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generate questions: Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film? {sep_token} What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under? {sep_token} What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology? {sep_token} What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with? {sep_token} What type of anthropology involves photographers? {sep_token} What type of representation does ethnographic film study? {sep_token} What term has replaced Visual anthropology? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior? {sep_token} Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior? {sep_token} What is economic anthropology highly critical of? {sep_token} Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology? {sep_token} What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon? {sep_token} What type of anthropology attempts explain human finances? {sep_token} What study focuses on the history of human economics rather than culural? {sep_token} What alternative to gift-giving exchange did Mauss study? {sep_token} What school of thought did Marx found? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to? {sep_token} What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture? {sep_token} Who were the original affluent society? {sep_token} What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world? {sep_token} What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of? {sep_token} What field of study removes Historical Materialism from the traditional concernsw of anthropology? {sep_token} What did Political Economy introduce to quwestions of history and coloialism? {sep_token} Who makes up only a small part of the world's population? {sep_token} Who has helped spread capitalism around the world? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development). | What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems? {sep_token} What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce? {sep_token} What type of action does applied anthropology initiate? {sep_token} What side of anthropology is applied anthropology? {sep_token} Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities? {sep_token} What refers to the study of the methods and theries of anthropology? {sep_token} What produces methods of applied anthropology? {sep_token} What is the creative side of anthropology? {sep_token} what is distincly different than Development Anthropology? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail? | What perspective does development anthropology view development from? {sep_token} What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of? {sep_token} Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what? {sep_token} When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them? {sep_token} What does a lot of planned development apparently do? {sep_token} What tends to view development from a positive perspective? {sep_token} What field of anthropology has a goal to eleviate poverty? {sep_token} What looks for the connections between plans and outcomes? {sep_token} What type of development rarely fails? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. | What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures? {sep_token} What has developed a number of related concepts and terms? {sep_token} When has anthropology developed related terms? {sep_token} What does it mean if people are related by descent? {sep_token} Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry? {sep_token} What is the study of human culture? {sep_token} What has developed a number of unrelated concepts and terms? {sep_token} What type of patterns onlyrefer to people related by descent? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization. | What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science? {sep_token} What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings? {sep_token} What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct? {sep_token} What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about? {sep_token} What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in? {sep_token} What is a single field approach to anthropology? {sep_token} What seeks to reduce female bias in research? {sep_token} Who's experiences are similar to white European and American feminists? {sep_token} What perspectives have been historically regarded as valid? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people. | What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security? {sep_token} Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what? {sep_token} If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what? {sep_token} What affects overall health status? {sep_token} What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of? {sep_token} What part of anthropology deals with food production? {sep_token} What investigates the interplay between culture and food security? {sep_token} What effects overall Nutritional status> {sep_token} What can affect acess to food? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes. | What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? {sep_token} What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group? {sep_token} What aspects define a cultural group? {sep_token} What shapes processes of human cognition? {sep_token} Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what? {sep_token} What subfield of anthropolgy studies mental health? {sep_token} Where does Pysychological anthropology defocus on human development and enculteration? {sep_token} What shapes cultural groups? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them. | What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge? {sep_token} What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation? {sep_token} What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science? {sep_token} Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what? {sep_token} What seeks to explain pattterns of aquired knowledge? {sep_token} What do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cognitive sciences? {sep_token} What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive anthropology? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example. | What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems? {sep_token} From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems? {sep_token} When did the new development of a stateless society come about? {sep_token} The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting? {sep_token} Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state? {sep_token} What field of anthropology concerns the stucture of governments? {sep_token} Political anthropology was primarily concerned with the politics of strong what? {sep_token} Political anthropology turned from complex socities to what? {sep_token} When did the study of stateless societies begin? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings. | What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group? {sep_token} When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate? {sep_token} What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS? {sep_token} Who published a Cyborg Manifesto? {sep_token} What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built? {sep_token} What type of anthropology began in Europe in 1993? {sep_token} When did the study of cyborg technology begin? {sep_token} What did Harway write in 1993? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park. | Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment? {sep_token} What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today? {sep_token} What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with? {sep_token} The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation? {sep_token} Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with? {sep_token} What field examines the environment and its affect of life? {sep_token} What was the first focus of field work in environmental anthropology? {sep_token} What does the observer never become part of? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names. | How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs? {sep_token} Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today? {sep_token} What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as? {sep_token} What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of? {sep_token} Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language? {sep_token} What is the study of modern customs? {sep_token} What extinct groups does ethno history study? {sep_token} What does ethnohistory form the foundation for? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city. | What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty? {sep_token} Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s? {sep_token} What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? {sep_token} How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology? {sep_token} One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what? {sep_token} What is the study of modern cities? {sep_token} Who was often quated in the 1960's? {sep_token} What is a new steryotpe of anthropologists? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7] | What is Anthrozoology also known as? {sep_token} What is the study of interaction between living things? {sep_token} What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with? {sep_token} What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research? {sep_token} What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from? {sep_token} What is the study of animals? {sep_token} What focuses on the positive affect of animals on humans? {sep_token} What fields developed from Anthrozoology? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present. | What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates? {sep_token} What is evolutionary anthropology based in? {sep_token} Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of? {sep_token} What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on? {sep_token} What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as "racism" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields. | What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide? {sep_token} What is the proper term for circumcision? {sep_token} What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist? {sep_token} Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom? {sep_token} Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics? {sep_token} |
generate questions: But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies. | What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s? {sep_token} What groups formed the Axis forces? {sep_token} What did many anthropologists serve in? {sep_token} The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War? {sep_token} Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given." | What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of? {sep_token} What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give? {sep_token} What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous? {sep_token} Who penned a "Statement of Professional Responsibility"? {sep_token} Secret research and reports are things which should never be what? {sep_token} Who often emphasises the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state? {sep_token} What permits antropologists to give secret briefings? {sep_token} What does the AAA's current Statment of Professional Responsibility no longer say? {sep_token} What has the ASA identified as being ethical? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD." | Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? {sep_token} What are the anthropologists part of? {sep_token} What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan? {sep_token} Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan? {sep_token} What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military? {sep_token} Who is working with the UN militalry in Afghanistan?? {sep_token} what focuses better focuses on meeting national needs in Afghanistan? {sep_token} Where are HTS teams considering working beside Afghanistan? {sep_token} What does the AA believe ethics are compatible with? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs. | What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation? {sep_token} What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered? {sep_token} Where can participant observation take an anthropologist? {sep_token} To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what? {sep_token} Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken? {sep_token} Who are interested in human variations and similarities to other organisms? {sep_token} What are ideas shared by the dominite culture? {sep_token} What kind of observations are made in and artificial environment? {sep_token} What kind of work do anthropologists do with communities in a lab setting? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science. | How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world? {sep_token} How has human time on Earth been divided up? {sep_token} Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what? {sep_token} Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else? {sep_token} What is a central part of the science of anthropology? {sep_token} Who divides the world y theoretical emphasis? {sep_token} Who likes to divide their projects into relevent time periods and geographic regions? {sep_token} What helps anthropologists understand major trends in human culture? {sep_token} What is divided into relevant cultural traditions based on art? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s. | What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of? {sep_token} A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect? {sep_token} What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant? {sep_token} Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"? {sep_token} When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"? {sep_token} What do some authors argue developed as the study of western culture in terms of time and space? {sep_token} When did anthropologist specializing in other culture start searching in the "Third World"? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses. | What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s? {sep_token} Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what? {sep_token} What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond? {sep_token} What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently? {sep_token} Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in? {sep_token} Where has ethnographic research become less common since the 1980's? {sep_token} What often limits research to a certain local? {sep_token} Who has norrowed the focus to the daily life of ordinary people? {sep_token} What settings is reasearch increasinly moving away from? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana i/mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently "The Last Best Place". Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains. | What is the states rank in size? {sep_token} What is its rank in popularion? {sep_token} How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains? {sep_token} Where does the state's name come from? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2–1 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985. | What year was the state tree selected? {sep_token} When was the state tree actually assigned? {sep_token} What year was the state animal selected? {sep_token} What is the state animal of Montana? {sep_token} What is the state fossil {sep_token} |
generate questions: The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a "state ballad", "Montana Melody", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby. | When was the state song composed? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for "Gold and Silver", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864–65. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, "Montana Lullaby", adopted in 2007. | What is Montana's motto? {sep_token} What does Montana's motto mean? {sep_token} When was the motto adopted? {sep_token} WHen was the state flower adopted? {sep_token} What is the state flower for Montana? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the "big 7" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Montana's seven most populous cities, in rank order, are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell. Based on 2013 census numbers, they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana's population. and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs. | How much of the states population does the "Big 7" have? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 "places", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas. | How many counties does Montana have? {sep_token} What city in Montana has over 100,000 people? {sep_token} What two cities have a population over 50,000? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning "mountain", or more broadly, "mountainous country". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had "no meaning". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was eventually decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, so the original name of Montana was adopted. | Where does the state's name mean? {sep_token} What did the Spanish call this region? {sep_token} |
generate questions: With a total area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2), Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; the largest landlocked U.S. state; and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile (877 km) border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the only state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest. | What is the total area of Montana? {sep_token} What state does Montana border to the south? {sep_token} What state does it border to the west? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The topography of the state is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the south-central part of the state are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the north-central portion of the state, and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains. | Where are most of the states mountain ranges? {sep_token} How much of the state is prarie? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay. | Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak? {sep_token} Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into? {sep_token} |
generate questions: East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States. It contains the highest point in the state, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high. North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains. | How high is the Beartooth Plateau? {sep_token} What is thie highest point in the state? {sep_token} How high is Granite Peak? {sep_token} |
generate questions: However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41. | How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats? {sep_token} How long has the single congressional district been Republican? {sep_token} What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans? {sep_token} What is the split in the State House of Representatives? {sep_token} |
generate questions: In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent. | In elections, what is Montana considered? {sep_token} What year was the last Democrat for president supported? {sep_token} How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor? {sep_token} How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program. | What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana? {sep_token} When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana. | What is the states largest railway? {sep_token} How long have railroads been important since in Montana {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting. | What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana? {sep_token} What season is black bear hunting allowed? {sep_token} What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state. | Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries? {sep_token} What fishing organization has its home here? {sep_token} What type of fisheries does the state have? {sep_token} What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley, Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. There were no textbooks used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools. | When was the Montana Territory formed? {sep_token} When was the first formal school on record? {sep_token} How much were students charged per week? {sep_token} When did the first public school in Virginia City formed? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for "blue-ribbon" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park. | How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout? {sep_token} What Bay do rivers from Montana feed? {sep_token} Where do the watersheds divide at? {sep_token} What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana? {sep_token} |
generate questions: East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976. The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union, having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82,000 square miles (210,000 km2)). Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck. | What rivers form the Missouri River? {sep_token} Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging? {sep_token} Which direction does the water flow in this area? {sep_token} Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States, and drains about a quarter of Montana (36,000 square miles (93,000 km2)). | Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park? {sep_token} Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river? {sep_token} |
generate questions: There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River. | How many named lakes are there in Montana? {sep_token} What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States? {sep_token} What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state? {sep_token} What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state. | About how much area do forests cover the state? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five federally endangered species–black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx and bull trout. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep. | How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana? {sep_token} What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of? {sep_token} How many endangered species are in Montana? {sep_token} How many species of game fish have hunting seasons? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March. | What is the annual precipitation? {sep_token} How much precipitation does Heron recieve? {sep_token} How much precipitation does the Grinnell Glacier recieve? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions—city and county government, school districts and others. | How many tax brackets does Montana have? {sep_token} What is the highest tax bracket in Montana? {sep_token} Does Montana have a sales tax? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven tribal nations, were created in Montana. A twelfth nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a "landless" people headquartered in Great Falls, recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. Government. The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) in Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1851) in Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) in Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) at Poplar, and Chippewa-Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small Métis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana. | About how many Native Americans live in Montana? {sep_token} When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed? {sep_token} What year was the Dawes act passed? {sep_token} Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered? {sep_token} About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation? {sep_token} |
generate questions: While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed] | What is the largest European-American race in Montana? {sep_token} What was Helena originally founded as? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups. | What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples? {sep_token} What three counties are Native Americans a majority? {sep_token} Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9% {sep_token} |
generate questions: The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution. | In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records? {sep_token} What month was the hottest ever recorded? {sep_token} What problem has substantially increased in its severity? {sep_token} |
generate questions: As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891. | What year was the Hellgate treaty formed? {sep_token} Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty? {sep_token} What year was the treaty ratified? {sep_token} What did the treaty establish? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations. | What was the name of the first US Army post? {sep_token} Where was Camp Cooke situated? {sep_token} What year was the Great Sioux War? {sep_token} What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen? {sep_token} |
generate questions: English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent). | What is the official language of Montana? {sep_token} What percentage of the population in Montana speak English? {sep_token} What is the second most common language spoken in Montana? {sep_token} How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state? {sep_token} ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne? {sep_token} |
generate questions: According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent). | What percent of the state is White? {sep_token} What percent of the state is Native American Indian? {sep_token} Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010. | What was the population of the state in 2015? {sep_token} How much did the population increase since 2010? {sep_token} What county saw the largest growth? {sep_token} What city saw the largest growth? {sep_token} |
generate questions: In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from "peace churches" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties. | What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time? {sep_token} When did she vote a second time against war? {sep_token} What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States. | About how many bison were in Montana in 1870? {sep_token} In 1884 about how many bison remained? {sep_token} Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison? {sep_token} What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek. | When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west? {sep_token} When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east? {sep_token} What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull? {sep_token} What year was the Great White Sioux War? {sep_token} When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city. | When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana? {sep_token} Why was this constitutional convention held? {sep_token} When was the second constitutional convention held? {sep_token} What year was Montana's statehood approved? {sep_token} What other three states were approved in the same year? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains. | What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers? {sep_token} How much land did the Homestead Act allow? {sep_token} What year was the first homestead claim claimed? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers. | When was the Desert Land Act passed? {sep_token} How much land did the Desert Land Act allot? {sep_token} How much was the charge per acre at first? {sep_token} |
generate questions: In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not. | Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s {sep_token} In what year was the Reclamation Act passed? {sep_token} What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed? {sep_token} How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act? {sep_token} |
generate questions: In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act. | When did Congress pass the Espionage Act? {sep_token} When was the Sedition Act passed? {sep_token} What were these acts make do to laws? {sep_token} How many people were arrested from the Montana Act? {sep_token} How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted? {sep_token} |
generate questions: When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them. | How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war? {sep_token} How many Montanans joined the military in the war total? {sep_token} About how many Montanans died in the war? {sep_token} Who trained at the military grounds in Montana? {sep_token} Where were air bases built in Montana? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its provincial capital and largest city is Lahore. Punjab is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast and Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. In Pakistan it is bordered by Sindh to the south, Balochistān and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and Islamabad and Azad Kashmir to the north. | What does Punjab mean? {sep_token} How many provinces does Pakistan have? {sep_token} How large is Punjab? {sep_token} What is Punjab's population? {sep_token} What is Punjab's biggest city? {sep_token} What is the population of Lahore? {sep_token} What is the largest city in India? {sep_token} What is the area of Pakistan? {sep_token} What does Pakistan mean? {sep_token} How many provinces does India have? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Punjab's geography mostly consists of the alluvial plain of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. There are several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, and Margalla Hills, Salt Range, and Pothohar Plateau in the north. Agriculture is the chief source of income and employment in Punjab; wheat and cotton are the principal crops. Since independence, Punjab has become the seat of political and economic power; it remains the most industrialised province of Pakistan. It counts for 39.2% of large scale manufacturing and 70% of small scale manufacturing in the country. Its capital Lahore is a major regional cultural, historical, and economic centre. | What plain is Punjab in? {sep_token} What are the Indus River's tributaries? {sep_token} How much of Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing is in Punjab? {sep_token} How much of Pakistan's small-scale manufacturing is in Punjab? {sep_token} What crops does Punjab grow? {sep_token} How many mountain regions does Punjab have? {sep_token} Where is the alluvial plain located? {sep_token} Which tributary is located in the north? {sep_token} What is Pakistan's main export? {sep_token} What percentage of the large scale manufacturing takes place in Lahore? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province in terms of land area at 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi), after Balochistan, and is located at the north western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The province is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, India) to the northeast, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north. | How large is Punjab compared to the other three provinces? {sep_token} What is Pakistan's largest province? {sep_token} How many square miles is Punjab? {sep_token} What Indian states are on the east side of Punjab, Pakistan? {sep_token} What Pakistani province is south of Punjab? {sep_token} What is Balochistan's land area? {sep_token} What borders Balochistan to the northeast? {sep_token} What is east of Balochistan? {sep_token} What is west of Islamabad? {sep_token} Where does Islamabad rank in terms of province size in Pakistan? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum and Sahiwal. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for Punjab. | Which province in Pakistan borders the other 3 provinces? {sep_token} What is Pakistan's capital? {sep_token} How many rivers are in Punjab, Pakistan? {sep_token} What is the easternmost river in Punjab? {sep_token} How much of Pakistan's population lives in Punjab? {sep_token} What is Faisalabad the capital of? {sep_token} How many rivers are in Multan? {sep_token} What percentage of the Pakistan population resides in Sargodha? {sep_token} What does the P in the acronym Punjab represent? {sep_token} What does the S in Pakistan stand for? {sep_token} |
generate questions: There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary. | How many departments does the Punjab administration have? {sep_token} Who heads each government department? {sep_token} Who do the Provincial Ministers report to? {sep_token} Who do the Provincial Secretaries report to? {sep_token} What rank is the Chief Secretary? {sep_token} What is the civil servant designation for the Chief Minister? {sep_token} Who does the Chief Minister report to? {sep_token} What is the number of attached departments that report to secretaries? {sep_token} What is the rank of a Provincial Minister? {sep_token} What does the Chief Minister send to the Chief Secretary? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years ago. The main site in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilisation. The Vedic civilisation flourished along the length of the Indus River. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, and Hindu Shahi. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the Gurjara-Pratihara empire. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth. | What was Punjab formerly known as? {sep_token} What ancient civilization lived in Punjab? {sep_token} When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization? {sep_token} What was the major Indus city in Punjab? {sep_token} What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of? {sep_token} What was Panchanada once called? {sep_token} When was Panchanada renamed Punjab? {sep_token} When was the archaeological site at Harappa discovered? {sep_token} When did Punjab comprise the Gujar empire? {sep_token} What was the major export of the Kushans? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,[citation needed] Takshashila University. One of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history. | Who has invaded Punjab? {sep_token} Who founded Taxila? {sep_token} What is said to be the world's oldest university? {sep_token} What empire was Taxila a center of learning of? {sep_token} Who was Chanakya? {sep_token} Who has Punjab invaded? {sep_token} What did Ram found? {sep_token} Who founded Takshashila University? {sep_token} What was the centre of learning in the Greek Empire? {sep_token} Who was the brother of Taksh? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The northwestern part of the South Asia, including Punjab, was repeatedly invaded or conquered by various foreign empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued.[citation needed] Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern-day Mong) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to the heartlands of his empire.[citation needed] | Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days? {sep_token} What wealth did Alexander hope to find? {sep_token} From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab? {sep_token} Who were the Aspii? {sep_token} Who were the Cathians? {sep_token} What empires did South Asia invade? {sep_token} How long did it take Alexander to cross the Hindu Kush? {sep_token} What did Genghis Khan steal from South Asia? {sep_token} How many Aspii were killed in battle? {sep_token} When did Alexander attack Punjab? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region. | What religion did Punjab become? {sep_token} What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab? {sep_token} Who led the Umayyad army? {sep_token} Where did the Umayyads conquer? {sep_token} Who did the Umayyads defeat? {sep_token} |
generate questions: In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire, Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock. Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, was driven out of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them. | Who was Raghunath Rao? {sep_token} Who did Rao conquer in 1758? {sep_token} When was the Third Battle of Panipat? {sep_token} Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar? {sep_token} Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761? {sep_token} When did Timur conquer Lahore? {sep_token} Who was the son of Timur Shah Durrani? {sep_token} When was the Second Battle of Panipat? {sep_token} What did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade in 1758? {sep_token} Who captured Multan in 1761? {sep_token} |
generate questions: In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir. Bhangi Misl was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. Syed Ahmad Barelvi a Muslim, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army. | When did Sikhism begin? {sep_token} In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs? {sep_token} When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak? {sep_token} When did Ahmad fight at Balakot? {sep_token} Who won at Balakot? {sep_token} When did the Mughal empire begin? {sep_token} Who led the Sikhs in the late eighteenth century? {sep_token} How long did the Afghan Empire last? {sep_token} What Muslim conquered Punjab? {sep_token} How many years did the fight between Muslim and Sikh troops last? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. In Jhelum 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[citation needed] | When did Ranjit Singh die? {sep_token} What did Ranjit Singh's death cause? {sep_token} When was part of Punjab annexed into British India? {sep_token} When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War? {sep_token} What was the last territory added to British India? {sep_token} When was Maharaja Ranjit Singh born? {sep_token} When did the first Anglo-Sikh War end? {sep_token} What was the name of the British official stationed in Lahore? {sep_token} What was the name of the territory annexed in 1849? {sep_token} How many of the local resistance were killed in the 1857 rebellion? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib. | When did India and Pakistan fight in Punjab? {sep_token} What is Kahuta an important location for? {sep_token} Where does Punjab have major military bases? {sep_token} When did India and Pakistan begin serious peace talks? {sep_token} Who visits Nankana Sahib? {sep_token} When did Punjab fight against India? {sep_token} When was Sargodha built? {sep_token} Where is Nankana Sahib? {sep_token} When did trade between people become common? {sep_token} What is the name of India's nuclear program? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October. | When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab? {sep_token} When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable? {sep_token} How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab? {sep_token} What was the record heat spike in Multan? {sep_token} When was the record heat spike in Multan? {sep_token} When did the first monsoon appear in Punjab? {sep_token} What is the temperature in May? {sep_token} What is the highest temperature recorded during a barsat? {sep_token} The onset of what appears in October? {sep_token} Official estimates rarely go under what? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: برادری) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District. | What is Punjab's major language? {sep_token} How is Punjabi written? {sep_token} What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan? {sep_token} What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively? {sep_token} Where is Saraiki usually spoken? {sep_token} What language has official recognition in Punjab? {sep_token} Punjabi is the mother-tongue of less than what percentage of the population? {sep_token} Urdu is the major language for what province? {sep_token} What is the standard form of Urdu? {sep_token} What is primarily divided by social stratifications? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Shahbaz Sharif, who became the Chief Minister of Punjab as being restored after Governor's rule starting from 25 February 2009 to 30 March 2009. Thereafter got re-elected as a result of 11 May 2013 elections. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims. | Who elects the Chief Minister? {sep_token} In what year did Sharif become CM? {sep_token} When was Sharif re-elected CM? {sep_token} What kind of legislature is the Provincial Assembly? {sep_token} How many seats are in the Provincial Assembly? {sep_token} Who elects members of the Provincial Assembly? {sep_token} When was the Provincial Assembly elected? {sep_token} What election removed Sharif from office? {sep_token} How many seats are reserved for Muslims? {sep_token} What article established the Chief Minister? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8% and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year. and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%. | How much has Punjab's economy grown since 1972? {sep_token} How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2000? {sep_token} How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2010? {sep_token} What manpower does Punjab provide? {sep_token} How much did Punjab's economy grow in 2008-09? {sep_token} How has Pakistan's economy changed since 1972? {sep_token} What percentage of Pakistan's economy is agriculture? {sep_token} What has the smallest economy in Pakistan? {sep_token} What percentage of the manufacturing sector did Punjab account for in 2007? {sep_token} What was the total GDP growth of Pakistan in 2002-03? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan. | What geographic feature does Punjab not have? {sep_token} What medical product does Punjab manufacture? {sep_token} What transportation products does Punjab manufacture? {sep_token} How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture? {sep_token} How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture? {sep_token} Which province has an extended coastline? {sep_token} What percentage of textiles does Punjab export? {sep_token} What percentage of Pakistan's sugar mill plants are located in Punjab? {sep_token} What type of machinery does Punjab not produce? {sep_token} What percentage of agricultural machinery does Punjab manufacture? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting. | What kind of climate does Punjab have? {sep_token} Who built Punjab's irrigation system? {sep_token} What are Punjab's largest crops? {sep_token} What are Punjab's secondary crops? {sep_token} What calendar do Punjab's farmers use? {sep_token} What calendar do Punjab farms no longer use? {sep_token} Who did Punjab create an irrigation system for? {sep_token} Punjab has the largest crop of what in the world? {sep_token} What is the name of one of their vegetables? {sep_token} What aspects of Punjab's climate make it perfect for agriculture? {sep_token} |
generate questions: As of June 2012[update], Pakistan's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab. According to protesters, load shedding was depriving the cities of electricity 20–22 hours a day, causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard. Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012, with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers Fesco, Gepco and Mepco being ransacked or attacked. | What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012? {sep_token} How long were cities without electricity in June 2012? {sep_token} Where were there riots in June 2012? {sep_token} Which energy companies' offices were attacked by rioters? {sep_token} When was Pakistan's electricity problem solved? {sep_token} How long was the rioting on 17 June 2012? {sep_token} What city houses the offices of Fesco? {sep_token} Which energy supplier rioted? {sep_token} Who was responsible for the load shedding? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world. | What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places? {sep_token} When did Rukn-e-Alam die? {sep_token} When did Gardezi die? {sep_token} When was Ahangar's tomb built? {sep_token} What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb? {sep_token} Where does the structure of a mosque come from? {sep_token} What colour is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi? {sep_token} When did Emperor Shah Jahan live? {sep_token} Where was Emperor Shah Jahan buried? {sep_token} Who built Lahore Fort? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore. | What are urs? {sep_token} When are urs held? {sep_token} What genre of music is played at urs? {sep_token} Where is Buksh's shrine? {sep_token} Where is Zakria's shrine? {sep_token} What are Sufi saints called? {sep_token} Where do devotees come from? {sep_token} What do the saints do at an urs? {sep_token} Who created the mystic messages? {sep_token} Who started the urs? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots. | What is Punjab's biggest festival? {sep_token} Where is the national horse and cattle show held? {sep_token} What happens at the national horse and cattle show? {sep_token} Which district does not have exhibitions? {sep_token} The biggest festival does not have what kind of competition? {sep_token} Which festival is damaging the province's rural roots? {sep_token} What does the Lahore festival discourage? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro. | What famous tomb is in Lahore? {sep_token} Where was Nanak born? {sep_token} Who was the first Sikh Guru? {sep_token} What famous hill stations are in Punjab? {sep_token} What famous mosque is in Punjab? {sep_token} Where are Jahangir's Gardens? {sep_token} Which city houses the Sihk shrines? {sep_token} Taxila has become a major centre of what in the modern age? {sep_token} What city is the Murree hill nearby? {sep_token} Who was born in Harrapa? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. | Who are some well-known Punjab poets? {sep_token} What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career? {sep_token} Who is the 'Queen of Music'? {sep_token} When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer? {sep_token} When was Sultan Bahu popular? {sep_token} What was Ustad Amanat Ali Khan's nickname? {sep_token} What poet was most prolific during 1930 to 1979? {sep_token} When was Alam Lohar born? {sep_token} Folk singers created classical whats? {sep_token} |
generate questions: For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. | What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform? {sep_token} What do Punjab folk songs often reflect? {sep_token} Who sings about the joy of living? {sep_token} What does Heer Ranjha sing about? {sep_token} What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform? {sep_token} What is the name of the singer that sings songs representing the rains? {sep_token} Who wrote songs after the style of Sammi? {sep_token} What type of songs are limited to a set number of moods? {sep_token} What tends to be less popular with the people? {sep_token} What songs use the same styling? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast. | How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg? {sep_token} How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond? {sep_token} Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond? {sep_token} What is Richmond's southwestern suburb? {sep_token} Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond? {sep_token} |
generate questions: The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood. | What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609? {sep_token} In what year was the current city of Richmond founded? {sep_token} What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond? {sep_token} In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech? {sep_token} Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area. | Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy? {sep_token} What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond? {sep_token} How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States? {sep_token} How many Federal Reserve Banks exist? {sep_token} Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond? {sep_token} |
generate questions: In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city. | What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to? {sep_token} What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond? {sep_token} What general led the troops that burned Richmond? {sep_token} Who led the militia that defended Richmond? {sep_token} Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781? {sep_token} |
generate questions: Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788. | Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol? {sep_token} In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished? {sep_token} What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786? {sep_token} What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786? {sep_token} In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution? {sep_token} |