV0JO~%3B8A0YIYP8wXYnY.bps.a.2273847486004513|title=Linda Sovegni, Regione Veneto|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=1 June 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>}} |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Selma Aingound||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto qualification stage||rowspan=3 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> |- |{{left|Evelina Rezheenskaya}} |- |{{left|Alessia Alberti}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-Alto Adige qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Veneto]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2019]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Grand Veneto]] [[Category:2019 establishments in Italy]]

2024-05-31T22:16:29Z

2024-05-31T22:47:39Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Veneto

Claire McKay Bowen

Claire McKay Bowen is an American statistician whose work focuses on data privacy, differential privacy, synthetic data, and their effects on the statistical analysis of economic data. She is a senior fellow and head of the statistical methods group in the Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, an American think tank. Bowen grew up on a farm in Idaho. After graduating from Salmon High School in Idaho, she majored in mathematics and physics, with a minor in statistics, at Idaho State University, earning a bachelor's degree there in 2012. She became part of the first generation in her family to earn a college degree. She continued her studies in applied and computational mathematics and statistics at the University of Notre Dame. After a master's degree in 2015, she completed her Ph.D. in 2018. Her dissertation, Data Privacy via Integration of Differential Privacy and Data Synthesis, was supervised by Fang Liu. She joined the Urban Institute in 2019, after a year of postdoctoral research at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, working with Joanne Wendelberger and Earl Lawrence. Bowen is the author of Protecting Your Privacy in a Data-Driven World (CRC Press, 2021). In 2021, Bowen was named to the Leadership Academy of the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies, "for contributions to the development and broad dissemination of Statistics and Data Science methods and concepts, particularly in the emerging field of Data Privacy, and for leadership of technical initiatives, professional development activities, and educational programs". She was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2024.

Claire McKay Bowen is an American statistician whose work focuses on data privacy, differential privacy, synthetic data, and their effects on the statistical analysis of economic data. She is a senior fellow and head of the statistical methods group in the Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, an American think tank.

{{Short description|American statistician}} {{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=May 2024}} {{Use list-defined references|date=May 2024}} '''Claire McKay Bowen''' is an American statistician whose work focuses on [[data privacy]], [[differential privacy]], [[synthetic data]], and their effects on the statistical analysis of economic data. She is a senior fellow and head of the statistical methods group in the Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population of the [[Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center]], an American think tank.{{r|urban}} ==Education and career== Bowen grew up on a farm in Idaho.{{r|alum|cws}} After graduating from [[Salmon High School]] in Idaho, she majored in mathematics and physics, with a minor in statistics, at [[Idaho State University]], earning a bachelor's degree there in 2012.{{r|about}} She became part of the first generation in her family to earn a college degree.{{r|alum}} She continued her studies in applied and computational mathematics and statistics at the [[University of Notre Dame]]. After a master's degree in 2015, she completed her Ph.D. in 2018.{{r|about}} Her dissertation, ''Data Privacy via Integration of Differential Privacy and Data Synthesis'', was supervised by [[Fang Liu (statistician)|Fang Liu]].{{r|defense}} She joined the Urban Institute in 2019, after a year of postdoctoral research at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], working with [[Joanne Wendelberger]] and Earl Lawrence.{{r|about}} ==Book== Bowen is the author of ''Protecting Your Privacy in a Data-Driven World'' (CRC Press, 2021).{{r|alum|pyp}} ==Recognition== In 2021, Bowen was named to the Leadership Academy of the [[Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies]], "for contributions to the development and broad dissemination of Statistics and Data Science methods and concepts, particularly in the emerging field of Data Privacy, and for leadership of technical initiatives, professional development activities, and educational programs".{{r|copss}} She was elected as a [[Fellow of the American Statistical Association]] in 2024.{{r|fasa}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=about>{{citation|url=https://clairemckaybowen.com/about/|title=About me|first=Claire McKay|last=Bowen|access-date=2024-05-31}}; see also attached curriculum vitae</ref> <ref name=alum>{{citation|url=https://www.isu.edu/news/2022-spring/idaho-state-alumna-authors-book-on-data-privacy.html|title=Idaho State Alumna Authors Book on Data Privacy|work=ISU News|publisher=Idaho State University|date=January 27, 2022|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=copss>{{citation|url=https://imstat.org/2021/03/29/new-copss-leadership-academy-for-emerging-leaders-in-statistics/|title=New: COPSS Leadership Academy, for Emerging Leaders in Statistics|publisher=Institute of Mathematical Statistics|date=March 29, 2021|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=cws>{{citation|url=https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2020/03/01/claire-mckay-bowen/|title=Claire McKay Bowen|date=March 1, 2020|department=Celebrating Women in Statistics|magazine=AmStat News|publisher=American Statistical Association|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=defense>{{citation|url=https://acms.nd.edu/events/2018/03/27/ph-d-defense-claire-bowen/|title=Ph.D. Defense: Claire Bowen|date=March 27, 2018|publisher=University of Notre Dame Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=fasa>{{citation|url=https://www.amstat.org/docs/default-source/amstat-documents/pdfs/fellows/Fellows2024.pdf|title=2024 ASA Fellows|publisher=American Statistical Association|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=pyp>{{citation | last = Stein | first = Stefan | date = April 2022 | doi = 10.1111/rssa.12847 | issue = Supplement 2 | journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society | pages = S763–S764 | title = Review of ''Protecting Your Privacy in a Data-Driven World'' | volume = 185}} </ref> <ref name=urban>{{citation|url=https://www.urban.org/author/claire-bowen|title=Claire Bowen|publisher=Urban Institute|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> }} ==External links== *[https://clairemckaybowen.com/ Home page] *{{Google Scholar id|WUGXZzMAAAAJ}} *[https://www.sigmapisigma.org/sigmapisigma/radiations/spring/2022/data-privacy-scientist-claire-mckay-bowen Spotlight on hidden physicists: The Data Privacy Scientist, Claire McKay Bowen], [[Sigma Pi Sigma]], Spring 2022 *[https://imstat.org/2022/04/01/ruobin-gong-interviews-claire-mckay-bowen/ Ruobin Gong interviews Claire McKay Bowen], [[Institute of Mathematical Statistics]], April 2022 {{Authority control|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bowen, CLaire McKay}} [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American statisticians]] [[Category:American women statisticians]] [[Category:Idaho State University alumni]] [[Category:University of Notre Dame alumni]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]

2024-05-31T22:18:48Z

2024-05-31T22:18:48Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_McKay_Bowen

Claire McKay Bowen

Claire McKay Bowen is an American statistician whose work focuses on data privacy, differential privacy, synthetic data, and their effects on the statistical analysis of economic data. She is a senior fellow and head of the statistical methods group in the Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, an American think tank. Bowen grew up on a farm in Idaho. After graduating from Salmon High School in Idaho, she majored in mathematics and physics, with a minor in statistics, at Idaho State University, earning a bachelor's degree there in 2012. She became part of the first generation in her family to earn a college degree. She continued her studies in applied and computational mathematics and statistics at the University of Notre Dame. After a master's degree in 2015, she completed her Ph.D. in 2018. Her dissertation, Data Privacy via Integration of Differential Privacy and Data Synthesis, was supervised by Fang Liu. She joined the Urban Institute in 2019, after a year of postdoctoral research at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, working with Joanne Wendelberger and Earl Lawrence. Bowen is the author of Protecting Your Privacy in a Data-Driven World (CRC Press, 2021). In 2021, Bowen was named to the Leadership Academy of the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies, "for contributions to the development and broad dissemination of Statistics and Data Science methods and concepts, particularly in the emerging field of Data Privacy, and for leadership of technical initiatives, professional development activities, and educational programs". She was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2024.

Claire McKay Bowen is an American statistician whose work focuses on data privacy, differential privacy, synthetic data, and their effects on the statistical analysis of economic data. She is a senior fellow and head of the statistical methods group in the Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, an American think tank.

{{Short description|American statistician}} {{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=May 2024}} {{Use list-defined references|date=May 2024}} '''Claire McKay Bowen''' is an American statistician whose work focuses on [[data privacy]], [[differential privacy]], [[synthetic data]], and their effects on the statistical analysis of economic data. She is a senior fellow and head of the statistical methods group in the Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population of the [[Urban Institute]], an American think tank.{{r|urban}} ==Education and career== Bowen grew up on a farm in Idaho.{{r|alum|cws}} After graduating from [[Salmon High School]] in Idaho, she majored in mathematics and physics, with a minor in statistics, at [[Idaho State University]], earning a bachelor's degree there in 2012.{{r|about}} She became part of the first generation in her family to earn a college degree.{{r|alum}} She continued her studies in applied and computational mathematics and statistics at the [[University of Notre Dame]]. After a master's degree in 2015, she completed her Ph.D. in 2018.{{r|about}} Her dissertation, ''Data Privacy via Integration of Differential Privacy and Data Synthesis'', was supervised by [[Fang Liu (statistician)|Fang Liu]].{{r|defense}} She joined the Urban Institute in 2019, after a year of postdoctoral research at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], working with [[Joanne Wendelberger]] and Earl Lawrence.{{r|about}} ==Book== Bowen is the author of ''Protecting Your Privacy in a Data-Driven World'' (CRC Press, 2021).{{r|alum|pyp}} ==Recognition== In 2021, Bowen was named to the Leadership Academy of the [[Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies]], "for contributions to the development and broad dissemination of Statistics and Data Science methods and concepts, particularly in the emerging field of Data Privacy, and for leadership of technical initiatives, professional development activities, and educational programs".{{r|copss}} She was elected as a [[Fellow of the American Statistical Association]] in 2024.{{r|fasa}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=about>{{citation|url=https://clairemckaybowen.com/about/|title=About me|first=Claire McKay|last=Bowen|access-date=2024-05-31}}; see also attached curriculum vitae</ref> <ref name=alum>{{citation|url=https://www.isu.edu/news/2022-spring/idaho-state-alumna-authors-book-on-data-privacy.html|title=Idaho State Alumna Authors Book on Data Privacy|work=ISU News|publisher=Idaho State University|date=January 27, 2022|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=copss>{{citation|url=https://imstat.org/2021/03/29/new-copss-leadership-academy-for-emerging-leaders-in-statistics/|title=New: COPSS Leadership Academy, for Emerging Leaders in Statistics|publisher=Institute of Mathematical Statistics|date=March 29, 2021|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=cws>{{citation|url=https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2020/03/01/claire-mckay-bowen/|title=Claire McKay Bowen|date=March 1, 2020|department=Celebrating Women in Statistics|magazine=AmStat News|publisher=American Statistical Association|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=defense>{{citation|url=https://acms.nd.edu/events/2018/03/27/ph-d-defense-claire-bowen/|title=Ph.D. Defense: Claire Bowen|date=March 27, 2018|publisher=University of Notre Dame Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=fasa>{{citation|url=https://www.amstat.org/docs/default-source/amstat-documents/pdfs/fellows/Fellows2024.pdf|title=2024 ASA Fellows|publisher=American Statistical Association|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> <ref name=pyp>{{citation | last = Stein | first = Stefan | date = April 2022 | doi = 10.1111/rssa.12847 | issue = Supplement 2 | journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society | pages = S763–S764 | title = Review of ''Protecting Your Privacy in a Data-Driven World'' | volume = 185}} </ref> <ref name=urban>{{citation|url=https://www.urban.org/author/claire-bowen|title=Claire Bowen|publisher=Urban Institute|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> }} ==External links== *[https://clairemckaybowen.com/ Home page] *{{Google Scholar id|WUGXZzMAAAAJ}} *[https://www.sigmapisigma.org/sigmapisigma/radiations/spring/2022/data-privacy-scientist-claire-mckay-bowen Spotlight on hidden physicists: The Data Privacy Scientist, Claire McKay Bowen], [[Sigma Pi Sigma]], Spring 2022 *[https://imstat.org/2022/04/01/ruobin-gong-interviews-claire-mckay-bowen/ Ruobin Gong interviews Claire McKay Bowen], [[Institute of Mathematical Statistics]], April 2022 {{Authority control|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bowen, CLaire McKay}} [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American statisticians]] [[Category:American women statisticians]] [[Category:Idaho State University alumni]] [[Category:University of Notre Dame alumni]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]

2024-05-31T22:18:48Z

2024-05-31T22:23:16Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_McKay_Bowen

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Trentino-South Tyrol region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest. Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi, who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant in Sommacampagna, and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the Miss Grand Italy 2022 pageant. The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Short description|Italian regional beauty pageant}} {{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol | logo = Flag of Trentino-South Tyrol.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2022|9|3}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Giulio Romi | headquarters = [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto (2019)|Giulio Romi ''(2022–2023)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol''' is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi.<ref name=vene22/> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]],<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=2024license/> a national preliminary pageant for [[Miss Grand International]].<ref name=y2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.primapaginaonline.it/2023/06/06/bellezza-miss-grand-international/|title=Bellezza, tutte le marchigiane per Miss Grand International|date=2023|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|website=www.primapaginaonline.it|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/cOZMx|trans-title=Beauty, all the Marches for Miss Grand International}}</ref><ref name=y22>{{cite web|url=https://marcheinfinite.com/2022/08/25/finale-regionale-marche-miss-grand-international-italy-2022-il-27-agosto-alla-giara-di-pesaro/|title=Finale Regionale Marche Miss Grand International Italy 2022 il 27 agosto alla Giara di Pesaro|date=25 August 2022|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Marche Regional Final Miss Grand International Italy 2022 on August 27th at the Giara in Pesaro|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/xHZtv|website=marcheinfinite.com}}</ref> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/03/01/agente-regione-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Agente Regionale Trentino-Alto Adige|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/EEP04}}</ref> and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest.<ref name=2019rep/> Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi,<ref name=vene22/> who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Veneto]] pageant in [[Sommacampagna]],<ref name=vene22/> and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the [[Miss Grand Italy 2022]] pageant.<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !1st{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{n/a|''N/A''}}||{{n/a|''None''{{efn|Three candidates were elected to represent the region in the national contest; no actual Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2022 was crowned.<ref name=22candidates/>|name=C}}||<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref> |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Note ::{{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original regional title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !2019 |Vanessa Cappellari||Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2019||rowspan=4 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref name=2019rep>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/wip/lTo5r|title=Vanessa Cappellari, Regione Trentino|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=31 May 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Andrea Parisi||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates/> |- |{{left|Gioia Temporin}} |- |{{left|Alessandra D'este}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|No data available}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2022]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:2022 establishments in Italy]]

2024-05-31T22:19:05Z

2024-05-31T22:19:05Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Trentino-South_Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Trentino-South Tyrol region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest. Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi, who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant in Sommacampagna, and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the Miss Grand Italy 2022 pageant. The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Short description|Italian regional beauty pageant}} {{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol | logo = Flag of Trentino-South Tyrol.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2022|9|3}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Giulio Romi | headquarters = [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto (2019)|Giulio Romi ''(2022–2023)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol''' ({{lang-it|Miss Grand Trentino-Alto Adige}}) is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi.<ref name=vene22/> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]],<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=2024license/> a national preliminary pageant for [[Miss Grand International]].<ref name=y2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.primapaginaonline.it/2023/06/06/bellezza-miss-grand-international/|title=Bellezza, tutte le marchigiane per Miss Grand International|date=2023|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|website=www.primapaginaonline.it|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/cOZMx|trans-title=Beauty, all the Marches for Miss Grand International}}</ref><ref name=y22>{{cite web|url=https://marcheinfinite.com/2022/08/25/finale-regionale-marche-miss-grand-international-italy-2022-il-27-agosto-alla-giara-di-pesaro/|title=Finale Regionale Marche Miss Grand International Italy 2022 il 27 agosto alla Giara di Pesaro|date=25 August 2022|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Marche Regional Final Miss Grand International Italy 2022 on August 27th at the Giara in Pesaro|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/xHZtv|website=marcheinfinite.com}}</ref> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/03/01/agente-regione-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Agente Regionale Trentino-Alto Adige|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/EEP04}}</ref> and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest.<ref name=2019rep/> Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi,<ref name=vene22/> who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Veneto]] pageant in [[Sommacampagna]],<ref name=vene22/> and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the [[Miss Grand Italy 2022]] pageant.<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !1st{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{n/a|''N/A''}}||{{n/a|''None''{{efn|Three candidates were elected to represent the region in the national contest; no actual Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2022 was crowned.<ref name=22candidates/>|name=C}}||<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref> |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Note ::{{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original regional title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !2019 |Vanessa Cappellari||Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2019||rowspan=4 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref name=2019rep>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/wip/lTo5r|title=Vanessa Cappellari, Regione Trentino|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=31 May 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Andrea Parisi||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates/> |- |{{left|Gioia Temporin}} |- |{{left|Alessandra D'este}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|No data available}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2022]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:2022 establishments in Italy]]

2024-05-31T22:19:05Z

2024-05-31T22:22:54Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Trentino-South_Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol (Italian: Miss Grand Trentino-Alto Adige) is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Trentino-South Tyrol region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest. Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi, who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant in Sommacampagna, and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the Miss Grand Italy 2022 pageant. The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Short description|Italian regional beauty pageant}} {{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol | logo = Flag of Trentino-South Tyrol.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2022|9|3}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Giulio Romi | headquarters = [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto (2019)|Giulio Romi ''(2022–2023)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol''' ({{lang-it|Miss Grand Trentino-Alto Adige}}) is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|trans-title=Miss Grand International Italy great success at the Villa Italia restaurant in Padua|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi.<ref name=vene22/> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]],<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=2024license/> a national preliminary pageant for [[Miss Grand International]].<ref name=y2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.primapaginaonline.it/2023/06/06/bellezza-miss-grand-international/|title=Bellezza, tutte le marchigiane per Miss Grand International|date=2023|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|website=www.primapaginaonline.it|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/cOZMx|trans-title=Beauty, all the Marches for Miss Grand International}}</ref><ref name=y22>{{cite web|url=https://marcheinfinite.com/2022/08/25/finale-regionale-marche-miss-grand-international-italy-2022-il-27-agosto-alla-giara-di-pesaro/|title=Finale Regionale Marche Miss Grand International Italy 2022 il 27 agosto alla Giara di Pesaro|date=25 August 2022|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Marche Regional Final Miss Grand International Italy 2022 on August 27th at the Giara in Pesaro|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/xHZtv|website=marcheinfinite.com}}</ref> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/03/01/agente-regione-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Agente Regionale Trentino-Alto Adige|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/EEP04}}</ref> and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest.<ref name=2019rep/> Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi,<ref name=vene22/> who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Veneto]] pageant in [[Sommacampagna]],<ref name=vene22/> and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the [[Miss Grand Italy 2022]] pageant.<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !1st{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{n/a|''N/A''}}||{{n/a|''None''{{efn|Three candidates were elected to represent the region in the national contest; no actual Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2022 was crowned.<ref name=22candidates/>|name=C}}||<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref> |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Note ::{{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original regional title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !2019 |Vanessa Cappellari||Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2019||rowspan=4 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref name=2019rep>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/wip/lTo5r|title=Vanessa Cappellari, Regione Trentino|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=31 May 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Andrea Parisi||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates/> |- |{{left|Gioia Temporin}} |- |{{left|Alessandra D'este}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|No data available}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2022]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:2022 establishments in Italy]]

2024-05-31T22:19:05Z

2024-05-31T22:48:06Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Trentino-South_Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol (Italian: Miss Grand Trentino-Alto Adige) is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Trentino-South Tyrol region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest. Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi, who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant in Sommacampagna, and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the Miss Grand Italy 2022 pageant. Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana in 2024. The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Short description|Italian regional beauty pageant}} {{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol | logo = Flag of Trentino-South Tyrol.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2022|9|3}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Giulio Romi | headquarters = [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto (2019)|Giulio Romi ''(2022–2023)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol''' ({{lang-it|Miss Grand Trentino-Alto Adige}}) is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|trans-title=Miss Grand International Italy great success at the Villa Italia restaurant in Padua|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi.<ref name=vene22/> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]],<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=2024license/> a national preliminary pageant for [[Miss Grand International]].<ref name=y2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.primapaginaonline.it/2023/06/06/bellezza-miss-grand-international/|title=Bellezza, tutte le marchigiane per Miss Grand International|date=2023|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|website=www.primapaginaonline.it|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/cOZMx|trans-title=Beauty, all the Marches for Miss Grand International}}</ref><ref name=y22>{{cite web|url=https://marcheinfinite.com/2022/08/25/finale-regionale-marche-miss-grand-international-italy-2022-il-27-agosto-alla-giara-di-pesaro/|title=Finale Regionale Marche Miss Grand International Italy 2022 il 27 agosto alla Giara di Pesaro|date=25 August 2022|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Marche Regional Final Miss Grand International Italy 2022 on August 27th at the Giara in Pesaro|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/xHZtv|website=marcheinfinite.com}}</ref> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/03/01/agente-regione-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Agente Regionale Trentino-Alto Adige|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/EEP04}}</ref> and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest.<ref name=2019rep/> Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi,<ref name=vene22/> who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Veneto]] pageant in [[Sommacampagna]],<ref name=vene22/> and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the [[Miss Grand Italy 2022]] pageant.<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana in 2024.<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=2024license/> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !1st{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{n/a|''N/A''}}||{{n/a|''None''{{efn|Three candidates were elected to represent the region in the national contest; no actual Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2022 was crowned.<ref name=22candidates/>|name=C}}||<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref> |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Note ::{{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original regional title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !2019 |Vanessa Cappellari||Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2019||rowspan=4 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref name=2019rep>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/wip/lTo5r|title=Vanessa Cappellari, Regione Trentino|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=31 May 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Andrea Parisi||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates/> |- |{{left|Gioia Temporin}} |- |{{left|Alessandra D'este}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|No data available}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2022]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:2022 establishments in Italy]]

2024-05-31T22:19:05Z

2024-05-31T23:47:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Trentino-South_Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol (Italian: Miss Grand Trentino-Alto Adige) is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. After Miss Grand Italy's director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the Trentino-South Tyrol region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto, and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest. Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi, who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant in Sommacampagna, and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the Miss Grand Italy 2022 pageant. Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana in 2024. The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. The following is a list of representatives of the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy national pageant.

Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol is an Italian regional female beauty pageant, founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi. The winners of the contest represent the region of Trentino-South Tyrol in the Miss Grand Italy, a national preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International. Since the inception of the Miss Grand Italy pageant, Trentino-South Tyrol candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers.

{{Short description|Italian regional beauty pageant}} {{Infobox organization | name = Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol | logo = Flag of Trentino-South Tyrol.svg | caption = | motto = | formation = {{Start date and age|2022|9|3}} | type = [[Beauty pageant]] | founder = Giulio Romi | headquarters = [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] | location = [[Italy]] | membership = [[Miss Grand Italy]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | parent_organization = | leader_title = Director | leader_name = {{bulletedlist|Enzo Lamberto (2019)|Giulio Romi ''(2022–2023)''|Domenico Poggiana ''(2024)''}} | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol''' ({{lang-it|Miss Grand Trentino-Alto Adige}}) is an Italian regional female [[beauty pageant]],<ref name=padua2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.nellanotizia.net/scheda_it_140235_Miss-Grand-International-Italy-grande-successo-al-ristorante-villa-Italia-di-Padova_1.html|title=Miss Grand International Italy grande successo al ristorante villa Italia di Padova|trans-title=Miss Grand International Italy great success at the Villa Italia restaurant in Padua|date=29 April 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|language=it|author=Andrea Serra|website=www.nellanotizia.net|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Ot245}}</ref><ref name=2024license>{{cite web|url=https://fai.informazione.it/1C439D5C-85B5-48EC-87DD-27E8F840CA55/Domenico-Poggiana-grandi-eventi-con-il-concorso-Miss-Grand-International-Italy|language=it|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=1 June 2024|website=fai.informazione.it|trans-title=Domenico Poggiana great events with the Miss Grand International Italy competition|title=Domenico Poggiana grandi eventi con il concorso Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/dKAeR}}</ref> founded in 2022 by Giulio Romi.<ref name=vene22/> The winners of the contest represent the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]],<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=2024license/> a national preliminary pageant for [[Miss Grand International]].<ref name=y2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.primapaginaonline.it/2023/06/06/bellezza-miss-grand-international/|title=Bellezza, tutte le marchigiane per Miss Grand International|date=2023|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|website=www.primapaginaonline.it|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/cOZMx|trans-title=Beauty, all the Marches for Miss Grand International}}</ref><ref name=y22>{{cite web|url=https://marcheinfinite.com/2022/08/25/finale-regionale-marche-miss-grand-international-italy-2022-il-27-agosto-alla-giara-di-pesaro/|title=Finale Regionale Marche Miss Grand International Italy 2022 il 27 agosto alla Giara di Pesaro|date=25 August 2022|accessdate=30 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Marche Regional Final Miss Grand International Italy 2022 on August 27th at the Giara in Pesaro|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/xHZtv|website=marcheinfinite.com}}</ref> Since the inception of the [[Miss Grand Italy]] pageant, [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] candidates have never won the title yet; however, the placements they obtained in the national contest remain unclarified due to a lack of national competition results publicized by both regional and national organizers. ==History== After [[Miss Grand Italy]]'s director, Giuseppe Puzio, began franchising the regional competitions to local organizers in 2019, the license for the [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] region was granted to a local organizer, Enzo Lamberto,<ref name=2019licensee>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/2019/03/01/agente-regione-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Agente Regionale Trentino-Alto Adige|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=26 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=26 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/EEP04}}</ref> and a model Vanessa Cappellari was named the region's representative for that year's national contest.<ref name=2019rep/> Later in 2022, the license was then taken over by another organizer, Giulio Romi,<ref name=vene22/> who organized the first contest of Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol parallelly with the [[Miss Grand Veneto]] pageant in [[Sommacampagna]],<ref name=vene22/> and three candidates were then elected as Trentino-South Tyrol representatives to the [[Miss Grand Italy 2022]] pageant.<ref name=22candidates>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=2022 Miss Grand International Italy|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=16 September 2022|language=it|work=Miss Grand International Italy|archivedate=15 September 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220915171142/https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/%231617878036605-bba68c90-55a3}}</ref> Giulio lost the license to Domenico Poggiana in 2024.<ref name=padua2024/><ref name=2024license/> ==Editions== The following table details Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol's annual editions since 2022. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col3left col5left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Edition !! Date !! Final venue !! Entrants !! Winner!! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !1st{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto pageant.<ref name=vene22/>|name=A}} |September 3, 2022||Picoverde Water Park, [[Sommacampagna]] ([[Province of Verona|VR]])||{{n/a|''N/A''}}||{{n/a|''None''{{efn|Three candidates were elected to represent the region in the national contest; no actual Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2022 was crowned.<ref name=22candidates/>|name=C}}||<ref name=vene22>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/evento/finale-regionale-veneto-trentino-alto-adige/|title=Finale Regionale Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige|date=2022|accessdate=24 May 2024|language=it|work=Miss Grand Italy|archivedate=23 May 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.is/VCPUI}}</ref> |- !2nd{{efn|Held parallelly with the Miss Grand Veneto 2023 and [[Miss Grand Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 2023 pageants.<ref name=taafvg/>|name=B}} |May 28, 2023||Hotel Villa Pigalle, Belvedere ([[Province of Vicenza|VI]])||colspan=2 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||{{center|<ref name=taafvg>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/miss-grand-italy-2023-regional-pageant-poster|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=14 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Domenico Poggiana|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023: Seleczione Regionale Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Friuli Venezia Giulia}}</ref>}} |} :;Note {{notelist}} ==National competition== The following is a list of representatives of the region of [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] in the [[Miss Grand Italy]] national pageant. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Year !! Representative !! Original regional title !! Placement at Miss Grand Italy !! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}} |- !2019 |Vanessa Cappellari||Miss Grand Trentino-South Tyrol 2019||rowspan=4 {{n/a|''No data available''}}||<ref name=2019rep>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/wip/lTo5r|title=Vanessa Cappellari, Regione Trentino|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=31 May 2024|work=Miss Grand International Italy|language=it|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- !rowspan=3|2022 |Andrea Parisi||rowspan=3|Winners of the 2022 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=3|<ref name=22candidates/> |- |{{left|Gioia Temporin}} |- |{{left|Alessandra D'este}} |- !rowspan=6|2023 |Anna Toniutti||rowspan=6|Winners of the 2023 Miss Grand Veneto and<br>Trentino-South Tyrol qualification stage||rowspan=6 {{n/a|No data available}}||rowspan=6|<ref name=sumcan>{{cite web|url=https://www.missgrandinternationalitaly.it/contest/#1617878036605-bba68c90-55a3|title=Miss Grand International Italy 2023 candidates|date=2023|accessdate=10 June 2023|language=it|publisher=Miss Grand Italy|via=[[Archive Today]]}}</ref> |- |{{left|Arianna Musobelliu}} |- |{{left|Eleonora Perusin}} |- |{{left|Serena Forzutti}} |- |{{left|Stefania Carausu}} |- |{{left|Valentina Fabbri}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{portalbar|Italy}} {{Miss Grand International titleholders}} [[Category:Miss Grand Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 2022]] [[Category:Beauty pageants in Italy|Trentino-South Tyrol]] [[Category:2022 establishments in Italy]]

2024-05-31T22:19:05Z

2024-06-01T00:23:13Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Grand_Trentino-South_Tyrol

Xuelang station

Xuelang station is located on the north side of the intersection of Pinghu Road and Shangde Road in [[Binhu District]], [[Wuxi City]]. It opened on 28 September 2019, as part of a southbound extension of [[Wuxi Metro Line 1]]. Xuelang, the first station on Line 1 built south of Changguangxi station, will be developed in conjunction with the upper cover of the Xuelang Parking Lot. It was opened on 28 September 2019.

Xuelang station is located on the north side of the intersection of Pinghu Road and Shangde Road in [[Binhu District]], [[Wuxi City]]. It opened on 28 September 2019, as part of a southbound extension of [[Wuxi Metro Line 1]].

{{Infobox station | name = Xuelang | name_lang = zh-Hans | native_name = 雪浪站 | symbol_location = wuxi | type = | image = Xuelang Station - platform.jpg | caption = Platform | operator = [[Wuxi Metro]] | lines = {{rail color box|system=Wuxi Metro|line=1|inline=yes}} | platforms = 1 [[island platform]] | tracks = 2 | code = L125 | opened = {{start date|2019|9|28|df=y}} | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Wuxi Metro|line=1|left=Changguangxi|right=Gedaiqiao}} }} '''Xuelang station''' is located on the north side of the intersection of Pinghu Road and Shangde Road in <nowiki>[[Binhu District]]</nowiki>, <nowiki>[[Wuxi City]]</nowiki>. It opened on 28 September 2019, as part of a southbound extension of <nowiki>[[Wuxi Metro Line 1]]</nowiki>.<ref name="南延线">{{Cite news |last=Wuxi releases government affairs number |date=25 September 2019 |title=官宣！无锡地铁1号线南延线9月28日开通试运营 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4525158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218112237/https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4525158 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |access-date=}}</ref> == Overview == Xuelang, the first station on Line 1 built south of Changguangxi station, will be developed in conjunction with the upper cover of the Xuelang Parking Lot. It was opened on 28 September 2019.<ref name="南延线">{{Cite news |last=无锡发布政务号 |date=2019-09-25 |title=官宣！无锡地铁1号线南延线9月28日开通试运营 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4525158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218112237/https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4525158 |archive-date=2020-12-18 |access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> [[Category:Railway stations opened in 2019]] [[Category:Wuxi Metro stations]]

2024-05-31T22:21:26Z

2024-05-31T22:21:26Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuelang_station

Xuelang station

Xuelang station is located on the north side of the intersection of Pinghu Road and Shangde Road in [[Binhu District]], [[Wuxi City]]. It opened on 28 September 2019, as part of a southbound extension of [[Wuxi Metro Line 1]]. Xuelang, the first station on Line 1 built south of Changguangxi station, will be developed in conjunction with the upper cover of the Xuelang Parking Lot. It was opened on 28 September 2019.

Xuelang station is located on the north side of the intersection of Pinghu Road and Shangde Road in [[Binhu District]], [[Wuxi City]]. It opened on 28 September 2019, as part of a southbound extension of [[Wuxi Metro Line 1]].

{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox station | name = Xuelang | name_lang = zh-Hans | native_name = 雪浪站 | symbol_location = wuxi | type = | image = Xuelang Station - platform.jpg | caption = Platform | operator = [[Wuxi Metro]] | lines = {{rail color box|system=Wuxi Metro|line=1|inline=yes}} | platforms = 1 [[island platform]] | tracks = 2 | code = L125 | opened = {{start date|2019|9|28|df=y}} | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Wuxi Metro|line=1|left=Changguangxi|right=Gedaiqiao}} }} '''Xuelang station''' is located on the north side of the intersection of Pinghu Road and Shangde Road in [[Binhu District]], [[Wuxi]]. It opened on 28 September 2019, as part of a southbound extension of [[Line 1 (Wuxi Metro)|Wuxi Metro Line 1]].<ref name="Paper">{{Cite news |last=The Paper|date=25 September 2019 |title=官宣！无锡地铁1号线南延线9月28日开通试运营 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4525158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218112237/https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4525158 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |access-date=}}</ref> == Overview == Xuelang, the first station on Line 1 built south of Changguangxi station, will be developed in conjunction with the upper cover of the Xuelang Parking Lot.<ref>National Environmental Assessment Certificate No. 1901, Environmental Impact Report of Wuxi Metro Line 1 South Extension Project, 2014-3. ({{lang-zh|国环评证甲字第1901号，《无锡地铁1号线南延线工程环境影响报告书》,2014-3}}).</ref> It was opened on 28 September 2019.<ref name="Paper"/> == References == {{reflist}} {{Wuxi Metro|line1=yes}} [[Category:Railway stations opened in 2019]] [[Category:Wuxi Metro stations]]

2024-05-31T22:21:26Z

2024-05-31T22:27:41Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuelang_station

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m2 production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China, Shenzhen region. The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012, have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches, broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras, Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products, which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

'''Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd'''. or '''Tenda Technology''' or '''Tenda''' for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tenda_Technology_Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m2 production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China, Shenzhen region. The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012, have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches, broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras, Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products, which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

'''Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd'''. or '''Tenda Technology''' or '''Tenda''' for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of ​​120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values.

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

2024-05-31T22:23:41Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tenda_Technology_Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m2 production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of 120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China, Shenzhen region. The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012, have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches, broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras, Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products, which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of ​​120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values.

'''Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd'''. or '''Tenda Technology''' or '''Tenda''' for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. === Facilities === Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of ​​120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. === Products and services === Among the products it produces are: * Wi-Fi or wired routing equipment : Tenda produces a wide range of routers, including Wi-Fi 7, Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 4 models, but also exclusively wired with AP control or without. * Mesh Wi-Fi systems : These are solutions for covering the whole house with Wi-Fi. * Range Extenders : These are devices that extend the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal. * Access Points : These are devices that create a wireless network in a specific area. * Wi-Fi adapters : These are devices that allow devices to connect to a PCIe or USB-mounted Wi-Fi network. * Switches : Tenda produces switches for small offices, including PoE (Power over Ethernet) models. * CPEs and Base Stations : Multifunctional Wi-Fi communication devices over long distances up to 25km with directional antennas with angles between 10-120 degrees dual polarized and used to provide telecommunication services to end users. * Antennas : Directional antennas for connecting to base stations. * Powerline devices : These are devices that use existing electrical wiring to transmit data. * 5G/4G/3G Wi-Fi routers : Tenda also manufactures devices for mobile networks. * Portable router (MiFi): Tenda also makes devices for mobile networks. * PONT, ONT and OLT equipment : PONT, ONT and OLT devices are essential components in passive optical networks (PONs), which are used for Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) broadband installations. * Media converters : Media converters copper cable - fiber optic. * Sockets, extension cords and smart AC switches : Devices that can also be controlled with a smartphone app. * IP cameras : These are surveillance cameras that can be accessed or controlled internally * NVRs: Tenda offers a variety of NVRs, including models that support PoE (Power over Ethernet), 4K UHD recording and output, HDD bad sector isolation, channel cloud storage, and high-performance video compression H.2652. These NVRs are suitable for a variety of scenarios, including single-family homes, shops, restaurants, offices, factories and farms. Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment: * Tenda WiFi : Android and iOS application for initial configuration, setting, monitoring of Wi-Fi routers * TDSEE: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting, viewing, sharing of IP cameras and NVRs. * Tenda Beli: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting and control of Beli series smart sockets and extenders. * CPE Assistant : A software installable on Microsoft Windows systems for detecting, monitoring, updating and configuring long distance communication devices, namely O and B series CPEs and base stations. * Tenda Security Search Tool : A software for Microsoft Windows for detecting, updating and limited configuration of Tenda IP cameras, less for CP and RP series cameras.

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

2024-05-31T22:28:49Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tenda_Technology_Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m2 production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of 120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. Among the products it produces are: Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment:

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China, Shenzhen region. The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012, have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches, broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras, Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products, which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

'''Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd'''. or '''Tenda Technology''' or '''Tenda''' for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. === Facilities === Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of ​​120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. === Products and services === Among the products it produces are: * Wi-Fi or wired routing equipment : Tenda produces a wide range of routers, including Wi-Fi 7, Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 4 models, but also exclusively wired with AP control or without. * Mesh Wi-Fi systems : These are solutions for covering the whole house with Wi-Fi. * Range Extenders : These are devices that extend the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal. * Access Points : These are devices that create a wireless network in a specific area. * Wi-Fi adapters : These are devices that allow devices to connect to a PCIe or USB-mounted Wi-Fi network. * Switches : Tenda produces switches for small offices, including PoE (Power over Ethernet) models. * CPEs and Wi-Fi Basestations : Multifunctional Wi-Fi communication devices over long distances up to 25km with directional antennas with angles between 10-120 degrees dual polarized and used to provide telecommunication services to end users. * Antennas : Directional antennas for connecting to base stations. * Powerline devices : These are devices that use existing electrical wiring to transmit data. * 5G/4G/3G Wi-Fi routers : Tenda also manufactures devices for mobile networks. * Portable router (MiFi): Tenda also makes devices for mobile networks. * PONT, ONT and OLT equipment : PONT, ONT and OLT devices are essential components in passive optical networks (PONs), which are used for Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) broadband installations. * Media converters : Media converters copper cable - fiber optic. * Sockets, extension cords and smart AC switches : Devices that can also be controlled with a smartphone app. * IP cameras : These are surveillance cameras that can be accessed or controlled internally * NVRs: Tenda offers a variety of NVRs, including models that support PoE (Power over Ethernet), 4K UHD recording and output, HDD bad sector isolation, channel cloud storage, and high-performance video compression H.2652. These NVRs are suitable for a variety of scenarios, including single-family homes, shops, restaurants, offices, factories and farms. Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment: * Tenda WiFi : Android and iOS application for initial configuration, setting, monitoring of Wi-Fi routers * TDSEE: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting, viewing, sharing of IP cameras and NVRs. * Tenda Beli: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting and control of Beli series smart sockets and extenders. * CPE Assistant : A software installable on Microsoft Windows systems for detecting, monitoring, updating and configuring long distance communication devices, namely O and B series CPEs and base stations. * Tenda Security Search Tool : A software for Microsoft Windows for detecting, updating and limited configuration of Tenda IP cameras, less for CP and RP series cameras.

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

2024-05-31T22:31:41Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tenda_Technology_Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m2 production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of 120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. Among the products it produces are: Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment:

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China, Shenzhen region. The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012, have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches, broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras, Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products, which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

'''Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd'''. or '''Tenda Technology''' or '''Tenda''' for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. === Facilities, Factories, R&D, Offices and Employees === Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of ​​120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. === Products and services === Among the products it produces are: * Wi-Fi or wired routing equipment : Tenda produces a wide range of routers, including Wi-Fi 7, Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 4 models, but also exclusively wired with AP control or without. * Mesh Wi-Fi systems : These are solutions for covering the whole house with Wi-Fi. * Range Extenders : These are devices that extend the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal. * Access Points : These are devices that create a wireless network in a specific area. * Wi-Fi adapters : These are devices that allow devices to connect to a PCIe or USB-mounted Wi-Fi network. * Switches : Tenda produces switches for small offices, including PoE (Power over Ethernet) models. * CPEs and Wi-Fi Basestations : Multifunctional Wi-Fi communication devices over long distances up to 25km with directional antennas with angles between 10-120 degrees dual polarized and used to provide telecommunication services to end users. * Antennas : Directional antennas for connecting to base stations. * Powerline devices : These are devices that use existing electrical wiring to transmit data. * 5G/4G/3G Wi-Fi routers : Tenda also manufactures devices for mobile networks. * Portable router (MiFi): Tenda also makes devices for mobile networks. * PONT, ONT and OLT equipment : PONT, ONT and OLT devices are essential components in passive optical networks (PONs), which are used for Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) broadband installations. * Media converters : Media converters copper cable - fiber optic. * Sockets, extension cords and smart AC switches : Devices that can also be controlled with a smartphone app. * IP cameras : These are surveillance cameras that can be accessed or controlled internally * NVRs: Tenda offers a variety of NVRs, including models that support PoE (Power over Ethernet), 4K UHD recording and output, HDD bad sector isolation, channel cloud storage, and high-performance video compression H.2652. These NVRs are suitable for a variety of scenarios, including single-family homes, shops, restaurants, offices, factories and farms. Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment: * Tenda WiFi : Android and iOS application for initial configuration, setting, monitoring of Wi-Fi routers * TDSEE: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting, viewing, sharing of IP cameras and NVRs. * Tenda Beli: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting and control of Beli series smart sockets and extenders. * CPE Assistant : A software installable on Microsoft Windows systems for detecting, monitoring, updating and configuring long distance communication devices, namely O and B series CPEs and base stations. * Tenda Security Search Tool : A software for Microsoft Windows for detecting, updating and limited configuration of Tenda IP cameras, less for CP and RP series cameras.

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

2024-05-31T22:32:16Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tenda_Technology_Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m2 production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of 120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. Among the products it produces are: Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment:

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China, Shenzhen region. The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012, have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches, broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras, Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products, which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

'''Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd'''. or '''Tenda Technology''' or '''Tenda''' for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. === Facilities, factories, R&D, offices and employees === Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of ​​120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. === Products and services === Among the products it produces are: * Wi-Fi or wired routing equipment : Tenda produces a wide range of routers, including Wi-Fi 7, Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 4 models, but also exclusively wired with AP control or without. * Mesh Wi-Fi systems : These are solutions for covering the whole house with Wi-Fi. * Range Extenders : These are devices that extend the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal. * Access Points : These are devices that create a wireless network in a specific area. * Wi-Fi adapters : These are devices that allow devices to connect to a PCIe or USB-mounted Wi-Fi network. * Switches : Tenda produces switches for small offices, including PoE (Power over Ethernet) models. * CPEs and Wi-Fi Basestations : Multifunctional Wi-Fi communication devices over long distances up to 25km with directional antennas with angles between 10-120 degrees dual polarized and used to provide telecommunication services to end users. * Antennas : Directional antennas for connecting to base stations. * Powerline devices : These are devices that use existing electrical wiring to transmit data. * 5G/4G/3G Wi-Fi routers : Tenda also manufactures devices for mobile networks. * Portable router (MiFi): Tenda also makes devices for mobile networks. * PONT, ONT and OLT equipment : PONT, ONT and OLT devices are essential components in passive optical networks (PONs), which are used for Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) broadband installations. * Media converters : Media converters copper cable - fiber optic. * Sockets, extension cords and smart AC switches : Devices that can also be controlled with a smartphone app. * IP cameras : These are surveillance cameras that can be accessed or controlled internally * NVRs: Tenda offers a variety of NVRs, including models that support PoE (Power over Ethernet), 4K UHD recording and output, HDD bad sector isolation, channel cloud storage, and high-performance video compression H.2652. These NVRs are suitable for a variety of scenarios, including single-family homes, shops, restaurants, offices, factories and farms. Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment: * Tenda WiFi : Android and iOS application for initial configuration, setting, monitoring of Wi-Fi routers * TDSEE: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting, viewing, sharing of IP cameras and NVRs. * Tenda Beli: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting and control of Beli series smart sockets and extenders. * CPE Assistant : A software installable on Microsoft Windows systems for detecting, monitoring, updating and configuring long distance communication devices, namely O and B series CPEs and base stations. * Tenda Security Search Tool : A software for Microsoft Windows for detecting, updating and limited configuration of Tenda IP cameras, less for CP and RP series cameras.

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

2024-05-31T22:32:41Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tenda_Technology_Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m2 production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of 120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. Among the products it produces are: Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment:

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China, Shenzhen region. The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012, have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches, broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras, Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products, which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

'''Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd'''. or '''Tenda Technology''' or '''Tenda''' for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. === Facilities, factories, R&D, offices and employees === Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of ​​120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. === Products and services === Among the products it produces are: * Wi-Fi or wired routing equipment : Tenda produces a wide range of routers, including Wi-Fi 7, Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 4 models, but also exclusively wired with AP control or without. * Mesh Wi-Fi systems : These are solutions for covering the whole house with Wi-Fi. * Range Extenders : These are devices that extend the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal. * Access Points : These are devices that create a wireless network in a specific area. * Wi-Fi adapters : These are devices that allow devices to connect to a PCIe or USB-mounted Wi-Fi network. * Switches : Tenda produces switches for small offices, including PoE (Power over Ethernet) models. * CPEs and Wi-Fi Basestations : Multifunctional Wi-Fi communication devices over long distances up to 25km with directional antennas with angles between 10-120 degrees dual polarized and used to provide telecommunication services to end users. * Antennas : Directional antennas for connecting to base stations. * Powerline devices : These are devices that use existing electrical wiring to transmit data. * 5G/4G/3G Wi-Fi routers : Tenda also manufactures devices for mobile networks. * Portable router (MiFi): MiFi routers, also known as MiFi devices, are small, portable routers that act as mobile hotspots for your devices. It use 4G or 3G networks to connect to the internet. * PONT, ONT and OLT equipment : PONT, ONT and OLT devices are essential components in passive optical networks (PONs), which are used for Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) broadband installations. * Media converters : Media converters copper cable - fiber optic. * Sockets, extension cords and smart AC switches : Devices that can also be controlled with a smartphone app. * IP cameras : These are surveillance cameras that can be accessed or controlled internally * NVRs: Tenda offers a variety of NVRs, including models that support PoE (Power over Ethernet), 4K UHD recording and output, HDD bad sector isolation, channel cloud storage, and high-performance video compression H.2652. These NVRs are suitable for a variety of scenarios, including single-family homes, shops, restaurants, offices, factories and farms. Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment: * Tenda WiFi : Android and iOS application for initial configuration, setting, monitoring of Wi-Fi routers * TDSEE: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting, viewing, sharing of IP cameras and NVRs. * Tenda Beli: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting and control of Beli series smart sockets and extenders. * CPE Assistant : A software installable on Microsoft Windows systems for detecting, monitoring, updating and configuring long distance communication devices, namely O and B series CPEs and base stations. * Tenda Security Search Tool : A software for Microsoft Windows for detecting, updating and limited configuration of Tenda IP cameras, less for CP and RP series cameras.

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

2024-05-31T22:35:23Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tenda_Technology_Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co.,Ltd.

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m2 production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of 120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. Among the products it produces are: Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment:

Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. or Tenda Technology or Tenda for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China, Shenzhen region. The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012, have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches, broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras, Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products, which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users.

{{db-spam|help=off}} '''Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd'''. or '''Tenda Technology''' or '''Tenda''' for short, is a world-renowned network device and equipment company established in 1999 in the People's Republic of China , Shenzhen region . The company is dedicated to providing affordable and easy-to-install networking solutions, offering innovative products to facilitate a smart lifestyle. With a corporate culture that attracts exceptional talent, Tenda continues to innovate and expand in the global market. Strategic partnerships, such as the one with Broadcom in 2012 , have strengthened Tenda's position as a technology leader by adopting high-performance chips to ensure the quality of their products. Tenda's commitment to innovation is highlighted by the two R&D centers and the new 120,000 m² production base, thus strengthening the company's R&D and production capacity. It is a 100% private company not owned by any government entity. Tenda is recognized for its diverse range of networking devices, which are designed to meet the needs of both home and office networks. With a range that includes switches , broadband CPE devices, gateways, powerline devices, mobile network solutions and IP cameras , Tenda is committed to providing easy-to-install and affordable networking solutions. Exceptional performance, stable signal and top quality are recognized characteristics of Tenda products , which are appreciated both in the business environment and by individual users. === Facilities, factories, R&D, offices and employees === Tenda's production center, located in Dongguan's Songshan Lake Industrial Park, is an example of modernity and efficiency. It was built with a considerable investment of approximately 82.3 million euros and covers an area of ​​120,000 square meters. Tenda also has development centers in Changsha, Silicon Valley (USA), Xi'an, Cheng Du, Shenzhen and other regions. In 2022 the research and development centers had a total of 600 employees. In addition, the company reinvests more than 10% of annual sales revenue into research and development, underscoring its commitment to innovation. In China, it has 3,500 employees. The production lines have the daily production capacity of 190,000 pieces. The production line is automated and robotic, which has resulted in an extremely low rate of defective products. Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. not only develops, manufactures and packages its own products, but also does the same for other globally recognized networking and video security system brands. Many of the equipment of these well-known brands are created from scratch by the engineers at Tenda. In addition, Shenzhen Tenda Technology Co., Ltd. distinguishes itself by providing superior facilities for its employees, far exceeding the level offered by other companies in the People's Republic of China. This commitment to the well-being of its employees reflects the company's core values. === Products and services === Among the products it produces are: * Wi-Fi or wired routing equipment : Tenda produces a wide range of routers, including Wi-Fi 7, Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 4 models, but also exclusively wired with AP control or without. * Mesh Wi-Fi systems : These are solutions for covering the whole house with Wi-Fi. * Range Extenders : These are devices that extend the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal. * Access Points : These are devices that create a wireless network in a specific area. * Wi-Fi adapters : These are devices that allow devices to connect to a PCIe or USB-mounted Wi-Fi network. * Switches : Tenda produces switches for small offices, including PoE (Power over Ethernet) models. * CPEs and Wi-Fi Basestations : Multifunctional Wi-Fi communication devices over long distances up to 25km with directional antennas with angles between 10-120 degrees dual polarized and used to provide telecommunication services to end users. * Antennas : Directional antennas for connecting to base stations. * Powerline devices : These are devices that use existing electrical wiring to transmit data. * 5G/4G/3G Wi-Fi routers : Tenda also manufactures devices for mobile networks. * Portable router (MiFi): MiFi routers, also known as MiFi devices, are small, portable routers that act as mobile hotspots for your devices. It use 4G or 3G networks to connect to the internet. * PONT, ONT and OLT equipment : PONT, ONT and OLT devices are essential components in passive optical networks (PONs), which are used for Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) broadband installations. * Media converters : Media converters copper cable - fiber optic. * Sockets, extension cords and smart AC switches : Devices that can also be controlled with a smartphone app. * IP cameras : These are surveillance cameras that can be accessed or controlled internally * NVRs: Tenda offers a variety of NVRs, including models that support PoE (Power over Ethernet), 4K UHD recording and output, HDD bad sector isolation, channel cloud storage, and high-performance video compression H.2652. These NVRs are suitable for a variety of scenarios, including single-family homes, shops, restaurants, offices, factories and farms. Tenda also produces logical systems, software and mobile applications usable for Tenda equipment: * Tenda WiFi : Android and iOS application for initial configuration, setting, monitoring of Wi-Fi routers * TDSEE: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting, viewing, sharing of IP cameras and NVRs. * Tenda Beli: Android and iOS app for initial configuration, setting and control of Beli series smart sockets and extenders. * CPE Assistant : A software installable on Microsoft Windows systems for detecting, monitoring, updating and configuring long distance communication devices, namely O and B series CPEs and base stations. * Tenda Security Search Tool : A software for Microsoft Windows for detecting, updating and limited configuration of Tenda IP cameras, less for CP and RP series cameras.

2024-05-31T22:21:34Z

2024-05-31T22:58:05Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Tenda_Technology_Co.,Ltd.