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Ravelston Corporation Limited was a Canadian holding company that was largely controlled by Conrad Black and business partner David Radler.
At one time, it held a majority stake in Hollinger Inc., once one of the largest media corporations in the world.
The company was placed into receivership in 2005 and went bankrupt in 2008.
Ravelston was founded by a group of businessmen including Bud McDougald, Max Meighen and Conrad Black's father George Montegu Black.
The company was a holding company for Argus Corporation.
In 1978, Conrad Black took control with his brother of Ravelston after his father's death.
Black later transformed Ravelston into a holding company which was the head of his global media empire in the 1980s and 1990s.
The company was mostly owned by Black, who held a 67% share to Radler's 14%.
At one time, Ravelston controlled 78% of Hollinger Inc.'s stock with Black as CEO and Chairman and Radler as President.
Ravelston held shares in Conrad Black's holding companies, such as Hollinger International, now known as Sun-Times Media Group.
The Toronto-based private company had owned the British "Daily Telegraph" and Toronto's "National Post" newspapers.
These papers were later sold, mostly to Canwest Global.
As a result of Black's and Radler's legal problems involving allegedly unauthorized 'non-compete' payments in the sale of Hollinger International newspapers, Ravelston entered into receivership in summer 2005.
On April 20, 2005, Black and Radler resigned from Ravelston to facilitate a filing for bankruptcy protection.
Black and four other executive were later convicted of fraud over the diversion of $6 million from Hollinger International.
Ravelson was also charged with fraud by the US Attorney's office in Chicago.
In 2005, Ravelston was placed in the hands of court-appointed receiver RSM Richter.
Richter negotiated a settlement of the charges on the company's behalf in 2007.
In December 2008, the company went bankrupt.
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Skobelev (see the NYPL Digital Gallery for his picture) was born in the family of a wealthy Baku oilman .
He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903.
After the Russian Revolution of 1905 he went abroad to study at a polytechnic in Vienna.
While in Vienna, he became a friend and supporter of Leon Trotsky, whose bi-weekly "Pravda" he helped edit in 1908–1912.
Skobelev and another editor, Adolph Joffe, both scions of wealthy families, also helped Trotsky finance the paper.
In the summer of 1912 Skobelev went back to his native Caucasus and was elected to the 4th Duma (1912–1917) from the Social Democrats.
He soon came under the influence of the head of the Menshevik part of the Social Democratic faction in the Duma, Nikolay Chkheidze, and supported him against the Bolshevik emigre leaders (Vladimir Lenin, Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev) who, in 1912–1913, were trying to get the Bolshevik deputies to break away from the Menshevik majority and form a separate faction in the Duma.
After the faction finally split in mid-1913, Skobelev and Chkheidze went to London for the December 1, 1913 meeting of the International Socialist Bureau to apply pressure on the Bolshevik deputies to preserve socialist unity, ultimately unsuccessfully .
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Skobelev and Chkheidze tentatively supported the war effort while remaining critical of the Russian government's internal policies and prosecution of the war.
During the February Revolution of 1917, Skobelev and other Menshevik Duma deputies became leaders of the Petrograd Soviet when it was formed on February 27, Skobelev at first serving as chairman.
On March 7, Skobelev became one of the 5 original members of the Contact Committee of the Petrograd Soviet which coordinated policy decisions with the newly formed Russian Provisional Government.
On March 12, he was elected deputy chairman of the Petrograd Soviet's Executive Committee with Chkheidze as chairman.
When the Mensheviks agreed to join the Provisional Government on May 5, Skobelev became the new government's Minister of Labor.
On May 23–24, Skobelev and Irakli Tsereteli hammered out a compromise with rebellious Kronstadt sailors who, led by Bolsheviks Fedor Raskolnikov and Semion Roshal, had formed a self-styled autonomous "Kronstadt Republic".
The compromise avoided a showdown with the Provisional Government .
He was also elected deputy chairman of the All Russian Soviet Executive Committee at the first Soviet Congress in June 1917.
In August 1917 he published two government "circulars", which attempted to limit factory workers' rights as follows:
***LIST***.
After resigning his post as Minister of Labor in September 1917, on October 3–5 Skobelev was made the All-Russian Soviet Executive Committee's representative ("nakaz") at the upcoming Paris conference of Allied powers, a position made defunct by the Bolshevik seizure of power during the October revolution of 1917 .
Opposed to the Bolshevik regime, Skobelev moved to his home city of Baku in then-independent Azerbaijan ca.
After the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War and re-annexation of Azerbaijan in 1920, he fled to Paris.
Once the Bolshevik government instituted the NEP policy of partial liberalization, Skobelev became reconciled with the new regime and eventually joined the Bolshevik party in 1922 (over Trotsky's objections ).
In late 1922, he worked on facilitating trade relations between France and Russia and then returned to Russia, where he continued working in the Soviet foreign trade system until his arrest and execution in 1938 during the Great Purge.
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Royal Air Force Swinderby or more simply RAF Swinderby was a Royal Air Force station airfield opened in 1940, one of the last of the stations completed under the RAF's expansion plans started in the 1930s.
It was built near the village of Swinderby, Lincolnshire just off the south east side of the A46 (the Fosse Way) between Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire and Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England.
Under the command of No.1 Group RAF, Swinderby came under the auspices of RAF Bomber Command and housed several RAF Bomber Squadrons, among others No.
300 Polish Bomber Squadron and No.
301 Polish Bomber Squadron, initially flying the Fairey Battle, then Vickers Wellington.
Other squadrons operated aircraft, such as the Handley Page Hampden.
In the 1950s it was the home of No.
8 FTS, converting trainee pilots to de Havilland Vampires.
In 1956 it hosted a brief experiment to keep all the flying training to wings stage straight through on one base.
This was abandoned after a month due to the obvious danger of collisions in the circuit between the Vampires and the much slower piston engined Percival Provost basic trainers.
In 1964 RAF Swinderby changed its role to that of recruit training when No.7 School of Recruit Training, formerly at RAF Bridgnorth, opened at RAF Swinderby.
It became responsible for the basic training of all male enlisted personnel prior to their trade training, in August 1964 intake 7/46 was the first pass out parade at RAF Swinderby.
No.7 School of Recruit Training changed to RAF School of Recruit Training in 1976 when all female personnel initial training was carried out at RAF Swinderby as well as male.
Females were still trained at RAF Hereford in 1976 and in 1989 the very first integrated Flight (i.e.
male and female recruits) passed out in January at RAF Swinderby, this consisted of A Flight and B Flight of 13 Flight joining in November 1988.
In July 1993 No.1 Squadron 6 Flight was the final pass out parade before the RAF School of Recruit Training moved to RAF Halton.
A live LP recording of a passing out parade was made in 1973, featuring the Midland Band of the Royal Air Force.
It included all the commands and sounds of the parade.
In 1995 the station was put up for sale, where the land was purchased by Cemex for commercial mining.
However, Cemex continue to rent the land to International Antiques & Collectors Fairs five times a year for the Swinderby Antiques Fair.
In 2013 the hangars and the air traffic control tower remain in evidence along with acres of concrete runways and taxiways but most of the other buildings on the technical site have been demolished.
The domestic site has been developed as the new village of Witham St Hughs with only the former Officer's Married Quarters and Airmen's Married Quarters remaining.
The new village hall has an information board giving the history of RAF Swinderby.
In 2014 only 2 hangars remain, but the control tower has now been demolished.
On 10 May 2014 a memorial was dedicated to all those Servicemen and Servicewomen who served at RAF Swinderby from 1940 to 1993.
It is situated by the modern village hall, adjacent to the information board and the bench "Remembering No.
300 & No.
301 Polish Squadrons who served with the Royal Air Force at RAF Swinderby during WW II".
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Willie Everette Parker Jr. (born November 11, 1980) is a former American football running back who played for six seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL).
After playing college football for North Carolina, he was signed by the Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2004.
Willie Parker was born in Clinton, North Carolina, attended Clinton High School, and was a letterman in football and track.
He was a two-time All-Conference and a two-time All-Region honoree.
As a junior, he rushed for 1,329 yards and 20 touchdowns and helped lead his team to the state AA title.
As a senior, he rushed for 1,801 yards and 18 touchdowns (while averaging 12.3 yards per carry) and was also named the County Player of the Year.
One of Parker's cousins is Leonard Henry, former Miami Dolphins running back.
In track & field, Parker competed as a sprinter and was a state qualifier in the 100-meter dash (11.1 s) and 4 × 100 m (44.64 s).
He attended the University of North Carolina.
In his first year, he had some success with 355 yards on 84 carries, but was only used sparingly in his last three years due to decisions made by former head Coach John Bunting to restrict Parker's playing time until he "bulked up" to fit within Bunting's attempt at establishing a power running game.
In addition, Parker's father has stated that he thought the murder of Parker's best friend from home during Parker's sophomore year made it difficult for him to adapt to the new system at North Carolina.
Parker's experience as a backup in college has since drawn comparison to Hall of Famer Franco Harris, the Steelers all-time leading rusher and Super Bowl IX MVP, who served as a backup to Lydell Mitchell when he played at Penn State.
Supposedly, Joe Paterno preferred Mitchell's style over Harris.
Parker was an undrafted free agent with the Steelers in 2004.
While at UNC, Parker displayed great speed, but little vision, resulting in inconsistent play which led to him being benched in favor of Ronnie McGill during his senior year.
He spent the 2004 NFL season as a backup player behind Jerome Bettis, Duce Staley and Verron Haynes.
During the 2004 season, he had his most impressive game in week 17 at Buffalo.
Duce Staley started the game and played most of the first quarter, while Parker took over for the rest of the game.
He ran for 102 yards in the remaining 3 quarters, including a very long sprint of 58 yards that was part of a game-controlling drive.
The Steelers, playing mostly reserves (third-stringer Brian St. Pierre played part of the game at QB) had already sealed the top seed in the AFC that year, but for the Bills, a win could have meant the playoffs.
After Parker's performance in this game, head coach Bill Cowher gave Parker extensive playing time during the 2005 preseason.
In his second year, Parker earned the starting job after both Bettis (hamstring) and Staley (knees) missed the first part of the season with injuries.
By default, Parker had to play the first game against the Tennessee Titans.
He impressed Bill Cowher, as well as Titans coach Jeff Fisher, by gaining 161 rushing yards on 22 attempts (7.3 average).
After following this performance with another 100+ yard game against the Houston Texans, Cowher gave Parker the starting position.
"Fast Willie" started 15 of 16 games that season (being injured week 9 against the Green Bay Packers and missed the week 10 contest against the Cleveland Browns), finishing with 255 carries for 1,202 yards (4.7 average, a career long 80 yard touchdown run in week 16 against the Browns) and 4 touchdowns.
He also finished the season with 218 yards receiving and one touchdown.
Parker was the first Steeler back since Bettis in 2001 to top 1,000 yards in a season.
Also, he is the second undrafted running back to rush for over 1,200 in the history of the NFL.
(Along with Priest Holmes) In the third quarter of Super Bowl XL, Parker scored a 75-yard touchdown, the longest rushing play in Super Bowl history, to give the Steelers a 14–3 lead over the Seattle Seahawks.
The previous longest was 74 yards by Marcus Allen in Super Bowl XVIII against the Washington Redskins.
Parker finished the game with 93 yards on 10 carries and an average of 9.3 yards a carry, the third-best average in Super Bowl history (minimum 10 carries).
Parker gave his Super Bowl ring to his father Willie Parker Sr. as a gift.
In 2006, Parker signed a major contract with the Steelers, a four-year $13.6 million deal that would solidify his future role on the team.
Bill Cowher was quoted as saying that Parker would be a workhorse and receive the goal-line carries in his role as the starter, guaranteeing him the starring running-back role in Pittsburgh.
On November 12, 2006, in a home game against the New Orleans Saints, Parker rushed for 213 yards on 22 carries and two touchdowns, coming 5 yards short of the highest single-game rushing total in Steelers history.
His two long gains of 72 and 76 yards set up touchdowns that capped off the Pittsburgh victory, 38–31.
His 76-yard sprint late in the 4th quarter was the longest rush in Heinz Field history.
On December 7, against the Cleveland Browns, Parker broke the all-time Steelers rushing record for a single game, gaining 223 yards on 32 carries & 1 touchdown before being taken out of the game in the third quarter.
The record was previously held by John "Frenchy" Fuqua.
Parker also became the only Steelers running back to have two 200+ yard games in the same year.
Parker played in (and started) all 16 regular season games.
He compiled 1,494 yards on 337 carries (4.4 average) with 13 rushing touchdowns.
He also had 12 runs of 20+ yards.
Parker also caught 31 passes for 222 yards (7.2 average) and 3 touchdowns.
In addition, his 16 combined scores broke the previous Steelers single-season touchdown mark of 15 set by Louis Lipps in 1987.
Parker served as a backup to LaDainian Tomlinson and Larry Johnson in his first Pro Bowl, where he would finish the game with 40 yards on 2 carries.
Parker was productive in 2007 as well, rushing for 1,316 yards but only 2 total touchdowns.
He had eight 100-yard plus games, leading the league in that category and earning a second consecutive Pro Bowl berth before being injured late in the season.
Parker suffered a broken right fibula early in a game against the St. Louis Rams on December 20, 2007, ending his season.
He was replaced by backup Najeh Davenport.
Parker led the league in rushing yardage at the time of his injury.
Coming off of his broken leg near the end of the 2007 campaign, there were questions surrounding Willie Parker's ability to recover.
He played little in the preseason, giving way to Rashard Mendenhall for much of the time.
The first game of the year was against the Houston Texans.
In this game, Parker would record 138 rushing yards and a career-high 3 touchdowns, all before the fourth quarter ever started.
The Steelers got up 35–3 in the third quarter, and opted to pull some of their starting players.
He was the leading AFC rusher for the week and was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week.
However, Parker suffered a knee injury four games into the season, leading to five missed games.
His back-up, Rashard Mendenhall, suffered a shoulder injury and was placed on injured reserve.
The third-string running back, Mewelde Moore, produced well in Parker's absence, with 908 yards from scrimmage.
Parker had four 100-yard performances, while compiling 791 yards on 210 carries, for a 3.8 average (worst of his career), and 5 TDs.
He added only three receptions for 13 yards for an average of 4.3 yards per catch.
Against the Chargers, Parker had his first 100+ yard game of his playoff career, compiling 146 yards on 27 carries and two TDs.
The Steelers reached the Super Bowl again in 2008 and played Arizona Cardinals at Super Bowl XLIII.
In Super Bowl XLIII, Parker was not able to make a significant impact, as the Pittsburgh Steelers were unable to establish a strong rushing game.
He had 19 carries for only 53 yards, bringing his average to a mere 2.8 yards per carry, and no touchdowns.
Regardless, with Ben Roethlisberger at the helm establishing the passing game, the Steelers went on collect their sixth championship ring in Super Bowl XLIII, becoming the first team in NFL history to obtain this amount.
Parker began his final contract year with the Steelers as the starter for the first three games of the season, carrying for 19, 47, and 93 yards.
He was injured with turf toe and missed two games after the injury.
Rashard Mendenhall then started those three games and played well, leading to Mendenhall becoming the starter.
Parker ran for 26 yards on seven carries against the Cleveland Browns when he returned to play.
On April 2, 2010, Parker signed with the Washington Redskins, adding a third running back to Washington's committee of Clinton Portis and Larry Johnson.
He was released during final cuts on September 4, 2010.
On April 26, 2011, NFL.com reported that the Virginia Destroyers claimed Parker, along with many other free agent NFL players, though Parker has recently made comments about wanting to go back to the Steelers.
He did not end up signing with the Destroyers.
Parker became an assistant coach for the West Virginia Wesleyan College football team in July 2012.
Beginning in 2015, Parker became a running back's coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina.
Former NFL Player Dewayne Washington is the head coach and Torry Holt serves as assistant head coach and wide receivers coach.
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A Rock in the Weary Land was an album released in 2000 (see 2000 in music) by The Waterboys.
It was their first album after a seven-year break.
The album cover photography is by Steve Gullick.
Critic John Mulvey, writing for "NME", describes the album as "largely excellent" except for "We Are Jonah", which he describes as "appallingly cheery Christian rock".
The standard Japanese release of the album contains the songs "Time, Space and the Bride's Bed", "Trouble Down Yonder" and "Send Him Down to Waco", but not "My Lord What a Morning".
A limited two-disc edition was also issued in Japan by BMG International.
The track list of the first disc is identical to the standard track list, above.
The track list of the second disc, which is entitled "The Weary Land EP", is as follows:
***LIST***.
Prior to the album's release, BMG issued a six-track EP containing the single "Is She Conscious?".
The single also contained a video for the song.
***LIST***.
BMG also issued and almost immediately recalled two singles each (separately packaged) for "A Rock in the Weary Land" and "We Are Jonah".
These are considered collector's items by some Waterboys fans and command high resale prices.
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Tunghai University (THU; ) was founded by Methodist missionaries in 1955 as a comprehensive university, the first private university and the second oldest university in Taiwan.
The university is located in Xitun District, Taichung, Taiwan, an urbanized area.
On the grounds, the Luce Memorial Chapel (designed by noted architects Chen Chi-kwan and I. M. Pei) is a local landmark.
The logo of the university contains a cross in reference to the statement in the founding documents that it was "founded in the love of Jesus," and the three linked circles refer to the Holy Trinity as well as the motto, "Truth, Faith, Deeds".
The name "Tunghai" is the Wade–Giles romanization of the Chinese characters 東海 (Dōnghǎi in pinyin), literally meaning "the east coast of the Taiwan Strait".
Tunghai University was founded on the Dadu Plateau, west of Taichung City, in 1955 by Methodist missionaries.
The school was named "Tunghai" ("east sea") based on its position east of the Taiwan Strait.
The Tunghai University Main Library is located at the end of the Campus Mall.
Library holdings include, approximately, 600,000 volumes, 6,515 current serials, 21,523 electronic serials, nonprint formats, and rare books.
Tunghai has more than one hundred student societies.
The Wei-Mei Climbing Wall was completed in 2004, in memory of Wei-Mei Lin, a leader of the Mountain Climbing Club, who died in a mountain accident in 2001.
It is 12 meters high and 9 meters wide.
In 2007, the wall burned down.
It is now being rebuilt.
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Studio Proteus is a Japanese manga import, translation and lettering company, founded in 1986 by Toren Smith and based in San Francisco.
Other staff included translators Dana Lewis, Alan Gleason, and Frederik Schodt, letterer Tom Orzechowski and translator/letterer Tomoko Saito.
The company worked with many different publishers, including Viz Media, Innovation Publishing and Eclipse Comics, but its main outlets were Dark Horse for mainstream titles and Fantagraphics' imprint Eros Comix for adult (hentai) titles.
Smith first became interested in anime and manga after being introduced to it by James D. Hudnall in 1982.
Smith had been involved in the comics business as a writer for several years, doing stories for Marvel's "Epic" magazine and Eclipse Comics.
He felt that there was a market for Japanese comics (manga) in the United States, and with Hudnall, approached Eclipse Comics with the idea of obtaining rights to various titles including "Akira".
The unknowns and difficulties of dealing with Japanese publishers led that first attempt to fail.
Smith then decided that the only solution was for him to go to Japan and arrange things directly.
At about this time, noted manga expert Frederik Schodt introduced Smith to Seiji Horibuchi, who was then planning the foundation of the company that would be called Viz Media.
Schodt felt that Smith's knowledge of the American comics industry and Horibuchi's connections to Japanese publishing giant Shogakkukan would make an ideal team.
However, a falling-out between Smith and Horibuchi after a year of working together to start Viz led Smith to found his own company, Studio Proteus, although Smith co-translated several manga for Viz, including "Nausicaä of the Valley of Wind" (at the express request of the creator, Hayao Miyazaki).
In 1986, Smith moved to Japan to try to license manga for publication in America, having previously made arrangements with Eclipse Comics to provide the publication support.
Studio Proteus was designed to be a "packager", delivering completed materials to an existing publisher.
Studio Proteus would be responsible for choice (with approval of the American publisher), acquisition (contracts and negotiations with the licensor), and production of the translation and lettering, delivering completed pages to the publisher.
The publisher would be responsible for advertising and soliciting sales, arranging for distribution, plus collection and disbursement of income.
While the industry term "packager" is more accurate, to avoid confusion the relationship was generally referred to as "co-publishing".
Smith preferred to work on a profit-sharing basis, believing it led to a greater sense of responsibility on both sides.
Smith also insisted on shared ownership of the derivative copyright in the translations, which was to save his company in the future.
By the early nineties, Studio Proteus was working with three publishers: Eclipse Comics, Innovation Publishing and Dark Horse.
Work with Eclipse had begun within a few months of Smith's first trip to Japan.
When Eclipse did not want to open any more publishing slots for manga, Smith went to the San Diego Comic Con in 1988 and licensed Johji Manabe's "Outlanders" to the fledgling Dark Horse Comics.
Smith originally was unable to sell the comic to Dark Horse, but met fantasy writer Raymond E. Feist for dinner that evening.
Feist gave Smith the advice he considers the most valuable business advice of his career: "Don't tell them how good it is; tell them how much money they are going to make."
The following day Smith sold "Outlanders" to Dark Horse and Yuzo Takada's "3x3 Eyes" to Innovation.
Studio Proteus was, from the beginning, quality oriented.
Smith refused to work from photocopies of published books, instead shooting directly from the original art.
The techniques for retouching the sound effects were developed by award-winning comics letterer Thomas Orzechowski, and later refined by Japanese manga artist Tomoko Saito.
All translators had over a decade of experience and had written books, magazine articles, and fiction outside of their translation work.
To encourage quality production, page rates for Studio Proteus letterers and translators were the highest in the industry, and they were also paid royalties—a practice unique to Studio Proteus.
In some cases, original covers were commissioned from the manga artists themselves.
The early years of publishing manga in America were surprisingly successful, buoyed by the new popularity of black and white comics in the direct sales market, and Marvel's bestselling colorized version of "Akira".
This grace period came to an end when the black and white comics boom imploded in 1988.
Both Viz and Studio Proteus had been experimenting with a wide variety of manga genres, but when the market tightened only those which appealed to the core "comic book store" market survived.
It was not to be until the early 21st century that manga would again cover so large a range of subjects.
Studio Proteus was heavily involved in the promotion of manga and anime during the early years, and Smith gave numerous interviews, appeared on television and radio (including MTV and Canada's Basic Black), and spoke at Georgetown University and the Smithsonian as well as writing dozens of articles for magazines.
Working together with anime company Gainax, Studio Proteus also organized the first large anime and manga convention, AnimeCon '91.
However, Smith publicly admitted that, as a very private person, he was not fond of these promotional activities.
As soon as other spokespeople for manga and anime appeared (such as Trish Ledoux of "Animag"), he retired from the public eye and rarely gave interviews after approximately 1993.
In 1994, due to Eclipse Comics' failure to pay owed profit share monies, Studio Proteus legally acquired all shared translation rights and production materials for all of their co-published manga.
These were re-licensed to Dark Horse Comics and immediately made Dark Horse the second largest manga publisher in America.
When Eclipse declared bankruptcy, Smith paid all outstanding royalties due to his Japanese licensors out of existing Studio Proteus funds.
All Studio Proteus titles were Toren Smith's personal picks, which were then accepted and approved by the publishers.
If it was rejected by the first publisher, it was offered to another.
If rejected by all, it was abandoned.
Smith's instincts turned out to almost always be right, even when his thinking was highly unconventional.
In 1994 Smith convinced Dark Horse to publish "Oh My Goddess!
", although Dark Horse had so little faith in this manga (despite cross promotion with the AnimEigo OAV release), Smith had to guarantee them against losses.
"Oh My Goddess!"
became a surprise hit, and for years was one of Dark Horse's bestselling manga titles.
In addition, it was one of the first translated manga to attract a large female audience, along with "Ranma ½".
Throughout the 1990s, the team of Dark Horse and Studio Proteus was one of the two largest manga publishers in the U.S., competing with Viz.
The crash of the direct sales market in the middle nineties had a tremendous impact on the manga business, another blow after the previous bust in 1988.
By the time the market had reorganized, there was only one distributor left (Diamond Distributors) and over half of the comic stores in America were out of business.
Manga's growing popularity saved it from the worst, but nearly one third of all manga titles were canceled due to lack of sales, and continuing difficulty in getting the trade paperback collections (graphic novels) into bookstores left manga stalled in the marketplace for several years.
Studio Proteus responded by streamlining the production process and working with smaller bookstore distributors to whom manga represented a valuable percentage of their sales.
The slump in the comics market in the late 1990s affected the sales of all manga published in America.
None of the attempts by American manga publishers to create a manga anthology magazine such as "Tokyopop Magazine" and Viz's "Animerica Extra" with several stories running simultaneously were very successful at this time, and were mostly viewed as loss-leaders for future sales of the collections.
The Dark Horse/Studio Proteus magazine, "Super Manga Blast" gave Smith an opportunity to bring readers in via titles of known popularity, such as "Oh My Goddess!
", and get them to try something different, such as "Club 9".
As times changed, however, Toren Smith developed an acrimonious relationship with the more hardcore parts of manga fandom.
As shōjo manga became increasingly popular, fans berated Studio Proteus and Dark Horse for not releasing any shōjo, despite Smith's repeated explanation that since he did not enjoy shōjo manga, and knew little about it, he had no interest in releasing any.
Studio Proteus' initial output was predominantly science fiction and action; this may have reflected Smith's tastes as a writer and member of SFWA, but also reflected the tastes of the American comics direct market (who were the primary purchasers of manga at that time) and manga fandom of the 1980s and 1990s.
However, Studio Proteus also released non–science fiction manga such as Makoto Kobayashi's relationship comedy "Club 9" and the pet manga "What's Michael?"
However, Toren Smith continued to vocally defend "flopped" manga up until 2002, at a time when it was growing unpopular even among mainstream manga fandom.
He became perceived as a conservative force in manga publishing, despite his publication of non-mainstream manga such as the transhumanist manga "Version", and "The Rebel Sword", a manga about Kurdish revolutionaries, and his decades of effort in popularizing manga and dedication to quality production.
However, by the end of 2002, Smith was convinced that his belief that readers would have difficulty adapting to read manga "backwards" (also known as "unflopped", reading right to left as in the original Japanese publication) was incorrect, citing the fact that an entire generation of new manga readers have grown up since he had started Studio Proteus and they did not have the mindset of early manga readers, most of whom came to manga from regular comics.
However, he maintained that as long as the distributors were reluctant to buy unflopped manga, there was little anyone could do to try to change the industry.
At that time, the comic book direct market was still shrinking, while manga sales in bookstores were growing, although not very quickly.
Smith had pointed out for many years that the problem with the bookstore market was a lack of support from the buyers at the chains, and lack of designated shelf space (comics were often racked with art books or science fiction and fantasy).
Smith often cited Tokyopop's poor sales of their first experiments with unflopped manga as proof the problem was very real.
In 2002, Dark Horse's graphic novel distributor LPC Group went bankrupt, hurting the presence of Dark Horse (and thus Studio Proteus) manga in bookstores.
The fortunes of manga in America were changed forever that year when Kurt Hassler of Borders (who has been called "The Most Powerful Person in Manga" by ICV2, a designation Smith has publicly agreed with, adding that he considers him "[T]he most important person in the history of American manga") successfully persuaded Waldenbooks to commit to racking a large quantity of unflopped manga titles, even placing them in "dump bins" near the cash registers.
This was the turning point for manga sales in America, and the resulting success of what is now considered a "standard" manga (small, unflopped paperbacks at approximately $9.99) more than doubled the size of established manga publishers such as Viz, and raised Tokyopop (Waldenbooks' partner in the venture) to prominence.
However, the upheaval in the manga market caused by Hassler's opening of the door to bulk sales of unflopped manga spelled the end for "Super Manga Blast" and in the chaos surrounding the conversion of most of Dark Horse's manga to the prevailing unflopped standard, almost none of the series running in the magazine were continued as graphic novels, even though some (such as "Club 9") had already been completed.)
While Smith had finally become comfortable with the idea of unflopped manga now that bookstores were willing to buy it, it had become clear that the industry was becoming big business, with publishers such as Del Rey and DC getting involved in manga, and Japanese companies such as Shogakkukan beginning to treat their American operations as serious businesses instead of sidelines.
"I'm just a manga fan who started my company because no one else was [publishing manga in English]," he commented on the Studio Proteus website .
"To move ahead now would require me to become more of a corporate type, and I know that's not for me."
In February 2004, Dark Horse Comics announced that it had purchased the publication rights to Studio Proteus translations (not, as was widely and erroneously reported, the company itself).
Toren Smith stayed on as an adviser and translator for selected titles, but by 2006 he had left completely.
In a 2004 interview with "The Comics Journal", he expressed his reasons for essentially selling the company he had founded: "I was burning out.
Over 15 years I had put out 70,000 pages of manga.
I had no life...Tokyopop puts out more in a month than I've put out in my entire career.
The manga business kind of moved out of my league.
But if anyone believes that expansion can continue indefinitely, they're incorrect.
Booms are always followed by a bust...My opinion is that what has occurred is the commodification of the product.
All [bookstore retailers] care about is how it's formatted and what it costs...For a long time, America has seen nothing but the best of the Japanese comics, but there's lots of crap over there.
There may be some smart bookstore buyers out there who can distinguish between them, but I've never met them."
His controversial predictions—informed by his experience with the comics crashes of the 80s and 90s—were borne out and the manga industry has weathered a severe boom-and-bust cycle since then, with publishers such as Tokyopop cutting their releases by over 40% in June 2008, and laying off 36 employees, and laying off 15 more employees in December 2008 and others (e.g.
Broccoli Books) pulling out of the market entirely.
The trend has continued with Viz cutting 60 personnel and DC shutting down their CMX manga imprint and Tokyopop finally shuttering their U.S. publishing operations in May 2011.
However, Smith also predicted the market would eventually stabilize at a sustainable level and not disappear completely.
Smith has stated that he is "regretful" that the flopped/non-flopped controversy of the last few years of his career seem to have overshadowed his twenty years of fighting to promote and publish quality manga.
The last manga produced by Studio Proteus staff in the flipped, left-to-right, American comic format was the "Blade of the Immortal" #131 in November 2007, making it the longest-running manga ever published in the American format.
The series then moved to graphic-novel-only format.
Toren Smith has also done manga work outside of Studio Proteus, such as editing Tori Miki's "Anywhere But Here", writing afterwords for various manga collections in Japan such as the hardcover reissue of Masahiko Kikuni's "Gekko no Sasayaki", Kenji Tsuruta's "Suiso - Hydrogen", consulting on English for anime companies, and other manga and anime-related activities in the United States and Japan.
Despite the relatively small output of Studio Proteus compared to the major manga publishers in America, the company collected a large number of awards and nominations for their publications.
Awards won by Studio Proteus Manga:
***LIST***.
Award Nominations:
***LIST***.
Titles co-published by Studio Proteus, and their initial U.S. publication dates, include:
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Sera Monastery ( "Wild Roses Monastery"; ) is one of the "great three" Gelug university monasteries of Tibet, located north of Lhasa and about north of the Jokhang.
The other two are Ganden Monastery and Drepung Monastery.
The origin of its name is attributed to a fact that the site where the monastery was built was surrounded by wild roses in bloom.
The original Sera Monastery is responsible for some 19 hermitages, including four nunneries, which are all located in the foot hills north of Lhasa.
The Sera Monastery, as a complex of structures with the Great Assembly Hall and three colleges, was founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey of Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of Je Tsongkhapa.
During the 1959 revolt in Lhasa, Sera monastery suffered severe damage, with its colleges destroyed and hundreds of monks killed.
After the Dalai Lama took asylum in India, many of the monks of Sera who survived the attack moved to Bylakuppe in Mysore, India.
After initial tribulations, they established a parallel Sera Monastery with Sera Me and Sera Je colleges and a Great Assembly Hall on similar lines to the original monastery, with help from the Government of India.
There are now 3000 or more monks living in Sera, India and this community has also spread its missionary activities to several countries by establishing Dharma centres, propagating knowledge of Buddhism.
Sera Monastery in Tibet and its counterpart in Mysore, India are noted for their debate sessions.
The original Sera Monastery is a complex of structures founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of Je Tsongkhapa.
Prior to establishing this monastery, Tsongkhapa, assisted by his disciples, had set up hermitages at higher elevations above Sera Utsé Hermitage.
The Sera complex is divided into two sectors by pathways; the eastern part contains the Great Assembly Hall and the dwellings and the western part has the well-known three colleges: the Sera Je Dratsang, the Sera Me Dratsang; and the Ngakpa Dratsang, all instituted by Tsongkhapa as monastic universities that catered to monks in the age range 8-70.
All the structures within this complex formed a clockwise pilgrimage circuit, starting with the colleges (in the order stated), followed by the hall, the dwelling units and finally ending at the hermitage of Tsongkhapa above the Great Assembly Hall.
The Jé and Mé colleges were established to train monks, over a 20-year programme of "tsennyi mtshan nyid grwa tshang" (philosophical knowledge), which concludes with a geshe degree.
The Ngakpa college, which predated the other two colleges, was exclusively devoted to the practice of tantric ritual.
Before 1959, the administration of each college comprised an abbot with council of ten lamas for each college.
Over the years, the monastery developed into a hermitage where about 6000 monks resided.
The monastery was one of the finest locations in Tibet to witness the debate sessions, which were held according to a fixed schedule.
The monastery belongs to the Gelug Order and was one of the largest in Lhasa.
In 2008, Sera had 550 monks in residence.
The history of the monastery is strongly connected to Master Lama Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), the founder of the Gelukpa Order, the much venerated and highly learned guru in Buddhist scriptures.
It was under his divine tutelage that his disciple Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge established the Sera Jey Monastery complex in the early 15th century AD.
Kunkhyen Lodroe Rinchen Senge initially served as a teacher in the Drepung Monastery before he formed the Sera Jey.
The religious legend narrated for how the site was chosen was a clairvoyant vision that Tsongkhapa had in which he saw the full text of Prajnaparamita's 20 slokas on "Shunyata" captioned in the sky.
This psychic spell gave him a full insight into the "Tsawasehrab" (Fundamentals of Madhyamika or Shunyata) text.
Further, he also perceived the "vision of a rain like "AA" characters descending from the sky".
It was only 12 years later that one of his pupils, Jamchen Choje, fulfilled the prophecy of his guru by establishing the Sera Je as a seat of learning knowledge of the complete teachings and practices of the Mahayana tradition.
Providentially, the then King Nedong Dagpa Gyaltsen supported the noble venture with required finances and also, in 1419, performed the foundation laying ceremony for construction of the monastery.
Further detailing with regard to the building development including installing sacred images/idols and other objects of worship were completed according to the supreme wishes of great Lama Tsongkhapa.
The monastery soon came to be known as "the Seat of Theckchen ling (Mahayana Tradition)".
Another version for the name 'Sera' that came to be prefixed with 'Monastery' was its location that was surrounded by raspberry shrubs called 'Sewa' in Tibetan, that formed like a 'Rawa' in Tibetan, meaning "Fence".
The 14th Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959 and sought asylum there.
During the month of March of the same year the Sera Jey Monastery had been destroyed by bombardment, which resulted in death of hundreds of monks (in 1959, the count of monks living in Sera Jey was 5629), apart from destruction of ancient texts and loss of innumerable, invaluable, ancient and antique works of art.
Many of those who survived (monks and common people) this onslaught by the Chinese fled to India, under severe winter weather conditions, across the Himalayas.
Following this mass exodus of people from Tibet (including, a few hundred Sera Jey lamas, geshes and monks), when they arrived in India, they were resettled at Bylakuppe near Mysore, Karnataka state among many other locations spread across the country, as one of the exclusive Tibetan establishments with ready assistance forthcoming from the Government of India.
It was in 1970 that the group of 197 Sera Jey monks with 103 of Sera Mey monks established a special monastery within the resettlement of Bylakuppe as a counterpart of the Tibetan Sera Jey Monastery.
As none of the monks of the Ngagpa Dratsang (Tantric College) had survived the invasion, only the Sera Mey College and Sera Jey College were re-formed in India.
The Bylakuppe Monastery now houses 5,000 Buddhist monks comprising some migrants and many other Tibetans who were not born in their ancestral homeland.
With forest land allotted by the Government of India, two arms of the Sera Monastery, representing the migrant monks of the Tibetan Sera Je and Sera Me colleges were established; 193 Sera je monks got and 107 monks of Sera Me got an allotment of the balance area.
Further, 38 tenements were built with grants by the Government of India for the Monks to reside and pursue their vocation of monkshood coupled with tilling the surrounding allotted land for raising food crops for survival.
Well established as an organised Monastery with dedicated efforts of the monks, an Assembly Prayer Hall that could accommodate 1500 monks was also completed in 1978.
This Monastery is now the nodal monastery, with its affiliation to several smaller monasteries spread across various regions in Tibet; its popularity could be gauged by the 3000 or more monks living here now.
Encouraged by this success and noting the pressure on existing infrastructure, an additional, much larger and an impressive Assembly hall (measuring , high with 110 pillars) has been built that can accommodate 3500 monks to assemble for prayers.
With this development, Sera has now two facets, the original “Tibetan Sera” and the Bylakuppe “New Sera” of the “Tibetan Diaspora” with the counterpart Jé, Mé monasteries, with the Ngakpa college counterpart also added recently.
The Sera-India monk community of the Bylakuppe Monastery, has gone global with their missionary activity by establishing “dharma centers” in many parts the world, thus removing the cultural isolation of pre-1959 years in Tibet.
Sera, Tibet that housed more than 5,000 monks in 1959, though badly damaged following the invasion of Tibet and the 1959 Revolution, is still functional after restoration.
In 2011, according to local sources, there are about 300 monks.
The reason for this decline is attributed to the 2008 Tibetan unrest.
The monastery is located on the northern outskirts of Lhasa, the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region.
As built in 1419, it encompassed an area of .
Its geographical location is at the base of Pubuchok mountain, also known as Tatipu Hill, located in the northern suburb of Lhasa City, which forms the watershed of the basins formed by Kyi Chi and Penpo Chu rivers.
The monastery complex, encompassing of land, housed several institutions in its precincts.
The structures of notability were the Coqen Hall Tsokchen (Great Assembly Hall), the three Zhacangs (colleges) and Kamcun (dormitory) also called Homdong Kangtsang.
In the main hall, scriptures (scripted with gold powder), statues, scent cloth and murals were seen in profusion.
The descriptions given here relate to the scenario that existed at the monastery prior to the 1959 invasion by China but most of the monasteries are stated to be since restored, though the strength of the monks are said to be small.
The Great Assembly Hall, the ‘Tsokchen' or 'Coqen Hall', dated to 1710, a four-storey structure to the north east of the monastery, facing east, is where several religious rituals and rites are conducted.
The hall measured an area of built with 125 pillars (86 tall and 39 short columns) and was constructed by Lhazang Qan.
The entry portico had ten columns.
The five chapels in this building have statues or images of Maitreya, Shakyamuni, Arhats, Tsongkhapa, and Kwan-yin with one thousand hands and eleven faces.
The ancient and delicately written scriptures ‘the Gangyur of Tripitaka’ also spelt 'Kangyur' (dated 1410) in 105 volumes (original 108 volumes) written in Tibetan is the treasured possession of the monastery.
It is said that Chengzhu, Emperor of the Ming Dynasty presented these scriptures (printed on wood blocks with gold cover engraved in red lacquer and made in China), to Jamchen Chojey, the builder of the monastery.
The entrance to the hall was through a portico built on 10 columns.
Large appliqué Thangkas were suspended from the ceiling on the side walls.
A skylight at the centre provided the light in the hall during the day.
Image of the founder of the monastery Jamchen Choje Shakya Yeshe was deified as the central image.
Other deities installed were of Maitreya ( height and gilded) flanked by statues of two lions, Dalai Lamas V, VII and XII, Tsongkhapa (with his favourite disciples), Chokyi Gyeltsen, Desi Sangye Gyatso and many more.
The three inner chapels, sequentially, are the Jampa Lhakhang, the Neten Lhakhang and Jigje Lhakhang.
A high image of Maitreya was deified in Jampa Lhakhang ensconced by Eight Bodhisattvas, the treasured Kagyur and guarded by Hayagriva and Acala at the entrance.
Jigje Lhakhang houses the image of Bhairava with his consort and Shridevi and other protector deities.
On the second floor, there were three chapels: the Zhelre Lhakhang from where Maitreya could be seen embossed with a small Tsongkhapa on its heart; the Tu-je Chenpo Lhakhang that had an Avalokiteshvara with eleven faces (found at Pawangka), Tara and six–armed Mahakala.
The idol of Shakyamuni Buddha flanked by images of Gelukpa Lamas were placed in the Shakyamuni Lhakhang.
The third and the fourth floors were used as private apartments for the Dalai Lamas and the preceptors of the Main Assembly Hall.
Sera Me Tratsang or Sera Me Zhakan was the oldest college built here.
It was established in 1419 during the Ming Dynasty reign, initially for elementary or basic education in Buddhist religion.
The college adopted a step-by-step approach to the studies of Buddhist doctrines; a practice particular to the Gelukpa or Yellow Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism.
The college was built over an area of with 30 dewelling units.
However, in 1761 a lighting struck the main hall which was rebuilt in 1761.
The hall, as finally refurbished, had 70 pillars (8 tall and 62 short pillars) which housed a galaxy of statues of Buddhist gurus with the main deity of Shakyamuni Buddha made in copper.
The other Bodhisattvas enshrined along with the main deity were of Maitreya, Manjushri, Amatyas, Bhavishyaguru, Tsongkhapa (with his students), Dalai Lama VII, Pawanga Rinpoche and several other past teachers of the college.
The college had five chapels with plethora of statues and frescoes, which from west to east were: Tawok Lhkhang with images of Tawok, protection deity of the east, the Je Rinpoche Lhakhang with images of Tsongkhapa and Shakyamuni, the Neten Lhakhang
with images of Buddha of Three Times in the company of 'Sixteen Elders' depicted in their mountain caves, volumes of the sacred Prajnaparamita text; the Jowokhang with large Buddha image (replaced an earlier image of Miwang Jowo Shakyamuni) along with Eight Bodhisattvas, and gatekeepers Hayagriva and Acala; and the Tsongkhapa Lhakhang, the last chapel on the right, with several images – Je Rinpoche, Atisha, Dromtonpa, Dalai Lamas I-III, Dalai Lama V, Jamchen Shakya Yeshe, Gyeltsen Zangpo (first teacher of Sera), Kunkhen Jangchub Penpa (founder of Sera Me) and many more.
The second floor of the college had the Nyima Lhakhang where image of Shakhyamuni Buddha was deified along with Tuwang Tsultrim, and the Khangyur Lhakhang with 1000 images of Tara which replaced the sacred texts that were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.
The third floor was reserved for the Dalai Lamas.
Sera Je Tretsang (College) or Zhekong, the largest college in Sera complex, measured an area of .
It was initially a three storied building; a fourth floor was added in the 18th century by strengthening the building with a total of 100 columns.
It had a statue of the Hayagriva (said to have been sculpted by Lodro Rinchen himself in gilded copper), also known popularly as Avalokiteśvara, which was considered the protective deity of the monastery.
This wrathful deity was worshipped as dispeller of obstacles with healing powers.
Tokden Yonten Gonpo, worshipped this deity first and on divine injunction initiated his son Kunkhepa, to follow this tradition.
Kunkhepa, with the blessings of Lama Tsongkhapa, institutionalised the name of Hayagriva or Tamdin Yangsang as the supreme protector deity of the monastery.
The assembly hall of the college depicted frescoes of Buddha’s life achievements, the thrones of the Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas; seen on its north wall were stupas (reliquaries) and images of Dalai Lama VIII and Dalai Lama XIII, Reting Telkus II and IX, and Lodro Rinchen (founder of Sera).
The Chapels which were circumambulated sequentially are: the Dusum Sangye Lhakhang which housed statues of “Buddhas of Three Times” and Eight Bodhistavas; the Tamdrin Lhakhang housed the main image of Hayagriva; the Jhampa Lhakhang contained images of Maitreya, Eleven-faced Mahakarunika, and Tsongkhapa with his disciples amidst a coveted library; the Tsongkhapa Lhakhang with images of Tsongkhapa with his best students, main Lamas of Sera Je, Nagarjuna and other Buddhist commentators of India, gate keepers Havagriva and Acala; the Jampeyang Lhakhang to the north-east had two images of Manjushri, one in a Dharmacakramudra (teaching pose) looking towards the Debating Courtyard.
The second floor of the monastery on the west called the Zelre Lhakhang provided an overview of the main Hayagriva image in the floor below, and also a small image of Nine-headed Hayagriva along with images of Padmasambhava, the 5th Dalai Lama and the protector deities.
One floor above this was the Namgyel Lhakhang and the last floor above this was the living quarters of the Dalai Lamas and teachers of Sera Je.
The Ngakpa Tratsang, also spelled Ngaba Zhacang, was the smallest of the three colleges that was set up in the complex.
It was a three storied building originally built in 1419 by Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge.
It was refurbished in the 18th century by Lhazang Khan.
Devoted to tantric studies, the college had an assembly hall and two chapels in the ground floor.
The Assembly hall was built with four tall and 42 short columns with elegantly carved capitals.
The main image in the centre of the hall was of Jamchen Chojey (wearing a black hat), founder of the monastery.
It was believed that the Yongle Emperor (1360–1424) presented this image to Sera.
Other images enshrined in the hall were of Maitreya, Gyeltsen Zangpo (first religious teacher of Sera), Pawangka Rinpoche, Tsongkhapa (with his principle disciples), Dalai Lama XIII, Chokyi Gyeltsen and Lodro Rinchen (founder of Sera Je).
The two chapels housed many statues; in the Neten Lhakhang chapel of Shakyamuni Buddha along with images of 16 elders in double series (Upper series made in Tibetan style and the lower series in Chinese lacquer given by the Chinese Emperor); and the Jigje Lakhang chapel housed the 15th century image of Bhairava along with those of Mahakala, Dharmaraja, Shridevi and many others.
While the third story was the residence of the Dalai Lama, the second floor had the images Amitayus and also eight 'Medicine Buddhas', as also reliquaries (stupas) of Gyeltsen Zangpo and Jetsun Chokyi Gyeltsen.
However, as per reports, this college was destroyed and all resident monks also died in the bombardment done by the Chinese in 1959.
Homdong Khangtsang, also spelt ‘Kamcuns’ in Tibetan language, are the main dwelling units or dormitories which house the monks of the monastery; there are thirty-three Kamcuns surrounding the central courtyard.
The size of the Kamcuns varied, depending on the strength of monks housed.
Monks of the same village are housed together; however each monk is given a separate cell.
Each Kamcun also has a prayer hall for exclusive study of Buddhist doctrine and also has annexed tea house.
However, the main assembly hall here had minor images of Tsongkhapa, Choyi Gyeltsen, Shakhyamuni Buddha, Three Deities of Longevity, and two inner chapels – the Jampakhang with ‘speaking’ image of Tara (protector of the springs in Sera) and Lama Tubten Kunga (who renovated Sera Me) and Gonkhang chapel with the image of the protector deity Gyelchen Karma Trinle.
Choding Khang is the hermitage located just behind the Great Assembly Hall (on the hill slope of Sera Utse).
This is where Je Tsongkhapa meditated.
The hermitage is accessed through a track where painted rock carvings of Tsongkhapa, Jamchen and Dharma Raja (the protector) are seen flanking the stepped approaches, along the route.
A new building has been constructed in place of the old hermitage, which was destroyed during the Revolution.
Below the hermitage are the Upper Tantric College (Gyuto) and Lower Tantric College (Gyu-me) of Lhasa).
A further climb up the hill leads to caves where Tsongkhapa meditated.
Sera Monastery that developed over the centuries into a renowned place of learning, which trained hundreds of scholars who attained name and fame in the Buddhist nations, has under its affiliation 19 hermitages, including four nunneries, which are all located in the foot hills above Lhasa.
The nunneries established are the Chupzang Nunnery, the Garu Nunnery, the Negodong Nunnery and the Nenang Nunnery and a few nuns of some of these nunneries held protest marches against the Chinese rule, and as a result suffered incarnation and indignities.
Brief details of the hermitages and nunneries are:
Pabonka Hermitage ("pha bong kha ri khrod"), the largest and most important of the Sera hermitages is located about northwest of Lhasa in the Nyang bran Valley on the slopes of Mount Parasol.
The site, which is over 1,300 years old, dates back to Songtsän Gampo, the founder of the Tibetan Empire, and was amongst the first buildings built in the Lhasa area by him during the 7th century after settlement.
Although originally the site of his castle or fort, the "Tibetan Annals" have revealed that Pabonka was converted into a monastery, possibly under the reign of the second great Buddhist king of Tibet Trisong Detsen.
Detsen, along with Guru Rinpoche and the first seven monks of the new Tibetan Empire used to meditate at the hermitage and it became one of Tibet's very earliest Buddhist monasteries, possibly even pre-dating Jokhang.
The original nine-storied monastery was partially destroyed by King Langdharma in 841 AD during his campaign to destroy monastic Buddhism; it was rebuilt in the 11th century as a two-storied structure that housed 200 monks.
Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419) lived at the site as a hermit, and it eventually became a scholarly institution.
The Fifth Dalai Lama was known to be fond of the monastery and funded the building of an upper floor for Pabonka.
Before 1959, Pabonka was independent of Sera Monastery, and from 1960 to the mid-1980s it was controlled by the Chinese.
It then came under the control of Sera, whose monks renovated it and are continuing its traditions.
This temple is noted for its many shrines, and its blue and carved gold mantra in the hallway, inscribed with words meaning, "Hail to the jewel in the lotus".
A number of stone relics were buried during the Cultural Revolution but when Sera monks restored the hermitage they excavated the relics and restored most of them.
A central shrine, dating back 1300 years to Gampo, is located in the temple and depicts Chenresig, Jampelyang and Chana Dorje, the so-called "Rigsum Gompo Trinity" from which the temple takes its name.
Up the hill from the hermitage, past a group of chortens, is Palden Lhamo Cave, a cave known to have been a meditation chamber of Songstan Gampo himself and contains statues of himself, his two wives and a rock carving of Palden Lhamo, the protectress.
The hermitage notably has its own tradition of monthly and yearly ritual cycles.
The most important of these yearly ritual events (at least for the laity) are the six-day (three sets of two-day) Avalokiteśvara fasting rituals that take place during the Tibetan New Year (Losar) celebrations, the sixteen-day (eight sets of two-day) Avalokiteśvara fasting rituals that take place during the fourth Tibetan month (they attract many people from Lhasa and the surrounding districts), and a ritual and other events that take place during the “Sixth-Month Fourth-Day” pilgrimage.
Drakri Hermitage ("brag ri ri khrod"), also known as Bari Hermitage ("sba ri ri khrod") lies about three kilometres north and slightly east of downtown Lhasa.
Drakri, believed to have been founded by the abbot of Pha bong kh in the 18th century, was used as a meditational retreat by Klong rdol bla ma ngag dbang blo bzang (1719–1794), one of the most renowned scholars of the Lhopa Regional House (Lho pa khang tshan) of the Jé College (Grwa tshang byes).
Drakri Hermitage had control over Garu Nunnery since its early history and supervised the training of the Garu nuns until 1959.
In 1959, the monks of the hermitage were evicted and the hermitage was turned into the notorious Drapchi Prison, which gained a reputation for being one of the most severe penal institutions run by the Chinese in Tibet.
In the 1980s a citizen of Lhasa re-established the monastery under the Nyingma sect to remember his late physician mother.
After receiving permission from the Lhasa municipal government, he began renovating the site, although a former official of the Bari Lama’s estate who had previously controlled the monastery initially objected to it being converted into Nyingma practice centre.
Today the hermitage, still partly ruined, consists of five major sections; a main temple compound around a central courtyard with a temple, kitchen, and some of the monks’ living quarters, an extensive ruined terraced complex just south of the main temple which before 1959 served as the meeting rooms and the living quarters of the workers and business managers of the Drakri Lama’s estate, a building that had served as the living quarters for the eight fully ordained monks who formed the ritual core of the monastic community, a stable for mdzo, a yak-cow hybrid and several huts.
The main temple contains statues of Guru Rinpoche and several tantric deities and a three-dimensional model of Guru Rinpoche's celestial palace, the Glorious Copper-Coloured Mountain ("Zangs mdog dpal ri").
Today there are four tantric priests residing in the main temple compound and two nuns living in huts to the southeast.
The ruins of Jokpo Hermitage ("’jog po ri khrod") is located in the far western end of the Nyang bran Valley.
The former property of the Jokpo Lama’s estate before the Chinese invasion in 1959, it originally served as the meditation retreat of a monk named ’Jog po rin po che of the Sera Mé College.
The monk was a great meditator and according to tradition, after he died, his body remained in a state of perpetual meditative equipoise and was kept inside the Zhungpa Regional House temple where the monks reported that his hair and nails continued to grow even after his death.
Before the Chinese invasion his body was buried and decayed and when the regional house (khang tshan) was rebuilt in the 1980s, his bones were exhumed.
These are today placed inside the altar's clay statue in the regional house temple.
Keutsang Hermitage ("Ke’u tshang ri khrod") was a precariously perched cave hermitage inhabited by the great Tibetan guru Tsongkhapa.
However, the original cave collapsed in a landslide.
What is present now was rebuilt, adjoining the ruined Keutsang West Hermitage, at a safer location.
As it exists now, Keutsang is located to the east of Sera on a hill side above Lhasa’s principal cemetery.
Rakhadrak Hermitage is located below this hermitage, within a close distance.
This hermitage is also part of the Sera Mountain Circumambulation Circuit (se ra’i ri ’khor) that pilgrims undertake during the ‘Sixth-Month Fourth-Day (drug pa tshe bzhi)’ celebrations.
The hermitage had smooth relationship with Sera all through its history so much so that every official monk of the hermitage enjoyed de facto status of a monk of the Hamdong Regional House ("Har gdong khang tshan") of the Jé College also.
The monastery also observes all ritualistic practices.
Some special aspects of the temple complex are: the belief that Maitreya (Byams pa) assures rebirth to those whose remains are brought to the cemetery below Keu tshang and it is also believed that light rays are exchanged between the Maitreya image here and the Maitreya Chapel at the northern end of the Barskor in Lhasa.
During the 1959 Cultural Revolution, the present and the fifth Keutsang incarnation ("Keutshang sku phreng lnga pa") was incarcerated for a time and later he sought asylum in India in the 1980s.
The hermitage was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.
Rebuilding it was started by a former monk of the hermitage in 1991 and was completed by 1992.
The rebuilt hermitage now houses 25 monks.
Keutsang East Hermitage ("ke’u tshang shar ri khrod"), a small hermitage exists now only in ruins between Keutsang West ("Ke’u tshang nub"), (now part of Kuetsang Hermitage) and the Purchok Hermitage.
Its location is to the north of Lhasa.
Prior to 1959, the hermitage belonged to Purchok Hermitage.
It consisted of an assembly hall and monks’ quarters and was famous for the divine image of Avalokiteśvara who blessed the dead who were buried in the cemetery here.
There were ten resident monks.
However, at present there no plans to rebuild the hermitage due to lack of funds.
Khardo Hermitage ("Mkhar rdo ri khrod") is a historical hermitage in the Dodé Valley, to the northeast of Lhasa and Sera monastery, which is named after the local deity ("gnas bdag"), known as "Mkhar rdo srong btsan".
Its setting is in a charnel ground ideal to perform tantric rites.
The hermitage known as the "abode of saints" is surrounded by mountains on three sides which are all assigned divine names such as the ‘Soul Mountain of the Buddhas of the Five Families ("Rgyal ba’i rigs lnga bla ri")' for a group of hills behind the monastery, 'Soul Mountain of Cakrasamvara ("Bde mchog bla ri)" where hand implements and bone ornaments of the deity were found, and the ‘Birth Deity Peak ("Khrungs ba’i lha ri or ’Khrungs’ fro")' for the hill to the left of the hermitage.
A cave here is known by the name the 'Offering Place Cave ("Brag mchod sa")', (a copy of the holy Scriptures ("Bka’gyur") is said to have been found here).
Several local legends are narrated in respect of the history of founding the hermitage by Bzod pa rgya mtsho who lived in a cave here under the direction of the local deity.
It was established in 1706.
The hermitage, now in ruins, was originally built in three tiers (one above the other): the lowest tier was the hermitage or the main compound, the middle tier was known as the Upper Residence ("Gzims khang gong ma") and top tier was the Temple of the Sixteen Arhats ("Gnas bcu lha khang").
The Seventh Dalai Lama, who was a student, fully supported Bzod pa rgya mtsho to build the first temple (Temple of the Sixteen Arhats) and also a residence for himself to stay during his visits to the hermitage, which came to be known as the 'Upper Residence'.
The Dalai Lama's reverence for his guru was so deep that when the Bzod pa rgya mtsho died, he even performed the last rites for him, got installed his funerary stūpa and statue.
He also located the Incarnate Lama of his guru at 'Phan po' near Lhasa.
The second Bzod pa rgya mtsho also had excellent equation with the Eighth Dalai Lama, Jampel Gyatso ("Da lai bla ma sku phreng brgyad pa ’jam dpal rgya mt"sho).
This power equation resulted in two more monasteries being built as satellite monasteries.
Panglung Hermitage ("spangs lung ri khrod") is located in the valley, northeast and downhill from Phur lcog.
Panglung lies completely in ruins although it once had a large temple and a Rdo rje shugs ldan oracle; an individual who would go into trance to make prognostications while possessed by the god.
Panglung was attempted to be renovated in the 1990s, but met opposition from the local people because the site had always been associated with this controversial protector deity, so redevelopment was prevented.
Purbuchok Hermitage ("Phur bu lcog ri khrod") is situated in the Lhasa suburb of "Dog bde" in the northern mountains at the north-east corner of the Lhasa Valley.
It is the last hermitage to be visited on the “Sixth-Month Fourth-Day” ("drug pa tshe bzhi") pilgrimage circuit.
Fairly fully rehabilitated, it is considered an attractive hermitage.
The hills surrounding the monastery have been given name tags of the three protectors of the divine paradise namely the Avalokiteśvara, Mañjuśrī and Vajrapāni.
It is also identified with the six syllables divine mantra ("sngags")- "OM Mani Padme Hum".
History of the hermitage is traced to the 9th century when Padmasambhava ("Padma ’byung gnas") meditated here.
The main cave where he did penance is known as the ‘Cavern of Dochung Chongzhi ("Rdo cung cong zhi’i phug pa")’.
Over the centuries, the monastery has seen many leading lights of the Tibetan monastic order playing a role in its building, such as the Zhang ’gro ba’i mgon po g.yu brag pa (1123–1193), female saint Ma cig lab sgron, Sgrub khang dge legs rgya mtsho’s (1641–1713), Ngawang Jampa (Phur lcog sku phreng dang po ngag dbang byams pa, 1682–1762) and Pan chen blo bzang ye shes (1663–1737).
Royal family members like the Queen Tsering Trashi ("Rgyal mo tshe ring bkra shis") and the Tibetan King Pho lha nas (1689–1747) also supported the activities of the hermitage.
However, the most significant face of development occurred during the third Purchok incarnation Lozang Tsültrim Jampa Gyatso (Phur lcog sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang tshul khrims byams pa rgya mtsho) who was teacher of the 13th and 14th Dalai Lamas.
However, the Cultural Revolution of 1959 saw almost total destruction of the hermitage.
Since 1984, with approval of the local government, a reconstruction face was begun and the hermitage has been substantially restored now to its past glory.
Rakhadrak Hermitage ("Ra kha brag ri khrod") is a historical hermitage, belonging to the Sera Monastery.
It is located to the northeast of Sera and to the north of Lhasa.
Mother of the Fifth Dalai Lama (Da lai bla ma sku phreng lnga pa) was the hermitage’s benefactor.
Under her patronage, the upper temple complex was built as a formal monastery.
The hermitage was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution of 1959.
In the 1980s, Sera took control of the hermitage complex.
However, rebuilding activity has been sporadic and monastic rituals are not held.
Sera Chöding Hermitage ("Se ra chos sdings ri khrod") was a tantric college ("rgyud smad grwa tshang") before the 1959 Cultural Revolution.
Located close to Sera and facing south, it has a yellow retreat house which was built first for the Tsongkhapa.
The interesting story of this house is that a local 'site-spirit' ("gzhi bdag") used to visit Tsongkhapa through a narrow window in the house.
