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Q5364962

Ellen Neel Ellen Neel (1916–1966) was a Kwakwakaʼwakw artist woodcarver and is the first woman known to have professionally carved totem poles. She came from Alert Bay, British Columbia, and her work is in public collections throughout the world.Scholar Priya Helweg writes, "Until Ellen Neel emerged as a professional carver in the late 1920s no women are named as carvers in the literature." Neel inspired subsequent First Nation women, such as Freda Diesing (Haida) and Doreen Jensen (Gitksan), to take up carving. Early life Ellen May (née Newman) Neel (Potlatch name Kakaso'las) was born on November 14, 1916 in Alert Bay, British Columbia. Her parents were both mixed race and she was a member of the Kwakwaka'wakw tribe. Neel learned Northwest carving from her maternal grandfather, Charlie James, a noted totem carver and stepfather of the famed sculptor Mungo Martin. While attending St. Michael's residential school Charlie arduously taught Neel line work, old styles, stories and dedication. Her grandfather's education and her hard work led to Neel selling work by the age of 12.In 1938 Neel married the well-liked roustabout and metal smith, Ted Neel. They moved to Vancouver, and together had seven children. Neel was a stay at home mom, but still completed a few carvings for friends. Then things changed dramatically after Ted suffered a severe stroke. They needed money and Ted no longer could fully support the family. They decided Neel's carving would become an official full-time business. Ted handled the business side of it while Neel designed, carved, and painted. Career breakthroughs The family worked together seeking out a subsistence, until Neel completed the Totemland Pole for the Totemland Society (a promotional group for Vancouver) which served as a financial breakthrough. As a speaker in 1948 at the Conference on Native Indian Affairs, Neel furthered her career and became an established artist. After the conference the Parks Board gave her a studio in Stanley Park where she established Totem Art Studios.In 1948, Kneel completed the restoration of several historic totems for the University of British Columbia. She traditionally dedicated a 16 foot-totem to the university in 1950, completing the foyer of a hotel. Soon her sons completed the bulk of carving while she painted production work of six-inch to 18-inch poles for the reliable tourist trade. Though the small poles were the family's bread and butter Neel was able to work on large artistically freeing totems such as the pole commissioned in 1953 for a museum in Denmark.In 1955, Woodward's Department Store commissioned Neel to create five totem poles for an Edmonton shopping mall. These were returned to the coast in the 1980s, and Neel's son, Robert, restored on that would later stand in Stanley Park. Children The children became an integral part of the business developing skills and striking out on their own such as the Neel's son, David. The Neels moved from Vancouver to South Burnaby, then White Rock, and finally Aldergrove, British Columbia. The children began their own lives, but would send money as things were beginning to get hard for the Neels. Their son John stayed with them and would help Neel carve. Robert "Bob" Neel became a carver in his own right. Death By 1961 Ted and Ellen were consistently dealing with health problems. In September 1961, their son Dave died in a car crash. Then by 1965 the market was declining for Neel. Everything was deteriorating quickly and Neel died in 1966. Legacy Ellen Neel played a crucial role in establishing Native arts as a viable way for Natives to support their communities and continue their heritage. In 1985 the UBC Museum of Anthropology erected one of the totem poles they had commissioned from Neel in Stanley Park, where it is still on display. The totem pole she donated to the University of British Columbia was recreated by master carvers and rededicated in 2004 with an elaborate ceremony presided over by the Kwakwaka'wakw Chief of the Heiltsuk Nation and Master of Ceremonies Edwin Newman.Ellen's grandson David Neel is a carver, jeweler, painter, photographer, and author active today in British Columbia.

10597916858801243176

Q7909530

Vale of Clwyd Railway The Vale of Clwyd Railway was a standard-gauge line which connected the towns of Rhyl and Denbigh via St Asaph in North Wales.It opened in 1858, at first without a connection to the main line at Rhyl, but this was provided in 1862. At Denbigh the line later connected to other lines. Although the area became popular with holidaymakers in the 1920s and later, the line never realised its potential, and it closed to passengers in 1955, and completely in 1968. Conception The Chester and Holyhead Railway completed its main line in 1850. There was a considerable area of agricultural land south of the line, towards Denbigh, and a number of schemes were put forward to serve the area. The C&HR found itself short of funds to complete its main line, so it was left to independent promoters to put a scheme forward.This proved to be the Vale of Clwyd Railway, which was authorised by Parliament on 23 June 1856. Contracts for construction were awarded to David Davies and Thomas Savin. Opening The line was ten miles in length, built as a single line with space on the formation for double track later. Construction was fairly rapid, and the line opened on 5 October 1858, for passengers and goods. There were four trains each way every weekday. The Denbigh station was a temporary structure, and the permanent building opened in December 1860.Stations were at Foryd, Rhuddlan, St Asaph, Trefnant and Denbigh. A VoCR director, John Whitehall Dod, had the right to stop trains adjacent to his estate at Llannerch, a mile north of Trefnant, until December 1871 when that right expired. There was also a siding for a brickworks at the locality. The siding was extended during World War II for use in connection with an army stores depot. Getting to Rhyl, and Foryd In 1860 the Company sought powers to enter Rhyl station with their trains; the station was on the main line, now controlled by the London and North Western Railway. The LNWR was agreeable, but demanded reciprocal running powers to Denbigh, obviously an unequal trade. The deal did not go ahead.Hugh Robert Hughes of Kinmel Hall owned land at Foryd beach and a pier there, from which he operated steamers. He had hoped that the Vale of Clwyd Railway would run to his pier and make connections there, but this would have involved crossing the Chester and Holyhead Railway main line, and that company objected, chiefly because they feared competing steamer traffic to Liverpool from Hughes' pier. However the VoCR had laid a temporary branch siding to the beach from their Foryd station, for the purpose of acquiring track ballast. Hughes took possession of the branch siding, saying that he would use it for ordinary railway purposes, and connecting with the VoCR at Foryd station.The C&HR forcibly ejected Hughes' men from the branch line, but Hughes secured an injunction in his favour, and the short branch was operated as a full railway to and from the pier. The feared steamers to Liverpool operated in connection. However the steamer operator discovered that the VoCR was negotiating with the LNWR to lease the line to the larger company; other internal hostilities surfaced, and the VoCR was riven with dissension. Connecting to other lines Denbigh was not destined to be a terminus; a south-eastward railway, the Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway was authorised on 23 July 1860; coupled with the Vale of Llangollen Railway and a Corwen extension, a viable route from Ruabon was likely to be created.At this time there was every likelihood of the Great Western Railway reaching Rhyl, an important regional centre, via the lines from Ruabon via Llangollen and Corwen. For some time this seemed inevitable, but in time the GWR lost interest and the scheme was not pursued.On 30 June 1862 the extension sought by the pier owner Hughes was passed in Parliament; now the VoCR could legally reach the beach and a new pier, and a proper junction with the C&HR line (now under LNWR control) could be made. Goods traffic started in the latter half of 1864, and (after some difficulty) the extension was passed for passenger operation, but this was never acted on. Train services In December 1862 the Oswestry newspaper reported that additional passenger services would be provided by attaching passenger coaches to goods trains:much increased accommodation, making… six trains daily between Rhyl and Denbigh and five between Ruthin and Rhyl... the Company do not of course guarantee exact time with the goods trains, having made these arrangements at the request of several inhabitants... in the Vale.In 1864 the LNWR was formally authorised to work the VoCR line (as they had been doing informally) and the company was absorbed by the LNWR by Act of 15 July 1867. 1895 passenger train service Bradshaw's Guide for 1895 showed the train service: there were six trains each way between Denbigh and Rhyl, calling at all stations. Most of the trains made reasonable connections at Denbigh. After 1923 At the beginning of 1923, the railways of Great Britain were grouped into one or other of four new large companies, under the Railways Act 1921. The LNWR was a constituent of the new London Midland and Scottish Railway. Seaside holidays were increasingly popular, and the North Wales coast was an attractive destination. The passenger trains service was augmented accordingly, and seventeen trains ran each way daily in the summer in the 1930s.Nevertheless the line remained a rural outpost, and use of the line declined: it was closed to passengers on 19 September 1955 and completely from 1 January 1968.Today, the tracked remains intact as far as St Asaph before the line is severed by the North Wales Expressway. From Rhuddlan to Denbigh, the line has been built on.

18140379148865544666

Q7114589

Owen Owen Founder Owen Owen was born on 13 October 1847 at Cwmrhaeadr near Machynlleth at the westernmost tip of Montgomeryshire, Wales. His family were hill farmers. Welsh agriculture had prospered during the Napoleonic Wars when imports of food were restricted but, after the war, there was such a severe depression that in 1838 the farm which had been their home for generations had to be mortgaged and the following year sold. Owen Owen was the first child of his father's second wife, but she died after giving birth to six children when Owen Owen was only eight. His mother had a brother, Samuel, who needed help to run his draper's shop in Bath; so Owen Owen went to Bath and his uncle gave him both a home and an education. He was educated at the Wesleyan College, Taunton, and started working at his uncle's shop in 1860.In 1868, at the age of 20, with some help from Uncle Samuel, Owen Owen opened his own draper's emporium at 121 London Road, Liverpool, close to where his father's brother, Robert, had had a shop at number 93. By 1873 Owen Owen had over 120 employees, many from Wales, and a quarter of an acre of floor space. Owen Owen was interested in his staff's well-being. Besides being the first employer in Liverpool to give staff a half day off each week, he also set up a trust fund for retired employees. In the 1880s he began investing in other enterprises including railways, and in 1889 became director of Evans & Owen Ltd in Bath, the shop started by his uncle. He moved to London in 1891, after marrying, but continued to manage the Liverpool store which became one of the largest stores in the north of England. He also invested in many other stores and estates.In his private life he was an active supporter of many Welsh organisations. He died of cancer in London on 27 March 1910 at the age of 62.The company effectively remained under family control until 1985. Chain Owen Owen opened a drapery shop at 121 London Road in Liverpool. Over the years the store expanded, but in the 1920s when the city's retail focus moved away from the London Road area, the Owen family lent the company the money to move to a better position on Clayton Square where a large purpose-built department store (originally designed as a luxury hotel) was erected. The company then purchased rival chain T J Hughes and moved that firm's Liverpool store into the empty London Road premises.Owen Owen expanded by building a store in Coventry, which was bombed during World War II. After the war it continued to expand, purchasing G W Robinson in Canada and adding other stores to the UK portfolio, the Coventry store being rebuilt on a nearby site.A subsidiary company, Plumb (Contract Furnishers and Shopfitters) Ltd., was created from its own shopfitting department, and had offices at Bishop Street, Coventry and Kempston Street, Liverpool. By 1979 the business operated 19 department stores branded either Owen Owen or under their original name but taglined as an Owen Owen store. It also operated three T J Hughes stores in the UK, and seven G W Robinson stores in Canada.In the 1980s the Owen family sold the business. T J Hughes was split off and G W Robinson sold. In 1991 the firm purchased several Lewis's stores from administration (not to be confused with John Lewis) and was known briefly under the business name of 'Lewis's Owen Owen', before being taken over by Philip Green in 1994.In 1995 Green launched the brand Kid's HQ in four of his Lewis's and Owen Owen Stores. The company was then stripped of its assets, which included the closure of the flagship Liverpool branch of Owen Owen, and was cut from twelve stores to one, Lewis's of Liverpool, following the sale of many stores to other chains including Allders and Debenhams.In early 2005, Philip Green sold his stake in the business to David Thompson who began a new phase of expansion at Owen Owen, acquiring Joplings and Robbs from the Merchant Retail Group and purchasing Esslemont & MacIntosh from the Esslemont family. The Owen Owen brand name was no longer used, but remained the name of the operating company.On 28 February 2007 Owen Owen entered administration. The reason claimed for the company's demise was the disruption in Liverpool city centre caused by the Big Dig. The Esslemont & MacIntosh store at Aberdeen was closed on 5 May 2007. In the same month the Liverpool, Hexham and Sunderland stores were sold as a going concern to Vergo Retail Ltd., controlled by the previous owner of Owen Owen, David Thompson, and enabling the stores to continue to trade. The Owen Owen Trust Fund The trust fund continues as a registered charity, supporting those who were formerly employed by any company in the Owen Owen group, together with their spouses and dependents.

18148430674301704489

Q30639664

2589 Days Apart Plot Zheng De Lu (Timothee Yap) is a JC student and his grades are the worst in class, but he is the best runner. His classmates look down on him and insulted him for having poor grades, causing him to get into a fight with them. Wu Weiwei (Felicia Chin) witnesses the fight and helps Zhen De Lu avoid being expelled from school, promising to help Zheng De Lu improve his grades, but do love sparkle between the two? Episodes Episode 1 - While counselling Michelle who suffers from an inferiority complex, Wu first meets Zheng, a sprinter who is a failing student and all round trouble maker. When Wu tries to break up a fight between him and other boys, Zheng hurts Wu’s hand by accident. During an inquiry into the matter, Wu is invited to the principal’s office where she witnesses a difference in opinion about Zheng amongst the teachers. One camp believes a recalcitrant like Zheng should be expelled while the others believe Zheng’s track achievements should be reason enough to keep him. Wu decides to defend Zheng by bringing to light that Zheng was provoked into the fight by the other boys. As a result, the principal decides to give Zheng one last chance. But the catch is, he only has one semester to prove his worth.Episode 2 - Under Wu’s guidance, Zheng has made remarkable progress. This is most evident in his improved academic scores and as a result, the bond between them strengthens. Buoyed by his improvement, Zheng invites Wu and Michelle to watch him race. But after a jealous team mate tempers with his starting block, Zheng misses his start and fails to clinch the gold medal. This provokes Zheng into a rage but the angry teen remembers Wu’s advice and manages to keep his cool. Wu witnesses this change and is heartened.Episode 3 - As time goes by, Zheng and Wu grow closer. But Wu understands that there is a fundamental divide that can’t be bridged and thus, cuts off contact with Zheng. Zheng is devastated and drops out of school. Frantic, Zheng’s mother seeks Wu’s help to convince her son to return to school. Angry at Zheng’s childishness, Wu confronts the teen and in the end manages to inspire him to return to school and study hard. Zheng also makes a pact with Wu making her promise to meet him by the track in 2589 days, because that’s the number of days between their two ages. He wants to see if he can bridge their gap in 2589 days.Episode 4 - 2589 days later, 7 years have passed. Zheng remembered his pact and anxious to meet Wu, he camps overnight by the track. However, Wu does not show up the next day and he leaves disappointed. Unknown to him, Wu’s mother had passed on the same day and thus had been busy making funeral arrangements. By the time Wu remembered the pact with Zheng and hurries over to meet him, Zheng had already left. 5 more years passed and now Wu is 38 years old. No longer is she is the wide-eyed counselor who thought she could change the world, one life at a time. Jaded, she quits her job. Zheng too has given up on waiting and now pours all his energies into building his career. Time passes until one fine day...Episode 5 - At 40, Wu is a shadow of her former self. Unemployed, unmotivated and unsuccessful, Wu fails over and over to land a job. After yet another failed interview, she bumps into an adult Zheng. Ashamed, she takes pains to avoid him. Another 2589 days pass. It’s been 14 years since Zheng first visited the track hoping to meet Wu again. Despite trying to forget her, Zheng cannot and thus returns to the track, this time with a bouquet of roses. Unknown to him, Wu is also present to fulfill the promise she made to Zheng 21 years ago. She sees him, no longer as a teenage boy, but as a handsome, successful man who is still waiting for his lost love. Afraid at first, Wu hesitates, but finally, she makes up her mind...

14906084827425550037

Q274450

Édouard Stern Early life Édouard Stern was born in 1954 to one of France's wealthiest families, the owners of the private investment house Banque Stern. His father, Antoine Jean Stern is a descendant of a notable family of bankers, going back to 19th-century Frankfurt, and his mother was Christiane Laroche, former wife of French journalist and politician Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber.Keen to follow in his father's footsteps, Stern graduated from the Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Economiques et Commerciales (ESSEC Business School) in Paris with a degree in finance before joining the family's private investment house in 1977. Career Aged 22, Stern took the reins of Banque Stern with a clear mandate to revitalize the nearly bankrupt institution. During the 1980s, Stern revamped the bank, expanding its activity in financial markets, as well as in mergers and acquisitions. In 1985, Stern sold the bank for 300 million francs ($60 million in 2005 dollars) to Lebanese investors. Thanks to a clause attached to the contract, Stern got to keep the copyright over his last name. Immediately after the sale went through, Stern started a new bank, with a similar name and business profile, drawing in many of his former clients. He sold this second institution for an estimated 1.75 billion francs in 1988 to the Swiss Bank Corporation (SBS, which will later merge with UBS to form UBS S.A.). As a result of these transactions, Stern shot up the ranks of the richest families in France, occupying the 38th spot, according to Forbes.In 1992, he joined Lazard Frères as managing partner and quickly became one of the firm's star bankers and heir-apparent. He tried to reduce overhead and bring in younger partners but clashed with Michel David-Weill, the bank's head and his father-in-law. He quit Lazard Frères in 1997 and set up his own investment fund, Investment Real Returns (IRR). He owned half and the remainder was held by Eurazeo, a Lazard holding company and Mainz Holdings Ltd., a U.S. Virgin Islands firm that Stern wholly owned. He maintained cordial relations with David-Weill, who invested $300 million in IRR.In 2000, Stern bought shares in the London-based Delta PLC, an international engineering group that was revising its corporate strategy. His stake eventually increased to 26% and after applying considerable pressure, he was named non-executive chairman on 31 December 2003. After his death, Delta was taken over by the US company, Valmont. In October 2003, Stern sued Rhodia, alleging false accounting and insider dealing.During his almost three decade long career, Stern amassed a fortune of more than a $1 billion through a series of "often brilliant business deals". His banking style was considered revolutionary for France's so-called "cozy capitalism" as Stern perfected the art of engineering hostile takeovers. Death On 28 February Stern was found dead in his apartment in Geneva, his body riddled with bullets. He was found in the bedroom, in a flesh-coloured head-to-toe latex suit. Swiss authorities arrested his long-time lover, Cécile Brossard, over the killing. Brossard, 40, was convicted and on 18 June 2009 was sentenced to eight years and six months in prison. In addition, the Swiss court ordered Brossard to pay Stern's children one Swiss franc for "moral damage". The Wall Street Journal has reported that "Stern's family hopes people will stop talking about the case".Cécile Brossard was freed on parole in November 2010, after spending five years in detention (including four years while awaiting trial. In 2013, Cécile Brossard talked about her murder for the first time since the trial, confessing that she "eternally regrets" her actions and she misses her lover, who had "a lovely and luminous personality".The French film "Une Histoire d'Amour''. (titled in English 'Tied') is a direct telling of the story, although the ending there could imply death by dehydration during the Mistress' long plane flight rather than by (a blank) gunshot.The story of Édouard Stern is cited as the inspiration for Olivier Assayas' 2008 film Boarding Gate.The death of Édouard Stern was directly parodied on the FX animated series Archer in the third season episode "Lo Scandalo". Personal life In 1983, Édouard Stern married Béatrice David-Weill, the daughter of Michel David-Weill, president of Lazard Frères. The couple divorced in 1998. Stern is survived by three children. In 1997, Stern became romantically linked to Julia Lemigova, former Miss USSR 1990 with whom he had a son, Maxmillian, who died as an infant under suspicious circumstances. In 2000, Stern became involved with Cecile Brossard.Stern was known for his eccentric life style. He was very close to former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. He was a notorious gourmand, once reportedly eating seventy pieces of sushi in one sitting.

7022422356909525600

Q4976096

Brown Clee Hill Geography Brown Clee Hill lies five miles north of its sister and neighbour, Titterstone Clee Hill. The highest peak of the hill is Abdon Burf, at 540 metres high with Clee Burf at 510m.Much more of Brown Clee Hill is private land than on Titterstone Clee, and large areas are covered with coniferous plantations. The eastern expanse of the hill is in possession of the Burwarton Estate under ownership of Viscount Boyne, whilst the western fringes of the hill are owned by various private land owners and the parish of Clee St. Margaret.The common land features the remains of where an Iron Age hill fort once stood (See Below).Nearby towns are Ludlow, Cleobury Mortimer, Church Stretton, Broseley, Bridgnorth and Much Wenlock.Several air traffic control radar masts on the summit of the hill can be seen for many miles around. They, along with the ones on top of Titterstone Clee Hill build up a picture of all the aircraft in a hundred-mile radius.A toposcope (recently built) points out local landmarks and is sited at the summit. History Several hill forts are dotted around the Clee Hills. Nordy Bank is the last intact survivor of three Iron Age hill forts on Brown Clee. The other two, at Abdon Burf and Clee Burf, have been largely lost to quarrying activity. Nordy Bank occupies a sloping ridge top site and its ramparts are up to three metres high. It was built some time in the British Iron Age first Millennium BC and gives a commanding view of the local countryside.Quarrying was for long the main income of the area, and it was widely known as a dangerous and gruelling job. People would walk to the Abdon Quarry on Brown Clee Hill from as far as Bridgnorth and Ludlow, and often they would tend to at least one other job. They were quarrying for Dhustone (Dolerite), a very hard and challenging material to extract.The Abdon Clee quarries closed in 1936, and by this time the area had become almost industrial, with a concrete plant, tarmac plant in Ditton Priors, plus a small railway to move the stone - and the quarries themselves. If the wind was coming down over the hill it was apparently possible to hear the stone crusher at the top crunching away, even down in Cleehill village.After the quarries closed, a lot of the quarrymen went to work at the Cockshutford quarries on the other side of Brown Clee but the dhustone there was not as good quality and durable as over on the Abdon side and that quarry failed too after a short period. Many of the men returned and worked at the naval ammunition depot set up at Ditton Priors at the start of the war. The quarries totally finished in the 1930s and 40s.Whilst the radar facilities of the Clee Hills protect aircraft, both hills were once a hazard to aircraft, and a memorial, unveiled on Good Friday in 1981, commemorates the 23 Allied and German airmen killed here when their planes crashed into Brown Clee during World War II, in addition to those of a Jet Provost which crashed on the hill in 1969. The first aircraft to crash into Brown Clee was a German Junkers 88, on 1 April 1941. Two Wellington Bombers, a Hawker Typhoon and at least two Avro Ansons also crashed here. It is now thought that there were more wartime crashes on Brown Clee than any other hill in Britain. The engine and other parts of one of the Wellington Bombers are said to rest on the bottom of Boyne Water, Brown Clee.

16493389431049427269

Q4704837

Al Sobotka Al Sobotka (born October 16, 1953) is the building operations manager for Olympia Entertainment. His responsibilities include day-to-day operations at Little Caesars Arena. He was also involved in the operations of Cobo Arena until Olympia Entertainment relinquished management in 2011 and Joe Louis Arena until it closed for good in 2017. Sobotka is known mostly for driving the Zamboni during Detroit Red Wings games for the past 30 years and for collecting the octopuses thrown on the ice during Red Wings playoff games. The official mascot of the Red Wings is named after Sobotka. Sobotka came in second with 97,261 votes in Zamboni News' 1999 Zamboni "Driver of the Year" Award. Sobotka's role as Zamboni driver Sobotka had been driving the Zamboni between periods at Joe Louis Arena for over 30 years until the arena's closure in the spring 2017 and currently drives the Zamboni between periods at the new Little Caesars Arena, beginning in the fall 2017. He is known for taking pride in his work, and he ensures that the arena's ice surface is of the highest quality. He said: "You know I'm particular, so if I see anything that's wrong -- a little chip of snow or something, you know, all that stuff matters a lot, 'cause a little snow can freeze and a guy hits it, never know what can happen, you know?" Brendan Shanahan said of Sobotka: "Al's very good and he takes it personally. I mean we see him a lot. Everybody knows Al. We're able to go out and make comments to him. He'll know when there's a tough night, you know, in the playoffs, or if it's a humid day and he'll respond accordingly. He'll ask the players after the game, 'What'd you think of the ice?'"Detroit fans often arrive before game time to watch Sobotka prepare the ice for a game. Also, kids can compete to drive around with Sobotka between periods. They learn that driving a Zamboni is no simple task, and that ice preparation is both science and an art that can take years to perfect.Sobotka started driving the Zamboni early in life, and when asked about his "dream job", he said: "It was just a job I got when I was in high school, and I kept at it, working in the maintenance department for a few years, [and] I still enjoy getting up in the morning. If you don't enjoy your work, it's hard getting up in the morning, you know?" Dealing with octopuses Sobotka is also famous for being the employee responsible for handling any octopuses thrown on the ice during a game. Sobotka will grab the octopus with his bare hands and swing it around his head. He typically receives an appreciative cheer from the crowd for this response.In the April 2006 edition of Sports Illustrated, Michael Farber wrote:The first face-offs [of the Stanley Cup tournament] were in Ottawa and Detroit at 7:12 p.m., although the unofficial commencement occurred two minutes earlier when an octopus landed on the ice with a splat during 'The Star-Spangled Banner' at the Wings' Joe Louis Arena. Nothing screams 'playoffs' like a cephalopod. (The Red Wings' tradition began in 1952 when two fishmongers realized that the number of tentacles on an octopus matched the number of wins then necessary to win the Stanley Cup.) Octopus-tossing is officially proscribed, but arena superintendent Al Sobotka tacitly encourages it by twirling octopuses over his head as he chugs off the ice after cleaning them up. In this year's playoff innovation, some Oilers fans threw hunks of prime Alberta beef onto the ice in response.Sobotka said in 1996 that an unofficial record of 54 octopuses were thrown during one game of the 1995 Stanley Cup final series between Detroit Red Wings and New Jersey Devils. He also stated that Detroit fans throw an average of 25 octopuses per playoff game. For his tireless efforts, the Red Wings named their octopus mascot "Al" after Sobotka.According to NHL rules, if any fan throws an object on the ice in celebration, the supported team could be issued a delay of game penalty. However, the NHL tends to look the other way when Sobotka does his stuff. Frank Brown, the league's vice president for media relations, said in response: "Every so often, an octopus slips out of someone's hands, and Al is right there to take care of the matter. And he cannot be blamed if, as it tries to break free from Al's grasp, the octopus lifts Al's arm and twirls itself in the air."In the 2008 playoffs, the NHL issued a warning that while they were fine with octopuses being thrown on the ice, the Red Wings would be fined $10,000 if Sobotka twirled the octopus in the air, as bits of the octopus were getting in the ice and on the opposing goaltender. However, it was announced on May 7, 2008, that the NHL would allow Sobotka to twirl the octopuses, provided that he does so only at the Zamboni gate and not on the ice surface.

3705897630776177792

Q6294250

José and Francisco Díaz Early years The Díaz cousins were born and raised in the town of Toa Alta, Puerto Rico when the island was a Spanish colony. They were both Sergeants in the Toa Alta Militia, and with their unit were sent to defend San Juan upon the attempted invasion of the island by British forces under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby. Defense of Puerto Rico On February 17, 1797, the appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Brigadier Ramón de Castro, received the news that Great Britain had invaded the island of Trinidad. Believing that Puerto Rico would be the next British objective, he decided to put the local militia on alert and to prepare the island's forts against any military action. Battle of San Juan On April 17, 1797, British ships under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby were unable to penetrate the defenses of "El Morro" and opted to make their attack from the coastal town of Loíza, to the east of San Juan. On April 18, British soldiers and German mercenaries ("Hessians") landed on Loíza's beach. Under the command of de Castro, British ships were attacked with artillery and mortar fire from both El Morro and the San Gerónimo fortresses.On April 20, the British tried to establish a battery on the Cerro del Condado overlooking the Spanish positions to the East. Sargento Mayor (Sergeant Major) José Díaz set out with 50 men to contain an enemy attack which was being attempted at the rear.On April 24, Sergeant Francisco Díaz was chosen to lead a raid against the enemy. He had 70 volunteers, 20 from the Disciplined Militias and 50 from men being sent to prison. At daybreak they set out in pirogues (a small, flat-bottomed boat), supported by two gunboats, passing down the San Antonio Channel and landed close to the enemy trenches and batteries. The Spanish artillery batteries had previously laid down a heavy covering barrage, and as soon as they saw that Francisco Díaz and his troops had landed, they were ordered to maintain and fire only gunpowder from the cannons without firing the cannonballs. This was done to distract the British. The batteries were also prepared to provide cover in case a retreat was necessary.Francisco Díaz and his men landed and advanced towards the enemy lines, shooting at the enemy working on the trenches. It was estimated that there were about 300 British soldiers. The British returned fire, but Francisco Díaz continued to advance until, with his saber in hand, he reached the trench with his men, killing or wounding any of the enemy who stood in the way. Those who escaped their attack fled. On taking the trench, Francisco Díaz discovered a cannon battery aimed towards the San Antonio Bridge and the San Gerónimo fortress, capable of accommodating seven cannons and having two 24-pounders and one 12-pounder already in place, along with two howitzers and three mortars. Francisco Díaz did not have the time nor the means to retrieve the artillery and as the British reinforcements were about to counterattack, Díaz and his men jumped into their boats, with a Captain and 13 enemy soldiers which he had taken prisoner and escaped back to the city, this time under the cover of "real" artillery fire from the city. Governor Ramón de Castro would later write that "he observed the action from his position with envy".Unable to penetrate the firepower of El Morro and the other fortresses, the British twice tried to take the Martín Peña Bridge, a key passage to the San Juan islet. On April 30, when the British made their second attempt, Sergeant Major José Díaz was among the 800 men assembled by Capt. Luis de Lara to protect the Martín Peña Bridge. The men reached the bridge, but were soon attacked by the British. Capt. de Lara responded with his own battery and he directed his cavalry to the flanks and opened up with musket fire. Among those who died in the battle was Sergeant Major José Díaz who was struck by a shell at the bridge. After fiercely fighting the Spanish forces and local militia, the British were defeated. The British set brush fires to cover their retreat and the fleet sailed off. Aftermath The invasion failed because of an unexpectedly spirited defense of the island by both the Spanish garrison and Puerto Rican volunteers. The continuous flow of reinforcements from various towns of Puerto Rico into San Juan, the inability to break through the Fort San Antonio and San Geronimo line, and the counterattacking pressure and surprisingly sophisticated battle tactics of the militia and cavalry at the Martín Peña bridge were finally too much for the invaders. The British also attacked Aguadilla and Punta Salinas, but they were defeated, and the British troops that had landed on the island were taken prisoner. The British retreated on April 30 to their ships and on May 2 set sail northward. Because of the defeat given to the British forces, governor Ramon de Castro petitioned Spanish King Charles IV for recognition for the victors; he was promoted to field marshal, Sergeant Major José "Pepe" Díaz was posthumously named "The King of Spain's Bravest Soldier", Sergeant Francisco Díaz was promoted to Lieutenant and was given a pay raise.Lt. Francisco Díaz was married to Isabel de Castro, who was awarded a monthly pension by the government upon his death. His granddaughter, Isabel Matilde Díaz y Ruiz, married Román Baldorioty de Castro.

7800987353357123721

Q2892806

Beaky Buzzard Short subjects The character first appeared in the 1942 cartoon Bugs Bunny Gets the Boid, directed by Bob Clampett. The cartoon's plot revolves around the hopeless attempts of the brainless buzzard, here called Killer, to catch Bugs Bunny for his domineering Italian mother back at the nest. Beaky's voice was reminiscent of ventriloquist Edgar Bergen's character Mortimer Snerd (his in-studio name was in fact "Snerd Bird", bestowed by Bob Clampett himself; he was not named "Beaky" on-screen in this first appearance). The voice itself was provided by voice actor Kent Rogers.Clampett brought the character back in the 1945 film The Bashful Buzzard, a cartoon that closely mirrors its predecessor, only this time featuring Beaky's hapless hunting (contrasting with the war-like formation flying and dive bombing of his brothers) without Bugs as an antagonist. Rogers reprised his role as the character's voice for the film, but he was killed in a Naval aviation training accident at Pensacola, Florida before finishing all his dialogue, so Stan Freberg was brought in to finish the work (as was Eddie Bartell, according to some sources).Clampett left the studio in 1946, ending Beaky's career for a time. The character was eventually brought back in the 1950 Friz Freleng film The Lion's Busy, now voiced by the versatile Mel Blanc. Freleng made the buzzard smarter, pitting him against a dim-witted lion named Leo. Bob McKimson also featured the character in a film that year, Strife with Father. McKimson's Beaky is again back to his idiotic self, this time under the tutelage of his adoptive father, a sparrow who is trying to teach Beaky how to survive in the wild. Later minor appearances Most recently Beaky has had minor roles in various Warner Bros. projects, such as Tiny Toon Adventures, where he plays the mentor of the character Concord Condor, and the movies Space Jam (1996, As a team player; he was the only player except for Taz without a number, wearing only a question mark), being unvoiced in the film and 2003's Looney Tunes: Back in Action as an Acme pilot, voiced by Joe Alaskey.Beaky was going to have a cameo in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, but rights to the character could not be obtained in time.Beaky Buzzard appeared in the video game Bugs Bunny: Lost in Time and was used as an enemy in Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 4. He also appeared in The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries in the episode "3 Days & 2 Nights of the Condor", where he was voiced by Jeff Bennett. Beaky's mother, who appeared in many of his original shorts, also appeared in an episode of the show (voiced by Tress MacNeille). Beaky was put in one episode of Duck Dodgers.Beaky appears in The Looney Tunes Show episode "Ridiculous Journey" voiced by Jim Cummings. He is shown to rescue anyone who is lost in the desert and rides a hot air balloon. This is what Beaky did when he found Sylvester, Tweety, and Taz. While getting them across the desert, Beaky's balloon is attacked by the tracker Blacque Jacque Shellacque who was pursuing the three animals. Beaky tries to rescue them only to be incapacitated by a net shot by Shellacque. Beaky is set to appear once again in Looney Tunes Cartoons, voiced by writer Micheal Ruocco. Comics and merchandising Beaky is featured in several issues of Dell Comics' Looney Tunes comic book series, usually paired with another minor player, Henery Hawk, and additionally appeared in a print spinoff of Space Jam in 1997. The character was licensed for Looney Tunes merchandise such as a metal coin bank, and, in 1973, a collectible Pepsi bottle.

17265206664591451787

Q4786255

Archibald Campbell Fraser of Lovat Archibald Campbell Fraser of Lovat, (16 August 1736 – 8 December 1815) was British consul at Tripoli and Algiers, and later colonel of the 1st Inverness local militia. Upon the death of his brother, Simon Fraser (1726–1782), Archibald became the 20th MacShimidh (chief) of Clan Fraser of Lovat, and sat in the House of Commons from 1782 to 1784. Childhood Archibald Campbell Fraser was born the son of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, by his third wife, Primrose Campbell. (She was sister of the man who would become 4th Duke of Argyll, chief of the Clan Campbell). Archibald himself was named after Lovat's early patron, the 1st Duke of Argyll. The marriage was a consequence of the long-standing bond between the chiefs of Clan Fraser and Clan Campbell.There was a significant age difference between the couple, however. She was 23, he was 56 and had already been twice married. The marriage was not a happy one and in 1738 she left her husband to live in Edinburgh, leaving Archibald in his care.He was at school at the village of Petty, where he was educated by the parish minister, when the Battle of Culloden occurred nearby. With some school companions, he watched the battle, where he saw Fraser clansmen in the front line. He also witnessed their decimation, with many of the 300 Frasers cut down.His father, Lord Lovat, was subsequently tried for treason and beheaded in 1747. The title was attainted, and Archibald's half-brother Simon, Master of Lovat, was incarcerated in Edinburgh Castle for a year, although he received a full pardon in 1750. Archibald was sent to Glasgow for his education by his mother and he attended Glasgow University from 1750-1752. Early adult years His life in his early adult years is not well documented, and secondary sources attribute a variety of activities to him. One account suggests he adopted the name Fitzsimon and ‘distinguished himself in the sporting world’. It is also suggested he served in the Portuguese military, whilst his parliamentary biography states he was a merchant.What is documented is that he was granted a small sum of money paid annually from the attainted Lovat estate. Also, from 1764 to 1766 he was the British Consul in Tripoli, and from 1767 to 1776 the Consul in Algiers.By 1778 he was back in London. His name appears on the membership list for the Highland Society of London. This had been recently established to 'promote the Interests of the Highlands', with its particular goals being to repeal the ban on Highland dress being worn, the promotion of Gaelic language, music and literature, establishing schools, agricultural improvement, and the relief of distressed Highlanders. (His half-brother Simon was a founding member and president of this organisation). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in this same year.The Lovat estates (but not the title) had already been restored to Simon in 1774. When he died childless in 1782, Archibald succeeded as the 20th MacShimidh. However, as Simon was indebted, the estates were vested in trustees until all debts should be paid off. Political career Archibald also inherited his brother's seat of Inverness-shire in the House of Commons. He was returned unopposed following his brother's death at a by-election on 28 March 1782. He held the seat for two years. During this time his speeches were mainly on economic and Scottish affairs. In his maiden speech, on 17 June 1782, he seconded Lord Graham's motion to repeal the Dress Act, which was passed in 1746 in an effort to subdue the Highlands. This made wearing the tartan or kilt illegal in Scotland. The Act was successfully repealed later in 1782.In 1784 he was a member of the St. Alban's Tavern group who tried to bring Fox and Pitt together. He did not stand for re-election at the 1784 general election. Military career Whilst his half-brother Simon reached the rank of Lieutenant-General through his service in the British and Portuguese Army overseas, Archibald's career was closer to home. He was appointed colonel of the 1st Inverness-shire local militia (a type of military reserve force) with its headquarters at Inverness. He was thereafter known as Colonel Fraser.In 1794, with invasion fears growing at the time of the French revolutionary wars, Fraser received letters of service to raise a Fraser fencible regiment (from the word "defencible"). This was a type of home guard. It was completed in the spring of 1795, with many of the soldiers bearing the name of Fraser and with nearly all raised from the old clan territory of the Aird and Stratherrick. ‘The uniform was the usual Highland dress with belted plaid and kilt of Fraser tartan, but without the broadswords, as in the case of former Fraser Regiments.’Archibald himself was considered too old to lead, so James Fraser of Belladrum was appointed colonel. The regiment was soon ordered to Ireland, where it arrived in August 1795. In 1797, Archibald's son, John Simon Frederick Fraser, succeeded as colonel of the regiment. The following year it helped to crush the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Personality Archibald at best could be described as an eccentric person, at worst an unpleasant one. The historian John Prebble described him as 'a nervous, excitable man who seems to have needed little encouragement to see rebellion and riot behind every ben'. Another historian noted that it was ‘well known that he was very severe on some of his tenants’. He also appeared to inherit his father's capacity for self-promotion, by placing a memorial to himself in the family mausoleum at Wardlaw which sang his own praises. (The full text is available here in the Dictionary Of National Biography). Another description of him, written 30 years after his death, states that he ‘sank into habits of dissipation and over-conviviality, which impaired a reputation otherwise high in his neighbourhood, and became careless and hopeless of himself’. Issues of succession Fraser died on 8 December 1815. As he was the last male of his line (the ‘last of the Lovats’) the title reverted to Thomas Fraser of Strichen. A lawsuit over the succession arose between Thomas Alexander Fraser, Esq. of Lovat, and Archibald Thomas Frederick Fraser, Esq. (the illegitimate child of Archibald's son Simon). In 1826 it led to a House of Lords committee interviewing people in Inverness-shire who had a personal acquaintance with the Lovat Frasers. These questions were aimed at establishing who was connected by blood to Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat.

16843832697321092

Q267728

Denny Morrison Career At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Morrison won a silver medal as part of the Canadian men's speed skating pursuit team. Individually, Morrison won a silver in the 1500 m and a bronze in the 1000 m at a World Cup event in Turin in 2005–06. In 2007, Morrison won gold in the 1000 metre event in Calgary in the World Cup finals with a time of 1:07:24. He set a Canadian record, bettering his idol, Jeremy Wotherspoon. In that same weekend, Morrison also won a bronze in the 1500 metre event.Morrison also participated in the 2007 World Single Distance Championships, and achieved good results, winning three medals, bronze in the 1500 m and silver in the 1000 m, losing both times to Shani Davis. In the team pursuit event he, along with Arne Dankers and Justin Warsylewicz, set an early best time, which broke the old team pursuit world record (previously held by Morrison, Dankers and Steven Elm), but the Dutch team of Sven Kramer, Erben Wennemars and Carl Verheijen would go on to beat the time set by Canada by five-tenths of a second, relegating Canada to 2nd place.In 2008 Morrison topped his result from the year before at the World Single Distance Championships in Nagano, Japan. He took the bronze medal in the 1000 meters, but won the 1500 m and took home the gold medal. A week later, at the ING Finale at the Olympic Oval in Calgary, he set a new world record in the 1500 meters in a time of 1:42.01, beating the old record held by both Shani Davis and Erben Wennemars.He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver where he went in as a strong medal favourite in all three of his competitive events. Despite competing on home ice Morrison was unable to win an individual medal, his best finish was a ninth in the 1500 m. He did find the medal podium though when he won a gold medal in the team pursuit along with Lucas Makowsky and Mathieu Giroux. After the Olympics, Morrison considered retirement with some time away from summer training. Eventually he re-joined the World Cup circuit and eventually finished the season winning silver at the 2011 WSD Championships, with his team pursuit team. Re-motivated for 2012, he finished the season by winning his second World Championship title, again in the 1500 m. Morrison's 2013 season was off to a great start with an initial win at the first World Cup in Heerenveen, Netherlands, and finished the fall World Cup circuit leading the 1000 m points total so far. Morrison then injured himself while training in Fernie, British Columbia, breaking his tibia. At the time he was the leader of the 2012–13 ISU Speed Skating World Cup. 2014 Winter Olympics Having to come back from injury, Morrison qualified for the men's 1500 m and the national trials for the Sochi Olympics. In the 1000 m disaster struck when he fell meaning he was unable to qualify for one of his best events. Though Morrison had two team pursuit medals to his name, he had yet to achieve an individual medal, a medal which he felt was missing from his collection. Gilmore Junio, a fellow athlete, relinquished his spot in order for Morrison to skate the event at the Olympics just days before the event was to take place. At the 2014 Winter Olympics Morrison won silver in the 1000 m trailing the eventual winner Stefan Groothuis by 4/100ths of a second. After the race Morrison made sure to first thank Junio "I have to thank my teammate Gilmore Junio because without him none of this would have been possible." He later added, "Props to my entire support team, and not just my teammates – Gilmore, huge move, definitely – but the therapists, the coaches, the team leader, everyone had a part in this medal and I'm so happy to share with all my entire team."Following his silver medal performance, Morrison competed in his originally scheduled 1500 m event. Skating in the 15th pair of twenty he took over the lead until later pairings of Poland's Zbigniew Bródka took over the lead. Bródka would eventually end in a photo finish tie with Koen Verweij which would push Morrison into third and the bronze medal position. This gave Morrison his fourth ever Olympic medal, equaling Gaétan Boucher for the most medals by a Canadian male long track speed skater. Post-Sochi The 2015 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships meant more success for Morrison where he won two silver medals, an individual in the 1,500 m and a second in the team pursuit with Ted-Jan Bloemen and Jordan Belchos. Morrison said of the team's silver that "With (Bloemen) coming over this summer, it was a new team, and we struggled early on this season. So we had to communicate, find out what our flaws were, correct our flaws, and we had better results... And today, it all came together. This is just the beginning for us, on the road to the 2018 Olympics.".Morrison suffered a fractured femur in a motorcycle accident in May 2015 leaving him with a steel rod permanently implanted in his leg and unable to recall where he was or how he had gotten there. Just eleven months after the accident Morrison again befell misfortune when he announced in late April 2016 that he had suffered a stroke in Utah during a 25-day bicycle ride from Arizona to Utah. 2018 Winter Olympics Morrison qualified to compete for Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Sponsorships Though Morrison had many short term sponsors leading into his home Olympics, he was aligned primarily with DNOW since 2007. DNOW and his other sponsor, Pomeroy Hotel Group both failed to sign a renewal sponsorship past 2015 after Morrison was badly injured in a motorcycle crash. He worked with Nike from 2008 to 2013, B2Ten from 2006 to 2009, was a CAN Fund recipient in 2009 and 2014, 2018, and a recipient of the Investors Group Athlete Grant in 2008 and 2009. Morrison’s long comeback from the 2015 motorcycle crash (and resulting stroke in 2016) were backed by InjaNation and Mawer, who sponsored Morrison through his 4th Olympics in 2018, and until the end of his career at the conclusion of the 2018/2019 season Personal life Morrison is married to fellow speed skater Josie Spence. He survived a debilitating stroke at age 30 and a motorcycle crash a year earlier.

6841915852940924322

Q15647209

Bao Bao Bao Bao (Chinese: 宝宝; pinyin: Bǎobǎo, meaning "treasure"; colloquially meaning "baby") is a female giant panda cub who was born at the National Zoo in Washington D.C. She was at the Zoo until February 2017, when she traveled to the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda in Sichuan Province. Life Bao Bao was born on August 23, 2013, at the National Zoo in Washington D.C. The cub of Mei Xiang and Tian Tian, Bao Bao is a result of artificial insemination of Mei Xiang on March 23, 2013.Giant pandas are listed as vulnerable species, and are protected in part by conservation efforts at reservations and in zoos such as the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington D.C. Bao Bao is one of only several hundred giant pandas alive today in captivity, among fewer than 2,000 giant pandas in the world, and one the first surviving panda cub born at the National Zoo since Tai Shan in 2005.In 2013, there were an unusually high number of giant panda cub births in zoos around the world. In addition to Bao Bao, other giant panda cubs were born in 2013 include: Yuan Zai in Taiwan, twin cubs Mei Lun and Mei Huan at Zoo Atlanta, Fu Bao at Zoo Vienna and Xing Bao at Zoo Madrid. Naming ceremony and debut Bao Bao was named 100 days after her birth. Her name was chosen by voters through the Smithsonian's website. Five names were originally submitted by various dignitaries and groups, including Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai, U.S. Ambassador to China Gary Locke, panda keepers at the National Zoo, the fundraising group Friends of the National Zoo and the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda. The chosen name was submitted by Friends of the National Zoo. The five choices for names were Bao Bao(宝宝), Ling Hua(玲花), Long Yun(龙韵), Mulan(木兰), and Zhen Bao(珍宝).Michelle Obama, First Lady of the United States, and Peng Liyuan, First Lady of China, each sent special video messages that were played during the naming ceremony. Bao Bao's birth, naming ceremony, and travel to China in 2017 are part of China's panda diplomacy.Bao Bao's public debut at the National Zoo was on January 18, 2014. Development By August 19, 2014, Bao Bao could stand on her hind legs when keepers asked, and could recognize her name when it is called by familiar voices. She did not yet consistently respond as an adult giant panda would, even to her mother Mei's unique bleat. More often, she moved inside when called instead of remaining in her favorite trees, napping or resting. She had learned to follow Mei outside most days, and was rarely carried out any more. Bao Bao was being trained in targeting behaviors; she was touching her nose to a target at about five months. By August, she could follow one partway inside from the outdoor yard. She also started raiding Mei's bamboo supply and sampling it, another major milestone. Fruitsicles were her preferred reward over cooked sweet potato, corn syrup, and diluted apple juice.Bao Bao celebrated her first birthday on August 23, 2014, with a giant birthday cake made of frozen fruits and vegetables. Crowds of visitors gathered at the zoo to celebrate her birthday.On the afternoon of December 23, 2014, Bao Bao climbed a tree after touching a "hot wire". Responding to inquiries from concerned members of the public, the zoo stated that this was a natural reaction to the "hot wire", and that Bao Bao was safe and comfortable in the tree. After over 24 hours in the tree, Bao Bao safely climbed down on her own, late on December 24.A YouTube video was released by the National Zoo on Tuesday, January 6, 2015, of Bao Bao's first encounter with snow.On Thursday, February 19, 2015, in an online news release by her keepers at the National Zoo's David M. Rubenstein Family Giant Panda Habitat and Panda House, found on the National Zoo's website in the "Meet Our Animals" section, on the Giant Panda page news updates, it was stated that Bao Bao is about 18 months- a year and a half- old, another major milestone. The statement said, around this time, "... they stop nursing and start living separately from their mothers. Bao Bao started the weaning process naturally a few months ago, and now she’s eating significantly more bamboo and solid foods. She also eats separately from Mei Xiang and spends about 6 hours separated from her each day. They will spend increasingly more time apart until Bao Bao is living on her own. Bao Bao has been doing well during the time she spends apart from Mei. Our panda team expects that the process will be complete in early March. Last month our panda team and veterinarians performed an ultrasound along with human cardiologist Dr. Rosenthal on Mei Xiang (*Bao Bao's mother) as part of a routine checkup. She is in great health. Mei usually participates in ultrasounds when the panda team is monitoring her for possible pregnancies..." The rest of the release is viewable through this link.The separation was completed in early March 2015, as planned, and went well.Bao Bao celebrated her second birthday on August 23, 2015, one day after her mother Mei Xiang gave birth to twin pandas on August 22, 2015. Mei Xiang gave birth to twin males on August 22, 2015 at 5:35 pm and 10:07 pm. However, only one of the cubs, Bei Bei, survived.Bao Bao remained at the National Zoo until February 21, 2017, when she was sent to China. Once in China, she will participate in the species breeding program.

