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generate questions: The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America? {sep_token} What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene? {sep_token} In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be? {sep_token} The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene? {sep_token} Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia? {sep_token} What three continent drifted together forming Laurasia during then Eocene? {sep_token} What formed in the low basins of Europe? {sep_token} What sea opened up? {sep_token} What sea was created by the Alps? {sep_token} What two coninents developed vastly differen fauna? {sep_token}

generate questions: Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

What permanent structure formed on Antarctica? {sep_token} The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian? {sep_token} During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America? {sep_token} In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent? {sep_token} Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica? {sep_token} What semi-perminant feature developed in Antarctica? {sep_token} Where did mountain building stop? {sep_token} What plate was pushing south creating the Alps? {sep_token} What incursion marked the end of Oligocene? {sep_token} What slowed down the Antarctic Circumpolar Current? {sep_token}

generate questions: During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America? {sep_token} Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene? {sep_token} When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene? {sep_token} Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear? {sep_token} Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period? {sep_token} What bridge was present during the Miocene? {sep_token} What seaway opened as Africa collided with Eurasia? {sep_token} When did the Tethys Seaway open? {sep_token} What caused rain to increase in the Mediterranean {sep_token}

generate questions: South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

What is the link between North and South America called? {sep_token} In which period did North and South America become linked? {sep_token} The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America? {sep_token} The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what? {sep_token} What period came after the Pliocene? {sep_token} What completely ended South America's marsupial faunas? {sep_token} What formed to linked North and South America in the Quaternary Period? {sep_token} What began at the with the Pilocene? {sep_token} How often does the cycle of rising sea levels repeat? {sep_token}

generate questions: The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

How long ago did the last glacial period end? {sep_token} By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period? {sep_token} During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet? {sep_token} Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet? {sep_token} What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of? {sep_token} When did the last glacial period begin? {sep_token} What caused sea levelsw to rise 115 meters? {sep_token} During what period did the height of the northern lands rise 591 feet? {sep_token} What sea is the Hudson Bay part of? {sep_token}

generate questions: A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.

What does the state want a police force to do? {sep_token} What are gendarmerie? {sep_token} What are police usually separate from? {sep_token} What does the state want a police force not to do? {sep_token} What does the president want a police force to do? {sep_token} What aren't gendarmerie? {sep_token} What are police usually together with? {sep_token} What are police never separate from? {sep_token}

generate questions: Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

How are police usually paid? {sep_token} What kind of service are police? {sep_token} When were police used to protect the class system? {sep_token} What problem do many police forces have? {sep_token} How are police never paid? {sep_token} What kind of service aren't police? {sep_token} When aren't police used to protect the class system? {sep_token} What asset do many police forces have? {sep_token} When were police used to protect the civilian system? {sep_token}

generate questions: Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement? {sep_token} What period was the Chu kingdom in? {sep_token} What period was the Jin kingdom in? {sep_token} Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China? {sep_token} What did ancient China call its police? {sep_token} Which Japanese kingdoms developed law enforcement? {sep_token} What period was the Chu kingdom not in? {sep_token} What period was the Chin kingdom in? {sep_token} Which countries never adopted the 'prefecture system' from China? {sep_token} What did modern China call its police? {sep_token}

generate questions: As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.

What war ended in 1479? {sep_token} Who formed Spain's first national police force? {sep_token} What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish? {sep_token} What does Santa Hermandad mean? {sep_token} When did Spain suppress local police units? {sep_token} What war ended in 1497? {sep_token} Who formed Spain's last national police force? {sep_token} What was Spain's second national police force called, in Spanish? {sep_token} What doesn't Santa Hermandad mean? {sep_token} When did Spain empower local police units? {sep_token}

generate questions: In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties? {sep_token} How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified? {sep_token} What was the Marshal's force called? {sep_token} What was the Constable's force called, in English? {sep_token} What was the Constable's force called, in French? {sep_token} Which two entities in Medieval France didn't have police duties? {sep_token} How were the Marshal and Constable of France informally classified? {sep_token} What was the Marshal's peace corps called? {sep_token} What was the Captain's force called, in English? {sep_token} What was the Constable's force not called, in French? {sep_token}

generate questions: The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

In what year did Paris get a police force? {sep_token} Who created Paris's police force? {sep_token} What was the largest European city in 1667? {sep_token} What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English? {sep_token} What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French? {sep_token} In what year did Paris not get a police force? {sep_token} Who never created Paris's police force? {sep_token} What was the smallest European city in 1667? {sep_token} What was the largest European city in 1676? {sep_token} What was the title of the bottom of Paris's police, in English? {sep_token}

generate questions: This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

Who was Paris's first head of police? {sep_token} How many commissioners worked under Reynie? {sep_token} How many policing districts was Paris divided into? {sep_token} When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France? {sep_token} When were police inspectors added to Paris's police? {sep_token} Who was Paris's last head of police? {sep_token} How many commissioners worked above Reynie? {sep_token} How many policing districts was France divided into? {sep_token} When was Paris's police system contracted to disclude rest of France? {sep_token} When were police inspectors subtracted from Paris's police? {sep_token}

generate questions: The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

When did the French language adopt the word 'police'? {sep_token} What language did French borrow the word 'police' from? {sep_token} Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'? {sep_token} When were the Marine Police created in the UK? {sep_token} What was the first use of 'police' in the UK? {sep_token} When did the English language adopt the word 'police'? {sep_token} What language did French not borrow the word 'police' from? {sep_token} Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of local oppression'? {sep_token} When were the Marine Police created in France? {sep_token} What was the last use of 'police' in the UK? {sep_token}

generate questions: In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police? {sep_token} When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force? {sep_token} Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force? {sep_token} How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year? {sep_token} How did Colquhoun praise the French police? {sep_token} Who convinced the East Indies merchants in London to establish police? {sep_token} When did the West Indies merchants in London destroy a police force? {sep_token} Where did the East Indies merchants in London create a police force? {sep_token} How much cargo had been given from West Indies merchants in London each year? {sep_token} How did Colquhoun reject the French police? {sep_token}

generate questions: With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force? {sep_token} How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing? {sep_token} How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals? {sep_token} How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year? {sep_token} When was the Thames River Police made a public service? {sep_token} What was the final size of the Thames River Police force? {sep_token} How many deck workers were the Thames River Police policing? {sep_token} How many dock workers did Colquhoun say weren't criminals? {sep_token} How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police allow in its first year? {sep_token} When was the Thames River Police made a private service? {sep_token}