Tsong kha pa’s mural image is seen here on the wall, which is credited with special powers as an “image that speaks” or known as speaking-statue ("gsung byon ma").
It was Tsongkhapa's favourite hermitage where he spent substantial time and composed his magnamopus, the “Great Commentary on the Prajñāmūla ("Rtsa shes Dīk chen").
He also taught here.
It is also known as the hermitage where Tsongkhapa assigned his Tantric teachings to Rje shes rab seng ge (1383–1445), the founder of the Tantric Colleges.
Sera Gönpasar Hermitage ("se ra dgon pa gsar ri khrod") is derived from the Tibetan name dgon pa gsar, meaning “new monastery.” Today it lies completely in ruins but the hermitage belonged to the bla mas of the Dgon pa gsar
incarnation lineage and was established as a Dge lugs hermitage by the first Gönpasar incarnation, Ngawang Döndrup.
The hermitage was run by thirteen fully ordained monks before its destruction in 1959.
Some foundations and fragments of walls remain, including some notable rock carvings and a large stupa.
Sera Utsé Hermitage ("se ra dbu rtse ri khrod"), meaning “Sera Peak” is located on the mountain directly behind Sera Monastery itself, which is about north of the Jokhang, about a 1½-hour walk up the hill from the main complex of Sera.
It is reputedly older than Sera Gompa.
According to tradition, the site contained one of Tsongkhapa’s (1357–1419) meditation huts and Sgrub khang dge legs rgya mtsho (1641–1713) was reputed to have meditated here at end of the seventeenth or early eighteenth century.
He was a distinguished meditator, who brought his knowledge of the philosophical tradition to Sera Utsé and attracted many students, amongst them included Phur lcog ngag dbang byams pa (1682–1762), and Mkhar rdo bzod pa rgya mtsho (1672–1749).
Historically the monastery was of substantial size but following its destruction by the Chinese in 1959 it was drastically reduced and only a section rebuilt.
Sera Utsé has a two-storied chapel and monks' quarters with magnificent views over the city of Lhasa.
There is a protector shrine to Pehar and Shridevi.
A small assembly hall remains, which was once believed to contain a large metal statue of Vajrabhairava ("Rdo rje ’jigs byed"), a great statue of Yamāntaka Ekavīra, statues of the Buddha and the Sixteen Arhats, a speaking Tārā (Sgrol ma) statue, large images of Tsongkhapa and his two disciples, and statues of the "bla mas" of the Drupkhang incarnation ("Sgrub khang sprul sku") lineage.
Today the hall is inhabited by three monks but is not in use for central worship.
The bla ma’s residence which was inhabited by Sgrub khang bla also still exists and consists of two rooms with a central waiting room between them.
There is also Sgrub khang pa's meditation hut, a small protector deity chapel, a Dharma enclosure (chos rwa), a ruined kitchen and various smaller huts, which are used mostly for storage today.
Takten Hermitage ("Rtags bstan ri khrod") is situated to the east of Trashi Chöling Hermitage and to the north-east of Sera.
According to a legend, "Dge lugs pa bla ma", "Pha bong kha bde chen snying po" (1878–1941) on a visit to this area to find a site for locating his hermitage saw a crow which spoke to him.
He interpreted it as a “revealed sign” to build his hermitage here.
The hermitage mostly consists of caves with fascia at the entrance to the caves.
It belongs to the Pabongkha Lama’s estate ("Pha bong kha bla brang").
Yes i agree However, Dge lugs pa nuns, who have carried out restoration works at the hermitage now live here.
Trashi Chöling Hermitage ("Bkra shis chos gling ri khrod"), which means “The Place of Auspicious Dharma” is located from Sera on the hills to the north-west of Sera.
The hermitage, which is south facing, is part of the pilgrimage of the "Sera Mountain Circumambulation Circuit (se ra ri ’khor)".
The hermitage that was substantially destroyed during the Cultural Revolution was rebuilt during the 1990s.
The hermitage is now a part of the Pabongkha Lama’s estate, the present incarnation, (after his recent return to Tibet) and is stated to be functioning as an autonomous institution with minimum allegiance to Sera.
The hermitage is believed to have been founded by Phrin las rgya mtsho (d. 1667), who was the regent of Tibet from 1665 to his death.
He was a student of the Fifth Dalai Lama and requested his permission to build a hermitage for eight to sixteen monks in the foothills above his native Nyangbran and invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to perform a “site investigation” ("sa brtag") to determine the most auspicious location on which to build the monastery.
The Dalai Lama made the treasure ("gter") discovery of the self-arisen stone image of the Buddha that is still located in Chupzang’s lower temple.
However, the initial hermitage fell into ruin and the official founding of the monastery is credited to Phrin las rgya mtsho's nephew, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, in around 1696.
The hermitage belonged to Chubzang ye shes rgya mtsho for sometime who built a four-pillar temple with rear chapel and porticos at the site.
It was later under the possession of Byang chub chos ’phel (1756–1838) and Khri byang sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang yeshes, who was a junior tutor to the living 14th Dalai Lama.
In 1921, Pha bong kha bde chen snying po (1878–1941) stayed at Chubzang and published his teachings through his most famous work, "Liberation in Our Hands" (Rnam grol lagbcangs).
In the 1950s, the site began to be used as a religious retirement community by elderly Lhasans, who constructed small huts in which they could live out the final years of their lives in intensive Buddhist practice.
Nuns began to renovate the site in the 1980s and founded the modern nunnery, as it is seen today, in 1984, and has since grown into one of the largest nunneries in the Lhasa Valley.
However, somewhat unusually, the houses are owned individually by the nuns, but the nunnery has an administrative body and a site for communal gathering.
Gari Nunnery is located north of Lhasa.
The nunnery has an ancient history traced to the 11th century when "Pha dam pa sangs rgyas"), the Buddhist preceptor, visited this location.
He not only named the place as "Garu" but also ordained that it shall be a "Nunnery" not a monastery of monks, on the basis of prophetic events that occurred during his visit to the place.
The Nunnery's fame in recent years is the leading and bold role that some of the nuns have played in organizing silent demonstrations against the Chinese rule, and seeking freedom of Tibet.
Many of the protesting nuns were arrested, incarcerated, brutally handled and released only after protracted detention.
Negodong Nunnery, a historical hermitage, is located in the Lhasa suburb of "Dog bde", northeast of Sera (and also of Lhasa).
It is believed that it was originally a retreat of the Buddhist scholar of the Sera Jé College's (Grwa tshang byes) Gomdé Regional House ("Sgom sde khang tshan"), "Nam mkha’ rgyal mtshan".
It was initially founded as a monastery with seventeen monks but later allotted in 1930 for exclusive use as a nunnery to provide personal security to the nuns who were then residing in a remote nunnery at "Gnas nang" (in a remote higher valley to the east) away from the present location at Nedong Nunnery "Gnas sgo gdong" (about a one-hour walk).
The monks were shifted to "Gnas nang"(the original home of the nuns).
Nenang Nunnery ("Gnas nang dgon pa") is located to the east of Negodong Nunnery ("Gnas sgo gdong dgon pa") in Lhasa prefecture.
It is associated with Padmasambhava who is stated to have meditated in two nearby caves in the 9th century.
Founding the hermitage as a nunnery is credited to a nun (interpreted as a Dakini) by name Jetsün (or Khachö) Dröldor Wangmo ("Rje btsun nam mkha’ spyod sgrol rdor dbang mo").
It functioned well as nunnery during her time and also during the next generation but went into decline thereafter.
It was then brought under the jurisdiction of the Khardo Hermitage.
Debates among monks on the Buddhist doctrines are integral to the learning process in the colleges in the Sera Monastery complex.
This facilitates better comprehension of the Buddhist philosophy to attain higher levels of study.
This exemplary debating tradition supplemented with gestures is said to be exclusive to this monastery, among the several other monasteries of Lhasa.
Visitors also attend to witness these debates that are held as per a set schedule, every day in the 'Debating Courtyard' of the monastery.
The debate among monks unfolds in the presence of their teachers, with a very well set rules of procedure for the defender and the questioners.
The tradition of such debates is traced to the ancient ‘Hindu Orthodoxy’ in India and this practice permeated into Buddhist orthodoxy in Tibet in the eighth century.
Such debates usually take place within the monastery’s precincts.
The defender has the onus to prove his point of view on the subject proposed for debate.
The debate opens with an invocation to Manjushri recited in a loud and high pitched tone.
The roles of the debater and the questioner are well defined; the questioner has to succinctly present his case (all on Buddhism related topics) and the defender has to answer within a fixed time frame.
The finality of the debate is with specific answers like: “I accept (do), the reason is not established (ta madrup) or there is no pervasion (Kyappa majung)”.
Many a time, the questions mooted are meant to mislead the defender.
If the defender does not reply within a time frame, an expression of derision is witnessed.
In the Tibetan debating sessions, there is no role for a witness and there is normally no adjudicator.
This leads to “conflicting opinions of participants and listeners.” When there is direct contradiction on the defenders part, the outcome is, however, formally decided.
Debates are punctuated with vigorous gestures which enliven the ambience of the occasion.
Each gesture has a meaning.
The debater presents his case with subtlety, robed in a formal monk’s attire.
Some of the gestures (said to have symbolic value), made during the debates, generally subtle dramatic gestures are: clapping after each question; holding right hand and stretching left hand forward and striking the left palm with the right palm; clapping hands loudly to stress the power and decisiveness of the defender’s arguments denoting his self-assurance; in case of wrong answer presented by the defender, the opponent gestures three circles with his hand around the defenders head followed by loud screaming to unnerve the defender; opponent's mistake is demonstrated by wrapping his upper robe around his waist; loud clapping and intense verbal exchange is common; and the approach is to trap the defender into a wrong line of argument.
Each time a new question is asked, the teacher strikes his outstretched left palm with his right palm.
When a question is answered correctly, it is acknowledged by the teacher bringing the back of his right hand to his left palm.
When the defender wins the debate he makes an allegorical dig at the questioner by questioning his basic wisdom as a Buddhist.
The tradition of conducting debates in the Gelukpa tradition was set in many monasteries of the Gelukpa sect, namely the Ganden Monastery, the Sera Monastery, the Drepung Monastery and the JIC, not only in pre-modern Tibet but also in other similar monasteries established in exile, such as in Sera, India.
At each location in Tibet, the debates are held under eight debating schedules in a year, depending on the rituals and festivals observed during the whole year.
Each daily session is held between eight breaks when students debate on issues of Buddhist scriptures and related subjects.
In the Sera monastery, the debate alternated by rituals has a daily schedule (with alterations to suit the climatic season) of the Morning debate (7 AM to 10 AM), Noon debate (11 AM to 1 PM), Afternoon debate (2 PM to 4 PM) and Night debate (8.30 PM to 9.30 PM).
The monastery hosts an impressive festival, popularly known as the ‘Sera Bengqin Festival’, which is largely attended by monks and devotees.
The festival is held some time in February as per the Gregorian calendar corresponding to specific date fixed by the monastery according to the Tibetan calendar.
On the festival day, a Dorje Pestle is ceremoniously taken to the Potala Palace.
The Dalai Lama offers prayers to the Buddha to bestow strength and blesses the Pestle.
Thereafter, the pestle is briefly placed on the heads of the monks and disciples by the Khenpo (president) of the Ngaba Zhacang.
Another popular festival witnessed by visitors and locals is the Sho Dun Festival held in the month of August in the Gregorian calendar.
The festival represents the symbolic Buddha-Unfolding, where worship of the Buddha is the essential part.
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The Gross–Neveu model is a quantum field theory model of Dirac fermions interacting via four fermion interactions in 1 spatial and 1 time dimension.
It was introduced in 1974 by David Gross and André Neveu as a toy model for quantum chromodynamics, the theory of strong interactions.
It consists of N Dirac fermions, ψ, ..., ψ.
The Lagrangian density is using the Einstein summation notation where g is the coupling constant.
If the mass m is nonzero, the model is massive classically, otherwise it enjoys a chiral symmetry.
This model has an U(N) global internal symmetry.
Note that it does not reduce to the massive Thirring model (which is completely integrable).
It is a 2-dimensional version of the 4-dimensional Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model (NJL), which was introduced 14 years earlier as a model of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (but no quark confinement) modeled upon the BCS theory of superconductivity.
The 2-dimensional version has the advantage that the 4-fermi interaction is renormalizable, which it is not in any higher number of dimensions.
Gross and Neveu studied this model in the large N limit, expanding the relevant parameters in a 1/N expansion.
After demonstrating that this and related models are asymptotically free, they found that, in the subleading order, for small fermion masses the bifermion condensate ***formula*** acquires a vacuum expectation value (VEV) and as a result the fundamental fermions become massive.
They find that the mass is not analytic in the coupling constant g. The vacuum expectation value spontaneously breaks the chiral symmetry of the theory.
More precisely, expanding about the vacuum with no vacuum expectation value for the bilinear condensate they found a tachyon.
To do this they solve the renormalization group equations for the propagator of the bifermion field, using the fact that the only renormalization of the coupling constant comes from the wave function renormalization of the composite field.
They then calculated, at leading order in a 1/N expansion but to all orders in the coupling constant, the dependence of the potential energy on the condensate using the effective action techniques introduced the previous year by Sidney Coleman at the Erice International Summer School of Physics.
They found that this potential is minimized at a nonzero value of the condensate, indicating that this is the true value of the condensate.
Expanding the theory about the new vacuum, the tachyon was found to be no longer present and in fact, like the BCS theory of superconductivity, there is a mass gap.
They then made a number of general arguments about dynamical mass generation in quantum field theories.
For example, they demonstrated that not all masses may be dynamically generated in theories which are infrared-stable, using this to argue that, at least to leading order in 1/N, the 4-dimensional ***formula*** theory does not exist.
They also argued that in asymptotically free theories the dynamically generated masses never depend analytically on the coupling constants.
Gross and Neveu considered several generalizations.
First, they considered a Lagrangian with one extra quartic interaction chosen so that the discrete chiral symmetry ***formula*** of the original model is enhanced to a continuous U(1)-valued chiral symmetry ***formula***.
Chiral symmetry breaking occurs as before, caused by the same VEV.
However, as the spontaneously broken symmetry is now continuous, a massless Goldstone boson appears in the spectrum.
Although this leads to no problems at the leading order in the 1/N expansion, massless particles in 2-dimensional quantum field theories inevitably lead to infrared divergences and so the theory appears to not exist.
Two further modifications of the modified theory, which remedy this problem, were then considered.
In one modification one increases the number of dimensions.
As a result, the massless field does not lead to divergences.
In the other modification, the chiral symmetry is gauged.
As a result the Golstone boson is eaten by the Higgs mechanism as the photon becomes massive, and so does not lead to any divergences.
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Double Whoopee is a 1929 Hal Roach Studios silent short comedy starring Laurel and Hardy.
It was shot during February 1929 and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on May 18 of that year.
Laurel and Hardy play the roles of a footman (Hardy) and doorman (Laurel) at an upper class hotel.
Jean Harlow also makes a brief appearance in this film, as a blonde bombshell who gets partially stripped by Laurel & Hardy.
One of the funnier scenes is one with an automatic elevator.
A haughty prince tries to get on the elevator from the first floor.
Simultaneously Oliver summons the elevator.
For some reason the outer doors don't close and when the prince (who has been busy giving a speech) tries to step in, he falls into the elevator well.
Oliver rides down in the elevator and disappears.
The prince is pulled out of the well, all disheveled and dirty.
He tries it again.
This time Stan summons the elevator and the whole thing repeats.
While this is a silent film, a version with post-synchronized dialogue tracks provided by voice actors — not Stan's or Ollie's actual voices — was created in 1969.
L&H mimic Chuck McCann plays both Stan and Ollie in the talking version.
McCann had his own local TV show in New York in the sixties where he used puppets of Stan and Ollie to entertain kids.
He was also seen in the 1970s and 1980s television commercial for Amco windshield wipers, playing Oliver Hardy opposite Jim McGeorge, who played Stan(McGeorge did the Oliver Hardy voice in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon program of the 1960s).
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Segontium () is a Roman fort on the outskirts of Caernarfon in Gwynedd, North Wales.
The fort, which survived until the end of the Roman occupation of Britain, was garrisoned by Roman auxiliaries from present-day Belgium and Germany.
It was the most important military base and administrative centre in this part of Britain.
The fort probably takes its name either directly from the Afon Seiont or from a British settlement itself named for the river.
It is possible, however, that it is connected to the Segontiaci, a British tribe mentioned by Julius Caesar.
Segontium was founded by Agricola in 77 or 78 after he had conquered the Ordovices in North Wales.
It was the main Roman fort in the north of Roman Wales and was designed to hold about a thousand auxiliary infantry.
It was connected by a Roman road to the Roman legionary base at Chester, Deva Victrix.
Unlike the medieval Caernarfon Castle that was built alongside the Seiont estuary more than a thousand years later, Segontium was situated on higher ground to the east giving a good view of the Menai Straits.
The original timber defences were rebuilt in stone in the first half of the 2nd century.
In the same period, a large courtyard house (with its own small bathhouse) was built within the fort.
The high-status building may have been the residence of an important official who was possibly in charge of regional mineral extraction.
Archaeological research shows that, by the year 120, there had been a reduction in the military numbers at the fort.
An inscription on an aqueduct from the time of the Emperor Septimius Severus indicates that, by the 3rd century, Segontium was garrisoned by 500 men from the "Cohors I Sunicorum", which would have originally been levied among the "Sunici" of Gallia Belgica.
The size of the fort continued to reduce through the 3rd and 4th centuries.
At this time Segontium's main role was the defence of the north Wales coast against Irish raiders and pirates.
Coins found at Segontium show the fort was still occupied until at least 394.
Segontium is generally considered to have been listed among the 28 cities of Britain listed in the "History of the Britons" traditionally ascribed to Nennius, either as or .
Bishop Ussher cites another passage in Nennius: "Here, says Nennius, Constantius the Emperor (the father probably of Constantine the Great) died; that is, near the town of Cair Segeint, or Custoient, in Carnarvonshire".
Nennius stated that the emperor's inscribed tomb was still present in his day.
Constantius Chlorus actually died at York and Ford credited the Welsh monument to the Constantine who was the son of Saint Elen, the supposed patron of the Sarn Helen.
In the 11th century, the Normans built a motte nearby, whose settlement formed the nucleus of present-day Caernarfon.
Following the 12th-century Edwardian conquest, the earlier work was replaced by Caernarfon Castle.
Although the A4085 to Beddgelert cuts through the site, most of the fort's foundations are preserved.
Guidebooks can be bought from other Cadw sites, including Caernarfon Castle.
The remains of a civilian settlement together with a Roman temple of Mithras, the Caernarfon Mithraeum, and a cemetery have been also identified around the fort.
Segontium is referenced in the prose of the Mabinogion, a collection of early medieval Welsh poetry first collated in the 1350s.
In "Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig" ("The dream of Macsen Wledig")—one of its Four Independent Tales—Macsen (identified with the Emperor Magnus Maximus) dreams of a beautiful woman (Saint Elen) who turns out to be at "the fort at the mouth of the Seiont".
Wallace Breem's novel "Eagle in the Snow" begins and ends in post-Roman Segontium and references its temple of Mithras.
The fort also features in "The Crystal Cave" and "The Hollow Hills" of Mary Stewart's "Merlin" trilogy.
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All genuine rosewoods belong to the genus "Dalbergia".
The preeminent rosewood appreciated in the Western world is the wood of "Dalbergia nigra" which is a CITES-listed endangered species on Appendix 1, which means no commercial sales for wood that is cut after 1992.
It is best known as Brazilian Rosewood, but also as Bahia rosewood.
This wood has a strong sweet smell, which persists for many years, explaining the name rosewood.
Another classic rosewood comes from "Dalbergia latifolia" known as (East) Indian rosewood or sonokeling (Indonesia).
It is native to India and is also grown in plantations elsewhere in Pakistan(chiniot).
Madagascar rosewood ("Dalbergia maritima"), known as "bois de rose", is highly prized for its red color.
It is overexploited in the wild, despite a 2010 moratorium on trade and illegal logging, which continue on a large scale.
Throughout southeast Asia "Dalbergia oliveri" is harvested for use in woodworking.
It has a very fragrant and dense grain near the core, however the outer sapwood is soft and porous.
"Dalbergia cultrata" that has variegated burgundy to light brown color, a blackwood timber is sold as Burmese Rosewood.
Products built with rosewood based engineered woods are sold as Malaysian Rosewood or as "Dalbergia oliveri".
Some rosewood comes from "Dalbergia retusa", also known as the Nicaraguan rosewood or as palisander is controlled by CITES under Appendix 2 which allows some commercial activity.
Several species are known as Guatemalan rosewood or Panama rosewood: "D. tucerencis", "D. tucarensis", and "D. cubiquitzensis".
Honduran rosewood:"D. stevensonii", also on CITES Appendix 2, is used for marimba keys, guitar parts, clarinets and other musical and ornamental applications.
Not all species in the large genus "Dalbergia" yield rosewoods; only about a dozen species do.
The woods of some other species in the genus "Dalbergia" are notable—even famous—woods in their own right: African blackwood, cocobolo, kingwood, and tulipwood.
The woods of some other species are usable for tool handles at best.
The timber trade will sell many timbers under the name rosewood (usually with an adjective) due to some (outward) similarities.
A fair number of these timbers come from other legume genera; one such species that is often mentioned is Bolivian "Machaerium scleroxylon" sold as Bolivian rosewood.
Another that may be found in market from Southeast Asia is "Pterocarpus indicus", sold as New Guinea rosewood (and related species).
"Dalbergia sissoo" is timber from rosewood species from India and Bangladesh, usually known as Sheesham or North-Indian Rosewood.
It is extremely dense and has mild rot resistance, but it is porous and its exterior is soft and susceptible to wood-boring insects.
It is used for making cabinets, flooring and carving.
It is exported as quality veneers.
Due to its after work quality when sealed and dyed, it is often sold as genuine rosewood or as teak.
It has no discernible qualities of a genuine rosewood.
It has comparable strength with teak, but lower quality and price than teak or "Dalbergia latifolia".
Although its wood bears no resemblance whatsoever to the true rosewoods, the Australian rose mahogany ("Dysoxylum fraserianum", family Meliaceae) and Australian Blackwood, ("Acacia melanoxylon") is also sold as rosewood.
Australian rose mahogany due to the strong smell of roses from freshly cut bark is more mistakenly called as a "rosewood".
All rosewoods are strong and heavy, taking an excellent polish, being suitable for guitars (the fretboards on electric and acoustic guitars often being made of rosewood), marimbas, recorders, turnery (billiard cues, fountain pens, black pieces in chess sets, etc.
), handles, furniture, and luxury flooring, etc.
Rosewood oil, used in perfume, is extracted from the wood of "Aniba rosaeodora", which is not related to the rosewoods used for lumber.
In general, world stocks are poor through overexploitation.
Some species become canopy trees (up to 30 m high), and large pieces can occasionally be found in the trade.
Rosewood is now protected worldwide.
At the recent summit of the international wildlife trade in South Africa, CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) moved to protect the world’s most trafficked wild product by placing all 300 species of the rosewood tree under trade restrictions.
The dust created from sanding rosewood is considered a sensitizing irritant and can trigger asthma and other respiratory ailments.
Often, the more a person is exposed to rosewood dust, the more sensitive they can become to exposure.
***LIST***.
Machine carved pieces are more lean in waste but more prone to damage than hand carved pieces, especially for Rosewood.
Qualitative craftsmanship is seen by the locks and joints of the product.
Qualitative service by industrial standards in pricing is based upon the total material cost.
The woodwork charge and the profit margin is calculated as 25% (2010) to 40% (2016) of the material cost.
Certain non-professional groups charge by per square feet of the work to be done and at times per hour rather than the work done, which was viewed as unethical through case studies.
Though per square feet calculations are used in industrial manufacturing settings to estimate the work done by multiple person's but only in the above stated margins.
If the product is sold through the stores, then the pricing comes not more than the double of cost of material used in a rounded figure, considering the selling expenses (store expenses, delivery, care, etc.
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Le Grand-Saconnex is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.
Several international organizations and permanent missions to the United Nations are located in Grand Saconnex.
Consequently, the population of Grand Saconnex is quite cosmopolitan one of the most diverse in Switzerland, with nearly 40% of the population being born outside of Switzerland.
Geneva International Airport is partially within the borders of Le Grand-Saconnex.
Le Grand-Saconnex has an area, , of .
Of this area, or 14.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 2.1% is forested.
Of the rest of the land, or 83.6% is settled (buildings or roads).
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.1% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 32.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 41.8%.
Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 2.5% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 5.3%.
Out of the forested land, 0.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.
Of the agricultural land, 5.9% is used for growing crops and 7.1% is pastures, while 1.1% is used for orchards or vine crops.
The municipality is located just to west of the city of Geneva and forms part of the greater Geneva area.
It is on the right bank of Lake Geneva.
The municipality of Le Grand-Saconnex consists of the sub-sections or villages of Aéroport - Arena, Aéroport - fret, Les Blanchets, Grand-Saconnex - Organisations, Grand-Saconnex - village, La Tour - Chapeau-du-Curé, Le Pommier, Grand-Saconnex - Marais, Le Jonc and Palexpo.
Le Grand-Saconnex has a population () of .
, 43.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals.
Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 37.4%.
It has changed at a rate of 31.8% due to migration and at a rate of 5.9% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population () speaks French (5,759 or 71.0%), with English being second most common (550 or 6.8%) and German being third (372 or 4.6%).
There are 293 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.
, the gender distribution of the population was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.
The population was made up of 3,058 Swiss men (25.8% of the population) and 2,584 (21.8%) non-Swiss men.
There were 3,526 Swiss women (29.8%) and 2,675 (22.6%) non-Swiss women.
Of the population in the municipality 1,049 or about 12.9% were born in Le Grand-Saconnex and lived there in 2000.
There were 1,727 or 21.3% who were born in the same canton, while 1,166 or 14.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 3,219 or 39.7% were born outside of Switzerland.
In there were 69 live births to Swiss citizens and 46 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 52 deaths of Swiss citizens and 22 non-Swiss citizen deaths.
Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 17 while the foreign population increased by 24.
There were 26 Swiss men and 24 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland.
At the same time, there were 112 non-Swiss men and 65 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.
The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 107 and the non-Swiss population increased by 41 people.
This represents a population growth rate of 1.4%.
The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.5%.
, there were 3,259 people who were single and never married in the municipality.
There were 3,995 married individuals, 346 widows or widowers and 514 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 3,234 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household.
There were 1,154 households that consist of only one person and 163 households with five or more people.
Out of a total of 3,314 households that answered this question, 34.8% were households made up of just one person and there were 9 adults who lived with their parents.
Of the rest of the households, there are 817 married couples without children, 952 married couples with children There were 268 single parents with a child or children.
There were 34 households that were made up of unrelated people and 80 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 20.99% of the vote.
The next three most popular parties were the SP (17.22%), the Green Party (16.95%) and the FDP (13.11%).
In the federal election, a total of 2,039 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.2%.
In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 4,516 registered voters of which 1,679 (37.2%) voted.
The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the MCG with 14.3% of the ballots.
In the canton-wide election they received the third highest proportion of votes.
The second most popular party was the Les Radicaux (with 14.0%), they were sixth in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Verts (with 13.6%), they were second in the canton-wide election.
For the 2009 Conseil d'Etat election, there were a total of 4,560 registered voters of which 2,023 (44.4%) voted.
In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Le Grand-Saconnex there were 25 spots open on the municipal council.
There were a total of 6,496 registered voters of which 2,571 (39.6%) voted.
Out of the 2,571 votes, there were 19 blank votes, 15 null or unreadable votes and 228 votes with a name that was not on the list.
Geneva International Airport is partially within Le Grand-Saconnex.
Palexpo the convention center of Geneva is within Le Grand-Saconnex.
The complex is located next to the airport and held each year a multitude of exhibition.
We can highlight the Geneva Motor Show and the Salon du livre.
, Le Grand-Saconnex had an unemployment rate of 6.6%.
, there was 1 person employed in the primary economic sector and about 1 business involved in this sector.
243 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 42 businesses in this sector.
8,955 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 380 businesses in this sector.
There were 4,171 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 47.5% of the workforce.
, there were 5,621 workers who commuted into the municipality and 3,394 workers who commuted away.
The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.
About 11.9% of the workforce coming into Le Grand-Saconnex are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.3% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.
Of the working population, 24.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 54.8% used a private car.
From the , 2,904 or 35.8% were Roman Catholic, while 1,428 or 17.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.
Of the rest of the population, there were 213 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.63% of the population), there were 3 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 140 individuals (or about 1.73% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.
There were 46 individuals (or about 0.57% of the population) who were Jewish, and 439 (or about 5.41% of the population) who were Islamic.
There were 23 individuals who were Buddhist, 34 individuals who were Hindu and 13 individuals who belonged to another church.
1,677 (or about 20.67% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1,194 individuals (or about 14.72% of the population) did not answer the question.
The Ecumenical Centre - housing the offices of the World Council of Churches, ACT Alliance, the World Student Christian Federation and the Lutheran World Federation - is in Le Grand-Saconnex.
In Le Grand-Saconnex about 2,184 or (26.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 1,852 or (22.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule").
Of the 1,852 who completed tertiary schooling, 28.1% were Swiss men, 24.8% were Swiss women, 26.1% were non-Swiss men and 21.0% were non-Swiss women.
During the 2009-2010 school year there were a total of 2,367 students in the Le Grand-Saconnex school system.
The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten.
During that school year, there were 215 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class.
The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes.
In Le Grand-Saconnex there were 321 students in kindergarten or primary school and 27 students were in the special, smaller classes.
The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools.
There were 321 lower secondary students who attended school in Le Grand-Saconnex.
There were 445 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 64 students who were in a professional, non-university track program.
An additional 285 students attended a private school.
, there were 57 students in Le Grand-Saconnex who came from another municipality, while 868 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
In 2005 Campus des Nations, a campus of the International School of Geneva, was opened in Le Grand-Saconnex.
Campus des Nations is one of three campuses of the International School of Geneva.
The campus consists of two individual sites both located in Le Grand-Saconnex.
The two sites, Pregny and Nations, collectively also known as the "Saconnex Campus" offer classes to students from year 1 through to year 13, providing both the Primary Years Program (PYP), Middle Years Program (MYP), and Diploma Program (DP), all as a part of the International Baccalaureate.
The Nations site is in proximity with many notable international organizations, directly neighboring the International Labor Organization (ILO) headquarters, the World Health Organization (WHO) headquarters, and the World Council of Churches (WCC).
The Pregny site is in the vicinity of the United Nations, as well as the Red Cross headquarters.
International School of Geneva has a campus in Grand-Saconnex.
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United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper (MOS 0317, formerly 8541) is a secondary MOS (Military Occupational Specialty) designator of U.S. Marine Corps infantrymen and reconnaissance Marines that have graduated from a U.S. Marine Corps Scout Sniper School.
Scout Snipers must earn the rank of Lance Corporal, be selected by their battalion to join the scout-sniper platoon, and complete an approved scout-sniper course in order to receive this designation.
A USMC Scout Sniper is a Marine, highly skilled in fieldcraft and marksmanship, who can deliver long-range precision fire on selected targets, from concealed positions.
A USMC Scout Sniper Team is a detachment of one or more sniper teams performing an assigned task of engaging selected targets, targets of opportunity, collecting and reporting information, or a combination of all, contributing to the accomplishment of the supported unit's mission.
Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA) Platoons, very similar units, existed until shortly after the Gulf War.
They consisted of Scout Snipers and Intelligence Marines.
A Scout Sniper Platoon is composed of 8–10 Scout Sniper teams, some of which are specially suited for night operations and fully capable of operating in almost complete darkness through use of night vision scopes and infrared laser equipment.
Typically, each Scout Sniper team has two members.
One sniper is equipped with a long-range, specially-made sniper rifle, such as the M40; he is also frequently issued an M9 9mm pistol.
The spotter is typically armed with an M4 carbine and uses a high-power spotting scope to spot targets and follow-up shots for the shooter.
The shooter/spotter relationship is not always set; some platoons establish designated shooters, while others have team members switch off.
Within a platoon, there are four Special Application Scoped Rifles (SASR), chambered in the .50 caliber, such as the M82, or M107.
These can be issued to a team as needed to give supported commanders the option of taking out heavy equipment or heavily armored targets.
Scout Sniper teams train to engage man-sized targets with the M40 out to 1000 yards, and can be effective at a range of up to with the M82, if the environment is right.
Scout Snipers provide close reconnaissance and surveillance to the infantry battalion.
By doctrine, a Scout Sniper is a Marine highly skilled in field craft and marksmanship who delivers long range precision fire on selected targets from concealed positions in support of combat operations.
Scout Snipers in Marine infantry battalions fell under the Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA) units initially, and now, more formalized, they belong to the infantry battalion's Scout Sniper Platoon (SSP), usually within the Headquarters and Service (H&S) Company or Weapons Company.
Marine Scout Snipers are trained at one of the four school house locations.
The motto of the Marine Scout Sniper is "one shot, one kill".
The term "Scout Sniper" is only used officially by the Marine Corps, but it does not imply a differing mission from the U.S. Army Sniper.
An Army Sniper's primary mission is to support combat operations by delivering precise long-range fire on selected targets.
By this, the sniper creates casualties amongst enemy troops, slows enemy movement, frightens enemy soldiers, lowers morale, and adds confusion to their operations.
The sniper's secondary mission is collecting and reporting battlefield information, Section 1.1 FM 23-10 Sniper Training.
The Marine Corps is unique in its consolidation of reconnaissance and sniper duties for a single Marine.
Most other conventional armed forces, including the U.S. Army, separate the reconnaissance soldier or scout from the sniper.
In the U.S. Army, the 19D MOS, "Cavalry Scout" is the primary special reconnaissance and surveillance soldier and the term "Infantry Scout" refers to a specially trained infantrymen that functions in a reconnaissance and surveillance capacity, while "Sniper" refers to a specially selected and trained soldier that primarily functions as a sniper.
Most military forces believe that the separation of reconnaissance and sniper capabilities allows for a higher degree of specialization.
The Scout Sniper Basic Course or SSBC is considered to be one of the hardest schools in the US Military.
Attrition is normally around 60%, but can be much higher.
There are currently four different school houses in the Marine Corps that offer the Scout Sniper Basic Course.
***LIST***.
In 2009, a major change in curriculum occurred with the Scout Sniper Basic Course (SSBC) and it was shortened from the traditional 10-week course to an 8 week course.
This was done concurrently with the removal of the Advanced Course and the addition of the Team Leader Course of 4 weeks.
This reduction of 1 weeks is because of the removal of the course's mission planning phase and the addition of this curriculum to the Team Leader Course.
Missions are still conducted during the course's last week, but are now not a major part of curriculum.
In 2010, a new curriculum was introduced, with shooting as the course's primary focus and stalking a secondary focus.
The new course is now 12 weeks long.
It is no longer called the Scout Sniper Basic Course.
Because of the new and extremely difficult shooting qualifications, it is now called Scout Sniper Course, as it is no longer considered basic.
There are 9 straight weeks of shooting qualifications, before the majority of field training.
These are the basic requirements that must be met in order to attend school, Units vary with Indocs and Pre-Reqs.
Minimum Requirements: As per HQMC School Quota Message:
***LIST***.
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A thumb tip is a magician's prop used for vanishing, producing, or switching small objects.
A classic effect is to have a silk handkerchief or other small object pressed into the top of the left fist.
After pushing it well in with the right thumb, the left fist is opened to show the silk has disappeared.
Alternatively, a lit cigarette, liquid, salt or other small objects can be made to disappear in a like manner.
A similar effect would be to cause a handkerchief or other small object to appear in the left fist after previously showing it empty.
The right hand approaches the left and after a brief pause pulls out the silk handkerchief bit by bit from the fist.
These appearances and disappearances are achieved by a small flesh-colored imitation thumb tip, usually made of plastic, rubber or painted metal, which fits loosely over the thumb.
Space exists between the thumb and the tip into which a small object can be concealed.
For the vanish, the tip is already in the left fist.
The handkerchief or cigarette is pressed into the tip with the fingers and then finally the right thumb, which comes quickly out of the hand with the tip on, and the object inside, between the tip and thumb.
While the audience is looking at the fist, the performer has chance to misdirect and dump the tip and contents in a pocket, perhaps under cover of putting the hand in the pocket to obtain some "magic dust" to sprinkle on the left fist.
Alternatively, the tip may be kept on the thumb for an indeterminate amount of time, using techniques of misdirection and shading to keep it invisible to the audience.
An appearance is achieved in a similar manner, but this time, the tip begins on the right thumb with the object already inside.
To avoid detection, the tip may be kept down behind the right hand, or it may be pointed directly at the audience while the hand is in motion; done properly, it appears as though the right hand is empty.
The left hand is openly shown to be empty, and is made into a fist.
The right thumb is inserted into the left fist, while simultaneously the thumb and right fingers pull the concealed object out of the tip, which remains in the left fist.
While the audience is misdirected looking at the object, the performer may turn to his left and dump the tip into his pocket leaving him clean.
Silk is often used because it will compress into a small space in the tip.
Thumb tips and finger tips can be obtained at magic dealers.
While the explanation is simple, the use and handling of the tip requires quite some skill and practice to perfect.
Ultimately, the beauty of the illusion, as with most magic, will depend on the skill of the performer, both in the handling and as an actor.
Magicians have used modified thumb tips to accomplish different effects.
A thumb tip with a slit in the tip can be used like a dye tube to apparently change the color of a silk .
In this case, a colored silk is preloaded into the tip.
The magician steals the tip into the left fist, then pokes a white silk into the tip while alternately pulling the colored silk out from the other end.
A thumb tip with a small suction cup attached to the tip can be used to create the illusion of floating small objects .
In this effect, the tip remains on the magician's thumb while the suction cup is affixed to a small object with a smooth surface (such as a light bulb or empty aluminum can), effectively attaching the object to the thumb.
With the fingers spread, the thumb moves the object in such a way that it appears to be floating independently of the hands.
A thumb tip can be prepared with a wick protruding slightly from the end, soaked with lighter fluid .
This enables the magician to "pick up" a flame, apparently with his or her fingers.
Mentalists may use a thumb tip with a piece of pencil lead at the end which can be used to secretly write on a piece of paper, similar to a swami gimmick.
A thumb tip embedded with magnets can be utilized in performance to effect a magnetic compass to move.
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Joseph Cottle (1770–1853) was an English publisher and author.
Cottle started business in Bristol.
He published the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey on generous terms.
He then wrote in his "Early Recollections" an exposure of Coleridge that was, at the time, severely criticised and generally condemned.
He was the brother of Amos Simon Cottle but did not receive his classical education; he was for two years at the school of Richard Henderson.
Henderson advised him to become a bookseller, and Cottle set up in business in 1791.
In 1794 he made, through Robert Lovell, the acquaintance of Coleridge and Southey, then in Bristol and preparing for emigration to America.
Coleridge had been offered in London six guineas for the copyright of his poems, but Cottle offered thirty, and the same sum to Southey, also proposing to give the latter fifty guineas for his "Joan of Arc", and made arrangements for the lectures delivered on behalf of pantisocracy.
He facilitated Coleridge's marriage by the promise of a guinea and a half for every hundred lines of poetry he might produce after the completion of the volume already contracted for.
This eventually appeared in April 1796.
"Joan of Arc" was published in the same year.
Cottle next undertook the publication and support of Coleridge's periodical, "The Watchman".
He was shortly afterwards introduced by Coleridge to William Wordsworth, and the acquaintance resulted in the publication of the two poets' "Lyrical Ballads" in the autumn of 1798.
In the following year Cottle retired from business as a bookseller.
His acquaintance with Coleridge was renewed years later.
When in 1814 and 1815 Coleridge was at a low ebb by his opium addiction, Cottle addressed to him some well intended rebukes.
In his "Biographia Literaria", Coleridge alludes to Cottle as ‘a friend from whom I never received any advice that was not wise, or a remonstrance that was not gentle and affectionate.’ Cottle died at Fairfield House, Bristol, 7 June 1853.
He produced several volumes of his own.
"Malvern Hills" was published in 1798, "John the Baptist, a Poem", in 1801, "Alfred, an Epic Poem", in the same year, "The Fall of Cambria" in 1809, "Messiah" in 1815.
These pieces exposed him to the sarcasm of Lord Byron.
Against advice from Thomas Poole and James Gillman, Cottle, in his "Early Recollections, chiefly relating to Samuel Taylor Coleridge" (1837), enumerated his generosities to Coleridge and Southey, and entered into details of Coleridge's opium habit.
‘The confusion in Cottle's "Recollections" is greater than any one would think possible,’ said Southey; the book is inaccurate in its dates, and documents quoted are garbled.
It has details on others such as Robert Lovell and William Gilbert.
It has youthful portraits of Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth, and Charles Lamb.
A second edition was published in 1847 under the title of "Reminiscences of Coleridge and Southey".
The appendix to the fourth edition of his "Malvern Hills" (1829) contains several essays, including an account of his tutor Henderson, a discussion of the authenticity of the Rowley poems, and a description of the Oreston Caves, near Plymouth, and their fossils.
His correspondence with Joseph Haslewood on the Rowley manuscripts is preserved in the British Museum.
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Gran Pajatén is an archaeological site located in the Andean cloud forests of Peru, on the border of the La Libertad region and the San Martín region, between the Marañon and Huallaga rivers.
The archaeological site lies in the Rio Abiseo National Park, which was established in 1983.
The park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Natural Site in 1990, and Cultural Site in 1992.
In order to protect the fragile ruins and endangered environment, the archaeological site and the national park are currently not open to visitors without permits from Peru's Ministry of Agriculture and National Institute of Culture.
The related site of Los Pinchudos is located very near Gran Pajaten.
Gran Pajatén sits on a hilltop above the Montecristo River valley, and consists of a series of at least 26 circular stone structures atop numerous terraces and stairways.
The ruins occupy an area of about 20,000 m².
The principal buildings are decorated with slate mosaics displaying human, bird and geometric motifs.
Analysis of ceramic samples and radiocarbon dates show that the area was occupied as early as 200 BCE, but the visible building ruins on the present site were constructed during Inca times.
Based primarily on architectural evidence, the settlement is attributed to the Chachapoyas culture.
Explorer Gene Savoy is erroneously credited with having found the ruins in 1965.
The site is rumored to have been discovered around 1940 by Juanjui resident Eduardo Pena Meza while exploring the area for a possible road project.
However, there is no evidence that ruins he encountered were those of Gran Pajatén or ruins of another abandoned prehispanic settlement.
Therefore, the "discovery" of Gran Pajatén is attributed to villagers from the town of Pataz in 1963.
After he was guided to the site by Pataz villagers in 1965, Savoy claimed credit by publicizing the discovery in the world press as his own.
An official Peruvian government expedition visited the site and began to clear vegetation in late 1965.
By 1966, the Peruvian government had set up a helicopter pad and cleared much of the protective vegetation that surrounded the site.
Many years later, these actions raised criticism due to the delicate nature of the archaeological site.
Without the protection of dense vegetation, the stone ruins began to rapidly deteriorate.
In 1985, a team led by the anthropology department at University of Colorado began a major research project at Gran Pajatén and surrounding archaeological sites in the park.
The expedition was widely publicized, and this second large-scale investigation led to further discussions of opening the site up to tourism.
A Peruvian televised expedition in 1990 once again cleared the protective vegetation from the site, and further damaged the ruins.
Currently, there are plans for construction of several roads and tourist infrastructure in the region.
Neither have been implemented due to the fragile nature of the ruins and the high cost of conserving the site while minimizing tourist impacts on its archaeological integrity and environmental context.
The town of Juanjui is located close to Gran Pajaten, and contains some artistic representations inspired by it.
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Themístocles Nazario Lobos Aguirre (December 3, 1928 – July 24, 2012), better known as Themo Lobos, was a Chilean cartoonist.
He created the characters "Máximo Chambónez", "Ferrilo", "Nick Obre", and "Alaraco", with his most famous work being "Mampato", a character first developed, briefly, by Eduardo Armstrong and Óscar Vega; Lobos then wrote and illustrated his adventures from 1968 to 1978.
He was also the publisher of the comic-book "Cucalón", which collected all his previous characters and stories.
Themístocles Lobos was born in San Miguel, Santiago, Chile in 1928.
He began drawing cartoons at age 7, at first copying other drawings, but at 12 he realized that he needed "to be original and begin to work on his own things".
Themo Lobos' first inspirations and influences came from the children's magazine "El Peneca", of which he was a great fan - the "Quintín el Aventurero" ("Quentin the Adventurer") strip in particular.
His first art studies were at the Chilean Academy of Fine Arts, but he quit because the school was not what he had expected.
He later studied at the Chilean School of Applied Arts, where in his spare time he created his first original characters, "Ferrilo the Robot" and "Homero the Pilot".
His first professional work was published in the newspaper La Nación in 1949, with his characters serving to promote advertising.
The following year, he got to work in "El Peneca".
He was later signed on to work as one of the assistants to Guido Vallejos on the famous Chilean comic-book "Barrabases", where he created the characters "Cicleto", "Cucufato" and "Ñeclito".
In the mid-1950s, he was signed on to work on the humor publication "El Pingüino" ("The Penguin").
For this magazine he introduced his first truly popular creation: "Alaraco", a comic strip about an over-concerned and overreacting man (modeled on Lobos' own personality).
The same decade saw his work appear in the magazines "Pobre Diablo", "Flash", "Humor de Hoy" and "Humanoide".
In 1968, Chilean artist Eduardo Armstrong introduced the children's magazine "Mampato", a bi-weekly publication containing educational articles as well as prose stories and a number of Chilean and foreign comic strips, which was published by Editorial "Lord Cochrane".
The first episode of the titular "Mampato" comic series was initially written by Armstrong and illustrated by Óscar Vega, a renowned Chilean comics artist.
It tells the story of a young Chilean boy who obtains a "space-time belt" and uses it to travel through time, seeking to experience history's greatest adventures.
The character of Mampato was partly inspired by both Dennis the Menace by Hank Ketcham, and Goscinny and Uderzo's Astérix.
Vega had just read an Astérix book, at the time little known in Latin America, and was very impressed with the work; he attempted to merge Dennis the Menace's physical appearance and Astérix' art style into Mampato.
Themo Lobos was then very busy with his work for "El Peneca", yet Armstrong offered him the chance to illustrate "Mampato".
At first, Lobos declined the offer, but after a while he accepted – quickly becoming close friends with Armstrong.
Lobos began drawing the series from the third chapter of Mampato's first adventure.
While doing the illustrations, he mentioned to Armstrong that he was uncomfortable working with a script he had not written.
Armstrong then decided to give Lobos free reins for the creation of stories and characters in all subsequent "Mampato" comics.
For the remainder of the first storyline and, in full instalments since the second Mampato adventure ("Kilikilis and Golagolas"), the series was entirely written and illustrated by Lobos (save for a few storylines by Vega) and the magazine went on to become highly popular and successful with the Chilean youth, at its peak selling roughly 100,000 copies per issue and changed its schedule to weekly in April 1971.
"Mampato" and the whole Chilean comics industry were affected by the 1973 coup d'état against Salvador Allende's government, led by Augusto Pinochet on September 11.
Eventually, many comics ceased publication and also, in November of the same year, Eduardo Armstrong died from cancer at age 41.
Since 1973, Lobos encountered problems in producing the "Mampato" strip.
Some people took issue with certain stories such as "Los Tres" ("The Three"), aka "El Árbol Gigante" ("The Giant Tree"), where Mampato fights mutants ruled by a character called Ferjus, the leader of a tyrannical dictatorship.
Lobos has commented on this particular storyline, explaining that he came up with it before the coup so it was not an attempt to satirize the then-current government.
Most importantly, Lobos believed, it would be wrong to turn children's comics into political commentary.
Amid the country's tense situation, "Mampato" magazine ceased publication in January 1978.
During the publication period of 1968 – 1978, Lobos produced 25 complete Mampato storylines and the magazine was the main publication venue for other Chilean comics artists in addition to other works by Lobos, such as "Máximo Chambónez", a comic strip originally seen in "Barrabases" but which became more popular while appearing on "Mampato".
After "Mampato"'s abrupt end in 1978, certain stories and art by Lobos were left incomplete.
Around this time, many of his colleagues, assistants and friends were exiled or left the country, but he decided to stay.
Until 1986, Lobos worked with very small or foreign publishers as well as illustrating promotional material for foreign properties such as "the Smurfs" and "Super Friends".
In 1983, the Chilean TV show "Jappening Con Ja" staged a live-action sketch of his comic strip, "Alaraco", starring comedian Fernando Alarcón.
The recurring sketch became very popular across the country and rekindled interest in Themo Lobos comics.
In 1986, Themo Lobos gathered the funds and rights needed to create a new publication called "Cucalón".
This was a comic-book which collected all of Lobos' output from all the magazines that he had worked in his career, joined by new and previously unpublished material.
Cucalón was very well received in Chile and ran for 48 issues until 1993, with most of Lobos' material being covered during the run.
In 1996, Ediciones Dolmen began its publication of Mampato's adventures in the comic album format, with recolored art and new covers, which have been sold in South America and Europe.
In 2002, the movie "Ogu and Mampato in Rapa Nui" was released, an animated motion picture by Chilean animation studio Cine Animadores, based on the storyline known as "Mata-ki-te-rangui".
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Drepung Monastery (Wylie: 'bras spungs dgon pa), (literally “Rice Heap” monastery), located at the foot of Mount Gephel, is one of the "great three" Gelukpa university monasteries of Tibet.
The other two are Ganden and Sera.
Drepung is the largest of all Tibetan monasteries and is located on the Gambo Utse mountain, five kilometers from the western suburb of Lhasa.
Freddie Spencer Chapman reported, after his 1936-37 trip to Tibet, that Drepung was at that time the largest monastery in the world, and housed 7,700 monks, "but sometimes as many as 10,000 monks."
Before 1959, it was one of the world's largest landowners with 185 manors, 25,000 workers, 300 pastures, and 16,000 herdsmen.
As was common across many pre-modern societies, the social patterns of feudalism were endemic in the region and on the territories owned by the monastery.
Since the 1950s, Drepung Monastery, along with its peers Ganden and Sera, have lost much of their independence and spiritual credibility in the eyes of Tibetans since they operate under the close watch of the Chinese security services.
All three were reestablished in exile in the 1950s in Karnataka state in south India.
Drepung and Ganden are in Mundgod and Sera is in Bylakuppe.
It was founded in 1416 by Jamyang Choge Tashi Palden (1397–1449), one of Tsongkhapa's main disciples, and it was named after the sacred abode in South India of Shridhanyakataka.
Drepung was the principal seat of the Gelugpa school and it retained the premier place amongst the four great Gelugpa monasteries.
The Ganden Phodrang ("dga´ ldan pho brang") in Drepung was the residence of the Dalai Lamas until the Great Fifth Dalai Lama constructed the Potala.
Drepung was known for the high standards of its academic study, and was called the Nalanda of Tibet, a reference to the great Buddhist monastic university of India.
Old records show that there were two centres of power in Drepung: the so-called lower chamber (Zimkhang 'og ma)
associated with the Dalai Lamas-to-be, and the upper chamber (Zimkhang gong ma) associated with the descendants of Sonam Drakpa, an illustrious teacher who died in 1554.
The estate of the Dalai Lamas at Drepung Monastery, called Ganden Phodrang, had been constructed in 1518 by Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (1476–1541), retrospectively named and counted as 2nd Dalai Lama.
The name of the Tibetan government established by the 5th Dalai Lama came from the name of this estate.
Penchen Sönam Drakpa (1478-1554 CE) in 1535 succeeded Gendün Gyatso (1476–1541) on the Throne of Drepung, both of them being major figures in the history of the Geluk tradition.
By the time Sönam Drakpa was appointed to the Throne of Drepung (Drepung Tri), he was already a famous Geluk master.
He had already occupied the Throne of Ganden (Ganden Tri) and was considered the most prolific and important Geluk thinker of his time.
His successor was none other than Sönam Gyatso (1543-1588 CE), the lama who would receive the official title of the Third Dalai Lama (Talé Lama Kutreng Sumpa).
Before his death in 1554, Sönam Drakpa established his own estate, the Upper Chamber (Zimkhang Gongma), which was named because of its location at the top of Drepung, just below the Ngakpa debating courtyard "Ngagpa Dratshang".
Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center attributes the following "Name variants" to Penchen Sönam Drakpa: "bsod nams grags pa [primaryName], paN chen bsod nams grags pa [title], khri 15 bsod nams grags pa [primaryTitle], rtses thang paN chen bsod nams grags pa [title],
gzims khang gong ma 01 bsod nams grags pa [title], this last one referring to the Seat of the Upper Chamber established in 1554.
According to TBRC his successors referring to the estate of the Zimkhang Gongma were Sonam Yeshe Wangpo (1556–92), Sonam Gelek Palzang (1594–1615) and Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen (1619–1656) - closely connected to the famous story of Dorje Shugden.
(Some say that Drakpa Gyeltsen was Sönam Drakpa’s second reincarnation, but usually he is considered to be the 4th incarnation of Panchen Sonam Dragpa).
It seems to be commonly accepted that Dragpa Gyaltsen was the fourth holder of the "gzims khang gong ma" incarnation line.
According to Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center "gzims khang gong ma 04 grags pa rgyal mtshan" has been his "primaryTitle".
Since the search for his reincarnation has been banned, he has been the last one.
Chapman reported that in the late 1930s Drepung was divided into four colleges, each housing monks from a different locality: "one being favoured by Khampas, another by Mongolians, and so on."
Each college was presided over by an abbot who had been appointed by the late 13th Dalai Lama.
Drepung is now divided into what are known as the seven great colleges: Gomang (sGo-mang), Loseling (Blo-gsal gling), Deyang (bDe-dbyangs), Shagkor (Shag-skor), Gyelwa (rGyal-ba) or Tosamling (Thos-bsam gling), Dulwa (‘Dul-ba), and Ngagpa (sNgags-pa).
It can be a somewhat useful analogy to think of Drepung as a university along the lines of Oxford or the Sorbonne in the Middle Ages, the various colleges having different emphases, teaching lineages, or traditional geographical affiliations.
According to local sources, today the population at the monastery in Lhasa is about 300 monks, due to population capping enforced by the Chinese government.
However, the institution has continued its tradition in exile with campuses in South India on land in Karnataka given to the Tibetan community in exile by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
The monastery in India today houses over 5,000 celibate monks, with around 3,000 at Drepung Loseling and some 2,000 at Drepung Gomang.
Hundreds of new monks are admitted each year, many of them refugees from Tibet.
The Ganden-Phodrang-Palace situated at Drepung Monastery was constructed by the 2nd Dalai Lama in 1518 and declared his chief residence/governmental palace until the inauguration of Potala Palace by the 5th Dalai Lama.
About 40% of the old monastic town was destroyed after the Chinese arrived in Lhasa in 1951, though luckily the chief buildings including the four colleges, the Tsokchen and the Dalai Lamas' residence were preserved.
Drepung monastery was shut by Chinese authorities on 14 March 2008, after monk-led protests against Chinese rule turned violent and businesses, shops and vehicles were looted and torched.
The People's Republic of China claims that 22 people were killed in the riots but Tibetan sources put the figure much higher.
The International Herald Tribune reported that the monastery reopened 2013 after being shut for five years.
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Drummond was born in Scotland and came to Virginia in 1637 as an indentured servant to Theodore Moye.
He was an indentured servant to Stephen Webb in 1639.
He rose to the positions of Justice of the Peace and High Sheriff of James City County.
He discovered a large, circular lake in the center of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655, now named Lake Drummond.
In 1664, Drummond was chosen to be governor of the Albemarle County colony (which would eventually become North Carolina) by Virginia Governor William Berkeley at the request of Berkeley's fellow Lords Proprietor of the colony.
Drummond summoned the first legislative assembly in Carolina in 1665.
Samuel Stephens succeeded him as governor.
He had at least five children with his wife Sarah Drummond.
Drummond returned to Virginia in 1667 and later supported Nathaniel Bacon during Bacon's Rebellion against the government of Governor Berkeley.
After Bacon was defeated, Drummond was found guilty of treason and rebellion against the king.
Governor Berkeley had Drummond executed on January 20, 1677.
Drummond discovered a large, circular lake in the center of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655.
The lake was named after him, and is called Lake Drummond.
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Jinasena (8th century CE) was one of the several famous "Digambara Acharya" (head of a monastic order).
He was the author of famous Jain texts like "Harivamsa Purana" and "Mahapurana".
He was the disciple of "Acharya Virasena" and he completed his teacher's famous commentary "Dhavala" on "Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama", the most revered text in the Digambara tradition.
Jinasena was born in 783 AD.
He died in 838 AD.
Rastrakuta king Amoghavarsha was his disciple.
Jinasena wrote "Adipurana".
"Mahapurana" includes Ādi purāṇa and Uttarapurana, the project was completed by his pupil "Gunabhadra".
Mahapurana is the source of the famous quote:
Some foolish men declare that Creator made the world.
The doctrine that the world was created is ill-advised, and should be rejected.
If god created the world, where was he before creation?
If you say he was transcendent then, and needed no support, where is he now?
No single being had the skill to make the world - for how can an immaterial god create that which is material?
How could god have made the world without any raw material?
If you say he made this first, and then the world, you are face with an endless regression.
If you declare that the raw material arose naturally you fall into another fallacy, for the whole universe might thus have been its own creator, and have risen equally naturally.
If god created the world by an act of will, without any raw material, then it is just his will made nothing else and who will believe this silly stuff?
If he is ever perfect, and complete, how could the will to create have arisen in him?
If, on the other hand, he is not perfect, he could no more create the universe than a potter could.
If he is formless, actionless, and all-embracing, how could he have created the world?
Such a soul, devoid of all modality, would have no desire to create anything.
If you say that he created to no purpose, because it was his nature to do so then god is pointless.
If he created in some kind of sport, it was the sport of a foolish child, leading to trouble.
If he created out of love for living things and need of them he made the world; why did he not make creation wholly blissful, free from misfortune?
Thus the doctrine that the world was created by god makes no sense at all.
[from Barbara Sproul, "Primal Myths" (San Francisco; Harper Row, 1979].
Mahapurana was the model for Saiva Siddhanta Periyapuranam which gives biographies of sixty-three individuals.
Jinasena belonged to the Panchastupanvaya lineage of Jain monks.
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Shaker Aamer (born 21 December 1966) is a Saudi citizen who was held by the United States in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba for more than thirteen years without charge.
He was the last British resident held in Guantanamo, released to Great Britain on October 30, 2015.
Aamer was seized in Afghanistan by bounty hunters, who handed him over to US forces in December 2001 during the United States invasion of the country.
Two months later, the US rendered Aamer to the Guantánamo camp; he was held there without trial or charge.
Aamer had been a legal resident in Britain for years before his imprisonment; the UK government repeatedly demanded his release, and many people there called for him to be released.
According to documents published in the Guantanamo Bay files leak, the US military Joint Task Force Guantanamo believed that Aamer had led a unit of fighters in Afghanistan, including the Battle of Tora Bora, while his family was paid a stipend by Osama bin Laden.
The file asserts past associations with Richard Reid and Zacarias Moussaoui.
Aamer denies being involved in terrorist activity and his lawyer, Clive Stafford Smith, said the leaked documents would not stand up in court.
He claimed that part of the evidence came from an unreliable witness and that confessions Aamer made had been obtained through torture.
Aamer’s father-in-law, Saaed Ahmed Siddique, said: "All of these claims have no basis.
If any of this was true he would be in a court now."
The Bush administration acknowledged later that it had no evidence against Aamer.
Aamer has never been charged with any wrongdoing, was never on trial, and his lawyer says he is "totally innocent."
He was approved for transfer to Saudi Arabia by the Bush administration in 2007 and the Obama administration in 2009.
He has been described as a "charismatic leader" who spoke up and fought for the rights of fellow prisoners.
Aamer alleges that he has been subject to torture while in detention.
Campaigners allege that the US refused to release Aamer because it feared he would expose torture inside the Guantanamo prison.
Aamer has suffered decline in his mental and physical health over the years, as he participated in hunger strikes to protest his detention conditions, and was held in solitary confinement for much of the time.
He claims to have lost 40 per cent of his body weight in captivity, but did not state his weight.
