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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | dde225f7-adf4-41e8-afe5-f12ab7801578 | [{'content': 'The principal reason for placing an aluminium filter in\nthe primary beam of radiation is to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reduce exposure time, B. Decrease development time of the films, C. Reduce radiation to the skin of the patient, D. Obtain greater definition of the images of teeth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Although an x-ray beam consists of a continuous spectrum of x-ray photon energies, only photons with sufficient energy to penetrate through anatomic structures and reach the image receptor (digital or film) are useful for diagnostic radiology. Low-energy photons\xa0that cannot reach the receptor contribute to patient risk but do no offer any benefit. Consequently, it is desirable to remove these low-energy photons from the beam. This removal can be accomplished in part by placing a metallic disk (filter) in the beam path.\xa0\nA filter preferentially removes low-energy photons from the beam, while allowing high energy photons that are able to contribute to making an image to pass through.\xa0\nRef: Oral Radiology, Principles and Interpretation / Stuart C. White, Michael J. Pharoah - 7th ed - pg - 10', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | d1ba41d0-9b08-4fd4-a4fa-22315c0e8ceb | [{'content': 'Myelinated nerve fibres have all of the following properties except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Conduction is slower in myelinated than in non-myelinated fibres, B. Current discharges at nodes of Ranvier, C. Outer layer is of lipids, D. Depolarisation occurs only at nodes of ranvier', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 3ec2a130-23a9-4750-ac4f-a9390c2930ef | [{'content': 'Central wrapping is done by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Golgi tendon, B. Type 2 fibre, C. Flower spray ending, D. Annulospiral ending', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Primary sensory nerve fiber belongs to type Iα (Aα) nerve fiber. Each sensory (afferent) nerve fiber has two branches.\xa0One\xa0of the\xa0branches\xa0supplies\xa0the\xa0central portion\xa0of\xa0nuclear\xa0bag\xa0 fiber. The other branch\xa0ends\xa0in\xa0central\xa0portion\xa0of\xa0the\xa0nuclear\xa0chain fiber. These branches end in the form of rings around central portion of nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers.\nTherefore, these nerve endings are called annulospiral endings.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 93f5e66f-2b58-40a8-84e0-0c4c42dd7a93 | [{'content': 'Golgi tendon organs used to detect ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dynamic, B. Static, C. Tension of muscle, D. All', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. Tension of muscleThe Golgi tendon organ (GTO) (also called Golgi organ, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension. It lies at the origins and inseion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ee350111-02ad-4142-8dc2-0be524836a16 | [{'content': 'Function of WHO collaborating centers: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Collection, collation and dissemination of information, B. Functioning and forming new guidelines/definitions for diseases, C. Contact with grass root workers, D. Collaborate information mainly', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | c6da06a8-62d4-49b1-9bce-e4584bbadc62 | [{'content': 'Vesicoureteric reflux is more common in – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Newborn females, B. Older girls, C. Older boys, D. Only during pregnancy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Clinical manifestations of VUR \n\nIn primary reflux the average age ofpresentation is 2-3 years.\nReflux is more common in females and it is usually detected earlier in females so we can say that reflux is present from birth but it is usually detected at 2-3 years of age but in feinales the age of detection is earlier.\n\nFeatures are -\n\nIn primary reflux the patient usually presents with symptoms of pyelonephritis or cystitis.\nIn secondary reflux manifestation of primary diseases are usually the presenting symptoms\nReflux is the most common cause of pyelonephritis. It is seen in 30-50% of patients with pyelonephritis.\nIt is present in over 75% of patients with radiological evidence of chronic pyelonephritis Diagnosis of Vesicoureteric reflux -\nThe most useful process for conclusive diagnosis of reflux is micturating cystourethrogram.\nThis will demonstrate the grade of reflux as well as urethral anatomy.\nThe other useful technique for detecting vesicoureteric reflux is radionuclide imaging.\nIt is extremaly sensitive at detecting reflux but do not demonstrate the anatomic detail seen with voiding cystourethro gram.\nSo they are used for follow up after micturating cystourethrogram because they offer less radiation exposure.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | bd5b9ca9-7065-4c91-8a54-26c8d3a34501 | [{'content': 'A young man was on high protein diet and raw eggs. After 3 days he developed weakness. Blood investigation revealed hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is due to inhibition of which of the following enzymes \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glucose 6 phosphatase, B. Glycogen phosphorylase, C. Pyruvate Carboxylase, D. Glucokinase', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans- c- Pyruvate Carboxylase.When gluconeogenesis is elevated due to low blood glucose levels, the activation by acetyl-CoA of pyruvate carboxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, paially alletes this problem, but in conditions such as starvation and untreated diabetes mellitus, ketone bodies are overproduced and cause ketosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Orthopaedics | dccadcab-84e0-4aec-b33a-7509f61f07fe | [{'content': 'A 20 year old man fell on an outstretched hand and later had pain in the anatomic snuff box area of hand. What is the deformity in this person. The x - ray after the fall is given below: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Scaphoid - lunate fracture, B. Distal radius fracture, C. Ulnar fracture, D. Scaphoid fracture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: * This is a case of FOOSH (fall on out-stretched hand). X - ray image shows fracture of scaphoid.* Overall most common of FOOSH is colle's fracture. It is common in elderly.* Common in FOOSH occurring in young adult is scaphoid fracture * Common in FOOSH occurring in children is supracondylar of humerus * Pain on anatomical snuffbox signifies scaphoid fracture", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 91ef49a3-d73b-408b-abf1-0fbfe43805dd | [{'content': 'A 70 years old patient presents with a lesion on the cheek with raised, pearly borders and with telangiectasias on surface of the lesion. What is the likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Basal cell carcinoma, B. Squamous cell carcinoma, C. Was, D. Actinic keratosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Basal cell carcinoma(Ref: Harrison 19/c p500; Robbins 9/e p1157)Lesion on the cheek with raised, pearly borders and with telangiectasia on surface of the lesion is highly suggestive of basal cell carcinoma.Basal cell carcinomas:Present as pearly papules containing prominent dilated subepidermal blood vessels (telangiectasias).Arises from epidermal basal cells.Present as a small, slowly growing pearly nodule, often with touous telangiectatic vessels on its surface, rolled borders, and a central crust (nodular BCC).The occasional presence of melanin in this variant of nodular BCC (pigmented BCC) may lead to confusion with melanoma.Morpheaform (fibrosing), infiltrative, and micronodular BCC, the most invasive and potentially aggressive subtypes, manifest as solitary flat or slightly depressed, indurated whitish, yellowish, or pink scar-like plaques.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 23d97589-5dbe-4c51-b3ff-3d102f13d781 | [{'content': 'Crude Bih rate for a sub-center is 20. What the number of pregnant woman registered in sub-center? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 80, B. 100, C. 110, D. 60', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Population of a sub-centre =5000 Crude bih rate= 20 per 1000 mid-year population Therefore, no. of bihs= 20/1000 x 5000=100 Pregnancy wastage factor = 10% (i.e. not all pregnancies result in a live bih, and roughly 10% ANC women have a "wastage" of their pregnancy. Therefore, total ANC= 100+ =110 As a thumb rule, Minimum number of ANC that should be registered at a time= 50%. - Min. No. registered in the sub-centre= 110 x 50/100=55 ~ ~60', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pathology | c0bf19ac-df23-4d2b-8a88-0b2f256fed66 | [{'content': 'A 12 - year - old boy had a cut in his forearm 4 days ago. Now the bleeding has been stopped due to granulation tissue formation. While taking a skin biopsy a pa of the granulation tissue was also included in the specimen. The histology of granulation tissue is shown below. Which type of collagen is found in this granulation tissue? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type 1, B. Type 2, C. Type 3, D. Type 4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: In wound healing, granulation tissue formation takes place 2 weeks - Predominantly, it is collagen type 3 >2 weeks - Collagen type 1', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 641830d8-81c8-4a90-abaf-1d0fc4de838d | [{'content': 'A 61 years old post-menopausal woman with a family history of ovarian cancer presents with pain abdomen. She is on hormone replacement therapy. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a smooth cyst in the right ovary. What should be done next? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Observe and reassure the patient, B. Laparoscopic surgery to visualize the nature of the cyst, C. Drilling of cysts, D. Check CA-125 levels and advise regular follow-up if normal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer-D. Check CA-125 levels and advise regular follow-up if normalThis is a post-menopausal patient with a simple (smooth) qtst in the ovary. Such a cyst doesn't needfuher investigations,but this patient has two risk factors for malignancy: Family history of ovarian tamor and history of Hormonal therapy.Hence, CA-125 levels should be evaluated and the RMI-I score (Risk of Malignancy index) calcalated before proceedingfor regular follow up. If RMI score exceeds 200,fuher imaging laparoscopic surgery will be needed in this patient.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 5fecb77f-66cc-4650-8201-3759bda2a213 | [{'content': 'A drug X was given continuous intravenous infusion at 1.6 mg/min. The clearance of the drug is 640 mL/min. With a half-life of 1.8 hours, what would be the steady state plasma concentration of drug? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0.002 mg/mL, B. 0.004 trig/mL, C. 2.88 mg/mL, D. 3.55 mg/mL', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. 0.002 mg/mLCpss is directly propoional to the dose rate & inversely propoional to the clearance of drug.Cpss = Dose rate/clearanceDose rate= 1.6 mgiml; Clearance= 640 ml/minCpss = 1.61640 = 0.0025 mg/ml = 0.002 mg/ml', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 05c55694-331d-4f11-a9b4-a5efbc32de79 | [{'content': 'Which of these is seen in Asherman syndrome? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oligomenorrhea, B. Hypomenorrhea, C. Metromenorrhagia, D. Polymenorrhea', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Hypomenorrhea(Ref: Shaw's 16/e p250; Novaks 13/e p351)Hypomenorrhea:Seen in Asherman syndromeAsherman's syndrome:More common with secondary amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea.Causes:In patients with risk factors for endometrial or cervical scarring (history of uterine or cervical surgery), infections related to IUD use & severe pelvic inflammatory disease.Found in 39% patients undergoing hysterosalpingography with previous postpaum curettage.Rare cause: Infections (tuberculosis & schistosomiasis).", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Surgery | 251499f8-5ddb-4d75-9acb-71fa169e64dc | [{'content': 'Most common cause of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bronchogenic carcinoma, B. Thyroid surgery, C. Mediastinal tumors, D. Pancoast tumor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: "Previous surgery, mostly thyroid surgery, is the most common cause of laryngeal nerve paralysis. Revision thyroidectomy bears a paicularly high risk for inferior and superior laryngeal nerve trauma." - Surgery of Larynx and Trachea by Marc Remacle (2015)/ p271', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ff070552-6e90-4e3b-ad82-918bed4d632c | [{'content': 'A G2 P1+0+0 diabetic mother present at 32 weeks pregnancy, there is history of full term fetal demise in last pregnancy. Her vitals are stable, sugar is controlled and fetus is stable. Which among the following will be the most appropriate management? \nSelect and explain. \nA. To induce at 38 weeks, B. To induce at 40 weeks, C. Cesarean section at 38 weeks, D. To wait for spontaneous delivery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The most common time of IUD in a diabetic patient is last two weeks of pregnancy, since in this patient there is history of a full term demise as well, so logically speaking we should terminate her pregnancy at 38 weeks.This is what logic says, now let us see what references have to say-\nHigh risk gestational diabetes:\n\nHistory of stillbirth\nHistory of neonatal death\nHistory of fetal macrosomia\nConcomitant obesity and/or hypertension\nDevelopment of oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios preeclampsia or fetal macrosomia\nInadequate metabolic control with diet alone.\n\n“High risk gestational diabetic patients should have their labor induced when they reach 38 weeks with exception of those with a macrosomia fetus (Efw > 4000 g) who should be delivered by cesarean section because of the increased risk of shoulder dystocia”.\nFernando Arias 3/e, p 449\nInduction of labor: The indications are\n\nDiabetic women controlled on insulin (GDM or class B diabetes) are considered for induction of labor after 38 completed weeks\nWomen with vascular complications (pre-eclampsia, IUGR) often require induction after 37 weeks.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 3559323b-c3a6-42b9-b4a1-33e132361d1f | [{'content': 'Numbness on shaving after parotidectomy due to which nerve injury? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Facial nerve, B. Auriculotemporal nerve, C. Greater auricular nerve, D. Occipital nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Auriculotemporal nerve', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | edd5dd5b-34dc-4c3c-9c68-75812480d96c | [{'content': 'According to RAMJFORD, occlusal interferences with nervous tension triggers which of the following habit: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bruxism, B. Thumb sucking, C. Tongue thrusting, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 81b6f78e-d617-455f-b0d6-fd9480077f70 | [{'content': "True about cow\\'s milk are all except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cow's milk contains 80% whey protein not casein, B. Cow milk has less carbohydrate than mothers milk, C. Has more K+ and Na+ than infant formula feeds, D. All of the above", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Whey protein constitutes 80% of the protein in human milk, while the main protein in cow's milk is casein\nTable : Compariso, of human milk and cow's milk", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e71cfa3d-6587-429f-8fa8-24cdd6e686d1 | [{'content': 'While performing biomechanical preparation, apical constriction is enlarged to 50 sized instrument. What would be the next step? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Use reverse filing technique, B. Reinstrument with larger instrument 1 mm short of previous preparation, C. Fit a 50 mm cone and condense carefully, D. Fill with 40 sized cone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Anatomy | e60f51ab-3827-4ddd-9649-a6d601b9682c | [{'content': 'Root value of cremaster reflex is \nSelect and explain. \nA. L1, L2, B. L2, L3, C. S1, S2, D. S3, S4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: In Men, Cremaster muscle & cremaster fascia form middle/2nd covering of spermatic cord. This muscle & Its associated fascia are supplied by genital branch of GENITOFEMORAL NERVE(L1 L2) Contraction of this muscle & resulting elevation of testis can be stimulated by reflex arc Gently touching the skin at & around the anterior aspect of superior pa of thigh stimulates sensory fibers in femoral branch of genito-femoral N/ Ilio-Inguinal N. These fibers enter spinal cord at L1 At L1, Sensory fibers stimulate motor fibers carried in genital branch of genito-femoral N, which results in contraction of cremaster muscle & elevation of testis. Cremasteric reflex is more active in children, tending to diminish with age. As with many reflexes, it may be absent in ceain neurological disorders. Although, it can be used for testing spinal cord function at level L1 in men, Its clinical use is limited.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 7d07e718-099e-466f-912a-d1f7240f482b | [{'content': 'All of the following are true about venous drainage of esophagus except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thoracic esophagus drains into the azygos vein, B. Esophageal veins drain into a submucosal plexus, C. The cervical esophagus drains directly into the right brachiocephalic vein, D. Lower esophageal veins anastomose with the left gastric vein', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. The cervical esophagus drains directly into the right brachiocephalic vein(Ref: Gray's 411e p1111, 40Ie p950).Cervical pa of esophagus is drained into inferior thyroid vein, not the right brachiocephalic vein.Venous drainage of esophagus:Cervical pa is drained by inferior thyroid vein.Thoracic pa is drained by azygous and hemiazygous veins.Abdominal pa is drained by two venous channels, hemiazygous vein and left gastric vein.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Anaesthesia | dea9021b-e874-4096-9195-ac758f2de19d | [{'content': 'A Patient in medical intensive care unit who is intubated ,suddenly removes the endotracheal tube. What should be done next? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sedate and reintubate, B. Make him sit and do physiotherapy, C. Assess the patient and give bag and mask ventilation and look for spontaneous breathing, D. Give bag and mask ventilation and intubate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: As the ET tube was removed by the patient by himself, it indicates adequate spontaneous breathing and muscle power. Hence assess the patient first, give bag and mask ventilation and look for spontaneous breathing', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | e0d4d5a9-71e4-4f84-b750-3894f8c7eaad | [{'content': "Disadvantages of grids are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Skin exposure of patient, B. Increase exposure time, C. Doesn't improve image, D. Overall density of radiograph is increased", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6268aaa4-a6b7-4879-b15a-3861afd83e45 | [{'content': 'Most commonly missing tooth is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Upper 3rd molar, B. Lower 3rd molar, C. Upper lateral incisor, D. Lower 2nd premolar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 059d6968-3cf3-49e4-a30c-c15b1f3b3308 | [{'content': 'True about enameloma \nSelect and explain. \nA. A globule like structure usually found on root due to misplaced ameloblast, B. True neoplasm of ameloblast, C. Tumor resembling enamel present on gingiva, D. Tumor of ameloblast which fail to differentiate terminally', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2f009ec1-ddb0-4dc5-a0e1-b46ab022a5fa | [{'content': 'Chewing stroke starts from? \nSelect and explain. \nA. CO, B. CR, C. Maximum intercuspation, D. CR or CO depends on patient to patient', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 025ee5f8-15fa-4b65-9e0a-755ae8e2d304 | [{'content': 'Molecule with permanent dipole \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oxygen, B. Helium, C. Liquid nitrogen, D. Water', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pharmacology | 2b110e57-8338-4189-86e2-cbea7d761c30 | [{'content': 'A diabetic patient presented with uncontrolled blood sugar level. He has history of pancreatitis and family history of urinary bladder carcinoma. He does not want to take injectable drugs. Which of the following drug can be added to control his blood sugar? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Liraglutide, B. Sitagliptin, C. Canagliflozin, D. Pioglitazone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Linaglutide(-ide) is a peptide, so not given orally. It is a GLP 1(incretin) analogue and it can cause pancreatitis.Sitagliptin is a DPP 4(dipeptidyl peptidase 4) inhibitor; can cause pancreatitis.Pioglitazone(PPAR- gamma agonist) can cause urinary bladder carcinoma; so can't be given.So, canagliflozin (SGLT 2 inhibitor) can be added.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | dfb6dc4a-a4ac-4270-8bf2-807e6efead3a | [{'content': 'A pregnant female with known cardiac disease presents to you in the first trimester with history of warfarin embryopathy what should be advised now? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Continue warfarin throughout the pregnancy, B. Replace warfarin with heparin in First trimester, C. Give acicoumarin, D. Use LMW heparin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B. Replace warfarin with heparin in First trimesterRef: Williams Obstetrics, 24'h ed.Warf'arin has a low molecular weight and readily crosses the placenta.Exposure between the 6th and 9th weeks may result in warfarin embryopathy characterized by stippling of the veebrae and femoral epiphyses and by nasal hypoplasia with depression ofthe nasal bone.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 936ed4f5-e283-4e25-97a3-a696b0539389 | [{'content': 'Which muscle is responsible for translation of condyle? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Medial pterygoid, B. Masseter, C. Superior constrictor of pharynx, D. Lateral pterygoid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 69758996-e5da-4633-a11a-63862d6595c8 | [{'content': 'Average daily dose of vitamin-C is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 30 - 40 mg, B. 50 - 60 mg, C. 60 - 100 mg, D. 100 - 150 mg', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 57f4102b-4c7f-41b0-8ee5-a221747da8ab | [{'content': 'It is likely that cell mediated immune reactions (delayed\nhypersensitivity) occur in periodontitis because subjects with periodontitis have \nSelect and explain. \nA. High levels of histamine in involved gingival tissue, B. IgG antibodies reactive with plaque bacterial antigens, C. Ttymphocytes sensitized to bacterial plaque antigens, D. High Levels of collagenase in gingival fluids', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Medicine | 31579687-1448-4606-9db6-52f9d0cc8a7f | [{'content': 'Which of the following is NOT the criteria to discharge a patient of dengue haemorrhagic fever? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Afebrile for 24 hours without antipyretics, B. Platelet count greater than 50,000 cells, C. Return of appetite, D. Atleast 24 hours since recovery from shock', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Normal urine output- 1.5 l/day For discharge patient should become afebrile 24 hrs from shock recovery would not be enough should be kept a little longer to know general well being of patient. Therefore, option a, b, d ruled out. Patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome may be discharged from the hospital when they meet the following criteria: Afebrile for 24 hours without antipyretics Good appetite, clinically improved condition Adequate urine output Stable hematrocit level Atleast 48 hours since recovery from shock No respiratory distress Platelet count greater than 50,000 cells.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 781a68ce-0d78-4685-948b-4dbfa0740f1e | [{'content': 'A mother is exposed to Diethyl stilbesterol during pregnancy. All the following features may be seen in the child after birth except : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Clear cell carcinoma, B. Microglandular hyperplasia, C. Malformation of the vagina and uterus, D. Vaginal adenosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: "Women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero have a high incidence of adenosis of the vagina and cervis. These patient also have, potential reproductive abnormalities, including infertility, habitual abortions and tubal and uterine cavity abnormality. Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix is a rare sequaele of DES exposure in utero".', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0d73cb93-a494-457a-ae8c-274d92d0947f | [{'content': 'According to 2011 census, life expectancy at birth for male and female is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 67 and 70, B. 70 and 67, C. 61 and 69, D. 69 and 61', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 7ea6d180-f468-404f-9ee3-0c68a55b7e51 | [{'content': "which one of the following shows 'Blueberry lips'? \nSelect and explain. \nA. MEN syndrome, B. Cyanotic heart disease, C. Albright syndrome, D. Gardner syndrome", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 6434c78e-ee6b-4e07-afac-ab14fe5f1c4e | [{'content': 'A surgeon with less experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy while doing laparoscopic surgery found some stone in common bile duct. What should he ideally do? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Open cholecystectomy with choledochoduodenostomy, B. Laparoscopic exploration of CBD and removal of stone, C. Laparoscopic CBD exploration through the cystic duct, D. Open CBD exploration', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Open CBD explorationLaparoscopic CBD exploration is an advanced surgery and if a surgeon is not trained for this then he should conve the case and do open cholecystectomy and open CBD exploration.The preparation and indications for cholecystectomy are the same whether it is performed by laparoscopy or by open techniques.For patients in whom a laparoscopic approach is not indicated or in whom conversion from a laparoscopic approach is required an open cholecystectomy is performed.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 062bbde6-1097-4f2f-a08e-1b055158bbc1 | [{'content': "Macrocephaly is seen in which of the following syndromes ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Metachromatic leucodystrophy, B. Adrenoleukodystrophy, C. Canavan's disease, D. Krabbe's disease", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: LEUCO J ITS TROPHY\n\nLeucodystrophy refers to progressive degeneration of the white matter of the brain clue to imperfect growth or development of the myelin sheath, the fatty covering that acts as an insulator around nerve fibre.\nMyelin which lends its color to the white matter of the brain, is a complex substance made up of at least ten different chemicals.\nThe leucodystrophy are a group of disorders that are caused by genetic defects in hoW myelin produces or metabolizes these chemicals.\nEach of the leucodystrophies in the result of a defect in the gene that controls one (and only one) of the chemicals. Specific leusodystrophies include -\nMetachroinatic leucodystrophy\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 ❑ Adrenoleucodystrophy\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 \n\n\u200b❑ Canavan disease\n\nKrabbe's disease\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 ❑ Pelizaeus-Merzhacher disease\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 \u200b\xa0❑\xa0Alexander disease\n\n\nSymptoms vary according to the specific type of leucodystrophy and may be difficult to recognize in the early stages of the disease.\n\nCanavan's disease \n\nAutosomal recessive disorder\nCaused due to deficiency of the enzyme N-Aspertoacylase.\nThis leads to accumulation of N-Acetyl aspartic acid in brain and urine.\nIt is characterized by the clinical traid of --> Hypotonia, Head lag, Macrocephaly \n\n\u200b\u200bAdrenoleucodvstrophy\n\nX-linked recessive disorder\nCaused due to deficiency of AcyI-C'oA synthetase.\nOnset is about 5-10 years\nMain symptoms are ataxia, spasticity, motor deficits, cortical blindness.\nMarocephaly is not a key feature \nMetachromatic leucodystrophy \nAutosomal recessive disorder\nCaused due to Arylsulfatase A deficiency\nOnset is in the 2nd year.\nSymptoms are into-ordination, especially gait disturbance, then general regression, optic atrophy, combined upper and lower motor neuron signs.\nMarocephaly usually late. \nKrabbe leucodvstrophy\nAutosomal recessive\nCaused due to deficiency of Beta-galactosidase deficiency\nOnset is in the first 6 months of life\nOptic atrophy, spasticity\nHead often small", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e742171b-eafc-4b8c-95e0-024b36b166b4 | [{'content': 'According to wein if there is bone resorption but no tooth resorption then substract ……..from the radiographic length \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1mm, B. 1.5 mm, C. 2mm, D. 2.5 mm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | eb41d147-19ed-4497-906a-8997f8979545 | [{'content': 'The 3 embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are derived from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epiblast only, B. Ectoderm from epiblast; mesoderm and endoderm from hypoblast, C. Ectoderm and mesoderm from epiblast; endoderm from hypoblast, D. Hypoblast only', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: All three embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) are derived from the epiblast only. The hypoblast contributes to the development of the extraembryonic mesoderm and yolk sac and plays a key role in signaling to establish axial patterning in the embryo itself', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 8788091c-a8ef-4155-a7a3-8e85d643f856 | [{'content': "A patient presented with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Salbutamol inhalation didn't improve the condition of the patient. So, intravenous coicosteroids and aminophylline were added and the condition improved. What is the mechanism of action of coicosteroids in this condition? \nSelect and explain. \nA. They cause bronchodilatation when given with xanthines, B. They increase bronchial responsiveness to salbutamol, C. They increase the action of aminophylline on adenosine receptors, D. They increase the mucociliary clearance", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. They increase bronchial responsiveness to salbutamol Coicosteroids has a dual effect in acute asthma with an early facilitator effect on airway beta-2 adrenoreceptor sensitivity and a later effect on airway inflammation, which fuher emphasizes the need fir coicosteroids to he administered as early as possible during an acute asthma attack."he molecular mechanism of action of coicosteroids involves several effects on the inflammatory process. The major effect of coicosteroids is to switch off the transcription of multiple activated genes that encode inflammatory proteins such as cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory enzymes. This effect involves several mechanisms, including inhibition of the transcription factor NF-KB, but an impoant mechanism is recruitment of HDAC2 to the inflammatory gene complex, which reverses the histone acetylation associated with increased gene transcription. Coicosteroids also activate anti-inflammatory genes, such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1, and increase the expression of IQ-receptors. Most of the metabolic and endocrine side effects of coicosteroids are also mediated through transcriptional activation.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a5a27cc1-caa6-4a00-b359-d8f37e0181b3 | [{'content': 'A mucostatic impression for a prosthesis is taken for which of the following cases \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lower RPD with Kennedy I classification, B. Lower RPD with Kennedy II Classification, C. Upper RPD with Kennedy IV classification, D. Full upper and lower denture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | fded17fa-a604-4072-93c3-2305305f31ac | [{'content': 'In sequencing for panfacial trauma, requires the first reduction and fixation of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mandible, B. ZMC, C. NOE region with frontal bone fracture, D. First can be any of the above but it should end with maxilla', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 6b0bb8d1-376d-4aea-a09a-558cef276dee | [{'content': 'The best preferred biochemical marker for MI \nSelect and explain. \nA. CPK MM, B. CPK MB, C. CPK BB, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | e45de692-f95a-4443-8eda-0fbe5b2626a9 | [{'content': "Reichert's cartilage is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1st arch cartilage., B. 2nd arch cartilage., C. 3rd arch cartilage., D. 4th arch cartilage.", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | bb4fff0d-9fcd-43d1-8f46-b3ca1ce58cd2 | [{'content': 'An epithelial lining is typically found in all of the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sinuses, B. Fistulae, C. Aneurismal bone cysts, D. Keratocytes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 05984a75-d9af-4a87-8ac5-824576bf0d9f | [{'content': 'A girl is has white hair. 40% of her classmates are also suffering from the same problem. None of the other people from the same village have white hair. Her brother who is staying with an aunt in the neighbouring village is also normal and does not have white hair. Which of the following explains the probable cause of her white hair? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Environmental, B. Genetic, C. Nutritional, D. Infection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. EnvironmentalA girl and 40% of her classmates are suffering from white hair. Her brother who is staying with an aunt in the neighboring village is normal and does not have white hair. In the given question, as the girl and many of her classmates (from a single geographical area, in this case, the school) have developed grey hair, the most likely cause would be environmental.Similarly, as many other children from the same school have white hair, the cause is also unlikely to be nutritional.As the girl's brother living in a different village does not have white hair, the cause of the white hair is unlikely to be genetic", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e7b48941-5b2f-44c8-b52d-174c1ef47eec | [{'content': 'Non- working contact is needed in all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Natural dentition., B. Complete denture., C. Distal extension RPDs, D. None.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: In natural dentition non working contact is most damaging hence should be removed as soon as possible.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Ophthalmology | c02f03a6-ff92-4236-9883-f9e7bf1e02df | [{'content': 'Which of the following is true? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Latanoprost is used with caution in patients of bronchial asthma, B. Topiramate can cause bilateral angle closure glaucoma, C. Methazolamide causes decrease in ocular blood flow, D. Central scotoma is seen in open angle glaucoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: 1. Bronchial asthma pt. we have to avoid b - blockers, therefore , latanoprost cannot be used in bronchial asthma. Latanoprost can be used in: Herpes Uveitis Cystoid macular edema 2. Topiramate is a sulfa derivative They increase the vascularity of the cilio choroidal circulation due to which the ciliary body and choroid plexus swells up and it pushes the lense forward and it blocks the angle by pushing the iris forward leading to drug induced angle closure glaucoma. 3. Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Increases the ocular blood flow Used in low tension glaucoma 4. Central scotoma - seen in optic neuritis / toxic neuritis / toxic amblyopia. 5. Paracentral scotoma - seen in open angle glaucoma.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 09a9c89f-3985-4790-9278-aee1710c59eb | [{'content': 'A Patient is having Ph- 7.12, HCO3- 28 and PCO2- S0mmhg. What is the acid base disorder in this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation, B. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation, C. Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation, D. Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Respiratory acidosis with renal compensationpH-7.12 so its acidosis.PCO2 is 5o mmHg (normal range 35-45 mmHg) which is higher than the normal s/o respiratory acidosis.HCO3- is 28 mmol/L (18-24 mmol/L) which is higher than the normal range s/o metabolic compensated alkalosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3093a760-fb59-4adb-acf4-736f5aed7e02 | [{'content': 'Fibroblasts in cell-rich zone primarily secretes: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type I collagen, B. Type VI collagen, C. Type V collagen, D. Type IV collagen', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | ad3f328f-72a0-4539-be89-1c9b6cce07f6 | [{'content': "A young female patient presents with jaundice and elevated liver enzymes. She has a history of two smilar episodes in the past. Her serum ANA was 1:40 and IgG was 2400 IU. Her serum copper levels were normal and viral markers were negative. A liver biopsy was carried out and based on the pathology repo, you treated her with immunosuppressants and the patient's condition improved. What was the most likely finding on pathology repo to suggest the treatment? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, B. Hemosiderosis, C. Autoimmune hepatitis, D. Primary biliary cirrhosis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. Autoimmune hepatitisMany of the clinicalfeatures of autoimmune hepatitis are similar to those described for chronic viral hepatitiso.. Fatigue, malaise, anorexia, amenorrhea, acne, ahralgias, and jaundice are commono.. Occasionally ahritis, maculopapular eruptions (including cutaneous vasculitis), erythema nodosum' colitis'pleurisy pericarditis, anemia, azotemiao and sicca syndromeType I autoimmune hepatitis- Associated with marked hyperglobulinemia, lupoid features, circulating ANAsa' andHLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4 (especially BB-DRB1-03).Associated autoantibodies: Autoantibodies against actin as well as atypical pANCAType ll autoimmune hepatitis- Linked to HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQBI haplotypesAssociated with anti-LKMIType lll autoimmune hepatitis- These patients lack ANA and anti-LKMI but have circulating antibodies to solubleliver antigen/liver pancreas antigen", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | e9b1a950-b8d0-4c61-8c49-97a7f246c212 | [{'content': 'On applying pressure on angle of jaw while maintaining patent airway which nerve is likely to be damaged: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 6th, B. 7th, C. 4th, D. 9th', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1cd8474b-6560-484d-b733-9ba499981029 | [{'content': 'Which is not present in porcelain: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Silica, B. Feldspar, C. Calcium carbonate, D. Amorphous material', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2dead4a7-7dc8-4527-9779-170a5174143e | [{'content': 'For data of "GLOBOCAN 2012" screening examination for carcinoma of lip incidence was measured. Which of the following is measured for data collection worldwide: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Age specific only, B. Age specific with demographics, C. Age specific with gender, D. Age specific with growth rate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: GLOBOCAN 2012 \n\nMain aim was providing world wise estimate separately for sex- and age-specific on incidence, prevalence and mortality from major types of cancer, at national level', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | d42801fb-0724-4137-b72a-3eb0d50fc9f1 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is a schedule X drug? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thalidomide, B. Colistin, C. Ketamine, D. Halothane', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. Ketamine* The following are the Schedule X drugs mentioned in the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945: Amobarbital, Amphetamine, Barbital, Cyclobarbital, Dexamphetamine, Ethchlorvynol, Glutethimide, Meprobamate, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Methylphenobarbital, Phencyclidine, Phenmetrazine, Secobarbital.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 2ecfb0bc-1db8-4ec2-9b0c-c5825f3b0ed9 | [{'content': 'Diffuse mottling of retina with focal areas of increased and decreased pigmentation between posterior pole and equator (Salt and pepper retinopathy) is observed in all of the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Resolving retinal detachment, B. Phenothiazine toxicity, C. Congenital rubella, D. Fundus flavimaculatus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. Resolving retinal detachment (Ref: Kanki 7th/657- 666, Yanoffs 3rd/560-567)Salt and Pepper Fundus is a nonspecific term to describe areas of hypopigmentation due to atrophic retinal changes (salt) with pigmentary alterations from pigment migration (pepper) in large poions of retina.Causes of Salt and Pepper Fundus:Rubella (Congenital)Syphillis (Congenital)Leber amaurosis (Congenital)Mayous Batten disease (Maculo-cerebral facial degeneration)Phenothiazine toxicityRetinal dystrophiesFundus flavimaculatus (Stargardt's Disease)AlbinismRetinitis PigmentosaCystinosis", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 21618a55-4eaf-457c-a8fa-a1a2149c566a | [{'content': 'Birth weight of a baby can be increased by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cessation of smoking, B. Aspirin, C. Ca++ and vitamin D supplement, D. Bed rest', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: “Smoking is the single most preventable cause of IUGR in infants born in the united states—women who quit smoking at 7 months gestation have newborns with higher mean birthweights than do women who smoke throughout the pregnancy. Women who quit smoking before 16 weeks of gestation are not at any increased risk for an IUGR infant.”\nCOGDT 10/e, p 293\nThe answer is further supported by Williams 24/e, p 882\n“In prevention of fetal growth restriction – smoking cessation is critical”\nWilliams 24/e, p 882', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Psychiatry | 7c9b4d7b-6290-430f-a097-96d88c65ecd8 | [{'content': 'Z tracking technique is used in? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Administering long acting antipsychotic, B. Lithium monitoring, C. Carbamazepine monitoring, D. Nicotine patch', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Z track technique Used for giving i.m. injections. In this technique, the skin and tissue are pulled and held firmly while injection is given, and after removing the needle, skin and tissue are released. This prevents tracking (leakage) of the medication into the subcutaneous tissue (underneath the skin) as the track that needle forms is zig zag and drug can't come out.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | eaa184bf-53c5-4755-bee8-a9153e587ff0 | [{'content': 'Ex-Press glaucoma implant is made up of? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Silicone, B. Titanium, C. Gold, D. Stainless steel', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Stainless steelIt is made of made of surgical-grade stainless steel, nonvalved filtration device designed to shunt aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to a subconjunctival filtration bleb.The EX-PRESS Glaucoma Filtration Device is intended to reduce IOP in glaucoma patients when medication and conventional surgical treatments have failed.The device channels aqueous humor through a secure lumen (of either 50 mm or 200 mm) to a half-thickness scleral flap, creating a subconjunctival filtration bleb.It is a minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) to increase aqueous drainage.It has lower complications of ocular hypotony.The commonly used devices are as follows: Shunts using episcleral explants:* Ahmed glaucoma valve: Silicone* Molteno implant: Polypropelene plate and silicone plate* Baerveldt implant: Silicone Mini-shunts:* Ex-Press(tm) Mini-Shunt: Stainless steel * iStent(r): Titanium', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2020, Subject name: ENT | 2267ecd3-7b7f-4416-86f8-5ef2312e643e | [{'content': 'A child presents with high grade fever, inspiratory stridor and develops swallowing difficulty with drooling of saliva since last 4-6 hours. Which of the following treatment is recommended apa from general airway management? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nebulized racemic epinephrine, B. Anti-diphtheria toxin, C. Coicosteroids, D. IV ceftriaxone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS- The classical presentation of acute epiglottitis is welldescribed. It is of a toxic child with a sho history of sorethroat, inspiratory stridor, muffled voice and droolingdue to odynophagia and dysphagia. Left untreated thereis progressive respiratory distress. The child is febrile. It is commonest between the ages of 2 and 8 Nebulized epinephrine (1mL of 1 in 1000 epinephrinediluted in 3mL of 0.9% saline) has an established role inthe acute paediatric airway in reducing mucosal oedemaby an alpha-agonist effect causing vasoconstriction andbronchodilation; a maximum effect is achieved within30-60 minutes. It may postpone or eliminate the need for an aificial airway, or give symptomaticrelief until effective treatment can be given.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 68dbef49-f5dd-4ac7-9e00-4afd8d357f70 | [{'content': 'A measure of location which divides the distribution the ratio of 3:1 is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Median, B. First quartile, C. Third quartile, D. Mode', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Surgery | ba4749e2-e5f5-4a98-8663-2b703e280c6c | [{'content': 'Rearrange the sequence of hand washing: a. b. c. d. \nSelect and explain. \nA. a,c,d,b, B. b,c,a,d, C. d,a,c,b, D. c,a,b,d', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | d8b1befc-377a-4e40-aef2-3bca58710670 | [{'content': "A patient presents to your clinic for evaluation of defective hearing. Rinne's test shows air conduction greater than the bone conduction on both sides with Weber test lateralized to right ear. What is the next logical step? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Normal test, B. Schwabach's test, C. Repeat Rinne's test on right side, D. Wax removal", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Schwabach's test(Ref Dhingra 7/e p23, 5/e p25-27)Lateralization of Weber's test to right implies either right-sided conductive deafness or left sided sensorineural deafness.Now in conductive deafness bone conduction is better than air conduction in Rinnie's test, hence the patient probably has sensorineural deafness involving the left ear, as per the findings of Rinnie's and Weber tests.In such a case, Schwabach's test should be performed to see the absolute bone.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | eaa33fd8-64a3-47a0-b13c-2b49a1f0e37f | [{'content': 'Phenol red thread test is used for dry eye: \nSelect and explain. \nA. In the test, volume of tears is measured as it changes color on contact with tears, B. If the color changes to blue, it depicts surface mucin deficiency, C. Requires pH meter for reading the result, D. Requires topical anesthetic agent', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. In the test, volume of tears is measured as it changes color on contact with tears(Ref: Yanoff & Duker 4/e p277)Phenol red dye test measures the production of tears without topical anesthesia, as the dye changes its color to red on contact with tears.It doesn't require pH ureter for reading the result.Phenol red is a pH indicator used in cell biopsy as it changes colour from yellow to red on pH range from 6.8 to 8.2.Used to measure residual tears in inferior conjunctival sac, especially in dry eye patients.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a8ac17a8-7d55-4708-a9d9-fb7b1c05fe1f | [{'content': 'Specific plaque hypothesis state that \nSelect and explain. \nA. All plaque is pathogenic, B. Only specific micro-organisms are responsible for pathogenicity of plaque, C. Only specific microbes cause caries, D. Plaque is pathogenic only when signs of associated disease are present', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 07de25a2-48ee-4f13-883f-78f9f34656fc | [{'content': 'Organism which causes bacterial endocarditis: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lacto bacillus, B. Streptococcus sanguis, C. Streptococcus viridans, D. Streptococcus pyogenes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2556604f-14dc-456a-aafb-41416638fd16 | [{'content': 'Which of the following alloys has the highest surface roughness? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stainless steel, B. Elgiloy, C. NiTi, D. TMA', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: The surface of NiTi is rougher (because of surface defects, not the quality of polishing) than that of beta-Ti, which in turn is rougher than steel.\nHowever, there is little or no correlation for orthodontic wires between the coefficients of friction and surface roughness. (i.e., interlocking and plowing are not significant components of the total frictional resistance).\n\nRef: Profitt 4th edition page 378', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Microbiology | 176fbf9b-b17d-4a54-9e1e-e3a312424349 | [{'content': 'An infant presented with the following lesions on his face and limbs. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism? \nSelect and explain. \nA. HSV, B. HPV, C. Coxsackie, D. CMV', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Hand foot and mouth disease can be caused by Coxsackie virus A16, Coxsackie virus B and Enterovirus 71. It is characterized by oral and pharyngeal ulcerations and vesicular rashes of the palms and soles which heal without crusting.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pathology | bccac3f6-359f-4795-93a7-1b32d014bce0 | [{'content': 'Which of the following cannot be diagnosed without positive ANA? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Drug induced lupus, B. SLE, C. Sjogren syndrome, D. Scleroderma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Repeated negative testing for ANA indicates least chances of having SLE. ANA is positive in 98% of patients with SLE Limited form of scleroderma known as CREST has anti centromere antibody positive and generalized form has anti topoisomerase positive antibody Anti histone antibodies are positive in drug induced lupus Anti SS-A (RO) antibodies and anti SS-B(LA) antibodies are positive in Sjogren's Syndrome", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 2dea3df1-9183-4646-beb5-dd5604fde134 | [{'content': 'Lesions of oral tuberculosis are associated with all the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Central caseation, B. Hyaline degeneration, C. Giant cells in the center, D. Presence of epithelioid cells', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f9bbeea9-85b5-48b9-ad6b-ed9466581c8a | [{'content': 'Which of the following statement is true as far as spring back bending of super-elastic NiTi and non-super elastic NiTI wires is concern? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spring back in bending is much greater for superelastic NiTi wires than non-superelastic NiTi, B. Spring back in bending is much lesser for superelastic NiTi wires than non-superelastic, C. Spring back in bending is same for superelastic Nill wires as well as non-superelastic NiTi wires, D. No comparison can be made between the spring back in bending of these two wires', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Springback—The amount of elastic strain that a metal can recover when loaded to and unloaded from its yield strength; an important property of orthodontic wires.\nReference: Phillips 12th ed page no 396', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 3645e915-e8a7-44fe-8cad-734ce6b71063 | [{'content': 'Intra-epithelial bulla are found in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pemphigus, B. Bullous pemphigoid, C. Bullous Lichen planus, D. Pemphigoid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 1e9be6b2-83f1-44ff-8491-077a14501d6e | [{'content': "Kraissl's lines arc: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Collagen and elastin lines in stab wounds, B. Point of maximum tension in a fracture, C. Point of tension in hanging, D. Relaxed tension lines in skin", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Relaxed tension lines in skinKraissl's lines are essentially exaggerated wrinkle lines obtained by studying the loose skin of elderly faces whilst contracting the muscles of facial expression These lines for the most pa correspond to Relaxed skin tension lines (RSTLs), but slight variation exists on the face, especially on the lateral side of the nose, the lateral aspect of the orbit, and the chin.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 36b43626-f928-486f-b724-abecea127f62 | [{'content': 'A surgeon decides to operate a patient of carcinoma cecum and perform a right hemicolectomy through a midline laparotomy approach. You have been instructed to prepare the pas of the patient for surgery. What will you do? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Clean and drape from the level of nipple to mid-thigh, B. Clean and drape from chin to knee, C. Clean and drape from umbilicus to mid-thigh, D. Clean and drape from rib cage to inguinal regions', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Clean and drape from the level of nipple to mid-thighArea of Cleaning & Draping in SurgeriesCranial surgeryDepends upon surgeonThyroid or neck surgeryChin to nipple with shoulder & axilladegEye surgeryCut eyelashes of affected eyeNasal surgeryNo shaving unless with mustacheEar surgeryTwo & half inches around eardegChest surgeryBase of neck to waist, axilla & inner armdegAbdominal & pelvic surgeryBase of neck to waist, axilla & inner armdegKidney-anteriorNipple to perineum, side to side; supra scapular region to buttocksVaginal, scrotal, rectal surgeryWaist to perineum plus anterior & inner aspect of thigh & 6 inches from groin; posterior?entire buttocks & anusdegLower extremitiesDigits 2 inches above knee, entire extremity and groindegUpper extremitiesDistal arm 2 inches above elbow, elbow up to axilladeg', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | bbb8ca0b-54ed-4f08-a87d-8eef087e37f1 | [{'content': 'Human Developmental Index is a composite measure, which uses? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Life expectancy at age one, literacy and infant moality, B. Freedom, spice and right to express oneself, C. Life expectancy at bih, infant moality and quality of life, D. Life expectancy at bih, knowledge and decent standard of living.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Life expectancy at bih, knowledge and decent standard of living.(Ref Park 24/e p17, 23/e p17)Human Development Index (HDI):Published on 4 November 2010.Updated on 10 June 2011.Composite statistic of life expectancy, education & income indices.Used to rank countries into 4 tiers of human development. 2010 HDI Repo:Combines three dimensions:A long & healthy life: Life expectancy at bih.Education index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling.A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 0c4f5b5b-25ec-459f-9872-a01bc925f211 | [{'content': 'NESTROFT test is a screening test for – \nSelect and explain. \nA. β–thalassemia, B. Hereditary spherocytosis, C. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, D. Megaloblastic anemia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: NESTROFT ( Naked Eye Single Tube Red Cell Osmotic Fragility Test) is a screening test for detection of beta thalassemia trait.\n\nThalassemia screening\n\nWidespead prevlence of thalessemia has led to a pressing demand for community, screening.\nVarious methods for screening of thalassemia trait are available which include peripheral smear examination, RBC indices, 1VIeintzer's fraction, discriminant functions, NESTROFT etc.\nNESTROFT TEST is used in many centres in India for screening of thalassemia trait.\nIf mother is NESTROFT positive, the confirmatory test for HbA2 is done for mother and the father is subjected to screening by NESTROFT. If father is also NESTROFT positive, confirmatory test for HbA2 is done for father.\nIf both the parents have thalessemia trait, there is 1:4 chance of fetus having thalassemia major.\nTherefore, prenatal diagnosis is done by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) in first trimester.\nIf CVS confirms the fetus to be having thalasemia major, termination of pregnancy is indicated after counseling the parents.\nIf the fetus has thalassemia minor (trait) pregnancy is continued as such and baby will have normal lifespan.\nIt is worth noting here that a positive NESTROFT test is seen in other conditions beside beta thalassemia trait. These are iron deficiency anemia, alpha thalassemia trait, homozygous and heterozygous HbE, HbS as well as hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin.\n\nTherefore, a positive NESTROFT test should always be followed by a confirmatory test for HBA2 ( eg. serum electrophoresis).", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 775d389d-8a07-4e40-bfd4-3e49674ee0e7 | [{'content': 'Difference between the size of the cranium and the cephalogram is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. No difference, B. 5% reduction, C. 5% enlargement, D. 10% enlargement', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Biochemistry | b69b1f70-e671-41d6-9f11-a788d34498db | [{'content': 'Which amino acid does not include post translational modification? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Selenocystiene, B. Triiodothyronine, C. Hydroxy-proline, D. Hydroxy-lysine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Selenocysteine (21st amino acid) & Pyrrolysine (22nd amino acid) Formed by co-translational modification Not by post-translational modifications. Selenocysteine and Pyrrolysine 21st amino acid-Selenocysteine- UGA 22nd amino acid - Pyrrolysine - UAG Both UGA, UAG are stop codon but co-translational modification can give rise to amino acid selenocysteine and pyrrolysine. co-translational modification. Enzymes that use selenocysteine as their active sites are called Seleno Proteins. Selenocysteine containing proteins: Glutathione peroxidase Thioredoxin reductase selenoprotein P 5' deiodinases", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 1a9cdc6b-3c9c-44a2-95d1-68461bf113fc | [{'content': 'A politician is shot in the back during a rally at level of T8 veebral immediately after the shot he loses all the sensation below level of lesion. Chance of regeneration of spinal cord due to the fact that injured nerve is not able to regenerate is due to reason all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lack of endoneural tubes, B. Lack of growth factors, C. Presence of glial scar, D. Lack of myelin inhibiting substance', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Lack of myelin inhibiting substance(Ref GanonGr 90; Clinical Box 4-)Following CNS injuries several events which provide inappropriate environment for regeneration are: (Ganong 23/e p90) Astrocytic proliferation)Activation of microgliaScar formationInflammationInvasion of immune cellsCNS neurons do not have the growth promoting chemical needed for the regenerationCNS myelin is a potent inhibitor of axonal growthAxon Regeneration in CNSThe proximal stump of a damaged axon in the CNS will form sho sprouts, but distant stump recovery is rare, and the damaged axons are unlikely to form new synapses. This is because:CNS neurons do not have the growth promoting chemical needed for the regenerationCNS myelin is a potent inhibitor of axonal growth.That is why treatment of brain and spinal cord injuries frequently focuses on rehabilitation rather than reversing the nerve damage. Following CNS injuries, several events which provide inappropriate environment for regeneration are:Astrocytic proliferationActivation of microgliaformationInflammationInvasion of immune cellsNew research is aiming to identify ways to initiate and maintain axonal growth, to direct regenerating axons to reconnect with their target neurons and to reconstitute original neuronal circuit.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | ad581666-9c58-4d4a-a9df-8c4743715a53 | [{'content': 'Enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a molecule group from one molecule to another is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oxidases, B. Oxidases, C. Transferases, D. Lipases', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 68959730-36e4-462f-9827-92a56492b645 | [{'content': 'Bacteria are populated most commonly on \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buccal surface, B. Lingual surface, C. Interproximal surface, D. Occlusal surface', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 66d7e017-f2f8-4325-8333-07c45a2fa0e7 | [{'content': 'Stretch fibers are present in striated muscle, innervation is carried by \nSelect and explain. \nA. A delta fiber, B. C fiber, C. unmyelinated fiber, D. Gamma fiber', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | f6bd6944-8c47-4037-8871-10855371a4c2 | [{'content': 'Which film is used for caries detection? (or) Which film\nis used for caries detection in children? \nSelect and explain. \nA. D speed, B. E speed, C. B speed, D. F speed', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b7507844-7679-49f9-a915-6a242af404d9 | [{'content': "Sending the parents outside the operatory and threatening the child that they won't be back until he stops crying-is an example of which of the following behavior management techniques: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Omission, B. Negative reinforcement, C. Positive reinforcement, D. Modelling", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 17ca6005-346f-4f14-b1a3-430d3667d7f0 | [{'content': 'Black deposits on conjunctiva in a patient with glaucoma are seen with the use of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Prostaglandins, B. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, C. Epinephrine, D. Beta blocker', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Epinephrine(Ref: Goodman Gilman 12/e p286, 326; Katzung 13/e p161, 12/e p160; The Cornea by Smolin and Thoft's/p504)Black deposits on conjunctiva in a patient with glaucoma are seen with use of epinephrine. Latanoprost is associated with iris hyperpigmentation.Epinephrine is unstable in alkaline solution; when exposed to air or light, it turns pink from oxidation to adrenochrome and then brown from formation of polymers.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | c29d1c1e-6e29-44f7-8057-35ff7101d0df | [{'content': 'Which is responsible for adhesion of platelet on exposed collagen fibril after an injury \nSelect and explain. \nA. Von willebrand factor, B. Factor 8, C. Factor 9, D. Fibronectin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 8dd0ea2a-17d4-497d-93a1-a6704930a0db | [{'content': 'Transformation into osteosarcoma is seen with \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pagets disease and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, B. Pagets disease and osteopetrosis, C. Cherubism and polyostotic fibrous dyspLasia, D. Cherubism and polyostotic fibrous dyspLasia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2b368176-2ef0-4871-8ae4-b1daae990f34 | [{'content': 'Accessory canals are most numerous in apical third, which one is 2nd numerous in this regard \nSelect and explain. \nA. Middle Third, B. Coronal Third, C. Both are equal, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Apical third has accessory canals: 74% of cases\nCoronal 3rd have accessory canals: 15% of cases\nMiddle third has accessory canals: 11% of cases', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 13ea1b71-7d4f-4dec-babf-485274305ed8 | [{'content': 'Injury to which of the following vessels is least likely to result in significant damage: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Renal aery, B. Superior mesenteric aery, C. Inferior mesenteric aery, D. Celiac trunk', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. Inferior mesenteric aeryInjury to inferior mesenteric aery is least likely to result in significant damage among the given options.Occlusion of the inferior mesenteric aery does not always result in irreversible ischaemia of the descending and sigmoid colon, because the marginal aery of the colon usually receives an adequate supply from the left branch of the middle colic aery.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9f8d3d01-cb19-46e5-83d8-e8d33ae57020 | [{'content': 'A 65 year old edentulous patient is treated for squamous cell carcinoma involving 2/3rd of tongue with 50 Gy radiation dose. Which of the following material is best for making impression in this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Polysulfide, B. Polyether, C. ZOE, D. Irreversible hydrocolloids', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The patient has undergone\xa0radiation therapy,\xa0which leads to xerostomia. Therefore, in this patient, hydrophilic impression material cannot be used. ZOE impression material\xa0is also contraindicated in this\xa0patient, since it\xa0can adhere to mucosa and leads to ulceration on removal.\nSo, among the options provided, only polysulfide is the best suitable impression material for these kind of patients.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a1e41d9c-2e03-4195-a5c9-73ee0ac1b8d1 | [{'content': 'Tooth develops from: (Or) Calcified structures of\noral cavity develops from \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ectoderm, mesoderm, B. Ectoderm, C. Mesoderm, D. Ectoderm and endoderm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Most of skeletal and connective tissues with exception of enamel are derived from ectomesenchymal tissue. Enamel is derived from ectoderm only. Posterior part of oral cavity is formed from endoderm.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | a94187fc-3135-4989-9cc3-e6d5bbce3044 | [{'content': 'In a 5-year-old child with mandibular fracture, on a follow up recall after 2 months, what should be done to check the bone healing: \nSelect and explain. \nA. OPG at every 2 month till one year, B. NCCT, C. Single contrast CT, D. Clinical examination adequate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Clinically stable and symmetric bone, with a normal occlusion and a pain free chewing is indication enough for a completed bone healing in a child.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 655d0a62-bfc2-4ee9-a4c3-a40013303b4a | [{'content': 'Ciliocytophthoria caused by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Kaagener syndrome, B. Fungal infection, C. Viral infection, D. Bacterial infection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Viral infectionIt is well known that acute inflammation of the upper airways are caused mainly by viruses, even though after the viral infection a bacterial overlapped infection follows, paly ored by the cytopathic effect of the virus itself on the mucosa.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | c79bad3a-d97d-4d68-a696-79f136faf0d9 | [{'content': 'The principal central action of caffeine is on the: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cerebral cortex, B. Corpus callosum, C. Hypothalamus, D. Spinal cord', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 72be89e3-7ff0-486a-869f-30c9152486ed | [{'content': 'In root fracture of the apical one-thrid of permanent\nanterior teeth, the teeth usually \nSelect and explain. \nA. Discolor rapidly, B. Remain in function and are vital, C. Undergo papal necrosis and become ankylosed, D. Are indicated for extraction and prosthetic replacement', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9948bff9-4412-403e-a7b4-bf3af5229ed8 | [{'content': 'Mode is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Value that most frequently occurs in a set of observation, B. When observations are arranged in ascending or descending order the value that comes in the centre, C. Calculated by adding up the values of a group of items and dividing the sum by the number of items, D. Best measure for central tendency in a highly scented distribution', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 71a97018-2620-4ead-8abe-20863683353d | [{'content': 'The base of an X-ray film is composed of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Polyester, B. Gelatin, C. Nylon, D. Bromide', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f61e8ed7-4156-466d-a4eb-57ae2dedb0c8 | [{'content': 'Location of MB2 in maxillary first molar \nSelect and explain. \nA. Distopalatal to MB1, B. Mesiobuccal to MB1, C. Distobuccal to MB1, D. Mesiopalatal to MB1', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |