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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 901769b9-8f5f-48e3-869a-879c1d57ad93 | [{'content': 'Which of the following abnormalities can be diagnosed in the I st trimester of pregnancy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anencephaly, B. Encephalocele, C. Meningocele, D. Microcephaly', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Anencephaly"Anencephaly is diagnosed by the absence of cranial vault (calvarium) and telencephalon. Brain tissue is angiomatous.Early diagnosis is possible at aboat 13 weeks', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 288022ee-c8bd-42e6-8e0a-81838367119a | [{'content': 'A 50 years old female on junk food diet presented with point hemorrhages in scalp, bleeding in joints and erythemataous lesions in the skin. X-ray of knee joint was suggestive of hemahrosis. Problem lies with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hydroxylation of proline and lysine, B. Carboxylation of glutamic acid, C. Carboxylation of coagulation factors, D. Platelet aggregation defect', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Hydroxylation of proline and lysineVitamin C is required for post-translational modification of lysine and proline in collagen synthesisHydroxyproline is formed by post-translational hydroxylation catalyzed by prolyl hydroxylase, whose cofactors are ascorbic acid and Keto- alpha glutarate.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 4eef4a6b-af8e-4472-9caa-95c1f1a415c8 | [{'content': 'In a 60 yr old hypertensive male with renal failure, renal biopsy shows onion skin appearance. The most likely diagnosis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hyaline arteriosclerosis, B. Thrombophlebitis obliterans, C. Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis, D. Arteriosclerosis obliterans', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c2370f77-cd2c-48e3-8b16-d0afe08d1a05 | [{'content': "The inter-arch distance measured when the occlusal rims are in uniform contact is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Freeway space, B. Vertical dimension of occlusion, C. Vertical dimension of rest, D. Christensen's space", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 175da91c-e2bf-466d-9a4f-cd8a1b4003d2 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is used by RBCs in the fasting state? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glucose, B. Alanine, C. Ketone body, D. Fatty acid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. GlucoseGlucose is used by RBCs in fasting state.OrganFedFastingStarvationBrainGlucoseGlucoseKetone bodiesHeaFatty Fatty acidsKetone bodiesLiverGlucoseFatty acidsAmino acidsMusclesGlucoseFatty acidsFatty acids & ketoneAdipose tissueGlucoseFatty acidsFatty acids & ketone RBCsGlucoseGlucose (Ref Harper 30/e p146, 150, 28/e p141).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d061fd99-52bd-470b-a2c6-09b66b66cc8b | [{'content': 'A condition where there is loss of interdental bone on facial and lingual plate, without involvement of radicular bone is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ledge, B. Crater, C. Intrabony defect, D. Reverse architecture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Reversed Architecture\nReverse (or negative) alveolar bone architecture is the result of a loss\xa0 of\xa0 interdental\xa0 bone,\xa0 without\xa0 a\xa0 concomitant\xa0 loss\xa0 of\xa0 radicular (buccal or lingual/palatal) bone, thereby reversing the normal (or positive)\xa0 architecture .\xa0 Negative\xa0 architecture\xa0 is\xa0 more common in the maxilla of patients with periodontitis.\nLedges\nLedges are plateau-like bone margins that are caused by the resorption of thickened bony plates .\nOsseous Craters\nOsseous craters are a specific type of two-wall defect; they present as concavities in the crest of the interdental bone that is confined within the facial and lingual walls. Craters have been found to make up about one-third (35.2%) of all defects and about two-thirds (62%) of all mandibular defects; they occur twice as often in posterior segments as in anterior segments.\nRef: Newman and Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology, thirteenth edition; page no 325', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d671e7e4-0614-4b11-8be3-2f453b05e38f | [{'content': 'Till what age tetracycline should not be given to prevent discoloration \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3 year, B. 8 year, C. 12 year, D. 18 year', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Medicine | a57f4abd-70df-4d6c-92b8-a8174bfa37da | [{'content': 'A 50 year old tall thin smoker presents with dyspnoea and palpitations. ECG was done. Diagnosis: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Atrial fibrillation, B. Multifocal atrial tachycardia, C. AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia, D. Monomorphic VT', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Question mentions - H/o smoker first thing that comes in mind is COPD & MC arrhythmia atrial fibrillation. We first see lead II on ECG RR approx. 1.5 and more towards left 2.5. HR=300/1.5=200/min Therefore, Patient suffers from tachycardia with variable RR interval. D/D Atrial fibrillation Multifocal atrial tachycardia P wave absent P wave present Variable RR interval Therefore ruled out P wave varying amplitual and answer is MAT. Trick to solve: First check if patient has tachycardia/bradycardia RR interval Narrow QRS suggests supraventricular tachycardia COPD is the reason for multifocal atrial tachycardia due to right ventricular strain causing RV enlargement causing right axis duration. Visible P wave variable amplitude RR interval changing Narrow QRS All point towards diagnosis of multifocal atrial tachycardia. Monomorphic VT is ruled out as it has broad QRS complex. Between MAT & AV nodal reentrant tachycardia the H/o smokers narrows down the diagnosis to MAT.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | b8fad18b-75df-42b6-b06d-8902a10f6e16 | [{'content': "Which of the following is not a feature of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rheumatoid nodule, B. Spikes of high fever, C. Uveitis, D. Raynaud's phenomenon", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis\n\nJuvenile idiopathic arthritis is broad term that describes a clinically heterogenous group of arthritides of unknown cause, which begin before 16 years of age.\nThis term encompasses several disease categories : -\n\n1. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (see previous explanations) : -\ni) Pauciarticular (oligoarticular) JRA\nii) Poly-articular JRA\n\nRA. factor (+) ye\nRA factor (-) ye\n\niii) Systemic JRA\n\nJuvenile psoriatic arthritis\nJuvenile enthesitis related arthritis (ERA)\n\n\u200bSubgroups of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIM', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 44796bcd-ae11-44de-94da-6bcb502fcad6 | [{'content': 'For an unbounded amalgam restoration, what should be done before copal varnish is applied ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dentine desensitiser is applied, B. Smear layer is left intact, C. Smear layer is modified, D. After removal of enamel smear layer only', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: The use of a dentin desensitizer over the prepared tooth structure before placing amalgam is generally recommended.