After a visit in November 2011, his lawyer said, "I do not think it is stretching matters to say that he is gradually dying in Guantanamo Bay."
In 2015, despite Aamer's deteriorating health, the US denied a request for an independent medical examination.
On 25 September 2015 the US government announced that Aamer would be released to the UK within thirty days.
He was released to the UK on 30 October 2015.
Aamer was born on 12 December 1966 and grew up in Medina in Saudi Arabia.
He left the country at the age of 17.
He lived and traveled in the United States, Europe and the Middle East.
Aamer lived and studied in Georgia and Maryland in 1989 and 1990.
During the Gulf War, he worked as a translator for the U.S. Army.
He moved to the United Kingdom in 1996 where he met Zin Siddique, a British woman; they married in 1997 and he established legal residency in Britain.
They have four British children, the youngest of whom Aamer had never met, due to his having been born after Aamer's imprisonment.
Aamer had indefinite leave to remain in the UK, and was applying for British citizenship.
Aamer worked as an Arabic translator for London law firms.
Some of the solicitors he worked for dealt with immigration cases.
In his spare time, Aamer helped refugees find accommodation and offered them advice on their struggles with the Home Office.
In 2012, Aamer's family lived in Battersea, South London.
His wife Zin Aamer suffered from depression and mental episodes since his arrest.
Saeed Siddique, Aamer's father-in-law, said in 2011, "When he was captured, Shaker offered to let my daughter divorce him, but she said, 'No, I will wait for you.'
She is still waiting."
Aamer took his family to Afghanistan in 2001, where he was working for an Islamic charity when the U.S. invaded the country later that year.
The Northern Alliance took him into custody in Jalalabad on 24 November 2001, and passed him to the Americans.
The US routinely paid ransom for Arabs handed over to them.
They interrogated Aamer at Bagram Theater Internment Facility and transported him to Guantánamo on 14 February 2002.
According to Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessments from 1 November 2007, the US military believed that Aamer was a "recruiter, financier, and facilitator" for al-Qaeda, based partly on spurious evidence given by the informant Yasim Muhammed Basardah, a fellow detainee.
The leaked documents alleged that Aamer had confessed to interrogators that he was in Tora Bora with Osama bin Laden at the time of the US bombing.
The documents further note that the Saudi intelligence Mabahith identified Aamer "as a high priority for the government of Saudi Arabia, an indication of his law enforcement value to them."
In 2010 the Guantanamo Review Task Force released their report of the detainee assessments.
In many instances, the Task Force largely agreed with prior threat assessments of the detainees and sometimes found additional information that further substantiated such assessments.
In other instances, the Task Force found prior assessments to be overstated.
Some assessments, for example, contained allegations that were not supported by the underlying source document upon which they relied.
Other assessments contained conclusions that were stated categorically even though derived from uncorroborated statements or raw intelligence reporting of undetermined or questionable reliability.
Conversely, in a few cases, the Task Force discovered reliable information indicating that a detainee posed a greater threat in some respects than prior assessments suggested.
Aamer denies being involved in terrorist activity and his attorney, Clive Stafford Smith of Reprieve, said the evidence against his client "would not stand up in court."
He pointed out that part of the evidence comes from Yasim Muhammed Basardah, whom American judges found to be "utterly incredible" and who was tortured and "promised all sorts of things."
The Bush administration acknowledged later that it had no evidence against Aamer, and he was cleared for transfer in 2007.
The clearance was for transfer to Saudi Arabia only.
In September 2009, Zachary Katznelson, a Reprieve lawyer, said that Aamer had told of suffering severe beatings at the Bagram facility.
Aamer said that close to a dozen men had beaten him, including interrogators who represented themselves as officers of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal counter-terrorism agency.
Following one severe beating, he recovered from being stunned to find that all the interrogators had left the room and put a pistol on the table.
He did not determine if the pistol was loaded.
He said it occurred to him that it had been left either so he could kill himself, or that, if he picked it up, he could be shot and killed on the excuse he was trying to shoot them.
Aamer says that the "MI5" interrogators told him he had two choices: (1) agree to spy on suspected jihadists in the United Kingdom; or (2) remain in US custody.
He said that guards/agents repeatedly knocked his head against the wall while an MI5 officer was in the room.
"All I know is that I felt someone grab my head and start beating my head into the back wall – so hard that my head was bouncing.
And they were shouting that they would kill me or I would die."
Other former detainees have alleged similar mistreatment by MI5 and MI6 agents, including torture.
Seven detainees filed suit against the British government over their mistreatment and torture.
In November 2010, the British government settled the suit, paying the detainees millions of pounds in compensation.
Aamer is also on the compensation list and part of the deal, but details are not known as most of the deal is still secret.
Aamer has been described as an unofficial spokesman for the detainees at Guantanamo.
He has spoken up for the welfare of prisoners, negotiating with camp commanders and organizing protests against cruel treatment.
He organized and participated in a hunger strike in 2005 in which he lost half of his weight.
He demanded the prisoners be treated according to the Geneva Convention, allowing the detainees to form a grievance committee.
In negotiations, the camp administration promised a healthier diet for the prisoners after he agreed to end the hunger strike.
His lawyer Stafford Smith said the grievance committee was formed, but that the camp authorities disbanded it after a few days.
American spokesmen Major Jeffrey Weir denied that the Americans had ever agreed to any conditions resulting from the hunger strike.
In September 2006, Aamer's attorneys filed a 16-page motion arguing for his removal from isolation in Guantanamo Bay prison.
They argued extended periods of isolation were detrimental to his mental and physical health.
Aamer continued to take part in additional hunger strikes and was held in solitary confinement for most of the time.
His lawyers described his solitary confinement as "cruel" and said his health was affected to a point where they feared for his life.
In 2011 Stafford Smith, director of the UK branch of Reprieve, said Aamer is "falling apart at the seams."
On 18 September 2006, Aamer's attorneys filed a 16-page motion arguing for his removal from isolation in Guantanamo Bay prison.
The motion alleges that Aamer had been held in solitary confinement for 360 days at the time of filing, and was tortured by beatings, exposure to temperature extremes, and sleep deprivation, which together caused him to suffer to the point of becoming mentally unbalanced.
The next day Katznelson filed a motion to enforce the Geneva Conventions on his behalf.
After President Barack Obama was elected, in 2009 he convened a six-agency task force to review the status of detainees at Guantanamo.
It "unanimously recommended" transfer of Aamer.
Security officials wanted to send him to Saudi Arabia, his country of citizenship, but his attorneys argued for him to be transferred to Great Britain, where he had been resident and had family.
In September 2011, Aamer's lawyer Brent Mickum, who saw him in Guantánamo, alleges that Aamer was repeatedly beaten before their meetings.
He said that Aamer's mental and physical health is deteriorating.
"It felt like he has given up: that’s what 10 years, mostly in solitary confinement will do to a person," he said.
Binyam Mohamed, an Ethiopian prisoner who formerly occupied a cell one door down from Aamer, has said since his release that he knows why Aamer is still in the prison camps.
"I would say the Americans are trying to keep him as silent as they could.
It's not that he has anything.
What happened in 2005 and 2006 is something that the Americans don't want the world to know – hunger strikes, and all the events that took place, until the three brothers who died ... insider information of all the events, probably.
Obviously, Shaker doesn't have it, but the Americans think he may have some of it, and they don't like this kind of information being released."
Clive Stafford Smith, his lawyer and director of human rights organisation Reprieve, came to a similar conclusion.
He said: "I have known Shaker for some time, because he is so eloquent and outspoken about the injustices of Guantanamo he is very definitely viewed as a threat by the US.
Not in the sense of being an extremist but in the sense of being someone who can rather eloquently criticise the nightmare that happened there."
Omar Deghayes, a former Guantanamo Detainee who knew Aamer, said of him,
"He was always forward, he would translate for people, he'd fight for them, and if he had any problems in the block he'd shout at the guards... until he would get you your rights.
And that's why he's still in prison... because he's very outspoken, a very intelligent person, somebody who would fight for somebody else's rights."
In an article published in 2010, Aamer said that he was beaten for hours and subjected to interrogation methods that included asphyxiation on 9 June 2006, the same day that three fellow prisoners died in Guantanamo.
The United States claimed these deaths were suicides.
Describing his treatment, Aamer said that he was strapped to a chair, fully restrained at the head, arms and legs.
When MPs pressed on pressure points all over his body: his temples, just under his jawline, in the hollow beneath his ears.
They bent his nose repeatedly, pinched his thighs and feet.
They inflicted pain to his eyes, bent his fingers until he screamed and then they cut off his airway and put a mask over him, so he could not cry out.
The law professor Scott Horton published an award-winning article on the 2006 deaths in "Harper's Magazine" in 2010, suggesting that these were cases of homicide caused by extended torture, rather than suicide.
He said that Aamer had been brought to "Camp No," a secret interrogation black site outside the camp, with the three men who died on the day of the event.
Horton described Aamer's account of having his airways cut off as "alarming" and wrote, "This is the same technique that appears to have been used on the three deceased prisoners."
Colonel Michael Bumgarner, the commander of the camps during the incident and identified in Horton's article as having been present during the interrogations, denied Horton's claims.
Horton wrote that Aamer's repatriation was being delayed so that he could not testify about his alleged torture in Bagram or the events on 9 June 2006.
He wrote: "American authorities may be concerned that Aamer, if released, could provide evidence against them in criminal investigations."
In 2013, Aamer told his attorneys that he was among the growing group of active hunger strikers.
He said he had been refusing meals since February 15 and had lost 32 pounds.
In previous hunger strikes guards force-fed him with tubes down his nose.
His lawyer said Aamer spent 22 hours a day alone in his cell.
Aamer was not permitted visitors except his attorneys.
Aamer was among a group of detainees who filed a court challenge to the authorities' practice of force feeding those on hunger strikes.
A United States appellate court ruled in 2014 "that the judiciary could oversee conditions of confinement at the prison."
In 2014, his lawyers filed a motion on Aamer's behalf seeking his release on the grounds that his health is "gravely diminished,".
They argued that his various health problems could not be treated in Guantanamo and ""even if he receives the intensive medical and therapeutic treatment his condition requires, Mr Aamer will take many years, if not a lifetime, to achieve any significant recovery".
His lawyers argued that both the Geneva Convention and Army Regulation 190-8, require the repatriation of chronically ill prisoners.
In 2015 despite Aamer's deteriorating health, the US denied attorneys' request for an independent medical examination.
The United Kingdom government initially refused to intervene on the behalf of Guantánamo detainees who were legal British residents but were not British citizens.
In August 2007, Foreign Secretary David Miliband requested the release of Aamer and four other men, based on their having been granted refugee status, or similar leave, to remain in Britain as residents prior to their capture by US forces.
With the repatriation of Binyam Mohammed in February 2009, all British citizens and residents other than Aamer had been released.
The UK government officials repeatedly raised Aamer's case with the Americans.
On a visit to the United States on 13 March 2009, when asked about Guantánamo captives, Home Secretary Jacqui Smith said that the US administration has said they do not want to return Aamer to the UK.
William Hague, the Foreign Secretary, raised Aamer's case again with Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, in November 2010, followed by meetings with other US officials.
At the time, the US government had reached settlement with former detainees as a resolution for damages due to the use of torture in interrogation.
In September 2011, Foreign Office Minister Alistair Burt said that negotiations were ongoing and confidential.
Supporters of Aamer criticized the UK government for not doing enough on his behalf; they urged the government to step up their efforts.
In January 2012, "The Independent" revealed that the British government has spent £274,345 fighting in court to prevent Aamer's lawyers from gaining access to evidence which may prove his innocence.
The newspaper reported that Aamer had several serious medical complaints from years of "inhumane" detention conditions, and that the UK gave false hope to his family.
On 30 October 2015, Aamer was flown from Cuba, stepping on British soil at 13.00 GMT.
In a later interview he discussed his detention and family life.
He also called upon jihadis to "get the hell out" of Britain, stating that civilian killings were "not allowed" in Islam, and went on to say that "you cannot just go in the street and get a knife and start stabbing people" in apparent reference to the murder of Lee Rigby.
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Hirson is adjacent to Belgium.
It is located in the northeastern department of Aisne, near the departments of Nord and Ardennes.
Hirson is part of Thiérache.
It is located near two large forests, the forest of Hirson and the forest of Saint-Michel.
Hirson is watered by the Oise and Gland.
The various streams of the town: stream of Anor, stream of Brugnon, stream of La Marquette, stream of Les Marais, stream of Blangy, stream of Le Catelet, stream of Le Rie De Bon Feu, stream of Four Matot.
The culmination of Hirson is located 268 meters above sea level.
The lowest altitude is 157 meters above sea level.
As of 1911, there was a permanent fort and two artillery batteries near the railway junction.
Also at that time, the town was engaged in the manufacture of glass bottles, tiles and iron and tin goods, as well as wool-spinning and brewing.
The town is served by the Fives-Hirson railway.
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Three Hills is a town located in the southern part of the province of Alberta, Canada.
It takes its name from the three highly visible hills that are situated to its north.
Three Hills was incorporated as a village in 1912, the year it was moved to its current location on the Canadian Northern Railway.
With ranchers and farmers constituting its first residents, it soon became a centre for the surrounding wheat-growing area.
In 1922, the Prairie Bible Institute was established in Three Hills with L.E.
Maxwell as its founding principal.
This occurrence helped to increase the population of the town proper and its adjacent settlements.
By the mid 1980s, the Bible College campus and the nearby hamlets of Grantville and Ruarkville were annexed to the town.
Although a relatively small community, Three Hills had the distinction of hosting the Alberta Seniors Games in the summer of 1998.
The town was chosen to host this event because of its ability to utilize large and well equipped facilities at the college.
This included the opening and closing ceremonies which took place in the 4,300 seat Maxwell Memorial Tabernacle, located on the Bible College campus.
The Maxwell Tabernacle was Canada's largest religious auditorium before it was demolished in 2005.
It operated from 1954 to 2005 as a local church, concert hall, and graduation auditorium for Prairie Bible Institute and Three Hills School high school classes.
Because of development regarding the nearby methane fields, the food and lodging industries in Three Hills have grown considerably over the past few years.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Three Hills recorded a population of 3,212 living in 1,232 of its 1,306 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 3,198.
With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
The Town of Three Hills' 2012 municipal census counted a population of 3,230, a 2.8% decrease from its 2008 municipal census population of 3,322.
In the 2011 Census, the Town of Three Hills had a population of 3,198 living in 1,178 of its 1,257 total dwellings, a 3.5% change from its 2006 population of 3,089.
With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011.
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Joseph Ivor Silk FRS (born 3 December 1942) is a British astrophysicist.
He was the Savilian Chair of Astronomy at the University of Oxford from 1999 to September 2011.
He was educated at Tottenham County School (1954-1960) and went on to study Mathematics at the University of Cambridge (1960-1963).
He gained his PhD in Astronomy from Harvard in 1968.
Silk took up his first post at Berkeley in 1970, and the Chair in Astronomy in 1978.
Following a career of nearly 30 years there, Silk returned to the UK in 1999 to take up the Savilian Chair at the University of Oxford.
He is currently Professor of Physics at the Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Homewood Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University (since in 2010), and Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College since 2015.
He is an Emeritus Fellow of New College, Oxford and a Fellow of the Royal Society (elected May 1999).
He was awarded the 2011 Balzan Prize for his works on the early Universe.
Silk has given more than two hundred invited conference lectures, primarily on galaxy formation and cosmology.
The structure of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies is principally determined by two effects: acoustic oscillations and diffusion damping.
The latter is also called collisionless or "Silk" damping after Joseph Silk.
Silk has over 500 publications, of which 3 have been cited over 400 times, 20 have been published in "Nature" and 11 in "Science".
In 2011, Silk delivered a talk, “The Creation of the Universe,” at the first Starmus Festival in the Canary Islands.
The talk was subsequently published in the book "Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space."
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Room to Roam is an album by The Waterboys; it continued the folk rock sound of 1988's "Fisherman's Blues", but was less of a commercial success, reaching #180 on the "Billboard" Top 200 after its release in September 1990.
Critical response continues to be mixed.
Allmusic describes it both as "not quite as [musically] successful" as "Fisherman's Blues", but also as a "Celtic rock classic".
The front and back covers were designed by Simon Fowler based upon photography by Stefano Giovannini and Sean Jackson.
"Room to Roam" is named after a passage in a George MacDonald book, "Phantastes".
The cover photography was done by Simon Fowler, and designed by Anni Siggins.
The album was recorded at Spiddal House in Galway, where the last recording sessions from the preceding album, "Fisherman's Blues", had been recorded.
"Room to Roam" would be the last of The Waterboys' folk-rock sound until the release of "Universal Hall" in 2003.
Fiddler Steve Wickham, who had been a large inspiration for the change to that sound for "Fisherman's Blues", left the band shortly before "Room to Roam" was released.
In the tours promoting the album, The Waterboys briefly returned to their early "Big Music" rock music sound.
"Room to Roam" was remastered in 2008 and released with a bonus disc of additional tracks from the original sessions.
"A Life of Sundays", which was more of a rock music song than the rest of the album's tracks and contained a small part of "Yellow Submarine", reached #15 on "Billboard"'s Modern Rock singles chart.
"Islandman" anthropomorhpizes Great Britain and Ireland as the speaker describes locations from these places as parts of the (human) body.
The lyrics offer some comments about the places that Scott had recently lived in the placements he chooses.
"Scotland", he sings, "is my dreaming head / Ireland is my Heart", but "London sprawls across my rump".
"The Raggle Taggle Gypsy" is a traditional folk ballad, which, according to Nick Tosches, tells the story of a true 17th-century love affair.
The song's appearance on "Room to Roam" popularized it, and it has since been recorded by other Irish-folk musicians, as well as by Carlos Núñez on "Os Amores Libres" in 1999 with Scott.
The recording was also emblematic of the band's sound for "Fisherman's Blues" and "Room to Roam", in the same fashion that the single "The Big Music" came to describe the group's sound for the first three albums.
The official Waterboys website refers to The Waterboys during this period as the "Raggle Taggle band".
"How Long Will I Love You?"
was released as a single in Ireland.
On the 7-inch and cassette versions of the single, an alternative version of "When Will We Be Married", a traditional song that had appeared on "Fisherman's Blues" was the B-side.
On the 12-inch and compact disc releases of the single were also a Ray Charles song, "Come Live with Me".
The song's lyrics are a simple proclamation of undying love from the speaker; "How long will I love you?
/ As long as stars are above you / and longer if I can".
"Spring Comes to Spiddal" is an oddity compared to other Waterboys songs.
The song, which refers to Spiddal, where much of "Fisherman's Blues" and all of "Room to Roam" were recorded, is arranged in a style that is a blend of folk music and New Orleans-style marching band music.
The lyrics are a straightforward description of the town's inhabitants enjoying the season of spring.
The words "Further up, further in" are spoken by the character Aslan in a book by Christian fantasist C.S.
Lewis, one of Scott's sources of inspiration.
The lyrics describe a Joseph Campbell-style "hero's journey" to meet a king.
One verse of the song describes a classic image of The Fool from the tarot.
The lyrics for "Room to Roam" are found in the books "Lilith" and "Phantastes" by the Scottish fantasist George MacDonald.
All songs by Mike Scott unless otherwise noted.
***LIST***.
Note: on the original 1990 CD, "Kaliope House" is listed in the booklet as a separate track on its own instead of as a coda to "A Man Is in Love" (but on the actual CD is part of track 3 as normal), so that the track number of the track list from 4 to the end is shifted by one unit.
Also on the original CD, the coda to "How Long Will I Love You?"
is inserted as part of the following song, "Upon the Wind and Waves".
On a later release, "Kaliope House"' is the fourth track (both on the CD and on the liner), and "The Kings of Kerry'" is not listed on the liner, whose tracking thus also has 17 items.
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The Peace Ballot of 1934–35 was a nationwide questionnaire in Britain of five questions attempting to discover the British public's attitude to the League of Nations and collective security.
Its official title was "A National Declaration on the League of Nations and Armaments."
Advocates of the League of Nations felt that a growing isolationism in Britain had to be countered by a massive demonstration that the public demanded adherence to the principles of the League.
Recent failures to achieve disarmament had undermined the credibility of the League, and there were fears the National government might step back from its official stance of supporting the League.
The Ballot was run by the "National Declaration committee" set up by the League of Nations Union and spearheaded by the LNU's president, Lord Robert Cecil.
It was not sponsored by the government and was only an unofficial expression of opinion of about half the electorate.
The main opposition came from Lord Beaverbrook, whose "Daily Express" newspaper repeatedly ridiculed the ballot; however most major newspapers were supportive.
According to Dame Adelaide Livingstone who wrote the official history of the ballot, the first objective of the Peace Ballot from the outset, even before the questions had been posed, was to prove that the British public supported a policy of the League of Nations as the central determining factor of British foreign policy.
Starting in 1933 plans for polls were discussed and local polls were taken in 1934 to test the questions and the canvassing process.
for nothing remotely on the same scale had ever been attempted in Britain.
Half-a-million supporters went door-to-door starting in late 1934, asking all those registered to vote in parliamentary elections.
From February 1935 onwards through to May there was a rapid rise in the numbers of people voting in the Ballot.
The poll was completed in June 1935 and the final results were announced on 27 June 1935, at a huge rally at the Royal Albert Hall in London.
The Archbishop of Canterbury took the Chair and Lord Cecil announce the results.
The total number who voted was 11.6 million, 38% of the adult population and over half the 21 million who voted in the general election five months later.
The Peace Ballot's official endorsers covered a wide range.
They included the Labour Party, the Liberal Party, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York (and more than fifty bishops), the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool, the President of the National Council of Evangelical Free Churches, the General Secretary of the Baptist Union, the Moderator of the English Presbyterian Church, the Chief Rabbi, and numerous celebrated intellectuals and professionals.
The Conservative Party decided not to participate, but it did not urge its members to abstain, and at the local level Conservatives helped in the canvass of voters.
Yellow leaflets explaining the ballot told voters:
The first question of the Ballot was: Should Great Britain remain a Member of the League of Nations?.
"Yes", 11,090,387.
"No", 355,883.
The second question was: Are you in favour of all-round reduction of armaments by international agreement?.
"Yes", 10,470,489.
"No", 862,775.
The third question was: Are you in favour of an all-round abolition of national military and naval aircraft by international agreement?.
"Yes", 9,533,558.
"No", 1,689,786.
The fourth question was: Should the manufacture and sale of armaments for private profit be prohibited by international agreement?.
"Yes", 10,417,329.
"No", 775,415.
The fifth and last question was: Do you consider that, if a nation insists on attacking another, the other nations should combine to compel it to stop— (a) by economic and non-military measures: "Yes", 10,027,608.
"No", 635,074.
(b) if necessary, military measures: "Yes", 6,784,368.
"No", 2,351,981.
Britons, said Lord Cecil, had shown "overwhelming approval" of the collective system.
Winston Churchill in 1948 said it meant Britons were "willing, and indeed resolved, to go to war in a righteous cause," provided that all action was taken under the auspices of the League.
Philip Noel-Baker later wrote it showed Britain "was prepared to stop Mussolini by armed force if that should be required."
The Conservative government did pay attention, and decided to use the League more in its foreign policy, especially in the crisis over Italy's invasion of Ethiopia.
Baldwin (1955) argues that his father Stanley Baldwin planned a rearmament programme as early as 1934, but had to do so quietly to avoid antagonizing the pacifistic public revealed by the Peace Ballot and endorsed by both the Labour and the Liberal oppositions.
His thorough presentation of the case for rearmament in 1935, the son argues, defeated pacificism and secured a victory that allowed rearmament to move ahead.
Taylor argues that with international disarmament a dead letter, only question five-B mattered.
The Peace Ballot had become a ringing endorsement of collective security by all means short of war, along with a hesitant support for war.
The Ballot has been criticised by historians for the questions being apparently loaded and designed to get the response wanted.
It has also been criticised for not asking the public if Britain should re-arm if other countries continued to re-arm.
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Q96 was an independent local radio station, which broadcast for 14 years to the Scottish county of Renfrewshire.
Q96 broadcast as an FM station on the 96.3 MHz frequency after a local licence for the Paisley area was offered.
The station was latterly based outside its dedicated broadcast region, in the Baillieston area of neighbouring Glasgow, at the headquarters it shared with sister station Real Radio after Ofcom approval.
The station was replaced by 96.3 Rock Radio test transmissions on 22 December 2006 and officially from Monday 8 January 2007.
Q96 began life on 1 September 1992, broadcasting from Paisley as a local radio station for Paisley, and Renfrewshire.
Despite being centralised on Paisley, Scotland's largest town, the many commuters from Renfrewshire into Glasgow, as well as Glasgow and Dunbartonshire's proximity allowed the signal to be easily received in those areas and as such it received listeners from these areas.
During the station's early years, it used the Supergold sustaining service after midnight until the resumption of normal programming in the morning.
It broadcast on both DAB and FM to West Central Scotland, from its mast on Paisley's Gleniffer Braes and over the internet to the world on its website.
It initially proved successful in breaking into the market with its music which includes songs from the 60's through to present day hits.
Audiences peaked at around 12% on the Rajar scale, a highly respectable figure for a local radio station.
After good initial audience figures, the audiences started dropping.
Mainly this could be attributed to the increasing competition from the then dominant Radio Clyde stations as well as other local stations.
After outgrowing its base in Lady Lane in the West End of Paisley, it relocated to an industrial unit in Kinning Park in neighbouring Glasgow, a move outside the broadcasting area, which was seen by locals of Paisley as a snub, a claim management denied and stated that it was due to a lack of affordable suitable property in Renfrewshire.
A management change at this time saw the station rebranding itself as 96.3 QFM.
The move to Glasgow and rebranding were announced on air as welcoming people to a 'new station' and 'Glasgow's QFM'.
With sensitivities about the move from Paisley still high, this, as well as a lack of Renfrewshire material, saw complaints to Ofcom which duly warned the station about ignoring its licence requirements for that stated it broadcast to Renfrewshire and must include Renfrewshire material.
The move to Glasgow was accompanied in an attempt to capture the falling audience by taking on rival stations with a move to a format of mainly pop and chart music from the present day.
This saw limited success due to the saturation of the area from similar stations.
A takeover by The Wireless Group saw it revert to its original name of Q96, and join a network including the national TalkSPORT station.
Audience levels continued to be low and erratic and changes in management soon followed.
This saw it take up the more acceptable 'tag line' of 'Renfrewshire's Q96', and the station reverted away from pop music back to its still of classic and new hits as it was at inception.
The Wireless Group itself was taken over by UTV Radio, which looked to revert the fall and managed to introduce a strong programming line-up with good presenters.
At the time its market share was around 7%.
In a surprise move GMG Radio acquired the station from UTV Radio, with the acquisition completed on 1 October 2006.
GMG Radio moved it from the station's second home in Kinning Park to Baillieston after Ofcom approval, but agreed to honour the station's local format.
In any case Q96 effectively ended on the move to Baillieston - many presenters left and the schedule became increasingly automated.
The station stuttered on when the announcement of rebranding was made to 96.3 Rock Radio, a classic rock station for the area.
Only five presenters remained; most would transfer to Real Radio, and others would continue onto the new Rock Radio.
On Friday 22 December the last words were spoken on Q96 by programme controller Ciaran O'Toole before test broadcasts for Rock Radio commenced.
These were "What a year 2006 has been and looking forward to 2007.
So from me to you, that was Q96" followed by the Q96 jingle.
Shortly afterwards Rock Radio jingles were played and RDS changed to Rock whilst DAB radios amended to show 96.3 Rock Radio.
From 8 January 2007, the station was replaced by 96.3 Rock Radio, a classic rock music station.
Serving the Renfrewshire and Central Scotland area, the station would broadcast classic rock tracks, which GMG hoped would appeal to a wide market but with a slight bias to 35- to 64-year-old males which it believes are under-represented in the area's radio market.
It would, due to licensing requirements, continue to honour the local Renfrewshire and Paisley based format.
The re-launch was supported by a marketing campaign, with many billboards and bus advertisements.
The station is now known as 96.3 Real Radio XS.
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The Battle of Dennewitz () took place on 6September 1813 between the forces of the First French Empire and an army of Prussians and Russians of the Sixth Coalition.
It occurred in Dennewitz, a village in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, near Jüterbog, southwest of Berlin.
In late August 1813, Napoleon decided to order a general offensive to take Berlin, the Prussian capital, with the overall goal of knocking the Prussians out of the war.
Marshal Oudinot's corps advanced towards this objective along three separate roads.
The fighting that took place on 23 August was essentially three isolated actions at Blankenfield, Grossbeeren, and Sputendorf.
In each case the Allies prevailed and Oudinot retreated to Wittenberg.
At this point Napoleon appointed Marshal Michel Ney to command.
Ney, with around 58,000 men, renewed the advance on Berlin on 6 September, but moving first easterwards in order to advance on Berlin from the Southeast.
This was because he mistakenly expected Napoleon, away to the southeast near Dresden, to support him from this direction.
He encountered mixed elements of Prussian, Russian, and Swedish troops under the overall command of Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden (formerly French Marshal Bernadotte) at Dennewitz.
Ney had decided to move his entire army down a single road and was shadowed to the north by Bülow's III Corps.
While this allowed Ney to maintain communications with his entire army, the single road stacked his army for miles.
As a result, the battle swayed back and forth with the arrival of fresh French and Allied reinforcements throughout its course.
The Prussian General Tauentzien was at Juterbog, blocking Ney's route to Berlin.
Ney's troops reached Dennewitz as Bülow was approaching Juterbog along an eastward route to their north.
To keep Tuentzien and Bülow from uniting, the French occupied the heights north of Dennewitz now known as the Denkmalsberg (Monument Hill).
Despite early damage done to Tauentzien's Corps, Bülow saved the situation by taking the hill.
This was followed by a charge of the Brandenburg Dragoons down the hill.
This gave time for the Prussian units which had earlier wavered to regroup.
There were signs that all was not well in the French army at this time.
The French empire was seriously short of cavalry troops and mounts since the 1812 Russian campaign.
As a result, there was a lack of screening and reconnaissance.
The French command situation was also strained, as Oudinot was angered at being placed under Ney's command.
Marshal Ney was determined to advance with all haste to Berlin and this, combined with the poor reconnaissance, allowed the French army to walk right into an assembled Allied defense.
Initially forced back, the Prussian elements of Bernadotte's army were reinforced by General Bülow and recovered the lost ground.
Bülow would now assume command of the allied side for most of the remainder of the day.
A see-sawing battle now developed, but just as the French appeared on the verge of a victory, Ney, not helped by a lack of support from Oudinot, made a mistake that swung the battle.
Having joined in the fighting personally and being unaware of the tactical situation due to a rainstorm on the battlefield, Ney ordered Oudinot to form a reserve.
This pull back by Oudinot was perceived as a retreat and the Allies redoubled the attack.
Under great pressure, the French were forced back.
Bernadotte arrived with his Swedish army on the French left flank.
The French, already falling back under heavy pressure, were routed.
The French suffered 10,000 casualties, the Allies some 11,000.
Bavaria withdrew from the war as a result of the failure of the Berlin campaign.
Other German states were now wavering in their support of the French Empire.
Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow was subsequently ennobled as Graf von Dennewitz.
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Booker T. Washington High School is a secondary school currently located at 6000 College Parkway in Pensacola, Florida, and is part of the Escambia County School District.
It was named after the African-American education pioneer Booker T. Washington.
The previous location for the school is now in use as the J.E.
Hall Center.
Booker T. Washington is also the primary location for disabled students in the county.
The school is contained within a single structure and features separate sections for each area of academic instruction.
Although the school has always had portable classrooms, many more have been added due to the recent influx in student population.
Outlying sites include a driving instruction range, basketball courts, fields for baseball, football, and soccer, as well as a track.
The Roy Jones Jr./Derrick Brooks Athletic Complex is situated next to the school with Sherman Robinson Stadium being the main feature of the facilities.
Ronnie and Janis Bond Gymnasium is home to the Wildcat basketball and volleyball teams.
The school is also home to the districts only pool.
The new Performing Arts Building is equipped with a T.V.
Production Studio where students deliver the morning announcements each day, a ticket booth, a fully functioning Concessions Stand that sells snacks during performances, a dance studio, male and female dressing rooms, a stage, a cat walk, and an Orchestra Pit.
Recently, the City of Pensacola installed signs in front of the College Parkway school that state, "Sherman L. Robinson Way designated by B.T.
Washington High Class of 1987, Pensacola City Council".
The school itself almost lacks windows completely, making it a prime place for a hurricane shelter.
The school first opened in 1916 as a segregated black school and remained that way until 1969, when it was integrated as a result of a federal court order.
It moved from its previous location on Texar Drive in 1982 to College Parkway.
In 2012, Washington celebrated their 100-year anniversary.
Cat Pac T-shirts were brought back and 100 year commemoration shirts were sold in the Cat Shack.
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Puff Adder (Gordon Fraley) is fictional character, a mutant supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
He made his debut in "Captain America" #337 (January 1988), created by writer Mark Gruenwald and artist Tom Morgan.
The character is depicted primarily as a member of the Serpent Society.
Fraley made his debut as Puff Adder as part of the fourth version of the Serpent Squad alongside Copperhead, Fer-de-Lance and Black Racer, robbing a casino in Las Vegas.
The heist was a ploy to gain acceptance into the Serpent Society by Society leader Sidewinder.
Once part of the Society they help Viper take control of the Serpent Society and support her in a plot to take control of the President of the United States.
The plot is eventually foiled by Captain America and several members of the Serpent Society who remained loyal to Sidewinder.
After Viper is defeated the Serpent Society is reformed and Puff Adder becomes a regular member of the group.
He later becomes a member of Serpent Solutions as the Serpent Society was reorganized.
Gordon "Gordo" Fraley was born in Atlanta, Georgia.
Large and strong but not very bright, Puff Adder is a mutant with the ability to inflate, or "puff," his body mass, enhancing his strength greatly, and making him a dangerous adversary for superheroes.
As a member of the fourth Serpent Squad, Puff Adder attempted to rob a Las Vegas casino, and battled Captain America, the Falcon, Nomad, and D-Man.
With the Serpent Squad, he was freed from jail by Sidewinder.
Puff Adder was inducted into the second incarnation of the Serpent Society as a double agent of the Viper during her invasion of the group.
Puff Adder and the Viper's agents then betrayed Sidewinder, and encountered Captain America again.
With Coachwhip and Rock Python, Puff Adder was sent to steal the Falcon's uniform in order to regain admission into the Serpent Society, and he battled Battle Star and the Falcon.
Alongside Anaconda, Puff Adder served as bailiff at the Serpent Society's trial of Diamondback.
With Anaconda and Rock Python, Puff Adder was sent to Diamondback's apartment to apprehend her.
He battled Captain America and seemingly overpowered him.
Puff Adder crash-landed a Serpent Saucer on Diamondback's apartment.
He abducted Diamondback, Asp, and Black Mamba.
Rock Python and Puff Adder were thrown from the Serpent Saucer by MODAM, and Puff Adder was injured in the fall.
He was interrogated by Captain America and Paladin about the abduction of Diamondback and her friends.
As a member of the Serpent Society, he developed a romantic relationship with Anaconda.
He also served briefly with Doctor Octopus' Masters of Evil.
He participated in the attempted takeover of the Avengers Mansion while the other heroes were distracted by the events of the Infinity War.
There, the team encounters the Guardians of the Galaxy.
Puff Adder is given permission to 'play with' Yellowjacket and Nikki but is stopped by Major Victory before he could touch them.
After a brief fight, both teams are overwhelmed with alien doubles of absolutely everyone involved.
Out of necessity, the two teams work together to destroy wave after wave of doubles.
After the last wave, Doctor Octopus wants his team to continue fighting but Puff Adder, along with the rest, turn on him.
They do not want to hurt the others who just helped save their lives.
The team chases Doctor Octopus out of the mansion.
He has been seen as member of the Serpent Society under Cobra's leadership.
After the group had captured and chained Captain America and Diamondback (really an L.M.D.)
in this underground New York headquarters the pair escaped.
S.H.I.E.L.D.
subsequently took Rattler and the rest of the Society into custody., He appeared in "" as one of the villains in the "Bar With No Name".
He is one of many to get in on the super-hero related gambling action headed by the man known only as 'The Bookie'.
He is once again a member of the Serpent Society, who are engaged in a bank robbery.
He is instantly defeated by Hope Summers after she copies his powers and knocks him out with a single blow.
As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel branding, Puff Adder appears as a member of Viper's Serpent Society under its new name of Serpent Solutions.
Puff Adder appears in the 2017 "Secret Empire" storyline, Puff Adder was with Serpent Solutions at the time when they are recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join his Army of Evil.
Puff Adder has the mutant ability to cause the epidermis of his entire body to engorge with blood and thus swell his body to a more intimidating size, upwards of approximately .
In "Guardians of the Galaxy" #29 Charlie-27 states that Puff Adder can increase his mass to over five tons, the limit of what Charlie-27 can lift on Earth.
Puff Adder can only remain fully inflated for approximately fifteen minutes at a time.
Puff Adder also possesses a slight degree of superhuman strength and stamina.
Fraley is a competent hand-to-hand fighter, with extensive experience in street-fighting techniques.
He is experienced in the piloting of certain aircraft.
The cowl of Puff Adder's costume contains a pressurized container of noxious gas which can be released from his mouth area.
It is activated by a specific motion made with his jaw muscles.
His race varies from artist to artist.
In his first appearance, he was depicted as Caucasian, but a few issues later, he is depicted as African American.
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Ganden Monastery (also "Gaden" or "Gandain") or Ganden Namgyeling is one of the "great three" Gelug university monasteries of Tibet, China.
It is in Dagzê County, Lhasa.
The other two are Sera Monastery and Drepung Monastery.
Ganden Monastery was founded in 1409 by Je Tsongkhapa Lozang-dragpa, founder of the Gelug order.
The monastery was destroyed after 1959, but has since been partially rebuilt.
Another monastery with the same name and tradition was established in Southern India in 1966 by Tibetan exiles.
Ganden is northeast of Lhasa.
The monastery lies in a hilly natural amphitheater.
from the "kora" route around the monastery there are dramatic views over the valleys that surround it.
Ganden Monastery is at the top of Wangbur Mountain, Dagzê County at an altitude of 4,300m.
Its full name is Ganden Namgyal Ling ("dga' ldan rmam rgyal gling").
"Ganden" means "joyful" and is the Tibetan name for Tuṣita, the heaven where the bodhisattva Maitreya is said to reside.
"Namgyal Ling" means "victorious temple".
Ganden Monastery was founded by Je Tsongkhapa Lozang-dragpa (1357–1419) in 1409.
Tsongkhapa built Ganden's main temple, with large statues and three-dimensional mandalas.
He often stayed at Ganden, and died there in 1419.
Tsongkhapa's preserved body was entombed at Ganden by his disciples in a silver and gold encrusted tomb.
The name "Gelug" is an abbreviation of "Ganden Lug", meaning "Ganden Tradition".
The Ganden Tripa or "throne-holder of Ganden" is the head of the Gelug school.
Before dying Tsongkhapa gave his robe and staff to the first Ganden Tripa, Gyeltsabjey (1364-1432), who was succeeded by Kaydrubjey.
The term of office is seven years, and by 2003 there had been 99 Ganden Tripas.
The monastery was divided into four colleges at the time of the 2nd Ganden Tripa.
Later these were consolidated in two, Jangtsey and Shartsey, located respectively to the north and east of the main temple.
Both combine the study of sutra and tantra.
Study methods include memorization, logic and debate.
The colleges grant degrees for different levels of achievement, evaluated by examination and formal public debate.
In the 1860s a meeting called "the great Ganden Monastery, Drepung Monastery, and the government officials" was organized by Shatra, a lay aristocrat.
The existing regent was deposed by this assembly and replaced by Shatra.
From then on the assembly, or "Tsondu", chose the regents and played a significant political role as a consultative body.
The monasteries of Ganden, Sera and Drepung was so great that they could in effect veto government decisions with which they disagreed.
These three monasteries had 20,000 monks in total, supported by large estates of fertile land worked by serfs.
At one time the Genden monastery could support over 5,000 monks.
Laurence Waddell reports an estimate of about 3,300 in the 1890s.
There were apparently only 2,000 monks in 1959.
Ganden Monastery was completely destroyed during the rebellion of 1959.
In 1966 it was severely shelled by Red Guard artillery, and monks had to dismantle the remains.
The buildings were reduced to rubble using dynamite during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76).
Most of Tsongkhapa's mummified body was burned, but his skull and some ashes were saved from the fire by Bomi Rinpoche, the monk who had been forced to carry the body to the fire.
Re-building has continued since the 1980s.
Early in 1996, after a ban had been imposed on pictures of the Dalai Lama, 400 monks at Ganden rioted.
They were fired upon by PLA troops, apparently causing two deaths and several injuries, followed by the arrest of one hundred monks.
As of 2012 there were about 400 monks, and rapid progress was being made on rebuilding the monastery.
The red-painted lhakang in the centre is the reconstruction of Ganden's "sanctum sanctorum" containing Tsongkapa's reliquary chorten called the Tongwa Donden, "Meaningful to Behold."
Ganden contained more than two dozen major chapels with large Buddha statues.
The largest chapel was capable of seating 3,500 monks.
Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama (born 1935), took his final degree examination in Ganden in 1958 and he claims to feel a particularly close connection with Tsongkhapa.
The monastery runs a guesthouse for visitors.
Ganden's main assembly hall is a white building with gold-capped roofs, near a huge square.
The main chapel contains many gilded images of Tsongkhapa.
A maroon and ochre chapel beside the main assembly hall has a statue of Sakyamuni Buddha, and has a section used for hand-printing scriptural texts using wood blocks.
The three main sights in the Ganden Monastery are the Serdung, which contains the tomb of Tsongkhapa, the Tsokchen Assembly Hall and the Ngam Cho Khang the chapel where Tsongkhapa traditionally taught.
The monastery houses artifacts that belonged to Tsongkhapa.
The Ganden Monastery has been re-established in Karnataka, India by the Tibetan population in exile.
The Ganden Monastery is in the Tibetan settlement at Mundgod.
This settlement of Tibetan refugees is the largest of its kind in India and was first established in 1966, from land donated by the Indian government.
In the Tibetan settlement near Mundgod are the Ganden and the Drepung Monastery.
In 1999 there were about 13,000 residents.
The Tibetan settlement consists of nine camps with two monasteries and one nunnery.
They established a credit bank for farms, an agricultural institute and a craft center.
Modern technology and communication technology are being introduced.
The curriculum of the Ganden Monastery remains similar to the teachings of the pre-1959 Ganden Monastery.
The Ganden Monastery Colleges Jangtse and Shartse have also been reestablished in India.
They are named The Ganden Jangtse College and The Gaden Shartse Monastery.
They are located in Karnataka.
In 2008, over 500 monks, who refused to adhere to the ban against the protective deity Dorje Shugden, enforced by the Dalai Lama's government in exile, were expelled from the Ganden Monastery in Mundgod, Karnataka, and founded in its immediate neighborhood the Shar Gaden Monastery, officially opened in October 2009.
As a result, the Dokhang Khangtsen, the biggest division of Gaden Shartse Monastery, where most of the departing monks came from, ceased to exist.
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Hassan Tower or Tour Hassan () is the minaret of an incomplete mosque in Rabat, Morocco.
Begun in 1195, the tower was intended to be the largest minaret in the world along with the mosque, also intended to be the world's largest.
In 1199, Sultan Yacub al-Mansour died and construction on the mosque stopped.
The tower reached 44 m (140 ft), about half of its intended 86 m (260 ft) height.
The rest of the mosque was also left incomplete, with only the beginnings of several walls and 200 columns being constructed.
The tower, made of red sandstone, along with the remains of the mosque and the modern Mausoleum of Mohammed V, forms an important historical and tourist complex in Rabat.
Instead of stairs, the tower is ascended by ramps.
The minaret's ramps would have allowed the muezzin to ride a horse to the top of the tower to issue the call to prayer.
Founder of the Hassan Tower, Yaqub al-Mansur was a member of the Almohad Caliphate, a Berber Muslim empire in the Maghreb and Iberia.
The tower, according to some traditions, was designed by an astronomer and mathematician named Jabir ibn Aflah who was also supposed to have designed Hassan's sister tower, the Giralda of Seville in Al Andalus (modern day Spain).
Both of the towers were modeled on the minaret based on the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakech.
Jabir's involvement in the design of the structure can not be confirmed though and many scholars assume that the tower was designed by Ahmad Ben Basso, the designer of the Koutoubia Mosque.
Spanish Renaissance later added a belfry on top of the Giralda, which was converted from a minaret to a bell tower for the Seville Cathedral after the Reconquista.
Yaqub al-Mansur conducted other works in Rabat, most notably reconstruction of the Kasbah of the Udayas and conversion of the Chellah ancient complex, built by the Phoenicians and Romans, to a necropolis usage.
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 1, 1995 in the Cultural category.
It was granted World Heritage Status in 2012.
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Danni Boatwright Wiegmann (born July 13, 1975) is an American actress, TV Host, model and beauty queen who won $1,000,000 on "", the eleventh season of the reality television show "Survivor".
Boatwright was born in Tonganoxie, Kansas.
She represented Kansas at the nationally televised Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants, and is one of the most successful delegates to compete in both competitions.
Boatwright is an accomplished model, having worked internationally, and is also an athlete: in 2003, she ran the Country Music Marathon in Tennessee.
Boatwright's first major pageant title came in late 1991 when she won the Miss Kansas Teen USA title and became the first representative of the Vanbros pageant group.
Boatwright represented Kansas at the 1992 Miss Teen USA pageant in Biloxi, Mississippi and placed second behind Miss North Carolina Teen USA Rachel Adcocks in the preliminary competition.
During the final competition, Boatwright placed second in the interview and swimsuit rounds and fourth in swimsuit.
Overall, she was ranked second going into the final stage of competition, but dropped a place and so became second runner up to the eventual winner Jamie Solinger of Iowa.
Four years later Boatwright won the Miss Kansas USA 1996 crown, and represented her state in the national Miss USA competition, broadcast live from South Padre Island, Texas.
In that pageant, Boatwright won the preliminary competition and also the interview and swimsuit competitions on finals night.
She finished first runner-up to Ali Landry of Louisiana, making her one of the most successful delegates to compete in both competitions.
During the Miss Teen USA pageant, Boatwright was introduced to an international modeling scout, and started a career as a model.
She has traveled as an international model in different countries including Italy, England, Germany, France, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and Tunisia.
She appeared on "Star Search" at the age of 17 as a spokesmodel and contestant, the youngest ever to appear in this category.
She has also appeared in numerous television and print advertisements, most recently in ads for BioSilk.
In 2005, Boatwright competed in "", the 11th season of reality television show "Survivor".
She was initially placed on the Nakúm tribe.
On Day 9, a tribe switch landed her on the Yaxha tribe.
At the post-merge Survivor Auction, she brought herself an advantage at the next immunity challenge.
After the challenge, she made connections with Rafe Judkins and Lydia Morales, even forming a Final Two deal with Judkins.
At the Final Four immunity challenge, Boatwright failed to win immunity, losing to Judkins.
However, she convinced him that it was in his best interest to keep her over the much physically weaker Morales.
Judkins agreed and Morales was unanimously voted out.
Boatwright then won the final immunity challenge and, after Judkins released her from their earlier Final Two agreement, she chose Stephenie LaGrossa to bring to the final Tribal Council because she viewed LaGrossa as easier to beat and as equally deserving as Judkins.
At the final Tribal Council, the jury was very angry with LaGrossa for her devious gameplay.
Boatwright won the title of Sole Survivor in a 6-1 vote, only losing Judkins's vote.
Boatwright lives in Tonganoxie, Kansas and is an on-air personality for KCSP, also known as "610 Sports", in Kansas City.
She is the co-host of "Sports Rap" every Sunday from 10:00 to noon.
She also appeared on "The Fantasy Show" on ESPN2.
Boatwright was the first host of CelebTV.com, an entertainment news website.
In 2006, she became a spokeswoman for Coleman products.
She can also be seen in online promotional videos for the Trackstick GPS tracking device.
She also started a sports clothing label called Sideline Chic.
Boatwright was once married to country music singer Wade Hayes, and appeared in the music video for his 1998 single "Tore Up from the Floor Up."
She is now married to Casey Wiegmann, a former NFL center.
They have two sons, Bo, born on October 8, 2007, and Stone, born on November 1, 2010.
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Knighton's Chronicon (also "Knighton’s Leicester Chronicle", "Henry Knighton's chronicle") is an English chronicle written by Henry Knighton in the fourteenth century.
He referred to it as his "work in hand" that he wrote while at the Augustinian abbey of "St. Mary of the Meadows", associated with the House of Lancaster, where he was a canon.
Knighton wrote a four-volume chronicle, first published in 1652, giving the history of England from 959 to 1366.
It was originally considered that a fellow canon completed the work in a fifth book, covering the years 1377 to 1395, probably due to Knighton's growing blindness (see the "Continuator of Knighton", below).
The earlier books (to 1337) are simply re-workings of earlier histories.
But the latter two books are vital to the contemporary study of the period, since they were written by informed scholars who actually lived through the times they write about.
The latter two books give us an exemplary and detailed first-hand insight into the 14th century - such as the effects of the Black Death and the consequent breakdown of the feudal system, and precise details of the systems of wages and prices in England.
He also reflects the prejudices common among the clergy at the time; notably being against the translation of the Bible into the common tongue, lamenting the low standards of scholarship among young religious clerks, and being strongly against the rising of the Lollards.
The "Continuator of Knighton" (or "Knighton's Continuator") was a supposed late 14th century continuator of "Knighton's chronicle".
The Continuator's existence was first supposed by the nineteenth-century historian Walter Waddington Shirley, who noted a lengthy break in events described by the Chronicle, and concluded that the later section had been written by a different and unnamed author, commencing in 1377.
Shirley also posited that the Continuator had been a foreigner of Lancastrian sympathies, though with little affection for the English language, who had managed to obtain a position in Leicester Abbey.
Shirley's theory was taken up by Joseph Rawson Lumby, a classicist and Hebraicist who edited "Knighton's Chronicle" in the 1880s for the Rolls Series.
Despite some reservations about the Continuator's existence, Lumby also concluded a different author had written the post-1377 sections.
His division of the Chronicle's authorship was followed by later authors, with the result that the Continuator was referenced in subsequent historical study footnotes of learned historians that followed him.
The existence of the Continuator was not questioned until 1957, when the historian Vivian Hunter Galbraith published an in-depth study of the Chronicle's chronology.
In particular, he was able to prove that the section of the Chronicle covering later events, from 1377–95, was actually written "before" the earlier section, confirming Knighton's probable authorship of both sections.
The current academic view agrees with Galbraith in that the Continuator most likely never existed, and Knighton wrote the entire Chronicle.
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The Second Battle of the Aisne ( or , 16 April – mid-May 1917) was the main part of the Nivelle Offensive, a Franco-British attempt to inflict a decisive defeat on the German armies in France.
The strategy was to conduct sequenced offensives from north to south, by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and several French army groups.
General Robert Nivelle planned the offensive in December 1916, after he replaced Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.
The objective of the attack on the Aisne was to capture the prominent , east–west ridge of the Chemin des Dames, north-east of Paris, and then attack northwards to capture the city of Laon.
When the French armies met the British advancing from the Arras front, the Germans would be pursued towards Belgium and the German frontier.
The offensive began on 9 April, when the British attacked at the Battle of Arras.
On 16 April, the "Groupe d'armées de Reserve" (GAR) attacked the Chemin des Dames and the next day, the Fourth Army of "Groupe d'armées de Centre" (GAC), near Reims to the south-east, began the Battle of the Hills.
The Chemin des Dames ridge had been quarried for stone for centuries, leaving a warren of caves and tunnels which were used as shelters by German troops to escape the French bombardment.
The offensive met massed German machine-gun and artillery fire, which inflicted many casualties and repulsed the French infantry at many points.
The French still achieved some substantial tactical successes and took in their attacks on the Chemin des Dames and in Champagne but failed to achieve their strategic objective of a decisive defeat over the Germans.
The failure had a traumatic effect on the morale of the French army and many divisions mutinied.
Nivelle was superseded by General Philippe Pétain, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence"; on 19 May Pétain issued Directive No 1 for limited offensives, intended to resume the wearing-out of the German Army while conserving French infantry.
The new French strategy was not one of passive defence.
In June and July the Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Armies conducted several limited attacks and the First Army was sent to Flanders to participate in the Third Battle of Ypres.
The British prolonged the Arras offensive into mid-May, despite uncertainty about French intentions, high losses and diminishing success as they moved divisions northwards to Flanders.
The British captured Messines Ridge on 7 June and spent the rest of the year on the offensive in the Third Battle of Ypres () and the Battle of Cambrai ().
The difficulties of the French armies became known in general to the Germans but the cost of the defensive success on the Aisne made it impossible to reinforce the Flanders front and conduct more than local operations on the Aisne and in Champagne.
The French conducted limited attacks at Verdun in August, which recaptured much of the remaining ground lost in 1916 and the Battle of La Malmaison in October, which captured the west end of the Chemin des Dames and forced the Germans to withdraw to the north bank of the Ailette.
While the Germans were diverted by the British offensive in Flanders, French morale recovered, after Pétain had shot as scapegoats and introduced reforms, such as better food, more pay and more leave to improve the welfare of French troops.
Nivelle believed the Germans had been exhausted by the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme in 1916 and could not resist a breakthrough offensive, which could be completed in The main attack on the Aisne would be preceded by a large diversionary attack by the British Third and First armies at Arras.
The French War Minister, Hubert Lyautey and Chief of Staff General Henri-Philippe Pétain opposed the plan, believing it to be premature.
The British Commander-in-Chief, Sir Douglas Haig, supported the concept of a decisive battle but insisted that if the first two phases of the Nivelle scheme were unsuccessful, the British effort would be moved north to Flanders.
Nivelle threatened to resign if the offensive did not go ahead and having not lost a battle, had the enthusiastic support of the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George.
The French Prime Minister Aristide Briand supported Nivelle but the war minister Lyautey resigned during a dispute with the Chamber of Deputies and the Briand government fell; a new government under Alexandre Ribot took office on 20 March.
The Second Battle of the Aisne involved troops and on a front from Reims to Roye, with the main effort against the German positions along the Aisne river.
The original plan of December 1916 was plagued by delays and information leaks.
By the time the offensive began in April 1917, the Germans had received intelligence of the Allied plan and strengthened their defences on the Aisne front.
The German retreat to the Hindenburg Line Operation Alberich ("Unternehmen Alberich") left a belt of devastated ground up to deep in front of the French positions facing east from Soissons, northwards to St. Quentin.
freed divisions which were moved to the Aisne, increasing the German garrison to against divisions.
The German withdrawal forestalled the attacks of the British and (GAN) but also freed French divisions for the attack.
By late March, GAN had been reduced by eleven infantry, two cavalry divisions and guns, which went into the French strategic reserve.
When Hindenburg and Ludendorff took over from Falkenhayn on 28 August 1916, the pressure being placed on the German army in France was so great that new defensive arrangements, based on the principles of depth, invisibility and immediate counter-action were formally adopted, as the only means by which the growing material strength of the French and British armies could be countered.
Instead of fighting the defensive battle in the front line or from shell-hole positions near it, the main fight was to take place behind the front line, out of view and out of range of enemy field artillery.
"Conduct of the Defensive Battle" () was published on 1 December 1916.
The new manual laid down the organisation for the mobile defence of an area, rather than the rigid defence of a trench line.
Positions necessary for the new method were defined in "Principles of Field Position Construction" ().
"Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battles", was published on 30 January 1917.
Towards the end of the Battle of the Somme in 1916, Colonel Fritz von Loßberg (Chief of Staff of the 1st Army) had been able to establish a line of relief divisions .
In his analysis of the battle, Loßberg opposed the granting of discretion to front trench garrisons to retire, as he believed that manoeuvre did not allow the garrisons to evade Allied artillery-fire, which could blanket the forward area and invited enemy infantry to occupy vacated areas unopposed.
Loßberg considered that spontaneous withdrawals would disrupt the counter-attack reserves as they deployed and further deprive battalion and division commanders of the ability to conduct an organised defence, which the dispersal of infantry over a wider area had already made difficult.
Loßberg and other officers had severe doubts as to the ability of relief divisions to arrive on the battlefield in time to conduct an immediate counter-attack from behind the battle zone and wanted the Somme practice of fighting in the front line to be retained and authority devolved no further than the battalion, so as to maintain organizational coherence, in anticipation of a methodical counter-attack after by the relief divisions.
Ludendorff was sufficiently impressed by the Loßberg memorandum to add it to the new "Manual of Infantry Training for War".
During the German withdrawal to the (Hindenburg Line) in March 1917, a modest withdrawal took place in the neighbourhood of Soissons.
On 17 March, the German defences at Crouy and were found to be empty and as French troops followed up the retirement, German troops counter-attacked at Vregny and Margival, which reduced the speed of the French pursuit to a step-by-step advance.
By April, the French advance had only progressed beyond Neuville-sur-Margival and Leuilly.
On 1 April, a French attack along the line of the Ailette–Laon road reached the outskirts of Laffaux and Vauxaillon.
Vauxeny and Vauxaillon were occupied a few days later.
In a new manual of 1 December 1916, (Principles of Command for Defensive Battle), the policy of unyielding defence of ground regardless of its tactical value, was replaced by the defence of positions suitable for artillery observation and communication with the rear, where an attacking force would "fight itself to a standstill and use up its resources while the defenders conserve[d] their strength".
Defending infantry would fight in areas, with the front divisions in an outpost zone up to deep behind listening posts, with the main line of resistance placed on a reverse slope, in front of artillery observation posts, which were kept far enough back to retain observation over the outpost zone.
Behind the main line of resistance was a (battle zone), a second defensive area deep, also sited as far as possible on ground hidden from enemy observation, while in view of German artillery observers.
A (rear battle zone) further back was to be occupied by the reserve battalion of each regiment.
(Principles of Field Fortification) was published in January 1917 and by April an outpost zone held by sentries, had been built along the Western Front.
Sentries could retreat to larger positions held by (five men and an NCO per ), who would join the sentries to recapture sentry-posts by immediate counter-attack.
Defensive procedures in the battle zone were similar but with greater numbers.
The front trench system was the sentry line for the battle zone garrison, which was allowed to move away from concentrations of enemy fire and then counter-attack to recover the battle and outpost zones; such withdrawals were envisaged as occurring on small parts of the battlefield which had been made untenable by Allied artillery fire, as the prelude to (immediate counter-attack within the position).
Such a decentralised battle by large numbers of small infantry detachments would present the attacker with unforeseen obstructions.
Resistance from troops equipped with automatic weapons, supported by observed artillery fire, would increase the further the advance progressed.
A school was opened in January 1917 to teach infantry commanders the new methods.
Given the Allies' growing superiority in munitions and manpower, attackers might still penetrate to the second (artillery protection) line, leaving in their wake German garrisons isolated in , (resistance nests, ) still inflicting losses and disorganisation on the attackers.
As the attackers tried to capture the and dig in near the German second line, of the counter-attack divisions would advance from the into the battle zone, in an immediate counter-attack, ().
If the immediate counter-attack failed, the counter-attack divisions would take their time to prepare a methodical attack, provided the lost ground was essential to the retention of the main position.
Such methods required large numbers of reserve divisions ready to move to the battlefront.
The reserve was obtained by creating by internal reorganisation of the army, bringing divisions from the eastern front and by shortening the western front, in Operation Alberich.
By the spring of 1917, the German army in the west had a strategic reserve of .
on the northern flank of (GAR) had been reduced to the Third Army with three corps in line, by the transfer of the First Army to the GAR.
The Third Army began French operations, with preliminary attacks on German observation points at St. Quentin on Large reconnaissance forces were set towards the Dallon spur on 1 April, which were not able to gain footholds in the German front defences, although the British Fourth Army to the north captured the woods around Savy.
On 2 April a bigger French attack on Dallon failed but on 3 April the Third Army attacked after a "terrific" bombardment, on a front of about north of a line from Castres to Essigny-le-Grand and Benay, between the Somme canal at Dallon, south-west of St. Quentin and the Oise.
After another attack on 4 April, the villages of Dallon, Giffecourt, Cerizy and south of Urvillers, were captured and the German position at the apex of the triangle Ham, St. Quentin, La Fère was made vulnerable to a further attack.
The French had attacked in intense cold and driving rain, with chronic supply shortages caused by the German destruction of roads and immense French traffic jams on the routes which had been sufficiently repaired to bear traffic.
East of the Oise and north of the Aisne, the Third Army took the southern and north-western outskirts of Laffaux and Vauxeny.
On 4 April German counter-attacks north of the Aisne were repulsed south of Vauxeny and Laffaux.
The French captured Moy on the west bank of the Oise, along with Urvillers and Grugies, a village opposite Dallon on the east bank of the Somme.
North of the farm of La Folie, the Germans were pushed back and three howitzers and several lorries were captured.
Beyond Dallon French patrols entered the south-western suburb of St. Quentin.
The main attack by GAN was planned as two successive operations, an attack by XIII Corps to capture Rocourt and Moulin de Tous Vents south-west of the city, to guard the flank of the principal attack by XIII Corps and XXXV Corps on Harly and Alaincourt, intended to capture the high ground east and south-east of St. Quentin.
Success would enable the French to menace the flank of the German forces to the south, along the Oise to La Fère and the rear of the German positions south of the St. Gobain "massif" due to be attacked from the south by the Sixth Army of the GAR.
The French were inhibited from firing on St. Quentin, which allowed the Germans unhampered observation from the cathedral and from factory chimneys and to site artillery in the suburbs, free from counter-battery fire.
French attacks could only take place at night or during twilight and snow, rain, low clouds and fog made aircraft observation for the artillery impossible.
German work on the /Hindenburg Line continued but the first line, built along reverse-slopes was complete and from which flanking-fire could be brought to bear on any attack.
Concrete machine-gun emplacements proved immune to all but the heaviest and most accurate howitzer-fire and the main position was protected by an observation line along the crest in front, which commanded no man's land, which was deep.
The British Fourth Army was unable to assist the French with an attack, due to a lack of divisions after transfers north to the British Third Army but was able to assist with artillery-fire from the north and kept a cavalry division in readiness to join a pursuit.
The French artillery had been reduced to by transfers south to GAR, which was insufficient to bombard the German defences and conduct counter-batter fire simultaneously.
On 13 April at XIII Corps attacked with two divisions; the 26th Division on the right took the German first line and then defeated two German counter-attacks but the 25th Division on the left was repulsed almost immediately by uncut wire and machine-gun fire, despite French field artillery being advanced into no man's land at the last minute to cut the wire.
Casualties in the thirteen attacking battalions were severe.
The 25th Division was ordered by the army commander, General Humbert to attack again at but the orders arrived too late and the attack did not take place.
French aircraft were active over the attack front but at midday large formations of German fighters arrived and forced the French artillery-observation and reconnaissance aircraft back behind the front line.
By the end of the day the 26th Division had held on to of the German front trench and the 25th Division had been forced back to its jumping-off trenches.
German artillery-fire had not been heavy and the defence had been based on machine-gun fire and rapid counter-attacks.
The XIII Corps and XXXV Corps attack due next day was eventually cancelled.
The Fifth Army attacked on 16 April at which dawned misty and overcast.
From the beginning German machine-gunners were able to engage the French infantry and inflict many casualties, although German artillery-fire was far less destructive.
Courcy on the right flank was captured by the 1st Brigade of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France but the advance was stopped at the Aisne–Marne canal.
The canal was crossed further north and Berméricourt was captured against a determined German defence.
From Bermericourt to the Aisne the French attack was repulsed and south of the river French infantry were forced back to their start-line.
On the north bank of the Aisne the French attack was more successful, the 42nd and 69th divisions reached the German second position between the Aisne and the Miette, the advance north of Berry penetrating .
Tanks to accompany the French infantry to the third objective arrived late and the troops were too exhausted and reduced by casualties to follow the tanks.
Half of the tanks were knocked-out in the German defences and then acted as pill-boxes in advance of the French infantry, which helped to defeat a big German counter-attack.
German infantry launched hasty counter-attacks along the front, recaptured Bermericourt and conducted organised counter-attacks where the French infantry had advanced the furthest.
At Sapigneul in the XXXII Corps area, the 37th Division attack failed, which released German artillery in the area to fire in enfilade into the flanks of the adjacent divisions, which had been able to advance and the guns were also able to engage the French tanks north of the Aisne.
The defeat of the 37th Division restored the German defences between Loivre and Juvincourt.
The left flank division of the XXXII Corps and the right division of the V Corps penetrated the German second position south of Juvincourt but French tanks attacking south of the Miette from advanced to disaster.
German observers at Craonne, on the east end of the Chemin des Dames, were able to direct artillery-fire against the tanks and destroyed behind the French front line; few of the tanks reached the German defences and by the evening only ten tanks were operational.
On the left flank the V Corps was stopped at the and the hamlet of .
On the Chemin des Dames, I Corps made very little progress and by evening had advanced no further than the German support line, ahead.
The French infantry had suffered many casualties and few of the leading divisions were capable of resuming the attack.
The advance had failed to reach objectives which were to have fallen by but prisoners had been taken.
The attack on the right flank of the Sixth Army, which faced north between Oulches and Missy, took place from Oulches to Soupir and had less success than the Fifth Army; the II Colonial Corps advanced for in the first thirty minutes and was then stopped.
The XX Corps attack from Vendresse to the Oise–Aisne Canal had more success, the 153rd Division on the right flank reached the Chemin des Dames south of Courtecon after a second attack, managing an advance of .
The VI Corps advanced on its right flank west of the Oise–Aisne Canal but was held up on the left.
On the east-facing northern flank near Laffaux, I Colonial Corps was able to penetrate only a few hundred yard into the defences of the (Condé Switch) and failed to take Moisy Farm plateau.
Laffaux was captured and then lost to a counter-attack before changing hands several times, until finally captured on 19 April.
To the east of Vauxaillon at the north end of the Sixth Army, was captured with the help of British heavy artillery but then lost to a German counter-attack.
The Sixth Army operations took but no break-through had been achieved and at only one-point had the German second position been reached.
On the second day Nivelle ordered the Fifth Army to attack north-eastwards to reinforce success, believing that the Germans intended to hold the ground in front of the Sixth Army.
The Fifth Army was not able substantially to advance on 17 April but the Sixth Army, which had continued to attack overnight, forced a German withdrawal from the area of Braye, Condé and Laffaux to the , which ran from Laffaux mill to the Chemin des Dames and joined the original defences at Courtecon.
The German retirement was carried out urgently and many guns were left behind, along with "vast" stocks of munitions.
The French infantry reached the new German positions with an advance of .
On 17 April the Fourth Army on the left of (GAC) began the subsidiary attack in Champagne from Aubérive to the east of Reims which became known as , with the VIII, XVII and XII Corps on an front.
The attack began at in cold rain alternating with snow showers.
The right flank guard to the east of Suippes was established by the 24th Division and Aubérive on the east bank of the river and the 34th Division took and .
The "Monts" were held against a German counter-attack on 19 April by the 5th, 6th ( divisions) and the 23rd division and one regiment between Nauroy and Moronvilliers.
On the west bank the Moroccan Division was repulsed on the right and captured on the left.
To the north-east of the hill the advance reached a depth of and next day the advance was pressed beyond .
The Fourth Army attacks took and German attacks on 27 May had temporary success before French counter-attacks recaptured the ground around ; lack of troops had forced the Germans into piecemeal attacks instead of a simultaneous attack along the whole front.
Nivelle ordered the Tenth Army forward between the Fifth and Sixth armies on 21 April.
The IX Corps and XVIII Corps took over between Craonne and Hurtebise and local operations were continued on the fronts of the Fourth and Fifth armies with little success.
An attack on Brimont on the capture of which would have been of great tactical value, was postponed on the orders of the French government and never took place.
The Tenth Army captured the Californie plateau on the Chemin des Dames, the Sixth Army captured the for along the Chemin des Dames and then advanced at the salient opposite Laffaux.
An attack on 5 May south-east of Vauxaillon took Moisy Farm and Laffaux Mill and repulsed German counter-attacks.
Next day another advance was conducted north of the mill.
German counter-attacks continued in constant attack and counter-attack in the Soissons sector.
By the end of 5 May the Sixth Army had reached the outskirts of Allemant and taken The offensive continued on the Fourth Army front where was captured and by 10 May and had been taken by the French armies.
Between Vauxaillon and Reims and on the Moronvilliers heights the French had captured much of the German defensive zone, despite the failure to break through and Army Group German Crown Prince counter-attacked before the French could consolidate, mostly by night towards the summits of the Chemin des Dames and the Moronvilliers massif.
During the nights of the May, the Germans attacked from Vauxaillon to Craonne and on the night of German attacks were repulsed at Cerny, La Bovelle, Heutebise Farm and the Californie Plateau.
Next day, German counter-attacks on Chevreux, north-east of Craonne at the foot of the east end of the Chemin des Dames were defeated.
More attacks on the night of were defeated by the French artillery and machine-gun fire; the French managed to advance on the northern slopes of the Vauclerc Plateau.
On 10 May, another German attack at Chevreux was defeated and the French advanced north of Sancy and on the night of and the following day, German attacks were repulsed on the Californie Plateau and at Cerny.
On 16 May, a German counter-offensive, on a front of from the north-west of Laffaux Mill to the Soissons–Laon railway, was defeated and after dark more attacks north of Laffaux Mill and north-west of Braye-en-Laonnois also failed.
French attacks on 17 May took ground east of Craonne and on 18 May, German attacks on the Californie Plateau and on the Chemin des Dames just west of the Oise–Aisne Canal, were repulsed.
On 20 May, a counter-offensive to retake the French positions from Craonne to the east of Fort de la Malmaison, was mostly defeated by artillery-fire and where German infantry were able to advance through the French defensive barrages, French infantry easily forced them back; prisoners were taken.
On 21 May, German surprise attacks on the Vauclerc Plateau failed and on the following evening, the French captured several of the remaining observation posts dominating the Ailette Valley and three German trench lines east of Chevreux.
A German counter-attack on the Californie Plateau was smashed by artillery and infantry small-arms fire and taken.
At on 23 May, a German assault on the Vauclerc Plateau was defeated and on 24 May, a renewed attack was driven back in confusion.
During the night the French took the wood south-east of Chevreux and almost annihilated two German battalions.
On 25 May, three German columns attacked a salient north-west of Bray-en-Laonnois and gained a footing in the French first trench, before being forced out by a counter-attack.
On 26 May German attacks on salients east and west of Cerny were repulsed and from German attacks between Vauxaillon and Laffaux Mill broke down.
Two attacks on 28 May at Hurtebise were defeated by French artillery-fire and on the night of attacks by the Germans west of Cerny also failed.
On the morning of 1 June after a heavy bombardment, German troops took some trenches north of Laffaux Mill and were then pushed out in the afternoon.
On 2 June a bigger German attack began, after an intensive bombardment of the French front, from the north of Laffaux to the east of Berry-au-Bac.
On the night of two German divisions made five attacks on the east, west and central parts of the Californie Plateau and the west end of the Vauclerc Plateau.
The Germans attacked in waves, at certain points advancing shoulder-to-shoulder, supported by flame-thrower detachments and gained some ground on the Vauclerc Plateau, until French counter-attacks recovered the ground.
Despite the French holding improvised defences and the huge volumes of German artillery-fire used to prepare attacks, the German organised counter-attacks () met with little success and at Chevreux north-east of Craonne, the French had even pushed further into the Laon Plain.
In 2015, Uffindell wrote that retrospective naming and dating of events can affect the way in which the past is understood.
The Second Battle of the Aisne began on 16 April but the duration and extent of the battle have been interpreted differently.
The ending of the battle is usually given as mid-May.
Uffindell called this politically convenient, since this excluded the Battle of La Malmaison in October, making it easier to blame Nivelle.
Uffindel wrote that the exclusion of La Malmaison was artificial, since the attack was begun from the ground taken from April to May.
General Franchet d'Espèrey called La Malmaison "the decisive phase of the Battle...that began on 16 April and ended on 2 November...".
The offensive advanced the front line by on the front of the Sixth Army, which took and a large amount of equipment.
The operation had been planned as a decisive blow to the Germans; by 20 April it was clear that the strategic intent of the offensive had not been achieved and by 25 April most of the fighting had ended.
Casualties had reached the French armies by 10 May and some divisions suffered more than On 3 May, the French 2nd Division refused orders, similar refusals and mutiny spread through the armies; the Nivelle Offensive was abandoned in confusion on 9 May.
The politicians and public were stunned by the chain of events and on 16 May, Nivelle was sacked and moved to North Africa.
He was replaced by the considerably more cautious Pétain with Foch as chief of the General Staff, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence" to avoid casualties and to restore morale.
Pétain had shot as examples and introduced reforms to improve the welfare of French troops, which did much to restore morale.
The operations in Champagne on 20 May ended the Nivelle Offensive, most of the Chemin-des-Dames plateau, particularly the east end which dominated the plain north of the Aisne had been captured.
Bois-des-Buttes, Ville-aux-Bois, Bois-des-Boches and the German first and second positions from there to the Aisne had also been captured.
South of the river, the Fifth and Tenth armies on the plain near Loivre, had managed to advance west of the Brimont Heights.
East of Reims the Fourth Army had captured most of the Moronvilliers massif and Auberive, then advanced along the Suippe, which provided good jumping-off positions for a new offensive.
The cost of the Nivelle Offensive in casualties and loss of morale were great but German losses were also high and the tactical success of the French in capturing elaborately fortified positions and defeating counter-attacks, reduced German morale.
The German had been forced from three of the most elaborately fortified positions on the Western Front and had failed to recapture them.
Vimy Ridge, the Scarpe Heights, the caverns, spurs and plateau of the Chemin des Dames and the Moronvilliers massif had been occupied for more than two years, carefully surveyed by German engineers and fortified to make them impregnable.
In six weeks all were lost and the Germans were left clinging to the eastern or northern edges of the ridges of the summits.
The French tactic of assault suited the German defensive dispositions, since much of the new construction had taken place on reverse slopes.
The speed of attack and the depth of the French objectives meant that there was no time to establish artillery observation posts overlooking the Ailette valley, in the areas where French infantry had reached the ridge.
The tunnels and caves under the ridge nullified the destructive effect of the French artillery, which was also reduced by poor weather and by German air superiority, which made French artillery-observation aircraft even less effective.
The rear edge of the German battle zone along the ridge had been reinforced with machine-gun posts and the German divisional commanders decided to hold the front line, rather than giving ground elastically; few of the Eingreif divisions were needed to intervene in the battle.
In 1939 Wynne wrote that the French lost including in the first few days but that the effect on military and civilian morale was worse than the casualties.
In the 1939 volume of "Der Weltkrieg", the German official historians recorded German losses to the end of June as including and claimed French casualties of including prisoner.
In 1962, G. W. L. Nicholson the Canadian Official Historian, recorded German losses of French casualties of A 2003 web publication gave casualties, the Fifth Army, in the Sixth Army, the Tenth Army, the Fourth Army and the Third Army.
In 2005, Doughty quoted figures of casualties on the Aisne from of whom were killed, wounded and taken prisoner; the rate of casualties was the worst since November 1914.
From the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Tenth armies took and The advance of the Sixth Army was one of the largest made by a French army since trench warfare began.
The Battle of La Malmaison () led to the capture of the village and fort of La Malmaison and control of the Chemin des Dames ridge.
The 7th Army commander Boehn, was not able to establish a defence in depth along the Chemin-de-Dames, because the ridge was a hog's back and the only alternative was to retire north of the .
The German artillery was outnumbered about on the front of the 14th Division batteries were bombarded by artillery batteries.
Much of the German artillery was silenced before the French attack.
Gas bombardments in the Ailette valley became so dense that the carriage of ammunition and supplies to the front was made impossible.
From the XXI and XIV corps advanced rapidly and the I Cavalry Corps was brought forward into the XIV Corps area, in case the Germans collapsed.
On 25 October the French captured the village and forest of Pinon and closed up to the line of the .
In four days the attack had advanced and forced the Germans from the narrow plateau of the Chemin des Dames, back to the north bank of the Ailette Valley.
The French took and mortars.
French losses were killed, and from the casualties of the attacks during the Nivelle Offensive.
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Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport (, Xiao'erjing: ءُلُمُٿِ دِوَعپُ قُوَعکِ كِچْا ; , ULY: Ürümchi Diwopu Xelqara Ayroporti, UYY: Ürümqi Diwopu Həlⱪ’ara Ayroporti, USY: Үрүмчи Хәлқара Айропорти) is an airport serving Ürümqi, the capital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwestern China.
The airport is located in Diwopu township of Xinshi district, northwest of downtown Ürümqi.
A hub for China Southern Airlines and as a focus city for Hainan Airlines, the airport handled 16,311,140 passengers in 2014, making it the 15th busiest airport in China by passenger traffic.
The airport covers an area of 4.84 million sq.
Its newly built runway is 3600 m (11,811 ft) in length.
The airport can allow the landing of large aircraft such as the Boeing 747.
The 110,000 sq.
metre apron can accommodate over 30 aircraft.
Construction of Terminal 3 to the west of the older terminal building began in April 2007 at a cost of 2.8 billion yuan (350 million U.S. dollars).
It increased Diwopu's ability to handle more than three times its current (2007) 5.13 million passengers annually to 16.35 million passengers and also be able to handle 275,000 tons of cargo and 155,000 aircraft a year.
Terminal 3 also added an additional 21 jet bridges and nearly 106,000 square meters of new terminal space.
The terminal opened in 2009.
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Clarence Stephen "Steve" Johnson (born November 3, 1957) is a retired American professional basketball player, who played for numerous NBA teams.
He played the power forward and center positions.
He was generally regarded as a good low-post offensive player, but as a poor defender and rebounder (and as a foul-prone player as well).
Johnson played collegiately at Oregon State University under Naismith Hall of Fame coach Ralph Miller.
He was the star player on the 1980–81 team (known as the Orange Express) which spent most of the season at #1 in the national rankings, before losing in the NCAA basketball playoffs.
That season, Johnson made 235 of 315 field goals for a field goal percentage of 74.6% — a single-season mark which was an NCAA men's basketball record until March 16, 2017 when Devontae Cacock of UNCW finished with a field goal percentage of 80.0% of 230 shots.
He was drafted the following summer, with the 7th pick overall, by the Kansas City Kings, and played with the Kings for 2½ seasons before being traded to the Chicago Bulls.
After a season and a half with the Bulls, Johnson played a season with the San Antonio Spurs.
While with the Spurs, Johnson led the league in field goal percentage at 0.632 — one of the highest in NBA history.
During the 1986 off-season, Johnson was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers for longtime Blazers' fixture Mychal Thompson; the team intended to start Johnson at power forward alongside defensive-minded center Sam Bowie.
Five games into the season, however, Bowie suffered a broken leg (one of many such injuries he would endure in his ill-fated career), and Johnson was moved to the starting center role, with aging veteran Caldwell Jones replacing him at power forward.
That year, Johnson enjoyed his best season as a pro, averaging nearly 17 points a game, and shooting a respectable 0.555 from the field.
The next season, Bowie again broke his leg, and Johnson assumed the starting center position.
Unfortunately for him, he would himself be injured, and was replaced in the lineup by Kevin Duckworth, whose stellar play earned him the job permanently.
Nevertheless, Johnson earned a selection on the West All-Star team, but was unable to play due to injury.
An attempt to start both players in a dual-post configuration, and the Johnson/Duckworth controversy was one of several which distracted the team in the 1988–89 season (which led to a losing record and a first-round playoff sweep).
After that season, the rather unhappy Johnson was left unprotected in the 1989 NBA expansion draft, and was selected by the Minnesota Timberwolves.
Johnson, unhappy with being drafted by an expansion team, played only 4 games for the Timberwolves before being traded to the Seattle SuperSonics; he played only 21 games for the Sonics that season.
He played 24 games for the Golden State Warriors the following year; and retired at the conclusion of the 1990–1991 season.
Johnson holds the NCAA single season and career records for field goal percentage.
He led the NBA in personal fouls during the 1981–82 and 1986–87 seasons, and led the NBA in disqualifications during the 1981–82, 1985–86, and 1986–87 seasons.
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I, the Jury is a 1982 film based on the best-selling detective novel of the same name by Mickey Spillane.
The story was previously filmed in 3D in 1953.
Larry Cohen wrote the screenplay and was hired to direct, but was replaced when the film's budget was already out of control after one week of shooting.
He was replaced by Richard T. Heffron.
The film begins with a James Bond-like teaser opening before the story begins.
The plot involves two detectives: protagonist Mike Hammer (Armand Assante) and his one-armed friend, Jack Williams, who is discovered murdered.
The plot also features a serial rapist and a sex therapy clinic headed up by Dr. Charlotte Bennett (Barbara Carrera).
The plot contains elements not in the novel, such as government conspiracies and mind-control techniques by the CIA and the Mafia.
According to screenwriter Larry Cohen, he was originally hired to direct but was fired after expressing his concerns to cast or crew over the producers running out of money.
Cohen also claimed "We finished way ahead of them.
They went way over budget and the company went bankrupt.
They sold the picture at a bankruptcy sale."
(Cohen didn't specify which production company went bankrupt.)
The film received mixed reviews.
It was criticized for eschewing essential plot lines from the novel, in favor of nudity, violence and extended action scenes.
Others complained that Assante was miscast as Hammer.
However, a "New York Times" review of the film in 1982 written by Jennifer Dunning found the pulp film entertaining:
"Along the way there are spectacular chases and ingenious gore, including a water bed that oozes blood.
It all ends with Hammer storming a booby-trapped hideaway, alone and without a gun, then slithering through a last little fillip of bloody romance.
"I, the Jury" only aims to entertain.
And who cares, with Mr. Assante around?"
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Edwards was born in San Jose, California.
He attended the public schools in the city, graduating from San Jose High School, before earning a B.A.
from Stanford University in 1936, where he was member of the Stanford golf team.
Edwards then attended Stanford Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1940.
Edwards was a special agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1940 to 1941, when he joined the United States Navy as a naval intelligence and gunnery officer during World War II.
In 1950, he was elected president of the California Young Republicans.
But he had switched parties by the time he was first elected to the House in 1962.
He was the president of Valley Title Company of Santa Clara County from 1951 to 1975, and a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1964 and 1968.
Edwards was elected as a member of the Democratic Party to the 88th from the 10th Congressional District (later redistricted to the 16th Congressional District) and to the fifteen succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1995).
In his first year in the House, Edwards voted to abolish the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Edwards was involved in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Edwards was a member of the House Judiciary Committee during the investigation of the Watergate scandal.
Edwards opposed the U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War, the invasion of Panama, and the Persian Gulf War.
Edwards was one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1988 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against Alcee Hastings, judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, and again in 1989 to conduct impeachment proceedings against Walter Nixon, judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi.
Edwards was the chairman of the House Subcommittee on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights for 23 years.
Edwards was not a candidate for reelection to the 104th Congress.
Don Edwards was married to Edith Wilkie Edwards until her death.
He turned 100 in January 2015.
He died later that year on October 1, 2015.
Edwards received the Congressional Distinguished Service Award in 2003.
The Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge in the south end of San Francisco Bay is named in his honor.
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Jason McCabe Calacanis (born November 28, 1970) is an American Internet entrepreneur and blogger.
His first company was part of the dot-com era in New York, and his second venture, Weblogs, Inc., a publishing company that he co-founded together with Brian Alvey, capitalized on the growth of blogs before being sold to AOL.
As well as being an angel investor in various technology startups, Calacanis also keynotes industry conferences worldwide.
Calacanis was born in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn, New York.
He graduated from Xaverian High School in 1988.
He then attended Fordham University, where he received a B.A.
in Psychology.
Calacanis's biggest success to date is Weblogs, Inc., which was sold to AOL in 2005.
Before forming Weblogs, Inc., Calacanis was founder and CEO of Rising Tide Studios, a media company that published print and online publications.
Amongst them was the Silicon Alley Reporter, a monthly paper that featured New York's Internet, Web and new media industries.
During the dot-com boom, Calacanis was active in New York's Silicon Alley community and in 1996 began producing a publication known as the "Silicon Alley Reporter".
Originally a 16-page photocopied newsletter, as its popularity grew it expanded into a 300-page magazine, with a sister publication called the "Digital Coast Reporter" for the West Coast.
Calacanis's tireless socializing earned him a nickname as the "yearbook editor" of the Silicon Alley community.
The company also organized conferences in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco focused on the Internet/web/New Media.
With the end of the Dot-com bubble, "Silicon Alley Reporter" failed.
The company's flagship publication was folded and the company was sold out of bankruptcy to a private equity firm.
As a blogger, Calacanis co-founded Weblogs, Inc. with Brian Alvey in September 24, 2003, supported by an angel investment from Mark Cuban.
Two years after inception Weblogs, Inc. blogs the business was generating $1,000 a day just from AdSense.
Time Warner's America Online agreed to buy Weblogs, Inc. in October 2005 for $25–30 million.
Eight months into his tenure with AOL, Calacanis was offered a chance to be the General Manager of the new Netscape website.
Calacanis copied the model pioneered by Digg, Del.icio.us, and Furl and added an editorial layer to the system, like Slashdot.
The project has launched and occupied the front page of Netscape.
Calacanis started by hiring a team of eight "anchors" to follow up users' top stories.
He then hired some of the top users of social bookmarking sites like Digg, Reddit, Newsvine and Flickr to go to Netscape as Netscape Navigators, which prompted a public debate with Kevin Rose, founder of Digg, most notably during a live taping of the video podcast Diggnation.
On November 16, 2006, TechCrunch reported that Calacanis had resigned from his position as CEO of Weblogs, Inc. and General Manager of Netscape.
Calacanis later confirmed this with a post on his blog.
On December 5, 2006, Techcrunch reported that Calacanis was going to announce his new position at Sequoia Capital as an EIA (entrepreneur in action).
Calacanis later confirmed this on his blog.
Until May, 2007, Calacanis had a role of “Entrepreneur in Action” at Sequoia Capital, one of Silicon Valley’s leading venture capital firm, a position he held since December 2006.
Calacanis founded Mahalo.com, a "human-powered search engine", which launched in alpha test in May 2007.
During a speech about the site at the Gnomedex conference in August 2007, Calacanis got into a public confrontation with Dave Winer that led to Winer's resignation from the panel of experts for the TechCrunch20 conference organized by Calacanis.
Winer interrupted Calacanis' speech during the event, calling it "conference spam" and igniting a war of words on their blogs.
"I'm not interested in having someone berate me like this," Calacanis wrote on his blog.
Mahalo ("thank you" in Hawaiian), raised $20 million in venture capital from well-known investors including Sequoia Capital ; News Corp; CBS; Mark Cuban; and Elon Musk.
The company's motto: "We're here to help."
As of April 21, 2010, Mahalo had 9.4 million global (5.7 million US) unique monthly visitors, down from a peak of 14.1 million global (7.4 million US) unique monthly visitors, according to Quantcast.
In 2009, Calacanis founded the Open Angel Forum, an event that connects early stage startups with angel investors.
The forum was the culmination of a series of public comments by Calacanis questioning the ethics of pay-to-pitch angel forums.
Calacanis believes startups shouldn't have to pay to pitch angel investors.
Calacanis raised a $10Million fund to for his own Venture investment firm to invest in startups that emerged from the Launch conference.
Limited partners in the fund include David Sacks.
Following the success of the Launch conference, Mr. Calacanis aims to get closer and more involved in the new ventures that emerged from that conference.
The approach of investment is around $25,000 to $100,000 in five to 10 startups per year.
According to AngelList, Calacanis' list of investments includes: Tumblr, Cozy, gdgt, Gowalla, Blippy, Backupify, Boxbee, UberMedia, LeadGenius, Thumbtack, Rapportive, NewHound, StyleSeat, LAUNCH, Wanderfly, Tout, AdStage, Uber, Chartbeat, Groundcrew, ChallengePost, Evernote, Pen.io, Red Tricycle, Nimble, BetterCompany, Circa, JIBE, 15Five, Crossfader, Robinhood, Signpost, HandUp, Mouth, HomeHero, Swell Radio, Brilliant, Stowaway Cosmetics, MyTime, Ramen, Calm, Frequency, Fresh, Backyard, Birdi, This Week In, Red Clay, Skift, Connect, Butterfleye, Datastax, Density, Whisper, CAUSECAST, Nimble CRM, WizzyWig, StorkBrokers, Bento, VUE, ThisWeekIn, ThisNext, Tweetup, SpaceMonkey, Requested.
Calacanis is the founder of ThisWeekIn.com, a podcast network, and the host of the live streamed "This Week In Startups" show, one of the featured podcasts.
In 2010, the company raised a seed round of about $300,000 from Matt Coffin, Sky Dayton, and Calacanis himself.
On December 14, 2012, Calacanis announced that he would be shutting down his podcast network ThisWeekIn.com.
The shut down of the company did not mean the end of its three most popular shows, which are still in live production: This Week In Startups, This Week In Web Design and Kevin Pollak’s Chat Show.
This Week in Startups (also called TWiSt) is a show hosted by Jason that has published more than 500 episodes.
Typically, TWiSt produces two episodes a week, one on Tuesday and one on Friday.
Tuesday shows generally feature founders, CEOs, entrepreneurs, angel investors and venture capitalists talking about startups, entrepreneurship and the Web industry in general.
Friday shows feature a round table format show that usually runs over an hour of conversation about the web startup industry with a rotating panel of commentators.
The show has gained popularity amongst the startup community, averaging 100,000 regular listeners , and routinely attracts well-known speaker-guests.
Calacanis and a continuous fresh group of speaker-guests that are well known within the industry, sometimes experts, share their stories and thoughts on the Web industry, their ventures andcompanies and trends.
including the live broadcast on its main site as well as iTunes/Audio & iTunes/Video.
Calacanis announced the creation of the Launch Festival to spotlight unannounced start-ups.
The first Festival was held on February 23 and 24, 2011, and featured 140 startups.
A number of companies received funding at the event and the winners included Room 77 and GreenGoose.
LAUNCH Festivals are held each year in the spring.
The most recent LAUNCH Festival was held on March 2–4, 2016 at the Fort Mason Center in San Francisco.
During a dinner meeting between Calacanis and Elon Musk, Musk mentioned that the second Space X rocket had exploded and that Tesla Motors had only two weeks of funding left.
Calacanis enquired about any good news; Musk confided in him that a new car (Tesla Model S) was close to development and might cost $50,000.
Upon arriving home, Calacanis wrote out two $50,000 cheques to Tesla with a note stating "E looks like a great car.
I will take two".
Two years later the cheques were cashed and Calacanis took delivery of two Tesla Model S cars.
The first has the serial number 00001 and the second 00073.
As such Calacanis is interviewed as a 'Tesla Customer' in the 2011 documentary, Revenge of the Electric Car.
Calacanis has received an offer of $250,000 for the vehicle with serial number 00001, but he has expressed interest in donating the car to the Smithsonian Institution.
During a speech about his company Mahalo at Gnomedex in 2007, Calacanis was heckled from the audience.
The heckler was Dave Winer.
Winer accused Calacanis of "spamming the audience" with a Mahalo pitch.
Winer later reiterated his disdain for Calacanis, stating "It's all about Jason and his investors making money.
Why should I care about that?"
Calacanis was involved in a 2010 Internet hoax involving his Twitter postings regarding the introduction of the Apple iPad.
In his tweets, he claimed to have a "reviewer's copy" of an iPad device describing in great detail the features of such device.
The device in question was not in his possession nor did it exist.
It was explained to have been an attempt by Calacanis to expose the hysteria regarding Apple product launches.
The hoax also called into question the fact checking and verification processes of the mainstream media who published the hoax story as true.
Leo Laporte, founder of the TWiT.tv network, and netcasts This Week in Tech, This Week in Google, This Week in Computer Hardware, This Week in Enterprise Tech, and This Week in Law, expressed disdain for Calacanis' use of the term "This Week in".
Prior to starting ThisWeekIn.com, Calacanis had been a guest on Laporte's show This Week in Tech 29 times, and Laporte reported feeling betrayed, suggesting that the use of the same name was intended to confuse advertisers and viewers.
Since 2015, Calacanis has returned to making regular appearances on TWiT podcasts, including guest co-hosting The New Screen Savers alongside Laporte.
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Emanuel Pogatetz (born 16 January 1983) is an Austrian footballer who currently plays for LASK Linz.
At club level, has previously played for Columbus Crew SC, FC Kärnten, Bayer Leverkusen II, FC Aarau, Spartak Moscow, Middlesbrough, Hannover 96, Vfl Wolfsburg, West Ham United, 1.
FC Nürnberg, and Union Berlin.
At international level, he represented Austria at under-16, under-18, under-19, under-21 and full international level.
He is nicknamed "Mad Dog" for his aggressive style of play.
Born in Graz, Pogatetz's career started at Sturm Graz, before going to Kärnten, and later to Bayer Leverkusen.
After a loan spells at Aarau, Grazer AK, and Spartak Moscow, he joined Middlesbrough.
He had also been tracked by Fulham, but during his final match on loan at Spartak Moscow, he tackled Yaroslav Kharitonskiy, leaving the Russian with a double leg fracture.
Although initially banned for 24 weeks by the Russian Football Union, the suspension was later reduced to eight weeks after Pogatetz attended a personal hearing in Moscow.
As the ban commenced in June and was specified as a length of time rather than a number of matches, he ended up missing only three games for his new club Middlesbrough.
Signed by manager Steve McClaren for £1.8M, his Middlesbrough debut came on 25 August 2005 against Charlton Athletic.
With Pogatetz coming on in the second half for Franck Queudrue, Middlesbrough lost 3–0.
On 30 March 2006, during the first leg of Middlesbrough's 2–0 UEFA Cup quarter-final defeat against Basel, Pogatetz broke his nose, jaw and cheekbone in an accidental clash of heads with Mladen Petrić and was later warned against returning to full training for three months, for fear of losing his eyesight.
He underwent successful surgery to have the fractures reset and Dr. Douglas Bryan declared himself "delighted" with Pogatetz's progress.
"It is anticipated he will make a full recovery and be back with his team-mates for pre-season training," said Middlesbrough head physio Grant Downie.
"The only disappointing thing for Manny [Pogatetz] is he won't be able to play football, and he was desperate to get back involved.
But another blow to his face would risk severe trauma and a potentially eyesight-threatening injury."
Pogatetz suffered from a hernia, for which he received corrective surgery in Munich on 24 April 2006.
On 4 July, he returned to training following successful surgery on his hernia and cheek.
In the 2006–07 season, Pogatetz was forced into the centre of defence due to an injury to Chris Riggott.
He formed impressive partnerships at the back with both Robert Huth and Jonathan Woodgate, but was able to keep his place, even upon the returns of Woodgate and Riggott.
Middlesbrough coach McClaren said "He never, ever, gives less than 300% in performance."
After the 2007–08 season, Pogatetz was given the captain's armband on a full-time basis, following his taking up of the role towards the end of the season.
Already known for his disciplinary problems having been booked 20 times in his first two seasons with Middlesbrough, in September 2008 he was involved in a challenge on Manchester United's Rodrigo Possebon in a League Cup game which resulted in Possebon being stretchered from the pitch and having to spend the night in hospital.
United manager Alex Ferguson said of the incident "It was an absolutely terrible tackle.
Pogatetz should have just walked off the field."
Pogatetz was sent-off and served a three match ban.
Pogatetz returned in the 2009–10 season after a long injury layoff, on 31 October in a 1–0 loss to Plymouth Argyle, only to suffer a recurrence of his cheekbone fracture with the scores tied at 0–0.
He made his return to the first team against Nottingham Forest on 21 November in a 1–1 draw.
He had to wear a protective mask because of his cheekbone fracture which he picked up in the Plymouth game.
He received a bang to the head in the Forest game and had to receive stitches at half time, he still completed the full 90 minutes.
On 20 June 2012, Pogatetz signed for VfL Wolfsburg.
He made his debut on 18 August 2012 in a 5–0 away win at FC Schönberg 95, assisting the fourth goal by Bas Dost.
On 28 January 2013, Pogatetz signed, on loan until the end of the season, with West Ham United.
A loan fee of £500,000 was paid to Wolfsburg by West Ham for Pogatetz.
His West Ham debut came on 2 February in a 1–0 home win against Swansea City when he came on as a 90th-minute substitute for Kevin Nolan.
He played five more times, before returning to Wolfsburg.
On 2 July 2013, Pogatetz signed with 1.
FC Nürnberg in a swap deal that saw Timm Klose go to Wolfsburg.
He made 23 league appearances for the side, scoring once.
On 9 September 2014, Pogatetz signed a three-and-a-half year deal with Columbus Crew SC of Major League Soccer.
Over two seasons with the Ohio-based club, he made 24 appearances.
On 5 January 2016, Pogatetz signed with Union Berlin until the end of the season.
Having made only 6 appearances during the 2016–17 season, his contract was not extended.
Pogatetz made his international debut for Austria on 18 May 2002 in a 6–2 defeat by Germany.
He came on in the 83rd minute as a substitute for Ernst Dospel.
His first international goal came on 6 September 2003 in a Euro 2004 qualifying game in the Feyenoord Stadium, Rotterdam.
With score at 1–0 to Netherlands, Pogatetz equalised only for the game to finish 3–1 to the Netherlands.
On 12 October 2005 he was dismissed in an international game against Northern Ireland.
In the 73rd minute in a 2–0 win in the Ernst Happel Stadion in Vienna.
Pogatetz retaliated to a "reckless challenge" by Northern Ireland's Damien Johnson.
Both were dismissed.
In September 2006, Pogatetz was banned from playing for his country after he criticised the coach Josef Hickersberger and captain Andreas Ivanschitz after Austria drew with Costa Rica and lost to Venezuela in an international tournament played earlier in the month.
In 2008, he was a member of the Austria team at Euro 2008 which Austria co-hosted with Switzerland.
He played all three games, against Croatia, Germany and Poland, as Austria failed to make the knock-out stages of the competition.
In March 2009, Pogatetz was named captain of Austria by coach Dietmar Constantini.
However, a series of injuries kept Pogatetz out of Austria's team for much of 2009 and 2010, with Christian Fuchs replacing him as captain.
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Lingampally is a suburb near Hyderabad (India).
The IT boom has made it into a preferred, affordable residential suburb for IT professionals.
It is 12.5 km from the HITEC city.
It is part of Hyderabad and GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation).
It is very close to the Bharat Heavy Electricals Ramachandrapuram unit and is also located close to the National Highway 9 leading to Mumbai.
Indian Immunologicals (serum and vaccine unit), State Bank Institute for Rural Development, University of Hyderabad, International Institute of Information Technology are in Gachibowli area just 4 to 5 km away from Lingampally railway station.
The shopping area is good since the residential colonies have come up in this suburb.
The main shopping area is the busy Taranagar area.
Recently Chandanagar has grown to be a hub for all brand showrooms.
Patancheru, an industrial area in Medak district is about 6 km from this area.
The area also has several movie theatres like Geeta, Jyoti, Sridevi etc.
Seri Lingampally is a mandal headquarters and comes under Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.
ALIND (Aluminium Industries) is a private company near to the railway station on the road towards Mehdipatnam.
Residential units in the area have seen multifold demand due to the proximity to HITEC city (Madhapur) which is the IT hub of Hyderabad.
Lingampally has an MMTS train station, where the train concludes its journey coming from Hyderabad and Falaknuma/Secunderabad.
Recently a lot of development has taken place at Lingampally Railway station as it is the terminal station for MMTS trains.
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HMS "Seal was one of six ships of the mine-laying submarines of the Royal Navy.
She served in the Second World War and was captured by the Kriegsmarine and taken into German service as UB".
She was the only submarine the Germans captured at sea during World War II.
Her capture allowed the Germans to correct a critical fault in their U-boat torpedoes.
"Seal" was laid down at the Chatham Dockyard on 9 December 1936, launched on 27 September 1938 and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 24 May 1939.
During her entire British career, her commander was Rupert Lonsdale, for whom it was his second command.
On being commissioned, "Seal" went for acceptance trials at Dartmouth and in Tor Bay.
On the day of her first successful deep dive, 1 June 1939, news arrived of the loss of undergoing trials at Liverpool, a personal setback for the crew who had lost many friends.
"Seal" moved to Gosport to complete torpedo trials.
On 4 August, she sailed to China to join and via Gibraltar, Malta and the Suez Canal.
However, on the outbreak of the Second World War, she was detained at Aden and made two ad hoc patrols watching the Italians, whom it was feared might be towing German submarines while Italy was still not at war.
She returned home, escorting a damaged destroyer in the Mediterranean.
Back in the North Sea, she carried out one patrol near the Dogger Bank and received her first attack from German aircraft.
She then augmented a convoy escort to Halifax, Nova Scotia, a 14-day crossing.
She was back in time for Christmas leave and was based at Elfin, a temporary establishment at Blyth, Northumberland.
She settled to a North Sea patrol routine as part of the Norwegian campaign being based at Rosyth.
One night in February, "Seal" was given an extra set of personnel – an armed boarding party – and was assigned to take part in the hunt for the .
However "Seal" played no part in the Altmark incident.
Admiral Horton met "Seal" on one of her returns to Rosyth and commented, "You're too damn clean for a war-time boat.
Something must be wrong".
However, he revised his opinion when he reviewed the log-books to "you must have a damn good crew".
By the beginning of April 1940, the Germans had invaded Norway, and "Seal" was operating off the Norwegian coast.
Lonsdale decided to enter Stavangerfjord, a hazardous operation and reached the port of Stavanger using the novel Asdic equipment.
There were four merchant ships in the harbour, but they all carried neutral flags; Lonsdale's requests to attack a seaplane base and land a shore party to sabotage the railway met with firm refusals; and the German naval craft they encountered had too shallow a draught for "Seal"s torpedoes to hit.
The disappointed crew returned to Rosyth, narrowly escaping a torpedo attack at the same place and time as that in which was lost.
Having been at sea for a year, and suffering some damage from a scrape with a merchant ship, "Seal" was due to return to dry-dock at Chatham.
However her sister ship had been rammed and needed serious attention in the dry-dock.
Some repairs to "Seal" were carried out at Blyth, Northumberland, and she was required to take over "Cachalot"s minelaying duties.
She was assigned to "Operation DF 7", a mine-laying mission in the Kattegat between Denmark and Sweden.
This was a particularly daunting task, especially for a submarine the size of "Seal".
Captain Bethall, the commanding officer of the flotilla, failed to persuade Admiral Horton to reconsider his orders.
On 29 April, "Seal" left Immingham laden with 50 mines.
On entering the Skagerrak, she met just leaving the area after having stirred up German defences by scoring six hits with six torpedoes.
"Seal" was running at shallow depth to maintain speed and conserve energy, when she was spotted by a German Heinkel He 115 on 4 May at about 02:30.
She dived to and was slightly damaged by a bomb.
Later that morning, Lonsdale discovered German anti-submarine trawlers searching for them around her target area, and he had to divert to the secondary target area.
At about 09:00, "Seal" started to lay down her mines and completed that mission some 45 minutes later.
"Seal" turned and headed for home, with the trawlers heading after her.
Lonsdale took an evasive course, and used the Asdic to identify when the trawlers were stopping to listen.
Then, at 3:00 pm, he spotted a patrol of nine German anti-submarine motor torpedo boats heading from a different direction.
There were too many hours of daylight left, and the Kattegat was too shallow to allow a submarine as large as "Seal" to go deep and run for it.
Lonsdale evaded detection by following a zig-zag course and at around 18:00 settled the submarine in stop-trim at the bottom of the sea.
Unknown to the crew, they had entered an uncharted minefield.
One of the submarine's hydroplanes caught a mine stay-cable and at about 06:30 pm, the attached mine was swept by the current onto the stern of the boat.
There was a huge explosion and "Seal" was severely damaged.
A painful increase in air pressure indicated that a large amount of water had entered the submarine.
The crew's evening meal was catapulted round the mess rooms and the boat tilted bow upwards at about 10 degrees.
All the watertight doors were quickly sealed and all crew accounted for, after two who had been trapped in the after end of the boat managed to make their way to the control room.
To the crew's surprise, the pursuing ships had not noticed the explosion and moved away.
After various inspections and repairs, the crew had to wait until 22:30 when it was dark enough for an attempt to be made to raise the submarine.
At 10:30 pm, the ballast tanks were "blown" and the main motors started, but the stern stayed firmly stuck on the sea bed.
The bow rose at a sharp angle, and the attempt had to be abandoned.
By this time, the air quality had deteriorated badly.
Pumping carried on and emergency repairs were made to start the pump to blow air into the rear trimming system.
For a second attempt to surface, the 11-ton drop keel was released.
This meant that the submarine could not submerge again.
More high pressure air was used to blow the remaining tanks, but again the attempt was unsuccessful.
Carbon-dioxide poisoning was having an accelerating effect on the crew and a third attempt was called for, using the engines and main ballast.
This also failed.
At 01:10, Lonsdale, a devout Christian, called his crew to prayer and led them in the Lord's Prayer.
The crew then responded to his order for them to move as far forward as they could to try to tip the balance, though many fainted or were sick.
While thoughts went to using the Davis escape gear, it was realised that it would take several hours to escape by this method and there was a risk of flooding the entire craft before more than a few could escape.
The engineers found they could open a salvage-blow and a final attempt was made to raise the submarine.
The motors caught fire, but the fire went out for lack of oxygen.
The batteries were nearly empty and the high pressure air exhausted.
The engineer realised there was one air pressure group left with a tiny amount of air, which was some way up the companionway.
He reached and opened the valve, and the submarine started to move upwards.
"Seal" surfaced at 01:30.
After the pressure was released, the fresh air caused blinding headaches to the crew, who had suffered oxygen deprivation.
Lonsdale clambered to the bridge, and sighting land, decided to try to make for Swedish waters.
The confidential papers were consigned to the sea bed, and the Asdics were destroyed and the pieces thrown overboard.
Lonsdale sent a message to the Admiralty: "Am making for the Swedish coast".
With the cipher books destroyed, Lonsdale did not receive two replies – "Understood and agreed with.
Best of luck" and "Safety of personnel would be your first consideration after destruction of the Asdics".
If he had, they would have saved him a considerable amount of anguish over his subsequent decisions.
The rudder was damaged and the boat impossible to steer, but it was found that it could be made to go in reverse.
Fair progress was made, but mud had entered the lubricating system and the one working engine seized up.
At 02:30, "Seal" was spotted on the surface and attacked by two German Arado Ar 196s and another Heinkel.
Lonsdale on the bridge, under fire, tried to fend them off with the Lewis guns, but these both jammed.
With "Seal" under bombing and gunfire attack from the air, unable to dive and without motive power, some men wounded and no remaining defences, Lonsdale had no alternative but to surrender.
The white messroom table-cloth was hoisted on the mast.
Leutnant Schmidt brought his seaplane alongside and required the captain to swim to him.
On his 35th birthday, Lonsdale swam to the seaplane, and shortly after, the chief petty officer swam to the other Arado.
The crew waited on the submarine for the anti-submarine naval trawler "UJ-128", to arrive at 06:30.
It was expected that the boat, which was holed and listing, would sink of its own accord, but attempts were made to scuttle her.
The German boarding party took the crew off, and the submarine was towed to Frederikshavn.
The mine belt laid by "Seal" sank one German freighter ("Vogesen", 4241 BRT) and three Swedish ships between 5 May and 5 June for a total tonnage of nearly 7000 BRT.
"Seal" underwent temporary repairs at Frederikshavn to make her seaworthy, and was then towed to Kiel.
Admiral Rolf Carls believed "Seal" was a war-winning asset and insisted that she be made operational, despite the probability that three superior new German U-boats could be built for the same cost.
The equipment and armament were completely incompatible and it would not be possible to obtain spares.
Nevertheless, repair was undertaken and in the spring of 1941 she was commissioned into the "Kriegsmarine" as "U B" under the command of "Fregattenkapitän" Bruno Mahn.
Mahn, at 52 years old, was the oldest German submarine commander on duty in World War II.
She was used as a propaganda exhibit and training boat, but it took until late 1942 for Krupp to fabricate the whole mechanical system.
Practice runs revealed so many snags and the financial costs were so unrealistic, that by the middle of 1943 she was paid off, stripped and abandoned in a corner of Kiel dockyard.
Later she was hit and sunk in the same Allied air raid that sank "Admiral Hipper".
The only value derived was the realisation that the British torpedo firing device was of superior design and its introduction into the German navy.
On 3 May 1945, "UB" was scuttled in Heikendorf Bay (), the wreck was later broken up.
The crew were subjected to routine interrogation in an atmosphere of mutual respect with their German captors.
The officers and ratings were separated and held as prisoners of war in a succession of camps until April 1945.
The submarine had been adopted by the village of Seal when she was commissioned, and during their imprisonment the crew received considerable support from the villagers.
Two members of the crew managed to escape.
Early on, the petty officers and ratings were held at Stalag XX A at Toruń in Poland.
Petty Officer Barnes took part in a mass break out and with a soldier managed to make contact with the Polish underground.
They made it to the Soviet border, but the Soviet border guards failed to understand them, robbed and stripped them and told them to run for it.
Shots rang out and no more was heard of Barnes, although the soldier made it home.
One of the engineers, Don "Tubby" Lister, made a series of escapes and was eventually sent to Oflag IV-C at Colditz Castle.
Realising how hard it would be to escape from there, he and another ERA (Engine Room Artificer), W. E. "Wally" Hammond (from the sunken submarine ), insisted on being moved on the grounds that they were not officers.
The ruse worked, and they were moved to a more open camp.
They escaped from there in late 1942 and made the several hundred mile journey to Switzerland and then home.
After three failed escape attempts, Lieutenant Trevor Beet was transferred to Colditz Castle for the rest of the war.
The bulk of the officers and petty officers had been consolidated into Marlag (Marine-lager) naval camp near Westertimke, where, for most of the war, they led a fairly quiet existence.
By April 1945, the Allies were at Bremen, away, and they were marched off to Lübeck.
During the journey, the column came under attack from Allied Spitfires.
Shortly after they arrived there, the war came to an end and they returned to England.
Apart from Barnes and Able Seaman Smith, who had disappeared overboard when the submarine surfaced, the entire crew survived.
Lieutenant Commander Lonsdale was the only British captain to surrender his ship to the enemy in the entire war, and he and the officer he left on board, Lieutenant Trevor Beet, faced the inevitable court-martial in 1946; they were honourably acquitted.
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The Yale University Art Gallery houses a significant and encyclopedic collection of art in several buildings on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
Although it embraces all cultures and periods, the gallery emphasizes early Italian painting, African sculpture, and modern art.
The Yale University Art Gallery is the oldest university art museum in the western hemisphere.
The gallery was founded in 1832, when patriot-artist, John Trumbull, donated more than 100 paintings of the American Revolution to Yale College and designed the original Picture Gallery.
This building, on the university's Old Campus, was razed in 1901.
The gallery's main building was built in 1953, and was among the first designed by Louis Kahn, who taught architecture at Yale.
A complete renovation, which returned many spaces to Kahn's original vision, was completed in December 2006, by Polshek Partnership Architects.
The older Tuscan romanesque portion was built in 1928, and was designed by Egerton Swartwout.
The Gallery reopened on December 12, 2012, after a 14-year renovation and expansion project at a cost of $135 million.
The expanded space totals .
The museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program.
The Gallery’s encyclopedic collections number more than 185,000 objects ranging in date from ancient times to the present day.
The permanent collection includes:
***LIST***.
In 2005, the museum announced that it had acquired 1,465 gelatin silver prints by the influential American landscape photographer, Robert Adams.
In 2009, the museum mounted an exhibition of its extensive collection of Picasso paintings and drawings, in collaboration with the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University.
For the first time, portions of the Yale University Library's, Gertrude Stein writing archives were displayed next to relevant drawings from Picasso.
As an affiliate of Yale University, the gallery maintains a robust roster of education programs for university students, New Haven schools, and the general public.
One such program is the Gallery Guide program, founded in 1998, which trains undergraduate students to lead tours at the museum.
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The school is located on in the middle of St. Louis's South County suburbs.
It is small for a school of its kind, with only around 90 students from grades 7 through 12, about a quarter of whom are international students.
Boarding students and day students attend in about equal numbers.
TJ is focused on the classics, and the ideal of a classical education in general, balanced by a strong math program (all students continue through calculus) and Advanced Placement courses in science and history for all students.
The Greek program, in particular, is among the best in the nation.
Classes, all in the morning, are discussion-oriented and relatively short, at 35 minutes.
Students spend the remainder of the day studying independently, engaged in athletics and other extracurriculars, or consulting privately with the 13 faculty members, some of whom live on campus.
Supervisory staff includes two resident assistants.
As ranked by the Boarding School Review, the median SAT scores of seniors are among the highest in the nation for boarding schools: 710 reading, 670 math, 690 writing.
A large share of its alumni go on to attend liberal arts colleges.
The school has long held membership in the National Association of Independent Schools, the Association of Boarding Schools, and Midwest Boarding Schools, and in 1997 it gained full accreditation by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States.
Thomas Jefferson Prep School ("TJ") was founded in 1946 by Robin McCoy, Charles E. Merrill Jr. (son of a founder of Merrill Lynch), and Graham Spring.
They aimed to create a school whose governance rested with the faculty, patterned after the colleges that comprise Oxford and Cambridge Universities.
At one time in its history, teachers with seniority could become Board members.
In order to comply with new standards of the Independent Schools Association of the Central States, the school is now governed by a non-faculty Board with members drawn from alumni, past parents, and friends of the school.
For its first 25 years, TJ was a boarding and day school for boys in grades 9-12.
In the 1950s, it was a feeder school for Harvard.
The school became coeducational in 1971.
During the 1970s, the school also began admitting students as five-day boarders.
The school added an eighth grade in 1976 and a seventh grade in 1981.
Robin McCoy, the school's first headmaster, held the job for 34 years; he was replaced by Lawrence Morgan (TJ '53) in the summer of 1980.
William C. Rowe (TJ '63) succeeded Mr. Morgan as Head of School in July 2000.
Elizabeth Holekamp succeeded Mr. Rowe as Head of School in July 2011.
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Veppampattu () (or Veppampattu) is a suburb of Chennai and rapid growing village under the Village Panchayats in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu between Chennai and Arakkonam on the Chennai - Arakkonam railway line.
It is fast-growing with a number of schools and colleges.
Electric trains and NH 205 road provide transportation to Chennai.
Veppampatu can be approached by both train and bus.
Bus stop is very nearby railway station, many places does not have like this.
Nowadays, this town has become a gateway to Chennai.
More number of families have chosen Veppampattu as their destination, because Veppampattu is the easy way to commute to their offices and shopping, in Chennai, Irungattukottai, and Sriperumbudur Industrial Park.
And another reason is the cost of living will be cheaper compared to Chennai city.
Veppampattu can be approached by Lucas-Thiruvallur High Road or Poonamalle High Road.
Educational institutions and engineering colleges contribute to the development of Veppampattu.
The next railway station is Thirunindravur, site of Engg College, Sriram Educational institutions.
Veppampattu is located near Sriperambatur where an international airport is planned.
Other plans include a bypass road from Tiruavallur to Avadi, with a proposal for an overbridge.
And expecting this overbridge will be completed by April 13.
Real estate was grown up in the recent year and most of them have started constructing the houses in and around who desire to live in their individual houses.
The neighbourhood is served by the Veppampattu railway station of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network.
As of 2011 India census, Veppampattu had a population of 25,456.
Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%.
Veppampattu has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average, male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 65%.
Veppampattu is well connected by road and rail.
National Highroad 205 connecting Chennai and Anantpur in Andhra Pradesh.
MTC Services connecting Veppampattu:
Some fast and normal EMU trains bound to Thiruvallur, Kadambathur, Thiruvalangadu, Arakkonam Junction and Tiruttani starting from Chennai Central and Chennai Beach halt at Veppampattu.
Train timings between Chennai Central and Tirutani http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1345107817375-MASMSB-TRT%20%20up.pdf
Sriram Engineering College
Sriram College of Arts and Science
Sriram Polytechnic college
Sriram Vidya mandir matriculation school
Sriram Vidya mandir (CBSE) School
Sri Aravindar Matriculation School
Raja National Matriculation Higher Secondary School
Carmel Public School
Gnana Banu Matriculation School
Government Higher Secondary School
Bhajarang Engineering College
Sri Gomathi Vidyala
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Sarekoppa Bangarappa (26 October 1933 – 26 December 2011) was an Indian politician who was the 12th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1990 to 1992.
He served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for Karnataka between 1967 and 1996, before contesting a series of six elections for the Lok Sabha from 1996 to 2009, of which he lost two.
He founded both the Karnataka Vikas Party and the Karnataka Congress Party during a 44-year career in which his supporters called him "Solillada Saradara" (a leader who cannot be defeated).
As well as these two parties, Bangarappa was at various times a member of the Indian National Congress, the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Samajwadi Party and Janata Dal (Secular), and his critics described him as a party-hopper because of this.
Bangarappa was born on 26 October 1933 in Kubatur village,Soraba Taluk, Shivamogga district, Karnataka.
He married Shakuntala in 1958 and the couple had five children, including the actor Kumar Bangarappa and film maker Madhu Bangarappa, both of whom have also been politicians.
He belonged to deevaru-Idiga community.
He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree, a similar degree in Law and a Diploma in Social Science.
Bangarappa began his career in politics as a socialist.
He was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in 1967 from the Soraba constituency of Shimoga district.
He became known as a champion of the backward classes, of which his Deevaru origins made him a member.
Subsequently, he joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and became a minister in the government of Devaraj Urs, with his first appointment being as Minister of State in the Home department in 1977.
This post was followed by that of Cabinet Minister for the Public Works Department in 1978 and then Revenue and Agriculture Minister between 1980 and 1981.
In 1979, he served for a year as President of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee.
In 1983, he left the INC and became involved with the Karnataka Kranti Ranga (Karnataka Revolutionary Front, also known as the Kannada Kranti Ranga) that had been established a few years earlier by the now-deceased Urs.
A brief alliance between the KKR and the Janata Party (JP) resulted in the 1983 election of the first non-INC government in the state.
Although there had been speculation that he would be appointed Chief Minister in that government, this post went instead to Ramakrishna Hegde of the JP.
Bangarappa gradually realigned himself with the INC after spending some time supporting the government of Hegde.
Bangarappa was appointed as the Leader of Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in 1985 and held that post until 1987.
Following the Congress victory in 1989, he became Agriculture Minister in the Veerendra Patil cabinet.
He was appointed as Chief Minister of the state in 1990 after Patil was removed on the orders of Rajiv Gandhi, allegedly on health grounds.
Subsequently, in 1992, Bangarappa was replaced as Chief Minister by Veerappa Moily.
During his tenure, he promoted three popular programmes: "Aradhana" (to revive and rebuild 36,000 religious shrines), "Ashraya" (to build houses for the poor) and "Vishwa" (financial aid for rural artisans and cottage industries).
His term had been marred by several allegations of his involvement in scandals, such as that involving Classik Computers, although he was cleared of any impropriety in that case.
His removal followed his government's failure in handling the Cauvery riots.
Bangarappa left the INC after his removal and formed the Karnataka Congress Party (KCP).
His election successes after leaving the chief ministership demonstrated the extent of his personal support with the electorate, which seemed not to be reliant upon the political party to which he belonged, although his popularity declined over time.
He came to be seen as a "turncoat politician" who lacked ideology and principle and who moved from one party to another according to whichever he considered to be the most likely to gain power at the time.
Having won the Soraba assembly seat on seven occasions, Bangarappa left it and the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in 1996.
In the same year, he contested the Shimoga constituency, a mostly agricultural area in which the Idiga caste dominated, and was elected a member of the Lok Sabha as a KCP candidate.
He then, went on to form the Karnataka Vikas Party (KVP) and lost in 1998 as a representative of the KVP.
However, he was re-elected in 1999 as an INC candidate.
In 2004, he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and was re-elected to the Lok Sabha as a BJP candidate with a large majority.
In 2005 he resigned from the BJP and joined the Samajwadi Party, sparking a by-election to the Lok Sabha that he won.
In 2008, he contested against the BJP Chief Ministerial candidate, Yeddyurappa, in the Shikaripura assembly seat and lost heavily.
In the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, he lost to Yeddyurappa's son, B. Y. Raghavendra, of the BJP.
In that last election, Bangarappa had represented the INC. Later, in December 2010 and with his political career in decline, Bangarappa joined the Janata Dal (Secular).
Bangarappa suffered from diabetes and died on 26 December 2011 in a Bangalore hospital due to multiple causes.
His funeral was attended by a large number of supporters and was held with state honours at his native village.
Police had to intervene during the funeral ceremonies due to disputes between factions, much of which appeared to revolve around family differences involving Kumar and Madhu Bangarappa.
Comments made by Bangarappa at the time of the 2004 assembly elections caused problems for his son, Kumar, who was at that time a minister in the INC government of S. M. Krishna.
Kumar represented his father's old constituency, Soraba, and differences of opinion between the two men had already surfaced, which Bangarappa appeared to delight in publicising but Kumar attempted to play down.
Kumar reacted to his father's decision to join the BJP in order to contest the Lok Sabha elections by himself resigning from the INC and his ministerial role.
Kumar then discovered that his politically inexperienced younger brother, Madhu Bangarappa, had been selected by the BJP to fight the constituency, apparently at the instigation of his father.
Kumar returned to the INC and agreed to stand for election against his brother, determined to make a point to his father and to support Krishna's desire to see Bangarappa humilitated on what was his "home turf".
Bangarappa campaigned for Madhu and attempted to mobilise his own support to that end.
However, although Bangarappa himself won handsomely from the Shimoga Lok Sabha seat, he was unable to secure the victory of Madhu in Soraba.
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Bingöl enrolled at the Ankara State Conservatory in 1977 under influence from his mother but following his parents' divorce, he left the Conservatory in 1979 and moved to İzmir where his mother settled and started to work in menial jobs to support his family.
He could return to music only by 1983 and founded with his friend Nihat Aydın the protest music band Atmacalar in 1989.
The band changed its name to Umuda Ezgi in 1991.
Bingöl left the band in 1995 and released his first solo album "Sen Türkülerini Söyle" the same year.
Bingöl was in several miniseries on Turkish TV, including "Bayanlar Baylar", "Ah Be İstanbul" and "Yanık Koza".
He also did the romance series "Zerda" and the sitcom "Eşref Saati".
His 2008 films made both great success: "Three Monkeys" premiered in competition at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, where its director Nuri Bilge Ceylan won the Award for Best Director.
Bingöl's another film, released into English, "He's in the Army Now" was nominated for best Turkish film at the Istanbul International Film Festival.
Bingöl announced his fourth marriage with pop music singer Öykü Gürman (b.
1982) in 2014 and the couple married on 4 August 2015.
Bingöl has a daughter named Türkü Sinem (b.
1988) from his first marriage.
She is studying in the United States and working as a fashion model.
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Kevin Jerome Duckworth (April 1, 1964 – August 25, 2008) was an American professional basketball player at center in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
A native of Illinois, he played college basketball at Eastern Illinois University before being drafted in 1986 in the second round by the San Antonio Spurs.
Before completing his rookie season with the Spurs, he was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers where he spent most of six seasons and was named the NBA's Most Improved Player and a two-time All-Star.
After playing with three more teams he retired in 1997 and returned to Oregon where he would later work for the Trail Blazers' organization.
Duckworth was born in Harvey, Illinois and grew up in Chicago, where he played basketball at Thornridge High School.
At Thornridge, he participated in the 1980 and 1981 Illinois State Holiday Classic tournaments, which eventually became known as the State Farm Holiday Classic.
Duckworth surpassed Cody Winter to become the greatest scorer in the event's history.
He attended Eastern Illinois University (EIU), where he set a university record of 867 rebounds, a record that still held at the time of his death.
He also led EIU to the Mid-Continent Conference Tournament Championship in 1985 and was the tournament MVP in 1986.
Duckworth was the ninth pick in the 2nd round of the 1986 NBA draft, chosen by the San Antonio Spurs.
Later that season, he was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers for rookie Walter Berry.
His rookie season was unspectacular, as Duckworth came off the bench to back up center Steve Johnson (who in turn got the starting center position when Sam Bowie suffered a broken leg).
However, the next season Johnson went down with an injury (in addition; Bowie broke his leg again at the beginning of the season), and Duckworth was pushed into the starting role, from where he averaged 15.8 points and 7.4 rebounds per game.
Also, after having previously never averaged over 70.0 percent from the free throw line, he shot 77% that year, rebounded well, and played good defense – earning him the 1988 NBA Most Improved Player Award.
The following season, Duckworth improved his averages to 18.1 points and 8.0 rebounds, and was named to the Western Conference All-Star team.
After the 1988–89 campaign, Bowie was traded to the New Jersey Nets for Buck Williams and Steve Johnson.
Johnson was left unprotected in the 1989 expansion draft, allowing Duckworth to become the starting center.
The 1990 and 1991 seasons were also successful for Duckworth and the Blazers.
Although 1988–89 was statistically Duckworth's best season, the team enjoyed greater success in the following years — advancing to the NBA Finals in 1990, and posting a 63–19 record in 1990–91.
The presence of Williams as the starting power forward, with rebounding as his main assignment, allowed Duckworth to concentrate on scoring and defense.
In 1991 Duckworth was also selected as an NBA All-Star for a second time.
Duckworth's production began to slip in 1991–92, he was constantly out played at times in the 1992 NBA Finals and was even less productive at times throughout the following season.
At the end of 1992–93, Duckworth was traded to the Washington Bullets for forward Harvey Grant.
Duckworth played two seasons with the Bullets, where he struggled with weight problems.
During the 1994–95 season, he was suspended indefinitely for not staying in physical condition, where he weighed over 310lbs.
He was then traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for the 1995–96 season, missing most of the season due to injuries.
He then played for the Los Angeles Clippers in 1996–97, after which he retired from professional basketball.
In 1996, Duckworth and Kermit Washington opened Le'Slam Sports Cafe in Vancouver, Washington.
He settled in Tigard, Oregon with his girlfriend Tala and her two children Aria and Beau.
He was a Heritage Ambassador for the Trail Blazers and was active in the community.
He spent several years at the end of his life working at Royal Marine Sales, a small locally owned company where he bought and sold small yachts.
Duckworth died of heart failure on August 25, 2008 in Gleneden Beach, Oregon.
He collapsed in his hotel room, and emergency services were unable to revive him.
His death was confirmed by the Lincoln County Sheriff's Office.
Duckworth was in town as part of a Trail Blazers group hosting a free children's basketball clinic.
An autopsy identified the cause of death as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure.
He was 44.
Following his death, the Portland Trail Blazers and the Oregon Community Foundation established a memorial scholarship in Duckworth's name for college and professional training for students in Oregon and Southwest Washington, the Portland Trail Blazers wore a memorial stripe on their jerseys and a patch on their warmups stitched with Duckworth's number ('00') during the 2008–09 season, and the Portland City Council renamed the L-shaped dock adjacent to the floating portion of Vera Katz Eastbank Esplanade after Duckworth.
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Reggie Houston (born July 2, 1947, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States) is an American musician who plays soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, alto saxophone and baritone saxophone.
He is best known for his association with the New Orleans pianist Fats Domino.
A seventh generation New Orleanian, Houston was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Ralph Houston, a pianist and acoustic bassist, and Margarete Houston, who was both an educator and social activist.
At the age of 10 Reggie Houston began studying the saxophone.
Houston's first professional gig came at the age of 12 when he joined the Batiste family band, The Gladiators, widely considered to be one of the pioneering bands of funk.
Houston continued to perform with The Gladiators throughout high school and while home on holiday from his undergraduate studies at Southern University and Xavier University of Louisiana.
Although performing jazz, blues and funk throughout New Orleans during this time, it was forbidden to practice these musical styles in any African American university in the United States.
After returning from fighting in the Vietnam War, Houston learned that his former Southern University music professor, Alvin Batiste had just begun a jazz program at Southern University.
Houston made a phone call to Southern University and one day later was studying with Alvin Batiste in the country's first university jazz program .
(Years later Houston returned to Southern to reunite with the former students of that class, and to be inducted into The Music Hall of Fame at Southern University where Alvin Batiste worked until his death in 2007.)
While Houston was preparing for graduation from Southern, Batiste was being consulted about the organization of the first annual New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival.
Alvin convinced Quint Davis (who would become the main creative force behind the festival) to hire some of the graduate students from Southern's jazz program.
Upon his graduation in 1973, Houston returned to New Orleans and was immediately put to work in the jazz tent at The New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival.
Over the next ten years Houston became an integral part of the festival, and as a paid employee of the festival, he worked as stage manager, booking agent, and emcee.
While working for the festival, Houston continued to gig with artists like New Orleans' soul queen Irma Thomas.
In 1982, Houston joined The Survivors, whose other original core members included keyboardist Sam Henry, drummer Zigaboo Modeliste, The Neville Brothers, Charmaine Neville, and Ramsy McLean.
Other players with The Survivors included guitar virtuoso Steve Masakowski, drummer Ricky Sebastian, Bobby McFerrin, and a teenaged Harry Connick Jr.
In 1983, Houston joined The Fats Domino Band, and aside from a three-year hiatus that began in 1988, was a permanent member of Fats' band for the next 22 years.
During that hiatus, Dr. John, with whom Houston occasionally gigged in New Orleans, offered Houston the baritone saxophone role in his band.
But by that time Houston, who had been playing sax with Charmaine Neville, had accepted her offer to lead her band, which he did until moving to Portland, Oregon in 2004.
Today Houston lives in Portland, Oregon, where he is an arts educator and continues to gig regularly with The Charmaine Neville Band and his own bands, The Box of Chocolates, The Earth Island Band, The Crescent City Connection, and The Reggie Houston Arkestra.
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Wagih Aziz made his debut back in 1988 through a theatrical adaptation of Fouad Haddad poems.
Over the years, Wagih developed a taste chiefly influenced by two styles, those of Sayyed Darwish and The Rahbanis – an influence that made its way into his own style.
Both Wagih's and Darwish's tunes are inspired by and based on their compatriots' concerns and propensity with a spectrum of their strata.
While the Rahbanis, above all other Arab experiments, are regarded by Wagih as the model, in terms of the greatest lyrics and melodies.
Wagih's melodies rely on words.
As for the poets he may sing or melodize their works, he generally favors those whose vocabulary and themes reflect Egyptian culture.
Therefore, his favorite Egyptian poet of all times is Salah Jahin, while Ali Salama – who has been known almost through Wagih's works – is his most frequent choice among the contemporary.
Socially, Wagih was born to an Upper-Egyptian middle-class family, many of its members exercising artistic hobbies, such as drawing, sculpture and photography.
Regarding his own interest in music, Wagih says that he did not intended to be a musician, singer, or even a music lover, and most likely is that music itself is selective with the people it "calls"!
Wagih's first album "Bellil" (At Night) was released in 1997, and was produced by the Ministry of Culture.
His next album was "Zaalan Shewaya" (A Bit Down), released in 2004.
His third studio album entitled "Na-es Hetta" (Missing A Piece), released in 2008, was perceived by critics as a candid portrayal of Egyptians.
Wagih composed music for many plays and movies, from "Karawan El Fan" (Artistic Curle) in 1988 to his most recent theatrical work "El Fan Sas" (Art Led) in 2005.
Throughout his career, he composed songs for many artists since his first collaboration with Mohamed Mounir on Mounir's album "El Tool We El Loon We El Horria" in 1993.
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The group debuted on April 1, 1985 on their own Fuji TV variety show "Yūyake Nyan Nyan" with eleven high school girls selected from participants in the Fuji TV aired in February that same year.
The group disbanded on September 9, 1987 with a final concert.
There have been several reunion appearances, including one on a recent episode of "Hey!
Music Champ".
Several big-name idols stemmed from the group, one of the best known being Shizuka Kudō.
The same formula was used by the more internationally familiar group Morning Musume, and people regularly compare Onyanko Club to Morning Musume.
They even gave a small tribute to Onyanko Club at the end of their member "roll call"-esque song "Joshi Kashimashi Monogatari" when they do the classic "Nyan Nyan" pose.
The song is similar to the series of three "Kaiin Bango no Uta" songs released by Onyanko Club.
The Idol-Group formula pioneered by the Onyanko Club is also similar to another Yasushi Akimoto-produced group, AKB48.
Listed in order of joining Onyanko Club.
Members 1-11 were original members of the group when it started on 1985-04-01, and were randomly assigned member numbers.
Subsequent members of the group were assigned numbers based on the order in which they joined.
Members 12-16 joined during April that same year.
***LIST***.
was the second of three offshoot groups within the Onyanko Club.
They had the shortest run with only two singles and one album.
Members consisted of Aki Kihara (6), Mika Nagoya (9), Rika Tatsumi (15), and Mako Shiraishi (22).
The was an underage smoking scandal involving six of the original eleven members of Onyanko Club, all of whom were high school students at the time.
Onyanko Club had a rule against smoking, as well.
About two weeks after the airing of the first episode of "Yūyake Nyan Nyan", the weekly magazine "Shūkan Bunshun" published photos of Mika Okuda, Michiko Enokida, Kayoko Yoshino, Aki Kihara, Mamiko Tomoda, and Mayumi Satō (all under age 20, the legal age for smoking in Japan) smoking at a local kissaten after leaving the studio.
After the April 18th episode, these members were removed from appearances on the show, and were officially fired on April 25.
After this, fans of the show referred to this group as the and the .
Despite being in the photograph, Kihara was reinstated as a member of the group several days later.
Additionally, only Satō's skirt could be seen in the photo, and her face was not visible.
She did not return to the group, though.
Fuji TV reacted very swiftly, and there was not much protest when they fired the members of the group as they weren't very well known then.
Due to the scandal, the show was moved from Mondays to Fridays at 5:00 pm, which was considered a poor time slot.
It was also only broadcast locally rather than nationally.
Shortly after the scandal, however, Onyanko Club's debut single, "Don't Make Me Take Off My Sailor Suit", was released, and the show became so popular they expanded the broadcast area very quickly.
The topic of the "Smoking Group" was made a taboo subject at that point.
The members of the "Smoking Group" have appeared on a recent DVD release of performances from the first few months of Onyanko Club's existence.
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Henry Hotze (September 2, 1833 – April 19, 1887) was a Swiss American propagandist for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.
He acted as a Confederate agent in Great Britain, attempting to build support for the Southern cause there.
Hotze mobilized European public opinion to a certain degree.
His success was based on using liberal arguments of self-determination in favor of national independence, echoing the failed European revolutions of 1848.
He also promised that the Confederacy would be a low-tariff nation in contrast to the high-tariff United States, and he emphasized the tragic consequences of cotton shortages for the industrial workers in Britain, as caused by the Union blockade of Southern ports.
He was the son of Rudolph Hotze, a captain in the French Royal Service, and Sophie Esslinger.
He was educated in a Jesuit setting and emigrated to the United States in his youth.
He became a naturalized citizen in 1855, and lived in Mobile, Alabama, where he made important connections through his social skills and intelligence.
He had strong racial opinions.
In 1856 Hotze was hired by Josiah C. Nott to translate Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau's "An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races" entitled "The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races".
In 1858, he went to the southern commercial convention as a delegate for Mobile.
He was a secretary for the U.S. legation in Brussels in 1858 and 1859, and when he returned, worked as an associate editor of the "Mobile Register", owned by John Forsyth.
He joined the Mobile Cadets when the Civil War began.
On May 30, 1861, he became a clerk in Richmond to the adjutant general.
Secretary of War L. P. Walker ordered Hotze to go to London to assist in providing funds for Confederate agents in Europe, and help with the acquisition of munitions and supplies for the conflict.
He went through the North and Canada before his departure, and collected some intelligence on the Union's mobilization efforts.
He arrived in London on October 5 and came to the determination that the Confederacy needed a strong diplomatic and propaganda effort in Europe.
He returned to Richmond and made his argument to the Confederate leadership.
On November 14, he was created an agent with the core task of influencing British public opinion toward supporting the Confederacy.
Hotze was given $750 by the Confederate government to influence the British press with pro-Confederate propaganda.
Until the end of the war, he made substantial and vigorous activities to this end.
Hotze realized that propaganda effort had to be about more than cotton alone.
He appealed to prejudice against the United States, British naval rights, and the rights of smaller nations.
He paid English journalists to support the cause and wrote his own pieces in the "Morning Post", the "London Standard", the "Herald", and the financial weekly paper "Money and Market Review".
His first piece in the British press was published on 23 February 1862 in the influential "Morning Post", the newspaper loyal to then British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston.
In May 1862, he created a weekly journal, "The Index", which was perhaps the best Confederate propaganda activity in Europe.
It had a circulation of around 2,000 and was distributed primarily in Britain but was also read in France, Ireland, and even sent back to the Union itself.
Hotze's realism and subtlety in his propaganda differed with other Confederate agents in Europe like Edwin De Leon, James Williams, John Slidell, and Paul Pecquet du Bellet.
With a total of sixteen pages, "The Index" appeared every week on Thursdays.
The newspaper cost six pence and thirty shillings for an annual subscription.
By the month of July 1864, though sales had been increasing very slowly since 1862, sales revenue of "The" "Index" finally became sufficient to amortize the total running costs of the paper.
The offices of "The Index" were located on London's Fleet Street, two doors down from "The London American", the official pro-Union propaganda journal.
Contributors to "The Index" included British authors, as well as Americans living in London such as Albert Taylor Bledsoe and John Reuben Thompson.
According to Serge Noirsain of the Confederate Historical Association of Belgium, "Hotze called upon the assistance of professional journalists on the European continent.
Manetta was a long-standing Italian friend of a member of the Confederate diplomatic mission in London, who had lived for a while in Virginia.
Using the same methods as Hotze in England, Manetta managed to successfully infiltrate the Italian media, in particular the Turin press.
This complicity produced a profitable exchange of information between "The Index" and the best newspapers on the European market.
When sources were available, Hotze developed topics that influenced or helped the Confederate envoys in their official missions.
As a result, his columns in "The Index" and their echoes in other well-known newspapers helped consolidate the logic behind the policies of the South".
Hotze participated in a number of other important activities to support the south.
He assisted in writing Lord Campbell's speech against the Union blockade given in the House of Lords on March 10, 1862.
He also had an important dinner with William Ewart Gladstone (according to Gladstone's papers, July 31, 1862), where he stressed that the Union and Confederacy could negotiate their boundaries in a mediation effort.
As 1862 moved on and after the battle of Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation, Hotze became more frustrated over the course of public opinion in Great Britain.
In London, Hotze took under his wing the famous Confederate spy Belle Boyd who had fled to England.
Boyd had landed in Liverpool and made her way to London to meet Hotze, upon the recommendation of the Confederacy's Secretary of State.
Boyd soon after married Union naval officer Samuel Wylde Hardinge in London on August 24, 1864.
Though a shock to many, in light of the Civil War raging back home, the ceremony was nonetheless attended by influential Confederates such Hotze, Caleb Huse, John Walker Fearn, John O'Sullivan (who had coined the phrase "Manifest Destiny") and James Williams.
Both O'Sullivan and Williams had previously been US Ambassadors; O'Sullivan to Portugal and Williams to the Ottoman Empire.
After the death of Stonewall Jackson prompted some sympathy for the south, Hotze attempted to organize pro-Confederacy meetings in Manchester, Sheffield, Preston and elsewhere to support a House of Commons resolution, initiated by J.
A. Roebuck, for recognition of the Confederacy.
Its failure and withdrawal on July 13, 1863, seemed like the end of hope for diplomatic solutions to Hotze.
When James M. Mason was withdrawn, Hotze was the only remaining agent for the Confederacy in Britain.
He continued to draw on negative sentiments related to Union actions against Confederate attempts to build ironclad ships in Britain and concerns over occasional Union actions against British shipping.
He also worked to obtain signatures for petitions for peace and was able to influence French newspapers by affecting Havas Agency telegraphs.
According to Serge Noirsain, Hotze "took time to analyze the routing of information in France.
He learned that it was the Havas Agency that spread the world news to the French press.
By way of intrigues, he managed to make friends with Auguste Havas and convince him to exploit his exclusive information coming supposedly directly from the New World.
Of course he took care not to reveal his true sources...In addition to France and Great Britain, Hotze was soon put in charge of Confederate propaganda in Ireland and in the German kingdoms.
However, those nations had gradually passed under the control of Union agents who were provided with considerable funds.
In spite of some local successes, Richmond advised Hotze not to focus on those areas because of the enormous amount of energy that this operation would require."
In the long run Hotze's strong feelings about slavery made him averse to work with Jefferson Davis, whose final offer to accept emancipation in exchange for European recognition he flatly rejected.
After the war, he refused to return to the United States and remained in Europe working as a journalist, mostly Paris.
He returned to London during the Franco-Prussian War and is known to have visited Constantinople for a newspaper assignment.
Shortly after the war, Hotze joined the rifle manufacturing company Martini, Tanner & Co. as senior partner.
The company was later renamed Martini, Hotze, & Co.
The company operated from the "rue de Lisbonne" in Paris.
Hotze died of a stomach cancer in Zug, Switzerland on April 19, 1887 at the age of 53.
Henry Hotze married Ruby Senac in 1867 at the American Legation in Paris.
A religious ceremony was held on December 7, 1867 at the Church of Saint Augustine in Paris by Rev.
Crabod, 1st Vicar.
Ruby Senac, born in Mobile on 4 January 1844, was the daughter of Felix Senac and Marie Louise Hollinger.
She had come to England with her parents in 1863 and had appeared at Court, being presented to Queen Victoria.
Ruby had been educated in the United States and had attended Georgetown Visitation Academy in Washington until 1858.
Her father Felix Senac, born in Pensacola on 28 July 1815 to Pierre Senac and Agnes Senac, had been the Confederacy's purchasing agent and paymaster in New Orleans and then Europe.
Felix Senac, who had married Marie Louise Hollinger on 16 April 1843, began his military career in Florida in June 1834 before being dismissed as purser on August 15, 1856.
Senac had been stationed on Key West's Fort Taylor as Chief Clerk in the 1850s, responsible for the construction and budget of the newly built Fort Taylor.
Felix Senac enlisted in the Confederate navy on 22 July 1861 and died on 27 January 1866 in Wiesbaden, Germany.
His widow and daughter returned to Paris and it was there that Ruby first met Hotze.
The Senacs were related to Angela Sylvania Moreno, the wife of Stephen Mallory, Secretary of the Navy of the Confederacy.
The Senac family and Moreno family were related through Fernando Moreno (1771-1830), who had married Florentina Senac in 1788 in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Felix Senac was also the maternal uncle of Confederate Second Lieutenant John Lawrence Rapier.
The Hotze couple and Ruby's mother lived in the St Mary Abbotts area of Kensington in 1871, and were still living in Kensington as late as 1881.
Following Hotze's death in 1887, Ruby survived her husband by several decades.
She continued to live in England and then moved to Washington, D.C. with her mother Marie Louise who died on 2 October 1898.
Ruby was employed in the Census Office on July 1, 1890 and then became a clerk in the Signal Corps.
She was transferred to the Weather Bureau in 1891.
She died on January 3, 1929 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 84.
She is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery.
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In World War II this need for military underwater security was first shown by the achievements of frogmen against armed forces facilities: see for example Italian frogman actions in WWII.
Since the late 1950s, the increasing demand for and availability of sophisticated scuba diving equipment has also created concerns about protecting valuable underwater archaeology sites and shellfish fishing stocks.
The 12 October 2000 USS Cole bombing was not carried out by underwater divers, but did bring renewed attention to the vulnerability they present for naval ships.
Divers can swim 100 to 200 yards in three minutes time, and large sonar ranges would need to be established around ships in order for security forces to detect underwater swimmers in time to make a sufficient response.
In March 2005 the Philippine military, interrogating a captured anti-government terrorist bomber, found that two of Southeast Asia’s most dangerous terrorist organizations linked to Al Qaeda were said to be jointly training militants in scuba diving for attacks at sea.
Following World War II, the increasing popularity in recreational diving introduced a new complexity to underwater security.
Divers must not only be detected, but evaluated as to their purpose or intentions for swimming in monitored areas.
Steps to protect against threat or harm from divers must take into account possible reasons why they would be swimming in monitored areas.
The divers may be:
***LIST***.
Swimmers can approach from the surface or underneath the waters, the two presenting their own detection and deterrence challenges.
And the interception and apprehension of intruders detected in bodies of water pose unique safety risks.
There are various types of places of operation:
***LIST***.
There are these likely theaters of operation:
***LIST***.
A police-type technique that is reasonably safe on land may be risky to a scuba diver.
Keeping underwater security against frogman intrusion has been complicated by the expansion of sport diving since the mid-1950s, making it bad policy for most democracies to use potentially lethal methods against any suspicious underwater sighting or sonar echo in areas not officially closed to sport divers.
Any routine patrol investigation of all "unidentified frogman" reports would have had to stop because any genuine reports of intruders would be swamped in ever more reports of civilian sport divers who were not in military areas.
For a long time it would be easy for diving professionals and other experienced divers to distinguish a sport diver with an open-circuit scuba such as an aqualung from a combat frogman with a rebreather; and legitimate civilian divers are normally fairly easy to detect because they dive from land or from a surface boat, rarely or never from an underwater craft, and willingly advertise their presence for their own safety; but recent multiplication in sport rebreather use may have changed that somewhat.
However, particularly in former years when scuba diving was less common, many non-divers, including many police and other patrol and guard types, knew little about diving and did not know of this difference in diving gear, but described all divers as "frogmen"; one result was an incident in the inter-ethnic crisis in Cyprus in 1974 when a tourist was arrested for suspected spying because "frogman's kit" was found in his car: it was actually ordinary sport scuba gear.
After about 1990 the rapid growth in the number of sport diving rebreather brands has clouded this distinction, while advanced sport divers increasingly tackle longer deeper riskier dives using equipment once available only to armed forces or professionals.
This means that even "less-lethal" techniques for trapping them underwater, disorienting them, or (especially) forcing them to the surface would be an ever-increasing risk to civilian divers' lives.
In former times, civilian diving was only for work, and needed standard diving dress and big easily seen surface support craft.
Sport scuba diving has changed that.
Another result of sport diving is a risk of civilians independently re-developing, and then using or selling on the free market, technologies, such as technical advances in underwater communications equipment, heretofore kept as military secrets.
(For a loss of military secrecy caused by independent civilian duplication, though not underwater, see Lokata Company.)
There have been incidents which have demonstrated poor underwater security, when a sport diver with a noisy bubbly open-circuit scuba and no combat training entered a naval anchorage and signed his name on the bottom of a warship.
Concern at the risk of increasing the sport-diving public's ability to penetrate harbors undetected, and of unofficial groups equipping combat frogmen from the sport scuba trade, might have led to the events listed at "#Prevention" below.
A swimmer on the surface of the water is liable to detection by the same means as used on land, e.g.
eyesight, surveillance cameras, thermal imaging, radar.
***LIST***.
This is the usual method available to non-diving harbor guards, and to unofficial groups trying to restrict or prevent scuba diving in their area.
For weapons, see the next section.
In some circumstances, submerged open-circuit scuba divers can be followed by their bubbles until they run out of air and have to surface, and then tackled on the water surface or as they come ashore.
According to circumstances, the patrol may need some means of transporting prisoners and/or seized diving equipment away from site.
Many casual sport diving intruders may keep away on seeing visible clearly marked patrol boats and surface barriers.
Ordinary bullet-firing firearms may be useful (as a lethal weapon) against divers on the surface or men in boats or ashore, but underwater are inaccurate and very short range.
Shotguns (probably pump-action, when used as a security squad weapon) may be effective when the target is out of water, but are even less useful underwater and barrel is likely to explode.
Special underwater firearms have been designed for use underwater: see #Underwater firearms below
A depth charge is effective, and may be lethal, but may cause other damage underwater, and is not recommended in peacetime when the victim may be an intruding civilian sport diver, although it is alleged to have been common practice for some years after 1945 in British naval harbors.
Divers, however, are far less vulnerable to damage by underwater explosion than common sense would dictate.
Since the tissues of the body tend to transmit the shock waves with much the same characteristics as the water around, large distant shocks have little impact on divers.
For this reason, the most effective "depth charge" for use against a diver is the common hand-grenade, tossed within a few feet of the diver.
The resulting gas cavitation and shock-front-differential over the width of the body is effective in stunning or killing the diver.
A magnetic field generator to make the diver's navigation compass misread is possible.
Such a magnetic coil carried by a patrol boat directly over the target diver would affect compass readings to 5 meters (15 feet) depth at about 7 kilowatts; but to 10m (30 feet) (oxygen rebreather depth limit) at about 448 kilowatts, which is too much power need to be practical.
Requirements are different according to what sort of weapon is called for:
***LIST***.
There has been much research about the effect of sound on divers.
High intensity sound 20–100 Hz, and high intensity impulse noise, are promising as a non-lethal weapon, but more testing is needed.
As a source of high-intensity 20–100 Hz sound, the sound generated by a plasma sound source is promising.
The US Navy Diving Manual says that high-power low-frequency sonar (commonly used for depth sounding and to detect large objects (including submarines)) is not good at detecting small objects like divers, but is hazardous to divers.
The main effects of ultrasound on the human body are heating and cavitation.
As each wave of the ultrasound passes through the diver, any bubbles in the tissue expand and contract, and the tissue heats.
After a particular threshold of loudness of the ultrasound, new bubbles form during the low-pressure part and disappear during the high-pressure part: this is cavitation and can cause injury.
One method is a powerful blast from a ship's ordinary high-power low-frequency sonar (commonly used for depth sounding and to detect large objects (including submarines)), which deranges the diver's inner ear and makes him dizzy and disoriented and tends to force him to surface, or may make him panic and lose his mouthpiece and drown.
These large "active sonars" are used to search for submarines and are very powerful.
These sonars are usually bow mounted, and if so a diver attacking at the stern would be in the sonar baffle region and unaffected, if he gets close enough first.
Most ships, both military and non-military, carry smaller "navigation" sonars such as depth finders or collision sensors, but their high frequencies and relatively low power lack effectiveness against divers.
A test of a 230 decibel 3000 to 7000 Hz transmitter killed seven whales, causing hemorrhages around their ears: see Sonar#Sonar and marine animals - adverse effects.
Around the 1970s there were reports among sport scuba divers from offshore from a Ministry of Defence area in Dorset in England of diver deaths, mass deaths of fish, and divers returning reporting "strange sonic noises": they speculated about a secret anti-frogman weapon, but it may have been merely a powerful modulated ultrasound beam intended to communicate with submarines.
Some say that these speculations are mostly fanciful and that since the human body is very close to the impedance of the water around it, the ultrasound tends to pass through the body (perhaps breaking the eardrum, but not killing the diver); but if the sound or ultrasound is powerful it may cause overheating or cavitation damage on the way.
***LIST***.
It is unknown what later proof or disproof there has been of speculations such as appeared in a book about Cousteau written by Philippe Diole around 1960, about underwater ultrasound guns making an ultrasound beam powerful enough to disintegrate a diver into the water except the metal parts of his kit.
A sound that irritates or causes pain.
Diver aversion to low frequency sound is dependent upon sound pressure level and center frequency.
Westminster International have also implemented this but they withhold the exact sound frequencies used.
The sound may be an order to surrender or surface or go onshore or to the patrol boat, perhaps with a threat to use non-lethal or lethal force if disobeyed.
But such an order must be clear enough to be heard and understood.
Underwater, human hearing is largely by bone conduction, through the skull and not through the eardrum and ossicles.
This causes somewhat less acuity of hearing and a different graph of sensitivity against frequency, with a loss between 1000 Hz and 5000 Hz.
This may affect ability to understand speech.
Research showed that, at depths up to at least 10m (30 feet), divers' wetsuit hoods lessened underwater hearing sensitivity by 10 to 35 decibels at 1000 Hz and above, and by little or nothing at 250 Hz and below.
With increasing depth in a hyperbaric chamber, decreases in wetsuit hood sound attenuation appear only to occur at frequencies between 500 and 1500 Hz.
In the open ocean, hood attenuation at 8,000 Hz showed a significant decrease at 60 fsw and a tendency to decrease at 2,000 and 4,000 Hz compared with the 10 fsw data at the same frequencies in the chamber trials.
At frequencies from 500 - 4,000 Hz wetsuit hood sound attenuation was on average 8 dB lower in the ocean than in the chamber trials.
Underwater, humans are much less able than in air to tell where a sound came from.
Research showed that what ability remains is better with bang!-type noises than with pure tones.
***LIST***.
A newspaper article about the Lionel Crabb disappearance speculated about underwater electric shock weapons mounted on warships to defend them from frogmen.
This method, if it is used, imitates nature; see electric eel and electric ray.
Such devices occur in fiction, commonly in comics.
Some sorts might be possible if designed.
Small dredging-type craft and small submarines are used for small-scale dredging and/or to recover submerged objects; but there is no known case in the real world of them being used to capture divers.
The craft's capture device might be a net or a grab or an aimable suction tube or a scoop.
A net can sometimes be used to catch submerged divers.
This agrees with talk among diving circles about a fishing trawl being the handiest way for naval men to get unwelcome or unauthorized divers out of the water.
An article at the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 1991 International Symposium
Proceedings says that the California Department of Fish and Game, to capture sea otters underwater for a relocation program, successfully used a net cage apparatus front-mounted on a Dacor Scooter diver propulsion vehicle steered by a diver with a silent bubbleless closed circuit oxygen rebreather.
It is not known if a similar larger device has ever been used to capture divers underwater.
This type has been seen in fiction.
A text fiction story (The Deep Range by Arthur C. Clarke) mentioned a diver-catching grab used to recover a work diver suffering from nitrogen narcosis, not to arrest a suspect; presumably, it is easier to rescue an impaired diver than to apprehend an unimpaired one, but it could be adapted if combined, for instance, with a stunning device.
Grab-type devices on various scales are very commonly used in nature underwater by animals.
The device is usually its jaws, but in some animals evolution converted legs into arms to handle objects; see Opabinia for a very early example of a nose turned into a grab.
There have been cases of unofficial groups dragging a grapnel behind a fishing boat through a group of submerged scuba divers.
A suction device might make an area suction effect in the open, or might be a suction tube extended at the frogman, who may be sucked against an opening and so held, or may be sucked inside.
Such devices on a small scale are sometimes used in nature to catch prey: for example by the seahorse and the pipefish, and the bladderwort plant.
The mouths of many teleost fish (for example centrarchids) have a strong suction component to the way they work.
There is concern that these nets could interfere with fish migration.
Due to this and expense one opinion says that they are a poor choice as frogman excluders.
This make is metal chain-link netting placed underwater, preventing entry into an area, or at least delaying the frogmen while they cut through it.
It was made by a Swedish company, Safe Barrier Systems (SBS), a division of NCC Stockholm.
It is rigid metal netting, covered in polyethylene electrical insulation, and polyurethane abrasion protector outside that.
The strands are electrified so that any frogman attack on the net will be detected by that strand going open-circuit (not to electrocute him).
The grid size best suited to deter divers is 250 x 250 mm = 10 x 10 inches.
Testing in the UK showed that a diver using bolt cutters could cut a hole big enough to swim through in 60–90 seconds.
It was found that the net could be evaded by climbing over it, or getting under it, or by using a wire loop to complete the circuit where he cuts each strand.
The net system can be equipped with a gate (operated by an air compressor), to allow traffic in and out of the protected area.
SBS currently supports 15 sites with "Safe Barrier" nets, including four with gates, but they are not making this net system now, due to lack of demand.
The price quote for a new net was more than $7,000,000.
This make is or was made by BEI Security Systems.
Its system that alarms if cut is fiber-optic.
This make was made by a U.K. company.
It incorporated a system that set off an alarm when its fiber-optic mesh was cut.
This make seems to have disappeared, and the tradename "Aquamesh" is now used for underwater wire mesh used in the aquaculture industry for lobster and crab traps.
One effective anti-swimmer netting to date is multilayered monofilament line wide-mesh fish netting.
It is almost invisible to the diver and hard to avoid.
When equipped with float sensors that detect large-scale movement, these nets have proven highly effective.
It would seem that often a simple way of countering unknown frogmen or other divers would be for a police force or navy base personnel to send their own frogmen to investigate.
This is sometimes called counter-offensive frogmen.
Combat divers undergo weeks of full-time underwater training, far more and harder than what most average civilian sport divers undergo; and they would be at full armed forces fitness even before the frogman training starts: see Frogman#Training.
Superior underwater combat training would likely decide which two groups of frogmen would win; generally, criminal or terrorist frogmen only have access to types of training which are available to civilians, or at least inadequate facilities.
However, underwater combat between opposing teams of frogmen (although common in fiction (as in the movie "Thunderball", and "The Silent Enemy", and at least one incident in "Sea Hunt"), and often in comics) is unusual in reality.
Sometimes diving sea-police have arrested civilian divers for illegal spearfishing and diving in restricted areas and the like, and naval divers have been sent down to investigate unidentified divers in a naval harbour.
When confronted, sport divers are likelier to obey the patrol divers quietly as ordered; hostiles would be likelier to fight back.
Among the ways suggested of forcing arrested divers to surface would be attaching an inflatable float to each.
Objections to the likelihood of this tactic are:
***LIST***.
If the patrol divers are riding suitable diver propulsion vehicles, they could travel faster and carry better weapons (lethal or non-lethal) and equipment for sonar search and navigation and communication, and perhaps a means (e.g.
grab or net) to capture suspect divers in passing and tow them alongside back to the base or patrol boat.
It was thought expensive for a team of patrol divers to be on standby all the time kitted up to dive; but France has police divers trained to arrest unauthorized or suspect divers underwater and to force them to surface.
One common offence there is or was spearfishing while using breathing apparatus.
See Frogman#Equipment for features useful in equipment of frogmen who may get into underwater fights.
The Russian PDSS system is an example of an anti-frogman defence system which includes frogmen trained in underwater fights.
See Russian commando frogmen under "1970 and after" for a report of a real underwater fight between a guard squad of Russian PDSS frogmen and intruding enemy frogmen.
The films "Above Us the Waves" and "The Silent Enemy" are reconstructions of real World War II events, and each shows an underwater fight between opposing groups of frogmen, but those fights did not happen in the real events.
Some navies have thought underwater fights to be likely enough for them to design underwater firearms for frogmen to use as a lethal weapon; there is said to have been a real incident when Russian frogmen shot two anti-frogman dolphins.
These underwater firearms fire a steel rod, not a bullet, for better range underwater.
They are all more powerful than a speargun, and can fire several shots before reloading.
Their barrels are not rifled; the fired projectile is kept in line underwater by hydrodynamic effects, and is somewhat inaccurate when fired out of water.
A reported anti-frogman guard is (or was) dolphins trained to carry on the nose a device which injects a large amount of compressed carbon dioxide into the frogman.
This would likely be lethal due to blood embolism.
It is said that they were trained at Point Mugu.
It was said that this device was abandoned because of fears that wild dolphins might imitate and start harassing ordinary divers.
Today the mammals are primarily trained to force the diver to the surface using pushing techniques in the assumption that the majority of incursions can be addressed in this manner.
This link says that the US Navy has deployed sea lions to detect divers in the Persian Gulf.
The sea lion is trained to detect the diver, connect a marker buoy to his leg by a C-shaped handcuff-like clamp, surface, and then bark loudly to raise the alarm.
20 sea lions have been trained for this at the US Naval Warfare Systems Center in San Diego.
Some have been flown to Bahrain to help the Harbor Patrol Unit to guard the US Navy's 5th Fleet.
Sea lions adapt easily to warm water, can dive repeatedly and swim up to 25 mph, can see in near-darkness, and can tell where sound comes from underwater.
In training the sea lions have been known to chase divers onto land.
See also this link.
This link reports that in 1970 to 1980 trained dolphins killed 2 Russian frogmen who were putting limpet mines on a USA cargo ship in Cam Ranh bay in Vietnam.
After that, Russian PDSS frogmen were trained to fight back against trained dolphins, and in an incident on the coast of Nicaragua PDSS frogmen killed trained anti-frogman dolphins.
Arrival of seems to make the trained animal threat less.
Animals, unlike ROVs etc., need to be fed and kept in training whether they are needed at work or not, and cannot be laid aside in a storeroom until needed.
A ROV, as well as searching, could be equipped to arrest or attack divers on command, but with their technology as it is could not attack several targets one after another as quickly as a marine mammal.
A surface-only ROV would need a long-range weapon to be effective against deeply submerged suspect divers.
Technology exists where underwater speaker systems can be deployed around the designated area.
This array of speaker systems can be programmed to send high powered frequencies which then blasts powerful 'disruption' signals into the water.
The frequencies have a maximum disorientation effect on the diver(s), which induce discomfort or panic causing them to leave the area or surface for interception.
In cases where the divers remain in the water, the frequencies are likely to have a continued adverse effect which could cause sickness and confusion.
For sport divers and similar who have no means of covert entry, one method is merely to try to stop all divers from reaching water, or stopping them from using boats, in some particular place or area.
Such a bylaw may be called for by the military to keep sport divers away from secret underwater sites, or by inshore fishermen to stop alleged poaching of shellfish.
The U.S. has made many such regulations to protect such infrastructures as power plant and nuclear plant water intakes and discharges, bridge foundations, harbor and pier installations, and naval facilities.
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (until it broke up) forbade all sport diving except a few Government-controlled groups, and required official permission for each campaign of archaeological or scientific diving.
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The egg drop contest is an experiment usually performed by college or primary school students.
Competitors typically attempt to create a device that can keep a raw chicken egg intact when dropped from a height.
Students are asked to build a device made from a limited amount of materials to support an egg when dropped from various heights.
Another common variation on the Egg Drop competition is the Egg Hurl competition, where the containers are hurled by a device such as a trebuchet or air cannon.
This variation is often used by schools that lack tall structures from which to drop the containers.
The Egg Hurl variation adds additional difficulties to the design of the container, since it is initially hurled at high speed and has to cope with horizontal as well as vertical velocities upon landing.
Often schools work together to make larger competitions that pit more students against each other.
One of the larger regional Egg Drop Competitions is the Winston-Salem / Forsyth County Egg Drop Competition that takes place during Engineer's Week (late February) each year.
Egg Drop is one of 18 events in the North Carolina Science Olympiad elementary competition.
More than 100 teams compete in this annual competition.
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Raj Kamal Jha (; born 1966) is Chief Editor of the daily newspaper "The Indian Express" and an internationally acclaimed novelist.
He lives in Gurgaon.
He is the cousin of Sanjay Jha, national spokesperson for the Indian National Congress.
Jha was born in Bhagalpur, Bihar, and was raised in Calcutta, West Bengal, where he went to school at St. Joseph's College.
He then attended the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, where he got his Bachelor of Technology with Honors in Mechanical Engineering.
He was the editor of the campus magazine "Alankar" in his third (junior) and fourth (senior) years at IIT, where his first writing and editing skills got honed.
After graduating from IIT in June 1988, he received a tuition waiver and full scholarship from Graduate School of Journalism at the University of Southern California to pursue a Master's program in Print Journalism; he received his M.A.
in 1990.
Since 1992, Jha has been working full-time in newsrooms, a fact that deeply informs and influences his fiction.
He was an Assistant Editor (News) at "The Statesman" in Kolkata between 1992 and 1994, a Senior Associate Editor at "India Today", New Delhi (1994–1996), and since 1996 has been with The Indian Express first as its Deputy Editor, then as Executive Editor, Managing Editor, Editor and now Chief Editor.
The newspaper, known for its high-quality investigative reporting and provocative opinion section, has thrice won the Excellence in Journalism Award from the India chapter of the Vienna-based International Press Institute.
As part of the "International Consortium of Investigative Journalists", the newspaper, in April 2016, investigated The Panama Papers and revealed details of Indian names and companies related to offshore accounts in tax havens.
Following the revelations, the Government set up a panel to probe each account.
For his "exemplary stewardship" of The Indian Express that saw a "focus on investigative journalism," Jha was named Journalist of the Year by the Mumbai Press Club at Redink Awards, 2017.
Besides investigative journalism, Jha has expanded and strengthened the newspaper's explanatory journalism backed by its network of national correspondents and specialist editors.
Delivering the vote of thanks at the Ramnath Goenka Memorial Awards in 2016, Jha underlined that questioning those in power and holding them accountable, inviting their criticism, was the hallmark of good journalism, an obvious truth that often gets lost in the age of "likes and retweets."
Jha's fourth and latest novel "She Will Build Him A City" is published by Bloomsbury in India, Australia, UK and US.
Actes Sud in Paris will publish it in French.
It was shortlisted for the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature in 2016.
Pankaj Mishra has called it the "best novel from and about India I have read in a long time."
Writer Neel Mukherjee has said its "revelations about the New India are explosive."
Describing its writing as "gorgeous," Kirkus Reviews says it uses "magic to illuminate violence, poverty and loss" and shines light on the "ugly highs and lows of modern India.".
Writer and critic Alex Clark writes in The Guardian: "Everywhere, scale is out of whack: tiny dwellings are dwarfed by teetering towers; choked roads are closed by massing protesters and water cannons; spiralling sums of money are set against almost unfathomable deprivation.
The sense throughout is of inescapable oppression.
No wonder the characters – both human and animal – occasionally break the bonds of earth and fly across the sky in search of less constrained lives.".
Jha's first novel, "The Blue Bedspread" won the 2000 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book (Eurasia region) and was a "New York Times" Notable Book of the Year.
His second novel "If You Are Afraid of Heights" was a finalist for the Hutch-Crossword Book Award in 2003.
He has also been shortlisted for the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and the Guardian First Book Award.
His third novel, "Fireproof", debuted in German at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2006 (published by Goldmann).
It was published to wide critical acclaim by Picador in India in December that year and in the United Kingdom in February 2007.
Actes Sud published it in French in 2008.
Jha's novels have been translated into more than a dozen European languages, including French, German, Italian, Dutch, Greek, Hebrew, Turkish, Spanish and Finnish.
His short stories have appeared in French and German anthologies as well.
His work has been featured in several international literary festivals, including Hay-on-Wye, Munich Writers' Festival, Berlin International Literature Festival, Ubud Readers and Writers Festival in Bali, Frankfurt Book Fair, Jaipur Literature Festival, Melbourne Writers' Festival and the Los Angeles Times Book Festival.
To mark 200 years of the Grimm Brothers' Fairy Tales in December 2012, Jha, with five German writers, including Uwe Timm and Ingo Schulze, was invited to "rewrite" a fairy tale at the Munich Literaturhaus.
Called the "novelist of the newsroom," Jha's fiction is known for its stark simplicity and ability to evoke emotion through attention to detail.
"Not everyone’s kind of tales, they are dense and surreal, contain dark, brooding, even repugnant elements," said OPEN (magazine).
John Fowles described "The Blue Bedspread" as the "Coming of age of the Indian novel."
His fiction is strongly grounded in contemporary themes around change, often taking off from newspaper pages.
From domestic violence to the urban-rural divide, from inequality and intolerance to vulnerability of the marginalised, Jha's books engage with disturbing subjects unusual in Indian contemporary fiction in English.
His writing, simple as it appears, calls for a lot of reader participation which evokes sharp, divided reaction.
Wrote Alfred Hickling in "The Guardian": "Readers are left to formulate their own theories and connections.
But Jha's writing functions more through power of association than sequential narrative.
His prose has the febrile, cold-sweat quality of the most vivid waking nightmares.
He suspends his work in a realm of improbability, where it is possible to think the unthinkable...Perhaps the biggest taboo that Jha seeks to breach is the sacrosanct, hierarchical structure of the family. "
According to writer and musician Amit Chaudhuri, Jha's writing is more in the tradition of cinema than literature.
Referring to the works of Tarkovsky, Luis Buñuel and Pedro Almodóvar, Chaudhuri says just like their films are "destined to be foreign even to those who speak the language they are made in," Jha's novel speaks a "foreign language."
"Fireproof" is set against the backdrop of the 2002 Gujarat violence, the first attack on Muslims (In retaliation of attacks on Karsevaks in Godhra) after 9/11.
The novel is a chilling tale of a father and his deformed son on a journey across a city where the ghosts of those killed have decided to seek justice.
Commenting on "Fireproof", "India Today" said: "Here is a chronicle for the 21st century, then, a bildungsroman that tracks the education of the crime-infested soul, completed when the soul cries 'I am guilty' and acknowledges that the burden of this enormous guilt will darken the rest of his life.
And that will be his punishment, not the release of the noose or of public abasement in prison."
Jha was a visiting professor at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley where he taught a course on reporting on India.
He was also a fellow at the Yaddo Residency in Saratoga Springs, New York, in 2005.
He was selected as Artist-in-Residence (Literature) in Berlin by the German Academic Exchange Service for 2012–2013 under the Berliner Künstlerprogramm, offering grants to artists in the fields of visual arts, literature, music and film."
Recent fellows include writer Kiran Nagarkar, artist N Harsha and Academy Award-winning Iranian filmmaker Asghar Farhadi.
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The Gateway Motorway (M2 to Eight Mile Plains and M1 to Pine River) is a major tolled motorway in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia which includes the Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges (former Gateway Bridge).
The motorway is operated by toll road operator Transurban.
It bypasses Brisbane in order to provide easier access between the Gold Coast and the Sunshine Coast.
It runs from the M2 Logan Motorway in Drewvale (near Browns Plains) to the Gympie Arterial Road in Bald Hills.
At the interchange with the Pacific Motorway at Eight Mile Plains (Pacific Motorway exit 16), its original terminus pre-1997, the route number changes from M2 (Logan Motorway - Pacific Motorway) to M1 (Pacific Motorway - Bruce Highway (Gympie Arterial Road)).
The Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges are part of the Gateway Motorway and the Motorway provides access to the Port of Brisbane, Brisbane Airport and Brisbane Entertainment Centre.
The motorway was constructed to connect the then-recently opened Gateway Bridge to the Bruce Highway in the north and the Pacific Motorway in the south.
Construction on the road commenced in March 1985 and it was opened to traffic in four stages between August and December 1986.
Originally, the route was called the Gateway Arterial Road because the road was not at motorway status, the road passing through three large roundabouts north of the Brisbane River.
Therefore, to cope with the heavy traffic, the government began upgrading the road in 1987.
Duplication to four lanes and grade-separation was completed in several stages between 1989 and 1996.
In 1995, construction began on a southern extension to the Logan Motorway, creating the Southern Brisbane Bypass.
The road was opened to traffic by Vaughan Johnson, then-Minister for Transport and Main Roads, on 13 May 1997.
Following this work, the road was renamed Gateway Motorway.
In 2007, construction began on the Gateway Upgrade Project, which duplicated the Gateway Bridge, added a deviation between Eagle Farm and Nudgee and upgraded the motorway south of the river.
The duplicate Gateway Bridge was opened on 24 May 2010 and both bridges were renamed the Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges.
The original bridge was refurbished to match the new structure and was finished on 28 November 2010.
The northern deviation was routed east from its old alignment (the old alignment is now named Southern Cross Way) and added a second access road, Moreton Drive, to Brisbane Airport.
The deviation opened on 19 July 2009 whilst Moreton Drive opened on 3 December 2009.
South of the bridges, the motorway was expanded to 9 lanes up to the Wynnum Road interchange, and 8 lanes to the Old Cleveland Road interchange.
From that point the motorway is six lanes up to the Pacific Motorway Merge.
The upgrades between Lytton Road and Mount Gravatt-Capalaba Road were completed on 28 January 2010, while the final stage between Mount Gravatt-Capalaba Road and Pacific Motorway (also the final stage of the entire Gateway Motorway Upgrade) was opened to traffic on 30 July 2011.
Upon its original opening, the road did not have a route number.
However it gained the Metroad 1 shield in March 1994, before being replaced with M1 in 2005.
Manual toll booths were removed and replaced with electronic toll gates (which require vehicles to have a transponder attached to the windscreen) in 2010.
The kilometres shown below are subject to change as upgrades to the road are implemented.
The entire motorway is in the City of Brisbane local government area.
Southern Cross Way is a , 4 lane motorway which branches from the Gateway Motorway at Eagle Farm before merging back with it at Nudgee.
Prior to 2010, Southern Cross Way formed part of the Gateway Motorway before the Gateway Upgrade Project constructed a shorter route (and additional Brisbane Airport access road, Moreton Drive), between those two suburbs.
The old, longer motorway section was preserved, connected to the deviation and renamed Southern Cross Way, after the aircraft flown by aviator Charles Kingford Smith, to allow motorists to distinguish between the routes.
Southern Cross Way (also colloquially called the 'Old Gateway Motorway') thus follows the previous alignment of the Gateway Motorway between Eagle Farm and Nudgee and has three exits.
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William "Bill" Adama (callsign "Husker") is a fictional character portrayed by Edward James Olmos in the re-imagined "Battlestar Galactica" television series produced and aired by the SyFy cable network.
He is one of the main characters, a reimagining of Commander Adama from the 1978 "Battlestar Galactica" series played by Lorne Greene.
In the "Caprica" spinoff series, Markus Towfigh plays William "Bill" Adama as a young boy.
Adama was born on Caprica, the son of Joseph Adama (a civil liberties lawyer and previously a lawyer for the Ha'la'tha, the Tauron resistance movement turned mob) and Joseph's second wife, Evelyn Adama (an accountant).
Though he's raised on Caprica, he later states that he was a fan of the Picon Panthers.
He is named in honor of his deceased older half-brother William "Willie" Adama in accord with Tauron tradition.
Both were named after their grandfather, who along with their grandmother Isabelle was killed during the Tauron Uprising.
Bill was the only child of Joseph and Evelyn, though he is Joseph's third child, a half-brother to Joseph's children Tamara and Willie with his first wife Shannon, who died in the year YR42 on the Colonial calendar (as depicted in the prequel series "Caprica").
Bill Adama had at least three uncles: Joseph's brother Sam Adama (a Ha'la'tha enforcer on Caprica), Sam's husband Larry, and Evelyn's brother on Tauron who owned a ranch near a river and used trained dogs to drive foxes into the river.
Shannon Adama's mother Ruth was also part of the Adama family during Bill's childhood, though not related to him by blood.
Admiral Adama's Military service record is shown in the dossier prepared by Billy Keikeya in the episode "Hero".
It listed the following events in his service history:
***LIST***.
After the death of Admiral Helena Cain, Adama is promoted to Admiral, in light of the fact that he now had charge of more than one battlestar.
He retains this rank even after the Battlestar "Pegasus" is destroyed.
As depicted in "", in the tenth year of the First Cylon War, Adama, (played by Luke Pasqualino) is a new Academy graduate, assigned to the newest battlestar in the Colonial fleet: the "Galactica".
His aviator call sign was "Husker", originally bestowed on him by his experienced copilot Coker Fasjovik, using an Aerilon term for farmboy or hick, though Adama was actually raised in Caprica City.
His first mission is to pilot a Raptor, taking a civilian software engineer into hostile Cylon territory.
Following that mission, he was given a Viper and assigned to a joint special ops unit of fighter pilots, infantry and marines.
In "", Adama (played by Nico Cortez) becomes involved with a Raptor pilot named Jaycie McGavin.
Arriving on the hangar deck for his first Viper combat mission, he found McGavin had been mortally wounded in combat due to her Raptor's control console exploding.
He received a commendation for this mission.
Adama was aboard the "Galactica" during the last week of the war when a Cylon boarding party attempted to kill the crew by depressurizing the ship.
Adama later recalled that "two thousand men bought the farm."
During a battle that took place on the last day of the First Cylon War, Adama became enraged by the destruction of the Battlestar "Columbia" and pursued two Cylon raiders into a planetary atmosphere.
His Viper was damaged in a collision and he was forced to eject; he engaged a Cylon centurion in a gunfight while free-falling.
Upon landing, he discovered a Cylon lab where experimentation on human subjects was taking place.
Unable to rescue the humans held captive in the lab, Adama watched helplessly as the Cylons evacuated the base.
When he called "Galactica" for rescue, he was told that an armistice had been made with the Cylons.
With the hostilities at an end, the Cylons carried away whatever they were developing, unopposed.
After the war ended, Adama married his first wife Carolanne Adama and fathered two sons with her: Zak and Lee.
Adama later relates to Captain Louanne "Kat" Katraine how, during both her pregnancies, Carolanne was convinced that she was carrying a daughter, and was surprised by the arrival of a son.
Adama himself would have liked a daughter, saying that "three's a good round number".
Adama's military career declined after the war.
Like many servicemen after the end of a conflict, he was discharged.
He found himself serving on a commercial freighter on the Caprica-Tauron run, where he met a fellow former Viper pilot, Saul Tigh.
The pair forged a lasting friendship, and Adama arguably saved Tigh from his most self-destructive impulses.
During this period, Adama used his wife's family's connections in the Defense Council to get himself reinstated in the Colonial Fleet with a rank of Captain.
Once he had been promoted to the rank of Major, he secured Tigh's reinstatement in the Fleet as well.
He later divorced Carolanne; she was engaged to be married at the time of the Cylon attack on the Twelve Colonies.
As a Major, Adama served on the Battlestar "Atlantia", where he had an ongoing feud with the ship's landing signal officer that inspired a celebration of his thousandth landing.
He later served as the executive officer of the Battlestar "Columbia", presumably as a Colonel, and skippered three Colonial escort vessels before earning his own command, the Battlestar "Valkyrie".
Adama brought his old friend, Saul Tigh, with him as his XO.
At some point during this phase of his career, Adama either served aboard or visited a "Mercury" class battlestar.
Approximately three years before the Destruction of the Twelve Colonies, the Colonial Admiralty ordered then-Commander Adama and the "Valkyrie" to test the Cylons' military disposition with a covert (and illegal) surveillance mission across the Armistice Line.
The Stealthstar reconnaissance craft was discovered by the Cylons and damaged; Adama ordered the "Valkyrie"'s weapons batteries to shoot it down to prevent its capture.
These events precipitated his transfer to the aging Battlestar "Galactica" as a graceful swan-song to his career before returning to haunt him three years later.
Both William Adama's sons chose to follow in their father's footsteps and become Viper pilots.
While Lee went on to become an accomplished pilot, Zak was not a natural in the cockpit.
While in training, Zak began a secret relationship with Kara "Starbuck" Thrace, his flight instructor.
Zak would have failed basic flight training had Kara not passed him based on her feelings for him (he had recently proposed to her).
During an operational flight, Zak's Viper crashed and he was killed.
This tragedy drove a wedge between Adama and his surviving son, Lee, who blamed his father for pushing Zak into military service.
It was also during this time that William Adama met Kara, sparking a father-daughter relationship.
Two years after Zak's death, the fifty-year-old "Galactica" was nearing the end of its service, destined to be converted into a museum ship.
On the morning following the ship's decommissioning ceremony (Caprica City Time), the Cylons launched a surprise attack on the Twelve Colonies, bombarding the colonies with nuclear weapons and destroying the majority of the Colonial Fleet.
The Fleet was unable to mount an effective counterattack due to Cylon infiltration of the Colonial ships' Command Navigation Program (CNP).
Since Adama fought in the first Cylon War, he knew that the Cylons could use electronics as part of their offensive repertoire.
Adama's experiences with the Cylons left him with a healthy distrust of sophisticated computer systems and heavy automation.
He therefore decreed that as part of "Galactica's" standing orders, her computer systems were never to be networked, and even though "Galactica" had Baltar's CNP program installed on its systems, thanks to Adama's orders it was never loaded into primary memory.
As a result, the outmoded, aging "Galactica" was spared from Cylon infiltration attempts that crippled and subsequently destroyed much of the Colonial Fleet.
However, most of "Galactica's" Viper Mark VII fighters did possess the CNP and were lost early in the attack.
Fortunately, as part of its museum display, the "Galactica" had forty older Mk II Vipers on board, including Adama's personal fighter from the First Cylon War.
The CNP was later purged from "Galactica's" systems as well as the remainder of the Mark VII fighters.
Following the devastating attack on the Colonies, Commander Adama felt that the best course of action was a counterattack, to avenge the deaths of billions, and stand and fight for whatever was left of their civilization.
He sent a message into deep space, calling for all remaining Colonial ships to regroup at Ragnar Anchorage, an unmanned munitions depot hidden in the upper atmosphere of the gas giant Ragnar.
Ragnar was ideal because it was well protected, and "Galactica" could rearm after being disarmed for her decommissioning.
While there, Adama found that no Colonial warships had responded to the call to regroup.
Instead, the "Galactica" encountered a ragtag fleet of civilian vessels bearing around 50,000 survivors, including the former Secretary for Education and newly appointed President of the Colonies, Laura Roslin.
Roslin implored Adama to abandon his plan to fight the Cylons and instead lead the survivors to safety, out of the Colonial system.
Initially, Adama believed this idea to be preposterous – after all, he was a military man, bred to fight and not to run.
However, after some deliberation, he agreed, realising that the survival of the human race was more important than the pursuit of vengeance in what would almost certainly be a suicidal counterattack against the Cylons; "Galactica" would only be one ship against an entire Cylon fleet.
"Galactica" and her fleet jumped beyond the "red line" (the boundary beyond which FTL jump calculations become uncertain and therefore jumps become dangerous), never to return to the Twelve Colonies.
Thus, Adama found himself on the run in uncharted deep space.
In order to give his men and the people of the fleet some hope, Adama lied to them, saying that he knew where the thirteenth colony, Earth, was located, and that he would lead them all there to make a new home.
Incidentally, the Hebrew word for Earth is Adama.
Even though ex-wife, Carolanne, was presumed to have died in the Cylon attack, Adama still harbored feelings for her and continued to wear his wedding band and observe their wedding anniversary for a time.
After an incident on the hangar deck that resulted in the deaths of several pilots, Adama became aware of the true details of his son Zak's death after Thrace let her affair with Zak cloud her judgment again by being too harsh on the replacement trainees.
Adama was barely able to restrain himself upon learning of the cause of Zak's death from Thrace.
Events following the revelation lead Adama and his surviving son Lee to commit a similar act of allowing feelings to cloud judgment after Thrace is shot down and stranded on an inhospitable planet.
After Adama is compelled to abandon Thrace by President Roslin, Thrace miraculously rescues herself and returns to "Galactica" aboard a captured Cylon Raider.
Adama forgives Thrace for her indiscretions concerning Zak.
The incident also cements the father-son bond between William Adama and his surviving son.
Lee questions how long his father would search for him were he missing, to which the elder Adama responds, "if it were you... we'd never leave."
Soon after "Galactica" and the Colonial fleet discover the lost planet Kobol, Adama is shot by "Boomer", a Cylon sleeper agent, which places him in mortal jeopardy.
Although he survives this assassination attempt, the brush with death changes him somewhat: some say that his more emotional leanings are a post-traumatic reaction to the shooting, but Adama jokes to Roslin that he thinks that he is "just a wuss."
After the Battlestar "Pegasus" encounters the fleet, Adama comes into conflict with Rear Admiral Helena Cain, commander of the "Pegasus", over the treatment of two "Galactica" crew members, Karl Agathon and Galen Tyrol.
Cain and Adama come to the brink of firing on each other.
Each battlestar commander makes plans to have the other assassinated following the successful conclusion of a joint operation to destroy the Cylon Resurrection ship.
Neither plan is carried out (both commanders decide not to give the kill order), although Cain is subsequently killed by the Cylon agent Gina.
With the death of Cain, Roslin promotes Adama to Admiral.
Adama is surprised and touched: by this point in his career, he had given up hope of attaining flag rank; he encourages Roslin, battling breast cancer, to remain hopeful of a recovery.
There was also a brief, sweet kiss between the two, initiated by Adama, which Roslin smiles at afterwards.
After the discovery of New Caprica, Adama appears hesitant to establish a permanent settlement on the planet, but is overruled by the new President Gaius Baltar.
In the months that follow, his attitude slowly softens, and he begins to allow military personnel to muster out and settle on New Caprica.
When the Cylons locate New Caprica after a year of no contact with the human race, Adama is forced reluctantly to flee with all the ships still in orbit.
The fleet escapes with two thousand civilians and the Battlestars "Galactica" and "Pegasus" at half-strength.
Undaunted, Adama sets about formulating a rescue plan for the humans trapped under Cylon rule.
His unorthodox strategy (he even goes so far as to jump the "Galactica" into the atmosphere of New Caprica) is successful, but not without loss.
Against his father's orders, Lee arrives in the "Pegasus" to join the battle and save "Galactica", but left all of its fighters behind to guard the civilian fleet.
"Pegasus" takes heavy damage, forcing the crew to abandon ship.
"Pegasus" is destroyed upon collision with a basestar.
Adama returns to the fleet as a hero.
However, "Galactica" itself is damaged to near-crippling levels as a result of his actions and never fully recovers.
Three years after the incident at the Armistice Line, "Galactica" recovers Lieutenant Daniel "Bulldog" Novacek, the pilot of the recon vessel that Adama ordered shot down when in command of the Battlestar "Valkyrie".
Adama's guilt over the incident and suspicions that he may have provoked the Cylon attack on the Colonies lead him to tender his resignation from the Fleet: however, President Roslin refuses to accept his resignation.
Moreover, in an attempt to improve fleet morale and reward Adama for his continual military service in ensuring the survival of the fleet, President Roslin awards Adama with a Medal of Distinction in recognition of his 45 years of service to the Colonial Fleet.
Colonel Tigh is the one who saves Adama when Bulldog attacks the Admiral, seeking revenge for his capture, and this marks a turning point in the Adama-Tigh relationship: after the award ceremony, the two friends finally sit down to share a drink and talk about the events on New Caprica, and Ellen Tigh's death in particular.
Adama is initially supportive of the "ranks dropped" boxing competition held on "Galactica" with Colonel Tigh as referee, seeing it as a useful means of allowing the crew to vent their frustrations and prevent them growing into feuds and grudges.
However, when he sees that some of the crew have taken to enjoying the competition over tending to their professional duties, he is reminded of how he himself softened during the year above New Caprica.
He takes on Chief Galen Tyrol in the ring; although he is beaten by the younger man, his actions and words afterwards remind the crew of their solemn duty to guard the civilian fleet.
After the fleet's food-processing systems become contaminated the fleet prepares to make a hazardous journey through a highly radioactive stellar cluster in search of supplies, Tigh finally returns (a little self-consciously) to the "Galactica" CIC.
Although Adama does not join the applause for the Colonel, he cannot hide a small smile.
After the stellar cluster has been negotiated, he visits Captain Louanne "Kat" Katraine on her deathbed after she receives a fatal dose of radiation guiding civilian ships through the cluster.
He comforts her, telling her that her shady past life is irrelevant to him: he is interested only in her bravery and outstanding qualities as a leader, for which he (posthumously) returns her to the position of CAG.
Upon reaching the Algae planet in a highly unstable planetary system the Colonials begin harvesting operations.
Galen Tyrol informs Roslin and Adama of his discovery of an ancient temple, The Temple of Five which holds some significance in the Colonial religion.
Roslin believes according to scripture that an artifact "The Eye of Jupiter" is hidden somewhere within the Temple and would act as a Marker on the way to Earth.
The fleet is soon confronted by four Cylon Base Stars and Adama orders all civilian ships to jump away.
Taking up a defense posture Adama prepares to engage the incoming Cylons with several people still on the planet and the possibility of the Cylons retrieving information on the location of Earth.
The incoming Cylons on the advice of Gaius Baltar do not come in firing instead send a delegation to negotiate with Roslin and Adama for the "Eye".
The brief negotiation leaves both sides in a stalemate: if the Cylons attack the "Galactica" or attempt to land on the planet Adama would nuke the temple, if the Colonials attempt to take the "Eye" the Cylons would attack.
The Cylons eventually attempt to land on the planet and take the temple.
Adama in response arms "Galactica's" nuclear warheads and targets them on the temple, nearly making good on his threat.
The Cylons recall all but one of their heavy raiders forcing Adama to back down.
When the star in the planetary system begins to show sign of going supernova and the Cylon fleet jumps away, Adama orders a rescue mission be launched to the planet.
Retrieving all of her raptors, "Galactica" narrowly escapes the shock wave jumping back to her fleet.
Following Gaius Baltar's apprehension in the Temple, a tribunal of five ship captains is formed to serve as judges in Baltar's trial for treason and crimes against the human race.
Adama is appointed to this panel, though Captain Franks of the civilian ship "Prometheus" is selected to chair it.
Despite President Roslin's requests to Maj. Lee Adama that he assist in preparing the prosecution's case against Baltar, and despite Admiral Adama bestowing his father Joseph Adama's law textbooks to Lee due to his flirtatious interest in law when he was a youth, Lee declines because he has doubts about the fairness of the trial.
The admiral instead relieves Lee of his CAG duties to provide security detail for Baltar and his attorney, Romo Lampkin, who was a student of William's father and Lee's grandfather.
After Lampkin survives two failed assassination attempts, Admiral Adama decides to reinstate Lee to his CAG duties.
Lee, however, tells the admiral that he wishes to assist Lampkin in the defense of Baltar, incensing his father.
After Lampkin humiliates Tigh on the witness stand by forcing him to admit that he killed his own wife, an argument ensues between the two Adamas, resulting in animosity between father and son, Lee resigning his commission in anger of having his integrity questioned by his father, and Adama retorting that he wants no officer without integrity serving under him.
Adama unsuccessfully attempts to circumvent Lee's cross-examination of the cancer-stricken Laura Roslin, and Captain Franks pressures her into admitting that she is once again taking the hallucinogenic chamalla extract, effectively discrediting her as a witness.
Roslin depressed, the senior Adama comforts and encourages her in preparation for her doloxan treatments.
As the trial continues, and Baltar's case appears to be crumbling, Baltar demands that Lee Adama take the stand.
When Lampkin asks Lee if Baltar deserves a fair trial, Lee replies that he does, and that he was not guilty of treason.
He goes on to ask the tribunal what they would have done in Baltar's position, and remarks that everyone else on New Caprica was pardoned for whatever transgressions they made, but Baltar was made the scapegoat.
He looks at his father, and continues, saying that the entire case was based on emotions, and that new laws need to be made to preserve their civilization, and to prevent humanity from turning into a gang.
Lee's testimony results in both Baltar's acquittal by way of Adama's "not guilty" swing vote, and winning back his father's respect.
Following the failed rebellion of the Twos, Sixes and Eights and Cavil's swift reprisal only one rebel Basestar remained although heavily damaged, the Leoben model Two Cylon took a Heavy Raider to find Kara Thrace believing that she could lead both humans and Cylons to their destiny.
Adama had sent Kara and several of Galactica's pilots and crew aboard a freighter to retrace her unexplainable journey to Earth when Leoben encountered them and brought them an offer of peace with the rebels and help to find Earth.
They brought the Basestar and the rebels back to the fleet and formed the joint strike force plan to destroy the Resurrection Hub (which would prevent Cylons from downloading into new bodies upon their death) while simultaneously retrieving D'Anna, a Three who knew the identities of the Final Five Cylons who could help lead them to Earth.
Roslin and Adama agreed that this was an opportunity they couldn't waste and in the process of transferring military forces on board the Basestar for a sneak attack the malfunctioning Hybrid made an FTL jump into the battle zone with Roslin, Baltar, Helo and a good number of Galactica's Viper and Raptor compliment with them.
After a lengthy search of the post battle debris it becomes apparent that while the fleet is ready to move on believing that the Basestar is lost along with Roslin which is something that Adama cannot accept.
He gives his orders to Tigh and Lee before boarding a Raptor with the intention to wait for the Basestar's return because he has come to realize that he cannot live without her.
After some time waiting in the Raptor with only the book he was reading to Roslin during her treatments for entertainment his persistence was rewarded when the Basestar reappeared in front of him.
After landing on board he is greeted by Roslin who has come to the same realization about their relationship telling him that she loves him which Adama replies "it's about time" after which they embrace.
Upon returning to the fleet the deceptive ploys by both sides lead to the Cylons holding Roslin and the remaining Colonial military hostage while Adama is instructed to allow the Final Five return to the Basestar or D'Anna will begin to execute the prisoners.
Tory Foster's defection leaves Colonel Tigh no other option but to reveal himself to his best friend that he is a Cylon and that Adama must threaten to kill him in order to save the hostages.
Upon learning of this Adama returns to his quarters and furiously drinks while trashing his room, Lee finds him in tears slumped next to the head inconsolable.
Tory calls Galactica's bluff and prepares to execute Roslin leaving Tigh no other option but to out the remaining two Cylons Chief Tyrol and Samuel Anders who have been working frantically with Kara to decipher the location of Earth.
At the last moment before the execution can take place she enters the airlock exclaiming she knows how to find Earth, a wireless distress signal from a Colonial frequency.
A truce is called between the two ships and they follow the signal to a blue planet with matching constellations from the Temple of Athena where President Roslin and Admiral Adama lead a survey team down to the planet they have been searching for to call home.
As Adama picks up the first handful of Earth as he said he would in his speech before departing Galactica a survey team member waves a Geiger counter over it to reveal high background radiation, it is then revealed that there are many survey teams made up of both humans and Cylons walking around a ravaged world that is more than obviously dead and uninhabitable.
Adama and Roslin return to Galactica amidst a horde of hopeful people waiting for a confirmation that everything they have suffered through and lost has been rewarded, barely holding back her tears is unable to speak a word to the crowd demanding any information as Adama and a squad of marines escort her to safety.
As he walks the halls of the ship Adama sees countless people crying, fighting, consoling and just plain giving up all over the ship as word has spread that Earth is a dead rock, he feels the same but cannot let it show even when he is in his quarters as Roslin is staying there and has taken a deep turn into depression after her messianic role has been a lie.
Finally breaking down with the assistance of several drinks he confronts Tigh and attempts to goad him into ending his suffering with a handgun, luckily both men regain their composure and reflect on the past and the XO reminds his superior what the commander of the fleet is required to do.
Adama sobers up and heads to a somber and somewhat sparse CIC and orders recon missions for habitable systems for the fleet to hopefully settle and extends this offer to the rebel Cylons should they wish it and orders the return of all personnel from the planet before they make the next jump.
As the fleet continues on its new mission to find any place to call home things have become somewhat normalized, Adama proceeds through a normal routine trying to keep things professional but with little luck as he makes it to CIC.
As the day progresses he holds a meeting with the senior staff regarding FTL upgrades using Cylon tech and the negative reaction that most people will have toward accepting help from their perceived enemy especially from Felix Gaeta, something he echoes throughout the ship over the course of the day and sews discontent among many other crewmembers.
Upon hearing reports that Roslin has been jogging around the ship Adama confronts her on missing her treatment appointments in sickbay, not taking her medication and overall abandonment of the office of the presidency.
She merely states that with what time she has left she doesn't want to spend it giving people hope, false or real, and after everything she has done to get them there she deserves to live a little, a sentiment he shares, she also tells him he deserves the same as she kisses him then leaves.
His day reaches an apex when Tom Zarek has stirred up so much discord within the fleet over the Cylon upgrades that the tylium refinery ship jumps to an unknown location, a location Zarek gives up too easily as Adama bluffs him with a fake surveillance dossier.
It is later revealed that this was Zarek's intention all along to have the fleet see Galactica and the Presidency using excessive force to get their way.
After the ship is returned to the fleet Adama is informed over the comm in his quarters of the situation which reveals that he is in fact in bed next to a wigless Roslin who expresses he complete lack of concern for the fleet as her and Adama share an intimate laugh as they live in the moment for themselves alone for once.
After Adama starts considering not only an alliance with the Rebel Cylons but allowing them to join the fleet, Lieutenant Felix Gaeta starts a mutiny against him with Tom Zarek starting a coup against Roslin and the rest of the government.
They capture Adama and try him for various crimes including treason, dereliction of duty (for abandoning the people on New Caprica) and aiding and abetting the enemy.
Despite initially being captured, Adama escapes and helps Roslin, who he has started a romantic relationship with and Baltar escape to the rebel basestar before he and Tigh are recaptured.
Adama is eventually sentenced to death by firing squad, but is rescued by the now-civilian Lee and loyal officers, including a former mutineer.
Adama is able to turn his own executioners back to his side and leads an ever-increasing group of loyalists to CIC which he retakes without firing a shot, capturing Gaeta and Zarek and ending the mutiny.
Retaking command of his ship, Adama contacts Roslin on the basestar who has been demanding the mutineers surrender and threatening their destruction and informs the relieved Roslin, Baltar and rebel Cylons that "Galactica" is back under his control.
His survival (the group on the basestar had been informed he was dead) drives Roslin and an Eight Cylon to tears.
When an emotional Roslin returns to "Galactica" he greets her personally and then at an unknown later point, has Gaeta and Zarek executed by a firing squad he personally commands for their crimes.
True to his word, he doesn't grant any of the mutineers clemency and has them imprisoned on the "Astral Queen" (though he eventually allows anyone willing to join the later attack on The Colony their freedom) though he may have relented a little in Gaeta's case as Gaeta was allowed a visit by Baltar, drank what seemed to be Adama's morning coffee (the "spoils of war") during the meeting, seemed to be imprisoned in his quarters rather than the brig and was allowed to die in his uniform, something Adama swore the mutineers would be denied.
Adama eventually commands the "Galactica" on her final mission: an operation to rescue the half-human, half-cylon child Hera from the Cylon colony.
The mission is successful, and "Galactica" jumps to the planet that will eventually be known as Earth, but sustains irreparable damage in the process.
After surveying the primitive human natives, Adama adopts a colonizing strategy proposed by his son Lee: the colonials abandon most of their technology and settle in widely separated locations on the planet.
The emptied ships of the fleet, including "Galactica", are piloted into the sun.
As he had planned earlier, William Adama is the last person to leave "Galactica", launching aboard the Mk.
II Viper with his call sign, "Husker" that had appeared in the original mini-series.
Adama takes the dying Laura Roslin on a Raptor flight over their new homeworld, searching for a spot to build the cabin they had talked about on New Caprica.
Roslin dies during the flight, as foretold by the prophecy, and Adama places his wedding ring on her finger.
In his final scene in the series, Adama is depicted sitting next to Roslin's grave, describing the progress he has made in building their cabin.
A weary, battle-hardened man in late middle age, Adama demonstrated a powerful strength of character throughout the series, successfully leading and protecting what remained of humanity against the Cylon threat.
Despite the greater age of his Battlestar compared to some of the other ships in the fleet at the time of the attack, Adama led the ship to victory against various Cylon threats, successfully coming up with strategies to defeat Cylon opponents despite their significantly superior numerical and technological advantage.
His dedication to his ship earned him the loyalty of many, with Tigh once stating when Adama was injured that, as far as he was concerned, "Galactica" was Adama's ship until his death.
A significant number of the crew participated in a mutiny led by Felix Gaeta, but Ronald D. Moore stated in the episode podcasts that the mutineers never had enough people to take complete control of the ship.
A large number of the crew are seen joining Adama when he retook the ship, and several of the mutineers, including Aaron Kelly and several marines, switched sides during the battle.
Adama's hobbies include building model sailing ships by hand.
"Here Be Dragons", the penultimate episode of the prequel "Caprica", shows that he inherited this from his mother Evelyn.
In terms of his personal relationships, Adama's life was complicated at best.
Although he tried to maintain a professional distance from his crew to prevent his emotions from clouding his judgement, he was nevertheless strongly devoted to them.
For all the arguments between him and his son Lee Adama, he had more than once stated that he would never abandon Lee whatever his son did, attempting to reconcile with Lee even after Lee served as the defense counsel for Gaius Baltar during his trial.
His affection for his ex-wife is also evident, setting aside the day of their anniversary each year to remember her despite how their relationship ended.
He has also formed more than one father/daughter bond with some of the Viper pilots under his command, particularly Kara Thrace and Louanne 'Kat' Katraine, telling Kat once that he and his wife would have liked to have a daughter as well as their sons, stating that "Three's a good round number".
Similarly, when Kara Thrace voiced her anxieties about her own identity when she returned from the dead, Adama reassured her by proclaiming "You're my daughter".
Despite his vocal dislike of Cylons, Adama even managed to form a certain bond with the second Cylon Number Eight model he encountered, growing to trust her despite the fact that her 'predecessor' shot him.
Adama also retained his strong friendship with Saul Tigh even after the latter is discovered to be a cylon.
His relationship with President Laura Roslin has been particularly turbulent; although they have often disagreed over crucial decisions, such as when Roslin convinced Starbuck to return to Caprica to retrieve the Arrow of Apollo, or when she convinced the Agathons that their daughter Hera — the first human/Cylon hybrid — had died during the birth, they have also demonstrated a great affection for each other, Adama admitting after she was briefly captured by the Cylons that he cannot live without her.
In Season Four, it is shown that they developed an intimate relationship.
After her death, he placed his wedding ring on her finger and buried her outside the cabin he planned to build and live in solitude.
Actor Edward James Olmos has brown eyes, but when playing William Adama he wore contact lenses that make Adama's eyes blue.
This was done so that Olmos and actor Jamie Bamber, who played his son Lee, would resemble each other more.
Reciprocally, Bamber dyed his hair darker to better match Olmos' coloring.
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In chemistry and physics, the dimensionless mixing ratio is the abundance of one component of a mixture relative to that of all other components.
The term can refer either to mole ratio or mass ratio.
In atmospheric chemistry, mixing ratio usually refers to the mole ratio "r", which is defined as the amount of a constituent "n" divided by the total amount of all "other" constituents in a mixture:
The mole ratio is also called amount ratio.
If "n" is much smaller than "n" (which is the case for atmospheric trace constituents), the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction.
In meteorology, mixing ratio usually refers to the mass ratio "ζ", which is defined as the mass of a constituent "m" divided by the total mass of all "other" constituents in a mixture:
The mass ratio of water vapor in air can be used to describe humidity.
The condition to get a partially ideal solution on mixing is that the volume of the resulting mixture V to equal the double of volume V of each solution mixed in equal volumes due to addivity of volumes.
The resulting volume can be found from the mass balance equation involving densities of the mixed and resulting solutions and equalising it to 2:
Of course for real solutions inequalities appear instead of the last equality.
Mixtures of different solvents can have interesting features like anomalous conductivity (electrolytic) of particular lyonium ions and lyate ions generated by molecular autoionization of protic and aprotic solvents due to Grottus mechanism of ion hopping depding on the mixing ratios.
Examples may include hydronium and hydroxide ions in water and water alcohol mixtures, alkoxonium and alkoxide ions in the same mixtures, ammonium and amide ions in liquid and supercritical ammonia, alkylammonium and alkylamide ions in ammines mixtures, etc.
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Nova 106.9 (call sign: 4BNE) is a commercial radio station operating in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, owned by NOVA Entertainment.
DMG Radio purchased the Brisbane FM licence for $80 million in April 2004 to complete their national network of Nova stations.
Nova 106.9's studios are located at 130 Commercial Road in Teneriffe.
Following the successful bid for the last commercial FM licence to be auctioned for Brisbane in April 2004, on the frequency originally occupied by Ipswich station Q-FM which later changed its name to Star FM, Nova 106.9 – call sign 4BNE – began test transmissions in August 2004.
These transmissions featured comedy pieces with a 'personality' by the name of "Bevan - The Work Experience DJ" who is widely rumoured to be Comedian Simon Kennedy.
Bevan still is a feature in Nova 106.9's programming often hosting infrequent shows at Christmas time and special events.
The test broadcasts continued up until the official launch on 4 April 2005 from a temporary studio in a converted Teneriffe woolstore, while the new studio complex was being completed upstairs in the same building.
The new studio complex became operational in February 2006.
Nova 106.9 took over rival B105's sponsorship of the Brisbane Broncos in late 2006, and Nova's logo replaced B105's on the Broncos training gear.
In 2007 it became the official FM station for the Rugby League State of Origin series, and a media partner of Brisbane Roar, the Brisbane Lions, the Queensland Bulls and the 2008 Summer Olympics.
The Nova 106.9 Studios are located in a converted woolstore in Teneriffe.
The interior of the building retains as much of the original construction as possible with the open office construction with no ceilings.
The Studio block consists of 5 broadcast and production studios as well as a newsroom.
The master control room is located outside as a showpiece overlooking the foyer and a bridge across an atrium for natural light to access the floors below.
The complex is based around the Klotz Digital Vadis audio system linking all the studios and Master Control to the transmission site at Mt Coot-tha.
The Studios use the Maestro Digital Audio playout system as used by all the Nova stations.
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Sinhgad College of Engineering is a technical education institute in the city of Vadgaon (Budruk), Pune, India.
It was established in the year 1996 with 4 UG Programs and a sanctioned intake of 240 students.
The institute is affiliated with the University of Pune and managed by the Sinhgad Technical Education Society (STES).
The college takes its name from the nearby Maratha fort.
It has been accredited by the National Board of Accreditation and recognized by the AICTE.
The institute has also been awarded an A Grade by NAAC.
The campus is vast and houses as many as 50 colleges in it.
The classrooms are clean and airy, the multistory library wing is air-conditioned and labs are well-equipped.
They even have Wi-Fi Internet connection throughout the campus!
The campus boasts of A Sports Center, Net-cafe, Auditoriums,Seminar Halls, Open Air Theater and much more.
Hostel for Boys and Girls is available on campus.
Students are pleased with the hostel infra; they’re decent enough to stay at for four years.
The main complaint is about the food in the mess though.
But for that there are so many other options on campus like Amul cafe, canteens of other colleges, etc.
I am stating few common facilities at this infrastructure of sinhgad institutes : Hostel and Mess(Both for Boys & Girls), Security(24Hrs), Accessibility & Transport (Municipal Transportation Buses to important points in pune), Campus Clinic (well equipped), Shops (basic needs, stationary, bus and train bookings, etc.
), Banking (banks & ATM), Recreational Facilities (sports,cultural, etc.
Sinhgad College Of Engineering's sister institutes (for engineering), 1.
Kashibai Navale College of Engineering (SKNCOE), Vadgaon 2.
Sinhgad Academy of Engineering (SAE), Kondhwa 3.
Sinhgad Institute of Technology (SIT, Lonavala), Kusgaon.
Sinhgad Institute of Technology & Science (SITS), Narhe 5.
SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering (SKNSCOE), Korti 6.
NBN Sinhgad College of Engineering (NBNSCOE), Kegaon 7.
NBN Sinhgad School of Engineering (NBNSSOE), Ambegaon 8.
RMD Sinhgad School of Engineering (RMDSSOE), Warje 9.
Kashibai Navale Sinhgad Institute of Technology & Science (SKNSITS), Kusgaon.
Sinhgad College of Engineering hosts a wide range of student bodies to cultivate a sense of community among the students while at the same time providing them with opportunities and challenges.
SCOE's many organizations and clubs help foster a spirit of leadership development and event planning among the students as well as act as a platform for interacting with alumni and industry professionals.
The activities of these organization is managed by a specially elected student body under the guidance of an assigned staff coordinator.
List of the Student Organizations & Clubs:
***LIST***.
Apart from these clubs each individual department has its own Student body to carry out Departmental activities.
Sinhgad Karandak is Sinhgad Institutes' Annual Flagship Event and Pune's largest Inter- College Fest.
Sinhgad Karandak is the biggest annual flagship festival in Pune.
Sinhgad Institutes initiated this event in 2006.
A month long Sinhgad Karandak includes sports competitions of a month and a week long cultural events.
1000+ International Students, 70000+ Students, 10000+ Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff, 5,00,000+ People connect is the strength of Sinhgad Karandak.
It consists of four major sections i.e.
Neon,Spectrum,Techtonic and the Sports Karandak.
Neon, which is pune's hottest cultural fest includes events like Solo Singing,Fashion Show,Mr.
and Ms. Sinhgad,Duet Singing,Aegis of Rock,Solo Dance Group Dance,Stage Play and much more.
Every year Neon is inaugurated with a massive concert featuring The Chainsmokers in 2016, Jay Sean in 2015 while Edward Maya in 2014 and many more .Sinhgad Karandak has featured many Bollywood celebrities as guests and as judges for various events.
Techtonic, which is co-organized by 8 Engineering institutes, 6 MCA institutes and 1 Diploma institute of Sinhgad Institutes, brings in plethora of events inclined towards technology and innovation.
Development of technology for the betterment of society forms the core vision of Techtonic.
This extravaganza is a blend of 317 events, which include competitions, workshops and seminars
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Gottlob Frick (28 July 1906 in Ölbronn-Dürrn – 18 August 1994 in Muhlacker) was a German bass who sang in opera.
He was known for his wide repertory including Wagner and Mozart roles, as well as those of Nicolai and Lortzing.
Frick's teachers included Fritz Windgassen (father and teacher of Frick’s contemporary, the tenor Wolfgang Windgassen).
He was a member of the chorus at the Stuttgart State Opera from 1927 to 1934.
His first solo role was in Coburg in 1934–35, followed by Freiburg (1936–40) and Königsberg (1938) where Karl Böhm discovered him and engaged him for the Dresden State Opera in 1941, which was his base for the following decade.
In 1950 he moved to the Deutsche Oper Berlin, but his international career took him to all the leading houses in Europe.
His voice was instantly recognizable by its dark, evil-sounding, almost reptilian timbre, and was aptly described by Wilhelm Furtwängler as 'the blackest bass in Germany' ("der schwärzeste Bass in Deutschland").
This made up for the fact that it was somewhat smaller than others such as those of Josef Greindl, Ludwig Weber and Kurt Boehme.
The roles for which Frick was best known were Osmin, Sarastro, Commendatore, Rocco and, above all, the principal Wagner bass roles.
He also performed in operetta, often with Fritz Wunderlich, and often sang Archangel Raphael in Haydn's "Creation".
He retired in 1970 from the stage, although a few of his recordings (for instance, as Gurnemanz in the Solti-led "Parsifal"), were later than that.
He is well represented on disc.
Among his best-known recordings were Osmin (in "The Abduction from the Seraglio") first for Sir Thomas Beecham and again for Josef Krips, Sarastro (in "The Magic Flute") for Otto Klemperer and Rocco (in "Fidelio") for Klemperer and Ferenc Fricsay.
He also recorded the Hermit (in Weber's "Der Freischütz") for Joseph Keilberth and Kaspar for Lovro von Matacic, The Peasant (in Carl Orff's "Die Kluge") for both Wolfgang Sawallisch and Kurt Eichhorn, Kecal (in "The Bartered Bride"), The Commendatore for Giulini, Pogner and King Henry for Rudolf Kempe, King Marke, Daland and the Landgrave for Franz Konwitschny, and Hunding, Hagen and Gurnemanz for Sir Georg Solti.
Several anthology albums of Frick singing arias are also available.
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Daughters of Mary Help of Christians Siu Ming Catholic Secondary School (天主教母佑會蕭明中學), founded in 1973, is a girls' secondary school in Kwai Chung, Hong Kong.
It is administered under the Grant Code and using (EMI).
Daughters of Mary Help of Christians Siu Ming Catholic Secondary School is a subsidized girls' grammar school run by the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians.
Founded in 1973, the school has incorporated the educational philosophy of St. Mary Mazzarello and St. John Bosco, that is educating young people with love and putting equal stress on the importance of virtue, wisdom, physique, sociability, aesthetic appreciation and spirituality in providing quality education to the community.
To enhance learning and teaching effectiveness through reading across the curriculum and strengthening learning strategies.
To strengthen students’ leadership and self-confidence.
English is adopted as the medium of instruction.
Chinese Language, Chinese History, Putonghua, Chinese Literature, Liberal Studies, Ethics & Religious Education, Civic Education, Life & Society, Visual Arts are conducted in Chinese.
There are 27 classes:
***LIST***.
There are 16 elective modules of 12 different subjects offered to the 5 classes in each level of S.4 to S.6.
***LIST***.
The "Service Learning Scheme" aims to encourage students to take part in in-school or community service projects.
It helps to build up among students a strong will and a spirit to serve others.
***LIST***.
For the purpose of upgrading language skills, there is daily reading time in class.
Students are offered additional courses of English Pronunciation during non-school hours.
They also have the opportunities for public speaking in and outside classrooms.
***LIST***.
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USS "Willard Keith" (DD-775), an , is currently the only completed ship of the United States Navy ever named for Willard Keith, a United States Marine Corps captain who died in combat during the campaign for Guadalcanal.
He was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions.
"Willard Keith" (DD-775) was laid down on 5 March 1944 at San Pedro, California, by the Bethlehem Steel Co. and launched on 29 August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Willard W. Keith, the mother of Capt.
The ship was commissioned on 27 December 1944, Comdr.
Lewis L. Snyder in command.
It is notable that the Navy had two contracts for destroyer escorts that were to be named USS "Willard Keith"; however, they both were cancelled before they were completed.
The contract for the construction of —a whose keel had been laid down on 14 September 1943 at San Pedro, California, by the Western Pipe and Steel Company—was cancelled on 2 October 1943.
The contract for the construction of —an laid down on 22 January 1944 at Vallejo, California, by the Mare Island Navy Yard—was cancelled on 13 March 1944.
After shakedown training out of San Diego, California, "Willard Keith" operated temporarily out of the Pre-commissioning Training Center at San Francisco, California, as training ship for engineering personnel.
During that time, she made weekly trips from San Francisco to San Clemente Island and back.
It is rumored that, during one of these runs from San Clemente to San Francisco, "Willard Kieth" encountered, depth-charged, and supposedly destroyed a sonar contact of unknown origin or nationality.
The matter was allegedly suppressed by the ship's officers, save the eyewitness accounts of some crew members.
However, no documentation or physical proof of this alleged encounter has been discovered.
A few remaining crew of "Willard Keith" have formed a non-profit organization (The Marine War Memorial Association of Half Moon Bay, California) with the mission of finding and memorializing this alleged sunken wreck.
Completing that tour of training duty in mid-April 1945, "Willard Keith" sailed for the Western Pacific (WestPac) on 16 April, heading for Pearl Harbor in company with and .
After onward routing to the forward area, "Willard Keith" arrived at Okinawa on 29 May.
Assigned screening and radar picket duties for the remainder of the Okinawan campaign, "Willard Keith" destroyed two Japanese planes during her tour.
Her closest brush with the enemy came on the final day of the campaign when a Japanese torpedo plane winged in low and unobserved and launched her torpedoes.
Fortunately, the warhead proved a dud and only left a dent in "Willard Keith"s hull.
After her baptism of fire, "Willard Keith" then joined a cruiser-destroyer task force on 24 June for anti-shipping sweeps into the East China Sea.
Due to the losses inflicted upon the once-large Japanese merchant marine, encounters were few.
"Willard Keith" spent the remainder of the war engaged in such largely fruitless operations and, with the coming of the Japanese surrender, drew screening duties with the initial occupying forces in Japanese home waters.
That autumn, the destroyer travelled between Japanese ports carrying men and mail.
Chosen as the flagship for Commodore John T. Bottom, Jr., Commander, Task Flotilla 1 and area commander, "Willard Keith" wore the commodore's burgee pennant while remaining at Nagoya from the last part of October until early December.
On 5 December, Commodore Bottom's burgee came down, and "Willard Keith" put to sea to rendezvous with her sister ships in Destroyer Squadron (DesRon) 66.
She then sailed east, reaching the west coast in time to spend Christmas at San Diego, California
Subsequently, "Willard Keith" proceeded down the west coast; transited the Panama Canal; crossed the Gulf of Mexico and then proceeded around the tip of Florida, bound for New York City.
After voyage repairs at the New York Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York., the destroyer stood out of the yard on the last day of January and proceeded up the eastern seaboard to Newport, Rhode Island.
She engaged in gunnery exercises out of that port and, upon conclusion of that first phase of her peacetime training program, returned to New York.
She made five more short round trips between New York and Newport until 12 July, when she set out for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
After operations in the British West Indies area, "Willard Keith" returned to Norfolk, Virginia, from whence she escorted the battleships and to Culebra, Puerto Rico, for shore bombardment exercises.
The destroyer then returned to Norfolk as part of the screen for the battlewagons, before she drew another escort assignment, this time with the aircraft carrier .
Conducting exercises and maneuvers en route, the carrier and her consorts reached Guantanamo Bay for training before returning northward and putting into Newport.
Christmas and New Year's holidays came and went before the destroyer operated locally between Pensacola, Florida and Key West.
During her time in those waters, she deviated from her routine once, when she sailed to Mobile, Alabama, on 13 February 1947 to serve as one of the Navy's official representatives to the yearly Mardi Gras festivities.
For the remainder of the spring months, "Willard Keith" cruised routinely between Newport and Key West, carrying out training duties off the eastern seaboard.
Arriving at Norfolk on 20 June 1947, "Willard Keith" was assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet a short time later.
"Mothballed" at Charleston, South Carolina Naval Shipyard, the destroyer remained inactive until the Fleet buildup brought about by the Korean War in 1950.
Recommissioned on 23 October 1950, "Willard Keith" was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet.
After her activation was completed on 27 November, the ship departed Charleston, shaping course for Norfolk, Virginia.
Subsequently pushing on to Guantanamo Bay, planeguarding for the fleet carrier en route, "Willard Keith" reached her destination on 13 January 1951 to commence her shakedown soon thereafter.
Completing that training phase on 22 February 1951, "Willard Keith" stopped briefly at Culebra for gunnery exercises before proceeding on to Norfolk and upkeep.
After a three-month overhaul, the destroyer returned to the Guantanamo region for further refresher training.
She then returned to Norfolk for a tender upkeep.
On 3 September 1951, "Willard Keith" departed the east coast, bound for the Mediterranean and duty with the 6th Fleet.
Relieving as a unit of that force on 22 September, "Willard Keith" spent the next six months in the Mediterranean making operational visits to such ports as Gibraltar; Naples and Trieste, Italy; Augusta Bay, Sicily; Istanbul, Turkey; Leros, Greece; and Suda Bay, Crete.
From November 1951 to February 1952, "Willard Keith" operated in company with as a unit of the Northern European Force under the overall command of Rear Admiral W. F. Boone.
During that period of time, the destroyer visited Plymouth, England; Copenhagen and Bornholm, Denmark; Bremerhaven, Germany; Bordeaux, France; and Derry, Northern Ireland.
While operating out of the last-named port, she conducted exercises jointly with British destroyers.
While in northern European waters, "Willard Keith" performed rescue and escort duties for a week, assisting the crippled before that ship broke apart and sank in heavy seas.
That incident gained the United States Navy international attention at the time.
The owners of the lost ship, the Isbrandtsen Lines, later presented a plaque to "Willard Keith" in appreciation for her assistance rendered to their vessel.
Completing her duty in European waters early in February 1952, "Willard Keith" shaped course for home, reaching Norfolk on 6 February for leave and upkeep.
Once the needed voyage repairs had been accomplished and both officers and men refreshed after their deployment overseas, the destroyer headed north, departing Norfolk on 21 April 1952.
She was bound for Argentia, Newfoundland, with a party of observers from the United States Naval Underwater Sound School embarked on board.
From 21 April to 12 May, the destroyer then conducted antisubmarine warfare (ASW) drills for the benefit of the observers.
Upon the ship's return to Norfolk, all hands began to make preparations for a scheduled midshipmen's cruise.
In early June, the ship sailed to Annapolis, Maryland, and embarked 72 officers-to-be, taking them to Norfolk.
Subsequently, "Willard Keith" sailed to European waters and then to Guantanamo Bay.
Ports visited during the midshipmen's cruise included Torquay, England, and Le Havre, France.
Returning to Norfolk via Guantanamo, "Willard Keith" disembarked her passengers and resumed her routine of training.
She conducted two weeks of hunter/killer training in company with the escort carrier , a task group under the command of Rear Admiral D. V. Gallery.
"Willard Keith" put back into Norfolk at the end of November and spent the remainder of the year there.
She departed her home port nine days into the new year, though, setting sail for Pensacola, Florida, assigned as plane guard for the light carrier .
En route, however, an urgent message from Commandant, 6th Naval District, directed the ship to proceed to a rendezvous with an LST which had a Marine sergeant on board who was stricken with appendicitis.
"Willard Keith" complied and transported the man to Charleston, South Carolina, where he received medical attention.
The ship received a special commendation from the Commandant of the 6th Naval District for her fine work in helping to save the man.
Ultimately completing her assigned duties in company with Monterey, "Willard Keith" returned to Norfolk to prepare for a scheduled -month overhaul.
After repairs and alterations at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard from 11 February to 27 May, "Willard Keith" conducted refresher training out of Guantanamo Bay after first stopping at Norfolk en route.
Returning to her home port on 4 August, the destroyer subsequently sailed for the Far East on 25 September in company with the other ships of Destroyer Division (DesDiv) 221.
The division reached Yokosuka, Japan, on 10 November 1953, via Bermuda, Gibraltar, Naples, Port Said, Aden, Colombo, and Manila.
"Willard Keith" and her sister ships operated with Naval Forces, Far East, under the overall command of Rear Admiral Robert P. Briscoe.
Operating with the hunter/killer group for the initial part of her time in the Far East, the destroyer served with part of the United Nations Blockading and Escort Group.
In company with , "Willard Keith" performed plane guard services for two weeks with the Australian aircraft carrier, , as that ship conducted flight operations.
During the course of the tour, "Willard Keith" visited the ports of Sasebo and Yokosuka, Japan; Inchon, Korea; and Buckner Bay, Okinawa.
Completing her WestPac tour in March 1954, "Willard Keith" and her squadron mates returned to the United States via Midway; Hawaii; San Francisco; Long Beach; the Panama Canal; Havana, Cuba; and Key West, Florida, returning to Norfolk on 1 May and thus completing the ship's circumnavigation of the globe.
For the remainder of the year 1954, "Willard Keith" operated from Labrador to the Caribbean, taking part in ASW exercises and amphibious exercises interspersed with routine upkeep periods in port.
After spending Christmas, 1954, in her home port, "Willard Keith" departed Norfolk five days into the new year, 1955, bound for the Mediterranean.
She paid goodwill calls at the ports of Algiers, Naples, Genoa, and the Azores in the course of her extended deployment, before she returned to Norfolk on 15 March.
Then, after a brief upkeep period, "Willard Keith" offloaded stores and ammunition and shifted to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for a four-month overhaul.
Emerging from the shipyard on 8 August, the destroyer conducted refresher training out of the familiar waters of Guantanamo Bay before conducting gunfire support exercises with the rest of her division at Culebra.
Returning northward that autumn, she conducted amphibious warfare gunfire support exercises as a fire support unit during Marine Corps amphibious landing exercises off the coast of North Carolina.
For the next seven years, "Willard Keith" remained with DesRon 22, operating from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
She participated in a variety of goodwill missions, midshipmen cruises, and the usual training assignments in gunnery, ASW, and the like.
She also participated in the "quarantine" operations in the autumn of 1962 during the Cuban missile crisis.
The ship took part in the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959—during which "Willard Keith" escorted the royal yacht with Queen Elizabeth II on board.
On 1 October 1963, "Willard Keith" began a new phase of her career.
Reporting to DesRon 34 for duty, the warship soon commenced operating as a Naval Reserve training (NRT) ship.
For the next nine years, "Willard Keith" operated in that capacity, accomplishing reserve training with monthly drill weekend cruises for the reservists permanently assigned to the ship's reserve crew and undertaking two-week active duty training cruises for reservists getting their annual active sea duty training.
She ranged from the eastern seaboard to Guantanamo Bay as an NRT destroyer, providing the platform for training necessary to maintain a skilled pool of reservists ready for any eventuality.
Ultimately considered to have capabilities that were not up to modern Fleet standards, "Willard Keith" was chosen for inactivation and transfer.
Decommissioned on 1 July 1972 at Norfolk, Virginia, Willard Keith was transferred to the Navy of the Republic of Colombia.
Simultaneously stricken from the Navy list, the destroyer was renamed "Caldas" (DD-02).
She served the Colombian Navy until disposed of in 1977.
"Willard Keith" (DD-775) earned two battle stars for her World War II service.
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David W. Checketts (born 1956) is an American businessman.
Checketts is the founder and chairman of SCP Worldwide.
He also sits on the board of JetBlue Airways and was the original owner of the Major League Soccer club Real Salt Lake.
He was the CEO of Legends, which operates One World Observatory.
Checketts attended the University of Utah and later earned a master's degree in business administration from Brigham Young University.
After graduation, he joined the Boston-based consulting firm of Bain & Company.
At 28, he became president and general manager of the Utah Jazz, making him the youngest chief executive in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.
He then spent a year as the general manager of NBA International, where he worked to increase the league's presence around the world.
He became president of the New York Knicks in March 1991, and in his four seasons as president, the team made it to the Eastern Conference Finals three times and went to the NBA Finals in 1994.
The team set records for attendance, television ratings and revenue during his tenure, but the club failed to win the NBA Finals.
He went on to become president and chief executive officer of Madison Square Garden, the company that owns the New York Rangers, New York Knicks, New York Liberty of the WNBA, Madison Square Garden and the MSG television network.
In 1997, MSG acquired Radio City Music Hall.
From 1998 to 2001, the Rangers failed to make the playoffs four straight seasons despite having one of the highest payrolls in the NHL.
In September 2001, Checketts founded SCP Worldwide, a consulting and investment service firm for sports teams.
In 2002, SCP acquired SportsWest Communications, a syndicated broadcaster of college sports.
In July 2004, SCP bought into Major League Soccer and established a team in Utah, Real Salt Lake, which began play in April 2005.
On September 29, 2005 it was announced that SCP had officially signed an agreement to purchase the St. Louis Blues.
In 2009, Checketts was in an ownership group along with talk radio host Rush Limbaugh that was publicly linked to a potential purchase of the St. Louis Rams of the National Football League (NFL); after numerous NFL players objected to Limbaugh owning an NFL team, Checketts dropped Limbaugh from the group and never made a bid for the team.
Checketts was hired in 2011 to serve as a consultant for new Detroit Pistons owner Tom Gores.
Checketts has been Chief Executive Officer of Legends Hospitality Management, LLC since January 2012.
Checketts is married to Deb Checketts and they are the parents of six children.
He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
He was featured in the book "The Mormon Way of Doing Business."
In 2007, Checketts was called as president of the church's Yorktown New York Stake, succeeding Gary Crittenden.
Checketts is chairman of the Advisory Board of the Clinical Neurosciences Center at the University of Utah Hospital His son Spencer Checketts works as a Radio Host on the "The Big Show" on 1280 KZNS (AM).
He is also an anchor of Gameday Coverage of Utah Jazz for 1280/97.5 The Zone, NBA Analyst for KJZZ-TV and Root Sports Utah.
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Carl Berners plass is an underground rapid transit station located on the Grorud Line of the Oslo Metro, and a tram stop on the Sinsen Line of the Oslo Tramway.
The square also has a bus stop for lines 20, 21, 31 and 33.
Located at Helsfyr in Oslo, Norway, the area has a mixture of apartment buildings and small businesses.
The station is the first metro station on the Grorud Line after it branches off from the shared Common Tunnel.
North of the station, the Ring Line branches off from the Grorud Line.
The station is served by line 5 of the metro and Line 17 of the tramway, with four hourly departures during regular hours.
The tram operates every 10 minutes during regular hours.
The square was taken into use as a tram stop on 1 February 1923.
The station took the name after the square, which is again named for the 18th and early 19th-century politician Carl Berner.
From 6 February 1949, Line 20 of the Oslo trolleybus started serving the square.
From 2 January 1955, the Rodeløkka Line of the tramway was rerouted to run via Carl Berners plass, although it was closed again on 1961.
The underground metro station opened on 16 October 1966, and the trolleybus service was replaced by diesel buses in 1968.
From 20 August 2006, the metro station also started serving the Ring Line (Line 5).
Carl Berners plass is a combined metro, tram and bus station located at the square Carl Berners plass, from which it takes its name.
The underground station is actually located a couple of hundred meters off the square, with ground-level entrances on either side of the heavily trafficked Grenseveien as that road ascends from the square towards the east.
The underground metro station is on the Grorud Line, and is located from Stortinget in the city center.
The tracks are above sea level.
The area around the station is mostly dense residential and small businesses.
South of the station is Tøyen Park.
The rapid transit station is served by line 5 of the Oslo Metro which passes the station twice during a full journey.
Southwards, towards the city center, there are eight trains per hour.
Northwards the line splits into two branches.
One line heads for Hasle bound for Vestli while the other heads for Sinsen on the Ring Line.
Each branch has a 15-minute headway.
There is a reduced frequency in the late evenings.
The metro is operated by Oslo T-banedrift on contract with Ruter.
This is one of the Oslo Metro stations in the 5th line accessible to the borough of Helsfyr, the other one being Hasle The tram stop is served by Line 17 of the Oslo Tramway.
It has a ten-minute headway during the day, with half the frequency during evenings and in the weekends.
Travel time to Jernbanetorget in the city center is nine minutes, while it is five minutes northwards to Grefsen Station.
The service is provided using SL95 trams operated by Oslo Sporvognsdrift on contract with Ruter.
Carl Berners plass is one of eight transfer points between the tramway and the metro.
The bus stop serves three full-time services, no.
20, 21 and 31, and two reduced-time services, no.
33 and 57.
The latter serves as a shuttle bus to the Løren area.
The bus services are operated by private contractors on contract with Ruter.
Carl Berners plass became a public transport station on 1 February 1923, when the then single-track Sinsen Line of the tramway opened as a branch of the Rodeløkka Line.
The station took its name from the square it was located at, Carl Berners plass, which is again named for the politician Carl Berner.
The station was served by the newly created Line 13 that operated through the city center and ran every twelve minutes, and since 29 June 1924 every fifteen minutes.
The line was built by Kristiania Sporveisselskap, but they were taken over by the municipality in 1924, and the line became part of Oslo Sporveier.
On 28 June 1938, the line was rebuilt to double track.
From 19 December 1939, the line was extended along Trondheimsveien to Sinsen; this section was built with double track.
In 1948, the tracks at Carl Berners plass was rebuilt to run through the roundabouts at both ends of the square.
The station was served by various services numbers along the Sinsen Line, including 1, 3, 7, 13 and 17, although not all at the same time.
At the most, three services operated to the station, giving a five-minute headway.
On 6 February 1949, Oslo trolleybus lines were installed to cross the tram lines at Carl Berners plass to allow Line 20 to be electrically operated.
The original Rodeløkka Line was closed in 1949, but new branch line to Rodeløkka was opened on 2 January 1955, because the tram gave lower operating costs than the bus.
The line ran from Carl Berners plass down Dælenengata.
From 1959, the Rodeløkka Line was reduced to a rush-hour only service and was terminated on 23 April 1961.
The tracks were removed from 1962 to 1964.
The metro station at Carl Berners plass was opened along with the Grorud Line on 16 October 1966.
The metro station was designed by Per Qvam.
In 1968, the trolleybus lines were removed from Carl Berners plass and Line 20 to a diesel service.
The Sinsen Line was among those proposed for closure in 2002 when the tram company attempted to save money by transferring the traffic to buses.
A city grant of 25 million Norwegian krone (NOK) saved the line along with several others.
The metro station was for many years in bad need of rehabilitation, with dim lighting at the platforms, grimy walls, and broken roof tiles leaving piping and wiring exposed.
Architect Reiulf Ramstad, who was in charge of the renewal project, compared the station to the scenery of a horror movie.
The 2006 renovation involved making the station brighter lit, and a new entrance was built which attempted to make the station more visible from outside.
Upgrading of the station included letting parts of sculpture exhibitions by the Norwegian Sculpturer Society be placed inside the station area.
From 20 August 2006, Carl Berners plass also started serving the Ring Line of the metro.
The line branches off from the Grorud Line north of Carl Berners plass, and the station thereby became the transfer station between the Ring Line and the Grorud Line.
From 2008, the square itself was rebuilt to become more pedestrian-friendly.
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The Eurasier, or "Eurasian dog", is a breed of dog of spitz type that originated in Germany.
It is widely known as a wonderful companion that maintains its own personality, has a dignified reserve to strangers, a strong bond to its family and that is relatively easy to train.
The Eurasier is a balanced, well-constructed, medium-sized Spitz (Spitzen) type dog with prick ears.
It comes in different colors: fawn, red, wolf-grey, solid black, and black and tan.
All color combinations are allowed, except for pure white, white patches, and liver color.
Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standards call for the Eurasier to have a thick undercoat and medium-long, loosely lying guard hair all over the body, with a short coat on the muzzle, face, ears, and front legs.
The tail and the back of the front legs (feathers) and hind legs (breeches) should be covered with long hair.
The coat on the Eurasier's neck should be slightly longer than on the body, but not forming a mane.
The breed may have a pink, blue-black or spotted tongue.
The male has a height of 52 to 60 cm (20-23.5 inches) at the withers and weighs between 23 and 32 kg (50-70 lb) and the female has a height of 48 to 56 cm (19-22 inches) at the withers and weighs between 18 and 26 kg (40-57 lb).
Eurasiers are calm, even-tempered dogs.
They are watchful and alert, yet reserved towards strangers without being timid or aggressive.
Eurasiers form a strong link to their families.
For the full development of these qualities, the Eurasier needs constant close contact with its family, combined with understanding, yet consistent, training.
They are extremely sensitive to harsh words or discipline and respond best to soft reprimand.
The Eurasier is a combination of the best qualities of the Chow Chow, the Keeshond, and the Samoyed (dog), resulting in a dignified, intelligent breed.
Eurasiers were bred as companion dogs; as such they do poorly in a kennel environment such as those commonly used for institutionally trained service dogs, nor are they well suited for the social stresses of working as a sled or guard dog.
Training should always be done through family members, not through strangers or handlers.
Eurasiers should never be restricted to only a yard, kennel, crate, or chained up.
They would pine and become depressed.
Within these limitations, Eurasiers can work very well as therapy dogs.
This breed enjoys all kinds of activities, especially if the activities involve their family.
Eurasiers are calm and quiet indoors, outdoors they are lively and enjoy action.
Eurasiers rarely bark but if they do, they usually have a good reason.
Eurasiers originated in Germany in 1960, when the founder, Julius Wipfel, set out together with Charlotte Baldamus and a small group of enthusiasts to create a breed with the best qualities of the Chow Chow and the Wolfspitz.
The initial combination of the breeds resulted in what was first called "Wolf-Chow" and then, twelve years later, after crossing with a Samoyed, was renamed "[Eurasier]" (Eurasian) and recognized by the FCI in 1973.
Nobel Laureate Konrad Lorenz obtained a Eurasier puppy from Charlotte Baldamus, Nanette vom Jaegerhof, whom he called "Babett".
He thought her character was the best he had ever known in a dog.
Today, unethical breeders sometimes try to pass off a Keeshond/Chow Chow mix as a Eurasier.
While they are genetically similar, these mixes cannot be classified as Eurasiers.
Eurasiers are still a comparably young breed.
The three Eurasier Clubs are in the "German Kennel Club VDH" / FCI" —EKW, KZG, and ZG—therefore strongly direct and supervise breeding in Germany.
A group of very dedicated Eurasier Clubs have joined together in the International Federation for Eurasier Breeding (IFEZ) in the FCI.
Eurasier puppies bred according to these sound IFEZ guidelines receive an IFEZ certificate.
The Eurasier breed was recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) in 1995 as a member of Group 3 (Working Dogs).
The Kennel Club announced in December 2012 that with effect from April 1, 2013, the Eurasier breed will transfer from the imported register to the breed register.
Eurasiers are generally healthy dogs, though a small gene pool in the breed's early years has led to some hereditary diseases being seen occasionally.
Known issues include hip dysplasia, luxating patella, and hypothyroidism, as well as eyelid and lash disorders such as distichiae, entropion, and ectropion.
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The Algerian Republican Guard is composed of about 6,000 troops.
It includes a horse mounted cavalry unit.
The cavalry detachment finds its roots in the mix of traditions of both the famous Berber cavalry, especially the Numidian cavalry and the equally famous Arab cavalry.
The Republican Cavalry's mission is to offer a stylish official display, mixing the Algerian nation's history, culture and traditions with a display of military discipline and professionalism.
The cavalry's ceremonial uniforms reflects the national colours and traditions of Algeria.
It consists of green Algerian trousers known as "saroual", red tunics known as "kamisa" or "kamidja", and long white capes known as "burnous".
These colours are those of the Algerian flag).
The troopers are also equipped with a traditional white headdress bearing the coat of arms of the Algerian Republican Cavalry, and a sword.
The mounted horses of the Republican Cavalry are all pure blood white-coloured barbs, equipped with a harness bearing the Cavalry's coat of arms, as well as a triple ponpon (white-red-green) on their heads.
The Cavalry possesses a band, which plays the national anthem, "Qassaman", and other national songs on official occasions such as an official visit by a foreign head of state, or during international events where military musical units gather.
The musical units play many instruments including the traditional bagpipe.
Above is a picture of a mounted cavalry trooper and a dismounted trooper.
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Ellery Eskelin (born August 16, 1959) is an American tenor saxophonist, born in Wichita, Kansas, and raised in Baltimore, Maryland, from the age of two.
His parents, Rodd Keith and Bobbie Lee, were both professional musicians.
Rodd Keith died in 1974 in Los Angeles, California, and became a cult figure after his death in the little-known field of "song-poem" music.
Organist Bobbie Lee performed in local nightclubs in Baltimore in the early 1960s and provided Eskelin an introduction to standards from the Great American Songbook as well as inspiring an early interest in jazz music.
Eskelin has resided in New York City since 1983 and has led numerous international touring ensembles while participating as a sideman or collaborator with many of today's most forward-thinking composers and improvisers.
He has released more than twenty-five recordings as a leader since the late 1980s, primarily for the Swiss hatOLOGY label.
His most important work continues to be with the group he formed in 1994 featuring keyboardist Andrea Parkins and drummer Jim Black although he has maintained lasting musical associations with Joey Baron, Mark Helias, Gerry Hemingway, Marc Ribot, David Liebman, Han Bennink, Sylvie Courvoisier, Bobby Previte and Daniel Humair among others.
Eskelin's style has its roots in the jazz realm yet his unique phrasing (which is compared to Arnold Schoenberg's technique of "klangfarbenmelodie" in "The Wire", December 1996) and the unorthodox techniques utilized in his compositions (in which composed and improvised elements often collide unpredictably) make for a music that defies easy categorization.
Over the years, Eskelin has garnered significant critical praise in the international jazz press.
"'Down Beat" magazine has recognized him as "a major player in today's creative music" (September 1995) and described his compositional approach as "a startlingly new concept" (January 1997).
Ellery Eskelin began playing tenor saxophone in 1969 at the age of ten.
In interviews he claims his early influences as Gene Ammons, Sonny Stitt, Lee Konitz, Stan Getz and John Coltrane.
His mother, organist Bobbie Lee, learned to play music in the Pentecostal church as a teenager, the influence of which carried over into her playing of secular music and also provided a strong and lasting influence on Eskelin.
Her playing was characterized by a strong rhythmic feel and a commanding delivery of American songs.
Eskelin's grandfather was the musical director of the church and played the pedal steel guitar in services while performing on the electric guitar professionally in Baltimore during the late 1940s and early 1950s.
Baltimore had a rich musical legacy sustained by musicians such as saxophonists Mickey Fields and Gary Bartz.
Musicians from New York often passed through Baltimore to perform on the weekly Sunday afternoon Left Bank Jazz Society concert series presented at the Famous Ballroom.
Eskelin had opportunities to sit in with locals such as Fields as well as internationally renowned artists such as Bartz, Pepper Adams and Woody Shaw.
Early performances as a leader took place at various jazz clubs such as "The Bandstand" and "The Closet" run by saxophonist and entrepreneur Henry Baker, who had a long history in the Baltimore music scene having known Lester Young, Cannonball Adderley, Miles Davis, Red Garland, John Coltrane, Clifford Brown and many others.
Baker predicted that the young saxophonist would one day become "a great tenor saxophone player".
At around this same time Eskelin met drummer Harold White (formerly with Horace Silver) and began performing regularly in White's quintet along with trumpeter Tom Williams.
Eskelin attended Towson University where he studied classical saxophone with Joseph Briscuso and performed in composer Hank Levy's Jazz Ensemble which played Levy's "odd-meter" big band compositions exclusively.
Bassist Drew Gress was a fellow student with whom Eskelin continues to collaborate and perform with to the present day.
In 1979 Eskelin met pianist Marc Copland and joined Copland's band for engagements in Washington D.C. including the Cellar Door, Blues Alley and the One Step Down.
Copland was a former New York saxophonist who moved to Washington DC and switched to piano in order to more deeply explore the role of harmony in his own music.
Eskelin, along with Drew Gress, would reunite with Copland years later in New York City in one of Eskelin's early groups as a leader.
Also in 1979 Eskelin encountered bay area saxophonist Mel Ellison who was performing in Baltimore for an extended engagement with trumpeter Ted Curson's group.
Eskelin took an informal lesson with Ellison, who's unique style made a lasting impression.
Also in this group was drummer Tom Rainey, who in subsequent years Eskelin would tour and record with as part of bassist Mark Helias' ensemble.
From late 1981 until early 1983 Eskelin toured with swing-era trombonist Buddy Morrow in a big band setting performing one-nighters across the United States and culminating in a tour of South America in early 1983.
In March 1983 he left the road tour and moved to New York City taking any kind of musical work available in order to make a living.
In an effort to deepen his understanding of be-bop Eskelin attended nightly informal jam sessions for several years at a local club called the "Star Cafe" on 23rd Street and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan.
These sessions were run by saxophonist Junior Cook and drummer Harold White (who Eskelin had first met and performed with in Baltimore).
In addition Eskelin pursued private studies with saxophonist George Coleman.
During the summer of 1984 Eskelin joined organist Jack McDuff's band (which featured guitarist Dave Stryker and legendary drummer Joe Dukes) on a regular engagement at Dudes Lounge in Harlem.
By 1985 Eskelin slowly began to develop his own musical approach, combining his roots in jazz with his interests in other forms of music, particularly free improvisation.
Laying the groundwork for these explorations were studies with saxophonist David Liebman which led to informal jam sessions and eventually a working professional relationship.
In 1987 Eskelin began developing original music with drummer Phil Haynes leading to the formation of the cooperative group "Joint Venture" (with trumpeter Paul Smoker and bassist Drew Gress) as well as numerous other projects centered around Haynes' Brooklyn loft and rehearsal space.
Along with a group of like-minded musicians they presented a number of annual self-produced festivals in Manhattan at the Knitting Factory which ran into the early 1990s.
These performances and subsequent recordings by these groups led to Eskelin's initial exposure on the European touring circuit.
Eskelin began touring Europe regularly with drummer Joey Baron's group "Baron Down", a trio including Baron, Eskelin and trombonist Steve Swell (and later trombonist Josh Roseman).
Baron Down released three recordings: "Tongue in Groove" (1991), "Raised Pleasure Dot" (1993) and "Crack Shot" (1996).
At this time Eskelin abandoned commercially oriented work in order to concentrate fully on his own projects and the music of like-minded colleagues.
During a three-month period in 1991 he developed a solo saxophone concert program in complete musical isolation, opting not to perform or interact with any other musicians during this time.
In addition to entirely revamping his approach to the saxophone the process proved to be a catalyst for musical ideas that Eskelin further developed and applied to his compositions for the group he formed in 1994, "Ellery Eskelin with Andrea Parkins and Jim Black".
This group, featuring Parkins on accordion and electronics and Black on percussion released "Jazz Trash" in 1995 and followed up with a dozen recordings over the ensuing decade and into the 2000s primarily for the Swiss-based Hat Hut label.
In the liner notes to "One Great Day..." (the band's second release) Eskelin explains that the fractured and sometimes incongruent nature of his experiences as a musician coming up in the 1970s and 1980s finally came together in a manner that made sense and could be expressed in a unified musical language with this ensemble.
The group toured regularly in Europe, the U.S. and Canada and continues, having performed in Europe as recently as 2010.
One of Eskelin's most acclaimed recordings in the 1990s was "The Sun Died" a project based upon music by (and associated with) saxophonist Gene Ammons.
The format was unusual, utilizing saxophone, guitar (Marc Ribot) and drums (Kenny Wolleson).
"The New York Times" characterized "The Sun Died" as "a remarkable record" and chose it as one of the Top 10 Recordings of 1996.
Throughout the first decade of the 2000s Eskelin focused primarily on his group with Andrea Parkins and Jim Black, touring and recording, occasionally augmenting the band with additional musicians such as vocalist Jessica Constable, keyboardist Philippe Gelda, cellist Erik Friedlander, tubist Joseph Daley, guitarist Marc Ribot and bassist Melvin Gibbs.
Additionally, Eskelin continued to maintain long-time musical relationships established in the 1990s, touring and recording with bassist Mark Helias (recordings include "Open Loose", "Fictionary", "Loopin' the Cool"), drummer Gerry Hemingway ("Johnny's Corner Song", "Devil's Paradise", "Songs", "The Whimbler", "Riptide"), drummer Han Bennink ("Dissonant Characters"), drummer Bobby Previte ("Set the Alarm for Monday") and drummer Daniel Humair (Liberté Surveilé).
Eskelin also forged new ties with musicians from around the globe such as oud player Rabih Abou-Khalil, pianist Satoko Fujii, trumpeter Dennis González, clarinetist Ben Goldberg, bassist Lisle Ellis, pianist Erik Deutsch and drummer John Hollenbeck.
Eskelin also made a guest artist appearance on the BBC Electric Proms Festival in London with the Basquiat Strings in 2007.
In 2009 Eskelin was the recipient of a Chamber Music America "New Jazz Works" grant which commissioned an extended work for the group "Different But the Same", a quartet with fellow saxophonist David Liebman.
During this time Eskelin also continued launching new projects of his own (leaning towards complete improvisation) such as "Vanishing Point", a group-improvised recording from 2000 with Mat Maneri (viola), Erik Friedlander (cello), Mark Dresser (bass) and Matt Moran (vibraphone).
An improvising trio of cellist Vincent Courtois, pianist Sylvie Courvoisier and Eskelin was formed in 2002 and recorded "As Soon as Possible" in 2008.
In 2011 Eskelin formed his current working ensemble, Trio New York, with Hammond B3 organist Gary Versace and drummer Gerald Cleaver.
A renewed interest in the early history of the saxophone (sparked by his switch to a vintage instrument in 2009) has invigorated Eskelin's musical aesthetic.
Trio New York incorporates standard material from the Great American Songbook (much of the repertoire being inspired by his mother, organist Bobbie Lee) in a freely improvised setting.
In comparing the group's eponymous recording to an earlier project by Eskelin devoted to the music of saxophonist Gene Ammons ("The Sun Died", 1996), reviewer Ed Hazel wrote: "If anything, Trio New York is both subtler and more adventurous, more at home with the music and less self conscious about taking liberties with it."
The group has released three recordings, "Trio New York", "Trio New York II" and "Trio Willisau Live", this most recent release being a live recording from the Willisau Festival in 2015 and featuring Gerry Hemingway on the drums.
The UK based Wire Magazine wrote of this project, “There’s a whole history of jazz in these richly rewarding performances.”
In 2013 Eskelin released a new recorded project for clean feed records entitled "Mirage", improvisations with Susan Alcorn (pedal steel guitar) and Michael Formanek (double bass).
Eskelin remarked that he was interested in exploring the "expressive range of the saxophone that is perhaps most associated with its beginnings" and that his objective is to "bring that type of lyricism to the language of contemporary improvised music."
Continuing with this idea, in the liner notes to his 2015 release "Solo Live at Snugs" on hatOLOGY records, Eskelin discusses a revamped approach to solo saxophone performance, updating his 1992 release "Premonition - Solo Tenor Saxophone" in which he compares the two projects by saying “As opposed to reimagining my instrument I’m very much interested in the essence of a saxophone as being just what it is, a saxophone.” Going even further, Eskelin was interviewed by the web based music journal “Point of Departure” in 2016 in which he conveyed his increasing advocacy of acoustic (non-amplified) performance in humanistic, if not spiritual terms.
One such project that adheres to this aesthetic was released on the Swiss Intakt label in 2017, titled “Sensations of Tone” with bassist Christian Weber (from Zürich) and Michael Griener on drums (based in Berlin).
This trio alternates freely improvised music with early jazz classics by composers such as Jelly Roll Morton and Fats Waller.
The group performs acoustically (with bassist Weber opting not to use an amplifier).
In this same interview Eskelin also expresses concern about the effect of technology on the artistic experience (for both performers and audience) as well as the potential for the disruption of personal and community engagement.
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Willard Woodward Keith, Jr. (June 13, 1920 – November 3, 1942) was a United States Marine Corps officer who was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his heroic actions during the World War II Battle of Guadalcanal.
Two cancelled United States Navy destroyer escorts and the destroyer USS "Willard Keith" (DD-775) were named in his honor.
Willard Keith was born in Berkeley, California on June 13, 1920.
He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve on April 18, 1939 and served as an enlisted man until he received an honorable discharge on November 3, 1940 to take an appointment as a 2nd lieutenant in the Reserves on the following day.
Keith was called to active duty on February 20, 1941, and served "stateside" until his unit was transferred to the South Pacific in the spring of 1942 to build up for the first Allied offensive in that theater — the Battle of Guadalcanal.
Promoted to captain, Keith led Company "G," 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines (2/5), from the initial phase of the Guadalcanal campaign.
He landed with them at Tulagi on August 7, 1942.
By that autumn, the campaign on Guadalcanal was still a hard-fought one.
In an offensive aimed against Japanese artillery positions sited beyond the Matanikau River and within range of the important Henderson Field airstrip, the 2nd Battalion was assigned the left flank position.
Initial elements of the battalion crossed the Matanikau in rubber boats before dawn on November 3, 1942, supported effectively by dive bomber strikes, artillery, and naval gunfire.
That afternoon, Captain Keith led his company against a Japanese strong-point that was entrenched on high ground and concealed by heavy jungle grown.
The defending Japanese platoon was reinforced with heavy machine guns.
Realizing that neither mortar nor artillery fire could reach the Japanese positions, determined to evict the Japanese, Keith initiated and led successive bayonet and hand grenade charges in the face of heavy fire.
Although the Japanese platoon was annihilated, Capt.
Keith was struck in the head by a bullet and killed instantly.
For his heroic actions, Captain Willard W. Keith, Jr. was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for a "grim determination and aggressive devotion to duty" in keeping with the "highest traditions of the naval service."
The 1st Marine Division (Reinforced) — of which the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines was a part — received the Presidential Unit Citation.
The destroyer escort USS "Willard Keith" (DE-754) was named for Captain Keith, but was cancelled during construction in 1943.
Another destroyer escort, USS "Willard Keith" (DE-314) then was named for him, but in 1944 also was cancelled during construction.
Finally, USS "Willard Keith" (DD-775), an "Allen M. Sumner"-class destroyer, was named in his honor and was in commission from 1944 to 1972.
There is a "Willard Memorial Terrace" garden dedicated to him in the Main Quad at Stanford University.
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Mohamed Gharib Bilal (born 1945) is a Tanzanian politician who was Chief Minister of Zanzibar from 1995 to 2000.
He was Vice President of Tanzania from 2010 to 2015.
He is a nuclear scientist by profession and also served as Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education from 1990 to 1995.
Dr Bilal completed his primary education at Makunduchi, Zanzibar in 1958 and attended his secondary education at Beit-el-Ras in 1962 and later joined Lumumba Secondary School in Zanzibar.
Before completing Form Five, Dr Bilal received a scholarship to study physics at Howard University in Washington, graduating in physics and mathematics in 1967.
He earned an MA in physics from the University of California at Berkeley in 1969, and a PhD in physics in 1976.
Later the same year he joined the University of Dar es Salaam as a lecturer in physics.
In 1983 he was elected head of the Department of Nuclear Physics.
In 1983 he participated to establish a national organization of radiation and contribute professional the preparation of draft of legislation which led to the law of use and control of the nuclear radiation in Tanzania.
In 1988 he was appointed head of the Faculty of Science at the University of Dar es Salaam and continue in office until 1990 when he was appointed Permanent Secretary in the new Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education in 1990-1995.
As secretary-general he was involved in starting the process of sharing the costs of higher education and the introduction of credit.
Also, the ministry introduced the Open University, along with establishing control over higher education institutions (accreditation council).
In 1988 Dr Bilal was a project initiator in Zanzibar's science camp aimed at motivating young people studying science and to help all secondary schools in Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba) Getting equipment to facilitate testing of students to understand science more practical.
The project eventually was adopted by the Ministry of Education in Zanzibar.
The project encouraged many young people to study science and give them the challenge of learning many different topics about Zanzibar environment.
As a teacher of the University Dr Bilal was able to participate in a board far away, such as the Commission of Science and Technology (COSTECH), Commission of radiation (NRC), chairman of the science panel of the Inter University Council of East Africa and also participated pioneering studies on environmental science (1990).
Mohammed Gharib Bilal got an opportunity to attend seminars and short courses in various professions, for example, seminars of [atomic agency] ([IAEA]) in 1980 Kwabena, Ghana.
1984/85.
Fellowship University of Singapore.
Also attended sessions each year with the organization of Atomic.
In 1995 Dr. Mohammed Gharib Bilal was appointed Chief Minister of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar until 2000.
Dr Bilali has been serving in various positions at Chama Cha Mapinduzi such as a main Board member of National Executive Committee since 1995 and has been Lord of Regional and Urban West Coast Region.
Since 2010 he has been Vice President of Tanzania, assisting President Jakaya Kikwete.
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Raymond LeRoy Clark (December 11, 1917 - July 5, 2000) known professionally as Yodelin' Slim Clark was an American musician known for his yodeling.
He was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Clark.
Slim completed two years of high school, at which time he became a professional musician at the age of 15 in 1932 - however, he was performing at grange halls and fairs as early as 1930.
In 1945, Slim began spending his summers in Maine, and in 1952 he became a resident there.
He was married to Celia Jo Roberson Clark in 1943.
He had two children with Celia, Jewel LaVerne Clark and Wilf Carter Clark, both of whom have pursued careers in music, including yodeling.
He was divorced from Celia in 1968.
He was married in 1981 to Dr. Kathleen M. Pigeon Clark.
Raymond Clark died in St. Albans, Maine on July 5, 2000.
Kathleen Clark still resides there.
His early days included performances at WHAI in Greenfield, Massachusetts and WKNE in Keene, New Hampshire.
In 1936, he went on the air as "Wyoming Buck" and a few months later the radio station manager renamed him "Yodeling Slim Clark" - which was his trademark throughout his career.
His performances at WKNE starting in 1938 included a memorable weekly show with legendary Keene announcer Ozzie Wade.
Later, he moved to Maine, where he starred in the 1960s on the Bangor radio program, "RFD Dinnerbell".
From 1952-1967 he was featured in both radio and television programs at WABI in Bangor.
Though primarily known as a single act, Slim's bands included the "Red River Rangers", "The Trailriders" and "The Trailsmen".
Country music favorites Kenny Roberts and Dick Curless (The Tumbleweed Kid) were members of the Red River Rangers and the Trailriders, respectively.
In 1946, Slim signed with Continental Records in New York City, at the urging of yodeler Elton Britt.
He made his first 78 rpm recording that same year.
The songs he recorded at Continental were largely traditional cowboy and folk tunes, along with a few Wilf Carter songs and some originals, often co-written with Pete Roy.
Clark stayed with the label until 1957, followed by associations with several independent labels.
He cut four singles for Doc Williams' Wheeling label in 1953 and later made an album for the Canadian Arc label.
In 1965, Clark recorded a few excellent albums for Palomino records.
During his very active career, Slim recorded over 50 78s, 40 45s and over 25 albums.
Copies of his old 78s are in the Library at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and have become collector's items.
Slim also appeared coast-to-coast on both the NBC network and the ABC network on different jamborees.
He was featured on Folk Music USA.
Slim performed western music for 70 years.
He gained popularity throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe with only a handful of appearances outside his lifelong New England base.
After a partial retirement in the early 1970s, he recorded for Palomino Records, and played many festivals during the summertime.
Slim won the World Yodeling Championship in 1947 and was inducted into the Yodeler's Hall of Fame, along with Jimmie Rodgers, Elton Britt, and Wilf Carter.
He was a member of the Western Music Association's Hall of Fame.
He is represented in the Walkway of Stars at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville.
In November 2000, he was posthumously inducted into the Cowboy Hall of Fame.
He was also inducted into the Maine Country Music Hall of Fame, Massachusetts Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rhode Island Country Music Hall of Fame.
Two of the biggest influences on Slim's music and career were Jimmie Rodgers and Wilf Carter (Montana Slim).
Around 1930, after hearing a Montana Slim national radio broadcast, he decided to become a cowboy singer.
"A cowboy," he said, "is anyone who lives that type of life, no matter where he is."
During his younger days, Slim played pro-baseball as a pitcher for the Blackstone Valley League in Massachusetts.
He later tried out to be a pitcher of the Boston Braves.
He was an avid sports fan, following baseball, football, basketball and golf.
In addition to sports, he maintained a lifelong interest in hunting and fishing, as well as farming and was a Registered Guide in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont for over 17 years.
In retirement, most of his time was spent painting.
He became recognized for his lifelike paintings of outdoors scenes—one of his most popular paintings being that of a Lombard Log hauler.
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Gräfenroda is a municipality in the Ilm-Kreis district, in Thuringia, Germany.
It is the administrative seat of the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft" Oberes Geratal.
The municipal area stretches along the valley of the Wilde Gera river and its Lütsche tributary, northeast of the Thuringian Forest mountain range and the Rennsteig ridge.
The Lütsche Reservoir built in 1935-38 is located west of the settlement.
The municipality has access to the Bundesautobahn 71 near the Rennsteig Tunnel at Gräfenroda junction, about to the southeast.
With a population of about 3200, Gräfenroda is the district's fourth-largest municipality, though without town privileges.
Gräfenroda was first mentioned in a 1290 deed, located on an important trade route from Arnstadt to Suhl.
From the early 14th century onwards, the local estates were held by the Thuringian noble house of Schwarzburg.
From 1640 half of the estates were in possession of the Ernestine dukes of Saxe-Gotha, while the remaining Schwarzenburg parts from 1716 were ruled within the principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.
The local population was largely involved in agriculture and forestry, but also in copper, silver and lead mining, as well as in glass production.
While in the mid 19th century, numerous people emigrated from the remote area to the United States, the local economy developed in the course of the industrialisation.
Gräfenroda station on the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway line was inaugurated by the Thuringian Railway Company in 1884, followed by a railway line to Gotha in 1892.
In the 1870s, two local companies began the industrial production of garden gnomes ().
After their first appearance at the 1898 Leipzig Trade Fair, these figurines became increasingly popular throughout Germany, with Gräfenroda as a centre of manufacturing.
Today, a museum examines the history of garden gnomes.
From 1858 Gräfenroda was incorporated into the Ohrdruf district within the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
It became part of the Free State of Thuringia in 1920.
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Anthony W. Parrish (born November 23, 1975) is a former American football safety that played nine seasons in the National Football League.
He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 1998 NFL Draft with the 35th overall pick.
He played college football at the University of Washington.
He was an Associated Press All-Pro in 2003, and is listed on the 49ers' All-2000s team.
Parrish was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and Las Vegas Locomotives.
Parrish grew up in Huntington Beach, California with a love for soccer and played for the North Huntington Beach Soccer Club (The Pirates).
Parrish's team won 3 California State titles and a National Championship.
Parrish starred in multiple sports at Marina High School (Huntington Beach, California), including basketball, baseball, football, and track and field.
Parrish was a two-time California state triple jump champion with a personal best of 50 – 11.75 inches.
He was named the 1993 Orange County Track Athlete of the Year.
As a football player, Parrish was first team All-County as a safety, and also played tailback his senior year, totaling 415 yards and eight touchdowns.
Parrish was recruited to play at the University of Washington after his high school coach brought his highlight tape to a Husky Rose Bowl practice at a community college just a few miles from his high school.
Parrish attended the University of Washington, where he played for the Washington Huskies football team from 1993 to 1997 in the Pacific-10 Conference and majored in psychology.
He redshirted as a true freshman, and then went on to record 21 tackles and two interceptions during his first year of playing.
As a sophomore and freshman, Parrish started a combined eight games at strong safety.
He then went on to start every game as a junior at free safety.
Parrish was named first-team All-PAC-10, recording 71 tackles, along with two forced fumbles, four fumble recoveries, eight passes defended, and two interceptions.
As a senior, Parrish was named a team captain and led the huskies to an 8-4 record; he was also second-team All-Pac-10 and a semifinalist for the Jim Thorpe Award.
He recorded 81 tackles, six interceptions (team-leading), four passes defended, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, and two touchdowns.
In the Aloha Bowl that year, the Huskies beat Michigan State 51-23, a game that included Parrish returning an interception 56 yards for a touchdown.
While Parrish played for the University of Washington, the Huskies recorded a 31-15 overall record, along with a 22-9-1 record in the Pacific-10 Conference.
From 1994-1997, Parrish played in 46 of the 47 games he was eligible to play in during his career at the University of Washington.
Parrish lettered twice in track and field for the University of Washington, competing in the triple jump, 55-meter dash, 100-meter dash, and in the 4 × 100 metres relay.
On October 10, 2009, Parrish was named a Husky Legend, a prestigious group that recognizes significant contributions to the husky football program.
Parrish was selected by the Chicago Bears with the fifth pick of the second round (35th overall) in the 1998 NFL Draft.
Parrish started week one at free safety against the Jacksonville Jaguars and recorded a team-leading 14 tackles, three forced fumbles, and a recovered fumble.
Parrish went on to start every game his rookie year, tallying 111 tackles, a sack, an interception and five forced fumbles.
His rookie year, Parrish was named to the Pro Football Weekly 1998 All-Rookie team.
Following his rookie year, Parrish was also voted by his teammates as the recipient of the Brian Piccolo Award as a testament to his character.
In 1999, the Chicago Bears moved Parrish from free safety to strong safety where he started all 16 games.
He improved during his second year in the NFL, recording a career-high 124 tackles, which was second on the team.
In week 11 of the 2000 NFL season, Parrish returned an interception for a touchdown against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second quarter, which eventually secured a win for the Bears with a final score of 13-10.
In 2000 and 2001, he had three interceptions each year, starting every game each year at strong safety.
In 2001, Tony’s last year with the Bears, he paired with Mike Brown (free safety) to be one of the leading safety duos in the NFL.
In 2001, he helped lead the bears' defense in giving up the fewest points in the NFL.
The Bears finished as Champions of the NFC Central with a 13-3 regular season record.
While with the Bears, Parrish was best known for providing solid run support and for his big hits on receivers over the middle of the field.
Parrish recorded four 14-tackle games with the Bears and was the first Bear since Mike Singletary (1980) to record 100 tackles in each of his first three seasons.
Parrish was voted by Chicago Bears fans as the 95th best player in Bears history in 2014.
Parrish signed with the San Francisco 49ers on a five-year deal following the 2001 NFL Season.
Prior to the 49ers April minicamp, Parrish has his right testicle removed in an operation after discovering a tumor in an exam on a nagging groin injury.
In his first season with the 49ers, Parrish recorded seven interceptions.
Parrish’s most notable game in 2002 with the 49ers was in week 14 against the Dallas Cowboys, when Parrish recorded two interceptions with a bulky arm brace because he was playing with a recently dislocated elbow.
Parrish received NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his game against Dallas that helped secure a victory.
The San Francisco 49ers went on to win the NFC West in Parrish's first year with a 10-6 overall record.
In Parrish’s first year with the 49ers, he started every game at safety while tallying up a team-leading 7 interceptions, one forced fumble, two fumble recoveries, and 71 tackles.
Parrish received the Ed Block Courage Award in 2002 for representing courage and leadership in the face of adversity, and in Parrish's case was based on his performance that excelled regardless of the many injuries that he sustained throughout the season.
Along with the Ed Block Courage Award, Parrish received multiple awards for his role with the 49ers in 2002 on and off the field: Sports Illustrated All-Pro, Football Digest All-Pro, and the Len Eshmont Award from the 49ers organization (where he was the first 49er to win the award in his inaugural season with the franchise).
Parrish continued his success with the 49ers in 2003 by starting every game for the 49ers and anchoring their defense.
Parrish produced another two-interception game in 2003 in week 16 against the Philadelphia Eagles that led to him being named NFC Defensive Player of the Week.
Parrish also had five consecutive games with an interception in 2003 (November 17 to December 4), which is the second longest streak for consecutive games with an interception in 49ers history.
Parrish tallied an NFL-leading nine interceptions in 2003 as well as 78 combined tackles and a forced fumble.
Although he was surprisingly left off of the 2003 Pro Bowl squad, he was named an Associated Press All-Pro and also named to the All-NFC team by Pro Football Weekly.
Parrish had another successful season in 2004, recording 87 combined tackles and a team-leading four interceptions.
In 2005, Parrish recorded two interceptions and 44 tackles in 9 starts before fracturing his fibula and ankle against the Chicago Bears in week 9 of the 2005 NFL season.
Prior to his injury, Parrish had two more two-interception games, one against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2004 and one against the Dallas Cowboys in 2005.
He led the NFL in total interceptions from 2001-2005, with 25.
Tony returned to the 49ers before the start of the 2006 season in a starting role, but was released after their ninth game on December 5.
Prior to his injury, Parrish started 57 straight games for the 49ers at safety and had started 121 straight games in his NFL career, the longest starting streak at the time since Herman Edwards (135).
Parrish has the seventh most interceptions of all time for the 49ers (22), the fourth most interception return yards in 49ers history (504), and also has the second most interceptions recorded in a single season in 49ers history with nine.
Parrish now has some of his memorabilia from his time with the 49ers on display at Levi's Stadium, and is listed on the San Francisco 49ers All-2000s team for his contributions to the team from 2002 to 2006.
Following his release from the 49ers in 2006, he was claimed off waivers by the Dallas Cowboys on December 7, to add depth to the secondary for the playoff run.
He appeared in one game, while being declared inactive in 3 contests.
He wasn't re-signed after the season.
After spending two years out of football to recover from numerous injuries, Parrish was signed by the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League on August 31, 2009 and became an instant starter and team captain.
The Locomotives went on to win the UFL championship in 2009.
Parrish partnered with fellow Chicago defensive backs and Meals on Wheels to support the ‘Intercept Hunger’ program, be providing meal donations for the needy funded by participating players’ performances during each game.
In addition, Parrish supported the Chicago-area Special Olympics program for children and youth with special needs.
Parrish was also a lead spokesman and ‘face’ of the “Bear Down’ program, aimed at curbing underage liquor sales and alcohol consumption for the Illinois State Liquor Control Board.
Parrish partnered with Lura Lynn Ryan, wife of then Governor George Ryan and together they raised public awareness of the effort to help keep young people from following the wrong path.
While with the San Francisco 49ers, Parrish volunteered and helped manage the ‘49ers Reading Team’, which promotes the benefits of reading to children throughout the Bay Area.
Upon receiving the Ed Block award in his 1st season with the 49ers, Parrish became active with a ‘Courage House’ in San Francisco.
These houses are orphanages for children of all backgrounds, and Parrish spent considerable time visiting with the young people.
Parrish also spent time at the University of California San Francisco Children’s Hospital where he consistently met with patients and their families.
He created the ‘Tuesday with Tony’ weekly event where he would interact with ailing teenagers.
Currently, Parrish is very active in the Right to Play organization as an 'Athlete Ambassador’.
‘Right to Play’ has brought the concept and benefits of team sports to over a million children around the world on a weekly basis.
Parrish also volunteers for Armed Forces Entertainment and Pro Tour Production organizations, and travels abroad to visit US military personnel.
He has visited over a dozen military bases in 5 counties to-date including Kuwait, Bahrain, Singapore, and Djibouti (Africa).
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Rashaun Dorrell Woods (born October 17, 1980) is a former American college and professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) for two seasons during the early 2000s.
Woods played college football for Oklahoma State University, and received All-American honors.
He was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the NFL's 49ers and the CFL's Toronto Argonauts.
Woods was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
He attended Millwood High School in Oklahoma City, and played for the Millwood high school football team.
While attending Oklahoma State University, Woods played for the Oklahoma State Cowboys football team from 2000 to 2003.
He finished his college career with 293 receptions, 4,414 yards and 42 touchdowns—all Big 12 records.
Woods was a two-time all-American, including being recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2002.
He became the eighth player in NCAA Division I-A annals to gain over 1,000 yards receiving in a season three times in a career.
Woods also holds the NCAA single-game record for most touchdown receptions in a game (7 against Southern Methodist University in 2003) and most touchdown receptions in a half (5 in the first half of the same SMU game).
All seven touchdowns were thrown by former Kansas City Royals infielder Josh Fields.
In 2001, his biggest touchdown catch made during his college career was against Oklahoma Sooners down in Norman, where the unranked OSU Cowboys upset the highly ranked Sooners.
Also, the following year he had 3 touchdowns against the Sooners, in the annual Bedlam game 2002.
Woods has two brothers who followed him to Oklahoma State.
D'Juan who graduated in 2007, who played wide receiver and Donovan, a former Oklahoma State linebacker who spent time at safety and quarterback, graduated in 2008.
D'Juan was picked up by the Jacksonville Jaguars as a free agent after the 2007 NFL draft while Donovan was a practice squad member of the 2008-09 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl Championship team.
Woods had 7 catches for 160 yards and 1 touchdown in his rookie season (2004) and spent the 2005 season on injured reserve with torn ligaments in his thumb.
In April 2006, he was traded to the San Diego Chargers for cornerback Sammy Davis.
In August 2006, he was cut from the San Diego Chargers.
On August 3, 2006, he was claimed off waivers by the Denver Broncos but failed his physical and was released.
In Dec. of 2006 he worked out with the Minnesota Vikings.
On July 23, 2007, Woods signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League.
He was released by the Toronto Argonauts on August 8, 2007.
He was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on October 4, 2007.
On June 22, 2008 Woods was 1 of 14 players to be cut from the Hamilton Tiger-Cats final roster.
After his playing career ended, Woods worked as an assistant football coach at Millwood and at Star Spencer High School, and also as a high school football radio commentator and professional bass fisherman.
In January 2013, Woods was selected to be head football coach at John Marshall High School in Oklahoma City.
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Stefano Fiore (born 17 April 1975 in Cosenza) is an Italian football manager and former player, who played as an attacking midfielder or on the wing.
He was in charge as manager technical area of Nuova Cosenza Calcio in Serie D.
Fiore played for several Italian clubs throughout his career; he started out with Cosenza in 1992, before moving to Parma for a season in 1994, where he made his Serie A debut and won the UEFA Cup.
He spent two seasons at Padova and Chievo, before returning to Parma again for two more seasons in 1997, where he broke into the starting line-up and won a double which consisted of his second UEFA Cup and the Coppa Italia in 1999.
He subsequently moved to Udinese, where he spent two successful seasons, winning the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2000 and thus helping his team qualify for Europe.
A move to Lazio ensued, where he won his second Coppa Italia in 2004, finishing as the competition's top-scorer.
His performances led to a transfer to Spanish side Valencia later that year, where he struggled to replicate his previous form despite initially winning the UEFA Supercup, and he was subsequently sent back to Italy on loan to Fiorentina, Torino, and Livorno during his three seasons with the club.
In 2007, he returned permanently to Italy, signing with Mantova for a season; after remaining inactive during the 2008–09 season, he moved to Cosenza in 2009, where he ended his career after two seasons.
At international level, Fiore won 38 caps for the Italy national football team between 2000 and 2004, and scored twice.
At youth level, he was a member of the team that won the 1997 Mediterranean Games, while at senior level he was selected to the Italy squads for UEFA Euro 2000, in which he scored one goal as his team reached the final, and UEFA Euro 2004.
Fiore was born in Cosenza, and he began his professional footballing career with his domestic club in 1992.
He played just 11 games before moving to Parma in 1994.
He made his Serie A debut with the club at the age of nineteen, in a 0–0 away draw against Genoa, on the 11th December 1994.
During that season, Parma came in third in Serie A, and reached the final of the Coppa Italia.
Their most prestigious success was achieved with their UEFA Cup victory over season rivals Juventus, and Fiore was inserted into the starting eleven by manager Nevio Scala, in the return leg of the final, which finished 1–1.
This allowed Fiore to gain international experience alongside his established teammates such as Gianfranco Zola, Fernando Couto, and Dino Baggio.
His limited playing time with them persuaded him to move to Padova for the following season, where he scored 1 goal in 24 games.
In the 1996–97 season, Fiore moved to Serie B side Chievo, where he was impressive, notching up 2 goals and plenty of assists.
This prompted former club, Parma, to re-sign the midfielder in 1997.
For the next 2 seasons he became a more permanent member of the squad; although he was mainly left on the bench during the 1997–98 season, he looked far more impressive than his main starting eleven contender, the aging Dino Baggio, when he was given a chance, and he became a member of the starting line-up during the following 1998–99 season.
This season was Fiore's most successful season, as Parma finished fourth in Serie A, and won the Coppa Italia over Fiorentina.
Fiore also won his second career UEFA Cup with Parma that season, as they defeated Olympique Marseille 3–0 in the final in Moscow.
Fiore was one of the protagonists of Parma's triumphant European campaign that season, notching 2 goals in 10 UEFA Cup appearances.
In June 1999 he moved to Udinese under Luigi De Canio, originally a cash-plus-player deal in which Parma would receive Stephen Appiah and Márcio Amoroso, for a combined 90 billion lire transfer fees to Udinese, Fiore priced as 15 billion and the rest as cash.
His breakthrough with the club came during the 1999–2000 Serie A season, which saw him score a personal best of 9 goals in 33 appearances.
His fine form earned him a call to the national side for Euro 2000 at the expense of Dino Baggio, the man who had kept him out of the Parma team for so long.
His fine form continued and he scored 9 goals in 34 games in the 2000–01 season, during which he also won the 2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup with Udinese, which allowed them to qualify for the UEFA Cup that season.
Eventually, Fiore did move to Lazio in June 2001 along with teammate Giuliano Giannichedda, for a deal over 80 billion Italian lire.
Lazio had big money moves that season, they sold midfielder Juan Sebastián Verón and Pavel Nedvěd that month (June), and sold striker Marcelo Salas to Juventus for cash and Darko Kovačević.
They also got Jaap Stam to compensate part of Verón's transfer fees and signed Gaizka Mendieta from Valencia, initially under his former Italy manager at Euro 2000 Dino Zoff.
Fiore could not find his best form for Lazio during the 2001–02 season, as the coach that replaced Zoff, Alberto Zaccheroni, persisted in playing him on the left side of midfield.
This resulted in Fiore losing his place in the national side for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan.
Zaccheroni was dismissed in 2002, and Fiore began to improve with a new coach, Roberto Mancini.
Fiore seemed more at ease playing in the centre of the squad's midfield, and he guided Lazio to fourth in Serie A, thus earning them a place in next season's UEFA Champions League, scoring 6 goals, and also notably reaching the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup that season, only to lose to the eventual champions Porto.
Fiore was in good form for Lazio the following season, despite the loss of several key players in the summer (and then Dejan Stanković in January 2004).
Lazio won the 2003–04 Coppa Italia, in which Fiore was an inspirational player, finishing the tournament as top scorer with 6 goals in 7 appearances.
His impressive showings earned him a place on the national side for Euro 2004.
Due to the financial problems which Lazio were suffering, Fiore, along with Bernardo Corradi, were off-loaded to Spanish club Valencia, where he joined the Italian coach Claudio Ranieri, and compatriot Marco Di Vaio, signing a 3+1 years contract.
Corradi was priced at €10 million and Fiore at€6.6 million.
The sale compensated the unpaid €16.6 million of Gaizka Mendieta's remaining transfer fees from Valencia to Lazio.
After a promising start, which included winning the UEFA Super Cup over Champions League winners Porto, Valencia suffered a disastrous losing streak in October, from which they never fully recovered.
They exited the UEFA Champions League early, and coach Claudio Ranieri was dismissed by mid February.
Fiore could not adequately adapt to the demands of Spanish football, and was often left on the substitutes' bench.
In July 2005, Fiore and Corradi returned to Serie A, with Fiorentina taking the midfielder on a loan spell.
They had lost Enzo Maresca and holding midfielder Christian Obodo earlier in June.
Fiore linked up well with striker Luca Toni, and together they brought Fiorentina to a higher level, guiding them to 4th in Serie A, before the Calciopoli verdicts saw them lose this place.
Fiorentina decided not to take Fiore on a permanent basis and he sealed a loan move to Torino, who were returning to Serie A, on deadline day.
On January 31, 2007, the closing day of the transfer window, he was loaned to Livorno.
On February 11, 2007, he played his first Serie A match for Livorno against A.C. Milan
In the summer of 2007, he failed to find a club at which to settle, until August 22, when he signed a 1-year contract with A.C. Mantova of Serie B, which he last experienced in 1997.
Successively, Fiore did not play for any team during the 2008–09, but on September 2009 he finally made his comeback into active football, agreeing a three-year contract with hometown club Cosenza, in the third-tier Lega Pro Prima Divisione, where he remained until his retirement in 2011.
Fiore made 8 appearances for Italy's Under-21 side, and 3 appearances for the Under-23 side, with which he won the Mediterranean Games in 1997.
He made his Italy national football team senior debut during his time with Udinese, under manager Dino Zoff, on the 23rd February 2000, taking part in an international friendly against Sweden, in Palermo.
Fiore's fine form during the 1999–2000 Serie A season soon allowed him to become a permanent and important member of the national side, earning him a place in Dino Zoff's national side for Euro 2000.
He had a very successful tournament and scored what many regard as the goal of the tournament in the 2–0 victory over co-hosts Belgium, in Italy's second group match; he also assisted a goal for his creative, offensive midfield teammate Francesco Totti in the quarter-finals of the tournament, a 2–0 win over Romania, which sealed Italy's place in the semi-finals against co-hosts the Netherlands.
His fine form continued as he went on to take part in all of Italy's matches throughout the competition, as they reached the final, only to lose to the defending World Champions France on a golden-goal in extra-time.
Under Zoff's replacement Giovanni Trapattoni, Fiore continued to be a member of the national side, scoring his second international goal on the 28th February 2001, in a friendly defeat to Argentina, at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome.
He missed out on the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan, however, where Italy were disappointingly and controversially eliminated in the second round by co-hosts South Korea.
Fiore's impressive showings for Lazio during the 2003–04 season allowed him to return to the national side in 2003, and he earned a place in Italy's 23-man squad for Euro 2004.
However, Fiore was used sparingly by coach Giovanni Trapattoni, who preferred to play the Argentine born winger, Mauro Camoranesi, only using Fiore as a substitute in the opening two group matches.
When he did start, the Azzurri looked a lot more creative, with Fiore nearly scoring from a spectacular volley against Bulgaria in the final group game.
Despite the Azzurri winning the match 2–1, and not losing a match throughout the competition, the two draws in the previous group games led to Italy's first-round elimination from the tournament on direct encounters, following a three-way five-point tie with Denmark and Sweden, who both progressed on to the quarter-finals.
Following Trapattoni's departure in 2004, due to Italy's negative performance in the European Championships, Fiore featured in certain matches under the new Italy manager Marcello Lippi.
Fiore retired from the national side later that year.
In total, Fiore won 38 caps for the Italy national football team between 2000 and 2004, scoring two goals.
Throughout his career, Fiore was usually deployed as an attacking midfielder or on the wing.
A quick, combative, hard-working, and mobile player, Fiore was a talented, creative, and technically gifted playmaker, with good vision, ball skills, and intelligence, who was renowned for his passing ability and his eye for goal; these attributes also allowed him to play as a supporting striker on occasion, as well as in several deeper midfield roles, due to his versatility and defensive work-rate off the ball, as well as his ability to link-up with other players and both create or finish off chances.
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Emily Williams (born 8 October 1984) is a New Zealand-born Australian singer and songwriter, who rose to fame on the third season of "Australian Idol" in 2005, and became runner-up of the season.
After "Idol", Williams signed with Sony BMG and became a member of all-girl pop group Young Divas, known for their singles "This Time I Know It's For Real" and "Happenin' All Over Again".
Following the disbandment of the group in 2008, Williams turned to songwriting and penned hits for many renowned recording artists both in Australia and internationally.
She did not write her younger brother's J. Williams' single "Ghetto Flower" (2008).
In 2010, Williams' released her debut solo single "Spellbound", independently.
Her debut solo album "Uncovered" was released in February 2012.
Emily Williams was born on 8 October 1984 in South Auckland, New Zealand, to a Samoan family.
Williams' has an older sister — Lavina Williams, who was a contestant on "Australian Idol" in 2006 and also a younger brother — J.Williams, a singer/dancer in New Zealand.
During Willams' early years, her father was very strict when it came to devoting yourself to religion and music.
Before appearing on "Idol", she worked as a forklift operator from Inala, Queensland.
Williams auditioned for the third season of "Australian Idol" in 2005.
During the season, she scored three touchdowns from judge Mark Holden.
On 15 November 2005, betting agency Centrebet announced their final-week prediction that Williams would win the competition, with her odds at $1.36 and Kate DeAraugo at $3.00.
However, on 21 November 2005, it was announced that the winner was DeAraugo.
In January 2006, Sony BMG Australia announced that William's had signed a recording contract with their label, and that she would release her debut album later in the year.
She re-located to Melbourne to begin writing and co-writing tracks with both local and international songwriters.
However, Williams' album was never released.
In May 2006, Williams was asked by her record label to be part of an all-girl band concept, which included previous "Australian Idol" contestants, Paulini, Ricki-Lee Coulter and Kate DeAraugo for a 17-date national tour to promote all four singers as solo artists.
Alongside the national tour, they released a cover of the Donna Summer classic "This Time I Know It's For Real", under the name Young Divas.
The song peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).
A second single soon followed after—a cover of Lonnie Gordon's disco classic "Happenin' All Over Again".
It peaked at number nine on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold.
Following on from the success of their two singles and tour, the Young Divas released their self-titled debut album of remakes of classics, on 14 November 2006.
The album debuted at number four on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified double platinum.
In May 2007, Williams contested the New Zealand reality television show "Pop's Ultimate Star", and came fourth.
In September 2007, it was revealed that season-four "Australian Idol" runner-up Jessica Mauboy was the new member of the Young Divas, replacing Coulter, who left the group to resume her solo career.
They then went on to release their second studio album, "New Attitude", on 26 November 2007.
The lead single "Turn Me Loose" peaked at number fifteen on the ARIA Singles Chart.
The album reached number ten on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold.
Young Divas later disbanded in 2008.
Following the disbandment of the Young Divas, Williams revisited her hometown in New Zealand, and turned to songwriting.
While she created her own music, she penned hits for many renowned recording artists both in Australia and internationally.
She wrote her younger brother J. Williams' single "Ghetto Flower" (2008).
In 2010, Williams became a reading ambassador for The Pyjama Foundation, which allows her to raise awareness and support to help children improve their literacy skills.
On 21 October 2010, she made a television appearance on "Ready Steady Cook" with fellow "Australian Idol" contestant Cosima De Vito.
On 1 November 2010, she released her debut solo single "Spellbound", independently.
The single was promoted by Williams through a live televised performance on "The Morning Show".
She also performed the song at clubs in Brisbane and Sydney, and also toured shopping malls in Melbourne and Gold Coast.
The music video premiered on YouTube on 4 November 2010.
In December 2010, Williams received a nomination for 'Australian Female Artist of the Year' at the IT List Awards.
Williams' second single "You're Mine" was made available for download on 14 February 2011, to coincide with Valentine's Day.
She performed the song on "The Morning Show".
On 1 March 2011, she released a ballad titled "Never Alone", to raise support for the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.
All proceeds from the single went to the New Zealand Red Cross.
The Popstar remix of "Spellbound" was released digitally on 24 June 2011.
Williams' debut solo album "Uncovered" was released independently on 10 February 2012.
In June 2012, she was featured on dance music producer The Popstar's single "Spotlight", which also appears on her album "Uncovered".
In April 2013, Williams released her fourth lead single "Get It".
In July 2013, Williams was featured on British rapper and "The Valleys" star Leeroy Reed's single "Can't Get Enough".
In January 2014, she was featured on "Geordie Shore" star Gary "Gaz" Beadle's debut single "Party Like a Rockstar (Up Your Game)" with UK group The Risk.
Williams' has a daughter named Asia with Richie Lio.
She separated from Lio in 2007.
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Victor Henry Mair (; born March 25, 1943) is an American sinologist and professor of Chinese at the University of Pennsylvania.
Among other accomplishments, Mair has edited the standard "Columbia History of Chinese Literature" and the "Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature".
Mair is the series editor of the Cambria Sinophone World Series (Cambria Press), and his book coauthored with Miriam Robbins Dexter (published by Cambria Press), "Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia", won the Sarasvati Award for the Best Nonfiction Book in Women and Mythology.
Victor H. Mair was born on March 25, 1943, in East Canton, Ohio.
After completing high school, Mair matriculated as an undergraduate student at Dartmouth College, where, in addition to his studies, he was a member of the Dartmouth Big Green men's basketball team.
He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1965, then joined the Peace Corps and served in Nepal for two years.
After leaving the Peace Corps in 1967, Mair returned to the United States and enrolled in the Buddhist Studies program at the University of Washington, where he began studying Buddhism, Sanskrit, and Classical Tibetan.
In 1968, Mair won a Marshall Scholarship and moved to the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London to further study Chinese and Sanskrit, receiving an honorary B.A.
in 1972 and an M.Phil.
in 1974.
He then moved to Harvard University, where he received a Ph.D. in 1976 with a doctoral dissertation entitled "Popular Narratives From Tun-huang", a study and translation of folk literature discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts.
After completing his Ph.D., Mair joined the faculty at Harvard as an assistant professor and taught there for three years.
In 1979, Mair left Harvard to join the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, where he has remained ever since.
He is also founder and editor of "Sino-Platonic Papers", an academic journal examining Chinese, East Asian and Central Asian linguistics and literature.
Mair specializes in early written vernacular Chinese, and is responsible for translations of the "Dao De Jing" (the Mawangdui Silk Texts version), the "Zhuangzi" and "The Art of War".
He has also collaborated on interdisciplinary research on the archeology of Eastern Central Asia.
The American Philosophical Society awarded him membership in 2007.
In 1969, Mair married Chang Li-ch'ing (; 1936–2010), a Chinese-Taiwanese scholar who taught Mandarin Chinese at the University of Washington, Tunghai University, Bryn Mawr College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Swarthmore College.
Together they had one son, Thomas Krishna Mair.
Three of Mair's former students characterize his wide-ranging scholarship.
Victor has always cast his nets widely, and he could routinely amaze us with observations far afield from the Chinese text we were reading in class.
Today people often attempt to simulate this cosmopolitanism under the rubric of interdisciplinary study, but for Victor, it was quite untrendy: he simply had an insatiable appetite for knowledge and pushing boundaries.
Indeed, border-crossing has been our mentor's dominant mode of scholarship, a mode that has constantly interrogated where those very borders are both geographically and categorically.
Though never sporting fashionable jargon, Victor has always taken on phenomena and issues that engage aspects of multiculturalism, hybridity, alterity, and the subaltern, while remarkably grounding his work in painstaking philological analysis.
Victor demonstrates the success of philology, often dismissed as a nineteenth-century holdover, for investigating twenty-first-century concerns.
(Boucher, Schmid, and Sen 2006:1) Mair is a contributor to the linguistics blog Language Log.
Mair is a long-time advocate for writing Mandarin Chinese in an alphabetic script (viz., pinyin), which he considers advantageous for Chinese education, computerization, and lexicography.
In the first issue of "Sino-Platonic papers" (1986), he suggested the publication of a Chinese dictionary arranged in the same familiar way as English, French, or Korean dictionaries: "single-sort alphabetical arrangement" purely based on the alphabetic spelling of a word, regardless of its morphological structure.
Most Chinese words are multisyllabic compounds, where each syllable or morpheme is written with a single Chinese character.
Following a two-millennia tradition, Chinese dictionaries – even modern pinyin-based ones like the "Xinhua Zidian" – are regularly ordered in "sorted-morpheme arrangement" based on the first morpheme (character) in a word.
For instance, a Chinese dictionary user who wanted to look up the word "Bābāduōsī" 巴巴多斯 "" could find it under "ba" in traditional sorted- morpheme ordering (which is easier if one knows the character's appearance or radical but not its pronunciation) or under "baba" in single-sort alphabetic ordering (which is easier if one knows the pronunciation).
The following example is adapted from DeFrancis (2000:10).
***LIST***.
In 1990, after unsuccessfully trying to obtain financial support for an alphabetically collated Chinese-English dictionary, Mair organized an international team of linguists and lexicographers who were willing to work as part-time volunteers.
Under the editorial leadership of John DeFrancis, they published the first general Chinese-English single-sort dictionary in 1996.
According to the "Acknowledgments" (1996:ix), "This dictionary owes its genesis to the initiative of Victor H. Mair of Pennsylvania."
A revised and expanded edition was published in 2000.
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Joe Yabuki is a troubled young man who runs away from an orphanage.
Wandering through the Tokyo slums, he meets former boxing trainer Danpei.
Joe is later arrested and goes to a temporary jail where he fights Nishi, leader of a group of hooligans.
He and Nishi then go to a juvenile prison miles away from Tokyo.
There Joe meets Rikiishi, a former boxing prodigy, and a rivalry develops between them.
They face each other in a match in which Rikiishi dominates Joe until the latter hits him with a cross-counter, resulting in both being knocked out.
Joe and Rikiishi vow to fight again.
As Rikiishi learns he is meant to leave the prison, he challenges Joe to a fight right the two promise to meet each other again, this time as professional boxers.
Upon his release from prison, Joe manages to go up to Bantamweight, after provoking a champion boxer named Wolf Kanagushi.
Joe quickly raises up and gains popularity for his brawling style, and trademark cross-counter KO wins.
Joe manages to perform a triple-cross counter on Wolf.
Joe then earns the right to fight Rikiishi in the professional ring.
Although Rikiishi is assured a promising career, he is intent in settling his score with Joe, whom he feels stands in his path.
Because Rikiishi is three weight classes above Joe, he has to cut down on lots of weight and go under a super-strenuous weight loss program.
Rikiishi defeats Joe in the 8th round with but collapses as he is about to shake Joe's hand due to an extremely hard blow to the temple two rounds before and him landing his head on the ropes.
Rikiishi dies from the combined effects of the extreme weight loss on his body and brain hemorrage suffered during the fight.
Joe is still shaken up from that match, both mentally and physically.
Soon after, during matches, his trainer Danpei realises that Joe is having a serious problem with boxing: he is not giving shots to the face.
It takes Joe quite some time to get over it and costs him three straight losses.
But then he finally conquers his fears when he faces the globally #6 ranked Carlos Rivera.
The fight ends with a draw, yet it gives Joe tremendous fame and respect around the world, especially since Rivera was going to face the World Champion Jose Mendoza in his next match.
Joe starts to climb up the boxing ladder, but considering he grew a few inches taller, he had to cut weight which proved to be verily difficult.
He defeats the Asian–Pacific Champion, Yongpi Kim, a Korean boxer.
After winning the title match, Joe defends his title.
He wins all defenses, ultimately defending it against the Malaysian fighter Harimau.
His unorthodox fighting style is unpredictable but Joe manages to successfully defend his title.
He is now given the chance to face the World Champion Jose Mendoza, who defeated Carlos Rivera with a KO punch in the first round, ending his boxing career.
Later revealed Carlos had develop permanent brain damage from his fight.
Joe faces Mendoza, even though he is at a disadvantage since it was revealed he was punch-drunk.
The match goes back and forth with Joe able to knock down the Champion more than once.
In some instances, becoming the newly crowned World Champion is nearly within reach.
Meanwhile, Mendoza sees in Joe's eyes the ghosts of other boxers whom he destroyed throughout his career.
The match goes all of its fifteen rounds.
The judges' verdict goes in favour of Jose Mendoza.
Joe's coach turns to console him only to find him unresponsive, but with a smile on his face; it is implied at this point that Joe has died.
However, it has been debated among fans whether Joe really died or not and Chiba even said that he drew the ending scene last minute.
The series debuted as a manga in "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" at a time when considerable economic and social upheaval was transforming Japanese culture in the late 1960s.
Joe was essentially the tragic hero representing the struggle of the lower class.
His trial and sacrifice to the sport was a semi-reflection of the will of the people he was representing.
By the 1970s, manga readers and college students across Japan would turn the character into an icon.
"Ashita no Joe" was originally serialized in Japan in "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" from 1968 to 1973, it was collected into 20 "tankōbon" volumes by Kodansha and sold over 20 million copies.
It has never received an official English release but has been published in French by Glénat Editions.
***LIST***.
On March 2, 2005 the complete original 1970 anime series was released by Nippon Columbia on 2 DVD box sets covering 33 hours 55 minutes of footage across 79 episodes spanning 16 disks.
It also includes an all-color explanation book in 3 volumes totaling 120 pages.
A live-action film based on the manga was released in 1970 in Japan, featuring Shōji Ishibashi as Joe, Ryūtarō Tatsumi as Danpei and Seiichirō Kameishi as Rikiishi.
A second live-action film adaptation premiered in Japan on February 11th 2011, starring popular actor/singer Tomohisa Yamashita as Joe, Teruyuki Kagawa as Danpei and Yūsuke Iseya as Rikiishi.
The series is a cult favorite in Japanese pop culture to the present day.
When the fans of the series saw the death of Rikiishi, there was a special funeral for him.
In March 1970, about 700 people packed the streets dressed in black, wearing black armbands and ribbons with flowers and incense, participated in the funeral.
The event was called for by poet Shūji Terayama and was conducted in a full scale boxing ring watched over by a Buddhist priest.
On October 13, 2006, it was voted "Japanese Favorite TV Anime" placing 4 out of 100 among celebrities votes.
Joe Yabuki was ranked seventh in Mania Entertainment's "10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes", written by Thomas Zoth, who commented that, ""Tomorrow's Joe" captured the zeitgeist of 1960s Japan.
The story of Joe's rise from nothing touched a chord with Japanese audiences, who were seeing their country prosper after a long period of postwar devastation."
According to a character designer from the video game company SNK, "Ashita no Joe" was an influence in designing Kyo Kusanagi.
Anime News Network's reviewer Justin Sevakis analyzed the series, praising its storyline but criticized some aspects about the first movie adaptation.
He praised Joe's character development and his relationship with other boxers.
According to "The Japan Times"s Mark Schilling, the series "became the template for not only Fumihiko Sori's 2011 live-action film of the same title, but many Japanese sports movie and TV franchises."
The live-action film also received positive response from Hollywood Reporter's Maggie Lee who gave praised the casting' work to do boxing.
On the other hand, she criticized the characterization of Danpei and Yoko.
Russell Edwards from Variety enjoyed the director's work and, like Lee, enjoyed the work of the leading actors.
One of the most popular character of the "Ultra Series" franchise, Ultraman Zero in fact had his outlook and traits being based around the manga's main character Joe Yabuki.
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Kappel am Albis is a municipality in the district of Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.
Its name of Kappel () is specified by "on the Albis" to distinguish it from two other villages called Kappel in Switzerland.
Kappel am Albis is first mentioned in 1185 as "de Capella".
The settlement was founded in 1185 as a Cistercian monastery which today houses a seminar centre and Der Alte Post (The Old Post Office) which is a restaurant.
It was the location of the Wars of Kappel in 1529 and 1531, during the turmoils that accompanied the Reformation of Huldrych Zwingli.
A monument to Zwingli is located nearby at the hamlet of Näfenhäuser and can be seen to the right of the road on the Kappel am Albis website picture at Näfenhäuser with Zwingli monument.
Kappel am Albis has an area of .
Of this area, 70.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 21% is forested.
Of the rest of the land, 7.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
Kappel am Albis has a population (as of ) of .
, 8.9% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.
Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -0.7%.
Most of the population () speaks German (96.1%), with English being second most common ( 1.3%) and French being third ( 0.7%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 54.7% of the vote.
The next three most popular parties were the CSP (12.7%), the SPS (10.9%) and the FDP (7.4%).
The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 28.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11.1%.
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated.
In Kappel am Albis about 83.6% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule").
Kappel am Albis has an unemployment rate of 1.09%.
, there were 75 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 29 businesses involved in this sector.
65 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 18 businesses in this sector.
124 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 25 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
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The Design Council, formerly the Council of Industrial Design, is a United Kingdom charity incorporated by Royal Charter.
Its stated mission is "to champion great design that improves lives and makes things better".
It was instrumental in the promoting of the concept of inclusive design.
The Design Council's archive is located at the University of Brighton Design Archives.
The Design Council also runs two subsidiaries, the Design Council Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (Design Council CABE) and Design Council Enterprises Limited.
The Design Council Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (DC CABE), also variously called Design Council CABE, CABE at the Design Council, or often simply CABE, is one of Design Council’s two subsidiaries.
It supports communities, local authorities and developers involved in built environment projects by providing services in three areas: design review, customised expert support, and training and continued professional development (CPD).
These services are supported by a network of Built Environment Experts (BEEs), a multidisciplinary team of 250 experts from “architecture, planning and infrastructure backgrounds, as well as academics, health specialists, and community engagement workers”.
Design Council CABE, which is intended to be run as a “self-sustaining business”, was formed on 1 April 2011 from about 20 staff from the original CABE after it was merged with the Design Council.
The BEE network was formed in 2012.
The Design Council started on 19 December 1944 as the "Council of Industrial Design" (COID), founded by Hugh Dalton, President of the Board of Trade in the wartime Government.
And its objective was 'to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of British industry'.
S. C. Leslie, the Council's first director, played an important part in the "Britain Can Make It" exhibition of 1946.
It was 1947 successor Sir Gordon Russell who established the organisation's model for the next 40 years.
Under Sir Paul Reilly in the early '70s, the organisation changed its name to the "Design Council" in 1972.
The Design Council was incorporated as a registered charity by Royal Charter in 1976, although it continued to operate as a non-departmental public body.
In December 1994 it underwent a restructuring, which resulted in its function being changed from being both an advisory body and a provider of goods and services to being primarily strategic, with a mission “to inspire the best use of design by the United Kingdom in the world context, in order to improve prosperity and wellbeing”.
On 1 April 2010 it incorporated a subsidiary trading company called Design Council Enterprises Limited to transact “fundraising activities that are not primary-purpose charitable activity.”
On 1 April 2011, it ceased to be a non-departmental public body of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and became an independent registered charity, although it continued to receive grants from the Department.
It also officially merged with the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) on the same day although Design Council CABE was incorporated four days earlier.
Sir Gordon Russell, who was heavily involved in the 1951 "Festival of Britain", examined ways to reform the education and training of new industrial designers.
The Design Centre, in London's Haymarket, was officially opened on 26 April 1956.
The Council under Russell combined exhibitions with product endorsements, direct services to industry, commercial publishing and retail.
After the Design Council’s restructuring in 1994, the Design Centre became closed to the public.
The Design Council continued to operate from the Design Centre until 1998.
The Council has hosted the "British Design Awards", with the 1987 logo rights being co-owned with Manchester Metropolitan University.
It was suggested in 1995 in "Business Strategy Review" magazine that the awards made suitable benchmarks, contributing to industrial competitiveness.
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Phylarchus (, "Phylarkhos"; fl.
3rd century BC) was a Greek historical writer whose works have been lost, but not before having been considerably used by other historians whose works have survived.
Phylarchus was a contemporary of Aratus, in the 3rd century BC.
His birthplace is doubtful.
We learn from the "Suda" that three different cities are mentioned as his native place, Athens, Naucratis in Egypt, or Sicyon; but as Athenaeus calls him an Athenian or Naucratian, we may leave the claims of Sicyon out of the question.
We may therefore conclude that he was born either at Athens or Naucratis; and it is probable that the latter was his native town, and that he afterwards removed to Athens, where he spent the greater part of his life.
Respecting the date of Phylarchus there is less uncertainty.
We learn from Polybius that Phylarchus was a contemporary of Aratus, and gave an account of the same events as the latter did in his history.
Aratus died 213 BC, and his work ended at 220 BC; we may therefore place Phylarchus at about 215 BC.
The credit of Phylarchus as an historian is vehemently attacked by Polybius, who charges him with falsifying history through his partiality to Cleomenes III, king of Sparta, and his hatred against Aratus and the Achaeans.
The accusation is probably not unfounded, but it might be retorted with equal justice upon Polybius, who has fallen into the opposite error of exaggerating the merits of Aratus and his party, and depreciating Cleomenes, whom he has certainly both misrepresented and misunderstood.
The accusation of Polybius is repeated by Plutarch, but it comes with rather a bad grace from the latter writer, since there can be little doubt that his lives of Agis and Cleomenes are taken almost entirely from Phylarchus, to whom he is likewise indebted for the latter part of his life of Pyrrhus.
The vivid and graphic style of Phylarchus, of which we shall say a few words below, was well suited to Plutarch's purpose.
It has likewise been remarked that Pompeius Trogus took from Phylarchus that portion of his work which treated of the same times as were contained in the history of Phylarchus.
That Plutarch and Trogus borrowed almost the very words of Phylarchus, appears from a comparison of Justin, xxviii.
4, with Plutarch's "Cleomenenes", 29.
The style of Phylarchus is strongly censured by Polybius, who blames him for writing history for the purpose of effect, and for seeking to harrow up the feelings of his readers by the narrative of deeds of violence and horror.
This charge is to some extent supported by the fragments of his work which have come down to us; but whether he deserves all the reprehension which Polybius has bestowed upon him may well be questioned, since the unpoetical character of this great historian's mind would not enable him to feel much sympathy with a writer like Phylarchus, who seems to have possessed no small share of imagination and fancy.
It would appear that the style of Phylarchus was too ambitious; it was oratorical, and perhaps declamatory; but at the same time it was lively and attractive, and brought the events of the history vividly before the reader's mind.
He was, however, very negligent in the arrangement of his words, as Dionysius has remarked.
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He was sired by Toxophilite, his dam was a bay mare (1857) who was a half-sister to General Peel’s dam, by West Australian (winner of the 1853 British Triple Crown) from Brown Bess (1844) by Camel.
Musket was inbred to Touchstone in the fourth generation (4x4).
In England Musket won nine races including the Ascot Stakes before retiring to stud there where he only had limited patronage.
In spite of this he managed to sire Petronel winner of the 2,000 Guineas and Brown Bess (1876) winner of the Doncaster Cup and Goodwood Stakes.
In December 1878 Musket was imported into Victoria by the Auckland Stud Company and then sent to Auckland, New Zealand the following month.
Initially he was used here to cover “half-bred” mares to breed coach horses.
He sired 28 stakeswinners which had 107 stakes wins, including:
***LIST***.
Musket is best remembered for siring the famous Carbine (great-great-grandsire of Nearco), Nordenfeldt, Trenton (a leading sire in Australasia and then exported), Martini Henry and Hotchkiss, all top sires.
Carbine in his day was considered one of the greatest horses in the world, whose feats included winning the 1890 Melbourne Cup with the impost of in the record time of 3:28¼.
The bloodlines of Musket including Carbine and Trenton, are still evident in many horses racing today.
Musket had his portrait painted by the noted equine artist, Martin Stainforth and it was reproduced in "Racehorses in Australia".
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Robert "Bob" Dreyfuss is an American investigative journalist and contributing editor for "The Nation" magazine.
His work has appeared in "Rolling Stone", "The Diplomat", "Mother Jones", "The American Prospect", TomPaine.com, and other progressive publications.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Dreyfuss was Middle East Intelligence director of the "Executive Intelligence Review", the flagship journal of the Lyndon LaRouche movement.
In the 1990s Dreyfuss wrote on intelligence issues and foreign affairs, and profiled a number of organizations and public figures, including then governor of Texas, George W. Bush, and senators Trent Lott and John McCain.
Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, he has written about the War on Terrorism and the Iraq War.
His 1981 book, "Hostage to Khomeini", was commissioned by Lyndon LaRouche.
In the book Robert Dreyfuss provides a detailed explanation of why the Carter administration was fooled into supporting the Khomeini revolutionaries but Khomeini backstabbed the US after the Shah was brought to the US for treatment.
The book discusses how various officials in the Carter administration believed that an Islamic Iran could export the Islamic revolution to the Soviet Muslims and cause a break-up of the Soviet Union.
Dreyfuss accused Cyrus Hashemi of being a CIA and Mossad agent.
Cyrus Hashemi subsequently sued Dreyfuss and Lyndon Larouche.
"The Devil's Game", published in 2005, is an analysis of how the United States and United Kingdom used Islamists as a powerful weapon against Communists and nationalists in the Arab and non-Arab Muslim world.
He believes that the US labelled any nations' leaders who were unwilling to work with the US as Communists.
Dreyfuss asserts that the Muslim Brotherhood is historically connected with the CIA and other western intelligence services.
He also claims the CIA and the West used the Muslim Brotherhood in an attempt to overthrow President Nasser of Egypt because he nationalized the Suez Canal and kicked many US and European companies out of Egypt.
The book makes claims that the Israelis used the Muslim Brotherhood in 1982 in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy President Assad of Syria during the uprisings in Homs and Hama.
Lastly Dreyfuss covers the CIA and British backed 1953 Iranian coup d'état.
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Born in Adams, Massachusetts, Lawrence graduated from Drury Academy in 1876 and from Amherst College in 1880.
Lawrence studied law at the Columbia Law School.
Lawrence was appointed judge of the judicial district of northern Berkshire, County in 1885.
Lawrence resigned his judgeship in 1894 upon being elected to the Massachusetts Senate.
Lawrence was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ashley B. Wright.
Lawrence was reelected to the Fifty-sixth and to the six succeeding Congresses and served from November 2, 1897, to March 3, 1913.
While in Congress Lawrence was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (Fifty-ninth through Sixty-first Congresses).
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Katherine Jenna "Kate" DeAraugo, pronounced "de roosh" (born 5 November 1985), is an Australian singer-songwriter who was the third winner of Australian Idol in 2005.
After "idol", DeAraugo signed to Sony BMG and released her debut single, "Maybe Tonight", in November 2005.
The single debuted and peaked at Number 1 on the ARIA Charts and was certified platinum.
Her debut album, "A Place I've Never Been", was released in December 2005 and was also certified platinum.
DeAraugo later became a member of the multi-platinum selling girl group, Young Divas, which disbanded in 2008.
A former swimming teacher, DeAraugo had auditioned for Australian Idol, in both the first season (2003) and in the second season (2004), both times failing to make it past the auditions.
After this she travelled from Bendigo, Victoria to the Gold Coast, Queensland for singing lessons with Venetta Fields, finally moving to Queensland where she auditioned for the third season of "Idol" in 2005.
On 14 November 2005, DeAraugo beat Lee Harding to ensure her place in the grand final.
Her father, a businessman and car dealer in her home town of Bendigo, orchestrated a publicity campaign with "Vote for Kate" stickers and buttons appearing all over central Victoria.
DeAraugo's co-finalist was Emily Williams, making this the first all-female final since the show began in 2003.
Williams was generally considered the favourite but on 21 November 2005, DeAraugo was crowned as the third Australian Idol with a vote that is still the closest in the show's history.
She defeated Williams by only 2%.
She was the only Australian Idol winner not to have earned a single touchdown from former judge Mark Holden throughout the course of the show.
She was also never placed in any week's bottom group.
***LIST***.
As the winner of "Australian Idol" in 2005, DeAraugo was sent to the studio to work on her debut album which took six days to record.
She released her debut single "Maybe Tonight", on 27 November 2005 and with sales of 20,307 copies, it debuted at number-one and stayed there for two weeks.
It was awarded a platinum award by ARIA, The single stayed in the top fifty for thirteen weeks and the music video was extremely popular on Australian music video shows such as Video Hits and Rage.
In September 2006, "Maybe Tonight" was nominated for an ARIA Award for "Highest Selling Single", but lost to "Flaunt It" by TV Rock.
DeAraugo released her debut album, "A Place I've Never Been", on 12 December 2005 through Sony BMG.
The album debuted at number 10 on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart with 15,600 copies sold in its first week.
The album stayed in the Top 50 chart for eight weeks and on the chart for 19 weeks.
It was certified platinum in its first week.
DeAraugo's second single, "Faded", was released on 19 February 2006 and was co-written by Australian pop-rock duo The Veronicas.
"Faded" debuted at number eight on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and number three on the Australasian charts.
It stayed in the Top 100 chart for 24 weeks.
DeAraugo joined three other Australian Idol contestants, Emily Williams, Ricki-Lee Coulter and Paulini, for a national tour.
To promote the tour the four released a cover of a Donna Summer hit classic, "This Time I Know It's for Real", under the name of Young Divas.
The single was released on 6 May 2006 and debuting at number seven and peaking at number two.
It went platinum and was the Top 30 charts for 24 weeks.
Originally a music video was not to be included but, after much demand and the popularity of the single, a music video was released.
The group appeared on television shows such as "Sunrise" and the Australian version of "Dancing with the Stars" to also promote the single and tour.
The Young Divas' tour was very popular and more shows had to be added than originally planned.
As the single and tour had been so popular the Young Divas recorded an album of remakes of classics. "
Young Divas", their self-titled debut album, was released on 18 November 2006 and debuted at number four on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart.
Their second single, "Happenin' All over Again" (a cover of Lonnie Gordon's disco classic), peaked at number nine.
The group members stated many times that they would also keep their solo careers and DeAraugo announced in Australian magazine "Woman's Day" that she was currently working on her second solo album.
DeAraugo and her fellow Divas then recorded a song called "2000 Miles" for the compilation album "" by various Australian artists to raise funds and bring attention to beyondblue, an Australian initiative against depression.
For this campaign DeAraugo gained honorary membership of The Coterie in the 2007 membership list.
On 22 June 2007 it was announced that Ricki-Lee Coulter had decided to leave the group in order to focus on her solo career following rumours of infighting.
DeAraugo and the other two remaining group members stated that they would carry on with their plan to record a second album, which they hoped to release in November of the same year.
On 26 September 2007, DeAraugo appeared alongside the group members on the top 12 night of the fifth season of Australian Idol.
It was during this performance that season four runner-up, Jessica Mauboy, was revealed as the new Young Diva, replacing Ricki-Lee Coulter.
The group performed "When You Believe" which was originally sung by Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston for the fortieth anniversary of Channel 7's Telethon Western Australia.
On 9 October they appeared on an "Australian Idol" special named Doing It For the Kids and revealed that the name of their second album would be "New Attitude".
On 22 October they appeared on "Australian Idol" season five for a third time when they performed their new single, "Turn Me Loose", along with New Zealand rapper Savage who is featured on the track.
The single was officially released on 17 November 2007 and peaked at number 15 on the ARIA singles chart.
The Divas' second album followed on 26 November, peaked at number 10 and was certified gold for sales of 35,000 copies.
On the season five finale of "Australian Idol", when Natalie Gauci was declared the winner, the group performed their single "Turn Me Loose" for a second time with Savage.
On 28 March 2008, after three months of apparent inactivity, the Young Divas' record label, Sony BMG, announced in "The Daily Telegraph" that due to the under performance of "Turn Me Loose" no second single would be released from "New Attitude".
However, it was also stated that the group were not being dropped from the record label's artists.
After months of speculation it was officially announced on 24 August 2008 that founding Young Divas member Paulini and new member Jessica Mauboy had both decided to leave the group in order to concentrate on their solo careers.
The move meant that DeAraugo and Emily Williams became the only remaining members of the Young Divas, though their manager David Champion stressed that the group's career was not over and a third line-up would appear after a hiatus.
This was proven to be wrong when both Williams & DeAraugo resumed their solo careers in 2009.
DeAraugo spent the remainder of 2008 writing and recording material for her second solo album, following her 2005 debut "A Place I've Never Been".
Since the Young Divas disbanded, DeAraugo has been performing in clubs across Australia.
She hoped to release her second studio album in August 2010 saying, "Basically the album will be about what I have been through in the past few years.
You know the sort of thing - relationships, the ups and downs of life.
Some of it has been very public" In November 2011, in an interview regarding a full-body liposuction, DeAraugo admitted that her second album had been completed yet was held back from release, blaming it on her body image.
As of February 2012, DeAraugo is featured on the Nine Network weight loss reality show "Excess Baggage", along with other well-known people such as Kevin Federline and Christine Anu.
According to her biography on the official Nine Network "Excess Baggage" website, DeAraugo is still currently working on her second album.
In February 2015, DeAraugo released a new track as part of the digital-only soundtrack for the movie ‘Dinosaur Island’.
In April 2015, DeAraugo announced that a new single called "Shut You Mouth" will be released on May 1.
The track is co-written by DNA Songs and deals with an emergence from a dark period in her life.
“There was a bit of anger and resentment in the mood,” Kate says of the recording process, “But above all, it’s about empowerment.”
During and since "Australian Idol", DeAraugo has had a very public battle with her weight.
After one particular "Idol" performance, judge Kyle Sandilands controversially said that he thought she had "tuckshop lady arms", a comment that generated support for DeAraugo as the public thought that she had been publicly humiliated by Sandilands.
In early January 2008, it was revealed that DeAraugo had signed an endorsement deal with weight-loss giant Jenny Craig.
She became the star of the company's "Get Real" national program, stating that her aim was to achieve and manage her own goal weight and help promote healthiness among Australia's younger generation.
On 11 August, DeAraugo appeared on radio show 2Day FM and announced that she had been forced to withdraw from her endorsement deal with Jenny Craig due to health problems.
She stated that she had discovered she was lactose intolerant and was therefore unable to keep to the required diet.
In November 2011, DeAraugo revealed that she had undergone full-body liposuction after winning "Australian Idol", and was featured on the Nine Network weight loss reality show "Excess Baggage".
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Triodos Bank N.V. is a bank based in the Netherlands with branches in Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom and Spain.
It claims to be a pioneer in ethical banking.
Triodos Bank finances companies which it thinks add cultural value and benefit both people and the environment.
That includes companies in the fields of solar energy, organic farming or culture.
The name Triodos is derived from the Greek "τρὶ ὁδος - tri hodos," meaning "three-way approach" (people, planet, profit).
Triodos Bank's balance sheet was worth EUR 5.3 billion by the end of 2012.
It is influenced by the anthroposophical movement.
Savers can open conventional savings accounts, as well as ethical funds and venture capital.
Triodos also has an active international department, supporting microfinance initiatives across the developing world.
Triodos is the only commercial bank in the UK to provide an annual list of all the loans the bank has made.
In 1980 Triodos launched the first "green fund", a fund for environmentally friendly projects, on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.
Friends of the Earth in the Netherlands claims that transferring 10,000 euros in savings from a "climate laggard" such as ABN Amro to Triodos will effectively result in a carbon dioxide emissions saving equivalent to what would be achieved by not driving a car for six months.
The bank compensates 100% of its own CO emissions.
Triodos took over the British ethical bank Mercury Provident in 1994.
As of the end of 2016, Triodos Bank had 652,000 customers.
In 2012, about half of the customers were in the Netherlands, and a quarter in Spain.
The bank was founded as an anthroposophical initiative.
The bank's statutes were committed to anthroposophical principles until 1999, but in later years, the bank has broadened its appeal.
The bank operations and customer relations are mainly based on the web, but adapt to local customs.
In Spain, for example, physical offices are preferred by the clients and therefore several commercial offices have been opened in the major towns.
Triodos is unusual in that it only lends to businesses and charities judged to be of social or ecological benefit.
This "positive screening" extends its policies beyond those of ethical banks which solely avoid investing in companies judged to be doing harm ("negative screening").
The bank uses money deposited by close to 100,000 savers and lends it to hundreds of organisations, such as fair trade initiatives, organic farms, cultural and arts initiatives, renewable energy projects, and social enterprises.
"[Triodos] does not lend to organisations, businesses and projects that are directly involved for more than 5% of its activities in non-sustainable products and services or non-sustainable working processes.
Triodos Bank will however, to the best of its knowledge, exclude all organisations, businesses and activities that produce or distribute nuclear energy, weapons and environmentally hazardous substances"
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Sacnoth (later known as Nautilus) was a small Japanese based video games developer.
Sacnoth’s high profile games include Koudelka for the PlayStation, the three Shadow Hearts games for the PlayStation 2, and Faselei!
for the Neo Geo Pocket Color.
The name was taken from the name of a supposed magical weapon in a short story by Lord Dunsany, "The Fortress Unvanquishable, Save for Sacnoth," published in 1908 in the collection "The Sword of Welleran and Other Stories".
Sacnoth was created in 1997 by Hiroki Kikuta, best known for composing the music to Secret of Mana series while working at Square and was set up with funding from the video game company SNK.
The company suffered after their first major project, the RPG Koudelka, received mixed critical reviews and little word of mouth.
It was also soon revealed that internal quarrels within Sacnoth had led to a compromised product.
Kikuta had wanted to develop an action-based battle system, citing Resident Evil as a source of inspiration.
However, his employees were adamant about releasing something closer to the kind of games that Square had been making.
Most people agreed that the game showed some promise, but had serious flaws, particularly in the combat system.
Disheartened by the political friction within Sacnoth, as well as the financial condition of SNK, Kikuta resigned.
Aruze Entertainment took control of Sacnoth after SNK folded in 2000.
Sacnoth changed their name to Nautilus for the development of the sequel Shadow Hearts and future video games.
However, in early 2007 Aruze publicly announced dissolving Nautilus and various creative members have since left the company and had joined AQ Interactive subsidiary feelplus (now merged into Marvelous AQL).
was one of the most popular, and technically impressive games for the Neo Geo Pocket Color.
However, the game was released just weeks before the Neo Geo Pocket Color and associated stock was recalled after SNK’s bankruptcy.
Outside Japan, the game was only released in the United Kingdom in 'clamshell' case format during the lifespan of the NGPC as a viable system.
Neo Geo fan sites and eBay sellers put the number of copies released into circulation at about 10,000 with only 5000 being sold due to the recall.
This rarity, along with its technical superiority in terms of graphics and sound when compared to its peers on the same system, has made the game very sought after and has resulted in high prices on internet auction sites.
However, when recalled NGPC systems were resold in game stores in 2004, the lost stock of the US version of Faselei!
was included in one of the add-on game packages available, and helped to drive prices down.
"See Shadow Hearts (series) for details of Sacnoth's other games"
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Gillian Rosemary Rose (née Stone; 20 September 1947 – 9 December 1995) was a British scholar who worked in the fields of philosophy and sociology.
Notable facets of this social philosopher's work include criticism of neo-Kantianism and post-modernism, along with what has been described as "a forceful defence of Hegel's speculative thought."
Gillian Rose was born in London into a non-practicing Jewish family.
Shortly after her parents divorced, when Rose was still quite young, her mother married another man, her stepfather, with whom Rose became close as she drifted from her biological father.
These aspects of her family life figured in her late memoir "Love's Work: A Reckoning with Life" (1995).
Also in her memoir, she claims that her "passion for philosophy" was bred at age 17 when she read Pascal's "Pensées" and Plato's "Republic".
Rose attended Ealing grammar school and went on to St Hilda's College, Oxford, where she read PPE.
Taught philosophy by Jean Austin, widow of the philosopher J. L. Austin, she later described herself as bristling under the constraints of Oxford-style philosophy.
She never forgot Austin remarking in class, "Remember, girls, all the philosophers you will read are much more intelligent than you are."
And in a late interview, Rose commented of philosophers trained at Oxford, "It teaches them to be clever, destructive, supercilious and ignorant.
It doesn’t teach you what’s important.
It doesn’t feed the soul."
Before beginning her DPhil at St. Antony's College, Oxford, she studied in New York and West Berlin.
Rose's career began with a dissertation on Theodor W. Adorno, supervised by the Polish philosopher Leszek Kołakowski, who wryly spoke to her of Adorno as a third-rate thinker.
This dissertation eventually became the basis for her first book, "The Melancholy Science: An Introduction to the Thought of Theodor W. Adorno" (1978).
She became well known partly through her critiques of postmodernism and post-structuralism.
In "Dialectic of Nihilism" (1984), for instance, she leveled criticisms at Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida.
Later, in her essay "Of Derrida's Spirit" in "Judaism and Modernity" (1993), Rose critiqued Derrida's "Of Spirit" (1987), arguing that his analysis of Heidegger's relation to Nazism relied in key instances on serious misreadings of Hegel, which allowed both Heidegger and Derrida to evade the importance of political history and modern law.
In an extended "Note" to the essay, Rose raised similar objections to Derrida's subsequent readings of Hermann Cohen and Walter Benjamin, singling out his notion of the "mystical foundation of authority" as a centrally problematic.
After her first appointment as a lecturer in sociology in 1974 at the School of European Studies (the University of Sussex), Rose became a Professor of Social and Political Thought at the University of Warwick in 1989, a position she held until her death in 1995.
As part of her thinking into the Holocaust, Rose was engaged by the Polish Commission for the Future of Auschwitz in 1990, a delegation which included theologian Richard L. Rubenstein and literary critic David G. Roskies, among others.
She wrote about her experience of this commission in her memoir "Love's Work" and in "Mourning Becomes the Law" and "Paradiso".
One of her colleagues on the commission, Marc H. Ellis, has written about Rose's experience as well.
"At a crucial moment in our deliberations on the historical knowledge of the Polish guides, Rose spoke, out of turn and off the subject, of the nearness of God.
This was a violation of etiquette, and worse.
Rose was suggesting that the anger of these delegates, for the most part Holocaust scholars and rabbis, was a retrospective one that, paradoxically sought the Holocaust past as a safe haven from inquiries of the present conduct of the Jewish people."
Rose died in Coventry at the age of 48 of ovarian cancer.
She made a deathbed conversion to Christianity through the Anglican Church.
She left to the library of Warwick University parts of her own personal library, including a collection of essential works on the History of Christianity and Theology, which are marked "From the Library of Professor Gillian Rose, 1995" on the inside cover.
Rose is survived by her parents, her sister, the academic and writer Jacqueline Rose, her half sisters, Alison Rose and Diana Stone, and her half brother, Anthony Stone.
Rose's third book, "Dialectic of Nihilism," is a reading of Post-structuralism through the lens of law.
Specifically, she attempts to read a number of thinkers preceding and constituting post-structuralist philosophy against Kant's "defense of the 'usurpatory concept' of freedom," that is, his answer to the question of "How [Reason] is to justify its possession" of freedom "through "pure" reason, systematically arranged."
Rose's primary foci are Martin Heidegger, to whom she devotes three chapters, and Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida, to whom she devotes one chapter apiece.
In addition, however, she scrutinises a few of the neo-Kantians (Emil Lask, Rudolf Stammler, and Hermann Cohen), Henri Bergson, and Ferdinand de Saussure and Claude Lévi-Strauss.
Her central claim is that with the post-structuralists a "newly insinuated law [is] dissembled as a nihilistic break with knowledge and law, with tradition in general."
Describing this situation in the case of Foucault, Rose writes, "like all nihilist programmes, this one insinuates a new law disguised as beyond politics."
Concomitantly, Rose contends that similar fates befall the neo-Kantians and other thinkers who try to transcend or ignore the problems of law.
According to Rose, the neo-Kantians seek to resolve the Kantian antinomy of law "by drawing an 'original' category out of the "Critique of Pure Reason", be it 'mathesis', 'time', or 'power'," yet remain unable to do so because "[t]his mode of resolution ... depends on changing the old sticking point of the unknown categorical imperative into a new vanishing point, where it remains equally categorical and imperative, unknowable but forceful"; while other thinkers—including Lévi-Strauss and Henri Bergson—"fall into the familiar transcendental problem" wherein the "ambiguity in the relation between the conditioned and the precondition is exploited."
The philosopher Howard Caygill—also Rose's literary executor—has taken issue with her readings of Deleuze and Derrida in "Dialectic of Nihilism," going so far as to call some of them "frankly tendentious".
In a more critical review of the book, Roy Boyne, too, claims that Rose failed to do justice to these figures.
"She operates on the highest plane of abstraction," Boyne writes, "for it is only at that level that the polemic makes any sense.
Were she to drop down a level or so, she would see that the position she is so concerned to defend is not under attack from the quarters to which she addresses herself."
However, Caygill insists that "Whatever the shortcomings of the readings in "Dialectic of Nihilism" and the unfortunate and unnecessary borders it raised between Rose's thought and that of many of her contemporaries, it did mark a further stage in her retrieval of speculative thought."
Scott Lash has asserted that the "real weakness of "Dialectic of Nihilism" is its propensity toward academic point-scoring," the result of which, according to Lash, is Rose's "devoting some half of its length attempting to discredit the analysts under consideration with their own assumptions, rather than straightforwardly confronting them with her own juridical prescriptions."
Yet Lash considers her chapters on Derrida and Foucault to be partial remedies to this issue.
Already in 1995, Rowan Williams commented, "Gillian Rose's work has had far less discussion than it merits."
In the decades following Williams' statement others have reiterated the sentiment.
Nevertheless, Rose's work has made inroads among a number of important thinkers, not the least of them Williams himself, whose revaluation of Hegel in the 1990s has been attributed to Rose's influence.
On the philosophy of Hegel, in a text of 1991, Slavoj Žižek writes, "one has to grasp the fundamental paradox of the "speculative identity" as it was recently identified by Gillian Rose."
Žižek here refers to Rose's second book "Hegel contra Sociology" (1981); subsequently, his Hegelianism was dubbed "speculative" by Marcus Pound.
In turn, Howard Caygill observes of "Hegel contra Sociology": "This work revolutionized the study of Hegel, providing a comprehensive account of his speculative philosophy that overcame the distinction between religious (‘right Hegelian’) and political (‘left Hegelian’) interpretations that had prevailed since the death of the philosopher in 1832."
And the work is still cited in Hegel scholarship.
When John Milbank published "Theology and Social Theory" in 1990, he cited Rose as one of the thinkers without whom "the present book would not have been conceivable."
Marcus Pound recently found that "Rose was the Blackwell reader for Milbank’s "Theology and Social Theory".
The Rose archives at Warwick include the letters Milbank and Rose exchanged on the subject.
In particular she pushed him to clarify the nature of the subject which underpinned "Theology and Social Theory".
In response Milbank wrote 'The Sublime in Kierkegaard'."
In 2015 the journal "Telos" released a special issue on Gillian Rose, gathering responses and critiques to her work from Rowan Williams, John Milbank, Peter Osborne, and Nigel Tubbs.
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Railo Server, commonly referred to as Railo ( ), is open source software which implements the general-purpose CFML server-side scripting language, often used to create dynamic websites, web applications and intranet systems.
CFML is a dynamic language supporting multiple programming paradigms and runs on the Java virtual machine (JVM).
Railo was created by the Swiss company Railo Technologies GmbH, intended as a high performance alternative to Adobe ColdFusion.
In 2008, Railo switched to an open source community-driven model, and became a JBoss project.
The Railo Open Source project is led by Railo Technologies, with development work funded by consulting and support contracts, but anyone may contribute code for consideration.
Railo was named after an alien dog in Star Trek Enterprise.
The dog is actually named Rhylo, but written phonetically in German it is Railo.
Thus, Railo can be pronounced either as rhy-lo or as rai-lo - both are acceptable.
Railo major releases have a codename of notable and loyal dogs from history.
Railo began in 2002 as a student project to compile CFML code into PHP, a choice made due to the ubiquity of PHP, however it was found that this did not give the desired performance and stability, and the decision was made to switch to the Java platform instead.
The project was successful enough that it was decided to continue to develop into a full product.
Several alpha and beta releases were made before the official 1.0 release in April 2006.
Railo continued to be developed but was relatively unknown to many CFML developers, until June 2008 at the Scotch on the Rocks conference in Edinburgh, when Railo Technologies used the Day 2 keynote to announce a partnership with JBoss and a switch to open source.
In May 2012, at the cf.Objective conference, the foundation of "The Railo Company Ltd" was announced, a Private Limited Company, comprising the Swiss company Railo Technologies GmbH in conjunction with five other companies who operated in the CFML industry.
On 29 January 2015, the Lucee project, a fork of the Railo 4.2 codebase, was announced by the original developer of Railo, who stated that he would not be working further on Railo.
The other developers have confirmed they will also be focusing solely on Lucee, and - although no official statement has been made by The Railo Company - the community consensus is that further development on the Railo project is unlikely.
On 19 July 2016, The Railo Company was dissolved.
Railo runs on the JVM as a servlet, and will work with any servlet container (e.g.
Apache Tomcat, Eclipse Jetty) or application server (e.g.
JBoss AS, GlassFish).
It is possible to connect a web server (e.g.
Apache, IIS, nginx, Cherokee) in front, using connectors such as mod jk, mod proxy, or equivalent, but this is not required by Railo.
Railo has an installer for Linux, macOS, and Windows, which bundles Apache Tomcat.
There is also a pre-configured Railo Express download using Jetty.
From v4.0 onwards, Railo will have a command line version, enabling CFML to be used as a general-purpose language, outside of the servlet environment.
Railo since v3.1 is licensed as LGPL v2.1, with the source code available on GitHub
A primary aim of Railo was to provide the functionality of ColdFusion using less resources and giving better performance, and the Railo Technologies team continue to "treat slowness as a bug" as a core development philosophy.
Many performance tests have shown Railo to perform faster than other CFML engines.
In addition to this, Railo attempts to resolve many inconsistencies found in traditional CFML.
These are either forced changes in behaviour, or configurable options in the Railo Administrator.
The Railo Technologies team have always been open to feedback and active at CFML community events, and are keen to remind people that Railo is a community project.
Railo Technologies also creates strong technology partnerships with CFML software companies, including Blue River Interactive Group (developers of Mura CMS), CONTENS Software GmbH (developers of CONTENS CMS), and Intergral GmbH (developers of FusionReactor and FusionDebug), to help ensure their software works well with Railo.
In addition, Railo Technologies offer formal "Partner Programs" for Solutions (development), Hosting, and Training.
The Railo Application Server currently averages 7,000 downloads (and growing) per month.
Railo is used by a number of companies, notably including:
***LIST***.
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Metcalfe is a population centre located in Osgoode Ward, in the rural south-end of the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Prior to amalgamation in 2001, the community was in Osgoode Township.
According to the Canada 2011 Census it has a population of 1,763.
Colonel Archibald Macdonell, believed by some to be the first settler in Osgoode Township, settled just south of the current location of Metcalfe in March 1827.
The village was originally called Osgoode, but in 1877 it was renamed to Metcalfe in honour of Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, Governor General of Canada from 1843 to 1846.
In its early days, Metcalfe was a stop on the stagecoach route from Ottawa (known at the time as Bytown) to Cornwall.
The village of Metcalfe was bypassed in the construction of railway lines, limiting its further growth.
The railway line to Cornwall passed to the east, through the town of Russell, while another to Prescott passed to the west through Osgoode Village.
By 1866, Metcalfe was a post village with a population of 250 of the township of Osgoode, nine miles from the Osgoode station on the Ottawa and Prescott Railway, and twenty miles from Ottawa.
The village contained four general stores, an ashery, one wagon shop, five boot and shoe shops, and three carpenters.
The 6th Division Court was held here, at the Victoria Hall.
It contained the Metcalfe grammar school, and a common school; three churches, the Church of England, the Free Church of Scotland, and the Wesleyan Methodist.
The Loyal Orange Lodge No.
205, met on the second Tuesday in each month while No.
688, met on the first Tuesday in each month.
In the fall of 2008, parts of Metcalfe were used as sets in the filming of the Syfy television film Carny.
The village is home to various sports facilities, most notably the Metcalfe Community Centre which bears the name of former Montreal Canadiens all-star defenceman Larry Robinson.
The Centre's arena houses the local Junior B hockey team: the Metcalfe Jets.
Notable Jets alumni include Larry Robinson and two of his brothers, as well as Boston Bruins' Marc Savard.
It also hosts the Metcalfe skating club for figure skating and canskate.
The small community also boasts the home to one golf course (Metcalfe Golf Club), seven baseball fields, a tennis court, curling club, and various soccer fields.
The village today serves largely as a residential community for the City of Ottawa.
The local agricultural fair, the Metcalfe Fair, has been held each fall since 1856.
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Choi Min-sik ( ; born January 22, 1962) is a South Korean actor.
He is best known for his critically acclaimed roles in "Oldboy" (2003) and "" (2014).
He also starred alongside Scarlett Johansson in the 2014 French film "Lucy".
Together with Song Kang-ho and Sol Kyung-gu, Choi is considered to be among the most talented and critically acclaimed South Korean actors.
Choi was born on January 22, 1962 in Seoul, South Korea.
When he was in third grade, Choi was diagnosed with tuberculosis and told that he could not be cured.
He claims to have regained his health by a month-long stay in the mountains.
Graduating with a degree in theatre from Dongguk University, Choi began his career as a theatre actor.
He then started filming, playing roles in Park Jong-won's early movies, like "Kuro Arirang" and "Our Twisted Hero".
He continued to act on stage, as well as in television dramas like "The Moon of Seoul" with Han Suk-kyu.
In 1997 he played a police investigator in Song Neung-han's "No.
3", and then accepted a role in Kim Jee-woon's debut film "The Quiet Family".
The first real success came with his role of a North Korean agent in "Shiri" in 1999.
The film was not only critically acclaimed but also achieved box office success.
Choi received the Best Actor award at Grand Bell Awards for his portrayal.
In the same year he also took part in a stage production of "Hamlet", and then starred in "Happy End", where he portrayed a man who is cheated on by his wife.
In 2001 he took the role of a gangster opposite Cecilia Cheung in "Failan".
A year later he portrayed Jang Seung-eop, a Joseon painter in Im Kwon-taek's "Chihwaseon", which was awarded the Best Director prize in Cannes.
In 2003 he starred in Park Chan-wook's "Oldboy", which made him popular not only in South Korea but overseas, as well.
He continued displaying his versatility in 2004 and 2005, playing a trumpet player in "Springtime", a struggling former boxer in Ryoo Seung-wan's "Crying Fist", and a child murderer in "Sympathy for Lady Vengeance", the last film in Park Chan-wook's revenge trilogy.
In 2005 he and Song Kang-ho were accused by director and Cinema Service head Kang Woo-suk of being greedy for money and demanding profit share for "contribution" when no contribution was done.
Kang later rescinded the statement and apologized.
At various points during 2006, Choi (and other South Korean film industry professionals, together and separately from Choi) demonstrated in Seoul and at the Cannes Film Festival against the South Korean administration's decision to reduce the Screen Quotas from 146 to 73 days as part of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States.
As a sign of protest, Choi returned the prestigious Okgwan Order of Cultural Merit which had been awarded to him, saying, "To halve the screen quota is tantamount to a death sentence for Korean film.
This medal, once a symbol of pride, is now nothing more than a sign of disgrace, and it is with a heavy heart that I must return it."
In the next four years, Choi went on a self-imposed exile from making films, begun in protest over the screen quota but also partly due to the studios' reluctance to hire the outspoken and politically active actor.
Instead he returned to his theater roots in the 2007 staging of "The Pillowman", his first play in seven years.
During the retrospective on Choi held at the 14th Lyon Asian Film Festival in November 2008, the actor was asked his reaction to the upcoming remake of "Oldboy", and he admitted to the French reporters present that he was upset at Hollywood for using what he described as pressure tactics on Asian and European filmmakers so they could remake foreign movies in the United States.
Choi made his comeback in Jeon Soo-il's 2009 art film "Himalaya, Where the Wind Dwells", in which he was the only South Korean actor working with locally cast Tibetan actors.
Though Kim Jee-woon's 2010 action thriller "I Saw the Devil" drew criticism from some quarters for its ultra-violent content, reviewers agreed that Choi's performance as a serial killer was memorable and the film emerged as a Box Office success.
He did voice acting for "Leafie, A Hen into the Wild", which in 2011 became the highest grossing South Korean animated film in history.
In his 2012 follow-up "", Choi played another complex, layered antihero, and the Yoon Jong-bin film was both a critical and box office hit.
Choi's next film was Park Hoon-jung's "New World", a 2013 noir about an undercover cop in the world of gangsters, which also became successful critically and commercially.
For his English-language debut, Choi appeared in Luc Besson's "Lucy" (2014), in the role of a gangster who kidnaps a girl and forces her to become a drug mule (Scarlett Johansson), but she inadvertently acquires superhuman powers.
He then played Yi Sun-sin in the blockbuster period epic "" about the Battle of Myeongnyang, regarded as one of the admiral's most remarkable naval victories.
"Roaring Currents" became the all-time most watched film in South Korean film history, the first ever to reach 15 million admissions and the first local film to gross more than .
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Edwin Lankester was born in 1814 in Melton, near Woodbridge in Suffolk, to 'poor but clever parents' according to his son E. Ray Lankester (Lester 1995).
His father was a builder.
Edwin married Phebe Pope in 1845, daughter of a former mill-owner.
She was 19 at the time of marriage, became a botanist and microscopist, published books for children and wrote natural history articles.
They had a total of eleven children of whom eight survived – four boys and four girls.
Thomas Henry Huxley became a close friend of the family, and visited often.
John Stevens Henslow, Darwin's tutor, was also a family friend.
A born teacher, he introduced Edwin's son Ray to the delights of fossil collecting.
Through his association with East Suffolk and his friendship with Henslow, Lankester became an early and active Honorary Member of the Ipswich Museum, of which his son Ray Lankester was afterwards President (1901–1929).
E. B. Ford, the ecological geneticist, said of Edwin:
"Lankester was a close personal friend of Darwin's and was so deeply impressed by him that he was determined that one of his sons should become a great biologist, He named all three of his sons suitably: Forbes, Ray and Owen!"
(p. 338 in Mayr and Provine).
But, alas for this excellent story, Edwin had another son, his second, whom he named Rushton.
Rushton emigrated to Java, married, and raised a family, the only one of Edwin's offspring to do so.
The lack of productivity in this otherwise capable family was distinctly unusual at that time.
Apprenticed at first to a Mr. Ginney, a surgeon of Woodbridge, in 1832 he became Assistant to Thomas Spurgin of Saffron Walden.
Spurgin raised £300 to enable Edwin to study medicine and science from 1834–7 at the new University College London.
He attended lectures by John Lindley (botany) and Robert Edmund Grant (zoology) – to whose post Edwin's eldest son E. Ray Lankester succeeded in 1875.
Grant had been one of Darwin's tutors at Edinburgh.
Edwin's friends at UCL included William Jenner and William Benjamin Carpenter.
Edwin could not afford a complete degree course, so qualified as MRCS and Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries.
In 1837 he moved to Doncaster to become resident medical attendant and science tutor to the Woods family of Campsall Hall, recommended by Lindley.
The Woods family were "indifferent to religion and fervent Owenites" as he mentioned in a letter home.
Robert Owen actually visited Campsall Hall, and Lankester described the event in his diary.
In 1839 Lankester left the Woods and travelled to Heidelberg to take his M.D., which he got in six months.
Back in London, he befriended Edward Forbes and Arthur Henfrey, the botanist.
He practised medicine and wrote articles on botany, medicine and surgery for the Penny Cyclopaedia.
He contributed to the Biographical Dictionary, and wrote for other journals.
As time went by, he became ever more fully absorbed in natural history.
In 1841 his study of sulphur bacteria (then the 'glairine of sulphurous waters') was noteworthy, as was his microscopic examination of drinking water.
His book the "Aquavivarium" (1856) had a great vogue.
He co-founded the important "Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science" (QJMS) in 1853, and co-edited it with George Busk, and later with his son Ray.
"Half-hours with the microscope" (1857) was a best-seller, reprinted until 1918.
Edwin Lankester was President of the British Association for 25 years, and the founder of the Biological Section of the BA.
He was present at the infamous Wilberforce-Huxley encounter in 1860.
He was the first Secretary of the Ray Society, with his wife as Assistant Secretary.
In 1845 he was President of the Royal Microscopical Society, and that same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Twenty years later he became the first President of the Quekett Microscopical Club.
In addition, Lankester also served as coroner for Central Middlesex, succeeding the first medically qualified coroner to take up the position, Dr Thomas Wakley, in 1862.
Dr. Lankester, like his predecessor, contributed greatly to our knowledge on the social problem of infanticide in nineteenth century Britain by producing a series of 'statistically detailed Annual Reports' on the phenomenon.
The cause of London's cholera outbreaks had been identified by John Sutherland (1808–1891) and Dr John Snow (1813–1858; author of the famous map of water pumps near Broad Street) the matter was not decided until Lankester established a committee to look into the latest outbreak.
The Committee's report (1854) had sections written by Snow and the Reverend Henry Whitehead, a local curate.
They reached the conclusion that the outbreak was attributable to the use of impure water from the well in Broad Street.
In 1866, twelve years after the event, Dr. Lankester wrote "The Board of Guardians met to consult what ought to be done.
Of that meeting, the late Dr.
Snow demanded an audience.
He was admitted and gave it as his opinion that the pump in Broad Street, and that pump alone, was the cause of all the pestilence.
He was not believed: not a member of his own profession, not an individual in the parish believed that Snow was right.
But the pump was closed nevertheless and the plague was stayed."
Lankester later became the first Medical Officer of Health for the St. James's district, the area where the outbreak occurred.
It still took years before the public authorities acted to ensure the purity of water supply; Snow had been dead for over 30 years when the Chief Medical Office of Health at last acknowledged that his work on the transmission of cholera was one of the most significant medical discoveries of the 19th century.
Lankester's interest in this (beyond simple humanity) came through his microscopical examination of water, which is even today one of the standard tests of drinking water quality.
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Simon Critchley (born 27 February 1960) is an English philosopher.
He writes about the history of philosophy, political theory, religion, ethics, aesthetics, literature and theatre.
He studied philosophy and has held visiting professorship at numerous universities.
He has authored many books, and his work has been acknowledged.
He argues that religious disappointment raises the question of meaning and has to, as he sees it, deal with the problem of nihilism; political disappointment provokes the question of justice and raises the need for a coherent ethics.
Critchley was born on 27 February 1960 in Hertfordshire, England.
He studied philosophy and received a BA degree from the University of Essex in 1985 and a PhD in 1988.
He obtained his M.Phil.
at the University of Nice in 1987.
Critchley was appointed a lecturer in philosophy at Essex in 1989, becoming reader in philosophy in 1995, and professor in 1999.
Since 2004 Critchley has been professor of philosophy at the New School for Social Research.
He held the chair in philosophy at The New School from 2008–2011 and became the Hans Jonas Professor of Philosophy in 2011.
He has held visiting professorships at numerous universities, including Sydney (2000), Notre Dame (2002), Cardozo Law School (2005) and at the University of Oslo (2006).
In 2009 he was appointed a part-time professor of philosophy at Tilburg University in the Netherlands, where he runs a summer school and teaches in philosophy and liberal arts.
Critchley is also a professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland.
Critchley is an atheist.
Critchley’s early work includes "The Ethics of Deconstruction: Derrida and Levinas" (Blackwell, 1992) and "Very Little...
Almost Nothing" (Routledge, 1997), which focuses on the relation between philosophy and literature and the problem of nihilism.
A collection of essays released in 1999, "Ethics-Politics-Subjectivity" (Verso, 1999), brings together Critchley's debate with Richard Rorty, as well as a series of essays on Derrida, Levinas, Jacques Lacan, and Jean-Luc Nancy.
The Stone is an opinion series in "The New York Times", moderated by Critchley, that features the writings of contemporary philosophers on issues that include art, war, ethics, gender and popular culture.
In an essay series for the British newspaper "The Guardian", Critchley explored Martin Heidegger's magnum opus, "Being and Time" (1927).
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Young Quinn, a New Zealand standardbred racehorse, was successful in period where his competition in the sport of trotting was particularly strong.
Foaled in 1969, he was by Young Charles out of Loyal Trick by Hal Tryax (USA).
Named after Brian "Snow" Quinn, a champion New Zealand sheep shearer, he was trained and driven by the great Charles Stewart Hunter (Charlie).
He was nicknamed 'Garbage' as a result of his habit of eating anything in sight, as a young horse.
It was later revealed by cardiograph tests that Young Quinn's heart weighed 13 lb, only 1 lb less than that of the great racehorse Phar Lap.
Young Quinn made 133 starts for 59 wins and 36 placings for NZ$752,587 in stakemoney.
His record of beating off strong rivals and big names was noticed by the public, and thus he was sometimes sent out odds on.
He raced against many good horses of the time like Arapaho and Robalan.
He was, however, defeated by Robalan in the New Zealand Trotting Cup in 1974, when Robalan was at the peak of his career.
Earlier that year, he had won the Auckland Pacing Cup.
In the 1975 Miracle Mile Pace, Australia's premier mile, at Harold Park, Young Quinn won from barrier six, the outside draw on a very tight track, beating the two acknowledged Australian champions of the time, Paleface Adios and Hondo Grattan.
The Inter Dominion was held in Auckland, New Zealand, that year and although a strong team of Australian pacers, including Hondo Grattan, Paleface Adios, Just Too Good, and Royal Gaze, made the trip across the Tasman, they were again beaten by Young Quinn.
He won the three heats and the Pacer's final, beating locals Hi Foyle and Speedy Guest.
Starting as a short-priced favourite in the final, he was driven by John Langdon, following the injury to his regular driver and trainer Charlie Hunter.
Ironically, Langdon also won the Trotter's section of the Inter Dominion driving the Hunter-trained Castleton's Pride.
These two wins gained Langdon a spot on the Inter Dominion Hall of Fame.
Young Quinn later raced in the United States and Canada with considerable success which included at least one victory over the USA champion of the day, Rambling Willie, until returning to New Zealand in 1980 for a few starts prior to being retired.
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The spectacled petrel ("Procellaria conspicillata") is a rare seabird that nests only on the high western plateau of Inaccessible Island in the South Atlantic Tristan da Cunha group.
It is one of the largest petrels that nests in burrows.
The spectacled petrel is a large, approximately in length, predominately black petrel.
It does have white bands around its eyes, and its bill is yellow.
Their lifespan averages 26.4 years.
The spectacled petrel is a member of the Procellaria genus, and in turn is a member of the Procellariidae family, and the Procellariiformes order.
As a member of the Procellariiformes, they share certain identifying features.
First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns.
Although the nostrils on the petrel are on top of the upper bill.
The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates.
They produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus.
This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.
Finally, they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe.
It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.
In 2004, BirdLife International split the spectacled petrel, "Procellaria conspicillata", from the white-chinned petrel, "Procellaria aequinoctialis", which had been considered conspecific or even a colour morph.
"Procellaria" comes from two Latin words, "procella" meaning "a storm" and "arius" a suffix meaning "pertaining to".
This is in reference to their association with stormy weather.
The word "petrel" is derived from St. Peter and the story of his walking on water.
This is in reference to the petrel's habit of appearing to run on the water to take off.
This petrel breeds annually and will lay one egg in its nest, which is situated in wet heath above .
Their nests are burrows along the banks of rivers, and also in marshes.
The spectacled petrel is pelagic and during non-breeding season the majority of these petrels can be found off the coast of southern Brazil.
They also range east to the west coast of southern Africa, and it is believed that they were found throughout the southern Indian Ocean in the 19th century.
During breeding season, they inhabit Inaccessible Island, of the Tristan da Cunha group.
In the past, they probably bred on Amsterdam Island as well.
The species was classified as critically endangered by the IUCN in 2000.
A subsequent study gave cautious hope for a continuing recovery of the population from an all-time low of merely some dozens of pairs in the 1930s.
Indeed, it appears as if the species' numbers have been underestimated in more recent years as an accurate census is difficult due to the rugged terrain of its island home.
Consequently, the conservation status of this species was downgraded to vulnerable in the 2007 IUCN Red List.
The 2009 assessment maintained their status at vulnerable.
This petrel has an occurrence range of and a population estimated at between 31,000 and 45,000.
Their population is trending up at between 1% and 9% over 60 years, and possibly 45% over the last five years.
The spectacled petrel is threatened by interactions with longline fisheries which kills hundreds of birds every year as they become entangled in the fishing lines and drown.
Other threats comes from feral pigs, the black rat and other rat species.
The spectacled petrel is listed on CMS Appendix II and ACAP Annex 1.
A census was conducted in 2004, and Inaccessible Island is a World Heritage Site, with restricted access.
To help the species, other conservation measures have been proposed.
Conducting surveys of the breeding population as an ongoing process.
Pushing for adoption of the best-practice mitigation measures in fisheries within this birds range, utilizing organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization, Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, and International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas.
Restricting access to prevent colonization of introduced species.
Finally, looking for other breeding locations.
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African nationalism is an umbrella term which refers to a group of political ideologies, mainly within Sub-Saharan Africa, which are based on the idea of national self-determination and the creation of nation states.
The ideology emerged under European colonial rule during the 19th and 20th centuries and was loosely inspired by nationalist ideas from Europe.
Originally, African nationalism was based on demands for self-determination and played an important role in forcing the process of decolonisation of Africa ( 1957-66).
However, the term refers to a broad range of different ideological and political movements and should not be confused with Pan-Africanism which may seek the federation of several or all nation states in Africa.
Nationalist ideas in Sub-Saharan Africa emerged during the mid-19th century among the emerging black middle classes in West Africa.
Early nationalists hoped to overcome ethnic fragmentation by creating nation-states.
In its earliest period, it was inspired by African-American and Afro-Caribbean intellectuals from the Back-to-Africa movement who imported nationalist ideals current in Europe and the Americas at the time.
The early African nationalists were elitist and believed in the supremacy of Western culture but sought a greater role for themselves in political decision-making.
They rejected African traditional religions and tribalism as "primitive" and embraced western ideas of Christianity, modernity, and the nation state.
However, one of the challenges faced by nationalists in unifying their nation after European rule were the divisions of tribes and the formation of ethnicism.
African nationalism first emerged as a mass movement in the years after World War II as a result of wartime changes in the nature of colonial rule as well as social change in Africa itself.
Nationalist political parties were established in almost all African colonies during the 1950s and their rise was an important reason for the decolonisation of Africa between 1957 and 1966.
However, African nationalism was never a single movement and political groups considered to be African nationalists varied by economic orientation and degrees of radicalism and violence.
Nationalists leaders struggled to find their own social and national identity following the European influence that controlled the political landscape during the colonial occupation.
African nationalism in the colonial era was often framed purely in opposition to colonial rule and was therefore frequently unclear or contradictory about its other objectives.
According to historian Robert I. Rotberg, African nationalism would not have emerged without colonialism.
Its relation to Pan-Africanism was also ambiguous with many nationalist leaders professing Pan-African loyalties but still refusing to commit to supranational unions.
African nationalists of the period have also been criticised for their continued use of ideas and policies associated with colonial states.
In particular, nationalists usually attempted to preserve national frontiers created arbitrarily under colonial rule after independence and create a national sense of national identity among the heterogeneous populations inside them.
African nationalism exists in an uneasy relationship with tribalism and sub-national ethnic nationalism which differ in their conceptions of political allegiance.
Many Africans distinguish between their ethnic and national identities.
Some nationalists have argued that tribes were a colonial creation.
During the late 1950s and 1960s, scholars of African nationalist struggles have primarily focused on the Western-educated male elites who led the nationalist movements and assumed power after independence.
With a few exceptions, scholars have devoted little more than a passing mention of the presence of African women as conscious political actors in African nationalism.
Anne McClintock has stressed that “all nationalisms are gendered.” Undoubtedly, women played a significant role in arousing national consciousness as well as elevating their own political and social position through African nationalism.
It is with this in mind, that both feminism and the research of these women become critical to the re-evaluation of the history of African nationalism.
As leaders and activists, women participated in African nationalism through national organisations.
The decade of the 1950s was a landmark because of the significant number of women who were politically involved in the nationalist struggle.
A minority of women were incorporated and affiliated into male-dominated national organisations.
Founded by women in 1960, The National Council of Sierra Leone was to become, in 1968, the women's section of the ruling All People's Congress and dedicated primarily to the vigorous support of head of state, President Stevens.
Women activists extended and conveyed militant behaviours.
Nancy Dolly Steele was the organizing secretary and co-founder of the Congress, and has been noted for her militant political and nationalist activities.
In the same way, throughout Africa, the influence of trade union movements, in particular, became the spawning ground for women organisers as such.
South African women, for instance, emerged as primary catalysts for protests against the Apartheid regime.
These women first participated in resistance movements through women’s branches of the larger male dominated liberation organizations, as through the African National Congress (ANC).
Nevertheless, in 1943, the ANC adopted a new constitution which included a new position for women to become full members of the national movement.
Women also formed their own national organisations, such as the Federation of South African Women in 1954, which boasted a membership of 230,000 women.
Though at the time women viewed themselves primarily as mothers and wives, the act of their joining in political organisations illustrated a kind of feminist consciousness.
Women were fundamental nationalist leaders in their own right.
Under the inspiration of Bibi Titi Mohammed, a former singer in Dar es Salaam who became a Tanganyikan nationalist, Tanzanian women were organised into a Women’s Section of the Tanganyikan African National Union.
Mohammed, who was semi-illiterate, was an impressive orator and later combined her nationalist work in the 1950s with her political ambitions.
She was one of the most visible Tanganyikan nationalists during the struggle against colonialism and imperialism.
She was the only nationalist leader, besides Julius Nyerere, who was recognized across the country at the time of Tanzanian independence.
Her legacy as a leader, speaker, organiser and activist is testimony to the pivotal role played by many uneducated women in spreading a national consciousness, a political awareness and securing independence from British rule in Tanzania.
Whilst some female-oriented initiatives may have been conceived and presented to women by male party-leaders, others were clearly created by women themselves.
These women used nationalism as a platform to address their own concerns as wives, mothers, industrial workers, peasants, and as women affiliated to the ANC.
The 1940s Anti-tax protest in Tanzania involved the women of Peasant Pare, where women employed methods of direct confrontation, provocative language and physical violence.
Explicit use of sexual insult was also central to the powerful Anlu protest of the Cameroon in 1958, where women refused to implement agricultural regulations that would have undermined their farming system.
In the same way, women used music, dance and informal methods to convey their solidarity for African nationalism.
The production of Tanganyikan nationalism in Tanzania can be seen as “woman’s work,” where women evoked, created and performed nationalism through their dances and songs.
Equally, women were considered the best sloganeers, as traditional story-tellers and singers using ideas, images and phrases that appealed to the non-elite population.
Market women in coastal Nigeria and Guinea also used their networks to convey anti-government information.
‘Ordinary’ women themselves had transformed "traditional" methods for networking and expressing disapproval against individuals, into mechanisms for challenging and unsettling the local colonial administration.
However, although these women contributed to African nationalist politics, they had limited impact as their strategies were concerned with shaming, retaliation, restitution and compensation, and were not directly about radical transformation.
This problem was a reflection of the extent to which most African women had already been marginalized politically, economically and educationally under colonial regimes in Africa.
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Omeath () is a village on the R173 regional road in County Louth, Ireland, close to the border with Northern Ireland.
It is roughly midway between Dublin and Belfast, very near the County Louth and County Armagh / County Down border.
Omeath has a population of 439, in 2006, 503 in 2011 and is approximately from Carlingford and about from Newry.
By sea, its nearest land neighbour is Warrenpoint on the south County Down coast.
Omeath is home to the Cúchulainn Gaels Gaelic Athletic Association club.
Native Irish speakers existed in Omeath until just before the middle of the 20th century.
Although the dialect is now extinct, recordings have been made by German linguist Wilhelm Doegen for the Royal Irish Academy.
Omeath railway station was on the Dundalk, Newry and Greenore railway, which opened on 1 August 1876 and finally closed on 1 January 1952.
A regular bus service runs through the village and links the village with Newry and Dundalk town.
Bus Éireann operate the route which is numbered 161.
There are four weekday journeys to Dundalk via Carlingford and Greenore.
There are three journeys to Newry with an additional morning journey on schooldays.
There is no service on Sundays.
In the summer months a regular daily foot passenger ferry service operates between Omeath and Warrenpoint Co. Down.
Bikes and small motor cycles can avail of the daily ferry service during the summer months.
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Victor Emile Marsden (8 June 1866 – 28 October 1920) was a journalist and translator, known for translating what became the most read English language version of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion".
According to Robert Singerman, the earliest known imprint of this translation was published in 1923, posthumously.
The first English language publication of this text was in London in 1920.
However, prior to its publication, the "Morning Post", in 1920, used the text as a basis of 17, or 18 (depending on which authority is cited), articles making antisemitic allegations against the Jews.
Thereafter, but that same year, the paper published a book on the same matter, entitled "The Cause of World Unrest".
Marsden is generally credited with a translation of the "Protocols" around this time.
Marsden continues to be associated with most subsequent American English language imprints of the text, known by many different titles, but most briefly, as the "Protocols of Zion".
In that regard he is only second to Serge Nilus.
The first British English language edition, titled "The Jewish Peril", whose Preface is dated, London, 2 December 1919, but not published until 1920, was published anonymously, but has subsequently been discovered to have been translated by George Shanks, an employee of The Morning Post (London).
The publisher was Eyre & Spottiswoode Ltd. edition.
The so-called Marsden translation first appears in 1923.
The librarian and bibliographer, Robert Singerman, identifies the following as the first Marsden imprint:
Singerman lists the Wiener Library (London) as having this imprint.
That library has the following catalogue entry for the Marsden imprint:
The British Library holds and describes the following imprint in its catalogue record:
In 1978, Colin Holmes wrote that George Shanks, a British citizen born in Russia, first translated the text into English for The Britons – a publishing entity which subsequently became "The Britons Publishing Society."
Marsden is explicitly associated with the 1934 edition, however, and its subsequent imprints.
Marsden worked as a correspondent for "The Morning Post", a conservative London daily newspaper.
On assignment he reported on events in Russia.
As a consequence of the October Revolution, he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
He was subsequently released and returned home to England.
Marsden's name is associated with the 1934 text issued by "THE PATRIOTIC PUBLISHING CO." as the "author of the translation."
The standard work on the "Protocols of Zion" has been for some time Norman Cohn's "Warrant for Genocide".
Cohn only mentions Marsden in a single page, saying that the ""Morning Post" accepted everything it was told by its correspondent in Russia, Victor Marsden" and "Marsden was an Englishman who had lived many years in Russia and had adopted, with passion, the outlook of Russian right-wingers... Marsden went further and produced a new translation of the "Protocols" (it is still on sale in London today)."
That is all we are told about Marsden by Cohn.
Henry Ford purchased the "Dearborn Independent" with the publication therein of a series of articles in from 1920 through 1922 which were subsequently published in four volumes, as "The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem".
When Adolf Hitler took power in Germany in 1933, both Germany and the US were flooded with mass-produced anti-Semitic literature, at the core of which was the text of the "Protocols of Zion".
Ford placed his personal wealth, acquired from his ownership of the Ford Motor Company, and financed not only the writing in his "Dearborn Independent", but the subsequent worldwide distribution of "The International Jew".
Hitler, on the other hand, directed the machinery of the German Reich to finance and produce anti-Semitic literature.
The nameless hired editors of "The Protocols" were faced with a dilemma: the text had no author, and was too brief for a book.
It consisted of a collection 24 or 27 chapters — a mere short appendix (actually chapter XII, the last chapter) in a Russian language 1905 book, by Sergei Nilus, prophesying the coming of the Anti-Christ.
Nilus was merely the translator, however, and could not consistently explain or account for the "appendix," for which he denied authorship.
By 1934, and thereafter, the name of Victor E. Marsden proved to be the appropriate solution to the literary need that every book needs an author or an editor.
Marsden, its translator, had been dead for 14 years.
It was therefore decided by these nameless editors to make him also its glosser.
And since 1934, when the expanded edition was produced by Ford's and Hitler's agents, Marsden's name has stuck to it.
Marsden's name is associated with the "Protocols" more so than Nilus'.
In the preface of this imprint is the statement the work is his "crowning monument" (1934 imprint).
Popular biographical knowledge of Marsden derives from this edition of the text.
The translation of Nilus' 1905 version was one of the first things Marsden undertook upon his return from Russia, as is the emphasis of the nameless editor(s) and compiler(s) of this version of the text.
In the 1934 text, the Russian Revolution and Zionism are portrayed as parts of the "Jewish conspiracy for world domination."
The preface bears Marsden's name, but it is effectively and his obituary written by an unnamed editor.
A substantial portion of the book is simply lifted out of Ford's serial articles, themselves paraphrases and extracts of the prior text.
Marsden is falsely credited with the allegation that a remark was made by Chaim Weizmann, at a banquet held on 6 October 1920, as follows:
The following remark, lifted from the 1934 text, cannot be attributed to him:
"It proves that the Learned Elders exist.
It proves that Dr. Weizmann knows all about them.
It proves that the desire for a "National Home" in Palestine is only camouflage and an infinitesimal part of the Jew's real object.
It proves that the Jews of the world have no intention of settling in Palestine or any separate country, and that their annual prayer that they may all meet "Next Year in Jerusalem" is merely a piece of their characteristic make-believe.
It also demonstrates that the Jews are now a world menace, and that the Aryan races will have to domicile them permanently out of Europe."
--ibid., pp.
138–139 Marsden was already dead, having died on 28 October 1920.
Very little is known about Marsden besides what the unknown and unnamed "Protocols" editor(s) have written about him.
Neither have his writings for "The Morning Post" been collected, nor has his obituary in that paper been examined in any scholarly way since 1934.
One particular English language publisher is responsible for Marsden's posthumous infamy.
An obscure publishing entity named The Patriotic Publishing Company gives its address on the imprint of the "Protocols" as P.O.
Box 526, Chicago, Illinois, and it is stated, on the cover, to be "NOT INCORPORATED."
It is further stated in this 300-page imprint that it was "issued," "compiled," and "edited" in 1934.
It continues to be re-issued and distributed and circulated by others today in the US, and continues to bear 1934 as its date.
The last page of the text, titled "INDEX", is really a Table of Contents.
It is customary for American publishers to place the Table of Contents in the front of a book.
No other known title exists which bears the imprint of this mysterious publisher at this Post Office Box in Chicago.
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