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This is sometimes referred to as "computer-mediated reality", commonly known as "augmented reality".
It's usually called "enhanced reality," but it's not a good idea.
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘", ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ "ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ื“ื”".
ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ "ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช", ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
Eyetap has been explored as a potential tool for individuals with visual disabilities due to its abilities to direct visual information to parts of the retina that function well.
Because of the ability of persons with visual disabilities to channel visual information to some parts of a well-functioning retinal, the retinal map has been explored as a potential tool for persons with visual disabilities.
Eyetap ื ื—ืงืจื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืชืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืžืคืช ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื ื—ืงืจื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื”.
As well, Eyetap's role in sousveillance has been explored by Mann, Jason Nolan and Barry Wellman.
McNee, Jason Nolan and Barry Wilman have also explored the role of glasses in Soviet Lawrence.
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ Eyetap ื‘- sousveillance ื ื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืŸ, ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ืืจื™ ื•ื•ืœืžืŸ.
ืžืงื ื™, ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ืืจื™ ื•ื™ืœืžืŸ ื—ืงืจื• ื’ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืจื ืก ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™.
Users may find that they experience side effects such as headaches and difficulty sleeping if usage occurs shortly before sleep.
Users may find that they encounter side effects such as headaches and sleep difficulties if used shortly before sleeping.
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.
Mann finds that due to his extensive use of the device that going without it can cause him to feel "nauseous, unsteady, naked" when he removes it.
Mann found out that because he used this device extensively, without it, it made him feel "unstable, naked" when he removed it.
ืžืืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ "ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”, ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ืขื™ืจื•ื" ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
ืžืืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•, ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ "ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ืขื™ืจื•ื" ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
The EyeTap has applications in the world of cyborg logging, as it allows the user the ability to perform real-time visual capture of their daily lives from their own point of view.
EyeTap has various applications in the semi-mechanical logging community, as it enables users to visualize daily life in real time from their own perspective.
ืœ-EyeTap ื™ืฉ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœื›ื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•.
ืœ- EyeTap ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ืฆื™-ืžื›ื ื™, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื.
In this way, the EyeTap could be used to create a lifelong cyborg log or โ€œglogโ€ of the user's life and the events they participate in, potentially recording enough media to allow producers centuries in the future to present the user's life as interactive entertainment (or historical education) to consumers of that era.
In this way, EyeTap can be used to produce permanent semi-circle logs or โ€œchartsโ€ of user life and activities in which they are involved, and it is possible to document enough media to enable producers of centuries to introduce user life as interactive entertainment (or history education) to consumers of that era in the future.
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื”-EyeTap ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืกื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื• "ื’ืœื•ื’" ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืชืฃ, ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื“ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ( ืื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™) ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-EyeTap ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืื• "ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื" ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืขื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื“ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ืื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”) ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
Steve Mann created the first version of the EyeTap, which consisted of a computer in a backpack wired up to a camera and its viewfinder which in turn was rigged to a helmet.
Steve Mann created the first version of EyeTap.
ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”-EyeTap, ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื™ืง ื’ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆืœืžื” ื•ื”ืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืงืกื“ื”.
ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ EyeTap.
Ever since this first version, it has gone through multiple models as wearable computing evolves, allowing the EyeTap to shrink down to a smaller and less weighty version.
allows EyeTap to shrink to a smaller and lighter version.
ืžืื– ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœ-EyeTap ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืœื’ืจืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื”.
ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœ-EyeTap ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืœื’ืจืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
Currently the EyeTap consists of the eyepiece used to display the images, the keypad which the user can use to interface with the EyeTap and have it perform the desired tasks, a CPU which can be attached to most articles of clothing and in some cases even a Wi-Fi device so the user can access the Internet and online data.
Currently, EyeTap consists of eye masks displaying images, keyboards that users can use to interface with EyeTap and allow it to perform the desired tasks, a CPU that can be attached to most clothing, and sometimes even a wireless access device that allows users to access the Internet and online data.
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื”-EyeTap ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื•ื— ื”ืžืงืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉืง ืขื ื”-EyeTap ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ Wi-Fi ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื.
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, EyeTap ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžืกื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืงืœื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉืง ืขื EyeTap ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื. ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื.
The EyeTap is essentially a half-silvered mirror in front of the user's eye, reflecting some of the light into a sensor.
EyeTap is essentially a semi-glass mirror in front of the user, reflecting some light in the sensor.
ื”-EyeTap ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืจืื” ื—ืฆื™-ื›ืกื•ืคื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ.
EyeTap ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืจืื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ.
The sensor then sends the image to the aremac, a display device capable of displaying data at any fitting depth.
The sensor then sends the image to emmac, which is a display device capable of displaying data at any appropriate depth.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœ-aremac, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืžืง ืžืชืื™ื.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœ-emmac, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืŸ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืžืง ืžืชืื™ื.
The output rays from the aremac are reflected off the half-silvered mirror back into the eye of the user along with the original light rays.
Their output rays reflect in the user's eyes from the semi-glass mirrors, as well as the raw light.
ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ ืžื”-armac ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื›ืกื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™.
In these cases, the EyeTap views infrared light, as well as the overall design schematic of how the EyeTap manipulates lightrays.
In these cases, the image views infrared light and the overall design of how the image manipulates the light.
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื”-EyeTap ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ืกื›ื™ืžืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”-EyeTap ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ.
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
A conceptual diagram of an EyeTap:
Concept map of EyeTap:
ืชืจืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ EyeTap:
ืžืคืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ EyeTap:
CCD Cameras (Charge-coupled device) are the most common type of digital camera used today.
The CCD camera (assemblies) is the most commonly used type of digital camera today.
ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช CCD (ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื˜ืขื™ื ื”) ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื.
ืžืฆืœืžืช CCD (ืžื›ืœื•ืœื™ื) ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
Bantam
Hey, Bentan.
ื‘ื ื˜ืื
ื”ื™ื™, ื‘ื ื˜ืŸ.
Bantam may refer to:
Bantam can mention:
Bantam ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœ:
Bantam ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ:
The End of the Affair
โ™ช Fair end โ™ช
ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ
โ™ช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ โ™ช
The End of the Affair (1951) is a novel by British author Graham Greene, as well as the title of two feature films (released in 1955 and 1999) that were adapted from the novel.
The Affair End (1951) is a novel by the British writer Graham Greene and the title of two feature films (issued in 1955 and 1999) adapted from novels.
ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื” (1951) ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’ืจื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื™ื (ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘-1955 ื•ื‘-1999) ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืžื”ืจื•ืžืŸ.
ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื” (1951) ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’ืจื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชืจืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื™ื (ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ื‘-1955 ื•ื‘-1999) ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื.
Set in London during and just after the Second World War, the novel examines the obsessions, jealousy and discernments within the relationships between three central characters: writer Maurice Bendrix; Sarah Miles; and her husband, civil servant Henry Miles.
Authors Maurice Bendrix, Sarah Miles and her husband, civil servant Henry Miles.
ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก; ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื™ืœืก; ื•ื‘ืขืœื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืœืก.
ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก, ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื™ืœืก ื•ื‘ืขืœื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืœืก.
Graham Greene's own affair with Catherine Walston played into the basis for "The End of the Affair".
Graham Greene's own affair with Catherine Walton became the foundation of "the end of justice."
ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ืงืชืจื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœ"ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื”".
ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ืงืชืจื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ "ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื“ืง".
The British edition of the novel is dedicated to "C" while the American version is made out to "Catherine."
The English version of novels is dedicated to "C" and the American version to "Catherine".
ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœ-"C" ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœ"ืงืชืจื™ืŸ".
ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœ"C" ื•ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœ"ืงืชืจื™ืŸ".
Greene's own house at 14 Clapham Common Northside was bombed during the Blitz.
The residence of Greene in 14 Clapham Northside was bombed while in Blitz.
ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื‘-14 Clapham Common Northside ื”ื•ืคืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ืœื™ืฅ.
ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื‘-14 Clapham Northside ื”ื•ืคืฆืฅ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืฅ.
The novel focuses on Maurice Bendrix, a rising writer during the Second World War in London, and Sarah Miles, the wife of an impotent civil servant.
This novel is focused on Maurice Bendrix.
ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก, ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื™ืœืก, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื.
ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก.
Bendrix is based on Greene himself, and he reflects often on the act of writing a novel.
Bendrix is based on Greene himself.
ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืจื•ืžืŸ.
ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
Sarah is based on Greene's lover at the time, Catherine Walston, to whom the book is dedicated.
Sarah is based on Catherine Walton, Green's lover.
ืฉืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื“ืื–, ืงืชืจื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืœื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืกืคืจ.
ืฉืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืงืชืจื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ.
Bendrix and Sarah fall in love quickly, but he soon realises that the affair will end as quickly as it began.
Well, Bendrix and Sarah fell in love very quickly, but he quickly realized that the marriage would end as soon as it started.
ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ื•ืฉืจื” ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื”.
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ื•ืฉืจื” ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื• ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื™ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื•.
The relationship suffers from his overt and admitted jealousy.
โ™ช And each other's feelings suffer from his publicly admitted jealousy โ™ช
ื”ืงืฉืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืงื ืืชื• ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ื”.
โ™ช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืงื ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ โ™ช
He is frustrated by her refusal to divorce Henry, her amiable but boring husband.
He's upset about her refusal to divorce, Henry.
ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืžืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ืจื™, ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืืš ื”ืžืฉืขืžื.
ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืขืก ืขืœ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ, ื”ื ืจื™.
When a bomb blasts Bendrix's flat as he is with Sarah, he is nearly killed.
When Bendrix and Sarah were together, the bomb exploded, and he was almost dead.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆื” ืžืคื•ืฆืฆืช ืืช ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ืฉืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื”ืจื’.
ื›ืฉื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ื•ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืช.
After this, Sarah breaks off the affair with no apparent explanation.
There's no clear explanation for Sarah's subsequent dissolution.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืฉืจื” ืžื ืชืงืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
Later, Bendrix is still wracked with jealousy when he sees Henry crossing the Common that separates their flats.
And then Benderris saw Henry cross the apartment block, and he was so jealous.
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ื’ ืงื ืื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื ื—ืœ ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ื•ืื– ื‘ื ื“ืจืจื™ืก ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื ืื™.
Henry has finally started to suspect something, and Bendrix decides to go to a private detective to discover Sarah's new lover.
So, at last, Henry started to wonder something, and Bendricks decided to go to a private detective to find Sarah's new lover.
ื”ื ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืœืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืื”ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื”.
ืื–, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืœืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืื”ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื”.
Through her diary, he learns that, when she thought he was dead after the bombing, she made a promise to God not to see Bendrix again if He allowed him to live again.
He learned from her diary that when she thought he was dead, she promised God.
ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ืื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื” ืฉื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
Greene describes Sarah's struggles.
Green describes Sarah's struggle.
ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื”.
ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืจื”.
After her sudden death from a lung infection brought to a climax by walking on the Common in the rain, several miraculous events occur, advocating for some kind of meaningfulness to Sarah's faith.
After she suddenly died of a lung infection, she walked in the rain in an ordinary place, and there were a few miracles.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืžื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ืœ ื‘ื’ืฉื, ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืืžื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื”.
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืชื” ืœืคืชืข ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื’ืฉื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื™ื.
By the last page of the novel, Bendrix may have come to believe in a God as well, though not to love Him.
On the last page of the novel, Benderris may have believed in God, but not in love with him.
ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ, ื‘ื ื“ืจืจื™ืก ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื•.
The End of the Affair is the fourth and last of Greene's so-called "Catholic novels".
The fourth and final part of the green novel "Catholic novels"
ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ.
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง "ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื"
Though often considered as among Greene's best novels, and having been chosen by Robert McCrum for his list of the '100 Greatest Novels in English', the author Jonathan Franzen said that he considered E. M. Forster and Graham Greene overrated, in particular highlighting "The End of the Affair".
According to the author Jonathan Franzen, he believes that E.M. Foster and Green Greene have been overestimated, with a particular emphasis on "a fair end".
ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช '100 ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช', ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคืจืื ื–ืŸ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื.ืž. ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื•ื’ืจืื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช "ื”ืกื•ืฃ". ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”".
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคืจืื ื–ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ E.M. Foster ื•ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื™ืชืจ, ืขื ื“ื’ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ "ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ".
However, he did also comment that he believed that part of the reason for this was his being American, as he said that many authors' brilliance is lost when it crosses the Atlantic.
However, he also commented that, in his view, this was due in part to the fact that he was an American, since he said that many authors had lost their talents while crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืจืง ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื™, ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
He said that he believed that the effect may have occurred with David Foster Wallace.
He said he believed that David Foster Wallace might have been affected.
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืืคืงื˜ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ื•ื•ืืœืืก.
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ื•ื•ืืœืืก ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืข.
In 1955, the book was made into a film, directed by Edward Dmytryk, with the screenplay adaptation by Lenore J.
In 1955, the book was made into a film directed by Edward Demetrick and adapted by Lenorรฉ Jay.
ื‘-1955 ื”ืคืš ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืกืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ืง, ืขื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื•ืจ ื’'ื™ื™.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืกืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื“ืžื˜ืจื™ืง ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืจื” ื’'ื™ื™.
Coffee.
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ืงืคื”.
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David Lewis was the producer and David E. Rose executive producer.
David Lewis is the producer and David E. Rose is the executive producer.
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ ืจื•ื– ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ ืจื•ื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
It starred Deborah Kerr as Sarah Miles, Van Johnson as Maurice Bendrix, John Mills as Albert Parkis, and Peter Cushing as Henry Miles.
Deborah Kyle is known as Sarah Myers, Van Johnson for Maurice Benderris, John Mills for Albert Parks, Peter Kusing for Henry Myers.
ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื• ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื™ืœืก, ื•ืืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืก ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืคืืจืงื™ืก ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื’ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืœืก.
ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืจื” ืžืื™ื™ืจืก, ื•ืืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืจืจื™ืก, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืก ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืคืืจืงืก, ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืงื•ืกื™ื ื’ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืจื™ ืžืื™ื™ืจืก.
In 1999, the novel was made into another film ("The End of the Affair"), directed by Neil Jordan.
In 1999, novels were made into another film (The End of Justice), directed by Neil Jordan.
ื‘-1999 ื”ืคืš ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ("ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื”"), ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืœืกืจื˜ ืื—ืจ (ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื“ืง), ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
Jordan also wrote the screenplay and produced the film with Stephen Woolley.
Jordan also wrote a script with Stephen Woolley.
ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื•ื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื™.
ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืขื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื™.
It starred American actress Julianne Moore as Sarah Miles, English actor Ralph Fiennes as Maurice Bendrix, and Irish actor Stephen Rea as Henry Miles.
She's starring Julianne Moore, Sarah Miles, British actress Ralph Fiennes, Maurice Bendricks, Irish actress Stephen Rea, Henry Miles.
ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื™ืœืก, ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืจืืœืฃ ืคื™ื™ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก, ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืœืก.
ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืžื•ืจ, ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื™ืœืก, ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืจืืœืฃ ืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ืงืก, ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื™ืช ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืื”, ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืœืก.
Julianne Moore was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.
Julianne Moore was nominated for her performance as the best actress college award.
ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืœืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื”.
ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื›ืคืจืก ื”ืงื•ืœื’' ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
In 2004, Jake Heggie composed an opera based on the novel.
In 2004, Jake Heggie produced an opera based on novels.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ื’'ื™ื™ืง ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ.
ื‘-2004 ื”ืคื™ืง ื’'ื™ื™ืง ื”ื’ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื.
It premiered at the Houston Grand Opera in March of that year, and was subsequently revised into its final form.
It was inaugurated at the Houston Grand Theatre in March of the same year and subsequently revised to a final version.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืฅ ืœืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื•ืงืŸ ืœื’ืจืกื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
In 2011, the novel was adapted into a play by Karla Boos and had its world premiere at Quantum Theatre.
In 2011, the novel was rewritten as a play by Karla Boos.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžื—ื–ื” ืžืืช ืงืจืœื” ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืืช ืงืจืœื” ื‘ื•ืก.
In 2012, an audio edition performed by Colin Firth and produced by Audible.com was released; the recording was recognized as Audiobook of the Year at the Audies Gala in May 2013.
In 2012, the audio version, which was performed by Colin Firth and produced by Audible.com, was confirmed as the annual audio manual in Audies Gala in May 2013.
ื‘-2012 ื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงื•ืœื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืช' ื•ื‘ื”ืคืงืช Audible.com; ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื›ืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ืืœื” ืฉืœ Audies ื‘ืžืื™ 2013.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืื•ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืช' ื•ื”ื•ืคืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Audible.com, ืื•ืฉืจื” ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืืœื” ืฉืœ Audies ื‘ืžืื™ 2013.
Various websites have suggested that the 2012 Bollywood film "Jab Tak Hai Jaan" might have drawn inspiration from the novel.
The 2012 Bollywood film, Jab Tak Hai Jaan, may be inspired by novels.
ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืžืฉื ืช 2012 "Jab Tak Hai Jaan" ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืจื•ืžืŸ.
ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืžืฉื ืช 2012, Jab Tak Hai Jaan, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื.
The Italian band Daisy Chains has released an album titled "A Story Has No Beginning or End", which is the first line of the novel, and the album's second track is titled "The End of the Affair".
The Italian band Daisy Channels published an album entitled "The story has not started or ended."
ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช Daisy Chains ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "A Story Has No Beginning or End", ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ, ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื ืงืจืืช "The End of Affair".
ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื“ื™ื™ื–ื™ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืคืจืกืžื” ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื".
DISCiPLE
CatalogueName
ืชึทืœืžึดื™ื“
ืฉื ืงื˜ืœื•ื’
The DISCiPLE was a floppy disk interface for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer.
DISCIPLE is the diskette interface for Sinclair ZX-spectral home computers.
ื”-DISCiPLE ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืง ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
DISCIPLE ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉืง ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื˜ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ Sinclair ZX-spectral.
Designed by Miles Gordon Technology, it was marketed by Rockfort Products and launched in 1986.
Designed by Miles Gordon Technoroy, sold by Rockfort products, launched in 1986.
ืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Miles Gordon Technology, ืฉื•ื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Rockfort Products ื•ื”ื•ืฉืง ื‘-1986.
ืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืœืก ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืจื•ื™, ื ืžื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ Rockfort, ื”ื•ืฉืง ื‘-1986.
Like Sinclair's own ZX Interface 1, the DISCiPLE was a wedge-shaped unit fitting underneath the Spectrum.
Like Sinclair's own ZX interface 1, DISCIPLE is exactly the same component under the spectrum.
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืžืฉืง ZX 1 ืฉืœ Sinclair ืขืฆืžื•, ื”-DISCiPLE ื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื˜ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-Spectrum.
ื›ืžื• ืžืžืฉืง ZX 1 ืฉืœ Sinclair ืขืฆืžื•, DISCIPLE ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชื—ืช ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
It was designed as a super-interface, providing all the facilities a Spectrum owner could need.
โ€ข Provide all the facilities required by the spectroscopy owners.
ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื›ืžืžืฉืง-ืขืœ, ื”ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื•.
โ€ข ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”.
In addition to floppy-disk, parallel port printer interface and a "magic button" (see Non-maskable interrupt), it also offered twin joystick ports, Sinclair ZX Net-compatible network ports and an inhibit button for disabling the device.
In addition to disks, parallel port printer interfaces and " magic buttons " (see incalculable interruptions), it provides double poles, Sinclair ZX network compatibility ports and inhibitors that render the device ineffective.
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืžืฉืง ืžื“ืคืกืช ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•"ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืงืกื" (ืจืื” ืคืกื™ืงื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืžืกื™ื›ื”), ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื’'ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืชื•ืืžื•ืช Sinclair ZX Net ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื“ื™ืกืงื™ื, ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืžื“ืคืกืช ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•"ืœื—ืฆื ื™ ืงืกื" (ืจืื” ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘), ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืจืฉืช Sinclair ZX ื•ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืœื ื™ืขื™ืœ.
At the rear of the unit was a pass-through port for connecting further devices, although the complexity of the DISCiPLE meant that many would not work, or only if the DISCiPLE was "turned off" using the inhibit button.
The back end of the unit is the port of access to more devices, but the level of complexity of the DIS is quite high.
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-DISCiPLE ื’ืจืžื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•, ืื• ืจืง ืื ื”-DISCiPLE "ื™ื›ื‘ื”" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘.
ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืืš ืจืžืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-DIS ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
The DISCiPLE was a considerable success but its sophistication meant that it was expensive and the plastic casing, located beneath the computer itself, was sometimes prone to overheating.
DISCIPLE has achieved considerable success, but its sophistication means it is expensive, and plastic casings located under the computer itself are sometimes prone to overheating.
ื”-DISCiPLE ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืš ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ื•ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
DISCIPLE ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื ืฉืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ, ื•ืžืืจื–ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
These factors led to the development of MGT's later +D interface.
These factors led to the subsequent development of the MGT+D interface.
ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืžืฉืง +D ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ MGT.
ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืง MGT+D.
The DISCiPLE's DOS was named GDOS.
The DOS of DISCIPLE was named GDOS.
ื”-DOS ืฉืœ ื”-DISCIPLE ื ืงืจื GDOS.
ื”-DOS ืฉืœ DISCIPLE ื ืงืจื GDOS.
MGT's later DOSs ("G+DOS" for the +D, and "SAM DOS" for the SAM Coupรฉ) were backwards-compatible with GDOS.
The subsequent DOS of MGT (G+DOS of +D and SAM Coupรฉ of SAM DOS) is inversely compatible with GDOS.
ื”-DOSs ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ MGT ("G+DOS" ืขื‘ื•ืจ +D, ื•-"SAM DOS" ืขื‘ื•ืจ SAM Coupรฉ) ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขื GDOS.
ื”-DOS ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ MGT (G+DOS ืฉืœ +D ื•-SAM Coupรฉ ืฉืœ SAM DOS) ืชื•ืื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœ-GDOS.
In later years a complete new system called UNI-DOS was developed by SD Software for the DISCiPLE and +D interfaces.
In subsequent years, SD software developed a completely new system called UNI-DOS for the DISCIPLE and +D interfaces.
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืฉื UNI-DOS ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ SD Software ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืงื™ DISCiPLE ื•-+D.
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ื ืช SD ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื UNI-DOS ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืงื™ DISCIPLE ื•-+D.
In October 1993 "The Complete DISCiPLE Disassembly" was published in book form, documenting the "GDOS system 3d" version.
In October 1993, the full Dismantling of DISCIPLE was published in book form, recording the version of โ€œGDOS 3dโ€.
ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1993 ืคื•ืจืกื "The Complete DISCiPLE Disassembly" ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกืคืจ, ื”ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื’ืจืกืช "GDOS system 3d".
ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1993 ืคื•ืจืกื ื”-Dismanting of DISCIPLE ื”ืžืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกืคืจ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ "GDOS 3d".
The popularity of the DISCiPLE led to the formation of a user group and magazine, INDUG, which later became Format Publications.
The popularity of DISCIPLE has led to the formation of a user group and magazine, INDUG, which later became a publication in format.
ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-DISCiPLE ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, INDUG, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœ-Format Publications.
ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ DISCIPLE ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, INDUG, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜.
Usergroups like INDUG/Format in the UK or DISCiPLE-Nieuwsbrief in the Netherlands produced enhancements such as extended printer support.
User groups such as INDUG/Format in the United Kingdom or DISCIPLE-Nieuwsbrief in the Netherlands provide enhancements such as extension printer support.
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• INDUG/Format ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื• DISCiPLE-Nieuwsbrief ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช.
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ INDUG/Format ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื• DISCIPLE-Nieuwsbrief ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืคืกืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
Kingdom Identity Ministries
โ€ข Ministry of Identity of the Kingdom
ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”
โ€ข ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”
Kingdom Identity Ministries (KIM) is a Christian Identity outreach ministry based in Harrison, Arkansas, which advocates racism, anti-Semitism and the execution of homosexuals.
The Royal Ministry of Identity (KIM) is the Christian Identity Outreach Department, headquartered in Harrison, Arkansas, which promotes racism, anti-Semitism and the execution of homosexuals.
Kingdom Identity Ministries (ื‘ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช : Kingdom Identity Ministries , KIM ) ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื‘ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ , ืืจืงื ืกื• , ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื.
ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ (KIM) ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ืฉืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืืจืงื ืกื•, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื“ืžืช ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื.
Its website states that it "is an outreach ministry to God's chosen race (true Israel, the White, European peoples)".
Its website states that "it is the outreach department of the race chosen by God (genuine Israelis, whites, Europeans)".
ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื–ืข ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื (ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื)".
ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ "ื–ื• ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื (ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื)".
It functions primarily as a distributor of Identity-oriented books, tracts and audiotapes.
It mainly acts as a distributor of identity-oriented books, leaflets and tapes.
ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžืคื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ื•ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžืคื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช.
KIM also offers correspondence courses through its American Institute of Theology and it produces a radio program, "Herald of Truth", which is broadcast on shortwave, satellite and Internet radio.
KIM also offers correspondence courses through its American Institute of Theology.
KIM ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืคื™ืงื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื•, "ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืืžืช", ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื’ืœื™ ืงืฆืจ, ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
KIM ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
The Southern Poverty Law Center considers it "the largest supplier in existence of materials related to Christian Identity".
โ€ข The Southern Poverty Law Centre considers it to be the โ€œlargest supplier of existing materials related to Christian identityโ€.
ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื• "ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช".
โ€ข ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื• "ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช".
It was founded in 1982 by Mike Hallimore and owns the copyright to a number of works on Christian Identity by Bertran Camparet and Wesley Swift.
It was founded in 1982 by Mike Hallimore and has copyrights for a number of Christian identity works by Bertran Camparet and Wesley Swift.
ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืง ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืžืืช ื‘ืจื˜ืจืืŸ ืงืžืคืจื˜ ื•ื•ืกืœื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜.
ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืง ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื˜ืจืืŸ ืงืžืคืจื˜ ื•ื•ืกืœื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜.
In addition to Christian Identity material it circulates white supremacist material, including sending out white supremacist pamphlets to rural communities in Pennsylvania and funding distribution of a white-power CD in 2007.
In addition to Christian identity material, it distributes white superiority material, including white superiority booklets to rural communities in Pennsylvania, as well as funding the distribution of white power CD-ROMs in 2007.
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืฅ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘-2007.
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืคื™ืฆื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžืžื ืช ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ CD-ROM ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘-2007.
+D
+D
+D
+D
The +D (or Plus D) was a floppy disk and printer interface for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer, developed as a successor to Miles Gordon Technology's earlier product, the DISCiPLE.
+D (or plus D) is a diskette and printer interface for Sinclair ZX Spectrum's home computer.
ื”-+D (ืื• ืคืœื•ืก D) ื”ื™ื” ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืฉืง ืžื“ืคืกืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ Sinclair ZX Spectrum, ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื›ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืœืก ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”-DISCiPLE.
+D (ืื• ืคืœื•ืก D) ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉืง ื“ื™ืกืงื˜ ื•ืžื“ืคืกืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
It was designed to be smaller, cheaper, simpler and thus more reliable.
Smaller, cheaper, simpler and more reliable.
ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
It discarded a number of the less important features of the earlier product โ€” the network and joystick ports, the inhibit button and the pass-through connector โ€” and replaced its ancestor's plastic wedge-shaped design which fit under the Spectrum with a simple flat metal slab which protruded from the rear of the computer.
It abandons some of the less important features of the early product โ€” the network and the pole port, the inhibitor button and the pass-through connector โ€” and replaces the plastic image design of its ancestors with a simple flat-board metal plate, which is under the spectrum and penetrates through the back of the computer.
ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื - ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื•ื”ื’'ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ - ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื˜ืจื™ื– ืคืœืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืขื ืœื•ื— ืžืชื›ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ืœื˜ ืžื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื - ื”ืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜, ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ - ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคืœื˜ืช ืžืชื›ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื“ืจืš ื’ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
It provided only floppy disk and Centronics parallel interfaces, plus a non-maskable interrupt button.
It provides only a diskette and a hub parallel interface, plus an indelible disconnect button.
ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืง ืจืง ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ Centronics, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืคืกื™ืงื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืกื™ื›ื”.
ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืจืง ื“ื™ืกืงื˜ ื•ืžืžืฉืง ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ ืœืจื›ื–ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœื—ืฆืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžื—ื”.
The +D's casing was simple folded steel, which was not only stronger than before but acted as a heatsink, improving reliability.
The shell of +D is a simple folding steel, which not only is stronger than before, but also increases reliability as a erysinky.
ื”ืžืืจื– ืฉืœ +D ื”ื™ื” ืคืœื“ื” ืžืงื•ืคืœืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืœื ืคืขืœื” ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉืœ +D ื”ื™ื ืคืœื“ื” ืžืชืงืคืœืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืืฉืจ ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืืจื™ืกื™ื ืงื™.
Apart from the missing ports, though, it was software-compatible with the larger device.
However, in addition to the missing ports, it is compatible with the software of large installations.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืื ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
The +D's DOS was named G+DOS, and was compatible with the DISCiPLE's DOS, "GDOS".
The DOS of +D is called G+DOS, compatible with the DOS โ€œGDOSโ€ of DISCIPLE.
ื”-DOS ืฉืœ ื”-+D ื ืงืจื G+DOS, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืื ืœ-DOS ืฉืœ DISCiPLE, "GDOS".
ื”-DOS ืฉืœ +D ื ืงืจื G+DOS, ืชื•ืื ืœ-DOS "GDOS" ืฉืœ DISCIPLE.
SAM DOS for MGT's SAM Coupรฉ was backwards-compatible with GDOS and G+DOS.
SAM DOS of SAM Coupรฉ of MGT is compatible with the reverse of GDOS and G+DOS.
SAM DOS ืขื‘ื•ืจ SAM Coupรฉ ืฉืœ MGT ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขื GDOS ื•-G+DOS.
SAM DOS ืฉืœ SAM Coupรฉ ืฉืœ MGT ืชื•ืื ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืฉืœ GDOS ื•-G+DOS.
The Complete +D Disassembly by Rudy Biesma documents the "G+DOS system 2a" version.
The complete +D disassembly file for Rudy Biesma is the G+DOS 2a version.
ื”-Complete +D Disassembly ืฉืœ Rudy Biesma ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื’ืจืกืช "G+DOS system 2a".
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ +D ืขื‘ื•ืจ Rudy Biesma ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืกืช G+DOS 2a.
An enhanced version called Beta DOS fixed bugs and added features.
An enhanced version called Beta DOS.
ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืฉื Beta DOS ืชื™ืงื ื” ื‘ืื’ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกืคื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืฉื Beta DOS.
In later years a complete new system called UNI-DOS was developed by SD Software for the DISCiPLE and +D interfaces.
In subsequent years, SD software developed a completely new system called UNI-DOS for the DISCIPLE and +D interfaces.
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืฉื UNI-DOS ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ SD Software ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืงื™ DISCiPLE ื•-+D.
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ื ืช SD ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื UNI-DOS ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืงื™ DISCIPLE ื•-+D.
The popularity of the DISCiPLE led to the formation of a user group and magazine, INDUG, which later became Format Publications.
The popularity of DISCIPLE has led to the formation of a user group and magazine, INDUG, which later became a publication in format.
ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-DISCiPLE ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, INDUG, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœ-Format Publications.
ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ DISCIPLE ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, INDUG, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜.
Usergroups like INDUG/Format in the UK or DISCiPLE-Nieuwsbrief in the Netherlands produced enhancements such as extended printer support.
User groups such as INDUG/Format in the United Kingdom or DISCIPLE-Nieuwsbrief in the Netherlands provide enhancements such as extension printer support.
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• INDUG/Format ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื• DISCiPLE-Nieuwsbrief ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช.
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ INDUG/Format ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื• DISCIPLE-Nieuwsbrief ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืคืกืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
The +D design was later licensed by Datel and it continued on sale for some years after MGT's demise.
The design of +D was subsequently licensed by Datel and continued to be sold for several years after the collapse of MGT.
ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ +D ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Datel ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช MGT.
ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ +D ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Datel ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืช MGT.
Its design and chips have been released into the public domain and it still remains available commercially or even as a DIY project.
The design and chips have been made public.
ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.
ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
National League System
National Union System
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
The National League System comprises the seven levels of the English football league system immediately below the level of the English Football League.
The National Union System consists of seven levels of the United Kingdom football union system, immediately following the seven levels of the United Kingdom football union.
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื‘ืข ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
It contains 95 league competitions and more than 1,600 clubs.
These include 95 leagues and more than 1,600 clubs.
ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ 95 ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื’ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,600 ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื.
ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื 95 ืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,600 ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื.
It comes under the jurisdiction of The Football Association.
It is within the jurisdiction of the Football Association.
ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
ื–ื” ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
The National League System has a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels.
The system of State unions is hierarchical and promotes and distributes among unions at different levels.
ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช ื•ืžืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.