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7,800 | AR6_WGIII | 894 | 7 | This showed a removal of –12.5 ± 3.2 GtCO 2 yr–1 | medium | 1 | train |
7,801 | AR6_WGIII | 902 | 40 | Following changes in land conditions, CO 2, CH 4 and N 2O fluxes are quickly mixed into the atmosphere and dispersed, resulting in the biogeochemical effects being dominated by the biophysical effects at local scales | high | 2 | train |
7,802 | AR6_WGIII | 911 | 12 | If implemented at appropriate scales and in a sustainable manner, land-based mitigation practices have the capacity to reduce emissions and sequester billions of tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere over coming decades, while also preserving or enhancing biodiversity, water quality and supply, air quality, soil fertility, food and wood security, livelihoods, resilience to droughts, floods and other natural disasters, and positively contributing to ecosystem health and human well-being | high | 2 | train |
7,803 | AR6_WGIII | 911 | 25 | The SRCCL assessed the full range of technical, economic and sustainability mitigation potentials in AFOLU for the period 2030–2050 and identified reduced deforestation and forest degradation to have greatest potential for reducing supply-side emissions (0.4 to 5.8 GtCO 2-eq yr–1) (high confidence) followed by combined agriculture measures, 0.3 to 3.4 GtCO 2-eq yr–1 | medium | 1 | train |
7,804 | AR6_WGIII | 911 | 27 | For the demand-side estimates, shifting towards healthy, sustainable diets (0.7 to 8.0 GtCO 2-eq yr–1) (high confidence) had the highest potential, followed by reduced food loss and waste (0.8 to 4.5 GtCO 2-eq yr–1) | high | 2 | train |
7,805 | AR6_WGIII | 911 | 28 | Measures with greatest potential for CDR were afforestation/reforestation (0.5 to 10.1 GtCO 2-eq yr–1) (medium confidence), soil carbon sequestration in croplands and grasslands (0.4 to 8.6 GtCO 2-eq yr–1) (medium confidence) and BECCS (0.4 to 11.3 GtCO 2-eq yr–1) | medium | 1 | train |
7,806 | AR6_WGIII | 913 | 30 | The feasibility of implementing AFOLU mitigation measures, including those with multiple co-benefits, depends on varying economic, technological, institutional, socio- cultural, environmental and geophysical barriers | high | 2 | train |
7,807 | AR6_WGIII | 916 | 1 | Reducing deforestation and forest degradation represents one of the most effective options for climate change mitigation, with technical potential estimated at 0.4–5.8 GtCO 2 yr–1 by 2050 | high | 2 | train |
7,808 | AR6_WGIII | 916 | 28 | Based on studies since AR5, the technical mitigation potential for reducing deforestation and degradation is significant, providing 4.5 (2.3–7) GtCO 2 yr–1 globally by 2050, of which 3.4 (2.3–6.4) GtCO 2 yr–1 is available at below USD100 tCO 2–1 | medium | 1 | train |
7,809 | AR6_WGIII | 916 | 59 | The SRCCL remained with a reported wide range of mitigation potential for A/R of 0.5–10.1 GtCO 2 yr–1 by 2050 | medium | 1 | train |
7,810 | AR6_WGIII | 917 | 74 | In the SRCCL, forest management activities have the potential to mitigate 0.4–2.1 GtCO 2-eq yr–1 by 2050 | medium | 1 | train |
7,811 | AR6_WGIII | 919 | 10 | In the SRCCL, fire management is among the nine options that can deliver medium-to-large benefits across multiple land challenges (climate change mitigation, adaptation, desertification, land degradation, and food security) | high | 2 | train |
7,812 | AR6_WGIII | 921 | 19 | In the SRCCL (Chapters 2 and 6), it was estimated that avoided peat impacts could deliver 0.45–1.22 GtCO 2-eq yr–1 technical potential by 2030–2050 | medium | 1 | train |
7,813 | AR6_WGIII | 922 | 22 | According the SRCCL, peatland restoration could deliver technical mitigation potentials of 0.15 – 0.81GtCO 2-eq yr–1 by 2030–2050 | low | 0 | train |
7,814 | AR6_WGIII | 922 | 27 | Peatlands are highly sensitive to climate change | high | 2 | train |
7,815 | AR6_WGIII | 934 | 16 | Like AE, it is likely that RA can contribute to mitigation, the extent to which is currently unclear and by its case-specific design, will vary | medium | 1 | train |
7,816 | AR6_WGIII | 934 | 32 | There is evidence that CA can contribute to mitigation, but its contribution is depended on multiple factors including climate and residue returns | high | 2 | train |
7,817 | AR6_WGIII | 936 | 43 | The SRCCL reported a technical CDR potential for BECCS at 0.4–11.3 GtCO 2 yr–1 | medium | 1 | train |
7,818 | AR6_WGIII | 938 | 16 | Based on studies to date, the technical net CDR potential of BECCS (including LUC and other supply chain emissions, but excluding energy carrier substitution) by 2050 is 5.9 (0.5–11.3) GtCO 2 yr–1 globally, of which 1.6 (0.5–3.5) GtCO 2 yr–1 is available at below USD100 tCO 2–1 | medium | 1 | train |
7,819 | AR6_WGIII | 939 | 40 | Shifting to sustainable healthy diets has large potential to achieve global GHG mitigation targets as well as public health and environmental benefits | high | 2 | train |
7,820 | AR6_WGIII | 939 | 43 | A shift to more sustainable and healthy diets is generally feasible in many regions | medium | 1 | train |
7,821 | AR6_WGIII | 940 | 9 | In line with these SDG targets, it is estimated that reducing FLW can free up several million km2 of land | high | 2 | train |
7,822 | AR6_WGIII | 940 | 44 | Regionally, FLW reduction is feasible anywhere but its potential needs to be understood in a wider and changing socio-cultural context that determines nutrition | high | 2 | train |
7,823 | AR6_WGIII | 941 | 16 | The SRCCL (Chapters 2 and 6) finds that some studies indicate significant mitigation potentials for material substitution, but concludes that the global, technical mitigation potential for material substitution for construction applications ranges from 0.25–1 GtCO 2-eq yr–1 | medium | 1 | train |
7,824 | AR6_WGIII | 949 | 12 | The total amounts to 0.66 GtCO 2 yr–1 for the period 2010–2019, which is 1.2% of total global, and 5.5% of AFOLU emissions reported in Table 7.1, over the same time period | high | 2 | train |
7,825 | AR6_WGIII | 951 | 3 | In total, reported funding for AFOLU projects and programmes has been USD4.4 billion over the past decade, or about USD569 million yr–1 | low | 0 | train |
7,826 | AR6_WGIII | 951 | 8 | Despite widespread effort, AFOLU measures have thus far failed to achieve the large potential for climate mitigation described in earlier IPCC WG III reports | high | 2 | train |
7,827 | AR6_WGIII | 951 | 9 | The limited gains from AFOLU to date appear largely to result from lack of investment and other institutional and social barriers, rather than methodological concerns | high | 2 | train |
7,828 | AR6_WGIII | 951 | 49 | A large literature has investigated whether PES programmes have successfully protected habitats. Despite concerns, the many lessons learned from PES programme implementation provide critical information that will help policymakers refine future PES programmes to increase their effectiveness | medium | 1 | test |
7,829 | AR6_WGIII | 952 | 28 | When combined with increased non-CO 2 gas emissions, the emission intensity of US agriculture increased from 1.5 to 1.7 tCO 2 ha–1 between 2005 and 2018 | high | 2 | train |
7,830 | AR6_WGIII | 952 | 46 | The extent to which the combined influence of these regulations has enhanced carbon storage in ecosystems is not quantified although they are likely to explain some of the persistent carbon sink that has emerged in temperate forests of OECD countries | high | 2 | train |
7,831 | AR6_WGIII | 953 | 12 | Because protected areas limit not just land- use change, but also logging or harvesting non-timber forest products, they may be relatively costly approaches for forest conservation | medium | 1 | train |
7,832 | AR6_WGIII | 954 | 8 | Efforts to expand property rights, especially community forest management, have reduced carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical forests in the last two decades | high | 2 | train |
7,833 | AR6_WGIII | 954 | 28 | Supply chain management in the food sector encourages more widespread use of conservation measures in agriculture | high | 2 | train |
7,834 | AR6_WGIII | 956 | 18 | While these analyses establish that many projects to reduce deforestation have overcome hurdles related to additionality | high | 2 | train |
7,835 | AR6_WGIII | 957 | 46 | The protocols to quantify emission reductions in the agricultural sector are available and have been tested, and the main limitation appears to be the lack of available financing or the unwillingness to re-direct current subsidies | medium | 1 | train |
7,836 | AR6_WGIII | 958 | 15 | The presence of significant subsidy programmes intended to improve farmer welfare and rural livelihoods makes it more difficult to implement regulatory programmes aimed at reducing net emissions in agriculture, however, it may increase the potential to implement new subsidy programmes that encourage practices aimed at reducing net emissions | medium | 1 | train |
7,837 | AR6_WGIII | 959 | 7 | It is argued that a carbon tax on only fossil fuel derived emissions, may lead to massive deployment of bioenergy, although the effects of such a policy can be mitigated when combined with policies that encourage sustainable forest management and protection of forest carbon stocks as well as forest management certification | high | 2 | train |
7,838 | AR6_WGIII | 959 | 17 | However, if private markets emerge for biomass and BECCS on the scale suggested in the SR1.5, policy efforts must ramp up to substantially value, encourage, and protect terrestrial carbon stocks and ecosystems to avoid outcomes inconsistent with many SDGs | high | 2 | train |
7,839 | AR6_WGIII | 960 | 1 | The lack of resources thus far committed to implementing AFOLU mitigation, income and access to alternative sources of income in rural households that rely on agriculture or forests for their livelihoods remains a considerable barrier to adoption of AFOLU | high | 2 | train |
7,840 | AR6_WGIII | 960 | 4 | Without quickly ramping up spending, the lack of funding to implement projects remains a substantial barrier | high | 2 | train |
7,841 | AR6_WGIII | 961 | 3 | Barriers to adoption of AFOLU mitigation will be strongest where historical practices represent long-standing traditions | high | 2 | train |
7,842 | AR6_WGIII | 961 | 5 | AR6 presents new estimates of the mitigation potential for shifts in diets and reductions in food waste, but given long-standing dietary traditions within most cultures, some of the strongest barriers exist for efforts to change diets | medium | 1 | train |
7,843 | AR6_WGIII | 961 | 50 | Implementation of nature-based solution may have local or regionally important consequences for other ecosystem services, some of which may be negative | high | 2 | train |
7,844 | AR6_WGIII | 962 | 9 | Climate is expected to reduce crop yields, increase crop and livestock prices, and increase pressure on undisturbed forest land for food production creating new barriers and increasing costs for implementation of many nature-based mitigation techniques | medium | 1 | train |
7,845 | AR6_WGIII | 962 | 27 | Factors that reduce permanence or slow forest growth will drive up costs of forest mitigation measures, suggesting that climate change presents a formidable challenge to implementation of nature-based solutions beyond 2030 | high | 2 | train |
7,846 | AR6_WGIII | 962 | 38 | Forest management strategies based on biodiversity and ecosystems functioning interactions can augment the effectiveness of forests in reducing climate change impacts on ecosystem functioning | high | 2 | train |
7,847 | AR6_WGIII | 964 | 22 | There are synergies, trade-offs and co- benefits between ecosystem services and mitigation options with impacts on ecosystem services differing by scale and contexts | high | 2 | train |
7,848 | AR6_WGIII | 965 | 6 | Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services is critical to sustaining the well-being and livelihoods of poor and marginalised people, and indigenous communities who depend on natural resources | high | 2 | train |
7,849 | AR6_WGIII | 966 | 7 | Nature-based solutions (NBS) with safeguards has immense potential for cost-effective adaptation to climate change; but their impacts will vary by scale and contexts | high | 2 | train |
7,850 | AR6_WGIII | 999 | 22 | There is a large range in the forecasts of urban land expansion across scenarios and models, which highlights an opportunity to shape future urban development towards low- or net-zero GHG emissions and minimise the loss of carbon stocks and sequestration in the agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector due to urban land conversion | medium | 1 | train |
7,851 | AR6_WGIII | 1,000 | 17 | New and emerging cities will have significant infrastructure development needs to achieve high quality of life, which can be met through energy- efficient infrastructures and services, and people-centred urban design | high | 2 | train |
7,852 | AR6_WGIII | 1,013 | 6 | Urbanisation: A megatrend driving global climate risk and potential for low-carbon and resilient futures Severe weather events, exacerbated by anthropogenic emissions, are already having devastating impacts on people who live in urban areas, on the infrastructure that supports these communities, as well as people living in distant places | high | 2 | train |
7,853 | AR6_WGIII | 1,013 | 26 | Urban settlements contribute to climate change, generating about 70% of global CO 2-eq emissions | high | 2 | train |
7,854 | AR6_WGIII | 1,014 | 1 | As urbanisation unfolds, its legacy continues to be the locking-in of emissions and vulnerabilities | high | 2 | train |
7,855 | AR6_WGIII | 1,015 | 8 | Enabling action Innovative governance and finance solutions are required to manage complex and interconnected risks across essential key infrastructures, networks, and services, as well as to meet basic human needs in urban areas | medium | 1 | train |
7,856 | AR6_WGIII | 1,015 | 16 | Increasing the pace of investments will put pressure on governance capability, transparency, and accountability of decision-making | medium | 1 | train |
7,857 | AR6_WGIII | 1,021 | 14 | Third, the urban share of regional GHG emissions increased between 2000 and 2015, with much inter-region variation in the magnitude of the increase | high | 2 | train |
7,858 | AR6_WGIII | 1,021 | 18 | Fourth, the global average per capita urban GHG emissions increased between 2000 and 2015, with cities in the Developed Countries region producing nearly seven times more per capita than the lowest emitting region | medium | 1 | train |
7,859 | AR6_WGIII | 1,026 | 3 | Future urban expansion will amplify the background warming caused by GHG emissions, with extreme warming most pronounced during night-time | very high | 3 | test |
7,860 | AR6_WGIII | 1,038 | 20 | Over 30 years, wood-based construction can accumulate between 0.25 and 20 GtCO 2 and reduce cumulative emissions from 4 GtCO 2 (range of 7–20 GtCO 2) to 2 GtCO 2 (range of 0.3–10 GtCO 2) | high | 2 | train |
7,861 | AR6_WGIII | 1,042 | 5 | This might suggest that in other geographies, similar adjacent non-urban forest types may store similar carbon stocks per unit area | medium | 1 | train |
7,862 | AR6_WGIII | 1,048 | 3 | The involvement of governance at multiple levels is necessary to enable cities to plan and implement emissions reductions targets | high | 2 | train |
7,863 | AR6_WGIII | 1,048 | 5 | Further, regional, national, and international climate goals are most impactful when local governments are involved alongside higher levels, rendering urban areas key foci of climate governance more broadly | high | 2 | train |
7,864 | AR6_WGIII | 1,051 | 28 | To meet the multi-trillion-dollar annual investment needs in urban areas, cities in partnership with international institutions, national governments, and local stakeholders increasingly play a pivotal role in mobilising global climate finance resources for a range of low-carbon infrastructure projects and related urban land use and spatial planning programmes across key sectors | high | 2 | train |
7,865 | AR6_WGIII | 1,052 | 36 | Moreover, the potential application of blockchain for land-based funding instruments is possibly associated with urban form attributes, such as density, compactness, and land-use mixture, to disincentivise urban expansion and emissions growth around city-fringe locations | medium | 1 | train |
7,866 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 4 | Transport- related emissions in developing regions of the world have increased more rapidly than in Europe or North America, a trend that is likely to continue in coming decades | high | 2 | test |
7,867 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 12 | Appropriate infrastructure, including protected pedestrian and bike pathways, can also support much greater localised active travel.1 Transport demand management incentives are expected to be necessary to support these systemic changes | high | 2 | train |
7,868 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 22 | The continued growth of electromobility for land transport would require investments in electric charging and related grid infrastructure | high | 2 | train |
7,869 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 23 | Electromobility powered by low-carbon electricity has the potential to rapidly reduce transport GHG and can be applied with multiple co-benefits in the developing world’s growing cities | high | 2 | train |
7,870 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 25 | These same technologies and expanded use of available electric rail systems can support rail decarbonisation | medium | 1 | train |
7,871 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 26 | Initial deployments of battery electric, hydrogen- and bio-based haulage are underway, and commercial operations of some of these technologies are considered feasible by 2030 | medium | 1 | train |
7,872 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 29 | Increased capacity for low-carbon hydrogen production would also be essential for hydrogen-based fuels to serve as an emissions reduction strategy | high | 2 | train |
7,873 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 31 | Increased efficiency has been insufficient to limit the emissions from shipping and aviation, and natural gas-based fuels are likely inadequate to meet stringent decarbonisation goals for these segments | high | 2 | train |
7,874 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 33 | Advanced biofuels could provide low-carbon jet fuel | medium | 1 | train |
7,875 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 34 | The production of synthetic fuels using low-carbon hydrogen with CO2 captured through direct air capture (DAC) or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) could provide jet and marine fuels but these options still require demonstration at scale | low | 0 | test |
7,876 | AR6_WGIII | 1,257 | 35 | Ammonia produced with low-carbon hydrogen could also serve as a marine fuel | medium | 1 | train |
7,877 | AR6_WGIII | 1,258 | 1 | The scenarios literature projects continued growth in demand for freight and passenger services, particularly in developing countries in Africa and Asia | high | 2 | train |
7,878 | AR6_WGIII | 1,258 | 4 | While many global scenarios place greater reliance on emissions reduction in sectors other than transport, a quarter of the 1.5°C degree scenarios describe transport-related CO2 emissions reductions in excess of 68% (relative to modelled 2020 levels) | medium | 1 | train |
7,879 | AR6_WGIII | 1,258 | 8 | In general terms, electrification tends to play the key role in land- based transport, but biofuels and hydrogen (and derivatives) could play a role in decarbonisation of freight in some contexts | high | 2 | train |
7,880 | AR6_WGIII | 1,258 | 9 | Biofuels and hydrogen (and derivatives) are likely more prominent in shipping and aviation | high | 2 | train |
7,881 | AR6_WGIII | 1,258 | 10 | The shifts towards these alternative fuels must occur alongside shifts towards clean technologies in other sectors | high | 2 | train |
7,882 | AR6_WGIII | 1,258 | 22 | Given the high degree of potential recyclability of LIBs, a nearly closed-loop system in the future could mitigate concerns about critical mineral issues | medium | 1 | train |
7,883 | AR6_WGIII | 1,369 | 5 | Producer, user, and regulator education, as well as innovation and commercialisation policy are needed | medium | 1 | train |
7,884 | AR6_WGIII | 1,369 | 18 | Pulp mills have access to biomass residues and by-products and in paper mills the use of process heat at low to medium temperatures allows for electrification | high | 2 | train |
7,885 | AR6_WGIII | 1,453 | 1 | Key to maximising benefits and managing trade-offs are sectoral integration, transparent governance, and stakeholder involvement | high | 2 | train |
7,886 | AR6_WGIII | 1,453 | 2 | A sustainable bioeconomy relying on biomass resources will need to be supported by technology innovation and international cooperation and governance of global trade to disincentivise environmental and social externalities | medium | 1 | train |
7,887 | AR6_WGIII | 1,465 | 19 | This is about, or below half, the most recent (2019) emissions value of 59 ± 6.6 GtCO 2-eq | high | 2 | train |
7,888 | AR6_WGIII | 1,471 | 13 | Compared to other CDR methods, the primary barrier to upscaling DAC is its high cost and large energy requirement | high | 2 | train |
7,889 | AR6_WGIII | 1,471 | 27 | Costs: As the process captures dilute CO 2 (~0.04%) from the ambient air, it is less efficient and more costly than conventional carbon capture applied to power plants and industrial installations (with a CO 2 concentration of ~10%) | high | 2 | train |
7,890 | AR6_WGIII | 1,471 | 53 | Risks and impacts: DACCS requires a considerable amount of energy | high | 2 | train |
7,891 | AR6_WGIII | 1,502 | 19 | The SRCCL concluded that conversion of land for A/R and bioenergy crops at the scale commonly found in pathways limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C is associated with multiple feasibility and sustainability constraints, including land carbon losses | high | 2 | train |
7,892 | AR6_WGIII | 1,512 | 1 | Increased technology innovation, stakeholder integration and transparent governance structures and procedures at local to global scales are key to successful bioeconomy deployment maximising benefits and managing trade-offs | high | 2 | train |
7,893 | AR6_WGIII | 1,512 | 2 | Limited global land and biomass resources accompanied by growing demands for food, feed, fibre, and fuels, together with prospects for a paradigm shift towards phasing out fossil fuels, set the frame for potentially fierce competition for land3 and biomass to meet burgeoning demands, even as climate change increasingly limits natural resource potentials | high | 2 | train |
7,894 | AR6_WGIII | 1,516 | 18 | In summary, there is significant scope for optimising use of land resources to produce more biomass while reducing adverse effects | high | 2 | train |
7,895 | AR6_WGIII | 1,516 | 19 | Context-specific prioritisation, technology innovation in bio-based production, integrative policies, coordinated institutions and improved governance mechanisms to enhance synergies and minimise trade-offs can mitigate the pressure on managed as well as natural and semi-natural ecosystems | medium | 1 | train |
7,896 | AR6_WGIII | 1,516 | 20 | Yet, energy conservation and efficiency measures, and deployment of technologies and systems that do not rely on carbon-based energy and materials, are essential for mitigating biomass demand growth as countries pursue ambitious climate goals | high | 2 | train |
7,897 | AR6_WGIII | 1,672 | 2 | It also built national capacity for greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting, catalysed the creation of GHG markets, and increased investments in low-carbon technologies | medium | 1 | train |
7,898 | AR6_WGIII | 1,672 | 3 | Other international agreements and institutions have led to avoided carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from land use practices, as well as avoided emissions of some non- CO2 greenhouse gases | medium | 1 | train |
7,899 | AR6_WGIII | 1,672 | 5 | Both new and pre-existing forms of cooperation are vital for achieving climate mitigation goals in the context of sustainable development | high | 2 | train |