generate questions: Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

Who started the Bow Street detectives? {sep_token} How did the Bow Street group pay their employees? {sep_token} How did the Thames River Police pay their employees? {sep_token} Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police? {sep_token} What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work? {sep_token} Who fired the Bow Street detectives? {sep_token} How did the Bow Street group get paid by their employees? {sep_token} How did the James River Police pay their employees? {sep_token} Who rejected the concept of the 'new' police? {sep_token} What schedule did the Thames River Police employees not work? {sep_token}

generate questions: Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

Which law established Glasgow's police? {sep_token} When was Glasgow's police force established? {sep_token} Which law established Ireland's police? {sep_token} When was Ireland's police force established? {sep_token} What was Ireland's police force called? {sep_token} Which law abolished Glasgow's police? {sep_token} When was Glasgow's police force abolished? {sep_token} Which law fired Ireland's police? {sep_token} When was Ireland's police force abolished? {sep_token} What was Ireland's police force not called? {sep_token}

generate questions: Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

Who was the 'father of modern policing'? {sep_token} Whose philosophy influenced Peel? {sep_token} What political position did Bentham think police should have? {sep_token} How did Peel standardize police? {sep_token} How did Peel organize police? {sep_token} Who was the 'mother of modern policing'? {sep_token} Whose philosophy repelled Peel? {sep_token} What political position did Bentham think police shouldn't have? {sep_token} How did Peel specialize police? {sep_token} How did Peel disorganize police? {sep_token}

generate questions: The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state.

When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed? {sep_token} What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of? {sep_token} Where was the 'Continental model' of police from? {sep_token} What part of the government did French police work under? {sep_token} When was the Metropolitan Police Act rejected? {sep_token} What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police weren't a subset of? {sep_token} Where was the 'Intercontinental model' of police from? {sep_token} Where wasn't the 'Continental model' of police from? {sep_token} What part of the government did English police work under? {sep_token}

generate questions: In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal. King João VI established the "Intendência Geral de Polícia" (General Police Intendancy) for investigations. He also created a Royal Police Guard for Rio de Janeiro in 1809. In 1831, after independence, each province started organizing its local "military police", with order maintenance tasks. The Federal Railroad Police was created in 1852.

When did Rio get its first police investigator? {sep_token} How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century? {sep_token} When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment? {sep_token} Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808? {sep_token} Who invaded Portugal in 1808? {sep_token} When did Rio get its first police inspector? {sep_token} How had the Rio police grown by the 16th century? {sep_token} When didn't Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment? {sep_token} Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1880? {sep_token} Who supported Portugal in 1808? {sep_token}

generate questions: In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew. The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873. The merger of these two police forces in 1920 formed the world-famous Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

When did Canada get its first police? {sep_token} What was Canada's first police force? {sep_token} When was the Toronto police created? {sep_token} When was the Montreal police created? {sep_token} When were the first Mounties created? {sep_token} When did Canada get its last police? {sep_token} What wasn't Canada's first police force? {sep_token} When was the Toronto police destroyed? {sep_token} When was the Montreal police not created? {sep_token} When were the first Mounties destroyed? {sep_token}

generate questions: In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed]

What were the Old West's local police options? {sep_token} Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police? {sep_token} Which private contractor acted as police for businesses? {sep_token} Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height? {sep_token} What were the New West's local police options? {sep_token} What were the Old West's national police options? {sep_token} Which military branch fought the Old West's inadequate local police? {sep_token} Which public contractor acted as police for businesses? {sep_token} Which military branch did the Pinkertons never exceed at their height? {sep_token}

generate questions: Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treatise on the Police"), first published in 1705. The German Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) first theorized by Philipp von Hörnigk a 17th-century Austrian Political economist and civil servant and much more famously by Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi who produced an important theoretical work known as Cameral science on the formulation of police. Foucault cites Magdalene Humpert author of Bibliographie der Kameralwissenschaften (1937) in which the author makes note of a substantial bibliography was produced of over 4000 pieces of the practice of Polizeiwissenschaft however, this maybe a mistranslation of Foucault's own work the actual source of Magdalene Humpert states over 14,000 items were produced from the 16th century dates ranging from 1520-1850.

Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept? {sep_token} Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'? {sep_token} What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French? {sep_token} When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published? {sep_token} What was von Hornigk's career? {sep_token} Which countries' scholars rejected the contemporary police concept? {sep_token} Who co-wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'? {sep_token} What wasn't the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French? {sep_token} When was the 'Treatise on the Police' abolished? {sep_token} What wasn't von Hornigk's career? {sep_token}

generate questions: As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the population (and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to mercantilist theory, was to be the main strength of the state. Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included public health concerns, urban planning (which was important because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of prices.

Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft? {sep_token} How did Foucault describe the social duty of police? {sep_token} Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police? {sep_token} Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? {sep_token} Who never wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft? {sep_token} How did Foucault describe the social duty of army? {sep_token} Which economic theory did Foucault say rejected the police? {sep_token} Which biology theory did Foucault say supported the police? {sep_token} Why didn't the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? {sep_token}

generate questions: Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective - "crime doesn't pay". In the second draft of his 1829 Police Act, the "object" of the new Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the "principal object," which was the "prevention of crime." Later historians would attribute the perception of England's "appearance of orderliness and love of public order" to the preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system.

Who wrote 'Preventive Police'? {sep_token} When was 'Preventive Police' published? {sep_token} Where was 'Preventive Police' published? {sep_token} What did Chadwick say police should be focused on? {sep_token} What was the alternative to prevention? {sep_token} Who co-wrote 'Preventive Police'? {sep_token} When was 'Preventive Police' not published? {sep_token} Where was 'Preventive Police' unpublished? {sep_token} What did Chadwick say police shouldn't be focused on? {sep_token} What was the same as prevention? {sep_token}

generate questions: Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time, after which officers must transfer out or return to patrol duties.[citation needed] This is done in part based upon the perception that the most important and essential police work is accomplished on patrol in which officers become acquainted with their beats, prevent crime by their presence, respond to crimes in progress, manage crises, and practice their skills.[citation needed]

What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically? {sep_token} Where do some think the most important police work happens? {sep_token} How do patrol officers affect crime? {sep_token} What do some police departments make detectives never go back to? {sep_token} What do all police departments make detectives go back to periodically? {sep_token} Where do all think the most important police work happens? {sep_token} Where do some think the most minor police work happens? {sep_token} How do patrol officers ignore crime? {sep_token}

generate questions: The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for policing that, in some sense, transcend national borders. This includes a variety of practices, but international police cooperation, criminal intelligence exchange between police agencies working in different nation-states, and police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states are the three types that have received the most scholarly attention.

When did Nadelmann write about global policing? {sep_token} When did Sheptycki write about global policing? {sep_token} What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country? {sep_token} When didb't Nadelmann write about global policing? {sep_token} When did Nadelmann write about local policing? {sep_token} When didn't Sheptycki write about global policing? {sep_token} When did Sheptycki write about local policing? {sep_token} What terms haven't been used to describe policing beyond one country? {sep_token}

generate questions: Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. A notable example of this was the occasional surveillance by Prussian police of Karl Marx during the years he remained resident in London. The interests of public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated in Europe, which eventually led to the establishment of Interpol before the Second World War. There are also many interesting examples of cross-border policing under private auspices and by municipal police forces that date back to the 19th century (Nadelmann, 1993). It has been established that modern policing has transgressed national boundaries from time to time almost from its inception. It is also generally agreed that in the post–Cold War era this type of practice became more significant and frequent (Sheptycki, 2000).

When did Deflem write about cross-border policing? {sep_token} What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century? {sep_token} Which police force monitored Karl Marx? {sep_token} What international police agency was created before WW2? {sep_token} In what era did cross-border policing increase? {sep_token} When did Deflem write about in-border policing? {sep_token} What groups did European police work against across borders in the 18th century? {sep_token} Which police force ignored Karl Marx? {sep_token} What national police agency was created before WW2? {sep_token} In what era did cross-border policing decrease? {sep_token}

generate questions: Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work. The study showed that transnational police information sharing was routinized in the cross-Channel region from 1968 on the basis of agreements directly between the police agencies and without any formal agreement between the countries concerned. By 1992, with the signing of the Schengen Treaty, which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe (Joubert and Bevers, 1996).

Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation? {sep_token} When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation? {sep_token} When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing? {sep_token} When was the Schengen Treaty signed? {sep_token} What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing? {sep_token} Where did Sheptycki study police interigation? {sep_token} Where didn't Sheptycki study police cooperation? {sep_token} When didn't Sheptycki write about police cooperation? {sep_token} When did the Channel region reject routine cross-border policing? {sep_token} When was the Schengen Treaty rejected? {sep_token}

generate questions: Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature (Alain, 2001). Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, 2007) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, 2007). James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that transnational police information circuits help to "compose the panic scenes of the security-control society". The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.

Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied? {sep_token} Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices? {sep_token} What kind of policing has become common practice? {sep_token} What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police? {sep_token} What paradox did Sheptycki point out? {sep_token} Where has cross-border policing been least under-studied? {sep_token} Where has cross-border policing been most over-studied? {sep_token} What kind of policing has become rare practice? {sep_token} What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' haven't caused for police? {sep_token} What paradox did Sheptycki ignore? {sep_token}

generate questions: Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict (Goldsmith and Sheptycki, 2007) With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions (Hills, 2009).

Where has transnational policing become more important? {sep_token} What kind of countries get assistance with policing? {sep_token} Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007? {sep_token} What concern did Hills raise about police models? {sep_token} What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances? {sep_token} Where has transnational policing become less important? {sep_token} What kind of countries get no assistance with policing? {sep_token} Who wrote about police development-aid in 2006? {sep_token} What concern did Hills ignore about police models? {sep_token} What concern did Hills ignore about power imbalances? {sep_token}

generate questions: Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accountability Report for 2007 (Lloyd, et al. 2007) Interpol had the lowest scores in its category (IGOs), coming in tenth with a score of 22% on overall accountability capabilities (p. 19). As this report points out, and the existing academic literature on transnational policing seems to confirm, this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement.

Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007? {sep_token} What is the least-accountable IGO? {sep_token} How accountable is Interpol? {sep_token} Why is transnational policing so unaccountable? {sep_token} Who wrote the Local Accountability Report for 2007? {sep_token} What is the most-accountable IGO? {sep_token} How unaccountable is Interpol? {sep_token} Why is transnational policing so accountable? {sep_token} Why isn't transnational policing so unaccountable? {sep_token}

generate questions: They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to restrain suspects. The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life, although some jurisdictions (such as Brazil) allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. A "shoot-to-kill" policy was recently introduced in South Africa, which allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians. With the country having one of the highest rates of violent crime, president Jacob Zuma states that South Africa needs to handle crime differently from other countries.

What should non-lethal weapons properly be called? {sep_token} What are common less-lethal weapons? {sep_token} What is supposed to be the last resort for police? {sep_token} What is South Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy? {sep_token} Where can police shoot fleeing convicts? {sep_token} What should lethal weapons properly be called? {sep_token} What are uncommon less-lethal weapons? {sep_token} What is supposed to be the first resort for police? {sep_token} What is North Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy? {sep_token} Where can't police shoot fleeing convicts? {sep_token}

generate questions: Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, and updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police equipment include flashlights/torches, whistles, police notebooks and "ticket books" or citations.

How do modern police often communicate? {sep_token} Where do police have radios? {sep_token} Why do police use radios? {sep_token} What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation? {sep_token} What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting? {sep_token} How do modern police never communicate? {sep_token} Where don't police have radios? {sep_token} Why don't police use radios? {sep_token} What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation? {sep_token} What have computers in police cars disbled for reporting? {sep_token}

generate questions: Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for officers to catch speeders and traffic violators. This practice is controversial, with for example, New York State banning this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers.

When do police often use unmarked cars? {sep_token} What use of unmarked cars is controversial? {sep_token} When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops? {sep_token} Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops? {sep_token} When do police often use marked cars? {sep_token} What use of unmarked cars isn't controversial? {sep_token} When did New York State ban marked cars for traffic cops? {sep_token} Why did New York State allow unmarked cars for traffic cops? {sep_token} Why did New York State ban marked cars for traffic cops? {sep_token}

generate questions: Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some areas because they allow for more open interaction with the public. In addition, their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot.

Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol? {sep_token} How do bicycles help catch some suspects? {sep_token} What do police use to control motorcyclist events? {sep_token} Why do all cops use bicycles to patrol? {sep_token} Why do some cops use motorcycles to patrol? {sep_token} How do bicycles help catch some police officers? {sep_token} How don't bicycles help catch some suspects? {sep_token} What don't police use to control motorcyclist events? {sep_token}

generate questions: In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with felonies and other serious crime, rather than broader focus on crime prevention.

Who introduced education requirements for US police? {sep_token} Who was O.W. Wilson a student of? {sep_token} Where did Wilson reduce police corruption? {sep_token} Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities? {sep_token} How did Wilson recruit more qualified police? {sep_token} Who never introduced education requirements for US police? {sep_token} Who was W.O. Wilson a student of? {sep_token} Where did Wilson increase police corruption? {sep_token} Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities? {sep_token} How did Wilson recruit more unqualified police? {sep_token}

generate questions: In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination"

What does Miranda provide? {sep_token} What does the 5th Amendment protect against? {sep_token} Which amendment prevents self-incrimination? {sep_token} What does Miranda not provide? {sep_token} What doesn't Miranda provide? {sep_token} What does the 5th Amendment not protect against? {sep_token} What doesn't the 5th Amendment protect against? {sep_token} Which amendment doesn't prevent self-incrimination? {sep_token}

generate questions: In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby, [is] confined to ascertaining the presence of weapons" (U.S. Supreme Court). Before Terry, every police encounter constituted an arrest, giving the police officer the full range of search authority. Search authority during a Terry stop (investigatory stop) is limited to weapons only.

When was the Terry v. Ohio case? {sep_token} Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into? {sep_token} What is an investigatory stop's search limited to? {sep_token} When was the Sherry v. Ohio case? {sep_token} When was the Terry v. New York case? {sep_token} Which two parts didn't Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into? {sep_token} What is an investigatory start's search limited to? {sep_token} What is an investigatory stop's search unlimited to? {sep_token}

generate questions: All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE in England and Wales) by an officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent.

What is the legal status of UK police officers? {sep_token} What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do? {sep_token} What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do? {sep_token} What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's? {sep_token} What is the illegal status of UK police officers? {sep_token} What is the legal status of UN police officers? {sep_token} What can all UK officers do? {sep_token} What can't only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do? {sep_token} What powers of an old UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's? {sep_token}

generate questions: In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be impeded. This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table.

Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders? {sep_token} What could be impeded without police interference? {sep_token} How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen? {sep_token} Why do all police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders? {sep_token} Why do some police acts limit when police can aid without court orders? {sep_token} What could be unimpeded without police interference? {sep_token} What couldn't be impeded without police interference? {sep_token} How couldn't police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen? {sep_token}

generate questions: Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.

The word "genocide" was unknown until what year? {sep_token} In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war? {sep_token} What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?" {sep_token} What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?" {sep_token} As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide? {sep_token} When was the word "genocide" last used? {sep_token} Who never used the term "genocide"? {sep_token} Who referred to acts of genocide in 1945? {sep_token} What year was the word "genocide" known until? {sep_token} What is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to increase them? {sep_token} When was the phrase "prisoners of war" first used? {sep_token} What is the definition of "prisoners of war"? {sep_token} Who coined the phrase "prisoners of war"? {sep_token} The phrase "prisoners of war" was unknown until what year? {sep_token} In 1941, how did Raphael Lemkin refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war? {sep_token}

generate questions: The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.

Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario? {sep_token} Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group? {sep_token} Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm? {sep_token} What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine? {sep_token} What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members? {sep_token} Who ultimately defined genocide as a strategy leading up to the war of an entire group? {sep_token} What term was coined to describe the increase of culture? {sep_token} What kind of scienctist was ignored by Peg LeVine? {sep_token} What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can never be targets of genocide? {sep_token} How was the word "genocide" forbidden to be used in an indictment scenario? {sep_token} Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of indictment? {sep_token} Lemming's concept of genocide triggered cultural identity in what realm? {sep_token} Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "society" used in an indictment scenario? {sep_token} What was the nationality of anthropologist Lemming? {sep_token} What term was coined to describe the destruction of basic existence? {sep_token}

generate questions: The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.

What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide? {sep_token} In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as? {sep_token} In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as? {sep_token} In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? {sep_token} Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings? {sep_token} What has been the lesser focus in the study of genocide? {sep_token} Why is genocide often punished? {sep_token} What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed for the second time? {sep_token} What is genocide not viewed as? {sep_token} Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to eliminate? {sep_token} In trials of legal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? {sep_token} Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect the military? {sep_token} In prosecuting the military, what must the act be formally acknowledged as? {sep_token} What has been the primary focus in the study of the military? {sep_token} In a general aspect, what is the military viewed as? {sep_token}

generate questions: After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that "affirmed" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.

In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? {sep_token} Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide? {sep_token} Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946? {sep_token} While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution? {sep_token} In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? {sep_token} Whose bid was not successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide? {sep_token} What did the UN General Assembly do in its resolution? {sep_token} What general assembly resolution never established genocide as a prosecutable act? {sep_token} Which war-era country was the Holocaust mortalized? {sep_token} Which group convened officially for the first time in 1948? {sep_token} Following World War II, whose bid was successful in the crime of genocide? {sep_token} While recognizing genocide, what did Nazi Germany fail to do in its resolution? {sep_token} In 1948, what general assembly resolution established universal acceptance as a prosecutable act? {sep_token} In which war-era country was the CPPCG immortalized? {sep_token} Which group eonvene officially for the first time in 1948? {sep_token}

generate questions: The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: “Rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin’s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide.”

Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed? {sep_token} What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention? {sep_token} What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention? {sep_token} What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide? {sep_token} Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention? {sep_token} Which provision was not initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed? {sep_token} What is one of the countries that supported the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention? {sep_token} Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries supporting including political genocide in the Convention? {sep_token} What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to support the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention? {sep_token} Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Jewish Congress and then removed? {sep_token} What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the World Jewish Congress? {sep_token} What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of machination drafted into the Convention? {sep_token} What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of examination? {sep_token} Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including examination in the Convention? {sep_token}

generate questions: In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.

In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide? {sep_token} Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide? {sep_token} What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts? {sep_token} What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide? {sep_token} What former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on in 2002 to further refine qualifiers of genocide? {sep_token} Which group was not accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide? {sep_token} What form of destruction was considered unlimited by a smaller group of experts? {sep_token} What groups did the ECHR feel should not be included as potential victims of genocide? {sep_token} in 2007 what former case did the Euopean Court of Human Rights draw onto further refine qualifiers of CPPCG? {sep_token} Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining CPPCG? {sep_token} What form of destruction was considered too limited by the Germany? {sep_token} What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of CPPCG? {sep_token} When did the majority of legal scholars take a narrow view on genocide? {sep_token}

generate questions: In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".

In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR? {sep_token} Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide? {sep_token} Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws? {sep_token} The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor? {sep_token} A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law? {sep_token} In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the International Court of Justice? {sep_token} On what restricted provision in defining municipal laws did two bodies of the United Nations agree? {sep_token} Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of municipal laws? {sep_token} The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of courts, despite what factor? {sep_token} A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand municipal law? {sep_token}

generate questions: The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that "the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole." The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion.

Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law? {sep_token} What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)? {sep_token} In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims? {sep_token} In addressing the issue of "in part," the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what? {sep_token} Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion? {sep_token} Which phrase is especially contentious within human groups? {sep_token} What 2001 case was declared genocide by humanitarian law? {sep_token} In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the opinions of which victims? {sep_token} What did the ITCY find that the part must be a substantial part of while addressing the issue of "in part"? {sep_token} Who contributed to guiding the ICTY in its conclusion? {sep_token}

generate questions: The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute]."

Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what? {sep_token} What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? {sep_token} The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what? {sep_token} In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY? {sep_token} What is determined after several individuals are involved in meeting the requirement? {sep_token} What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the absolute term? {sep_token} What should the number of people targeted in Article 4 not be solely evaluated by? {sep_token} What other consideration was useful to the Article 4 in addition to the numeric size of a targeted group? {sep_token} What is the necessary emblematic? {sep_token}

generate questions: In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."

The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? {sep_token} What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? {sep_token} The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control? {sep_token} What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy? {sep_token} While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what? {sep_token} What issue is raised by other factors in Paragraph 13? {sep_token} What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the victims be considered? {sep_token} The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their analysis? {sep_token} What will always be restricted in terms of a victim's intent to destroy? {sep_token} What can historical examples do, even though they cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial? {sep_token}

generate questions: The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.

On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective? {sep_token} What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? {sep_token} Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty? {sep_token} What member ratified in 1970? {sep_token} The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades? {sep_token} On which date did China become effective? {sep_token} What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form laws? {sep_token} How many of the five permanent member s of China were parties to the treaty? {sep_token} What member enforced in 1970? {sep_token} What member enforced in 1983? {sep_token}

generate questions: Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.

In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise? {sep_token} Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool? {sep_token} What does the treaty possess that others lack? {sep_token} The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what? {sep_token} What caused was written Jonassohn and Bjornson to become a legal instrument? {sep_token} What type of tool is the definition considered rather than a definition? {sep_token} What does the definition possess that others lack? {sep_token} What has not gaind widespread support according to the CPPCG? {sep_token} Who stated that the CPPCG was a research tool? {sep_token}

generate questions: Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.

What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide? {sep_token} The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? {sep_token} What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history? {sep_token} With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works? {sep_token} Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events? {sep_token} What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for academics? {sep_token} The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting paradigms? {sep_token} What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of definitions? {sep_token} With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on definitions? {sep_token} Two women and what man concentrated on academic paradigms? {sep_token}

generate questions: The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.

Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide? {sep_token} In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow? {sep_token} Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group? {sep_token} In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing? {sep_token} In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? {sep_token} what exclusion were some historians critical of in the definition of victims of authority? {sep_token} In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of perpetrator was too narrow? {sep_token} Which other group besides the perpetrator did Kakar argue the definition of criterion should include any group defined by? {sep_token} What is stated to be a form of physical destruction in the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn? {sep_token} How did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the sociologists? {sep_token}

generate questions: Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that "... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses."

Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents? {sep_token} Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality? {sep_token} What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides? {sep_token} Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group? {sep_token} What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?" {sep_token} Haff and Gurr's definition of opposition included the promotion and execution of what by a state or its agents? {sep_token} What did Harff and Gurr further define in terms of outbursts? {sep_token} What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish between opposition? {sep_token} What other characteristic defined a member of a regime along with ethnicity and religion? {sep_token} What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by the state?" {sep_token}

generate questions: According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.

In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide? {sep_token} Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership? {sep_token} The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty? {sep_token} Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end? {sep_token} In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor? {sep_token} In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of opponentsl? {sep_token} Which other membership besides national, ethnic, and racial does Rommul postulate that murder of people by government is due to? {sep_token} In which international treaty is the legal meaning of opponents contained? {sep_token} What end is achieved by non-killings included in the democide? {sep_token} What other factor along with the forceful relocation of political opponents does the the CPPCG cite in the interpretation of non-killings? {sep_token}

generate questions: Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).

In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer? {sep_token} In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? {sep_token} Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what? {sep_token} The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one? {sep_token} In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what? {sep_token} Which writer examined the possession of identity? {sep_token} A source of what uses its power to implement destruction in Gallagher's definition of process? {sep_token} The centrality of what does Gallagher's definition uphold? {sep_token} The centrality of intent broadens what definition beyond the Gallagher one? {sep_token} A major part of a group has to be what in order for the centrality of intent classification to happen? {sep_token}

generate questions: All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War.

Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what? {sep_token} During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged? {sep_token} In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess? {sep_token} What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself? {sep_token} Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide? {sep_token} What are Signatories to the Kosovo War are required to prevent and punish what? {sep_token} During which times can a perpetrator of reservations be charged? {sep_token} what loophole do many of the courts possess in enforcing a charge of genocide? {sep_token} What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of reservation against itself? {sep_token} Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the immunity of others from the prosecution of reservation? {sep_token}

generate questions: Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination of racial and national groups..."

In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty? {sep_token} Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what? {sep_token} An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what? {sep_token} After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort? {sep_token} Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?" {sep_token} Which treaty in 1948 defined and forbade promulgation? {sep_token} What were CPPCG who were tried after World War found guilty of? {sep_token} What is an example of a more specific international crime of which one could be accused? {sep_token} What massive genocidal effort were criminals largely prosecuted after count 3 for? {sep_token} Who is notable for coining the term "extermination?" {sep_token}

generate questions: On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor "With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide".

Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court? {sep_token} In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases? {sep_token} The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide? {sep_token} The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind? {sep_token} Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal? {sep_token} Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for cleansing by a German court? {sep_token} In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the European courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases? {sep_token} What act carried about by the ECHR against Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide? {sep_token} What Tribunal backed up scholars who have ethnic cleansing? {sep_token} What was the ultimate goal of the ethnic cleansing perpetuated by the ECHR? {sep_token}

generate questions: About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgić lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions).

In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide? {sep_token} Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action? {sep_token} Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge? {sep_token} Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what? {sep_token} Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts? {sep_token} In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for plea bargins? {sep_token} What evasive action did not keep Tolmir from being found guilty? {sep_token} What other charge besides genocide was Beara found guilty of? {sep_token} What was another charge beyond the act for which Popovic was found guilty? {sep_token} In which country's courts were three others charged with aiding and abbeting? {sep_token}

generate questions: Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. On 21 July 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 by Serbian special police in Lazarevo, Serbia. Karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on March 24 2016.

Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY? {sep_token} What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial? {sep_token} Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of? {sep_token} With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995? {sep_token} Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested? {sep_token} What event occurred in 1995 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial? {sep_token} Where was Karadzic when he was sentenced? {sep_token} With Milosevic dead, who did Karadzic next charge with grimes of genocide in 1995? {sep_token} Had Karadzic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of? {sep_token} Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by Karadzic? {sep_token}

generate questions: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda? {sep_token} The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period? {sep_token} the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN? {sep_token} The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges? {sep_token} The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people? {sep_token} What court was established to prosecute genocidal crimes in the United Nations? {sep_token} During which time period did the prosecuratorial efforts of Rwanda focus on genocidal acts? {sep_token} Which branch of the UN created Rwanda in November 1995? {sep_token} What other charges besides genocide was the ITCR convicted of? {sep_token} What group of people were the charges of genocide brought up against in April 1994? {sep_token}

generate questions: There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."

What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan? {sep_token} In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide? {sep_token} In front of which committee did Powell testify? {sep_token} What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004? {sep_token} Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued? {sep_token} What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in the UN? {sep_token} In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in the UN as an act of genocide? {sep_token} In front of which committee did Darfur testify? {sep_token} What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2005? {sep_token} Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that the UN had not pursued? {sep_token}

generate questions: In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.

To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur? {sep_token} What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes? {sep_token} China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution? {sep_token} In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient? {sep_token} To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in China? {sep_token} What was taken into account without mentioning specific councils? {sep_token} China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on crimes? {sep_token} In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was sufficient? {sep_token} When did the Security Council formally refer the situation in Darfur to China? {sep_token}

generate questions: Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.

In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on? {sep_token} What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide? {sep_token} Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion? {sep_token} A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide? {sep_token} What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide? {sep_token} In the build-up to genocide, what have other bystanders focused on? {sep_token} What processees are thought to create an evolution toward conflict? {sep_token} Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be genocide? {sep_token} A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of political systems developing into genocide? {sep_token} What is one preventive effort in cirumventing conditions that lead to responses? {sep_token}

generate questions: Saint-Barthélemy (French: Saint-Barthélemy, French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barthélemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.

What country is Saint-Barthélemy a collectivity of? {sep_token} What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barthélemy? {sep_token} In what language is Saint-Barthélemy abbreviate St. Barts? {sep_token} What did the native peoples of Saint-Barthélemy call the island? {sep_token} In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barthélemy? {sep_token} How far is St. Kitts from St. Martin? {sep_token} How far is Puerto Rico from St. Kitts? {sep_token} How far is Saint-Barthelemy from France? {sep_token} In what direction is France from St. Barts? {sep_token} What did the indigenous people of Puerto Rico call their island? {sep_token}

generate questions: Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.

What kind of island is St. Barts? {sep_token} What is the population of St. Barts? {sep_token} What is the capital of St. Barts? {sep_token} What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time? {sep_token} When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts? {sep_token} In what year did Guadeloupe fall under Swedish rule briefly? {sep_token} How many people lived in the Swedish colony? {sep_token} How many tourists visit Saint Barthelemy each year? {sep_token} How many people lived in Gustavia as of 2011? {sep_token} What was France's national arms? {sep_token}

generate questions: Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.

St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune? {sep_token} When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe? {sep_token} When did St. Barts finally received its independence? {sep_token} What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall? {sep_token} Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? {sep_token} In what year was the French commune forming part of Guadeloupe established? {sep_token} In what year was the Hotel de Ville built? {sep_token} In what city does St. Barthelemy have its main port? {sep_token} How many island residents voted in the 2003 referendum? {sep_token} In what year did the Hotel de Ville become the Hotel de la Collectivite? {sep_token}

generate questions: Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barthélemy including Île Chevreau (Île Bonhomme), Île Frégate, Île Toc Vers, Île Tortue and Gros Îlets (Îlots Syndare). A much bigger islet, Île Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.

How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts? {sep_token} St. Barts is one of the what group of islands? {sep_token} What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island? {sep_token} What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts? {sep_token} What does "Roques" mean in English? {sep_token} How far is St. Bart's from Saint Martin? {sep_token} How far is St. Bart's from Anguilla? {sep_token} In what direction does the Sugarloaf lie from St. Barts? {sep_token} In what direction does Cocol lie from St. Barts? {sep_token} In what direction does the Roques lie from St. Barts? {sep_token}

generate questions: Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.

What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts? {sep_token} Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats? {sep_token} The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what? {sep_token} Reefs are almost always in what type of water? {sep_token} Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what? {sep_token} How deep is Grande Saline Bay? {sep_token} How deep is St. Jean Bay? {sep_token} How deep do most of the coral reefs lie? {sep_token} In what direction does St. Jean Bay lie from Colombier Bay? {sep_token} In what direction does Grande Saline Bay lie from St. Jean Bay? {sep_token}

generate questions: There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as "Anse de..." etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.

How many public beaches are there in St. Barts? {sep_token} How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in? {sep_token} What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself? {sep_token} What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds? {sep_token} The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity? {sep_token} How many leeward side beaches are there? {sep_token} How many windward side beaches are there? {sep_token} What are leeward side beaches popular for? {sep_token} What side of the island is beach of Lorient on? {sep_token} What side of the island is the beach of St. Jean on? {sep_token}

generate questions: The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 °C with day temperatures rising to 32 °C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 °C and 22 °C, respectively, while in July they are 30 °C and 24 °C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °C.

What type of climate does St. Barts typically have? {sep_token} How many hectares does the island have in total? {sep_token} How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year? {sep_token} When does summer end in St. Barts? {sep_token} What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts? {sep_token} How much water falls on average on the eastern side per year? {sep_token} How much rainfall comes down during the dry season on average? {sep_token} What is the average temperature throughout the dry season? {sep_token} What is the average temperature throughout the rainy season? {sep_token} How much rainfall falls each year on average during the rainy season? {sep_token}

generate questions: Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]

What are the people of St. Barts called? {sep_token} Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship? {sep_token} What is the native language of St. Barts? {sep_token} How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined? {sep_token} About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts? {sep_token} How many people speak English on Saint-Barthelemy? {sep_token} How many Anglophones are there on Saint-Barthelemy? {sep_token} How many people comprised the first settlers? {sep_token} How many people speak Creole French? {sep_token} On what side of the island do the Anglophone community live? {sep_token}

generate questions: On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthélemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.

What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007? {sep_token} When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect? {sep_token} How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts? {sep_token} How many people are on the Territorial Council? {sep_token} When was the last election held for the executive council positions? {sep_token} What is COM short for? {sep_token} On what date did the first president begin his term? {sep_token} How is the president elected? {sep_token} How are the executive council members elected? {sep_token} What status did St. Barthelemy have prior to 7 February 2007? {sep_token}

generate questions: One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).

How many senators represent St. Barts in France? {sep_token} What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts? {sep_token} When was the last senate election in St. Barts? {sep_token} What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012? {sep_token} How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts? {sep_token} On what date in September 2014 was the last election held? {sep_token} How long do the policemen terms last? {sep_token} In what year did St. Barthelemy residents become French citizens? {sep_token} How many senators are there in the French Senate? {sep_token}

generate questions: Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.

What is often difficult on the island? {sep_token} What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming? {sep_token} What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts? {sep_token} What is grown in patches on the island? {sep_token} What seasoning is found naturally on the island? {sep_token} How is cotton grown? {sep_token} How are pineapples grown? {sep_token} What was the first vegetable grown on the island by early settlers? {sep_token} What's the most popular fruit at luxury hospitals and villas? {sep_token} How are bananas grown? {sep_token}

generate questions: International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barthélemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as €61,200,000 for a beachfront villa.

What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island? {sep_token} St. Barts is considered a playground for whom? {sep_token} Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food? {sep_token} How many tourists visit St. Barts each year? {sep_token} What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts? {sep_token} How many homes are built each year? {sep_token} What is the average price of a beachfront villa? {sep_token} How much international investment occurs on St. Barthelemy's each year? {sep_token} How much money do wealthy tourists spend each year on St. Barthelemy? {sep_token} What is the value of the food imported into St. Barthelemy's each year? {sep_token}

generate questions: St. Barthélemy has about 25 hotels, most of them with 15 rooms or fewer. The largest has 58 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by luxury boats. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal to meet the industry needs.

About how many hotels does St. Barts have? {sep_token} How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have? {sep_token} How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have? {sep_token} About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts? {sep_token} Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from? {sep_token} How many of St. Barthelemy's hotels have fewer than 15 rooms? {sep_token} How many rooms does the smallest hotel on the island have? {sep_token} What rating does Eden Rock have? {sep_token} What rating does Cheval Blanc have? {sep_token} What's the least expensive hotel on the island? {sep_token}

generate questions: As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:

What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts? {sep_token} Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall? {sep_token} A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island? {sep_token} What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts? {sep_token} Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from? {sep_token} In what year was Coconut palm brought to the island? {sep_token} How many types of cacti are the on St. Barts? {sep_token} How many mangroves are there on St. Barts? {sep_token} What are the irrigated areas dominated by? {sep_token}

generate questions: Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.

What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean? {sep_token} What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts? {sep_token} Where was the plant yellow bell brought from? {sep_token} When did the british army invade the island? {sep_token} What type of fig grows on the island? {sep_token} How tall do sea grape trees grow? {sep_token} How tall can the royal palm grow? {sep_token} In what year was aloe vera brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean? {sep_token} In what year were Mexican cactus brought to St. Barts? {sep_token} When was yellow bell from South America brought to St. Barts? {sep_token}

generate questions: Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.

When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts? {sep_token} When is the beggining of the whale migration season? {sep_token} What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts? {sep_token} What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles? {sep_token} Where do green turtles live? {sep_token} How long does it take dolphins to attain reproductive age? {sep_token} How long does it take whales to reach reproductive age? {sep_token} How long do porpoises usually live? {sep_token} How many species of turtles are there on St. Barts? {sep_token} What does a whales diet consist of? {sep_token}

generate questions: The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.

What color are conch shells? {sep_token} What common sea creature produces a collectable Item? {sep_token} Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts? {sep_token} What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts? {sep_token} What do hermit crabs eat? {sep_token} What color is are the turtles? {sep_token} What color are sergeant majors? {sep_token} What color are surgeon fish? {sep_token} Where do ghost crabs lay their eggs? {sep_token} What do ghost crabs eat? {sep_token}

generate questions: Saint-Barthélemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier

What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts? {sep_token} How many hectares does the marine preserve cover? {sep_token} What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect? {sep_token} What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts? {sep_token} Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water? {sep_token} How big is Saint-Barthelemy? {sep_token} Besides Colombier what other bay has mooring buoys? {sep_token} How big is each of the 5 zones that make up the Reserve Naturelle? {sep_token} In what bay were the first mooring buoys installed? {sep_token}

generate questions: When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.

When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts? {sep_token} What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town? {sep_token} What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts? {sep_token} What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation? {sep_token} What war occurred in the 18th century? {sep_token} In what year was Carenage established? {sep_token} In what year did the Caribbean war start? {sep_token} In what year did the Caribbean war end? {sep_token} What nationality of people lives in the harbour town the British invaded in 1744? {sep_token} In what year did King Gustav III begin his reign? {sep_token}

generate questions: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.

What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts? {sep_token} What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts? {sep_token} What town is the Museum located in? {sep_token} Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island? {sep_token} What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts? {sep_token} What is located on the near end of La Pointe? {sep_token} Where nationality did the Creole have? {sep_token} What is the Swedish name for the historic museum in St. Barts? {sep_token} What is the British name for the historic museum in St. Barts? {sep_token} Which people used the ancient tools? {sep_token}

generate questions: Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, guardhouse, munitions depot, wood-burning oven and so forth.

Who built the three forts on St. Barts? {sep_token} What was the former name of Fort Oscar? {sep_token} When was Fort Gustav built? {sep_token} On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of? {sep_token} Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what? {sep_token} In what year was Gustav Adolph built? {sep_token} In what year was Gustav Adolph renamed Fort Oscar? {sep_token} What types of ruins are left at Fort Karl? {sep_token} In what year was Fort Karl built? {sep_token} What type of terrain was Fort Karl built on? {sep_token}

generate questions: French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.

How many restaurants does the island have? {sep_token} Where are most of the nice restaurants located? {sep_token} What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks? {sep_token} Creole food is often what? {sep_token} What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year? {sep_token} How many restaurants in St. Barthelemy serve Creole cuisine? {sep_token} How many hotels are there? {sep_token} What is common in Italian cuisine? {sep_token} What cuisine is fresh grilled lobster an example of? {sep_token} How many West Indian cuisine restaurants are there? {sep_token}

generate questions: The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient and ASCO in Colombier.

How often is the AG2R Race held? {sep_token} Where does the AG2R originate from? {sep_token} What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race? {sep_token} What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race? {sep_token} How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race? {sep_token} How long ago did the Transat AG2R Race begin? {sep_token} On what part of St. Barthelemy does the Transat AG2R Race end? {sep_token} How long ago did the Tennis Clube de Flamboyant open its doors? {sep_token} What tennis club is nearest to the Grand Cul-de-Sac beach? {sep_token}

generate questions: St. Barthélemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barthélemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector.

What is the name of the airport in St. Barts? {sep_token} Where is the airport located on the island? {sep_token} What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport? {sep_token} What Island is the nearest major airport located on? {sep_token} What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts? {sep_token} Which side of the island does the Princess Juliana International Airport lie on Saint Maarten? {sep_token} What type of planes most commonly land at Princess Juliana International Airport? {sep_token} Which types of airlines are most common landing at Princess Juliana International Airport? {sep_token} How many domestic Caribbean airlines are there? {sep_token} How many small regional commercial airlines land at Gustaf III Airport? {sep_token}

generate questions: Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان‎‎ Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان‎‎ Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

Where is Tajikistan located? {sep_token} How many people are living in Tajikistan? {sep_token} What is the area of Tajikistan? {sep_token} What country lies to Tajikistans east? {sep_token} What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan? {sep_token} Which country is defined by a mountainous, ocean landscape in Central Asia? {sep_token} Tajikistan had an estimated 18 million people in what year? {sep_token} Traditional homelands of Talick people included? {sep_token} Which country in Central Africa has an area of 143,100 km2? {sep_token} 153,100 km2 is equal to how many square miles? {sep_token}

generate questions: The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age? {sep_token} What other culutres has ruled the area? {sep_token} What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land? {sep_token} When did Tajikistan become an independent nation? {sep_token} What years did the civil war take place? {sep_token} What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home? {sep_token} What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane? {sep_token} What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation? {sep_token} What years did the war last through? {sep_token} A civil war was fought immediately before what? {sep_token} The civil war lasted from 1982 to what year? {sep_token} As a result of the breakup of Japan, Tajikistan became what? {sep_token} In what year did Tajikistan become a dependent nation? {sep_token}

generate questions: Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان‎‎ -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."

What does Tajikistan mean? {sep_token} What does the suffix -stan mean? {sep_token} Where did the word Tajik come from? {sep_token} Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik? {sep_token} Which country's name means "Land of the Talks"? {sep_token} According to the Library of Congress's 1987 Country Study of Tajikistan, what is difficult? {sep_token} The original inhabitants of Central Asia were either Indian or who? {sep_token} What Persian suffix mean "county"? {sep_token} What is most likely the name of a pre-Indian tribe? {sep_token}

generate questions: The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.

What was the first recorded history of this region? {sep_token} What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE? {sep_token} Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire? {sep_token} Very little of modern Tajikistan was part of what empire? {sep_token} Alexandra the Great ruled over which kingdom? {sep_token} Which part of Tajikistan was part of Singdia? {sep_token} The Japanese explorer Zhang Qian used what road to pass through the region? {sep_token} Who played a major role on ending trade? {sep_token}

generate questions: The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.

What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE? {sep_token} What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE? {sep_token} When was Islam brought to the region? {sep_token} What empire brought Islam practices with them? {sep_token} Who brought Islam to the region in the early fourth century? {sep_token} Central Africa continued its role as what? {sep_token} Central Asia linked Canada, the steppes to the north and whom? {sep_token} Who ruled the region until the 3rd century CE? {sep_token} Which religions were banned in the region? {sep_token}

generate questions: It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.

When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese? {sep_token} Who took control of the regin in 710? {sep_token} Who restored Persian control of the region? {sep_token} What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran? {sep_token} When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese? {sep_token} When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl? {sep_token} Who conquered Tansaxania? {sep_token} When did the Samanid Empire rule the land? {sep_token} Who restored Polish control of the region? {sep_token} Whose arrival in Texas signaled a definite shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance? {sep_token} Who ruled between 1999-1211? {sep_token} Who shrunk the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara? {sep_token} Who was temporarily under control of the Turkish empire? {sep_token}

generate questions: Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]

When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia? {sep_token} What did Russia do between 1864-1885? {sep_token} Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan? {sep_token} What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for? {sep_token} In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area? {sep_token} Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Africa in what century? {sep_token} Between 1964 and 1985 Russia gradually took control of what? {sep_token} What country attempted to switch from grain to cotton in the 1970s? {sep_token} By 1985 Tajikistan's territory was what? {sep_token} What people felt a great deal of Russian influence? {sep_token}

generate questions: During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed]

What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century? {sep_token} Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists? {sep_token} When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand? {sep_token} Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand? {sep_token} During the late 18th century, the Jadidists established themselves as what? {sep_token} The uprisings against the Khanate of Poland took place between what year? {sep_token} Demonstrators attacked Chinese soldiers in Khujand over what? {sep_token} Which troops took forever to bring Khujand back under control? {sep_token} Which group was anti-modernization? {sep_token}

generate questions: After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives.

Who went to war against Bolshevick armies? {sep_token} What did they go to war against Bolshevick? {sep_token} Who won the war? {sep_token} What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed? {sep_token} Guerrillas in Central Africa were known as what? {sep_token} Which religions were encouraged after the four-year war? {sep_token} Which region did not suffer any famine? {sep_token} Who waged a war against British armies? {sep_token} What religious institutions were not closed? {sep_token}