\xa0\nThe dentin desensitizer is rubbed onto the prepared tooth surface for 30 seconds and excess moisture is removed without desiccating the dentin.\n\nSturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry. Edition 6. Page: 417", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b807b86e-b050-49cb-9d49-a57279ab77b2 | [{'content': 'In CPITN index zero score means: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gingival bleeding, B. Grade 1 mobility of teeth, C. Healthy tooth, D. Spontaneous bleeding', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 61d50780-6165-4945-ad76-ef08e193ec57 | [{'content': 'A five year old male child presents with complaints of fever and abdominal distension. IIe is having vomiting for the last five days. On examination there are 6–8 Pus Cell/hpf in urine. WBC count shows 78% neutrophils. What is the best line of management – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Send urine for culture and sensitivity and wait for results, B. Send urine for culture and sensitivity and start I.V. antibiotics immediately, C. Send urine for culture, do an USG and start chloroquine, D. Radio nucleotide studies', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 1ec93a8b-e2dd-4468-bee1-74100f803516 | [{'content': 'A doctor who performed the autopsy on a 26-year-old married woman, committing suicide found the cause of death to be aluminium phosphide poisoning. She was summoned in a cou of law where he willingly hides this information. This is punishable under which section? \nSelect and explain. \nA. IPC 193, B. CrPC 175, C. CrPC 69, D. IPC 189', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. IPC 193(Ref: Reaco 34/e p I 3, 33/e p392; Textbooi, on the Indian Penal Code by Krishna 1) Gaur 4/e p594; the-Indian-penal-code-pdfd74214920)Section 193 - In Indian Penal Code deals with punishment for giving false evidence.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ab34e961-f641-4c92-9324-06da16cc52ef | [{'content': 'Loading dose MgSO4 (IV) to be prepared as \nSelect and explain. \nA. 4 ml 50% w/v plus 16 ml NS, B. 8 ml 50% w/v plus 12 ml NS, C. 12 ml 50% w/v plus 8 ml NS, D. 16 ml 50% w/v plus 4 ml NS', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Loading dose of Mgso4: Total: 14 gms Ampule commercially available is: Each 2 ml of injection (50%) = 1 gm of MgSO4 4 gm I/V as a 20 % solution that is 4 ampules (8 mL=4 gm) + 12 mL NS making it 20 % solution + 10 gm I/M (5gm IM in each buttock as 50 % solution)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 3a3e9d0e-cf13-4d9c-971f-f9d5cb902994 | [{'content': 'Apoprotein B-48 is found in \nSelect and explain. \nA. VLDL, B. LDL, C. HDL, D. Chylomicrons', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 484de2a0-f89b-4e79-88c3-11cb2da4fcde | [{'content': 'If the distribution of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) seen in 100 glaucoma patients has an average 30 mm with a SD of 1.0, what is the lower limit of the average IOP that can be expected 95% of times? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 26, B. 28, C. 32, D. 259', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: In the given question, Mean (μ) = 30 mm and SD (σ) = 1.0 mm\nThus, 95% values are contained in the range of Mean ± 2 SD (µ ± 2σ) or 30 ± 2 (1)\nSo, 95% values are contained in the range 30 – 2 mm and 30 + 2 mm OR between 28 and 30 mm.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 17f11735-64fc-47ec-b06b-c9124e27c1cf | [{'content': 'The radiographic view of choice for diagnosing horizontally favorable and unfavorable # is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. OPG, B. Occlusal, C. Lateral Oblique view, D. Transpharyngeal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 743f2305-10ed-4d66-b6fa-911cacdf2622 | [{'content': 'Which type of Hb is not affected by Rh isoimmunisation: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anti C, B. Anti E, C. Anti lewis, D. Anti D', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: “An antigen frequently found in routine antenatal screening is the Lewis group (Lea and Leb). The Lewis antigens do not cause erythroblastosis fetalis and differ from all of the other red cell antigens in that they are not synthesized in the red cell membrane but are absorbed into it.”\nFernando Arias 2/e, p 116', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | bee78f93-a09e-491f-856e-846b81e4aa5c | [{'content': 'The ETDRS cha is used for visual evaluation in diabetic patients. What does ETDRS stand for \nSelect and explain. \nA. Extended treatment for diabetic retinopathy study, B. Early treatment for diabetic retinopathy study, C. Emergency treatment for diabetic retinopathy study, D. Emerging treatment for diabetic retinopathy study', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer: B. Early treatment for diabetic retinopathy studyETDRS stands for Early treatment for diabetic retinopathy study', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e01541a1-1639-433f-ad63-51cd9ac6dee9 | [{'content': 'Working side contact means: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Contact on lateral movement., B. Contact on medial movement., C. No contact on lateral movement., D. None of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | cf442471-776c-434b-8186-a07315839c06 | [{'content': 'What percentage of accessory canals found in apical third of the root \nSelect and explain. \nA. 74%, B. 54%, C. 94%, D. 60%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | fb340ec6-b658-4105-ba2d-23e3125fc4e1 | [{'content': 'The resolving power of a microscope depends upon all of the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Size of the apeure, B. Focal length of the eyepiece, C. Thickness of the film, D. Wavelength of light source used', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Thickness of the film(Ref Bancroft Theory & Practice of Histochemical Techniques/p45-47).Resolving power of microscope:Microscope specific.Inversely distance between two objects that can be resolved.Doesn't depend on specimen nature or thickness.According to Abbe's Criterion.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a906cd05-9528-42a0-9c91-235eab046938 | [{'content': 'Which type of trauma is associated with destruction of protective layer? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intrusion, B. Extrusion, C. Avulsion, D. Lateral luxation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | e039fc9c-d96d-44e0-9933-b4c4d87bed58 | [{'content': 'During diagnostic laparoscopy for undescended testis, there are absent testicular vessels. What should be done next? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Explore fuher, B. Nothing is to be done, C. Inguinal exploration, D. Scrotal examination', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 954a6f85-767c-4b3a-b422-c5986e63f77b | [{'content': 'Excessive occlusal forces can be superimposed in all cases, except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Normal periodontium with normal height of bone, B. Normal periodontium with reduced height of bone, C. Marginal periodontitis with reduced height of bone, D. Marginal periodontitis with normal height of bone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 61461258-c43a-48bf-9ecb-3c6450e12912 | [{'content': 'The reverse bevel incision is made to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Allow atraumatic reflection of the gingival margin, B. Remove the infected tissue in the sulcus, C. Provide access to the alveolar crest, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5e0d7e21-6ecc-4145-9d27-1d7792ff0b6e | [{'content': 'Partial veneer crown is contraindicated in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Long teeth, B. Short teeth, C. Tipped teeth, D. Tapered teeth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: ENT | 6b13b5d1-10ab-414c-bfd4-76b9463300f2 | [{'content': 'Target sign is seen in? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spontaneous CSF Rhinorrhea, B. Traumatic CSF Rhinorrhea, C. Both, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Leakage of CSF into the nose is called CSF rhinorrhea. It may be clear fluid or mixed with blood as in acute head injuries. TRAUMA. Most of the cases follow trauma.it can be accidental or surgical. Inflammation, mucoceles of sinuses, sinunasal polyposis, fungal infection of sinuses & osteomyelitis, can all erode the bone and dura. Neoplasms, idiopathic- where cause is unknown and patient has spontaneous leak. SITE OF Leakage- CSF from anterior cranial fossa reaches the nose (1) cribriform plate, (2) roof of ethmoid air cells or (3) frontal sinus. CSF from middle cranial fossa follows injuries to sphenoid sinus, cribriform plate. In fracture of temporal bone, CSF reaches the middle ear and then escapes through the Eustachian tube into the nose (CSF OTORHINORRHOEA) DIAGNOSIS- there is history of clear watery discharge from the nose on bending the head or straining. CSF rhinorrhea should be differentiated from nasal discharge as the former is sudden, gushes in drops when bending and cannot be sniffed back. CSF rhinorrhea after head trauma is mixed with blood and shows "target sign" when collected on filter paper.it shows central red spot and peripheral lighter halo sign. LAB TEST = BETA-2 transferrin is seen in CSF and not in the nasal discharge. its presence is a specific and sensitive test.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | aae446ea-6c3c-44e3-9fd2-bd056d6d4a1a | [{'content': 'LA deposited in Inferior alveolar nerve block at \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sigmoid notch, B. Coronoid notch, C. Lingula, D. Groove of mandibular neck', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | fa7ee43b-5ca6-4b65-a72d-9bafd53b25df | [{'content': 'In extraction, best time to administer analgesics is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Before anaesthesia wears off, B. Prior to extraction, C. When pain is moderate to severe, D. After anaesthesia wears off', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bc74b992-2aef-440e-81a2-17958caecbee | [{'content': 'Mantle dentin is a layer next to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. DE], B. Pulp, C. Dentin, D. Enamel', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | 8b538660-2509-4f93-a358-104099bb3cb8 | [{'content': "The wave ' V ' in BERA represents activity in which of the following ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lateral lemniscus, B. Superior olivary complex, C. Cochlear nerve, D. Cochlear nucleus", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: The wave 'V' in BERA represents activity in lateral lemniscus.Auditory brainstem response (ABR):Is used to elicit brainstem responses to auditory stimulation by clicks or tone bursts.It is a non-invasive technique to find the integrity of central auditory pathways through the VIIIth nerve, pons and midbrain.The first, third and fifth waves are most stable and are used in measurements.Wave V Generation of wave V reflects the activity of multiple anatomic auditory structures. The sharp positive peak of wave V arises mainly from the lateral lemniscus, following slow negative wave represents the dendritic potential in the inferior colliculus.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | f3f48369-3b19-470a-bdaa-a5d8fa4d8afa | [{'content': 'Preconceptional intake of which of the following results in decrease in incidence of neural tube defect: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vitamin A, B. Folate, C. Vitamin E, D. Vitamin C', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: “Folic acid has been shown to effectively reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). A daily 4 mg dose is recommended for patients who have had a previous pregnancy affected by neural tube defects. It should be started atleast 1 month (ideally 3 months) prior to pregnancy and continued through the first 6–12 weeks of pregnancy.”\nCOGDT 10/e, p 197\nRemember:\n\nTherapeutic dose of folic acid (to be given in females with previous history of baby with NTD) - 4 mg.\nProphylactic dose of folic acid = 0.4 mg i.e. 400 mg\nDuration: It should be started 1 month before conception and continued till 3 months of pregnancy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d31db168-d292-495b-a874-4ea4e0adb69d | [{'content': 'Lower 2nd molar has \nSelect and explain. \nA. ‘+’ shape, B. Distorted ‘+’ shape, C. Y shaped, D. H shaped', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d04b4139-513d-4b58-a73a-972e4f8d8031 | [{'content': 'Failure of partial dentures due to poor clasp design can best be avoided by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Using stress breakers, B. Using bar type clasps, C. Altering tooth contours, D. Clasping only those teeth with fairly long crowns and normal bone support', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 860d2715-9c6e-4814-894d-48362fb1235d | [{'content': 'In excitable cells, repolarization is closely associated with one of the following events: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Na+ efflux, B. Na+ influx, C. K+ efflux, D. K+ influx', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 15b58a11-7341-4318-bf98-b29c4e4ba7c0 | [{'content': 'Hapten is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Antigenic and proteinaceous substance, B. Protein and non antigenic, C. Nonprotein and antigenic, D. Nonprotein and non antigenic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | a1f7c34e-e009-4447-b459-3fe798b4bbc1 | [{'content': 'Right trochlear nerve palsy can lead to all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Diplopia on upward gaze and adduction, B. Right head tilt, C. Exotropia, D. Hyperopia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Right head tilt(Ref. Yanoff and Duker 4/e p1228)Right trochlear nerve palsy:Accompanied by compensatory contralateral head tilt (left head tilt), not right head tilt.Signs:Classical sign of unilateral fouh nerve palsy is contralateral head tilt (an 'ocular' toicollis).Exhibited by most patients & usually sole presenting sign in children.Non-ophthalmological causes also considered.Presents with veical diplopia.Torsional diplopia - Due to ocular cyclotorsion accompanies veical diplopia in acquired fouh nerve palsy.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6d9828ad-86fa-45fa-b669-4c22f06dd9b0 | [{'content': 'The lingual extension of a Lower denture is Limited by all of the following (except) \nSelect and explain. \nA. Modiolus, B. Mylohyoid muscle, C. Origin of genioglossus, D. Sublingual salivary glands', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 41de4a10-ea29-4f5d-817c-570c5e537bc9 | [{'content': 'Patient with history of tachyarrhythmias is on implantable cardioveer defibrillator. He develops shock. Best method to know the position and integrity of ICD is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. CECT, B. MRI, C. USG, D. Plain radiograph', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. CECT (Ref Hurst 's The Hea 13/e p1050)Plain radiograph:Best method to know ICD position & integrity.ICD Lead dislodgement:Radiographically visible.Significant increase in pacing threshold /decline in electrogram amplitude.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | f010ab15-2d53-4002-a0d8-308dc27650c5 | [{'content': 'Morris retractor is most commonly used to retract \nSelect and explain. \nA. Left hypochondrium, B. Right hypochondrium, C. Hernia surgery, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Left hypochondrium Left hypochondrium- usesUsed to retract the abdominal wall in a wide mannerInstrument of choice or retraction in left subcostal region because it avoids the risk of splenic injury.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | dbf438a0-20c0-4eb7-a94a-f337ffabf5af | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not true about H. influenza? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rarely presents as meningitis in children less than 2 months of age, B. Capsular polypeptide protein is responsible for virulence, C. Requires factor V and X for growth, D. Most common invasive disease of H. influenza is meningitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Medicine | 57593a1c-3f1a-46c3-91b9-cf9230080c97 | [{'content': 'Which drug is not given in Wilson disease? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trientine, B. Calcium, C. Penicillamine, D. Zinc', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Wilson disease Trientine- copper chelator Penicillamine- also chelator but less used due to nephrotic side effect. Zinc- is competitive inhibitor of copper in absorption of gut. Zinc acetate is DOC for Wilson disease.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 5051fb2c-dfee-47c4-86b2-39af036755ae | [{'content': 'Bullet fingerprinting is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Human fingerprints on bullet, B. Primary marking, C. Secondary marking, D. Distoed bullet', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Bullet fingerprinting- Primary markings- The rifled firearm leaves its signature on the caridge case and on the bullet. With all rifled firearms, the bullet is slightly larger than the barrel, and as it passes through the barrel, its sides are marked by the rifling of the barrel. Secondary markings- They are produced on the surface of the bullet by imperfection on the inner surface of the barrel. These irregularities are produced by sticking of paicles of the bullet to the bore when shots are fired and is known as metallic fouling. They also result accidentally during the manufacturing process, usually microscopic in nature and have random distribution. They are useful in identifying the specific gun which was fired.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9251f6b9-8124-4f34-8936-c66761486357 | [{'content': 'Following intracoronal bleaching immediate composite restoration required, what has to be done: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Treat with catalase, B. Wait for 7 days is mandatory, C. Treat with H2O2 for 3 minutes, D. Not possible', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 620affae-3d54-4be1-b18c-5b2c89d3332d | [{'content': 'Which of the following is developed from the 1st arch: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stylohyoid ligament., B. Spenomandibular ligament., C. Stapes., D. Styloid process.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 2ae293df-8147-46d5-bd46-b913a95c2593 | [{'content': 'A 70 years old male patient presents with amblyopia, exeional chest pain, episodic tachycardia and extra systoles on FCC. What is the probable cause? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cocaine poisoning, B. Chronic nicotine poisoning, C. Arsenophagia, D. Cannabis ingestion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Chronic nicotine poisoningSymptoms of chronic nicotine poisoning are cough, wheezing, dyspnoea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, faintness,tremors, impaired memory, amblyopia, blindness, irregularity of the hea with extra-systoles and occasionally attacks pain suggesting angina pectoris', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 458b49a6-3d4e-445c-9542-51e2c9b466bd | [{'content': "All of the following reflex appear at birth except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Landau reflex, B. Babinski reflex, C. Startle reflex, D. Moro's reflex", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: All the reflexes appears at birth except Landau and parachute reflex.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | e9d9c003-7fb0-404f-aa20-bea77c101f75 | [{'content': 'A child had repeated vomiting and developed metabolic alkalosis. The treatment given is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ringer lactate, B. I.V. normal saline and potassium, C. ORS, D. I.V. Normal saline', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Treatment of metabolic alkalosis due to vomiting or nasogastric suction.\n\nMost children with metabolic alkalosis have one of the chloride responsive etiology (e.g., vomiting).\nIn these situations, administration of suffieeint sodium chloride and potassium chloride to correct volume deficit is necessary to correct metabolic alkalosis.\nAdequate replacement of gastric losses of sodium and potassium in a child with vomiting can minimize or prevent the development of metabolic alkalosis.\nWith adequate intravascular volume and a normal serum potassium concentration, the kidney is able to excrete the excess bicarbonate within a couple of days.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 5c98317f-be24-441a-9349-7f423d681dfc | [{'content': 'Most used selective medium for streptococcus rnutans is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mac conkey medium, B. Mitus salivarius bacitracin agar, C. Nutrient agar, D. Tellurite medium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2d635300-8808-4fb1-867f-cb4876001cbd | [{'content': 'Which characteristic of orthodontic wire describe energy storage capacity? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Range, B. Resilience, C. Formability, D. Proportional limit', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Popularly, the term\xa0resilience is associated with springiness, but it means precisely the\xa0amount\xa0of\xa0energy\xa0absorbed\xa0within\xa0a\xa0unit\xa0volume\xa0of\xa0a\xa0structure\xa0when\xa0it\xa0is\xa0stressed\xa0to\xa0its\xa0proportional limit.\xa0\nThe resilience\xa0of\xa0two\xa0or\xa0more\xa0materials\xa0can\xa0be compared\xa0by observing the areas under the elastic region of their stress-strain plots assuming that they are plotted on the same scale. The material\xa0with\xa0the\xa0larger\xa0elastic\xa0area\xa0has higher resilience.\nKey Concept:\nResilience—The amount of elastic energy per unit volume that is sustained on loading and released upon unloading of a test specimen.\n\xa0\nReference: Phillips science of dental materials, 12th ed page no 48,55', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 88082d18-5e7b-4c2a-81fa-b91139c7276d | [{'content': 'Thickness of luting cement is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 20-40 μ, B. 10-20 μ, C. 60-80 μ, D. 1-2 μ', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 6a5ff0ef-295a-4c36-b1c0-ea8988d03370 | [{'content': 'Midface is defined as the portion between: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hairline to subnasale, B. Glabella to subnasale, C. Glabella to menton, D. Subnasale to menton', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 8814eda0-0abe-43f0-8a8b-e3eeb4586928 | [{'content': 'Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones is primarily under inhibitory control of hypothalamus. \nSelect and explain. \nA. TSH, B. GRH, C. Somatostatin, D. Prolactin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bfe1f29e-4880-4b0b-bc9e-c9b96f580f47 | [{'content': 'Buccal coil spring used to regain space between 1st premolar and 1st molar causes following common post treatment complication: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pain, B. Gingival irritation, C. Tendency of 1st premolar to rotate, D. Tendency of 1st premolar to intrude', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 3cf1de31-2703-4ff6-8091-3992a27a7987 | [{'content': "Direct inter dental wiring is also known as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Risdon's wiring, B. Gilmer's wiring, C. Eyelet wiring, D. Col. Stouts wiring", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 8dbe206d-75d1-43ba-93fc-5b5c30f72a0a | [{'content': 'On biopsy report of CGCG on the basis of histologically & morphological similarities differential diagnosis is made between: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fibrous dysplasia, B. Hyperparathyroidism, C. Osteitis deformans, D. Hyperthyroidism', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7f2b9cac-40f0-4e49-8bca-c73cbc38835b | [{'content': 'Best fluid for factor VIII replacement is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. fresh whole blood, B. cryoprecipitate, C. FFP, D. Platelet concentrate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 39857f0f-9c6a-49b4-bb0c-9306c46a4c96 | [{'content': 'Which of the following feature is not seen in tongue thrusting? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spaced dentition, B. Crowding and crossbite, C. Open bite, D. Flush terminal plane', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Characteristics\xa0of\xa0tongue thrusting\n\nSpaced dentition\nPrimate spaces\nDeep bite\nFlush terminal plane\n\nMalocclusion\nVarious malocclusions have been reported to be\xa0caused due to tongue thrust. These can further\xa0be subdivided as:\na. Features pertaining to the maxilla\n\nProclination of maxillary anteriors resulting in an increase in overjet.\nGeneralised spacing between the teeth.\nMaxillary constriction.\n\nb. Features pertaining to the mandible\n\nRetroclination or proclination of mandibular teeth depending on the type of tongue\xa0thrust present.\n\nc. Intermaxillary relationships\n\nAnterior or posterior open bite based on the posture of the tongue.\nPosterior teeth crossbite.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 26af657d-76a3-44a6-9cd1-96ee335ef8fa | [{'content': 'Best way to monitor perfusion of free flap: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pulse oximeter, B. Laser doppler velocimetery, C. Prick test, D. Flourescin & dermo flourometer', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3b1d8bb2-5d19-4dc0-89b4-a8f94ac0e282 | [{'content': 'Which of the following structures is not of ectodermal origin: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hunter-schreger bands, B. Enamel spindles, C. Enamel tufts, D. Enamel lamellae', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Enamel spindles are odontoblastic process, which extend into enamel. Enamel spindles are mesenchymal in origin.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 731b980a-f36b-45bd-b1cf-538fd90541fc | [{'content': 'Paradoxical undressing seen in - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Immersion syndrome, B. Heat cramps, C. Hypothermia, D. Heat exhaustion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans- c- hypothermiaParadoxical undressing is a term for a phenomenon frequently seen in cases of lethal hypothermia. Sholy before death, the person will remove all their clothes, as if they were burning up, when in fact they are freezing.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 7f20e2a3-7048-4782-8dbe-c53dd6ccabc1 | [{'content': 'The single most effective method of reducing patient\nsomatic exposure when taking radiograph is to use: \nSelect and explain. \nA. A lead apron, B. Speed E film, C. Added filtration, D. An open ended, shielded cone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Intraoral dental X-ray film is available in two speed groups: D and E/F.\nClinically, film of speed group E/F is approximately twice as fast (sensitive) as film of group D and thus requires only half the exposure. Fast films are desirable from the standpoint of exposure reduction. Multiple studies have found that E/F-speed film is preferred, because it has the same useful density range, latitude, contrast, and image quality as D-speed films and can be used in routine intraoral radiographic examinations without sacrifice of diagnostic information.\xa0\nCurrent digital sensors offer equal or greater dose savings than E/F-speed film and comparable diagnostic utility.\nReference: White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology Principles and Interpretation 7th edition page no 33", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 61146ef9-e5d8-48c4-8031-a04cbb34c97e | [{'content': 'There is a swelling in a patient with respect to maxillary LI region, since last 48 hours, the swelling is hot & palpable & rebounds on pressure, the treatment of choice is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Incision & drainage, B. Antibiotic coverage, C. Antibiotics of heat only, D. Aspiration', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | e2883c94-00e1-42ef-b2c6-c1e3e9011038 | [{'content': 'True about occulomotor nerve are all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Carries parasympathetic fibres, B. Causes constriction of pupils, C. Supplies inferior oblique muscle, D. Passes through inferior orbital fissure', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7652722e-593d-470a-b2d5-30a15e4bae48 | [{'content': 'In a free gingival graft, what happens to epithelium of the graft? It: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Remains as such, B. Proliferates, C. Degenerates, D. Has to be removed by the surgeon', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | ad7de085-c01b-48bf-a1fe-fc7a33dab3d2 | [{'content': 'A boy is suffering from acute pyelonephritis. The most specific investigation is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Histopathological examination, B. Leucocyte esterase test, C. Nitrite test, D. Bacteria in gram stain', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The answer is A Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys and is one of the most common diseases of the kidney.Pyelonephritis occurs as a complication of an ascending urinary tract infection (UTI) which spreads from the bladder to the kidneys and their collecting systems.Symptoms usually include fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, burning on urination, increased frequency, and urgency. The 2 most common symptoms are usually fever and flank pain. E. coli is the most common bacteria causing acute pyelonephritis due to its unique ability to adhere to and colonize the urinary tract and kidneys.Histopathology will usually reveal necrosis or putrid abscess formation within the renal parenchyma. The renal tissues are infiltrated with neutrophils, macrophages and plasma cells. However, architecture is not completely disorganized.The presence of white blood cells within or upon casts strongly suggests pyelonephritis, direct infection of the kidney. They may also be seen in inflammatory states, such as acute allergic interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7dcb4cdd-3d71-4741-9893-db67879699f1 | [{'content': 'Setting expansion of grey MTA when mixed with water is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0.68%, B. 0.12%, C. 1.02%, D. 0.80%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 52638912-d9ec-4e6c-91a8-01e73bbeefd2 | [{'content': 'All of the following syndromes are associated with uniparental disomy except- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Prader-Willi syndrome, B. Russell-Silver syndrome, C. Bloom syndrome, D. Angelman syndrome', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Bloom syndromeBloom syndrome is not associated wilh uniparental disomy.Uniparental disomy is the term used when both chromosome of a pair of chromosome in a person with normal number ofchromosome, have been inherited from only one parent.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Medicine | dbd53f8c-f995-46d5-93fc-350207f988ec | [{'content': 'Which of the following has a male:female ratio of 1:1? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rheumatoid ahritis, B. Gout, C. Seronegative spondyloahritis, D. Polymyalgia rheumatica', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Seronegative spondyloahritis has a male : female ratio of 1:1. Rheumatoid ahritis and Polymyalgia rheumatica are seen more commonly in females. Gout is more common in males.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pharmacology | 524d41bf-ef51-49b4-8662-dcaf2c2798fb | [{'content': 'A diabetic and hypeensive patient taking several drugs presented with septicemia. Serum creatinine levels are 5.7 mg/dL. Which of the following drug should be stopped? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Insulin, B. Metoprolol, C. Linagliptin, D. Metformin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Serum creatinine levels are raised indicating renal failure. In renal failure and hepatic failure --> Metformin is C/I as it |ses the risk of developing lactic acidosis. Contraindicated in patients with an eGFR below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2. eGFR should be measured annually for patients taking metformin therapy. eGFR is preferred over serum creatinine concentration to assess renal function for a person taking metformin therapy Linagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor. Metoprolol is a b blocker.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 6a1a402b-247e-4dd9-80b2-ad2f347b2d02 | [{'content': 'Drug of choice for Rheumatic fever prophylaxis in penicillin allergic patient – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Erythromycin, B. Clindamycin, C. Vancomycin, D. Gentamycin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: T/T of Rhernatic fever\nDrug of choice --> Penicillin\nDrug of choice in penicillin allergic patients -4 Erythromycin\nDrug of choice for prophylaxis in Rheumatic fever -4 enzathine penicillin\nPrimary prevention\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 -\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0Benzathine penicillin administared before the 9th day of streptococcal pharyngitis\nSecondary prevention\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0-\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0Benzathine penicillin is administered of patients who have had an episode of Rheumatic fever this prevents further attacks\n\nIn penicillin allergic patients erythromycin is administered.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 04c8a800-af32-40fb-b60e-45d64d189679 | [{'content': 'Placement of graft will be failure in which class of recession \nSelect and explain. \nA. class I, B. Class II, C. Class III, D. Class IV', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | dc531f41-5306-431e-b925-b56c77261c5b | [{'content': 'The vascular supply of the periodontal ligament is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Greatest in the middle-third of a single rooted tooth, B. Greatest in the middle-third of a multirooted tooth, C. A net-like plexus that runs closer to the cementum than to the bone, D. A net-like plexus that runs closer to the bone than to the cementum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 42dbf12f-7a02-4df7-85b2-e8e2b8638f9b | [{'content': 'Commonest cause of TMJ ankylosis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trauma, B. Development disturbances, C. Infections, D. Atrophy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d2b006ba-21fa-4ec8-bcda-760d55e8b326 | [{'content': 'To prevent sensitivity caused by acid etching and to protect pulp in deep cavities which of the following should be used. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ca(OH)2 liner, B. ZOE, C. Light cured GIC liner, D. Varnish', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 41fac382-483b-4573-99c4-555b80dff3bc | [{'content': 'All are true about rheumatic fever, except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Common in poor socioeconomic group, B. Develops after streptococcal pharyngitis, C. Communicable disease, D. Seen in 5–15 years of children', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Rheumatic fever\n\nRheumatic fever is an acute immunologically mediated multisystem inflammatory disease that occurs few weeks after an episode of group A streptococcal pharyngitis.\nThe disease is immune mediated, not a communicable disease.\n\tEpidemiology ofAcute Rheumatic fever.\nThe epidemiology of acute Rheumatic fever is identical to that of group A streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection.\nAs is the case of streptococcal sore throat, acute rheumatic fever most often occurs in children, the peak age related incidence is between 5-15 years.\nEpidemiological risk factor for rheumatic fever, include lower standards of living especially crowding, the disease has been more common among socially and economically disadvantaged populations.\n\nPathogenesis of Rheumatic fever\n\nIt is strongly suspected that acute Rheumatic fever is a hypersensitivity reaction induced by group A streptococci but the exact pathogenesis remains uncertain despite many years of investigation.\nAlthough the precise factor or factors that confer this property are unknown, highly rheumatogenic strains, share certain biological characteristic.\nIt is believed that antibodies directed against the M proteins of certain strains cross reacts with glycoprotein antigens in the heart, joints and other tissues. These strains are (1, 3, 5, 6, 18).\nThe M proteins molecules has a particular surface exposed antigenic domain against which Rheumatic fever patients mount a strong antibody response. These antibodies against the M proteins cross reacts with glycoproteins antigens in the heart, joints and other tissues because these glycoproteins share similar features with M antigenic domain.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Anaesthesia | c9aa8c5b-b009-4c7e-a8d4-05cf46db9282 | [{'content': 'The case of biliary duct stricture with retching and vomiting, given 3mg morphine epiduraly daily, one day 12 mg mistakenly dose of epidural, morphine given. Not present:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Itching, B. Urinary retention, C. Increase vomiting, D. Overstimulation of respiratory centre', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Side effect of high dose epidural opioid: Nausea and vomiting Pruritis Urinary retention Respiratory depression High dose of opioid can spread centrally and stimulate CTZ center and can precipitate nausea and vomiting. Pruritis due to morphine is not due to histamine release, high dose morphine can spread centrally, act on trigeminal nerve and cause pruritis. Urinary retention in morphine use is due to it's action on sacral spinal cord, therefore it can happen even at normal dose and not related to high dose. Respiratory depression in morphine overdose due to migration of morphine centrally.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | eda38a61-8191-470a-a712-84502a7ef918 | [{'content': 'Bonding agents have hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. The hydrophobic group binds which structure? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calcium in enamel, B. Hydroxyapatite group in hard tissue, C. Resin in restoration, D. Collagen in dentin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ideally, a dentin bonding agent should have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. The hydrophilic end displaces the dentinal fluid to wet the surface. The hydrophobic end bonds to the composite resin.\nBonding: The forces or energies between atoms or molecules at an interface that hold two phases together.\nMechanism of bonding:\nDentin adhesive molecule has a bifunctional structure:\nM-R-X\nWhere,\nM is the double bond of methacrylate which copolymerizes with composite resin.\nR is the spacer which makes the molecule large.\nX is a functional group for bonding, which bonds to an inorganic or organic portion of dentin.\nRef: Textbook of Operative Dentistry, Nisha and Amit Garg, 3rd edition, Pg no:239', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | dfa174ff-9288-47b3-8768-a17b364ba1d3 | [{'content': 'A patient on 300 mg of aspirin will show all the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase path way, B. Prolonged bleeding time, C. Inhibition of thromboxane TXA2, D. Inhibition of prostaglandin PGI2', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | c2966f39-a3e7-464d-9048-937bf330c794 | [{'content': 'Antimalarial drug used for causal prophylaxis act at which stage of developmental cycle \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gametogony, B. Erythrocytic schizogony, C. Pre-erythrocytic schizogony, D. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. Pre-erythrocytic schizogonyPre-erythrocytic schizogony* Occurs inside the parenchymal cells of liver.* Merozoites are liberated into blood.* Drugs acting on this stage will prevent infection of RBC and clinical attack of malaria causal prophylaxis.* Drugs are* Proguanil & Tetracycline - for falciparum.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | e7237ab3-dee3-49ef-997f-77c555541ca6 | [{'content': 'A 3-year-old patient reports of painless progressive bilateral facial swellings. The tentative diagnosis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cherubism, B. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia, C. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, D. Central giant cell granuloma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2c98bee7-541d-4bef-a8f8-49ffdb6e2213 | [{'content': 'Normal WBC count \nSelect and explain. \nA. 4,000-11,000, B. 40000 -80000, C. 13000-17000, D. 1000-3000', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Psychiatry | 1338302d-2d9f-4d48-ac86-48f3c680594c | [{'content': 'Provision of WHO mental action gap are all, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Human rights, B. Communication regarding care and career, C. Screening family members, D. Social suppo', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: WHO developed mental health action gap to improve the care of mental, neurological, substance abuse disorder (low and middle country) These disorder cause large economics costs and are association with violation of human rights The key pa was to develop an evidence-based guideline meant for use by non specialists Mental health action gap involves mobilization of suppo and establish panerships', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 9c1d56d9-5f46-4d3f-87e6-894a31c98f27 | [{'content': 'Retraction of the protruded mandible is done by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Medial Pterygoid, B. Lateral pterygoid, C. Masseter, D. Temporalis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Depression of mandible is caused by lateral pterygoid (main), digastric, geniohyoid & mylohyoid. And Elevation of mandible by temporalis, medial pterygoid & masseter.