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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 9ebdc9e8-773b-4c70-bfba-363125f478eb | [{'content': 'Disappearance of nuclear chromatin is called as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pyknosis, B. Karyolysis, C. Karyorhexis, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 0150cd44-7abc-4723-8a8a-c17de3f20004 | [{'content': "Biomineralization is a process by which inorganic `metals' are incorporated in the body and made a pa of biological structures. Example of Biomineralization is seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pinna (anatomy), B. Hooves of cattle, C. Honeycomb, D. Mollusc shell", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Mollusc shell (Ref en.wilkipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralization)The mollusc shell is a biogenic composite material that has been the subject of much interest in materials science because of its unusual propeies and its model character for biomineralization.Biomineralization is the process by which, living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues. Such tissues are called mineralized tissues.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 49b456da-591f-4221-b56b-9a04eaa21b77 | [{'content': 'There was an outbreak of MRSA in the hospital and it was found that a nurse of NICU had MRSA colonisation of anterior nares. What is the best treatment? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Topical bacitracin, B. Oral Vancomycin, C. Inhaled colistin, D. IV cefazolin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Topical bacitracinMRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infection is a life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin. Severe cases usually require hospitalization for treatment.MRSA infections are usually treated with systemic antibiotics, either orally or intravenously.Topical bacitracin in combination with neomycin and polymyxin B might be added to the therapy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 8cc0f461-86ab-4fdf-97f4-194da3dc5e26 | [{'content': "What is the location of Meissner's corpuscles? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lucidum, B. Basale, C. Reticular dermis, D. Papillary dermis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Papillary dermisMeissner corpuscles are encapsulated nerve endings present in dermal papillae.Merkel cells location: Stratum basalePacinian corpuscle location: Reticular layer of dermis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 84fe7359-1ad3-4031-bf62-e4474bb33a86 | [{'content': 'All are signs of impending Eisenmenger except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increased flow murmur across tricuspid & pulmonary valve, B. Single S2, C. Loud P2, D. Graham steel murmur', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Eisenmenger syndrome refers to patients with a VSD in which blood is shunted from right to left as a result of development of pulmonary vascular resistance. Initially shunt is from left to right as the systemic vascular pressure is greater than pulmonary vascular pressure. With time pulmonary vascular resistance increases due to change in pulmonary vessel wall as a result of increased flow in pulmonary vessels. When pulmonary vascular pressure exceeds the systemic vascular resistance, reversal of shunt into right to left shunt occurs.\nThis development of right to left shunt due to reversal of left to right shunt as a result of development of pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary hypertension is called Eisenmenger syndrome.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e8e4c8af-c2cb-4b44-8865-ff068bdbd6b5 | [{'content': 'Spiral angle can be defined as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Angle between long axis and blade., B. Angle between long axis and cutting edge., C. Angle formed by the blades., D. All are same.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pharmacology | a97ea051-7425-4f6f-b909-c32f3801a91f | [{'content': 'G-protein coupled receptor that does not act through opening of potassium channels is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Muscarinic M2 receptor, B. Dopamine D2 receptor, C. Serotonin 5 HT 1 receptor, D. Angiotensin 1 receptor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: * DGPCR which act through opening of K+ channels lead to hyper polarisation, thus leading to inhibition.So, receptor which causes stimulation will not act through opening of K+ channels. o Muscarinic M2 receptor, Dopamine D2 receptor and serotonin 5HT1 receptor act through opening of K+ channels.o Whereas Angiotensin 1 receptor act by increasing Ca+2.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 9ccd0247-2723-4707-b569-ca0402842cd9 | [{'content': 'Which of these is not a non-contraceptive use of levonorgestrel? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Endometriosis, B. Premenstrual tension, C. Complex endometrial hJperplasia, D. Emergencycontraception', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Premenstrual tension(Ref Williams 24/e p701: Goodman Gilman 12/e p1184, 1190)Pre-menstrual tension is not a non-contraceptive use of levonorgestrel.Therapeutic Uses - Levonorgestrel:Emergency contraception:Useful within 120 hours as emergency bih control.Idiopathic menorrhagia:Excessively heavy, regular menses in the absence of intracavitary pathology or coagulopathy.Menometrorrhagia:Excessive bleeding in amount prolonged in duration (regular or irregular intervals).An alternative delivery system - Protect against endometrial hyperplasia in women taking SERM.Management of recurrent pelvic pain secondary to multi- treated endometriosis.LNG-IUS is licensed for use in menorrhagia & to provide endometrial protection to perimenopausal & postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy.LNG-IUS beneficial in endometriosis, adenomyosis, fibroids, endometrial hyperplasia & early stage endometrial cancere (where the patient is deemed unfit for primary surgical therapy).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 39dea240-7448-438e-a215-545b98c8ef65 | [{'content': 'Vestibuloplasty all are true except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mucosal advancement, B. Use of hydroxyapatite, C. Secondary epithelialization, D. Usage of epithelial grafts', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Vestibuloplasty\nThe reduction of alveolar ridge size is frequently accompanied by an apparent encroachment of muscle attachments on the crest of the ridge. These so-called high (mandibular) or low (maxillary) attachments serve to reduce the available denture-bearing area and to undermine denture stability.\xa0\nKey concept:\nVestibuloplasty is a soft tissue procedure, and does not necessitate bone grafts.\nTYPES OF VESTIBULOPLASTY:-\n\nMucosal advancement (Submucous) V’plasty:\n\nThe mucous membrane of the vestibule is undermined and advanced to line both sides of the extended vestibule.\n\n\nSecondary epithelization vestibuloplasty:\n\nThe mucosa of the vestibule is used to line one side of the extended vestibule, and the other side heals by growing a new epithelial surface.\n\n\nGrafting vestibuloplasty:\n\nSkin, mucous membrane and dermis can be used as a free graft to line one or both sides of the extended vestibule.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f51955a7-38a2-41d5-8124-a372b3d2c787 | [{'content': 'Following metal alloy held in reducing hardness of orthodontic wires? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chromium, B. Cobalt, C. Silicon, D. Carbon', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 958ac8f0-f87c-4307-a15f-f32b840fd737 | [{'content': 'All of the following are structures in the lateral wall of cavernous sinus except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Occulomotor nerve, B. Ophthalmic nerve, C. Optic chiasma, D. Maxillary nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Structures in the Lateral Wall of the Sinus, from above Downwards\n(a) Oculomotor nerve: In the anterior part of the sinus. It divides into superior and inferior divisions which leave the sinus by passing through the superior orbital fissure:\n(b) Trochlear nerve: In the anterior part of the sinus, it crosses superficial to the oculomotor nerve, and enters the orbit throught the superior orbital fissure;\n(c) Ophthalmic nerve: In the anterior part of the sinus. It divides into the lacrimal, frontal and nasocillary nerves;\n(d) Maxillary nerve: It leaves the sinus by passing through the foramen rotundum on its way to the pterygopalatine fossa.\n(e) Trigeminal ganglion: The ganglion and its dural cave project into the posterior part of the lateral wall of the sinus.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 09fb16da-a86a-48f7-8e1b-c1b81a6c358d | [{'content': 'Fixation period of intrusive luxation injury is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2 weeks, B. 4 weeks, C. 4 weeks, if semi-rigid & 2 weeks, if rigid, D. 6-8 weeks', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 01cc2fa2-924b-4470-8ef2-a85b934cedb1 | [{'content': 'Judet view of X-ray is for: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calcaneum, B. Scaphoid, C. Shoulder, D. Pelvis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Pelvis(Ref Maheshwari 5/e p38, 369)Judet\'s view of X-ray - For acetabular (pelvic) fracture.Judet\'s views:Standard radiographic projections employed in acetabulum fractures patients.Basically 45" oblique of affected hip.45" angle best achieved by rolling patient.Uses:Generally only performed as supplementary view.Useful in demonstrating or confirming acetabular fractures in acute injury cases.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | e1d640e7-5f13-4552-99e0-389fe7a1154d | [{'content': 'Prostaglandins are synthesized from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. RNA template, B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, C. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 120b8b88-ef18-4c63-a24e-370065a02f25 | [{'content': 'EDTA does not cause which of the following action \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chelating action, B. Irrigation, C. Remove smear layer, D. Pulp fixation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 0607ab4a-57c2-4893-ae71-327553d574ca | [{'content': 'Dentigerous cyst is likely to cause which neoplasia \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ameloblastoma, B. Adeno carcinoma, C. Fibrosarcoma, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 7c6fe266-845b-4f4b-8ddb-ca5d016e0396 | [{'content': 'Key indicator for AFP surveillance ?. \nSelect and explain. \nA. At least one case of non-polio AFP per year per 1000 population of under 5 years, B. At least one case of non-polio AFP per year per 100000 population of under 5 year, C. At least one case of non-polio AFP per year per 1000 population of under 15 years, D. At least one case of non-polio AFP per year per 100000 population of under 15 years', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans.d) At least one case of non-polio AFP per year per 100000 population of under 15 years The number of AFP cases repoed each year is used as an indicator of a country's ability to detect polio, even in countries where the disease no longer occurs. Polio surveillance It is the most impoant pa of whole polio eradication intiative. It has two components:?Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillanceAcute flaccid paralysis is defined as acute onset (< 4 weeks) of flaccid paralysis (reduced tone) without other obvious cause in children WHO recommends the immediate repoing and investigation of every case of AFP in children less than 15 years.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8ae6489e-0c86-48c8-92cf-3819348fc472 | [{'content': 'Premaxilla is derived from \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maxillary protuberance, B. Palatine bones, C. Frontonasal process, D. Median process', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 22c33272-9d2f-4f91-9999-74e84b057914 | [{'content': 'If periodontal surgery is necessary in case of horizontal bone toss in upper anterior region. Which of the following procedure is the most appropriate? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Papilla preservation flap, B. Widman flap, C. Coronally displaced flap, D. Gingivectomy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 380d5a44-a18e-4bdf-90be-c812b1ff3885 | [{'content': 'Prolonged administration of streptomycin may result in damage to the: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Optic nerve, B. Facial nerve, C. Auditory nerve, D. Trigeminal nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Streptomycin (antitubercular) causes vestibular damage\xa0on\xa0prolonged\xa0use.\nAdverse\xa0effects\n\nThis class of drugs is notorious for their adverse effects like ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.\nAbout 1/5th patients given streptomycin 1 gm BD i.m. experience vestibular disturbances although auditory disturbances are less common.\xa0\nStreptomycin has the lowest nephrotoxicity among aminoglycosides; probably because it is not concentrated in the renal cortex.\n\nReference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology Eighth Edition KD\xa0TRIPATHI\xa0page no 94,798', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 9a3ac2a9-6d0f-4448-865c-e5bac449c1ec | [{'content': 'Considering the latent period of muscle twitch to be 10 ms, contraction time 40 ms and relaxation time 50 ms, what will be the tetanizing frequency for this muscle? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 25 Hz, B. 50 Hz, C. 100 Hz, D. 75 Hz', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. 25 HzStimulation frequency at which summation of contractions occurs -Determined by twitch duration of the paicular muscle under study.Example:If twitch duration = 10 ms.Frequencies less than 1/10 ms (100/s) - Cause discrete responses interrupted by complete relaxation.Frequencies greater than 100/s cause summation.Tetany:Continuous contraction of muscle fibers, without latent period & relaxation time.Hence tetanizing frequency depends only on contraction time, i.e. twitch duration.Twitch duration = 40 milliseconds = 0.04 secTetanizing frequency = 1/0.04 = 25 Hz', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 7a51e736-c9fd-452f-8d09-127583a42886 | [{'content': 'Compament of leg without neurovascular bundle? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior, B. Lateral, C. Deep posterior, D. Superficial posterior', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Superficial posteriorRef: Grays Anatomy, 4lst ed, pg- 1406-1412 and Last anatomy 12th ed, pg. 142Contents of flexor (posterior) compament:Superficial pa:Gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus musclesDeep pa:Popliteus, Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and Tibialis posterior musclePosterior tibial and peroneal vesselsTibial nerve', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5010a343-a5a4-420b-956f-38a811821ad4 | [{'content': 'Which of the following condition must be met for a valid student-t test between means of two groups: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Number of observation must be same - no, B. Standard deviation must be approximately same - no, C. Mean should be approximately same - no, D. Sample must be small', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 50aa2943-d234-4743-88e0-286d47774107 | [{'content': 'V) hich of the following can change the gene expression by methylation and acetylation without affecting the content of the gene? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epigenetics, B. Translocation, C. Inversion, D. Transduction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans.: A. Epigenetics"Epigenetics is defined as changes that alter the pattern of gene expression that persist across at least one cell division but are not caused by changes in the DNA code. Epigenetic changes include alterations of chromatin structure mediated bymethylation of cytoosine residues in CpG dinucleotides, modification of histones by acetylation or methylation, or changesin higher-order chromosome structure- " Harrison"', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 22384629-7dc2-4890-a69e-42dc71fbccfe | [{'content': 'What type of fibers are principal fibers of the PDL? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Elastic, B. Reticular, C. Collagenous, D. Collagenous and elastic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 59803c06-dfe8-48b6-b2de-7f032e738213 | [{'content': 'Find faulty statement regarding muscle spindle: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Central zone has no actin and myosin, B. Type 1 nuclear bag fibres has low myosin ATPase activity, C. Peripheral zone has no actin and myosin, D. Type 2 nuclear bag has high level of myosin ATPase activity', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Each muscle spindle has three essential elements:\xa0\n(1) A group of specialized intrafusal muscle fibers\xa0 with contractile polar ends and a noncontractile center.\xa0\n(2) Large diameter myelinated afferent nerves (types Ia and II) originating in the central portion of the intrafusal fibers.\xa0\n(3) Small diameter myelinated efferent nerves supplying the polar contractile regions of the intrafusal fibers.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2e7a8a2b-fa7c-4e90-a4fc-f9eb44674379 | [{'content': 'Injecting dye for diagnosis of salivary gland \nSelect and explain. \nA. Angiogram, B. Sialography, C. Angiogram, D. Tomography', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Psychiatry | 85d37c8a-2bcc-48d9-bc5c-b63495f25ab3 | [{'content': "All are causes of subcortical dementia except - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Alzheimer's disease, B. Parkinson's disease, C. Supranuclear palsy, D. HIV associated dementia", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Alzheimer’s disease is a cortical dementia.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a4d559cf-a0bb-4eab-9cd6-023fceb916ad | [{'content': 'Which growth factor Is not present in PRP? \nSelect and explain. \nA. PDGF aa, B. PDGF bb, C. PDGF cc, D. PDGF Fab', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | eaa8c755-dc9b-4a75-ac66-4664ee83567a | [{'content': 'A 18-year-old girl was brought to OPD, labia majora separated, labia minora flabby, fourchette tear present and vagina is roomy but Hymen is intact. What could be possible? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Virgin, B. False virgin, C. Premenstrual stage, D. Molestation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: b. False virginRef: KSN Reddy's The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 33' edn; Page no. 392False VirginHymen is intact but thick and the woman has had sexual intercourse. Labia majora: Flabby, may gap on abduction of thighLabia minora: Loose, blackish-brown, cutaneousVagina deep, roomy, dilated and capacious with less rugosed wall Vagina easily admits two fingers.True VirginLabia majora: Firm, rounded and completeLabia minora: Soft, sensitive and pink in colorFourchette and posterior commissure: Intact * Vaginal wall: Closely approximatedVagina mucosa: Rugose, reddish, sensitive to touchHymen: Intact", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 8aa86f16-0457-449d-bd8e-59c4e155216a | [{'content': 'A diffuse spreading inflammatory lesion is due to bacterial enzyme \nSelect and explain. \nA. Coagulase, B. Hyaluronidase, C. Peroxidase, D. Bradykinin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 6e3b014e-fe90-47f0-8e12-e176a809198f | [{'content': 'Which of the following drugs can be given in renal failure safely? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Saxagliptin, B. Linagliptin, C. Vildagliptin, D. Sitagliptin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Linagliptin(Ref Goodman Gilman 12/e p1264; Katzung 13/e p740, 12/e p761; FDA website: http://wwwfda.gov/ Safety/ MedWatch/Safetylnformation/ircm3 I 9215.htm)Linagliptin:Given safely in renal failure.Chronic kidney disease:Major complication in type 2 diabetes.Metformin usage is challenging.More severe renal disease - Less likely for metformin use.Due to safety concerns.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d4f6fc8c-f415-4619-9831-8da71140bbac | [{'content': 'Zones of periapical pathology were described by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Palmer, B. Fish, C. Black, D. Hugues', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | cabc161c-6c39-4421-8e7a-7ff15d425117 | [{'content': 'Brachcephaly with narrow foramen magnum is seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Down syndrome., B. Fanconi syndrome., C. Achondroplasia., D. Cleidocranial dysplasia.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 37332d92-237c-4846-84e5-27def7ec1805 | [{'content': 'Gingival hyperplasia is caused by all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sodium valproate, B. Carbamazepine, C. Verapamil, D. Bleomycin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | e4e4f249-397f-4edb-b3c2-ff0220ef3092 | [{'content': 'A triad of seizure, mental retardation and sebaceous adenoma is seen in – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Congenital syphilis, B. Tuberous sclerosis, C. Toxoplasmosis, D. Hypothyroidism', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Tuberous sclerosis :\n\nIt is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome.\nPathology\n\n\nCharacteristics brain, lesion, consists of tubers in the brain.\nThey are typically present in subependyneal region where they undergo calcification producing\xa0candle dripping appearance.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | edcb831f-c060-498e-a756-c2047eb19c15 | [{'content': 'Which is not seen in neuroimaging of patient of tuberous sclerosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. White matter lesion, B. Ependymoma, C. Subependymal nodules, D. Giant cell astrocytoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c43e91d9-b41d-480c-a1f2-2fe9eee2bcab | [{'content': 'Cholesterol crystals in apical periodontitis lesions are believed to be formed from cholesterol released by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Disintegrating erythrocytes of stagnant blood vessels within the lesion, B. Lymphocyte, plasma cells, macrophages that die and disintegrate in chronic apical lesion, C. Circulating plasma lipids, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Apical periodontitis can be caused by both exogenous and endogenous factors.\xa0\nExogenous factors include microbes and their toxins and noxious metabolic by-products, chemical agents, mechanical irritation, foreign bodies, and trauma.\xa0\nEndogenous factors include the host’s metabolic products, such as urate and cholesterol crystals, as well as cytokines or other inflammatory mediators that activate osteoclasts.\nOccasionally, foamy macrophages and giant cells are seen, especially associated with cholesterol crystal deposits, which are products of disintegrated cell membranes, disintegrating erythrocytes of stagnant blood vessels within the lesion,\xa0lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages that die and disintegrate in chronic apical lesion.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c0b79a36-0b9f-4aa3-b3ac-4435c4a92fe3 | [{'content': 'The analytical study where population is the unit of study is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cross-sectional, B. Ecological, C. Case-control, D. Cohort study', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9cda8aff-7c42-4c13-af2f-48282d65dbae | [{'content': 'What % is the incidence of vertucci type 8 \nSelect and explain. \nA. 6%, B. 10%, C. 2%, D. 12%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 59875469-2175-49d4-9563-8d114e219356 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is expected when a tooth is lost? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Decrease in trabecular pattern, B. Loss of bone width, C. Loss of bone height, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 79f62df5-e7d6-4526-9866-59ba4c498cfc | [{'content': 'In Mandibular 1st molar smallest cusp is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Distobuccal, B. Distal, C. Mesiobuccal, D. Mesial', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0bfdb9f1-4000-4e4f-bab7-6858195faf99 | [{'content': "In a village, despite of health education for oral cancer, people don't follow instructions even after referral with persuasive reminders, people are still reluctant. It best fits under which model: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trans-theoretical model, B. Health belief model, C. Social compliance, D. Public health model", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Trans-theoretical Model\n\nDeveloped by Prochaska and DiClemente.\nBased on assumption that behavior change is evolutional in nature and occurs in different stages of change through which individuals can progress.\nIt holds habitual behaviors mainly like smoking, nutritional diet, screening for cancer, alcohol consumption, etc., in a series of steps through a cyclical process.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Anatomy | 433889ad-6b7a-4b52-b45d-2e2379f81d5e | [{'content': 'Which of the following finger has two dorsal interossei (AIIMS May 2019) \nSelect and explain. \nA. Little, B. Ring, C. Middle, D. Index', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Dorsal interossei: Dorsal interossei are major abductors of index, middle & ring fingers. Most dorsally situated of all intrinsic muscles. Palpated through skin on dorsal aspect of hand. Tendons of dorsal interossei pass dorsal to deep transverse metacarpal ligament. - 1st dorsal interosseous muscle - largest & inses into lateral side of index finger. - 2nd& 3rd interosseous muscle - inse into lateral & medial sides respectively of middle finger. - 4th dorsal interosseous muscle - inses into medial side of ring finger. Thumb & little finger do not have dorsal interossei as they have their own abductors in thenar & hypothenar muscle groups respectively. Dorsal interossei + palmar interossei + lumbricals flex-metacarpophalangeal joint & extend inter - phalangeal joint.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1d4c9da4-408d-482a-8b33-ca36b97b0bf5 | [{'content': 'Dimensional stability of elastomeric impression material can be given in descending order as : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Polysulphide > Polyether > Condensation silicone > Addition silicone, B. Polyether > Condensation silicone > Polysulphide > Addition silicone, C. Addition silicone > Polyether > Polysulphide > Condensation silicone, D. Addition silicone > Condensation silicone Polysulphide > Polyether', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 770a2934-5df3-4d53-a79c-0d4358b95016 | [{'content': 'In a female, intraocular metastasis most commonly occurs from which of the following gynaecological primary? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Breast, B. Ovary, C. Cervix, D. Endometrium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A (Breast)Breast cancer is the most common tumor to metastasize to the eye followed by lung cancer.Intraocular metastases are the most common malignancy of eye, and the primary cause is breast cancer.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | c8353fc5-db77-40d7-970a-64309e53ba93 | [{'content': 'Calculate the Age of fetus having CRL 23 cm, foot length 7 cm. Talus is present and testes are present at superficial inguinal ring? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5 months, B. 6 months, C. 7 months, D. 8 months', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. 7 monthsGestational age can be determined fiom maturation of chorionic villi; foot length and ossification centres.Seventh month:Length 35 cm; crown-rump length 23 cm; foot length 8 cm; weight 900 to 1200 g.Nails are thick.Eyelids open and pupillary membrane disappears.Skin is dusky-red, thick and fibrous.Meconium is found in the entire large intestine.Testes are found at external inguinal ring.Gallbladder contains bile and caecum is seen in the right iliac fossa.Ossification centre is present in the talus.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | d70bc405-92bf-4118-8ea8-70b2ee771de7 | [{'content': 'Serum is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Plasma-clotting factors, B. Plasma-fibrin, C. Blood-RBC, D. Blood-all cellular elements', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 1dfe7f56-a602-4f8a-8ba7-50c3b60fa991 | [{'content': 'Which of the following has a radiolucency closest to the dentin: \nSelect and explain. \nA. ZOE, B. Calcium hydroxide, C. Silicophosphate, D. Gutta percha', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | cb67fe1b-fdf5-4478-b16b-7c0fdf4be59b | [{'content': 'Indirect retainers are situated: \nSelect and explain. \nA. As far anteriorly from the fulcrum line, B. As close to the fulcrum line, C. At the canine region, D. At the mesial marginal ridge of the premolars in the class I case', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 778778c6-fec1-4d24-a0f2-31d7ac7ee4c8 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is a 3-D curve: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Curve of spee., B. Anti monsoon curve., C. Monsoon curve.., D. None.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Monsoon’s curve\n\n3-D curve\nSpherical in shape\nCenter – Glabella\nRadius – 8”\nSurface of phase is thought or said to pass through the occlusal plane including the condyle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | f7c7aa89-a69c-495e-8db6-f39c604165d8 | [{'content': 'Cementosis are commonly seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Females in maxilla, B. Females in mandible, C. Males in maxilla, D. Males in mandible', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | e9be346c-4d68-4290-9ca4-5ea76f8d2280 | [{'content': 'Facial nerve innervates all of the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Platysma, B. Anterior belly of digastric, C. Stapedius, D. Auricular muscles', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: All of the following muscles are innervated by facial nerve.\n\nMuscles of facial expression\nOccipito frontalis\nPlatysma\nPosterior belly of digastric\nStapedius\nStylohyoid\nAuricular muscles.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3c4ad2aa-1bff-4d56-9cea-358bfcf0eec7 | [{'content': 'Amalgam restorations give the best clinical service when the residual mercury content is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 38-42%, B. 48-52%, C. 58-62%, D. 68-72%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 53f00275-55bc-497b-872f-d223d5021601 | [{'content': 'About intraoperative histopathological analysis, all are true except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gives an immediate definitive diagnosis of tumor, B. Used for detecting positive margins after resection, C. Used to confirm suspected metastasis, D. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast carcinoma is an example', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Gives an immediate definitive diagnosis of tumor (Ref http:/,www.nchi.iilm.nih.gov/pmc/arii,PMC3347896).lntraoperative Histopathological Analysis:Frozen section procedure/cryosection:Rapid microscopic specimen analysis.Used most often in oncological surgery.Slide quality produced by frozen section lower than formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue processing.Used for presumptive diagnosis.More accurate diagnosis - Fixed tissue processing.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | a4c17223-91e0-454d-95af-18ddf9a97e41 | [{'content': 'A 23 years old boy, a badminton player, sustained injury of left ankle. He was immobilized for 3 months, the cast was removed and patient was able to walk normally. Later he complained of pain and swelling in the left calf, left ankle and foot. His mother massaged him for 30 minutes. After a while he developed acute onset of breathlessness and was brought to emergency and died. Most likely cause of death is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pulmonary thromboembolism, B. Congestive cardiac failure, C. Massive stroke, D. Hypovolemic shock', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Pulmonary thromboembolismHistory of immobilization for long duration suggests a probahly subclinical deep venous thrombosis that had developed in the patient. On massaging, the thrombus of DVT got dislodged in the pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary thromboembolism and death.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 0f94b2da-37f6-41e8-af47-767fb4c0163b | [{'content': 'Petechial hemorrhage is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. cyclic neutropenia, B. agranulocytosis, C. pernicious anemia, D. thrombocytopenic purpura', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 8efe2632-49e7-4558-b438-a44fadccdd03 | [{'content': 'Digoxin is obtained from a plant product and has a half-life of 36 hours. How does this information help us in formulating treatment? \nSelect and explain. \nA. To adjust maintenance dose of digoxin required to keep the blood levels within therapeutic range, B. Intravenous administration in emergency and urgent dosing, C. Long half-life permits altemate day dosing, D. It requires a high loading dose to be administered', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. To adjust maintenance dose of digoxin required to keep the blood levels within therapeutic range(Ref Goodman Gilman 12/e p33. 37: KDT 7/e p31, 515)Half- life of drug:Determines the maintenance dose of digoxin.Helps maintain therapeutic plasma levels.Maintenance dose also determined by creatinine clearance.Half-life of dioxin:36 to 48 hrs in patients with normal renal function.3.5 to 5 days in anuric patients.In patients with normal renal function, an oral daily maintenance dose without loading dose - steady-state blood concentration in approximately 7 days.Hence daily maintenance dose decided based on half-life ofthe drug.Usual digoxin therapeutic serum concentrations range - 0.8 to 2 ng/mL.(Note: Loading dose governed by volume of distribution).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 9eb1442f-0fb3-4f6b-adaa-41bc417180bb | [{'content': 'You have been asked to design a study for a disease whose prevalence in the community is 10%. The alpha error has to be kept at 5% with a relative precision of 20% and a power of 20%. What will be the accurate sample size for this study? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 400, B. 900, C. 1800, D. 3600', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. 900', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | cf9b1f6c-4594-4cc8-94bb-3b1c10be80f9 | [{'content': "The anteroposterior curve is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Curve of Spee, B. Curve of Wilson, C. Curve of Monson, D. Bonwill's curve", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3ef21987-3285-429c-a8be-5f67efefaaf8 | [{'content': 'Which periodontal fibres are consistent and are reconstructed even after the destruction of the alveolar bone? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apical, B. Alveolar crest group, C. Oblique, D. Transseptal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 98035f50-53b3-47c8-b340-392237162fb2 | [{'content': 'Condensation reaction occurs in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Agar, B. Alginate, C. Polysulfide, D. ZOE', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 12c9a1fb-87c9-4109-b4c1-9fa0babc98cc | [{'content': 'The following cardiac defects are characterized by ductus dependent blood flow except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Transposition of great arteries with intact septum, B. Interrupted aortic arch, C. Truncus arteriosus, D. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Congenital heart disease in the newborn can be broadly categorized by the relationship between the patients cardiac defect and the patent ductus arteriosus; this categorization yields four distinct groups:\n\nI. Pulmonary flow ductal dependence.\n\nNewborns with congenital heart disease who are dependent on the potency of their ductus for pulmonary blood flow present with varying degrees of cyanosis.\nCritical Pulmonary Valve Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum.\n\nLi Tricuspid Atresia:\n\nTetralogy of Fallot \n\tNi Systemic flow ductal dependence.\n\n\nThese newborns are dependent on their ductus arteriosus for systemic blood flow and unlike the babies who are pulmonary flow dependent, these newborns present with severely decreased cardiac output.\nThis decreased systemic flow is characterized by pallor, diminished peripheral pulses, low urine output, cool extremities and varying degrees of metabolic acidosis.\nThis includes newborns with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction at various levels.\n\n\nCongenital Valvular Aortic Stenosis\nCoarctation of the Aorta\nInterrupted Aortic Arch\nHypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)\n\nIlL\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 xygenation ductal dependence.\n\nThese are babies who are born with congenital heart disease that requires a patent ductus for adequate mixi g of saturated and desaturated blood.\n\n\nTransposition of the Great Vessels (TGV) \n\tIV J uctal independence.\n\n\nThese are neonates who are not dependent on a patent ductus but still require urgent operation.\n\n\nTotal anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)\nTruncus Arteriosus\nAnomalous origin of the left main coronary alloy from the pulmonaly artery.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bb61654e-f671-4125-bad2-3f2dc2eec24b | [{'content': 'The function of 2% potassium sulphate in a gypsum product is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. To regulate the setting expansion, B. Regulate setting time, C. Acts as retarder, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Radiology | 48f3a95b-0f17-4c55-a104-7ae269bfcc0d | [{'content': 'What is the most poable diagnosis based on the findings in the CT scan given below? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Extradural hemorrhage, B. Subdural hamorrhage, C. Intracerebral hamorrhage, D. Subarachnoid hamorrhage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Epidural Hematoma- Biconvex/lentiform hyperdensity seen Subdural Hematoma - Concavo- convex or crescentic shaped. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage- Shows Hyperdensity in:* Syln fissure* Basal cisterns* Sulcal Spaces', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | b3b61552-3fc0-45ce-82af-2b0e1077add5 | [{'content': 'Mandibular fracture managed by adapting mini plates is a type of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Load bearing osteosynthesis, B. Load sharing, C. Non rigid osteosynthesis, D. Rigid osteosynthesis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | f8d6c4a7-2037-44be-bbf6-8a1ea4b0de54 | [{'content': 'The incubation period of LGV is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3-7 days, B. 7-10 days, C. 10-30 days, D. 30-90 days', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. 10-30 daysThe incubation period for LGV (the time interval between sexual contact and the appearance of symptoms) varies on average from 10 to 14 days. At times the incubation period may be as long as up to 6 weeks after sexual contact with an infected paner. Feature SyphilisHerpes ChancroidLGV Donovanosis Incubation period 9-90 days 2-7 days 1-14 days3 days-6weeks 1-4 weeks(up to 6 months)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e6972a14-563b-47df-b6f4-ceb004b37b95 | [{'content': 'All of the following are true for ZOE based sealer except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Expands on setting & hence provide impervious seal, B. Absorb if extruded periapically, C. Antibacterial, so prevent entombing of Bacterial, D. Slow setting, so results in increased inflammation initially', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5951aa74-d30c-4c33-b1e6-dd5e5d103ca0 | [{'content': 'Maximum amount of phosphate is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bone, B. Enamel, C. Gingiva, D. Dentine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 5fa2e23f-c19c-4828-b240-59b7a0a84834 | [{'content': 'What should be the ideal temperature in delivery room for the neonates to be kept in warmer? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 22-26degC, B. 28-30degC, C. 30-35degC, D. 37degC', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. 22-26degC(Ref Ghai 8/e p133).Nursery temperature:Ideal temperature in delivery room for neonates in warmer state - 22-26degC (72-78"F).Should be free from drill of air.Ventilation system for each delivery & resuscitation room designed to control ambient temperature between 72-78 degrees Fahrenheit (22-26 degrees Centigrade) during delivery, resuscitation & stabilization of newborn.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Medicine | 599273bd-ad8a-4c31-8038-d8d26701bc41 | [{'content': 'What is the best management of the case shown? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dapsone plus steroids, B. Stop smoking and screen for cancer, C. Vitamin supplements, D. Antifungals for oral candidiasis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Candidiasis Rx - Topical clotrimazole - Nystatin lozenges Median rhomboid glossitis Appearance - seen in Candidiasis infection', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 294f261f-83db-483c-ab08-7ada6462f72b | [{'content': 'Spinal cord ends at what level in adults? \nSelect and explain. \nA. T12, B. L1, C. L2, D. L3', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. L1 Ref: Grays Anatomy, 4l'' ed., pg. 762-763In the adult, the spinal cord terminates on average at the level of the middle third of the body of the first lumbar veebra which corresponds approximately to the transpyloric plane.Spinal cord extends from C I to L I (lower border) in adults.Filum terminale extends from lower end of spinal cord to the tip of coccyx.Dural sheath extends up to 52 veebrae.Subdural space extends up to 52.Subarachnoid space extends up to 52.Piamater extends up to tip of coccyx.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | d9f1b19f-12f5-467d-a831-ba3d9020d230 | [{'content': 'Amniotic fluid contains acetyl cholinesterase enzyme. What is the diagnosis ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Open spina bifida, B. Gastroschisis, C. Omphalocele, D. Osteogenesis imperfecta', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Amniotic fluid Acetylcholineesterase level is elevated in open neural tube defect:\n\nIt has a better diagnostic value than AFP.\nIn case of suspected neural tube defect, on Amniocentesis, if amniotic fluid AFP levels are raised but Acetylcholinesterase levels are normal, patient should be reassured that elevated AFP levels are probably caused by fetal blood contamination but, if acetyl cholinesterase is also elevated along with AFP it is indicative of NTD.\nIt also helps to distinguish between neural tube defect and abdominal wall defects (both of which cause elevated MSAFP):\n\n– Acetyl cholinesterase is raised in open NTD, but is low in abdominal wall defects.\n– In patients with NTD, the ratio of acetylcholinesterase to butyrlcholinesterase levels is 0.14 or more. In case of abdominal wall defects this ratio is less than 0.14.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 5419a97a-9132-4f87-9bb5-3ca06dd47507 | [{'content': 'Which of the following cause an increase in ACh release from the presynaptic neuron? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Blocking calcium channels on presynaptic, B. Blocking chloride channel on presynaptic, C. Blocking Na channel, D. Blocking K channels', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D. Blocking K channels* Potassium channel blocker will cause an increase in ACh release from the presynaptic neuron.* Blockade of presynaptic potassium channels promotes activation of voltage-gated calcium channels leading to the increased release of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction. Aminopyridines used in the treatment of Lambe-Eaton myasthenic syndrome acts by this mechanism and improves the muscle strength in the patients', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | d2da473a-f6b7-4c15-a5e2-5a4b4bd1cc8f | [{'content': 'Bifid tongue, a congenital anomaly occurs due to non-fusion of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tuberculum impar and lateral lingual swellings, B. Hypobranchial eminence and tuberculum impar, C. The two lateral lingual swellings, D. Some of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | cfb81145-9c8a-41bf-975a-bd76f75be629 | [{'content': 'Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a disease characterized by elevated eosinophil count in the blood for at least 6 months, without any recognizable cause, with involve-ment of either hea, nervous system or bone marrow. What should be the eosinophil count for diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. >500/mm3, B. >1000/ mm3, C. >1500/ mm3, D. >2000/ mm3', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. >1500/ mm3(Ref Harrison 19/e p1686, 135e-8, 18/e p481 e-21.5)Eosinophil count for hypereosinophilia syndrome diagnosis = >1.5 x 109/L (>1500/mm).Blood Eosinophilia:Neither secondary or clonal.Cause: Idiopathic.Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES):Subcategory of idiopathic eosinophilia with persistent increase of AEC to >1.5 x 109/L (>1500/ mm3).Features:Presence of eosinophil-mediated organ damage -Cardiomyopathy, gastroenteritis, cutaneous lesions, sinusitis, pneumonitis, neuritis & vasculitis.Also thromboembolic complications, hepatosplenomegaly & either cytopenia or cytosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | bbf80ddc-3f79-48db-ad1e-5e6d0322704a | [{'content': 'Treatment of kawasaki disease in children is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oral steroids, B. IV steroids, C. IV Immuno globulins, D. Mycophenolate mefentil', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 32a5b512-866e-4bd6-b9b5-9c26c7625705 | [{'content': 'The effectiveness of condensing porcelain powder to\nreduce shrinkage is determined by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Shape and size of the particle, B. Thickness of the platinum matrix, C. Speed of increase of furnace heat, D. Using powder of same particle size', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 0681bb5e-c1f0-4077-8294-93e36efcc83f | [{'content': "Russell's bodies are found in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Activated macrophages, B. Histiocytes, C. Plasma cells, D. Erythrocytes", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 84edf98d-5d16-4377-95fc-2bb67058e7d4 | [{'content': 'When horse serum is injected intravenously in to a rabbit and again in to the skin two or three weeks later, what is the necrotising reaction that occurs at the site of the second injection? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Atopy, B. Anaphylaxis, C. Arthus phenomenon, D. Serum sickness', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 756277e4-4420-466e-adee-3aee112a7b69 | [{'content': 'on examination 18 month old child has inward detion of both eyes, which of the following test should be done? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Forced duction test, B. Cover Uncover Test, C. Fundus Examination, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B- Cover Uncover TestSince the diagnosis is latent strabismus the correct answer is B > Cover-uncover test. It tells about the presence and type of heterophoria. To perform it, one eye is covered with an occluder and the other is made to fix an object. In the presence of heterophoria, the eye under cover will dete. After a few seconds the cover is quickly removed and the movement of the eye (which was under cover) is observed. Direction of movement of the eyeball tells the type of heterophoria >The forced duction test is performed in order to determine whether the absence of movement of the eye is due to a neurological disorder or a mechanical restriction. The anesthetized conjunctiva is grasped with forceps and an attempt is made to move the eyeball in the direction where the movement is restricted. > FUNDUS EXAMINATION This is essential to diagnose the diseases of the vitreous, optic nerve head, retina and choroid.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | be2f9b03-72ba-413f-b752-51e2f926c097 | [{'content': 'Serum sickness syndrome is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. A transplant immunity, B. An anaphylactic shock, C. Systemic arthus reaction, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 1e1777f3-e961-40f6-b597-8abcd9c1d193 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is used to denote a continuous variable? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Simple bar, B. Histogram, C. Pie diagram, D. Multiple bar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 9abacba9-f159-401a-b974-9040f9efdd8a | [{'content': 'What dose of misoprostol is used orally to control bleeding in post paum hemorrhage? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 400 micrograms, B. 600 micrograms, C. 800 micrograms, D. 1000 micrograms', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. 600 micrograms(Ref Williams 24/e 1785)Approved dose of misoprostol in emergent management of postpaum hemorrhage = 600 pg.Misoprostol (Cytotec):Synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue.Effective in prevention & treatment of atony & postpaum hemorrhage.Derman (2006) compared a 600 ug oral dose given at delivery against placebo and found that the drug decreased hemorrhage incidence from 12 to 6 percent and that of severe hemorrhage from 1.2 to 0.2 percent.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | f8f510ef-4928-4806-ba2a-f984e29463c8 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is the best for determining the threshold for diagnosis of a positive test? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Analysis of variance, B. Pearson coefficient, C. Receiver-operating characteristic curve, D. Pre-test probability', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Receiver-operating characteristic curve(Ref http:ilvvwwlexjansen.com/nesteg/ne.sug10/hl/h107.pdf)Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve:Defined as a plot of test sensitivity as they coordinate versus its I-specificity or false positive rate (FPR) as the x coordinate.Graphic presentation of relationship between both sensitivity & specificity.Uses:Effective method for evaluating diagnostic test's performances.Excellent way to compare diagnostic tests.Best for determining threshold for diagnosis of positive test.Helps decide optimal model through determining best threshold for diagnostic test.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Dental | 9a29cd2c-e0d3-4d1e-82a7-32af10b47c9b | [{'content': 'Highest concentration of desmosomes are seen in which location? \nSelect and explain. \nA. A, B. B, C. C, D. D', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Desmosomes help in attaching keratinocytes and are present in Epidermis which rules out Option C & D A is St. basale and B is St. Spinosum. Highest concentration of desmosomes are prominently seen in St. spinosum, So answer is B', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | f31cf6f2-74fe-4d49-a8a7-ae85b1359d2b | [{'content': 'An 8 year old female child following URTI developed maculopapular rash on the jaw spreading onto the trunk which cleared on the 3T day without desquamation and tender post auricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Kawasaki disease, B. Erythema infectiosiun, C. Rubella, D. Measles', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 867140e4-9b9f-4784-b252-9720f89a385e | [{'content': 'A 6 months old child having severe dehydration comes to the casualty with weak pulse and unrecordable B.P. Repeated attempt in gaining I.V. access has failed – The next best step is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Try again, B. Jugular vein catheterization, C. Intra osseus I.V. fluids, D. Venesection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: "If I.V. route is unsuccessful, introasseus access in the proximal tibia of an uninjured leg is the preferred alternative for children younger than 6 yrs. In children older than 6 yrs a percutaneous femoral venous line should be attempted.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 2860cd26-5fec-445c-904e-67095651fd15 | [{'content': 'All the statements are true about standardization, except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Standardization allows comparison to be made between two different populations, B. The national population is always taken as the standard population, C. For direct standardization age specific rates of the study population are applied to that of the standard population, D. For indirect standardization age specific rates of the standard population are applied to the study population', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Standard population: Is a population where numbers in each age and sex group are known\n\nTwo frequently used standard populations are:\n\nSegi world population\nEuropean standard population\n\nChoice of standard population is arbitrary:\n\nAvailable standard populations may be used\nStandard population may also be created using 2 populations\nThe national population need not always be taken as the standard population\nIs commonly used in occupational studies: Comparison of mortality in an industry and general population\nCan be used for occurrence of disease (rather than death)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | fb136952-1310-4610-aff7-95e8b923ffd9 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not removed in radical neck dissection \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sternocleidomastoid muscle, B. Digastric muscle, C. Spinal accessory nerve, D. Internal jugular vein', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Digastric muscle* The radical neck dissection consists of removal of all five lymph node groups of one side of the neck (levels I-V).* This includes removal of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the internal jugular vein, and the spinal accessory nerve.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 38ab5796-3d7c-4203-a301-db68fa227700 | [{'content': 'Loading dose depends on \nSelect and explain. \nA. Volume of distribution, B. Clearance, C. Rate of administration, D. Half life', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 137a6893-800d-4ef6-a9b9-8e55a19b5476 | [{'content': 'A 68 years old man had severe chest pain. The patient died on the way to the hospital. In the hospital, at autopsy tetrazolium chloride staining of the hea was done. What will be the color of ble myocardium? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Red, B. Blue, C. Dark brown, D. Pink', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. RedTriphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) stain impas a brick-red color to intact, non-infarcted myocardium where the dehydrogenase enzymes are preserved.If the infarct preceded death by 2 to 3 hours, it is possible to highlight the area of necrosis by immersion of tissue slices in a solution of triphenyltetrazolium chloride. This gross histochemical stain impas a brick-red color to intact, non-infarcted myocardium where lactate dehydrogenase activily is preserved.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 470d2dcb-0af2-4dae-8598-208eff783a95 | [{'content': "A neonate has central cyanosis and short systolic murmur on the 2nd day of birth. The diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tetralogy of Fallot's, B. Transposition of great vessels, C. Atrial septal defect, D. Ventricular Septal defect", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Out of the four options, only 1st two are cyanotic heart disease i.e. TOF & TGV.\nTOF can be ruled out as it does not cause cyanosis at birth.\n\nNelson says - "Often cyanosis is not present of birth, but with increasing hypertrophy of the right ventricular\ninfiindibulum and patient growth, Cyanosis occurs later in the 1st year of life."\n\nShort systolic murmur is not of much help in reaching the diagnosis as it is present in both the conditions. Transposition of great vessels \nTransposition of great vessels is defined as : -\n\ni) Aorta arising from right ventricle.\nii)Pulmonary artery arising from the left ventricle.\n\nAnatomically TGA is divided into :-\n\nA) Complete variety\n\nRight atrium is connected to right ventricle and right ventricle is connected to aorta.\nLeft atrium is connected to left ventricle and left ventricle is connected to pulmonary artery.\nThis results in complete separation of systemic and pulmonary circulation : -', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | def993c5-605f-48c5-afb4-01a6f29fcc73 | [{'content': 'Christmas disease is due to deficiency of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hagernan Factor, B. Platelets, C. Plasma thromboplastin antecedent, D. Plasma thromboplastin component', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 8b2bc220-f5f6-4651-89b7-c38432303837 | [{'content': 'Latest drug reccntly approved for Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Piracetam, B. Ceftriaxone, C. Edaravone, D. Doxycycline', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. EdaravoneRef href="https://www/">https://www.br ai ntrop ic. c om/noo t rop ics/p i rac etam/Edaravone is a novel neuroprotective agent for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 47efd329-c1b4-49eb-8318-1cf2174b9ad9 | [{'content': 'Water content in enamel by volume \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2-3%, B. 6-7%, C. 20-25%, D. 10-12%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Surgery | 131f5cb9-45ff-4698-992a-dfb143a3c237 | [{'content': 'The given below device is/used for: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pneumatic compression stocking, B. Varicose vein, C. Hypothermia, D. Cellulitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Pneumatic compression stocking is used to prevent DVT in patients with immobilization for longer duration of time. These are helpful in patients at moderate risk for DVT as a prophylactic measure but these are not effective against established thrombosis. It is used especially in bariatric population and can be used in their room, operation room or post-operative area. - DVT should be initially managed by heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin. - Long-term management is done by anti-coagulation with warfarin. - Inferior vena cava filter is indicated for patients not benefiting from medical treatment.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | ef7dd5a4-386f-45e2-aa47-b2e9835f7169 | [{'content': 'Autogenic inhibition is afunction of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intrafusal fibre, B. Extrafusal fibre, C. Muscle spindle, D. Golgi tendon organ', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 64fb619d-cfcf-450f-a317-cb760dca53e3 | [{'content': 'Which is not a monosaccharide? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glucose, B. Galactose, C. Maltose, D. Fructose', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 82a21b84-e5d6-46d5-98bc-46fc75641f7b | [{'content': 'A patient with cough was sputum AFB negative but chest X-ray was suggestive of TB. What should be the next step according to RNTCP? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Line probe assay, B. Culture, C. Nucleic acid amplification test, D. Tuberculin test', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Nucleic acid amplification testCaridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CB-NAAT): The CB'NAAT is known as the GeneXpeft in mostcountries other than India This is prefered first diagnostic test in children and people with TB and HIC co-infection", 'role': 'assistant'}] |