15799548519520075538

Q17521164

Ali Chamseddine Education and working positions Ali H. Chamseddine was born in 1953 in the town of Joun, Lebanon. He received his B.Sc in Physics from the Lebanese University in July 1973. After receiving a scholarship from the Lebanese University to continue his graduate studies in Physics at Imperial College London, Chamseddine received a Diploma in Physics in June 1974, under the supervision of Tom Kibble. After that, Chamseddine did his PhD in Theoretical Physics at Imperial College London as well, in September 1976, where he studied under supervision of Nobel Prize Winner Abdus Salam. Later on, Chamseddine did his post-doctoral studies at the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), and then continued his scientific career at universities including American University of Beirut, CERN, Northeastern University, ETH Zurich, and University of Zurich. Scientific achievements Chamseddine worked for his PhD dissertation on the newly developed field at the time: Supersymmetry. His Thesis, “Supersymmetry and higher spin fields”, which was defended on September 1976, laid the foundation for his work with Peter West “Supergravity as a gauge theory of supersymmetry” using the fiber bundle formulation. This work is considered to be the most elegant formulation of N=1 Supergravity. In 1980, while at CERN as a Scientific Associate, Chamseddine discovered ten-dimensional supergravity and its compactifications and symmetries in four dimensions. A year later, Chamseddine moved to Northeastern University, Boston, where he coupled ten-dimensional supergravity to Yang-Mills matter, and at the same time discovered the dual formulation of N=1 Supergravity in ten dimensions. This model turned out to be the low energy limit of the heterotic superstring. Chamseddine's most important achievement in the field is the one he did in 1982 in collaboration with Richard Arnowitt and Pran Nath at Northeastern University. They constructed the most general coupling of the supersymmetric standard model to supergravity, making the supersymmetry a local symmetry, and employing the super Higgs mechanism and developing the rules of tensor calculus. They then constructed the minimally supergravity standard model mSUGRA, which produces a supersymmetric standard model with spontaneous breaking with only four parameters and one sign instead of the more than 130 parameters that were used before. This work showed that the breaking of supersymmetry is a pure gravitational effect, which occurs at the Planckian scale and thus induces the breaking of electroweak symmetry. Their paper “Locally supersymmetric grand unification” is a highly cited paper and it is the model used by experimentalists at the LHC in the search for supersymmetry.In 1992, Chamseddine started to work on a quantum theory of gravity, using the newly developed field of non-commutative geometry, which was founded by Alain Connes, as a suitable possibility. Together with Jürg Fröhlich and G. Felder, Chamseddine developed the structures needed to define Riemannian noncommutative geometry (metric, connection and curvature) by applying this method to a two-sheeted space. Later on, in 1996, Chamseddine started collaborating with Alain Connes that continues to the present day. They discovered the “Spectral action principle”, which is a statement that the spectrum of the Dirac operator defining the noncommutative space is geometric invariant. Using this principle, Chamseddine and Connes determined that our space-time has a hidden discrete structure tensored to the visible four-dimensional continuous manifold. This principle, with the help of non-commutative geometry, determines all the fundamental fields and their dynamics. The surprise is that the resulting model was nothing but the Standard Model of particle physics with all its symmetries and fields, including the Higgs field as the gauge field along discrete directions as well as the phenomena of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The fermions come out with the correct representation, and their number is predicted to be 16 per family The advantage of noncommutative geometry is that it provides a new paradigm of geometric space expressed in the language of quantum mechanics where operators replace coordinates. The new approach is in line with Einstein’s view where General Relativity resulted from the geometry of curved manifolds. In 2010, Chamseddine and Connes noticed that the model has one new scalar field, not present in the Standard Model, which is responsible for the small neutrino masses. After the discovery of the Higgs particle, which is known not to be consistent with extending the Higgs coupling to very high energies, it was found that this new scalar field is exactly what is needed and cures the stability problem of the Standard Model.In recent work, Chamseddine, Alain Connes and Viatcheslav Mukhanov, discovered a generalization of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation for geometry where the Dirac operator takes the role of momenta and the coordinates, tensored with Clifford algebra, serve as maps from the manifold to a sphere with the same dimension. They have shown that any connected Riemannian Spin 4-manifold with quantized volume appears as an irreducible representation of the two-sided commutation relations in dimensions four with the two kinds of spheres serving as quanta of geometry.

5610863778724946252

Q616409

Tupolev Tu-28 Background In the 1950s, the Soviet Union sought means to defend against nuclear-armed American bombers possibly penetrating its borders (especially its long and vulnerable northern border), flying from northern Soviet northern bases like Talagi Airport and Savatiya (air base). Contemporary interceptors, even the Yakovlev Yak-28P, were able to cover only a radius of a few hundred kilometers; the newly developed surface-to-air missiles had even shorter range(the standard Soviet SAM S-75 Dvina's range is 45 km (28 miles)). Considering both, the sheer numbers required to defend a 5,000 km air front were economically impossible to maintain. This left the Soviet Union able to provide a modern air defense only for selected valuable areas. The PVO decided to cover the entire territory, but with a looser defence. In 1955 it placed a requirement for a large area-defense interceptor, that would achieve it with sparse airbases. The PVO requirement called for a supersonic aircraft with enormous fuel tanks for both a good patrol time and long range, a capable radar, and the most powerful air-to-air missiles possible. The first attempt, although unsuccessful, was a 30-tonne Lavochkin La-250 prototype, the last of the Lavochkin design bureau's aircraft. Design and development Iosif Nezval of Tupolev Design Bureau led development of the new interceptor aircraft. The work began in 1958, based on an existing single prototype of the unsuccessful Tu-98 supersonic bomber. The military designation of the interceptor was at first Tu-28, but it was changed in 1963 to Tu-128, identical to the designation used by the OKB.The Tu-128 had a broad, low/mid-mounted swept wing carrying the main landing gear in wing-mounted pods, and slab tailplanes. Two Lyulka AL-7F-2 turbojet engines were mounted in the fuselage. The two-man crew of pilot and navigator were seated in tandem.The Tu-128, with its maximum weight of 43 tonnes, was the heaviest fighter to enter service. It was a bomber-interceptor with high wing loading, unsophisticated but reliable avionics and poor visibility. It was not an agile aircraft. It was intended to combat only NATO bombers like the B-52, not engage in dogfights with smaller aircraft.The interceptor made its initial public appearance in the 1961 Tushino air parade. Western experts, unaware that the bulge on the belly carried testing instruments, mistook it for a large ventral radar for a mixed interceptor/AWACS role. The production version lacked the bulge and had a large nose radome housing a radar, known as RP-S Smerch, having a detection range of about 50 km (31 mi) and a lock-on range of about 40 km (25 mi).Armament of the Tu-128 was four Bisnovat R-4 air-to-air missiles (known as K-80 during development; NATO reporting name AA-5 'Ash'). Usually two of them were R-4Rs with semi-active radar homing and two were R-4T infrared-homing missiles, with the former on the outer pylons and the latter on the inner underwing pylons. There was no internal weapons bay.Production of the Tu-128 ended in 1970 with a total of 198 aircraft having been built.Development of various projects designated Tu-28A, Tu-28-80, Tu-28-100, Tu-138, and Tu-148 were proposed by the Tupolev Design Bureau but all were abandoned. Operational history The Tu-128's only publicly reported combat operation was the destruction of NATO reconnaissance balloons. The aircraft remained in service until 1990. Through the 1980s, units armed with the Tu-128 converted to the Mikoyan MiG-31, which features much more advanced sensors and weapons.

5679989432136343691

Q177979

Deus vult Deus vult translates to "God wills it".Variants include Deus le volt, Dieux el volt; Deus id vult, Deus hoc vult, etc. The saying is a Catholic motto that is associated with the Crusades, more specifically with the First Crusade of 1096–1099. The phrase appears in the Vulgate translation of the Christian Bible. First Crusade The battle cry of the First Crusade is reported in the Gesta Francorum, which was written by an anonymous author who was associated with Bohemond I of Antioch shortly after the successful campaign, in 1100 or 1101. According to this description, as the Princes Crusade gathered in Amalfi in the late summer of 1096, there assembled a large number of crusaders, armed and bearing the sign of the cross on their right shoulders or on their backs, crying in unison "Deus le volt, Deus le volt, Deus le volt". The Historia belli sacri, written somewhat later, c. 1131, also cites the battle cry.The battle cry is again mentioned in the context of the capture of Antioch on 3 June 1098. The anonymous author of the Gesta was himself among the soldiers capturing the wall towers, and recounts that "seeing that they were already in the towers, they began to shout Deus le volt with glad voices; so indeed did we shout".Robert the Monk in c. 1120 re-wrote the Gesta Francorum because it was considered too "rustic". He added an account of the speech of Urban II at the Council of Clermont, of which he was an eyewitness. The speech climaxes in Urban's call for orthodoxy, reform, and submission to the Church. Robert records that the pope asked western Christians, poor and rich, to come to the aid of the Greeks in the east:When Pope Urban had said these and very many similar things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out, 'It is the will of God! It is the will of God!' When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, with eyes uplifted to heaven he gave thanks to God and, with his hand commanding silence, said: Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, "Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them." Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!Robert also reports that the cry of Deus lo vult was at first shouted in jest by the soldiers of Bohemund during their combat exercises, and later turned into an actual battle cry, which Bohemund interpreted as a divine sign. Other uses Latin expressions which contain the phrase Deus vult [...] ("God wills [...]") includeDeus vult omnes homines salvos fieri ("God wants all men to be saved", a paraphrase of 1 Timothy 2:3–4), and Quos deus vult perdere dementat prius ("Those whom a god wishes to destroy, he strikes with madness first").Deus lo vult is the motto of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, a Roman Catholic order of chivalry (restored 1824).George Flahiff CSB in 1947 used Deus Non Vult as the title of an examination of the gradual loss of enthusiasm for the crusades at the end of the 12th century, specifically of the early criticism of the crusades by Ralph Niger, writing in 1189.Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, a Protestant Episcopalian, used the expression for his argument of "the dominion of Christ" as "essentially imperial" and that "Christianity and warfare" had a great deal in common: "'Deus vult!' say I. It was the cry of the Crusaders and of the Puritans and I doubt if man ever uttered a nobler [one]."Disseminated in the form of hashtags and internet memes, Deus vult has enjoyed popularity with members of the alt-right because of its perceived representation of the clash of civilizations between the Christian West and the Islamic world. However, historical analysis has suggested that Crusaders were more strongly influenced by the desire for salvation from sin than opposition to Muslims.

14335913391524329538

Q463168

A Walk Across the Rooftops Recording Having put out their debut single "I Love This Life" in 1981, the Blue Nile spent the next couple of years playing gigs in their native Glasgow: with little money and due to singer Paul Buchanan's limited ability on the guitar, by necessity their songs were stripped-down cover versions of old songs, and as Buchanan later said, "I suppose to some extent that started to bleed into our own songs – there was more and more space in what we were doing". Buchanan and Robert Bell's songs would start out written on an acoustic guitar or a piano, and then together with third member Paul Joseph "PJ" Moore and engineer Calum Malcolm the songs would be rearranged in the studio.A persistent myth about the album's origins is that the band were approached by Linn Products and commissioned to make a record that the company could use to demonstrate the quality of their high-specification hi-fi equipment—the company were so pleased with the result that they decided to form a record label specifically to release the resulting album. In fact Linn had already recently manufactured a cutting lathe to produce their own records, frustrated by the poor quality of the test LPs that were being provided for their flagship turntable product, the Linn Sondek LP12, and had already set up and released records on their ALOI (A Label Of Integrity) Records label before signing the Blue Nile. According to Paul Buchanan, the true story was that the band had already made demo recordings of some of their songs with engineer Calum Malcolm at his Castlesound Studios, which happened to be fitted out with Linn equipment as Malcolm had worked with the company in the past. Linn were visiting the studios and asked Malcolm to play a song recently recorded at the studio in order to test out their new speakers, and Malcolm duly obliged and chose the Blue Nile's demo of "Tinseltown in the Rain". On hearing the demo, Linn were impressed and felt the band's sound fitted in with the type of music they wanted to release on their new label, and contacted the Blue Nile to offer a contract to make a full album: even so, it took the band a full nine months to respond to the company's offer. Buchanan recalled that Linn had given the band £10,000–£20,000 to make the record, but rejected the suggestion that the company had asked the band to make a record in a particular style that would show off the company's products in the best light, saying, "It was great because they left us to it. They trusted the engineer and they trusted us so they said, go off and make a record ... We were—as you would imagine—you're so fervent about what you're doing that nothing would dissuade you from it and nothing would persuade you to do otherwise ... we'd already demo'd some of the things before we'd even met Linn so ... no, it was nothing to do with that." PJ Moore also denied that Linn had deliberately chosen the band to produce a demo record for them, telling Uncut magazine that "it was a myth that we were a 'hi-fi band signed to a hi-fi company'. We just got lucky that we'd found our way to an excellent engineer who knew the company."The album was recorded over five months in 1983 at Castlesound Studios, which Malcolm had set up in 1979 in the former primary school building in the village of Pencaitland, 12 miles (19 km) east of Edinburgh. Living first in a rented flat in Edinburgh, and then later sleeping on Malcolm's floor when their money ran out, the band laboured over the album because all the sounds on the record had to be created and played physically. The band also had exacting standards and obsessed about every detail on the album: Malcolm recalled that "they were always particularly sensitive to not doing the wrong thing and making sure it had absolutely the right emotional impact: there were times when I'm sure everyone else felt something was done and then someone would throw a spanner in the works over some little thing". Release A Walk Across the Rooftops became the first album released on the new Linn Records label, reaching number 80 in the UK albums chart. Two singles were released from the album in the UK, with minor success: "Stay" reached number 97 in the UK singles chart, and "Tinseltown in the Rain" reached number 87. The video for "Tinseltown in the Rain" featured on the VHS video version of the compilation album Now That's What I Call Music 3, but the song was not included on the vinyl LP or cassette versions of the album.In November 2012 Virgin Records released two-CD "Collector's Edition" versions of A Walk Across the Rooftops and its follow-up Hats in the UK and Europe, each containing a remastered version of the original album plus a second CD of bonus tracks. The remastering process was overseen by original engineer Calum Malcolm, along with contributions by Paul Buchanan and Robert Bell, who chose the songs for the bonus CD. Artwork The photograph of the band on the front cover was taken on Cathcart Road in Glasgow. The building on the right of the picture was the Hermon Baptist Church, a single-storey pent-roofed structure built on to the end of a block of tenement houses. At some point the tenements were demolished and the church stood in isolation for some years until it was destroyed by fire in 2001, and subsequently demolished. Accolades NME placed A Walk Across the Rooftops at number 28 in its critics' list of albums of the year in 1984, with the single "Tinseltown in the Rain" placed at number 27 in the equivalent singles list.In 1989 British music magazine Record Mirror placed A Walk Across the Rooftops at #74 in its critics' list of the best albums of the 1980s. The Guardian included A Walk Across the Rooftops in their 2007 feature 1000 albums to hear before you die. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

3786146205436206455

Q7085638

Oldham County High School History In the early 20th century, high school in Oldham County was held in a two-room house in Centerfield. A high school building was built near the former Crestwood Elementary on KY 22 in the 1920s; the current building in Buckner opened in 1953. The school gained accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools in 1960.It remained the only public high school in the county until 1989, when the school district was split into two high school attendance zones to handle the population growth resulting from Oldham County's decades-long transition from a rural area to a bedroom community for Louisville. That fall, the new South Oldham High School was opened in Crestwood. In order to further alleviate overcrowding, North Oldham High School was opened in 2003. In 2006/2007 construction began to allow for more students and is now finished. OTVX and the Clarion Colonel The Broadcast Journalism program was founded in the 2005-2006 academic term. The program has placed second in the state for the Four A (AAAA) division from the Kentucky High School Journalism Association. Additionally, it earned an honorable mention in the 2007 48 hour film project.Oldham County's school newspaper, the Clarion Colonel, has won numerous gold medals from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association, affiliated with Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism in New York City, and has placed first in the state of Kentucky in the Four A (AAAA) division in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 from the Kentucky High School Journalism Association. Oldham County High School Band program The Oldham County High School Band program, under the direction of Brad Rogers (1987-present), has received numerous awards and recognitions for concert and marching performance, including consistent distinguished ratings in Kentucky Music Educators Association (KMEA) Regional and State Large Ensemble Assessment events, and until 2003 when the marching band moved to a non-competitive format, earned consistent distinguished ratings in the KMEA State Marching Band championships (including five state finalist performances in class 2A and 4A). The Symphonic Bands have performed with distinction in festival performances held in Toronto (three times), St. Louis, San Antonio, Boston, New York City, Chicago (Orchestra Hall), Chattanooga (TN), and Williamsburg (VA). They have also performed as a featured ensemble at the KMEA In-Service Conference four times (2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018), and served as a clinic ensemble at the Conference on three other occasions. Tuba-Euphonium and Flute ensembles from OCHS also performed there in 2013 and 2014.Many student performers audition successfully into the All 5th District bands, and a significant number of them subsequently earn positions in the Kentucky All State Bands every year. All band students perform in at least one event at the KMEA Solo and Ensemble Assessment each spring.Instrumental music course offerings at Oldham County High School include two ability-leveled, auditioned concert bands, jazz ensemble, and percussion ensemble. All meet daily as credit elective courses. The Marching Colonels are made up of students from both concert ensembles and the percussion ensemble class. This non-competitive ensemble performs at home football games and local events, splitting into two large pep bands to support boys and girls basketball during the winter months. Sports The Lady Colonels volleyball team defeated arch-rivals South Oldham to win their first district championship on October 10, 2007. The team was led by captains Tara Huckvale and Jordyn Ford, and was coached by Aaron Moore.The Oldham County boys' basketball team made its 16th trip to the State Basketball Tournament (The "Sweet 16") in March 2012.The Lady Colonels basketball team won the 1986 Girls' State Championships coached by former principal, Dr. Dave Weedman. They finished as runners-up to Louisville Southern in 1988, and reached the state semi-finals in 1980.The boys' soccer team made it to the elite eight and then went on to win state for the tenth time.Oldham County HS basketball and football games can be heard on the internet at www.pegasussportsky.com. Academic Decathlon OCHS represented the state of Kentucky in the national finals of the United States Academic Decathlon (USAD) in 1993, 1997–2006, and 2009.

16448583532663880917

Q929777

Gromov–Hausdorff convergence In mathematics, Gromov–Hausdorff convergence, named after Mikhail Gromov and Felix Hausdorff, is a notion for convergence of metric spaces which is a generalization of Hausdorff convergence. Gromov–Hausdorff distance The Gromov–Hausdorff distance was introduced by David Edwards in 1975, and it was later rediscovered and generalized by Mikhail Gromov in 1981. This distance measures how far two compact metric spaces are from being isometric. If X and Y are two compact metric spaces, then dGH (X, Y) is defined to be the infimum of all numbers dH(f(X), g(Y)) for all metric spaces M and all isometric embeddings f: X→M and g: Y→M. Here dH denotes Hausdorff distance between subsets in M and the isometric embedding is understood in the global sense, i.e. it must preserve all distances, not only infinitesimally small ones; for example no compact Riemannian manifold admits such an embedding into Euclidean space of the same dimension.The Gromov–Hausdorff distance turns the set of all isometry classes of compact metric spaces into a metric space, called Gromov–Hausdorff space, and it therefore defines a notion of convergence for sequences of compact metric spaces, called Gromov–Hausdorff convergence. A metric space to which such a sequence converges is called the Gromov-Hausdorff limit of the sequence. Some properties of Gromov–Hausdorff space The Gromov–Hausdorff space is path-connected, complete, and separable. It is also geodesic, i.e., any two of its points are the endpoints of a minimizing geodesic. In the global sense, the Gromov-Hausdorff space is totally heterogeneous, i.e., its isometry group is trivial, but locally there are many nontrivial isometries. Pointed Gromov–Hausdorff convergence The pointed Gromov–Hausdorff convergence is an analog of Gromov–Hausdorff convergence appropriate for non-compact spaces. A pointed metric space is a pair (X,p) consisting of a metric space X and point p in X. A sequence (Xₙ, pₙ) of pointed metric spaces converges to a pointed metric space (Y, p) if, for each R > 0, the sequence of closed R-balls around pₙ in Xₙ converges to the closed R-ball around p in Y in the usual Gromov–Hausdorff sense. Applications The notion of Gromov–Hausdorff convergence was first used by Gromov to prove thatany discrete group with polynomial growth is virtually nilpotent (i.e. it contains a nilpotent subgroup of finite index). See Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth. (Also see D. Edwards for an earlier work.)The key ingredient in the proof was the observation that for the Cayley graph of a group with polynomial growth a sequence of rescalings converges in the pointed Gromov–Hausdorff sense.Another simple and very useful result in Riemannian geometry is Gromov's compactness theorem, which states that the set of Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature ≥ c and diameter ≤ D is relatively compact in the Gromov–Hausdorff metric. The limit spaces are metric spaces. Additional properties on the length spaces have been proven by Cheeger and Colding.The Gromov–Hausdorff distance metric has been applied in the field of computer graphics and computational geometry to find correspondences between different shapes .The Gromov–Hausdorff distance has been used by Sormani to prove the stability of the Friedmann model in Cosmology.This model of cosmology is not stable with respect to smooth variations of the metric.In a special case, the concept of Gromov–Hausdorff limits is closely related to Large deviations theory.The Gromov-Hausdorff distance metric has been used in neuroscience to compare brain networks.

7861163491223846068

Q7335709

Ripple-down rules Introductory material Ripple-down rules are an incremental approach to knowledge acquisition and covers a family of techniques. RDR were proposed by Compton and Jansen based on experience maintaining the expert system GARVAN-ES1 (Compton and Jansen 1988). The original GARVAN-ES1 (Horn et al. 1985) employed a knowledge acquisition process where new cases that were poorly classified by the system were added to a data base and then used to incrementally refine the knowledge base. The added cases, whose conclusions conflicted with the advice of the system were termed "cornerstone cases". Consequently, the data base grew iteratively with each refinement to the knowledge. The data base could then be used to test changes to the knowledge. Knowledge acquisition tools, similar to those provided by Teiresias were developed to find and help modify the conflicting rules. The tools would display the rules fired by each case and suggestions to "edit" the knowledge to remove the conflicts.In the RDR framework, the human expert’s knowledge is acquired based on the current context and is added incrementally. Compton and Jansen argued that the expert's knowledge is to some extent 'made up' to justify why she was right, not to explain how she reached this right interpretation (or conclusion). The justification is based on features that are identified from the current case. The expert creates a rule for classifying cases corresponding to a particular context. This rule is unlikely to classify all cases belonging to the class. Compton and Jansen asserted that it is not possible to create a single elegant context free rule as the knowledge we communicate is a justification in a context. This implies that there is no absolute knowledge that acts as foundation of other knowledge, since knowledge is only true in a context (Compton and Jansen 1990). Methodology Ripple-down rules consist of a data structure and knowledge acquisition scenarios. Human experts' knowledge is stored in the data structure. The knowledge is coded as a set of rules.The process of transferring human experts's knowledge to Knowledge-based systems in RDR is explained in knowledge acquisition scenario. Data structure There are various structures of ripple-down rules, for example single-classification ripple-down rules (SCRDR), multiple-classification ripple-down rules (MCRDR), nested ripple-down rules (NRDR) and repeat-inference multiple-classification ripple-down rules (RIMCRDR). The data structure of RDR described here is SCRDR, which is the simplest structure.The data structure is similar to a decision tree. Each node has a rule, the format of this rule is IF cond1 AND cond2 AND ... AND condN THEN conclusion. Cond1 is a condition (boolean evaluation), for example A=1, isGreater(A,5) and average(A,">",average(B)). Each node has exactly two successor nodes, these successor nodes are connected to predecessor node by "ELSE" or "EXCEPT".An example of SCRDR tree (defined recursively) is shown below:IF (OutLook = "SUNNY" AND Temperature = "COOL") THEN PLAY="TENNIS"EXCEPT Child-1ELSE Child-2where Child-1 and Child-2 are also SCRDR trees. For example, Child-1 is:IF (Wind = "WINDY" AND Humidity = "HIGH") THEN Play="SQUASH"EXCEPT NoChildELSE NoChild Knowledge-acquisition scenario Human experts provide a case to the system and they add a new rule to correct the classification of a misclassified case. For example, rule Child-1 is added to correct classification of case[OutLook="SUNNY", Temperature="COOL", Wind="WINDY", Humidity="HIGH", ForeCast="STORM", Play="SQUASH"]. This case is misclassified as Play="TENNIS".When a rule is constructed by the human experts, the conditions of this rule should be satisfied by the misclassified case and also they should NOT be satisfied by any previous cases classified correctly by the parent rule (which in this context is the first rule).

8733684889048867402

Q671055

Cyprian and Justina Origin The story must have arisen as early as the 4th century, as it is mentioned by both St. Gregory Nazianzen and Prudentius; both, nevertheless, have conflated Cyprian with St. Cyprian of Carthage, a mistake often repeated. The attempt has been made to find in Cyprian a mystical prototype of the Faustian legend. The legend is given in Greek and Latin in Acta SS. September, VII. Ancient Syriac and Ethiopic versions of it have been published. Their story is told in the Golden Legend. The outline of the legend or allegory is found with diffuse descriptions and dialogues in the unreliable "Symeon Metaphrastes" and was made the subject of a poem by Empress Aelia Eudocia. Legend Cyprian, known by the title of "the magician", to distinguish him from Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, received a liberal education in his youth, and particularly applied himself to astrology; after which he traveled for improvement through Greece, Egypt, India, etc. Cyprian was a magician in Antioch and dealt in sorcery. Justina of Antioch is a Christian saint, known for converting Cyprian, a pagan magician of Antioch. Justina was said to have been a young woman who took private vows of chastity and was killed during the persecutions of the Roman emperor Diocletian. She is said to have been martyred in the year 304 AD. A would-be suitor sought a magic spell to induce Justina to marry him. The charms had no effect on Justina, who spent her time in prayer and fasting. Brought to despair, Cyprian made the sign of the cross himself and in this way was freed from the toils of Satan. He was received into the Church, was made pre-eminent by miraculous gifts, and became in succession deacon, priest and, finally, bishop, while Justina became the abbess of a convent.During the Diocletian persecution, both were seized and taken to Damascus, where they were tortured. As their faith never wavered, they were brought before Diocletian at Nicomedia, where at his command they were beheaded on the bank of the river Gallus. The same fate befell a Christian, Theoctistus, who observing Cyprian's faith, declared himself a Christian.After the bodies of the saints had lain unburied for six days, they were taken by Christian sailors to Rome, where they were interred on the estate of a noble lady named Rufina and later were entombed in Constantine's basilica. Justina is mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs. It was under the 10th Persecution in 303 AD while Diocletian was Emperor of Rome. It says:" In the course of time he [Cyprian] became acquainted with Justina, a young lady of Antioch, whose birth, beauty, and accomplishments, rendered her the admiration of all who knew her. A pagan gentleman applied to Cyprian, to promote his suit with the beautiful Justina; this he undertook, but soon himself converted, burnt his books of astrology and magic, received baptism, and felt animated with a powerful spirit of grace. The conversion of Cyprian had a great effect on the pagan gentleman who paid his addresses to Justina, and he in a short time embraced Christianity. During the persecutions of Diocletian, Cyprian and Justina were seized upon as Christians, the former was torn with pincers, and the latter chastised; and, after suffering other torments, both were beheaded." Veneration and liturgical celebration Their feast day appeared in the calendar of Roman Rite celebrations from the thirteenth century until 1969, when it was removed because of the lack of historical evidence of their existence. Their names were also removed from the subsequent (2001) revision of the Roman Martyrology, the official but professedly incomplete list of saints recognized by the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Martyrology, however, includes five saints called Cyprian and two named Justina. Some traditionalist Catholics continue to observe pre-1970 versions of the Roman Calendar.The remains of Saint Justina of Antioch rest in the Church of Saint Anthony, in Lisbon, after being transferred from St. Lawrence's Cemetery in Rome by Pope Pius VI in 1777. In popular culture The Spanish author, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, took the story as the basis of a drama: El mágico prodigioso. In 2005, American author Tono Rondone published a novel, The Martyrs, which is a continuation of this tradition.The Great Book of Saint Cyprian is full of prayers and spells, and is widely sold in the Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking world.Cyprianus is a popular name for a grimoire in Scandinavian folklore.

575084229260617940

Q28209263

Obesity and fertility Women The hormones involved in the reproductive system are negatively affected with an increase of weight. In humans, via white adipocytes (fat cells), production of the hormone leptin (an adipokine) acts on the hypothalamus where reproductive hormone Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced. Leptin is also a product of the obese gene. Leptins interaction with the hypothalamus decreases appetite, therefore a mutation in the obese gene would result in an increased appetite, leading to inevitable obesity. Leptin has been found to be linked to the HPG axis as it can induce the release of GnRH by the hypothalamus and subsequently follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinising hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary. Pre-pubertal individuals that lack leptin fail to reach the pubertal stage. If given leptin administratively, the mutation would be reversed and puberty resumed. Leptin is further expressed in mature follicles produced by the ovary, suggesting it plays a role in oocyte maturation, hence embryo development.Increasing body weight is also thought to be linked to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). There are specific aspects associated with PCOS allowing an indication of diagnosis of the syndrome including hyperandrogenism (hirsutism), irregular periods, anovulation and subfertility. Obesity in PCOS sufferers amplifies hormonal and metabolic decline, therefore damaging fertility and oocyte quality in women. PCOS can also have an effect if conception is successful through assisted reproductive technology (ART) in obese patients, leading to an increase in miscarriage rates. Polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS is a very common endocrine disorder among women who are reproductively active. Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition where there are excessive levels of androgens in the body. It is associated with PCOS. Studies have shown that hyperandrogenism could be caused by a reaction between ovarian theca cells and reactive oxygen species. Obesity interferes with the HPA axis and stops follicular maturation. Hyperandrogenism has a disturbing effect on this process and could cause anovulatory cycles. Currently, therapy is aimed at patients that need to improve their resistance to insulin so that hyperinsulinemia is reduced and ovulatory features in women are improved. According to recent studies, insulin-sensitiser drugs are the main type of therapy for women with irregular cycles that want to improve their fertility, although weight loss is normally the first step in overweight patients with PCOS. Men Obese men have lower circulating testosterone which affects sperm production known as spermatogenesis. This affects the quantity and quality of a mans sperm. Obese men have increased risk of oligozoospemia, having fewer than 15 million sperm per millilitre of semen, and far fewer motile sperm than a man of healthy weight. Sperm with high amounts of damaged DNA are significantly more common in obese men than in normal weight men. Ejaculate volume is also affected. Altered male hormones can also give erectile dysfunction which is the major cause of infertility in obese men. Female Preventing or treating obesity in women has a positive effect on fertility rates. As simple as modifying lifestyle choices in order to lose weight could lead to a recovery in fertility decline. Taken into consideration firstly must be the weight of the individual before investigating further into complications surrounding fertility. Initially, treatment should proceed for obesity, then if complications still arise with infertility then progression onto ART is required. There are many other ways of reducing body fat including modifying diet or administrating diet pills, increasing energy expenditure, or surgically removing abdominal fat/surgical fitting of a gastric band in order to subside excess abdominal weight. Restoration of fertility should follow these modifications. A weight-loss study was carried out of 13 individuals over a 6-month period. 12 of the 13 previously infertile subjects restored ovulation whilst 11 subjects were able to conceive after the programme had ended. This study demonstrates weight loss to be the primary source of treatment for obesity and fertility problems before ART. A further study enhances this idea with 80% of females having regular menstrual cycles and conception rate was 29% after modifications. Male The effects of obesity on male fertility can be reversed, either with testosterone therapy, or weight loss. Testosterone therapy is likely to improve hormone imbalances and treat erectile dysfunction. Weight loss can be achieved through lifestyle changes such as a reduced calorie diet, regular exercise and quitting smoking. Trained healthcare professionals and weight loss groups may also be beneficial. People struggling to keep to these lifestyle changes may seek other methods such as medication known as orlistat or weight loss surgery. Cattle It is common practise for body condition scoring to be used in domesticated animals to assess the fatness of an animal and is often used by vets and livestock handlers to determine whether the animal need more or less energy. Both a low and a high score can reduce an animal's fertility.Cattle that are over-conditioned are also more insulin resistant compared to their leaner counterparts. As demonstrated in mice, insulin resistance is a factor in poor fertility as it has an effect on oocyte development. This in turn means that less oocytes are suitable for fertilisation and fertility is impaired.Another reason for decrease in fertility is to do with leptin. Leptin is a hormone which production is increased in obese animals. In cows, leptin can inhibit thecal cells from producing adrostenediol and progesterone. Androstenediol is important in fertility as it is the precursor to oestrogen. Without oestrogen production, the balance of hormones is affected and there is no LH surge which is required for ovulation. Domestic Fowl Domestic fowl has previously been researched on and it was found that by over feeding but not force feeding the male birds, there was no effect on fertility. However, more recently a study has shown that obesity induced by force feeding can affect the number of spermatozoa and their motility in the male birds. It was also found that in two of the three birds, there was an decrease in testosterone and an increase in LH which suggests the pathway of why there might be reduced spermatozoa. Epidemiology Many women who have PCOS are also obese and it is estimated that the prevalence of obesity in women with PCOS is 35 - 63%. It has also been shown that there is a relative risk of anovulatory infertility in amongst the obese population is 2.7%. For those who are obese and are ovulatory, for each unit increase in BMI over a BMI of 32 kg/m² at the age of 18, there is a reduction of spontaneous conception rate by 5%.

10429333582982201233

Q7306069

Redline Time Attack Classes The three classes are described below, with each class subdivided by drive type; (FWD, RWD, or AWD). Street Tire The Street Tire Class is intended for vehicles that are "Street Legal" and use DOT approved Street Tires. Competitive cars in this class typically have in excess of 300 wheel-horsepower, with some of the fastest above 500 wheel-horsepower. The Street Tire Class is the most popular class based on participation.Notable changes for 2011: "Pro" drivers are allowed, vehicles do not need to be currently registered with the DMV, mandatory safety requirements Modified The Modified Class allows extensive modification and does not require that the vehicle maintain a registration for street use. Cars are allowed the use of R-Compound track tires as well as much flexibility in the areas of suspension, aerodynamics, and body work. Professional drivers are allowed in this class, though many of the drivers are also the car owner. Competitive cars in this class typically have in excess of 400 wheel-horsepower, with the fastest above 600 wheel-horsepower. Super Modified Formerly the "Unlimited" class, the Super Modified class was renamed in 2010 because although the cars appear to be built without limitations, there are some requirements. Super Modified cars make use of carbon/composite body panels, large wings, wide racing slick tires and massive amounts of power. The fastest cars have 600 to 800 wheel-horsepower and reach speeds in excess of 180 mph on some courses. Format Typical Redline Time Attack events occur over the course of a weekend. Saturday Saturday is conducted much like a typical HPDE and offers drivers an opportunity to practice. Drivers share the course with drivers of similar experience level for four to five sessions of 15 to 20 minute duration. Participation in Saturday practice is optional. Some drivers choose to only participate only on Saturday perhaps because they are a novice driver not ready for competition or they simply choose not to compete. Redline Time Attack also offers driver instruction from professional driving instructors to anyone that requests it. Lap times on Saturday hold no weight in the competition on Sunday. Practice Sunday begins with 2 additional practice sessions. Lap times recorded in these practice sessions are used to qualify the competitors for the Time Attack session. No points are awarded based on qualifying position. Time Attack The Redline style Time Attack consists of two sessions for each competitor for a total of six timed laps. Each session consists of one warm-up lap, three timed laps, and one cool down lap. Up to eight competitors may share the track for a Time Attack session, but the cars are staggered such that they typically will not encounter one another during the session. If a driver does catch the car ahead, safe passing is allowed. Only the fastest timed lap of the six total laps are used to rank the competitors. A competitor need not complete all six laps to be eligible for an award; a single lap is sufficient. Points are awarded to the drivers based on finishing position in their respective class. Super Session The Super Session is the finale of the event. The fastest competitors from the Time Attack amongst Street, Modified, and Super Modified classes are invited to participate in a five lap sprint race. Only vehicles with the necessary safety equipment are allowed to compete. One race with mixed classes is conducted in a traditional wheel-to-wheel format, with the grid arranged with the fastest cars up front and slowest in back. The field takes the green under a rolling start, and the winner is the first to cross the finish line after five laps. Passing is allowed at any time after the green flag. Points are awarded to the drivers based on finishing position.As of 2011 Super Sessions were no longer a part of Redline Time Attack competitions.

9601649370281370930

Q18536528

I Don't Care (Cheryl song) Background Following the release of Cheryl's third studio album, A Million Lights, in June 2012 and embarking on her debut solo headlining tour, Cheryl confirmed that a Girls Aloud's reunion would occur in November 2012. The group released their second greatest hits compilation, Ten on 26 November 2012 and In 2013, the group embarked on Ten: The Hits Tour. In March 2013, following the completion of the tour, Girls Aloud released a statement via their official Twitter to confirm that they were splitting permanently.On 30 September 2014, Cheryl announced that "I Don't Care" would receive its radio debut on the following day, 1 October on Capital FM, serving as the second single from her fourth studio album Only Human. That same day, she revealed the single's artwork through Instagram; it sees Cheryl with her head in her hand and laughing while sat on a chair. It also gave a glimpse of her rose tattoo. While being interviewed by Capital FM, Cheryl told that "A lot of the time I'm on set, so I had a lot of freedom. [...] ['I Don't Care'] it sums up pretty much how I feel right now. [It's] very pop, but fun pop!" "I Don't Care" was officially released as the second single from Only Human on 2 November 2014. Critical reception "I Don't Care" received mostly positive reviews from contemporary music critics. Harriet Gibsone, while writing for The Guardian newspaper called it a "bombastic pop blast teetering on the edge of ridiculousness. [...] Song of the year". While reviewing Only Human for the same publication, Caroline Sullivan also gave a positive review and described it as an "actual radio-ready chorus to I Don't Care [which has] a jaunty bit of Casio-pop". Bianca Gracie from Idolator website gave a positive review for the song, stating that on the current "haze of over-produc[ed songs], it's actually quite refreshing", and emphasising that Cheryl's vocals "shine" in the song. Matthew Horton, while reviewing Only Human during its week of release for Virgin Media, commented that "the utterly addictive bounce of new single I Don't Care is an equally striking departure [from her previous releases], and not just because she's swearing her head off", in relation to its lyrics.Popjustice rated it eight stars, out of ten. EntertainmentWise website noted that "I Don't Care" was a particular highlight from the album. However, Edwin McFee from Hot Press gave a negative review for the album, and called "I Don't Care" a "club-tinged plastic pop song". Bradley Stern of MuuMuse said that the song "undeservedly stole the crown from Geri Halliwell" for most British female number-one singles. Kim Gregory from Now magazine wrote a negative review for the song, criticizing the Auto-Tune usage and repetition of the line "I don't care". Chart performance In the United Kingdom, "I Don't Care" debuted at number one with 82,000 sales in its first week of release, as predicted by mid-week sales data. In doing so, Cheryl achieved her ninth number-one single (including those from Girls Aloud), and fifth as a solo artist, therefore becoming the British female artist with the most solo UK number ones at the time, overtaking previous record sharers Geri Halliwell, Rita Ora and herself. It additionally peaked at number one in Scotland. "I Don't Care" debuted at number 92 on Flanders' Ultratip chart in Belgium on the issue dated 8 November 2014. The next week, it reached number 82. Music video The accompanying music video for "I Don't Care" was directed by Colin Tilley in August 2014 in Málaga, Spain. The pair had previously collaborated on previous single "Crazy Stupid Love". The same month, the singer teased her followers on social media with pictures from the video. It officially premiered on 3 October 2014. It starts with a honey-skinned Cheryl skipping around a beach with long locks and smiling, wearing oversized wooly jumper. In another scene, Cheryl is on a luxury boat with a group of friends in a white crop-top, denim shorts and bright pink sunglasses. During the video she also dances in a yellow crop-top, while shots of her on top of a cliff are also shown. At one point, the singer is in a bed wearing nothing but a white shirt and smudged eyeliner, with glimpses of black, lace underwear underneath, and looks directly into the camera and mouthing "zero fucks given".The music video received mixed reviews from critics. Bella Brennan from Daily Mail noted Cheryl was fresh-faced and fearless and praised her for "shows off her playful side with a more laid-back and natural look than usual" and being "effortlessly chic". However, Kim Gregory from Now magazine provided a negative review for the video, pointing out her "dodgy" outfits and makeup, and stating she was disappointed with Cheryl's entire attitude in the video. Live performance Cheryl performed "I Don't Care" on The X Factor eleventh series' results show on 2 November 2014, where she is also a judge. Following the performance, fans and critics alike accused the singer of miming during her set. Reportedly, the 3,300 lights used as a backdrop during the performance caused a 66-year-old viewer to have an epileptic seizure. Remixes One Direction member Liam Payne remixed "I Don't Care" under his DJ alter ego Payno. Cheryl publicly thanked the singer for the remix version, and it was included on "I Don't Care"'s remix EP, under the title "Payno Vs. Afterhrs Remix". Four other remixes were available through the EP.

13263366934795521880

Q3523927

These Immortal Souls History Late in 1986 Australian-born brothers Harry on bass guitar and Rowland S. Howard on guitar, and United Kingdom-born Epic Soundtracks (a.k.a. Kevin Godfrey) on drums were not invited to the recording sessions for Crime and the City Solutions Shine LP. As they had already been rehearsing and recording with Genevieve McGuckin for what was seen at the time as a solo outlet for Rowland they then became a permanent band. Crime & the City Solution. With Rowland's then-girlfriend, Genevieve McGuckin on keyboards, Harry, Rowland (on lead vocals and guitar) and Soundtracks formed another rock band, These Immortal Souls, in London in 1987. Rowland explained why he formed the group, "I had lots of songs I really liked... songs that would never have been done if I hadn't said, 'Right, I'm going to sing them,' because you can't give somebody a set of lyrics and tell them what to sing if you want any kind of sincerity." The group's debut single, "Marry Me (Lie! Lie!)", was issued in September 1987. Melody Maker's reviewer asked "What possesses Rowland Howard when he writes an immaculate piece of music, something that might have qualified as the score for Romero's next film?... what spirit galvanizes this frail young man to bugger it all up by singing?" and then answered "It's arrogance. Punishable arrogance... in [his] black hole of insensitivity, [he goes] on to ruin the hard work of others." A 12" extended play version, Marry Me, with three tracks was reviewed by AllMusic's Dean McFarlane "while the EP is astonishing, it is merely a hint of what was to come the following year... [it]features a rendition of 'Open up and Bleed' which is so devastating as to justify seeking [it] out."Their first studio album, Get Lost (Don't Lie!), was released in October of that year on Mute Records. The tracks were mostly written by Rowland. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described their material as "dark, ominous, challenging rock music." The group were described by Charles Spano of AllMusic as taking a "wander through the haze of smoky cabarets and faded photos worn at the edges." He felt the album was "Simultaneously rocking, strangely beautiful, and scary, [it] foreshadowed the sound of bands to come over a decade later."They followed with tours of Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria, France, Scandinavia, United Kingdom) and a 35-date tour of the United States where the album was first non USA product released by SST Records. Back in 1982 Howard, McGuckin and US singer, Lydia Lunch, had recorded an album, Honeymoon in Red, which was released on Lunch's Widowspeak label in 1987. They had originally used Rowland's former band mates from the Birthday Party: Nick Cave, Mick Harvey and Tracy Pew, as well as Thurston Moore (from Sonic Youth). These Immortal Souls undertook a short tour of Australia in 1988.In 1991 Rowland and Lunch released an album, Shotgun Wedding, and toured with a live band that included his brother Harry. In 1992 These Immortal Souls issued a single "King of Kalifornia" (also as a 12" EP, King of Kalifornia) and, in October, their second album, I'm Never Gonna Die Again, which was co-produced by the group with John Rivers. By that time Soundtracks was working on his solo music career and had left the group. The final European tours saw Chris Hughes (Once Upon a Time, The Fatal Shore etc.) who had previously worked with the band on an Australian tour take the drum stool. A AllMusic's Nitsuh Abebe declared the album was "a well-handled and incredibly dramatic record that attacks with full rock force, recedes into minimal, haunting constructions, and then blasts back."The band moved to Melbourne Australia in 1995 where Craig Williamson joined on drums and Spencer P. Jones as second guitarist. This line-up recorded a track, "You Can't Unring a Bell", for a Tom Waits tribute album, Step Right Up in 1994. Other artists on that album are Pete Shelley, Tim Buckley, Violent Femmes and 10,000 Maniacs. Later Jones left the group. They continued to perform sporadically and work on new material until the band's final show at the Greyhound Hotel, St Kilda on 23 July 1998, with Lydia Lunch & Hungry Ghosts as support. Two music videos have been broadcast on ABC TV's rage: "Marry Me (Lie! Lie!)" and "King of Kalifornia".Kevin Godfrey a.k.a. Epic Soundtracks was found dead in his London apartment on 5 November 1997; his cause of death was not identified, despite an autopsy. Rowland S. Howard died as the result of liver cancer on 30 December 2009.

12167439465316873442

Q18343454

Kleitman–Wang algorithms The Kleitman–Wang algorithms are two different algorithms in graph theory solving the digraph realization problem, i.e. the question if there exists for a finite list of nonnegative integer pairs a simple directed graph such that its degree sequence is exactly this list. For a positive answer the list of integer pairs is called digraphic. Both algorithms construct a special solution if one exists or prove that one cannot find a positive answer. These constructions are based on recursive algorithms. Kleitman and Wang gave these algorithms in 1973. Kleitman–Wang algorithm (arbitrary choice of pairs) The algorithm is based on the following theorem.Let S=((a_1,b_1),\dots,(a_n,b_n)) be a finite list of nonnegative integers that is in nonincreasing lexicographical order and let (a_i,b_i) be a pair of nonnegative integers with b_i >0. List S is digraphic if and only if the finite list S'=((a_1-1,b_1),\dots,(a_{b_i-1}-1,b_{b_i-1}),(a_{b_i},0),(a_{b_i+1},b_{b_i+1}),(a_{b_i+2},b_{b_i+2}),\dots,(a_n,b_n)) has nonnegative integer pairs and is digraphic.Note that the pair (a_i,b_i) is arbitrarily with the exception of pairs (a_j,0). If the given list S digraphic then the theorem will be applied at most n times setting in each further step S:=S'. This process ends when the whole list S' consists of (0,0) pairs. In each step of the algorithm one constructs the arcs of a digraph with vertices v_1,\dots,v_n, i.e. if it is possible to reduce the list S to S', then we add arcs (v_i,v_1),(v_i,v_2),\dots,(v_{i},v_{b_i-1}),(v_i,v_{b_i+1}). When the list S cannot be reduced to a list S' of nonnegative integer pairs in any step of this approach, the theorem proves that the list S from the beginning is not digraphic. Kleitman–Wang algorithm (maximum choice of a pair) The algorithm is based on the following theorem.Let S=((a_1,b_1),\dots,(a_n,b_n)) be a finite list of nonnegative integers such that a_1 \geq a_2 \geq \cdots \geq a_n and let (a_i,b_i) be a pair such that (b_i,a_i) is maximal with respect to the lexicographical order under all pairs (b_1,a_1),\dots,(b_n,a_n). List S is digraphic if and only if the finite list S'=((a_1-1,b_1),\cdots,(a_{b_i-1}-1,b_{b_i-1}),(a_{b_i},0),(a_{b_i+1},b_{b_i+1}),(a_{b_i+2},b_{b_i+2}),\dots,(a_n,b_n)) has nonnegative integer pairs and is digraphic.Note that the list S must not be in lexicographical order as in the first version. If the given list S is digraphic, then the theorem will be applied at most n times, setting in each further step S:=S'. This process ends when the whole list S' consists of (0,0) pairs. In each step of the algorithm, one constructs the arcs of a digraph with vertices v_1,\dots,v_n, i.e. if it is possible to reduce the list S to S', then one adds arcs (v_i,v_1),(v_i,v_2),\dots,(v_i,v_{b_i-1}),(v_i,v_{b_i+1}). When the list S cannot be reduced to a list S' of nonnegative integer pairs in any step of this approach, the theorem proves that the list S from the beginning is not digraphic.

14427090273202120954

Q5923419

Hrangkhol people Background Of The Hrangkhol The word "Hrangkhol" is a combination of two words such as "Hrang" and "Khol" which means "the Courageous Warrior" and "group gathering". With this combination, it can be translated as "a courageous warrior staying together or grouped together". There is also a saying that the Hrangkhols were the people who are courageous than any other tribes. They were known as "Ralmaisak" which means the people who first face the enemy in the battlefield.In term of race descendant, the Hrangkhawl people claim that they belong to the Mongoloid descent. They are one of the racial groups of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo racial stocks. According to the oral tradition of the Hrangkhol, the existence of human beings (munusi or manmasi) originated from a huge cave or a hole called "Khurpuitabum" which is located somewhere in China (as some historians asserted). This place is also known as „Singlung‟ or „Chhinlung.‟ This had close similarity with the oral traditions of China that describes on around 750 AD, there was a Prince named Chhinlung who once disagree with his father on some official matter, then fled with many peoples who happen to be his supporters and established a village named "Awksatang" in Burma (Myanmar). Gradually they flourished and multiplied in numbers but later when he died, his people dispersed in different groups. So, these people who came out from that village were called Chhinlung people. Therefore, these two traditions seem to have close connection in tracing out the past history of the Hrangkhol tribe. Migration and Settlement In term of migration and settlement, the Hrangkhol tribe migrated from one place to another due to the pressure they faced against the strong clans or in search of fertile land for cultivation. Moreover, shifting cultivation was their main occupations. For many centuries, the tribe had migrated to Burma but later returned to North East India through China. Tradition says that the tribes after settling somewhere in Burma, they migrated to Mizoram (Lushai Hills), Manipur, Tripura and Assam.According to the tradition, the tribes after leaving Burma, they entered Mizoram (the Lushai Hills) and settled in Champhai for a long time before they scattered to other parts of North East India. They claimed to have named Champhai,a sub-divisional centre in the eastern part of Mizoram at present.A book titled "Know Your Own Land" records that "The Pillars of Lungvando" was erected by the earlier inhabitants known as the Old Kukis who took their settlement before the Sailo migration." Till today in North Vanlaiphai (15 miles from Lungdar) there is a memorial stone of Hrangkhol Chief Chongluma, which was also known as 'Chhura fa rep’ in the present generation.There is no clear evidence how long they had settled in Mizoram. After several years passed, the tribe migrated to other regions of North-East due to the pressures they faced from the other tribes, which compelled them to leave their dwelling place. Some of them move down to the plain of Cachar area of Assam. K. Zawla asserted that they departed from Mizoram in 1750. Some had migrated towards Bangladesh, Manipur, Assam and Independent Hill Tipera (present Tripura). Hrangkhol in Tripura Hrangkhawl is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura state of India. They are mainly dwelling in the Teliamura sub-division of West Tripura, the Jampuijala sub-division of Sepahijala districts and the Ambassa sub-division of Dhalai districts. Hrangkhawls are also found in the North Cachar Hills of Dima Hasao district, Assam. The Hrangkhawl call themselves ‘hriam’ or ‘manmasi’ (literally meaning ‘people’). They speak their own Hrangkhawl dialect known as "Hrangkhawl Chawng" which had close similarity with that of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo race group which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin.One of the reasons that made the tribes to migrate out from Mizoram was that they could not tolerate the pressures coming from the Pawi and Lushai clans who were once known as very furious fighter. In order to protect their own people and community, they migrated to the plain area of Cachar after which they entered the Independent Hill of Tipera (Tripura).They entered the Independent Hill of Tipera from different areas through South and North district. All through their migration from one region to another, they encountered riot with different tribes but finally they were cooled down by the Tripura Maharaja (King). The Maharaja allowed them to settle in his Kingdom and land revenues were imposed on them.In the year 1821, the Tripura Maharaja recognized these tribal groups settling in his territory without a Chief of their own and clubs them together as one community basing on the common language they spoke. These tribal groups were known as Baro Halam community. These groups comprises 12 tribes, namely as follows:Ranglong, Kaipeng, Molsom, Hrangkhol, Koloi, Rupini, Bawngchar,Bawng, Saihmar, Sakachep, Thangkachep and Morsephang.In these 12 tribal groups, the Maharaja appointed several persons for the office that of Kalim, Kabur, Kamsako and Chapia. All these persons had their own responsibility and also to look after over each tribe. Hrangkhol Dialect The Hrangkhol tribe has its own dialect known as "Hrangkhawl Chawng." Like many of the tribes in North East India, the Hrangkhol tribes also do not possessed or having a written script of their own until the coming of Christian missionaries. In communication, the Hrangkhol in ancient past uses folklores, folktales, legends, stories that was preserved and passed on from one generation to the other. Their dialect had close similarity with that of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo race group. Conclusion The Hrangkhol tribe claims to be one of the descendants of the Mongoloid descent which is also one of the racial groups of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo racial stocks of South East Asia. The tribes are one of the tribe that migrated to North East India from China passing through Burma. They first settled at Champhai of Mizoram which later scattered to different parts of North East India. Different traditions had been passing on regarding the origin, dialect, clans, etc. but the fact was that the tribe had its own culture, dialect which makes the tribe unique.

8073306489801093998

Q29226

Arabian carpetshark Taxonomy Prior to being described as a new species in Gubanov and Schleib's 1980 Sharks of the Arabian (sic.) Gulf, the Arabian carpetshark was misreported as the grey bamboo shark (C. griseum); it is uncertain whether the ranges of these two similar sharks in fact overlap. No type specimens are known. Other common names for this species include Arabian bamboo shark and confusing bamboo shark. Distribution and habitat The Arabian carpetshark inhabits coastal waters 3–100 m (9.8–328.1 ft) deep, though most are found shallower than 10 m (33 ft). Its range extends from the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and western India; it is abundant in the Persian Gulf in spring and summer, and seldom reported from Oman and India. This demersal species favors coral reefs, lagoons, rocky coastlines, and mangrove estuaries. Description The Arabian carpetshark has a slender, nearly cylindrical body and a relatively long, thick, rounded snout. The nostrils are set a good distance from the snout tip and preceded by a pair of short barbels. The eyes are medium-sized and placed high on the head, each with a low ridge above and a large spiracle behind and below. The small mouth lies well forward of the eyes; there is a continuous fold of skin across the chin that wraps around the corners of the mouth. There are 26–35 upper tooth rows and 21–32 lower tooth rows. The teeth have a large central cusp and a pair of lateral cusplets. The five pairs of gill slits are short, with the fourth and fifth pairs very close together.The pectoral fins are small, broad, and rounded; the pelvic fins are similar and almost as large. The two dorsal fins have straight trailing margins and are spaced well apart. The first dorsal fin is as large or larger than the pelvic fins, originating behind the middle of the pelvic fin bases. The second dorsal fin is slightly smaller than the first but has a longer base. There is a prominent midline ridge along the back, which continues between the dorsal fins. The long, keel-like anal fin originates behind the second dorsal fin. The caudal fin is low and lacks a lower lobe; the upper lobe has a strong ventral notch near the tip. Adults are a plain tan color above and white below, sometimes with an orange tint on the fin margins; juveniles have faint lighter spots on the fins. This species reaches a maximum known length of 78 cm (31 in). Biology and ecology Commonly found sheltering inside caves and crevices, the Arabian carpetshark is a predator of bony fishes (including snake eels) and invertebrates (including stomatopods, shrimp, crabs, squid, gastropods, and echiuroid worms). This hardy species can survive for some time out of water. It is oviparous like other members of its family, with a six-month breeding season. The reproductive cycle has been documented in captivity: copulation involves the male holding onto one of the female's pectoral fins with his mouth, while inserting a single clasper into her cloaca for 5–15 minutes. When competing for mates, male sharks have been known to bite the claspers of rival males. Females produce an average of 33 egg capsules per year in batches of four, that are laid over a period of 20 minutes to two days. Of those eggs, about 7% are infertile. The egg cases have adhesive tendrils for securing them to coral, and hatch in 70–80 days at a temperature of 24 °C (75 °F). Newly emerged young measure under 10 cm (3.9 in) long; sexual maturity is attained at a length of 45–54 cm (18–21 in). Human interactions Small and harmless to humans, the Arabian carpetshark is one of the few shark species suitable for private aquaria. It is collected for the aquarium trade, which is not believed to pose a substantial threat to its population. The meat and possibly the fins of this shark can be used, but because of its size most individuals landed are discarded. It is captured incidentally in intertidal hadra (artisanal stake-net traps), as well as in demersal trammel and trawl nets. The Arabian carpetshark forms the predominant component of the "cat shark" catch of Kuwaiti prawn trawls, which represents the second-largest bycatch (14% of total) of the fishery. It is also caught off Bahrain and likely elsewhere. Another potentially major threat to this species is habitat degradation: coral reefs in the Persian Gulf face bottom trawling, coastal development (especially large-scale land reclamation projects such as in the United Arab Emirates), Turkish dams on the Tigris-Euphrates river system, draining of marshes in Iraq, and oil spills. Coastal habitats off India are also similarly pressured. As both fishing and habitat degradation are likely to intensify in the region, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the Arabian carpetshark as Near Threatened.

16398160913536731912

Q798640

Boscobel, Wisconsin Geography Boscobel is located at 43°8′11″N 90°42′15″W (43.136473, -90.70418), in the Driftless Zone.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.05 square miles (7.90 km²), of which, 3.00 square miles (7.77 km²) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km²) is water. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 3,231 people, 1,195 households, and 727 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,077.0 inhabitants per square mile (415.8/km²). There were 1,307 housing units at an average density of 435.7 per square mile (168.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.1% White, 8.3% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.There were 1,195 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.90.The median age in the city was 38.1 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.9% were from 25 to 44; 26% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.6% male and 45.4% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,047 people, 1,174 households, and 752 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,068.6 people per square mile (412.8/km²). There were 1,266 housing units at an average density of 444.0 per square mile (171.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.78% White, 3.74% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. 1.18% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 1,174 households out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.96.In the city, the population was spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.The median income for a household in the city was $32,698, and the median income for a family was $37,527. Males had a median income of $24,806 versus $19,617 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,432. About 6.0% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

14924074346620623100

Q629046

Seattle Underground History Seattle's first buildings were wooden. On June 6, 1889, at 2:39 p.m., a cabinetmaker (Jonathan Edward Back) accidentally overturned and ignited a glue pot. An attempt to extinguish it with water spread the burning grease-based glue. The fire chief was out of town, and although the volunteer fire department responded, they made the mistake of trying to use too many hoses at once. With the subsequent drop in water pressure, none of the hoses were effective, and the Great Seattle Fire destroyed 31 blocks.While a destructive fire was not unusual for the time, instead of rebuilding the city as it was before, city leaders made two strategic decisions: first, that all new buildings must be of stone or brick, as insurance against a similar disaster in the future; and second, that the streets should be regraded one to two stories higher than the original street grade. Pioneer Square had originally been built mostly on filled-in tidelands and, as a consequence, it often flooded. The new street level also assisted in ensuring that gravity-assisted flush toilets that funneled into Elliott Bay did not back up at high tide.For the regrade, the streets were lined with concrete walls that formed narrow alleyways between the walls and the buildings on both sides of the street, with a wide "alley" where the street was. The naturally steep hillsides were used, and through a series of sluices material was washed into the wide "alleys," raising the streets to the desired new level, generally 12 feet (3.7 m) higher than before, in some places nearly 30 feet (9.1 m).At first, pedestrians climbed ladders to go between street level and the sidewalks in front of the building entrances. Brick archways were constructed next to the road surface, above the submerged sidewalks. Pavement lights (a form of walk-on skylight with small panes of clear glass which later became amethyst-colored) were installed over the gap from the raised street and the building, creating the area now called the Seattle Underground.When they reconstructed their buildings, merchants and landlords knew that the ground floor would eventually be underground and the next floor up would be the new ground floor, so there is very little decoration on the doors and windows of the original ground floor, but extensive decoration on the new ground floor.Once the new sidewalks were complete, building owners moved their businesses to the new ground floor, although merchants carried on business in the lowest floors of buildings that survived the fire, and pedestrians continued to use the underground sidewalks lit by the pavement lights (still seen on some streets) embedded in the grade-level sidewalk above.In 1907, the city condemned the Underground for fear of bubonic plague, two years before the 1909 World Fair in Seattle (Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition). The basements were left to deteriorate or were used as storage. Some became illegal flophouses for the homeless, gambling halls, speakeasies, and opium dens.Only a small portion of the Seattle Underground has been restored and made safe and accessible to the public on guided tours. In 1965, local citizen Bill Speidel established "Bill Speidel's Underground Tour," which operates to this day. Popular culture The Seattle Underground was featured prominently in the 1973 television movie The Night Strangler (starring Darren McGavin). The film was a sequel to the 1972 TV movie The Night Stalker and brought a surge in tourism to the Underground afterward. The movie was not filmed in the underground, as the area available was small. Filming was in the Bradbury Building and in a Universal Studios sound stage.The 25th Terry Pratchett novel in the Discworld series, The Truth, mentions that the fictional capital city of Ankh Morpork is built on lower foundations made of Ankh Morpork, and that after significant flooding of the River Ankh, the streets were gradually raised one level, starting with the road, and people used ladders and bridges to cross the street. In the appendix, Pratchett makes reference to the strangeness of reality, as found in Seattle, Washington.A Scooby-Doo episode featuring underground demons takes place in Seattle's underground city.In Yasmin Galenorn's Otherworld series she refers to the use of the Seattle underground as the home of many undesirable types of demons who have a thriving network down there. Where as other areas are largely uninhabited except for ghosts.

8061045854457037729

Q4994632

Celine's laws Celine's First Law National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity.Reflecting the paranoia of the Cold War, Celine's First Law focuses around the common idea that to have national security, one must create a secret police. Since internal revolutionaries and external foes would make the secret police a prime target for infiltration, and because the secret police would by necessity have vast powers to blackmail and intimidate other members of the government, another higher set of secret police must be created to monitor the secret police. And an even higher set of secret police must then be created to monitor the higher order of secret police. Repeat ad nauseam.This seemingly infinite regress goes on until every person in the country is spying on another, or until "the funding runs out." And since this paranoid and self-monitoring situation inherently makes targets of a nation's own citizens, the average person in the nation is more threatened by the massive secret police complex than by whatever foe they were seeking to protect themselves from. Wilson points out that the Soviet Union, which suffered from this in spades, got to the point that it was terrified of painters and poets who could do little harm to them in reality.At the same time, given the limitation of funding and scale, the perfect security state never truly emerges, leaving the populace still vulnerable from the original threat while also being threatened by the vast and Orwellian secret police. Celine's Second Law Accurate communication is possible only in a non-punishing situation.Wilson rephrases this himself many times as "communication occurs only between equals". Celine calls this law "a simple statement of the obvious" and refers to the fact that everyone who labors under an authority figure tends to lie to and flatter that authority figure in order to protect themselves either from violence or from deprivation of security (such as losing one's job). In essence, it is usually more in the interests of any worker to tell his boss what he wants to hear, not what is true.In any hierarchy, every level below the highest carries a subtle burden to see the world in the way their superiors expect it to be seen and to provide feedback to their superiors that their superiors want to hear. In the end, any hierarchical organization supports what its leaders already think is true more than it challenges them to think differently. The levels below the leaders are more interested in keeping their jobs than telling the truth.Wilson, in Prometheus Rising, uses the example of J. Edgar Hoover's FBI. Hoover saw communist infiltrators and spies everywhere, and he told his agents to hunt them down. Therefore, FBI agents began seeing and interpreting everything they could as parts of the communist conspiracy. Some even went as far as framing people as communists, making largely baseless arrests and doing everything they could to satisfy Hoover's need to find and drive out the communist conspiracy. The problem is, such a conspiracy was greatly exaggerated. Hoover thought it was monolithic and pervasive, and any agent who dared point out the lack of evidence to Hoover would be at best denied promotions, and at worst labeled a communist himself and lose his job. Any agent who knew the truth would be very careful to hide the fact.Meanwhile, the FBI was largely ignoring the problem of organized crime (the Mafia), because Hoover insisted that organized crime did not exist on the national scale. Not only does the leader of the hierarchy see what he wants to see, but he also does not see what he does not want to see. Agents who pursued the issue of organized crime were sometimes marginalized within the organization or hounded into retirement.In the end, Celine states, any hierarchy acts more to conceal the truth from its leaders than it serves to find the truth. Celine's Third Law An honest politician is a national calamity.Celine recognizes that the third law seems preposterous from the beginning. While a dishonest politician is interested only in bettering his own lot through abusing the public trust, an honest politician is far more dangerous since he is honestly interested in bettering society through political action, and that means writing and implementing more and more laws.Celine argues that creating more laws simply creates more criminals. Laws inherently restrict individual freedom, and the explosive rate at which laws are being created means that every citizen in the course of his daily life does not have the research capacity to not violate at least one of the plethora of laws. It is only through honest politicians trying to change the world through laws that true tyranny can come into being through excessive legislation.Corrupt politicians simply line their own pockets. Honest idealist politicians cripple the people's freedom through enormous numbers of laws. So corrupt politicians are preferable according to Celine, despite the possibility of an honest politician who honestly opposes the formation of new laws (or wants to do away with some).

8593891969343597067

Q3050461

Elasticsearch History Shay Banon created the precursor to Elasticsearch, called Compass, in 2004. While thinking about the third version of Compass he realized that it would be necessary to rewrite big parts of Compass to "create a scalable search solution". So he created "a solution built from the ground up to be distributed" and used a common interface, JSON over HTTP, suitable for programming languages other than Java as well. Shay Banon released the first version of Elasticsearch in February 2010.Elastic NV was founded in 2012 to provide commercial services and products around Elasticsearch and related software. In June 2014, the company announced raising $70 million in a Series C funding round, just 18 months after forming the company. The round was led by New Enterprise Associates (NEA). Additional funders include Benchmark Capital and Index Ventures. This round brings total funding to $104M.In March 2015, the company Elasticsearch changed their name to Elastic.In June 2018, Elastic filed for an initial public offering with a estimated valuation of between 1.5 and 3 billion dollars. On 5 October 2018, Elastic was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Features Elasticsearch can be used to search all kinds of documents. It provides scalable search, has near real-time search, and supports multitenancy. "Elasticsearch is distributed, which means that indices can be divided into shards and each shard can have zero or more replicas. Each node hosts one or more shards, and acts as a coordinator to delegate operations to the correct shard(s). Rebalancing and routing are done automatically". Related data is often stored in the same index, which consists of one or more primary shards, and zero or more replica shards. Once an index has been created, the number of primary shards cannot be changed.Elasticsearch is developed alongside a data collection and log-parsing engine called Logstash, an analytics and visualisation platform called Kibana, and Beats, a collection of lightweight data shippers. The four products are designed for use as an integrated solution, referred to as the "Elastic Stack" (formerly the "ELK stack").Elasticsearch uses Lucene and tries to make all its features available through the JSON and Java API. It supports facetting and percolating,  which can be useful for notifying if new documents match for registered queries.Another feature is called "gateway" and handles the long-term persistence of the index; for example, an index can be recovered from the gateway in the event of a server crash. Elasticsearch supports real-time GET requests, which makes it suitable as a NoSQL datastore, but it lacks distributed transactions.On 20 May 2019, Elastic made the core security features of the Elastic Stack free, including TLS for encrypted communications, file and native realm for creating and managing users, and role-based access control for controlling user access to cluster APIs and indexes. Managed services Developed from the Found acquisition by Elastic in 2015, Elastic Cloud is a family of Elasticsearch-powered SaaS offerings which include the Elasticsearch Service, as well as Elastic App Search Service, and Elastic Site Search Service which were developed from Elastic’s acquisition of Swiftype. In late 2017, Elastic formed partnerships with Google to offer Elastic Cloud in GCP, and Alibaba to offer Elasticsearch and Kibana in Alibaba Cloud.Elasticsearch Service on Elastic Cloud is the official hosted and managed Elasticsearch and Kibana offering from the creators of the project since August 2018 Elasticsearch Service users can create secure deployments with partners, Google Cloud Platform (GCP)  and Alibaba Cloud.AWS offers Elasticsearch as a managed service since 2015. Such managed services provide hosting, deployment, backup and other support. Most managed services also include support for Kibana.Elasticsearch is the basis of Pangeanic's contribution to the EU's Marie Curie research project "EXPERT" called ActivaTM. Pangeanic built a bilingual database compatible with Computer-Assisted Translation tools, which could offer real-time access via API from a variety of tools. The project received further funding from the EU as the National and European Central Translation Memory project under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) programme. NEC TM aims to centralise national translation assets in all the EU's Member States so countries can re-use bilingual translation data produced as a result of public procurement contracts.

11322613708104450016

Q11285565

Asar-i Şevket-class ironclad Design In the early 1860s, the Eyalet of Egypt, a province of the Ottoman Empire, ordered several ironclad warships for its fleet as part of a rearmament program to again challenge the power of the central government—the last having been the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War twenty years earlier. These included the two Asar-i Şevket-class vessels, ordered in 1866. After lengthy negotiations, the crisis was resolved when the Egyptian ironclads, including Asar-i Şevket and Necm-i Şevket, were transferred to the central government on 29 August 1868, among other concessions made by Egypt.The design for the Asar-i Şevket was based on the preceding ironclad Asar-i Tevfik, albeit a much smaller version, though both designs shared the central battery arrangement coupled with a superimposed barbette mounting for additional heavy guns. Asar-i Tevfik was built at the same French shipyard, and was in turn based on contemporary French ironclad designs like the Colbert class. Characteristics The ships of the Asar-i Şevket class were 66.4 m (217 ft 10 in) long overall and 62 m (203 ft) long between perpendiculars. They had a beam of 12.9 m (42 ft 4 in) and a draft of 5 m (16 ft 5 in). The hull was constructed with iron, incorporated ram bow and a double bottom. They displaced 2,047 metric tons (2,015 long tons; 2,256 short tons) normally. They had a crew of 170 officers and enlisted men.The ships were powered by a single horizontal compound engine which drove a single screw propeller. Steam was provided by four coal-fired box boilers that were trunked into a single funnel amidships. The engine was rated at 1,750 indicated horsepower (1,300 kW) and produced a top speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), though by 1877 both vessels was only capable of 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) as a result of poor maintenance. Asar-i Şevket carried 300 t (300 long tons; 330 short tons) of coal. In 1890, both ships were taken to the Imperial Arsenal for refitting, where new boilers were installed. A supplementary brig rig was also fitted.The Asar-i Şevket class was armed with a battery of one 229 mm (9 in) muzzle loading Armstrong gun and four 178 mm (7 in) Armstrong guns. The 178 mm guns were mounted in a central, armored battery, with the 229 mm gun on top in an open barbette mount. During the 1890 refit, both ships received a battery of light guns, including two 87 mm (3.4 in) Krupp guns, two 63.5 mm (2.50 in) Krupp guns, two 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss revolver cannon, and one 25.4 mm (1.00 in) Nordenfelt gun.Armor protection for the class consisted of wrought iron plate. The ships' armored belt was 152 mm (6 in) thick and was reduced to 114 mm (4.5 in) below the waterline. The portion above the waterline was 1 m (4 ft 3 in) wide, and the portion below was 2 m (6 ft) wide. Above the main belt, a strake of armor 114 mm thick protected the central battery, and the same thickness was used for the barbette. Service history Both ships of the class were stationed in Crete after they entered service, to assist in stabilizing the island in the aftermath of the Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869. Nevertheless, the Ottoman fleet remained largely inactive during this period. The two ships saw action during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, where they operated against Russian forces in the Black Sea. They were primarily occupied with bombarding Russian coastal positions in support of the Ottoman army in the Caucasus. In May 1877, Necm-i Şevket supported an amphibious assault on the port of Sokhumi. On 24 August, while anchored in Sokhumi, Asar-i Şevket was attacked by a Russian torpedo boat, but the spar torpedo did no damage to her hull. After the war, both vessels were laid up in Constantinople, and they received a minor refit in 1882.At the start of the Greco-Turkish War in February 1897, the Ottomans inspected the fleet and found that almost all of the vessels, including both Asar-i Şevket-class ships, to be completely unfit for combat against the Greek Navy. Following the end of the war with Greece, the government decided to begin a naval reconstruction program. Asar-i Şevket and Necm-i Şevket proved to be in too poor a condition to merit rebuilding, and they were not included in the program. The former was decommissioned in 1903 and sold for scrap in 1909. Necm-i Şevket lingered on in service as a barracks ship until the outbreak of the First Balkan War in 1912. Bulgarian forces threatened to capture Constantinople, and so the Navy pressed the ship back into service to provide gunfire support to the Ottoman defenders. After the threat passed, she returned to barracks ship duties, a role she filled until 1929, when she was decommissioned after nearly sixty years in service.

12231300280137066044

Q4827095

Autoworld.com.my History Web development for AW started in 1998 by K.S. Wei and Richard Tan, owners of Lelong.com.my, a Malaysian auction website in the vein of eBay. The website was eventually launched on 9 Nov 1999 by Malaysia’s Minister of Energy, Water and Communications at the time, Amar Leo Moggie.Initially, AW was wholly owned by Interbase Resources Sdn Bhd, the owners of the aforementioned Lelong.com.my. However, by launch time, Interbase has retained only 49% of the website’s ownership, with the now defunct Heritage Vest owning the remaining 51%.In 2001, AW became a wholly owned subsidiary of Heritage Vest’s parent company Hong Leong Credit. Under Hong Leong’s ownership, AW soared to great readership heights, especially in late 2003, when a user posted leaked photos Proton Gen.2 months ahead of its launch. The incident was hugely controversial, but it directly led to a multiple-fold increase of traffic going into the website.Since then, however, readership has been on a decline, in the wake of emergence of alternative automotive websites coupled with the fact that the website is left to auto-pilot, surviving mainly on user generated contents since 2004 (after half the team was slashed to keep cost low) while the Hong Leong management go on an active lookout for a buyer.In 2008, Hong Leong finally offloaded AW to Jobstreet.com’s wholly owned subsidiary, Autoworld.com.my Sdn. Bhd., who assumed complete ownership of the website. Editorial Malaysian auto journalist Chips Yap was hired as Autoworld.com.my’s editor in year 2000. He remained as editor until 2004, when he left to help start rival website Motor Trader, and was replaced by the aforementioned YS Khong, who still remains as the website’s editor today.One such member, simply known as TheGunner, joined the writing team in late 2008, and has been actively contributing content since then. Other content contributors include Chan Eu Jin, drexchan, tedtarg, jimijamison and jaime. Chan Eu Jin is said to be the former president and founder of V-Sixers Club – a reputable owners’ club for the Proton Perdana V6 formed in 2001, while drexchan is co-owner of a business specializing in performance parts and accessories. Controversy Shortly prior to its launch in 2004, pictures of the Proton Gen.2, then known as the Wira Replacement Model (WRM) was leaked into the internet, first appearing in Autoworld.com.my’s photo section, uploaded by a registered user. The incident saw Proton lodge a police report to investigate the leak, resulting in then-editor Chips Yap and some Autoworld staff being summoned to record statements in the Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kuala Lumpur . Autoworld cooperated and provided some relevant details to the Royal Malaysian Police that leads to the actual person posting the pictures. However, despite all that trouble, that incident saw a tremendous surge in Autoworld’s readership, to heights it has yet to recapture.In November 2007, Autoworld was once again subject to investigation by authorities, this time by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) after members of its forum wrote sensitive comments regarding Proton and Islamic cars.Early 2009, the website was defaced by a group of seasonal hackers who manage to find some loopholes in the website.Despite having a controversial history, Autoworld’s forums actually played a pivotal role in the recovery of former editor Chips Yap’s Ford Escape, which was stolen from his apartment’s parking lot. Then still AW’s editor, he posted a description of his car on the forum section, which led to a forum member spotting it on the road.Current editor YS Khong also had his car, a Proton Putra, stolen in his tenure as Autoworld’s editor. Like Yap’s however, his car too was recovered, but by the Royal Malaysian Police.

11605924805198353613

Q774621

Midnight sun Details Around the summer solstice (approximately 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere and 23 December in the Southern Hemisphere), the Sun is visible for the full 24 hours, given fair weather. The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the closer towards either pole one goes. Although approximately defined by the polar circles, in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles (90 km) outside the polar circle, as described below, and the exact latitudes of the farthest reaches of midnight sun depend on topography and vary slightly year-to-year.Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle, apart from research stations, the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle: the Canadian Yukon, Nunavut, and Northwest Territories; the nations of Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Greenland), Russia; and the State of Alaska in the United States. A quarter of Finland's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle, and at the country's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer. In Svalbard, Norway, the northernmost inhabited region of Europe, there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August. The extreme sites are the poles, where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year. The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September. The South Pole has midnight sun and experiences this from 23 September to 20 March (almost 6 months).The opposite phenomenon, polar night, occurs in winter, when the Sun stays below the horizon throughout the day.Since the axial tilt of the Earth is considerable (approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes), the Sun does not set at high latitudes in local summer. The Sun remains continuously visible for one day during the summer solstice at the polar circle, for several weeks only 100 km (62 mi) closer to the pole, and for six months at the pole. At extreme latitudes, the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day.At the poles themselves, the Sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox. During the six months that the Sun is above the horizon, it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer, gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice.Because of atmospheric refraction, and also because the Sun is a disc rather than a point, the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly south of the Arctic Circle or north of the Antarctic Circle, though not exceeding one degree (depending on local conditions). For example, Iceland is known for its midnight sun, even though most of it (Grímsey is the exception) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle. For the same reasons, the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months. Even the northern extremities of Scotland (and places at similar latitudes, such as St. Petersburg) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice.Observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the "dip" of the horizon viewed from altitude. Time zones and daylight saving time The term "midnight sun" refers to the consecutive 24-hour periods of sunlight experienced north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. Other phenomena are sometimes referred to as "midnight sun", but they are caused by time zones and the observance of daylight saving time. For instance, in Fairbanks, Alaska, which is south of the Arctic Circle, the Sun sets at 12:47 am at the summer solstice. This is because Fairbanks is 51 minutes ahead of its idealized time zone (as most of the state is in one time zone) and Alaska observes daylight saving time. (Fairbanks is at about 147.72 degrees west, corresponding to UTC−9 hours 51 minutes, and is on UTC−9 in winter.) This means that solar culmination occurs at about 12:51 pm instead of at 12 noon.If a precise moment for the genuine "midnight sun" is required, the observer's longitude, the local civil time and the equation of time must be taken into account. The moment of the Sun's closest approach to the horizon coincides with its passing due north at the observer's position, which occurs only approximately at midnight in general. Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock, while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time (UTC, also known as GMT) makes the moment an hour later. These two effects must be added. Furthermore, the equation of time (which depends on the date) must be added: a positive value on a given date means that the Sun is running slightly ahead of its average position, so the value must be subtracted.As an example, at the North Cape of Norway at midnight on June 21/22, the longitude of 25.9 degrees east makes the moment 103.2 minutes earlier by clock time; but the local time, 2 hours ahead of GMT in the summer, makes it 120 minutes later by clock time. The equation of time at that date is -2.0 minutes. Therefore, the sun's lowest elevation occurs 120 - 103.2 + 2.0 minutes after midnight: at 00.19 Central European Summer time. On other nearby dates the only thing different is the equation of time, so this remains a reasonable estimate for a considerable period. The Sun's altitude remains within half a degree of the minimum of about 5 degrees for about 45 minutes either side of this time. White nights Locations where the Sun remains less than 6 (or 7) degrees below the horizon—between 60° 34’ (or 59° 34’) latitude and the polar circle—experience midnight twilight instead of midnight sun, so that daytime activities, such as reading, are still possible without artificial light on a clear night.White Nights have become a common symbol of Saint Petersburg, Russia, where they occur from about 11 June to 2 July, and the last 10 days of June are celebrated with cultural events known as the White Nights Festival.The northernmost tip of Antarctica also experiences white nights, but near the summer solstice Southern Hemisphere. Duration Even though at the Arctic Circle the center of the Sun is, per definition and without refraction by the atmosphere, only visible during one summer night, some part of the midnight sun is visible at the Arctic Circle from approximately 12 June until 1 July. This period extends as one travels north: At Cape Nordkinn, Norway, the northernmost point of Continental Europe, the midnight sun lasts approximately from 14 May to 29 July. On the Svalbard archipelago farther north, it lasts from 20 April to 22 August.

11641384979852001488

Q7397891

Sadhvi Rithambara Sadhvi Rithambara (also transliterated as Sadhvi Ritambhara, Sadhvi Rithambhara or Sadhvi Rithambra) is a sadhvi, Hindu political activist, and religious preacher. She is known for her participation in the movement that led to the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992, for which she was later indicted by the Liberhan Commission. She is also a member of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. She was the founding chairperson of Durga Vahini (Army of Durga), the women's wing of Vishwa Hindu Parishad. She is particularly known for her narration of the Ram Katha and other Hindu scriptures in India and abroad. She has been accused many times of delivering speeches inciting hatred against Muslims. She is an accused in the Babri Masjid demolition case. Early life Sadhvi Ritambhara was born as Nisha in a lower middle class sweetmakers home in Doraha town in Punjab's Ludhiana district.At the age of sixteen, she is said to have attained Nirvana when her village was visited by Yug Purush Maha Mandaleshwar Swami Paramanand Giri Ji Maharaj. She became his disciple and followed him to his ashram in Haridwar and in tours across India, while gaining lessons in oratory. She was conferred the title of Sadhvi (ascetic).Sadhvi Rithambara entered public life and the Sangh Parivar as a trainee and member of the Rashtriya Sevika Samiti, which is the women's arm of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), but gained prominence as a member of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP). Role in the Babri Masjid demolition movement The Liberhan Commission that probed the Babri Masjid demolition held Sadhvi Ritambhara along with sixty-eight others of being individually culpable for leading the country "to the brink of communal discord" for their role in the demolition of the Babri Masjid on 6 December 1992. She was one of the three key women leaders of the movement, the other two being Uma Bharati and Vijayaraje Scindia; their leadership was largely responsible for the involvement of women in the movement and the form it took. Later activities Sadhvi Rithambara retreated from her prominent public role and kept a relatively low profile following the destruction of the Babri Masjid in 1992.Sadhvi Rithambara was arrested in Indore, Madhya Pradesh in April, 1995 on the charge of inciting communal passions, after giving a speech in which she called Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu ("Mother" Theresa) a "magician" and the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Mulayam Singh Yadav, a "man-eater". Her speech was a denouncement of Christian missionaries who she alleged were converting Hindus and was given in a district where a Christian nun had been murdered by three men a couple of months earlier. Rithambara's address sparked off a strike and several arson attacks leading to the arrest of 169 arsonists.In 1993, Sadhvi Rithambara attempted to establish an ashram near Vrindavan and Mathura on land that the Uttar Pradesh BJP government had granted her for a minimal fee. However, the proposal fell through as the Kalyan Singh-led government was dismissed, and she was not allowed to take possession of the land by the subsequent Mulayam Singh Yadav led state government. In 2002, the state government led by Chief Minister Ram Prakash Gupta granted 17 hectares of land in the area, valued at Rupee 200 million, to her Paramshaktipeth trust for 99 years for an annual fee of one rupee for this philanthropic cause. Besides cultivating devotion in women, the Vrindavan Ashram has also imparted training in karate, horse-riding, handling air guns and pistols, with the stated aim of relieving the women from their traditional societal roles and making them confident and self-reliant. Sadhvi Rithambara also runs ashrams for unwanted infants, ladies and widows in Indore, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. Vatsalyagram Sadhvi Rithambara is the co-founder of the Param Shakti Peeth, under the auspices of which the Vatsalyagram project runs. Vatsalyagram is a unique concept which is a combination of an orphanage, an old-age home and a widow-shelter, where orphaned children, the widowed and elders live as family.

10451189913406169163

Q60739761

Dual linear program The duality theorems Below, suppose the primal LP is "maximize cᵀx subject to [constraints]" and the dual LP is "minimize bᵀy subject to [constraints]". Weak duality The weak duality theorem says that, for each feasible solution x of the primal and each feasible solution y of the dual: cᵀx ≤ bᵀy. In other words, the objective value in each feasible solution of the dual is an upper-bound on the objective value of the primal, and objective value in each feasible solution of the primal is a lower-bound on the objective value of the dual. This implies:maxₓ cᵀx ≤ miny bᵀyIn particular, if the primal is unbounded (from above) then the dual has no feasible solution, and if the dual is unbounded (from below) then the primal has no feasible solution.The weak duality theorem is relatively simple to prove. Suppose the primal LP is "Maximize cᵀx subject to Ax ≤ b, x ≥ 0". Suppose we create a linear combination of the constraints, with positive coefficients, such that the coefficients of x in the constraints are at least cᵀ. This linear combination gives us an upper bound on the objective. The variables y of the dual LP are the coefficients of this linear combination. The dual LP tries to find such coefficients that minimize the resulting upper bound. This gives the LP "Minimize bᵀy subject to Aᵀy ≥ c, y ≥ 0". See the tiny example below. Strong duality The strong duality theorem says that the bounds given by the weak duality theorem are tight, i.e.:maxₓ cᵀx = miny bᵀyThe strong duality theorem is harder to prove; the proofs usually use the weak duality theorem as a sub-routine.One proof uses the simplex algorithm and relies on the proof that, with the suitable pivot rule, it provides a correct solution. The proof establishes that, once the simplex algorithm finishes with a solution to the primal LP, it is possible to read from the final tableau, a solution to the dual LP. So, by running the simplex algorithm, we obtain solutions to both the primal and the dual simultaneously.Another proof uses the Farkas lemma. Theoretic application The weak duality has an interesting theoretic application: it shows that finding a single feasible solution is as hard as finding an optimal feasible solution. Suppose we have an oracle that, given an LP, finds an arbitrary feasible solution (if one exists). Given the LP "Maximize cᵀx subject to Ax ≤ b, x ≥ 0", we can construct another LP by combining this LP with its dual. The combined LP has both x and y as variables:Maximize 1 subject to Ax ≤ b, Aᵀy ≥ c, cᵀx ≥ bᵀy, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0If the combined LP has a feasible solution (x,y), then by weak duality, cᵀx = bᵀy. So x must be a maximal solution of the primal LP and y must be a minimal solution of the dual LP. If the combined LP has no feasible solution, then the primal LP has no feasible solution too. Applications The max-flow min-cut theorem is a special case of the strong duality theorem: flow-maximization is the primal LP, and cut-minimization is the dual LP. See Max-flow min-cut theorem#Linear program formulation.Other graph-related theorems can be proved using the strong duality theorem, in particular, Konig's theorem.The Minimax theorem for zero-sum games can be proved using the strong-duality theorem. Real-life interpretations The duality theorem has an economic interpretation. If we interpret the primal LP as a classical "resource allocation" problem, its dual LP can be interpreted as a "resource valuation" problem. See also Shadow price.The duality theorem has a physical interpretation too.

15615911509443313391

Q681224

Röttenbach Neighboring villages The neighboring villages surrounding Röttenbach are Adelsdorf, Baiersdorf, Heßdorf, and Hemhofen. Middle Ages Around the year 1000, settlers came in search of land in the wooded, rolling hills, which form the foothills of the Steigerwald. They settled near a creek and cleared parts of the forest to create arable land. The name Röttenbach was originally Rodenbach, derived from the German word for stream or creek (Bach) and the verb roden (to clear land). Wide marshes, which rested on the impermeable layers of brick clay that lie on the Keupere, were not conducive to productive agriculture. Over the centuries the inhabitants cultivated the marshes creating many of the series of ponds used often for carp farming and other aquaculture that still divide the forests to the north, east and west of Röttenbach.In the 13th century a descendant from seneschal (Truchseß) of Pommersfelden took the area in possession, named themselves the ‘Truchseß von Röttenbach’ and founded Röttenbach. Deeds show that farms and estates were divided among landlords and changed owners several times. In 1322 an Estate went to the abbot of the monastery Michaelsberg, in 1329 another to the bailiff at Nuremberg Castle. In 1476 the Bamberger cloister founded its Court in Röttenbach.The main courtyard of the area, from which the manor later emerged, is first mentioned in a deed of gift from Bamberg dated 1433 for the Stewards Peter und Veit. On this farm, now the area around the Brauerei Sauer (Sauer Brewery), stood a castle which was protected by a moat. Nevertheless, insurgent peasants burned down the castle during the Peasants' War of 1525. The main residence later was later rebuilt and remains to this day, as well as a sandstone coat of arms from 1591 which still exists on the south wall of the brewery. In 1610, the possession of the residence was promised to the Steward of Pappenheim. In 1710 it fell into the possession of the Bishopric of Bamberg. Part of the goods and the people of the estate then belonged to the Imperial City of Nürnberg and the Baron Winkler von Mohrenfels (Hemhofen). In the 1803 during the Napoleonic era, Röttenbach was awarded to the Prussian crown, but fell in 1810, as well as the whole of Franconia, to the Kingdom of Bavaria.Until the mid-20th Century most of the population remained poor and lived mostly as day laborers. A small additional income for many was to gather mushrooms and berries, pinecones, as well as water lilies and sundews (drosera). The majority of these natural products were brought to Erlangen for sale. Others drove through southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria and sold horseradish, for which the region was famous. The strong sense of salesmanship laid the foundation during the difficult years after the 2nd World War for an unforeseen economic boom in the region. The low-level Franconian timber-framed farmhouses disappeared quickly and were replaced by modern housing. As a result, unfortunately the only remaining historically significant buildings are forester's house with a half-timbered barn & storage building, and the rectory, both of which were built in the Baroque style.In 1972 during the regional reform of Upper Franconia, Röttenbach became part of Middle Franconia. In turn, more and more new residents streamed from the metropolitan region of Nuremberg-Erlangen-Fürth to the then quiet village. Röttenbach grew rapidly and took on its present form. In 1980, the short lived era of municipal association with Hemhofen was dissolved. Population growth Röttenbach had less than 1000 inhabitants up into the 1940s. After World War II the population rose sharply. As of December 31, 2009, Röttenbach had 4628 inhabitants of which 2,357 were female and 2,271 were male. Nature Röttenbach is part of the sand axis of Franconia (Sandachse Franken) and has numerous small sections of neglected grassland, sand fields and dry edges of forest that serve many specialized animals as a living environment. A prominent part of the surroundings of Röttenbach are the many chains of ponds. Traffic From Röttenbach, the Autbahn 3 via Dechsendorf, as well as the Autobahn 73 via Baiersdorf can be reached in a few minutes. The Bundesstraße 470 runs to the north. Bus line number 205 of the Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg (VGN) stops in Röttenbach on its way between Erlangen and Höchstadt.

14264197175306749019

Q316288

Mariano Rumor Biography Rumor earned a degree from the University of Padua in Letters in 1939, and was a teacher at an Italian liceo until his mobilization as a lieutenant in the Italian Army during the Second World War. Subsequent to the Armistice of Cassibile in 1943 between Italy and the Allied powers, Rumor joined the Italian resistance movement. After the end of the war he joined the Christian Democrats as an organizer, and became a representative of the centrist faction of DC in 1963 after attracting the attention of Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi.During his periods as Prime Minister, a number of progressive reforms were carried out. A law of 11 December 1969 extended access to higher education to all students holding a higher secondary school diploma (formerly limited to students who came from classical (and in some cases, scientific) curricula. A law of 30 April 1969 introduced broad provisions covering pensions under the general scheme. The multiplying coefficient was increased to 1.85%, applied to average earnings of the best 3 years in the last 5 years of work (maximum pension, after 40 years of contribution: 74% of previous earnings). A social pension was also introduced for people over the age of 65 with low incomes and not eligible for any type of pension. In addition, cost of living indexation for all pensions (with the exception of social pensions) was introduced. A law of 2 February 1970 extended earnings replacement benefits to artisan undertakings in the construction industry. Under a law of 2 March 1974, the legal minimum for pensions was raised to 27.75% of the average industrial wage for 1973. A law of 16 July 1974 extended family allowances to INPS pensioners, in lieu of child supplements. A law of August 1974 extended hospital assistance to all those not previously covered by any scheme.Rumor's coalition governments, of which there were four, consisted of mostly the same parties. From December 1968 to July 1969, the DC joined with the Italian Socialist Party as well as the Italian Republican Party. Then, from August 1969 to February 1970 he led a DC-only government; its collapse led to a 45 day long period without government, with issues such as Italian divorce law and the status of the Italian Communist Party generating instability. After this period, which included an attempt by former Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani to form a government, Rumor led a new coalition with the Socialist, Republican, and Democratic Socialist parties from March until July 1970. After three years under Emilio Colombo and Giulio Andreotti's ministries, Rumor returned to the office of Prime Minister, first leading a DC, Socialist, Republican, and Democratic Socialist coalition from July 1973 to March 1974. After this government collapsed, Rumor formed a new coalition within two weeks, calling upon the Socialists and Democratic Socialists to join with DC from March until October 1974.Weathering a cabinet resignation in June 1974, Rumor's final cabinet - the 36th in the history of post-war Italy - would fall in October 1974 after failing to come to an agreement on how to deal with rising economic inflation.In 1973, then-Interior Minister Mariano Rumor was attacked by Gianfranco Bertoli, a self-described anarchist. Four were killed during the bombing, and 45 injured, while Rumor escaped alive from it. Bertoli was given a life-term in 1975. Bertoli was an informant of SISMI, or the Military Intelligence and Security Service, at the time. Court proceedings later showed that this connection was one of mistaken identity.Rumor would later go on to be elected to the European Parliament in 1979. He was later elected Chair of the Political Affairs Committee in 1980, serving in that capacity until he left the European Parliament in 1984. Legacy In the years since his death, Rumor's legacy has been widely debated. The Lockheed bribery scandals, of which Rumor was exonerated by the Italian Parliament, took place under his government and culminated in the trials of two former Defense ministers, Luigi Gui and Mario Tanassi. Rumor was implicated in the scandal after a Lockheed codebook referenced "Antelope Cobbler" as "Prime Minister", which could have been any of Rumor, Aldo Moro, or then-President Giovanni Leone during the relevant time period. While Leone later resigned from the Presidency due to accusations of corruption, none of the three men were ever convicted of being "Antelope Cobbler".Others have criticized his Presidential Decree No. 1092, a measure which allowed Italian governmental workers to retire after nineteen and a half years of work or fourteen and a half years if they were a woman; such retirees were later termed "baby pensioners" by detractors. The program, instituted in 1973, was terminated in 1992. As of 2014 it was estimated that around half a million pensioners who benefited from the decree were still drawing an average of €1,500 per month.

8973677869538348329

Q7369335

Ross Forbes Motherwell Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Forbes began his football career with Motherwell. In the 2007-08 season, Forbes was an unused substitute on 23 April 2008 against Celtic and continued doing so the following season, as he appeared on the bench four more times. Loan move to Dumbarton On 24 January 2009, Forbes was loaned out to Dumbarton, until the end of the season. At the club, Forbes was a key man in helping the club win the Scottish Football League Third Division championship. He scored his only goal in a 2–0 win for the Sons against Berwick Rangers on 11 April 2009. He hoped his good performances would earn him a first team place at Motherwell the following season.After leaving, manager Jim Chapman joked that he was disappointed that Forbes had made his breakthrough at Motherwell, having expected him to make a return to Dumbarton. Return to Motherwell Forbes made his first-team debut for Motherwell in the Europa League first qualifying round defeat against Llanelli on 2 July 2009, Jim Gannon's first match in charge. He scored 2 goals in the return leg of their second qualifying round match against KS Flamurtari Vlorë which Motherwell won 8–1 and another in the next qualifying round home match, a 1–3 loss against Steaua Bucharest.After scoring on his debut in the opening game of the season, he carried his good form into the league campaign, scoring five times in the opening 10 games, and was rewarded by being named SPL Young Player of the Month for August. Forbes was also rewarded by extending his contract until 2012. On 10 February 2010, Forbes had a goal ruled offside against his boyhood club, Rangers, which he described as the "goal of his dreams". The game ended in a 1–1 draw. In a match against Hibernian Forbes had the chance to equalise from a penalty kick with three minutes left, but it was saved by Graeme Smith, who had conceded the penalty in the first place. After the match, Forbes said he couldn't cope and move on following the missed penalty. Later in the season, under new manager Craig Brown, Forbes form dipped badly after a couple of months coming on as a sub without scoring. During this time he was often played out of position.In the 2010/11 season, Forbes started the season by scoring a curling free-kick in the Europa League second qualifying round match against Breiðablik in the first leg. Under new manager Stuart McCall, Forbes said he'd been given a second chance to show his talent, and that he was to blame for dropping out of the team. In the final of Scottish Cup, Forbes was an unused substitute, and this continued for the remainder of the matches played. After featuring just seven times for the club Forbes was released at the end of the 2011-12 season. Partick Thistle After being released by Motherwell, Forbes was close to sealing a move to recently relegated Dunfermline Athletic and played as a trialist for former club Dumbarton in a Scottish First Division game against Partick Thistle. His performance earned him a six-month deal with Thistle on 5 September 2012, joining up with former team-mate Steven Lawless; and stating that joining the timing of the move was perfect.He made his debut for the club as a substitute for Aaron Taylor-Sinclair, in a 2–1 win over Cowdenbeath. A month later Forbes scored his first goal for the club, in a 7–0 victory over Airdrie United. His second goal came on 10 November 2012, in a 5–1 win over Dunfermline Athletic; in a match where he also provided an assist for Conrad Balatoni. After seven appearances and two goals Forbes signed a new contract until the end of the season in November 2012. At the end of the season, following the club's promotion to the SPL for the first time in nine years Forbes signed a one-year deal. Upon signing the new contract he said that Thistle had helped him get his career on track and brought back his love for playing football.In the 2013–14 season, Forbes made his first Scottish Premiership appearance since leaving Motherwell in a 0–0 draw against Dundee United on the opening day. Forbes scored his First Premiership goal for Partick Thistle against St Mirren, coming off the bench in a 2–1 comeback victory. Despite this however his playing time was limited. Dunfermline Athletic On 31 January 2014, Forbes was released by Partick Thistle and signed for Scottish Second Division side Dunfermline Athletic on the same day. Forbes made an immediate impact by scoring on his debut in a 3–1 win over East Fife. Greenock Morton In a swap deal with Andrew Barrowman, Forbes made the move to Greenock to sign for league rivals Greenock Morton. He signed a one-year extension in May 2015.At the end of his deal, Forbes agreed a two-year extension until summer 2018.Forbes was nominated by his peers for the Championship Player of the Year for 2016–17. He was also selected in the PFA Scotland Team of the Year. Return to Dumbarton After leaving Morton Forbes returned to Dumbarton, nine years after his loan spell with the club, in June 2018. His first goal back at the club was an injury time equaliser against Arbroath in August 2018. During the season Forbes was appointed club captain after Andy Dowie retired and scored 13 goals in 43 games - the best goal return of his career. Forfar Athletic Forbes left Dumbarton for Forfar Athletic in May 2019. International career In recognition of his good form at the start of the 2009–10 season, Forbes was called into the Scotland under–21s squad to play Belarus under-21s on 9 October 2009. Personal life Forbes is a lifelong Rangers fan and was a season ticket holder, along with his father, during the Advocaat era. He revealed that Barry Ferguson was his favourite player around that time.

18329650651005621369

Q694242

Operation Bolero Bolero movement of air groups The movement of the assigned air combat groups began in May 1942 with the shipment by fast troopships (usually former ocean liners) of their ground echelons. The movement of their aircraft began in June after the decision was made that the most efficient and rapid buildup could be made by having the groups themselves ferry their planes overseas. Fighters, having only a single crewman and not equipped with proper navigational and communications equipment for trans-oceanic flights, were to be divided into flights of four and escorted by single bombers navigating the route for them.Three groups were assigned for the first phase of movement: the 97th Bomb Group (B-17 Flying Fortress), 1st Fighter Group (P-38 Lightning), and 60th Troop Carrier Group (C-47 Skytrain). These groups were gathered on the east coast in what was termed the "concentration area" to stage for the overseas flights via the northern ferry route. Ironically, all of these groups, originally tasked for the Eighth Air Force, saw limited duty in England and were transferred to the Twelfth Air Force.An anticipated loss rate of 10% for the first movement did not materialize and instead was 5.2%. The largest loss occurred July 15, 1942, when six P-38s of the 94th Fighter Squadron, 1st Fighter Group, and two B-17s of the 97th Bomb Group, on the Greenland-to-Iceland leg, were forced by weather to attempt to return to Greenland. Running low on fuel, all eight force-landed on the Greenland ice cap. The aircraft, although apparently recoverable, were abandoned after all of their crews had been safely recovered. One of the P-38s, subsequently named Glacier Girl, was recovered from under ice in 1992, and has been restored to flying condition.By the end of August 1942, the Bolero movement had transferred 386 airplanes: 164 P-38's of the 1st and 14th Fighter Groups; 119 B-17's of the 97th, 301st, and 92nd Bomb Groups; and 103 C-47's of the 60th and 64th Troop Carrier Groups, all of which became part of the Twelfth Air Force in Africa before the end of the year. 920 airplanes had been sent from the United States to England by the end of 1942, and 882 had arrived safely, almost all of them delivered by their combat crews and not specialized ferry command personnel. Bolero superseded By July 1, demands from other theaters had caused a downward revision of the Bolero build-up to a total of 54 groups and 194,332 men. Later that month USAAF Headquarters estimated that by December 31, 1943, the Bolero build-up could have in place 137 groups (approximately half of the entire projected strength of the USAAF), including 74 bomb groups of all types and 31 fighter groups. It estimated that 375,000 airmen would comprise the force, 197,000 in combat units and 178,000 in the service organizations. The estimate proved to be remarkably close, particularly the size of the heavy bomber force, to the actual strength of the combined Eighth and Ninth Air Forces at the time of Operation Overlord.In London the Bolero Committee drew up plans for the accommodation of 1,147,000 troops, including 137,000 replacements, in the United Kingdom by the end of March 1943. But by the end of July, plans for Sledgehammer had been abandoned and Roundup postponed until 1944 in favor of Operation Torch, an invasion of North Africa to establish a base of operations for the invasion of Southern Europe. The Bolero committee thus found its work limited to providing assistance in the planning for Torch. Buildup plans for the invasion of Europe later became the province of the Overlord planners.

3077735322988955534

Q5246026

Dean Brill Luton Town Born in Luton, Bedfordshire, Brill joined Luton at the age of nine, progressing through the Centre of Excellence and representing Luton Schools and Bedfordshire County Schools at various age groups. His abilities alerted the attention of bigger clubs, including Liverpool, but Luton fought off the competition to secure his signature.Beginning 2003–04 as understudy to Rob Beckwith, Brill made his league debut as a substitute in a 3–0 defeat away to Oldham Athletic, after Beckwith had been sent off. His full league debut came three weeks later in a 3–1 win at home to Wycombe Wanderers and retained his place for the following two matches, a 1–0 win away to Stevenage Borough in the Football League Trophy and a 4–2 defeat away to Brentford.With regular goalkeeper Marlon Beresford unavailable, Brill began 2005–06 as the number one goalkeeper, impressing against newly relegated Crystal Palace during a 2–1 victory at Selhurst Park on the opening day of the season.Brill made his first appearance of 2006–07 as a substitute in a 3–0 defeat away to Preston North End. His first starting appearance of the season came in a 3–2 defeat at home to Queens Park Rangers, where he deputised for the suspended Beresford. However, following the loan signing of Dean Kiely from Portsmouth, Brill was pushed down to third-choice goalkeeper and in December 2006, he was loaned to League One club Gillingham. He made eight appearances during a month-long stay. Having made 12 first-team appearances for Luton, Brill was named Young Player of the Season at Luton's end of season awards.At the beginning of the 2007–08, Brill found himself out of favour after the loan signings of David Forde and Ben Alnwick. However, after Luton went into administration in November 2007, manager Kevin Blackwell was unable to sign a new goalkeeper on loan, and Brill was recalled to the first-team. He finished the season with 47 appearances, culminating in relegation to League Two.Brill started the first four matches of 2008–09, with Luton facing an almost impossible task to overcome a 30-point deduction. Brill finished the season with 25 appearances and started in Luton's 2009 Football League Trophy Final victory over Scunthorpe United at Wembley Stadium. The points deduction proved too much to overcome and Luton were relegated for the third successive season, dropping into the Conference Premier. Brill was released by the club on 27 May 2009 following the expiration of his contract. Oldham Athletic On 1 July 2009, Brill signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic. He was released by the club in May 2011. Barnet After trials at Yeovil Town and Barnet, Brill signed for the latter on a one-year contract. He kept a clean sheet on his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe. Brill made a crucial save in the dying seconds of Barnet's 2–1 win away to Burton Albion on the final day of 2011–12, a result which kept the club in Football League at the expense of Hereford United. He was released by the club in May 2012. Return to Luton Town After spending three weeks on trial during pre-season with former club Luton Town, who were in the Conference Premier, Brill signed a two-year contract with them on 31 July 2012. He made 12 appearances in 2012–13, but was transfer-listed by the club in April 2013. Inverness Caledonian Thistle In July 2013, Brill signed on loan for Inverness Caledonian Thistle until January 2014. He debuted on the opening day of 2013–14 in a 3–0 win at home to St Mirren, keeping his first of three consecutive clean sheets. After a successful spell on loan, Brill signed a permanent deal with Inverness in November 2013, after Luton agreed to release him from the remainder of his contract.Between May and September 2014, Brill kept a series of clean sheets, enabling Inverness to achieve a club record of 616 minutes without conceding. Later in the season, Brill suffered an injury which kept him out for a few matches. Worse was to follow, as he sustained a dislocated knee only minutes into his comeback game. This prevented him making any first-team appearances in 2015–16 and he was released by the club in May 2016. Motherwell Brill signed for Scottish Premiership club Motherwell on 27 June 2016 on a one-year contract. He left the club on 27 January 2017, having failed to make an appearance. Colchester United On 31 January 2017, Brill signed for Colchester United on a contract until the end of 2016–17. He left the club at the end of his contract after failing to make a first-team appearance. Coaching career On 3 August 2017, Brill was appointed goalkeeping coach at newly relegated National League club Leyton Orient.

18144903797937500674

Q6396658

Kevin Kearney Early life Kearney was born on 22 August 1936 at Canterbury Hospital in Campsie, New South Wales. Kearney was the third child of Kathleen and Jack Kearney. Kearney's paternal and maternal families arrived in Australia from Ireland in the mid-1800s. His mother and father were born in March and January, 1898 respectively. Kearney's maternal grandfather, Bernard Reilly was elected as an alderman to the first Crookwell Shire Council, New South Wales in 1905Kearney's parents married in May 1924 at St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney.Kearney grew up in Bondi, New South Wales. In February 1942, Kearney became a student at Waverley College in Waverley, New South Wales, where he remained for the next fifteen years.In December 1957 Kearney travelled to the Australian Outback and worked on the Alice Springs to Darwin road. During this time, he was invited to corroborees by the Mutitjulu elders of the Anangu people of the regions. Television Career - 1962+ In 1962, Kearney began working at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in North Sydney, New South Wales. His first job at ABC-TV was as a propsman on Mr. Squiggle and Miss Gina (Gina Curtis). Concurrent with Mr Squiggle, he worked on The Bryan Davies Show.In 1964, Kearney became assistant floor manager on My Brother Jack (1965), based on George Johnston's novel. In 1966, Kearney was floor manager and assistant floor manager on the children's program Playschool. That same year, he worked as assistant floor manager and studio hand on Australian Playhouse and as studio hand on Duke Ellington at ABC-TV (1966). In 1967, Kearney worked in staging on Contrabandits (1967) and was floor manager and assistant floor manager on Four Corners (1967).Kearney resigned from ABC-TV in October 1967 and on 11 November 1967 joined the production of the TV series Riptide. He began this series as a boom operator and later became a sound recordist. In 1969, Kearney left Riptide to become one of Australia's first freelancers in its analogue film industry. Theatre - 1963 - 1969 Concurrent with his TV work, Kearney also worked at John Clugson's Staging Factory, Paddington, New South Wales.While working at Clugson's, Kearney was asked to join the Executive of Doris Fitton's Independent Theatre in North Sydney as stage manager. He worked there for four years with senior producer Peter Summerton, producer Michael Lake, publicist Jone Winchester and stage director John Whitham. Kearney also provided playback sound for "Action Poetry on Stage" a poetry reading at the Pact Theatre, Pyrmont, New South Wales. In 1969, Kearney formed Zoom Productions and then Lighthouse Productions with Val Hodgson and Gordon Mutch, staging light shows at the Roundhouse of the University of New South Wales. The same group then worked on Sights and Sounds of '69 at the Sydney Town Hall, which Kearney produced and directed. The show featured music by Tully, John Sangster Jazz Group, Susan Prendergast, Alan Moarywaala Barker, Lindsay Bourke and Dave MacRae. Films 1969 to 1993 Kearney's first film was producer Graham Jennings 1970 film Silo 15 . He was then booked as the second sound recordist for Hans Wetzel on producers Lee Robinson and Dennis Hill's 1969 filmThe Intruders. Kearney then produced and directed Headland '69 with director / cinematographer Stanley Dalby. The film featured Andrew Fleming and Gillian Anderso]. The film was featured in a work print format at "Sights & Sounds of '69" at the Sydney Town Hall. The film included the music of the band Tully from the concert.For the 1971 film Walkabout, Kearney worked as boom operator for sound recordist Barry Brown and also worked as second sound recordist when required.

16171444308668859485

Q6385845

Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. Background Inventor Henry Perky developed a shredded wheat machine and introduced the cereal in 1893; he was issued utility patents in 1895 on both the shredded wheat and on the machine. John Kellogg tasted a sample and commented that they were like "eating a whisk broom." Nevertheless, the cereal became successful, and Perky's company, the Shredded Wheat Company, continued to manufacture the product after he retired.The Kellogg Company started manufacturing shredded wheat cereal in 1912 after Perky's patents expired; after the Shredded Wheat Company objected, Kellogg stopped manufacturing their version in 1919. The nature of the settlement is not clear. In 1927, the Kellogg Company resumed manufacturing shredded wheat, prompting a lawsuit from the Shredded Wheat Company; the lawsuit was settled. In 1930, the Shredded Wheat Company was acquired by the National Biscuit Company (later Nabisco), which again sued Kellogg, both in Canada and in the United States, for unfair competition.Nabisco complained in its lawsuit about Kellogg's use of the term "Shredded Wheat"; the similarity of its cereal biscuits' shape to the Nabisco cereal biscuits; and Kellogg's use on the product box of a picture of two of the pillow-shaped cereal biscuits submerged in milk. The complaint about the picture was based on trademark law; the other two complaints were that Kellogg's was fraudulently trying to "pass off" its cereal as Nabisco's. Nabisco had previously failed in its attempt to register "Shredded Wheat" as a trademark, as the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office had rejected the registration, as descriptive. Opinion of the Court In a 7–2 opinion written by Justice Brandeis, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected Nabisco's arguments, and allowed Kellogg to continue to manufacture its shredded wheat cereal, and name it "Shredded Wheat".On the protection of the cereal's shape, the Court decided that the shape was functional and that there was a right to copy it after its patent expired, as the use of unfair competition and trademark laws could otherwise be used to impede the ability of rivals to create any competitive product, even though the patent had expired.On the picture of the two shredded wheat biscuits in the bowl of milk, the Court noted that "the name Kellogg was so prominent on all of the defendant's cartons as to minimize the possibility of confusion", and hence there was no fraudulent "passing off" of Kellogg's cereal biscuits as having been created by Nabisco.On the use of the term "Shredded Wheat", the Court ruled that the term was generic and not trademarkable; and dismissed a claim by Nabisco that it had acquired a "secondary meaning" under case law.The Court concluded:Kellogg Company is undoubtedly sharing in the goodwill of the article known as 'Shredded Wheat'; and thus is sharing in a market which was created by the skill and judgment of plaintiff's predecessor and has been widely extended by vast expenditures in advertising persistently made. But that is not unfair. Sharing in the goodwill of an article unprotected by patent or trade-mark is the exercise of a right possessed by all - and in the free exercise of which the consuming public is deeply interested.Justice McReynolds and Justice Butler dissented, writing that Kellogg was "fraudulently seeking to appropriate to itself the benefits of a goodwill built up at great cost by the respondent", which should be viewed as illegal. Subsequent developments Kellogg has become a foundation of the functionality doctrine, that product designs that are intrinsic to functionality cannot be protected under unfair competition or trademark laws, because this would impede the ability of competitors to make a rival product.Trademark law was in a state of flux in 1938, when Kellogg was decided, and the U.S. Department of Justice sought to explicitly codify the Kellogg decision into law, as part of the Lanham Act.One commentator maintained that one could properly—...view Kellogg as vindication of the views that he [Brandeis] expressed in INS [v. AP]. That Nabisco had invested in the shredded wheat product did not give it control over the use of the pillow shape (or the term SHREDDED WHEAT); it had no property right against misappropriation of the shape after the expiry of the patents. Instead, Brandeis inquired [only] whether Kellogg had engaged in any acts of misrepresentation.

13577795951920888031

Q7417154

Sandy Bay, Tasmania History Most of the land at Sandy Bay was granted to Norfolk Islanders when the colonial authorities forced them to relocate to Van Diemen's Land in 1808.The suburb's long sandy beach was one of the first venues for horseracing in Tasmania's early days. The tides had to be considered when scheduling the races to ensure there was sufficient space available. The races attracted large crowds and there was a lot of rash betting, loud shouting and uninhibited consumption of refreshments.The Queenborough Road Trust was initiated in 1861. The Trust was created under the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1852 (15 Vict No.8.), proposed on the 24 Nov 1860, and held its first meeting on 22 Jan 1861. Its purpose was to construct, maintain and regulate cross and bye roads in the Queenborough Road District.The Browns River Road District was proclaimed on 8 Nov 1852, under the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1852 (15 Vict No.8.) and abolished on 4 Sep 1871.The Browns River and Sandy Bay Rivulet Road District was proclaimed on 4 Sep 1871, under the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1870 (33 Vict No.8.) and abolished on 26 Sep 1881.The Browns River Road District was proclaimed on 26 Sep 1881, under the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1870 (33 Vict No.8.) and was abolished on 16 Nov 1885.The Sandy Bay Road District was proclaimed on 16 Nov 1885, under the Roads Act 1870 (48 Vict No.28.).The Browns River Road District proclaimed on 23 Jul 1897, and the name changed to Kingston on 26 Nov 1897.Queenborough became a town under the Towns Act 1891 (55 Vict No.41.), and was proclaimed on 16 May 1892 (HTG 17 May 1892 p. 1038). It ultimately became part of the City of Hobart in 1914.Sandy Bay Post Office opened on 22 April 1852. It was named Queenborough between 1859 and 1878. In the south of the suburb a Lower Sandy Bay office opened in 1885. It was renamed Sandy Bay Lower in 1895, Beachside in 1921 and Sandy Bay Lower in 1968. Demographics At the 2016 census, Sandy Bay had a population of 11,927 people.Sandy Bay residents had a median age of 40. Median individual incomes in Sandy Bay were above average for the region—$511 per week compared with $455 per week; and 23.74% had incomes above $1,000 per week, compared with 15.50% across the Greater Hobart region. Industry sectors in which Sandy Bay residents worked were comparable with those in Hobart generally, with the largest proportions working in health care (17.67%), education (15.77%), retail (13.84%), hospitality (11.91%), public administration (9.66%) and professional, scientific and technical services (7.19%).There is considerable diversity within the suburb. One of Sandy Bay's census collection districts (CCDs), based around the University of Tasmania and representing 1,131 people or 10% of the population, has a median age of 23 and an average income of $218, with almost three-quarters of the population in some form of education. Over 20% of the district's population is from Malaysia or China, compared to 5.7% in the suburb generally. At the other end of the scale, 59% of the suburb's population live in CCDs with median incomes above $500, some significantly above this, especially in the Lower Sandy Bay district.The most common religious affiliations in descending order in the 2006 census were Anglican, no religion, Roman Catholic, Uniting and Buddhism. Parishes for the Anglican and Catholic churches have existed in the suburb since 1922 and 1934 respectively.

11516231121840762052

Q651454

TriStar Pictures Early era The concept for TriStar Pictures was the brainchild of Victor Kaufman, a senior executive of Columbia Pictures (then a subsidiary of the Coca-Cola Company), who convinced the studio, HBO, and CBS to share resources and split the ever-growing costs of making movies, creating a new joint venture in 1982. On May 16, 1983, it was given the name Tri-Star Pictures (when the new company was formed and did not have an official name, the press used the code-name "Nova", but the name could not be obtained as it was being used as the title for the PBS science series). It was the first new major Hollywood studio to be established since RKO Pictures was founded in 1928.The studio's first produced film in 1984 was The Natural starring Robert Redford. Their first release however, was the film, Where the Boys Are '84; a 1984 remake of the 1960 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer picture, Where the Boys Are that was co-distributed on behalf of ITC Entertainment after Universal rejected it; the film was a commercial flop. During this venture, many of Tri-Star's releases were released on VHS by either RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video (now Sony Pictures Home Entertainment), CBS/Fox Video (now CBS Home Entertainment and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment) and HBO/Cannon Video (now HBO Home Entertainment). In addition, HBO would own exclusive cable distribution rights to these films, and broadcast television licenses would go to CBS.CBS dropped out of the venture in 1985, though they still distributed some of TriStar's films on home video until at least 1992. In 1986, HBO dropped out of the Tri-Star venture as well and sold half of its shares to Columbia Pictures. The same year, Tri-Star entered into the television business as Tri-Star Television. It was formed when the studio joined forces with Stephen J. Cannell Productions and Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions and created a television distribution company called TeleVentures. Columbia Pictures Entertainment era (1987–1989) On December 21, 1987, Tri-Star Pictures, Inc. was renamed to Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. when Coke sold its entertainment business to Tri-Star for $3.1 billion. Both studios continued to produce and distribute films under their separate names. On April 13, 1988, CPE spun off Tri-Star Pictures, Inc. as a reformed company of the Tri-Star studio. Sony era (1989–present) In 1989, Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. was acquired by Sony Corporation of Japan, who merged Columbia and Tri-Star, but continued to use the separate labels. On July 11, 1990, Tri-Star Pictures dissolved and sold its venture in TeleVentures to Stephen J. Cannell Productions and TeleVentures became Cannell Distribution Co. Most of the series and the Tri-Star film packages that were distributed by TeleVentures were transferred to Columbia Pictures Television Distribution. Sony Pictures Entertainment later revived TriStar Television as a television production banner in 1991 and merged with its sister television studio Columbia Pictures Television to form Columbia TriStar Television on February 21, 1994. Both studios continued to operate separately under the CTT umbrella until TriStar folded in 1999 and CPT in 2001.In addition to its own slate, TriStar was the theatrical distributor for many films produced by Carolco Pictures (the rights to only one of their films, Cliffhanger, has been retained by TriStar). TriStar also theatrically distributed some FilmDistrict movies.Around summer 1998, SPE merged Columbia and TriStar to form the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group, but just like Columbia Pictures Entertainment, both divisions continued producing and distributing films under their own names.TriStar was relaunched on May 13, 2004 as a marketing and acquisitions unit that had a "particular emphasis on genre films". Screen Gems' executive vice president Valerie Van Galder was tapped to run the revived studio after being dormant. However, the release of its 2013 film Elysium represents the label's first big-budget release since The Mask of Zorro in 1998.The same year, former 20th Century Fox co-chairman Tom Rothman joined Sony Pictures and created TriStar Productions as a joint venture with existing Sony Pictures executives. The new TriStar will develop, finance and produce up to four films per year, as well as television programming and acquisitions, starting on September 1. Sony's TriStar Pictures unit will be retained for "other product, including titles from Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions", and will distribute product from the new TriStar. Logo TriStar's logo of Pegasus (either stationary or flying across the screen), introduced in 1984, has become something of a cultural icon. The idea came about because of executive Victor Kaufman and his family's interest in riding horses. The original logo was created with the assistance of Sydney Pollack, who was an adviser at Tri-Star. The horse in that logo was the same one used in Pollack's film The Electric Horseman. The horse in that film was dark, so Pollack had the image altered it to look white in the logo.The second logo was originally painted by Alan Reingold and debuted in 1992, along with sister studio Columbia Pictures, with both logos sharing a background of clouds. The theatrical version was animated by Intralink Creative in 1993. The white stallion was shot in a hangar at the Santa Monica Airport, The wings were done by combining real white feathers and computer-generated-imagery then merged with Pegasus by computer morphing. The background is nighttime blue. The clouds were shot from the Haleakala Crater on Maui.In 2015, a new TriStar Pictures logo was made and debuted in The Walk. This time it was animated by JAMM VFX. The clouds are white in this new logo and it's clearly daytime; also, the Pegasus itself is white.The original TriStar Pictures theme, which accompanied the studio's logo, was composed by jazz musician Dave Grusin. The theme was remixed in 1993 by Bill Johnson and again in 1998.

13278904607287519755

Q3373468

Kananaskis Country Kananaskis Country is a park system situated to the west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in the foothills and front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The area is named for the Kananaskis River, which was named by John Palliser in 1858 after a Cree acquaintance. Access Kananaskis Country can be accessed by four main highways that run into or through the area: Highway 40, a 66 km (41 mi) segment of the Bighorn Highway and also known as Kananaskis Trail; Highway 66, a 28 km (17 mi) highway originating near Bragg Creek known as Elbow Falls Trail; Highway 68, a 42 km (26 mi) gravel highway originating from the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) known as Sibbald Creek Trail; and Highway 546, west of Turner Valley. Recreation and tourism Kananaskis Country is noted for recreation and tourism. Recreation facilities in Kananaskis include several campgrounds, a golf course, a hotel, a holiday ranch, two alpine ski areas (Nakiska, which hosted alpine skiing and freestyle moguls skiing during the 1988 Winter Olympics and Fortress Mountain Resort and a competitive cross-country ski area, the Canmore Nordic Centre) that the public can use. The Canmore Nordic Centre was the venue for cross-country skiing events during the 1988 Winter Olympics. Most of the development is within Peter Lougheed Provincial Park and along the highway 40 corridor that parallels the Kananaskis River. Kananaskis has many kilometres of hiking, cross-country ski, and horse trails. Other activities popular in Kananaskis include mountain biking, scrambling, climbing, backpacking, hunting, and fishing. Administration On a provincial level, Kananaskis Country has been administered since 1945 as Improvement District No. 5 (Kananaskis). It was established by the Municipal Affairs branch of the Alberta Government for multiple uses including timber harvesting, gas and oil extraction, cattle grazing, recreation and tourism. All activities are planned and facilities are developed with watershed protection as a priority.Not all areas of Kananaskis Country are covered by the same measure of protection. Areas within Kananaskis Country include Provincial Parks, Provincial Recreation Areas, Wildland Provincial Parks, Ecological Reserves and Crown land. All of the aforementioned categories are governed by differing laws.A management plan approved in March 2003 by the Kananaskis Country restricts further development in the Spray Valley Provincial Park area, in order to preserve the ecological integrity. Restrictions were imposed on off-road vehicles, snowmobiles, horseback riding and biking, however a site in the Spray Valley is considered for the construction of a small lodge. Special facilities A University of Calgary ecological and environmental research station is located nearby, at Barrier Lake. A "Tim Horton Children's Foundation" summer camp is also located in the area. Easter Seals Camp Horizon is located within Kananaskis along Highway 66. William Watson Lodge, a facility for people with disabilities, seniors, and their families is located in Peter Lougheed Provincial Park. 28th G8 Summit in Canada On June 26 and June 27, 2002, the area hosted the 28th G8 Summit. This annual "Group of 8" Summit was held in Kananaskis Village at the Kananaskis Resort (also called the "Delta Lodge at Kananaskis"). This was the second time Canada used a lodge venue for the G8 Summit, after its inaugural 7th G7 Summit at Montebello, Quebec in 1981. So far, it is the only G8 Summit to be held in western Canada. The 2002 conference pumped some $300-million into the Kananaskis and Alberta economy; however, security cost taxpayers in excess of $200-million.

3010065885661745770

Q303147

Finlayson's cave bat Taxonomy The description of Vespadelus finlaysoni was first published in 1987, separated as a new species in a revision of the genus Eptesicus. The population had been included with Vespadelus pumilus, then placed as Pipistrellus (Vespadelus) pumilis in 1993 and 1994 revisions, but reëlevated to species status in 1997. The publication in conservation listings had used the name Eptesicus finlaysoni, synonymous with the later combination. The holotype was collected at Cossack, Western Australia. This specimen, an adult male, was obtained from the roof of the Customs House (altitude 5 metres asl) by N.L. McKenzie on 7 August 1984 and deposited at the Western Australian Museum (WAM M22407).Common names have included the inland—or Finlayson's—cave bat, or little cave eptesicus and little brown bat. The epithet and appellation is given for the South Australian field researcher and mammalogist H. H. Finlayson, noted for his research in the regions inhabited by the species. Description A small microbat, weighing 3 to 7 grams with a forearm length of 30 to 37 millimetres. The fur at the back is dark brown, the ventral side is a lighter shade. The brown of the dorsal side becomes blackish in parts and is tinged with red, the colour of the skin is also very dark. The bare parts of the face and the wing membranes are dark in colour. The face is typically unadorned, lacking distinguishing features, and they superficially resemble many of the species of the genus. The glans penis is pointed toward the end and rod-shaped.The measurements of V. finlaysoni for the head and body combined are 34 to 46 mm, forearm precisely 29.8 to 36.7 mm, tail 31 to 42 mm long, and the ear from the notch to tip is 9 to 13 mm; the average weight is 4.3 g for a measured range of 2.8 to 6.3 grams.The penis morphology and reddish colour of the fur distinguish Vespadelus finlaysoni from similar species. Resembling the northern species Vespadelus caurinus, this species is however larger and their range does not intersect.The flight of the species is fluttery and rapid, sharply turning as it forages over water. Biology Vespadelus finlaysoni form colonies that occupy caves or cavities with rocky terrain, and will take residence in abandoned mining operations. They forage for prey near water. They may be observed cohabiting with other bats, species of Saccolaimus (sheathtail bats), or with the ghost bat Macroderma gigas which also known to prey on this bat. Reproduction The species reproduces with single or twin births. The maternal season is most of the year in the north of the range, becoming restricted in the south to November to December. Diet Insectivorous. Range and habitat Vespadelus finlaysoni is the widely distributed species of the genus. The distribution range is the west and central regions of the Australian continent. The species is closely associated to rocky outcrops and ranges. They occur inland from the coast in the west, across the arid interior to tropical grasslands at Cape York Peninsula.They occur throughout the arid interior of Australia and the tropical northern regions; the species is widespread, more so than others Vespadelus in the range.These bats roost in caves, cliffs, or other suitable crevice. Conservation The species is listed as least concern in Queensland and Northern Territory state conservation listings.

11545989267994533609

Q6150687

Janaka Stucky Personal life Janaka Stucky was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and spent much of his childhood in an ashram. He was originally named Jonathan, but "when he was eight months old, his parents' guru suggested they christen him Janaka," after the ancient king of Mithila, a spiritual leader whose philosophy is chronicled in the Ashtavakra Gita and whose attainment of perfection is mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita (III,20,25). Stucky received a BFA degree from Emerson College, where he co-founded the street poetry collective The Guerilla Poets. He received his MFA degree in Poetry from Vermont College in 2003.From 2002 to 2009, he worked as an undertaker, which, he says, "influenced and informed my work a great deal. ... I came to understand the poem as a ritual, a funeral for the constant death of language."He is also interested in boxing. The Guerilla Poets During his senior year at Emerson College, Stucky co-founded The Guerilla Poets, a group which gave spontaneous public poetry performances in non-traditional locations, such as streetcorners, malls, fast-food restaurants, and subways. The group appeared at the People's Poetry Gathering in New York City, where Stucky won a head-to-head haiku competition against established Vermont poet Marc Awodey, impressing Awodey so much that he published a selection of the group's poems, Speak These Words: A Guerilla Poets Anthology (2001), edited by Stucky. The group subsequently toured in a van across the United States three times, at one point performing as many as thirty shows in twenty days and selling more than nine hundred copies of their book, a large number for a book of poems by unestablished poets. The Guerilla Poets disbanded in 2002. Black Cat Burlesque, Feast of Flesh, Black Ocean In 2003 he co-founded the Boston-based horror-themed neo-burlesque troupe "Black Cat Burlesque," performing and emceeing under the name J. Cannibal and becoming known as the "King of Horror Burlesque." As J. Cannibal, Stucky initiated what grew into a popular semi-annual horror-movie and entertainment night called J. Cannibal's Feast of Flesh. In 2010, for its tenth occurrence, he expanded it into a nine-day horror-film festival, Terrorthon. As of October, 2014, however, he terminated the Feast of Flesh evenings to concentrate more on organizing poetry readings and other literary events.In 2004, Stucky founded Black Ocean, an independent press publishing mostly poetry, with staff in Boston, Chicago, and Detroit, which he continues to run. He is also the publisher of Handsome, the press's annual literary magazine. Black Ocean has published books by Zachary Schomburg, Aase Berg, Brandon Shimoda, and Joshua Harmon, among others. For some time Black Ocean produced Black Cat Burlesque events and J. Cannibal's Feast of Flesh, although as of 2014 it no longer does.Stucky's poems have appeared in Cannibal, Denver Quarterly, Fence, Free Verse, No Tell Motel, North American Review, redivider, The Equalizer, and VOLT. He wrote the introduction to Marc Awodey's 2008 collection of poems and artwork, Senryu & Nudes. In November 2009, Brave Men Press published a chapbook of his poems entitled Your Name Is The Only Freedom.In April 2010, readers of the Boston Phoenix named Stucky "Best Poet" in the paper's annual Boston's Best poll. He was a write-in candidate, competing against Sam Cornish, Robert Pinsky, Louise Gluck, Rosanna Warren, Margo Lockwood, and Frank Bidart. In November 2010 he contributed a literary postcard to the silent auction for Grub Street, Inc.'s "From The Desk Of" series. "How to Survive in the Age of Amazon" In January 2012 on the web site of the Poetry Foundation, home of Poetry magazine, Stucky published an essay, "How to Survive in the Age of Amazon," directed at independent bookstores whose existence is threatened by massive online retailers. The essay was reprinted by The Huffington Post and widely discussed by literary blogs and bloggers such as Bound: A Blog About Books & Libraries, Diana Dilworth, and Austin Allen, who declared the essay's recommendations "The Stucky Plan." Allen summarizes his sense of Stucky's essay:Bravo to Janaka Stucky, whose new article in Poetry on struggling independent bookstores is both the most sensible and inspiring thing I've read on the subject. Stucky concedes what everyone in the industry knows, that a price war with Amazon is one small bookstores cannot win. Reasoning that these stores must therefore fight on different turf, he offers some concrete suggestions: establish a lively Web presence, feature expertly curated staff selections, and above all, host more events—that is, become a hub not just for reading material but for readings.Following his own advice, Stucky himself has been hosting the monthly BASH poetry reading series since 2011 at the Brookline Booksmith, an independent bookstore in Brookline, Massachusetts. Poets reading in the series have included Joshua Harmon, Eileen Myles, and Stephen Burt. The World Will Deny It For You In February 2012, Stucky's second chapbook, The World Will Deny It For You, was released. It was selected by Catherine Wagner to win the first Ahsahta Press chapbook contest. Randolph Pfaff reviewed the book for apt, the literary journal of Aforementioned Productions:There are reminders here of the imagery of Paul Celan and Mina Loy, certainly, but Stucky's consistency of thought creates a throughline of loss and reconciliation—and more than anything else, the vast space in between the two—that is all his own. The emotion here is raw as a fresh cut and Stucky's thoughtfulness and lucid diction give The World Will Deny It For You a resonance that is often absent from contemporary poetry. This book will force you to acknowledge the fluidity of stasis, the permanence of the in-between, and the realization that when our lives seem most ambiguous, we are perhaps, most clearly our true selves.In July 2014, Jack White's record label Third Man Records launched a spin off book-publishing arm called Third Man Books, whose first commercially available book, Language Lessons, Volume I, co-edited by Chet Weise and Ben Swank, contains poems by Stucky, along with works by many other contemporary writers. In conjunction with the release of this book, Stucky and several other poets gave readings that year under the rubric "Language Lessons" at the Newport Folk Festival.

8566113067641558890

Q60287

Walter Heitler Education In 1922, Heitler began his study of physics at the Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule, in 1923 at the Humboldt University of Berlin, and in 1924 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), where he studied under both Arnold Sommerfeld and Karl Herzfeld. The latter was his thesis advisor when he obtained his doctorate in 1926; Herzfeld taught courses in theoretical physics and one in physical chemistry, and in Sommerfeld's absence often took over his classes. From 1926 to 1927, he was a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow for postgraduate research with Niels Bohr at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen and with Erwin Schrödinger at the University of Zurich. He then became an assistant to Max Born at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen. Heitler completed his Habilitation, under Born, in 1929, and then remained as a Privatdozent until 1933. In that year, he was let go by the university because he was Jewish.At the time Heitler received his doctorate, three Institutes for Theoretical Physics formed a consortium which worked on the key problems of the day, such as atomic and molecular structure, and exchanged both scientific information and personnel in their scientific quests. These institutes were located at the LMU, under Arnold Sommerfeld, the University of Göttingen, under Max Born, and the University of Copenhagen, under Niels Bohr. Furthermore, Werner Heisenberg and Born had just recently published their trilogy of papers which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. Also, in early 1926, Erwin Schrödinger, at the University of Zurich, began to publish his quintet of papers which launched the wave mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics and showed that the wave mechanics and matrix mechanics formulations were equivalent. These papers immediately put the personnel at the leading theoretical physics institutes onto applying these new tools to understanding atomic and molecular structure. It was in this environment that Heitler went on his Rockefeller Foundations Fellowship, leaving LMU and within a period of two years going to do research and study with the leading figures of the day in theoretical physics, Bohr's personnel in Copenhagen, Schrödinger in Zurich, and Born in Göttingen.In Zurich, with Fritz London, Heitler applied the new quantum mechanics to deal with the saturable, nondynamic forces of attraction and repulsion, i.e., exchange forces, of the hydrogen molecule. Their valence bond treatment of this problem, was a landmark in that it brought chemistry under quantum mechanics. Furthermore, their work greatly influenced chemistry through Linus Pauling, who had just received his doctorate and on a Guggenheim Fellowship visited Heitler and London in Zurich, as Pauling spent much of his career studying the nature of the chemical bond. The application of quantum mechanics to chemistry would be a prominent theme in Heitler's career.While Heitler was at Göttingen, Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. With the rising prominence of anti-Semitism under Hitler, Born took it upon himself to take the younger Jewish generation under his wing. In doing so, Born arranged for Heitler to get a position that year as a Research Fellow at the University of Bristol, with Nevill Francis Mott. Career At Bristol, Heitler was a Research Fellow of the Academic Assistance Council, in the H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory. At Bristol, among other things, he worked on quantum field theory and quantum electrodynamics on his own, as well as in collaboration with other scientific refugees from Hitler, such as Hans Bethe and Herbert Fröhlich, who also left Germany in 1933.With Bethe, he published a paper on pair production of gamma rays in the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus, in which they developed the Bethe-Heitler formula for Bremsstrahlung.Heitler also contributed to the understanding of cosmic rays,as well as predicted the existence of the electrically neutral pi meson.In 1936, Heitler published his major work on quantum electrodynamics, The Quantum Theory of Radiation, which marked the direction for future developments in quantum theory. The book appeared in many editions and printings, even being translated in Russian.After the fall of France in 1940, Heitler was briefly interned on the Isle of Man for several months.Heitler remained at Bristol eight years, until 1941, when he became a professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, which was arranged there by Erwin Schrödinger, Director of the School for Theoretical Physics.At Dublin, Heitler's work with H. W. Peng on radiation damping theory and the meson scattering process resulted in the Heitler-Peng integral equation.During the 1942–1943 academic year, Heitler gave a course on elementary wave mechanics, during which W. S. E. Hickson took notes and prepared a finished copy. These notes were the basis for Heitler's book Elementary Wave Mechanics: Introductory Course of Lectures, first published in 1943. A new edition was published as Elementary Wave Mechanics in 1945. This version was revised and republished many times, as well as being translated into French and Italian and published in 1949 and in German in 1961. A further revised version appeared as Elementary Wave Mechanics With Applications to Quantum Chemistry in 1956, as well as in German in 1961.Schrödinger resigned as Director of the School for Theoretical Physics in 1946, but stayed at Dublin, whereupon Heitler became Director. Heitler stayed at Dublin until 1949, when he accepted a position as Ordinarius Professor for Theoretical Physics and Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Zurich, where he remained until 1974, when he retired.In 1958, Heitler held the Lorentz Chair for Theoretical Physics at the University of Leiden.While in Zurich, after some years, he began writing on the philosophical relationship of science to religion. His books were published in German, English, and French.

2352326376983376149

Q16952919

Take Charge Indy Background Take Charge Indy is a dark bay or brown horse with a white star bred by Eaton Sales of Lexington, Kentucky. His sire A P Indy won the Belmont Stakes and the Breeders' Cup Classic in 1992 before going on to become a successful breeding stallion: his other progeny include Bernardini, Friesan Fire, Mineshaft, Pulpit and Rags to Riches. Take Charge Indy's dam, Take Charge Lady, was a top-class racemare whose wins included the Ashland Stakes and successive runnings of the Spinster Stakes. She is also the dam of the Travers Stakes winner Will Take Charge.As a yearling, Take Charge Indy was consigned to the Keeneland Sales in September, but failed to find a buyer willing to pay the $80,000 reserve price. The colt was sent into training with the British-born Patrick Byrne, whose other successful horses have included Awesome Again and Favorite Trick. Take Charge Indy usually races in a set of black blinkers. 2011: two-year-old season Throughout his two-year-old season, which began on July 30, 2011, Take Charge Indy was ridden by James Graham. On his debut, the colt recorded a six and a half length win a maiden race on the Polytrack surface at Arlington Park. At the same track on September 10, he was moved up in class to contest the Grade III Arlington-Washington Futurity and was made the 12/5 favorite against twelve opponents. He took the lead in the straight but was overtaken 75 yards from the finish and beaten a length by Shared Property. In October, Take Charge Indy competed at Grade I level for the first time in the Dixiana Breeders' Futurity at Keeneland and finished fourth of the thirteen runners behind Dullahan. On his final appearance of the year, Take Charge Indy started a 33/1 outsider in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile at Churchill Downs on November 5. He finished fifth of the thirteen runners behind Hansen, Union Rags, Creative Cause and Dullahan. 2012: three-year-old season In 2012, Calvin Borel took over from Graham as Take Charge Indy's regular jockey. The colt began his season at Gulfstream Park in January, when he finished second to El Padrino in an allowance race over one and one sixteenth of a mile. The colt did not race again for months, with Byrne controversially withdrawing his charge from the Tampa Bay Derby after receiving an unfavorable outside draw. Take Charge Indy reappeared in the Grade I Florida Derby at Gulfstream and started at odds of 7.7/1 for a race in which his rivals included Union Rags (the 2/5 favorite) and El Padrino. Borel sent the colt into the lead after 150 yards and led the field until being headed by Reveron with a quarter mile to run. Take Charge Indy quickly regained the lead, broke two lengths clear, and held on to win by a length from Reveron, with Union Rags in third. After the race Borel expressed his confidence in the winner, saying: "This horse, he has the potential, he has the breeding behind him. Pat’s been to the big dance, so he wasn’t coming to play, I’ll tell you that."On May 5, 2012, Take Charge Indy was one of twenty colts to contest the 138th Kentucky Derby over a mile and a quarter at Churchill Downs. Starting from stall 3 he was made the 11.9/1 fourth choice in the betting behind Bodemeister, Union Rags and Gemologist. He raced just behind the leaders but began to weaken before the stretch and finished tailed off last of the nineteen finishers, more than fifty lengths behind the winner I'll Have Another. Borel at first believed that the colt had bled during the race, but subsequent veterinary examination revealed that he had chipped a bone in his left front ankle. He underwent surgery at Woodford Equine Hospital in Versailles, Kentucky and was forced to miss most of the season's remaining major races.During his break from racing a half-share in Take Charge Indy was bought by the Versailles-base Winstar Farm.After five and a half months off the track, Take Charge Indy returned to action on October 27 in the Grade II Fayette Stakes over a mile and one eighth at Keeneland, where he was matched against older horses for the first time. He finished third of the ten runners behind the four-year-old colt Newsdad and the five-year-old gelding Nikki's Sandcastle. On his final start of the year, Take Charge Indy started at odds of 5.8/1 for the Clark Handicap at Churchill Downs on November 23. Under a weight of 117 pounds he finished second, beaten a length by the 2011 Preakness Stakes winner Shackleford (119). 2013: four-year-old season Take Charge Indy began his third season in the Grade I Donn Handicap at Gulfstream on February 9, 2013 when he finished third, beaten eight lengths by the Graydar, who led from the start. In March, at the same track, he finished second to Cigar Street in the Grade III Skip Away Stakes over ten and a half furlongs.Take Charge Indy had gone over a year since his last win when he contested the Grade II Alysheba Stakes at Churchill Downs on May 3. Ridden by Rosie Napravnik he carried 120 pounds and started at odds of 14/5 against eight opponents. He won easily by six lengths in a time of 1:41.41 from the subsequently disqualified favorite Cyber Secret, with Hymn Book in third. After the race Byrne said: "We finally got a nice big race out of him... he has that natural speed. He'll wait and do whatever you want". On June 16, Take Charge Indy was made favorite for the Stephen Foster Handicap but after racing in second place he faded in the closing stages and finished last of the six runners behind Fort Larned.On July 28, in the Grade II Monmouth Cup, at Monmouth Park Racetrack, Take Charge Indy was the favorite and led down the backstretch. However, his jockey heard a "big pop" and quickly pulled him up. The horse was vanned off the track and x-rays showed he had a left front condylar fracture and would require surgical repair. Following a successful operation at the Hogan Equine clinic, where three screws where inserted into the horse's leg, it was announced that Take Charge Indy had been retired and would begin stallion duties at WinStar in 2014.

10227849742103283876

Q31179670

Spring Day (song) Background On February 12, 2017, BTS held a comeback preview show on Naver V LIVE. Starting on the 18th, they held the 2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour in support of their album, having shows in South Korea, the Americas, and various Asian countries performing songs from the new release in front of fans for the first time. Later, week long promotions on broadcasting networks started on February 23, with both singles "Spring Day" and "Not Today" being performed on Mnet's M! Countdown even though one of the new songs, "Outro: Wings" was deemed unfit for broadcast by KBS."Spring Day" earned BTS four first-place trophies on local music programs. It debuted at number 15 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 and number 1 on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart, selling 14,000 digital downloads; moreover, all four new songs held down the first four slots making BTS the first K-pop act to do so. Composition "Spring Day" is in the key of Eb major and the main vocal range is between Bb3-Bb5. It mixes various styles, such as pop, rap, world, and K-pop, and features backing vocals from singer-songwriter Arlissa. It is 107 beats per minute. Music video The music video for "Spring Day" was uploaded onto the video sharing website YouTube on February 12, 2017, surpassing 9 million views within 24 hours, breaking BTS's previous single "Blood, Sweat, & Tears'" record. A week later, the music video for their follow up single "Not Today" overtook "Spring Day"'s record with 10 million views. Similarly, "Spring Day" became the fastest K-pop group music video to reach 20 million views, achieving the feat in less than four days; "Not Today" bested it in less than three. Many fans and media outlets rumored the music video was inspired by the Sewol Ferry tragedy. It currently has over 270 million views on YouTube. Kultscene described the music video as "aesthetically pleasing,... beautifully shot and well thought out", with references made to movies and books, like Snowpiercer and Omelas, which "added layers to the video". Similarities to the 1974 Ursula K. Le Guin novella The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas are discussed widely among fans. The novella tells the story of a utopian city called Omelas, whose citizens’ happiness depends on the ongoing suffering of a single child. The video suggests through imagery including the name Omelas, that the members are among those who, once enlightened to the suffering, walk away from Omelas.The music video was directed by Choi YongSeok of Lumpens. Other key personnel working on staff are Lee Wonju serving as the assistant director, Nam Hyunwoo the director of photography, Song Hyunsuk working the gaffer, Emma Sungeun Kim as the producer, and Park Jinsil the art director. Reception Billboard's Tamar Herman wrote an article on the repackaged album You Never Walk Alone, describing the single "Spring Day" as an "alt hip-hop song infused with rock instrumentals and EDM synths" combining the rap elements for which BTS has become known with "dreamy vocals and yearning lyrics." Herman calls "Not Today" the dual single counterpart to "Spring Day", a power anthem for "all the underdogs in the world." "Spring Day" ranked number one on Dazed Digital's "20 Best K-Pop Songs of 2017" list, which described the song as "an intelligent, compelling and elegantly restrained study of loss and longing" that "deliberately avoids cliché pomp and drama"."Spring Day" is the longest charting song on Melon by an idol, as of August 13, 2019, it is charting for 130 weeks. The prior song that charted the longest was Sam Smith's "I'm Not the Only One". Upon release the song in South Korea became BTS' first "roof hit" and remained number one in real time on MelOn for twenty-four hours. It also ranked number one on eight other South Korean portals.The song is the 6th most watched K-pop video of 2017.

13542171658554957951

Q6620517

Medford Rogues (Great West League) 2013 The Rogues were founded in 2012 by Consolidated Sports Holdings International, Inc, based in Scottsdale, Arizona. The chief investor is Bill Yuill, chairman and C.E.O. of The Monarch Corporation of Medicine Hat, Alberta. The president is Gary Gelinas. The first general manager was Chuck Heeman, former G.M. of fellow West Coast League franchise the Klamath Falls Gems. The Rogues replaced the now-defunct Southern Oregon Riverdawgs, who played at Harry & David Field previously. 2014 The Medford Rogues went 26-28 in their 2nd season of WCL play. They missed the play-offs by 5 games behind the wild card leader. Yuto Kata played as a support batter by sacrifice bunting 19 times and setting the WCL record for the most sacrifice bunts by any one batter in one season. Also, Spencer Smith got hit by pitch 18 times setting the record for the most times hit by the pitch by any batter. The Rogues put 41,490 people in the seats in 32 home openings with 1,297 a night. 2015 The Rogues welcomed Ian Church as their new general manager for the 2015 WCL season, replacing Chuck Heeman.On September 23, 2015, the Rogues announced that they would be joining the Great West League, a new collegiate summer league with teams from Oregon and California. They became the sixth team to join the league along with the Chico Heat, Lodi Crushers, Marysville Gold Sox, Portland Pickles and the new Sacramento Stealth. 2016 The Rogues named Carolyn Birch as interim general manager in the spring of 2016. They opened play in the Great West League on June 3, 2016, with a victory over the Portland Pickles. It was also announced that the Rogues will be the inaugural hosts of the annual GWL All-Star Game scheduled for July 25 and 26. 2017 The Rogues finished the regular season at 40-20, their best record in history. But Carolyn Birch stepped down as general manager in the final game of the regular season against Chico on August 5, 2017. Also, Jonathan Kurman took over as play-by-play commentator near season's end after Brian Schnee (who started the season with the Rogues) became news/sports anchor at KTVL News 10. The Rogues took their semi-final series with the Portland Pickles 2 games to one and faced off against their chief rivals the Chico Heat in a rematch of last year's GWL Championship Series. They swept the Heat 5-3 in Game 1 in Chico and 7-2 in Game 2 in Medford to capture their first championship in franchise history dating back to their inaugural season in the WCL in 2013.Following the season, head coach Josh Hogan stepped down to accept the head coaching position. He was replaced by former Oregon State Beavers and Arizona Diamondbacks standout Tyler Graham. In addition, Dave May, was named the team's new Chief Operating Officer. 2018 On October 4, 2018, the Rogues ownership, CSH International, announced that the Rogues are exploring other options with regards to their future as the Great West League ceased operations the same day. On December 12, they announced that they were sold by CSH to local businessman Treg Scott effective December 31 and are joining the Golden State Collegiate Baseball League. 2019 On January 14, 2019, the Rogues announced the hiring of former St. Mary's High School baseball coach Sean Gallagher as their new head coach. On February 19, 2019, the Rogues announce general manager and COO Dave May had purchased an ownership stake in the team.

18304894825173253999

Q384680

Battle of Hanko (1941) Background As part of the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty which formally ended the Soviet-Finnish Winter War, Hanko was leased to the Soviet Union as a Soviet naval base. The civilian population was forced to evacuate before Soviet forces arrived. The leased area included several surrounding islands, several coastal artillery sites (among them the important fort of Russarö), important harbor facilities, and an area suitable for an airfield, which the Soviets quickly constructed. Troop transport rights from the Soviet Union to Hanko and back put severe strain on Finnish-Soviet relations, and played a part both in Finland's decision to allow German troops to transit Northern Finland, and later, to go to war with the Soviet Union. Though Hanko had originally been leased as a naval base, ground forces were far more numerous, with only a small naval detachment being present at the base. Operations At the start of the war, Finnish ground troops quickly isolated Hanko and its 25,300-man Soviet garrison. Though Mannerheim initially declared that liberating Hanko would be a primary goal of the war, Finnish troops in the area did not receive authorization to attack the base. Instead, as the Finns had built the Harparskog line on the border of the leased area during the Interim Peace, they moved to occupy these positions. The front remained mostly static, with action consisting mainly of artillery strikes and some limited probing or patrol activities on both sides. Small scale naval and amphibious actions took place in the surrounding archipelago. Finnish forces surrounding the base initially consisted of the 17th Division, the 4th Coastal Brigade, and supporting units. By the end of the summer, the 17th Division, which had made up the bulk of the besieging force, was transferred to East Karelia.Finnish efforts to blockade the base from the sea were less successful, due both to strong Soviet resistance, and to equipment failures (such as torpedoes used by Finnish submarines, which often failed to detonate on impact). Minefields laid on the sea lanes leading to Hanko and the surrounding waters were more effective, claiming several Soviet supply vessels. These problems, in addition to the rapid German advance on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, caused the base to lose its importance and made it an untenably heavy burden for the Soviet Baltic Fleet. In autumn 1941 the order was given to evacuate Hanko. Base personnel, troops and most of their light equipment and supplies had been removed by December 1941. Heavier equipment which couldn't be readily moved was sabotaged or destroyed in place. Soviet naval forces performing the evacuation suffered heavy losses from minefields.The Soviet base at Hanko, its accompanying coastal fort at Osmussaar, and the minefields laid to protect the Soviet Baltic Fleet, had hindered Finnish and German naval activities, and had made it problematic for freighters to reach the Finnish ports of Helsinki and Kotka. As Finland lacked the resources to transport enough goods over land, this caused severe logistical problems, with material stuck in seaports on the Western coast. Finnish and German minesweepers opened a sea-lane through the minefields outside of the gun range of Russarö to allow freighters to reach even the Eastern ports, but it wasn't until the Soviet evacuation that they were able to clear the more secure coastal sea-lane, allowing safer passage. Amphibious operations Both Finnish and Soviet coastal forces conducted numerous small-scale amphibious operations in the archipelago surrounding the Hanko Peninsula. The first of these clashes took place at the beginning of July 1941; active operations ended the following October. Fighting on these small islands was often fierce, and withdrawing from them under fire was extremely hazardous. In general the operations had little effect on the overall battle, as territorial gains remained negligible. Battle of Bengtskär After capturing the small island of Morgonlandet in July 1941, Soviet forces launched a small-scale amphibious assault against the Finnish island of Bengtskär, which had a lighthouse and was thus an important observation post. The initial landing, performed in the middle of the night in foggy conditions, was successful, as Finnish sentries believed the approaching boats to be German minesweepers; however, the small garrison recovered quickly. Putting up fierce resistance, the Finns managed to retain control of the lighthouse while summoning help from nearby naval forces and coastal artillery. The fighting continued throughout the night. In the morning Finnish reinforcements were able to force the remaining Soviet raiders to surrender and drive their naval support away. Evacuation The evacuation of Hanko was performed in several convoys, between October 16 and December 2, 1941, which managed to transport roughly 23,000 troops to Leningrad. The fleet suffered casualties from Finnish minefields and coastal artillery, losing 3 destroyers and 2 large transports (Andrei Zhdanov and Iosif Stalin) as well as several smaller vessels. Finnish troops entering the area found it heavily mined.

5154319177548190992

Q269755

Akazome Emon Akazome Emon (赤染衛門, late 950s or early 960s – 1041 or later) was a Japanese waka poet and early historian who lived in the mid-Heian period. She is a member both of the Thirty Six Elder Poetic Sages (中古三十六歌仙 Chūko Sanjūrokkasen) and the Thirty Six Female Poetic Sages (女房三十六歌仙 Nyōbō Sanjūrokkasen). Biography Akazome Emon's year of birth is unknown, but she was likely born between Tentoku 1 (957) and Kōhō 1 (964). She was officially the daughter of Akazome Tokimochi (赤染時用), but the late-Heian karonsho (book of poetic criticism) Fukuro-zōshi records that her biological father was her mother's first husband, Taira no Kanemori.A poetic exchange between Emon and Fujiwara no Michitaka, dating to around Ten'en 2 (974) to Jōgen 2 (977), when she was likely in her late teens, is the earliest dateable event in her life. At roughly this time, she went to serve in the household of Minamoto no Masanobu, and for a long time thereafter she served his daughter Rinshi (ja), the wife of Fujiwara no Michinaga.It was also around this time (Ten'en–Jōgen) that she married Ōe no Masahira, a Confucian scholar and poet of both waka and kanshi. They had a son, Ōe no Takachika, a daughter, Gō Jijū (江侍従), and one more daughter. The couple were considered to be "lovebirds" (おしどり夫婦 oshidori fūfu).According to her personal waka collection, the Akazome Emon Shū (赤染衛門集), when Masahira was twice sent to serve in Owari Province, she accompanied him both times. The collection also indicates that she worked to ensure her son's professional success at court and presenting poems as offerings to Sumiyoshi Shrine when he fell ill. The Fukuro-zōshi portrays her as gently supporting her husband when he was overwhelmed by his official duties. These works present Emon as a good wife and wise mother (良妻賢母 ryōsai kenbo). She also devoted much effort to her service as Rinshi's lady-in-waiting.In Chōwa 1 (1012), her husband died, and a few years later Emon became a nun. She apparently lived a long and tranquil life from this point, living to see the birth of her great grandson Ōe no Masafusa in Chōkyū 2 (1041).Akazome Emon served Minamoto no Rinshi and Fujiwara no Shōshi, respectively the wife and daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga, and she was present at the Imperial court at the same time as Izumi Shikibu. She was a contemporary of Murasaki Shikibu, who praised her writing, and Sei Shōnagon.The year of her death is uncertain, but she probably lived until at least 1041. Poetry and other writings Emon remained active in waka composition until late in life, contributing poems to uta-awase competitions on the sixteenth day of the fifth month of Chōgen 8 (1035), the Kanpaku-Sadaijin-ke Uta-awase (関白左大臣家歌合), and 1041, the Kokiden no Nyōgo Uta-awase (弘徽殿女御歌合). She also contributed a screen poem (屏風歌 byōbu-uta) to celebrate Rinshi's seventieth year, in 1033.She left a personal collection, the Akazome Emon Shū, and she is also believed to have been the writer of the first part of Eiga Monogatari. Her poetry was incorporated into court anthologies from the Shūi Wakashū on. She ranks fourth in the number of her poems that were included in the Goshūi Wakashū, with a total of 32. More than 60 of her poems were included in the Kin'yō Wakashū and later court anthologies.In her article on Emon, Hiroko Saitō called her poetic style unexceptional.

17703385102394752725

Q17028164

Hydra World Tour Background The tour was originally planned to start in January 2014, but then it was postponed to a month later, so the band could polish more the songs before releasing the album and also have more time to rehearsals for the following tour. After a period of radio and television appearances for acoustic performances and interviews, the band scheduled to embark officially on the tour. On 20 January, the band announced a try-out show for testing the songs live at the Effenaar, in Eindhoven (NL), to be held on 20 February, having the tickets sold out on the same day. The first official show happened on 26 February, in Helsinki, Finland, and the arena tour is going to pass primarily in Europe, abranging a few summer festivals. Due to great demand, several venues were changed to big ones in the purpose to comport more people. Due to the great reception of Hydra in the U.S., the band decided to tour again in North America, travelling from West to East coast and passing over twelve cities, being two in Canada and having some venues with sold out tickets, while on the last tour the band passed over only five cities. On 2 May, the band announced through their Facebook page that they were going to record the concert at the Heineken Music Hall, Amsterdam, in which happened on the same evening. The great part of the concert would late appear on the DVD Let Us Burn - Elements & Hydra Live In Concert together with some parts of the previous tour Elements 15th anniversary show. As the end of the European leg, the tour had an attendance of over 120.000 people. After the great reception of the previous albums on North America as well the North American leg of the Hydra World Tour, Nuclear Blast decided to release a together re-issue of both Enter and The Dance on November 10, 2014, in order to give the new listeners access to the band early material.The band opted to focus on playing Hydra songs in its majority, being "Dog Days" the only one not played yet, and maintain their signature songs from previous releases, as Stand My Ground and Ice Queen, during great part of the presentations. As the album contains four invited vocalists, their part in the respective songs are played on tape as the videos are shown on the big screen, allowing these artists to appear somehow during the concerts, except for "Whole World is Watching" in which was played with guest vocalist Piotr Rogucki on Polish dates and was played only by den Adel in an acoustic version. Theatre Concerts Right after the end of the arena concerts, the band announced via their website that on early 2015 they were going to embark on a new theatre tour passing over Dutch cities and later one extra show in Luxembourg. The special leg of the tour came out differently from their previous theatre concerts in which the band used to present primarily acoustic renditions of their songs, with the Hydra seated leg featuring only a few acoustic versions and somewhat different renditions from them. The theatre leg ambientation was made sightly different from the common concerts in order to also present a visual spectacle in support of the music. The band made use of holographic projections to auxiliate the stage design and effect of some songs, such as a pre-recorded virtual orchestra playing on the stage and virtual holographic duets such as the one from den Adel and Anneke van Giersbergen during the presentation of "Somewhere". Reception The tour received generally positive reviews amongst critics. In reviewing the bands presentation at the Wembley Arena, London, Ian Gittins from The Guardian classified the performance with 3 stars out of 5. Gittins commented the diversity the band delivered during the concert, praising the transition of "the portentous Our Solemn Hour" in which sampled "a Winston Churchill speech and veers off into cod Latin" to the "melodramatic romanticism of the sultry arthouse original and bellow it from a windswept mountaintop" that the band offered with a cover of Lana del Rey's Summertime Sadness during the final encore. Gittins ended his review classifying the band as a "complete hokum and yet oddly enjoyable". British website Bring the Noise also considered "Our Solemn Hour" and the final encore containing "Summertime Sadness" as the night main highlights, also praising den Adel's vocal ability and the stage additional effects as the use of pyrotechnics, giving the concert a 10/10 score. However, Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet cited "Summertime Sadness" as the weakest point of the concert at the Sweden Rock Festival. Robert van Gijssel, reviewing the first Amsterdam concert for Dutch newspaper Volkskrant also gave the presentation a 3 out of a possible five score. van Gijssel criticized the use of video recordings on the big screen during the songs that were originally duets, commenting that it "felt like you were standing up watching a music video" and classifying it as "showstoppers". On the other hand, van Gijssel praised the "extraordinarily in shape" voice of den Adel and cited "Our Solemn Hour", "Angels" and Dutch early 2000s hit "Ice Queen" as the highlight moments of the concert. Flemish newspaper De Morgen also criticized the use of video recordings during the Antwerp concert, naming the show as the "Disneyland of virtual duets", but giving a score of 3.5 out of a possible 5 stars and praising den Adel's "angelic voice" as well the constant band interaction with the public. Also Flemish Gazet van Antwerpen praised the performance, commenting not only about the style variation of the band but also the public, in which contained "from blushing teen girls tattooed to thirty year old Metallica-shirt men". Metal Hammer commented more positively about the use of virtual duets on the screen, saying that it may be a low point on the concert but den Adel manages to overcome it with her performance in songs like "Fire and Ice" and also "get the crowd jumping" during "Stand My Ground" and "Ice Queen". French newspaper Le Parisien commented positively about their passage through Paris, stating that the group delivered "a very good performance with a few remarks about", praising den Adel's vocal performance particularly during "Angels" and "Jillian (I'd Give My Heart)". On 12 September 2014, the band received the award for Best Live Band at the Metal Hammer Awards.

17820897817573657654

Q5434384

Fanthrash Early years (1986–1992) The band, initially named Fantom, was formed in March 1986 by then 18-year-old Grzegorz "Greg" Obroślak, Mariusz "Mary" Ostęp and Wojtek "Seki" Sekuła in Lublin, Poland. Soon after learning that there were many other bands already named "Fantom", they decided to change the band's name to Fanthrash, a name of an instrumental composition of the band. The band's line-up crystallized in September 1986, when the trio was joined by the drummer Jacek "Siwy" Wróblewski and the vocalist Less.The band managed to gain a solid reputation as one of the very first thrash metal bands in the communist era-Poland and was well known in eastern Poland for their highly energetic live shows. Many of these were archived on photographs available on band's official website.In spite of the members’ young age, the band was close to play on main stage of a legendary Polish Jarocin Festival in 1991.In autumn 1987, Less left and Obroślak took over as the band's vocalist. Later in 1990, the band recorded a three-song demo in a local studio. According to Obroślak, there were four more or less official demos and live recordings from that era which were in an intense circulation among the metal fans in eastern Poland.Around 1992, everyday life commitments brought the band members down and they called for an indefinite break. Reactivation (2007 – present) Although neither was involved in music directly, Obroślak and Ostęp stayed in touch all the time and thoughts about restarting the band again were emerging regularly at least from 2000. Finally, in 2007, they were joined by the drummer Mariusz Killian, of the renowned Polish death metal band Convent and the lead guitarist Wojciech "Piłat" Piłat of progressive metal act White Crow. After Less joined again in 2008, the reactivation was a fact, although in 2008 Mariusz Killian left the band and was replaced by Radosław "Radd" Grygiel.In 2007, the band was back with regular rehearsals. Laborious, yet creative and invigorating work on new compositions, lyrics and arrangements started. A new three-song EP, Trauma Despotic, was produced and released in spring 2010 by the band themselves. The musical contents of this release received a very warm welcome from the fans as well as the media. Ultimately. the EP led to signing a record deal with the UK's Rising Records in December 2010, in order to release their first LP entitled Duality of Things. The album was released on July 25, 2011.The LP was again produced by the band, and Jocke Skog of Fear and Loathing Studios in Spånga, Sweden, is responsible for mixing and mastering the album.Along with the recording of the new album, in February 2011 Fanthrash played its first live show in twenty years. Since then, the band has done numerous shows, sharing stages with Voivod, Incantation, Kat, Turbo and Christ Agony, among others.The band is also planning to prepare and release a collectioner's item CD and vinyl LP, which will contain all survived recordings along with an archive of photos and press releases about the band from 1986 - 1992 era. Musical style and critical reception From the very beginning the band was heavily influenced by 1980s' thrash acts like Metallica, Destruction, Slayer and Kreator, with fast and intense riffing and double bass drum work.After 2007 the band incorporated more modern arrangements in the style reminiscent of Machine Head or Gojira and some progressive influences like Meshuggah and Atheist, all topped with Less’ powerful death metal growling, which led to the music being sometimes labeled as "progressive thrash".Another distinctive feature are complex and technical guitar solos, courtesy of Piłat, which are reminiscent more of progressive metal than thrash or death.

11806594379265725811

Q3041872

Riki Choshu Early life Choshu was born Kwak Gwang-ung (Hangul: 곽광웅), the youngest of four children in Tokuyama, Yamaguchi Prefecture to a Korean father and Japanese mother. His father left Korea's Chungcheongbuk-do for Japan in 1939, and worked as a garbage man for much of his life. Choshu has said that he faced discrimination from teachers in elementary school due to his Korean heritage. He took part in baseball and judo as a teenager, and after training in the judo department at Giyang Junior High School, he moved to the wrestling department of Yamaguchi prefecture's Sakurakaoka High School as a special student. He eventually came in second place in the 73kg class of the Nagasaki National Freestyle wrestling tournament, which attracted attention from university wrestling officials and he later enrolled at Senshu University School of Commerce on a wrestling scholarship. Amateur wrestling career Kwak joined the amateur wrestling team at Senshu University shortly after enrolling and was teammates with Mitsushi Hirasawa, the father of future NJPW wrestler Mitsuhide Hirasawa. In 1971, he won the All Japan Student Wrestling Championship in the 90kg class. Thanks to his victory in the tournament, Kwak was selected to represent Japan in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Officials however refused to let him compete for Japan on account of him being part Korean. Nevertheless, South Korea instead invited him to join their freestyle team and he represented South Korea as a wrestler. Gwang-ung ended the tournament with a record of 1 win and 2 losses, and was disqualified due to the penalty points system.When he returned to Japan, Kwak became captain of the Senshu wrestling team in his fourth year at university and won the Freestyle and Greco-Roman 100 kg class tournaments at the All Japan Championship in 1973. Early years (1974–1987) He debuted in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) in August 1974. In the mid-1970s, Choshu was sent to North America to gain experience. Wrestling under his real name, he appeared in George Cannon's "Superstars of Wrestling" promotion as a heel, managed by Superstar (or Supermouth) Dave Drasen. Choshu had a brief feud with the top fan favorite of Cannon's promotion, Luis Martinez.Choshu was the first "traitor heel" in a Japanese promotion. In 1983, upset at not being selected for the inaugural tournament for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, he turned on Tatsumi Fujinami during a match and formed his own stable, Ishin Gundan (Revolutionary Army), which was the core for the later Japan Pro-Wrestling (JPW) promotion that "invaded" All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW). New Japan Pro-Wrestling (1987–1998) Upon returning to NJPW in 1987, Choshu was a part of the Takeshi Puroresu Gundan. After NJPW split ties with Takeshi Kitano over the December 27 Sumo Hall riot, Choshu slowly climbed back up into the main event picture. In June 1988, he won his first IWGP Tag Team Championship with Masa Saito, with whom he had also partnered during a brief stint in the American Wrestling Association (AWA). At the same time, he feuded with Tatsumi Fujinami over the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. On May 27, the match ended in a no contest, in which the title was held up. Fujinami won the rematch on June 24.In July 1989, he won his first IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Salman Hashimikov of the Soviet Union. The same month, he would also win his second IWGP Tag Team title with young up-and-comer Takayuki Iizuka. Two more IWGP Heavyweight title reigns would follow between August 19, 1990 and January 4, 1992.In August 1996, he won the G1 Climax, winning every single match in the tournament. In 1997, he won his third IWGP Tag Team title with Kensuke Sasaki. In January 1998, he retired from the ring; for his retirement match, he wrestled five matches in one night, winning four out of five matches, defeating Tatsuhito Takaiwa, Yutaka Yoshie, Jushin Thunder Liger and Kazuyuki Fujita, only to fall to his former tag team partner with whom he hold the championships with, Takashi Iizuka. He would focus on booking matches for NJPW after that. Comeback (2000–2019) Retirement did not last long, as Atsushi Onita challenged Choshu to a barbed wire deathmatch in 2000. Choshu accepted and wrestled Onita in a deadly squash, where Choshu ended up winning. He then balanced wrestling and booking for NJPW, until his departure in 2002, stemming from the departures of Keiji Mutoh and Satoshi Kojima, among others, to AJPW, which caused his position of head booker taken away.After leaving NJPW, he formed Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling in 2003, which would later be changed to Riki Pro, after the failure of some of their big shows. He ran Riki Pro until 2005 when he returned to NJPW as a site foreman, booker, and wrestler. In 2007, Choshu joined the Legend stable with Masahiro Chono, Jyushin Thunder Liger, and AKIRA.Choshu also promotes an occasional series of events called "LOCK UP", which feature talent from New Japan and other promotions. New Japan supported this financially until 2008 before withdrawing.In 2012, Choshu was booked in a series of matches for LEGEND The Pro Wrestling and Dradition.On June 26, 2019, Choshu teamed with Tomohiro Ishii and Shiro Koshinaka in a 6-man tag against Tatsumi Fujinami, Keiji Mutoh, and Togi Makabe. Fujinami's team won when Makabe pinned Choshu. In the post-match, Choshu officially announced his retirement from pro-wrestling. Other media Choshu appears as a gang member in the 2017 video game Yakuza Kiwami 2, alongside Genichiro Tenryu, Keiji Mutoh, Masahiro Chono and Tatsumi Fujinami.

7628745860355491448

Q132117

Chainsaw safety clothing Safety practices generally recommend that chainsaw users wear protective clothing, also known as personal protective equipment or PPE, while operating chainsaws. There is limited times when this is actually required Helmet The helmet offers some protection for the user's head against impact by the cutter bar of the chainsaw should a 'kickback' occur. Kickback is when the running chainsaw jumps up unexpectedly out of the cut, thus endangering the saw operator. Helmet protection can only be successful if the chain brake has been operated to stop the saw chain, since a chain running at full speed can easily cut into the helmet. The helmet, and its eye protection guard, also protect against impacts from small falling or flying objects, such as dead twigs and branches from a tree being felled.Exposure to the sun causes the plastic of the helmet to weaken over time, so it is recommended that a helmet is replaced every 3–5 years. A helmet normally has a symbol inside that shows when it was made. Many helmets also now have a sticker on the outside that fades with exposure to light. When the sticker has faded the helmet should be replaced. Another way of determining if a helmet needs to be changed is to press the two sides of the helmet towards each other. If a cracking noise is heard, the helmet must be replaced.In the EU, a helmet must meet the requirements of EN397. Helmets as well as other safety equipment in Germany must have the KWF sign. Visor or goggles A visor or goggles reduce the chance of chips penetrating the user's eyes.The relatively flimsy mesh visor, with imperfect coverage of the face, is considered acceptable because the chips produced by well-maintained chainsaws are of relatively uniform size and speed. Unlike other woodworking tools, a chainsaw with a sharp chain produces little or no sawdust, only chips (that are too large to fit through the visor's mesh).Some chainsaw users prefer conventional safety glasses or goggles. The choice may depend on the environment. The visor provides better ventilation for hard work in hot weather. Often, both safety goggles and a visor are employed for superior protection.In the EU, a visor must comply with EN1731, or glasses must comply with EN166. Chainsaw safety mitt A leather mitt for the operator's left hand that is fitted to (but is free to rotate on) the front bar of the chainsaw.The safety mitt ensures that if kickback occurs the operator's hand remains on the bar of the chainsaw. This means that the kickback is more easily controlled and the chain brake is more easily engaged. The safety mitt also protects the operator's left hand in the same way as chainsaw safety gloves. The protection on the left hand mitt protects when the chain derails and jumps over the front handle.Most safety mitts have a protection class 0 (up to 16 m/s chain speed, see below). There are mitts available covering class 1 (20 m/s chain speed). Ear defenders Ear defenders and ear plugs attenuate noise to levels that cause little or no damage to the user's hearing. Non-electric chainsaws are very loud, typically 115 dB, above the recommended exposure limit of 85 dB from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.In the EU, ear defenders must comply with EN352-1. Jacket Chainsaw protective jackets in the EU must comply with EN381-11.For detailed information on fabric ratings, see the section above on trousers. The logic is much the same - the protective materials are designed to slow the chain's rate of cutting and clog the mechanism, rather than protect the wearer completely. Gloves Chainsaw gloves have cut-proof fabric protection like that for trousers, but only on the back of the left hand. It's especially important that work gloves are flexible, which limits how much padding they can have. Experience has shown that most chainsaw injuries to the hands occur on the back of the left hand.In the EU, chainsaw gloves must comply with EN381-7. Boots Chainsaw boots are based on ordinary steel-toe boots, but have layers of chainsaw protective fabric on the exposed front surfaces. They are available in lace-up leather or rubber wellington boot versions. Popular manufacturers of chainsaw boots sold in Europe include Haix, Klima-Air, Rock Fall, Meindl and Oregon.Boots protect the operator from front and, to a certain extent, from sideways cuts.In the EU, chainsaw boots must comply with EN345-2. These boots must be to the appropriate EN20345 standard for general safety footwear and must also be distinctively marked as suitable for chainsaw use, according to EN381-3Protective chainsaw gaiters to EN381-9 over general steel-toe boots are acceptable for occasional users. Chainsaw logo In the EU, chainsaw trousers, boots and gloves (the items containing chainsaw protective fabric) must carry a special chainsaw logo. This shows that the fabric is of a type tested to protect properly, and also shows the class of protection, the rated maximum chain speed. First aid kit In the UK and Germany, workers are required to carry a first aid kit containing at least a large wound dressing. Whistle and cell phone In the UK, workers are recommended to carry a whistle to call for help if they are injured. Colleagues may be close by, but unable to hear shouts for help over the noise of a running chainsaw.In Germany a "Hilfe im Wald" ("Help in the forest") app shows the next security point where ambulances have access. These safety points are numbered and visible by a pole with orange head and the number on. These numbers are known to ambulances.

5009325601731882296

Q6862196

Mimi Stillman Career At 12, Stillman was the youngest wind player ever admitted to the Curtis Institute of Music, where she studied with Julius Baker and Jeffrey Khaner and awarded her Bachelor of Music degree in 1999. The same year she became the youngest wind player to win the Young Concert Artists. She has been awarded fellowships from the Earhart and Bradley Foundations, and was a member of Astral Artists. In March 2012, she received the Women in the Arts award from Women for Greater Philadelphia.She founded the Dolce Suono Ensemble in Philadelphia in 2005, and serves as Executive and Artistic director, The ensemble's commissioning program has led to the creation of 44 new works in eleven years from composers including Richard Danielpour, David Ludwig, Jennifer Higdon, Steven Mackey, Shulamit Ran, and Steven Stucky. Its guest composers have included George Crumb and Ned Rorem. Among the ensemble's most ambitious projects to date was Mahler 100/Schoenberg 60, a two-year cycle of concerts featuring those two closely linked two composers alongside newly commissioned works related to them, with performances in Philadelphia and New York. The ensemble has been awarded grants from organizations including the National Endowment for the Arts, Pew Center for Arts & Heritage, Musical Fund Society of Philadelphia, William Penn Foundation, and Yamaha Corporation of America. The ensemble made its New York City debut at Symphony Space in February 2012.On the CD MIMI, Stillman recorded her arrangements of Debussy's songs, Nuits d'Étoiles: 8 Early Songs (Theodore Presser Company). She has also recorded for the EMI, Albany, and Dolce Suono labels. Her Double CD release Odyssey on Innova features premiere recordings of eleven American flute works. Stillman has been a guest on NPR’s Performance Today, WGBH Boston, WRTI Radio, and WHYY-TV Philadelphia's On Canvas show, and is host and performer on the Musical Encounters TV show and video The Magic Flute. She recorded the soundtrack for Kevin Bacon's film Loverboy.Stillman has taught masterclasses and performed recitals for the National Flute Association, New England Conservatory, Eastman School of Music, Princeton University, Cornell University, Flute Society of Washington, D.C., Texas Flute Society, University of California, Music for All Festival, San Diego Flute Guild, and other universities and flute societies throughout the United States. She received an MA in history and was a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Pennsylvania. A published author on music, history and international relations, she is also a columnist for Flutewise Magazine (UK).On August 22, 2012, the 150th anniversary of Debussy's birth, she embarked on "Syrinx Odyssey," an ambitious project to film herself playing his solo flute work Syrinx every day for a year, filmed in different locations over 366 days, with each new video performance posted on line every day.In 2013, Mimi Stillman joined the faculty of Settlement Music School as the first-ever Shirley and Sid Curtiss Distinguished Faculty Chair, chamber music coach, and lead faculty member of the school's Shirley Curtiss Center for Woodwind Studies. She left the position in 2015.In 2014, Mimi Stillman was inducted as an honorary member in Sigma Alpha Iota, together with Jennifer Higdon.Orchestrally, she has performed with conductors including Sir Simon Rattle, Wolfgang Sawallisch, André Previn, Kurt Masur, David Zinman, Christoph Eschenbach, Yuri Temirkanov, Marin Alsop, and Robert Spano. Selected publications Claude Debussy, Nuits d'étoiles: Eight Early Songs, arr. Mimi Stillman for flute and piano (King of Prussia, PA, 2002: Theodore Presser).Mimi Stillman, Debussy, Painter of Sound and Image, Flute Quarterly (Fall 2007): 41-46.Mimi Stillman, The Music of Dante's Purgatorio, Hortulus: The Online Graduate Journal of Medieval Studies 1, no. 1 (2005): 13-21.Mimi Stillman, Philadelphia's Changing Opera Landscape, NewMusicBox, 11 June 2012.Mimi Stillman, "Into the Light: Mieczyslaw Weinberg's Five Pieces for Flute and Piano", The Flutist Quarterly (Winter 2016) Selected recordings Freedom: Premiere recordings by Richard Danielpour, David Finko,and Mieczyslaw Weinberg. Mimi Stillman, flute and Charles Abramovic, piano, with Yumi Kendall, cello. Innova Recordings, 2015.Odyssey: 11 American Premieres for Flute and Piano (2-CD set), Mimi Stillman, flute, Charles Abramovic, piano, Innova Recordings 814 (2011).The Concertos of David Finko / Mimi Stillman, piccolo, with Orchestra 2001 and James Freeman, conductor. Centaur, 2013.Jeremy Gill, Chamber Music, TROY1067.Notes: Music from Four Continents, Mimi Stillman, flute, Allen Krantz, guitar. Direct-to-Tape DTR2021 (2012).Mimi: Debut Solo Recording with Charles Abramovic, piano. Music by Poulenc, Debussy, premieres by Daniel Dorff and Lawrence Ink, Astor Piazzolla, and Brazilian choros. Dolce Suono, 2004.Video recording of George Crumb's "Vox Balaenae" ("Voice of the Whale") for Curtis Performs.

3105731692716267914

Q5042493

Carlos Petroni Biography Petroni was a leader of the Morenoist tendency of Latin American Trotskyism from 1973 to 1988 and was a close collaborator of the founder of this movement, Nahuel Moreno. Petroni has contributed to, edited or published more than 30 political newspapers, magazines and websites around the world and is the author of half a dozen books on politics, Marxist theory and political organizing. He is also known at times by some of his pen names: Leon Perez, Nicholas Kramer, and Simon Morales.Petroni was a founder of and/or leading participant in numerous Trotskyist groups in Latin America, Europe and the United States, he has extensive organizing skills and experience in working class struggles. Petroni was a member and leader of the Argentine Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (PST) from 1973 to 1976, and during the beginning of the military dictatorship was part of its underground continuation. As an elected leader of unions representing printers, metal workers, meatpackers, social workers and others, he led strikes, organized unions and support, ran for public office and was involved in various working class struggles for almost four decades.Petroni went into exile in 1978. From 1978 to 1985 he was responsible for the North, Caribbean and Central American Secretariat of the Morenoist tendency.He participated in the Nicaraguan and Salvadoran Revolutions in the late 70s, helped found the Nicaraguan section of the IWL, helped develop other Central American organizations and the Mexican section of the Morenoists. He was a delegate and member of the Presidium of the Morenoist international tendency in its different stages: Bolshevik Tendency of the Fourth International (1976–1980), Fourth International (International Committee) (1981) and International Workers League (Fourth International)—Liga Internacional de los Trabajadores (Cuarta Internacional or LIT-CI) from 1981 to 1988. After the collapse of the military dictatorship he travelled extensively around the Americas and Europe then became a leader of the Movement for Socialism (Argentina), from 1985-1988.Prior to that he (as well as Nahuel Moreno) worked as a member of the International Committee of the LIT-CI and its International Secretariat from 1982 until the death of Moreno in 1986. He was also a founding member of its US section, eventually called the Internationalist Workers Party (IWP). He was expelled with the IWP from the LIT-CI in 1988 after Nahuel Moreno's death, and Petroni then continued his political work in the USA. In the late 1990s he became a member of the Committee for a Workers' International (CWI) and its affiliate in the USA, Socialist Alternative (US), and after leaving the CWI in 2002, he helped found a group called the Left Party in the USA.Petroni has lived on and off in the US since 1978. He founded SF-Frontlines newspaper in 1997, worked with the Immigrant Rights Movement or Movimiento por los Derechos de los Inmigrantes (MDI), worked on Matt Gonzalez's campaign for mayor in 2003, and has been very active in the San Francisco elections. For example, he ran for the Board of Supervisors in 1998 obtaining 16,293 votes (2%). In 2001 he ran for City Treasurer and obtained 13% of the votes. In 2000, he wrote and managed Proposition F, considered a historical reparation Act for African American City residents, which obtained more than 45% of the vote. He ran for different offices from the mid-1990s until he returned to Argentina after the 2004 election. He also supported, organized and managed other campaigns and significant local ballot initiatives. Currently he is editing the online and print versions of Izquierda.info. Trial As a result of his trade union and political work in Argentina, he was the target of three assassination attempts during 1974 and 1975 by death squads organized by the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A). The Triple A operated under the protection and support of Peronist governments from 1973-1976. Many members of the Triple A collaborated with the military dictatorship after 1976.In 2006, Argentine Judge Norberto Oyarbide ruled the Triple A had committed "crimes against humanity," which meant their crimes were exempt from statutes of limitations. Suspects can be prosecuted for actions committed in the 1970s and early 1980s. Petroni has emerged as an official witness in this trial. Petroni has introduced into the federal court proceedings motions asking Judge Oyarbide to order the arrest of more than a dozen members, mostly union officials from Mar de Plata, Argentina, of the right wing terrorist organization CNU (which became part of the Triple A) and to question in court the knowledge of their crimes by their associate and present day General Secretary of the CGT, Hugo Moyano, who is now also vice president of the Peronist Justicialist Party.The 2010 documentary film Parapolicial Negro: Apuntes para una prehistoria de la Triple A features interviews with Petroni about the assassination attempts.

13138170534188264204

Q4620600

2011 CHIO Aachen The 2011 CHIO Aachen was the 2011 edition of the CHIO Aachen, the German official horse show in five horse sport disciplines (show jumping, dressage, eventing, four-in-hand-driving and vaulting).In 2011 the event was also the FEI selected 2012 Olympic Qualification for Central and Eastern Europe, Asia and Oceania in show jumping. Introduction The 2011 CHIO Aachen is held as CSIO 5* (show jumping), CDIO 5* (dressage), CICO 3* (eventing), CAIO (four-in-hand-driving) and CVIO 2* (vaulting). It Olympic Qualification is held as CSI 2*. The event is held between July 8, 2011 and July 17, 2011.The CHIO Aachen is in show jumping and dressage the most prestigious horse show in Europe. It is also called "Weltfest der Pferdesports" (World Equestrian Festival). The competitions are held at different places at the Soers in Aachen. The show jumping competitions are held in the "Hauptstadion" of the CHIO Aachen, the dressage event are held in the "Deutsche Bank Stadion" and the vaulting competitions are held in the "Albert-Vahle-Halle". The first horse show were held 1924 in Aachen, together with a horse race. In 1927 the horse show lasted six days. The first show jumping Nations Cup was held here in 1929. Since 2007, influenced by the World Equestrian Games 2006 in Aachen, also eventing and vaulting are disciplines of the CHIO Aachen. In 2010 the 79th time a horse show is held in the Soers in Aachen. Grand Prix de Dressage / Nations Cup of Germany (dressage) The 2011 dressage Nations Cup of Germany was part of the 2011 CHIO Aachen. Unlike 2010, only the result of the Grand Prix de Dressage has count for the Nations Cup result. Each team consist of three or four team riders, three results of each team count for the Nations Cup ranking.The sponsor of the Grand Prix de Dressage is Tesch Inkasso, the dressage Nations Cup ranking is sponsored by the Lambertz-Group. CICO 3* (eventing) The CICO 3* was the official eventing competition of Germany. It was held as two-day-event. The first part of this competition, the dressage phase, was held on Friday, July 15, 2011 at 8:30 am. The second phase, the show jumping phase, was held on the same day at 5:30 pm. The final phase, the cross country phase, was held on Saturday, July 16, 2011 at 10:30 am.The sponsor of this competition was DHL. Sport farewell of successful horses At Saturday evening Jos Lansink and the audience in Aachen say goodbye to the Gold-winning horse of the 2006 World Equestrian Games in Aachen, the grey Holsteiner stallion Cumano.Also another horse hero of the 2006 World Equestrian Games had to say goodbye at the 2011 Aachen. After the victory in the "Preis von Europa" Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum decided that the sport farewell of her dark bay Shutterfly. The Hanoverian gelding say goodbye to the audience in Aachen after the showjumping Grand Prix. Television / Live Video The German TV stations (WDR, ARD and ZDF) had broadcast more than 15 hours from the 2011 CHIO Aachen, most of them live. Across Europe Eurosport broadcast a two-hour summary programme of the 2011 CHIO Aachen (Show jumping nations cup and show jumping Grand Prix).Much of the competition are streamed live by the German IPTV-channel ClipMyHorse.

10433370832434602929

Q50304474

Lotus tea Lotus leaf tea Lotus leaf tea, called yeonnip-cha (연잎차 [jʌn.nip̚.tɕʰa]) in Korean, is a tea made from young leaves of lotus. Leaves for lotus tea are often heat-treated (either by steaming or roasting) before being dried. Sometimes, fresh leaves are also infused as tea. 6–12 g (0.21–0.42 oz) of dried leaves or 15–20 g (0.53–0.71 oz) or fresh leaves are simmered in 600 ml (21 imp fl oz; 20 US fl oz) of water over low heat to produce two to three cups tea. Lotus flower tea Lotus flower tea, called yeonkkot-cha (연꽃차, [jʌn.k͈ot̚.tɕʰa]) or yeonhwa-cha (연화차, 蓮花茶, [jʌn.ɦwa.tɕʰa]) in Korean, is a tea made from lotus flower. Often, a fresh whole flower is used to make tea. In Korean temple cuisine, this type of lotus flower tea symbolizes the blossoming of Buddhist enlightenment. Otherwise, 4–8 g (0.14–0.28 oz) of dried petals can be simmered in 600 ml (21 imp fl oz; 20 US fl oz) of water over low heat to make two to three cups or of tea. Lotus fruit tea Lotus fruit tea, called yeonbang-cha (연방차, 蓮房茶, [jʌn.baŋ.tɕʰa]) in Korean, is a tea made by infusing dried lotus fruits. Lotus seed tea Lotus seed tea, called yeonbap-cha (연밥차, [jʌn.bap̚.tɕʰa]), yeonssi-cha (연씨차, [jʌn.s͈i.tɕʰa]), or yeonja-cha (연자차, 蓮子茶, [jʌn.dʑa.tɕʰa]) in Korean, is a tea made by infusing lotus seeds, which are steamed and dried. For two to three cups of tea, 5–10 g (0.18–0.35 oz) of lotus seeds are simmered in 600 ml (21 imp fl oz; 20 US fl oz) water over low heat. Lotus embryo tea Lotus embryo tea, called liánxīn-chá (莲芯茶, 蓮芯茶, [ljɛ̌n.ɕín.ʈʂʰǎ]) or liánzixīn-chá (莲子芯茶, 蓮子芯茶, [ljɛ̌n.tsi.ɕín.ʈʂʰǎ]) in Chinese and trà tim sen (Northern: [tɕâː.tīm.sɛ̄n], Southern: [ʈâː.tīm.ʂɛ̄ŋ]) in Vietnamese, is an infusion made from lotus embryos. Lotus root tea Lotus root tea, called yeongeun-cha (연근차, 蓮根茶, [jʌn.ɡɯn.tɕʰa]) in Korean, is a tea made by infusing dried lotus root (rhizome) slices or mixing lotus root powder in hot water. Lotus root powder for tea can be made by either by drying lotus root juice, or grinding dried lotus root slices into powder.

15122184027560839049

Q426441

Berzence Etymology The name Berzence probably comes from the Slavic *berza—birch (see numerous Slavic place names like Breznica or Březnice). The older etymology is also Brězьnica > Brežnica which derives from bregъ—river bank. 1228 Burzence. Geography It lies near the Hungarian-Croatian border with its own border crossing. The village can be reached by car from Nagyatád or Csurgó or by train on the Nagykanizsa-Barcs-Pécs Railway Line. History Berzence was first mentioned between 1332 and 1337 in the annual papal tithe register with its own parish. It came in the hands of Loránt from the Pécz genus in 1377 whose successors named themselves Lorántfi de Berzence. His son György Lorántfi de Berzence won a royal deed of gift for Berzence between 1406 and 1418 which had at that time already a customs house. His sons, Sandrin and László owned beside Berzence also Szenterzsébet in 1463. György Forster de Szenterzsébet acquired their palaces in Berzence and Szenterzsébet in 1468. György Forster became the owner of the whole territory of the settlement in 1477. Its cathedral dedicated to John the Baptist was first mentioned in 1490. Forster and his wife Ilona Csapi made a contract with Orbán Nagylucsei treasurer and Bishop of Győr that Forster's daughter marry the nephew of the bishop, Ferenc and that their wealth goes on the pair after their death. In 1550 it belonged to Kelemen Zalai. Hearing of the Fell of Szigetvár in 1566 the guards of the Castle of Berzence fled, therefore the Turks could occupy it without fight. The Turks re-edified the castle. According to the military pay register between 1568 and 1569 there were 379 guards in the castle. In 1571 the settlement had only 5 households. György Zrínyi could reoccupy the castle in 1594 but soon the Turks captured it. According to the tax register of 1618-1619 the castle had 349 guards. During the Winter campaign of 1664 the Christian troops of Miklós Zrínyi recaptured the castle.Between 1701 and 1703 Berzence was a possession of the Szalay family. In 1712 it was in majority Croatian or Slovene where out of its 13 families 7 Croatian-Slovene, 1 Serbian and 5 Hungarian. It had 20 households in 1715. During the 1720s several Croatian-Slovene families settled there. It had 47 tax payers of which 27 were Croatian-Slovene e. g. Marionics, Patranecz, Blasius, Vranics, Jankovic, Loncsar (Lončar), Marovics, Dolanecz, Sarlakovic, Petracsan, Sobosicsan, Simonsics, Panics, Pokosics, Bregovac, Virovec (Vrhovec), Persics, Kovacsevics (Kovačevič), Sarlacsevics, Jelsics, Koblar (Klobuchar) and Bosnak. Some of them came from the village of Dernye, Bács-Bodrog County (today Deronje, Serbia). In 1751 there were 22 Croatian-Slovene households and 18 Hungarian.The village belonged to the Szalay family still in 1726, then to György Niczky in 1757, later to Kristóf Niczky in 1776 and finally to László Festetics in 1835. The mansion of the Niczky family was rebuilt by László Festetics. His son, Tasziló Festetics inherited the settlement. Berzence got market town rights first on April 10, 1758, then on September 27, 1811. According to some sources the first kindergerton of Somogy County opened in Berzence in 1867, however other sources state that it was in Bálványos in 1866. Lankócz Lankócz was first mentioned between 1332 and 1337 in the annual papal tithe register. It was already two separate villages: Egyházas-Lankócz and Felrét-Lankócz in 1406 which György Loránfti de Berzence got as royal gift. Both settlement belonged to György Forster de Szenterzsébet in 1481. They belonged to the Szalay family in 1726. Atak Atak was situated next to Lankócz and was also mentioned in the 1332-13337 papal tithe register. Vecsernye-puszta Vecsernye-puszta was mentioned as Vecsenye and was a possession of the Johanniter of Vrana between 1454 and 1498. Szenterzsébet Szenterzsébet was also mentioned in the papal register. It perished during the Turkish occupation. Mindszent Mindszent was also mentioned in the papal register. It also perished during the Turkish occupation. Culture The Hungarian folk song Erdő, erdő, de magos a teteje was collected in Berzence in 1935 by Vilmos Seemayer.

17375657491515320748

Q5875510

Hockenhull Platts Etymology Although the bridges are in England, they are not far from the Welsh border and it is likely that their name is derived from a combination of English and Welsh roots. Platt is an Old English word for "bridge" and is associated with "plank". "Hock" may come from the Welsh hocan which means to peddle or to sell abroad. Hen is Welsh for "old" and hoel means a paved way or road. It is therefore possible that Hockenhull Platts means "the bridges on the old peddlars' way". History Platts Lane originally formed part of the medieval road from London to Holyhead. In 1353 when Edward, the Black Prince, crossed the bridges, he ordered that 20 shillings should be spent on their repair. In the 17th century the surface of the road was disintegrating so badly that posts were set into the road to prevent the passage of carts, and it could be used only by pedestrians and horses. Goods were carried by convoys of packhorses led by a driver (or jagger) walking in front. The pioneer female traveller Celia Fiennes crossed the bridges in 1698, as did Thomas Pennant in 1780.The present bridges probably date from the latter part of the 18th century. In 1824 Cheshire County Council proposed to divert the road from Nantwich to Chester and make it pass along Platts Lane, which would have led to the destruction of the bridges. However the land on which they stood belonged to the Marquess of Westminster, and he refused permission for the road to be diverted. Present day Hockenhull Platts consists of three humpback bridges which are approached and connected by causeways. The bridges are constructed from tooled blocks of red sandstone. The parapets are plain and are surmounted by chamfered coping stones which are joined by iron ties. The carriageway is formed from a mixture of stone setts and cobbles.The central bridge crosses the River Gowy. Formerly the three bridges and causeways were necessary because the whole area was too marshy to be crossed by any other means. However, in the 20th century a scheme was carried out to lower the water level of the whole of the River Gowy to prevent possible flooding of Stanlow Refinery, which is situated near the junction of the river with the Mersey. As a consequence, the marshes were drained and the footings of the central bridge were raised on a concrete foundation.The Baker Way long-distance path crosses the three bridges. Nature reserve The area to the west of the Gowy, including the westernmost bridge, has been converted into a nature reserve which is managed by Cheshire Wildlife Trust in an agreement with Grosvenor (Eaton) Estates. The nature reserve covers an area of about 11 acres (4.5 ha) and access is by permit only. The reserve includes a trail (the Mill Trail), and habitats include a poplar plantation, reedbed and species-rich wet meadows. The poplar plantation is sparse and its wet nature has created an unusual stand of common reed at the ground layer. The reserve is also rich in bird life, with over 64 species recorded, including three species of summer visiting warblers, including sedge warbler. Otters have been recorded along the banks of the Gowy. Associated archaeological findings Immediately to the south of the central bridge is an earthwork which is visible only when the sun is low. It consists of a low ditched rectangular mound and an adjacent ring ditch. It probably dates from the post-medieval period. The area is otherwise covered by irregular drainage channels.In the area of Hockenhull Platts but at an uncertain location, some time before 1940 a pair of prehistoric translucent worked flints were found, one white and the other grey.

9371244056360183153

Q1151528

A Case of Identity Plot summary The story revolves around the case of Miss Mary Sutherland, a woman with a substantial income from the interest on a fund set up for her. She is engaged to a quiet Londoner who has recently disappeared. Sherlock Holmes' detective powers are barely challenged as this turns out to be quite an elementary case for him, much as it puzzles Watson.The fiancé, Mr. Hosmer Angel, is a peculiar character, rather quiet, and rather secretive about his life. Miss Sutherland only knows that he works in an office in Leadenhall Street, but nothing more specific than that. All his letters to her are typewritten, even the signature, and he insists that she write back to him through the local Post Office.The climax of the sad liaison comes when Mr. Angel abandons Miss Sutherland at the altar on their wedding day.Holmes, noting all these things, Hosmer Angel's description, and the fact that he only seems to meet with Miss Sutherland while her disapproving youngish stepfather, James Windibank, is out of the country on business, reaches a conclusion quite quickly. A typewritten letter confirms his belief beyond doubt. Only one person could have gained by this: Mr. James Windibank. Holmes deduces "Angel" had "disappeared" by simply going out the other side of a four-wheeler cab.After solving the mystery, Holmes chooses not to tell his client the solution, since "If I tell her she will not believe me. You may remember the old Persian saying, 'There is danger for him who took the tiger cub, and danger also for who snatched a delusion from a woman.' There is as much sense in Hafiz as in Horace, and as much knowledge of the world." Holmes had earlier advised his client to forget "Mr. Angel", but Miss Sutherland refused to take Holmes' advice and vowed to remain faithful to "Angel" until he reappears – for at least ten years.Holmes predicts Windibank will continue a career in crime and end up on the gallows. Adaptations This story was the basis for the third Holmes adventure (filmed in 1921) in the silent film series starring Eille Norwood.In 2001, this was the basis for the ninth episode of the second season of the animated television series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century.This story was adapted for the radio at least three times: starring Tom Conway and Nigel Bruce in 1948; starring John Gielgud and Ralph Richardson in 1954; and in 1990 as part of Bert Coules' complete radio adaptation of the canon, starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson, and featuring Susannah Corbett as Mary Sutherland. In 2014, it is seen in "The Empty Hearse", from the BBC television series Sherlock, as one of the cases Sherlock works on with Molly Hooper assisting him. Mary Sutherland portrayed by Elizabeth Coyle. Molly Hooper portrayed by Louise Brealey.In the fourth episode of the 2014 Japanese puppetry series Sherlock Holmes, Mary Sutherland is a female pupil of Beeton School. She is in love with the senior Hosmer Angel who suddenly disappears in a cave at the back of the school. Holmes, a pupil who lives in room 221B of Baker Dormitory, suspects that Angel and Windibank, one of the childhood friends of Sutherland, are the same person and he and Watson find out that there is no pupil called Hosmer Angel in the school. Holmes appreciates Watson for consoling the broken-hearted Sutherland. Watson tells Holmes, who criticises novels as in the original story, that he is wrong to do so because various things can be learned from novels including how to understand the female mind.The story was adapted as the beginning of the third case in the 2016 Frogwares video game Sherlock Holmes: The Devil's Daughter. Watson is not present when Mary Sutherland arrives and Sherlock is accompanied by Orson Wilde, an American actor training to play him. The player can come up with different conclusions to the case and also make a choice concerning her the results of his deduction.Colin Dexter, known for writing the Inspector Morse novels, wrote a short story based on this called "A Case of Mis-Identity", in which Holmes's brother Mycroft is involved in the case's deduction; in this story, Holmes's theory about the 'Hosmer Angel' character is the same, while Mycroft deduces that 'Hosmer Angel' is a fiction created by the mother and daughter to eliminate the step-father, only for Watson to reveal that 'Hosmer Angel' is actually a real person who was attacked and robbed on the way to his wedding, hospitalized, and eventually treated by Watson, who used his own detective skills to verify the man's identity.

18304496252424329805

Q2182492

Organophosphorus compound Organophosphorus compounds are organic compounds containing phosphorus. They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Some organophosphorus compounds are highly effective insecticides, although some are extremely toxic to humans, including sarin and VX nerve agents.Organophosphorus chemistry is the corresponding science of the properties and reactivity of organophosphorus compounds. Phosphorus, like nitrogen, is in group 15 of the periodic table, and thus phosphorus compounds and nitrogen compounds have many similar properties. The definition of organophosphorus compounds is variable, which can lead to confusion. In industrial and environmental chemistry, an organophosphorus compound need contain only an organic substituent, but need not have a direct phosphorus-carbon (P-C) bond. Thus a large proportion of pesticides (e.g., malathion), are often included in this class of compounds.Phosphorus can adopt a variety of oxidation states, and it is general to classify organophosphorus compounds based on their being derivatives of phosphorus(V) vs phosphorus(III), which are the predominant classes of compounds. In a descriptive but only intermittently used nomenclature, phosphorus compounds are identified by their coordination number σ and their valency λ. In this system, a phosphine is a σ³λ³ compound. Phosphine oxides, imides, and chalcogenides Phosphine oxides (designation σ⁴λ⁵) have the general structure R₃P=O with formal oxidation state V. Phosphine oxides form hydrogen bonds and some are therefore soluble in water. The P=O bond is very polar with a dipole moment of 4.51 D for triphenylphosphine oxide.Compounds related to phosphine oxides include phosphine imides (R₃PNR') and related chalcogenides (R₃PE, where E = S, Se, Te). These compounds are some of the most thermally stable organophosphorus compounds. Comparison of phosphines and amines The phosphorus atom in phosphines has a formal oxidation state −3 (σ³λ³) and are the phosphorus analogues of amines. Like amines, phosphines have a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry although often with smaller C-E-C angles (E = N, P), at least in the absence of steric effects. The C-P-C bond angle is 98.6° for trimethylphosphine increasing to 109.7° when the methyl groups are replaced by tert-butyl groups. When used as ligands, the steric bulk of tertiary phosphines is evaluated by their cone angle. The barrier to pyramidal inversion is also much higher than nitrogen inversion to occur, and therefore phosphines with three different substituents can be resolved into thermally stable optical isomers. Phosphines are often less basic than corresponding amines, for instance the phosphonium ion itself has a pKₐ of −14 compared to 9.21 for the ammonium ion; trimethylphosphonium has a pKₐ of 8.65 compared to 9.76 for trimethylammonium. However, triphenylphosphine (pKₐ 2.73) is more basic than triphenylamine (pKₐ −5), mainly because the lone pair of the nitrogen in NPh₃ is partially delocalized into the three phenyl rings. Whereas the lone pair on nitrogen is delocalized in pyrrole, the lone pair on phosphorus atom in the phosphorus equivalent of pyrrole (phosphole) is not. The reactivity of phosphines matches that of amines with regard to nucleophilicity in the formation of phosphonium salts with the general structure PR₄⁺X⁻. This property is used in the Appel reaction for converting alcohols to alkyl halides. Phosphines are easily oxidized to the corresponding phosphine oxides, whereas amine oxides are less readily generated. In part for this reason, phosphines are very rarely encountered in nature. Primary and secondary phosphines In addition to the other reactions associated with phosphines, those bearing P-H groups exhibit additional reactivity associated with the P-H bonds. They are readily deprotonated using strong bases to give phosphide anions. Primary and secondary phosphines are generally prepared by reduction of related phosphorus halides or esters. For example, phosphonates are reduced to primary phosphines:The stability is attributed to conjugation between the aromatic ring and the phosphorus lone pair.

5395733376405779108

Q5522469

Gardenland, Sacramento, California History Gardenland was established during the 1920s, by immigrant farmworkers and railroad employees and was named Gardenland because of the trees; others say because of the large land lots where anything "grew", whatever the case it is a haven of rich agriculture filled with beautiful landscape and scenery. As of 1940 it was an unincorporated, with much of its population being of Mexican or Portuguese descent.In 1970, Gardenland Park was built at the end of Bowman Avenue, bringing festivals and sports activities to the community. During the summer the city of Sacramento provided a recreational program that would delight the neighborhood children and supply sack lunches throughout the summer months.Also during the 1970s, sidewalks and a sophisticated drainage system were installed removing the hazardous ditches and flood ways and improving the roads. Lights were installed on all the streets and in and around Gardenland Park. Climate Gardenland has a Mediterranean climate characterized by mild winters and dry, hot summers. The area usually has low humidity. Rain typically falls only between November and March, with the rainy season tapering off almost completely by the end of April. The average temperature throughout the year is 61 °F (16 °C), with the daily average ranging from 46 °F (8 °C) in December and January to 76 °F (24 °C). Average daily high temperatures range from 53 °F (12 °C) in December and January to 93 °F (34 °C) in July (with many days of over 100 F (38 °C) highs). Daily low temperatures range from 38 to 58 °F (3 to 14 °C).The average year has 73 days with a high over 90 °F (32 °C), with the highest temperature on record being 115 °F (46 °C) on July 25, 2006, and 18 days when the low drops below 32 °F (0 °C), with the coldest day on record being December 11, 1932, at 17 °F (-8 °C). Summer 2007, however, could be the hottest ever on record with a possible drought due to winter 2007 being drier than normal. Average yearly precipitation is 17.4 inches (442 mm), with almost no rain during the summer months, to an average rainfall of 3.7 inches (94 mm) in January. It rains, on average, 58 days of the year. In February 1992, Sacramento had 16 consecutive days of rain (6.41 inches or 163 mm). A record 7.24 inches (184 mm) of rain fell on April 20, 1880.On average, 96 days in the year have fog, mostly in the morning (tule fog), primarily in December and January. The fog can get extremely dense, lowering visibility to less than 100 feet (30 m) and making driving conditions hazardous.The record snowfall was recorded on January 4, 1888, at 9 cm (3.5 in). Snowfall is rare in Gardenland (with an elevation of only 52 feet or 16 m above sea level), with a dusting of snow every eight to ten years. People During the 1950s through the early 1980s, Gardenland had the highest population of Mexican-Americans in the city of Sacramento. Most of these Hispanic residents worked for the Southern Pacific Railroad, Campbell Soup Factory, and Blue Diamond Almond Growers.Sacramento is notably diverse racially, ethnically, and by household income. The city also has a notable lack of inter-racial disharmony. In 2002, Time magazine and the Civil Rights Project of Harvard University identified Sacramento as the most racially/ethnically integrated major city in America. The U.S. Census Bureau also groups Sacramento with other U.S. cities having a "High Diversity" rating of the diversity index.

17723883150756329585

Q6979169

National Union of Students (Australia) History NUS in its current form came into being in 1987 after the collapse of its predecessor, the Australian Union of Students (AUS), in 1984. The AUS was first known from 1937 to 1971 as the National Union of Australian University Students (NUAUS), before allowing membership of colleges of higher education in 1971, which necessitated a name change.NUS was formed at the same time that the Hawke government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (a system of deferred tuition payments), abolishing the free education system previously introduced by the Whitlam government.NUS has had mixed success in its role as a lobby group and representative body. In particular, its limited finances have often meant that it has had difficulty making its presence felt on higher education issues. It was successful in the early 1990s in preventing the implementation of a deferred loan scheme in place of government student financial assistance, and in reducing the qualification age for student financial assistance.NUS was unable to prevent the introduction of differential rates of HECS in 1996, but did lobby successfully to stop the introduction of a voucher system by then Federal Education Minister Dr. David Kemp despite later claiming victory in a similar campaign.The union suffered another major setback in 2003 when despite intense lobbying of independent senators, the reform package of Dr. Brendan Nelson passed the Senate. This package permitted the introduction of Domestic Undergraduate Up-Front Fees (DUFF) by universities in addition to HECS places, and allowed universities to increase their HECS rates by 25%. Components of the legislation introducing VSU, and the mandatory offering of the Australian Workplace Agreement as a component of universities’ enterprise bargaining practices were dropped.In 2003, NUS membership fees became indexed to consumer price index (CPI) removing some of the strain on the union’s finances. NUS charged $5 per student represented by each member organisation. This raised small fears that many small and regional campus organisations might disaffiliate due to increases in affiliation fees.In 2006, NUS took a massive budget hit with the introduction of VSU.In 2016, Australian National University Students' Association voted against accrediting with NUS, citing problems with the conduct of factional delegates at the National Conference. The Adelaide University Union (AUU) voted to cease their SRC from authorising payments of Accreditation to NUS in their March Meeting. The AUU's SRC later condemned the move and restated its affiliation, and intention to pay accreditation fees autonomously.In 2017, the Australian National University Students' Association voted to accredit with NUS once again. Also in 2017, the Tasmanian University Union voted to end its affiliation with the NUS.In 2019, NUS General Secretary Michael Iroeche was humiliatingly dismissed from his role of the Student Unity Faction National Convenor and was subsequently replaced by Samuel Roberts from Swinburne University. Financial and structural crisis In a report commissioned by the NUS secretariat in 2013, independent auditors TLConsult authored a report which cited NUS' "inflexible factional system" as detrimental to the organisation and leading to "historical accounting approach … out of step with modern financial practices". Auditors "questioned whether some stakeholders generally understood their responsibilities to NUS", citing alliances by some national officers to factions, rather than NUS, as contributing the structural issues faced by the organisation.The TLConsult audit said that NUS only had enough cash reserves to "sustain the organisation for approximately one year in its current form" and that although voluntary student unionism had resulted in a notable decline in revenue, it was structural problems, "unchanged for nearly two decades", that were the primary cause of the NUS' current financial problems.In response to the financial pressures outlined in the audit which cited significant deficits run by NUS over the previous few years, and following outgoing NUS President Deanna Taylor's admission that they “the advice given to NUS is that were our income and expenditure levels to remain status quo, NUS would not exist beyond the next few years”, delegates to the 2014 conference voted in favor of a financial and structural review, and to eliminate the stipend for the positions of National Indigenous, International Students and Disability Officer. However, an attempt to eliminate state officer bearer positions (presidents excepted) was not passed by conference delegates. National Conference By its constitution, NUS must hold National Conference, its annual general meeting, in the second week of December each year. Held at a Victorian campus, the conference sees delegates from all accredited campuses gather to vote on policy that decides the direction of the union for the next year. The election of national and state officers, as well as campus representatives, occurs during the week. National structure NUS' national structure is formalised into both a National Executive and State Branches. State Officers The State Branch Officers of NUS are elected annually at the National Conference, with their terms commencing in January. State and Territories officers are only elected if there are accredited campus from that State/Territory. The State Branch positions other than President and Education Vice President were abolished after the 2015 National Conference, coming into effect at the conclusion of the 2016 term of office.

14713185356972183263

Q21527866

Midnight Sun (2018 film) Plot Sheltered since early childhood, Katie Price lives with a life-threatening sensitivity to sunlight caused by the rare genetic condition, xeroderma pigmentosum. During the day, she is housebound, having only her father, Jack and her best friend, Morgan, to keep her company. Katie comes out of the house every night, once the sun has set. One night, she is noticed and asked out by her longtime crush, Charlie, while playing guitar at the train station. Katie leaves suddenly, and forgets her notebook, which Charlie keeps. He returns the next day, and gives it to Katie when she shows up to retrieve it. He explains to her how he got his injury that prevented him from getting a scholarship to the University of California, Berkeley before kissing her on one of the boats.However, Katie has yet to tell Charlie of her condition, despite her father warning her to. Charlie takes Katie out for a night to Seattle, where they go to a live show, and Charlie makes Katie play one of her songs on one of the city's streets. Once home, they go swimming out in the lake, and dry off with a fire on the beach. Charlie mentions watching the sunrise, and Katie freaks out, running home in fear. Charlie picks her up and quickly drives her there, but she does not make it in time, and is exposed to the sunlight for a couple of seconds. Katie runs inside, while Morgan and Jack come home soon after. Charlie still is standing confused at the front door, and Morgan explains that Katie has xeroderma pigmentosum. Once the doctors run some tests, Katie's doctor comes to the conclusion that Katie's brain is contracting, and it's only a matter of time before she dies.Katie begins to experience twitches in her finger, which prevents her from playing the guitar. She also ignores Charlie's messages as she does not want to hurt him. Jack eventually convinces Katie to speak to Charlie, who still wants to be with Katie, and does not care about the medical condition. Katie goes to Charlie's swim meet with the Berkeley coach, and they hang out at the house with Morgan and Jack. Charlie takes Katie out one night, and surprises her by booking a recording session, where she sings a song she wrote for him. Soon after, while hanging out at her house, Charlie mentions that he has to visit the boat for the last time, which he has been hired to take care of the whole summer. Katie, fearing that she is going to die, eventually remembers the time Charlie told her that he wished they could sail together, and convinces Jack to let her go with Charlie, despite it being the day. Katie sails with Charlie, feels the sunlight, and spend her final moments with him, dying soon after.After some days, Charlie goes to Katie's house where he says goodbye to Jack as he is going to pursue his swimming dreams. Jack tells Charlie that Katie wanted him to keep the notebook. And in the last scene, Charlie is hitting the road, where he listens to Katie's song on the radio and reads the heartfelt message which Katie wrote for him in the notebook. In the letter, Katie tells Charlie to watch for the new things which are coming his way and to look up in the sky and to always remember that she loves him. Production On June 22, 2015, it was announced that Scott Speer would next direct a young adult romantic drama film, Midnight Sun, based on the script by Eric Kirsten, which would star Patrick Schwarzenegger as Charlie and Bella Thorne as Katie. The film is based on the 2006 Japanese film of same name. It was financed by Boies / Schiller Film Group, and produced by John Rickard and Zack Schiller. On October 9, 2015, Rob Riggle joined the film to play Katie's father, Jack. Filming Principal photography on the film began on October 12, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia. Release In October 2016, Open Road Films acquired distribution rights to the film. They initially scheduled it for July 14, 2017, before setting it for March 23, 2018. Box office Midnight Sun grossed $9.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $17.8 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross $27.4 million.In the United States, Midnight Sun was released alongside Pacific Rim: Uprising, Sherlock Gnomes, Unsane and Paul, Apostle of Christ, and was projected to gross around $5 million from 2,173 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up debuting to $4 million, finishing 10th at the box office. It fell 54% to $1.8 million in its second week. Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 23% based on 57 reviews, and an average rating of 4.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Midnight Sun is a typically manipulative and contrived teen romance that's unfortunately distinguished by its offensively inaccurate portrayal of a real-life disease." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

3757356475802485100

Q7283871

Rail (Australian band) History Rail were an Australian indie guitar pop group from Melbourne, during the 1990s. They were formed in 1993 by Ashley Naylor on lead guitar and vocals (ex-Swarm, from 1994 he was contemporaneously a member of Even), David Sayer on bass guitar and backing vocals, Danny Richard Vertessy on lead vocals and guitar, and Ian Williams on drums and backing vocals. Vertessy and Williams had played together in the Wick Effect from 1990 to 1992.Rail were originally named Sleeper and released a six-track, self-titled extended play (EP) in March 1994. Triple J picked up the track, "Spinning Ball", from Sleeper, and the track was later included on their debut album. They changed their name to Fragment to avoid confusion with a United Kingdom band (see Sleeper). As Fragment they recorded a track, "Careering", for rooArt's Youngblood 4 (1994) compilation before settling on the name Rail. They signed to Mushroom Records' imprint, White Label, in that year.Their debut album, Bad Hair Life appeared in September 1994 and was critically acclaimed. Barry Divola of Who Weekly (November 1995) declared, "Vertessy has a delicious drawl of a voice... Rail are world weary without being total boring losers. The refrain of 'Immune Deficiency' is an irresistible sing-along rather than a dirge, while 'Rock Dreams' is a scrawled tale of faded flannelette reading about rock stars." Rolling Stone's yearbook for 1995 includes, "another triumph for the kind of pop songwriting which doesn't rely on overdrive to make it's point. These guys used their imaginations first, volume knobs second, and came up with one of the more interesting production jobs of the year as a result."The album's lead single, "Immune Deficiency", was released in August 1995, which received high rotation on radio and TV on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), especially on national youth radio, Triple J. The lyrics, by Vertessy, are written from the point of view of a person with HIV/AIDS. It was listed at No. 72 in Triple J Hottest 100, 1995. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1996 they were nominated for Best New Talent for Bad Hair Life, while "Immune Deficiency" was nominated for Breakthrough Artist – Single. Rail performed at the South by South West Conference & Festival in Austin, Texas in 1996.The second album,Goodbye Surfing, Hello God (May 1997), named after a Brian Wilson reference, was recorded in mid-1996 at Sing Sing Studios, Melbourne with New York producer Don Fleming (Teenage Fanclub, the Posies, Sonic Youth). Fleming described how, "Producing is psychology. Every band is different, there's different personalities. There's trouble makers, fuck ups, analytical ones... you have to dig your way through." The album was influenced by Neil Young, Alex Chilton, Big Star, the Posies, Swervedriver, Teenage Fanclub: all of whom Rail had supported.Simon Woolridge of Juice felt, "[this] is comparatively live and off the cuff as opposed to Bad Hair Life's painstaking genesis. And it's lyrics are written from a fictional perspective, Vertessy now having experienced the responsibilities of song writing which involved fans expecting him to play the part of the protagonist in his songs." Rolling Stone's Tracey Grimson discussed how the album, "courses the spectrum of moods, through melancholy lamentations on love to the forthright embrace of power, drive and strength. It's there in the songs, from the classic rollicking rock of 'Sun Shiny Day' to the gentle balladry of 'Hey Little Beauty Queen'. 'My Art' takes a ride through country; the single 'I Am Awake' is honest heart-on-sleeve sweetness with a soaring chorus".It was Naylor's final recording session with the band as he had left by October 1996 to concentrate on his main band, Even. Most of the group's work was written by Vertessy. Dan O'Halloran (ex-Saidaside) replaced Naylor on guitar in 1997. O'Halloran left the band in mid-1998 and they performed as trio with occasional inclusion of keyboardist, Craig Sayer. Rail performed at The Big Day Out, Melbourne and at The Falls Festival. TV performances include Channel 31 Melbourne, ABC TV's Recovery (as the featured band) and programming of an episode of Rage in 1996. The group split up in late 1998. Drummer Ian Williams drowned in mid-1999, aged 28.

12551373640341292276

Q7534567

Skene Memorial Library Building The library is on an 0.9-acre (3,600 m²) lot on the north side of Main Street in Fleischmanns' small downtown. The neighborhood is a mix of commercial and residential buildings. Behind the lot is woodlands, rising slightly to a low hill behind a small parking lot. In front is a small lawn with stone monuments to local war veterans, and the sidewalk. Exterior The building itself is an L-shaped one-story structure on a stone foundation sided in wood shingles. Four narrow wood moldings run around the eave, lintel, sill and water table levels. The high hipped roofs are shingled in asbestos with broad overhanging eaves supported by brackets. Stone chimneys rise from the west side and the east rear.At the center of the south (front) facade is a porch supported by Doric columns and a wooden balustrade topped by a wide frieze and triglyph with dentilled moldings. The words "SKENE MEMORIAL LIBRARY" are on the entablature. Its overhang is also supported by narrow brackets. Three wide stone steps with iron railings climb up to it.Above the porch is an octagonal tower with round-arched windows in alternating facets above the roofline. Its top stage has louvered vents in all but the front facet, which is sheltered by a gabled hood with a small vergeboard. It is topped by a rounded roof with the same bracketed eaves.All windows are in pairs, with a diamond pattern in the upper pane. A similar pattern is in the transoms on the other two entrances, both on the north end of the rear. A modern wheelchair ramp goes up to these from the parking lot. Interior The double wood and glass doors at the main entrance lead into a small vestibule where stairs provide access to the tower and cellar. From there doors open into the main reading room, rectangular with an elliptical arched ceiling. The original plaster walls have been covered in modern paneling; the original hardwood floors remain. Oak and chestnut molding trims the cornice, doors and windows.Two piers separate the main reading room from a smaller one on the west. It was meant to be separated from the main room by partititions that could be pulled down from the piers, but these may not be operational. The west reading room's main feature is the large stone fireplace on the west wall, with a decorative stone arch in splayed stone and brick. It has a narrow wooden mantel with a shelf supported by brackets and a 10-inch-wide (250 mm) wooden overmantel with decorative carving.East of the main reading room is a stage area. It is recessed behind a partition and reached by three sets of stairs. Both it and the west reading room have molded window and door treatments similar to the main reading room. They can also be found in the small reading room in the north wing. The other room there, the village clerk's office, has been completely redone and has none of its original finishings. History In the late 19th century, the economy of the Catskills had shifted from forest-product industries to resorts, with the establishment of the state Forest Preserve and the completion of the Ulster and Delaware Railroad. The Fleischmanns area became the summer residence of a number of celebrities of the era, such as baking magnate Charles Louis Fleischmann, for whom it would later be renamed, conductor Anton Seidl, opera singer Amelita Galli-Curci, and Alexander Skene.The latter, a Scottish emigrant, was a pioneering gynecologist who founded the American Gynecological Society and for whom Skene's gland is named. He and his wife, Belgian-born Annette Wilhelmine Lillian Van der Wegen, built Bonnie Em, a Scottish-style castle, as their summer home on the slopes of Belleayre Mountain in nearby Highmount.In the 1890s, Annette Skene had been trying to get the community to organize a public library, offering to start it with a donation of 500 books from her own library. In 1896, after two years of her entreaties, a library association was formed. Two residents donated the present site in 1901. Initially, funding for a library building came from subscription fees paid by Fleischmanns residents. Mrs. Skene also wrote to Andrew Carnegie, who was offering to finance what came to be called Carnegie libraries in English-speaking countries at the time, in gratitude for the role libraries had played in his life. He contributed $5,000 ($151,000 in contemporary dollars) on the usual condition that the community building the library pledge a tenth of that amount annually for maintenance and support. Fleischmanns was able to raise double that amount, and began the collection with 875 books, including Mrs. Skene's original donation. The builder, Crosby Kelly, was another local resident and subscriber.The library was opened late in 1901, named in memory of Alexander Skene, who had died the previous year. At that time, Carnegie funded libraries without any review of the plans for the proposed building, and New York architects Henry and Marshall Emery, summer residents who had also been among the subscribers, had a free hand. Most of their work is in the Rockland County village of Nyack, where Henry Emery moved the practice after his brother's death in 1921, and Albany and New York City.The Skene library is not as high in style as the Emerys' other known work and seems to have been designed more to blend in with other local architecture. It combines the Queen Anne and Shingle styles, both popular for resorts and cottages in the 1890s. Features such as the overhanging roof, eaves and shingled siding also suggest the railroad stations in the area.Marshall Emery and Annette Skene married, and continued to support the library for several years, donating a heater in 1905. The year before, the association's minutes reflect a donation of $130 from the local Ladies Aid Society to hold a fair, which continued for many years. Performances were given on the stage, many using a grand piano that has since been lost. One local resident recalls seeing her first film, a Tom Mix western, at the library.In 1928 it was deeded to the village for use as a municipal building. It continues in both roles today. There have been no significant changes associated with this use other than the remodeling of one of the rear rooms to serve as the clerk's office.

17190492229279448425

Q6373296

Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum The Karpeles Manuscript Library is a private collection of more than a million manuscripts and documents in the United States, the largest such collection in the world.It was founded in the early 1980s by California real estate magnates David and Marsha Karpeles, with the goal of stimulating interest in learning, especially in children, and to make the collection more accessible, is distributed between several Karpeles museums across the US, each located in a historic building, plus "mini-museums" in schools and office buildings. Items are rotated between museums quarterly, and each of the museums presents a daily general exhibit and one or more special scheduled exhibits throughout the year. In addition, Karpeles is aggressively expanding the content of its website. All of the Karpeles Manuscript Library services are free. The museums are located in small and midsize cities, although the Karpeleses put on an exhibit on Central Park West in New York City in 1991. As of September 2017, there were eleven museums. Buffalo, New York In Buffalo, the Karpeles Museum consists of two separate buildings: Porter Hall at 453 Porter Avenue at Jersey Street and Plymouth Avenue; and North Hall at 220 North Street at Elmwood Avenue. Porter Hall was originally the Plymouth Methodist Church, while the North Hall was originally First Church of Christ, Scientist, built in 1911. Charleston, South Carolina Karpeles Manuscript Museum in Charleston is housed in the former St. James Chapel, a Methodist church built in 1856. The building is in the Greek Revival style following the Corinthian order and was inspired by the Temple of Jupiter in Rome. During the Civil War, Confederates used the building as a hospital and stored medical supplies there. Hurricane Hugo tore off the roof of the building and destroyed its interior on September 21, 1989. Following renovation, the building reopened on November 11, 1990. Duluth, Minnesota The Duluth Museum at 902 East 1st Street was originally First Church of Christ, Scientist, built in 1912; the original organ has been retained in the rotunda. Fort Wayne, Indiana The Karpeles Museum in Fort Wayne occupies two buildings. Fairfield Hall is the former Church of Christ Scientist building at 2410 Fairfield Avenue and houses a rotating collection of historical documents, old and ancient ship models, and stone hieroglyphic inscriptions from the time of Moses. Piqua Hall is housed in a domed church at 3039 Piqua Avenue built in 1917 as the First Church of God. It houses a rotating collection of historical maps.The Fort Wayne location provides an educational outreach program in the form of mini-museum displays that are set up in local schools and maintained by museum staff. Jacksonville, Florida The Jacksonville Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum is located in the former First Church of Christ, Scientist building, a 1921 neoclassical structure in the Springfield neighborhood. There is also an antique book library, with volumes dating from the late 19th century, and a children's center. Newburgh, New York The Karpeles Museum in Newburgh, New York, is located at 94 Broadway. It houses the Dona McPhillips Historical Painting Series, which includes many portraits of famous Americans grouped together as "Founding Fathers", "Civil War Union", "Civil War Confederates", "Indian Heroes", "More Indian Heroes", "Pathfinders", "Texas", "Blacks", "Pioneers" and "Women". Rock Island, Illinois The museum building in Rock Island was originally the First Church of Christ, Scientist, built in 1896 in the Broadway Historic District. Chris Kelly is the interim director. St. Louis, Missouri The St. Louis branch of the Karpeles Manuscript Library opened on August 1, 2015. St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area to host a Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum. The museum is located at 3524 Russell Boulevard, near Grand Boulevard and across the street from Compton Hill Reservoir Park. The structure was built as the Third Christian Science Church and opened in 1911 (it had been occupied in later decades by The New Paradise Missionary Baptist Church). The St. Louis Media History Foundation's Archives Exhibit Room is also housed in the building.On March 26, 2019, a three alarm fire broke out at the museum causing considerable damage, mostly to the roof and the back of the building. About 80 firefighters were dispatched to the scene to fight the fire and haul out historic pieces such as old wooden ships and statues. St. Louis Media History Foundation's Executive Director Frank Absher said the museum building itself is likely beyond repair. Santa Barbara, California The Santa Barbara Karpeles Museum, the first to be opened, is at 21 West Anapamu Street. Shreveport, Louisiana The Karpeles Manuscript Library in Shreveport at 3201 Centenary Avenue was originally First Church of Christ, Scientist. Tacoma, Washington The Karpeles Manuscript Museum in Tacoma, Washington, which opened in 1991, is located at 407 South G Street in a former American Legion post built in 1931, across the street from the Wright Park Arboretum.

6876788252750931608

Q1507213

Yoga Vasistha Nomenclature The name Vasistha in the title of the text refers to Rishi Vasistha. The term Yoga in the text refers to the underlying Yogic theme in its stories and dialogues, and the term is used in a generic sense to include all forms of yoga in the pursuit of liberation, in the style of Bhagavad Gita.The long version of the text is called Brihat Yoga Vasistha, wherein Brihat means "great or large". The short version of the text is called Laghu Yoga Vasishta, wherein Laghu means "short or small". The longer version is also referred to simply as Yoga Vasistha and by numerous other names such as Vasiṣṭha Ramayana. Chronology The date or century of the text's composition or compilation is unknown, and variously estimated from the content and references it makes to other literature, other schools of Indian philosophies. Scholars agree that the surviving editions of the text were composed in the common era, but disagree whether it was completed in the first millennium or second. Estimates range, states Chapple, from "as early as the sixth or seventh century, to as late as the fourteenth century".The surviving text mentions Vijnanavada and Madhyamika schools of Buddhism by name, suggesting that the corresponding sections were composed after those schools were established, or about 5th-century. The translation of a version of the text in 14th- to 15th-century into Persian, has been the basis of the other limit, among scholars such as Farquhar in 1922.Atreya in 1935 suggested that the text must have preceded Gaudapada and Adi Shankara, because it does not use their terminology, but does mention many Buddhist terms. Dasgupta, a contemporary of Atreya, states that the text includes verses of earlier text, such as its III.16.50 is identical to one found in Kalidasa's Kumarasambhava, thus the text must be placed after the 5th-century. Dasgupta adds that the philosophy and ideas presented in Yoga Vasistha mirror those of found in Advaita Vedanta of Adi Shankara, but neither mention the other, which probably means that the author(s) of Yoga Vasistha were scholars who lived in the same century as Shankara, placing the text in about 7th- to early 8th-century. The shorter summary version of the text is attributed to the Kashmiri scholar Abhinanda, who has been variously dated to have lived in 9th- or 10th-century. Evolving text theory Mainkar states that Yoga Vasistha probably evolved over time. The first work, states Mainkar, was the original ancient work of Vasistha that was an Upanishad with Brahamanical ideas, a work that is lost. This text was, suggests Mainkar, was expanded into Moksopaya in or after 6th-century, which is now commonly known as Laghu-Yogavasistha. The Laghu (shorter) version was then expanded into the full editions, over time, in the centuries that followed the completion of Laghu-Yogavasistha. The syncretic incorporation of Buddhism and Hinduism ideas happened in the Laghu-Yogavasistha edition, states Mainkar, while ideas from Kashmiri Shaivism, particularly the Trika school, were added to the growing version by the 12th-century. Similar serial expansion, revisions and interpolation is typical in Indian literature. Peter Thomi has published additional evidence in support Mainkar's theory on Yoga Vasistha's chronology.The oldest surviving manuscript of the Moksopaya (or Moksopaya Shastra) has been dated to have been composed in Srinagar in the 10th century AD. Author The text is traditionally attributed to Valmiki, the author of Ramayana.The author of the shorter version, the Laghu-Yogavasistha, is generally considered to be Abhinanda of Kashmir. Content This is one of the longest Hindu texts in Sanskrit after the Mahabharata, and an important text of Yoga. It consists of numerous short stories and anecdotes used to help illustrate its ideas and message. The text shows the influence of Advaita Vedanta and Saivite Trika school. In terms of Hindu mythology, the conversation in the Yoga Vasishta is placed chronologically before the Ramayana.The traditional belief is that reading this book leads to spiritual liberation. The conversation between Vasistha and Prince Rama is that between a great, enlightened sage and a seeker of liberation. The text discusses consciousness, cosmology, nature of the universe and consciousness, the ultimate dissolution of body, the liberation of the soul and the non-dual nature of existence. On liberation In Chapter 2 of Book VI, titled as The story of Iksvaku, the text explains the state of nirvana (liberation) as follows, "Liberation is peace. Liberation is extinction of all conditioning. Liberation is freedom from every kind of physical, psychological and psychic distress. This world is not seen by the ignorant and the wise in the same light. To one who has attained self-knowledge, this world does not appear as samsara, but as the one infinite and indivisible consciousness". Indian languages Originally written in Sanskrit, the Yoga Vasistha has been translated into many Indian languages, and the stories are told to children in various forms. Persian During the Mughal Dynasty the text was translated into Persian several times, as ordered by Akbar, Jahangir and Darah Shikuh. One of these translations was undertaken by Nizam al-Din Panipati in the late sixteenth century AD. This translation, known as the Jug-Basisht, which has since became popular in Persia among intellectuals interested in Indo-Persian culture. The Safavid-era mystic Mir Findiriski (d. 1641) commented on selected passages of Jug-Basisht. Russian The unabridged text is currently being translated into Russian and published by Swamini Vidyananda Saraswati, first five books are completed by 2017. English translations Yoga Vasistha was translated into English by Swami Jyotirmayananda, Swami Venkatesananda, Vidvan Bulusu Venkateswaraulu and Vihari Lal Mitra. K. Naryanaswami Aiyer translated the well-known abridged version, Laghu-Yoga-Vasistha. In 2009, Swami Tejomayananda's Yoga Vasistha Sara Sangrah was published by the Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. In this version the Laghu-Yoga-Vasistha has been condensed to 86 verses, arranged into seven chapters. Excerpts [need citation]

16911716499620680432

Q4742138

Ameer (director) Early life and career Ameer Sultan was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu India. He initially studied economics and worked as an entrepreneur before starting to work as an assistant director to Tamil filmmaker Bala on his award-winning film Sethu in 1999 and Nandha in 2001. Shortly after, he directed his first film, the romantic comedy Mounam Pesiyadhe (2002). The film starred Suriya in the lead and became Trisha Krishnan's first release featuring her in a leading role. The same year, he began his own production company, Teamwork Production House. His second directorial was the mystery thriller Raam, which he produced himself and released A three years later. The film, which revolves around an autistic teenager, portrayed by Jiiva, who is highly attached to his mother, but becomes suspected of having murdered her, received critical acclaim, with Jeeva and the film's composer Yuvan Shankar Raja winning awards at the 2005 Cyprus International Film Festival. It also became Jeeva's breakthrough in the film industry, who till then had appeared in two unsuccessful home productions only. In 2007, he directed the drama Paruthiveeran set in a village in Tamil Nadu, which marked the debut of Karthi, younger son of Sivakumar and brother of Suriya. Critics heaped high praise on the film and Ameer's direction, while Karthi as well as Priyamani, who performed the female lead, won several notable prizes for their performances. Paruthiveeran remains Ameer's most acclaimed work, having received six Filmfare Awards South including the Best Film and Best Director trophies, two National Film Awards, two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and four Vijay Awards. The film further fetched accolades at international platform, winning the Best Film Award at the Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema and Netpac Special Mention award at the Berlin International Film Festival. He did his fourth directorial, Aadhi Bhagavan, featuring Jayam Ravi and Neetu Chandra in the lead roles, released 2013 for positive reviews. Ameer's next film is Jihad which is his own production.That is a love story. Controversy On 24 October 2008, Ameer was arrested. Being a Tamil activist, he took part in a film rally condemning state atrocities against Tamils in Sri Lanka, organised by director Bharathiraja, also a Tamil activist, and other prominent Tamil directors, actors, and producers. The rally was part of statewide protests across Tamil Nadu in 2008 condemning Sri Lanka. During the rally, Ameer and fellow director Seeman made speeches criticising the Indian government and expressing support to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a Tamil separatist group on the island and condemning the genocide of Tamils in Sri Lanka. The two were later released on bail with the help of their assistant directors, Bharathiraja, and actor R. Sarath Kumar. Other Film directors such as Balu Mahendra, Bhagyaraj, Cheran, R K Selvamani, V Sekar, Bala, Rajkapoor, lyricists Arivumathi, Snehan and others waited from 8 am for the two directors' release. Ameer has expressed strong support to Eelam Tamils right to self-determination and the independence of Tamil Eelam.On November 2016, Ameer criticized Rajinikanth for supporting demonetization scheme introduced by Indian Government questioning the integrity of Rajinikanth on black money. Awards Filmfare Awards South Best Movie (Tamil) 2007 Paruthiveeran Best Director (Tamil) 2007 Paruthiveeran Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema's Award for Best Film 2007 Paruthiveeran Berlin Film Festival – Netpac Award – Special Mention 2007 Paruthiveeran

14920615103208826886

Q15394298

Victor W. Marek Victor Witold Marek, formerly Wiktor Witold Marek known as Witek Marek (born 22 March 1943) is a Polish mathematician and computer scientist working in the field of theoretical computer science and mathematical logic. Biography Victor Witold Marek studied mathematics at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Warsaw. Supervised by Andrzej Mostowski, he received both a magister degree in mathematics in 1964 and a doctoral degree in mathematics in 1968. He completed habilitation in mathematics in 1972.In 1970–1971, Marek was a postdoctoral researcher at the Utrecht University, the Netherlands, where he worked under Dirk van Dalen. In 1967–1968 as well as in 1973–1975, he was a researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. In 1979-1980 and 1982-1983 he worked at the Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research. In 1976, he was appointed an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at the University of Warsaw.In 1983, he was appointed a professor of computer science at the University of Kentucky. In 1989–1990, he was a Visiting Professor of Mathematics at the Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. In 2001-2002, he was a visitor at the Department of Mathematics of the University of California, San Diego. Teaching He has supervised a number of graduate theses and projects. He was an advisor of 16 doctoral candidates both in mathematics and computer science. In particular, he advised dissertations in mathematics by Małgorzata Dubiel-Lachlan, Roman Kossak, Adam Krawczyk, Tadeusz Kreid, Roman Murawski, Andrzej Pelc, Zygmunt Ratajczyk, Marian Srebrny, and Zygmunt Vetulani. In computer science his students were V. K. Cody Bumgardner, Waldemar W. Koczkodaj, Witold Lipski, Joseph Oldham, Inna Pivkina, Michał Sobolewski, Paweł Traczyk, and Zygmunt Vetulani. All these individuals has worked in the various institutions of higher education in Canada, France, Poland, and the United States. Mathematics He investigated a number of areas in the foundations of mathematics, for instance infinitary combinatorics (large cardinals), metamathematics of set theory, the hierarchy of constructible sets, models of second-order arithmetic, the impredicative theory of Kelley–Morse classes. He proved that the so-called Fraïssé conjecture (second-order theories of denumerable ordinals are all different) is entailed by Gödel's axiom of constructibility. Together with Marian Srebrny, he investigated properties of gaps in a constructible universe. Computer science He studied logical foundations of computer science. In the early 1970s, in collaboration with Zdzislaw Pawlak, he investigated Pawlak's information storage and retrieval systems which then was a widely studied concept, especially in the Eastern Europe. These systems were, essentially a single-table relational databases, but unlike Codd's relational databases were bags rather than sets of records. These investigations, in turn, led Pawlak to the concept of rough set, studied by Marek and Pawlak in 1981. The concept of rough set, in computer science, statistics, topology, universal algebra, combinatorics, and modal logic, turned out to be an expressive language for describing, and especially manipulating an incomplete information. Logic In the area of nonmonotonic logics, a group of logics related to artificial intelligence, he focused on investigations of Reiter's Deault Logic, and autoepistemic logic of R. Moore. These investigations led to a form of Logic Programming called Answer Set Programming a computational knowledge representation formalism, studied both in Europe and in the United States. Together with Mirosław Truszczynski, he proved that the problem of existence of stable models of logic programs is NP-complete. In a stronger formalism admitting function symbols, along with Nerode and Remmel he showed that the analogous problem is Σ¹₁-complete.

12209267523055048276

Q5548567

Geotechnical centrifuge modeling Typical applications A geotechnical centrifuge is used to test models of geotechnical problems such as the strength, stiffness and capacity of foundations for bridges and buildings, settlement of embankments, stability of slopes, earth retaining structures, tunnel stability and seawalls. Other applications include explosive cratering, contaminant migration in ground water, frost heave and sea ice. The centrifuge may be useful for scale modeling of any large-scale nonlinear problem for which gravity is a primary driving force. Reason for model testing on the centrifuge Geotechnical materials such as soil and rock have non-linear mechanical properties that depend on the effective confining stress and stress history. The centrifuge applies an increased "gravitational" acceleration to physical models in order to produce identical self-weight stresses in the model and prototype. The one to one scaling of stress enhances the similarity of geotechnical models and makes it possible to obtain accurate data to help solve complex problems such as earthquake-induced liquefaction, soil-structure interaction and underground transport of pollutants such as dense non-aqueous phase liquids. Centrifuge model testing provides data to improve our understanding of basic mechanisms of deformation and failure and provides benchmarks useful for verification of numerical models. Scaling of other quantitites (this section obviously needs work!)scale factors for energy, force, pressure, acceleration, velocity, etc. Note that stress has units of pressure, or force per unit area. Thus we can show thatSubstituting F = m∙a (Newton's law, force = mass ∙ acceleration) and r = m/L3 (from the definition of mass density).Scale factors for many other quantities can be derived from the above relationships. The table below summarizes common scale factors for centrifuge testing.Scale Factors for Centrifuge Model Tests (from Garnier et al. 2007)(Table is suggested to be added here) Value of centrifuge in geotechnical earthquake engineering Large earthquakes are infrequent and unrepeatable but they can be devastating. All of these factors make it difficult to obtain the required data to study their effects by post earthquake field investigations. Instrumentation of full scale structures is expensive to maintain over the large periods of time that may elapse between major temblors, and the instrumentation may not be placed in the most scientifically useful locations. Even if engineers are lucky enough to obtain timely recordings of data from real failures, there is no guarantee that the instrumentation is providing repeatable data. In addition, scientifically educational failures from real earthquakes come at the expense of the safety of the public. Understandably, after a real earthquake, most of the interesting data is rapidly cleared away before engineers have an opportunity to adequately study the failure modes.Centrifuge modeling is a valuable tool for studying the effects of ground shaking on critical structures without risking the safety of the public. The efficacy of alternative designs or seismic retrofitting techniques can compared in a repeatable scientific series of tests. Verification of numerical models Centrifuge tests can also be used to obtain experimental data to verify a design procedure or a computer model. The rapid development of computational power over recent decades has revolutionized engineering analysis. Many computer models have been developed to predict the behavior of geotechnical structures during earthquakes and other loads. Before a computer model can be used with confidence, it must be proven to be valid based on evidence. The meager and unrepeatable data provided by natural earthquakes, for example, is usually insufficient for this purpose. Verification of the validity of assumptions made by a computational algorithm is especially important in the area of geotechnical engineering due to the complexity of soil behavior. Soils exhibit highly non-linear behavior, their strength and stiffness depend on their stress history and on the water pressure in the pore fluid, all of which may evolve during the loading caused by an earthquake. The computer models which are intended to simulate these phenomena are very complex and require extensive verification. Experimental data from centrifuge tests is useful for verifying assumptions made by a computational algorithm. If the results show the computer model to be inaccurate, the centrifuge test data provides insight into the physical processes which in turn stimulates the development of better computer models.

7139190764626672974

Q6767208

Mark Croucher Early life Croucher was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, US to British parents. His father, Peter John Croucher was an engineer, and his mother Mary Florence (née Dunn) was a legal secretary. His parents re-emigrated back to the United Kingdom in 1971, when Croucher was five years old. He has a younger brother, Paul Stephen Croucher (b. 1970). He was educated at St Paulinus Church of England Primary School, Crayford, Kent, and then at the City of London School, London which he attended on a scholarship as a chorister at the Temple Church under choirmaster Sir George Thalben-Ball, appearing on two records made by the choir during his time there. He had previously sung in the St Paulinus Church choir, Crayford, and the Westminster Abbey Special Choir.On leaving school at the age of 16, he attended Erith College (now Bexley College) for a year before enlisting in the United States Air Force at the age of 17, where he served for three years as a radio operator before taking an early discharge and returning to the UK to attend Merchant Navy College (formerly the Thames Nautical Training College), Greenhithe, Kent, qualifying as a Radio Officer in 1989. During this period, he first became involved in politics, leading the ultimately unsuccessful campaign to prevent the closure of the college in 1989.Working mainly for Dutch shipping companies, he volunteered for service in the First Gulf War and served on an ammunition transport as a Chief Radio Officer. During this period, he continued his studies using distance learning, gaining a degree in electronics engineering, and also worked as a freelance journalist. Political career In 2001, he was employed by UKIP as its sole press officer and de facto Director of Communications, with him adopting the formal title in 2002 under new leader Roger Knapman as the party expanded. At the 2001 general election he contested the Dartford parliamentary constituency for UKIP, coming fourth with 989 votes.In 2003, Croucher led the party's decision to contest local elections, writing its first local election manifesto – which still forms the backbone of the current manifesto – and standing himself in the staunchly Labour Joyce Green ward for Dartford Borough Council, polling 31% of the vote in the multiseat ward.In 2004, he was in charge of media strategy for the party's successful 2004 European election campaign which saw the party break through from its existing three MEP seats to 12, gaining 16.8% of the national vote and beating the Liberal Democrats into 4th place. By focussing on large set piece events with a central theme, and by carefully deploying high-profile candidates (including Robert Kilroy-Silk) and supporters, he generated significant media interest in the campaign, which represented a break from previous UKIP efforts. Throughout this period, he worked closely with Clive Page (at that time a consultant, and later Deputy Director of Communications), with external advice from PR guru Max Clifford, who had declared his support for UKIP early in the campaign. Page was a former Head of News for ITV Tyne Tees television. Croucher also worked closely with UKIP Head of Strategy Dick Morris, who joined the campaign team in late 2003.Following the election, he was appointed editor of UKIPs internal magazine, Independence News, updating the style and content of the magazine as its circulation reached a peak of 29,000. He remained editor until 2007.Croucher stood down as director of communications in 2007, but returned in 2009 as a consultant for the European election campaign of that year. After UKIP came second, he was appointed as Head of Media for UKIP's new grouping in the European Parliament, the Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group, in which position he continued until 2011. Since then, he has worked as a consultant for several of the partys MEPs. Chartered Institute of Journalists In January 2015, Croucher was elected Vice President of the Chartered Institute of Journalists in an election caused by the elevation of previous Vice President Paul Leighton to the Presidency following the death in office in January 2014 of President Charlie Harris. Croucher assumed the Presidency in January 2016 after a shortened Vice Presidency of only 1 year and is currently the Immediate Past President. Croucher had contested the first elections for the national council of the Chartered Institute of Journalists in 2003 and was elected. He defended his position in 2005, but did not seek re-election in 2007. He successfully stood for election to Council in February 2013.

13308622176401699861

Q6053673

International Student Congress Of (bio)Medical Sciences History ISCOMS started as a congress for medical students in Groningen, named "Studenten Congres Geneeskunde". In 2003, the Student Congres Geneeskunde changed to an international congress with the name International Student Congress of Medicine. In 2004 the name was changed to ISCOMS. In 2010, the name was changed to the International Student Congress Of (bio)Medical Sciences, to show that it is a congress for students in all biomedical fields. Location ISCOMS takes place at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) in the Netherlands. It is one of the largest hospitals in the world, offering supraregional tertiary care to the northern part of the Netherlands. The medical center employs almost 17,000 people, numbers almost 1400 beds and is affiliated with the University of Groningen. Congress structure The congress is for (bio)medical students who are interested in research. Students may be either presenting or non-presenting participants. If a participant wants to present their research, they are required to submit their abstract beforehand. A strict selection procedure takes place and only the best students are invited to present their research at ISCOMS.When accepted, participants are divided into different session in which they present their research. This may be either through a poster presentation, or an oral presentation where students can present their research by means of a slideshow presentation. In both sessions other students and professionals from the UMCG listen and discuss the research. Thirdly, there is a plenary session: the eight best abstracts will be presented in the primary lecture hall of the UMCG.The congress also holds pre-course masterclasses about research skills, and a great variety of workshops during the congress days on practical skills. Besides that ISCOMS offers keynote lectures from renowned scientist presenting their research to the participants.Moreover, ISCOMS offers an extensive social programme, where all the participants have the opportunity to get to know each other and the ISCOMS organising committees. Finally, there is a post-congress tour visiting parts of the Netherlands. Healthy Ageing ‘Healthy Ageing’ is the primary focus of research, patient care, and education & training within the University of Groningen and the University Medical Center Groningen. Knowing that ageing of the population poses an increasing burden on society, and that associated disabilities and diseases incur increasing economic, healthcare, infrastructural and personal costs that tax national societies heavily, stimulation of a healthy lifestyle is a key in order to deal with this societal challenge. Therefore, ISCOMS continues to emphasize the importance of ‘Healthy Ageing’. It is well known that lifestyles, nutritional patterns, the amount of exercise, and the use of medication are all factors that affect the development of health. However, the influences of these factors and the way they relate to each other is still unclear. As such, ISCOMS is proud to contribute to the gaining of new knowledge. Organisational structure The organisation of ISCOMS consists of (bio)medical students from the University of Groningen. There are nine Executive Board members and 21 committee members. Committees include the Scientific Programme, Hosting and Logistics, International Contacts, Sponsors and Fundraising, Public Relations, and Research and Development. ISCOMS Research Fellowships (IRF) ISCOMS is more than just a congress; it also incorporates several different projects. The ISCOMS Research Fellowships (IRF) is such a project and is unique in Europe and has become an integral part of the experience. It provides a starting point for students to pursue a career in medical sciences, broaden their scientific network, increase the range of their knowledge and amplify their experience with research by giving 25 enthusiastic and talented students the opportunity to join a research group in the University Medical Center Groningen. During a challenging two-week period, chosen students will work on their own individual project and for some this may transcend into a chance to conduct a long-term PhD project in Groningen.

13914872730263284126

Q3918363

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Early life Ghiyath was born in 1139; he was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, who briefly reigned as king of the Ghurid dynasty in 1149. Ghiyath also had a younger brother named Mu'izz al-Din. During his early life, Ghiyath along with Mu'izz al-Din were imprisoned by their uncle Ala al-Din Husayn but were later released by the latter's son Sayf al-Din Muhammad. When Sayf died in 1163, the Ghurid nobles supported Ghiyath, and helped him ascend the throne. Reign When Ghiyath ascended to the throne, he was aided by his brother in the killing of a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. However, this was not the end of Ghurid family disputes; Ghiyath was soon challenged by his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud, who claimed the throne for himself and had allied with Taj al-Din Yildiz, the Seljuq governor of Herat and Balkh. However, the coalition was defeated by Ghiyath and Mu'izz al-Din at Ragh-i Zar. Ghiyath defeated and killed the Seljuq governor during the battle, and thereafter proceeded to conquer Zamindawar, Badghis, Gharchistan, and Guzgan. He spared Fakhr al-Din and restored him as the ruler of Bamiyan. Fakhr al-Din later died and was succeeded by his son Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud, who quickly seized Balkh, Chaghaniyan, Vakhsh, Jarum, Badakhshan, and Shighnan from the Kara-Khitan Khanate, and was thus given the title of Sultan by Ghiyath.In 1173, Ghiyath invaded Ghazni and defeated the Oghuz Turks, who had taken the city from the Ghaznavids. He then installed his brother Mu'izz al-Din as the ruler of Ghazni. Two years later, he seized Herat and Pushang from its Seljuq governor, Baha al-Din Toghril. Shortly thereafter, the ruler of Sistan, Taj al-Din Harb ibn Muhammad, acknowledged the sovereignty of Ghiyath, and so did the Oghuz Turks controlling Kirman.During the same period, the Khwarazmian prince Sultan Shah, who had been expelled from Khwarezm by his brother Tekish, took refuge in Ghor and requested military aid from Ghiyath. Ghiyath, however, did not help the latter. Instead, Sultan Shah managed to get help from the Kara-Khitan Khanate, and began plundering the northern Ghurid domains. In 1186, Ghiyath, along with Mu'izz al-Din, dissolved the Ghaznavid dynasty after having captured Lahore, where they had the Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau-Malik executed. With the aid of the rulers of Bamiyan, Sistan, and his brother Mu'izz al-Din, Ghiyath then defeated the forces of Sultan Shah at Marw al-Rudh in 1190. He also annexed most of the latter's territories in Khorasan. Shortly after war broke out between the Khwarazmian Shahs and the Ghurids; Tekish attacked Herat while the Kara-Khitans invaded Guzgan. Both, were, however, defeated by Ghiyath.In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by Muhammad Khan (who took the honorific name 'Ala' al-Din). Among the first to hear of this were Ghiyath and Mu'izz al-Din. Within weeks the two brothers had already moved their armies westwards into Khorasan. Once they had captured Nishapur, Mu'izz al-Din was sent on an expedition towards Ray, but he let his troops get out of control and got little further than Gurgan, earning criticism from Ghiyath which led to the only reported quarrel between the brothers. Ghiyath appointed the son of Fakhr al-Din Masud, Taj al-Din Zangi, as the governor of Sarakhs, while another Ghurid named Nasir al-Din Muhammad Kharnak was appointed as governor of Merv. Death Ghiyath died at Herat in 1202 after months of illness. He was succeeded by his brother Mu'izz al-Din, who had quickly returned to Ghor from India and obtained the support of Ghurid nobles. They crowned him as Sultan of the Ghurid Empire at Firuzkuh.

11359516139727474306

Q48911

FC Lorient History Football Club Lorient was founded on 2 April 1926. Lorient was formed off of La Marée Sportive, a club founded a year earlier by Madame Cuissard, a store patron who originated from Saint-Étienne, and her son Joseph. The club began play as an amateur club under the Czechoslovakian manager Jozef Loquay and won the Champions de l'Ouest in 1929, which placed the club into the Division d'Honneur of the Brittany region. In 1932, Lorient won the league and, four years later, repeated this performance. The onset of World War II limited the club's meteoric rise in the region and the departure of several players who either joined the war effort or left to play abroad effectively disseminated the club.Following the war, Antoine Cuissard, the grandson of Madame Cuissard, joined the club as a player with intentions of rebuilding it in honour of his grandmother. Lorient began play in the Division d'Honneur. Cuissard began one of the first Lorient players to maintain a place in the France national team while playing with the club. In 1954, he played on the team that qualified for the 1954 FIFA World Cup. Lorient quickly recovered and, by 1948, was playing in the Championnat de France amateur (CFA). The club spent two years in the league before falling back to the Division d'Honneur. In 1957, Lorient was promoted back to the CFA, but struggled due to being limited financially. Subsequently, the club sought sponsors with the hopes of becoming professional. In 1967, under the chairmanship of both Jean Tomine and René Fougère, Lorient placed a bid to turn professional and was elected to Division 2 by the French League. Incoming president Henri Ducassou agreed to do his best to make professionalism prosper in Lorient.In the second division, Lorient struggled in the early seventies to consistently stay up in the league table. In the 1974–75 and 1975–76 seasons, the club came close to promotion to Division 1, finishing 3rd in its group on each occasion, one place short of the promotion play-offs. However, the following season, Lorient was relegated to Division 3. The potential of that team had proved above its classification when the club qualified for its first French FA Cup quarter-finals in history. The club subsequently struggled financially and domestically. It went bankrupt in 1978. During this period, under the name "Club des Supporters du FC Lorient" (the supporters legally took over to keep the FC Lorient name alive), Lorient played in the Division Supérieure Régionale (sixth tier of the French football pyramid). In the early 1980s, Georges Guenoum took over the club as president and hired former Lorient player Christian Gourcuff as manager. Surprisingly, under Gourcuff, Lorient quickly climbed back up the French football ladder. In 1983, the club won the Brittany Division d'Honneur title and, the following season, won Division 4. In 1985, they won Division 3 and so were back in Division 2 eight years after their demise at that level! Gourcuff left the club after its first Division 2 campaign, with relegation only being effective through an unfavourable goal difference. Lorient spent the next five years in Division 3 playing under two different managers. It went financially bust again in 1990 but was nevertheless allowed to stay in Division 3. In 1991, Gourcuff returned to the club and after almost a decade playing in Division 3, Lorient earned promotion back to Division 2 after winning the second edition of the Championnat National.Lorient spent two seasons in the second division and, in the 1997–98 season, surprised many by running away with the league alongside champions Nancy. The 1998–99 season marked Lorient's first appearance in Division 1 in the club's history. The appearance was brief with Lorient struggling to meet the financial demands and stronger competition of the league. The club finished in 16th place and were relegated. Amazingly, Lorient finished equal on points with Le Havre with both clubs having the same number of wins, losses, and draws. However, due to Le Havre having a better goal difference, Lorient was relegated. After only two seasons in Division 2, Lorient were back in the first division for the 2001–02 season. Prior to the promotion, in April 2001, a takeover of the club led by Alain Le Roch led to internal problems, which resulted in the departure of Gourcuff and one of the club's best players, Ulrich Le Pen, soon after. The club hired Argentine manager Ángel Marcos to replace Gourcuff. However, Marcos lasted only a few months.Despite the initial issues, Lorient strengthened its squad in preparation for its return to the first division by recruiting players such as Pascal Delhommeau, Moussa Saïb, Johan Cavalli, and Pape Malick Diop. Led by Yvon Pouliquen, the new signings joined the likes of Jean-Claude Darcheville, Arnaud Le Lan, and Seydou Keita and surprised many by reaching the final of the Coupe de la Ligue. Lorient was defeated by Bordeaux in the final. Lorient continued its impressive cup form by winning the Coupe de France just two months later. In the match, Lorient faced Bastia and defeated the Corsicans 1–0 courtesy of a goal from Darcheville. The title was the club's first major honour. The celebration would however end on a sourer note as Lorient was relegated from league play in the same season.Lorient returned to the first division, now called Ligue 1, in 2006 with a completely revamped team. Instead of spending money on players, the club focused its efforts on improving its academy and promoted several players to the first-team such as André-Pierre Gignac, Virgile Reset, Jérémy Morel, and Diego Yesso during the club's stint in Ligue 2. Lorient was also influenced by the arrival of the Malian international Bakari Koné. The club, in its return to Ligue 1, finished mid-table in three straight seasons. In the 2009–10 season, Lorient performed well domestically. In October 2009, the club reached 5th place in the table; its highest position that late in the season ever. Lorient eventually finished the campaign in 7th place; its best finish in Ligue 1.In the 2016-2017 Ligue 1 season, Lorient played against Ligue 2 side ES Troyes in the promotion/relegation play off match. Lorient lost the tie 2-1 and were relegated to Ligue 2 after an 11 year stay in the top flight.

1066441926205996549

Q1635475

Marco Marazzoli Marco Marazzoli (1602? – 26 January 1662) was an Italian priest and Baroque music composer. Early life Born at Parma, Marazzoli received early training as a priest, and was ordained around 1625. He moved to Rome in 1626, and entered the service of Cardinal Antonio Barberini. In 1631, he and other musicians such as Filippo Vitali and Landi accompanied the cardinal on a trip to Urbino and may have accompanied him on other official travels. In 1637, Marazzoli was appointed Barberini's aiutante di camera, and became a tenor in the papal chapel that same year; in 1639 he was awarded the position of musico under Barberini. Barberini patronage About this time, it becomes possible to trace some of Marazzoli's compositions to specific places and functions. In 1638, he composed the music for a ballet La piazza d'Orlando for the Carnival of Venice and the intermedi for Chi soffre, speri for the Carnival of 1639. These two pieces were performed at the Palazzo Barberini.After 1640, he began composing more for patrons in Ferrara and Venice, including an opera, L'Amore trionfante dello Sdegno (or L'Armida), for a Ferrarese wedding in 1641.Also in 1641, the Barberini were embroiled in the Wars of Castro, and Marazzoli set the events of the battle fought by Taddeo Barberini and Luigi Mattei in October 1641 to music in Le pretensioni del Tebro e del Po, probably composed late in 1641. Marazzoli's L'Armida was performed in a revised version in January 1642 at a celebratory fete. At Carnival in 1642, Marazzoli had another opera performed, Gli amori di Giasone e d'Isifile; following this, Marazzoli returned to Ferrara and directed another performance of Le pretensioni to celebrate Taddeo Barberini's return to the city in March 1642.Returning to Rome by midyear, Marazzoli composed the opera Il giudito della ragione tra la Beltà e l'Affetto (or Il Capriccio), which was first given at Carnival 1643. Towards the end of 1642, Marazzoli was granted papal permission to travel to Paris with a group of Italian musicians; here he was employed at the court of Anne of Austria, composing chamber cantatas which greatly pleased his patron. Barberini exile In April 1645 he returned again to Rome, finding to his chagrin that the Barberini family had been exiled to France (where they would remain until 1653). He then turned to composing oratorios both in Latin and Italian, some of which were written for the Arciconfraternita del SS Crocifisso. Barberini return Upon Antonio Barberini's return, he commissioned an opera from Marazzoli for the wedding of Taddeo Barberini's son Maffeo Barberini; pressed for time, Marazzoli collaborated with Antonio Maria Abbatini to create Dal male il bene, given at Carnival 1654 at Barberini's theater.Le armi e gli amori was to be given at Carnival 1655, but the papal conclave of 1655 interrupted production, and it was not given until 1656, alongside Dal male il bene and Marazzoli's latest opera, Vita humana (composed to honor the visiting Queen Christina of Sweden).Marazzoli may have composed the prologue to a ballet by Jean-Baptiste Lully in 1657 entitled L'Amour malade, but this is not certain. From 1655 Marazzoli composed works commissioned by Pope Alexander VII, including festival cantatas. Alexander named him cameriere extra in 1656, but a plague hit that year, and musical life in Rome ebbed until 1660.Marazzoli was also a famed harpist, and played the gilded three-rank "Barberini harp", which was painted by Giovanni Lanfranco and which is now owned by the Museo degli Strumenti Musicali in Rome.Marazzoli was seriously hurt in an accident during a mass at the Sistine Chapel on 25 January 1662, and died the following day. Cantatas Marazzoli wrote a large number of cantatas, for one to six voices with continuo accompaniment. Eleanor Caluori in her article of Marco Marazzoli in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 1st edition gives a complete list of his cantatas.

8060365508553112031

Q5378206

English China Clays History English China Clays was incorporated in April 1919 through the amalgamation of three of the largest producers: Martin Bros.(established in 1837), West of England China Clay & Stone (1849) and the North Cornwall China Clay Company (1908). The three companies accounted for around half the industry's output at the time. Before the First World War there had been as many as seventy individual china clay producers but the industry had suffered from overcapacity and wartime dislocation. More mergers were to follow. Months after the ECC merger, H.D. Pochin acquired J.W. Higman taking it to third place in the industry after ECC and Lovering China Clays. Even then it was estimated that the demand for clay was not much more that half of the industry's capacity.Between 1929 and 1931 the industry’s output fell by a third, and ECC was losing money. The solution was a merger of the three leading producers. English China Clays became a holding company and its assets were transferred to a new operating company, English Clays Lovering Pochin; ECC held 63 per cent of the new joint company. In the few years that followed, many of the smaller clay companies were acquired.In 1951 ECC acquired Lovering’s shares in the operating company followed in 1954 by the purchase of the remaining Pochin minority. With ECC now having full ownership of the operating company, the management structure was overhauled and four operating divisions created – china clay, building, quarrying and transport.The Hudson history extends only to 1969. By then; the china clay division had benefitted from the growing market for china clay, both home and abroad, helped by the increased demand for coated paper. The cumbersome pit structure had been modernised and investment made in new plant. By the end of the 1960s ECC was producing around 2.5m tons of china clay a year. ECC had also expanded into the ball clay market (used in the building industry) and, with over 250,000 tons a year, accounted for nearly half of British output.As with the clay division, the quarries division had grown through acquisition and produced a variety of stone, principally for the construction industry, and its operations extended well beyond its west country base into Leicestershire, Lancashire and the home counties.The building division comprised the firm of Selleck Nicholls Williams which had been acquired by ECC in 1945. It was noted for its Cornish Unit house, made from concrete which used spoil from the clay pits; in the early 1950s it was the largest producer of pre-cast concrete system houses. The division built for local authorities across the country and developed private housing estates in its local Devon and Cornwall areas – an activity which was to be substantially expanded in the years to come. Growth of private housing After the 1960s, ECC began to regard private estate development as a suitable investment for surplus cash generated by the clay operation. The division was substantially expanded in 1984 by the acquisition of the Swindon-based firm of Edwin H Bradley. a family firm founded in 1902. Bradley brought with it the well-known Bradstone building blocks and Bradley Estates with its extensive land holdings. ECC was now building over 1000 private houses a year and in 1986 made a contested, but unsuccessful, bid for the larger Bryant Homes; it was left with a 29 per cent holding. Nevertheless, housing sales reached almost 1300 in 1989 and its trading margins were the highest of any large housebuilder. Demise of the business A change in management in the early 1990s led to the decision to focus ECC more closely on its original china clay business. Housing volumes were allowed to decline and the rump of the land was sold in 1994 and 1995. At the same time, ECC Quarries was demerged under the name Camas. Finally, in 1999 ECC International was acquired by the French company Imetal which subsequently changed its name to Imerys. Technology and innovation The Buell dryer was first developed by English China Clays for their china clay processing plants in Cornwall. The Buell dryer is a multiple hearth direct heated industrial dryer (commonly known as a turbo dryer) that has modified for drying china clay.

5554348229324028753

Q3502284

Brandon Municipal Airport World War II Brandon Aerodrome was originally built by the Department of National Defense in 1941, for use as a Royal Canadian Air Force flight training school under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Pilots were trained at the airport on Cessna Crane and Avro Anson, among other aircraft, for Second World War flying service. In 1945, the school was closed in conjunction with the end of the Second World War.Portions of the former RCAF Station Brandon are now classified as a National Historic Site of Canada. The Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum is a popular tourist attraction located at the airport that commemorates the BCATP and the former Station. Airline service in the 1980s According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), Perimeter Aviation was serving Brandon in the early 1980s with one flight every weekday to Winnipeg operated with a Beechcraft commuter aircraft. Jet service arrived at the airport during the mid 1980s when Pacific Western Airlines introduced Boeing 737-200 flights operated on a round trip routing of Vancouver - Kelowna - Calgary - Brandon - Thunder Bay - Toronto six days a week in each direction for a total of twelve jet departures a week. Airline service in the 1990s Two airlines were operating service to Winnipeg during the mid 1990s: Bearskin Airlines flying Beechcraft 99 commuter turboprop aircraft with four flights on weekdays and Perimeter Aviation flying Swearingen Metro commuter propjets with two flights on weekdays. By 1999, Perimeter Aviation was operating one flight on the weekdays to Winnipeg with a Metro propjet while Athabaska Airlines was also operating one flight on the weekdays to Winnipeg with this service being flown with a Beechcraft 1900C commuter propjet. Airline service in the 2010s On September 3, 2013, WestJet Encore launched daily non-stop service from Brandon to Calgary International Airport flown with Bombardier Q400 regional propjets. From June 29, 2016 to September 5, 2016, WestJet operated a trial run of non-stop service from Brandon to Toronto Pearson International Airport utilizing Boeing 737 aircraft, later stating that the service may return dependent on demand. Facilities The passenger terminal building is a 5,800 m² (62,000 sq ft) facility that was originally constructed in 1963. On August 19, 2014, a 10.7 millionCAD redevelopment and expansion of the passenger terminal building was announced. Construction began in spring 2015, and the newly expanded and upgraded terminal facility was opened to the public on May 10, 2017.Brandon Municipal Airport occupies a land area of about 736 acres (2.98 km²). The airport has two runways 08/26 and 14/32, although the infield grass can be used as a "strip" on request for smaller aircraft, such as ultralight aircraft. The area surrounding the airport, a total of 562 acres (2.27 km²), is leased out to farming operations for cereal grain and hay production.Permanent tenants at Brandon Sirport include the Brandon Flying Club, the Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum, and Maple Leaf Aviation. Fire and other emergency services at the airport are provided by the City of Brandon and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Brandon Municipal Airport is frequently used for air ambulance services, pilot training, air cadet gliding, and general aviation. Its location on the flight path for aircraft flying between major cities in Eastern Canada and major cities in Western Canada makes it a preferred midway point for fuel, technical, and emergency stops. Car Brandon Municipal Airport is accessible by car from Manitoba Highway 10, approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the Trans-Canada Highway.Car rental services provided by Enterprise Rent-A-Car are available inside the terminal building at Brandon Municipal Airport. Taxi Taxis are available on demand at Brandon Municipal Airport 24 hours a day. Airport taxi services are provided by numerous Brandon taxicab companies. Shuttle Brandon Air Shuttle provides shuttle service from Brandon Municipal Airport to Dauphin and other communities in Western Manitoba. Daily shuttle service is available and must be pre-booked. Future Although it is the second largest city in the Province of Manitoba, the City of Brandon's smaller population in comparison to Winnipeg and the relatively close geographical distance between the two cities (200 km (120 mi)) has historically meant that the Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport is used as the province's primary airport. However, with the strong, stable economy and rapidly increasing population in Western Manitoba coupled with expanding oil production in the area, Brandon Airport is positioning itself to be a leading regional airport as the primary entry point to the City of Brandon, Western Manitoba, and Eastern Saskatchewan regions for both passenger and cargo air traffic.

16743571318463714573

Q7339849

Roaring Camp & Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad History Roaring Camp Railroads operations began in 1963 under the guidance of F. Norman Clark (1935–1985), who was the founder and owner. His purpose was to keep a family tradition of constructing railroads and to "bring the romance and color of steam railroading back to America". In 1958, Clark found the engine Dixiana abandoned near a coal mine in the Appalachian Mountains; he described it as looking like a " rusty pile of junk". Dixiana was reconditioned and began service in 1963 on rails that had been shipped around Cape Horn in 1881. The railway route was laid out so that as few trees as possible would have to be cut on the 170 acres (69 ha) Clark acquired with a 99-year lease of the larger Big Trees Ranch.The Big Trees Ranch was bought in 1867 by San Francisco businessman Joseph Warren Welch to preserve the giant redwood trees from logging. It was the first property in the state acquired specifically for that purpose. In 1930, the Welch family sold part of the property to Santa Cruz County, which eventually became part of Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park.The first scheduled train trip was on April 6, 1963 with 44 ticketed passengers.Clark's wife, Georgiana, Vice President of Operations assumed the ownership and management responsibilities following his death on December 2, 1985.Originally, two large trestles formed a "corkscrew" loop at Spring Canyon, but these were destroyed by a 1976 fire, the smoke from which could be seen from San Francisco. Within six months, a switchback was constructed to bypass the severed loop and the entire line was returned to service. The switchback has an estimated 9.5% grade, making it the steepest passenger grade still in use. The length of the tail tracks in the switchback restricts the trains that may be operated to six cars or fewer. Special events are held to raise funds for repair and reconstruction of the trestles and steam locomotives at Roaring Camp. In 2003, the first "Day Out with Thomas" special event was held. The event was the single largest in the 40-year history of Roaring Camp, with an estimated 25,000 participants over a three-day period. Accidents and incidents On December 28, 2015, a train collided with a stop block on part of the switchback. Six people were injured. The cause was driver error. Historic mechanical engineering landmark The American Society of Mechanical Engineers collectively designated Roaring Camp's Shay, Climax and Heisler engines National Mechanical Engineering Historical Landmark (#134) on August 1988, as examples of small, slow-speed 19th century geared locomotives. Dixiana Shay #1 Built in 1912, this engine was originally owned by the Alaculsy Lumber Company, and was used on the Smokey Mountain Railroad in Tennessee. The Dixiana is named for a small narrow-gauge mining railroad, now abandoned, out of Dixiana, Virginia. Notable characteristics include the boiler, which was set left of centerline to compensate for the weight and position of the engine – giving it a lopsided appearance – and the engine design of a three-cylinder exhaust system. Bloomsburg Climax #5 The Bloomsburg was built in 1928 for the Elk River Coal and Lumber Company in Swandale, West Virginia.Previous owners include W.M. Ritter Lumber Company, Georgia Pacific Railroad, and the Carroll Park and Western Railroad in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania until bought for Roaring Camp in 1975.It is the last locomotive of its type manufactured by Climax that operated for logging in the west. Tuolumne Heisler #2 Built in 1899 for the Hetch Hetchy Valley and Yosemite Railroad for use at the sawmill of West Side Flume and Lumber Company near Tuolumne City. First named Thomas S. Bullock after the first general manager of the West Side Flume and Lumber Company, the locomotive was purchased for Roaring Camp in 1962 for $7,000. It is the last steam engine used in the commercial lumber business in Tuolumne, California, and the oldest Heisler still in operation.

5465243614457682488

Q42417782

Nanotechnology for water purification Nanocellulose based water purification system Nanocellulose based renewable material has a combination of high surface area with high material strength. It is chemically inert and possesses versatile hydrophilic surface chemistry. These properties make them a most promising nanomaterial for usage membrane and filter in water purification system to remove bacterial and chemical contaminants from polluted water. It is noted that nanocellulose material has high potential in water purification technology. Different types of nanocellulose materials available for water purification system includes Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). These are the rod-like nanomaterials whose size ranges from 100 to 2000 nm with the diameter of 2 to 20 nm. Those length and diameter are mostly based on origin and preparation route for the synthesis of nanocellulose. Those nanocellulose materials are used to remove organic pollutants in water such as dyes, oils and pesticides traces present in water. Currently, fully biobased membrane using nanocellulose are fabricated which is used to remove metal ions such as Cu2+, Fe2+ etc, sulfates, fluorides and other organic compounds. This bio-based nanocellulose filter has more advantage to conventional filters. Nanocellulose is prepared by various methods such as sulphuric acid hydrolysis and mechanical grinding method. Water purification system is mainly based on the principle of absorption. For the absorption of anionic metal species, the nanocellulose materials are functionalized with a positive charged cationic group. Similarly, for the absorption of cationic metal species, the nanocellulose material is functionalized with the negatively charged anionic group. Nanocellulose based materials have limitation in cost for large-scale production and its specificity. Current research is based on the synthesis of hybrid nanocellulose material in combination with several other nanomaterials for the improvement of adsorption capacity. Graphene coated nanofilter Graphene is chemically dormant, mechanically sturdy, and non-permeable to gas or liquid. So, carbon plays a major role for fabrication of nanomaterials with porous nature. Graphene membranes that are formed by graphene oxide molecules or chemically converted graphene that is adhered with 2D nano mediated arrays have the ability to efficiently separate molecules in a gas or in a liquid phase. Graphene-coated nanomembranes are said to be more applicable in water treatment due to its unique properties. Graphene membranes are obtained from vacuum filtration or coating of graphene oxide solution as Graphene oxide sheets. The graphene coated nanofiltration membrane showed a higher water flux range. The graphene embedded with carbon nanotubes to serve as nanofilters is more useful for dye rejection in water effluent, removal of salt ions, and also acts as antifouling agent. Graphene nanofilter membranes possess effective antifouling agent due to its strong bond between graphene sheets and proteins. Also, graphene oxide coated nanofilter membranes helps in dechlorination of water. In addition to this, ultrathin nanofilter coated with graphene is the most potent filter that could be commercialized for water purification. Graphene oxide membranes can be used in various forms such as free, surface modified, and graphene cast in membranes in the range of micro, nano, or ultrafilters. Among which nanofilters is more efficient for water desalination due to its mechanical strength and physiochemical properties of the membrane. Moreover, there are some challenges in fabricating and applying graphene oxide based nanofilters for water desalination. The challenges include mechanical instability if nanofilters are in the form of nanosheets, cost strategy, surface flaws, and assembly. Therefore, there are more scopes in this area of research to be worked on for the betterment of the society. Electrochemical Carbon nanotube filter Carbon nanotubes have gained much attention for its use as wastewater and water filter. Carbon nanotube’s mechanical, electrical and chemical properties made it unique and an ideal candidate for research since 1990. Carbon nanotube combined with electrochemistry proved to be the best method for water and wastewater purification. Electrochemistry helps in reducing the fouling rate of the CNT. In case of CNT based ultra-filters modified with electrochemistry, helps in reducing the energy by two folds comparing to an unmodified CNT based filters. Thus electrochemical carbon nanotubes have been developed due to the advanced studies in nanotechnology and electrochemistry. Here the electrochemical activity of the CNT is exploited. Very first electrochemical CNT was developed by P.J.Britto etal and the results were first recognized in 1996. An electrochemical CNT filter contains electrodes and CNT in a systematic setup such that the electrodes can attract the wastes that clog the CNT based on its charges, thus resulting in high efficiency of filtering and extension of the lifetime of the CNT in the process. The electrochemical carbon nanotubes can be easily used for removing amino group based dyes from wastewater. Chen etal first reported the absorption of dyes to the CNT walls by strong covalent bonds. These electrochemical CNT can be typically used for filtering, and recycling wastewater. Currently, there are many unannounced advancements in CNT based electrochemical sensors and these are highly under research to bring its applications into biomedical systems.

1879646236003510378

Q1670579

MFSB Overview MFSB formed in 1971 and disbanded in 1985, three years after Teddy Pendergrass' accident.Assembled by record producers Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff, MFSB was the house band for their Philadelphia International Records label and originated the signature smooth "Philly sound" that dominated the early 1970s for the artists who recorded at the Sigma Sound Studios, including the O'Jays, the Spinners, the Bluenotes, The Delfonics, Blue Magic, The Intruders, The Three Degrees, Jerry Butler, and Teddy Pendergrass. Later in the decade, the collective would become known for the hi-hat-dominated disco sounds that became popular in the late 1970s with groups such as The Trammps, First Choice, Ripple and Double Exposure.It was the 1972 release of their first album, MFSB, that put them on the map. This marked the beginning of a string of instrumental hits that brought major attention to a large orchestra who laid the foundation for the Sound of Philadelphia. The line-up of musicians included Karl Chambers, Earl Young, and Norman Fearrington on drums; Norman Harris, Roland Chambers, Bobby Eli, and T.J. Tindall on guitar; Winnie Wilford and Ronnie Baker on bass; Vincent Montana Jr. on vibes, tympani, orchestra bells, chimes, percussion, arrangements and conductor, and Larry Washington on congas and bongos, Harold Ivory Williams on keyboards, plus Leon Huff and Thom Bell on keyboards and Don Renaldo on strings and horns featuring Rocco Bene on trumpet.MFSB's disco sound first hit the top of the Hot 100 charts as the backing band for The O'Jays' "Love Train" in March, 1973.In 2005, drummer Keith Benson (who had joined the group upon Young's departure) revived the group with Gamble's help. The lineup included himself on drums, Jimmy Williams on bass, Dennis Harris and Barton French on guitars, and vocalists Carla Benson, Johnny Ingram, and Michael Clark. In 2007, Philadelphia's Inner City Horns (George Bussey, Jr. - saxophone, Bill Hosbach, Jr. - trumpet, and Matt Vernon - trombone) were added to the mix. The group performs live at private and concert events, and was featured at the inauguration of Philadelphia mayor Michael Nutter. Career In the spring of 1974, Philadelphia International released an instrumental track which had been recorded by the band as the theme music for the television show Soul Train as a single. The record, titled "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)" reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and also topped the R&B chart and the adult contemporary chart. The success of "TSOP" launched a recording career for the band under their own name. MFSB albums and singles were released for the rest of the decade.MFSB recorded a cover of The Nite-Liters's 1971 instrumental "K-Jee", which gained some popularity when it was featured in a key scene in the film Saturday Night Fever (1977). It is also included in the soundtrack to that movie. "Sexy" (1975) was later used as a prize cue for the "Big Deal of the Day" on the 1980 version of Let's Make a Deal.Another popular MFSB number, "Love Is The Message", has been a favorite of dance/disco DJs since its release; countless remixes, both official and unofficial, exist of the song. On September 20, 2004, the record became among the first to be inducted into the newly formed Dance Music Hall of Fame. In October 2004, the song appeared in the video game, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, playing on funk radio station, Bounce FM.Due to a disagreement with Gamble & Huff over finances, several members of the group moved on to Salsoul Records, where they became known as the Salsoul Orchestra. Other members began performing as The Ritchie Family orchestra, and John Davis and the Monster Orchestra. Not to be outdone, Gamble & Huff replaced them with a new rhythm section consisting of Charles Collins on drums, Michael Foreman on bass guitar, and Dennis Harris on lead guitar. They also employed Dexter Wansel and others on MFSB's latter recordings for the label.Since 1975, MFSB's "My Mood" has been the closing theme music for the Friday 6:00 p.m. newscast on WRC-TV (NBC4), the NBC-owned television station in Washington, D.C. MFSB's "TLC" (Tender Lovin' Care) has been used for decades as the closing credits theme for the Washington, DC version of the "It's Academic" quiz show recorded at WRC-TV.In 2008, some of the members appeared together on new recordings made at Bobby Eli’s Studio E/The Grooveyard in the Philly suburbs. Musicians on the session were Earl Young on drums, Bobby Eli and Dennis Harris on guitars, Jimmie Williams on bass guitar, Rikki Hicks on percussion and T G Conway on keys. Two songs have been released from that sessions namely ‘Soul Recession’ by Double Exposure and ‘There I go falling in love again’ by Chiquita Green. Name origin According to the book A House on Fire: The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul, by John A. Jackson, the "clean" version of the MFSB name means "Mother, Father, Sister, Brother", because according to Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, despite the diversity at Philadelphia International Records, all were connected musically. This was in line with their spiritual views at the time. The "other" version was "mother-fuckin' son-of-a-bitch", an expression which was used among the musicians to compliment a person's musical prowess.

2998524766943263226

Q5510854

Future projects of the MTR South Island line (West) On 21 January 2003, the Executive Council of Hong Kong granted MTR Corporation Limited permission to proceed with further planning on two proposed lines: West Island Line and South Island line. These new lines are suggested in the Second Railway Development Study (RDS-2) to provide direct links between the residential areas of Wah Fu and Ap Lei Chau in Southern District and the CBD of Hong Kong. This is the first project within the MTR that serves the Southern District.Three proposals were previously submitted, each addressing the drawbacks of the prior plan. In this planning stage a feasibility study was conducted to optimize the new lines in terms of cost-effectiveness, external benefits and the effect on other modes of transport. The plan was eventually turned down by the government in favour of constructing highways in late March 2004. The MTRC's fourth proposal was given in February 2005. This consisted of West Island Line extending the Island line to Kennedy Town, South Island Line (East) from Admiralty to Ap Lei Chau and South Island line (West) that connects the previous two lines. Legislative Councillors support an earlier completion of West Island line. The West Island line was finally approved by the HKSAR Government on 30 June 2005.The South Island line (East) opened on 28 December 2016. Plans for the South Island line (West) were mentioned and revised in the 2014 governmental railway strategy report and an "implementation window" of 2021 to 2026 was identified.South Island Line is still under planning in 2018. Sha Tin to Central Link The Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation won the bid to build and operate the Sha Tin to Central link in 2002. The KCRC announced modification to the proposal. An 11 km Tai Wai to Hung Hom section connecting the Ma On Shan line with the Kowloon Southern Link which connects to the West Rail line will form the Tuen Ma line while a 6 km cross-harbour section extending the East Rail line to Hong Kong Island.The project now belongs to the MTR after the 2007 rail merger. The section of the Sha Tin to Central link between Tai Wai and Hung Hom is expected to open in 2019, and the remaining cross-harbour section in 2021. Northern Link The Northern Link will provide a cross-boundary link for the West Rail line and create a new railway corridor between the West Rail line and the East Rail line in northern New Territories. The completion of the project is already deferred because the Express Rail Link is absorbed into the High-Speed Rail Link. The Northern Link may not now be viable without substantial housing developments in the New Territories to assist in building costs, but with the extension to Ping Che/Ta Kwu Ling, these will be examined under the RDS 2013 and the new construction will start in 2018 and complete in 2023. North Island line This would link the Tung Chung line (Hong Kong station) and the Tseung Kwan O line (at North Point). There is no currently no schedule for construction. East Kowloon line The original scheme of the East Kowloon line would connect Diamond Hill station via Hung Hom station to Sheung Wan station. It was refined and merged into what is today known as the East West Corridor without crossing the harbour to Sheung Wan. In 2014, another railway scheme of the same name was unveiled by the government which would provide metro service in the opposite direction to Po Lam station via Sau Mau Ping. The 2014 railway development strategy recommended the new line would begin construction in 2019 and be finished in 2025. Environmentally Friendly Linkage System The Environmentally Friendly Linkage System (Chinese: 環保連接系統; Cantonese Yale: Wàahnbóu Lìhnjip Haihtúng), abbreviated to EFLS and commonly called the Kai Tak Monorail (Chinese: 啟德單軌鐵路; Cantonese Yale: Káidāk Dāan'gwái Titlouh), is a government-proposed monorail system in the Kai Tak Development area, Hong Kong with 12 stations. The system's construction was estimated to start in 2018 for completion in 2023. The new links are expected to account for 15 percent of public transportation in the Kowloon East Development. The system is expected to cost $12 billion Hong Kong dollars. Outsourcing The MTR Corporation is planning to outsource its services centres of 14 stations on the Island line. Around 100 employees will be arranged to work at the Disneyland Resort line and the AsiaWorld-Expo station. Services centres on the new stations of Tseung Kwan O line had already been outsourced when it started its service.

5416880499442598234

Q740441

Cheng Pu Early career under Sun Jian Cheng Pu was from Tuyin County (土垠縣), Youbeiping Commandery (右北平郡), which is located east of present-day Fengrun District, Tangshan, Hebei. He initially served as a minor official in the local commandery office. He was good-looking, resourceful, and well versed in military strategy.Cheng Pu later came to serve Sun Jian and joined him in suppressing the Yellow Turban Rebellion in the 180s, defeating the rebels at Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) and Deng (鄧; present-day Dengzhou, Henan). In 190, he participated in the campaign against Dong Zhuo on Sun Jian's side, and defeated Dong Zhuo's forces at Yangren (陽人; believed to be near present-day Wenquan, Henan). Cheng Pu fought in several battles and had been wounded many times. Service under Sun Ce Sun Jian died in 191 and was succeeded by his eldest son Sun Ce. Cheng Pu continued serving under Sun Ce and accompanied him on his conquests in the Jiangdong region. He aided Sun Ce in conquering Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡) before they crossed the Yangtze River and attacked Hengjiang (橫江) and Dangli (當利), where they defeated Zhang Ying (張英) and Yu Mi (于糜), the subordinates of a rival warlord Liu Yao. Cheng Pu also participated in the conquests of Moling (秣陵), Hushu (湖熟), Jurong (句容) and Qu'e (曲阿). In recognition of his contributions, he was given an additional 2,000 troops under his command and awarded 50 horses. He made many achievements in battle in the subsequent conquests of Wucheng (烏程), Shimu (石木), Bomen (波門), Lingchuan (陵傳) and Yuhang (餘杭).After Sun Ce conquered Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) from its administrator Wang Lang, he appointed Cheng Pu as the Commandant (都尉) of Wu Commandery, with his administrative headquarters at Qiantang County (錢唐縣; present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Cheng Pu was later reassigned as the Commandant of Danyang Commandery (丹楊郡) and he moved to Shicheng County (石城縣). He participated in the campaigns at Xuancheng (宣城) and Jing (涇), and helped to pacify rebellions in Wu (吳), Lingyang (陵陽) and Chungu (春穀) counties. When Sun Ce was attacking the bandits led by Zu Lang (祖郎), he was surrounded by the enemy, but Cheng Pu, accompanied by only one horseman, charged into the encirclement to rescue his lord. Cheng Pu fought fiercely and the bandits withdrew in fear, allowing Sun Ce to escape. Cheng Pu was later appointed as General of the Household Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇中郎將) and the Administrator (太守) of Lingling Commandery (零陵郡). He followed Sun Ce in the campaigns against Liu Xun and Huang Zu at Xunyang (尋陽) and Shaxian (沙羨) respectively, before returning to his garrison at Shicheng. Service under Sun Quan When Sun Ce died in 200, Cheng Pu, along with Zhang Zhao and others, pledged allegiance to Sun Quan (Sun Ce's younger brother) and travelled around Sun Quan's territories to attack those who refused to submit to the new lord. Under Sun Quan, Cheng Pu fought at the Battle of Jiangxia in 208 and aided in the conquest of Le'an (樂安) when he passed by Yuzhang (豫章). He later replaced Taishi Ci as the commander of a garrison at Haihun (海昏). During the Battle of Red Cliffs of 208-209, Cheng Pu and Zhou Yu served as the Left and Right Commanders of Sun Quan's army respectively, and scored a major victory in the battle against Cao Cao's forces. Cheng Pu and Zhou Yu also led Sun Quan's forces in the subsequent Battle of Jiangling, a follow-up to the Battle of Red Cliffs, and defeated Cao Cao's general Cao Ren. After those battles, Cheng Pu was promoted to Major-General (裨將軍) and he served as the Administrator (太守) of Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡), with the commandery capital at Shaxian County (沙羨縣), and was in charge of four counties.Cheng Pu was the eldest among all the senior military officers under Sun Quan, so the others often addressed him as "Elder Cheng" (程公) to show their respect towards him. He was also known to be a generous man who enjoyed mingling with the scholar-gentry. When Zhou Yu died, Cheng Pu was assigned to replace him as the Administrator (太守) of Nan Commandery (南郡). After Sun Quan agreed to allow his ally Liu Bei to temporarily occupy Nan Commandery, Cheng Pu was relocated to Jiangxia Commandery. Cheng Pu was subsequently promoted to General Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇將軍). It is not known when he died. Death Cheng Pu's biography did not state when he died. However, the Wu Shu (吳書; Book of Wu), written by Wei Zhao, mentioned that Cheng Pu killed hundreds of traitors and had their bodies thrown into a fire. He became ill after that incident and died after more than 100 days later.In 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor and established the state of Eastern Wu, he granted Cheng Pu's son, Cheng Zi (程咨), a marquis title in recognition of Cheng Pu's contributions. In popular culture Cheng Pu became a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors 9.

7125605402721540876

Q6579573

Bardhyl Çaushi Bardhyl Çaushi (Albanian: Bardhyl Çaushi, Serbian: Бардил Чауши, romanized: Bardil Čauši) (1936–1999) was a Kosovo Albanian human rights lawyer and activist. Highly active in cases of human rights abuses in Kosovo, Çaushi was the dean of the school of law of the University of Pristina and the first head of the Independent Jurists of Kosovo. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia he was abducted by Yugoslav forces and held in prisons in Serbia. Çaushi's state was unknown until 2005 when his remains were found and identified. His body was returned to Kosovo, where he was reburied with presidential honours. Biography Bardhyl Qaushi.Born in Gjakova in the country of Kosovo on 15 August 1936, Bardhyl Qaushi studied law and justice in Skopje. He served as Regional Judge by the district court of Peja  and head judge as the local judge of GjakovaQaushi started his academic career as professor of Roman law (Law and justice ) at the University of Pristina and finally became dean of the school of law of the university. deservedly and rightfully so He was the head of all jurists of Kosovo the last years of his life. until he got abducted by Serbian Occupational forces and liquidated|In 1992 he was a member of the group of lawyers which defended Albanian civilians accused among others of "association for the purpose of carrying out hostile activities". Human rights organisations like HRW reported that the defendants were denied due process and their arrests and trials were possibly linked to ethnicity or political beliefs. During the case the lawyers asserted that like many other trials of Albanians, that particular one was another show trial with political purposes.In 1999 Çaushi was abducted in his hometown by Yugoslav troops. His fate was unknown, it was said. although human rights organisations feared him dead. His body was found and identified in a mass grave in 2005 in Serbia. He was reburied on 30 September 2005 in his hometown and posthumously awarded the "Golden Medal of Independence" by Kosovan President Ibrahim Rugova.The date 25 OF March 1999 his colleague and friend Bajram Kelmendi was killed in front of his wife at his own home, and that became an alarming signal so that Qaushi family all together had to move away from the house and into a neighbour house, and it was accurately as expected Serbian occupation forces did have on the list for this family to be liquidate by killing and burning This was the intent by trustworthy vitnesess*when Kosovo become an independent country, Bardhyl Qaushi got the main road of his birthplace named after him. He reached to be Licensed by honored with the title Prof. PhD. Bardhyl Qaushi ( He worked hard and steady trough many years to earn that title verified and licensed. His work on papers got all up into flames the when the house got burn down, during 3 days in a row when NATO began with actions in Kosovo|Selectively the Serbia's special unit came for burning down the house, with the intent of murdering him and the whole family of him, but without any success this time.but when they came on the 26 of march 1999 houses were then empty, so they broke the three of the big houses belonging to the Qaushi brothers families, in a section of an areal plan of one big garden, and so they leftwith pre-expectation that it might be that the families return...so they came the day after back again, and then burned those three houses down, and this was the first very big and noticeable and dramatic house fires that happened in the central area of the city of Gjakovaon the 27 of march 1999 but luckily without human casualties. thanx to the awareness, and predictability that the family is entitled of, and had, they were able to escape an almost impossible scenario in the very last moment! but on 10 of may 1999 that was the horrifying day of Gjakova city as in that day Serbian occupation forces did attack innocent families one by one in an old part of the town called Cabrati area, and they took thousands of innocent parents, fathers and sons from innocent families and they took also Bardhyl Qaushi with them. They were so offered shelter and located together with other families and people of that areathese people were so transported to Serbia were some of them got Liquidated by execution and some of them imprisoned som of them disappeared without traces

9321485711315439501

Q4773633

Anthony Van Egmond Life Anthony van Egmond was born in Groesbeek in the Netherlands, the son of Johannes Arnoldus Gijben and his wife Maria Bloem. When he was twelve years old his father was murdered. Alleged criminal activity forced him to flee to Germany around 1795 where he assumed another identity, which included adoption of a false claim of descent from the Van Egmonds, an aristocratic family of the Netherlands. In 1819, attracted by the prospect of purchasing land from the Holland Land Company, he travelled, via Amsterdam, Liverpool, and Philadelphia, to Indiana, Pennsylvania. The land, which he purchased in 1826, was eventually seized and sold at auction to cover unpaid taxes. The Canada Company In 1828 he emigrated to Oxford Township East, in Upper Canada, where he purchased 200 acres (809,000 m²) of land from the Canada Company. Because of the establishment of a personal friendship with local company official John Galt, Van Egmond came to the attention of other Canada Company executives and was subsequently employed by the company as the initial primary contractor for road construction in the Huron Tract. Van Egmond was also charged with establishing a series of inns to be positioned at twenty mile (32 km) intervals along the Huron Road, which were to act as nightly stopping and resupplying points for the arriving settlers.Although Van Egmond continued to complete his contractual obligations to the Canada Company, he continually resented that the Company insisted on paying all fees in the form of one-third cash and two-thirds company 'land credits', redeemable in exchange for parcels of land already owned by the company. Van Egmond found himself having to expend his own funds in order to achieve Canada Company development goals. At that time, the land credits he was paid with were only immediately redeemable in cash for a fraction of their stated value, because of the undeveloped condition of the lands involved. Because of this arrangement, by the early 1830s, Van Egmond had personally accumulated 13,000 acres (53 km²) of land in the Huron Tract, including 700 acres (2.8 km²) located in the central area of what is today the city of Stratford, Ontario. In August 1830, Van Egmond's wife, Marie Susanne Elizabeth Dietz Van Egmond, ceremonially cut and bound the first sheaf of wheat harvested in the Huron Tract, at a gathering on their family farm on the Huron Road, which included local Canada Company officials and other regional businessmen.Van Egmond became increasingly disgruntled at what he perceived as the Canada Company's failure to expend obligated amounts of money from the Huron Tract Improvement Fund for the development of local roads and other infrastructure, as well as at what he believed was the company's disregard for the general well-being of the arriving settlers. It's interesting to note that Van Egmond's views appear to be at least partially vindicated by an uncompleted judicial review conducted by Justice Jonas T.W. Jones in 1840. In his report Jones upheld Van Egmond's position that the Canada Company's practice of paying debts, partially in cash and partially in 'land credits', did not abide with the terms of the company's original purchase agreement, when they acquired the lands from the Crown. Reform politics Van Egmond began to voice his concerns by corresponding with William Lyon Mackenzie, a radical reformer who published a newspaper, the Colonial Advocate, in Upper Canada's capital York. In January 1835, Van Egmond organized the Huron Union Society which met in the homes of recent settlers in the region. Its purpose was primarily to agitate for changes to Canada Company's policies and business practices in the Huron District, however their stated aims also included demands for a more responsible government in the province, where control of public revenues would be in the hands of elected, rather than appointed officials. The Society also called for the immediate sale of all remaining Clergy reserves and an end to what they saw as government sponsored monopolies, such as the Canada Company itself. It was also in 1835, that Van Egmond was nominated in the recently created District of Huron as the Reform candidate in an election to be held in 1836 for a seat in the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada in Toronto. He was defeated in that election by Robert Graham Dunlop from Goderich, Ontario, the brother of William "Tiger" Dunlop . Rebellion and confinement Frustrated by what he saw as a failure to address important issues on the part of both the Canada Company and the so-called Family Compact he began a period of much more involvement with William Lyon Mackenzie and participation in more extreme forms of politics. It's possible that Mackenzie based his appointment of Van Egmond as military leader for a planned open rebellion to begin at Montgomery's Tavern near Toronto in December 1837, on Van Egmond's possibly exaggerated past claims of having gained actual combat experience in the Napoleonic wars in Europe.It is indicated in sources that on the day of the actual engagement at Montgomery's Tavern, Van Egmond advised William Lyon Mackenzie that their military cause was "hopeless" and advised him to retreat from the situation. Mackenzie is purported to have threatened Van Egmond's life if he failed to proceed with their plan. After being routed in the engagement by government armed forces, Van Egmond was arrested and confined to a small prison cell in Toronto. Suffering from a possible combination of malnutrition, pneumonia and exposure, Van Egmond became seriously ill in confinement and was transferred to a nearby hospital where he died on January 5, 1838. Subsequent to his death, Van Egmond's substantial real estate holdings, apart from the original family farm, were seized by the colonial government, purportedly as punishment for his participation in the uprising. Van Edgmond is buried at Egmondville Cemetery in Egmondville, Ontario.The community of Egmondville, now incorporated within the community of Seaforth in the Municipality of Huron East was founded in Van Egmond's honour in 1845, by his eldest son Constant.

206407344895017513

Q28961930

Fernwood House Land ownership (1700s-1863) The history of the building dates back to when Jesmond was a township in the 1800s. It also had Jesmond Colliery nearby, but was fields and woodland until the land was developed and properties were built in the 1850s. The land on which it was built, was formerly owned by the Warwick family, who also owned Warwick Hall. The land was sold to the Archbold family in 1821, following the bankruptcy of Robert Warwick, the owner of the Warwick estate. The sale to the Archbold family came as the Warwick estate was broken up and sold off to different buyers. A number of Archbolds owned the land, before James Archbold Pears began to develop the land. Pears was the son of the noble family who owned Fenham Hall near Newcastle Upon Tyne at the time. Construction and early residents (1864-1937) After James Archbold Pears inherited the estate, he disposed of some of the land so that it could be developed. This included the land where Fernwood House is now situated. The construction of the building took place in 1864, when a number of properties and roads were established in the area. This included the development of Clayton Road, which the house and many similar style Victorian buildings are now situated in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne.The house was built by James Stoddard, after he acquired the land. Stoddard worked in London as the owner of the James Stoddard & Company and also the Imperial Chinese Tea company. After the property had been completed, it was sold to the tea dealer William Stewart, who was originally from Newcastle. He and his family resided in Fernwood House from 1865 until 1893. Stewart purchased the property for £1,200, with the aid of a 94% mortgage from Newcastle Permanent Building Society.In 1876 while living at Fernwood House, Stewart became the Sheriff of Newcastle between 1876 and 1877. Once he had finished serving as Sheriff, Stewart substantially extended the property in 1877. The building's significance locally, led it to be referenced in an article by Holliday Bickerstaffe Kendall, part of his Preachers of Thirty Years Ago series. The article refers to the viewing of the Leonids Meteor Shower that took place in 1866.The ownership of Fernwood House changed again in 1893 after the death of William Stewart. Stewart's widow and son sold Fernwood House to Baronet Walter Runciman and his wife Lady Anne Margaret Runciman. He was the owner of the South Shieds Shipping Company, which later became Moor Line and Anchor Line. Runciman was the second largest ship builder in Newcastle at the time, second to James Knott’s Prince Line. He served as Liberal MP for Hartlepool from 1914 to 1918. Walter Runciman died in 1937 at Fernwood House, with the estate valued at £286,431. Maternity Hospital and Newcastle City Council (1937-1991) Following the death of Walter Runciman in 1937, Fernwood House was then transformed into a maternity hospital. Dr. Henry Harvey Evers, was the doctor who purchased the building in order to turn it into a leading private maternity hospital in the North East of England. Evers subsequently purchased the neighbouring Oakwood House, which he used as his personal residence.During this period, Fernwood House was more commonly known as Fernwood House Maternity Hospital. While it remained as a private hospital throughout, many complicated births were treated in the hospital for people in the surrounding area. In 1945, George Orwell’s wife Eileen Blair, was admitted to the Fernwood House Maternity Hospital and underwent a hysterectomy whilst her husband George was in Paris reporting on the closing states of World War II. Eileen Blair died while under general anesthetic in the hospital. She was buried in nearby Jesmond Cemetery. Other notable births at the hospital included the founder of Greggs, John Gregg and also two senior figures of Lowes Financial Management.In 1964, the maternity hospital closed its doors and was sold to Newcastle City Council. Fernwood House was again renamed Fernwood House Reception Centre and would act as a replacement for the facility in the centre of Newcastle.The building went under an extensive refurbishment between 1964 and 1966 and reopened in May 1966. A number of distressed children passed through the facility in the 25 years it was open. The most notable was Mary Bell, who was a resident at the property in December 1968, while she underwent an 11-day trial, which saw her convicted of the manslaughter of two young boys. The Fernwood House Reception Centre closed in 1991.

805078131671730360

Q18705147

Joe Faust Track & Field Athletics: Running High Jumper He represented the United States in the 1960 Summer Olympics. He graduated in June 1959 from Culver City High School, at age 16; then he attended UCLA for a month; in the following semester he attended Occidental College and was there coached by Charles "Chuck" Coker (founder of Universal Gym Equipment); then at age 17 year 284 days, he became the youngest American to qualify for the Olympic high jump, just one day younger than Reynaldo Brown who qualified for the 1968 Olympics also from a Southern California high school. In the Olympics, he qualified for the final by jumping 2 meters. In the final, he cleared opening height 1.90 m; at the next height he missed three times and thus was first out for 17th place in the finals. Faust was inducted in the Occidental College Hall of Fame.Faust had cleared 7 feet (2.134m) for the first time in the Olympic Trials, which was the World Junior Record; his record only lasted about a month before it was surpassed by silver medalist Valery Brumel; Dumas was third in the Olympic Trials; Faust was second; Thomas was first while then breaking the world record. In the interim between the trials and the Olympics, Faust had injured a couple of discs in his back and jumped in pain to prove his fitness to retain his spot in the Olympics. Faust jumped for the Southern California Striders. Class valedictorian in high school, he received the Clarence Addison Dykstra Award scholarship to UCLA, but quit after a month, instead ending up across town at Occidental College with a full academic scholarship. Faust would improve his best to over 7'2.5" a couple of years later and continued to jump into the Masters division. Bill Peck and others observed Faust's unofficial jump of 7' 4.75" in a third competition within a 24 hr period on the field of the Mt. San Antonio Relays; he jumped in the first two events officially; the third was an unofficial jumping session; the bar was wood and square cross-sectioned; the bar stayed up for about 8 seconds; at the moment the official world record by Brumel was less; Bill Peck (Joe's fellow track teammate at Occidental College; Bill was also a contestant at the Olympic Trials in 1960 at Stanford University) had been at the same Olympic Trials in 1960 when Faust broke the world junior record; Bill was one of the many witnesses in 1962 of Joe's life-best high jump; in background public address system, one could hear the Relays' officials crowning his future wife as Mt. SAC Relays Queen; she was on the same track team as Joe. Faust graduated that year from Mt. San Antonio College; he was coached by Hilmer Lodge; the stadium of Faust's best-ever jump was named after Mr. Lodge: Hilmer Lodge Stadium Faust broke Charles Dumas' national junior college record with a clearance of 7' 1 1/4".Faust's jumping ability was discovered while jumping in junior high school in 1953 by William O'Rourke; Faust was coached by O'Rourke in all six years, seventh through 12th grade. At that time he set out with a goal of making the Olympics. Faust was noted in the Helms Athletic Foundation's Helm's Hall of Fame in Culver City for his age 15 leap of 6' 8 1/4" in an open Southern Pacific A.A.U. meet while he was a junior in high school; the jump was at a college he would later attend: Occidental College. En route, he finished second at the 1959 CIF California State Meet and fourth the year before.Faust is the son of western actor Louis Robert "Bob" Faust, who separated from his family leaving Joe to grow up with a variety of homes each year; one home with his struggling mother in poverty with his six siblings, but also in a foster home in Culver City, California; his dad and mother together gathered their six children some years later; a seventh child was born from the same parents. Joe's foster home (Culver City with Milton Clifford Davis—former superintendent of Douglas Aircraft Company in Santa Monica, California, and wife) and family home were both open to him during his high jumping high school years. His natural father came on the field when Joe just cleared his first 7 ft jump at the Olympic Trials at Stanford University in 1960. The author David Maraniss of the book Rome 1960 publicly acknowledged that some Faust family history errors published are to be corrected in further editions. Mathematics Joe Faust graduated in 1988 from California State University, Los Angeles with a B.A. in pure mathematics. For four years he instructed mathematics at CSULA. He taught mathematics in the Los Angeles Unified School District in a middle school. He was published in 2002 for authoring a specific integer sequence A066526. Aviation Joe Faust founded Kite Information and Technology Exchange Society of America (K.I.T.E.S.A.), Self-Soar Association (S-SA), United States Hang Glider Association (co-founder with Bob Luthardt), EnergyKiteSystems, co-founded Airborne Wind Energy Industry Association (AWEIA). He was publisher of Low & Slow magazine, Hang Glider Weekly, Hang Glider Business Weekly, Hang Glider Magazine, and Lift e-zine. Faust's foster father, Milton Clifford Davis, who introduced him to higher mathematics and aircraft manufacturing, was in management at the Douglas Aircraft Company; Faust twice worked at the company's Santa Monica, California plant- briefly in 1963, and then after the company became McDonnell Douglas. Joe was lead actor and hang glider pilot for a Dial Soap TV commercial. Mike Wallace interviewed Faust as hang glider pilot for a 60 Minutes segment titled, 'Ever Since Icarus', initially aired on August 31, 1975. A photo of Faust hang gliding was on the first edition back cover of the book Hang Gliding by Dan Poynter. He co-founded Friends of Dockweiler Gliding Society on May 23, 2015. He founded United States Hang Gliding Rating System (USHGRS) to cover recreational hang gliding pilots who have used US airspace.

5583943915064014409

Q7158256

Pearly Black Career Pearly began singing in Brisbane in the late 1980s where she met John Rodgers (sometimes known as John Bone) and created Madam Bones Brothel.She moved to Melbourne in the early 1990s (with John and other Brothel members) and worked extensively over the next 10 years in many diverse settings. Apart from performing solo and with Madam Bones Brothel, she was a member of acoustic prog-rock duo Diastima, Robin Casinader's folk-noir ensemble Hood, stadium-disco band Butt Funky, and the short-lived Latin/cabaret quartet Las Tangolitas.During her time in Melbourne, Pearly also sang with Petrunka (the Melbourne Women's Bulgarian Choir) and performed as a local cast member for dance troupe Stomp.In 1996, Pearly had a minor role in the film Love and Other Catastrophes as "Woman in Bathroom Making Love".In 2003, Pearly lived in Hobart and studied at the Conservatory of Music and with Maria Lurighi. She was a member of the Southern Gospel Choir.She returned to Brisbane in 2004 and once again began collaborating with John Rodgers. She has performed with John and other musicians in many and varied circumstances including in the gospel revue Tell Heaven, in the transcendental cabaret The Ultimate Prize - A John Rodgers Retrospective, and with The God Botherers (the precursor to Tell Heaven).She was a member of the cast in 2004 for Women in Voice, Brisbane's annual singing showcase, alongside Chrissy Amphlett and Kate Miller-Heidke. Her performance was described as having a smoldering moodiness.She has twice performed in shows with music composed by John in Mount Isa to audiences of thousands of people for the Queensland Music Festival - Bobcat Dancing in 2003 and Bobcat Magic! in 2005. She performed lead vocals in a 2007 show for the Queensland Music Festival The Dream Catchers, also written by John Rodgers, held in Innisfail.In 2006, Pearly was a member of the cast for Tom Waits For No Man, a cabaret show featuring the music of Tom Waits, performed at the Brisbane Cabaret Festival. The show returned for the 2007 season of the Festival by popular demand where it won a Matilda Award (Queensland's annual theatre industry awards) for the Best Musical Production.She continues to perform regularly in Brisbane and less regularly in Melbourne. She also offers singing tuition in styles ranging "from jazz to heavy metal". Partnership with John Rodgers John Rodgers is a composer, improviser, violinist, pianist, and guitarist. At a young age he was heavily involved in classical music with orchestras, touring Europe and Asia, often appearing as a soloist.John chose not to follow a promising career in the classical field and Madam Bones Brothel, formed with Pearly, was a sharp rejection of all things represented in the highly controlled world of classical music. As a composer, John is highly regarded for his creative genius and a vast amount of this uniquely brilliant music has been written for Pearly to perform. The material in Madam Bones Brothel (composed by John) ranged from funk to rap, jazz to rock, country to flamenco, often in the same set.Madam Bones Brothel has not performed since 2000 but John and Pearly continue to play music together. John plays with Pearly in the gospel group Tell Heaven and they also play as a duo for special events (sometimes performing Madam Bones Brothel songs). John played in the Women in Voice band in 2004 when Pearly was a featured star and one of the songs she performed was The Ultimate Prize, a song previously recorded by The Brothel. In recent years, John has received several major grants to compose music for large shows and Pearly has often been included in the cast. Pearly sings the lead vocals in John's most recent large-scale musical theatre piece, The Dream Catchers.

11886598043756425368

Q5469999

Forman Park History Forman Park was first named Forman Square and was declared a public park in 1839 by the Trustees of the village of Syracuse. Land donated Lewis H. Redfield was born in 1736 and died in 1882. Two years before his death, in 1880, he wrote about the history of the park which was designed by Henry Davis, Jr. in 1839. At that time, Redfield and Davis and two other residents owned the land on the north side of Genesee Street and the Syracuse Company owned the property on the south side. Genesee Street ran diagonally northeast to southwest through the center of the property designated for the park. Redfield and others donated the land for the north side triangle and the Syracuse Company donated the property for the south side triangle. The name was chosen to honor Joshua Forman who is considered the founder of Syracuse. Public square On January 16, 1839, the Trustees adopted an ordinance declaring Forman Square as a public square. Several years prior to that date, the parties who owned the land adjoining the square had granted the city the title to the easterly and westerly triangles on the north and south side of the turnpike. Redfield proposed the "scheme" to his associates and they consented. He then made application to the Syracuse Company to "unite in the undertaking" and the company agreed to the proposition. The result was the creation of Forman Square which were considered "two of the most attractive parks in the city." Neighborhood involvement Early resident, Theodore Clarke wrote in May 1848 that he purchased a building lot on the south side of Forman Park which cost $6.00. The house cost $1,093 and was ready for occupancy on May 1, 1849. The lot was 66 feet (20 m) wide and situated at 720 East Jefferson Street and was the first house built on Forman Park. "When I purchased the lot it could not be approached with a team without making a bridge. On each side of the turnpike, Genesee Street, there was a ditch at least 3 feet (0.91 m) deep. On the West was a gully 4 feet (1.2 m) or 5 feet (1.5 m) deep thru which Yellow Brook ran.The turnpike occupied about half of what is now Forman Park. Jefferson Street was not opened east of Almond Street. Jefferson Street sewer terminated at Yellow Brook. “Stanton Collins farm included Lemon Street, south of Genesee Street and the East end of Jefferson Street, and the corner of the farm ran into the park. All around was almost a limitless space of unoccupied ground. Theodore Clark in 1875, early resident talking about his home built in 1848"Clarke circulated a petition and Jefferson Street was soon opened to Genesee Street. He circulated another petition for grading and improvements to the park. At the order of the city Common Council, Genesee Street was narrowed from a width of 100 feet (30 m) to 66 feet (20 m) in order to route it around the park. Residents of Lodi Hill section opposed the street work, but Clarke appeared before the council and the plans went forward.Shortly after, a fence was erected and Clarke circulated a third petition and collected funds. He received a total of $158 from 19 residents and the fence was completed.Theodore Clarke was deputy and acting County Clerk for 13 years as well as Search Clerk and clerk and collector of the village of Syracuse. He was also first assessor of the city and a member of the city Engineering staff and helped draw a complete city map during the years 1895 through 1910. In his private life, Clarke was an officer of the First Congregational Church, which was also known as the abolitionist Jerry Rescue church. He came to the city in 1835 and moved to Eastwood in 1866. Redfield monument The western half of Forman Park was set aside for a monument which was erected by Mrs. William H. H. Smith in honor of her father, Lewis H. Redfield. Recent years Forman Park is managed by the Syracuse Department of Parks.

8544689762906839606

Q3761377

1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment Background On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and poorly trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated. The country was then dismembered, with Serbia being reduced to its pre-1912 borders and placed under a government of German military occupation. With their forces in the Balkans depleted by the need to send troops to the Eastern Front, the Germans sought to find local leaders to police the region for them. In Serbia this came in the form of Milan Nedić, a pre-war politician who was known to have pro-Axis leanings. Formation The Germans then utilized a series of irregular armed formations to help stabilize the region. One of these formations was the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, formed in mid-1942 by the German Gestapo without the knowledge of Nedić or his government. It was the intention of SS-Oberführer Emanuel Schäfer, the newly appointed chief of the German Security Police in Serbia, to create "an indigenous Serbian entity through which the Gestapo could exert more control over the Nedić regime. Captain Strahinja Janjić, a reported German agent and member of the Serbian fascist movement Zbor, was selected by Schäfer to lead the new organization. Janjić proceeded to recruit members of quisling formations such as the Serbian State Guard and the Serbian Volunteer Corps, as well as high school students, merchants and officials from Nedić's administration. Members of the detachment then began calling themselves the Serbian Gestapo (Serbian: Српски Гестапо, romanized: Srpski Gestapo). Meanwhile, Janjić began to see himself as replacing Nedić and becoming the Führer of a national socialist Serbia with the first twelve members of his detachment, whom he called his "apostles", taking the highest state positions. Furthermore, Janjić proposed to Felix Benzler of the Reich Ministry of Foreign Affairs and August Meyszner of the Schutzstaffel (SS) that he should be entrusted with the creation of two Serbian SS divisions, one for the Eastern Front and one for the front in North Africa. When Nedić heard of Janjić's intentions, he ordered his arrest and the disbanding of the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment. Janjić was subsequently detained at the Banjica concentration camp, before being released at the behest of the German Gestapo. Operations Between 1942 and 1944, the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment was active in the Syrmia region of the Independent State of Croatia. At the end of 1942, it was recorded as having 145 members. Headquartered in a reconfigured primary school where torture and murders occurred, it was envisioned by the Germans as being an elite formation which would operate against the Yugoslav Partisans. However, Janjić was more concerned with usurping Nedić than fighting the Communists. On 22 February 1943, Nedić sent a memorandum to Schäfer, protesting the activities of Janjić's detachment. Dissolution After receiving the memorandum, Schäfer divided the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment into two parts. Subsequently, Janjić and twenty-six of his men left Belgrade and travelled to Berlin, where they continued to work for the German Gestapo. Another thirty-three members of the detachment remained in Belgrade under the leadership of Janjić's deputy, Svetozar Nećak. Here, they worked to fulfill specific tasks set out to them by the Germans, were not permitted to wear German uniforms, and were ordered to undermine the actions of the Partisans rather than Nedić's administration. Headquartered in his Berlin apartment, Janjić had his men infiltrate the ranks of the Yugoslav forced labourers there, using methods such as blackmail, robbery, and entrapment to expose Partisan sympathizers. Despite these efforts, Janjić's actions were seen as being "[harmful] to German interests," and in May 1944 he was replaced by two other members of his detachment. Uniform Occasionally, members of the detachment wore the uniform of Draža Mihailović's Chetniks. At other times, however, they dressed in German military uniforms while pretending not to know the Serbian language.

16358125970519714291

Q3075594

House of Vuk's Foundation History The building, whose architect was Alexander Bulgarski, was built in 1870/71 for the merchant Dimitrije Mita Golubović. In the beginning the building was the head office of the Russian Imperial Consulate, then the Serbian Institute for War Orphans, and was then used by the Ministry of Education in 1879. The smaller courtyard wing was repaired and upgraded in 1906, with the decorative works in the interior done by painter Dragutin Inkiostri Medenjak, who happened to be the only decorative painter in Belgrade at that time. Within these works, he included a folk ornament motif in accordance with the national style.Due to the growth of the Ministry, there was a need to expand the building. This commenced in 1912 towards the Sava slope. A wing that included an interior courtyard was built by architect Branko Tanazević who also worked on the total reconstruction of the main front facade . Painter and decorator Dragutin Inkiostri Medenjak was put in charge of the interior. The two cooperated on the project, despite being fierce opponents as far as national style was concerned. Work on the facade and the interior was done in a Serbian-Byzantine style according to Tanazević's design.The last renovation of the building for the Ministry – the new wing towards the Kraljica Natalija Street – was carried out in 1924, designed by architect Žarko Tatić.The building was home to the Ministry of Education from 1879 until 1952. It has housed the Church Department of the Ministry of Education of the Principality of Serbia since 1880. In 1914, the building also housed the Foundation Department of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbia. The Artistic Department of the Kingdom of SHS and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia also moved into the building in 1919. Despite the expansion, certain departments of the Ministry of Education remained outside the main building. During the period of occupation in the First World War, the building was used as the headquarters of the Main Commissariat of Austro-Hungarian Army, and as the Main Postal Administration. After the capitulation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941, the Ministry of Education was closed for a short time, but the Department for German Language Teaching was founded and it remained in the building until October 1944. The Church Department was separated from the Ministry in 1944 to form the Ministry of Religion. In November 1944, the Committee for the Education of the NR of Serbia was founded, and it grew into the Ministry of Education between April 1945–1946. It remained in the building until 1952, when the Federal Institute for the Patterns, and the Federal Institute for Work Productivity, moved into space vacated by the scaled-back newspaper Mladost and the ULUS, among others.In 1988, two years after the first revitalization of the facade, the building was assigned to the Vuk's Foundation for permanent use and management. The general reconstruction of the building was done in 1997/98. This included work on the ceiling of the hall, stairs and railings which were successfully reconstructed, and a modern chandelier was added to light the main hall. In 2006 the front facade facing the street was repaired. The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade published a monograph in 1996, written by art historian Milojko Gordić, about the building using its monumental name as the title – The Ministry of Education Building. Preservation The facade is completely preserved. The furniture, made after the designs of Dragutin Inkiostri, has been partially preserved and several pieces (e.g., a chair from the Minister's cabinet) are now in the Ethnographic Museum and the Museum of Applied Art in Belgrade. Most of the original compositions on the walls have been destroyed over time. However, the wall ornaments in the gateway towards the courtyard are original as they were accidentally painted over after the Second World War. They were discovered by accident in 1963, cleaned, and the allegoric compositions of religion, education, history and art can be seen on them. They were restored in 1997. Above the entrance to the building, the emblem of the Kingdom of Serbia was placed, embedded into the Art Nouveau shaped two-colored, red and white facade, with originally blended motifs from Serbian Medieval architecture, elements of Serbian national tradition, as well as the decorative motifs from the European secession. The purpose of this object, which is a testimony to the continuity of the culture of education, has been preserved for one hundred and thirty-five years.The Ministry of Education Building was protected as the cultural property for the first time in 1966, and since 1979 it was declared cultural property of great importance (The Official Gazette SRS no. 14/79). The facade was revitalized in 2006, within the project "Lepša Srbija".

15394662301922870677

Q39069664

Battleground (video game series) Battleground: Bulge-Ardennes Battleground: Bulge-Ardennes is the first game to be released in the Battleground series. It was developed and published by TalonSoft and released in January 1996. Battleground 2: Gettysburg Battleground 2: Gettysburg is a turn-based computer wargame developed by TalonSoft in 1995. It simulated combat at the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, using both a video version of miniature wargaming and board gaming. Terrain hex maps are 3D or 2D with various scales and sizes. Battleground 3: Waterloo Battleground 3: Waterloo is the third game in the Battleground series. It was developed and published by TalonSoft and released on May 31, 1996. The game features the Battle of Waterloo which was the final defeat for Napoleon Bonaparte and his French Empire. Battleground 4: Shiloh Battleground 4: Shiloh is a turn-based computer wargame developed by TalonSoft in 1996, the fourth issue in the Battleground series. It simulated combat at the 1862 Battle of Shiloh, using both a video version of miniature wargaming and board gaming. Terrain hex maps are 3D or 2D with various scales and sizes. Battleground 5: Antietam Battleground 5: Antietam is a turn-based computer wargame developed by TalonSoft in 1996, the fifth issue in the popular Battleground series. It simulated combat at the 1862 Battle of Antietam and the earlier Battle of South Mountain during the American Civil War's Maryland Campaign, using both a video version of miniature wargaming and board gaming. Terrain hex maps are 3D or 2D with various scales and sizes.The basic platform for the Battleground series involves individual infantry and cavalry regiments, artillery batteries, and commanders. All are rated for strength, firepower, weaponry, morale, and movement. As a unit takes fire, it may become fatigued, disordered, or routed to the rear. Players compete against the computer's artificial intelligence or against another player via modem. Players may try a variety of individual scenarios, or refight the entire battle of Antietam. A Fog of War option enhances playing against the computer, as it hides units that are not in direct view of the enemy.The game features video clips of battle reenactments, as well as Civil War music by folk singer Bobby Horton. Battleground 6: Napoleon in Russia Battleground 6: Napoleon in Russia is the sixth game to be released in the Battleground series. It was developed and published by TalonSoft and released on April 30, 1997. Battleground 7: Bull Run Battleground 7: Bull Run is a turn-based computer wargame developed by TalonSoft in 1997, the seventh issue in the popular Battleground series. It simulated combat at the 1861 First Battle of Bull Run and the 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run, using both a video version of miniature wargaming and board gaming. Terrain hex maps are 3D or 2D with various scales and sizes.The basic platform for the Battleground series involves individual infantry and cavalry regiments, artillery batteries, and commanders. All are rated for strength, firepower, weaponry, morale, and movement. As a unit takes fire, it may become fatigued, disordered, or routed to the rear. Players compete against the computer's artificial intelligence or against another player via modem. Players may try a variety of individual scenarios, or refight the entire battle of First or Second Bull Run (known as Manassas in the South). A Fog of War option enhances playing against the computer, as it hides units that are not in direct view of the enemy.The game features video clips of battle reenactments, as well as Civil War music by folk singer Bobby Horton. Battleground 8: Prelude to Waterloo Battleground 8: Prelude to Waterloo is the eighth game to be released in the Battleground series. It was developed and published by TalonSoft and released in 1997. Battleground 9: Chickamauga Battleground 9: Chickamauga is the ninth game to be released in the Battleground series. It was developed and published by TalonSoft and released in 1999.Only 5,000 copies of the game were printed. Reception PC Gamer US nominated Bulge-Ardennes and Gettysburg for its 1995 "Best Wargame" award, although they lost to Steel Panthers.The three Battleground games of 1996—Shiloh, Antietam and Waterloo—collectively won Computer Games Strategy Plus's wargame of the year award for that year.Waterloo and Antietam were runners-up for Computer Game Entertainment's 1996 "Best War Game" prize, which ultimately went to Tigers on the Prowl 2. The magazine's editors called both games "top-notch", and summarized Antietam as "the best iteration yet of TalonSoft's successful Civil War game system."Napoleon in Russia was a runner-up for Computer Gaming World's 1997 "Wargame Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Sid Meier's Gettysburg! The editors wrote that Napoleon in Russia "sent the Battleground engine out in style".The Battleground series, collectively, was named the 75th best computer game ever by PC Gamer UK in 1997. The editors called it "a fine expose of table top wargaming on the PC".

10157578284944676166

Q263241

Mary Wickes Early life Mary Wickes was born to Frank Wickenhauser (1880-1943) and his wife Mary Isabella (née Shannon; died 1965) in St. Louis, Missouri of German, Scottish, and Irish extraction, and raised Protestant. Her parents were theater buffs, and took her to plays from the time that she could stay awake through a matinee. An excellent student, she skipped two grades and graduated at 16 from Beaumont High School. She was accepted into Washington University in St. Louis, where she joined the debate team and the Phi Mu sorority, and was initiated into Mortar Board in 1929. She graduated in 1930 with a double major in English literature and political science. Although she had planned a career in law, a favorite professor encouraged her to try drama, and she shifted direction. Career Wickes's first Broadway appearance was in Marc Connelly's The Farmer Takes a Wife in 1934 with Henry Fonda. She began acting in films in the late 1930s and was a member of the Orson Welles troupe on his radio drama The Mercury Theatre on the Air; she also appeared in Welles's film Too Much Johnson (1938). One of her earlier significant film appearances was in The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942), reprising her stage role of Nurse Preen.A tall (5'10"), gangling woman with a distinctive voice, Wickes would ultimately prove herself adept as a comedian. She attracted attention in Now, Voyager (1942) as the wisecracking nurse who helped Bette Davis's character during her mother's illness. (She had already appeared earlier that year with Davis in The Man Who Came To Dinner, and joined her again six years later in June Bride). In 1942, she also had a large part in the Abbott and Costello comedy Who Done It? She continued playing supporting roles in films during the next decade, usually playing wisecracking characters. A prime example was her deadpan characterization of the harassed housekeeper in the Doris Day vehicles On Moonlight Bay and By the Light of the Silvery Moon, a character type she would repeat in the holiday classic White Christmas (1954), starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. She played similar roles in two later movies with Rosalind Russell in the 1960s: The Trouble with Angels and Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows.Wickes moved to the new medium of television in 1949, starring in the title role of a Westinghouse Studio One version of Mary Poppins. In the 1950s, Wickes played the warm yet jocular maid Katie in the Mickey Mouse Club serial Annette and regular roles in the sitcoms Make Room for Daddy and Dennis the Menace. She also played the part of a ballet teacher, Madame Lamond, in the I Love Lucy episode "The Ballet" (1952). Wickes also served as the live-action reference model for Cruella De Vil in Walt Disney's One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), and played Mrs. Squires in the film adaptation of Meredith Willson's The Music Man (1962).In 1953, Wickes played Martha the housekeeper to Ezio Pinza's character in the short-lived Bonino. In 1954-55, she played Alice on The Halls of Ivy, starring Ronald Colman.In 1956, Wickes appeared with Thelma Ritter in "The Babysitter" episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents. Wickes also appeared in two episodes of Zorro. In the 1961-62 season, she appeared as Maxfield opposite Gertrude Berg and Cedric Hardwicke in Mrs. G. Goes to College. For her work in the sitcom, Wickes was nominated for an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actress". In 1964, she appeared on The Donna Reed Show in the episode "First Addition".In 1964, she appeared as Ida Goff in five episodes of the series Temple Houston, with Jeffrey Hunter as a historical figure, the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston, youngest son of Sam Houston. She played Adeline Ashley in The Beverley Hillbillies 1967 episode 'The Social Climbers".A longtime friend of Lucille Ball, Wickes played frequent guest roles on I Love Lucy, The Lucy Show, and Here's Lucy. In 1970-1971, she guest starred on The Doris Day Show (Day was another of her friends). She was also a regular on the Sid and Marty Krofft children's television show Sigmund and the Sea Monsters and the sitcom Doc. She made numerous appearances as a celebrity panelist on the game show Match Game. By the 1980s, her appearances in television series such as Our Man Higgins, M*A*S*H, The Love Boat, Kolchak: The Night Stalker, and Murder, She Wrote had made her a widely recognizable character actress. She also appeared in a variety of Broadway shows, including a 1979 revival of Oklahoma! as Aunt Eller, for which she received rave reviews. Later career She was cast as the mother of Shirley MacLaine's character in the film Postcards from the Edge (1990) and portrayed Marie Murkin in the television movie and series adaptations of Father Dowling Mysteries (1989–91). She played Sister Mary Lazarus in Sister Act (1992) and in the sequel Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993). She appeared in the film version of Little Women (1994) before she became ill. Death and legacy Wickes suffered from numerous ailments in the last years of her life that cumulatively resulted in her hospitalization, where she fell and broke her hip, prompting surgery. She died of complications following that surgery on October 22, 1995, aged 85.Her final film role, voicing the gargoyle "Laverne" in Disney's animated feature The Hunchback of Notre Dame was released posthumously in 1996. Wickes reportedly had only one voice recording session left for the film when she died. Jane Withers came in to finish the character's remaining six lines of dialogue.She was interred beside her parents at the Shiloh Valley Cemetery in Shiloh, Illinois. Wickes was inducted posthumously into the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 2004. Personal life Unmarried and without children, Wickes left a large estate and made a $2 million bequest in memory of her parents, establishing the Isabella and Frank Wickenhauser Memorial Library Fund for Television, Film and Theater Arts at Washington University in St. Louis. Wickes was a lifelong Republican.

5846521118463590978

Q6998179

NetBank History The company was founded in February 1996 as Atlanta Internet Bank, one of the first direct banks in the United States. Using a business model typical of direct banks, NetBank paid higher than average interest rates in exchange for not having physical bank branches.On July 29, 1997, NetBank Inc, completed its initial public offering, raising $42 million.In 1998, the company changed its name to Net.B@nk.In 1999, during the dot-com bubble, NetBank's stock price per share ranged from $3.50 to $83.In March 2001, the bank acquired deposit accounts from CompuBank.In July 2001, the bank acquired Market Street Mortgage.In 2002, the bank acquired Resource Bancshares Mortgage Group.Douglas K. Freeman was appointed CEO of the company as of March 31, 2002 and was appointed chairman as of January 29, 2003.In November 2003, NetBank began offering vehicle insurance through sister company NetInsurance and began offering direct consumer auto loans through Florida auto dealerships.In December 2003, NetBank acquired Financial Technologies Inc., a provider of ATMs and retail transaction processing services.In July 2004, NetBank acquired the assets of Beacon Credit Services, a provider of recreational vehicle, boat, and aircraft financing.NetBank reported a loss in 2005 as a result of a provision for bad loans.In 2006, Netbank began offering check deposit services via The UPS Store.In 2006, NetBank lowered its documentation and underwriting standards to increase loan production. NetBank sold many of its loans to other investors, with the loans being partially recourse to NetBank. In 2006, NetBank was forced to repurchase $182 million in bad loans that it sold previously.In November 2006, the company's independent auditor, Ernst & Young, resigned.For the full year 2006, the company reported a $202 million loss.On May 1, 2007, the company sold NetBank Payment Systems, its ATM and merchant-servicing operation.On May 21, 2007, NetBank reached an agreement to sell its core banking operation to EverBank. All accounts were to have been transferred by September 15, 2007, but the deal depended on NetBank coming up with some cash, which it expected to realize from the sale of other investments. NetBank was unable to sell those investments, and on September 17, 2007, EverBank terminated the agreement.On May 15, 2007, NetBank received a warning from the NASDAQ because it was late in filing its quarterly report. NetBank received a similar notice from Nasdaq in March 2007 because it did not file its 2006 annual report on time as a result of the resignation of its auditor. In February 2007, NetBank hired Porter Keadle Moore LLP as its new independent auditor and said it planned to file the annual and quarterly reports by the end of June 2007.On July 3, 2007, NetBank Inc. received a deficiency notice from the NASDAQ because its stock for the previous 30 consecutive business days failed to close above the minimum bid price of $1 per share. On August 3, it was delisted from the Nasdaq.On September 28, 2007, the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) announced that it had closed NetBank in conjunction with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The shutdown was the biggest failure of a savings and loan association since the savings and loan crisis in the 1980s. It was also the biggest bank failure in Georgia. All of its customers, including its $1.4 billion in FDIC-insured deposits, as well as some loan assets, were sold to ING Group for $14 million. Customers with balances exceeding the FDIC limit received 50% of the excess balance and became creditors in the bank's receivership for the remainder.In November 2007, NetBank Inc., parent of the savings-and-loan, filed for bankruptcy protection and announced intentions to liquidate, including selling its real estate in Columbia, South Carolina as well as its captive insurance subsidiary M.G. Reinsurance Inc. Federal savings and loan associations are prohibited from filing for bankruptcy protection and must be liquidated by the FDIC.A class action lawsuit was filed by former shareholders against certain officers and directors of the company alleging that they inflated the stock price by making misleading statements. The lawsuits were settled in November 2011 for $12.5 million.

8498950177603868601

Q535628

First Spaceship on Venus Plot In 1985 engineers involved in an industrial project to irrigate the Gobi Desert accidentally unearth a mysterious and apparently artificial "spool". When found to be made of a material unknown on Earth, the spool is circumstantially linked to the Tunguska explosion of 1908. The spool is seized on as evidence that the explosion, originally blamed on a meteor, was actually caused by an alien spaceship.Professor Harringway deduces the craft must have come from Venus. The spool itself is determined to be a flight recorder and is partially decoded by an international team of scientists led by Professor Sikarna and Dr. Tchen Yu. When radio greetings sent to Venus go unanswered, Harringway announces that a journey to Venus is the only alternative. The recently completed Soviet spaceship Cosmostrator, intended to voyage to Mars, is redirected to Venus, a 30- to 31-day journey. During the voyage, Sikarna works furiously to translate the alien message using the spaceship's computer.When their spaceship nears Venus, radio interference from the planet cuts the crew off from Earth. By then, Sikarna's efforts lead to a stunning discovery: The spool describes a Venusian plan to irradiate the Earth's surface, with the extermination of mankind being the prelude to an invasion. Rather than containing a "cosmic document", as had been expected, the spool bears a cold-blooded message of destruction. Harringway convinces the crew to press on towards Venus rather than return to Earth with news that would panic mankind.With the ship's robot, Omega, American astronaut Brinkman pilots a one-man landing craft. On the ground, he encounters an industrial complex and finds small recording devices that look like insects. The rest of the crew follows when Cosmostrator lands, but they find no Venusian life forms. Journeying across the planet, they find the remains of a deserted and blasted city centered around a huge crater, signs of a catastrophic explosion so intense that shadowy forms of humanoid Venusians are permanently burned on to the walls of the surviving buildings.The Venusians are gone, but their machines remain functioning, including the radiation-bombardment machine intended for Earth. One of the scientists accidentally triggers the weapon, leading to a frantic effort by the Earthmen to disarm it. Tchen Yu lowers Talua, the ship's communication officer, into the Venusian command center. When Tchen Yu's suit is punctured, Brinkman ventures out to save him. Before he can reach Yu, Talua succeeds in reversing the weapon. Unfortunately, this also reverses Venus' gravitational field, flinging Cosmostrator into space. Brinkman is also repelled off the planet, beyond the reach of the spaceship, while Talua and Tchen Yu remain marooned on Venus. The surviving crew members must return to Earth, where they warn humanity about the dangers of atomic weapons. Production In the film's original East German and Polish release the Earth spaceship sent to Venus is named Kosmokrator.The film was shot mostly in East Germany. The outdoors scenes were shot in the area of Zakopane, Poland and the airfield of Berlin-Johannisthal and special effects in Babelsberg Studio and in a studio in Wroclaw, Poland. The spaceship mock-up at the airfield was a matter of a newspaper hoax in Der Kurier : the front page presented it as a failed attempt at spaceflight in the Soviet occupation zone.The film was noted for early extensive usage of "electronic sounds" on its soundtrack. Electronic music and noises illustrated the work of the computer that deciphers the alien message, the message itself, and the eerie landscape of Venus devastated by the nuclear catastrophe. Markowski, who produced the musical score, was assisted by sound engineer Krzysztof Szlifirski from the Experimental Studio of Polish Radio, with some sound effects added at the laboratory of the Military Academy of Technology in Warsaw and with post-production at DEFA. Release When first released to European cinemas, the film sold 4,375,094 tickets. Critical response In a retrospective on Soviet science fiction film, British director Alex Cox compared First Spaceship on Venus to the Japanese film The Mysterians, but called the former "more complex and morally ambiguous". Cox also remarked that "Silent Star's images of melted cities and crystallised forests, overhung by swirling clouds of gas, are masterpieces of production design. The scene in which three cosmonauts are menaced halfway up a miniature Tower of Babel by an encroaching sea of sludge may not entirely convince, but it is still a heck of a thing to see".Stanislaw Lem, whose novel the film was based upon, was extremely critical of the adaptation and even wanted his name removed from the credits in protest against the extra politicization of the story when compared to his original. (Lem: "It practically delivered speeches about the struggle for peace. Trashy screenplay was painted; tar was bubbling, which would not scare even a child".) United States In 1962 the shortened 79-minute dubbed release from Crown International Pictures substituted the title First Spaceship on Venus for the English-speaking market. The film was released theatrically in the U.S. as a double feature with the re-edited version of the 1958 Japanese Kaiju film Varan the Unbelievable. All references to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima were edited out. The American character Hawling became a Russian named Orloff. The Russian character Arseniev became the American Herringway, while the Polish character Soltyk became the Frenchman Durand.Some other versions of the film, differently cut and dubbed, were on the American market at the time: Spaceship Venus Does Not Reply and Planet of the Dead.The original, uncut version of the film was finally re-released in the U.S. in 2004 under its original title The Silent Star by the DEFA Film Library of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In other media In 1980 a short sequence from First Spaceship on Venus was used as a "film-within-a-film" in the low budget feature Galaxina.In 1990 the film was featured in the second season of Mystery Science Theater 3000 and was released on DVD in 2008 by Shout! Factory, as part of their "MST3K 20th Anniversary Edition" collection.In 2007 the film was shown on the horror hosted television series Cinema Insomnia. Apprehensive Films later released the Cinema Insomnia episode on DVD.

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