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 407d4eec-cf0b-460c-bcdb-cf0081ec8c5d | [{'content': 'Methacholine acts at which receptor? \nSelect and explain. \nA. M1, B. M2, C. M3, D. M4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. M2Methacholine is an M2 receptor agonist.ParameterM1M2M3Agonists (Relatively selective)Oxotremorine, MCN-343AMethacholineBethanecholAntagonists (Relatively selective)Pirenzepine, TelenzepineMethoctramine, TripitramineDarifenacin, Solifenacin', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4cd85450-80cb-48af-b4d0-30c2d42495f9 | [{'content': 'Name the curve which passes through the cusps of all the posteriors, reaches to condyle: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Curve of Wilson., B. Anti monsoon curve., C. Monsoon curve., D. Curve of spee.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0943ce96-d94b-4a3b-8db8-a93ad80ce094 | [{'content': '4 yr old child has 0.2 ppm fluoride in drinking water. The child can be administered: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 mg tab/day, B. Rinses 0.2% NaF, C. Topical application of fluoride, D. Fluoride containing dentifrices', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 0190dc62-5b1a-48f7-b0c2-f91fb0fd66e7 | [{'content': 'Which or tile following is true about antigenic drift? \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is seen only in influenza virus type A, B. It is a result of framesshift mutation, C. It mostly affects the matrix protein, D. It mostly affects the matrix protein', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. It mostly affects the matrix protein(Ref: Park 24/e p164, 23/e p154, 22/e p145)Antigenic drift:Mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within genes that code for antibody binding sites.Results from genetic recombination of human with animal or an virus, providing a major antigenic change.This can cause a major epidemic or pandemic involving most or all age groups.Antigenic drift involves point mutation in the genes owing to selection pressure by immunity in the host population.This results in a new strain of virus paicles, which cannot be inhibited as effectively by the antibodies that were originally targeted against previous strains, making it easier for the virus to spread throughout a paially immune population, responsible for seasonal epidemics of influenza.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 90f34466-4378-4d47-bf88-b930ace9b95d | [{'content': 'Most commonly used technique for determination of working length of a 8 year old child patient of teeth maxillary central incisor: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tactile sensation, B. Moisture on paperpoint, C. Digital, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: As 8 year old patient has central incisor with open apex, hence paper points are most commonly used method.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | c25d4907-49a0-4104-83d2-df515cdcf676 | [{'content': 'A Iaday 35 years old lactating mother Presented with a Painful breast lump. Most appropriate initial investigation should be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mammography, B. USG, C. MRI, D. X-ray', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. USG(Ref Sutton's Radiology 7/e p1456; Schwaz 9/e p467; Sabiston 19/e p2035-p846) Indications of Breast Ultrasound: ,Itton's Radiology 7/e p1456)Symptomatic breast lump in women < 35 yearsBreast lump during lactation and pregnancyAssessment of mammographic abnormality (+- fuher mammographic views)Assessment of MRI or scintimammography detected lesionsClinical breast mass with negative mammogramBreast inflammationAugmented breast (together with MRI)", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 8cced5f0-0647-4f31-9ba7-71bebcfb2255 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is caused by Amphotericin B \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypo kalemia, B. Hyperkalemia, C. Hypermagnesemia, D. Hyponatremia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7dbd5a5b-1731-4cbd-a3e1-f50c0db1e695 | [{'content': 'The most common curvature of the palatal root of maxillary first molar is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Facial, B. Lingual, C. Distal, D. Mesial', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | fd5e72b2-ff85-4ad8-8457-50ae63f377db | [{'content': 'A new marker for mantle cell lymphoma especially useful in Cyclin DI negative cases is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. SOX 11, B. Annexin V, C. MYD88, D. ITRA I', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. SOX 11SOXII expression h a highly specific for mantle cetl lymphoma and identifies the cyclin Dl-negative subtype.Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)Immunophenotype:CD20 CD79a & PAX-5 positive establish B lineageCD5, CD43, FMC-7, cyclin Dl & SOX11 positiveSurface IgM & IgD positiveCDS+ve & CD23 -ve which help to distinguish it from CLL/SLL.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | cbe3d8a4-b91d-45f7-b04f-238825eec503 | [{'content': 'Type of skull seen in Beckwith hypoglycemic syndrome and fanconi syndrome: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Platycephaly., B. Microcephaly., C. Anencephaly., D. Brachcephaly.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7cea5a22-d408-4fce-b026-381149dfd0b3 | [{'content': 'Centre of rotation during intrusion is at: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Infinity, B. Middle third of tooth, C. CEJ, D. Outside the tooth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | c1730172-912a-4744-ad47-3034848202c7 | [{'content': 'Koebner phenomenon is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Impetigo, B. Pemphigoid, C. Erythema multiforme, D. Psoriasis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 49590250-c847-4276-9d56-c4b6a8cca048 | [{'content': 'Most abundant cells in Cell rich zone \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fibroblasts, B. Odontoblasts, C. Ameloblasts, D. Undifferentiated mesencymal cells', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | f229b847-b096-4925-ba33-f2a0427cea4d | [{'content': 'Countercurrent mechanism is not seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Kidney, B. Testes, C. Eye, D. Intestine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Eye(Ref Ganong 25/e p417, 420, 685, 24/e p687, 419, 422) .Countercurrent mechanism:Not seen in eye.Inflow runs parallel to, counter to & in close proximity to outflow for some distance.Seen in kidney, limbs, testis & intestine.In renal system - Both loops of Henle & vasa recta in renal medulla.Intestine - Villi where oxygen directly diffuses from aerioles to vein.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Skin | cc65668e-675f-4422-a28f-96df292dc630 | [{'content': 'Which component of cement causes allergic contact dermatitis?? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cobalt, B. Nickel, C. Iron, D. Chromium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans : D: ChromiumMost common allergen is hexavalent chromium salts.Allergic contact dermatitis more than irritant contact dermatitis.Level of exposure needed for allergic contact dermatitis 100-400 nglcm2.Taarate, glycine, silicone, dapsone, ferrous sulphate causes conversion from chromium (VI) to chromium (III), which is less allergenic.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |